UC-NRLF INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION Against Alrotf olism TORONTO, CANADA NOVEMBER' 24th -29th, 1922 BEN H. SPENCE, \ S. E. NICHOLSON, LL.D., ) Recording Secretari THE AMERICAN ISSUE I'RESS WESTERVILLE, OHIO U.S.A. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION Against Alr01jolt0m TORONTO, CANADA NOVEMBER 24th -29th, 1922 NicHOLSON, LL.D., } Recording Secretaries THE AMERICAN ISSUE PRESS WESTERVILLE, OHIO U.S.A. THE WORLD LEAGUE AGAINST ALCOHOLISM OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES JOINT PRESIDENTS Miss Anna A. Gordon, U. S. A. Robert Hercod, Ph. D., Switzerland Right Hon. Leif Jones, England Howard* H. Russell, D. D., LL. D., U. S. A. VICE-PRESIDENTS Argentina: Miss Hardynia K. Norville Australia: Rev. R. B. S. Hammond, D. D. Canada: Judge Eugene LaFontaine England: The Right Hon. Sir Donald Maclean Denmark: Lars Larsen-Ledet Finland: Hon. Santeri Alkio France: M. Frederic Riemain Ireland: Hamilton M'Cleery Japan: H. Nagao Netherlands : J. R. Slotemaker de Bruine, Ph. D. New Zealand: Hon. George Fowlds Norway: Avocat O. Solnordal Scotland: Sir Joseph McLay Sweden: Senator Alexis Bjorkman Switzerland: Prof. Hans Hunzicker South Africa: William Chappell United States: Purley A. Baker, D.D. Uruguay: Dr. Joaquin de Salterain GENERAL SECRETARY Ernest H. Cherrington, LL. D., Litt. D., Westerville, Ohio, U. S. A. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Canada: Rev. Ben H. Spence, George Sweden: Senator Alexis Bjorkman H. Lees United States: Bishop James Cannon, Denmark:. .Lars Larsen-Ledet Jr., D. D., Wayne B. Wheeler, LL. D., I : upland: C. W. Saleeby, M. D., F. R. P. A. Baker, D. D., William H. An- S. K.. ( ;<<>! ,, One increasing purpose runs And the thoughts of men are widened With the process of the suns." l^myson. "By all for which the martyrs bore their agony and shame; By all the warning words of truth with which the prophets came; By the Future which awaits us; by all the hopes which cast Their faint and trembling beams across the blackness of the Past; And by the blessed thought of Him who for Earth's freedom died, O my people! O my brothers! let us choose the righteous side." Whittier. The First International Convention of the World League Against Alcoholism was held in the City of Toronto, Canada, November 24-29, 1922. All the sessions, except on Sunday morning and evening and on Tuesday evening, were held in the spacious Massey Hall, which for many years has existed as the great national forum of Canada. ROLL CALL OF NATIONS Few conventions have ever been held in the history of the world to which representatives came from a larger number of countries than came to this Toronto Convention. One thousand one hundred and eleven reg- istered delegates were in attendance from sixty-six countries, every continent being represented. This number by no means represents the total attendance because hundreds of persons from the United States and Canada, who came as visitors, are not included in the registration of delegates. These delegates came from the following countries : Australia, Ar- gentina, Albania, Assyria, Austria, Armenia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bur- mah, Brazil, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Costa Rica, Caucasia, Colombia, China, Denmark, Dominican Republic, England, Egypt, East Africa, Esthonia, Finland, France, Formosa, Germany, Greece, Georgia, Hol- land, Hindustan, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Jugo-Slavia, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Liberia, Mexico, Newfoundland, New Zealand, Poland, Philippines, Peru, Porto Rico, Russia, Roumania, Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, Syria, Siam, Salvador, Sierra Leone, Siberia, South Africa, Serbia, Turkey, Ukrania, Uruguay, United States of America, and Wales. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CONVENTION Convention was primarily significant in that it established in no uncertain way the fact that a correlated, world-wide movement is novv in existence, functioning through well-organized channels, for the avowed purpose of solving the liquor problem of the world. It was no paper organization that presented its program at the Toronto gathering. Men and women, who are leaders in the reform, came from every quar- ter of the globe, not only for purposes of inspiration and to bring reports of progress, but to establish themselves as working units of this inter- national brotherhood that henceforth will devote itself to the ultimate realization of a sober world. Delegates often found it necessary to speak in the language of their own country and sometimes it was necessary for these messages to be brought through interpreters. In every land, it was disclosed, a move- ment is already in existence at some stage or other for national sobriety. This is the answer which has come swift and certain to the challenge of the organized liquor forces, sent out recently from their meeting held in the city of Brussels, at which time it was announced that international anti-Prohibition headquarters would soon be established in Paris. NATIONAL FLAGS DISPLAYED The flags of more than fifty nations hanging from the balcony rail- ings presented a scene that will never be forgotten by those in attend- ance. Again and again it was asserted by speakers from many lands that this union of forces not only presaged ultimate victory for the cause of international sobriety, but in itself was a prophecy of ultimate world peace. It was asserted that in the World League Against Alcoholism there has already been accomplished such a league of nations as the world has not before witnessed. The world unity of the Prohibition movement was strongly em- phasized by the reception which was given to the delegates from Ger- many, Austria, Bulgaria, and other countries which were so recently in armed conflict with so many other countries represented in the Conven- tion. Practically every temperance society in the world was represented in the Convention or sent greetings which were read from the platform. THE PROGRAM There was not a dull minute from the opening of the Convention on Friday morning, November 24, at 8:30 o'clock, until the closing hour on the evening of November 29. Whether in the conduct of devotions 10 by noted clergymen of many lands, whether in the music that again and again swept the great audience with waves of inspiration, whether in the fixed addresses by leaders of the Prohibition reform in practically all of the leading nations of the world, whether in the responses to the roll call from sixty-six nations and from many prominent leaders in these countries, or whether viewing the numerous animated tableaux which were furnished from time to time as surprises to the Convention through the activities of the Canadian Dominion Alliance, the delegates were nol only stirred to earnest determination for better work in the future, but were all the while being fused together into a working organized group, that henceforth will take the aggressive in efforts to relieve the world from the slavery of the drink traffic. MUSIC Throughout the sessions, Professor Alvin W. Roper of Chicago, presided at the piano in his own inimitable style. Professor Ernest Shildrick of Toronto was the musical director for the Convention. Massed bands of the Salvation Army of Toronto, including one hundred instruments, gave a number of concerts at the evening sessions Selections by the Adanac Quartet of Toronto, Mr. H. Ruthven Mc- Donald, Professor Thomas Blackwell, and others, added greatly to the pleasure of the occasion. The Chimes Recitals, by Professor J. E. Price on the newly im- ported peal, recently installed in the Metropolitan Church tower, only one block from the Convention Hall, were greatly enjoyed by all. These chimes are said to be among the finest on the American continent. MEMORIAL SERVICE One of the most impressive services of the Convention was the Memorial Hour on Sunday afternoon, which was held in memory of the temperance workers and leaders who had passed on during the last three years. Tributes were paid to the life and memory of the Countess of Carlisle, Reverend James Marion, Hon. Matti Helenius Seppala, Mr. Thomas Searle, and Hon. John G. Woolley. THE BANQUET One of the most enjoyable features of the Convention was the ban- quet, held in the ball-room of the King Edward Hotel on Saturday even- ing. A delightful spirit of comradeship was manifest in this gathering. Nearly one thousand guests sat down together. The roll call of coun- 11 tries brought brilliant and enthusiastic responses from representatives of sixty nations. The feeling of good fellowship in a noble cause, the toasts and responses to roll call, seemed to many to reach the high-water mark of the Convention. Bishop Thomas Nicholson of Chicago, Presi- dent of the Anti- Saloon League of America, presided. THE LITERATURE EXHIBIT A display of literature, posters, slides and other material dealing with the Prohibition question, was under the charge of Miss Cora Fran- ces Stoddard, B. A., secretary of the Scientific Temperance Federation of Boston. This material included posters, leaflets and publications issued by the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of the United States, South America, Japan, and India ; posters and leaflets used in the New Zealand campaign; a number of posters issued by French, Dutch, and Flemish anti-alcohol groups ; an excellent collection of posters issued by the Temperance Council of Christian Churches of England and Wales ; some hand- wrought drawings brought by Mr. George B. Wilson from England; and comprehensive exhibits representing the Intercollegiate Prohibition Association and the American Issue Publishing Company. Two stereomotorgraphs were kept running, illustrating slides pre- pared by the Scientific Temperance Federation for its own work and for the Woman's Christian Temperance Union; also the slides on Prohibi- tion prepared under the direction of the New York office of the Anti- Saloon League. In the slide exhibit case were more of these New York slides, the set of Spanish slides prepared by the Scientific Temperance Federation, and the present set of slides sent out by the World League Against Alcoholism to workers in various lands. Altogether about three hundred different slides were shown. One room of the exhibit was de- voted to material illustrating various agencies for education which had been used or found helpful in the United States, such as the work of the Church, the Sunday School, the Press, other organizations (as the Y. M. C. A.), the public schools, the parade, the stereomotorgraph, etc. INTERNATIONAL ESSAY CONTEST The Intercollegiate Prohibition Association, in cooperation with the World League Against Alcoholism, offered forty money prizes for the best essays on aspects of "The World Movement Against Alcoholism." Students in 130 colleges, universities and normal schools participated; 213 essays were submitted, averaging 2,800 words each. The writers represented almost every state and province in the United States and 12 Canada. Students from twenty foreign countries, in attendance at these American schools and colleges, also entered the contest. The first prize was won by Frank H. Nelson, of the University of Chicago; the second by Jogendra N. Sahni, a student from India, at the University of Michigan. Third place was awarded to Benjamin Good- stein, University of Pittsburgh; fourth place to George Gerling, State Normal School, La Crosse, Wisconsin; fifth place to Hannah Jane Starr, (Jueen's University, Kingston, Ontario. The remaining prize winners in the order of their standing, are as follows : Lucile Chiddix, Illinois State Normal University ; Jose V. Aguilar, Denison University, Ohio; W. L. Tiller, Union Theological Seminary, Va. ; A. Leroy Huff, University, of Chicago; John Clark, Lenox College, Iowa; Isabella Bux, De Pauw University; Garrett D. Byrnes, Brown University; Thomas H. Moffett, Sterling College, Kan- sas; Adolph Beverman, Northwestern College, 111.; T. K. Ho, Harvard University; John Chiddix, Illinois State Normal University; Carleton Thoroman, Purdue University; Doris Atkinson, Taylor University, In- diana ; David Parke, Knox College, 111. ; Asha L. Haider, University of Michigan; Edward Falkenstein, University of Illinois ; Florentine O. Chiocoo, Boston University School of Medicine ; Abraham Goldf eld, Uni- versity of California; Jenny S. Genty, Mills College, Calif.; Andrew V. Corry, Mount St. Charles College, Helena, Mont. ; Leroy Doty, Mc- Pherson College, Kansas; Maurice A. Cuda, University of Pittsburgh; Chao Ming Chen, Johns Hopkins University ; Albert W. Bruce, Univer- sity of Illinois; Paul C. Fugh, Cornell University; Dorothy Brown, Stephens College, Columbia, Mo.; Ira D. Scrogum, Manchester College, Indiana; Leo Mendez, College of the Pacific, Calif.; William J. Carter, Fisk University, Tenn. ; Nelle M. Eubank, Cottey College, Mo.; Elisha S. Gurdjian, University of Michigan; Evelyn Levy, Tulane University, New Orleans; Henry L. Walker, George Washington University; Jo- seph Ruttenberg, Cornell University; Marjorie E. Smith, GaRoway Col- lege, Arkansas. The Saturday afternoon session of the Convention was given over to consideration of student activities in the Prohibition movement, Rev. Ira Landrith, D. D., President of the Intercollegiate Prohibition Asso- ciation, presiding. At the close of the session, the list of prize-winners in the International Essay Contest, as given above, was announced by Mr. Harry S. Warner, Secretary of the Intercollegiate Prohibition Asso- ciation. 13 PAGEANTS AND TABLEAUX VIVANTS At almost every session of the Convention pageants and tableaux vivants were presented, usually coming unannounced, and as a pleasant surprise to the delegates. These pageants and tableaux were prepared by various local groups under the supervision of the Dominion Alliance. On Thursday evening Miss Canada in the center of the stage wel- comed the speakers to the platform, while they were escorted by two cos- tumed representatives from their respective provinces. On Friday afternoon nearly two hundred school children marched in and filed onto the platform as an object lesson of the increase in school attendance in Toronto schools after Prohibition had gone into effect. Before Prohibition, the enrollment had been 134 children to the 1,000 population; Prohibition brought an additional 54 children per 1,000 pop- ulation into the public schools. "The First Law-Giver" was a very effective presentation of Moses descending from the mountain and giving the Ten Commandments to the children of Israel. On Monday morning, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union tableau was presented. A young woman in white drapery upheld a globe, which was girdled with the white ribbon. The ends of the ribbon streamers were held by little children, while a solo was sung, "The White Ribbon Around the World." "The Advance Guard of the Prohibition Movement" represented a Chinese scene. An agent of the brewers urges the natives to take up the use of wine and beer, and shows them the advertisement on the wall. A missionary appears and begins to teach the people the truth about alcohol, and the brewer's representative slinks away, while the people show their approval. "Lighting the Torches at the Prohibition Altar" was a more elab- orate tableau given Monday evening. The shepherds are seen sitting around a campfire, the star of Bethlehem appears in the sky, and an in- visible choir sings "It Came Upon the Midnight Clear." The shepherds retire iii search of the Christ Child. Two figures in white come in and light (heir torches from the star of Bethlehem, then light the fire upon the altar of Prohibition. Representatives of all the nations of the earth corne forward and light their torches from the altar of Prohibition, and tbe scene closes with the song, "We've a Story to Tell to the Nations." Other tableaux showed incidents from real life, such as the testimony of a servant girl as to the transformation wrought in her home life by Prohibition, anjd the change in the circumstances of a poor washerwoman, 14 after the saloon was voted out and her husband was able to save his earnings. "The First Prohibition Meeting in Ontario" was shown as de- scribed by the historian Parkman. The Indians listened gravely while the priest told them of the evils of firewater, and decreed that they would have none of it. The closing tableau of the series was "The Overthrow of King Alcohol." Alcohol and his attendants, beer and wine, stood scornfully surveying the scene while groups of figures in black marked Sin, Dis- ease, Death, Vice, Sorrow, Debt, crouched before him. Prohibition as a young knight in the armor of truth, escorted by Miss Canada and Miss Columbia, and by ten young girls, began to march upon the stage. King Alcohol retires before them, and when Prohibition takes his rightful place the crouching figures throw off the black drapery and reveal repre- sentatives of all the nations of the earth, dressed in their appropriate costume. The scene closes with the song, "Ring out a slowly dying cause. . . . Ring in a thousand years of peace." MORNING CONFERENCES Extra conferences were held from 8:00 to 9:15 o'clock in the Pom- peian Room of the King Edward Hotel on Saturday, Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday mornings. On Saturday morning, with Mrs. Lenna Lowe Yost, Legislative Su- perintendent of the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union of the United States, presiding, the conference subject was, "Ways and Means of Securing Legislative Action." The Monday morning conference was presided over by Orville S. Poland, Esq., of New York City, the conference subject being, "Ways and Means of Securing Action Through Government Officials for the Enforcement of Law." On Tuesday morning, with Rev. Homer W. Tope, D. D., of Phila- delphia, presiding, the conference subject was, "Ways and Means of Securing Adequate Financial Support for Organized Propaganda Against Alcoholism." On Wednesday morning with Miss Cora Frances Stoddard of Bos- ton, Massachusetts, presiding, the conference subject was, "Ways and Means of Securing Scientific' Temperance Instruction in the Public Schools." All of these subjects were open for general discussion after intro- 15 duction by especially appointed leaders, and all were regarded as occa- sions of profit and inspiration. NOON CONFERENCES Conferences were held each day from 1:00 until 2:15 o'clock at luncheons, served in the Pompeian Room of the King Edward Hotel. On Saturday, Mr. Harry $. Warner of Chicago, Secretary of the Intercollegiate Prohibition Association, presided, and the subject for discussion was, "Ways and Means of Enlisting the Students of the Col- leges and Universities in the World Movement Against Alcoholism." On Monday, with Rev. T. Albert Moore, D. D., General Secretary of the Board of Evangelism and Social Service of the Methodist Church of Canada, presiding, the conference topic was, "Ways and Means of Securing Fullest Possible Cooperation of Religious Organizations for the Movement Against Alcoholism." On Tuesday the conference was presided over by Mr. Arthur J. Davis of Boston, Superintendent of the New England District of the Anti-Saloon League of America. The conference topic was, "Inter- national Cooperation for Law Enforcement on Both Sides of the Inter- national Boundary Lines." Mr. R. D. Warren, Chairman of the Publications Committee of the Dominion Alliance of Canada, presided at the Wednesday noon meeting. The conference topic was, "Publicity Literature, Periodicals, Posters, Etc." General discussion followed the presentation of all these topics with much benefit to all those who attended. OTHER SPECIAL EVENTS On Friday evening at 5 :45 o'clock in the Banquet Hall of the King Edward Hotel, an informal dinner was given to the members of the Council, Permanent International Committee and Executive Committee of the World League Against Alcoholism, at which time a meeting of the Council was held around the dinner table. On Tuesday evening at 5 :45 o'clock, in the Banquet Hall of the King Edward Hotel, a dinner was given for the members of the Per- manent International Committee of the World League Against Alco- holism. On Tuesday evening at the University of Toronto, there was a re- ception dinner to visiting students from various countries. On Sunday morning at 7:00 o'clock in the Metropolitan Church, 16 there was an hour's sunrise meeting for prayer and consecration, led by Rev. Howard H. Russell, D. D., LL. D. On Monday evening from 5 :30 until 7 :00 o'clock, Mrs. Fred C. Ward, President of the Toronto District of the Woman's Christian Tem- perance Union, together with other officers of the Union, received Con- vention delegates at the W. C. T. U. headquarters, at Willard Hall. Upon special invitation by government officials, Convention dele- gates were received at the Government House on Wednesday afternoon, by Lieutenant-Governor Cockshutt and Mrs. Cockshutt. The delegates were unanimous in their expressions of appreciation of the hospitality thus extended. 17 CONVENTION PROCEEDINGS The International Convention of the World League Against Alcoholism met in its first international gathering in Massey Hall, Toronto, Canada, Friday morning, November 24, 1922, Rev. Ben H. Spence, secretary of the Ontario Branch of the Dominion Alliance, presiding. An extended song service, with the audience participating, was led by Prof Ernest Shildrick of Toronto, with Prof. Alvin W. Roper, of Chicago, at the piano. Bishop Wilbur Patterson Thirkield, LL.D., Bishop of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church for Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama and Peru, conducted the devotions. Rev. Ben H. Spence of Toronto, as presiding officer, addressed the Convention. Mr. H. Ruthven McDonald sang "Bury Him Deeply Down." The Executive Committee, through its chairman, Bishop James Cannon, Jr., Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, Bishop in charge of Mexico, Cuba and the Belgian Congo, and chair- man of the Commission on Temperance and Social Service of his denomination, proposed the election of Rev. Ben H. Spence of Toronto, as secretary of the convention, and S. E. Nicholson, secre- tary of the Anti-Saloon League of America, as assistant secretary, who, upon motion, were unanimously elected. Arthur J. Davis of Boston, secretary of the Executive Committee of the World League Against Alcoholism and regional superintend- ent of the Anti-Saloon League for New England, on behalf of the Executive Committee, presented the following rules and proposals, which, being separately considered, were adopted. RULES 1. The presiding officers for the sessions of the convention, as they appear on the program, shall be recognized as the presiding officers of the convention. 2. The first floor of the hall shall be considered the floor of the convention. 3. The sessions of the convention and the conferences shall begin promptly on the hour specified on the program. 4. Those participating in the general discussion in both the convention and the conferences shall be limited to five minutes each, until all who desire to speak have been heard. 5. All resolutions, of whatever character, shall be automatically referred to the Committee on Resolutions without reading and without presentation to the convention. 18 Mr. Davis also presented the following proposition, on behalf of the Executive Committee. SPECIAL RULE. Persons desiring to discuss the subjects presented at any conference, or to participate in the General Discussion in any session of the convention, shall hand their names to the secretary of the convention or to the presiding officer of the conference. Persons so doing will be given preference in allotting the time for the discussion. Rev. A. J. Barton, D.D., of the United States, offered an amend- ment to the effect that persons desiring to participate in discussions under the five minute rule, be recognized in the order of the receipt of their names. Upon motion, both the amendment and the original proposition were laid on the table. Mr. Davis, for the Executive Committee, nominated the follow- ing Committes, which, upon motion, were severally elected to the respective positions. COMMITTEES Committee on Railroad Certificates: Miss Johnson, of Toronto. Committee on Finance: Henry Sutherland, Canada; James Dempster, Canada; F. Scott McBride, U. S. A.; Boyd P. Doty, U. S. A. Business Committee: Rev. A. J. Barton, U. S. A.; Mrs. Margaret Munns, U. S. A.; Mrs. Qeorge Milne, Scotland; James A. White, U. S. A. Committee on Special Meetings: John Bailey, Canada; Rev. Milo G. Kelser, U. S. A. Credentials: Hon. J. H. Carson, Canada; Harry Warner, U. S. A.; Florence D. Rich- ard, U. S. A.; Rev. A. J. Finch, U. S. A.; O. A Hogg, Canada; Mrs. Frances P. Parks, U. S. A.; Rev. George B. Safford, U. S. A.; H. T. Laughbaum, U. S. A.; N. E. Morris, U. S. A. Registration: Mrs. N. S. Savage, Canada; Mrs. Barthlow, Canada; Mrs. Ben H. Spence, Canada; Mrs. Rodgers, Canada. Press: J. H. Larimore, U. S. A.; R. P. Hutton, U. S. A.; Harry M. Chalfant, U. S. A.; Rev. T. J. Steuart, U. S. A.; R. D. Warren, W. E. Smallfield, R. E. Knowles, Lars Larsen-Ledet, Denmark; Sam J. Fickel, U. S. A.; Rev. R. B. S. Hammond, Australia; R. O. Everhart, U. S. A.; O. G. Christgau, U. S. A.; Miss Agnes Slack, England. Exhibits: Cora F. Stoddard, U. S. A.; Jackson Robertson, U. S. A.; C. J. Bell, Can- ada; E. J. Richardson, U. S. A. 19 Platform: Dr. H. B. Carre, U. S. A.; Arthur J. Davis, U. S. A.; E. J. Richardson, U. S. A.; Mrs. Frances P. Parks, U. S. A.; Mrs. Gordon Wright, Canada; Cora F. Stoddard, U. S. A.; Mrs. Lenna Lowe Yost, U. S. A. Photographs: Boyd P. Doty, Miss Mary Waddell, H. G. Payne, W. C. Johnson, J. C-. Caris, Harry B. Sowers, H. H. Dewitt, R. R. Cooper, L. V. Bennett, H. W. Mills, all of U. S. A. Special Entertainment Overseas Guests: James Simpson, Canada; Mrs. Sara H. Hoge, U. S. A.; Rev. James K. Shields, U. S. A.; Rev. E. C. Dinwiddie, U. S. A.; Rev. E. B. Vargas, Mexico; Mrs. Deborah Knox Livingston, U. S. A.; Mrs. Rebecca Rhoads, U. S. A.; Rev. R. N. Holsaple, U. S. A.; Miles Yokes, Canada. Resolutions: Bishop James Cannon, Jr., U. S. A.; Rev. R. B. S. Hammond, Australia; Miss Agnes Slack, England; Rev. J. N. Pasco, Mexico; Rev. Ben. H. Spence, Canada; Miss Cora Frances Stoddard, U. S. A.; Dr. Robert Her- cod, Switzerland; Rev. Robert Corradini, Italy; Miss Prior, Denmark; Bishop Thomas Nicholson, U. S. A.; Judge Charles A. Pollock, U. S. A.; William H. Anderson, U. S. A.; Mrs. Ida B. Wise Smith, U. S. A.; Mrs. Maude Perkins, U. S. A.; George H. Lees, Canada; Canon Vernon, Can- ada; Rev. Homer W. Tope, U. S. A.; Rev. David Hepburn, U. S. A.; Rev. A. E. Cooke, Canada; Mrs. H. E. Armstrong, Canada; S. J. Carter, Canada; R. H. Stavert, Canada; Villem Emits, Esthonia; Miss Anna A. Gordon, U. S. A.; Rev. P. A. Baker, U. S. A.; Pastor G. Gallienne, France; Miss H. K. Norville, Argentina; Boyd P. Doty, U. S. A.; Pastor Von revelin, Holland; Miss Mary Campbell, India; Dr. Strecker, Germany; Dr. C. W. Saleeby, England; Prof. August Ley, Belgium; Mrs. Kubu Shiro, Japan; Mr. Monroe, Scotland; George B. Wilson, Esq., England; Mrs. Asa Gordon, Canada; Lars Larsen-Ledet, Denmark; Rev. A. H. Briggs, U. S. A.; Rev. E. S. Shumaker, U. S. A.; Rev. J. H. Robbins, U. S. A.; Rev. MacArthur Wilson, Canada; Rev. C, L. Mclrvine, Canada; W. D. Wilson, Canada; Dr. H. R. Grant, Canada; Gustav Kempel, Latvia. On motion of Bishop James Cannon, Jr., the General Secretary of the World League Against Alcoholism, Dr. Ernest H. Cherring- ton, manager of the publishing interests of the Anti-Saloon League of America, was elected as an ex-officio member of all except local committees. W. W. Hiltz, Esq., controller of the city of Toronto, on behalf of the city, and representing the mayor, brought the welcome of the city of Toronto to the Convention. J. H. Carson, Esq., president of the Council of the Dominion Alliance of Canada, brought greetings of welcome from the Alliance. Responses were given in five minute addresses by the following persons, representing their respective countries : 20 Africa Mr. Sylvester Broderick of Sierra Leone. Asia Mr. J. Niyogi of Calcutta, India. Australia and New Zealand Rev. Robert B. S. Hammond, D.D., President Australian Alliance Prohibition Council. British Isles Mrs. Helen Barton of Scotland. Northern Europe Hon. Lars Larsen-Ledet, G. E. S. C., Grand Lodge of Denmark, I. O. G. T. Southern Europe Pastor Georges Gallienne, Secretary La Croix Bleue, Paris, France. Latin America Miss Hardy nia K. Norville, Buenos Aires, Ar- gentina, representative of the W. C. T. U. North America (United States) Rev. A. J. Barton, D.D., of the Executive Committee of the Anti-Saloon League of America. After announcements, singing and the benediction by Bishop James Cannon, Jr., the Convention adjourned for the Convention picture, which was taken on the lawn of the Metropolitan Church, one block away. FRIDAY AFTERNOON The Convention session convened at 2 :30 o'clock, with Dr. How- ard H. Russell of the United States, one of the Presidents of the World League Against Alcoholism, and founder of the Anti-Saloon League, in the chair. A song service, led by Prof. Shildrick, was followed by piano solos by Prof. Roper. Officials and representatives of the World's W. C. T. U. were seated on the platform as the guests of honor during the afternoon session. "Lead On, Oh ! King Eternal" was sung by the Convention. Ernest H. Cherrington, LL.D., Litt.D., of the United States, and General Secretary of the World League Against Alcoholism, gave an address on "Opportunity and Obligation of the World Movement Against Alcoholism." An interesting exercise followed, demonstrating the increase of 57 per thousand of the population in the public schools of Toronto, since prohibition came into effect. After Mrs. Davis McLaren had explained this increase from 118 per thousand in 1914 to 175 in 1922, 118 school children marched upon the stage carrying the Canadian flag, followed later by 57 others, which represented the increase,. A 21 lad of about 14 years sang "Onward Christian Soldiers," and the entire group sang one verse of "O Canada." At this juncture Rev. R. B. S. Hammond of Australia, announced the day as the birthday of the General Secretary, Dr. Ernest H. Cherrington, and, with appropriate words, on behalf of the Conven- tion, presented to Dr. Cherrington as evidence of love and esteem a large modern world atlas, which Dr. Cherrington accepted with words of appreciation. Miss Cora Frances Stoddard of Boston, Executive Secretary of the Scientific Temperance Federation, gave an address on "Scien- tific Temperance, the Basis for Educational Work in the World Movement Against Alcoholism." Col. J. W. S. McCullough, Medical Health Officer for the Prov- ince of Ontario, gave an address on "Public Health and Prohibition." Officers of the World's W. C. T. U. and various National Officers of the W. C. T. U. organizations were introduced. While all W. C. T. U representatives in the audience stood at attention, the ladies sang "AU Around the World." Under the five-minute rule some dozen or more delegates par- ticipated in a lively general discussion. Following announcements and the singing of "Be Strong," the benediction was pronounced by Rev. P. A. Baker, D.D., General Su- perintendent of the Anti-Saloon League of America, and the Conven- tion recessed until 7:30 o'clock. FRIDAY EVENING The Convention assembled at 7:30 o'clock, and enjoyed a song service, piano recital and selections by the massed bands of the Sal- vation Army of Toronto. Bishop W. P. Thirkield of Mexico presided. Rev. James Buchanan, D.D., of the Presbyterian Church in Toronto, offered prayer. The Convention sang "Jesus Shall Reign." Pastor Georges Gallienne, Secretary of La Croix Bleue of France, gave an address on "The Movement Toward Prohibition in the Republic of France and French Territory." A beautiful animated tableau, illustrative of the origin of the ten commandments, was presented by members of the Danforth Avenue Methodist Church. Miss Anna Adams Gordon of Evanston, Illinois, Resident of 22 the World's W. C. T. U., and President of the National W. C. T. U. of the United States, gave an address on "The Pioneer Work of the White Ribboners in the Movement for World Prohibition." Rev. George W. Morrow, of Michigan, gave an address and took an offering for the World League Against Alcoholism. Dr. C. W. Saleeby, M.D., F.R.S.E., of London, Vice President of the National Commercial Temperance League and Chairman of the British National Birth-rate Commission, gave an address on "Eugenics and Prohibition." After announcements and singing, "These Things Shall Be," the benediction was pronounced and adjournment was taken until 9:30 o'clock Saturday morning. SATURDAY MORNING The Convention re-convened at 9 :30 o'clock, with a song service. Bishop Arthur R. Clippinger, D.D., of Dayton, Ohio, Bishop of the United Brethren Church, conducted the devotions. Convention business consisted of announcements and the read- ing of greetings to the Convention, presented by the General Secre- tary, Dr. Ernest H. Cherrington. These greetings were in the form of telegrams from the following: Swedish Student Abstinence Association. South African Temperance Alliance. Indian Temperance Council, India. Scottish Temperance Council. Governor R. A. Nestos of North Dakota, U. S. A. Governor Percival P. Baxter of Maine, U. S. A. Rev. A. J. Barton, D.D. The Chairman of the Business Committee then introduced the presiding officer of the morning, Dr. Robert Hercod, of Lausanne, Switzerland, one of the joint presidents of the World League Against Alcoholism, who gave a brief address. Rev. David Ostlund, of Stockholm, Sweden, Secretary of the Anti-Saloon League of Sweden, gave an address on "The Vote on Prohibition in Sweden." Upon the presentation of Bishop James Cannon, Jr., who was the next speaker, the delegation from Virginia. U. S. A., numbering nearly thirty, marched to the front of the Hall, displaying their ban- 23 ner and singing "Carry Me Back to Ole Virginny," followed by the Virginia yell. Bishop Cannon then addressed the Convention on "The Churches and World Prohibition." Mr. S. J. Carter, President of the Quebec Branch of the Domin- ion Alliance, gave an address on "The Quebec System of Dealing With the Liquor Traffic." Students of Universities and Colleges, who were present on the platform, gave a college yell. Hon. Alfred Herbert Horsfall, M.B., Ch.B., of London, lecturer for the Royal Colonial Institute and Social Political Education League, gave an address. Representatives from Finland, Mexico, Ireland, Peru, Hungary, Spain and Colombia, were introduced and addressed the Convention. Finland was represented by Mr. and Mrs. Akseli Rauanheimo ; Mexico by Rev. E. B. Vargas; Spain by Rev. Franklin Gortes Al- brecias, who spoke in Spanish. His address was interpreted by T. Marcellus Marshall of Glenville, West Virginia. Ireland was represented by Mrs. Clow, President of the W. C. T. U. of Ulster; Peru by Mr. Juan Escovar; Hungary by Mr. John G. Gogolyak; and Colombia by Mr. Riccardo Dussan. It was announced that thus far 52 countries were represented in the registration at the Convention. After announcements and singing, the benediction was pro- nounced by Rev. M. P. Boynton, of Chicago, and the Convention recessed until 2:30 o'clock. SATURDAY AFTERNOON The Convention re-convened at 2 :30 o'clock and listened to a musical program including a piano recital by Mr. Roper, and solos by Mr. Thomas Blackwell. Mr. H. Ruthven McDonald sang a solo, "Let the Lower Lights Be Burning." Rev. Ira Landrith, D.D., of Chicago, presided at the Convention session. Miss Cora Frances Stoddard, of Boston, introduced Mr. and Mrs. George C. Milne and Rev. J. Cromarty Smith of Scotland, and Rev. and Mrs. Gifford Gordon of Australia. Mr. Cherrington presented letters of greetings from the follow- ing United States Senators Senator Myers of Montana ; Senator 24 Frank B. Willis of Ohio; Senator David Elkins of West Virginia; Senator Morris A. Sheppard of Texas ; Senator Arthur Capper of Kansas. He also read a message of greeting from Hon. A. W. Mel- lon, Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. Dr. August Ley of the University of Brussels, gave an address on "The Student Movement Against Alcoholism in Belgium and France." Prof. J. G. Hume, Ph.D., University of Toronto, gave an address. Rev. Elmer Lynn Williamson, D.D., of Chicago, addressed the Convention. Dr. H. B. Carre of Tennessee, U. S. A., introduced Miss Lee Leodegarta Sapao of the Philippine Islands, and Miss Wilkinson of London. Mr. Harry S. Warner, General Secretary of the Intercollegiate Prohibition Association, gave an address on "The Student Field." Mr. Warner then announced the prizes which had been awarded in the International Student Essay Contest to forty persons on the general theme of "The World Movement Against Alcoholism." It was announced that 212 essays from 130 universities and col- leges had been received. Prizes ranged from $10 up to $300. The five best essays were awarded prizes as follows : First $300 "The Phantom Saloon," Frank H. Nelson, Univer- sity of Chicago, Chicago. Second $200 "Bacchus or Civilization," Jogendra N. Sahni, (India) University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Third $100 "Prohibition vs. Personal Liberty," Benjamin Goldstein, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. Fourth $50 "The U. S. and World Prohibition," George Ger- ling, State Normal School, Lacrosse, Wis. Fifth $30 "The Recent World War vs. Alcoholism," Miss Hannah Jane Starr, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont. The next five best essays were awarded $25 each, as follows : "Has Prohibition Been a Success?" Miss Lucille Chiddix, 111. State Normal School, Normal, 111. "The March Triumphant," Jose Aguilar, (Filipino) Denison University, Granville, Ohio. "Alcohol and Civilization A Study in Social Psychology," A. Leroy Huff, University of Chicago, Chicago, 111. "Moonshine the Menace of the Appalachian Highlands," W. L. Tiller, University Theological Seminary, Richmond, Va. 25 "Prohibition and Good Citizenship," John Clark, Lenox College, Hopkinton, la. Dr. Ernest H. Cherrington, General Secretary of the World League Against Alcoholism, addressed the Convention briefly, on the importance of the student movement for prohibition. He also presented greetings from the Madeira Islands; the Bulgarian Tem- perance Union ; the New Zealand Temperance Alliance ; and from Senator Bjorkman of Sweden. Bishop Thomas Nicholson, D.D., LL.D., of the M. E. Church, resident in Chicago, addressed the Convention. Mr. Villem Emits of Esthonia, spoke on the student movement in Esthonia and Lithuania. Rev. C. W. Gordon, D.D., of Manitoba (Ralph Connor) was in- troduced and addressed the Convention. After announcements, the benediction was pronounced by Dr. H. B. Carre of Tennessee, U. S. A, Adjournment was taken until Sunday afternoon at 2 :30 o'clock. SATURDAY NIGHT The Saturday evening session was an elaborate banquet served in the ballroom of the King Edward Hotel, with Bishop Thomas Nicholson, D.D., LL.D., of Chicago, presiding as master of cere- monies. Delegates were seated in groups at small tables, nearly one thousand delegates being present. Music was furnished by the Adanac Quartet. Following the meal an informal program was carried out, con- sisting of three-minute talks by one person from each of the coun- tries represented at the Convention. The program was improvised, and no record has been kept of the names of those who participated in the exercises. SUNDAY MORNING AND EVENING On Sunday morning visiting delegates from all over the world spoke on the general subject of prohibition in nearly one hundred churches of the city. This service was repeated in a large number of other pulpits in the evening. 26 SUNDAY AFTERNOON The Convention session opened with songs and instrumental music, rendered by the massed Salvation Army bands with Mr. Temple E. King as conductor. Hon. R. J. Fleming, former Mayor of Toronto, presided. Bishop W. P. Thirkield conducted the devotions. Rev. F. Scott McBride of Chicago, State Superintendent of the Illinois Anti-Saloon League and member of the Executive Commit- tee of the Anti-Saloon League of America, gave an address on "The Fight Ahead," and took subscriptions for the cause. Hon. John G. Cooper of Youngstown, Ohio, member of the United States Congress and also of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, gave an address on "Prohibition and Organized Labor." MEMORIAL HOUR The Convention then turned to the memorial hour in memory of temperance leaders who have died during the past two years. Rev. M. P. Boynton, Pastor of Woodland Park Baptist Church, Chi- cago, presided, and introduced the speakers. A scripture lesson was read, following which there was a period of silent prayer. Prof. Robert Hercod, Ph.D., of Switzerland, spoke in memory of the Hon. Matti Helenius Seppala of Finland, who died two years ago on his return from the United States. Rev. Robert B. S. Hammond, D.D., of Australia, spoke of the life and work of Rev. James Marion, who was prominent in religious and prohibition work in Australia and helped to organize the World League Against Alcoholism in 1920. Mrs. Deborah Knox Livingston, of Boston, Superintendent of Citizenship in the World's and United States' W. C. T. U., spoke of Mr. Thomas Searle, who had been the leader of the Temperance Alliance of the Union of South Africa. Miss Agnes Slack of England, Secretary of the World's W. C. T. U., brought a memorial tribute for the Countess of Carlyle, who had been President of the World's W. C. T. U. till the time of her death. Rev. Ira Landrith, D.D., of the United States, spoke in memory of the Hon. John G. Woolley, who, for many years, was a leading advocate of prohibition, speaking not only in the United States, but throughout the world. 27 After announcements, and the benediction by Rev. H. W. Tope, D.D., of Philadelphia, the Convention recessed until 9:30 o'clock on Monday morning. MONDAY MORNING The Convention resumed its session at 9 :30 o'clock, with song and music, Mrs. Sara Rowell Wright, President of the W. C. T. U. of Canada, presiding. Mrs. Florence D. Richard, President of the Ohio W. C. T. U., conducted the devotions. Prof. Robert Hercod, Ph.D., of Switzerland, gave an address on "The Pressure of Wine-Growing Countries Against Prohibition." Rev. Edwin C. Dinwiddie, D.D., of Washington, D. C., National Chief Templar of the I. O. G. T. of the United States, gave an address on "How and Why America Will Stand Firm." The Illinois delegates, numbering about twenty-five, rose and sang the Illinois song. A beautiful W. C- T. U. tableau, representing the world-wide scope of the prohibition movement, was next presented. Rev. Wilson Stuart, M.A., B.Sc., of London, spoke on "The Carlisle Experiment in .State Purchase and Liquor Nationalization." Mr. Tarini Prasad Sinha of Benares, India, gave an address on "The Movement for Prohibition in India." Dr. H. B. Carre introduced the following: Australia Rev. Robert B. S. Hammond, D.D. ; Mrs. McLeod, and Mrs. Carvosso. Newfoundland Mrs. James S. Benedict, Corresponding Secre- tary of the W. C. T. U. India Miss Mary Campbell, Organizer for the W. C. T. U. Scotland Mr. R. A. Munro, Chairman Scottish Temperance and No-License Union. Under the Roll Call of Countries, the following were introduced and addressed the Convention : Japan Mrs. Ochimi Kubushiro of Tokio and Miss Uta Hayashi of Osaka. Egypt Miss Mary E. Baird, Missionary for the Board of the United Presbyterian Church. A letter of greeting was read from Hon. J. Morton Howell, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary from the United 28 States to Egypt, and also a statement from Hon. A. Saroit, the Premier of Egypt. Sweden Alfred Abrahamson of the Grand Lodge of Sweden, I. O. G. T. Denmark Mr. Lars Larsen-Ledet and Miss Dagmar Prior. Bulgaria Pastor D. N. Furnajieff and Mr. Karastayanoff. Newfoundland Mrs. David Johnson and Mrs. Jas. D. Benedict. Lithuania Miss Sonia Salk. Germany Dr. Reinhard Strecker and Mrs. Tilde Strecker of Darmstajdt, Mrs. Gustel von Bluecher of Dresden, President of the W. C. T. U., Miss Wilhelmine Lohmann of Bielefeld and Miss Martha Kuppersbusch of Cologne. Greetings were read from the Blue-Ribboners' Association of Western Sweden, as follows: With God's blessing over the Convention, so that it may bring great results for the bringing of World-wide Prohibition. (Signed) Bjork, Chairman. Borjeson, Secretary. Gothenburg. Sweden, November 12, 1922. Rev. Ben H. Spence extended an invitation for the delegates to visit the Government House. On motion, the invitation was accepted with expressions of appreciation. Dr. C. W. Saleeby read the hymn "God Save the People," and the benediction was pronounced by Dr. Howard H. Russell. Adjournment was taken until 2 :30 o'clock. MONDAY AFTERNOON The Convention session opened at 2 :30 o'clock, with a song service, Dr. Howard H. Russell, of U. S. A., presiding. Mrs. George C. Milne of the W. C. T. U. of Scotland, gave an address on "The Result of the First National Contest with the Liquor Traffic in Scotlan-d." Rev. Gifford Gordon, D. D., Melbourne, Australia, Financial Director of the Victorian Anti-Liquor League, gave an address on "The Results of Prohibition Through Australian Eyes." Mr. Henry Beach Carre, Ph.D., Professor in Vanderbilt Uni- versity, Nashville, Tennessee, gave an address on "The Missionary Appeal of the World Movement Against Alcoholism." 29 The Iowa delegation, numbering about twenty, sang their state song. Dr. Cherrington read a telegram of greetings from Governor E. N. Kendall of Iowa. A beautiful animated tableau, illustrating the drink traffic in China, which the missionaries are called upon to meet and overcome, was presented. Rev. Father Lancelot Minehan, Rector of St. Vincent de Paul Catholic Church, Toronto, gave an address. Mr. E. N. Hohenthal of Connecticut, U. S. A., representing the Sons of Temperance, addressed the Convention. During the roll call of countries, the following responded : Scotland Rev. J. Cromarty Smith. Formosa Mr. Nathan Kaku. Porto Rico Juan F. Monita. During the general discussion, under the five minute rule, nine delegates, representing as many countries, participated. Recess was then taken until 7:30 o'clock. MONDAY NIGHT The Convention reassembled at 7 :30 o'clock. The congregation joined in a number of songs, led by Prof. E. M. Shildrick. Bishop James Cannon, Jr., D.D., of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, presided. There was a band selection by the Riverdale Salvation Army Band, Mr. J. Wood, conductor. Rev. S. D. Chown, Superintendent of the M. E. Church of Can- ada, led in prayer. Rev. Purley A. Baker, D.D., General Superintendent of- the Anti-Saloon League of America, gave an address on "How the Fight Was Won in America." This was followed by a beautiful animated tableau showing the Star of Bethlehem as the light to lead to- the consecration at the altar of prohibition, which will carry the prohibition reform to the nations of the world. Mrs. Deborah Knox Livingston of Boston, Superintendent of the Department of Christian Citizenship of the World's W. C. T. U., gave an address. Dr. Wayne B. Wheeler, of Washington, D. C., Legislative Su- 30 perintendent and General Counsel for the Anti-Saloon League of America, gave an address and took an offering for the work. Hon. E. C. Drury, Prime Minister of Ontario, gave an address on "Prohibition in the Province of Ontario." The Adanac Quartette rendered a selection and the benediction was pronounced by H. B. Carre. Adjournment was taken until 9:30 o'clock, Tuesday morning. TUESDAY MORNING The session was opened with song and with a season of prayer. Miss Anna A. Gordon, President of the World's and United States' W. C. T. U., presided, and addressed the Convention briefly, following which greetings were read from Mary Harris Armor, of Georgia, who is now campaigning in New Zealand. The audience sang "O God of Bethel." Rev. Franklin Albrecias of Alicante, Spain, gave an address on "The Temperance Reform Progress in Spain." He spoke in Spanish and the address was interpreted by Rev. T. Marcellus Marshall of West Virginia. Rev. A. E. Cook of Vancouver, British Columbia, gave an ad- dress on "Practical Results of the British Columbia System of Deal- ing with the Liquor Traffic." The Wisconsin delegation, numbering about a dozen, arose and sang the Wisconsin song. A tableau and dialogue was then presented, giving a true picture of the benefits of prohibition, which have come to a "home in Can- ada." Rev. E. J. Moore, Assistant Superintendent of the Anti-Saloon League of America, gave an address on "The Responsibility of the Church in the Development of Successful Organized Activities Against Alcoholism." The Convention sang "Brightly Beams Our Father's Mercy." Dr. H. B. Carre presented the following persons: India Miss Anna E. Lawson and Rev. F. R. Felt. Mexico Rev. J. N. Pasco. Scotland Mrs. J. W. Bubowe and Miss Jane Darling. Australia Miss Addie Robertson. Mr. Munro of Scotland brought a message of greeting from Rev. Henry Carter of England. 31 During the roll call of countries, the following were presented and addressed the Convention : Rumania V. W. Jones. Poland Chester Strelecki. Georgia (Caucasia) Paul D. Kvaratskhelia. India Rev. F. R. Felt. Ukrania John Pivovaroff. Colombia Richard Dussan and Carolos Prada. Chili and Uruguay Miss Hardynia Norville. Siberia Sergey Lavrov. Rev. Father Curran of Wilkes-Barre, Pa., was introduced and addressed the Convention as a representative of the Roman Catholic Church. Rev. James V. Chalmers brought the greetings of the Protestant Episcopal Bishop of New York. Representatives from the Province of Newfoundland in Canada, and from the States of Arkansas, California, Colorado, Maryland, Illinois, Indiana and Iowa, were introduced and addressed the Con- vention on the results of prohibition in their respective regions. It was announced that the Attorney General of the Province of Ontario had sent two thousand copies of the "Liquor Laws of On- tario" to the Convention for distribution. After announcements and the benediction by Rev. Ben H. Spence the Convention recessed until 2:30 o'clock. TUESDAY AFTERNOON The Convention re-convened at 2:30 o'clock, Rev. P. A. Baker, D.D., Superintendent of the Anti-Saloon League of America, pre- siding. Rev. S. M. Dick of Minneapolis offered prayer and Miss Edna Reed of Toronto sang a solo. The Chairman made brief remarks. Hon. George B. Wilson, B.A., of London, Statistical Secretary of the United Kingdom Alliance, gave an address on "The Progress of the Liquor Traffic and the Development of Alcoholism in the British Isles, as Shown by Official Statistical Reports." Hon. Wayne B. Wheeler, LL.D., of Washington, D. C, Gen- eral Counsel and Legislative Superintendent of the Anti-Saloon 32 League of America, gave an address on "Respect for Law, National and International." Mr. Ben H. Spence introduced Sir George Foster of Canada, who addressed the Convention. Hon. W. E. Raney, K. C., Attorney General of Ontario, gave an address on "Enforcing Prohibition." Mrs. W. E. (Pussyfoot) Johnson was introduced and addressed the Convention. During the roll call of states and provinces, the situation with icference to prohibition in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada, was presented. Following a song, and benediction pronounced by Rev. R. E. Farley of New Mexico, adjournment was taken until 9:30 o'clock, Wednesday morning. TUESDAY NIGHT In the absence of a regular session of the Convention at Massey Hall, ten conferences were held in different sections of the city at the following places : Waverly Road Baptist Church, Rev. A. J. Bar- ton, D.D., of Louisiana, presiding; Danforth Methodist Church, Hon. S. E. Nicho'son of Washington, D. C., presiding; Sherbourne Street Methodist Church, Rev. Howard H. Russell, D.D., of Ohio, presid- ing; Eglington Methodist Church, Rev. E. C. Dinwiddie, D.D., of Washington, D. C., presiding; Saint Columba Presbyterian Church, Rev. George B. Safford of Minnesota, presiding; Walmar Road Bap- tist Church, Rev. M. P. Boynton of Chicago, Illinois, presiding; Christ Church, Reformed Episcopal, Mrs. Sara R. Wright, of Canada, presiding; High Park Presbyterian Church, Professor Henry Beach Carre of Nashville, Tennessee, presiding; Victoria Presbyterian Church, Miss Anna A. Gordon of Illinois, presiding; and Dovercourt Presbyterian Church, Rev. Homer W. Tope of Philadelphia, pre- siding. These conferences were well attended, and addresses were given at each meeting by prominent men and women who were in atten- dance at the Convention. WEDNESDAY MORNING The Convention opened with a song service followed by prayer offered by Reverend Wilson Stuart, M.A., of London, England. 33 Dr. Robert Hercod of Lausanne, Switzerland, director of the International Temperance Bureau and one of the Joint Presidents of the World League Against Alcoholism, presided. Miss Mary J. Campbell, of Lucknow, India, Organizing Secre- tary of the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union, gave an address. Dr. Daniel H. Kress, Vice-President of the American Medical Society for the Study of Alcoholism and Other Narcotics, gave an address on "The Fallacy of Encouraging the Sale of Light Wines and Beer." Commissioner Charles Sowton, Chief Officer of the Salvation Army in Canada, gave an address on "The Salvation Army and the Prohibition Movement." Rev. Howard H. Russell, D.D., LL.D., founder of the Anti- Saloon League movement in the United States and one of the Pres- idents of the World League Against Alcoholism, gave an address on "Spiritual Aspects of the World Movement Against Alcoholism." An animated tableau was presented, showing the first temper- ance meeting ever held on the American continent, in the visit of a Jesuit Missionary to the Indians. Dr. M. P. Boynton, of Chicago, acting for the delegates from the United States, as evidence of their appreciation, presented to Rev. Ben H. Spence a fine traveling bag, for which Mr. Spence expressed his deep appreciation. Mrs. Barton, of Scotland, then presented her badge to Mr. Spence. The Assistant Secretary announced that it was necessary for him to leave the Convention and named Orville S. Poland, Esq., of New York City, and Mr. F. J. Oaten of Canada, as Assistant Secre- taries for the remainder of the Convention. Miss Agnes Slack, of England, Secretary of the World's Wom- an's Christian Temperance. Union, addressed the convention on thr- subject, "The Movement Against Alcoholism Among the Women of Great Britain and Europe." Prof. Villem Emits of Esthonia was introduced and briefly ad- dressed the Convention. He was followed by Gustav Kempel of Latvia. These two speakers also represented Lithuania. Doctor Reinhard Strecker of Darmstadt, Germany, was the next speaker. The Roll of the States was called, and the State Superin- tendents of the Anti-Saloon League, or other prominent workers, responded for the following states : Arizona, Maine, Louisiana, Kan- 34 sas, Massachusetts, Michigan, Wisconsin, Missouri, 'Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York. Mr. T. M. Wilmot and ten other representatives of the Sons of Temperance were introduced. Rev. Ben H. Spence announced the reception for the convention delegates to be given at the Government House that afternoon. Greetings were received from the Independent Order of Recha- bites in the Bahamas, from the secretary, S. Albert Dillon. After a number of announcements, Doctor Howard H. Russell pronounced the benediction and the session was adjourned at 12:45 p. m. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON The Wednesday Afternoon session opened with singing Number Eight of the Convention Songs. Judge Charles A. Pollock of the U. S. A. took the chair. Mr. Warren Hillerud sang a tenor solo. Hon. Lars Larsen-Ledet, secretary of the Federation of Danish Total Abstinence Societies, spoke on the subject, "Local Veto as a Means to Prohibition in Northern Europe." William H. Anderson, Superintendent of the Anti-Saloon League of New York, addressed the Convention on the subject, "The Allied Citizens of America." Doctor Margaret Patterson, Police Magistrate of Toronto, ad- dressed the Convention on the subject, "Prohibition and the Home." Mr. F. L. Watkins responded to the Roll Call for North Dakota. Rev. H. R. Grant, of the Social Service Council of Nova Scotia, responded to Roll Call for Nova Scotia. A tableau was then shown, representing the metamorphosis of a saloon in a western community, into a city laundry. The Roll Call was continued, and Rev. Ben H. Spence responded for Ontario. A member of the Scotch delegation presented a Scotch thistle pin to Prof. Shildrick, the leader of the singing at the Convention. Miss Anna A. Gordon, President of the World's W. C. T. U., then took the chair, and Mr. George B. Wilson of London, chairman of the Resolutions Committee, presented a copy of the resolutions which had been adopted by that Committee, and moved their ac- 35 ceptance. By action of the convention, the Resolutions were unani- mously adopted. Rev. R. B. S. Hammond, D.D., of Australia, read a suggested message of greeting to New Zealand. The resolution was unani- mously adopted, and included in the report of the Resolutions Com- mittee. The Roll Call was resumed, and representatives of the following American states and Canadian provinces responded : Ohio, Okla- homa, New Brunswick, Prince Edw r ard Island, Pennsylvania. Rev. W. E. Prescott assumed the duties of assistant secretary pro tern. Rev. David Nakoff spoke for Bulgaria. The Committee on Credentials reported that Canada had at the Convention (up to that time) 544 delegates, the United States 455 delegates, and the delegates from overseas numbered 112, making a total of 1,111 delegates in attention at the Convention, representing sixty-six countries. The Roll Call was resumed, and the following states reported : Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Washing- ton and Wyoming. Rev. Ben H. Spence announced that cars were waiting to. take the delegates to Government House, and the convention adjourned. WEDNESDAY EVENING The Wednesday Evening Session was opened at 7:45 p. m. with a song service led by Prof. E. M. Shildrick. Doctor R. Hercod introduced Miss Anna A. Gordon, President of the World's W. C. T. U., who took the chair and presided. Prayer was offered by Rev. J. Cromarty Smith of Scotland. Miss Agnes Slack of England, Acting Vice-President of the National British Women's Temperance Association and Honorary Secretary of the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union, gave an address on the influence of this convention on world prohi- bition. Prof. Alvin W. Roper then gave a piano solo. A brilliant tableau, "Prohibition," was presented by a group of Toronto young people, directed by Messrs. Lea and Ridout. Rev. Gifford Gordon of Melbourne, Australia, addressed the Con- 36 vention on "The Results of Prohibition on the North American Con- tinent." Miss Hardynia K. Norville of Buenos Aires, organizer for the W. C. T. U., spoke to the Convention, on the needs of the South American continent. The closing address of the convention was delivered by Rev. R. B. S. Hammond, D.D., of Sydney, Australia, president of the Australian Alliance Prohibition Council, on the subject, "World Prohibition, the Solution of the Liquor Problem." Mr. George B. Wilson, Secretary of the Committee on Resolu- tions, presented the following resolution, which had been adopted by the Committee : "That this Conference desires to express its deep- felt thanks to the multitude of friends in Toronto and Ontario whose kind hospitality has made us so happy." The following representatives were called upon to give one- minute speeches of farewell : Denmark Lars Larsen-Ledet. Italy Rev. Robert E. Corradini. Belgium Dr. A. Ley. Sweden Rev. David Ostlund. Germany Dr. Reinhard Strecker. Japan Miss Hayasha. France Pastor Georges Gallienne. Sierre Leone Sylvester Broderick. Latvia Gustav Kempel. Esthonia Prof. Villem Emits. Mexico Rev. E. B. Vargas. Bulgaria Rev. David Nakoff. Switzerland Doctor R. Hercod. Ireland Mrs. Emily Moffat Clow. Spain Rev. Franklin Albrecias. England Rev. Wilson Stuart. India Mr. J. Niyogi. Rev. Ben H. Spence, Secretary of the Dominion Alliance, was presented with flowers by Miss Anna A. Gordon, on behalf of the W. C. T. U. The audience sang "America" and "God Save the King." Miss Gordon pronounced the benediction. The audience was requested to remain, after the session, and view a French cinema film, showing the evils of the drink traffic in 37 France, which had been brought to the convention by M. Gustave Cauvin of Lyon, France, and which had been shown by him many times to popular audiences in France. Mr. Cauvin added a few words of explanation as the film was shown. This brought to a close the final session of the International Convention of the World League Against Alcoholism. RESOLUTIONS 1. We, members of the great human family, deeply and tenderly sympathize with all in every nation, who are suffering from the rav- ages of alcoholic liquor. We have watched with thankfulness the progress of the world-wide campaign against alcoholism. We rejoice with them that do rejoice in the first fruits of victory and wish God- speed to those who are now fighting for the same end on any field. We call upon all men and women of good-will to unite in common action against this common foe, and pledge ourselves and those whom we represent to this high task, until by the blessing of Almighty God this age-long curse shall be no more. 2. Recent action of wine-producing countries in exerting unwar- ranted economic pressure upon small prohibition countries has again called the special attention of all friends of liberty, to the principle of self-determination for all countries. This Convention reaffirms the right of every country to suppress alcoholism within its own borders ; indignantly protests against pressure by any country upon any other to break down such self-determination ; and urges that insistence upon this fundamental principle should be the official business of every free Government; should be the object of united effort by all Prohibition countries ; and should be definitely embodied in inter- national law. 3. That this Convention urges immediate effective international action against the international illicit traffic in alcoholic liquors which is a menace to the sobriety and the peace of the world. 4. That since intelligent public opinion is essential to intelligent public action against alcoholism, this Convention urges that every possible agency be employed to acquaint the peoples of all nations, and especially the rising generation, with the facts of modern science demonstrating the injurious effects of alcohol upon personal, national and racial well-being. J5. That in view of the havoc being wrought by alcohol among native races, this Convention earnestly appeals to the responsible powers to stop this wicked and shameful traffic. 6. That in view of the development in mechanical transporta- tion on land and sea and in the air, the increasing intricacy of the machinery employed, the enormous increase in the number of pas- sengers and the great risk to their safety in the use of alcoholic bev- erages by persons engaged in such transportation service, this Con- vention commends the action of employes throughout the world who, in the interest of public safety, abstain from such beverages, and urges upon all transportation services the high importance of extending this practice. 7. That this Convention appeals to students, especially those studying for the ministry and for the medical, legal and teaching professions, to prepare and consecrate themselves to lead in the de- liverance of the world from alcoholism. 8. That this Convention thanks such part of the public press as has impartially published the truth as to the effects of prohibition wherever in operation, and appeals to the whole public press to deal fairly with this issue. Resolved, that the General Secretary forward the following to New Zealand temperance workers: 9. Representatives of sixty-six countries having seen for our- selves and also heard the emphatic public testimony of Sir George Foster, former minister of finance and acting prime minister of all Canada, and Hon. E. C. Dairy, prime minister of Ontario, enthusi- astically urge New Zealand to make a supreme effort to bring to their dominion the" extensive and undoubted benefits of prohibition. 39 TELEGRAMS, LETTERS AND MESSAGES OF GREETING TO THE TORONTO CONVENTION OF THE WORLD LEAGUE AGAINST ALCOHOLISM AUSTRIA League for Culture Free from Alcohol, Upper-Austrian Committee for Alcohol Prohibition, Joseph Schaffer, Secretary, Linz A. D. Hoffgasse 9, Austria: The two mentioned corporations have charged me to send for you the best wishes on occasion of the meeting. Association of Abstaining Physicians in German-Speaking Districts, (Verein abstinenter Aerzte des deutschen Sprachgebeites, E. V.), Dr. A. Holit- scher, Manager, Pirkenhammer bei Carlsbad, Austria: We beg to convey to the Congress our warmest sympathy. We hope that the program may be successfully carried out and the methods used in the struggle for prohibition all over the world be bettered in order that we may likewise attain as soon as possible the goal that the United States has already reached. BAHAMAS Independent Order of Rechabites, S. Albert Dillet, Secretary "Provident" Tent, No. 112, 254 Shirley St., E., St. Matthews Parish, N. P., Bahamas: For myself and on behalf of the "Provident" Tent No. 112, I. O. R., I extend the profoundest and most cordial greetings to the World League Against Alcoholism in great convention assembled at Toronto; we bid you Godspeed. BELGIUM Le Bien-Etre Social, President, F. Lemaire, rue de Namur II, Liege; Secretary, Bronkart, rue Montagne Ste. Walburge 122, Liege: At the time of the meeting of the Convention of the World League Against Alcoholism, the Belgian Temperance League "Le Bien-Etre Social" takes pleasure in expressing to' you its best wishes for success. The solidarity of anti-alcoholic action manifests itself every day prominently, like the inter- nationalism of resistance which they meet. And the anti-alcoholic triumphs, especially where they are produced by us, Belgian abstainers, are an encour- agement and a joy. We greet, then, the Congress meeting at" Toror'o. We hope that its deliberations will be fruitful and that they will stren^/ien the anti-alcoholic cause. . . Regarding the question as to the scope of prohibition, we are convinced like yourself of the necessity of an international action, staged at the same time all over the world by legislation and on the conscience of the public for the extirpation of the flow of alcohol. Also we receive with sympathetic agree ment the announcement of the Convention, and while regretting that the cir- cumstances surrounding us do not allow us to have a direct representative. we send you our wishes for its entire success. 40 Report of the Bien-Etre Social of Liege to the Congress of the World League Against Alcoholism, at Toronto: The flow of alcoholism has for a long time been greatly extended in Bel- gium, as in other countries of western and central Europe. Belgium, a coun- try very densely populated, is composed of a laboring and agricultural popula- tion, and very much exposed to this danger. Alcoholism in Belgium manifests itself in the form of a very extended consumption of strong drinks properly called rum, cognac, amers, and above all, gin, of which there exists in the country a developing industry. Wine, less widespread without being rare, is essentially one of the drinks of the middle-class. Much beer is consumed. The alcoholic content of this latter is always very variable. The consumption of beer, by excess, brings a certain stage in the character of veritable drunkenness. The saloons are, on the other hand, very plentiful. They represent a most active exploitation. It is estimated that there is one saloon for 37 inhabitants, males and females, young or old. The saloon element represents a considerable \oting force, and as such opposes itself to all serious reform. Under the electoral rule which prevailed until 1893 the "censitaire" (copy-holder) system it was impossible for a party to redress himself against the saloonkeepers. The plural vo:e, which succeeded the "censitaire" rule, decreased somewhat the power of the saloon- keepers, but without weakening it. The system of universal manhood suffrage, which actually rules, has reduced noticeably the influence of the saloons. The extension to women of the right to vote, toward which the country has been tending, accentuates the welcome recoil from the electoral power of the saloon- keepers. In order to fight against the flow of alcohol, the workers banded together successively in Belgium, in the form of neutral associations, and under con- fessional form. The first organization was formed in 1880. In 1895 was founded at Liege the "Bien-Etre Social." Following its regulations, the Bien- Etre Social is open to persons irrespective of religion, wealth or social posi- tion. The members pledged themselves to abstain completely from consump- tion of strong drinks of certain types, rum, brandy, gin, etc. Regarding the consumption of wine and beer, it consists, if one does not abstain completely, in moderation as to quantity and amount of alcoholic content. The Bien- Etre Social has always counted among its directors and among its members, beside the practising temperance members as spoken of above, the "teetotal- ers," and a perfect agreement has always ruled between one class and the other, all working without antagonistic thought toward the destruction of alcoholism as it is found in Belgium. The Bien-Etre Social has, from 1895 to 1914, worked especially in the Province of Liege. Under the active presidency of M. 1'Abbe J. Lemmens, it carried on an intense campaign, addressed to the adults as well as to the younger generation. It proceeded by books, tracts, pamphlets, solemn meet- ings, meetings of particular propaganda, etc. It has cooperated thus in form- ing the convictions, in a population little instructed regarding the harms of alcohol, and to prepare the ground for action by law in the future, 41 During the war, the Belgian population consumed little alcohol. The quantity was reduced by the suppression of the importation and the diminu- tion of production, and the German occupation likewise excluded the con- sumer of alcohol. This was fortunate. In the condition of debilitation of the Belgian population, alcohol would have exercised an infinitely more harm- ful influence than ordinarily. At the time of the armistice, the Government of the Havre put into effect a decree forbidding completely the selling of alcohol. It was a provisionary measure, in the attempt to re-establish the regular functioning of parliamen- tary institutions. In 1919 the Belgian parliament replaced the decree by a regular law. This forbade all sale of alcohol in cafes and other selling places of drinks to the consumer on the premises. This was war on the saloon, and likewise on the sale of strong drinks. The sale of alcohol two litres at a time was authorized, but only in groceries, liquor sales-places, etc., where it was not consumed on delivery. Finally the export and import duties were greatly increased. By this measure, the Belgian parliament cut off short the permanent temptation for drinking alcohol, which constituted the cafe. The tolerance of the sale up to two litres was a concession, regrettable always, since they were not able to forego the advantages of the voting law which were considerable. As to the temperance workers, they have found, after the war, their or- ganizations broken up and their members dispersed. The Bien-Etre Social has been able to re-establish without loss some of its former local societies. It searches for persons in Belgium susceptible to its influence, particularly on the Catholic side, and the publication is given them. It proceeds- by meetings, by personal appeals or by letters, by distribution of pamphlets, etc., with a view to neutralizing the propaganda of the saloonkeepers. The latter work without wearying. They attempt at this time to dispose public opinion against the prohibition of alcohol in the cafes and to obtain the help of polit- ical men, and the promise of the repeal of the law. . . . One is able to say that the fight for temperance is very extended in Belgium and will continue for a long time yet. BRAZIL Cyro Vieira da Cunha, Assistant in the Institute Oswaldo Cruz: In the question of the fight against alcoholism we have to examine the measures of governmental origin and those of private origin. In the latter, distinction should be made between those of a practical and those of a theo- retical order, including publications tending to solve the problem. Let us see then, in the direction indicated, what has been done in Brazil to extin- guish alcoholism, this evil which, in the apposite phrase of Courdelier has now ceased to be "une maladie du corps humain" to become "une maladie du corps social." Various attempts have been made by certain deputies to displace the gov- ernment of the country from the position of indifference which it has main- tained even to the present day with regard to the question of alcoholism. No results have, however, yet been attained. The head of our government, President Epitacio Pessoa, referred, in a 42 to Congress^ to the necessity of increasing tiie tax oh the consurrip- tion of intoxicating drinks; but he was not listened to. Elected and sustained in their Congressional seats by States that derive the greater part of their revenues from the manufacture of drink, not many senators and deputies can observe a worthy legislative attitude toward the terrible poison. Otherwise, in Brazil, as in many other countries, the leaders unfortunately confuse the protection of the tillage of cane with that of the poison, alcohol. By legislation there is in Brazil only the loss of office to any public func- tionary found publicly intoxicated and the punishment of anyone who fur- nishes drinks with the purpose of intoxicating or of increasing intoxication. As with the French law of January 25, 1873, these Brazilian laws are today entirely abandoned on account of their manifest inefficacy. In some towns the sale of beverages of high alcoholic content on Sundays and certain other days after seven p. m. is prohibited. This law, however, is practically non-existent ... In 1909 it was attempted in the capital of the country to limit the number of drinkshops. The project did not materialize. In July, 1920, Deputy Francisco Valladares presented to the Chamber a plan calling for the establishment in the Federal District of a special asylum for inebriates. In the Commission of Legislation and Justice, the project was favorably received, being afterward extended to include also morphinomani- acs, cocainomaniacs, etc. And nothing more have our governors done to aid the citizens who seek to preserve the forces of workmen certainly the worst victims of alcohol. Little as has been that which the governors of the country have carried into effect, much less can be credited to private initiative concerning the mat- ter which we are now considering. In the theoretical field may be cited about a hundred antialcoholic works, which are not to be compared with the num- bers published in France and in the United States, to mention two countries only. The first study of the important problem to appear among us was that of Alexander do Rosario (1839) which antedated the work of Magnus Huss (1852). After that not until 1882 do we meet with a work worthy of record, the lecture "Chronic Alcoholism" of Prof. Torres Homem, whose prestige among the Faculty of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro called forth a series of theses on the subject. In 1913 was published "The Modern Poison" of Dr. Domingos Jaguaribe, one of the most indefatigable warriors in the campaign. Dr. Jaguaribe's book made a deep appeal to many among us who were inter- ested in the destiny of the race, and was the starting-point of new publications. Practically, when attempts have been made to found leagues against alcohol, such organizations have, unfortunately, lasted for a few months only. Only in the State of S. Paulo and now in Rio Grande do Sul has any useful work developed. In one State there are three lodges of the Order of Good Templars. In Rio Grande a large number of candidates for medical degrees have agreed to take a solemn oath to further the combat against alcoholism. Almost nothing, however, has been done in Brazil in the war against alcoholism. All the larger movements in our country have had their initiation in the State of S. Paulo. Looking ahead, may we in a not distant future hope to see the problem interesting the whole of the Brazilian people, because the 43 Paulist youth already stand forth full of enthusiasm, of courage, and of faith, with full assurance of victory. BULGARIA Bulgarian Temperance Union, M. N. Popoff, President; Z. D. Furnajieff, Secretary, Ulitza Vitosha 36, Sofia, Bulgaria: We authorize Mr. Furnajieff to convey our greetings to the said Conven- tion, with our best wishes for all their deliberations and for a speedy making the world dry, assuring them of our readiness to cooperate in every possible way. I. O. G. T. N., Dr. Kh. Neytcheff, Special Deputy, Sofia, Bulgaria: Please present our good will to the delegates of the Convention and assurance of our thanks and our acknowledgment of the invitation, also the most cordial greetings on my part and on the part of the Bulgarian abstinents. CANADA British Columbia Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Gertrude M. Lanning, Provincial Cor. Sec., Ladner, B. C; We thank you very sincerely for your invitation and would have most gladly accepted had we been able. We wish the Convention the greatest success. I. O. G. T., Grand Lodge of Canada (Ontario), J. T. Dyson, Grand Sec., 137 Lisgar Street, Toronto, Canada: On behalf of the officers and members of the Grand Lodge of Canada, International Order of Good Templars, I extend a hearty welcome to Toronto the Queen City of the West. . . . May the deliberations of this World League be such that it will hasten the day when the white flag of Prohibition will float over every nation, and the peoples of the earth be blessed by the efforts of your magnificent organization. Protestant Ministerial Association of the City of Montreal, Rev. Isaac Norman, Secretary; Rev. George Adam, President, corner Cartier and De- Montigny streets, Montreal, Quebec, Canada: At a regular meeting of the Protestant Ministerial Association of the city of Montreal I was instructed as follows: That this Protestant Ministerial As- sociation of the city of Montreal send cordial greetings to the World League Against Alcoholism and best wishes for the success of the Convention now in session in the city of Toronto. Dominion Alliance for the Suppression of the Liquor Traffic, J. H. Car- son, President, Montreal, Canada: Greatly regret unavoidable absence from closing session. Canadian pro- hibitionists much encouraged and inspired by your visit. Accept our grateful appreciation. Social Service Council of Alberta, Rev. Wm. H. Irwin, President, Wetas- kiwin; H. H. Hull, Secretary, 714 Tegler Bldg., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: As it is impossible for Alberta to be represented officially at the World's Convention we are sending you fraternal greetings and the best wishes of all the friends of prohibition in Alberta for a successful conference. . . . May this World's Conference set a new goal for all prohibitionists. 44 Manitoba Provincial W. C. T. U., Mrs. A. H. Oakes, Prov. Pres., 54 Greenwood Rd., Winnipeg, Man., Canada: Please convey warmest greetings from Manitoba Woman's Christian Temperance Union to delegates assembled in International Convention Against Alcoholism. Our hearts are going out in intercessory prayer for those taking part, and we trust that under divine guidance a great impetus will be given the cause of total abstinence and prohibition, and that the time will speedily come when this evil thing will be banished forever from the face of the earth. Ontario Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Emma Pugsley, Presi- dent; Miss Maude McKee, Cor. Sec., North Bay, Ontario: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Ontario, Canada, herewith extend cordial greetings to the World League Against Alcoholism. We understand the magnitude of the work you have undertaken and the stupen- dous influence which you will have upon the world. We pledge you our heartfelt and unswerving loyalty, as well as our prayers for the success of this great cause in behalf of humanity. Quebec Provincial Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Mrs. B. W. McLachlan, Cor. Sec., Apt. 9, the Kensington, 4412 St. Catherine St., West- mount, Que., Ontario: We have a splendid band of over 2,000 members, in this Province, of the W. C. T. U. and on their behalf, I extend to the members of the World League their heartiest sympathy, admiration and loyalty. R. Hunter Robinson, M. D., Toronto, Canada: As England expects every man to do his duty, doctors included, I pro- pose now to do mine. I am now 75, having practiced medicine in a humble way in Toronto since graduating before the Toronto University and Medical Council of Ontario after being an interne (1871-2) in the old General Hos- pital, just fifty years ago. I make bold to challenge my brother practitioners, in the noblest calling on earth, to stand shoulder to shoulder and do their duty, by absolutely refus- ing to prescribe alcohol. . . . The Academy of Medicine in Toronto has re- pudiated on scientific grounds alcoholic liquors as a remedy in disease. ENGLAND The Temperance Council of the Christian Churches of England and Wales, Rev. Henry Carter, Hon. Secretary, 1 Central Buildings, Westmin- ster, London: Deeply regret quite impossible to attend Toronto meetings because tem- perance question closely involved in British geneial election and in post- election policy and also because can not leave preparatory work for next year's national crusade of united churches against drink evil. Please convey heartiest greetings and good-will to my fellow-workers in world fight against alcoholism. Western Temperance League, A. G. Barker, Secretary, 3 Clare Ave., Bishopston, Bristol, England: I hope your Convention will be a very great success. The influence of 45 Prohibition in America and Canada is very great and has stimulated other countries in their efforts for local option which we trust will result in no- license. FRANCE European Committee, World Prohibition Federation, Dr. Legrain, Presi- dent, Asile de Villejuif, (Seine), France: As representative both of the Grand Lodge of I. O. G. T. and of the European Committee of the International Dry Federation ... I have the agreeable mission to send you for the Convention their most eager wishes for the meeting. Societe Antialcoolique des Agents de Chemins de fer Francais (French Anti-Alcoholic Society of Railway Workers), President of the Administrative Council: We would be glad to be allowed to present our sincere and cordial wishes which we hold for the success of this meeting. HUNGARY Alkoholellenes Munkasszovetseg, Weisz Lamu, titkar, Budapest VI, Eot- vos-Utca 3: Greetings to the World Convention Against Alcohol. INDIA India Temperance Council, Nandlal, Secretary, Amritsar, India: India demands prohibition, wishes Godspeed. Miss Campbell and Niyogi representing. IRELAND Rev. H. Stephens Richardson, Drumlyn, Moyallon, Portadown, North Ireland: j ,' We will be with you in prayer, and trust that the spirit that will be gen- erated in that great Convention will be felt here in Great Britain. JAPAN Japanese Temperance League, Tokio, Japan: God with us shall make world dry. LATVIA Latvian Antialcohol Society of Riga, Latvia, Jekab Greenblat, delegate, 1914 E. Gadsden Street, Pensacola, Florida: I wish to express my gratitude to you all for the good work you have already accomplished both individually and collectively. I welcome you here today on behalf of the Latvian Anti-alcohol Society of Riga, Latvia. Latvian Esperanto Union, Edgaro Grot, Secretary, Nikolaa strato No. 41, log. 14, Riga, Latvia: Although there is between us and the Convention of the World League the ocean and great countries, we shake hands with you, however, for the ideas and the ideals don't know the obstacle of time or space. Our esperanto- union of Latvia sends you its greetings and wishes to the Convention the best success in its fight against the monstrous evil, source of degeneracy and 46 crime, alcoholism. Long life and prosperity to the World League, this is the wish of the Esperanto-Union of Latvia. LITHUANIA Lithuanian Roman Catholic Total Abstinence Alliance of America, Rev. Peter P. Sarusaitis, Spiritual Director: I am exceedingly glad and rejoice to be permitted to transmit to this as- sembly my humble opinion about the remedy against the greatest evil of the whole world. I have studied this question for about twenty years, and the more I study it the more I am convinced that only education of all nations and all people can induce all to reject alcoholic drinks. Objections are being constantly used to defend their king, Alcohol, by the lovers of intoxicants objections taken from the Bible against prohibition and total abstinence. They say "If alcohol were such poison as the science of today represents it, Christ would have told his disciples, and would not have made more wine at the wedding feast." These persons say that prohibition is "anti-Christian," evidently relying upon the first miracle of Christ! It is a great blasphemy to assert that Christ by this miracle approved all wines, which are abused by the drunkards, which not only do not "spring forth virgin," but on the contrary, as we read "wine and women make wise men fall off, and shall rebuke the prudent. And he that joineth himself to harlots will be wicked." The great interpreter of Scripture, Cornelius A. Lapide, demonstrates that Christ did not by his first miracle approve the wine or the portion of wine which is" abused by drunkards to offend God, only that portion which is used for sacramental purposes. If no one would taste more wine than that quantity, the people in the world would become total abstainers and those who are trying to defend their business by the first miracle, and aim to become rich by producing and selling wines, would soon starve. Abstinence from wine induces man to virtue or helps him to practice virtue, but the abuse of wine induces him to all wicked deeds, even war. NETHERLANDS Orde van Jonge Templieren (Society of Young Templars), Winschoten, Netherlands: We greatly regret not to be able to send a delegate to this Congress of the World League Against Alcoholism and express you our cordial thanks for your kind invitation, hoping the Convention's influence will be great and mightily help to create a better mankind. Hon. Oscar F. Bravo, Vice-Consul of the Netherlands, Mayaguez, Porto Rico: I beg to thank you for the courtesy and wish the Convention success. NEW ZEALAND The New Zealand Alliance for the Abolition of the Liquor Traffic, Rev. John Dawson, Gen. Secretary, 205 Lambton Quay, Wellington, New Zealand: Please convey to the Convention our great sense of indebtedness and our heartfelt appreciation of the World League's generous and efficient assistance to us in our fight, in the contribution of the services pf Hem, W, E. ("Pussy- 47 foot") Johnson, who is rendering us magnificent help and stirring the people of this country wherever he goes. We believe he is going to lead us to vic- tory. In any case, he is rendering us yeoman service which is appreciated beyond the power of words to express. We are thankful also for the many contributions of literature and for your keeping us well posted with the latest facts of what is happening in your great country. We hope some day to be in a position to show our appreciation by taking our part in the World League's effort to assist other countries. NORWAY National Committee of Norway's Temperance Organizations, Avokat O. Solnordal, Christiania, Norway: We ask you to bring our most hearty greetings to the Toronto Conven- tion. We regret that it is not possible to send a special representative. PORTUGAL Liga Anti- Alcoholic a Portuguesa, Luciano Silva, Sec'y General, Lisbon: The Directors of our League, with represen.atives of several temperance organizations in Lisbon, taking in consideration your kind invitation to send a delegate to the Convention at Toronto, have resolved: To appoint the under- signed as representative of the League and the anti-alcohol movement in Por- tugal, with 'ihe aim to call to the attention of the international Prohibition forces the necessities of the temperance organizalion in this country. SCOTLAND Scottish Temperance and No- License Union, Gillespie, Allison, Glasgow; Scottish temperance no-license results greatly strengthen our parliamen- tary position. Original Secession Church (Scotland) Temperance Union, Rev. E. A. Davidson, Moderator of Synod, 12 Argyle Place, Edinburgh, Scotland: Trusting the Convention will be of a most successful character, with great regards. SOUTH AFRICA South African Temperance Alliance, Capetown: Greetings. SWEDEN Swedish Student Abstinence Association, Stockholm: Unable to send delegate. Accept heartiest greetings, congratulations. Swedish Temperance Societies, Senator Alexis Bjorkman, Secretary, Stockholm, Sweden: We may have to fight some yet, before the day of victory dawns, but we are assured it will come. Trusting that the meeting at Toronto will hasten that day for us and the whole world, the Swedish Temperance organizations are hereby bringing to the Convention their most hearty greetings of brotherly love. Carl Ekman, Senator, President of the Dry Party of the Swedish Parlia- ment: Although the undersigned takes it for granted, that the Convention will have on its program: 48 1. What certain wine and alcohol producing countries have done in order to impose their wares upon states having prohibition laws or other restric- tions on import of intoxicants; 2. Cooperation between different lands in order to diminish or totally stop smuggling of intoxicants between the nations. I ask permission on behalf of the dry party in the Swedish Parliament and on behalf of the entire Swedish Prohibition Movement to express in the most explicit way the necessity that this be duly considered and that the Con- vention's handling of this matter may lead to mutual, international measures by the prohibition states and by other prohibition friends. There is a sore need for a new international moral sense in this respect and for new forms of international agreements, also for controlling measures. These things are not only desirable, they are absolutely necessary. I have asked the Swedish representative, Reverend David Ostlund, to lay before the Convention our view on this matter and on the tremendous im- portance for the future of all the world that speedy and effective measures be taken for the overcoming of the above-mentioned evil conditions. SWITZERLAND Allianz Abstinentenbund of Switzerland, M. G. Knoll, President; F. Opp- liger, Secretary, Zurich, Switzerland: We have been very sorry not to be able to be represented at this Conven- tion on account of the very great distance from the place of the convention. Yet you may be convinced that we firmly hope that your convention may be a full success. Association of Swiss Abstaining Pastors (Vereinigung Abstinenter Pfarrer in der Schweizj, Rev. Eduard Wyss, President, Kirchdorf (Bern), Switzerland: We hope that the Congress will prove very successful and be a source of much stimulation and benefit. To it we send our kindest greetings. For the Swiss Catholic Students, F. A. Sigrist, Stud. Theol. at Lucerne, President; Schoenenberger, Curate at Oberbueren, Secretary: Receive our thanks for your gentle invitation to the International Con- vention of the World League Against Alcoholism at Toronto. We regret we can not assist at that grand meeting; but we shall hear atferwards with much interest the resolutions taken by the Convention. Receive our wishes for a plain success, with our hearty salutations. TURKEY Green Crescent Society, M. Abdusselam, General Secretary, Ashir effendi street, Constantinople, Turkey: We have received your kind invitation to the International Convention at Toronto some weeks ago. We are very sorry to be obliged to reply that it is impossible for us to take part in it, on account of recent events and in these very busy days. It is perhaps for you of some in erest to have some inquiries about our activity in Turkey. Our society is doing its best to fight the drinking habits in this country. We are giving free lectures at the schools and to the work- men and we are publishing pamphlets and articles about the harm of alco- holism. 49 We are convinced that America has rendered a great service to humanity by forbidding the use of alcoholic drinks. Turkey is trying to do the same. Therefore it is of the greatest importance for us to know the details of this law. We will be very obliged to you if you kindly send us copies of the pro- hibition act and of all the regulations connected with it. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Honorable A. W. Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury, Washington, D. C. : I received your letter of November 21, 1922, and am glad to send this word to your Toronto Convention. The Treasury is charged with enforce- ment of prohibition in the .United States and in that task it welcomes cooper- ation of all good citizens. Perhaps its greatest difficulties arise from inflow of liquor from other countries, particularly those contiguous to the United States. This presents problems which your convention may wish to consider. Hon. N. E. Kendall, Governor of Iowa, Des Moines, Iowa: As Chief Executive of Iowa I extend the cordial salutations of the State to the great Convention assembled at Toronto. The entire Commonwealth is committed in support of the noble enterprise in which you are engaged to pulverize the rum power. Hon. D. W. Davis, Governor of Idaho, Boise, Idaho: Please extend my greetings to international convention. Big majority of Idahoans send strong moral support to ideals you represent. No selfish business interests or individual desires can for a moment prevail against this great movement which is sweeping the world and which has demonstrated its power for good in our own beloved country. Hon. William D. Stephens, Governor of California, Sacramento, Calif.: Your recent letter has just reached me, too late for telegraphic reply suggested. I am sure the International Convention has been a splendid success and has re-emphasized to all people the desirability and advisability of prohibition throughout the world. I was privileged to vote for prohibition when a member of Congress, and as Governor, to lead the fight for the adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment in California. Hon. Percival P. Baxter, Governor of Maine, Augusta, Maine: I extend to the World League Against Alcoholism in Convention assem- bled my personal greetings and those of the people of the State of Maine, the leading prohibition state. Our country is now passing through the most difficult years of prohibition but public sentiment is gradually crystallizing in favor of strict and impartial enforcement and no backward steps will be taken. In Maine we have gone through the same conditions that now face our. land and we have the satisfaction of knowing that our people regardless of party now believe in and insist upon enforcement. The noisy minority is small and discredited and we are proud to hold a position for which we have fought for more than sixty years, which is that of the pioneer prohibition state where the law is respected and enforced. Hon. R. A. Nestos, Governor of North Dakota, Bismarck, North Dakota: On behalf of the citizenship of a state that was never cursed by the 50 licensed saloon I extend greetings to the World's Congress at Toronto. May your sessions prove profitable and inspiring. May your faithful workers never grow weary and may the day speedily dawn when all the world shall be dry and when respect for and obedience to law shall be the inspiring ideal of the citizenship of every land. Hon. Oliver H. Shoup, Governor of the State of Colorado, Denver, Colo- rado: Will you please convey to the great International Convention Against Alcoholism, now being held in Toronto, most earnest greetings from myself, upon behalf of the whole state of Colorado. It may be in keeping for me to say that we of Colorado have had a few years' more experience under the prohibition law than have many of the other states of our Union, and therefore we believe we are in better position to judge of the wisdom of such a condition. The people of the state are so thor- oughly in accord with the movement, and so pleased wuh the result, that if given an opportunity to express their opinion about it, they would do so with an overwhelming majority. There have been no conditions which can cause any right-thinking citizen to but feel that it has been a great thing for our com- monwealth economically, morally and spiritually. The economic factor alone is of so much importance that we do not fear a return to the days of "booze." Business interests, with all the force at their command, will never again allow the use of liquor, which will but result in the deterioration of labor and the awful added cost of production. Even before the days of prohibition, successful business had established the rule that men would not be employed who were addicted to the use of alcohol. That meant the last word in declaring that alcohol, and its damaging influ- ence on the economic condition of our country, would have to go. So I send not only greetings but the heartiest congratulations, with the assurance that the work your organization has been doing, and the watchful work you will continue to do, can but bring added territory under the rule of temperance. Honorable Miles Poindexter, U. S. Senator from Washington, Washing- ton, D. C: Press of business has delayed answer to your letter of the 21st instant. I wish every success to the International Convention Against Alcoholism now being held. I feel sure that the bringing together in this way of the best minds interested in this important subject, will prove of immense benefit to the great cause represented by your League, and will be a great aid in the solution of the many problems arising in the enforcement of the law in this country. I trust that great good will come from the meeting. Honorable Henry L. Myers, U. S. Senator from Montana, Washington, D. C.: I understand that the International Convention Against Alcoholism is to convene in Toronto tomorrow, to last several days, and that it will be held under the auspices of the World League Against Alcoholism, of which you are general secretary. It will undoubtedly be a most important meeting, in a great and noble cause. The United States is now, happily, positively committed, through con- 51 stitutional provision and federal legislation, to the cause of prohibition and it will never go backward in that respect. It is the greatest domestic achieve- ment of the age. We, who favored it, are satisfied with it. It is not so -well enforced as it should be but in time it will be better enforced. We shall not relax in en- forcement. In a few years, the sentiment of the people will cause it to be as well enforced as are most laws. I send greetings to the great International Convention and wish it God- speed in its work against the evil of drink. Honorable Frank B. Willis, U. S. Senator from Ohio, Washington, D. C: It gives me pleasure to respond to your courteous invitation to send a word of greeting to the International Convention Against Alcoholism assem- bled at Toronto. Believing as I do that prohibition in the United States is a great step forward and that, taking the country as a whole, there will be no backward step but a constantly increasing certainty of the enforcement of this policy, I am much interested in seeing the leaders from various parts of the world come together to take council for a greater spread of prohibition. The United States offers an example. It has no policies to force on any other nation. We shall be glad if they find our policies so good that they will join with us. My best wishes are with you in this convention. Honorable David Elkins, U. S. Senator from West Virginia, Washing- ton, D. C.: Greetings to the delegates to the Convention of the World League Against Alcoholism. Your efforts are approved and will be supported by a majority of the peoples of all nations. Honorable Arthur Capper, U. S. Senator from Kansas, Washington, D. C.: Please convey to the delegates of the International Convention Against Alcoholism now assembled my hearty greetings and best wishes for a suc- cessful meeting. I am strongly in sympathy with your cause and assure the convention of my cooperation at all times. Hon. Charles E. Townsend, U. S. Senator from Michigan, Washington, D. C: Replying to your courteous favor of November 21st, I desire to express my sympathy for every legitimate effort in the cause of law enforcement. The United States has adopted a prohibition constitutional amendment. I am in favor of its strict enforcement. If I felt that a majority of the people of the United States were against this amendment I would be willing to sub- mit another one to them, but under no other condition would I consent to any action on the part of Congress looking to either a modification or evasion of the law. Honorable Morris Sheppard, U. S. Senator from Texas, Washington, D. C: Congratulations and greetings to your convention. Your meeting marks another notable step toward world-wide prohibition. I. M. Foster, M. C., Ohio, Washington, D. C.: As one of the Congressmen re-elected from Ohio, may I extend to you 52 and the International Convention of the World League Against Alcoholism my best wishes for a profitable and prosperous meeting. I trust that you are already advised that the State of Ohio, on a direct vote on light wines and beer, cast a dry majority of 188,000. H. M. Towner, M. C., Iowa, Washington, D. C: I am very much interested in the work of your League, and hope much from the action that will be taken at your meeting at Toronto. Be assured and so inform the delegates from other countries that there will be no backward step taken by the United States. They have placed as a part of their fundamental law the Constitution of the United States a dec- laration prohibiting the traffic in intoxicating liquors, and that will stand against all of the assaults that may be made against it. The liquor interest dies hard, but the final abrogation of the traffic in the United States will be achieved, and what remains necessary for the enforce- ment of the prohibition will be done wi.h the overwhelming approval of the people. S. A. Shelton, M. C., Missouri, Washington, D. C.: Having watched the efforts of the whisky forces during the last few years very carefully, I am fully aware of the fact that they shall die hard, but die they must. I have an abiding faith in the righteousness of the prohibition cause. Reverses may and do come, but the American people can not and will not retreat. The day is dawning when John Barleycorn shall be entombed never to be resurrected. Bright will be the day, and happy the homes of many now wretched families. William D. Upshaw, M. C., Georgia, Washington, D. C.: Deeply regret important legislation before Congress prevents my attend- ing your great convention. Please express my profound conviction that your deliberations will have far reaching influence on the enforcement of the Eight- eenth Amendment in America. Certainly all friends of that righteousness that exalteth a nation in other lands should help rather than hinder the United States in its moral leadership for the emancipation of humanity and the glory of God. Louis C. Cramton, M. C., Illinois, Washington, D. C.: The United States has under way a tremendous experiment, the complete eradication of the traffic in alcoholic liquor from a great nation. We are making good in that endeavor and Uncle Sam will never give up until this experiment is fully acclaimed by the world a great success. The hearts of the American people are thoroughly with the world-wide movement to which we wish God-speed. Walter F. Lineberger, M. C., California, Washington, D. C. : Believing that prohibition against alcohol has proven the greatest boon to mankind in the world's history because of the spiritual, moral, economic and sociological uplift to the people, to which it has been applied, I am naturally in favor of making its benefits world-wide and believe that international prob- lems of the future will be settled with less difficulty when alcohol is outlawed in a world sense. Greetings to your membership and best wishes for the suc- cess of your convention. 53 James G. Strong, M. C., Kansas, Washington, t). C. : The State of Kansas, that forty years ago declared against alcoholism by placing a prohibitive amendment in its constitution, and which has steadily strengthened its laws prohibiting the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor until it enacted its famous "Bone Dry Law" (which punishes by both fine and imprisonment even the possession of intoxicating liquor), prides itself in leadership against intemperance which has resulted in the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and sends greetings and good wishes to the International Convention Against Alcoholism now being held in Toronto, Canada. The up-building of any great movement in the interest of a cleaner and better national life always meets with set-backs and disappointments because of the opposition whose selfishness refuses to part with that which it enjoys, and blinds itself to the great interest of humanity that we are seeking to serve. But persistent effort in a righteous cause will win out, and I am glad, as a Representative in the American Congress from the State of Kansas, to con- gratulate your League upon its determination to persevere until the goal is reached. Calvin C. Hays, Moderator General Assembly, Presbyterian Church in U. S. A.: Greatly regret inability to be present at International Convention on ac- count of duties as Moderator General Assembly Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A. One million seven hundred sixty-five thousand Presbyterians will join with me in wishing Convention success and in approval of principles and purposes of World League Against Alcoholism. Consul Norwick, Chicago, 111.: Please accept my sincere wishes for the fullest measure of success in your undertakings. T. Miralda, 321 10th Avenue, San Francisco, Calif.: Maybe I could not assist personally to the Convention at Toronto; but my soul and my best wishes will be in the Convention to realize a great suc- cess in the world's civilization. Belle J. Allen, M. D., Department of Mental Diseases, Westborough State Hospital, Westborough, Mass.: The organization of selfish interests to secure permits for light wines and beers is a challenge to every man and woman in the country who is law-abid- ing; and should be equivalent to a call to the colors, for every individual who calls himself Christian. Of all the things that would guarantee peace and free- dom from such world curses as drink and war, what equals the practical value of living the second great commandment? Trust and expect that you will have a wonderful convention. WALES Presbyterian Church of Wales, John Thomas, Secretary Temperance Committee: I am exceedingly sorry that it will be impossible for me to be present at 54 the International Convention at Toionto on the 24th-29th inst. to represent the Presbyterian Church of Wales. On behalf of the Temperance Committee of that Church, I beg respect- fully to present our greetings to the conference, and our prayers that its de- liberations may prove a mighty impetus to the nations of the world against alcoholism. The United States is the "experiment ground" of the world, soon to be followed, we trust, by the Dominion of Canada. No other great nation has had the moral courage to do what you have done in outlawing the saloon, and in self-defence, you must take a great part in this battle across the seas. 55 ADDRESSES FRIDAY MORNING SESSION OPENING ADDRESS - By CHAIRMAN, REV. BEN H. SPENCE Secretary of the Dominion Alliance for the Suppression of the Liquor Traffic "Once to every man and nation comes the moment to decide In the strife 'twixt truth and falsehood, for the good or evil side. Some great cause, God's new Messiah, offering each the bloom or blight, Parts the goats upon the left hand and the sheep upon the right. And the choice goes by forever, 'twixt that darkness and that light." Every nation in the world is today facing a great choice. A touchstone of our modern civilization is the problem of alcohol, with which we are face to face in this world convention today. We speak of it as a problem. Let us recognize that as any other problem it has certain fundamental factors. Are they not these, the evils of alcoholism on the one hand, human brotherhood upon the other? And is not the problem as wide as the existence of those factors? Find me a nation today that has not suffered through alcoholism or find me a nation today that has not the spirit of human brotherhood, and you will have no problem. But, so long as you have the two factors you have the problem. We talk about solving the problem of alcoholism. It can only be solved in one of two ways: either men will become so besotted and degraded that the last spark of human sympathy will perish from amongst men and they will cease to care, or else that spirit of brotherhood, humanity, which is the spirit of God, will grow stronger and stronger until in its all-conquering power it will sweep from humanity this evil which now curses humanity. I am one of those who have that faith in God and that faith in men and that faith in the inherent Tightness of our cause to believe that evil will never over- come the good, but rather that "Right is right since God is God, and right the day must win. To doubt would be disloyalty; to falter would be sin." And recognizing the fundamental importance of the problem, let us pass on to the only possible solution, the overcoming of the evil with the good. If what I said is right, this logically follows: That the problem becomes real or acute to you or me individually, to this nation or that, in proportion to the magnitude of the evils or the largeness of the spirit of human sympathy. Is not the organized campaign to remove from mankind the evils of alco- holism, an earmark of civilization and advancing humanity which is bringing us closer together in the bonds of a great brotherhood? The spirit of human brotherhood seeking to overcome those evils is faced with this fact, that drinking and drunkenness and all the evils of alcoholism are in proportion to the facilities afforded legally for the supplying of intpx> 56 eating liquors; and to deal with those evils we have to deal with the thing that caused them. To deal with the individual appetite of man was one thing. To deal with the purveying of liquor between individuals was another one. One is the function of persuasion, the other the function of legislation which regu- lates the relations of individuals in society. We therefore had to apply law to lessen the facilities if the evils were to be lessened, and we proceeded along that line. Every law upon the statute book of every country is a Prohibition law. We must not shy at words. That which prohibits the sale of liquors after certain hours, on certain days, to certain individuals, is "Prohibition" and there is hardly a nation in the world that has not adopted the principle of Prohibi- tion of the liquor traffic, to some extent. In Canada we gave localities the power, by what we called local Prohibi- tion laws or local option, to stop the sale of liquor within a certain municipal area. That lessened the facilities for drinking and drunkenness, but we found liquor was si:ill coming in from the outside. We broadened the area to the county, and adopted county Prohibition. We found we could not make county Prohibition safe or fully effective while liquor was sold, whether in the prov- ince or state. We campaigned for state Prohibition. We found we could not make state or provincial Prohibition safe or fully effective in any province or state while liquor was legally sold in some other area, and so we campaigned for nation-wide Prohibition. The United States has that and Canada is coming. Now we are realizing that you can not make national Prohibition safe or fully effective in any land on this earth while -liquor is legally made and sold in any other land, and we must campaign for world-wide Prohibition. It is the logical, natural evolution and development of the whole reform which must reach that supreme culmination. And as in our local campaigns we had local organizations and in our county campaigns county organizations, in our state and provincial campaigns state and provincial organizations, and in our national campaigns national organizations, we must in the great world campaign have world organization. Our plan must fit our problem, our remedy our disease. Thank God at this time for this convention. I have great pleasure in declaring the International Convention of the World League Against Alco- holism open. ADDRESS OF WELCOME By ME. W. W. HILTZ Comptroller of Toronto Mr. Chairman and members of this great convention, I can assure you that the duty assigned me this morning is a pleasant one indeed. I regret the absence of His Worship, the Mayor, on this occasion, but our Mayor had an accident a few days ago which, combined with the many duties that fall to the lot of a mayor of a great city, prevents him from being present this morning. 57 The Chairman has reminded you that you are in the City of Toronto. We who live in Toronto believe that Toronto is no mean city. We feel proud of our city, and we also feel proud and honored to have this great convention composed of representatives from the nations of the world, meet here. I come representing the head of the Government of this municipality to bid you welcome. I trust that your sojourn with us will be a pleasant one. I know that most of you have come many, many miles for this occasion. You have crossed countries. You have crossed oceans. I trust that the few days you spend in considering the cause which you advocate and for which you have come will be very profitable indeed. We who are citizens of this city welcome you and anything that we can do municipally or as individuals we shall be glad to do. Mr. Chairman, may I make a few personal observations? I know the sacrifices that have been made by those who are working in this great fight against King Alcohol. I see those before me whose heads are crowned with silver, who no doubt all their lives have worked to the end that they may yet see the day when alcohol may be banished from the earth. And I think we are living in a great age. The time, I belive, is not far distant. Lloyd George is said to have remarked that the greatest struggle Britain was having during the war was not the fight in Belgium and in France, but the fight they were having against King Alcohol. I am reminded of that passage of Scrip- ture referring to the Israelites, when after a battle against their enemies they cried out, "Saul has slain his thousands, but David has slain his tens of thou- sands." I think that expression may apply to the Great War. We can truly say war has slain its millions, but King Alcohol has slain his tens of millions. He slays not only stalwart men, but children and the aged. I trust this con- vention may fill you with enthusiasm and inspiration, and when you go back to the land of your birth or of your adoption, you may take with you the torch of service lighted up by such enthusiasm and such inspiration as you may re- ceive here. I believe as you believe, that the history of the progress of the downfall of King Alcohol is also the history of the progress of the uplift of the human race. ADDRESS OF WELCOME By J. H. CARSON President of the Dominion Alliance Mr. Chairman, and fellow workers in the great cause of temperance and Prohibition, I feel it to be an honor to be present at this congress and to have the pleasure of extending the welcome of Canadian temperance and Prohibi- tion forces to this great convention. We are assembled here today, not for any personal interest, nor to serve any private ends. We are here for the purpose of the uplift of humanity. I count it a very great honor, and Canada is deeply sensible of the honor, that this great convention has favored our country with its presence. I represent the Council of the Dominion Alliance. Very nearly fifty years 58 ago the temperance people of Canada who had been for years carrying on temperance work, gathered together and united in what was then called the Dominion Alliance for the Total Suppression of the Liquor Traffic. Forty- seven years ago to be exact, the temperance workers of Canada declared it to be their purpose to secure the suppression of the liquor traffic. We have never lowered our flag. While there may have been changes in the methods by which we sought to promote our ends we have always stood for the sup- pression of the liquor traffic, as we understand it today, the entire prohibition of the liquor traffic, throughout our whole Dominion. I am glad to say that this is a Prohibition city. I am also glad to say that you are meeting in a Prohibition province. I am a 'little sorry, as a representative from the Prov- ince of Quebec that we can not say today that we extend a welcome as a Pro- hibition nation; but while this is so, while two of our provinces are still experi- menting along different lines, seven of the nine provinces of this Dominion where we are now assembled are under Prohibition. The Province of Quebec has experimented along a good many lines. Just now, we are experimenting, I like to emphasize that word, because it is only an experiment, an experiment that is bound to fail. We have had it in operation about a year, but we know from these months during which the experiment has been tried, that it is an utter failure to cope with the evils that we are seeking to destroy. Government control is a misnomer. The Government can not control the liquor traffic. We honor all the organizations and the countries that are represented here today, but I am sure that one and all of those who are not citizens of the United States of America will feel that we should today honor that nation that has provided the only solution that can ever satisfactorily relieve the situation. We rejoice today with our friends over the Line, that they have placed in the Constitution of their country an amendment that makes it impossible for anyone legally to carry on the liquor traffic in that nation. And the apology I would offer today is that we in the Province of Que- bec have not assisted to enforce that law as I believe we ought to have done A friendly nation like ours ought to put no facilities in the way of breaking down the law of a neighboring nation. We extend to all a royal welcome. RESPONSES TO THE ADDRESSES OF WELCOME AFRICA SYLVESTER BEODERICK, of Sierra Leone From the one hundred and fifty millions of people in Africa I bring greetings to the municipality and citizens of Toronto, Canada, and also to every delegate and representative in this convention. If you were to go to Africa, especially along the West Coast where I came from, you would find that we need Prohibition. Along in the harvest season of the year when the people gather their crops from the farms, they offer sacrifices and among the elements in their sacrifice they have a bottle of rum or whisky which they give to their God in thankfulness for a good harvest. And then you agk the question: Where does the whisky come from? 59 Do we have any distilleries in Africa? So far as my knowledge goes, I don't think so. So we can infer that all the alcohol comes from foreign countries and therefore you can see that if there is Prohibition in foreign countries Africa will go dry. If you ask for suggestions as to what means and ways to adopt to en- force Prohibition in Africa we would tell you that the best thing to do to keep a river dry is to stop its source. We look upon Europe and America as our sources and if these sources are kept dry Africa will be dry. Dur- ing my two years' stay in America I have studied the Prohibition question and I see it is a mighty success and I look forward to the time when Africa and all of the world will go dry. I believe that this is a great move- ment. I believe that this great movement of Prohibition is a God-sent respon- sibility and if we believe that Jesus Christ, the Son of God, has gone forth to war, we then must follow in His steps. ASIA MB. J. NIYOGI, Calcutta, India Organizing Secretary of Calcutta Temperance Federation Dear comrades in Arms, of Canada, of America, and of the nations of the earth, greetings to you all. I stand before you to speak on behalf of Asia, the home of all the religions of the world, the abode of all the prophets of all the world, the dwelling place of three-fifths of humanity today. I know that Asia has a great claim on your attention and I feel proud to stand before you on behalf of such a great continent. I believe that never such a great international assembly was convened as this one. I also believe that perhaps never a convention met with a holier purpose or a happier vision of humanity than you have done today, because you have come to organize a great fundamental reform which shall reconstruct the whole of humanity in due time. And when I look around this vast assembly I be- hold the light of heaven in our midst and I see the majestic presence of the Divine Father and also of the brother and the Guide of all who suffered on the cross and a great consciousness of a human family spreads in my soul and I rejoice to be in your midst, especially as Asia feels assured that her weaker, struggling nations will receive the co-operation, the guidance, the blessing, the power of love and the light of the stronger and the happier na- tions of this great human brotherhood. Asia needs your attention. We are in the oppressive agony of ignorance, of need, of intemperance. But while India was struggling under the onslaught of liquor and of the opium traffic, the dry American message came into India as a message of hope and of inspiration to our workers. The people of India rejoice that this nation, first in the history of humanity, has resolved on Prohibition. While India was trying to throw off the drink habit, you American people out of your endless generosity sent your warrior and apostle, Pussyfoot Johnson, into India. And Prohibition and the reception and the cordiality which India could offer to Pussyfoot Johnson show the soul of India. India has been long- ing for Prohibition. India has determined to follow dry America, to co- operate with the World League Against Alcoholism with all her strength, 60 all her inspiration, all her power, to drive drink out of the world and secure a stainless and a drinkless world. I believe and pray unto God that during this sacred convention session, all our happy visions of happier humanity may grow brighter and brighter, May all our talks, meetings and conversations strengthen our convictions and enrich the righteousness of all of us, dispel all our doubts and disperse the darkness and infuse into us, inspiration and power and enthusiasm and optimism to fight this great evil. I know India will co-operate with all her spiritual and moral support to hasten the day of world-wide Prohibition. We will be with you with all our strength and all our power to make secure a stainless world, a saloonless world, and a stainless mankind. Rest assured, Asia is with you and we will fi,ght with you with all our strength and resources to make India free. India is struggling hard and we hope to be able to make India dry within three years, but we want the moral support and the guidance of the. world-wide Prohibition forces just giving the great moral support of a great executive committee, working for the whole world. Therein lies the possibility and the potentiality of this convention and we believe we shall achieve the victory, and I know that we shall rejoice to have a drinkless world and a good sober Ind'an manhood. AUSTRALIA REV. R. B. S. HAMMOND, D. D. President Australian Alliance, Prohibition Council I bring you greetings first of all from New Zealand, ten thousand miles away, with one million people, in that little island. In 1911 they won Prohibi- tion by a majority of 55,000, but the will of the people was defeated by the undemocratic requirement of a three-fifths majority. In 1919 they won Prohibition by a majority of 29,000. Again the will of the people was de- feated by the infusion of a third issue, that of state control, which polled 32,000 votes, it being necessary for Prohibition to defeat continuance and state control put together. So we lost again by 3,000 votes, though the Prohibition sentiment exceeded that for continuance of the liquor traffic. They vote again on the 7th of December, next, and I hope that that day will see New Zealand vote dry once and forever. On behalf of Australia, with a population of five and a half million peo- ple, I bring you greetings and return its heartfelt thanks for innumerable tokens of encouragement and inspiration from individuals and from your commonwealth. In the last five years 257,091 people have been convicted for public drunkenness on the streets of our commonwealth. We spent during that period $650,000,000 on liquor. We believe that within ten years, the whole of Australia will be dry. You have a nation dry in North America but Australia cherishes the hope that it will be yet the first dry continent in the world. The State of New South Wales in 1907 had its first vote. The drys polled 178,560 votes but were handicapped by a three-fifths majority, so that we were able to gain no territory. We next polled 212,889 votes. Still handicapped by a three-fifths majority, we gained no territory. The third vote was 245,202, but handicapped by a three-fifths majority, we gained no 61 territory. We were then permitted to vote upon the closing of the bars at an earlier hour. The earliest hour made available to us was six o'clock in the evening and we carried that by a vote of 347,000 to 178,000. It was a most overwhelming and magnificent victory. We vote again next year and you will be interested to know that we have eliminated the three-fifths handi- cap. We vote on the straight issue of a fair majority. Victoria had its first local option poll in 1920 and polled 212,000 votes, but again we were handicapped by a three-fifths majority and only gained a very tiny piece of territory. Queensland adopted, in 1920, a provision for a vote every three years automatically. This is the only part of Australia that has not closed the bars at six o'clock, for they remain open there till eleven. In the first op- portunity to vote upon Prohibition, we got 155,000 votes to 193,000, carrying Prohibition by a bare majority in the capital city and in fourteen of the largest places in Queensland, some of them so far away from the center that it took us forty-three days to get a reply from the farthest outstanding point in which a vote was taken. South Australia has not voted upon a Prohibition issue, but the only time they were given an opportunity of voting, in 1915, they declared for six o'clock closing with the largest majority ever given on a public referendum of any kind in the history of that state. Tasmania has never had a vote except upon a single instance and with a handicap that no issue could be carried unless twenty-five per cent of the people on the rolls voted for that particular issue. That is a worse handicap than a three-fifths majority. You have to get twenty-five per cent of the dead people and the absent people and the people who were put there and never existed anywhere except in the minds of the people who put them there. Our handicaps have been enormous. Those have been swept away and Tasmania has been promised a vote within the next twelve months. Western Australia has had a vote which resulted in 38,000 in favor of Prohibition, 39,000 against. It was the nearest thing that we have yet had in Australia. These facts will prove that even 10,000 miles away the sentiment of North America has reached us, has stirred us, has inspired us, and has brought us to the point in which we see the aim of our endeavors almost within our reach, and this great convention will assist us enormously to ac- complish that very great thing which we desire. BRITISH ISLES MRS. HELEN BARTON, of Scotland The land of the heather and the thistle brings greetings to the world- wide movement against alcoholism. I am very proud indeed to be able to say that Scotland, in a test vote, after fighting for sixty years to get a local option poll finally got a vote. I thought when Mr. Hammond was speaking that it was very easy to talk of a twenty-five per cent handicap in New South W r ales and other parts, but in Scotland we have to get thirty-five per cent of all the voters on the roll before we can get anything at all and that is a big handicap; then we must have 55 per cent after that. Our first poll, 62 after waiting seven years, resulted in 41 areas going dry, but the liquor trade went into litigation against several of the votes in the different areas, and by the courts we lost ten of those areas that went dry. It was just a quibble. They had money to fight and we didn't feel that we could afford it, and so we lost ten. But today it stands like this: That thirty-one of the areas in Scotland have gone dry and thirty are under reduction. We are go- ing on for our next fight next year. We have been getting our munitions ready. We have been in the trenches making arrangements. Now, we are going over the top and into a fight for 1923 again. It puts me in mind of a story I heard recently about some men who were shipwrecked and thrown on an island. A boat came along and picked them up. Two of them were English, two of them were Irishmen and two of them were Scotch. The Captain had to put an entry into his log book, and he put this entry into it: "I picked up six men off a certain island. Two of them were Englishmen and because they hadn't been formally introduced they never spoke the whole way home. The other two were Irishmen and they fought all the way home. And the other two were Scotch and they started a Caledonian society and they worked at it a'll the way home." Now, we have started a fight that is going on. We have raised the standard and as Wallace said when they wanted to parley with him before a great battle, "Go back and tell your king we are not here to parley, but to fight." We are out to fight the drink traffic in Bonnie Scotland and I do trust that you friends in Canada will help us. Your victory will be our success. We thank you for those you send to us and we dare you to send more. Help us in our fight and rest assured that we see a gleam in the sky, and trust that ''come it may as come it will, for a' that, when man to man, the world o'er, shall brothers be, for a' that." NORTHERN EUROPE MB. LARS LAESEN LEDET Grand Lodge of Denmark, I. 0. G. T. Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentleman, dear friends from America, I have been much delighted by hearing the nice words of welcome spoken today. I very much appreciate the occasion I have to be here again. For a thousand years our hearts, the hearts "of the Scandinavian race, have been longing for and dreaming of the West. We went Westward in the early times of history and on our way we conquered and settled England, Scotland and Ireland. You will excuse me when I say "conquered," but we did so, and we found and settled Iceland and Greenland and we came to the shores of America five hundred years before Columbus was born. For a thousand years up to this very day, this dream has been going from us to you. This dream has brought you hundreds of thousands of our people. All of them tell us that our paradise was not to be found in the East, but in the West. Most of them really found a paradise here. You will therefore understand that it is not mere idle words when I express our feelings of friendship and brother- hood to you Americans from Canada and the United States of America. We want the connection between the Scandinavians and the Anglo-Saxons con- 63 tinued. We want to keep still closer together, because we feel that we are brethren. But let me say to avoid any misunderstanding, we don't want this alliance to be regarded as a measure directed against any other race or nation. We want and claim and promise to keep your friendship only for the sake of humanity, the sake of Democracy and the sake of freedom. We give you Americans, you Anglo-Saxons, our hearts and our hands for mutual help in every fight for the high ideals of mankind. SOUTHERN EUROPE PASTOR GEORGES GALLIENNE Secretary La Croix Bleue, France Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, it is really a great privilege for me to speak to you this morning. But if I am not clearly understood by you this badge is a clear sign that we are one in spirit and one in action. When I went through the states to get to Toronto I had to pass through many examinations. It is rather difficult to get into that big city of New York and the medical officer said, ''You are from France. What are you coming over for?" "I am going through New York to a temperance convention in Toronto." Then he said, "Are you a temperance man?" "Yes," I said. "Well," he said, "I wish all were like you." If you want Prohibition to rule the world, you must be Prohibition men and women indeed because we are looking at you, and I am sorry to say we are seeing you through our newspapermen. We have a very strange account of Prohibition in America. Everybody is either mad or in an asylum on account of the drugs they are taking, and all of that kind of stuff. You must help us get the truth before our people. When we go back we will say we have been travelling up and down New York, in the East side streets, which were the curse of New York before, and now I have not met with a single drunken man. You are a saloonless nation and we thank God for that, that the great curse has been taken away from you, and now we beg you, friends, brethren and sisters, we beg you to come over and help us. Fiance is, I am sorry to say, the stronghold of the drink traffic. Do you know that last year we spent thirty billion francs of the French budget for drink? Out of every eight French people there is one person that' is engaged in some way or another in the drink traffic, in wine growing or in the wine making business. So we can truly say France is the stronghold for the traffic and we cannot fight the battle alone. I am glad, I am proud, to be here, in this land of Canada, from which came so many valiant boys who stood shoulder to shoulder with us during four long years, and I thank God for the courage and the way those boys could stand and die for what was right and just. In this great battle against drink there is no selfish interest, no gold, no money behind it. We are here to fulfill the new command, that ye love one another. It is a battle of love we are engaged in and I pray God that out of this convention in Toronto may arise a new spirit of love to help us in France, my beloved country, to do away with that curse of humanity which is alcohol. 64 LATIN-AMERICA Miss HARDYNIA K. NORVILLE, Buenos Aires, Argentina South American Representative of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union Mr. Chairman, kind friends, I consider this one of the greatest privileges of my life, to be able to represent our dear friends of Latin-America. I would that I might represent them truly in the five minutes which have been allotted to me. In my young days it was my privilege to lose my heart to Mexico, dear Mexico, that has been so mistreated, and misjudged, by our own Northern countries. It is a great joy to us to know that in Mexico, pure true hearts beat for the temperance cause and they are eagerly looking to the United States and Canada, for an example that is worth following. South America is called that neglected continent, but we ask you to think of Latin America as the land of opportunities, the land of vast privileges, of untold wealth. We know too truly that South America is cursed today by the greedy money graspers who are down there bringing dishonor upon our own fair land. We plead that you will realize first of all you will never have Prohibition in the North American Continent until you take into con- sideration this long coast line of 17,000 miles. It was brought too closely home to us when we came up on a twenty-five days' trip, because a drunken chief engineer turned the oil into the water and we had to lie off Bermuda Island five days and had to pay $5,000 a day for the privilege of standing there. We were brought to realize the truth very forcibly with that drunken crew, with the drunken passengers going ashore at every port, and loading that vessel with bottles and bottles of whisky, because they wanted to have a big drunk before they got back to Prohibition North America. You will never control it at home until you open your hearts and help us down in South America to do the things that we want to do. The Governments of South America received us gladly. They opened their schools and they said, "Come in. We are so glad you have come to teach us how you brought to pass that wonderful moral victory in your own land." We now have government credentials to go into all the public schools of Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Chili, Peru and Bolivia. The Ambassador from Colombia has sent us a most urgent appeal to go there too -and to help to show them how we put over this work in the United States of America. You all know we put it over by beginning fifty years ago with the children. When we asked them to let us go into the schools and put scientific temper- ance into all the schools of the land they all said, "Oh, yes, that is beautiful, We are glad for you to do it." And even the great government officials and the leaders of the Catholic Church and all the great wine owners of those lands said it was a very beautiful work to do for the children. "It took you fifty years," they say, and so they think a Prohibition victory is fifty years off if we begin with the children. It is a beautiful thing for us to do and they are happy for us to do it, but they are beginning to realize now that it will not take fifty years down there, with the example of Prohibition nations up here. It needs your example, and they will follow you in less than fifty years. And so we come pleading for you to help us. Help us to put scientific 65 temperance and physiology down there. All those ten great republics would use the text book if this great body could help us to put a temperance physi- ology in their schools. I have had the leading teachers of the Argentine Republic helping me for two years to study all the temperance physiologies in French and Spanish and we have gotten together a magnificent volume. I come in the name of the educators of Uruguay and Argentina to ask you to help us with that publication. We have a wonderful opportunity in Uruguay. Their good president be- came a total abstainer because we asked him to. The young people said, "Won't you help with your example?" He banished all the alcoholic liquors from his official banquets. He finances the W. C. T. U. headquarters and has given to us money to travel all over that republic to organize the young people into Prohibition leagues. Now we have our presidential election, and have lost this good man. He goes out of office in March. We come now with an earnest petition that you will send to us one of your great men to help with a Prohibition campaign in the little republic of Uruguay, the Switzerland of South America. I want you to help to keep out of our country the riff raff that goes from the United States of America to sell whisky. American bars are everywhere. They say, "You see a man reeling on the street, speak to him in English." The drunken sots are the people who speak English, English sailors, Amer- ican sailors. Friends, we are not doing our part as Christians for the twin con- tinent, and I plead for them that you may take them into consideration in this world organization and that you may learn to love them better and ex- tend your helping hand to win them for Prohibition. NORTH AMERICA REV. ARTHUR J. BARTON, D. D. Chairman of Commission on Temper Mice of Southern Baptist Convention, U. S. A. Mr. President, comrades in the great cause. I speak in the name of North America and especially in the name of the United States of America, to accept the cordial words of welcome which have been spoken. We are always glad to come and meet our Canadian cousins. We love our cousins as much as the law allows. We are delighted to meet the comrades in this holy cause from all the world. The United States has had a long hard struggle to attain National Prohibition. Before we got National Prohibition there were thirty- three states of the Union out of the forty-eight which had adopted state-wide Prohibition for themselves on their own initiative, either at a popular ref- erendum or through their legislative bodies. We had supposed with such a large percentage of the nation already dry when we adopted the National Constitutional Amendment that in good measure the fight would be over. That would have been true if we had not been dealing with the most pernicious and infamous traffic in all this world. As yet the fight is not over, and at the present moment the combined money power of the combined liquor organizations of the world is being brought to bear to discredit and if pos- sible to overthrow National Prohibition in the United States. Yet I say to you, speaking, I hope, as a somewhat intelligent American, that the Eighteenth 66 Amendment is in the Constitution to stay. We Americans feel that for two reasons we must make good in our National Prohibition. The first, of course, is the ground of self-respect. Americans desire to be at least reasonably consistent and we desire to make our prohibitory law effective, not only be- cause of the salutary effect upon the people as a whole, but also for our self- respect. We are not at all willing that we shall become the laughing stock of the civilized nations of the world by the failure of our prohibitory measures. With our almshouses largely closed, with our jails nearly empty, and with every form of crime reduced anywhere from 50 to 75 per cent, America takes the stand today to say that this combined onslaught of the liquor power shall not prevail against her prohibitory laws. We appeal to you as representatives of the nations of the world to co-operate with us in that because this is one time when the spirit of world-wide brotherhood and of world-wide human interest may very reasonably top all national prejudices and national favoritism. We ask that we shall have the broadest spirit of co- operation and the broadest spirit of sympathetic action in suppressing the rum runners and the smuggling of liquor which is now one of our most serious difficulties in the enforcement of our law. We feel that we must make good also because of our example to others, because we believe and we say it quite modestly, that the eyes of the nations of the world are upon us. Last year when we were in Europe they said to us everywhere, "We are looking to you. to make good, and we are looking to you to give us the facts about this matter." The fight is not over. The wets have never been more active and more persistent in the United States than at the present moment. They have re- ceived some encouragement from our recent election, not half so much as the press has led people to conclude. We have possibly lost about six members in the House of Representatives. We have gained in the Senate and when we face conditions in Washington for the next two years we have not the slightest doubt that our lines are going to hold and that the wets will not be able to make any inroads on our territory. FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSION OPPORTUNITY AND OBLIGATION OF THE WORLD MOVEMENT AGAINST ALCOHOLISM By ERNEST H. CHEERINGTON, LL. D., LITT. D. General Secretary of the World League Against Alcoholism The most important fact deduced from the philosophy of history is that of a great central truth running with the ages which the laureate Tennyson described as the "one increasing purpose." If the philosophy of that great British poet and seer is sound, it follows that the race is most profoundly affected in every way by those events in history which make for social, moral and spiritual uplift, thus upholding the theory that evil of whatever character ultimately "dies among her worshippers" and that good alone has in it the germ of eternal development. Reasoning from this premise it may truthfully be said that the most 67 important and significant events of recent years have been not the outstand- ing inventions of the decade, not the political and economic revolutions which have swept the world, nor yet even the great World War with all its stag- gering proportions and its almost limitless influences. Rather is it true that the events of the past decade which will play the largest part in the life of the race and will most profoundly affect the future of civilization, are those events which have in them the dynamic of moral and spiritual influence. This being true it follows that one of the greatest events not only of the past decade but of modern history, was the adoption of the policy of Prohibition of the bev- erage liquor traffic, by one of the greatest nations of the world. International Policies are Evolved From National Experience The history of radical changes in governmental policies records the fact that in practically every such case it has been given to one nation first to try out the experiment and that in that nation, in every case, a long period of years has been required to conform ancient domestic customs and life to the imperative requirements of the new order, and another long period has been required for the evolution of such a national policy into an international policy, recognized, adopted and followed by other nations. Three hundred years ago the ideal of popular government was only a dream arising out of the misty sleep of an age called modern but which in reality was but the aftermath of the awakening from the long night of the Middle Ages. Popular government had its birth as an ideal in the stirring and eventful years of the seventeenth century, in England and France, but it became a living reality as a great national policy of government in the adoption of the Constitution of the United States of America. For one hundred and fifty years America has been struggling to adapt its life and its institutions to the system of popular government. For a simi- lar period the struggle for recognition and adoption of that policy has been carried on throughput the world, until today instead of such a governmental policy being strange or peculiar or rare it has become the rule, and thus the stone "cut out of the mountain without hands" more than two centuries ago has become the cornerstone of governmental structure in practically all nations. Prohibition an Accomplishment of Christianity The governmental policy of Prohibition today is new and strange and rare and crude, but it has come into existence in response to such a demand and has developed in such a manner as conclusively to demonstrate to scientific minds that it is but the beginning of what in time shall become part and parcel of customs and government throughout the world. This modern movement toward Prohibition, in fact, which means the sup- pression of physical appetite and social customs ages old, is of itself one of the most outstanding illustrations of the direct effect of the rationalization of religious faith in this day of the modern world. The accomplishment of Pro- hibition in the United States of America has been the result of the activities of the Christian church with its agencies and auxiliaries. This great result has b.een secured by the application of the principles and teachings of the Christian religion to the solution of one of the great problems of human life. Prohibition in America in fact has been the direct outcome of the recognition, in part at least, by the constituency of the Christian church in America, of the insistent injunction of the Man of Galilee himself to the effect that the social order was his great objective and that the changing of that order through the establishment upon earth of a new kingdom of righteousness and peace was the mission whereunto he was sent. The effect of such a move- ment as that of the prohibition of the beverage liquor traffic on the estab- lishing of that kingdom of righteousness among men can not be adequately measured or even estimated. Truth the Only Possible Foundation for Prohibition The reason for Prohibition of the beverage liquor traffic must rest abso- lutely upon fundamental truth. . In the last analysis, Prohibition must find its sanction in scientific knowledge of the relation of alcoholism to the eco- nomic, social, political, moral and religious life of the world. If tomorrow the consensus of opinion among the scientists of the world should be to the effect that beverage alcohol is helpful and beneficial; in fact if that consensus of opinion should even be that beverage alcohol is not harmful, there would not be the slightests excuse in reason for any further effort of any such move- ment as the world movement against alcoholism. In fact, the only possible foundation for any movement against beverage alcohol is in itself the only hope of success, "Ye shall know the truth and the truth shall make you free." Science, history and philosophy moreover, have all fully demonstrated the fact that the same truth operates in every realm. Good business is good poli- tics and good morals alike. What is bad in morals is fundamentally bad, economically, socially and politically. There is not one code for the business world, another for the social world, another for the political world, another for the moral world, and still another for the religious world. There is but one code "one law, one God, one element, and one far off divine event, toward which the whole creation moves." The Experimental Stage Very properly has it been said that no great structure has ever been builded which even before its physical foundations were laid, was not "a castle in the air." For more than two hundred years the temperance movement has been one of extreme idealism, appealing to the imagination, until finally through the American legislative laboratory during the last quarter of a century there have been produced the results of a practical and successful Prohibition ex- periment in village, county, city, state, and nation. The result of this experi- ment, undertaken and conducted with varying degrees of success and in more or less crude form, has nevertheless passed the laboratory test and today stands suggesting to the world the possibility of a stage of world sobriety in the evolution of civilization. So definite, in fact, has been the acid test, that sooner or later science, economics, politics, morality and religion will all demand the application of Prohibition idealism to the practical life of the world. ^ America The World Laboratory of Prohibition No nation, past or present, is so remarkably suited to the testing of Pro- hibition as is America. This is true, not only as to the Prohibition policy 69 itself, but as to the possible application of that policy to the different condi- tions to be found in different sections of the world. America is the melting pot and the laboratory of the nations. The peo- ple of every race and clime that make up the American nation hold their traditions behind them and keep their ideals before them, but they are bound with peculiar cords to peoples of all countries whence they came. There are 3,424 distinct languages and dialects in all the world. Africa has 276, Europe 587, Asia 937, while America has 1,624. One hundred and sixty foreign language daily newspapers, with a daily circulation of more than two and a half millions, are published in America. There are, in fact, 1,404 foreign language periodicals, with a 'combined circulation of almost 11,000,000. The Country of All Races America has one-tenth as many negroes as the entire continent of Africa. America has three and one-half million Jews, or one-third as many as all the rest of the world. One and a half million Jews are in the single city of New York. There are as many Jews in America as in Russia; there are 50 per cent more Jews in America than in both Austria and Hungary. There are five times as many Jews in New York as there are in Palestine and Armenia. There are, in fact, more Jews in the city of New York than there are, all told, in all of North America outside the United States, all of South America, all of Asia, all of Africa and all of Australia. The American population is made up of almost every clan of every race, of every color and of every nationality on the face of the earth. Almost one- third of the entire population of America is either foreign-born or the children of foreign-born parents. America has more Norwegians than Christiana; more Swedes than Stock- holm; more Germans than Bremen, Hamburg and Leipsic; more Czechs than Prague; more Croats, Serbs and Slovenes, than Belgrade; more Englanders than Liverpool; more Canadians than Vancouver, Calgary, Regina, Winnipeg, Fredericton, St. Johns, Halifax, Toronto, Ottawa, Charlottetown and Quebec. America has almost as many Poles as Warsaw; almost as many Scots as Edinburgh; almost as many Mexicans as Mexico City. She has more than a million Austrians and Hungarians and more than one-fourth as many native Irishmen as there are today on the Emerald Isle. The State of All Nations Never before in the history of the world was there such a state as New York. Almost a third of the population is foreign-born. That great com- monwealth contains 26,000 native Greeks, 27,000 native Norwegians, 32,000 native French, 37,000 native Scots, 38,000 native Czechs, 40,000 native Rou- manians, 53,000 native Swedes, 80,000 native Hungarians, 100,000 native Cana- dians, 135,000 native Englanders, 150,000 native Austrians, 250,000 native Poles, 285,000 native Irish, 300,000 native Germans, 525,000 native Russians, 550,000 native Italians, and others by the thousands aad tens of thousands from prac- tically every nation of earth. There are single news stands in New York City from which one can pur- chase newspapers printed in 20 different languages. Truly is America the 70 melting pot of the nations. Truly is America the human laboratory of the world. Where could there have been found in all history and where could there be found today such a place to try out the Prohibition experiment for the benefit of all the nations as is presented in America? Why America Adopted and Must Continue Prohibition A library of statistics might be presented on the beneficial results of Pro- hibition in America. Great facts stand out like beacon lights in the records of states and cities since 1917 when Prohibition by state law spread rapidly through the United States until the coming into effect of war-time Prohibition on July 1, 1919, and of constitutional Prohibition on January 16, 1920. Numerous factors, of course, naturally enter into and affect statistical records, yet it is a significant fact that in spite of the tremendous development of the railroad activities in the United States of America there were actually fewer persons killed on or by the railroad operations in 1920 than had been killed by such operation during any year tor more than thirty years. Fewer miners of coal were killed during the }-ear 1920, in proportion to the number ot miners employed and in proportion .to the number of tons of coal mined than in any similar period for a quarter of a century. The records of 100 largest American cities show that there were fewer suicides during the year 1920 than during any previous year of the twentieth century. The per cent of deaths of children under five years of age for 1918, '19 and '20, was less than for any similar period for a third of a century, and the full death rate in the United States for 1919 and '20 was less than it had been for 35 years. Fewer deaths from automobile accidents in proportion to the number of automobiles in use have been recorded under Prohibition than during any previous similar period. The statistics of crime, pauperism and insanity show a remarkable falling off under Prohibition as compared with similar periods under license and regulation. The ledger of public charity is significantly marked by the passing of the legalized liquor traffic, while improvements in public health, the public peace and the public welfare score heavily on the side of Prohibition. Even more significant is the contrast shown in what might well be termed "a revival of learning in America" under the Prohibition regime, as that revival is indicated by the records of the public schools, the high schools, the technical institutions, the colleges and the universities. There are, however, more comprehensive, more fundamental and more conclusive facts which tend to show why America was compelled to adopt Prohibition, why America must continue Prohibition and why return to the reign of the liquor traffic in America is essentially impossible. This, in a special sense, is an industrial and commercial age. The impli- cations therefore in the transformation which has taken place during the industrial revolution of the past few years deserve thoughtful consideration. Railroad Prohibition A few years ago, comparatively speaking, it was not unusual for news- papers to ascribe railroad wrecks to "drunken engineers." Railroad lines in America have increased in fifty years from 53,000 miles to 264,000 miles. Rail- 71 road development of every character has gone forward in America until today twenty billions of dollars are invested and two million men are employed at an annual compensation of three billion dollars. These railroads carry annu- aly more than two thousand million tons of freight and more than one thou- sand million passengers. Yet with 60,000 railroad locomotives being driven on all lines throughout America, how many wrecks are today charged to drunken engineers, or drunken train dispatchers? American railroads will not employ an engineer who uses intoxicants either on or off duty. This imper- ative railroad law carries a far greater degree of punishment than any local, state or national prohibitory law. Even the liquor interests in America have long since ceased to defend the pesonal liberty of railroad engineers to drink intoxicants. When American railroads modify their rules which have stood for a quarter of a century, so as to permit engineers, train dispatchers, and tele- graph operators to use light wine and beer, the American Congress will doubt- less be ready seriously to consider the advisability of modifying the federal prohibitory law. Iron and Steel vs. Alcoholism The giant lake freighters, which carry ore from the great Superior ore districts, are unloaded at American lake ports, whence the ore is transported by trains to the numerous smelting furnaces of the United States, which pro- duce more iron and steel each year than all the rest of the world. Compara- tively a few years ago, vessels were unloaded by laborers with shovels and wheel-barrows. The unloading capacity under the old system was a hundred tons a day. Today electric machines unload such vessels at the rate of three thousand tons an hour. Even greater revolutions than this have taken place in the electrical equipment of iron and steel mills. Under the old system it was possible for an unskilled employee with a brain well soaked with alcohol, to handle a shovel and a wheel-barrow. The intricate modern unloading equipment, however, can not be entrusted to habit- ual users of alcoholic liquors. The same rule applies with even greater force to the vast electrical equipment now operating the iron and steel mills of the nation. When the iron and steel industry of America advocates the letting down of Prohibition bars, Congress may heed the suggestion. Dealcoholizing the Mining Industry During the last ten years modern electrical inventions have revolutionized the American coal mining industry. Electrical mining machines with two operators today do the work which a decade ago required twenty miners. Seven hundred and fifty thousand American miners who already are produc- ing more than 40 per cent of all the coal used in all the countries of the world, can not begin to meet the demands even with the installation of modern equip- ment. Under the old system a miner with a brain fairly well soaked with alcohol could produce a few tons of coal a day, but the man who operates a modern electric mining machine must be sober. The Passing of the "Drunken Sailor" During the past nine years the tonnage of American ships clearing Ameri- can ports increased from 4,793,523 net tons to 30,180,809 net tons an increase 72 of more than 500 per cent. The modern system of electric devices for the handling of ship cargoes installed on ships and at docks during the last few years has not only eliminated the proverbial "drunken sailor," but has created an imperative requirement for skilled men with clear brains. The old drunken sailor can not meet the new test. America's part in the international com- merce of the future can not be jeopardized by compromise with the old sys- tem under which alcohol played a leading role. An Industrial Revolution Perhaps no series of legislative acts have so aroused the manufacturing interests in America to the absolute necessity of Prohibition as the Workmen's Compensation Laws passed during recent years in all but three states of the American union. As a result, millions upon millions have been invested in safety devices for the protection of life, limb and health of the 10,000,000 American manufacturing employees. Safety to workers and insurance to man- ufacturing interests preclude the possibility of those interests accepting the hazard which would be inevitable with the return of the beverage liquor traffic. The Auto Truck and the Old Teamster Only a few years ago the vast tonnage of agricultural products and of industrial and commercial enterprises in America was moved on short hauls by wagons with teams and teamsters. Today the great proportion of that ton- nage is moved by auto trucks. One large truck will move more tonnage than could be moved under the old system by ten wagons. Under the old system, half-drunken drivers might throw the lines around the dash board and depend upon the dumb animals drawing the load to avoid collision and the ditch. But the intrinsic value of more than a million automobile trucks now oper- ating in America, to say nothing of the value of the tonnage involved, can not be entrusted to alcoholized truck drivers. An Automobilized Nation Without Prohibition There are in operation in America ten million automobiles. All the rest of the world together employs two million automobiles. America therefore may be said to be the most thoroughly automobilized nation in the world. The great development of the automobile industry has taken place in the last decade, during which same period Prohibition by state legislation was rapidly covering the area of the nation. The beverage alcohol system in operation in automobilized America today is unthinkable. What degree of safety, under alcohol, could be vouchsafed to any traveler upon any highway or any pedes- trian upon any sidewalk of any town or any city? If America faces such a situation now, what will other countries of the world do in regard to this im- portant question, as the use of automobiles rapidly increases? Insurance Risks and Prohibition Inseparable Perhaps no department of American business has developed so rapidly as life insurance. Insurance estates are rapidly becoming important factors in the financial world. In slightly more than thirty years the amount of life insurance in America has increased from five billion dollars to more than forty-two billion dollars. The number of life insurance policies in existence in the United States in 1890 was 5,202,475. The number in 1900 was 14,395,347. 73 The number in 1910 was 29,998,281, while the number in 1920 was 64,341,000. Investigations of actuaries covering long periods have established a decided difference between the actual costs of risks on the lives of abstainers as against those of non-abstainers. With this remarkable increase in the number and amount of risks carried by the American insurance companies, the greater part of which increase has come during the period of state and national Pro- hibition, even the suggestion of a return to the days of alcoholism is startling. What would happen to millions of insurance risks, to the insurance companies themselves, and to the vast financial interests of America, in which those insurance companies now play so significant a part, were the beverage liquor traffic to be restored, with its attendant results through the use of alcohol, upon millions of policy holders, and its even more far-reaching effect upon mortality statistics that would inevitably result from accident, disease and crime that would follow like an avalanche in the wake of alcoholism? Aeronautics Demand Sobriety The airship is in its infancy, yet the development of the past five years is prophetic of a day not many years ahead when the airship will be one of the most important factors in the life of the world. Leaving out of consideration all government, army and navy airship activities, the fact remains that during the year 1921 more than twelve hundred civilian aeroplanes were operated in America, traveling more than 6,500,000 miles and carrying more than 275,000 passengers. It is not rash to prophesy that the airship in five years' time will work a revolution in industry, commerce, travel, international relations and international law. What class of employees in connection with the airship, from the pilot to the man in the shop who makes the final examination of minute adjustments before the ship takes the air, can be considered as inter- ested in the repeal of Prohibition? Alcoholism an Impossibility in the New Age The liquor traffic may have been possible in the agricultural world in the age of the horse-drawn plow and the mule teamster; it is not possible in the age of the tractor, the great wheat-header and the auto truck. The liquor traffic may have been possible in the days when the wood-chopper's ax was the only means of felling trees; it is not possible in the age when electrical operations are so essential to the rapidly increasing lumber industry. The liquor traffic may have been possible in the age of the drunken sailor and the drunken engineer and the age when manufacturing concerns were not respon- sible for the health and safety of employees; it is not possible in the age of the industrial development which has revolutionized railroad operations, the mining industry, the manufacturing interests, international commerce and trade activities, and other great industries and enterprises which figure in economic progress. The liquor traffic may have been possible in the age of the ox-cart, but it is not possible in the age of the automobile. The liquor traffic may have been possible in the age of the stage coach, but it is not possible in the age of the airship. The liquor traffic may have been possible in the age of the water mill, but it is not possible in the age of the electric dynamo. These significant facts suggest something of the economic cost inevitable 74 to pro-liquor nations which insist upon continuing to harbor the liquor traffic and upon attempting to harmonize its operations with the new age of skilled workmen and the application of brain power and nerve energy to even the simplest processes of industrial activities. If these facts are evident in Amer- ica, where is the nation, large or small, located anywhere on the face of the earth, which in this age of rapid economic progress and economic competition, can afford to quibble about the problem of alcoholism? The Right of Self -Determination for Small Countries No provision of the international code is more firmly established in the recognized law of nations than that which insists upon the right of small countries to be protected from unjustifiable aggression by more powerful nations. The international sense of equity and justice is always outraged by the aggressions of a strong nation against a weaker one. As a result of scien- tific development conditions prevail in the world today, however, which make the economic weapon even more effective than military operations. Wine's Conquest of Free Government Spain, by the use of the economic weapon, has compelled defenceless Ice- land to suspend her Prohibition law for one year. Spain's pressure upon Iceland in this connection was just as threatening as if she had surrounded that island with her war ships. Under threat of what practically meant starva- tion to the fish industry of Iceland, Spain has absolutely disregarded the right of self-determination of small nations and has compelled Iceland to accept Spanish wines against the portest of her people and the real attitude of her government. A similar situation is now presented in the case of Norway. France, Spain and Portugal demand that the will of the Norwegian people be overridden, under threat of national economic boycott in the interest of French, Spanish and Portuguese wines. What the closely organized world liquor traffic is thus attempting through Spain, Prance and Portugal, that same world liquor traffic will attempt through other wine-producing, beer-producing and whisky-producing countries of the world. Possibilities of Economic Boycott Against Prohibition Suppose Spain succeeds in permanently defeating Prohibition in Iceland. Suppose Norway is brought to her knees. Suppose Finland is compelled to yield. Suppose the pressure succeeds in other small countries and suppose that by virtue of such reverses for Prohibition and such successes for the international liquor traffic the world liquor interests shall be encouraged to use the economic weapon of many liquor nations against stronger governments in order to stay the progress of Prohibition as a governmental policy? How long would it be before such pressure would affect America? If the liquor forces of the nations of the earth, united and organised, can succeed in overriding the will of the people in any country, small or great, self-determination in every country is jeopardized. The violation of the rights of any nation threatens orderly government in every nation. The particular situation which has arisen in this connection loudly calls to the forces of moral reform in every civilized land to make practical application of the gospel of international righteousness so strongly emphasized by the late 75 John Hay, former American Secretary of State, in his remarkable interpreta- tion of the Lord's prayer: "Thy will! It bids the weak be strong, It bids the strong be just. No lip to fawn, no hand to beg, No brow to seek the dust. Wherever man oppresses man, Beneath the liberal sun, O Lord, be there, Thine arm made bare, Thy righteous will be done!" The Program and Methods of the World Liquor Traffic A considerable portion of the liquor traffic which formerly carried on operations in America has been transplanted in other countries, where never- theless it is controlled and directed by what remains of the organized liquor interests within America. Uniting for Common Defense American Prohibition, moreover, had the effect of vastly curtailing the wine export trade of France, Spain, Portugal, Italy and Austria. As a result, the great wine and vineyard interests of those countries have themselves not only united for common defence but have also joined in cooperation with out- lawed American liquor interests. The ale and stout and whisky industries of Great Britain, moreover, have become thoroughly alarmed at the agitation of the Prohibition question in the British Isles and have accordingly sought alliance with what remains of the American liquor traffic, together with the national liquor organizations of other countries interested for like reasons. The beer interests of Germany, Austria and the Balkan States, as well as the vodka interests of old Russia are establishing a relationship of cooperation with similar interests of other countries. The object of the forces back of this organized international activity in behalf of the world liquor traffic is two-fold. It is intended, first, to prevent the spread of Prohibition throughout the world, and second, to secure the nullification and finally the repeal of Prohibition in America and wherever else the policy has been adopted. At the close of a secret convention of the Inter- national League Against Prohibition, held at Brussels, Belgium, in October, 1922, the international press carried the interesting and significant informa- tion that the wine interests of Europe with headquarters at Paris, had pledged millions to carry on a merciless campaign against Prohibition in America. Misrepresentation, the Hope of the Liquor Traffic A favorite weapon of the liquor traffic is that of gross misrepresentation of conditions under Prohibition. Absolutely false and unfounded statements with regard to the failure of Prohibition in America, which have made their way through international news agencies to practically every country in the world, are not only indicative of the methods which the international liquor traffic is already using in its campaign, but they also suggest something of what the Prohibition forces in every country may expect as an important phase of the conflict ahead. In this respect the liquor interests, internationally 76 organized, are running true to form, since they are using precisely the same methods as those employed by the liquor interests of America for twenty-five years prior to the adoption of national Prohibition. For more than a generation before national Prohibition in America the state prohibitory laws in Maine and Kansas were well enforced; yet during all that period the American liquor interests conducted a publicity campaign the object of which was to convince the people of other parts of the United States that Prohibition in Maine and Kansas was a farce. The program of the world liquor interests, therefore, is nothing more nor less than this same old program enlarged to world proportions. Maine and Kansas Make Answer The answer to national propaganda of misrepresentation and falsehood regarding the failure of Prohibition in Maine and Kansas was the fact that through all the years Maine and Kansas continued loyal to state Prohibition and that in spite of the numerous attempts of crafty politicians to utilize anti- Prohibition sentiment for political ends, the people of those states repeatedly at the ballot box continued to record their approval of Prohibition. Even when enforcement was least efficient, the people of those same states pre- ferred Prohibition at its worst as infinitely better than license at its best. Likewise henceforth the most successful answer to the misrepresentation of American Prohibition among the peoples of other countries will be the con- tinuance of the national Prohibition policy by the people of America. The Generation of Anti-American Propaganda The chief weapon which is being used by the organized world liquor traffic in countries outside of America is that which aims at the generation of anti-American feeling. This is the natural method for the world liquor traffic to employ. It is in keeping with the record of that traffic in all coun- tries during the past century. A traffic which itself has no respect for the laws of God or man, can hardly be expected to manifest sincere love for any government. Such a traffic knows no appeal but the appeal to ignorance and prejudice. Lady Astor of the English Parliament, upon leaving American shores after a brief visit in her native land, in 1922, made the significant declaration that the principal anti-American feeling in England had been created by the owners and promoters of the English liquor traffic who hoped by anti- American propaganda to postpone the day of Prohibition in Great Britain. By generating hatred for America, the international liquor interests natur- ally hope to generate a hatred of American institutions and American govern- mental policies which in both cases involves the prohibition of the liquor traf- fic. Sowing hatred for America, according to their calculations, will naturally make the road to Prohibition in other countries more difficult and thus longer protect them and their interests from the rising tide of world Prohibition. Interference in Domestic Affairs of Other Nations In line with other activities of the international liquor traffic there is also being employed the age-old argument presented by every great international evil about interference in the domestic affairs of other countries. The inter- national liquor interests might well have raised the same cry when the peo- 77 pie of America and other nations contributed their millions and sent their representatives into Central Europe for the relief of homeless children after the Great War. The same pro-liquor cry might also have been raised against the people of the different countries of the western world who have attempted from time to time to relieve human suffering and starvation in China, Russia and elsewhere. The same cry might also be raised against all activities of the Christian church in foreign missionary lands. The superficial theory of the international liquor interests does not har- monize with the joint international action for the protection of Christians in the old Turkish Empire nor with the Allied Relief Expedition in the Chinese Boxer uprising, nor with the international agreements and activities for the suppression of piracy on the high seas. It is not in accord, more- over, with the international action for the suppression of opium in the Orient, international activities for the suppression of white slavery, or the several Brussels conference agreements for the protection of native races. The cry of the world liquor traffic against the invasion of other countries by the anti- liquor forces of any country presents a conception of protection and license for which modern civilization has no proper place. It is not merely the demand of the road hog against the proper rights of all others who travel the international highway; it is indeed the last cry of the social and moral savage against the inevitable advance of civilization; Economic Chaos and the World's Drink Bill The maelstrom of debt which has engulfed the nations of the world presents an international economic problem of staggering proportions. The indebtedness of the United States Government has jumped from one and one- half billions of dollars to 24 billions; that of Great Britain has gone over 38 billions; that of France 50 billions; that of Germany 70 billions; that of Russia 2S billions; that of Italy 19 billions; that of Austria 18 billions. In fact it is conservatively estimated that the aggregate indebtedness of the governments of the world is approximately 350 billions of dollars. Moreover, Great Britain is the only one of the European nations engaged in the great war which has been able to balance her budget since the war. Authorities on national and international finance insist that at best the liquidation of this indebtedness will require a hundred years, and many of the most competent authorities per- sist in declaring that most of the indebtedness of the countries of Europe can never be paid. The world's drink bill today approximates 20 billions of dollars annually. Most of that is expended by the people of the very countries of Europe which are now struggling under the burden of national indebtedness. It does not re- quire the services of an economist or an accountant to provide a plan for a sinking fund through which the amount of the annual drink bill of the world would easily wipe out all the principal and all the interest of all the debts of all the governments of all the world within twenty-five years. The Time to Strike is Now Conditions throughout the world indicate that now is the psychological time for international action against alcoholism. Governmental reconstruction and reorganization are the order of the day in practcially every nation. The 78 remarkable benefits derived from restrictions and prohibitions placed on the liquor traffic in most countries during the World War are still fresh in the public mind. The liquor traffic just now is willingly shouldering the burden of taxation in the several nations in the hope that it may thus intrench and protect itself against the rising tide of Prohibition. Oriental countries that have been under total abstinence religions for centuries are beginning to feel the effect of the penerating methods of the world liquor traffic which threatens greater evils for the Orient than even those of opium. Prohibition has made remarkable progress in recent years. It has com- pelled the thoughtful consideration of the civilized world. If its progress should now be checked, generations must pass and the liquor evil in all probability must play a far more deadly part in the wrecking of the world's civilization before another such opportunity is presented. Formative Period for Moral and Religious Forces Moreover, this is the formative period as regards the temperance reform for the religious and moral forces of practically every nation. Those forces for the most part were not compelled to face the issue until America adopted Prohibition. Among those forces today, however, convictions are being formed, decisions are being recorded, definite policies for the future are being settled, and the choice between different methods of dealing with the liquor traffic is being made. Now, of all times, there is presented the opportunity for effective effort that may influence the moral progress of the world for centuries to come. The opportunity thus presented carries with it an obligation which can not be ignored. The Significance of the New Age Among the most important contributing factors in the movement of the new age toward international cooperation undoubtedly has been that of pop- ular education, which by creating a knowledge of conditions, governments, language, and characteristics of the people of all countries, has paved the way for international understandings and relationships that are now inevitable. The diffusion of a cheap daily press has greatly assisted this new Renais- sance. Trade and commerce, banking, industry, labor movements, physical science and invention, all have an international significance. The stock exchange, market values, wages, housing conditions and indus- trial welfare activities, are materially influenced by international relations. Railroads, steam ships, electric lines, automobiles, submarines and air- ships, in a comparatively few years have converted scattered and widely separated countries into a great neighborhood of nations. The telegraph, the telephone, the ocean cable, the wireless, and the radio have brought the remotest sections of the earth into closer speaking contact than were the peoples of the different sections of New York a century ago. The universal tendency toward democratic government and democratic institutions, moreover, has given to the masses of every country common in- terests and common yearnings, which promise rapidly to grow into common understandings. 79 The Christian Religion The greatest factor, however, in the inauguration and development of the new spirit of international understanding, international cooperation and inter- national peace, has been the Christian religion, with its challenging world- wide programs. The practical application of the Christian doctrine of the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, if that doctrine is fundamentally sound, must of necessity result in the tearing down of the high walls of prejudice,, distrust, hatred and provincialism, which have separated the nations. The Challenge of the Problem This new age of international cooperation is the age in which the great problems of our day must be solved. They must therefore be solved in harmony with the spirit of the age and with due regard to the conditions, obligations and responsibilities which the age imposes. Every nation today is alive to the spirit of progress and reform. Slowly but surely the races of man- kind are turning their faces away from the dead past and are setting them flint-like toward the future. The world liquor problem sounds a call to the men and women of the nations. The spirit of that call demands cooperative, aggressive and wise action in the interest of a sober world. Thoughtfully, courageously, con- fidently, the World League Against Alcoholism heeds the call, accepts the challenge and moves forward. "Now God be thanked who has Matched us with his hour." SCIENTIFIC TEMPERANCE, THE BASIS FOR EDUCA- TIONAL WORK IN THE WORLD MOVEMENT AGAINST ALCOHOLISM Miss CORA FRANCES STODDARD, B. A. Executive Secretary of the Scientific Temperance Federation After the wonderful vision w*hich has been given us of the opportunities and the possibilities of helping bring in the Kingdom of Christ by the aboli- tion of the liquor traffic, one hesitates to add one word in the portrayal of that vision. But, with the sound of these marching children in your ears, I am sure you will feel it is appropriate that we should turn our thoughts to the place which education must have if we are to abolish the liquor traffic throughout the world. The past decade has seen tremendous changes in world affairs. Crowns and thrones have been tumbling. Men and women have seized or have been given a new chance at self government, but self government requires more brains than being ruled. Alcohol impairs brains. The wise men of old said, "It is not for kings to drink wine or princes to desire strong drink lest they drink and forget the law and pervert justice," The kings and queens of the future are the men and the women of the nations of the earth. If we are to have a high order of self-government which 80 will help toward bringing in the kingdom of our Lord Christ, we must have men and women whose brain power and whose power of self-control are not imperiled by alcohol. One of our American statesmen said not very long ago to our National Educational Association, "The primary lesson of democracy is self-control." We have been learning from the scientific laboratories of the last half century many things we did not know of old concerning alcoholic drinks. And, if it were possible for you and me to go this afternoon to these labora- tories and look, with the scientists, with their apparatus and by means of their photographic processes and see and study these processes of the human brain and nerve and observe how alcohol destroys our brain and nerve power, we should find that science has a great story to tell us of the relation of the abolition of the liquor traffic to self-government, because it has told us that from the very first alcohol tends to paralyze self-restraint. The man who has had his glass of beer and wine and seems gayer and refreshed is simply in the first stages of the alcoholic narcotization. If that goes on a bit farther he may become clumsy, and may make some ill-con- sidered movement. He may make a mere hasty, unkind remark and that remark might result in a blow, and that blow on the part of another friend who has also been drinking may be an act that will result in death, and the man be arrested and sent before the court accused of crime, because the power of self-restraint has been impaired. There comes along a "don't care" feeling which tends to make the drinker irresponsible and careless. Presently, if the narcotic effect on control con- tinues, there may be unsteadiness of the hand or foot, the familiar sign to us of drunkenness. Finally, the drinker may become so narcotized that he falls unconscious into the gutter. If the narcotic poisoning goes further, it may poison the centers that control breathing and that is the end. From the very beginning to the very end it was a process of narcotization. Drunkenness is only a late state of alcoholic poisoning or alcoholic narcotization. This is a primary lesson; therefore, which we must get to the people of the world if we are to have the self-government of men and women that we want to have and must have if we are going to succeed. If we are going to have men and women with minds and bodies free from the poison of alco- hol and with brains and nervous systems free from the narcotic influence of drink, with visions unimpaired by drink, able to see and to meet the great undertakings of the moment and of the far-distant future, we must teach the evil effects of alcoholism on the body and mind. This, then, is the reason why this subject of the scientific education of the nations was put upon the program this afternoon. We can not reasonably or sensibly expect to abolish the liquor traffic in any nation as long as any considerable majority of the people hold the old idea that alcohol is an innocent and harmless drink except when used to the point of drunkenness. Here in our own nation we have this same fallacy making us trouble. I assume that you in Canada find that the people who go down under the 81 impact of the misrepresentations of the liquor traffic are those who do not themselves know the fundamental facts about beer and wine and other alco- holic drinks. Our educational work therefore, for the nations at large and for our own nations becomes one of clear-cut interest. You have heard this afternoon of the problems we have to face. One Sunday evening two months ago I heard the sound of a trumpet at St. Paul's Cathedral, where an outdoor Sunday evening service was being held. As we came to the end, the leader asked that we sing "America." I turned and looked out on the street which was full of participants and I v/atched as we were singing the last stanza of the hymn: "Our Father's God, to Thee Author of Liberty." And who was singing it? There in the middle of the street stood a man obviously a Greek, there stood a man obviously a Jew, there stood a man who was plainly a Lithuanian, there stood a Pole, and others stood there who were clearly Irish, and there was the Russian, and the German, and the Norwegian, and the Englishman, and the Dane, and, if I am not mistaken, there was the Chinaman. In many cases their lips were obviously framing the words im- perfectly, but they were all singing "Long may Our Land be Bright With Freedom's Holy Light, Protect us by Thy Might, Great God Our King." Friends, that is the great problem that you and I have on this American Continent. And if you and I can help these people who come to us to under- stand why the beer and the wine and the other alcoholic drinks to which they are accustomed in their home lands, which seem to them harmless and innocent because they have been imbedded in the customs of centuries, are not harmless, why they are an injury, we shall have gone a long way towards finally settling the liquor problem here and we shall have gone a long ways toward helping you in other lands to deal with 'your liquor problem at home, because the lines of communication are far and wide from those who come to make their home among us to those who still remain among your homes. Further, he is an unwise man who does not learn from history. The American Temperance Movement at every period of progress which it has made has been preceded by or accompanied by a great educational campaign. The very first temperance document that made a striking impression on the nation was one by Dr. Benjamin Rush, one of the signers of the Decla- ration of Independence, whose essay on the effect of alcohol had a tremen- dous influence in starting the movement in the early part of the Nineteenth Century. The renewal of interest that came when we started our movement for total abstinence was accompanied by another educational campaign on the physical effects of alcohol. Numerous essays were written by physicians who became great advocates for total abstinence among the people of our land. 82 This educational work materially slackened in the middle of the century owing to the adoption of other methods of temperance effort and to the great anti- slavery and war struggle that absorbed most of the attention of the nation. The liquor traffic struck deeper root during the war and when the war was over we had a generation of men many of whom had not been taught the facts and who did not appreciate why their fathers had sought the prohibition of the liquor traffic. Like the Children of Israel once in sight of the Promised Land, we turned back, and like them, we were nearly forty years coming to it again. You all know what has happened to us, beginning in those discouraging days after our Civil War when the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, aided by the National Temperance Society of this continent, and aided by other great forces since, turned themselves to the problem of rearing a whole new generation and educating it to a clear knowledge of the effects of alco- holic drinks on the individual and on the nation. It took a generation to do it; and when that first generation began to vote we began to get the results, but in that mid-century period of the Nineteenth Century when we stopped or curtailed our educational program, we went backward. Most of the other nations where there has been the most signal progress against the liquor traffic are those where there has been a definite program of education concerning the nature and effects of alcoholic drinks. Now, as I have already said, he is an unwise man who does not learn from the history of the past. You can not expect in your own nation, we can not expect in ours here, either to secure the effective overthrow of the liquor traffic or to secure permanent, effective enforcement unless we continue to teach all the people, including the children from the lower grade upward, the effects of alcohol. I am not unmindful of the fact that we must have organization as well as education. I am not unmindful of the fact that public sentiment should be organized for action just as fast as it is formed by education. We have been fortunate in having in this country not only the forces that worked for the temperance education of the children, but those who, as those children entered on the duties of citizenship, were ready to organize that informed opinion for action against the liquor evil. This, then, is our duty for the immediate future. We can not compel an uninformed mass to obey a Prohibition law willingly but we must teach observance and we must teach them why such a law is necessary and why, therefore, it should be enforced and obeyed. We may compel observance for a time of the Prohibition law, but the real enforcement of the Prohibition law will come when education is made the foundation upon which is built all our law and all our law enforcement. A certain friend of mine has a son, now a young man, who, when a small boy, used to go into the country. One day when he was about four years old he was out in the pasture where the men were trying to get rid of a rock which interfered with the mowing of the grass. The boy sat there and watched for a considerable time. They dug and poked and used their spades and shovels, and the rock never 83 budged a single inch. Finally the boy spoke up and said, "It seems to me if I had two good, big, strong horses I would let them pull up the rock." One of the men said, "Hear the baby! That's a good idea." The two horses, idly grazing near at hand, were put into service, and with their short strong pull together the fock came out of the hole. Now, bear in mind, that you must drive your horses together. You must drive them side by side. We have the two horses to secure Prohibition, edu- cation and law enforcement, and we can never get law enforcement perfected until we put side by side with it the education of all our people, men and women, boys and girls. These boys and girls who are growing up to become citizens are at the stage of their career when they need education. We shall never attain any permanent success in this world movement against alcohol until we have education in the facts about alcohol as a primary factor. Do you remember the instruction given the Children of Israel to take from the Jordan twelve stones which were to be set up as a memorial so that in the days which were to come when their children should ask, "What mean ye by these stones?" they should recall how Israel came into the Promised Land. < Temperance education in the schools, temperance education, dealing with facts about alcohol, for men and women throughout all the lands, will help them to understand why we are fighting against the liquor traffic, and why they must continue it. This, friends, is the message which I believe we must take for ourselves and which we must take back to our respective countries. We must not lose any possible opportunity for education and we must return to our countries with renewed courage with conviction, assurance, and energy to fight this educational fight to the end "To Sweep from Human Eyes the Dust, To Clear from Human Hearts the Crust, To Cleave from Human Wills the Rust, Truth's Trump to Blow so Fast and High That Hurrying Notes Leap Out and Fly Here, There, and All Across the Sky." PUBLIC HEALTH AND PROHIBITION J. W. S. McCULLOUGH, M.D. Chief Officer of Health for the Province of Ontario Public health is a very wide subject, including, as it does, everything which tends to enhance the mental, moral and physical well-being of a people. It includes hygiene which might be called personal public health, and sani- tation which means the protection of the public health environment, the pre- vention of disease, and all measures which tend to prolong and increase the happiness of life. Public health measures begin to operate in respect to the individual not only at one's birth, but long before this time, extending to one's parents and even to one's grandparents. The experience gained in dealing with disease shows that the origin of certain illnesses may be traced to one's 84 ancestors thus proving the truth of the well-known text, "The sins of the fathers shall be visited on the children even to the third and fourth generation," Unhealthy parents are likely, in most cases, and certain in other cases, to beget unhealthy children and in still other cases to destroy the chance of the birth of living children. For example the extensive use of alcohol by the par- ents is frequently the cause of epilepsy in the children born to such parents; the children of tuberculous parents may not inherit tuberculosis but they usu- ally do inherit less vigorous constitutions and may in consequence the more easily acquire the disease in early life. The children of syphilitic parents fre- quently are either born dead or are born with one of the greatest of disabling affections, while the other form of venereal disease, gonorrhoea, frequently destroys the chance of child bearing altogether. The administration of public health work not only involves supervision of the health of the parents, particularly of the mother, before, at, and after birth, but also of the individual through his entire life-time, his food, drink, clothing, housing and manner of living, protection against disease of all kinds, the work he does, the conditions under which he works, the money he earns and how he spends his wages. From this statement of the wide range of public health it will be con- cluded that it is from the point of view of the individual and of the com- munity, a most important one. We are constantly reminded that this or that concern of human life is the most important. In this country, Canada, it is often claimed that agriculture or industry or mining or transportation or the particular government of the country is of the highest importance. On the one hand it may be asserted that the future greatness -and progress of the nation depends on Prohibition, while upon the other that a moderate use of alcohol is advisable if the country is not to go to the dogs. Upon these various topics it would manifestly be impossible to obtain anything like a unanimous decision. Upon the question of whether or not it is advisable to have good health there are no two opinions and a plebiscite taken on the sub- ject would be likely to secure a hundred per cent of the votes of our people. Public health then, I take it, is of all subjects with which the public is concerned, the most far-reaching and important question which concerns any people. It is the subject upon which the foundation and happiness of the people depend. Ontario has had a public health service for the last 40 years, and while its organization is very well developed, this service can not do everything of a public health nature for the public any more than can the Department of Agri- culture, for instance, carry on the individual work of a farmer. Our function is to assist the public in dealing with or looking after its public health affairs, to direct the individual and community efforts in proper courses, to educate the public and to set a good example along public health lines. To this end, the Department is organized into divisions, each with its own staff and particular line of work. For example, we have a division of labora- tory equipped with competent chemists, bacteriological workers and epidemi- ologists. In addition to the central laboratory in Toronto, branches have been established at Fort William, Sault Ste. Marie, North Bay, Owen Sound, 85 Feterboro, London, Kingston and Ottawa. Each laboratory is a center to which physicians and medical officers of health may send specimens from sus- pected cases of tuberculosis, diphtheria, and other affections for examina- tion. In these laboratories samples of water, milk and other foods are exam- ined and reports made, all with the object of allowing early diagnosis in pre- ventable affections and of protecting the public against diseases which may arise from the use of polluted water, dirty milk or unwholesome food. At the Toronto laboratory certain protective vaccines are prepared, and salvarsan, a remedy for syphilis, is made at low cost. All the laboratories carry stocks of diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin, smallpox and other vaccines and various biological products. These rem- edies are provided free of cost to physicians and the general public. All seiz- ures of contraband or bootleg liquor are examined for the License Depart- ment. A division of preventable diseases looks after outbreaks of communicable diseases and under this division are some 15 free clinics for the treatment of venereal diseases. Two clinical specialists supervise treatment of this nature in the public institutions, and a trained public health nurse supervises the follow-up work of cases of this nature. A division of public health education spreads the latest reliable informa- tion about the province by means of health articles in 220 weekly newspapers, by public health exhibitions, lectures, health talks and by the radio broadcast. Hundreds of thousands of pieces of public health literature are annually distributed. More than preaching of the gospel of public health is required. The public appreciates example better than precept so in order to dem- onstrate what public health means we have district officers of health who point the way for the local health officers in the towns, villages and rural areas of the Province, and along with them we send well-trained public health nurses who demonstrate in a practical way what public health means and how its results can be secured by the people themselves. Just at present half a dozen of our nurses are carrying aid and comfort to the homeless suf- ferers from the forest fires. The service of these nurses is maintained under the direction of the Division of Maternal and Child Welfare and Public Health Nursing. In addition to the nursing service already referred to, this division has a baby specialist whose duty it is to establish and supervise "well baby clinics" all over the Province. A large number of such clinics are in operation with the result of lowering sickness among infants and of lessening the infant mortality rate. There are many occupations which from their very nature are unhealthy. Take for example dusty operations, certain kinds of mining, lead works, et cetera. The diseases which are directly due to work of this kind are called occupational diseases. The business of the division of industrial hygiene is to make investigations into work of the kind and to devise means whereby its risks are reduced to the minimum. Employers of labor are constantly faced with the problem of installing safeguards for the protection of their workmen about machines and working apparatus, first aid service, nursing and medical assistance. A division of 86 industrial hygiene thus becomes a bureau of useful information both for the employers and the employed, and is designed to be a source of usefulness and comfort to both. In New Ontario there are upwards of a thousand lumber camps as well as numerous mining and railway construction camps, with thousands of em- ployees. We employ the services of five competent inspectors whose duties are chiefly in the sanitary supervision of these camps. By next year the entire camp quarters in this area will be of a standard type, clean, sanitary, well- ventilated and comfortable. These reforms in sanitary supervision have been evolved with the approval and consent of both employers and working men. There is no friction in having the improvements carried out, and, considering the extent of country served, the number of workers and the enormous finan- cial interests involved, the labor troubles are negligible and the health condi- tions equal to those in large cities. Realizing the necessity of pure water supply, sanitary disposal of sewage, and proper housing of the people, in the interest of good health, the Division of Sanitary Engineering is intrusted with these matters. In 1910 there were but eight water filtration plants in Ontario and only one chlorination plant for the protection of water supplies. In the present year over 45 per cent of the public water supplies of Ontario are protected by filtration and upwards of 85 per cent by chlorination and it is significant to observe that in the former year the death rate in cities from typhoid fever, a water-borne disease, was 51.3 per one hundred thousand of population, while today the same rate is 4.3 per one hundred thousand. The department maintains in Toronto an experimental station where the newer processes used in the purification of water and treatment of sewage are tried out and their comparative value determined. A staff of engineers is employed in the open months in making detailed sanitary inspections of the smaller towns with the object of assisting the local authorities in making needed public health improvement. Sometimes one hears the idle question, "What is the use of all our expen- diture on public health?" This question is often asked by persons who fail to reflect that their welcome presence among us, alive, alert and competent, is itself the answer. An additional answer is found in Russia where millions died last year because there was no sanitary service in that unhappy country. The result of public health efforts is apparent in a lower incidence of illness and more particularly in examination of the death rate from disease. Reference has already been made to the greatly reduced death rate of typhoid fever. Similar results are true of diphtheria since the use of diph- theria anti-toxin has become general. Great improvement is possible in this direction. Means for the detection of those liable to contract diphtheria and specific treatment by a mixture of toxin-antitoxin would, if generally used, soon abolish diphtheria altogether. The use of smallpox vaccine has reduced the incidence of smallpox to comparatively small dimensions and the death rate to a negligible quantity. The death rate among infants has been greatly reduced and as a general statement it is safe to say that, on the average, a baby born now will live 12 years longer than its grandfather. 87 The rate of tuberculosis shows a steady decline from year to year. In other countries the influence of the promotion of public health has been giving similar results. Since the adoption of pasteurization of milk in New York City the death rate of infants under one year has been reduced from 165 per thousand born to 70 per thousand born. Among the infants supplied from the infant milk depots themselves the death rate was less than 50 per one thousand born. Notable examples of special work have been the almost complete disper- sion of yellow fever and malaria in tropical and sub-tropical countries; the prevention by means of sanitary measures of cholera, typhus fever, the plague, hookworm and other affections. Very remarkable control of disease during the late war is a triumph for public health without parallel. In all former wars the death rate from dis- ease has been the most formidable factor with which armies had to contend. In the war in South Africa and in the Spanish-American war the death rate from typhoid fever alone equalled or exceeded that from injuries in battle. All this has been changed and despite the fact that the Allied soldiers in the great war suffered untold hardships, lived like rats in the trenches, endured cold, hunger and thirst while subject to the merciless onslaughts of the foe, the sickness rate and the mortality rate from disease were lower than in the civil population a,t home. Why was this? For the reason that the soldiers, had close medical supervision. They were inoculated against typhoid infec- t:*on, and where necessary against tetanus and other diseases; the water supply was safe to drink and they lived in the open air. One of the most serious problems confronting public health officers is the apparent increase in cancer in all civilized countries. I say apparent, be- cause while the records of disease show a large increase in cancer in the 'last decade or two, some of this increase is probably due to the fact that this dis- ease is better recognized than it used to be, and in addition the records of disease and death are more complete than formerly. The fact remains that cancer causes one death out of every ten in persons over 40. In the six years in which Canada was engaged in war 62,496 soldiers were killed or died of disease, while during the same period cancer killed up- wards of 50,000 people in Canada. Of all deaths over the age of 40, one in thirteen among men and one in eight among women are due to this disease. It is a curious fact that many people who have cancer hide this fact as if it were something to be ashamed of. Others wait for the symptom of pain. Now, pain is emphatically not an early sign of cancer. The greatest hope of successful treatment of cancer rests in early diagnosis of the disease. In this respect education of the public is of the highest value. By means of pam- phlets, lectures and newspaper articles the Department seeks to spread the following knowledge of the disease: Cancer, in its early and curable stage gives rise to no pain or symptom of ill health whatever. Nevertheless, in its commonest situations, the signs of it in its early stage are conspicuously manifest. To witness: In case of any swelling in the breast of a woman at 40 years of age, a medical man should at once be consulted. A large proportion of such swellings are cancer. Any 88 bleeding, however trivial, or coming after the change of life means almost in- variably, cancer, and cancer which is then curable. If neglected until pain comes or occurs, it means cancer which is almost always incurable. Any ir- regular bleeding occurring at the change of life should invariably be submitted to a doctor's investigation. It is not the natural method of the onset of the change of life, and in a large number of cases means commencing cancer. Any wart or sore occurring spontaneously on the lower lip in a man over 45 years of age is almost certainly cancer. If removed at once the cure is certain, but if neglected the result is inevitably fatal. Any sore or swelling occurring on the tongue or inside of the mouth in a man after 45 years of age should be sub- mitted to investigation without a moment's delay, and the decision at once ar- rived at by an expert microscopical examination whether it is cancer or not. A very large proportion of such sores or swellings occurring at this time of life are cancer, and if neglected for only a few weeks the result is almost inevitably fatal. If removed at once the prospect of cure is good. Any bleeding from the bowel after 45 years of age, commonly supposed to be piles, should be sub- mitted to investigation at once. A large proportion of such cases are cancer, which at this stage is perfectly curable. When warts, moles or other, growths on the skin are exposed to constant irritation they should be immediately re- moved. A large number of them, if neglected, terminate in cancer. Avoid irri- tation of the tongue and cheeks by broken, jagged teeth, and of the lower lip by clay pipes. Many of these irritations, if neglected, terminate in cancer. Although there is no evidence that cancer is a communicable disease under ordinary circumstances, it is desirable that rooms occupied by a person suf- fering from cancer should be cleaned and disinfected from time to time. The greatest danger to the victims of cancer is the charlatan who adver- tises false and glowing examples of cures claimed for this or that form of treatment, thereby serving only to bleed his unfortunate victims of money which often enough they can ill afford, but which, worse than all, delays the employment of scientific treatment which alone gives any prospect of success. In contrast to the mercenary methods of the advertising quack it may properly be pointed out that the present proud position of public health efforts is due to the self-sacrifice of the medical profession and of scientific workers who have freely given their discoveries for the public good. The means of prevention of smallpox, yellow fever and malaria, hook- worm, diphtheria and of many other diseases, are open to the use of mankind at the lowest possible cost. The latest beneficent discovery of the kind is the means for the control of diabetes. This remedy is the discovery of a young physician, a graduate of the University of Toronto. Without other financial resources this young doctor might easily have been tempted to exploit his discovery for his own benefit. It is to his credit that he has followed the example set by the pro- fession and has given his discovery for the benefit of his fellow men. In doing this he has glorified the name of the University of Toronto, shed a blessing upon thousands of otherwise incurable victims of diabetes and hon- ored himself and the profession to which he belongs. In my opinion if Prohibition lessens the consumption of alcohol, as I 89 believe it does under the present law of Ontario, then Prohibition has a good effect on public health. If drunkenness is absent among the parents of ciiii- dren, then epilepsy, a serious mental disease, will be lessened. Venereal dis- ease is one of the greatest problems, if not the greatest problem with which public health officers have to deal. Its effects are serious and far-reachmg. It is a disease, the aspects of which may and do simulate a large propordon ot well-known diseases. It spares neither the young nor the old and atfects alike the rich and poor. It is conceded generally by the medical profession that the incidence of venereal disease is largely increased by the use of alco- hol in excess and correspondingly decreased by the lessened opportunities for securing liquor under prohibitive legislation. I had the opportunity of discussing the question of Prohibition a few days ago with a representative group 'of medical men, one of them holding a high position in a United States university, and others in equally responsible positions here. Only one or two of them seemed to advocate or to be advo- cates of Prohibition, but they all agreed that the good effects of this measure, both here and in the United States, were not so much apparent now as they would be in the next generation. Finally, sir, it must be agreed that if the average man, as he will do, spends his earnings on food, clothing and other comforts for his wife and chil- dren, instead of wasting liis income on alcohol, the physical and consequently the public health results are bound to be apparent in the increased comfort, health and happiness of his family. If it was for no other reason than this I should find it difficult, as a health officer interested in the promotion of the public welfare to do otherwise than to support Prohibition. FRIDAY EVENING SESSION THE MOVEMENT TOWARD PROHIBITION IN THE REPUBLIC OF FRANCE AND FRENCH TERITORY By PASTOB GEORGES GALLIENNE Secretary La Croiao Bleue of France Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, we read sometimes in our French papers very strange reports about American Prohibition and if a French newspaper man was to get hold of the program tonight and read that a Frenchman was going to speak about Prohibition in France he would say, "Well, this is the best story of the lot," because no Frenchman can ever stand on the platform and speak about Prohibition in France. He must be a bogus Frenchman. But it is true that in France there is a work for Prohibition, and in our dear country there are some very live and active Prohibition workers, too. But if we read about French politics that is quite another story, because when you speak about political men, you may say like a dear lady the other day in New York, talking about old Tiger Clemenceau, "Oh, Tiger Clemen- ceau is such a darling." That is the opinion of some ladies on political men. It is not my personal view of them tonight at any rate. Because that same old Tiger when we sent a deputation to him showing that nearly all the na- 90 tions engaged in war were doing their best to put down that biggest enemy of the lot, drink, said, "I have enough with the other war" and he didn't want at that time to lift a single finger, while at that very moment all the public opinion of France had been on the temperance side. I can truly say so be- cause I have seen so much of the evils of the drink traffic during the war, and every Frenchman and French woman was ready to stamp upon that curse of our land at that very time. In fact, while we were trying to get men to make more munitions in France, in the big arsenal of Saint Ettienne they were obliged to send thousands away and found only four hundred working men that were sober enough to do their work. I have been a chaplain in the Navy during the war and I have seen what the drink has done, not only with French sailors, but I am sorry to say in some ports of the Mediterranean, with sailors of all nations. At this time we are not trusting the political man to do what is our own work. Temperance may be looked upon as a social problem, a public health problem, but we look at it in the way of Christianity. For us it is a moral and religious prob- lem; and so in France when we look at the small army of men and women who are trying to fight against the drink traffic, in the first rank of that small but courageous army you will find religious people. Of course, I must say that there are other temperance societies, who are doing their best. There is the right wing and the left wing. At the very extreme right there is a tem- perance organization that has been trying simply to put the matter before the public. I am not speaking against the press and the power of the press, but in France I must say that nearly all our press is in the hands of financial men, and I am sorry to say, it is in the hands of that big international gang which is called the anti-Prohibition gang, and it is very difficult to get the truth into our French newspapers or into the European papers. I was told that once a newspaper was offered so many francs to put something about temperance in its columns, "Oh," he said, "I am not going to. I can get much more from the other side" and surely they do get much more from the other side, because we find the same lies in Belgium, France, Switzerland, all over Europe. There must be somewhere an information bureau. There is some good temperance work being done among the railwav men and the post men. Both those syndicates have their own temperance organizations, and quite right it should be so, because French engine drivers are by no means Prohibitionists. Coming along to Havre I was talking to one of them and he said, "Oh, man, you don't know the strain and hardship of an engine driver. He must be drunk sometimes to be able to do or to fulfill his duty." I am quite sure they must be drunk sometimes, because on the very day I left Paris there was a great catastrophe in Normandy. It was not the engine driver that was drunk but the station master, and more trin fifteen people were killed that very night through drink. The railway m?n and the post men have a great deal to do amongst their own members. Then there comes the left wing. I have very good friends there, but they don't go as far as we do, as far as Prohibition is concerned. They think that the time has not arrived to speak frankly about Prohibition. They are trying to educate the children and they are doing a splendid work in scientific 91 education in our public schools. They are sending men and women who are trying their best to teach the children and to enforce the teachers to do some temperance lecturing in the public schools as they must do, according to the French program of education, but, of course, it is difficult sometimes, to get a man to speak about temperance when he doesn't like it at all. One man said, "When I go to school to speak to the children about temperance I always carry with me a little flask of whisky. It gives me more fluency in my elocution." Then the Ligue Nationale is trying also to secure some temperance legis- lation. I am not going to speak about political men tonight, but it looks almost like a new century miracle and wonder that we should get temperance bills passed in the present Chamber of Deputies. Do you know why? Be- cause in France we have half a million silent people. In a street of Havre there are more saloons than there are houses in the street because there is a ground floor saloon and also a first story saloon. Do you know that gen- erally speaking most of the political business is done in the bar and saloons? In our House of Deputies, either extreme left or extreme right, they are very much alike. Nearly all of our deputies have behind them a lot of influential electors whom they don't want to anger, and so always when they are talking about temperance they are looking around to see if there is not some- one from their own state or village listening in the Chamber of Deputies and getting a record of their vote. But still we have had during the past year a few temperance bills passed. The best one was the one for the prohibition of absinthe. Absinthe is a curse. It is a deadly invention to kill men and women, and in the South of France absinthe was a curse. The five o'clock hour was called, not five o'clock as you say, but "The green hour" because all the glasses in the cafes were filled with the green and hellish liquor. That has been done away with but you know the drink traffic is rather a clever one, and since the absinthe has been prohibited they have tried all sorts of other labels. It was not called absinthe, but "aperitif," but it was just the same stuff in a different shaped bottle, until finally the Deputies said, "We are not going to have any more of that stuff" and only a few weeks ago they voted a bill against it and thus we gained a true victory and we must thank our Deputies for it. But in the Blue Cross Society, we believe more in the spiritual power, and we go about to teach temperance in our churches, by our Sunday school teachers, and our home mission workers. It is quite a pleasure for us to go about in our churches and to speak of the evils of drink, and when we travel in the North of France, where so many saloons are, and we can go about in the streets with reformed drunkards selling this almanac by the hundreds and thousands, we feel proud indeed of the work we have been able to do through God's good grace. We are not only trying to teach the grown-ups, but by our juvenile branch called the Band of Hope, we are educating the yoang, and we have great hope in the years to come of seeing a new generation in France being raised and trained without any craving for alcohol. We are also trying to do some good work outside of our home land in our French colonies. The nearest of our colonies is Algiers, in North Africa. 92 Do you know that since the war Moslems there have learned to drink wine? There is a story about the Moslem who was told that a single drop of spirit was bad. So he took his glass, put his finger into it, threw away the cursed drop and drank the other part of the glass. We are trying to teach them that the whole glass is bad stuff. We went about and lectured and we had some temperance bills put up in the saloons of the Moors to teach them tem- perance according to their own principles. Then again far away near Australia there is a colony of ours called New Caledonia. I wish I had time to tell you about those poor men who only twenty-five years ago were nearly put to death through drinking habits. The whole nation was almost swept away by drinking habits. Then came the French missionaries, and we came with true and sound temperance teachings, and through the work of the Blue Cross that whole nation has been raised again. I am sorry to say that a French official told those people, "You are going too far. It is all right not to drink whisky any more, or gin, but there is French wine, and you know French wine is the national drink, and you must have some wine if you want to be true to your own country." One of these men was formerly a poor Pagan, nearly dead with misery, but now he has been made a chief amongst his own tribe. He was called before some of the highest officials of the land and the high officials told him, "Myndia, you must drink wine." He said, "No, sir, I belong to the Blue Cross Society and I think this wine is just as much a curse for my own people as the spirit is. I am not going to drink any more of it." We of the Blue Cross, in that very island, have won a victory, as a sign of the time that is to come. We had a bill passed in New Caledonia forbid- ding the selling of wines to the natives in the French colony. The Blue Cross Society has published it as a short hand-bill in three native languages, and there are the three colors, the French colors, on that bill. So now in one part of the French territory there is a Prohibition bill. May God help us so to work and may God help you so to work together with us that soon in all the territory of the French Republic there may be a bill like this with the three colors of my own country saying, "Down with Alcohol and Down with Wine." PIONEER WORK OF THE WHITE RIBBONERS IN THE MOVEMENT FOR WORLD PROHIBITION By Miss ANNA ADAMS GORDON President World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union and President of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of the United States of America Mr. Chairman, friends and fellow travellers on the road to a sober and a dry world, it is a wonderful day in which we live. It is a wonderful thing to have a little part in helping bring the Kingdom of Christ upon earth. As we looked upon yonder tableau, a remarkable setting forth of the foundation of Prohibition, I thought of the founder of the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Frances E. Willard, and what she said so truly, "The fight for a clear brain is the fight for Christianity." My soul is thrilled that the 93 day at last has come when all great dry national organizations of men and women are to get together on a policy and a program to help bring the day of the abolition of the beverage alcohol throughout this great world. If I were to speak from a text it would be "cooperate"; and the first sub-head would be "Cooperate if you want to gain a dry victory" and the second sub- head would be "Cooperate, if you want to hold a dry victory." As one of our half million members of the Woman's Christian Temper- ance Union of the United States, a cooperating organization in the World League Against Alcoholism, now holding its first inspiring convention, I am deeply stirred with its vast significance. As a veteran in the ranks of the World's and United States W. C. T. U., I greatly rejoice in this new and powerful get-together of national organiza- tions of men and women; organizations which for many years in many lands heroically and with tremendous self-sacrifice have battled against the drink habit and the liquor traffic. Now, thank God, all the dry forces of the world, no matter what national programs they may carry forward, are privileged to cooperate in a policy and program to hold victories already obtained, and to secure world annihilation of the traffic in beverage alcohol. All of us every- where men, women, youths, maidens, boys and girls, may pull together toward the goal of a world made wider for women, happier for humanity, safer for little children, a world commercially more prosperous, a world with better health and bigger wealth, a world in which Prohibition, purity and peace eventually shall triumph over discord, disease and death. I am grateful that the Woman's Christian Temperance Union is a cooper- ating group in this great World League Against Alcoholism. We have just been meeting in Philadelphia with representatives from twenty-eight countries, each of our five hundred delegates representing one thousand dues-paying members at home. They commissioned me to bring greetings to the World League Against Alcoholism. We of the World's W. C. T. U., who for thirty- eight years have been steadfastly and heroically at work, heartily congratulate the founders of the World League Against Alcoholism. I am reminded to- night of those presidents of the World's W. C. T. U., who were among our early leaders; Frances E. Willard, the founder of our international organiza- tion, Margaret Bright Lucas, the sister of John Bright, our first president, and two other distinguished and wonderful leaders England has given us, Rosa- lind, Countess of Carlisle and The Lady Henry Somerset. We bring to the World League Against Alcoholism the assurance that the National W. C. T. U., of the United States is ready to cooperate. We hope our national groups in other countries will also cooperate with the World League; Argentina with its membership of 3,000, Australia nearly 7,000, China 1,000, Denmark 6,000, North Wales 2,400, North Ireland 5,000, India 3,000, Japan 5,000, New Zealand 6,000, Canada 20,000, Scotland 52,500, Sweden 8,000, Africa 3,200, Malaysia 1,000, Egypt 500, Germany 18,000, Syria 800. One of the most blessed words in the English language is that word, "together." Cooperation with church and other temperance organizations is essential to successful progress toward our common objective. It will re- quire prayer, patriotism, push and "pep"; preaching from pulpit, platform, and 94 press; parades, posters, publicity, patience, perseverance, and political sagacity, combined with plenty of cash, consecration and common sense to reach the haven of world Prohibition! We are thrilled by the belief that we shall win "the fight for a clear brain" the holiest fight this side Jehovah's throne. No other temperance organization has laid such strong foundations for world-wide victory as has the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. With thankful hearts the members of the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union, nearly a million strong, in forty-two nations of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia, North and South America, greet and cooperate with every tem- perance force engaged in the fight for world-wide Prohibition. Let us make the world safer for the children by working together in this great fight for the annihilation of beverage alcohol. Let us make it commercially more prosperous. Let us bring better health and bigger wealth. It is a wonderful thing to help bring the day when Prohibition, purity and peace shall triumph over discord, disease and death. Oh, women, cooperate. "GUARD YOUR RACE." ADDRESS ON EUGENICS AND PROHIBITION By C. W. SALEEBY, M. D., F. R. S. E., London V ice-President National Temperance League and National Commercial Temperance League; Chairman British National Birth Rate Commission (1918-20) Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, the English poet Byron said that "history, with all her volumes vast, hath but one page." Upon that page is written the rise and fall of one great nation after another. This^ is the supreme problem of history: Why nations becoming great can not remain so. There is no exception yet to this hitherto invariable law. It was com- mented upon and deplored by Aristotle centuries before our era and it is the problem of problems for historians and statesmen today. I believe, after many years of study devoted to this subject, that some con- tributions to it can be made which are not to be found in the accepted works of the historian. As a boy I was fascinated by Gibbon's "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," by the notion that that mighty creation of human power fell utterly. Why? If you have ever read through Gibbon, as I have done once but never shall again, you will learn that he gives no definite information as to how this extraordinary tragedy happened. I believe that alcohol has been and is a leading factor in the decadence of past nations, and in decadence as it is to be witnessed amongst certain nations at this hour. "Let him that thinketh he standeth take heed lest he fall." This applies to the greatest and most glorious and powerful nations on earth at this moment as well as to any in the past. All are involved. Sixteen years ago I included alcohol as one of those substances I called racial poisons. Most injurious things do not poison the race. They hurt the individual and the injury ends there. Thus: A soldier is mutilated. He was a glorious boy when he went. He comes 95 back: but he has left a limb behind him in Flanders. He marries. His chil- dren have all their limbs. The race is untouched. Thus Nature is doing her best ever to preserve the life of future genera- tions; but certain agencies have this damnable quality, they destroy posterity in and through parenthood in the present generation. I call them racial poisons. This Prohibition movement of ours is more than a question of reducing the amount of drunkenness on the streets, relieving the work of the magistrates or of the police courts. It is more than a question of cutting down the num- ber of automobile accidents or increasing the efficiency of industrial produc- tion. It is a question of preserving the life of nations from generation to generation. It is a question of the possibility there may be of breaking the hitherto invariable law of history and so learning and so practising the laws of life that nations may learn how to endure as long as the sun shines. I must offer you some evidence. Now, in the first place, if we go back into history we can learn something. This is not simply my own idea. I will give you supremely high authority before I have finished. We started on this search many years ago and I asked some of my assistants to read in the British Museum things that needed special scholarship, Latin or Greek records. One of them found a record from the second century of our era, the date when, according to Gibbon, Rome began to decline. He found a contemporary annalist deploring the fact that Roman mothers (who had once been of the kind that honored motherhood and hon- ored childhood, like her who called the visitors to her nursery when she was challenged with the question, "Where are your jewels?" and pointed to her children and said, "These are my jewels") that Roman mothers had lost that noble tradition ; would not be bothered to suckle their infants any more; and gave over that sacred task to foster-mothers, slaves, who, this man reports, were usually intemperate and often unchaste. To a eugenist "intemperate" means alcohol circulating in the maternal blood, or in the foster-maternal blood in this case, and "unchaste" means syphilis and gonorrhoea, the two damnable venereal diseases, which were evidently, according to this statement, introduced into the blood of the Roman stock at the hour when Gibbon says Rome began to decline. This means a racial poisoning introduced and spoil- ing the quality of the people, which is the only thing that matters in any time or place, for any nation or for any individual or for any cause. From that hour Rome began to go down. Further back, I found the great law-giver of the Spartans, Lycurgus, in the interest of his nation, prohibiting, as every law and every law-giver is bound to prohibit, that which injures life and liberty, present and to come. For the sake of liberty they restrict license. Lycurgus decreed that no wine should be used at Spartan weddings for he wanted the quality of the breed to be maintained. After employing special scholarship and going to antique writings, I finally found something under my own hand at home that I was able to read without any assistance and that you have all got under your own hands at home, and not all of you know it. I found in the thirteenth chapter of the Book of Judges instructions on this subject. The Lord's people were captive. 96 They had sinned. He decided to release them, by an agent raised up from themselves. He had to make a fine soldier. We tried to make fine soldiers in England in 1914. We sent our finest boys out and they were shot down by German machine guns, and we wanted more men very quickly. We tried to make them overnight. We picked the boys who had never seen sunlight properly, who had never had any fresh food, who had come out of the social system that is indicated by the slum and the saloon, who had come out of alcoholic homes, whose fathers had been drinkers, whose mothers had taken stout and porter to help them with their maternity, as some of our most ignorant doctors have advised, disgracing their profession, and we tried to turn these poor, pitiful fellows into A-l soldiers. It was as if you should take an organ or a piano, a delicate instrument, and leave it out in the winter for twenty years and then try to tune it, and expect our wonderful pianist to get good results out of it. It can't be done, and it can't be done with human instruments. But the Lord sent his angel, we are told, to the future mother of the soldier he needed and said to her, "Beware, I pray thee, and drink no wine, nor strong drink, for lo, thou shalt conceive and bear a son and he shall be a Nazarene unto God from the womb and he shall begin to deliver his people from the hands of their enemies." There is authority for you. It is a good deal older than anything else I quote you and it stands as the advice of hygiene and of eugenics and of true statesmanship. Do you know how I define a statesman? A politician is a man who is always thinking of the next election. A statesman is a man who is always thinking of the next generation. True statesmanship will attend to this. "Beware, I pray thee, and drink no wine nor strong drink." The Lord wanted to raise a hero and the prescription was followed and the hero was raised and he did the work for which he was destined. Now, thaj is what history tells us about this subject and it is far back you know, Mr. Chairman, the date, I do not some thousands of years ago when Samson had to be created. That is the earliest record in human think- ing and in human experience that alcohol is what I call a racial poison. , I give you a little modern evidence. Today at Cornell Hospital Medical School at New York City there is a man who for ten years has been studying this subject. He has prejudices in the opposite direction. He is himself a connoisseur of wine and greatly resents being deprived of it and doesn't mind saying so, quite honestly. I speak of Professor Stockard. His work on guinea pigs for ten years past has shown that when they inhale a slightly alcoholized atmosphere for one hour per day the race is degenerated. These guinea pigs are not intoxicated in the sense that a policeman understands the term or a magistrate or the conventional type of legislator, but they are poisoned (which is what the word intoxicated means) because they have in- haled a poison that goes into their blood, to all their tissues, and injures the germ plasm which is the future of the race. In our definition of alcoholism, in our World League, the definition for which I believe I was responsible, since I happened to be the one man of sci- ence in the committee when it was created, we say that alcoholism is "the poisoning of body and germ plasm" (that is the future of the race in every 97 youngish or young person) "mind, conduct and society by the drinking of al- cohol" and I am here to say this poisoning of the race, of the germ plasm, is the worst thing alcohol does against mankind. I am here to say that everyone who enjoys life, who finds it pleasant to look upon the sun and breathe the air of Heaven and believes it is good to be alive, that all of us ought to be thank- ful to our fathers and our mothers and our grandfathers and our grand- mothers that they kept the racial poisons out of their blood before we came into being. Another kind of evidence. Dr. Bertholet of Lausanne, who contributed to our Anti-alcohol Congress in Lausanne last year, has spent ten years making post-mortem examinations and has learned what medical students have yet to be taught. I had the pleasure of teaching some of them in the University of this city this afternoon that while alcohol can be shown to degenerate the cells of man's liver or kidney or the gray matter of his brain, it also injures the germ plasm of man and woman upon which the future of the race depends, oftener, much oftener, as a statistical fact, than any other tissue in the body. The race is more sensitive than the individual. The race is more hurt than the individual. Strict sobriety, strict moderate drinking. What does moderate drinking cause? It causes moderate drunkenness, and this drunkenness goes all through the body and, when it is maintained, the result is the destruction of the race. Moderate drinking, perfectly respectable and decent, always well self-con- tained; no impropriety of any kind whatsoever. Yet this strict respectability involves the moderate but continuous intoxication of the stock. I had the pleasure of going through your Western provinces last year and when I commented upon the superb quality of Canadian childhood and amused my- self by asking audiences, "What is the principal product of ^Canada?" and they told me "Wheat" and nickel and so forth, I had to tell them the prin- cipal product of Canada is Canadians. I taught them one of the reasons why this splendid childhood is to be observed in Canada. Even when you were drinking in Canada you didn't do that steady, decent, respectable drinking, that steady, decent, respectable people defend; which does not bring you into contact with the police, but which is intoxicating the germ plasm and spoiling the race from generation to generation. A third student, Dr. Mjoen, a man who with his colleagues is responsible for the most that has been done in Norway, has traced family histories that show how a man and woman, well descended in the best sense, from an- cestors who lived long and flourished and were splendid people, may marry and have children and the children are splendid and then one wretched day the father starts drinking and the next child doesn't flourish in the same way. He dies of tuberculosis, or some other disease, when he is young; the next dies as a baby; and the next dies as a very young baby; and the next is born dead; and there are no more. And that noble race, with the racial poison introduced into it, has been reduced, first of all, to disease, and finally to extinction. Such is some of the modern evidence on this subject. Now, there is more to say. Alcohol is not only a racial poison in itself, 98 as asserted by students of the subject from the Angel of the Lord recorded in the thirteenth chapter of Judges to us modern students who are trying to study the matter from a scientific standpoint, but it is also the chief accom- plice and confederate of venereal disease and perhaps this is the very worst thing that alcohol does. All over the world the nations, during the war and now during peace, are trying to fight venereal disease, in the first place be- cause of its cost, in the second place because they want to protect the indi- vidual, and in the third place, when they are enlightened enough, because they know that nothing destroys a race like venereal disease. I will give you some evidence in support of my contention that you, who are fighting against alcohol, are fighting for the prevention of venereal dis- ease, and have already done more than all the doctors and all the medicines and all the clinics and all the official schemes for venereal disease yet recorded. During the war this was an urgent matter. There was at one period a number of British soldiers alone equal to an army corps in hospitals suffering from venereal disease. Very soon after the war broke out the War Office asked me to go and lecture to the troops on this subject and other subjects connected with military hygiene. This is what we did. We had a syllabus of a model lecture on venereal disease, approved by Lord Kitchener, and we (using our discretion, of course) followed this syllabus and lectured to the soldiers. These were official pa- rades. The men had to be there; they had to listen. The colonel was in the chair. They were all there. We spoke our full word to them. When it was done they thanked goodness and then stepped across the road in the military camp into the wet canteen, also thoughtfully provided, just like my lecture, by the authorities. When the liquor was in, my lesson was out. This drug is a pure narcotic from the beginning of its action to the end; first of all it paralyses the highest part of our nature, judgment, sensibility, capacity for self-control, and when these things are gone the sex instinct just runs riot because it is no longer under control, can no longer be sublimated into action of noble kinds, and the man falls to temptation. In a report which is now being published in England, of our Adolescence Commission, there is my evidence to say that in my judgment those lectures to over a third of a million soldiers during the war on my part were a farce and a waste of time in so far as venereal disease was concerned, because the wet canteen provided by the authorities more than nullified any possible good that such lectures as mine could have done. In effect, we failed. Every army in the war failed except those armies or parts of armies that eliminated the liquor factor. The American Army succeeded. The Canadian Army suc- ceeded in limiting liquors in Canada. In Canada, but not overseas. During the great meeting called in London by the "Strength of Britain Movement," of which organization I had the honor to be Chairman, I remem- ber challenging Mr. Bonar Law for his share of responsibility that Canadian boys had come over to England and that Canadian wheat had been saved from Canadian plates for the purpose of the war and sent over to England, had been handed over to the brewers and distillers for their purposes until we got that stopped and turned into beer and whisky, to corrupt those Can- 99 adian boys grain that might have been grown by their own fathers' doors in your beautiful Canadian west for the ruin of those boys, body and soul, and of their race. Since the war we have had some evidence. Some of us on this platform, when we were here three years ago, were driven around quarters of certain recently wet cities in the United States. We were usually taken to the beauti- ful parts of the cities, the show places that are shown to all visitors, just as people put their best apples or strawberries on the top. They show you the beautiful parts of the cities but people that have any sense want to see the parts that are usually not shown to visitors. We were taken to parts that had been red light districts, centers for the propagation of venereal disease and of racial death, until the saloons had been closed and then the scoundrels who ran that commercialized white slave traffic found they couldn't live by selling the bodies and souls of young girls without the help of liquor and they had to get out and go off to some wet city. That was the first thing we learned, that when the liquor factor went out of the way commercialized pros- titution ceased to be possible. Why, that would justify us in our World League Against Alcoholism if nothing else could be named on the subject, that alone. What is all the money in the world that ever was or will be, all the "yellow mud" in all the nations of the earth, compared with one girl's soul? I went to the Health Commissioners of the three biggest cities in the United States: New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. I went to the Federal Bureau in Washington. In each of these I asked the same question: "How is Prohibition affecting your work against venereal diseases?" They all re- turned the same answer: It had helped them. I was going to say incal- culably, but no, it can be calculated. Official statistics of wet and dry years in Massachusetts have shown how the curve of new infections of venereal dis- ease, the great race destroyers, steadily rose since the armistice until Prohibi- tion came in, and then came down with a slump. Have the doctors discovered any new treatment? No. Have they de- vised any new methods? No. Have any new clinics been opened? No. But Prohibition has come in and the people who have worked for Prohibition have done more than all the doctors and all the medicines in the world against the deadliest and most horrible of all diseases. Isn't it time that men in high office should be acquainted with these things? It was recently my privilege to speak in the Province of Quebec about the value of Prohibition. That province is today the poison center for North America. It is the place where the destruction of food takes place. No alco- holic liquors can be made without destroying food. That is a crime against mankind in itself. Did you realize that? There never yet was a drop of liquor that wasn't made without destroying something that had food value. That alone condemns it in starving Europe, doesn't it? Well, there in Quebec they destroy food and they produce a racial poison, and object to being told what is being achieved in dry parts of the world. The Premier of Quebec, Mr. Taschereau, gave out an interview to the 100 Canadian press and said he objected to my presence in the Province and what I had been saying there. He said, "Physician, heal thyself. Go back to England and Scotland, if they need your help, and leave us alone." The answer is that the physician has come to dry Canada, not Quebec, but dry Canada, for the prescription. We have come to learn from the dry methods in Canada and go back to our own countries and heal ourselves. That is the first answer to the Premier of Quebec; and the second is this: The Premier said that he would be sorry to see in Canada the results obtained under Pro- hibition in the dry provinces of Canada and in the United States' ; flow while it is no discredit to be ignorant, if you are in an hunblt 1 . position arid do not accept responsibility, it is shameful to be highly placed . ai\U ignorant' iiMtye ; matters that concern your responsibility. If one be mentally aefeCfive*, 1 -if* one do not have the apparatus necessary for acquiring the information, one can resign and leave one's job to someone else, but if one has the mental apparatus, and this thing I could explain to a five-year-old easily, then it is shameful to be so ignorant. I will draw the Premier's atention now, not for the first time, to one or two of the results of Prohibition. We are interested particularly this evening in the life of the race, in our responsibility to all the unborn who are to come after us, in handing on the lamp of life as we received it, we fortunate, from our ancestors, to posterity. I take the case of the survival of babies. We all have to begin as babies. I am aware this subject is usually thought only fit for mothers. I am fully aware that to recall the spacious and vast, and, as it were, God-like intellect of a man, who naturally is always thinking about sublime things, and to call his thought down from the spheres to a "puny infant" is unworthy of his dignity, but the fact remains all men, even politicians, begin as helpless, innocent infants. If some woman, rightly or wrongly, hadn't thought them worth saving they wouldn't be here to bother us now. None of them. We all have to begin like that. I call your attention to the way in which babies live in contrast with the numbers who used to die when certain parts of this country were wet. I will take, for instance, New York. New York is a very good case to take, because Prohibition is very imperfectly enforced there as yet, but even so the most wonderful results have been observed, fully justifying, I here assert, the prop- osition I made when it was my privilege to preside at the banquet we gave to Mr. Pussyfoot Johnson in London on the day American Prohibition came into force. I said on that day that Prohibition was the greatest health measure in history. It is already the greatest health measure in history. Last year in New York the infant mortality was 71 per thousand per annum. Students of infant mortality know this is a marvelous figure; unprecedented. It has never before been approached by New York or by any comparable city. The difficulties of keeping babies alive in that city are formidable to a degree. Think of such factors as its extremely hot summer; the crowds of ignorant im- migrants who come in, who have never lived in a city before and don't know the first thing about living in a city; their poverty; their crowding together. Yet under those conditions, infant mortality in New York last year the 101 previous year was a record but last year was better still was reduced to 71 per thousand, leaving all comparable records nowhere. By general con- sent the new factor in the lives of babies in New York last year (babies but, mind you, they are the citizens of the future) was Prohibition. "The home's greatest enemy," as Mr. William Jennings Bryan has often called it when I have had the good luck to be going around with him, "the home's greatest enemy" has been turned out. There will be plenty of rich fools spending their money as fopls have always done, but the homes of the people, the many, the, homes of the people have been protected. Motherhood, the first sacred circle around the future life of the race, is protected, and the home is made safe, and there infancy has thrived, and only 71 out of a thousand babies born died in New York last year. What was the figure in Montreal? It was 155 per thousand. I happened to be in that city. The Child Welfare Association knew I was there and asked me to address them at the inaugural meeting of their annual convention on child welfare. The chairman introduced me and said "Here is a man from London. They have been working at this in London but we have worked at this in Montreal." He said, "Our figure last year was only 155 per thousand per annum." More than twice the figure of dry New York. Your American development of radio is now beyond my comprehension and seems to be capable of anything. If it will carry my voice to the unborn I strongly recommend them, when entering this new world, to choose the New York, rather than the Montreal route. Or, for the matter of that, any dry city, rather than any wet one. The figure in Boston was only 77. The figure in Toronto was only 86; but in Montreal it was 155. Between one in six and one in seven of all the babies born in that city couldn't live to reach the end of their first year. Sir Arthur Newsholme, one of the greatest of our English doctors, for- merly the distinguished head of our official public health service, prepared maps a few years ago in England and Wales to show the distribution of public houses and drinking, and then he prepared maps to show the distribu- tion of the deaths of babies. Those two maps are identical in England and Wales. Where most babies die is the place where most liquor is consumed; where there are most public houses. Today New York and Montreal or Boston and Montreal or Toronto and Montreal or any dry city and Mont- real will prove the point. Is the Premier of Quebec quite certain that he doesn't want babies to live in Quebec as they live in dry states and provinces? I dare say the opin- ions of babies don't interest politicians. They don't have votes. But, sup- pose the babies could be consulted, would they rather have the dry condi- tion or the wet? What do you say? We will have to appeal from such a man as this to the eternal principles of life and morality and of religion and say it is our business "to visit the widows and fatherless in their affliction." Allow me to take another instance. There is a disease called pulmonary tuberculosis. This is the killing dis- ease for adults in the temperate zones of the earth. Perhaps in view of what I am going to say, I should say it is the killing disease in the intemperate 102 zones of the earth. I am going to show that when those geographically tem- perate zones really become temperate, this disease begins to disappear. They have been working at it in New York. I take New York again. The same can be shown for very' many cities over this continent outside of Quebec. But I now take New York. They have been fighting consumption or pulmonary tuberculosis there for a quarter of a century. They have suc- ceeded in somewhat reducing it; definitely reducing it, I believe, because they have abolished coal smoke and restored the sunlight, which is the best medi- cine, the best stimulant, the best antiseptic, and one of the best foods that exists, and upon which all our lives ultimately depend. They have allowed the sunlight to be restored to that city. Nevertheless, owing to the opera- tion of other factors they had, in 1918, 160 deaths per hundred thousand in that city from that disease. Last year the figure was only 89. They have taken the White Plague, the disease of these parts of the world, and they have almost halved the death rate from it in three years. The doctors have not contributed to this, except in so far as they have helped Prohibition. We have made no new discoveries in tuberculosis There is no new serum, vaccine, or other treatment on the market. They have not devised any new social methods. They have not extended sanitoria or clinics. They have closed sanitoria and clinics wholesale for lack of pa- tients to come into them. Prohibition has done this, and if you say that that is a biased statement from someone who made such predictions about Prohibition, I will refer you to the Tuberculosis Association of New York, not a temperance body or a Prohibition body, not a religious body, but a body that is banded to- gether to fight tuberculosis. Their official report this year states that the result, this unheard of result, which makes New York the wonder city of the world in terms of health, considering its size and difficulties, this unheard of result, practically halving that disease in three years, has been due first and foremost to Prohibition. It is very honest of that association to say so. They might very well have said, "It is our work that has done it." They don't say that. They say, "It is Prohibition." Prohibition has meant better nutrition for the worker. It has meant more recreation and more sunlight. It has meant heightened resistance to the attacks of disease; the properly nourished body does not allow itself to be eaten by tubercle bacilli. It eats them. And that is what is happening now in New York, and that disease is vanishing un- der the Prohibition regime. If Quebec's Premier does not want such results in Montreal the Montre- aleans must be taught and all the wet countries of the world have got to be shown these results, and then they will want such boons for themselves. A map of France was prepared by my friend Sir Sims Woodhead, of the University of Cambridge, and he showed that the distribution of wine drinking in France corresponded with the distribution of pulmonary tuberculosis, just like those maps by Sir Arthur Newsholme of infant mortality and drinking in England; and maps that might now be made showing the present distri- bution of tuberculosis upon the North American continent. Our World League Against Alcoholism has got to get these truths pub- 103 lished throughout the world to counteract the efforts of the international lie factory which has its headquarters I don't know where, but which certainly has branch offices in every capital and big city in every country in the world. I learned last year that the articles under the regime of the late Lord Northcliffe (I had supposed those lies were something for which we were peculiarly privileged in England) I learned that my friend Mr. Larsen-Ledet read those statements in Danish papers at his breakfast table, and that they are also published in Italian and in French and so on all over the world in simultaneous publications in all capitals. We have got to counteract that. It is not so easy but it has got to be done. We are not required to invent other lies on the other side. We are just required to acquaint ourselves with and then to publish and to go on publishing the truth, and the truth will make men free. At the same time it is a privilege and a pleasure for me to exculpate one very distinguished visitor to this continent whose first impressions of Prohi- bition were very disastrous to a cause to which she is herself attached, and that is Mrs. Asquith. Mrs. Asquith reported in England that Prohibition was a deplorable failure in the United States of America. She had only seen a very small, and by no means representative segment of society in the United States and she had generalized for the whole country. When I drew her attention to this, when she saw a few of the vital sta- tistics, of which I have only given you one or two this evening, because there is no time for more, she realized she had made a serious mistake and she promptly wrote to one of our best papers in England, the Westminster Ga- zette, and handsomely withdrew the whole of what she had said and said that in view of my statistics she realized that she was wrong and that Prohibition was doing a great service to the life of America. I want you to know that, because everybody knows that, whatever her personal idiosyncrasies may be, she is as honest as the day, and that was a very brave act of a very honest lady, to withdraw what she had said and to tell the truth. They are not all like that. In Scotland, two years ago, I had the privilege of addressing in the ancient and noble city of Perth on a Sunday evening a glorious audience. They were to vote the next morning. I have got no Scottish blood in me but I greatly respect that great race, which has had a large part in the his- tory of Canada and of the United States of America. I see those magnifi- cent men, tall and broad shouldered, and their glorious childhood. I see the race in Canada and in the United States, unimpaired. In Scotland, the story is tragically different. Two years ago the Scottish people got their chance to protect their race against this racial poison which is ruining them at this hour. Ruining them, so that you can see the difference between the Scot- tish child in Scotland and the Scottish child in Manitoba, the little Macdon- alds on the one side of the Atlantic and the little Macdonalds on the other. You who are Scotsmen here, or you who have got Scottish blood, see to it that this World League of ours gets going with the truth to make them free in old Scotland away back there. Some of these things needed to be said to the Scottish people. Just before they voted, Lord Dewar published a state- 104 ment in a London newspaper which, having lied, died and is now defunct. It was called "The Globe." He published a statement, having just returned from America, that he had seen all sorts of evils from Prohibition and, furthermore, Henry Ford had told him that he had seen no good results from Prohibition in America but only that it had made an army of millions of law-breakers. This was published everywhere. We had pennies for thousands of pounds they had. They could publish the thing. They could take whole pages of newspapers and publish this kind of thing and everybody in the British Isles heard it. This is what Henry Ford, a respected and serious-minded Ameri- can citizen, had said to Lord Dewar. I knew it was a lie. We asked the World League Against Alcoholism, already functioning at 69 Fleet street in London, with Mr. Pussyfoot Johnson in charge, to cable Henry Ford to get the truth. Henry Ford had never said any such thing. His opinion was directly the reverse of that attributed to him. He had never met Lord Dewar. Lord Dewar had never met him; had never been to Detroit. All he had seen of America was while standing on his yacht outside Sandy Hook to watch Sir Thomas Lipton's yacht lose the America Cup. From that moment to this we havn't had a word of apology or explana- tion from Lord Dewar as to how he came to utter that shameful lie about a friendly country to the grave injury of his own at an hour when there was no time to get it refuted. Remember this, you Scotsmen. Remember this about Lord Dewar and this typical alcoholic lie when the time comes for Scotland to vote again next year. Compare the childhood of Scotland tonight with the childhood of Scot- tish stock in Canada and in the United States of America. Compare the infant mortality of Glasgow with the infant mortality of Toronto or of Cal- gary or of Edmonton. Compare the conditions in respect of rickets and tuberculosis of Scottish childhood and Scottish youth today with what they show on this side of the Atlantic; the difference is that between darkness and light. Is the race dying because it is old? The race is showing signs of eternal youth, as races that obey the laws of life may do, here on this side of the Atlantic, whereas it is visibly dying, following the course of many others that have died like it in old Europe, that have been drinking liquor too long, that have had this racial poison soaking through the national blood for so many centuries that the vitality is decreased and the end is approaching. Guard your race, is my advice to the representatives of every country on earth that is represented here tonight. Wherever you come from, guard your race. It is your all. Your history, your wealth, your institutions, your traditions, your proud records in this, that and the other, nothing on earth will avail you, not all these things put together, if you allow the quality of your race, which alone matters, to fail, and for that reason you must turn out the racial poison, alcohol, which is also the accomplice of racial poisons more damnable still. Beware, lest you be told, as they are told in British Columbia, as we are now told in England, as they are told in Quebec, that much money is raised, 105 that many institutions can be built out of the proceeds of this traffic. They are flattering themselves that they can build, oh, fine works of charity, re- ligious works, works for hospitals, hospitals for tuberculosis, homes for the feeble minded, out of their money in Quebec. They will need homes for the feeble-minded as long as they sell the racial poison in Quebec. I got my degree in Edinburgh in a place called the MacEwan Hall, built out of the money of a brewer given to the University. I have spoken "against whisky in Edinburgh in a hall, the Usher Hall, built out of the money of a distiller. What are these institutions like? They remind me of a verse in the book of Joshua. There was a horrible practice in ancient times, a pagan prac- tice, fundamentally opposed to the religion of the Jews, which has always cared for childhood, has always guarded motherhood. (None of you ever saw a drunken Jewess and, probably, none of you ever saw a drunken Jew, and that race survives and thrives today after ages of oppression). This cruel pagan practice was called the foundation sacrifice. They would take a little baby, the first born, and kill it, and put it in the ground and build the walls of their buildings, found their city on its body. There is a verse in Joshua, VI-26 (I believe you will find it): "Cursed be the man that buildeth this city Jericho." (It applies to any wet city on earth:) "He shall lay the founda- tion thereof in his first born and in his youngest son shall he set up the gates of it." Whenever and wherever you see external prosperity and material resources founded upon this race-destroying poison there is the curse: the first born and the youngest are buried in the foundations of that kind of glory. But for us, for any who will guard their race, there is a better prom- ise and it is this: They that shall be of us shall build the old waste places. We shall raise up the foundations of many generations and we shall be called the repairers of the breach, the restorers of paths to dwell in. SATURDAY MORNING SESSION ADDRESS By BISHOP THOMAS NICHOLSON, D. D. Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church and National President of the Anti- Saloon League of America Mr. Chairman, and friends, I have just this word of greeting. We are not in a dress parade affair. We are in the most tremendous struggle, the most tremendous moral struggle, I think, that the world has seen since Christ died on Calvary. We have had great victories. We have just ahead of us greater fighting, I think, than any we have yet gone through. As to the outcome of the conflict, I have no doubt. The great and im- mortal Lincoln said, "You may fool all of the people some of the time and some of the people all of the time, but you cannot fool all of the people all of the time", and the problem, as I 'see it, the chief problem of the temper- ance reform, is to get down to the last man with the facts, such compelling facts as Dr. Saleeby gave you here yesterday, such compelling facts as we have from every state where Prohibition has been in effect, facts which ap- peal to the common sense of humanity. It is a question of challenging the 106 best self of every voter arid of every man in every nation, and keeping at it long enough, until we shall have a dry world. That is not an easy task. Now, I have just two suggestions. In the United States of America, I have become convinced, the conflict has gone far beyond the question of whether we are going to have wine and beer. It is a question of the ability of democracy to effectuate, to make good. We have had a long conflict. My good wife is the daughter of a pioneer Methodist preacher in Kansas who permanently injured his health stumping that State with John P. St. John forty years ago to secure Prohibition in Kansas. We have had a forty-year trial there. Nobody now thinks about Kansas going back to liquor. They have a settled policy there. The" trial is enough. Starting with Maine and with Kansas, more than a generation ago, we went by one process and another until in the United States of America we had the overwhelming majority of the population living in dry territory before the Eighteenth Amendment went into effect at all. Then by the greatest ma- jority ever recorded for any one of the nineteen amendments to the Consti- tution of the United States we put the Eighteenth Amendment in the Con- stitution and finally, by means of a Congress, largely elected on that issue, we secured the enforcement acts. Now, what happened? Thirty-three organizations, boasting that they had a million dollars of money back of them, proceeded with the chief argu- ment that they have to put up, "You never can enforce it." "We propose to see that the thing goes down." This is a question of the validity of democracy and sooner or later you will have the same kind of fight anywhere you put Prohibition in. It is a question of the power of government to effectuate itself after the law is put on the statute books, and it is as great a struggle, it is as patriotic a struggle, it is as vital a struggle to the purposes of government, as any great historic national struggle we have had. As to the outcome I have no possible question. It is a question of time. It is a question of patience. It is a question of faith in our people and above all, a question of faith in God and in the righteousness of our cause, and ulti- mate victory is assured. ADDRESS By PROFESSOR ROBERT HERCOD, PH. D., Lausanne, Switzerland Director International Temperance Bureau and one of the Joint Presidents of the World League Against Alcoholism Our difficulties in Continental Europe are great, greater than you per- haps imagine and they explain for a good part the slowness of our progress. We have to meet a dreadful economic situation, not only of the government, but also of private leaders. We have all the traditions which consider wine and beer and spirits as absolute necessities of a normal life. We have also very great economic balances against us, showing that France and Spain and Italy are for a good part living from the trade in wine. We have also a liquor traffic which is nationally and internationally powerfully organized, perhaps more than it was in the United States before Prohibition. And what 107 is worse, the liquor traffic in Europe is in most countries backed by the gov- ernment. It is a shame that when the wine merchants in France and in Spain wanted to overthrow Iceland's Prohibition they found ready help from their governments. We have also in Europe our great political divisions. In the United States you have one hundred millions of people speaking or under- standing the same language and living under the same government, but we in Europe have thirty states, forty or fifty languages, and, of course, there are great difficulties in our way, but if our difficulties are great, our hopes are still greater, and our hopes are justified. Northern Europe, not only Finland or Iceland, but Sweden and Nor- way, perhaps even Denmark, and the Baltic States, the whole of northern Europe is ripe for national Prohibition and it is likely that we will have it in a few years. As for Central Europe, it is not yet in the realm of pos- sibility to think of national Prohibition in Germany or in Switzerland, for in- stance, but local option or better, local Prohibition has already begun its good work. In Poland, in Bulgaria, and even in Germany and in Switzerland this measure will very likely be soon introduced. As for southern and western Europe, the wine interests are so great that it is impossible to think of real legislative measures, but only of educa- tion, and even this educational work is very hard and difficult; but there are in those countries a handful of valiant people who will fight, fight, until they win. We hope for victory as I told you, because we feel that we are not alone. Yesterday Dr. Cherrington powerfully proclaimed the necessity of solidarity in the fight against alcoholism, and I believe that this inter- national world organization offers all those who want to oppose the liquor traffic an opportunity to do so. I think that is the keynote and the motto of the World League Against Alcoholism. We must covenant together, uniting in one .common force our brains, our energy, our money, and we will win. THE VOTE ON PROHIBITION IN SWEDEN By REVEREND DAVID OSTLUND, Stockholm, Sweden Secretary of the Anti-Saloon League of Sweden Mr. Chairman, members of the Convention, I am first of all to bring you greetings from Sweden with its nearly one million devoted temperance friends, as well as from Norway with two or three hundred thousand Prohibition workers. I am to bring you the greetings of Finland with its Prohibition people of more than three millions. I have also been instructed to bring the greetings to this conference from the first European Prohibition nation, little Iceland out in the Atlantic Ocean. Since September, 1919, it has been the privilege of your speaker to serve as a missionary of the World League Against Alcoholism to the Scandinavian countries. This area has a total population of about fifteen million people. Iceland has been named as the first Prohibition country. Finland was the next, and they had Prohibition in effect thirty days before you had National Prohibition in the United States of America. On the 108 first of June, 1919, Finland's Prohibition law went into effect and Prohibition has been enforced from that time. Norway has half way Prohibition, inasmuch as drinks containing more than 14 per cent of alcohol are prohibited. That is a weak Prohibition meas- ure, but it has had a good effect nevertheless. Sweden with its six million people has had organized temperance work more than a century, or since 1819, when Peter Wiesergrain, later District Pastor in the State Church of Sweden, organized the first temperance movement in Sweden. Since that time organized work has gone on, but especially since 1897, when the Good Templars started their work in Sweden, there has been a great development of organized temperance effort. Other organizations besides the Good Templars have been at work and I can give you an idea of the power of that combined organized work when I say that in the first year of this century the number of organized members in the temperance societies of Sweden was over four hundred thousand. About that time a tremendous feeling in favor of temperance and Prohibition was rising in Sweden. As a result, in the year 1909, a petition for total Prohibition was presented, signed by over 1,800,000 adult persons. But, of course, Sweden had no real democratic form of gov- ernment and the whole thing was swamped. Instead of getting Prohibition Sweden was unfortunate enough to get the Bratt system, which is the most keen, deceptive effort of the enemy to defeat Prohibition. The temperance people have done their best to educate people not to drink, but the Bratt sys- tem educates the people to drink. Let me tell you what the Bratt system really is. When that great petition for Prohibition was before the people Dr. Bratt of Stockholm rose up and said, "The conditions we have are awful. The government system does not fill the program of temperance. The failure of the Gothenberg system is that , although it tries to prevent persons from getting wealthy by selling liquors it does not control those who get the liquor, and the drinker gets it. We must order things in another way. We must have a system where we can know who are getting liquors and who are not," and he invented that system of the Mot book. He said, "We will let every decent man and woman get just as much liquor as they can handle without causing harm." The quantity allowed amounts to nearly one gallon Ameri- can measure, a gallon of strong drink. That this is absurd, to keep people away from doing harm by giving the decent people, even four litres a month, ought to be clear to everybody, but it was not clear to some of the temperance people in Sweden, and the Bratt system was established. We all know that a man can do himself and others as well very much harm by one quart of whisky at a time. It would be necessary to have a good and faithful policeman to keep a man from doing himself or others harm by that litre in his possession. That system is as absurd as any system can be and it hasn't given the satisfaction Dr. Bratt promised it would give. The Mot books of Sweden have gone out to the number of over one million. A Swedish-American returned to Sweden some time ago and he was asked about the main difference between America and Sweden. "The main difference is this, sir," he replied, "that America has about one automobile for every six persons, but Sweden has a Mot book for every six persons." We voted on Prohibition, as you all know, on the 27th of August, 1922. 109 We were voted down by a small wet majority of about 35,000 votes; exactly, the figures stand this way for Prohibition, 889,028; against Prohibition 924,934; majority against Prohibition 34,906. We believed that we would win but we did not win. What is the reason for our defeat? First, let me say that we did not recognize the defeat in reality. We did not win but we did not lose, either. We have the people of Sweden divided into about equal parts, one for and one against, and the fight is on. In order to make you understand how things really stand in Sweden I would like to state that the temperance movement that I have praised so much, which had its culmination in the first years of this century, had for years been on the decline. After Dr. Bratt had become the ruling power, we may say, as the liquor king of Sweden, the temperance people first believed that he would make things as good as could be made; and when I had the opportunity of coming to Sweden in 1919 it is a fact that the temperance organizations were losing members by the tens of thousands. Things were looking pretty black and since most of the temperance organizations of Sweden had not for decades taken any interest in church affairs, and had not connected with them the church people for the fight, the situation was this: That the army of temper- ance people was getting smaller and smaller and that the great army of church people in Sweden were not interested in the fight. The church people said, "It is the business of the temperance people to look after this," and the general opinion was that we could not expect very much in the near future. I can not by words describe .the great gratitude I felt that through God I had an opportunity to come, in this dark hour of Swedish temperance work as the messenger of the World League and tell especially of our great victory in America, the holy war that the Christian people of America had fought and brought to a conclusion and a victory. I had the opportunity of travelling around in Sweden, in all the large cities, during the winter of 1919 and 1920, and great crowds listened to the message. The result was that in March, 1920, half a year after I started my lecture trip, the wish was expressed in all parts of the country for an organiza- tion of such a character as the American Anti-Saloon League, and the organ- ization was started, not on paper but in reality. We did not appoint one man here and there and say, "You be a representative of the Methodist Church; you of the Baptist Church," and so forth. No, we said to the boards of the different denominations, "If you want an organization, please appoint your own man on that board," and so they did. Three religious bodies of Sweden did so in the early months of 1920, and last but by no means least, the State Church of Sweden joined with the Anti-Saloon League of Sweden. On the 24th of March, 1920, at the General Church Council at Stockholm, while the Archbishop Nathaniel Soderblom was presiding, Sweden's State Church de- clared it would take part in the work and selected four State Church pastors to represent the State Church in the Anti-Saloon League of Sweden. It also helped our work very much, to have with us for a short time the founder of the Anti-Saloon League of America. His meetings were attended by crowds of thousands of Swedes, and it gave a great impetus to our work. On behalf of the Anti-Saloon League of Sweden, I want to thank the 110 World League Against Alcoholism for sending us this excellent helper and grand fighter. We have an organization now in Sweden combining all the forces. Here we are at the best time, with all the people organized. We have an organiza- tion that is bound to bring us the victory if we only keep the work going and we are going to do that. There isn't a man or woman in Sweden, in temperance work, that is going back on this question. We are fighting so that the enemies are afraid of us and Bratt in his castle in Sweden with his brandy and his liquor is trembling. We are going to get Prohibition, and we are going to get it by a strong majority the next time we try it, and we hope that will be in a couple of years. THE CHURCHES AND WORLD PROHIBITION By REVEREND JAMES CANNON, JR., D. D. Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the World League Against Alcoholism The great fundamental purpose of the Christian Church is the making of disciples of Jesus Christ, and this is not a theoretical, but an intensely practical aim. It does not end with the public confession of individual belief in the existence of God, or intellectual assent to the pre-eminence of the character and personality of Jesus. "The devils also believe and tremble." The aim of the Christian religion is to "bring every thought" of the individual and finally of society "into captivity to Christ," so that the teaching and the example of Jesus will dominate the thinking, the aim, and the conduct of all life business, social, domestic and devotional. All the law and the prophets are summed up by Jesus in the two great commandments: "Thou shalt love the Lord tby God with all thy heart, with all thy soul, with all thy mind; and thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself." The vital, throbbing word in these two command- ments is "love", and the new commandment which Jesus gave to his disciples was: "A new commnadment give I unto you, that ye love one another." St. Paul, with a sweeping negative statement, indicates those who can rightly be called Christians: "If any man have not the spirit of Christ, he is none of his." What was the spirit of Christ? It was the spirit of love, of a love hav- ing as its highest form of expression self-sacrifice. No man can rightly claim to be a follower of Jesus; no church can truly claim to be a Christian church which is lacking in Love, and which, therefore, is lacking in Self-Sacrifice. It is of the very genius of Christianity; indeed, it is its life's blood, that it shall follow in the footsteps of its Lord. The attitude of the Church of Jesus, therefore, toward humanity must be the attitude which he took toward the people of his own city Nazareth "To preach the good news to the poor, to heal the broken hearted, to preach deliverance to the captive and recovery of sight to the blind, to set at liberty them that are bruised." Jesus Christ came to save the world, and in the carrying out of that saving purpose we are told by St. John, the apostle of love, that "For this purpose the son of man was manifested, that he might destroy the works of the devil," and no- where in all literature is there such an awful catalogue of evil deeds and such a scathing denunciation of them, as is given by Jesus in his terrible indictment 111 of the scribes, Pharisees and hypocrites. He and all his apostles preached the beauty, the glory, the effectiveness of the Gospel of Love, and at the same time denounced with unparalleled plainness of speech the antagonism of Jesus and his true followers to all forms of evil, and the duty of all genuine Christians to love, and to live a life of sacrificial love. What does sacrificial love require? Jesus said, "Wherefore, if thy right eye cause thee to offend, pluck it out and cast it from thee; if they right hand cause thee to offend, cut if off and cast it from thee, and I say unto you, who- soever shall cause one of these little ones to offend, it were better for him that a millstone were hanged about his neck and he were cast into the depths of the sea." St. Paul declared, "Wherefore, whether ye eat, or drink, or whatsoever ye do, do all to the glory of God. It is good neither to eat flesh, nor to drink wine, nor anything whereby thy brother is caused to stumble, or is offended, or is made weak. We, then, that are strong ought to bear the infirmities of the weak, and not to please ourselves. Let every one of us please his neighbor for his good to upbuilding." This statement of principles upon which the x Church of Jesus Christ is founded seems to be fundamental to any proper estimate of the necessary at- titude of the Christian Church toward the Prohibition of the traffic in intoxicat- ing liquors. Jesus Christ gave to his disciples a simple but acid test by which they could judge the nature of a tree. "Ye shall know them by their fruits. Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles? Even so every good tree bringeth forth good fruit, but a corrupt tree bringeth forth evil fruit. A good tree can not bring forth evil fruit, nor can a corrupt tree bring forth good fruit. Every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down and cast into the fire. Wherefore by their fruits ye shall know them." Judged by this simple test, is the traffic in intoxicating liquors a good tree, or is it a corrupt tree? Does it bring forth good fruit, or does it bring forth evil fruit? The key word in this inquiry is the word "Intoxicating." Intoxication is that state in which a man has lost control of his physical, of his intellectual, and of his moral powers; in short, has lost control of himself. Sad experience has demon- strated that the traffic in intoxicants has caused, and is always likely to cause, millions of men and women to lose control of themselves, and therefore to be- come less fit to become members of society, less fit for every form of eco- nomic, intellectual, social and moral life. A balance sheet showing the in- evitable, the awful effects of the traffic in intoxicants, struck in any town, or city, or state, or nation, at any time, will show that the balance is always on the wrong side of the ledger. Not one single item of profit can, after fair analysis, be placed on the credit side, while on the debit side are increased taxes, paupers, lunatics, idiots, widows and orphans, harlots and criminals, murderers and damned souls, and the final auditor of this balance sheet is not maudlin senti- ment, fanatical puritanism, or hysterical women, but the employers of labor of all kinds, the managers of great railroads, manufacturing plants and coal mines, and in the United States the highest judiciary the Supreme Court which, through the mouth of Justice Stephen J. Field, declared forty years ago that the traffic in intoxicants is the most prolific source of insanity, misery, vice and crime, and no man of any prominence in business, social, or govern- mental life has ever yet had the audacity to question the awful accuracy of 112 that decision. And whatever might be other judgments, judged by her Mas- ter's standard, the Church of Christ must declare the traffic in intoxicants to be a corrupt tree, because it bringeth forth evil fruit, and therefore it should be hewn down and cast into the fire. By what method, or methods, should the church of Christ endeavor to hew down this corrupt tree and cast it into the fire? The writer believes that the Church, as an organization, should never attempt to legislate for the nation. There should be no such identification of the organization of the church with the organization of the state as to limit the proper spheres of action of either form of organization. But it is equally true that the mem- bers of the various Christian denominations are citizens of the nation, and they are, therefore, responsible for social and moral conditions and for laws upon the statute books so far as those conditions and laws can be affected by their voice and vote. No genuine disciple of Christ can ignore, much less repudiate, the teaching of his Master in the performance of his civic and social duties. The governing principle of the world is Selfishness; the governing prin- ciple of the Christian is Love. The teaching of Jesus has been as the leaven hid in the bosom of human society, which has developed slowly, but surely, a great social conscience, which today more and more brushes aside, without hesitation, any claim of any individual in any station in life to perform any action, or to enjoy any privilege, which act or privilege is a menace to the comfort, safety, or life, of other members of the community to which he belongs. If a man can find a spot on a mountain peak, or in a desert, or on an island in the ocean, where his conduct can not affect the life of any other human being, then it might be possible to claim the right of an individual to regulate his own private life, but the teaching of Jesus declares that a man's private life ceases the moment any act of his life affects the lives of others, or of the social order of which, whether he likes it or not, he is an integral part. And that teaching is absolutely specific and clear-cut in its declaration of the duty of personal self-sacrifice for the sake of the society in which the Christian lives. Habits as dear as the right hand or the right eye are to be abandoned rather than to destroy a weak one for whom Christ died. And following out this teaching of Jesus, of the duty of all men to consider the happiness and welfare of others, year by year we see fresh curtailment of the rights of the individual and a more careful definition of the rights of the society of which the individual is a part. For the protection of other people on the public highway, the law regu- lates the speed at which a man can drive his own automobile; in order to protect adjacent property from fire or collapse, the law determines the kind of material and the plans to be used in the construction of a house by an individual on his own land and with his own money; in order to protect the lives of others, the law puts a man in quarantine and under medical inspec- tion who has been exposed to cholera or smallpox, no matter how prominent he may be, and no matter what important interest may be jeopardized by his detention. The great World War furnished an example of self-sacrifice for the ac- 113 complishment of an ideal result; of the subordination of the individual for the good of society. I was in London in March, 1918, when the great drive of the German army began. I saw the British people with their backs against the wall counting no form of self-denial too great, giving without stint of their dearest possessions their money, their comfort, their children, them- selves that freedom and justice and righteousness might be maintained among the peoples of the earth. In the United States, Congress declared war and passed the Selective Draft Act which called four million American boys from home comforts and home associations, and sent them to camps to drill and into the trenches to fight, with the possibility of loss of life itself, not for the sordid, cowardly reason given by Ambassador Harvey "Solely to save the United States of America and most reluctantly and laggardly," and because "we were afraid not to fight" but because the American people be- lieved in justice and righteousness and because they wanted to destroy the possibility of future wars and to help make a peaceful and a better world. The selfish principle of the right of one individual to regulate his own private life was swept aside by the demand of a Christian-inspired social order that all private rights must be surrendered for the public welfare. Just so it has been in the warfare of the people of the United States against the liquor traffic, that age-long enemy of justice, freedom, righteous- ness and peace. A great majority of the people of the United States believe that it has been practically and scientifically demonstrated that the liquor traffic is the enemy of the economic, social and moral life of the nation, that it ministers fundamentally only to appetite and covetousness, and that great majority has declared by the adoption of the National Prohibition Constitu- tional Amendment that, for the sake of removing this menace to the life and happiness of the people of the United States as a whole, it will agree to sur- render whatever personal right there may be to use intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes. It is not possible to emphasize too strongly that the Prohibition movement in the United States has been Christian in its inspira- tion, and dependent for its persistent vitality and victorious leadership upon the active, and finally upon the practically undivided support of the Protes- tant churches. The praying bands of women in the United States in the seventies were Christian bands. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union is a Christian union. The Anti-Saloon League of America was founded and has been led by Christian men. It was the Christian pulpit which, not only stated to congregations the awful inescapable facts concerning the traffic in intoxicants, but which emphasized more and more strongly the responsibility of Christian men and women for the continued existence of those facts until they had done their utmost to destroy the legalized traffic. And it was the Christian citizenship of the nation which finally rose up and demanded that their representatives in state and national legislative bodies prohibit the man- ufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes throughout the United Stages. Prohibition is the ax laid at the root of the corrupt tree by which to hew it down that it may be cast into the fire. There must always be an irrepressible conflict between the liquor traffic and Christian love, and the true enlightened church of Jesus Christ can have no concord with Belial, 114 How distressing it is to hear men who call themselves Christians defend- ing the liquor traffic, opposing the prohibition of it, and refusing to sacrifice for the good of the weak and sorely tempted a mere sensual indulgence! They are like poor Esau, selling for a mess of pottage their glorious birth- right as sons of God to be centers and distributors of saving power and makers of physical and spiritual health. But say some of those who are called Christians: "The Prohibition Law is violated, is the cause of lawlessness, and therefore is a Dad law." How utterly illogical, even absurd, such statements are! All laws, divine as well as human, are the expressions of the will of the governing power. More- over, all laws are restrictions upon human activities. The Ten Commandments are simply expressions of the will of God concerning the relation of men to God and to fellow-men. Are these laws The Ten Commandments good laws? Thou shalt not kill, steal, commit adultery, bear false witness, covet, are these laws good laws? Who dares to denounce them? Who calls for their repeal? Are they violated? Why multitudes violate them secretly and openly every day. One might almost say men flaunt themselves in the face of God. St. Paul declares in the Romans, "I had not known sin, but by the law. For without the law sin was dead but when the law came, sin revived, and I died. Is the law sin because men violate it? God forbid. Where- fore the law is holy, and the commandment is holy, just and good." The Ten Commandments, though so flagrantly violated in the very face of God, are recognized today as the basis of all law, the statement of the principles by which all the relationships of men in society are to be determined. But Jesus says that all the law The Ten Commandments are summed up in love to God and love to my neighbor, so that whether intentionally, or even consciously, or not, all law local, state, interstate, or international is being conformed to the standards of Jesus, and the final test of every law is, "Is it in conformity with the Law of Love?" If it is not, while it may sur- vive for a few years, it is inevitably doomed to repeal. Is a law prohibiting the traffic in intoxicating liquors a good law? How shall that be determined? Shall it be condemned as bad because it is vio- lated? Then all of God's laws are bad laws and are to be condemned, for all are violated. And all laws which conflict with the appetites and desires of men will be violated until men agree to control their appetites and desires for the good of others, that is until Selfishness gives place to Love. It is clearly, therefore, the duty and the high privilege of the Christian church to set forth the facts the awful, horrible, selfish facts in reference to the liquor traffic, and to throw all the weight of its teaching and influence to protect society from those who put the gratification of appetite and covet- ousness above the common good. How is the Christian Church related to World Prohibition? What should be its attitude? Why, surely, it should be the attitude of her Master and Founder. Jesus Christ was the first great internationalist. He came to live in a small country among a people, one of whose chief characteristics was racial pride and exclusiveness. He never went himself into the great cities of the world, but he enunciated one of his most striking parables to teach 115 that the Jew and the Samaritan were neighbors, and that no social or racial barriers were high enough to prevent the operation of the Law of Christian Love, and he left as final message that his followers were to go into all the world and make disciples of all nations, to teach all men that the ruling principle of life must be Love. And the Church in every land, if it be true to her Master's teaching, can have no fellowship with the liquor traffic. The antagonism is an inherent antagonism, which can not be ignored. The leopard can not change his spots. No more can the liquor traffic change its nature. Always and everywhere it is a corrupt tree, bringing forth evil fruit. The Church has no more powerful enemy in every land than this traffic. Whatever may be the attitude of home churches, the missionary workers in all lands are a unit in their realization of the opposition of this traffic to the fundamental purpose of all Christian missionary effort, and in their support of measures to control and to finally prohibit its destructive work. There are still today in many lands sections of the Christian Church which not only do not come up to the help of the Lord against the mighty, but which give a certain amount of aid and comfort to the enemy. It is abso- lutely necessary that the educative process be carried on among such churches until no really honest, candid follower of Jesus can doubt or fail to assert that the liquor traffic must be classed as among those works of the devil which his Master came to destroy, that it is a corrupt tree which should be hewn down and cast into the fire. Wherever the Christian Church openly, unitedly, earnestly, persistently, demands and works for the abolition of the traffic in intoxicants, victory will inevitably follow. It may not come today, nor tomorrow, but it will come, and in that day his Church shall shine forth clear as the sun, fair as the moon, and terrible as an army with banners. THE QUEBEC SYSTEM OF DEALING WITH THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC By S. J. CARTER, ESQ. President of the Quebec Branch of the Dominion Alliance Last evening, Doctor Saleeby, referring to Quebec, characterized that place as being a garden spot on the North American continent, and so it is. Many of you may not know exactly the conditions existing in the Province of Quebec. I should say that 75 per cent of the population of the Province of Quebec are French and Roman Catholic. The other 25 per cent is made up of English Protestants and foreign elements. The Roman Catholic Church until four years ago took a very prominent position, promoting the temperance cause and movement with marked success. The bishops and the priests throughout that Province were temperance men, and I am sure that even today they have not changed their attitude on the temperance question. The proof of this statement may be found in the fact that out of 1,300 municipalities in that Province 1,100 of them were under local option. Nat- urally the question comes, how is it with 1,100 municipalities under local option, that province at the present time is under the liquor regime? That 116 is a very difficult question to answer, but I will attempt to show some reason for this. Up to four years ago we were making rapid progress in the tem- perance cause. Ontario and other provinces in this Dominion had taken very aggressive steps and were making progress. They had on their statute books, provincial Prohibition laws, and they were working mostly to that end. But in the Province of Quebec we shot ahead and we were, I believe, the first province in the Dominion of Canada to record a prohibitive legislative meas- ure on Prohibition. Then the government gave a sympathetic ear to the brewing interests and to the liberty leagues which suggested that a plebiscite might be taken on the question of beer and wine. The Government gave consent to introduce the question before the popular vote of the province and the vote was carried in favor of beer and wine. Legislation then was passed so as to carry out that policy but before twelve months had passed the Gov- ernment found itself in a most hopeless condition. The importers of spirits, who were supposed to import spirits only to supply the needs of the health of the province, as certified by medical certificates from our doctors, were so overwhelmed with the volume of business that we were forced to believe that the health of the province was very bad. The brewers by this act were instructed to brew beer of a certain strength, but for economic rea- sons they decided among themselves, without consulting with the tem- perance people or with the Government, to increase the strength of beer to about double what the Government said they should brew. These conditions brought about such serious results that the Government found itself abso- lutely helpless. They were submerged. They were overpowered; and the only way to overcome the difficulty was to put the Province under military law or to amend the act, and so they amended the act by bringing the liquor business under strictly speaking Government control. Therefore in the Prov- ince of Quebec we are today under Government control. They passed a Liquor Act and they formed a liquor commission. The liquor commission has full power and control over the liquor business in that province. Even the government can not interfere, and the people have no voice, and can not go to them for any information. The only way that you can get information as to how the liquor business is conducted in the Province of Quebec is through a member of the Legislature when the Legislature is in session, and this member must give notice in the Legislature to secure this information; the government at their pleasure may accede to the request or they may not. In territories where local option is not in force this liquor commission has established liquor stores in which you are permitted to buy one bottle at a time and no more, but there is no provision in the law to say how many times you can buy the one bottle. Many customers buy one bottle, perhaps a hundred times in one day. If a man's time is too short, he employs boys and men that are out of work to go into these liquor stores and buy a bottle to increase the quantity he has already purchased, and when he has sufficient, he starts out perhaps in the direction of Ontario, or heads for the United States of America, to find a customer for this one bottle of spirits. So far as beer is concerned, the breweries are licensed or granted a permit by this commission. Now in territories where local option is not enforced the com- 117 mission receives applications from dealers, from cabarets and from shops for the privilege of selling beer. These dealers pay a fee for the permit, and the brewers are notified to supply only the dealers who have permits. That is where our difficulty comes in. We have our local option territories, and municipalities, but the temptation comes to revoke or to repeal their local option measure, so as to extend the operations of the breweries and increase the revenues of the Province. This situation is what we are facing at the moment. The liquor forces are attacking our local option municipalities and in many cases winning them. Now we have in the Province a large section of territory under the Canada Temperance Act. This is a federal act and any section or any county in the Province of Quebec that finds it to their advantage to take a vote under the Canada Temperance Act may do so. We have been working for the last forty years on the weak spots in our Province; that is, where we find a municipality where we think we can win a victory, we go in, and if we win in that municipality, we attack the next, and finally try to make the whole county dry. We have in the Province of Quebec a whole block of counties containing over 3,000 square miles of territory bordering on the United States which are under the Canada Temperance Act, which means Prohibition. The policy of the Government in Quebec, I am very sorry to say, is not in sympathy with the Canada Temperance Act. We are not getting any help from them to en- force the provisions of this act. They tell us that it is a Dominion measure and let the Dominion authorities at Ottawa enforce their law. Where the liquor commission is acting, in places where permits have been granted, they are pre- pared to enforce the law to protect the privileges that have been granted. The result is: That if under the provision of the Canada Temperance Act a violator of the law is brought before the courts, he gets a penalty of a $50 fine, but if anyone breaks the law in an adjoining municipality that is not under local option, that has the beer and wine privilege, he gets $1,000 fine and possibly three months in jail. Now what is the effect of this kind of thing? They are saying, to the temperance people, "Repeal the law, the Canada Temperance Act, and bring the matter under our jurisdiction, and we will make it severe for violators of that law." We are not prepared to give up anything that we hold. We now have these counties under the Canada Temperance Act, and we are going to try with all our might and main to hold them in the dry column. We defy the liquor traffic to do their worst. We are not going to kow- tow to them and we are not going to have their influence decide the destiny of these counties. This propaganda is having a very bad effect upon many of our people. They say, "After one year of administration we have cleaned up in net profits over $4,000,000 under liquor control," and when we go to them for a grant for educational purposes they tell us that possibly they will have some surplus funds from the profits in liquors and will likely vote a sum of money towards helping in this matter. When the farmers ask for grants for good roads, they tell them there may be a surplus left over from the profits derived from the sale of liquors and they may get some of that money. You see what the moral effect is. These farmers say, "If we want good roads 118 and if we want our schools improved, and if we want to extend education, all we have to do is to go into the wet column and we will get financial help and assistance," and many of our neutrals, many that stand on the fence, say that is the best thing for us to do. We must keep up the fight. We have to convince our people that there is a higher principle than money involved, and we must educate them up to the high ideals of a Christian citizenship. ADDRESS By HONORABLE ALFRED HERBERT HORSFALL, M. B., CH. B., London, England Lecturer for Royal Colonial Institute and Social Political Education League I am reminded that this is a conference for the study of measures to be taken against alcoholism. What is alcoholism, is then a necessary prelimi- nary to any discussion. When I was a medical student alcoholism was rec- ognized as a very definite physical disorder. We realized that it was due to over-indulgence in alcohol and manifested itself in those various gross lesions which are familiar to all medical men. But that definition has had to be considerably modified within the last few years and the definition may now be expressed briefly as a disease resulting from the absorption of alcohol into the human body, in however small a quantity it may be taken. Let us examine that definition for one moment. I will refer you in the first instance to a remarkable publication which was published by authority of the British Government in the year 1917, which stated the scientific aspect of this great question at that time. It has been known for thousands of years that alcohol produced certain disorders, yet up to 50 years ago, and even more recently than that, alcohol was considered a good beverage, and is still so considered by some citizens in the United States of America, for example. The other day a New York lawyer, stated that wine and beer are not, except in large quantities, intoxicating and have been the daily food of many of the inhabitants. I would refer him to this publica- tion. Alcohol successively weakens and suspends the hierarchy of the func- tions of the brain and therefore of the mind in the inverse order of their development. The higher intellectual faculties are the latest acquired and the first to be affected by alcohol. The symptoms may be summarized brhefly thus, uncritical, self-satisfaction of the subject with his own per- formances; second, disregard of occurrences and conditions normally evoking caution of acts and words; third, trespass of the rules and conventions previously respected; fourth, impaired appreciation of the passage of time; fifth, loquacity and an argumentative frame of mind. These start with the first dose you take, on the 'authority of this book. I would advise all those gentlemen who pretend to lead the public to study their literature and the scientific facts underlying. The action of alcohol then, briefly, on the human system, is confined to the higher and most recently evolved cells of our brain. It attacks and blunts those higher things of man which have to do with self-control, patriotism, duty, love in its highest manifestations, and all those qualities which distinguish the civilized man from the savage. 119 Passion development and the power of speech to express our thoughts in words is the very ancient development of the human species. As man has developed all along the line (and I speak of man in the generic sense, of course), man has developed his passion nature to a higher degree than any of the lower animals, but along with it he has developed these higher critical faculties which no animal possesses. Anything which blunts and interferes with the higher critical faculty of man must necessarily give full play to these lower basal passionate centers of ours. Hence it follows, naturally, and sequentially, as every judge, every leader, who is honest, will admit, that alcohol is at the root of many of the crimes in the calendar. If the evil results of alcohol ended at this point, there might not be the great necessity for this strong legislative and educational activity, but we find that the so- called moderate use of alcohol has a permanent damaging effect on that delicate tissue which has to do with the continuance of the race, and in that sense the moderate drinker is of greater danger to society than the drunkard. Dr. Kurtz, who has investigated this, Professor Lightnow, of Bulgaria, an eminent man from Switzerland, and many workers in every country, have proved conclusively that the moderate drinker, that is, the man who is drink- ing perhaps moderately, a few glasses of beer a day, is of more danger to the community than the immoderate drinker and the drunkard, for this simple reason, that the drunkard has no children. Of course you will find exceptions. Some people can absorb much more alcohol than other people can with apparently no damage, but when you take thousand by thousand and million by million you get a great broad general rule and the rule is as I have stated. I emphasize this point, that it is the moderate drinker who damages the stream of life which passes from the past through us and so on into the future, and in a very true sense we are responsible in our day and generation that that stream of life shall not be fouled more than it need be as it passes through us. This then briefly stated is the scientific basis of this disease. Now, what is the cure? The cure can be readily put down into two categories. Curative medicine has given place, to a very large extent, to preventive medicine. Let us adopt this parallel in our treatment of the social disease called alcoholism. We have called in the diagnostician who has pointed out the disease and its nature. It is due to the taking of alcohol into the human body in however small quantities. But we are confronted here with two problems. The habits and the customs and the traditions of the people ex- tending back some thousands of years must be considered. Therefore the curative agent in this case must be educated Democracy. It is then essential if we are going to make progress, towards our ideal, that we must educate the Democracy as to the true nature of alcohol, and then, with an educated Democracy I have no fear of the legislative action following. Now, how is this to be accomplished? During the war it was my privilege to be a surgeon in various fields of action. I was a surgeon right up in the front line trenches and I was a surgeon at the base. The treat- ment of wounds was a very different thing in the front line trenches, from what it was in the base. What was an ideal method of treatment in the one 120 instance would have proved fatal in the other. You must take into con- sideration all the factors in the treatment of this disease. What may be found useful in the United States of America may not be useful in such a place as France. May I explain how we in England are attempting to deal with this disease? Last year the expenditure on intoxicating liquors in England was four hundred million pounds in the year or thereabouts, but that does not represent that amount of absolute alcohol consumed. Nearly half of that amount went to the state in taxation. At no time in the history of Great Britain has the liquor traffic been taxed so heavily. At the present moment a glass of beer will cost the individual something like 7 pence halfpenny as against two pence before the war and that beer is about a third the strength in absolute alcohol that it was before the war. Those restrictions and the restrictions in hours are the cause of a great diminution in the amount of alcohol consumption and therefore an increase in sobriety, and the capacity for clear and reasoned thinking, which will eventuate most assuredly in the next step forward, which is local option, looking to Prohibition. RESPONSE TO ROLL CALL FINLAND By MB. AKSELI RUANHEIMO Representing the Prohibition League of Finland We are representing Finland and we bring you greetings from our coun- try. We have heard here many eloquent speeches from different countries. We are not eloquent. One of our poets says the Finn is not a man of many words but a man of action. Finland is the first Prohibition country on the European Continent. When universal suffrage was granted in Finland one of the very first acts of our new parliament was to pass the Prohibition law. It was passed in 1907. It was passed and not a single voice was heard against it. At that time Finland was still united with Russia and the sanction of the Russian Emperor was needed before the law could be enforced. The Emperor did not sanction our Prohibition law. Again in 1909 the Finnish Parliament voted for a new Prohibition law. It was not sanctioned before 1917. The Russian Empire had to collapse first. Our Prohibition law was passed on the 1st of June, 1919, 12 years after the Finnish Parliament had voted for Prohibition. The effects of our Prohibition law have no doubt been noted. The economic condition of the people has improved. Criminality has decreased about 50 per cent. I cannot deny that the crimes committed in Finland against the Prohibition law are many and heavy. We have moonshiners also in Finland. Many stills have been established in our immense woods, but their number is decreasing and we are sure that after a few years this industry will cease. More serious is the secret importation from the neighboring countries. Our coast with thousands of islands offers good opportunity to bandits and smugglers. The largest quantities are brought from Esthonia from which the journey to Finland is only a matter of a few hours. In Esthonia immense 121 amounts of intoxicating drinks are prepared for export to other countries and this industry is one of the most considerable sources of income to the Esthonian State. The temperance people in Finland are well aware that law alone is not sufficient to create a sober nation. Temperance work is being done there. The temperance associations and many others are work- ing the best they can. We have also in Finland a Prohibition League, which I have the honor to represent. It is a union of various organizations, and its membership is half a million. The population of Finland is only three million and a half, therefore every seventh person in Finland is a member of our Prohibition League. All the representatives of the biggest political parties in our parliament are members of our league. All this shows that Finland will remain a Prohibition country. But I must confess that the secret importation of alcohol not only from Esthonia, but also from Sweden, Germany and Russia is a very vital menace to Finland. Unless we find means to stop the secret importation, the morale of the people is in danger of being corrupted and we will be kept out of the blessings which we hope Prohibition will bring about. MEXICO - By REVEREND E. B. VARGAS Delegate from Mexico It was with a mixed feeling of joy and sadness that I greeted the advent of the Volstead act in the United States. It was a joy to me because I re- joiced in the victory of righteousness. It was a sadness to me, because I saw in the future a very gloomy picture for my own country. When this great victory was announced throughout the world I imagined the United States as a great garden for the young people, with beautiful flowers, where saloons would not be known, but the thought came to me: "What about the vultures? What about the saloon men that will be ousted from their busi- ness?" And then suddenly I awakened to the fact that my country would be the victim of these vultures; and so it came to pass. Immediately the border towns became the centers for these saloon men. There is an agreement between the saloon men of both countries, and between the drunkards of both countries. The saloon men of the United States have their beautiful homes on the side of the United States and their damnable business on the other side. This is a great problem indeed that we have to contend with. I have one real hope and that is in the mighty forces that are working throughout the country in favor of Prohibition. I say mighty forces not because we have moneyed men on our side, not because we have the politicians on our side, but because we have God on our side, because we can enlist the mothers and the children of our country, (something that the saloon men could not do), and because we can enlist the Christian churches in this great cause. About two years ago, we were astonished in El Paso. A great move- ment was started in the State of Chihuahua to enact dry legislation and met with such success that the saloon men found that the law-making body had a majority in favor of dry legislation. They said to the law-making body, 122 "You can't legislate unless you submit this to the people." They were very solicitous about the people. The heroic Christian forces of Mexico accepted the challenge. We asked our people in Mexico City to come to our rescue. We asked our good friends of the Anti-Saloon League of America to help us. Bishop Cannon and others came nobly. Then the gentlemen who are very solicitous said to the law-making body, "You are paid to make the law. You needn't bother the people about it." Accordingly the legislature of Chihua- hua passed a law in favor of Prohibition, and we had won a great victory. But immediately these forces combined and flooded the state with their money and their influence; and managed to maneuver in such a way that that law, the most righteous law that has ever been enacted in the history of that state, was pronounced unconstitutional. We were cheated out of our victory, but we are ready again to fight to the last minute to obtain this great victory. My trust is not so much in the strength of men as it is in our loyalty to Jesus Christ. SPAIN By REV. FRANKLIN ALBRECIAS, of Alicante, Spain In Spain the movement against alcohol is hanging in the balance now. We are a small, a very small group of people, who are in the battle against alcohol in Spain. The people of Spain have alwa3'S been a very sober people. Now, in later years, under the influence of the French colonies in North Africa, a very large number of people drink, and drink a great deal. It is exceedingly sad that a nation which has been temperate for so many- years is now giving itself so much to drink. There is none to fight it. We are a few people distributed among a nation of more than twenty millions, but we are now beginning the work against the traffic in alcohol. When Dr. Cherrington spoke about what Spain had done about the ex- portation of wine to Iceland, I was very much ashamed that my Government protected this vice. It makes us very sad to know the way in which the Spanish Government favors and protects this matter of drinking. In Spain the law is not equal for all. There is one law for the poor and there is another law entirely distinct and apart for the rich. Those who have plenty of money can do whatever they choose against the law. Those who export wine are people who have a great deal of money and a great deal of in- fluence. I desire to express my warmest affection and to extend to you greetings from those few temperance workers in Spain. IRELAND By MRS. EMILY MOFFAT CLOW . Representing Ireland My dear comrades, I know you are greatly interested in our distressful country. You are hearing about us every day in the newspapers just now. We have been passing through terrible times, but I trust and pray that these terrible times are past and that we are gradually and slowly and painfully emerging in the calmer waters and that with good sense and with charity 123 and with the Christian spirit on both sides and at both extremities of our Island we shall soon be working together as one. At any rate the temperance forces throughout our Island are one. But unfortunately they cannot work together at the present time because, as you know, we have a government for the Irish Free State, and we have a govern- ment for Northern Ireland. I am able to speak more particularly for Ulster where we have the great mass of the Protestant people of our country and where all religious movements and all movements such as this for the up- lift of the country have a great power. In the Northern part of our country we have strong temperance societies. The latest addition is the Women's Christian Temperance Union in Ulster, which, although only three years old, numbers six thousand women members. We believe that our women are going to do a great work. Indeed, already they have made their power felt, because in our first election for our Northern Parliament in May of 1921 the women did a great work and we were able to return to our first parliament a large proportion of men who were pledged to work for local option for Ulster at the earliest moment. We have been working for a three point program. We want Sunday closing; we want the abolition of the spirit grocer license, which has been a curse to our country, and also to Scotland, and our third point is local option. When I left home at the end of October a bill was just in process of being drawn up to be presented in Parliament giving us two of our three points, namely, the Sunday closing and the abolition of the grocer's license, which would take away five hundred licenses at one sweep. I am glad to tell you that our Premier, Sir James Craig, although cradled in whisky and having drawn his income from it all his life, has promised that that bill is going to go through, even though the opposition of the trade is being led by the managing director of his own firm of Dundas. That is the tragedy of it in Ireland, dear friends, that the liquor is made by the Protestant Unionist section and it is sold by the Catholic section and there we are between the devil and the deep blue sea. We are not going to get local option this time, but it is only going to nerve us to go on working harder than ever and demanding that before another couple of years are over our heads we shall have the people's voice on the matter. We have had no legislation on temperance in Ireland for forty years. It is high time we had some. We have one license for every two hundred and seventy of our population, man, woman and child, and in our Northern area containing a million and a half people, last year we spent nine million pounds for liquor, and the drink bill for the whole of Ireland last year was 43,000,000 pounds. How can our little country stand that? We are not going to stand it. So far as the South is concerned, I am glad to tell you some good news also about the Irish Free State. The Government there has had a hard row to hoe. While it may be some time before legislation on the drink question is introduced in the Southern Parliament I am glad to tell you that through- out the South and West there has been a great wave of total abstinence pledge signing during the last two or three years and throughout the Roman Catholic Church in the South and West they have gained in the last few years some- thing like three hundred thousand new members for their temperance societies. 124 I believe that that movement will be the foundation of temperance legislation for the South as well as for the North. You cannot understand what it has meant to me to have attended these conventions, to have met those noble, strong, determined women of your country and of Canada and of all the other nations of all the world and to have felt that one was lining up with them to bring their own country along. I am going back to work and to fight and to put my back into it as never before, that Ulster at least, the part I love the best, may soon catch up with America and with Canada and with Finland and with the other countries that have got Prohibition. HUNGARY By MB. JOHN G. GOGOLYAK Representing Hungary At the time I left Hungary the Prohibition movement there was in a very sad state. I am sorry to state that among the lower classes of people, especially the peasant class, the mothers were in the habit of drinking them- selves. In Southern Hungary and the beautiful plains of the Danube around the South of Budapest you will find what has been called the bread basket of Europe. The peasant mothers have to go out in the morning, most of them, and work out in the fields. There is hardly a peasant mother who doesn't have a little baby to carry around in her arms and in order to make her child go to sleep she will have some sort of food which she gives the child at different times in the day and in order to make him sleep and keep quiet, she administers a little rum to him. That was the situation in Hungary a few years ago. Thanks to the Blue Cross movement, with the assistance of some o-f the finest women among the society leaders in Hungary, at present, there is a movement going on that will finally culminate, I hope, in the organization of a Woman's Christian Temperance Union. I hope that this will soon come about, for the Woman's Christian Temperance Union has done a great deal for the people in other parts of the world, and if they will get a hold on our women in Hungary, especially the middle and lower classes, we will find a great change coming in the next generation, I believe. COLOMBIA By MB. EICCARDO DUSSAN, of Colombia I consider it a great privilege and honor to be able to see a conference of this kind, unique in the history of humanity; and also it is a great honor to me to represent here the Republic of Colombia. I want to convey unto you the greetings of that Republic with the best wishes for the best of success for this conference. The history of Prohibition with us is not very long. It has been only two years since we have started it, and considering the short time and the 125 great political struggle through which we have gone, we have accomplished very much indeed. We have had two years of a great political struggle, and a very remarkable one, because we have not fought. Usually in our part of the world they have revolutions, but for twenty-two years we have not had any revolution, and I cannot tell you how strongly we want peace and Pro- hibition. What have we accomplished in Prohibition during these two years? We are fifty per cent of the time dry. What does that mean? That means that we were able to pass a national law prohibiting the sale of any kind of liquor from six o'clock in the afternoon till six o'clock in the morning. Now, besides that, on Sundays and holidays the sale of any intoxicating drink is forbidden, except on holidays they allow beer of a very low per cent. That ' may not seem very much to you, but it is a great deal because we have had only two years for the campaign and the country hasn't been able to give very much consideration to the cause of Prohibition because of the great political struggle. We have, I might say, the best men of the country working for Prohibi- tion, trying to educate the people, and telling them about the evils of liquor. One of the great troubles is that our people are not as well educated as yours, and that is one of the first things we are doing now, educating the people, and in this we are backed by one of the political parties. That party is employ- ing all its efforts to give a liberal education to our people, which is opposed by the other political party, and, I am sorry to say, by the Church too. Now, you see, what our work is. There are only a few of us working, but we are working hard. We are looking toward this country in the North to help us. We need help very much. Colombia is the closest country in Latin-America to you people. It is the land of opportunity. We are ready to fight, we will work our best, and with your help I don't doubt we will ac- complish very much in a short time. SATURDAY AFTERNOON SESSION KEYNOTE ADDRESS REV. IRA LANDRITH, D.D. Let me say briefly that Prohibition has come to the North American Continent to stay, that the liquor traffic is on its last legs in America, and that means Canada as well as the United States, with emphasis on Canada first, for we know the people in Canada are against it, and the United States v/ith Canada means to carry Prohibition to the rest of the world. We are the new Holy Land, we are God's chosen people today. We started this thing, and with the help of God we are going to finish it. The first thing for us to do in Canada and in the United States is to see that the law is enforced here. Because if Canada and the United States enforce Prohibition I am told we will then be able to invite the rest of the world to become dry and they will. No part of the world under the handicap of the liquor traffic can compete with a dry North America. I believe that the schools and colleges of this country can do a great deal in this movement in the educating and training of leaders for all coun- 126 tries. More effective leaders than ever are required in North American coun- tries. We need strong leaders hi this war in the United States and in Canada, against alcoholism. The only place to get strong leaders is in the colleges and from the student bodies trained in the colleges for law enforcement, and for the enforcement of all the laws, in these two countries. By the enforce- ment of laws, I mean the enforcement of laws. Once you have the law en- forced, the rest is easy. It has come to be a very simplified business, the Prohibition business. Our enforcement in North America, of the Prohibition law, will extend the Pro- hibition law to the utmost parts of the earth. That is all you have to do, enforce it in your own country and then take it abroad. ADDRESS By DR. AUGUST LEY University of Brussels, Belgium When one considers the indifference and sometimes the hostility of many enlightened and educated persons toward the anti-alcoholic movement in French-speaking countries, one is convinced that absence of knowledge is the principal cause of this indifference and one sees clearly the necessity for study of the problem. The propaganda among the students in order to create in the universities study-groups upon the alcoholic question seems to me therefore very im- portant and very interesting. In 1920 in campany with Mr. Harry Warner, General Secretary of the Intercollegiate Prohibition Association, I made a visit to our four universities in Belgium. We met a large number of professors and students. After these conferences, study groups were created at the university of Brussels, among the students in medicine and among the students in law. The first group studied the question from the physiological point of view. The second is studying now two problems: the laws upon alcohol in Belgium, and the means, ways and results of American Prohibition. A difficulty in connection with this study is, that very few students are able to read English papers and books, and that the French literature about alcohol is poor. The study groups in Brussels received as an encouragement from the Ministry of the Interior, a supply of 500 francs (about $30) for buying books and papers. In the University of Louvain there is a movement among the Flemish students; and they have founded an anti-alcoholic club devoted to individual propaganda rather than the scientific study of the problem. In the two other universities, Ghent and Liege, I did not hear of any movement among the students. In France, I heard lately from Dr. Legrain that there is no tendency in the student world to study the alcohol problem. I regret that I must state that the student movement in French- speaking countries is very poor. I think this is because the general anti- 127 alcoholic movement is not intensive enough in these countries. The public spirit is not sufficiently accustomed to consider the importance of the problem. The anti-alcoholic propaganda among the public is not sufficient and it is too much addressed to people who are already convinced. Our daily newspapers in France and Belgium only publish the pro-alco- holic information, and most of them refuse absolutely to publish anything un- favorable to the liquor traffic. I can give you a typical sample of the attitude of the newspapers in Bel- gium. The Royal Academy of Medicine, the highest medical authority of Belgium, has unanimously voted a wish for the complete Prohibition of dis- tilled liquors. The most of the newspapers did not mention this important fact and the two who did relate it did so very imperfectly, and for instance "forgot" to say that the wish was voted by the Academy and that it was voted unani- mously. The student yields to the influence of his surroundings and does not con- sider the problem as important, because the public does not consider it so. I think that it is necessary, in order to have a better student interest in the anti-alcoholic question, to intensify the general anti-alcoholic propaganda and to reach the great mass of the public by posters, public lectures, and special anti-alcoholic newspapers. The student will only feel the importance and the interest of the question when the influence of the general spirit of the public upon him is more in- tensive and more enlightened. May I remark that the student movement has only taken a great intensity in the countries where the great mass of the public is interested in the alcohol question? This student movement is a specialization, and came late in the evolution of the anti-alcoholic movement. I mean this, that we must not expect too much from the students in our countries so long as the general public is not more interested. Let me conclude by saying that if America would d,o something for our countries, she must give to our propagandists the ways and means of extend- ing their movement among the public, by means of newspapers, conferences, posters and literature. I am saying it deliberately, Prohibition came to the United States from the humble people of the United States. It ought to go to the rest of the world from the educated people down, and it is a proper thing for this con- vention to demand that the universities and colleges of the world shall take the lead now. ADDRESS By PBOFESSOE J. G. HUME, A.M., PH.D. Head of the Department of Philosophy, in the University of Toronto I am in complete sympathy with the aims, purposes and ideals of the World League Against Alcoholism. It has been said that in the early days of the science of medicine, doctors were trying to deal with disease by get- 128 ting rid of its syniptoms instead of removing its causes. The World League Against Alcoholism is trying to remove one of the causes of much evil. I am also very much pleased indeed to note the size of the Intercollegiate Association for Prohibition and its important place in the World League Against Alcoholism. I joined the Independent Order of Good Templars as soon as I was old enough, that was at fourteen years of age, and I have never regretted that step and the temperance pledge to which I subscribed. With added years and added experience I am more and more firmly convinced of the need of eternal vigilance in waging a persistent fight against the evils of narcotics, including alcoholism. I am also persuaded that education more knowledge is on the whole one of the most effective ways of combatting the evil of alcoholism. The students can do a very great deal. By a process of artificial selec- tion the students are our "picked young men" and "picked young women" specially adapted and specially trained for leadership. Students are trained to guide themselves not by tradition but by reason and good sense. If some custom or usage is deleterious, the mere fact that it is widespread is no com- mendation but is a challenge to the earnest student to undertake its emenda- tion. Drinking customs in many countries have the sanction of usage, but as these customs are injurious students will endeavor to change them. Students are taught to think for themselves they are not easily fooled by sophistries. A short time a ( go in a part of Toronto where there are many ignorant foreigners and anti-Prohibitionists, the candidates in a by-election all desired to get the vote of the liquor men and yet not seem to break too openly with the temperance platform of their parties. Each one of these astute politicians subscribed to the sentiment that one of them expressed thus "I am in favor of temperance always, of Prohibition never!" That was supposed to be very clever very smart indeed really it was the shallowest claptrap. I too am in favor of temperance or moderation even in the use of good things like food, but surely while one favors the moderate and proper use of good things this is not inconsistent with the rejection of harmful things. Prohibition is an attempt to restrain from the use of harmful things, and any one who says he is never in favor of Prohibition is talking nonsense. The Ten Commandments are mainly Prohibitions. Are we to abolish the Ten Commandments? All law is prohibitory or inhibitory of what the law forbids. Do away with all Prohibition and you do away with all law. But I am quite well aware that even among well educated men there are some who mislead youth by proclaiming intoxicants in moderation to be good, and only evil in their excessive use. Quite recently there was a con- troversy among some of the literary leaders in England, one set maintaining that wine and other stimulants were helpful to brainworkers and conduced to good authorship.' A reporter interviewed George Bernard Shaw as to what he thought of this claim that stimulants made authors brighter and more clever. His reply was, "As far as he had observed instead of making them brighter it made them silly", and he might have added, "The more the stimulant, the sillier the user". "But," said the reporter, "Chesterton claims 129 that it increases the brainpower." "Did Chesterton say that?" asked Shaw. "Yes," said the reporter. "Well," said Shaw, "if Chesterton did write that, all I would like to know is how much G. K. had before he wrote it." Students in training for athletics and in preparing for examinations learn that stimulants are harmful and dangerous. Let me quote from the latest textbook on Pharmacology by Dixon: "It has been shown by many observers that attention, judgment, and the higher mental processes are retarded at once by amounts of alcohol in- sufficient to intoxicate." "Alcohol and allied drugs give rise to a condition bearing a strong resemblance to the dissolution of insanity." Politicians seeking votes may "soft pedal" in their references to alcohol- ism, and some literary people may suffer from the self-delusion that they are as clever as they think themselves to become when they get a little boozy, but scientists calmly tell us how injurious are the physiological effects. Psychologists point out that intoxication is a great source of self-delusion and foolish imaginings. Some may ask, "What do the philosophers say?" Philosophers on most questions fall into two opposing camps materialists versus idealists; empiricists versus rationalists; pessimists versus optimists; Epicureans for pleasure versus Stoics for duty. But it is very significant that there is practically complete unanimity among the philosophers of every country every time in warning against the evils of intoxicants and narcotics. Even the Epicurean will tell us not to increase our indulgences but decrease our desires control our appetites. All philosophers say, "Learn self-knowledge, self-reverence, self-control," all say, "Be wise, be vigilant, be sober." But some defenders of alcohol appeal to theology. "God created alcohol, and so meant that we should use it." I have been accustomed to think that God created grapes, and men made them into wine God created barley, but man made it into beer. However, the argument as to what God in- tended by his creations seems to beg the question, as the logicians say. We know that God created mushrooms and we are not shocked if some one says He intended them to be eaten but God also created toad-stools. Did he in- tend them to be eaten also? God created potatoes, suitable for eating, but he also created potato-bugs. Are we to be exhorted to eat potato bugs because God created them? I thank God he created me with enough intelligence to eat the potatoes and not to eat the potato bugs. But some deride Prohibition as a narrow or negative method. Let us have something positive; very good I agree as to the value of the positive. But when Christ summed up the import of the Ten Commandments in the one great new all-embracing positive commandment of Love, he did not do away with prohibitions and abolish the negative. If I am to love the Lord God with my whole heart, that surely prohibits loving some other god with some part of my heart if I am to love my neighbor as myself, surely I am prohibited thereby from hating my neighbor. If church and school can in- culcate right principles and get men imbued with a desire to do what is right 130 and good, the opposing evil things will be thereby opposed and prohibited. But we must acknowledge that there are quite a considerable number of people who do not rise to the height of accepting and following the positive way of the right and the good. These degraded people are guided by another principle; they set out to make profit for themselves, even if it be at the expense of the degradation and destruction of their fellowmen. They are making profit out of vice. For these people it is of little use to com- mend the right without forbidding the evil by law, and, I may add, with suitable penalties and punishments attached to the violation of the law. Hence we must regard prohibitions, laws, and penalties as still salutary and essential if we are not to allow parasitic vermin to overrun, prey upon, and destroy civilization. A rum-runner, a bootlegger, a dope dispenser or panderer to dope fiends, is about as useful to civilization as a rat is to a farmer or a skunk to a poultry man. Not only is it necessary to preserve society; it is also the greatest kind- ness to these misguided individuals to check them in their mad career. And to advance civilization, and to withstand those who would destroy it, we must still look mainly to our young men and young women. Our older leaders must often leave u's ere the victory is quite won. The United States had its Neal Dow, its Frances E. Willard they are gone. Canada had its Joseph Gibson, its F. S. Spence they are gone. Who are to take their places? You will remember that in the spring of 1918, some eight months before the Armistice, there came one of the darkest periods the breaking through by the Germans of the front line of General Gough, and his enforced retire- ment. The Germans thereupon concentrated all their guns and men, all their fury, to drive a wedge between Gough and Byng, and between Arras and Amiens Byng's line had to recede to keep touch with Gough's army as it sullenly and slowly withdrew. Holding the gap with desperate courage against overwhelming odds stood a resolute band of British soldiers again and again they had to retire and take up new positions. When they were on the point of utter exhaustion a wounded man is seen to rise and wildly cheer "The Guards! the Guards!" and as the reinforcing guards swing up the shouts were "God bless the British Guards!" So too, as the older leaders fall in the long fight against alcoholism, we welcome the reinforcements from our young men and young women God bless them! THE BIG GAME By REV. ELMER LYNN WILLIAMS Twenty years ago as a college boy delegate to the World Student's Volunteer Convention, I sat yonder in the gallery with overflowing heart and overflowing eyes. This hall was filled with students from 22 countries. Across this hall there sat 100 delegates, young men and young women, who were then leaving to go out into the world as foreign missionaries. We sat with bowed heads while a quartet sang "Speed away, speed away on your mission of life," and, as we were seated here, numbering 2,000 or more young 131 men and young women from the colleges and universities, there were twenty million boys on the playgrounds of the world, developing their young bodies, and today many of these twenty millions are in their graves. If some prophet had been able to look twelve years ahead, and had been able to avert that catastrophe, how much better the world would be. And now another world war is gathering and we are collecting the forces to fight drunkenness. We are going to have a real war of darkness against the forces of light, and strange associations and fellowships are being made. The river rats on both sides of the St. Lawrence are joined together, and all the blind tigers in the zoo of municipalities are gnawing at constitutional government in the United States and Canada, and all the political skunks in Christendom have united to bring Prohibition into bad odor, and all the monsters of the deep are rising up like those monsters of Troy to grapple with all the defenders of right, and all the liars in all the world are exag- gerating the breadth and size of this great movement of ours. In this world war as in every other world war the young men of the world must fight the battle, and furnish the enthusiasm. Do you not hear yet in your ears the songs as the soldiers marched away, "Pack up your troubles in your old kit bag and smile, smile, smile?" Do you not hear them, as their songs rang out, "We're going over, we're going over, and we won't come back till it's over, over there?" Youth today furnishes that enthusiasm. I sat last week at Ann Arbor v.ith the coaches who were getting their team ready to meet Wisconsin and the coach said, "Every man on the team is going out to fight until he is car- ried off." That is the spirit of the American youth wherever they are enlisted. The American youth and the youth of all lands hate shame, despise shame, and when we show the youth the shame of the liquor traffic, we will crystal- lize their opinion to the point where they will demand to know why these things continue to exist. When we show the youth of America that United States Senators are travelling about Europe, in Germany and other parts, appointing saloon- keepers as investigators, we know how serious a concern this world war against the liquor traffic must be, but we will presently have them lined up in a conflict in which they will exercise the same kind of intelligence that a negro expressed in my hearing. He said that a little boy was waiting for the circus parade and he had an orange to eat while he was watching the parade go by. Presently the parade came along with lions and giraffes and then an elephant. This little darky boy was holding his orange out in his hand, and the elephant, evidently thinking the boy was offering the orange to it. took the orange out of his hand. The boy immediately ran around the corner to a woodshed and got a long wooden slat that had been previously used in some- one's bed. He came rushing back to the scene of the parade and someone asked him what he was going to do. He said if he could find out which end of the elephant was its head he was going to swat it on the head with the slat and get back the orange. Now, we know which end is the head of the liquor traffic and we are 132 going to hit that mighty hard. We are not going to be set aside with this so-called program of wine and beer. I talked with an eminent attorney investigator in Chicago the other day, who said, "The Liquor Traffic Counsel said to me the other day, 'We would be very glad if we could embroil the Government in a war with Europe on this Prohibition question.' " And Dr. Cooke confirmed that when he said the rum runners of British Columbia would be glad to create suspicion and dis- content between Canada and the United States. Youth is ready to make sacrifices. It is the champion of fair play and wherever there is a violent fight it is ready to enlist. My friends, if we are wise, we will call on the youth of North America as we called them to the world conflict, into this new movement, this new world war against alcohol, and we will have in the youth of the country, both of the United States and of Canada, not only a vanguard, but an army that will successfully challenge and defeat all our enemies in whatever land they may now be. THE STUDENT FIELD By HABRY S. WARNER General Secretary of the Intercollegiate Prohibition Association What is the student fkld? Perhaps a conception of the student field might be given by an illustration. Two years ago I had the privilege of attending a conference of the stu- dents in Sweden. They met for five days with the student leaders, from all parts of that country. For twenty-five years they have been interested in the question of alcohol. These students have been educating themselves, studying the facts about the question of drink in their own national life and then in the world life. Their ideals were educational, their methods were educational, their inspiration was the service of their fellowmen who did not have the privilege which comes with university life. They had gone out into the smaller communities, giving talks, rescuing drunkards and especially helping those w ho had children and assisting materially the children of the working people. They were competing with a wrong ideal, an ideal which, sad to relate, prevails among the educated people of some countries, and even ours; the idea that to be temperate ,to abstain, was not very sociable, that you could not have a good time without drink. The age-old dependence of certain privileged classes upon intoxication as a means of enjoyment had given a false impression throughout the nation, and these students had to compete with this idea/ They had to set up a new ideal to their own people. Through that stirring up, the life of the com- munity was being educated and shown that the poison they were taking into their systems through the use of wines and intoxicating liquors was not a real pleasure but was to result in the poisoning of their bodies. Last summer on the 27th of August for the first time a vote was taken on the question of Prohibition and the vote that was cast for banishing drink 133 was nearly as complete as the victory that you had in Ohio after years of study and voting and the progress made in America. What is the student field? It means the development of a new and better social ideal, but most of all putting back of this movement the vital young life, the man of the universities, the colleges, and the "gym," and others who are willing to work to accomplish the end we seek. Twenty-five years ago when I was a boy on the farm in Ohio, my brother and I went to a country Prohibition meeting, in our bare feet. While our father thought that the lecture would be good for us, there was a feeling that the prohibition idea was a queer sort of thing, and we were not ready for it. People did not want to have other people think that they were vigorous sup- porters of it. There was a meeting and a man spoke. I do not know what he said. There was a student quartet from Wooster College and they sang some songs, foolish college songs. I do not remember what they were, but it did not make much difference. The idea registered itself deep in my mind, if these brilliant young fellows from college dare to stand up for Prohibition, then there must be something worth while in it in spite of what our people said. So, the life of one country boy at least was changed by that college quar- tet. I have seen it happen time and again since then. Young men, boys, and girls are often turned to a better life by the example of young people of their own age. We want to go with the crowd. The student once thought that he could not afford to go with the Prohibition people, with their new ideals, because the crowd was not with them. But then came the slogan, "Get the facts." Decide for yourself what the facts are. Get all the facts and then act according to them. That problem presents a practical field of international work for the student bodies today. The fault that has existed for so many years can be remedied in another way. There are organized students now, thousands of members, all over the world, pursuing their study of this great question in a scientific way and with seriousness; and we have seldom found any of our students who made a thorough investigation of the situation who did not stand out boldly for Prohibition. I have seen enthusiastic groups of students in Holland that would be sufficient to fill this hall. There are organizations in Holland, Belgium and Switzerland. There are ten thousand in the universities of Germany, and there are groups in all the countries. There are 175 members in the Uni- versity of Leipzig, and you will find them throughout all the universities of Europe. You will find them in China and in Australia and in all the other coun- tries, doing just what we have been doing here, searching for a new ideal for the students to follow. A great beginning has been made among the students of Japan, and the Intercollegiate Prohibition Association of Japan has been developed. There are some in South America and some in Austria and some in China and some in Spanish America. There are perhaps 25,000 organized students seeking in various ways to do their share toward solving the world problem of alcoholism. 134 That is just a beginning. Back of that great student body must be de- veloped the leader group. There is much being done by professors in a non-organized way. May we not look forward to the possibility of these beginnings developing into an international movement supported enthusias- tically by the International Collegiate Student movement cooperating with our great World League in spreading this movement among all the nations? This opportunity brings a challenge to the students of the present time to solve one of the great world problems. The thought and interest of the best educated men is as necessary to this great movement as it is to any other movement that requires leaders and workers. This movement must be begun in the academic life of the student. It will gradually develop in the student and then go into the community life and from there into the legislature and into the executive branch and the making of the world a Prohibition world will soon be complete. What is the student movement? The training of actual recruits, the getting of their interest, the training of them into practical workers. Get the facts, and upon that base build strong the movement that will solve this problem throughout the world. The student field is before us. May we make the most of it, because we have never yet touched the possibilities which are in it and it is one of the great social problems and opportunities of the hour. ADDRESS By PBOF. VILLEM EENITS University of Tartu, Esthonia I bring to the World Convention against Alcoholism greetings from the Esthonian Student Temperance Society at Tartu. We have in our society about 100 students and about 15 professors, among them Professor Frank Bergman, the President of the International Bureau Against Alcoholism in Lausanne. We have arranged many meetings and lectures and scientific courses about alcoholism. At present, Professor Bergman is lecturing at the University of Tartu about the history of the tem- perance movement. We have also begun our work among the higher classes in our schools and colleges to prevent the youth from drinking before they come to the university. It must, though, be said, that the drinking habits and ceremonies of. German origin are still very strong among one part of the student body of Esthonia, but we must vanquish them. The Esthonian Temperance League has supported the scientific investi- gations of our professors in regard to the temperance question. We are now making scientific experiments in our universities and we have a professor of neurology, a professor of philosophy, we have physiologists and pharmacolo- gists and others who are devoting their entire lives to this important work. Much work in preparation for a degree has been given to the students re- ferring to the alcohol question, also special aspects of the alcoholism question. 135 The students have been the most arduous workers in the struggle against alcoholism, and they are also at preesnt included in the central committee of the Esthonian Temperance League, where many students who have worked as temperance propagandists have been successful. They have become ardent supporters of the Esthonian Temperance League. There are 40 men who have obligated themselves to work in this struggle against alcoholism for the next 20 years. But I am sure that these men will work to the end of their lives and will not be content to stop at the end of the 20 years, and the professors and students of our universities will be in future our temperance leaders. I have also to tell you about temperance work in the University of Riga, the southern neighbor of Esthonia, in Latvia. There are many professors there who investigate the temperance question, and there is also a group of students, many of whom are in the temperance work. They had at the an- niversary of the University a speech against alcoholism, a speech which wi-s directed against the use of alcohol among the students. They are also work- ing among the youth of the high schools. The work is at it:-; beginning, but we are very sure it will prosper, and the University of Riga will be leading in the temperance movement throughout the world. In Lithuania, at the University of Kannas are many professors who arc- working on the temperance question. The temperance movement is in ts beginning there, but I am sure it will have also a great future in that part of the world. ADDRESS By REV. C. W. GORDON (Ralph Connor) I am sorry I have not been here very long, but I read something of your convention in the newspapers, and, even through the pages of cold type, I got a thrill, the thrill that you are all getting from this wonderful and very beautiful and very potential gathering here of people from all the world interested in the abolition of alcoholism. We have had a touch of that up in Manitoba during the last week, where we have had a convention, the like of which we have not had for over ten years. Ten years ago we held a strong convention because we were fighting the liquor traffic with all the power we could command. We have had 15 years of long and bitter fighting against the liquor traf- fic. Officially we won out and Manitoba is now a Prohibition province, but the liquor traffic has not gone. The battle is not over, although many of us thought it was. Some of us were confident that we could sit idly by after we had secured Prohibition and let other people take care of the result. But we have been rudely awakened this last year by the discovery that our foe had taken advantage of our tardiness and quietly and effectively organized a campaign which threatens the existence of Manitoba's Prohibition. I shall refer to one thing, sir, which I think is very significant. The great power, the great force, that was of so much help in winning Prohibition was that force, which after all is the big triumphant force in the world. It is the force represented by the churches. That was the force which won 136 Prohibition, under the leadership of the Social Service Council in Manitoba. We have made the discovery that a great many people who would never have thought of taking a position in opposition to the churches, did not hesitate to take a position of opposition to the Social Service Council. The minister of one of the most distinguished churches, with one of the largest congregations, in Western Canada, told me this: That he did not believe if it came to a vote in this section he could defeat the Moderation League, though his church and his congregation did remarkable service in the fight fcr Prohibition a few years ago. The reason is that a number of people who would never have thought, as I said before, of opposing their own church, dfd not hesitate to oppose some things other than their own church. During the last six months, a change has been made in the alignment of our forces in Manitoba. The Social Service Council has requested that the ch.urches of Manitoba should once more take their places in the front line of the fight, and this has been done, and I am very glad to say, sir, that every great church in Canada represented in Manitoba is on the fighting line today and in the front ranks. We have just concluded a great convention, I think the best convention in every way that we have had in Canada. We have had the greatest en- thusiasm during that convention, and that meeting, I believe, registers the first high explosive against what is indeed the most subtle and dangerous of our enemies, namely, the Moderation League movement. Ladies and gentlemen, the whisky business will never be brought back by drunkards. It will never be brought back by those who are under the power of this business; it will be brought back first, by those who make money by it, and second by those who are moderate in the use of alcohol. It will not be brought back by the extremist but by these moderate people, and these moderate people are the people we must most fear. We expect to take a referendum in Manitoba next year, probably in the early spring, and our province will be the battle ground for the Prohibition forces in Canada. I believe I have a right to say I have the utmost con- fidence in Manitoba and I believe that Manitoba will not only be the great sector for Prohibition but Manitoba will be the place where prohibition in Canada will receive the first demonstration of being a permanent institution in this Dominion. THE FIGHT AHEAD By REV. F. SCOTT MCBRIDE, D. D. Superintendent of the Anti-Saloon League of Illinois I am sure that everyone of us is in hearty accord with this world move- ment. I had about come to the conclusion if I were not and did not intend to remain a citizen of the Unitec( States of America, that I would come to Canada and be a citizen of Toronto, or go to England and be a citizen of England, or to Scotland and be a citizen of Scotland, or go over to Ireland and fight with the Irish, or go somewhere around the world, for there is going to be good fighting all along the line. It takes neither a prophet nor the 137 son -of a prophet to see that the fight against the liquor traffic is still on; that that there is a fight ahead. There is a fight of course, in those countries that have not yet adopted Prohibition, but we must never lose sight of the fact that there is as well a fight in those countries that are now trying out Prohibition such as the United States of America and Canada. There is nothing dis- couraging or reactionary in the recent elections in the United States of America, the liquor traffic to the contrary notwithstanding. We have, how- ever, learned some lessons. There is a substantial minority, and it is one of the best things that has ever happened to the temperance cause to find out that there is that organized substantial minority fighting to overthrow pro- hibition. A minority is dangerous especially when it has the foghorn of the public press and can make a lot of noise in talking about prohibition, but the interesting thing and the encouraging thing is the fact that there is no reac- tion. In the State of O.hio, where we had the only real referendum on the beer and wine proposition the liquor traffic lost by 189,000. In the State of California where they had a referendum on the Wright bill, they had had a referendum two years before at which time the law en- forcement bill lost by about 60,000. This time it won by 30,000, a gain of 90,000. So you see there is no reaction on those propositions. But the real fight and the real test was in the Congressional elections. As to Congressmen, we have not lost in any of the states where this issue was the determining factor. In the biggest states, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Illinois, as in practically all of the dry states, there is no loss in dry Congressmen that would indicate any reaction whatsoever. In our State of Illinois we elected a larger delegation to Congress, definitely com- mitted to this proposition, where the issue was raised by the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment in the different congressional districts, than in any other election that preceded. We elect two Congressmen at large in our district and the issue was clearly defined. I have here one of the placards of the wets. Here is a candidate that ran with these words, as a part of his platform, "Repeal the Volstead Act, Personal Liberty, Wines and Beer." He sent word out over the State of Illinois that he would come out of Chicago with 200,000 majority on the beer and wine iss.ue, but when the votes were counted he lost Cook County by 50,000 and the State of Illinois by 150,000. Our two Congressmen at large were elected by about 250,000 majority and no beer and wine candidate, running openly on that issue, will go to Congress from the State of Illinois. We had a contest in the Peoria District, which is the old home of the distillery interests. The Republican candidate, a dry, had a normal majoritv two years ago of 25,000. The successful candidate this year, an ex-distiller, was endorsed by the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment. Before the election he repudiated that wet endorsement. He carried that district by only about 8,000. He lost 17,000 votes and had to come out definitely for the enforcement of the Prohibition laws in order to keep from being defeated. When you make Prohibitionists out of ex-distillers in a contest of this kind, there is no reaction on the Prohibition issue. Pennsylvania affords a good example. Pennsylvania is one of the big 138 states of our Union, where the liquor traffic has had its strongholds. Pennsyl- vania for the first time in the history of that state has elected a Governor who campaigned on the issue that he would put the saloons and the bootleggers out of the Keystone State and they elected a legislature with a majority in the House and Senate which will stand back of him in that program. And they talk about reaction! The thing, however, that we had not yet learned, but which was taught us in this election, is that there is a very defi- nite and determined minority. The wets are going to fight. In the State of Ohio, while we carried that state by 189,000 majority, the remarkable thing is that there were 700,000 people who went to the polls and voted for a proposition that would have put Ohio in a position of having nullified the Constitution of the United States of America. That would nave taken away every bit of legislation Ohio had providing for law enforcement. While our forces there had a clear-cut majority, yet we must never forget that there is a minority which tells us in bold words that there is a fight ahead. Last week, the papers of our state ran big headlines showing that the Association Opposed to the Prohibition Amendment had had a big meeting in St. Louis. They said: "We are going to elect the next President of the United States of America. We are going to write into both party platforms a personal liberty plank for beer and light wine and if we don't get it in those platforms we will run a candidate of our own." In addition to that, they issued a statement in the name of representa- tives from thirty states of our Union, saying, "We are going out into the Congressional districts and organize them and fight from now on as the Anti-Saloon League has fought, till we get rid of the Prohibition measure." Now, the liquor interests ought to take legal notice of the fact that John Barleycorn has been asked to get out of the United States oi America. He has been asked by the action of forty-four states by legislation. He has been asked by the 18th amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America which has been ratified by 46 states out of the 48 in the Union. The only states that have stayed out are the two big states of Connecticut and Rhode Island. There are two things that we must do in the fight ahead. The first is to wage the defensive fight and the second is to make the offensive, aggressive fight. In the defensive fight we meet first of all the beer and wine proposal. That is a program of nullification, because it forgets the fact that there is an 18th amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America. Those who support this program would bring back beer and wine without first re-amending that constitution. The beer and wine nullificationists would bring back ninety per cent of the old liquor traffic and the bootlegger would bring back the other ten per cent of that traffic, and they wouldn't stop there, for the last stage would be a thousand times worse than the others; there would not be a single foot of territory in the United States of America, no matter how much we had won in all these years, that would be left as Prohibition territory. The beer and wine proposition would bring back the old brewery and beer politician; those who have been hand in hand with the liquor forces all these years, and all the forces that corrupted our politics in our state legislatures 139 and in our Congress. They talk about reforming the saloons, but in our State of Illinois we tested out the breweries, as to whether or not they would ever give us any reformation measure. We asked them to eliminate treating, We asked them to close at 1 o'clock at night. We asked them to divorce their business from the dance hall, but the brewers in control said to the members of that legislature who were under obligations to them, "You dare not do anything that will cost us a dollar. We are in this business for money." These brewers owned eighty per cent of the oldtime saloons in our city of Chicago. Out of 7,142 saloons 6,000 of them were owned by the brewers, and they could have done as they pleased with the saloon business in the city of Chicago, but they didn't please to do anything in the way of reformation and they never will. The beer and wine program means the coming back of the political power of the liquor interests and we cannot af- ford to have that happen. The strangest thing of all has been that these people say, "We want beer and light wines, but no saloons," thereby conceding that the Anti-Saloon League was right. But they are not willing now to take advice from us. They say now the Anti-Saloon League was all right when we said "No saloons," but they didn't agree with us at the time; and now after we have gotten the saloons out of business they come back to us and say, "You were right in righting the saloons, but now let us have our beer and wines." If our advice was good then, and we were in the right, why not take our advice today, and keep the liquor traffic out? The liquor people talk about reforming the liquor traffic. Now the fact is, they have put themselves out of business. A campaign orator one time said something like this, concerning his opponent, and it applies as well to the liquor interests: "They will just keep on cutting the wool off the hen that laid the golden egg until they pump it dry." That is what the liquor traffic has done along the line of reformation. They just kept on doing one thing after another that was corrupt until the people in the interests of decency said, "We are going to abolish the liquor traffic," and the saloon is gone and must be kept away. In addition to the beer and wine nullifications we find a campaign of wet propaganda. We have in our City of Chicago six big daily newspapers. Five out of the six are printing wet editorials. The Chicago Tribune said, after the election, first, that Ohio was going about three to one wet and then about four or five days later, when it had gone 189,000 dry, they said in their headlines, "Ohio has gone a wee bit arid," and then five days after the election in their Sunday edition they based an editorial, printed it, pub- lished it, distributed it, on the basis that Ohio had scarcely gone dry and that California had gone wet. That was five days after the election. Now, they may be so far-sighted as to prepare those editorials two or three weeks before election, but they ought not to print them. What is the matter with that paper? The Chicago Tribune has the best news service of any paper in the world today. It isn't poor news service, it is wet propaganda and nothing else in the world. It reminds me of the fellow who was out on a fishing expedition. He 140 got a pair of scales to weigh his fish and had another man to witness the weighing and take down the record, so he could go back home and convince the people he had caught those fish. One day a baby was born in the colony, and they borrowed the fisherman's scales to weigh him. When they put the little fellow on the scales he weighed 55 pounds. That is the trouble with the Chicago Tribune. It has its political propaganda, its wet propaganda, and is using its columns to carry out the wet propaganda program. What are we going to do with that kind of paper? The first thing we will have to do is to smoke them out in order that the people who read those papers will know that it is wet propaganda and that these papers stand for the wet side, so that we may read those things in the columns of such a newspaper just as we in Illinois will read the columns of the "Champion of Fair Play." Wet propaganda does not hurt if you know who is talking it. If we could make those men sign their names so we could see whether they are talking out of their heads or appetites we wouldn't have so much trouble. A little while ago, as another element of newspaper propaganda, in our city of Chicago, an article came out saying that since Prohibition had come there was more insanity; that the psychopathic hospital is crowded; that it had more patients than it had before Prohibition. Dr. James Whitney Hall, who is chairman of the Committee on Insanity in the county, gave that state- ment to the press. Two days after that was published two of the members of the psychopathic hospital staff, Dr. George W. Hall and Dr. Neymann, came out with a statement calling attention to the following: That the statement of James Whitney Hall was unfair and the increase in the number of patients was accounted for largely because of these three facts: First, our House of Correction closed its hospital, under Prohibition, and turned its few remaining patients over to the hospital for treatment. Second, the Washingtonian Home, which is for incurable drunkards, had closed its doors and sent its patients to the psychopathic hospital. Third, the free ward of the hospital had quit treating such patients in the wards, and sent them to the psychopathic hospital. We put that statement out in the Chicago Tribune and as far as I have been able to find it ' never went outside of the boundaries of the City of Chicago. That is wet propaganda. If the people can get the truth, the truth will make them free and that is a part of our platform and our program. The wets are trying to establish two things, by wet propaganda. First, that a man has no right to obey a law that he doesn't like; second, that the community has no right to have imposed upon it a law with which it is not agreed. That is in accordance with the resolution introduced in Congress by Congressman Tinkham providing that those communities which do not like the 18th amendment to the Constitution be given an opportunity by refer- endum to go out from under its provisions. Think of that! If we permit the liquor traffic to do that with our Constitution it won't be very long until the Constitution of the United States of America is not worth the paper on which it is written. If we will put the strength and weight of public opinion against the liquor traffic, and stick our toes into the ground we will be able to drive them back and hold them from making any progress along that line. 141 The second thing we must take care of is the offensive program, the ag- gressive program. I was glad to hear Dr. Baker say that the time has come when we must swing back into these local communities, in every county in every section of this Union and build up an organization that will teach the truth about the liquor traffic. Organization and educational work is all-im- portant. It is trench work, and we must get down into the trenches and take care of that proposition, in order to be ready to take care of the ag- gressive program. There are three things in the aggressive program. First, the election. As long as we can elect dry congressmen and members of legislatures we won't have much trouble. The wets can get a lot of encouragement out of heavy headlines in the papers telling them they have won a great victory and when on going down to Washington they find that only 134 members of the House are committed to them out of a total of 435, there is a lot of comfort in that, isn't there? And when they look at the United States Senate and find out that there are three more dry United States Senators elected than ever before they should get a lot of comfort out of the great newspaper stories on the reaction against Prohibition. The second thing we need to do is to take care of law enforcement. The country that fails to enforce its laws is inviting trouble. "Whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap." That applies to the nation as well as to the individual. A lot of places are finding out that they are reaping the whirlwind where they had sown to the wind. In one of the cities in the State of Illinois, Rock Island, they have had such an experience. Rock Island is the most wide open city anywhere in the State of Illinois. Within the last six months they found it necessary to go down in their pockets and raise a fund of $35,000, and call the Attorney General of the State, to get a special grand jury, and indict the men who are bringing crime into that city. Let me give you another example in a different county in our State. Lake County has a state attorney who cooperates with the Anti-Saloon League of Illinois. The Illinois Prohibition Act provides that the Board of Supervisors shall make an appropriation for the state's attorney who shall gather the evidence, and prosecute and take out of the fines first the expenses of the prosecution, the salary of the state's attorney and his assistant's salary, and the rest of the fine goes into the school fund. In Lake County in place of the people having to go down into their pockets to get the money to pay for law enforcement, they put into the school fund of the county $48,000. That is the way to enforce the law. Law is law, and no matter whether the people of a community like a certain law or not, it ought to be enforced and it must be enforced. Officers of the different states of our Union must either keep their oath of office to obey the Constitution of the United States of Amer- ica and stand by the laws of the different states of our Union or get out of the way and let somebody else take his place who will keep the oath. That is the sentiment contained in the recent declaration by the judicial Bar Asso- ciation of our country. They said in substances, "He that scoffs at or ignores any law is helping the cause of anarchy." We need to get it into our heads that we will have to enforce our laws. Law is not for those people that like it. 142 It is for people that don't like it. If they all liked it we wouldn't need any law. The sentiment of the great Lincoln needs to be revived, "Let reverence for the laws be breathed by every American mother, let it be taught in the schools, let it be written in the primers, let it be preached from the pulpit, proclaimed in legislative halls and enforced in courts of justice; in short let it become the political religion of our country." President Grant said that if a law is a bad law, enforce it, that you might find out it is a bad law and get rid of it. If a law is a good law, enforce it, so as to get the benefit of it. And I believe the sentiment in the closing words of our American creed is splendid: "I therefore believe it to be my duty to my country to love it, to support its Constitution, to obey its laws, to respect its flag and to defend it against all its enemies." But we must bear in mind that the liquor traffic is international as well as national; that it belongs to the world as well as to local communities; and that if we are going to take care of our own fight we will have to take care of the world fight. Reference has already been made in this convention to the fact that the international liquor interests met about a month ago in Paris and sent out a declaration that was read all over the world. They stated that the wine growers of Southern Europe had pledged a fund of many millions of francs, mind you, for what purpose? To make a merciless attack upon Prohibition. Where? Everywhere, they said, but they said they were going to make it particularly in the places Prohibition is now on trial, like the United States of America and the Dominion of Canada. They said, "We are going to cooperate with the wets in those countries." No wet organization in any country outside ought to come into our country and help an institution that has been outlawed, help the wets to undermine our very government itself. A lot of people are talking about the United States of America forgiving the war debts. I am in favor of doing everything we can to help any nation on the face of the earth and if we do forgive the war debts we should forgive them on the condition that they don't use a dollar of that money for the raising of funds to come back and fight our Constitution, and in addition to that, on condition that they will quit drinking up money. Let us be fair to each other and stand up together in this finish fight against the liquor traffic. In order to win this fight it is necessary for us to go down the field to- ward the goal of an outlawed and accursed liquor traffic. Great multitudes throng the world stadium and watch this spirited contest. The crowds are on their feet. They are interested and anxious. The signal has been given. The whistle is blown. The Prohibition ball has been handed to the World League Against Alcoholism, and with sixty nations represented here, we must form such an interference as will make it possible for us to ward off the world nullificationists and the wet propagandists and send them with their many millions of francs, whirling, rolling and writhing to the ground, and make such a forward pass as will send the ball over the goal for good elec- tions, clean elections, law enforcement and world-wide Prohibition. We must go over or through all opposition, and kill the liquor traffic in the Prohibition fight once and for all time. We must stamp out moonshine where Prohibi- 143 tion is and scatter the sunshine by Prohibition around the world. Prohibition will never be what it ought to be anywhere until we get it everywhere. We must enlist for this finish fight, and I am going to ask you now if you believe that this fight ought to T5e world-wide, to ehlist as servants in this movement and be willing to make whatever sacrifice you need to make to finish the fight. A little while ago our President was called down to New York harbor to give a word of comfort to the women and children who were there to meet the bodies of three thousand soldier boys, fathers, husbands, sons and brothers, that were brought back from the fields of France. Our President prepared a message and started to read it. His eyes failed him. His throat filled up and after a great deal of effort he looked out over those three thousand bodies of soldier boys, wrapped with the American flag, and was able to say merely these words: "This thing must never happen again." Some of you here in Canada and from the other countries who suffered more than the United States of America, know how to join with us in that declaration, "This thing must never happen again." If we can get co- operative action I believe we will not only kill the liquor traffic, but we will kill the other things for which the liquor traffic is responsible. As I look back over the years I see not merely three thousand soldiers' bodies, but a million soldiers' bodies shrouded with the disgrace of having been killed by the cruel liquor traffic. Are we going to stand for that kind of thing? Are we going to let the liquor traffic come back? I believe the sentiment of this convention is that we are ready to say in the words of the President of the United States of America, "This thing, by the help of God, must never happen again." ORGANIZED LABOR AND PROHIBITION By HONOKABLE JOHN G. COOPER Member of the House of Representatives, United States of America and Member of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, United States of America I deem it an honor and a privilege to come before you and speak to the great gathering of men and women here. It has been an inspiration for me to sit here and see the enthusiasm that has been manifested and when I leave to take the train back to Washington, District of Columbia, I assure you that I shall go inspired with a greater determination than I have ever had before to fight old John Barleycorn and the liquor traffic, until it is wiped frorri the entire face of the earth. You have heard a great deal about what the American Congress is going to say; is going to do. Let me say this to you, as one member of that Con- gress: That the American Congress is going to hold fast. We have a front line there. The liquor forces and all the demons of hell are not going to break through and they are not going to modify or weaken the national Prohibition enforcement act in any way, shape or manner. I have been assigned the subject of "Prohibition and its Relation to Or- ganized Labor." That is quite a delicate question to talk upon, but I shall do my very best to confine myself to the subject which you have assigned me. 144 From the days when I was a wee small lad and at the age of thirteen went to work in the great rolling mills of the district in which I lived, all of my life has been associated with the men and women that toil. For seventeen years prior to the time when the people of my Congressional District sent me to Congress eight years ago, I was employed by the Pennsylvania Rail- road Company in the capacity of a locomotive fireman and engineer, and while I have not been in active service as an engineer since my election to Con- gress, yet it is with something of a feeling of pride that I can sl:and here and say to you that I am still a member in good standing in one of the great labor organizations of our country, namely, the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers. I do not come to you this afternoon as one who has any authority to speak for organized labor. I merely come to you as one who is a member of organized labor, one who is associated with the working classes and has been so associated all of his life. I have shared with them their comforts and their hardships, their joys and their sorrows, and I have nothing but their best interests at heart. There is at this time a very determined effort being made on the part of the liquor interests and a few members of organized labor to leave the impression that the working classes, and, especially, those that are affiliated with organized labor, are opposed to prohibition of the liquor traffic. / Now, I want to deny and challenge the statement that the working classes or a majority of those affiliated with organized labor are opposed to Prohibition and are in sympathy with the liquor traffic, and that they are ready to adopt the beer keg and the whisky bottle as their emblem. I grant you, it is true that there are some affiliated with organized labor who are opposed to Pro- hibition of the liquor traffic, but as a rule you will find that these men are affiliated with various crafts, which in the past have been engaged in the dis- tribution, the manufacture or the sale of alcoholic liquors. Now, Mr. Chair- man, I hold no brief against these men. God bless them, I would be the first to do them a good turn if it lay in my power so to do, but this fact remains, that they were engaged in the manufacture, in the sale and in the distribution of that which was the greatest enemy that the working class has ever had. While I hold no brief against these men and I do not care to make any attack upon them from a personal standpoint yet, I must take the position to fight with all the power at my command the institution which they are up- holding. Not long ago the newspapers of our country published a story rela- tive to the action that had been taken by the Executive Council of the Ameri- can Federation of Labor, calling upon the voters all over this great land of ours to support only those candidates for the Senate and the House of Representatives who had pledged themselves to a modification of the Volstead Act in such a way as would permit the sale of wine and beer which is now prohibited under our Federal Constitution. When I read of the action taken by the Council I wondered if the great American Federation of Labor had cast aside the fundamental principles for which it had always stood, namely, the welfare, the comfort and the happiness of the workingman and his family. I wondered if it had cast aside those great principles and formed an alliance 145 with those who are seeking the return' of the liquor traffic which has always been the arch enemy of the workingman's home and a Christian civilized nation. The most powerful agency that is fighting prohibition in the United States of America today is known as the Association Opposed to the Pro- hibition Amendment. You will not find any working people or leaders of organized labor among the incorporators of this organization. No. But you will find on the board of directors such sturdy champions of the down- trodden masses as Arthur Capell, banker, of New York City; Michael Freed- man, President of the S. Altman- Company; Joseph W. Harriman, President of the Harriman National Bank; P. S. Hill, President of the American To- bacco Company; Lawrence McGuire, President of the United States Realty and Improvement Company, and many other multi-millionaires as the incor- porators and board of directors of this Association. As I read the names of these illustrious friends of the toiling masses I wondered how much of their great wealth had come from the poisoned fruits of the liquor traffic and how much capital they had invested in business which they think may be benefited by the revival of the licensed sale of booze. Another of these so-called champions of the working classes who is try- ing to solicit the support of organized labor for the revival of the liquor traf- fic is Captain William H. Stayton, who is the managing director ofHhis asso- ciation. Now, I want to call the attention of my workingmen friends in Canada here to the fact that it has only been about two or three years ago since this same Captain William H. Stayton went from one end of the United States to the other, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from the Great Lakes to the Gulf, lecturing to chambers of commerce and civic organizations and asking them to get in touch with their Senators and their Congressmen and fight for a provision in the Army and Navy appropriation bills for the stop-watch time saving device in the arsenals and the navy yards of our country. If Captain Stayton could have had his way the employees in the United States arsenals and navy yards would now be working under conditions where the stop watch would be held over them as it is held over a race horse when he is trying to break the record. Some time ago this Association Opposed to the Prohibition Amendment held a mass meeting in Madison Square Garden in New York City and the papers stated that one of the prominent speakers at this meeting was Mr. Samuel Gompers, President of the American Federation of Labor, and if the press reports are true, Mr. Gompers is quoted as saying this: "I and the federation I represent are in favor of wine and beer and we are against any attempt to enforce laws aimed at the personal liberty of our people." Now, I have no quarrel with Mr. Gompers as a labor leader. I think that in some respects he has been a great labor leader, but I cannot and will not agree with him on his stand on the liquor question. I do not challenge the right of Mr. Gompers to speak for himself on the Prohibition question, but I do challenge the right of Mr. Gompers or anyone 146 else to speak for the hundreds of thousands of law-abiding workingmen and women who have joined hands with the Christian forces of our country and swept the legalized liquor traffic out of that fair land of ours. What did Mr. Gompers mean when he said, "We are against any attempt to enforce laws aimed at the personal liberty of our people?" Did he mean that he was against the enforcement of the Volstead Act? The Volstead Act is nothing more nor less than a statute to enforce the provisions of the 18th amendment to our Constitution. In an address that Mr. Gompers delivered at Chicago in April, 1922, he said this: "While I am a trade unionist from the ground up, I am first of all an American." I would like to ask Mr. Gompers this question: How can any man be a true American in spirit or ideals who openly advocates disregard for con- stituted law? The 18th amendment is part of our Constitution and it is just as sacred as any other part of our Constitution; and the man or woman who violates it is just as guilty as if he or she committed any other crime against our Gov- ernment. Then, again, Mr. Gompers raises the old cry of personal liberty. Personal liberty! No man or group of men has the right to engage in any business that turns human beings into beasts, destroys homes, and threatens the foundations of all government in a Christian civilization. But I doubt if any thinking person pays serious attention to Mr. Gompers' old "personal lib- erty" cry for it is the worn out wail of those who would feed their selfish appe- tites, no matter what the cost to the welfare and happiness of their fellowmen. But thank God that not all leaders of organized labor are opposed to Pro- hibition. I am proud of the fact that my name is recorded on one of the great labor organizations of our country which ten years ago went on record as being in favor of state and national prohibition of the liquor traffic. And in 1915 I had the honor to be present at the triennial convention of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers held in Cleveland, Ohio, when the delegates to that convention went on record representing 80,000 members, pledging the best efforts of the organization for the abolition of the liquor traffic. In a letter which was made public a short time after that, by Mr. Warren S. Stone, Grand Chief of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, h'; had this to say: "We fight the liquor traffic as hard as any of the churches. Liquor has no place in our modern railroading. I never expect to be the manager of a railroad, but if I were, the man could not work for me who took a drink of liquor, either on or off duty. I would make no difference between the two, for the man who will drink off duty is not fit to go on duty when the time comes. I fail to see why our workingmen do not come out in the open and fight this evil. It tends to destroy the home life, lower the tone of citizen- ship in the community, and the morale of the individual as well, to say noth- ing of his mental and physical health." God bless Warren S. Stone. Thank God that we have such great labor leaders as he in our country. 147 Some time ago I wrote personal letters to many of the great labor leaders in the United States of America and asked them to give me in writing their opinion as to what effect Prohibition had had on the working classes and invariably every one of those leaders wrote to me and said that the working classes had derived great benefit fronn the Prohibition of the liquor traffic. Something has been said about Ohio here today. I want to speak about the situation there because it is my home state. Does some one ask, "Was it the rural sections that gave Ohio 189,000 majority against the amendment for beer and wine on the 7th day of last month?" No, the rural sections helped, but, my friends, Ohio is the third greatest industrial state in the United States. Take my own Congressional District, my own city of Youngstown, Ohio. We have the second largest iron and steel industry in the world throughout that great valley. Sixty thousand men work in our steel plants alone. Through that district we have the heaviest railroad traffic of any district in the United States of America. We have thousands and thousands of mechanics in the diversified industries through that great valley, and yet on the 7th day of last November, the county in which is located the city of Youngstown went to the polls and gave a dry majority of 3,200. Yet people say to you that organized labor and the work- ing classes are opposed to prohibition of the liquor traffic! I deny it, and I challenge the untruthful statement that organized labor, and the labor- ing classes are opposed to Prohibition. I fail to understand what labor ex- pects to gain by the resurrection of the liquor traffic in these trying times of the world history. I want to say to you, my friends, especially to you who are members of organized labor, that we have all we can do to look after our own interests without trying to do the dirty work of the brewers and the distillers who expect the public to bring back beer and wine. Now, my observation has led me to believe that it is not the working people who are clamoring for the return of the liquor but it is chiefly the class of people who do not produce anything in this world. Most of them are referred to as "The Idle Rich." They have been left with more money than they know what to do with. They have nothing to do but lounge around in bed all day and then they spend their nights in the cabarets and the dance halls and the banquet rooms and say, "We must have liquor to give us a little pep." If these people could divert their minds to some useful purpose, if they would only do an honest day's work once in a while, they would not need intoxicating liquors to give them false stimulation. Among those who are seeking the return of the liquor traffic is another class, some of the employers of labor. I do not mean all employers. A great many of our employers of labor worked in season and out of season to bring about Prohibition. I believe, some worked to that end be- cause they thought they could get more efficiency out of their working men. Now, I have no objections to the employer of labor favoring Prohibition, but I have nothing but the deepest of contempt for the employer of labor who acts to bring about Prohibition for his own employees and is not man enough to leave the drink alone himself. We have that class too. Then there is another class who break the law to satisfy the desires of a 148 physical appetite. How deplorable it is when we hear of men and women, scores of them, supposed to stand high in the communities in which they live, men and women who should be a power for good, defiantly boasting that they are violating one of the constituted laws of our land. But I want to issue a solemn warning to them here and now. I would say to them that they had better read the warning sign, stop, look and listen, for in their eager de- sire to satisfy the craving of a physicial body they are laying the foundation for a condition which, if not checked, ultimately will destroy the soul of our Nation; for when the people of our great land have so far forgotten themselves that they have no respect for constituted law, when that time comes, all liberty will cease and anarchy will begin. No class can be greater than our government and law, and still leave us with a free country. Our nation, and your nation, will never rise above the moral fibre of its people; and if the day ever comes in this great , country of yours and in the great land of ours which today are looked upon by the peoples of all the old world as the beacon light and the torch bearers of a Christian civilization and freedom I say, if the day ever comes when we fall, it will be because we have forgotten Almighty God in our disrespect and disregard for constituted law and authority. In conclusion, I want to appeal to the working masses to consider well the false cry of those who say that organized labor is supporting the move- ment of the liquor people for the return of that nefarious business. I appeal to the working classes in all walks of life, to strike back at those who would use labor as a means to bring back this nefarious business. Work- ing men and women, let us stand by and support the constituted laws of our land. Let us see to it that the black flag of anarchy shall never flaunt its dirty folds within the sacred sanctuary of the American workingman's home. About six or seven months after the great World War was ended, one bright morning, amidst the blowing of whistles and the booming of cannons, the ringing of bells, the waving of flags, and the cheering of multitudes, a great ocean liner slowly steamed into New York Harbor. On board that liner was a very distinguished American citizen, General John J. Pershing, Com- mander in Chief of the American Expeditionary Forces. As the liner came to the dock a committee went on board, among them the Secretary of War, Newton D. Baker. He had been delegated to go to New York and meet the General and present to him a commission granted to General Pershing by the Congress of the United States making him a permanent General in the United States Army. I believe only two other American citizens have been granted that honor, namely, General Washington and General Grant. The commission was presented to the great General who accepted it in a few brief words of appreciation and then turned to an inferior officer standing by his side and said, "Sergeant, this is going to be a busy day for me and I am going to give you this commission and I want you to keep it safe." The "Sergeant" was his only son, Warren Pershing, a boy about fourteen or sixteen years of age. The- father had taken the little chap over to France with him. The boys liked -him and the officers liked him. They put a uniform on him and made him a "Sergeant." As the General handed the little Sergeant his com- 149 mission, the boy saluted and said, "General, I will keep your commission safe." During the excitement of the day the little lad for the time being was separated from his father. He was in good hands, but as the time went on the General was just a little bit concerned about him. He said to one of his aides, "Will you go out and see if you can find Warren and bring him to me." The aide went out and in a few moments returned with the boy. As they came up, the first thing the General said was "Sergeant, have you got my commission safe?" The little lad again saluted and said, "Yes. General, I have your commission safe." A little more than nineteen hundred years ago the angels of the Lord appeared unto the shepherds who were watching their flocks by night on the plains of Bethlehem and told them of the Prince of Peace, the Savior of mankind who had been born. He came to us with a message of peace and of joy and of love and of happiness. He lived a life of purity, suffering and sacrifice. He sacrificed his life on the Cross in order that you and I might have eternal life and a home in heaven. By shedding of His blood He left to you and me a commission to go out into this world and win it for the King- dom of God, and make it a better place in which to live. God grant that we may stand firm in this critical time of the world's history, when the forces of evil are working as they never did before, organiz- ing to strike down and tear away civilization, religion, and the Church of Jesus Christ, and that when the final day comes we will be able to stand erect and say as the little Sergeant said, "Jesus, I have kept the commission safe; I have given you the best and all I had, to win the old world for the King- dom of God and make it a better, cleaner and purer place in which men and women can live." MEMORIAL SERVICE THE HON. MATTI HELENIUS SEPPALA By PROFESSOR ROBERT HERCOD, PH. D., Lausanne, Switzerland On the 15th of October, two years ago, at New York I accompanied my friend, Dr. Matti Helenius Seppala, to the boat which was to take him home tc Helsingfors. He was in high spirits. He had greatly enjoyed his brief stay in the United States of America, which had become a Prohibition coun- try. He rejoiced also to resume his arduous duties as Prohibition Com- missioner for Finland. Four days later a wireless message announced to us that he had suddenly died. He died a martyr to our cause. He had overworked himself for many months, and in July instead of resting he spent his holidays in Denmark lec- turing. He wrote me then, "I cannot stand upon my feet. I am obliged to speak sitting, but I have accepted to speak and I will speak." We had agreed to sail together to the Fifteenth International Congress in the United States of America, and when I met him at Paris I found him so ill that I earnestly urged him to remain for some days in a hospital and then go back to Helsingfors, but he would not. He considered it as a duty for him as the official representative of Prohibition Finland, to go to Wash- ISO ington and to attend the International Congress Against Alcoholism as well as the session of the World League Against Alcoholism. At Washington he was very active and we could. not keep him quiet. He wanted to attend every meeting. He was so glad to speak of his Prohibition country, of his experiences, of his hopes. He was so glad to meet with so many friends. He took also a prominent part in sessions of the World League, and the result was the reaction of disease on the boat and his death. Who was Matti Helenius Seppala? What part has he had in our move- ment? As a young student when he gave the best hopes of a brilliant career he decided to espouse the then unpopular cause and to devote his life to the fight against alcohol, and the liquor traffic, in his beloved country. He decided not to rest until his country was free from liquor, and he was faithful until his death, but, before speaking and writing on the alcohol question he wanted, conscientious as he was, to know himself thoroughly on the question and so that he could ascertain many facts that were then not quite sure in our ques- t'on he decided that his first work for the movement would be to elucidate the question which was under discussion. During several years he travelled, and studied for weeks and months in the principal libraries in Europe and the result of this was a book of more than four hundred pages for which he received the degree of Doctor of Political Sciences from the University of Copenhagen. That book, which was translated into Swedish, English and German, is now twenty years old. Many pages are out of date, but it re- mains a great store of valuable information. After having achieved his prep- aration, Dr. Seppala began his practical work. He became the Secretary of the Finnish Society of Friends of Abstinence, and his work there was won- derful, always writing, lecturing from North to South, from West to East. I have photos of him where once he is seen in the middle of the winter speaking to the Laps on the frozen shores of the Arctic Ocean. He wanted not only to educate, but also to legislate, and he accepted a political mandate as representative of the Christian Social party of Finland and soon was a member of important committees, but always having as his first thought to win his fellow members for Prohibition laws for Finland. Tn 1907 victory seemed to be won. The Finnish Parliament adopted almost universally the Prohibition law; but Finland then was not free. It was a part of the Russian Empire and any law voted by the Finnish Parliament had to be ratified by the Russian Emperor. The Finnish Prohibition law was not ratified. It has been said that the Russian ministers were not unfavorable but the French wine interests interfered. France had lent much money to Russia, and the law was not ratified. Two years later the Finnish Parliament voted a second Prohibition law. trying to answer some of the objections which rlad been made to the first one. This law also was not ratified, and all that remained to the friends of Prohibition in Finland was to hope for a better future and to educate, educate, the population. At that time Dr. Matti Helenius Seppala made a long journey in the United States of America and brought back a fine impartial book on 151 the story of Prohibition in Maine. Then the war came and in 1917 the Rus- sian Revolution. Finland was still nominally for some weeks a subject of the Russian Republic, but practically she was free, and the Finnish Parliament received from Petrograd the ratification of the former Prohibition law. This was a great day in all Finland. In all churches the pastors thanked God, and the faithful men and women who had fought for so many years. Matti Helenius Seppala had the most glorious day, the happiest day in all his life, but his work was not at an end. He had been offered the post of Minister for Social Affairs in the new republic. He was a modest man and would i-ot accept it, but he did accept the difficult task of being the Chief of the Prohibition Section in the Social Ministry. He had to enforce the new Pro- hibition law. His work was very difficult. All of the enforcement section was to be organized. He had also to meet the many adversaries and foes of the Prohibition law, and he did this, it is the common judgment of his fellow citizens, in the most wonderful way. But it was too much for him, and he died from overwork. In the international movement against alcoholism, Dr. Matti Helenius Seppala was also a prominent figure. He always attended the International Congresses. He did not speak much but he spoke always to the point and always his voice was acknowledged as the voice of a wonderful official and worker. He was of a mild and cheerful disposition, not at all a stern fanatic, but a man who enjoyed a good joke, who enjoyed good companionship. He was universally beloved in his Finland where he was commonly named, "Righteous Matti," "Temperance Matti" or "Uncle Matti." He was a friend ever ready to oblige, and when one was in trouble one was sure of his active sympathy. I was closely connected with him, and when I heard of his death it was one of the saddest days of my life, and also one of the saddest days in the life of many people in Finland. His place has not been taken by another. They know that nobody can have his authority but they wrote me after his death, "Now, we will work twice as much in order to be worthy of our chief." In the name of the Fin- nish Temperance movement, in the name of all the friends of Dr. Matti Helenius Seppala, in this country, I thank the organizers of this touching, memorial service for having included his name in it. He is worthy of it. I am sure that when one will write the history of the modern Prohibition movement Dr. Matti Helenius Seppala will take in this history a prominent place as a leader of the Finnish Prohibition forces, and as one of the noble leaders of the world in the temperance reform. THE REV. JAMES MARION By REVEREND ROBERT B. S. HAMMOND, D. D., of Sydney, Australia Among those present in the first gathering of the family of the World League Against Alcoholism in 1919, was James Marion of Sydney, Australia. He was at the time General Secretary of the New South Wales Alliance for Prohibition. He was born in Australia. He campaigned in every state of that continent and also in New Zealand, making a good impression and al- 152 ways winning friends. This bright, versatile worker tor Prohibition held a special layman's license from the Primate of Australia to preach in the Episcopal Church which numbers 46 per cent of the population of Australia. The whole commonwealth recognized that he was worthy to represent Aus- tralia's Prohibition sentiment at the first World League meeting. After his return from America his usefulness to the cause of Prohibition was increased a hundred fold and his lecture, "Uncle Sam Goes Dry," was heard by tens of thousands, always winning converts, attracting great public attention. Last year he went to New Zealand on a special mission and at the height of success, when addressing a crowded auditorium, smiling, vigor- ous, in the prime of life, only 44 years of age, he stopped speaking to the audience and, turning to the chairman, said, "I don't feel well," and then he ?.at down. He said, "My work is done. Jesus is calling me." Looking up, fce said, "I am ready, I am coming." He never spoke again. He became un- conscious; within two hours he had gone home. In this manner, my friend and comrade of many years was called home, leaving behind him a fragrant memory, of fine enthusiasm, of sparkling speech and of tireless energy. He did not enter mto the sunshine of Prohibition in Australia, but he saw the dawn breaking. The unfinished work remains for those of us who counted it as our life's most worth while business to bring sunshine to human hearts and homes, that have too long lived under the dreary shadow of the world's greatest enemy and greatest sorrow maker, alcohol. We pay our best tribute to the memory of great and noble souls by re- newing our energies and catching a fresh inspiration for our enthusiasm to complete the work they so nobly began. MR. THOMAS SEARLE By MBS. DEBORAH KNOX LIVINGSTON, of Boston, Mass. In that far away country, beyond the southern Atlantic, beneath the Southern Cross, known as the Union of South Africa, Thomas Searle lived and did his day's work until the book of toil for him was finished. As President of the Temperance Alliance of South Africa, he was loved and honored through all the provinces of that country, but beyond the provinces which make the Union of South Africa, his name was known, be- cause of his great interest in the protection of the native races of that great continent. He loved the cause of temperance for many reasons. Perhaps, he loved it best because he loved little children so well. It was his great in- terest in the protection of little children, whether they were black or white, that sent him forth into the highways and the byways of that country to or- ganize these children in the Bands of Hope. As the President of the Alliance of that Dominion of South Africa, he brought into being an organization which is seeking to carry out today the great principles of the prohibition of traffic in alcoholic drinks, by government action, as well as the setting up of a standard of total abstinence among all the peoples of South Africa. It was my happy privilege during my recent visit to that country to be a guest in the home of his son and to be taken 153 through the little town in which he lived. While I was interested in all the splendid industrial center which he had built up, the thing that interested me most was when his son said, "You know, Mrs. Livingston, father believed in beginning at home with his temperance missionary enterprise and there has never ben a public house in this town since a Searle began to live here." There are indeed many words of praise and of tribute that I might bring to you from our South African comrades as they told me of the wonderful life of this remarkable man but, as I have been thinking of those expressions of their appreciation, the thing that has impressed me more than anything else is this: That he though being dead yet spoke with a voice more power- ful than even in his life, in the great temperance reform in South Africa, and truly it might have been written of him as was written of another: "There is no death. The stars go down To rise upon some fairer shore, And bright in Heaven's jewelled crown They shine forever more. ******* O'er all the boundless universe Is life there is no death." THE COUNTESS OF CARLISLE By Miss AGNES SLACK Secretary, World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union The last time I spoke on this platform it was with the founder of the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Frances E. Willard. Today, I speak of our late president, the Countess of Carlisle. My first speech outside my own county was made in a great hall in the city of London. In the chair was Lady Aberdeen and on the platform were women whose names are known throughout the British Empire. That political organization has more than once turned a general election in my county. I was speaking for the chairman, and proposed a resolution that it should be made illegal for little children of six or seven years of age to be allowed to go to public houses to drink intoxicating liquors. When I finished my speech there was a stir on the platform. "She is wrong in her law. Children can't go at seven years of age and get drinks," and there was dead silence and no second to my resolution. Lady Aberdeen was just going to rise to say it fell to the ground, when a lady from the middle of the hall came bustling forward in her quick way and on to the platform. It was the Countess of Carlisle. She said, "I am not going to speak here. I am not here to ask for pros and cons. 1 will test the law. I will second this resolution and we will soon find out what is legal and what is illegal." That was the beginning of a great move- ment. That was the first time I saw Lady Carlisle. From that time and until a little more than a year ago I was closely associated in my temperance work and other work as an intimate friend of Lady Carlisle and it has been one of life's greatest privileges for me. I remember once walking down the stately avenues of Castle Howard with her 154 and I said to her, "Who has walked down this avenue with you?" She said, "Everybody who has been great and important in the world of politics, art, and literature, has walked down Castle Howard Avenue," and she mentioned one instance after another of those who had walked there. Men and women went to her when they were discouraged. Prime Ministers would go to her. Cabinet Ministers would go to her in moments of crisis in British history, and would leave her with a higher ideal, encouraged and full of hope. Men and women from the length and breadth of our country would go to that great woman in moments of perplexity and they would leave her full of hope and full of joy and full of the great vision of what life might be. Yes, I have known crises in our Cabinet. I knew one case particularly when she was exceedingly useful behind the scenes with our Cabinet Ministers iu a great crisis. They regarded her as our great woman statesman. She was a statesman. I know no woman who did as much in our country to give women votes, as Lady Carlisle, when it was an unpopular movement and seemed to have little chance of success. She with her great influence em- ployed women to go and speak in the villages and towns in the whole of our country on this question. She did this for years, and she created an education and enthusiasm which culminated the other day in the victory which gave the vote to women. As Mr. George Wilson said to me, "The wicked fear her and all the good folks love her." In 1904 Lady Henry Somerset resigned from the presidency of the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union a great association of 120,000 women. Unknown to anybody in the world I went alone to Lady Carlisle and found Sir Lawson having tea with her. I stayed with her six hours, until nearly midnight, until I had made her consent to stand for nomination for president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Association. She stood. We elected her president and until the moment she passed away she was a great president. One reason why she was so great was that she kept a straight course. I knew that all the red herrings that were trailed across our path in Britain would not keep her off the straight course. Nothing would divert that woman from local option. "License or no license" was her cry. For that she lived and for that she died, and she never wavered. She was our great genius. She was a woman who gave enormous attention to detail. I have never known anyone to take such trouble in committee work as Lady Carlisle. Nothing was too small, and sometimes when I would whisper to her, "Can't we pass on?" She would turn around and say, "No, nothing is unimportant." She would also say, "These trivials lead to big things." I remember one day at our national council meeting when I dared to tell that council that she had just given another enormous sum of money to the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union, and she took hold of my dress, as she often did and pulled me down. I managed to get up again and finish my sentence and when I sat down she said, "You ought to be ashamed of yourself, talking about what I did. Don't you know as a true Methodist woman, that it isn't mine? Don't you know we are all stewards, and have to account for what we have? I am only a steward." 155 I should like to picture her to you as she presided at our great council. She declined to give presidential addresses. I used to bide my time, till some one would say something that roused her and she would whisper to me, "I think I would like to answer them," and I would say, "Why, of course, you must," and up she would get with all her power and vim, with her rich voice, her great personal charm. She would thrill that audience. They couldn't clap. They couldn't cheer. I used to hold my chair with emotion. There would be silence for a moment when she sat down and then the Lon- don hall would shake and thrill, as if the very roof would fall in with the re- sponse to that great hearted woman and her magnificent eloquence. The secret of her great force was her power of conviction, which she managed somehow to pass on to other people in a wonderful manner. One day when we were all asked to write in a certain album, she wrote "Work, for the night is coming, when no man can work." She turned to me and said, ''That is what I think. Every day I try to live as if it were my last." Through the whole of that life, as a woman of the world, a woman of the world of art, the world of literature, with everything that a great country could give to make life easy, if she chose, she worked from morn to night. The beautiful hours of life are not passed when they are over. They live in us as they become part of us, and so the beautiful hours of life that many of us have shared with Lady Carlisle will always live in us as part of our life. A short time ago a group of women were talking about our great women, and they said, "Lady Carlisle was a great woman." I said, "Lady Aber- crombie, give me your definition: What is a great woman?" And she said, "A great woman is a woman with many sides of her character all beautifully developed," and that was what Lady Carlisle had. In other words she did believe and she lived it, those two of the finest lines Tennyson wrote, two of the divinest lines in the English language: "Our wills are ours, we know not how Our wills are ours, to make them Thine." THE HONORABLE JOHN G. WOOLLEY By REVEREND IBA LANDRITH, D. D. Elsewhere, and I hope in fitter phrase, I have tried to tell the story of the life of John G. Woolley, and you may read it. I think if he had been con- sulted he would have been glad to have been buried in the grave of the un- known soldier in this mgnificent fight in which he was easily first amongst us. I am quite sure that if I could consult you there would be a hundred men and women in this audience who in grateful recognition of the service he gave them would envy me the opportunity of paying some tribute to his memory. I can not do it as he deserves to have it done and I will not attempt to do it adequately at all. I think the story of Who's Who in America, that inscription on the tombs of the living and the dead, will tell you how this man, scholar, great lawyer, 156 promising jurist, one day was won away from his advocacy of the law to become the greatest advocate that Prohibition has had in his generation in the United States of America. When the liquor traffic destroyed the lawyer it made the great advocate of the greatest cause that has been won iti the memory of any man here living. The liquor traffic ran true to form when it tried to destroy John G. Woolley's life and instead transformed him into a flaming fire of irresistible eloquence with the tongue of an artist, the pen of a poet, and the soul of an intrepid and triumphant warrior. I do not come to speak in praise of John G. Woolley. A thousand times a thousand people would answer me back, if I asked them the question which was asked of another: What is the secret of your success? Each of them would say "I had a friend who was sent from God, whose name was John G. Woolley," and I come merely as one of those. I sat as an entranced listener on the Boston Common thirty years ago and heard the greatest speech on Prohibition and temperance I ever heard in my life. On that occasion I heard John G. Woolley say the thing which I believe was the beginning of the tem- perance triumph of our country. He said, "The liquor traffic gets its mer- chandise from a still house. It gets its continued existence from a still church." Fifty-two thousand young people declared that day that the liquor traffic should never again get a moment's continued existence from the still church, and when the church arose it killed the liquor traffic, for the church is God's organized omnipotence in this world. In the audience that day were a good many of us who declared our pur- pose to fight John Barleycorn until he died or we died. Amongst the last things John G. Woolley said, speaking of the importance of the campaign of law enforcement in both these countries, but particularly in the United States o" America, "I am not a Prohibitionist; I am a constitutionalist." He made friends, but he made friends of the folks that were on the side of righteousness. He made enemies and was rather proud of it. But the one regret of his life was that sometimes he was misunderstood by those who should have been his friends, and it has seemed to me in this great conven- tion of world concern that we might stand above the grave of John G. Wool- ley and clasp hands and have no more differences amongst the friends of Prohibition in the United States of America and the Dominion of Canada. He stood as loyally as any of us ever did for the Prohibition Party and for the Anti-Saloon League and for the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and all the other organizations of temperance. If by any influence of his we can stand above the grave of John G. Woolley this afternoon and clasp hands, forget our differences, unite in that new American expeditionary force, the new Allied Army of Occupation, the World League Against Al- coholism, John G. Woolley will have done what he would have been prouder to do than any other thing he ever did, and he will have done more good for the cause of Prohibition by his death than he did by his illustrious and gifted and glorious life. May God bless his memory and multiply his influence. May God silence his enemies and give victory to the cause for which he died on the firing line when he was attacking John Barleycorn for the last time in a world campaign. 157 MONDAY MORNING SESSION THE PRESSURE OF WINE GROWING COUNTRIES AGAINST PROHIBITION By PBOF. KOBEBT HERCOD, PH. D., Lausanne, Switzerland The subject I have to introduce to you today constitutes one of the sad- dest chapters in the history of the Prohibition movement. I must give you first the facts, all the facts. A great part of the south of Europe and in some places also the center of Europe, is occupied with great vineyards. You can travel for a whole day on a fast train in the south of France and you will see only vineyards, vineyards, vineyards. Thirty years ago the area devoted to wine was not so big. The wine growing countries in Europe were practically the only wine market for the whole world. The Prohibition movement was then in its in- fancy. Now, the situation has changed. Vineyards have been planted in other continents and the temperance movement has grown and in this way the old markets have been closed for the wine merchants of Europe. What would they do if they were wise? They ought to substitute for the vineyards, the agricultural markets. They ought to prepare for the Pro- hibition countries, for the temperance people, good non-alcoholic grape juice, but they do not want to do it because the wine merchants in all Europe are very powerful people, they are very influential in the political world, many of them are members of Parliament, some of them become ministers and even sometimes President. They have thousands and thousands of friends for fol- lowers, the retailer, the innkeeper, the people who have a great influence at election time. So that they get their governments to back them, and instead of following this wise policy they ask their governments to force wine upon unwilling people. First they asked their government if possible to force the wine upon people during the war. The wine merchants in France obtained, for some time at least, an order from Government authority for the soldiers to receive one liter of wine each day. It was perhaps very bad for them, very bad for national defense, but it was good for the pockets of the wine growers. But this is not enough. These people in France, Italy and Spain, may be very thirsty, but they can not drink all the wine which is produced in their own country. Some of it must be sold to foreign countries and here begins the sad history which I must tell you. I speak only of two countries. I have nothing against them, but I must state here the truth. I speak here of France and of Spain. I hesitate to say it, but I must say that France was responsible for the non-ratification of the first Finnish Prohibition law. I must gratefully acknowledge that France did not object to the second law and that Finland had nothing to fear from France this time. But, something which is not agreeable to our taste is the treaty which France has signed with Esthonia, according to which Esthonia must grant great reduction of duties on French wine. However, as Esthonia has not Prohibition and is not a Prohibition country there is nothing very objectionable to that. More objectionable is the provision of the Versailles 158 Treaty, according to which, if I understand it correctly, Germany is pledged to accept almost duty free French wines. That is very objectionable; also that Austria has been prevented from prohibiting the import of foreign wines, because of the position of the great wine growing countries. And now, what is worse, the dealings of France with Norway. In Norway, for the last six years, distilled spirits and strong wines have been prohibited, but last year Norway was pledged and was obliged to sign a treaty according to which the Government will import for medical purposes from France, a certain amount of strong drinks. Of course, the light wines are now sold there, but, further, some strong wines must be imported, and, what is worse, it is said in the treaty that as long as it is in vigor, the Norwegian Government is obliged and has pledged itself not to tolerate any change of the actual liquor legislation. If you will allow me. to translate this into plain English it means that Norway, as long as the treaty is in force, is prohibited from making any progress as to her liquor legislation. Norway can not have full Prohibition. It would be an infraction of the treaty. Now, for the dealings with Spain and other nations. It seems the economic situation of Spain is now in as bad a situation as that of any other European country, but it seems also that the Spanish Government, consider- ing that the wine trade is a most important trade in Spain, have decided that the wines of other countries do not need protection and that the other trades and exports of Spain do not need to be protected the same as the wine trade. So, Spain, which can not say anything to the United States because of Prohibition, Spain began to attack small Iceland a country with about 100,000 inhabitants, which has had, for seven years, total Prohibition. This Prohibition policy in Iceland gave the best results. Suddenly, in June of the List year came an ultimatum of the Spanish Government to Iceland. Iceland bad to suspend, to suppress her Prohibition law, otherwise Spain would practically close her markets to the Icelandic fish. Fish is almost the only export of this poor little island. The closing of the Spanish market would have been the economic ruin of Iceland. Iceland asked for time. Iceland is a parliamentary country and the Government can not abrogate by itself a law which has been adopted by parliament. Spain was willing to wait for a few months more until the parliament of Iceland could meet in March of this year. In the meanwhile, negotiations were pending, but Iceland was obliged to suspend for one year her Prohibition law and to introduce again Spanish wines into the country. Then, comes Spain and Norway. Norway, after a long struggle, was slowly realizing the good effects of Prohibition, but owing to the threats of the Spanish Government to demand certain things from Norway, the Gov- ernment has been compelled to grant the introduction of a very large amount ot strong wines, so that now, with the nominal Prohibition of strong wines in Norway, the Government is obliged to introduce into the country more wine than it ever had before, even when Norway had no Prohibition. What will the people of Norway do with this wine? Will they throw it into the sea? I do not believe so. It is very likely that this wine will be drunk and drunkenness will again prevail in Norway. And now Portugal, a 159 small wine growing country, is asking the same concession from Norway, and poor Norway will perhaps be obliged to grant the importation of wine from Portugal. Do you not feel that such facts are deeply immoral? I do not speak here as only a temperance man, I speak as a democratic citizen, and I find it unbearable that big states like Spain, Portugal and Italy may attack Norway and Iceland in this way and that Iceland and Norway should be obliged to submit to this oppression by these larger countries. What shall we do? Of course, we can let things alone and see. But then we must face the fact, the hard fact, that Prohibition will be absolutely impossible in the smaller states of Europe for 50 years at least. Even if 80 or 90 or 95 per cent of the population wants Prohibition, it will be impossible for these states to have it because of the pressure from outside, so we can not wait and see, we must work. We can protest. We tried to do it last year. The Spanish Government received from England, and from Switzerland, from Poland, Norway, Denmark and Sweden a letter of protest, but these protests do not do any good. The Spanish Government is proud, and I was told re- sented these interferences from foreigners. These protests were of no avail. Iceland was obliged to bow down to the demands of Spain. We could also, as has been proposed, boycott the Spanish wares and thus bring upon the Spanish Government such pressure that it would be obliged to follow another policy. I have some objections to a boycott. First, I have a moral objection. I do not believe a boycott to be quite right, because it will strike innocent people. The boycott is usually put into force by strong peoples, and it affects the innocent people. There are some countries that have al- ready boycotted Spanish wines, and they will be obliged to boycott other Spanish merchandise, things which are produced for people who absolutely need them. If they are successful it will result in absolutely innocent people being deprived of the things they need and will just stir up another political machine and bad government. I also have some practical objections to the boycott. If a boycott is to be put in force it must be well organized. It must be so strong that it will paralyze the Spanish trade. There are twenty million people who use the Spanish wares and it will be hard to get them all to boycott anything, and I am doubtful if it is possible to bring these twenty million people to do it. What seems to me to be the best way, the most ideal way, would be to appeal to the Spanish, also to the French public opinion and show them how deeply harmful the politics of their government is and how unhappy it makes the homes of the drunkard. We must appeal to public opinion in France even more than in Spain. I tried last year to get into touch with the leading Spanish people, the working people and the Catholic church, and it was im- possible to organize a movement of protest. We sent to the King of Spain an address signed by leading people in Europe and America and we sent it also to all the leading Prohibition people in Spain, but even though we also sent it to the newspapers none of them would dare to publish it. There remains a last means, and I believe the only means, to save Iceland and the small Prohibition states in Europe. First, on behalf of the smaller states of Europe, to invoke the diplomatic intervention of the United States of 160 America. If the United States Government is speaking, it speaks with authority. It is quite curious that nobody in France and nobody in Spain thought of protesting against American Prohibition. When the President of the United States declared that it was not right for foreign vessels to enter the Harbor of New Work with v/ines, nobody protested the rule. It seemed that when the United States is speaking, the other people, France and Spain, the big ones in Europe must heed, and if the United States would speak, I am sure that Iceland would be saved. But, of course, it must not be done only in one special case, but for al- ways, and I believe that the only way for Prohibition in Europe to be spread and to be protected in the countries where it has been established, is by the diplomatic intervention of the United States Government. The Government could send a commission to the foreign lands and form a joint commission, to study the laws relating to Prohibition in all the countries, and this Gov- ernment and all these other governments could then sign an international agreement, a Prohibition convention just as we have an international opium convention, according to which it would be declared that these states do not recognize the right of wine growing countries to retaliate on nations which, from moral and logical motives, have prohibited the use of intoxicating liquors or alcoholic drinks in their own land. And if that is done, I am sure that the -federation of the Prohibition states with the United States at the head will prevail. In this connection it will also be possible to do something to prevent the smuggling of liquor. I appeal to the great Prohibition country of the United States, I appeal to the great Prohibition countries of North America, the United States and Canada, to the great American Prohibitionists who are so powerful, who are powerful enough to induce their government to act as we 1 want it to act, to go to their government and demand that it act on behalf of humanity and on behalf of these small states of Europe that are now oppressed by France, Spain and the other countries of the continent. You are at the post of honor and duty. Small nations can not compete with you. You people in America, on you depends the future. The whole Prohibition movement in Europe is dependent on you and what you do in this matter. We appeal to you and we hope you will hear our appeal. HOW AND WHY AMERICANS WILL STAND FIRM By EDWIN C. DINWIDDIE, D. D. National Chief Templar, I. O. G. T.; Superintendent National Temperance Bureau, United States of America It was decided before the date of the last election in the United States that I should speak on this subject. Now that the election is over and the results are known, I have no disposition to alter the form of the statement my subject contains. I do not want to give a wrong impression, however, when I say that. I do not suggest there is no danger to the Prohibition movement in America. 161 There is always danger of and in a counter-attack by an army in the field which is well-provisioned and well-supplied with the munitions of war, when it is numerically strong and is possessed with the conviction that it is making its last stand with victory and spoils and prolonged success assured if it wins, and absolute defeat and final surrender inevitable if it fails, especially when the fighting is in the open, with no chance to "dig in" and wear the attacking party out. During my twenty-three years of legislative service in behalf of the Pro- hibition reform in Washington, I have accustomed myself to look at con- ditions as they are not as we might wish them to be and to shape each dis- tinct campaign to meet those conditions. It is dangerous in the extreme for a commander in the field not to know the size, strength, equipment, condition and morale of the opposing forces, as well as his own, and he must also know the character of the terrain he has to hold against the enemy's assault. In the briefest possible language I might say that America will stand firm by pursuing the same common-sense, reasonable methods in enforcement and legislative work hereafter that were successfully employed to secure Pro- hibition. In my judgment all of them are needful, and will be helpful in getting the best results in the shortest time, and some of them are vitally necessary to conserve our great victory. The enemy will magnify the failures and defects of Prohibition suf- ficiently wherever they can be found. Our forces should become familiar with and dwell in larger measure upon its benefits, accomplished even under the handicaps of the age of the national law, of natural reaction which we had the right to expect, of law enforcement in many sections of the country, of the rankest corruption and malfeasance on the part of many officials sworn to enforce it. The national experience since early 1920 is a repetition on a large scale of what Maine, Kansas and North Dakota endured for many years, but the benefits of Prohibition in those states exceed its failures, and political parties that had fulminated against its continuance finally joined in the demand for its enforcement and today Prohibition in those commonwealths is admittedly a beneficent and permanent policy. It will help us to stand firm not to expect the impossible, and one hundred percent enforcement of a Prohibition liquor law is less to be expected than in the case of any others, owing to the ease with which ordinary infractions may be practised. The law fixes the standard of conduct; reaches the public violations; re- moves the open temptation to drink; makes it easier to do right and more dif- ficult to do wrong; above all it reverses the policy of the government toward this great evil, and absolutely withdraws governmental protection from the traffic and places it under a legal ban. Beyond all this it is hazardous for law to attempt to go. Therein lies the field for public and private education. The home, the church, the schools both Sunday and week-day the movies, the benevolent and fraternal societies, the temperance unions and orders, these and all other similar agencies must be used in inculcating the principles and practice of total abstinence and Pro- 162 hibition in the present and succeeding generations if we are to retain the law and get the best results from its enactment. We ourselves must realize the limitations of mere laws, and we must hereafter do more wise, intensive and universal fundamental educational work than ever before. There must be a revival of personal temperance of in- dividual total abstinence from beverage intoxicants both for the benefit to the abstainer and also on the Pauline principle of help to our neighbor, which is in sad need of revival today. Let us not make the mistake of ignoring the ultimate dominance of public sentiment in America. We dare not imagine that we can pass ^certainly safely or wisely pass any law, if it be immature or premature, simply by putting our brand upon it and forcing or "bulling" it through to use the vernacular the legislative body. The 18th Amendment denounces the manufacture, sale, transportation, exportation and importation of intoxicating liquors only for beverage pur- poses, and in our long campaign for it we advocated only such Prohibitions; and we shall do a real service for the reform if we keep faith with the Con- gress, the general public and the makers and users of alcoholic liquors for perfectly legitimate purposes. Such a course is consonant with good morals as well as good strategy. The evils of private distillation and brewing are comparatively inconse- quential, and if the situation is wisely dealt with will, in time, lose their at- tractiveness and fascination, and bye and bye die a natural death with the prosecution of such a vigorous educational campaign as I am now urging. Undoubtedly the most serious menace to continued Prohibition success is in the venality and corruption which have been known to exist among many high officials charged with law enforcement below, however, I am glad to say, the rank of Federal Prohibition Commissioner. I feel sure that both the friends and enemies of our cause have always had the utmost confidence in the loyalty and integrity of the two officers who have held that post since the advent of national Prohibition. But that there has been gross malfeasance and outright venality and graft, as well as downright incompetency in many cases, is no longer an open question with those competent to secure and appraise the facts. Another consideration in the matter of America's standing firm is that the Prohibition forces are in possession of the field. The manufacture, sale, transportation, etc., of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes is now prohibited by law. Instead of operating under the authority and protection of the law, as under the old regime, every person who makes or vends or distributes such liquor today is a law-breaker, and is constantly exposed to the risk of apprehension and punishment wherever administrative officers and courts are functioning as they ought. In the very nature of the case there cannot be the same effective organization and appeal that there was when the saloons were running openly with the sanction of the law, and brewers, distillers and saloon-keepers publicly cooperated to continue the traffic. With rare exceptions, the traffic has been driven from its quasi-respectable locations to the cellars and attics and back-alleys of our cities, and is in the hands of 163 disreputable purveyors who are and should be recognized as veritable pariahs in society. The Prohibitionists will find it much easier and more agreeable to be "in- side looking out" than "outside looking in" in this contest. Nevertheless I propose to differentiate between certain retrograde steps that might be taken in fact that are avowedly urged by militant pro-liquor organizations as the first steps in their program and the actual repeal of the Prohibition Amendment itself or the National Prohibition law to enforce it. The Prohibition Amendment Resolution was submitted by the Congress in 1917 by a vote of 65 to 20 in the Senate and 282 to 128 in the House, and in record-breaking time was ratified by the legislatures of 45 states by over- whelming majorities. During the past year New Jersey has ratified the amendment, leaving only Connecticut and Rhode Island off the ratifying list, two states out of our forty-eight in the federal union. To repeal the amend- ment would require the liquor forces to command a two-thirds vote in both Houses of Congress, and carry both branches of the legislatures of 36 states. Had they been able to hold just one branch of the legislatures in 13 states, they would have prevented the adoption of the 18th Amendment, whereas we were compelled to carry both branches in thirty-six (36) states, or seventy-two (72) altogether. We actually carried the ratification resolution through ninety-two (92) branches of the legislatures of forty-six states. The vote in these state legislatures is also significant; the percentage varies of course in the different states, but for the whole country the figures are interesting. The total vote in the Senates of the forty-six ratifying states was 1,300 for the amendment to 217 against; in the Houses of Representatives 3,772 for to 958 against. In other words, the amendment was adopted by practically an 86% Senate and an 80% House vote in the legislative bodies in the states, directly in touch with the people in the small political sub-divisions in every state in the whole Union. It is also well to remember that before the national Prohibition amend- ment was carried thirty-two states had adopted the state-wide prohibitory policy for themselves, either by vote of the electorate or of the state legislature in response to the sentiment of the pople. It is safe to say that considerably over 80 per cent of the territorial area of the United States was tinder prohibi- tory legislation before national Prohibition came, and over sixty-five percent of our population was living in such area. The liquor program simply cannot be carried out if the temperance forces are alert, and though there had been no doubt before, this convention has demonstrated beyond question that our people are not "asleep at the switch." The liquor forces have made claims of great gains in Congress as a result of the late elections, but their claims will be shown to be as wide the truth as they have uniformly been during our campaign for the law. We shall have practically two to one in the House and over three to one in the Senate on any proposition for repeal or serious modification of the law. Of course I predicate my prophecy and base my figures on the unremitting work and ap- plication of horse-sense on the part of our own people, but the liquor forces will not muster more than 112 votes ordinarily in the House of Representa- 164 tives and not to exceed 132 giving them every doubtful member to our 323, or, at the worst, 303, counting a full House; and in the Senate not over 21 to our 66 with 9 who I should say, for various reasons, cannot be definitely classed at this time upon the question of liberalizing the enforcement act. Instead of the liquor forces having the required two-thirds vote to repeal, we shall, by careful work, have a two-thirds vote to retain the Amendment, and with the Amendment intact we have the overwhelming advantage of ap- pealing to patriotism, to common honesty, to sworn duty on the part of the Congress to provide for its proper enforcement. The outlawed liquor crowd now have the laboring oar in this contest, and we propose to see to it that they row up stream and against the tide. What I have just said refers to the repeal of the Amendment. Should the liquor forces later secure a majority of both Houses of Congress they could, of course, interfere with successful enforcement by reducing penalties for violations, emasculating essential provisions in the Enforcement Act, re- fusing necessary appropriations for administration, etcetera, but as before stated, with the Amendment in the Organic -Law of the nation, many Senators and Representatives who have not been personally favorable to the National Prohibitory policy, will nevertheless refuse to be parties to nullification and the overthrow of the people's will expressed in due form of Constitutional Law. And because the temperance forces were matching and combatting every move by the enemy, the pro-liquor people in the late election in the United States made no gains of any consequence in any State that were not offset by corresponding "dry" gains elsewhere. Another way to remain firm is to make local and state sentiment count for enforcement and not allow the whole job to be "wished on" the National Government. None of us who had any considerable part in the adoption of Federal Prohibition ever anticipated a situation in which all the work of enforcement would be consigned to officers of the national government. The municipalities and counties and states have their duties and responsibilities in this matter. They had them under the liquor regime, and they have no moral or political light to shirk them now. There is too much complacency in the too frequent adoption in many states of the cowardly and unpatriotic policy of "letting George do it" meaning by that the leaving of the entire job in the hands of the Federal officers. In the very nature of the case the national government cannot do the whole work and ought not to be expected to do it. The extent of territory to be covered both land and sea areas is entirely too great to admit of it, and it is utterly out of the question because of the requirement of both men and money which such a course would entail. The Federal Gov- ernment, except in rare instances, in states where hostile sentiment is in temporary control, should look after enforcement connected with manufac- ture, transportation, importation and exportation matters with which the nation itself has been connected all through the years, and in connection with some to the exclusion of the states and let the local authorities in the smaller subdivisions handle infractions of the law against sales and the petty viola- tions which ought not to require the attention of the national enforcement 165 officers. To this end there must be a toning-up of public opinion the de- velopment of a strong, assertive and really dominant public sentiment that will demand and will not rest until it has secured universal obedience to law. America will stand firm because, by and large the whole country over Prohibition has made for the moral and material betterment of our people, and, given a reasonable time, with proper enforcement, will work a veritable transformation among us which will tell far more favorably upon the next and succeeding generation than upon our own. America will remain firm also for the reason that the beer and wine pro- posal cannot be accepted by our people because all concede that the old saloon cannot come back and ought not to come back (even the Association Op- posed to the Prohibition Amendment says that) and to dispense these bever- ages in the only ways so far suggested by any beer and wine advocates would be to convert groceries or soft drink parlors into virtual saloons, or else plant the traffic with the sanction of the law in the homes of the country (right under the eyes of the children of all ages with all that that would mean a scheme abhorrent to the conscience and judgment of the American people and prohibited in many of our states long before National Prohibition came. No encouragement is afforded the brewers of our country in their cam- paign for the return of beer, even were the courts not almost certain to rule against them, in the experience and vote of many of our states. In the states of Washington, Oregon, Colorado, Michigan and, within the present month, Ohio, the brewers brought on a vote to reinstate beers and wines, after Pro- hibition had been in force from one year to two or three, and in every instance the people by increased majorities defeated the attempt. Ohio is the latest example and the figures are significant. Adopting Prohibition by 26,000 ma- jority in 1918, she has repudiated wine and beer at the late election in an open state-wide campaign by a majority of nearly 190,000 votes. Finally we shall stand firm in America because this fight was won with the help and under the guidance of Almighty God, against tremendous odds, which betimes seemed to make success well-night impossible, and we are con- fident that our Great Leader will not desert us in this renewed conflict which the enemy is forcing upon us if we ourselves remain loyal and fight valiantly in this holy cause. THE CARLISLE EXPERIMENT IN STATE PURCHASE AND LIQUOR NATIONALIZATION By KEV. WILSON STTJAET, M. A., B. So., London, England I wish I had a larger map of my own country, Great Britain, than the one on the screen, because if I had one which showed the Solway Firth, dividing, on the western side, the North of England from the South of Scot- land, I could indicate why the Carlisle district loomed so large in the war- work of England, and how this liquor nationalization experiment was under- taken by the Liquor Control Board largely because of the advocacy of Lloyd George, who was a thorough believer in the State Purchase scheme. This nationalization plan was instituted on this great war-factory site 166 around the Solway Firth, centering in Carlisle and Gretna. It was discovered that if you set out to buy up the liquor traffic in any area you cannot stop there because of the tied-house system. The public-houses of one place are supplied by breweries of another town. It was proved that many saloons in Carlisle were supplied by the Maryport Brewery. Hence the Control Board had to buy up all the liquor property of Maryport. The center, so far as popular interest is concerned, of this area, brought under the Carlisle Liquor Experiment, was the little township of Gretna Green, on the border of Scot- land, famous in history as a center of romance because of the runaway marriages which took place there. During the war it became famous by reason of the runaway marriage between the government and that liquor traffic which we believe has always been a curse in our national history for the Control Board bought the breweries and public houses, rehabilitated the traffic, sold liquor by civil servants, and took the profits of the trade for national purposes. Who, as a result of the experiment, are advocating the nationalization of the liquor traffic in Great Britain today? In the first place there are the Socialists, who believe in the nationaliza- tion of pretty well everything, including the liquor traffic, and who would like to see the state ownership of the only business which the government managed to get a profit out of during the war. The second class are people who, like Lord and Lady Astor, have sup- ported this scheme as a method of temperance reform by way of the improved public house and disinterested management under government proprietorship. Although we greatly admire Lady Astor's pluck and keenness in fighting the liquor traffic since she entered the House of Commons, yet we feel she has done much harm in her advocacy of the nationalization scheme. At the present time there is before the country this public purchase and ownership scheme in a bill to be introduced by her into the House of Commons. And there are many people who are advocating the nationalization of the liquor traffic in Britain who do not believe, as we believe, that the essential dangers of the traffic are not in the people who sell the drink or the conditions of its sale, but in the alcohol itself, and that wherever the sale, whoever con- ducts the sale, and under whatever conditions, you can never conduct the trade so as to eliminate the essential evil, which lies in the inherent properties of the alcohol, creating a craving which causes people to become addicts to a pernicious habit, and, as a narcotic, diminishing self-control. They do not see that even if you improve the conditions of sale in some respects you give greater opportunities for deadly damage in rehabilitating the public house and attracting young people as new consumers of alcohol by introducing billiards and other games into the reconstructed public house and luring by music, cafe associations and costly equipment those who would never frequent the low public house which has been allowed to form itself into the natural habitat of the alcohol which always degrades the place of its sale. If we, for instance, had in the center of this hall a bad drain, would it be wise to say that since the smell is very objectionable "we will cover it up with silk and dose it with scent, and try to eliminate the annoyance from our 167 minds" and leave it there as an all-the-more-dangerous center of microbic infection, just because people are not warned by the usual symptoms of a bad drain. That is precisely what has been done in the case of these recon- structed alcohol shops in Carlisle, which are run by the government, baited by all sorts of lures attractive to young people, advocated by lords and ladies and bishops and ministers of Nonconformist churches and public men, as the solution of the drink question by trying to make the traffic in alcohol respectable. Then there are people, who in referring to the effect of the Balfour Act of 1904, with its arrangement for compensation out of the funds of the traffic itself, would have us forget that Mr. Balfour himself said that there was nothing in his bill to prevent a time-limit being instituted in the future at the expiration of which all claims to any compensation whatever should cease; for they wish us to believe that state purchase and nationalization are fairer and more statesmanlike ways of dealing with the traffic than trying to abolish it altogether by the popular vote. Then there are members of the Labor Party, who find it more popular to advocate that the workmen are entitled to their drink, and they appeal to them as Socialists and say "Let us buy up all the public houses for you and let the government directly own, supply and run them, and take the profits for public purposes, and we will see that your public houses are really your clubs where you can sit and have your beer and enjoy your games." You perhaps do not realize over here that the last election has made the Labor Party the second largest in the House of Commons, and I wish you could understand that we in England shall be in grave danger in this matter unless the Labor Party comes to see what Mr. Philip Snowden, that strong Labor man, did see when he came out of the Control Board because, although he had been among the first to associate himself with the Carlisle scheme he was speedily disillusioned when he witnessed the perils of it in actual work- ing, resulting from the increased lures and the notorious evils of the traffic still cursing the community and now officially associated with a department of government which had made itself responsible. Mrs. Snowden has well said to the workers of England, "If you want to nationalize, nationalize a 'going' concern, and not a concern that is 'going.' " I dare say you have read reports of the Carlisle experiment, of the public money made out of it and the success which the officials and others concerned in backing the scheme claim for it. I dare say you have read reports of a min- ister of my own church on "The Control of the Drink Traffic" by this scheme, and of the claim that drunkenness was decreased by this state ownership at Carlisle during the war. My experience in many personal investigations is that the state-owned public houses at Carlisle are an abomination and an increased danger to young people. A great deal of theoretical approval of the scheme and many false claims have been officially issued because, having been undertaken by the government, the officials concerned must try to make out a case for its success. Of course drunkenness was decreased all over the country by the war restrictions on alcohol. But what were the three great causes of the decrease 168 in drunkenness in the Carlisle area soon after this experiment was started a decrease which had begun at a date prior to the initiation of the experiment and which its promoters wish to claim for a state-run traffic? In the first place the decrease was due to the exodus of the navvies who had flocked to Gretna for the making of excavations, roads, railways, and drainage, which was the first stage in constructing the great munition factories. Navvies are notoriously a hard drinking class. It was then the exodus of this rough drinking element which left the population more sober; and though this began just prior to the state purchase of the public houses of the district and the beginning of sobriety also antedated the experiment, it was a fortunate co- incidence for the Carlisle experiment that mainly the two movements syn- chronized the exodus of the rough navvies and the change of ownership of the public houses which was supposed to cure the shocking drunkenness associated with them. Drinking diminished because the navvies had given place to the construction workers and munition girls. The influx of navvies created the problem; the exodus solved it. The second cause was the stopping of the sale of spirits at a certain date, on Saturday nights, when it had been found that in spite of state manage- ment drunkenness was still shocking. You have been told that it was due to what is called "disinterested management" civil servants dispensing govern- ment beer across government bars to British subjects sitting on chairs em- bossed with the monogram of King George that was to be the magic cure, the spell against the evils of alcoholism! The Chief Constable of Carlisle stated when the city was under disinterested management but prior to the Saturday prohibition of spirits, that as regards drunkenness, "Carlisle was in a shocking condition." Then there came "spiritless" Saturdays, because the magic spell did not work and immediately the Chief Constable was able to testify that what disinterested sale of spirits had failed to do prohibition of spirits had done immediately had eliminated drunkenness. It has been falsely stated that this prohibition of spirits on Saturday nights was dependent upon State Purchase. As a matter of fact this same prohibition was operated in parts of the country where there was no state ownership. We were at war. We had the right to impose any conditions upon trade and people essential for winning the war. "Spiritless" Saturdays could have been imposed upon the Traffic at Carlisle without any State Purchase just as easily as at other points, and the same effects would have followed. The third cause of the decrease in drunkenness in Carlisle was the diminu- tion of the liquor supply all over the country and the high price arising owing to this curtailment. The writers of inspired reports have said that this did not affect things at Carlisle; but I could read you extracts from the local papers of the period in which it was complained that because of the shortage and high prices the people were to a large extent under enforced abstinence. And there is on record the official apology of the Government manager of the traffic that the dearness could not be helped as it was the same all over the country. We say that these were the vital things which contributed to the decrease of drunkenness in Carlisle, though it still remained very great. If you have 169 kept pace with the history of the experiment for which all the relative im- provement has been officially claimed by people who had to defend the credit of the scheme, you know that drunkenness, when at the close of the war it was at its lowest, was in 1919 after all this expenditure of public money, all this disinterested management, rebuilding of houses, focusing of public atten- tion upon the issue and the strenuous attempts to trade in alcohol without suf- fering from the effects of that trade, drunkenness at Carlisle under state owner- ship and management was greater per thousand of the population than in two- thirds of the boroughs of England. What did I find in the Carlisle area which I visited again just before I left the country to come here? Having entirely failed in spite of their much advertised program, to turn the ordinary drinking house into a cafe or eating house, they purchased buildings which had no license, which were either already cafes or which they converted into cafes and then they introduced liquor. For instance, having failed to turn the drinking houses into cafes when the Control Board bought up the Traffic at Maryport they did not attempt to convert one of the all too numerous great drinking houses into an eating house; they first tried to buy the largest temperance hotel in the town that they might introduce liquor into it and boast of the amount of food, etc., supplied under the new regime. They stopped because they found that in the "deed" controlling the property there was a clause saying "This site must never be used for the sale of liquor." But they bought a Coffee Tavern which had been established for many years as a counter attraction to the drink trade, and today they are selling liquor in it, and so they are able to boast of how much food they sell in a licensed house! And the temperance woman who had managed the house refused to be employed by the State department to sell beer to the young people she had encouraged to congregate there instead of at the public house. And at the Gretna Tavern at Carlisle, which used to be the Post Office, having established a fine cafe the Control Board introduced liquor and it is now advertised as a "show" place, where you can take your wife and children, and you can see sometimes, as it was seen at my last visit, something which could not be seen in any public house in Britain, not Gov- ernment owned, little children taken in by their parents and given sips of father's or mother's beer. In addition to the evils wrought through drinkers being created by young people being lured to public houses enlarged and reconstructed and ex- travagantly equipped at great cost, there are the same disgusting scenes every Saturday night right outside these Government liquor shops, of drunken brawls of men and women and special police told off to keep order at these places at closing time. Heaven save England from a nationalized traffic! THE NEW MOVEMENT FOR PROHIBITION IN INDIA By MB. TARTNT PBASAD SINHA, Benares, India The speaker who has preceded me was more or less saying the same things that I must say in regard to government control of the liquor traffic. India has the wine mononoly. If you want to see anywhere the worst effect of the state monopoly of drinking you have to go to India to see it. It is 170 the government which has been requesting growers and distillers in the country to continue their work and it is the government which legalized the work of these brewers and distillers. It is the government which is engaged in still worse traffic and that is the cultivation, manufacture and trade in opium. The man who is engaged either in brewing or distillery work or the man who is engaged in the cultivation of opium or manufacturing or sale of opium, is a government servant, he gets his salary paid from the revenue of the people and when he retires from business he gets a pension from the state. Under that system the government naturally has the fullest control of the traffic in opium and of the traffic in drink. Under this governmental system the government sells the right for the retailer to sell by public auction the right to sell opium and liquor and it is surprising to note the enormous price that has been paid for these rights in the past. Under this system the traffic has grown rapidly during the last 70 years. Not only the revenue from the traffic but the amount of gallons of liquors consumed has doubled each three years, during the last 35 years. The worst of it all comes when all our temperance activities are regarded as activities directed against the state. We in India are particularly con- cerned about our sentiments for we are a total abstinent nation. We have had total abstinence taught us through our religion, and we regard it as our duty, and we regard it also as a natural part and share of our national life. There are millions of people in India today who would not drink any liquor or intoxicating drinks, and there are also now many million people who are receding from the old traditions and becoming victims of the liquors and of the drugs which under the state law are being sold everywhere. The sentiment of the people is strongly for temperance. They look on it from a race standpoint as one of the very fundamental things, and it is distressing to observe the way in which the government is allowing the sale of liquor and opium. Many of you Christian friends have spent your wealth and manhood and womanhood to teach the gospel of Jesus Christ, to convey a definite method of truth and light. I bring -this appeal that you recognize that the activity of the drink and opium traffic in my country is absolutely nullifying the effects of your good work. My people find it extremely difficult to distinguish between one activity of yours which teaches them the religion of Jesus Christ, and the other activity which is monopolizing the entire sale of liquor and opium and forcing it down the throats of my people. You should realize, friends, that the missionaries have enormous fields of work and some of them have actually succeeded in making their efforts fruitful in spite of the liquor traffic. But there is another class of missionary who comes to India. There are some churches, which are not quite dry, particularly the European churches, particularly those recognized by people more or less as the State Church. Many of these people are not only not dry in their senti- ments, but many of them quote chapter and verse from the Holy Scripture to support their statements. I know when Pussyfoot Johnson was in India I in- 171 vited one of the bishops to come and preside at a meeting at which Pussyfoot Johnson was to speak. This bishop not only refused to come, but sent a-letter to the press giving his reasons why he refused. His reasons were two. Par- ticularly was the first reason interesting because he said, "Prohibition is anti- British" and he could not preside as an Englishman at a meeting where anti- British topics were discussed; and, second, the idea was anti-Christian and as a Christian he could not take part in it. You can imagine just what sentiment among the people that message creates. It is not my mission to try to change the religious sentiment of any one, but I want to make it impossible for them to drink in my country. If you could stop them from drinking my people would not be confused in their minds between the people who come to them and preach the Gospel of Jesus Christ and the people who come and give them drink. If you could only stop the sale of drink your great movement would progress in India with leaps and bounds. The particular aspect I am to speak to you about is the struggle of the temperance activity in connection with the traffic and sale of liquor. I have showed you how, under the municipal system, this traffic is in- creasing. I particularly want to speak about opium for a few moments, because opium is a great danger to India. I have here the report issued by the Gov- ernment of India. There was a commission appointed by your President, Mr. Roosevelt, which resulted in the curtailment of the consumption of opium in China. But the consumption and the production of opium in India did not decrease. What happened was that the people in China who found them- selves without a market went elsewhere last year and found other markets where they could have the right to sell opium when this right was denied them in China. I want you to realize that your country, with the prosperity that has come to her, with the easy access there is for the smuggling of opium, is one of the greatest opium eating countries on the face of the earth. I want you to realize that this is the product of a monopoly controlled by the government of India. Only four-tenths of the entire one thousand tons of opium needed for the medical consumption in the United States was used for that purpose. The rest is sold, some to Chinese officials, some to other governments of Asia, and the remainder is smuggled into your* country. The report issued ir 1918 from the foreign office shows that the consumption of opium in 1918 in Europe was one grain per person, in Italy, two grains per person, in Ger- many nearly three grains per person, and in England three grains per person, as well as the same in France, while in 1918 the consumption of opium in the United States of America, according to the official report issued by the Treasury Department of your Government, was 36 grains per capita. Your government has declared that the consumption of opium in your country is the highest opium consumption in the world. Only 27 grains per capita were used in India compared with the 36 grains used in the United States. Prohibition has not affected the amount of opium consumed, for better or for worse. It has remained about normal during the last year. In the question of the traffic in liquor, we have under the new system the 172 national Prohibition agents in control of the situation. It has become one of the localized activities of the government. I want you all to realize that our struggle is not diminishing, in fact, it is growing worse and worse each day, and we are looking to you to help us in our efforts; but, as I pointed out before, until the people who come to my country confine themselves to the preaching of the Gospel of Jesus Christ, the natives of my land will not be able to differentiate between the two things that your different people are doing. We realize however, that by suffering and by struggling and with the help of God we will win our fight and we hope that with your help prohibition of opium as well as prohibition of intoxicating liquors will spread all over the land of India. ROLL CALL OF COUNTRIES JAPAN Miss UTA HAYASHI W. C. T. U. of Japan We have brought warm greetings to you. Righteousness is the honor of a nation; but sin is a reproach to any people. I have crossed the Pacific loaded with the sin of our people. There are over 40,000 Japanese living in legalized vice, bonded. There are over 60,000 geisha girls, legal prostitutes. There are 60,000 semi-geisha girls. There are 30,000 other Japanese girls, victims of the immorality of man. While I crossed the ocean I read that book written by an Englishman, the book called "Kimono," and my heart was heavier when I landed in San Francisco. Then I went to Evanston and there I met an American young man, named Greenly, and I listened to his speech as he pictured Japan in its dark char- acter. My heart was almost crushed with the burden and yet I could not see a way out of it. It was my pleasure to attend the Philadelphia conven- tion and there a strange thing happened. I heard the liquor question spoken about in many phases and I listened with amazement to our honored Agnes Slack. I listened to a lady from Cuba who had travelled and who spoke about the American travelers and she pleaded with her traveling friends to stop the drinking on the boats. I was astonished and for the first time in my life a strange feeling of comradeship crept into my heart and it came to me that the heart of every good man and woman is loaded with a bur- den of sin, the burden of sin of their people. I am, for the very first time in my life, in a position to realize that the Japanese are not a particular people, that they are almost a Christian people, and that the Japanese are clasping hands with almost all the Christian people in Great Britain and in the United States in a feeling of sympathy and comradeship, for the good work we are doing. I, as a Japanese woman, come to you from millions of good Japanese women on the face of the world, because there are good Japanese women on the face of the world, and you shall never find a truer hearted wife than a Japanese wife, a more devoted mother than a Japanese mother, and yet this great infamy is with us all. There are two reasons. We Japanese women do not see the reason why 173 we should demand an equal standard of morality for both man and woman. That is, the most of our Japanese women cannot understand that, but we have women in Japan who know that this must be, and for a great many years the Japanese woman, the real Japanese woman, has demanded an equal standard for the man and for the woman in our country and with your help we are going to have it. These ladies have been fighting the geisha system for many years, and for six years I myself have been helping to distribute these little pieces of paper throughout Japan for the purpose of taking subscriptions and getting the public sentiment aroused little by little and of educating our people. I got 180,000 men and women to give me their support. But, alas, the ways of Europe. They cannot see how to lead our people. I came here loaded with sin and knowing not which way to look, and we came to Philadelphia, to the convention there, and listened day after day, I began to see that we were almost becoming a part of you and that our ways in Japan were not different from your ways in Europe. Let us educate the people in Japan just as you want to educate the people in your own country. So we four delegates from Japan sat together day after day at the meeting in Philadelphia and considered together and we formed an alliance for a new movement of an educational campaign to establish a national Prohibition movement in Japan and we are going to do that with the help of your friends in Philadelphia and with the help of all our friends in the United States. I know this is the culmination and the clim.ax of all the purposes I have in my mind. I know if we can reach the children and the women in Japan that we will reach the great mother heart and the great father heart and they will be kindled with a love for Prohibition and purity and peace and we will create a new Japan, so that you will see some day before very long a new country in Japan with new people and a new life everywhere and we will love our neigh- bors as everybody does. EGYPT By Miss BAIRD Egypt, as you know, is a Mohammedan country. Ten millions of the twelve million people there are Mohammedans, and until very recently these people were not drunkards, but at the present time they have become educated to the terrible habit that they did not know anything about until after the white man brought the drink to the Mohammedan brothers. And they are learning the habit of drinking very rapidly. It is a very terrible thing, for after having one drink they can not leave it alone. This is true among the Mohammedans more than anywhere else. Who is to blame for this, friends? It is entirely a blame that rests on the European nations, and as an illustration of this I can cite to you a city of 45,000 people in which in a very few years past, 10,000 Christians have become extremely rich. Nine out of every ten have a drinking shop. I do not know of a single liquor shop owned or controlled by my Egyptian brethren. What is being done? Well, our missionaries stand as teetotalers. Our people were educated from their youth to be teetotalers. They have been taught never to touch intoxicating liquors. But now with 174 the coming of Europeans into my land there is a constant flow of drink and the people in Egypt are fast becoming drunkards, all through the activities of your European representatives. But we are doing a good work in our temperance program. We have lecturers who go to the people and preach to them and tell them of the ter- rible effect of alcohol. We have classes in hygiene to teach them the effects of alcohol on the brain and on the body. We have endeavored to start a Prohibition movement in Egypt, but we are told that the time is not yet ripe. What a terrible mistake, friends, that a great people such as Europe, or any one of the nations of Europe, should answer to a Mohammedan people when they demand help in the Prohibition movement, that "the time is not yet ripe." Let me give you a verse from the Scripture which is particularly appropriate in this connection. "Thou shalt love thy God with all thy heart, with all thy will, with all thy strength, with all thy mind, and thy neighbor as thyself." Who is thy neighbor? Our Egyptian brothers are our neighbors, yea they are our brothers. Woe to him that putteth a bottle to his brother's lips. DENMARK By Miss DAGMAR PRIOR President of the W. C. T. U. of Denmark I feel it a great honor and privilege to be here before you. The National Woman's Christian Temperance Union in Denmark wanted me to come across the sea to learn and to see the splendid work you are doing here. The Na- tional Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Denmark stands ready to cooperate effectively with any nation in the world for the spread of Pro- hibition, and I am glad to say that in 1930 Denmark will be a dry country. BULGARIA By REV. D. N. FURNAJIEFF Madam Chairman and members of the Conference: Bulgaria has to salute you this morning in the name of the organizations, three in number; one the organization of our National Woman's Christian Temperance Union which has empowered me to be present here this morning. That organization has done a splendid work and it has organized in every Protestant Church a temperance movement; and a number of Protestants in Bulgaria have made effective a plan whereby any member of the Protestant Church in Bulgaria in order to become a member of the Church must give up drink, and he can- not smoke. I salute you in the name of our band of young men and gym- nasium students and pre-gymnasium students. We have a large organization in our universities that is working for Prohibition throughout the country. We students had a parade not long ago and our student friends carried a banner on which was written, "Tremble, ye tyrants, for we shall grow." Then I also want to congratulate you here in the name of the women of my country, for we have a Woman's Christian Temperance Union there. My 175 wife is the vice-president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in Bulgaria and she has charged me to pass on to you the salutations of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and in fidelity to our marriage vows I do so now. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION THE RESULT OF THE FIRST NATIONAL CONTEST WITH THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC IN SCOTLAND By MRS. GEORGE C. MILNE, Aberdeen, Scotland Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen: Our Chairman has told you that I come from Scotland. Perhaps you would know it in a little while although he hadn't told you. I think that the customs officer when we were crossing the line suspected that I was from Scotland, because he asked if I was pos- sessed of any liquor and I assured him that I was bone dry territory and invited him to have due regard to my best hats, which he did. I am the bearer of greetings to this convention from over sixty thousand White Ribboners in Scotland, so there is hope for Scotland yet. I shouldn't like you for a moment to suppose that we have not been campaigning in the British Isles, because we have. Sometimes it has not been in the right way. I think in the last two hundred years we put four hundred acts of Parliament on the statute books, all to deal with this question; and we were trying thereby to do the impossible, to say that black was white, that wrong was right. We have absolutely failed, but there has been agitation. We have some good things in Scotland. For over sixty years we have had Sunday closing in Scotland. Many people have given a bad report of our land, and have said there is more drinking and more drunkenness in Scotland on Sunday than there is on any other day of the week. I have lived in a working class district for twenty-five years. I have been out and in among the people all the time and I have yet to see the first drunken man or the first drunken woman on the Lord's Day. I am not going to say that there is not drunkenness. That would be a strong assertion, but I am going to say 'that the law is as well carried out as any law in the British statute books. And I have never heard one candidate for any office make the slightest sug- gestion that we should go back to liquor on Sunday. The Lord's Day is absolutely safe in Bonnie Scotland. Then we had put upon our statute books in 1913 an act called the Tem- perance Scotland Act. That act was asked for by the temperance reformers of Scotland. We did not ask for local option, but for local veto, which is a very different thing. We asked that the people might get leave to vote on whether they wished licenses or not, but we had to take what we could get. The Act as finally passed was an agreed measure and contained three reso- lutions, one "no change," meaning that the magistrates would go on licens- ing just as they had done before; the second was "limitation," reduction of the number of licenses by twenty-five per cent, and the third was "no license." That was put on the statute books in 1913, but alas, in 1914 the great world war brolce out and there was no thought in Britain of anything except the 176 winning of that great war. Toward the end of the war just as everything began to settle down, in 1920, we had our first vote. We had no proper or- ganiza.tion. We had no real time for education. .The bulk of the people did not know what the act meant. They thought it was a curtailment of their liberty and that it allowed the rich man the privilege of retaining his beer in his cellar while the poor man's cellar was locked, and so on. "The liberty of the subject" and the revenue of Britain after the great war, were the watch- words and they ran like wildfire all over the land. And when we came to have our vote we had a sorrowful eye opener. Your good chairman who presides this afternoon and others of the Amer- ican leaders came and gave us consolation. They said to us, "You have done the best that was ever done in the world on a first vote," and so we took courage. All that we were able to do was to make a beginning. The vote gave us forty-one dry townships with thirty-five more places where limitation carried. That amounted to thirty-nine per cent of the vote. Thirty-nine per cent of all those voting, voted dry, voted "No license." So when we got time to come to ourselves we came to think that thirty-nine per cent of all the vote was not a bad showing on the first occasion. We were handicapped, as I said, by the war. We were handicapped by an act for which we never asked and which was very difficult of application. We not only had to have 55 per cent of all who voted favorable to "no license" but these had to be no fewer than thirty-five per cent on the roll, and you can see what handicap that was. At the end of the war our rolls were any- thing but in good condition. There were babies on the roll. There were chil- dren of five or eight. The authorities really ought to have allowed the babies to vote, but they didn't, and it all told against the "no license" element. Then there were on the roll the names of people who had been dead for years; so we had to contend with a very imperfect roll; and when you think of it, tha,t the requirement was 55 per cent of the vote, and this number was required to be not less than thirty-five per cent of all J:he names, including those who were dead and those that never were alive, and all the babies and the little children that weren't allowed to vote, I think after all it wasn't such a bad affair as we had first thought it to be. In 584 areas that polled, 508 voted "no change"; 35 areas voted for limi- tation; and 41 areas voted "no license." In ten of these areas which voted "no license" litigation was brought, on trifling points mere technicalities, such as the claim that the polling day was market day, or something like that, and we lost these ten areas; so that in the end we gained 31 areas for "no license." I have my own views as to the growth of Prohibition in the United States. Some people may not agree with me, but I see it as a wonderful process of evolution, a wonderful growth, which began with the women, and extended to the church, and then to the business men. Now, people told us over on our side that it was the business men who did the whole job. I never believed it. Business men couldn't do a thing like that if they hadn' 4 - had something back of them. They had the homes of the United States back of them and the church of the living God back of them, and then the busi- ness men came on as a great industrial an^ financial proposition. 177 In Scotland, I think, we only got to the women this last campaign. Now, there is a story of an old lady who was speaking about a minister and she said "There is nobody sound in the congregation but the minister and myself," then she added, "I am not very sure about him." The women did valiantly, I will say that, but I am not very sure that they did their best. I believe that the men wouldn't let them. The beer drinkers and the whisky drinkers wouldn't let their wives take a great and noble stand for righteousness and for God and for their own little children; and men walked out with their wives to the voting booths on that memorable voting day who never walked out with their wives, I suppose, since they were married. We still have a bi.? fight in front of us. The Church did its part in a way. Officially, it was splendid. Practically, a good deal of it was nowhere. The general assem- blies of our great Presbyterian Churches passed resolutions but as somebody said, the Apostles never passed any resolutions but they did something that was far better. The churches passed resolutions, but over the country much was left to be desired in regard to the Christian churches in Scotland. I am not blaming them. It is not easy to stand against the liquor traffic in a country such as Scotland is, with so many liquor sellers and so many who have liquor stocks and all the great distilling and brewing companies. It is not easy for the Christian ministry when they have in their front pews men who are subsidizing the churches and use liquor and make and sell liquor and profit by liquor. I am not blaming them. It is no easy task. Our busi- ness men were not alive to their own interests. If business people knew that righteousness is profitable, far more profitable than iniquity any time, even in the matter of business, they would have rushed into the fray and taken the battle to the gate. But they didn't have the vision. What Scotland wants to win her victory is just the process which won it in the United States. It is education today and education tomorrow and for the next few years, and then I have great hopes that this beautiful land which has fought for civil and for religious liberty, which has reared sons that have been an honor to the whole world, which has sent her best to the great fields of all the world, may yet be free from the black stain of the liquor traffic. We hope that the next polling day will mark a great victory for Scotland and we ask you to pray for it. We do not see the victory, but we see the King and we trust Him. We believe that the King of Righteousness will work out this victory for us. THE RESULTS OF PROHIBITION THROUGH AUSTRALIAN EYES By REV. GIFFOED GORDON, Melbourne, Australia Financial Director of the Victorian Anti-Liquor League I came to America, although a minister and a Prohibition worker, de- termined to maintain a perfectly op.en mind on this question. I came not to be influenced at all by what Anti-Saloon Leaguers or Woman's Christian Temperance Unionists had to say on this question. I visited those organi- zations to pay them by respects, for I honored them for what they had ac- 178 complished, but for nothing further, and all my investigations I have made completely outside of any such organizations. I have been busy interviewing judges of juvenile and criminal courts; mayors of cities and chiefs of police, bank managers and heads of inebriate homes and jails and penitentiaries, and it is from all these sources that I have gathered my data. I began the work in New York City. I thought it was a pretty good place to begin. I have a brother who has lived there five years and who knows the city pretty well and I sought his cooperation. I told him just exactly what I had come to do; that I was going to keep an open mind and two eyes wide open on this question, and record both sides. I did fully expect to see a number of open, flagrant violations of the Volstead law in that great city, for the simple reason that there is a tremendous for- eign population in New York City. There are hundreds of thousands of people, brought up on wine and beer as we have been brought up on tea or coffee, who have no love, or regard, or respect, for the Volstead Act. I ex- pected therefore to see quite a number of violations. Then again I happened to strike New York City on one of the hottest days the city ever experienced; and you know people in summer time have to drink to keep themselves cool. So I expected to see a number of drunken men, especially after what Ameri- cans, even Prohibitionists, had said to me on the boat and at Vancouver. We searched New York nearly eighteen days in that hot summer, travel- ling every day in subways, elevated trains, surface cars, motor busses, all always crowded with people. We mingled with great masses of people down in the business section of Fifth Avenue at the noon-day hour. We travelled over the poorer foreign sections of that city and saw those horrible, low- down saloons, but after searching that city that way for eighteen days I can call the Almighty to my witness when I say that we never came across a solitary man under the influence of liquor; neither did we smell one alcoholic breath. I felt that possibly I ought to come back to New York in the winter, because, you know, in the winter time people have to drink to keep them- selves warm. So I came back and spent twenty-four days there last winter. Then I was back there this last summer for another twelve days. I lived in New York fifty-eight days altogether and up until then I hadn't seen a solitary drunken person. Not until the fifty-ninth day, when Mr. Corradini of the New York Anti-Saloon League took me down into the Bowery did I see one solitary drunken person and then in what we call the slums, the dregs of the city, I did see three. Now, I think that that is nothing short of miraculous. I was in New York City for a week thirteen years ago and I remember the great number of drunken men that I met then when I wasn't looking for them. You couldn't be inside Melbourne, Australia, for fifty-eight minutes without see- ing drunken men. What makes the difference, my friends? What makes the difference? To ask the question is simply to answer it. I am no* trying to imply at all that there are no drunken people in New York City. I am sim- ply saying that I lived there fifty-eight days without seeing one. That is all I am saying; and I want to say that, friends, because I think it is something 179 worth while. I know there are drunken people there, because I have studied police records, but I know, too, that there are not nearly so many drunken people in New York City as there used to be, when there were over nine thousand open saloons in that city. According to the figures that Commis- sioner Enright supplied me, in 1915 there were 22,635 arrests for drunkenness and last year there were 8,169 or a decrease of 14,466. Furthermore, please don't lose sight of the fact that under the old saloon system a man was not arrested for being drunk. He had to be a danger to himself or a nuisance to society before he was arrested, but under this new system he is arrested for the least sign of intoxication, and that makes a difference which speaks all the more favorably for the present regime. We have heard much by cable in Australia from this country about all the people being poisoned to death by drinking bad alcohol. Even the wets are concerned about it. They think it is such a shame that good people should stand for that sort of thing and they are saying, "Why not let them have good liquors as they used to have and that would eliminate this present trouble?" But I went through the Health Department in New York, these were the figures supplied me, that in 1916, the days of the good alcohol, they had 687 deaths from alcoholism and last year they had 119. It doesn't look to me as if things are worse. I wrote to Dr. Bowen, the medical director of the Philadelphia Hospital, which is in one of the largest cities in the United States. In 1918 he had twenty-three hundred and twenty-six alcoholic patients, and last year, 1922, 702 patients. Let me call your attention to a more astounding fact than either of these. What has become of all the alco- holic institutions that used to be in existence in the United States? I think that San Francisco is the wettest city in the United States, as far as my ob- servations go, and I visited Dr. Wallace there, who is the head of one of the Neil Institutes. I am going to repeat Dr. Wallace's own words, not mine. These are his words and they were substantiated by Dr. Neil himself, whom I interviewed in Los Angeles. He said, "Mr. Gordon, there were 68 Neil Institutes in the United States twelve years prior to Prohibition and we have treated 125,000 alcoholic pa- tients. And with two years of Prohibition we were out of business." If things are worse under the Prohibition system, if Prohibition is not proving effective, how can you account for a fact like that? Dr. Neil himself said to me, "Mr. Gordon, they say Prohibition doesn't prohibit. Well, there is no use talking to the Neil brothers that way, because it has taken our business from us." He added, "We are not sorry it has come. We hailed its coming with delight, because we had seen the heartache and misery of this curse for so long." I stopped off at Dwight, Illinois, one day to see the Keeley Institute and I walked out and asked a man, "Sir, could you direct me to the Keeley Institute?" He pointed to an immense building just across the street, a very beautiful building, and said, "That used to be the Keeley Institute, but now it is leased to the United States Government for five years and is a hospital for disabled soldiers." I said to him, "Well, are the Keeley people operating here now?" "Oh, yes," he said, and he directed me and I went and stood before a brick cottage, where they had thirty patients. I in- 180 terviewed Dr. Outen, the head of the Keeley Institute there, and he told me there used to be fifty Keeley Institutes and now there are but twelve, but he doesn't give Prohibition any credit at all for the elimination of any one of those alcoholic institutions. He said they were beginning to decline before the national amendment went into effect. Now, that was the greatest alcoholic institution in the world, and they are now operating in a little brick building. If Prohibition is not proving effective, in spite of all the infractions of the law, how can you account for these facts? When I was in Des Moines, I was taken by our good friend Holsaple, Superintendent of the Anti-Saloon League, down to Knoxville, Iowa, and we stood before the old inebriate home there consisting of five immense build- ings; but it is no longer an inebriate home. After Prohibition came' the pa- tients became fewer and fewer until it became altogether too 'expensive to keep them there, so they were taken out and that institution closed up and pur- chased by the Government and it is now a permanent home for disabled sol- diers. If Prohibition didn't close that inebriate home, will you tell me what did? I stopped off at Peoria, Illinois. I went because it used to be the greatest whisky manufacturing center in the world. I looked for the old House of Correction and couldn't find it because it is no longer there. I did find the old superintendent. For thirty-five years he was superintendent of that House of Correction. He told me that the year prior to Prohibition, he had sixteen hundred prisoners in that house of correction and yet within three years after Prohibition that house has been closed up, sold by the state of Illinois, has since been demolished, and on its site there is being built an immense steel grandstand for baseball use. When I was in Cincinnati, Ohio, I went down to look at the old work- house and couldn't get into the building because it was padlocked and closed and not a soul inside of it. And yet they used to have between five and six hundred people in that workhouse. The workhouse at Zanesville is also closed up. The one at Indianapolis, Indiana, is also closed up and padlocked; and when I was in Springfield, Ohio, the other day I went down to look over the city prison and as I walked up towards it I was very much impressed as I read in big white letters over the doorway, "Day Nursery." It used to be a city prison. It is now a day nursery. When I was down in Dallas, Texas, I went to find the old jail there and couldn't find it because it is not there. It has been closed and- demolished and on the site has been built one of the most beautiful railway stations I have ever seen in all of this country. Now, if Prohibition is not effective, my friends, in spite of all the infractions of the law, what is closing up these institutions? When I was down in Birmingham, Alabama, I went through a jail there that had cost that state one hundred thousand dollars to build, which was practically new. I think it was used for about three years, until Alabama voted dry and it has never been in use since as a jail. It stood empty for a long time, then was used as a junk house and finally given over as a court and school for delinquent children. I interviewed the judge and he gave me 181 a very interesting story as to the effect of Prohibition. When Alabama was wet, it was found necessary to build a new jail to house the prisoners. They put a hundred thousand dollars into the proposition. The first thing that happened to that jail when Prohibition came was that it was emptied and closed. If Prohibition didn't close it, what did? That is what I want to know. I went through the jail in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and the warden that took me over said, "Mr. Gordon, we have 840 cells in this jail. We often had as many as 940 prisoners before Prohibition; had a double bank in our cell accommodations." The day I went over it there were 315 empty cells. Under the wet system they had an average of 88 women in that jail; now the average is 25. In 1916 they had 3,950 commitments for drunkenness in that jail. Last year they had 942. Before Prohibition they were seriously con- sidering the* building of a new jail. The papers were full of it, and the people were perturbed about it, because they knew it meant increased taxa- tion; but they are not talking that way any longer and they have no fears of increased taxation for the building of a new jail, because their old jail is more than adequate for their supply of prisoners. In Birmingham, Alabama, I visited Mr. Batten who is the President of the Bessemer Coal & Iron Company there; and when he knew who I was and what I wanted he frowned and said, "Mr. Gordon, Prohibition inconvenienced me very much indeed. I am a man that always had my liquor, took it in moderation, and always enjoyed it; but when Prohibition came and I couldn't get it without violating the law and thus becoming a criminal it inconven- ienced me very much indeed. "But the second thing I am going to say to you today is this, that if Prohibition was in danger of going, and it took a hundred votes to keep it I would give every last vote to keep it." He said, "Do you want to know the reason why? Because of the transformation it has made in the homes of our miners. In the wet days when the saloons were all around here their homes were scant of furniture and the children were scantily clad; the wives and mothers were poor, discouraged women, but now they have nice new furniture in their homes and many of them have Sonoras and Victrolas, and they can listen to the most beautiful music in the world. The children are very well clad and fed and go to school every day in the week, and the fathers, instead of spending their money in a dirty, dark saloon, have saved the money and put it into an automobile and take the family out in the au- tomobile for the fresh air. For their sake I don't want to see the return of liquor." He wrote me a testimonial which is one of the best and strongest I ever received. The last sentence of it reads: "You can say to the world that America will never again stand for the open saloon." What he said to me, my friends, all the presidents of all the great steel, iron, coke, oil and other companies to whom I have appealed, wrote and said practically the same thing. Therein, my friends, is the greatest appeal. The greatest appeal that Prohibition makes to me is the appeal of the little child. We know what 182 medical science had to say years ago about the appalling effects of alcoholism on the little child. Medical science told us of the great percentage of children that were not born alive; they were poisoned to death because of alcoholized parents. Medical science told of the great percentage of children born with feeble minds and now, my friends, since you have removed the open saloon, you have removed that awful injustice. Don't you think you are going to see the beneficial results in the future? I was greatly impressed one day as I stood upon the streets of Kansas City, Missouri, and saw there march past, twenty thousand Kansas City boys on Rotarian Day. The thought that filled me was that here are twenty thousand Kansas City boys who will never, never know the sensation of an open saloon. There are millions of such boys in the United States. Don't you think that is going to make a splendid citizenship? Was it not through the open door of the open saloon that the American boy took his first step to perdition and was lost to his home and to his church and to his state and to the nation and to the world? Of course it was. Now, you have closed that door and in closing it you are going to save the boy for his home and for the church and for the state and for the nation and for the world. Therein, my friends, in the future, you are going to see the great- est benefits of this great humanitarian reform. When I think of the appalling effects of alcoholism upon poor little innocent children who can not stand in defense of their personal liberty, when I think what alcohol did for the American boy and what the saloon did for the American home, and when I think of the magnitude of this reform, my friends, I am going to say this as a British subject, I believe that the greatest humanitarian piece of legisla- tion that has ever been put across in the history of Government was put across by the Government of the United States of America when it wrote the Eighteenth Amendment into its Constitution. Here I make my final appeal to Americans, which includes the Cana- dians, "Hold fast to that which thou hast. Let no man or set of men ever rob you of your Prohibition clause, for we are depending upon you, and so is the world." MISSIONARY APPEAL OF THE WORLD MOVEMENT AGAINST ALCOHOLISM By PROFESSOR HENRY BEACH CARRE, PH.D. Professor in Vander'bilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States Friends, the first question before us is the right of missionary activity in this enterprise. There is one group of people who say that the temperance and Prohibition questions are personal, individual, nationalistic, and that one nation has no right to interfere with the affairs of another nation in the set- tlement of this problem, that the liquor question enters into personal habits, individual tastes, preferences, as well as the most intimate relationships of life, things sacred to the home, to the social circle, and even to religion, and that therefore there can be no place for missionary activities. When I was in the British Isles shortly after Mr. "Pussyfoot" Johnson arrived there, the British prepared a poster which expresses the thought 183 which I am now indicating to you. It was a composite picture of Uncle Sam and "Pussyfoot" Johnson, if you can imagine such a thing. "Pussyfoot" Johnson, plus Uncle Sam, was standing on the territory of the United States. He looked out across the Atlantic and he had a nose that was long enough to reach across the Atlantic and to enter into a window in a building on the other side which represented Great Britain, and that nose had written across it "Prohibition" and the motto was "He shall not pro-boss-us." I take my stand with the other group who believe that this question is one for mission- ary activity. However, we must understand that this missionary activity must be carried on within certain limits. Let us see for a moment what some of these limits are. In the first place, let me say that I speak more directly to the citizens of my own country, the citizens of the United States, because I think I can speak more freely to them than I can to the others. If the people of Canada desire to echo what I have to say and to put their o. k. on it I shall not object, but I speak first of all for the citizens of the United States. I think one of the reasons why we may carry on missionary activity is that we have a right as citizens of the United States to enforce our own laws within our own country. But some of you will say, "What has that to do with missions? That is a home affair. Where do missions enter into that enterprise?" Let me tell you, upon the basis of the testimony of nearly every person from other countries that I have ever heard speak on this subject, that the greatest piece of missionary work which the United States of America can perform is first of all to make Prohibition a pronounced and unqualified success beneath the Stars and Stripes. If the gospel which we profess is not a gospel for the home land, certainly we are not prepared to make it a subject of evangeliza- tion and carry it to other lands. In the second place, I claim that as citizens of the United States we have a right to publish the results of Prohibition here in America and I believe that that is the next greatest missionary activity which the people of the United States can carry on. The insatiable demand of Europe today is for the plain, simple facts regarding Prohibition in the United States of America and Canada. Therefore, our greatest performance, next to the making of the law successful in our own country, is to tell the world the plain, unvarnished tale of American Prohibition. By that I mean the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth. I mean all the smuggling, and all of the rum running and everything else. Let them have it all. I think I hear some say, "Let us soft pedal this question of violation of the law." No, I say, let them have it all. For this reason, the sooner they take the measure of their enemy the better. The sooner they know that they are dealing with anarchists the better. We found it out long ago. I live in a state that passed a perfectly complete state-wide Prohibition law in 1909, and yet we had the law violated by our sister states. We had the sovereign right of one state trodden under foot by the citizens of another. That indicated to us the character and the measure of the enemy that we were fighting and we said to the other states that were dry, "There can be no armistice with thieves and criminals. They must be extirpated." Nation- wide Prohibition was the result. And when the people of other countries 184 realize that the liquor interests are essentially anarchistic and law violating, they will see that there is no compromise to be made with them and nothing else is possible but war to the death. In the third place, I hold that we have a right to protect ourselves against the violation of our laws by the citizens of other countries. Whether those laws are violated by men who fly the flags of their country, ride in automo- biles that are licensed by their countries, sail in ships that are registered in their countries, or fly in airplanes that carry the colors of their country, we have a right to protect ourselves. If we must insist on the observance of our laws by our own citizens, we have the right to insist that the citizens of other countries shall obey our sacred laws. I believe in the fourth place that as a missionary enterprise we have a right to protest against the use of the economic boycott by other countries against Prohibition countries. That subject was well elucidated this morn- ing by Dr. Hercod and I pass it without further comment. The fifth and last sphere that I will mention as one in which I believe we are at liberty to carry on missionary work is the right to contribute of our money, of our literature, and of our men when the countries beyond our borders ask for our contributions. I believe you will all agree that that kind of missionary work ought to be permissible, in the comity of na- tions and within the limits of international law. We may depend upon it that the governments of the respective countries will see to it that their citi- zens do not ask for something which they are not entitled to have, and when that is done we as law-abiding citizens must keep within the limits and the bounds set by these respective countries. Now, if you agree with me that within these limits we may proceed with missionary work, I wish to say that there is a strong missionary appeal in this great world enterprise. First of all, because it is a church enterprise. I am speaking, mind you, from the standpoint of the United States of America. I do not say what it may be in other countries, but I wish to say that so far as this great reform is concerned, it is primarily a church undertaking, a Christian enterprise. It has been, in this country, the proclamation of the gospel. The live coal that touched the lips of the heralds of this gospel was taken from the altar in the Temple of Jehovah. The passion that burns in the hearts of the rank and file who carry on this great war was kindled by praying mothers. So I say that it is a great Christian enterprise. We have not failed to consider the scientific aspect of this question. From 1785 when Dr. Benjamin Rush published his "Inquiry Into the Effects of Ardent Spirits Upon the Human Mind and Body," down to the last exhibit that was prepared by Miss Cora Frances Stoddard of the Scientific Temper- ance Federation, this question has had its scientific aspect. It has also had its political aspects. From the days of the Whisky Rebellion in 1791 to the days of the beer and wine rebellion on November 7, 1922, this question in America has run the complete political gamut. It has had its scientific aspect, it has had its political aspect; but I want to bring home to you this afternoon the fact that the standard bearers in this great crusade have been the circuit rider and the pastor of the little church on Main Street! 185 This enterprise makes a missionary appeal to you and to me because it is a world-wide movement. The alcoholic question is one that knows no geo- graphical boundaries. It blasts the black man as well as the white. It blights the yellow man as well as the red. Its wreckage is found strewn across the planet from the ice fields of the Eskimo to the jungle of the Hottentot. Wherever human kind is found there the devastation and the ruin of this curse are found. Its vice and poverty and degradation and bestiality flourish just as well beneath the Northern Lights as they do in the land of the South- ern Cross. It is because the Prohibition movement is a world movement that it appeals to the churches of Christendom. If I were a painter and were to paint a picture of Europe today I would not paint St. Peter's or the Coliseum. I would not place upon the canvas the Notre Dame or the Madeleine, there would not appear in the picture St. Paul's or Westminster. These monuments of art do not represent the Europe of today. They tell us of the Europe of yesterday. The Europe of today would be represented by a tempestuous sea and above that sea there would be a myriad of human hands. There would be the tiny hands of childhood; there would be the bleeding hands of womanhood; there would be the horny hands of toil; there would be the wringing hands of despair; there would be the writhing hands of agony; there would be the pale hands of disease; there would be the white hands of death. All those hands would be reaching toward America appealing for help. What answer does America give to those hands? Some say "America first." Others say "Protect us from those hands." American philanthropists say, "Let us place money in those hands." The Christian churches say, "Let us put the gospel within reach of those hands." Have we as temperance workers, any special answer to give to them? Undoubtedly we have, and it is found in the words of Peter as he went up to the temple and found a man extending his hands for alms. He said, "Silver and gold have I none, but such as I have give I thee; in the name of Jesus Christ, walk/' The response of the temperance forces of America to the people of Europe is "Rise, in your own strength, and walk." But, says someone, can we per- form a miracle as Peter did? Let us see. The present indebtedness of the world is said to be approximately three hundred and fifty billions of dollars. The liquor bill of the world is twenty billions of dollars per year. By doubling that amount we get the indirect as well as the direct cost of liquor, and that makes forty billion dollars a year as the amount the world is spending for liquor. Apply that sum upon the debts of the countries of the world, and the world's indebtedness would be wiped out in less than twelve years, with interest included. The message of the American temperance hosts to the war-stricken peo- ples of the world is: "Rise in your own strength and walk." Yes, we will give them money, but we will give it to them in order that they may rise in their own strength and go forth as whole men and women. The great appeal that comes to the people of the United States, my friends, first of all, is to send money to these countries. We might just as well get right off the high plane of theory and get down to the facts. There is not a temperance expert 186 on this platform or in this audience, in my opinion, who will deny that the first and last requisite to winning this fight is to get the facts across to the people. This is a great missionary appeal to us as Americans, because we have the wherewithal to do it. We are prepared to finance this great enter- prise and the demand and the call come to us to go forth with our millions and do it. I hear somebody say, "But what about this big fight we have here at home?" I ought not to have to say to you that the foreign mission cause has been the salvation of the church in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In proportion as we put forth our efforts for others we are strong at home. If we as a temperance army begin to feel that our task is nearly over, we have reached the point where we are ready to fold our colors and to go into camp. It was neither the terrors of the Pyrenees nor the rigors of the Alps that destroyed the army of Hannibal. When his soldiers came down from the slopes of the Alps, footsore and worn, they descended into the plains of northern Italy to sweep the Roman legions before them. What ruined the army of Hannibal was the inactivity, the leisure and the self-indulgence which ensued during the winter following, within the walls of Capua. Let the temperance hosts of America advance to the attack along the whole world front, and they will in consequence be the better prepared to defend their lines at home. ADDRESS By THE REV. FATHER LANCELOT MINEHAN Rector of St. Vincent de Paul Church, Toronto, Ontario Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, I thank you very much for your kindly reception and I want to tell you in the first place of a little remark I made yesterday. My congregation and myself are endeavoring! to complete our church. We are trying to get the roof covered in before the real broken weather of winter comes on us, because the roof of our basement church is not perfect. During the process of building it has become more or less broken; and I remarked that we were all unanimous in wanting a dry church, and I hoped that we would soon have a dry world. Because I think it is good for the church to be dry, also for the world to be dry, and it is a great thing for the church to do its best to make the world dry. I determined that my address to you would be very short, because I knew that you would be surfeited with information, statistical and otherwise, with regard to the good effects of Prohibition. I knew that you would be led behind prison bars and made familiar with conditions there; but there is one particular sphere in which I think I have special knowledge and I would like to tell you a little about that. It is my knowledge of that particular sphere which after a very long effort has made me a Prohibitionist. Ever since my boyhood I was a total abstainer because I believed I had quite enough spirit to manage without getting any artificial stuff. Belonging, I believe, to the most individualistic race in the world, I was opposed to interference with individual liberty; and 187 all the time I tried to see if we could fight the drink evil without going to the extreme of Prohibition. I wanted the open bar closed. I sought to try everything rather than go to this extreme because I hoped I could possibly maintain human liberty and human dignity without absolutely driving alcohol out of existence. I trusted that we could have moderation, with safety. I found we could not. I found that alcohol in any stage, no matter how tem- perately we take it, was a danger and a snare. I have never seen a company in which the social glass circulated round once without noticing that self- control was perceptibly less. Therefore after years of compulsion, iFI might use the word, I was forced to come to the conclusion that the only way in which we can make men protect their dignity, keep their minds clear and their mouths clean, is by driving out the vice, outlawing the social glass altogether. That is my reason for being a Prohibitionist, although, as I said, my natural tendencies and conditions were against what you might call rightful interfer- ence with personal liberty. The next question that comes to me is, since you have become a Pro- hibitionist and since we have a large measure of Prohibition here in Canada, are you confirmed in your conversion to Prohibition? Do you believe that Prohibition has made good? You know the evils of bootlegging that have been brought up. You have read a good deal about the demoralization of the country, the increase of the drug-taking habit, and so on. All these things have been blazoned. Have they caused you in any way to waver in your alle- giance to Prohibition? Should Prohibition be modified? Has it been a dis- appointment? I say, not at all. I do not expect to reform the world in a day. I did not think for the moment that age-long evils could be eliminated in three years or in a decade. We haven't eliminated them after centuries. But considering all that Prohibition has faced, considering, of course, that we haven't Prohibition for all Canada, taking all these matters into consideration, we have done exceedingly well. And now, let me call witnesses. First of all, let me give my individual experience. As I have told you, not only do I go to prisons, but I visit asylums, and I go into homes. I have to go right into the recesses of the human heart. Whenever I find there anything particularly black, my question always is, "Do you take intoxicating liquor?" And I can tell you that in almost every case the answer is, "Yes." I have observed this all my life and almost never found foulness, gross unchastity, all those vile, dirty things except in intimate association with alcohol. I do not come across a case of that kind very often now. In my work of probing human hearts night after night, years ago, I again and again came out sick of hearing the tales of woe which were usually the work of liquor. I am not talking about the man who comes home in a beastly drunken condition. I am dealing with the man who has had just enough liquor to bring the brute out of him, to unchain the brute. He is often the worst of all types. Well, I do not find that very often now. I ask why and the answer is, "Ah, Father, it is very hard to get it." My rejoinder is "Glory to God, I hope it will be much harder." So much for my personal experience. Now, I am going to give you the experience of a gentleman who should 188 be taken as an expert witness. He has been for years superintendent of the hospital for the insane in Whitby, not very far from Toronto, and his special duty is to examine cases of mental disorders. These are his specialty. What does he say? On the 31st of October, 1922, quite a recent date, he says that as a result of Prohibition the cases of mental disorders in the Whitby Hospital for the Insane arising from intoxicants, have practically dwin- dled to nothing. In fact, he said, "I have not met a case of that kind within the last three years." The asylum receives the finished product of the liquor business and when the finished product is absent then you may be sure that the machine is not in good working order. Therefore, I say, his evidence is exceptionally valuable. Then he gives another bit of evidence that is very apropos. He states that cases of drug habits, morphine and cocaine, the number of drug addicts of morphine and cocaine has not increased since Prohibition has come in. One of the arguments against Prohibition is that it has enormously increased the number of those who have taken to drugs, but he declares that the number of drug addicts, cocaine addicts, morphine addicts, has not increased at all since Prohibition has come in. I heard Judge Murphy of the Juvenile Court in Winnipeg make the very same statement. She has had wide experience in the Northwest and she declares that the drug- taking habit has not been increased in any respect by Prohibition. That is a very important matter for us. Let me conclude by a little reflection. I remember some years ago I stood upon this platform, when I wished to wipe out the bar Toronto was placarded with notices, "Don't kill Toronto. If you banish the bar you kill Toronto." The bar has been banished and Toronto has not been killed. Very well. The advocates of the open bar were not good prophets then. Now, they say, "Don't introduce Prohibition." These men pleaded for the open bar. "We must have the open bar. If not, business will suffer and men will seek other and more dangerous modes of stimulation." The open bar has been banished and not one of those men who championed it would come for- ward in its favor today. The evils they talked of dropped by the wayside. I say to these gentlemen, just take another step forward. We wiped out the open bar and the results have been so satisfactory that you will not want to bring it back. Now, we want to wipe out the bottle, the social glass, the decanter. Don't be afraid that we are going to spoil the country. After we have wiped out all these you will in a few years say what you are saying now about the open bar. You declare now you wouldn't have the open bar back again. In five or ten years' time you will be shouting, "We will not have the bottle back again." ROLL CALL AUSTRIA, HUNGARY, ITALY By MR. E. L. G. HOHENTHAL Former Most Worthy Patriach, Sons of Temperance Mr. Chairman and friends, I bring the greetings of the National Division, Sons of Temperance of North America, in the absence of the Most Worthy Patriarch, Brother Nickerson of Shag Harbor, Nova Scotia, who succeeded me last fall. The organization which I represent is the oldest on the North 189 American Continent. It was organized in 1842. It has operated chiefly in the English-speaking countries. It numbers 400,000 members in Great Britain. Some twenty-five or thirty thousand are in Australia and New Zealand. We are committed to total abstinence and Prohibition and that work, pioneer work, which the organization began so long ago, is to be effectively carried on in the future. I want to take a moment or two of the time allotted to me to bring you the greetings from three countries that have not yet been represented, I think, at this convention, Austria, Hungary, and Italy. It was my privilege to be in these lands this past summer and I can assure you if monetary conditions were such that the friends could come from those lands to a convention of this kind they would have come. The workers in those countries are zealous- ly carrying on the same kind of propaganda work for the ultimate Prohibi- tion of the liquor traffic as we are in this continent and in the countries represented here. The first national congress, called by the municipal authori- ties of Italy, was held in Naples recently, at which resolutions were adopted for the immediate Prohibition of distilled liquors and the ultimate Prohibition of wines and beers. Those resolutions were indorsed by a labor convention a few days later in the city of Florence. The work is being conducted in these lands which I have named, with earnestness and zeal. We can help those people to win a victory, if we aid them financially. From a selfish standpoint, we ought to do it, for the influx of immigration from those lands will con- tinue to be an irritating problem in our law enforcement of Prohibition in the United States and the Dominion of Canada if we do not carry our propaganda to these people themselves. What has been done in those three countries has also been initiated in Germany, which has been represented by delegates to this convention. SCOTLAND By REV. J. CBOMAKTY SMITH I am afraid that all I can do in my five minutes, is to supplement the very admirable statement that was made by Mrs. Milne this afternoon. But per- haps you will allow me to express on behalf of the temperance forces in Scotland, the sense of our enormous indebtedness to the Anti-Saloon League of the United States for the splendid, efficient help they gave us in our cam- paign in 1920. I think I may say that for the partial success, as some call it, of our 1920 campaign we are enormously indebted to the assistance we got from this side of the Atlantic. You may possibly not know that we have not secured by legislation in Scotland even the possibility of doing what you can do in Canada. All that we have secured by way of legislation after twenty years of hard, hard fighting and constant knocking at the doors of the House of Parliament is the power of each locality to determine whether or not public houses shall continue in the locality. We secured that after twenty years of fighting and in 1920 we had our first poll on that issue. Some have expressed the feeling that in Scotland we made a very poor show indeed of our campaign in 1920. I confess for myself I cannot agree with that at all. Mrs. Milne told you that in 1920 we polled 74 per cent of the 190 electors on the rolls. That is a very large proportion, is it not? We polled 74 per cent of the number on the rolls and whereas, roughly speaking, 54 per cent of those voting voted for no change, that is for the continuance of things as they are, and continuance of the discretionary powers of magistrates to give or to withhold licenses, 43 per cent voted for no license. That means that taking the figures for all over Scotland, 12 per cent turned from the one side to the other would have made all Scotland dry. I think when you look at it in that way you will agree, we did not only fairly well, but I say we did exceedingly well, for our first vote. The vote, remember, was the first op- portunity we ever had. Now, we have blotted out 309 licenses, what you call saloons. If you allow thirty feet frontage for each licensed place, which is certainly a fair limit, as many of them are more than that, and if you put them side by side, the narrow way, 309 places will be almost two miles solid frontage. You can figure it out at your leisure. Over a mile and three- quarters solid frontage of rum shops was wiped out in Scotch elections that year. But remember this, Mr. Chairman, we are not able to secure "no license" by a majority vote. We ought to have that power, but the liquor men saw to it that when the bill passed through Parliament it was handicapped so in order to secure no license we must have 55 per cent majority and, mark you, more than that, out of that 55 per cent we must have 35 per cent of the entire electorate voting for "no license." Therefore, you see we are severely handicapped, and had it not been for that severe handicap, instead of blotting out 309 licenses we should have blotted out 775. I feel very sure that at our next vote, which will be taken next year, 1923, we shall do very much better, because we no longer need to point across the Atlantic for conspicuous examples of the success of no license. We have them in Scotland itself. One of our towns was a typical mining town, where the police convictions for drunkenness for twelve months before "no license" were 137. For twelve months after "no license" they were 37. In another small town the convic- tions for twelve months before "no license" were 64; after "no license," for twelve months, they were 4. So in 1923 Scotland will see for itself and I hope it will speak for itself, and we will get the 12 per cent needed and make Bonnie Scotland dry. FORMOSA By MB. MATTHEW KAKU Mr. Chairman, warriors of God, dear friends, whose purpose and ideas are so dear to God and men, I bring you the warmest greetings from Auburn Seminary and from Formosa. Now, today, we are here gathered together for one purpose, for reconstructing the world. We hear that word "Recon- struction" many times. Why? Because we are facing a ^new age, a new world. Besides conquering the air, the earth and the water, a new universe has been discovered in this progress in broad international ideas. The great interest of a country, of a nation, is judged by the service and goodness, not by the power and fighting. We are here gathered from all the corners of the world representing every nationality of our earth. This is a new age, in every sense. Now, what shall 191 we do? We have to put away our bad notions. Now, you will ask what is that? That means national selfishness. That was what caused the German cruelty. The philosophers will say Germany was influenced by philosophers. The leaders of Germany failed in their philosophy and so the world had to suffer in every way. But the truth is that before that cruel Kaiser was crowned as Kaiser they were worrying about his mental condition. Why? Because he drank. So our world suffering came from our world enemy, alcohol. Friends, we are not here just for the sake of gathering. We are cooperating in a great world war. We are cooperating to fight. As the mothers sacrificed their children, their time, their lives, our great movement needs your help, your cooperation and your ideas, which are founded on the ground of faith, hope, and love of Christ. PORTO RICO By MB. JUAN F. MONITAR Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, I bring to you greetings and best wishes from the people of Porto Rico. As you know, Porto Rico is a dry country. We have been dry for five years, since the year 1917, but now what we need in Porto Rico is law enforcement. Somebody has said that you cannot enforce a law against the will of the people, so now in order to have law enforcement in Porto Rico what we need is to educate the conscience of the people, and that is what I am going to try to do. I am a junior now in college and as soon as I finish my college course I will go back to my people and try to educate their conscience to have law enforcement so that our country will not only be dry as a national law, but be dry because the people wish to be dry. That is what I am going to do when I go back to Porto Rico DISCUSSION By MB. JAMES S. BOBDEN I was very much pleased, Mr. Chairman, with Father Minehan's address this afternoon. There is a similarity between Father Minehan and myself. I represent St. Vincent de Paul's Roman Catholic Total Abstinence Beneficial Society of Philadelphia. I believe that Father Minehan represents or is Rector of St. Vincent de Paul's Roman Catholic Church in Toronto. Father Mine- han has said that he took the pledge when a boy. I am happy to say that I did the same. Father Minehan also said he is a Prohibitionist. I am proud in my own city of being styled as such. Now, Mr. Chairman, I have been asked what is the attitude of the Roman Catholic Total Abstinence Society toward Prohibition, and if you will bear with me for a few minutes I will read you the resolutions that were adopted at our 51st National Convention, in my own City of Philadelphia, August 9th, 10th and llth, 1922: I will eliminate the first part and get down to the essentials: "Unswerving devotion to the religious ideals of the Catholic Total Abstinence Union has never meant to its founders or most notable leaders 192 any lack of appreciation of service rendered to the cause of temperance by science, business or government. In the first convention of this national union held in Baltimore in 1872 it was resolved, " 'That this convention though not deeming it expedient to take part in any political or legislative agency in reference to prohibitory liquor law recognize, however, ihe great good that would accrue from the suppression of the public drinking place license and such legislation as would restrain the manufacture of intoxicating liquors within bounds consistent with public moralicy, and would gladly hail such legislation whenever the proper authori- ties may grant it.' ' "At each convention resolutions have been adopted supporting those who were battling for temperance in the political arena. This union has never subscribed to the unchristian assertion that law can ever make man moral. It scorns the common perversion of the truth that the law cannot compel obedience. This Union professes to believe in the laws of God and in the laws of the Church and in the laws of the Christian nations as a most potential agency for human progress. Laws are essential for the moral growth of communities, as they are to the moral stability of individuals. Whatever be the whole truth as to the result of prohibitory legislation in the United States there is an abundant evidence of many evils of alcoholism still rife in many quarters. This union believes that sincere horror for such evils suggests unrelenting war upon bootleggers and other criminals rather than dangerous hypothetical conditions. Every duty is the duty of this hour, which is the suppression of bootlegging and all attendant evils. We would have this Union face present facts with honesty and courage; making and maintenance of law and order is not religion, but civic duty. Catholic, citizens will not be wanting in this. They understand the danger to the foundation of all government, which the Bar Association of the United States has so forcibly pointed out in the true common understanding given to the law. They will not forget the appeal which the Chief Executive of this nation has made to all persons to uphold the law of Prohibition because it is a part of the law of the land. "And in conclusion, above all, we trust that none will put his hand to the plow to look back, but all press on to the end for salvation of their own and other souls, and for the honor of the church." This is signed by the officials of the society. DISCUSSION By MR. LABS LAESEN-LEDET, of Denmark We from the Scandinavian countries are very grateful because this question has been raised, namely, the attitude of large wine growing countries against small Prohibition countries; but we should like that there had been more time to discuss these important questions, I just want to point out that this question is the most -important before us today. If the international tem- perance movement is not able to solve that question we can stop any further discussion and go home and sleep. If the violation by the big countries against the small ones is tolerated, if it is permitted for the big countries to 193 force their liquor upon the small peoples against their will, there will be no more right for small nations, and we will be obliged to stop our work for Prohibition, and we will do it rather today than tomorrow. I have been asked here what is it possible for people to do to help the small countries in Europe? People have asked why we are not willing to go to the League of Nations with our complaints. There have been many ap- plications to the League of Nations from temperance organizations, from church organizations, from democratic societies and so on, but you know the League of Nations is only a weak instrument in these times, due to the fact that the United States of America has not yet joined the League. I hope that sometime it will be possible for the League of Nations to take all those notables of Spain by the ear and say, "You ought not to do that." But today the League of Nations is too weak and isn't meant to act so. Then people have asked why we don't go to the Spanish Government with our complaint. Dr. Hercod told you this forenoon that an address from several important people, influential people in Europe and America, had been sent to the Spanish Government, but Dr. Hercod stated also that there was no public opinion in Spain and that is right. A Spaniard wrote me some months ago who said the same, in effect, as Dr. Hercod said. The Spaniard wrote me that ap- plications on moral grounds can be sent to the Spanish Government with the same effect as if they were sent to him individually. They don't recognize applications on moral grounds. Therefore, it does not help anything to ad- dress the Spanish Government, and neither to address the League of Nations. But then where are we to go? If the American people could buy and eat all the fish they are producing in Icelahd, it would be the best way to solve the problem. If Iceland could act quite independently of Spain it would be the best solution of the question and therefore I urge you to buy Iceland's fish. The Government in Iceland has appointed a commission which has the task of finding a fish market here in America or elsewhere and I hope we will be able in the near future to find such a market. In addition, you can abstain from buying anything from Spain. Dr. Hercod said this morning that a boycott was not easy to make effective, and that is true. I don't close my eyes to that, but as long as Spain treats my little brother as he does, I feel it my duty not to buy and not to consume anything from Spain. Very likely other people may not have that feeling, and they may act accordingly, but we who hold that feeling may act in accord with our opinion if we don't want to buy anything from Spain. If only seven million people abstain from buying from Spain the Spaniard will soon discover that he has got his nose in a bad way, and will let his little brother live in peace. The third thing you can do, the Government in America, and the great British Government, can speak with the Spanish Am- bassadors of Spain about the question. If only the question is brought up, if only the Government in Washington or the Government in London will speak in earnest with the Government in Madrid about that question, I am quite sure it will be solved in a few hours. Therefore, I urge this World League and all the organizations repre- sented here, to do what you can for stopping this violation against the small 194 nations in Europe. We are very grateful. I know the Icelanders and the Norwegians are very grateful for the many tokens of sympathy they have received from all parts of the world, but we have in our countries a proverb I don't know whether you know it here or not saying that the cat of the blacksmith died because he got too much sympathy. Of course, it was un- derstood that he did not get anything else. As I said, we are grateful for all the sympathy shown to the Scandinavian countries in their struggle, but we want something else. We want actions. We want that everyone of you shall understand that this is the most important question before the Inter- national Temperance Movement at this moment. We want them to under- stand that it is impossible for us to work for Prohibition if this violation is tolerated. The Spaniard is putting the long Spanish knife to the throat of Iceland and Norway. This knife will not be removed because you show us your sympathy. It will be removed if the whole civilized world, puts its fist under the Spainard's nose and says to him, "Now, you have to treat your little brother better." DISCUSSION By REV. D. N. FUENAJIEFF, of Bulgaria Friends of the cause, I have been in the United States for the last two months on a special mission. I am pastor of the Protestant Church in Sofia, and I am studying the situation not only from a theological point of view, but also from the political point of view, from the social point of view, and from the Prohibition point of view. While in Boston a few days ago I went to a church on a Monday evening, as I saw there was a light. I thought there might be some kind of a social or church people's gathering. What do you suppose I saw there? I saw young men between fifteen and eighteen, about thirty of them, in military uniforms, drilling in a military school. I said to myself, "A useless drill." I wanted to see something else. I came back to New York the next day and. I met a man who was a classmate of mine in the seminary at Princeton. I said, "How is your church?" "Well," he said, -"my church is a strong missionary church." I said, "Do you believe in missions?" "Oh," he said, "if the church is not a missionary church it is not a Christian church." I said, "What about Prohibition?" He made no answer. "Just give me your right answer straighforward. Do you believe in Prohibition?" He wasn't able to answer. Friends, I stand here to emphasize it, if this cause is to progress, if it is to win the conquest of the world it must go through the rank and file of the existing churches of all parts and denominations. The Christian church should be victorious in this sphere. This is the eminent duty of the church. There are in this world two tremendous forces engaged in this struggle. They are the forces of evil and good. There are two kings. One is King Alcohol and the other is the Prince of Peace, and you can not divide the world on this score except either with King Alcohol or with the Prince of Peace. I ask the question this day: Which side shall we take? Whom shall the church serve? And for whom shall we work? For Christ. 195 DISCUSSION By PASTOR GEORGES GALLIENNE, of France We have heard today pretty hard things against France and Spain. I am glad not to be a French political man. I would be perfectly ashamed of myself and I wouldn't show my face here, but as a Frenchman I am not ashamed of my own country and in spite of what has been said about the drinking habits of some European people, if I were to be born again I would rather be born again in my own village amongst the mountains of France than in the congestion or the roadways of New York City. Now this is the trouble. It is not political. It is simply commercial; as Mr. Ledet very well stated. We have in France a lot of white wine. About 1869 the French vineyards were swept by a disease which they called '"the curse" and it caused failure for many people. And what did happen? The growers imported from California and Spain the strong hearty vine that could stand the weather conditions there, so that all our French vines in the South of France come from American stock. So, you and I are both mixed in the business. Then what must be done? It is a simple matter of hand and mouth policy. Mr. Ledet said "buy." "Buy fish from Iceland." I am sorry he ended his speech by saying, "Buy nothing from Spain." That is not the best way to do because poor people in Spain would suffer, as well as the wealthy wine growers. I would say, buy from Spain and buy from France. What? Grapes and grapes and grapes and more grapes. The other day in New York City I saw some fine grapes and I said, "Those are Cali- fornia grapes?" "No," said the merchant "they are Spanish grapes." "Well," I said, "go on selling those grapes." If every Prohibitionist in America was to have at his early breakfast Spanish grapes or French grapes, the whole problem would be very easily solved. But eat as many Spanish grapes and as many French grapes as you can. Then another thing. The United States were a big market for French wine and there is still an opinion that they are a big market for champagne wine. I am told that there is much, too much, wine and champagne ordered by the American doctors in the States. You also use a good deal of non- alcoholic wines which our people know nothing about, and so I ask you to call upon some of your wealthy American friends to start a non-alcoholic wine-making plant in the South of France. They will make money out of it if they will start it. Then, all the wine growers of France, knowing that they will get more money by selling non-alcoholic wines in the states, will start soon on that very line of business themselves. Instead of boycotting the products of our land, either Spain or France, buy grapes and ask French people for non-alcoholic wines. That is a very simple way to get out of the difficulty. DISCUSSION By GUSTAVE CATJVIN, Secretary General, Ligue PopulaAre Antialcoolique (of France) The French Popular and Workingmen's Leagues are very grateful to the World League Against Alcoholism for their kind invitation to their represen- 196 tative. Alcoholism is a more serious matter in France than anywhere else. We have been fighting in France for thirty years. Unfortunately, ours is a country which is overgrown with vines, and it has not been understood clearly enough that the anti-alcoholic war should become more than a purely academic one. During the war, hospitals and munition factories could not get alcohol enough, but there was no lack of it in the public houses. The bread supply failed, chiefly because the grain was distilled into alcohol which the barkeepers never ceased to cry for. The alcoholic situation at that period was a fearful one. At the Saint-Chamond steel works, at the end of the year 1915, 600 men were being discharged every month for drunkenness; it meant a loss of three thousand days' work per month. At the Firminy steel works, it is stated that the manager, wishing to find three hundred working men for one of his shops, had to make his choice out of one thousand men. Out of this number, seven hundred were completely under the nefarious influ- ence of alcohol. The Prefect of the Department took steps to prohibit the sale of alcohol, but the representatives and senators raised a protest and Mr. Briand, the then prime minister, caused the restrictions to be withdrawn. Then it was that I organized numerous cinema lectures which I gave before business men, working men, soldiers and schools, appealing to generals and admirals and bishops. After eight months' propaganda, during which time 1,200 meetings had been held, Prime Minister Briand, who at the end of 1915 had repealed the restrictive measures of the Loire Department, stated before Parliament, in November, 1916, that "The only way to ensure the life of our country and its safety, is completely to do away with alcohol drinking." As soon as this statement came out, the liquor dealers raised a terrific protest. Barkeepers, grocers, and distillers all rose and poured a vast amount of money into a press campaign, and the result was that the prime minister had to give up his attempt; four months afterwards, he had to resign. However, certain reforms were obtained as follows: In March, 1915, suppression of absinthe. In November of the same year, it was forbidden to open new saloons. In June, 1916, the privilege of home distilling was suspended. In October, a bill was passed regulating the conducting of saloons and forbidding the employment of women in these places. The mayors of Nantes and St.-Nazaire, Admiral Rouyer, the governor of Cherbourg harbor, impressed by the anti-liquor campaign, issued prohibitive orders. The Treasury statistics for 1917 and 1918 showed a decrease of 50 per cent in the consumption of liquor. The Vinegrowers' Review made the following confession: "The adver- saries of alcohol may well shout with joy and triumph. Thanks to their tire- less propaganda, and to the formidable pressure of that very cleverly conducted propaganda, they have defeated alcohol. . . . They possess a perfect organi- zation and leaders with masterly brains, talented writers and speakers." And Admiral Lacaze, the Minister of Marine, wrote: "Alcohol was a fac- tor of victory because it was used in the making of ammunition. But alcohol- 197 ism, paralyzing the work of munition factories, would have become a factor of defeat had it not been for the vigorous anti-liquor campaign." Four years have elapsed since the armistice. The guns are silent, blood has ceased to flow in northeastern France thanks to the efforts of the French troops and those of the gallant American, British and Canadian soldiers. France is painfully rising again. It is terrible to think that the leaders of our country contemplate making wealth out of the stuff that can do no more than bring additional ruin. Since the war there has been in existence at our Ministry of Foreign Affairs a "service of French Propaganda Abroad," the purpose of which is to let the world know of the beauties of our great country. At the present day, that propaganda service seems to consider that its principal task is to boast of the alcoholic riches of our soil and to fight Prohibition. Our Swedish comrades have suffered a set-back because they were up against the anti-prohibitionists of their own country and those of Spain and France, but it is sad to think that French liquor interests have helped our adversaries, especially Mr. Gaston Gerard, the Mayor of Dijon, representing the vine-growing province of Burgundy was actively engaged in the campaign for alcohol. You will remember the shameful National Wine Week which was held in Paris last March. The whole French press is paid to boost the liquor cause and to spread lies broadcast about Prohibition in America. I regret more than ever that I do not know your language, for, at the risk of being tedious, I should have quoted to you some of the most odious falsehoods which are being circulated wholesale. One may read almost any day articles with headings like the following: War on Alcoholism! But be Careful! Is not wine the antidote to spirits? And these misleading statements are signed by well-known medical men, like Dr. Jacques Bertillon. The truth is that alcoholism through spirit drinking is growing less, because spirits are expensive. It is wine that causes almost all the damage. In one month, our country with its thirty-seven million inhabitants con- sumes one hundred million gallons of wine. Many of the French people regard wine almost in the light of a cult. At the old men's asylum at Alix (Rhone), I know some inmates who work twelve hours a day growing cab- bages in order to earn the quarter of a dollar that will buy a litre of wine. As one can make more money out of wine than out of bread, many farmers plant vines instead of sowing grain. What are the remedies? The United States and Canada have given their sons to save France. We want you to give us propagandists so that our country will be saved from a calamity more terrible than war itself because its destructive effects are not realized. Despite everything the French press may say to the contrary, Prohibition in Canada and the United States is beginning to impress the French public, 198 Americans and Canadians have been seen in France and people have realized that they were not a sick-looking lot, although they were abstainers. What we must do is to answer the falsehoods of the French press. We must make our people aware of the results of American Prohibition through newspapers and pamphlets and cinema lectures. France is the stronghold of liquordom; that country, so often laid waste by war, is today the headquarters of the liquor forces. We are responsible for the check to the prohibition movement in Sweden, and if Spain has dared to threaten Iceland, it is because she felt that she was supported by France. The more business-like manufacturers are already trying to set up the manufacture of non-alcoholic wines. Mr. Barthe, a vine-growing member of Parliament, chairman of the Commission for the Defence of Drink in the House of Representatives, tells me that his vine-grower friends are going to begin on a large scale the production of wine without alcohol. We trust that they will meet with great success in disposing of their products in America. Help us to make them realize this desired end. I was taught anti-alcoholism at school when I was ten years old; I have devoted myself to that cause since the age of eighteen. I have given more than one thousand four hundred lectures and often I have despaired. Yet I have seen so much misery around me, so many'children in grief through their father's drunkenness, that I feel it would be a sin to give up the fight. In 1918 you helped to save our country; help us now to drag it out of the clutches of the liquor traffic. MONDAY EVENING SESSION HOW THE FIGHT WAS WON IN AMERICA By REV. PUBLEY A. BAKER, D. D. General Superintendent, Anti-Saloon League of America Lack of time compels me to pass over the early history of this reform all too briefly. Prohibition did not become the policy of the United States Government as an accident, not by any trick of legerdemain, nor did it come by any cross lot or short cut method; it came by mobilizing the public con- science that had been a century in the making. It was, perhaps, hastened a half dozen years by the World War in which the civilized nations of the world early discovered that they must first make war upon the drink traffic before they could scientifically and successfully make war against Germany and her allies. The drink traffickers and their cohorts are fond of falsely saying that we took advantage of the time when two million of our young men were performing military duty in France. It should be understood that every young man over twenty-one years of age who went to France, had the opportunity to vote for the Congressmen and United States Senators that voted for or against the submission of the Eighteenth Amendment, and that question was an issue in most of their elections. Besides, it is a base slander upon the memory of the eighty thousand who perished, and of the two mil- lions who stood ready to give the last measure of devotion for the protection of the world's civilization, to class the majority of them with men who would 199 vote to perpetuate the drink traffic. These statements but cast an aspersion upon the good name of the flower of the American Republic. This reform in the United States was born above a century ago in the hearts of men and women who placed a higher value upon human salvage than upon their personal comfort or individual popularity. It required a hundred years to popularize the movement. That pathway, a century long, is strewn with relics of human progress. The spirit of the Roundheads was not confined to Crowell's followers; it spread out over England; it reached to America, and it is the spirit of the Roundheads which from the very be- ginning has been relentless in opposition to the drink traffic. The warfare against intoxicating liquors in the United States began almost with the land- ing of the Pilgrim Fathers. Most of the church denominations early pro- nounced against the excessive use of intoxicating drink by their members. Nearly every denomination had some outstanding characters who refused to let the traffic flourish unchallenged characters like Benjamin Rush, the noted Philadelphia physician; Dr. Lyman Beecher, father of Henry Ward Beecher, who preached his six great sermons nearly a century ago, which sermons contain most of the moral suasion and legal enactment comprehended in the movements of the present day; Neal Dow, the father of Prohibition in Maine; Dr. Increase Mather of New -England; Dr. Phillip W. Otterbein, founder of the United Brethren Church; Rev. James Ackley, an outstanding early ad- vocate in the Methodist Church, who forced through the General Conference of that denomination a resolution that no Methodist preacher should be per- mitted to retail spirituous liquors; with outstanding characters like John B. Gough, Francis Murphy, Frances E. Willard, Clinton B. Fisk, John G. Wool- ley and hosts of others who can not be named, who were the Roundheads at war with rum. It was no small task, this bringing up of the church de- nominations to a real battle line. Little by little, resolutions strengthened, advocates multiplied until practically all evangelistic denominations reached the standard of total abstinence from the use of intoxicating liquors. Organizations of various character and influence sprang into being, many of which flourished for a time and passed away, each of which made its im- pression locally or otherwise. Occasionally, an organization like the Wash- ingtonians would flame up with great promise and later would die down or be superseded by something else. The International Order of Good Templars came into existence in the early fifties and developed vitality, by virtue of service, that has projected its great influence to the present time. The Pro- hibition Party was formed in 1869, and while never able to poll as many as two hundred and seventy-five thousand votes, nevertheless was a mighty engine of power in the field of agitation. The Woman's Crusade originating at Hillsboro, Ohio, in 1873, issued in the formation of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in 1874. While all of these organizations named and scores that we can not name, did their work well and to a greater or less de- gree held back the crushing tide of the drink traffic, the chief honor for suc- cessful, sustained effort must be yielded to the Woman's Christian Temper- ance Union. This organization has been as resistless as the tides of the ocean, as militant as the Battalion of Death, as persuasive as the Gospel of 200 Luke and as persistent as a woman. It meditated, it educated, it agitated, it aggravated, but all the time it correlated and collaborated, its appeals covered the earth, its prayers crowded the heavens and its influence laid hold upon God and the best of American manhood. Meanwhile, the governments municipal, state and national in a hundred ways sought restriction and regulation, neither of which could be obtained, for you can no more regulate an institution as essentially evil as the liquor traffic than you can regulate the firing off of a cannon. Governments said it must not dispense liquor on Sunday, but it did dispense liquor on Sunday, they said it must not sell to the American Indian, but it did sell to the American Indian; they said it must not sell to drunkards, but it did sell to drunkards; that it must not sell to minors, but it did sell to minors; that it must not sell during restricted hours, but it sold during all hours, defying the laws of both God and man. Governments licensed it and taxed it under the guise of making it pay for its own ravages, but no tax or license was ever as- sessed that paid a hundredth part of its ravages when human life and human happiness were in balance. All the sermons preached and prayers offered and laws enacted were not sufficient to stay the rising tide of drunkenness, debauchery, misery and death that flowed with increasing volume from this monster of horrors. Political corruption was rampant; the traffic dictated the election of public officials from constables to Congress, legislative and judicial. Political parties were utterly subservient to its dictation, it rode steel-heeled over everything that was sacred. Discouragement had settled over the populace; the churches for the most part were smitten with a deadly apathy, and the discouraged voices of its opponents had become a vertiable Babel. There were many clear voices, but they were discordant voices. The firing had become so promiscuous that the bullets found lodgment in the heart of friends about as frequently as in the heart of the enemy, and it seemed the very limit of the moral forces had been reached, while the traffic flourished, saloons multiplied and drunkenness increased. The women of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, that held the largest hope, could not vote. They could only pray and weep and wait; but the liquor traffic is not moved by prayers or tears. In short, the reform had largely become a valley of dry bones, disjointed, fleshless, skinless and prostrated. While the prayers and tears of the Christian womanhood did not stay the ravages of the traffickers in strong drink, they did move the heart of that moderr Ezekiel. Doctor Howard H. Russell, to view the valley and to utter the prophecy, "These bones shall live." With a company of wisely selected friends, comprising all denominations and representatives of various organizations, yonder at Oberlin, Ohio, a plan, omnipartisan and interdenominational, was wrought out, which was destined to breathe the breath of life into these bones though "they were very dry," and cause them to stand erect and to move, and the movement was back to Jerusalem 'back to the church. Certain of these movements, notably the Washingtonians, had ignored the church and refused the co- operation of the church. For over forty years much of this reform walked 201 iu the wilderness, and it only got back to the church, back home again, at Oberlin, Ohio. Any great moral movement that does not have the backing of the church is likely to become a broken tooth and a foot out of joint. This latest born was christened The Anti-Saloon League. First, it made its appeal to the church, regardless of denomination. The more aggressive, evangelical denominations caught the practical spirit of the appeal and opened their doors to its representatives. Those that did not cooperate at once were not criticized nor scolded for their lack of cooperation. We systematically set to work to win them. Too much of the propaganda in temperance reform had been denunciation of those who did not at once agree with us. We won individuals the same way. Sometimes, we gained access to the churches by capturing the local board. To illustrate, I recall, when I was Superintendent of the Ohio League, I called at a prominent bank for an interview with its wealthy president. As I began to unfold the plans before us, he stopped me, stating, "You are talking to the wrong man. I am not a total abstainer; I keep liquor in my cellar and on my sideboard." I replied, "The League advises against the personal use of liquor, but its chief concern is with the traffic itself. As an institution, it is bad, commercially, socially, politically and morally. We are seeking to abolish the saloons wherever possible, and where they can not be abolished, to compel them to obey the law." He turned and tossed me two fifty dollar bills, saying as he did so, "That looks like practical and sensible temperance work." Within a few years, that man was paying as much as ten thousand dollars a year for the abolition of the legalized traffic and himself headed the movement to abolish the traf- fic in his own city. Furthermore, he banished liquor from his own cellar and his own sideboard. I might have criticized his personal habits and lost his cooperation. Second, the League was opportune. For this winning characteristic, we were roundly denounced by extreme radicals, who were our natural friends, as being compromisers and in league with the liquor traffickers. We went steadily forward doing the thing we could and biding our time until we could do the thing that ought to be done. When we could not get municipal local option, we took ward or residential district! option; when we could not get county local option, we accepted municipal local option; and where we could not get state-wide Prohibition, we accepted any form of more local Prohibi- tion we could secure. While moving toward National Prohibition we fought for state-wide Prohibition until thirty-two states individually, by legislative action or constitutional amendment, had moved into the Prohibition column. As rapidly as we could secure the right to vote in any political unit, we began the contest, and kept it going vigorously as often as the law would permit, thus wearing down the opposition as well as preventing them from crossing the boundaries of these political units to help each other. We did not simply work at the job, we worked to finish the job. Our objective was not the vot- ing of a few towns, counties and states dry; our objective was and is the solu- tion of the liquor problem, whether it takes ten years or ten decades. To be opportune in method does not preclude being dogmatic in the objective. We mauled it with every legitimate weapon we could lay our hands on; when de- 202 feated, we took our punishment, reformed ouf lines and went at it again. We discredited the old adage that "He who fights and runs away, Will Jive to fight another day." With the League, every day was fighting day. If no political contest was on that could be turned to our advantage, we did trench work, we agitated and organized. We demonstrated that there was no rest for the wicked. All the while, the women were preparing and bringing up the reserves by placing upon the statute books of every commonwealth in the Republic, a law com- pelling instruction in the public schools as to the evil effects of alcohol on the human system and the use of text books that are up to the Prohibition standard poorly taught in most wet centers, I grant you but the women of the W. C. T. U. have persisted in making life a burden for teachers who failed in their duty. This brought to our support a crop of voters mentally and physiologically trained on this question, who could and did teach their daddies how to vote. Third, we limited our activities in candidates and politics only to issues that had to do with the enactment and enforcement of laws against the liquor traffic. For this, we were denounced as narrow and wanting in the real spirit of reform. We seldom held a convention that one or more per- sons were not there with resolutions to commit us to liquor cures, woman suffrage, against gambling and horse racing and other lawless practices. As individuals, every man connected with the League was at liberty to hold and practice whatever adverse opinions he entertained concerning these things, but as a league this one thing we did. Two outstanding reasons for it: First, had we made war against lesser evils and in favor of minor in- cidentals, men of affairs would have measured our movement on that basis and would have supported it accordingly. With one big issue, the public ad- justed its measure of support on that basis. Second, to have incorporated other issues meant to incorporate other opposition than that which came from the liquor traffic, which we could ill afford. Furthermore, we recognized that in the solution of the liquor problem would be found the solution of many other problems, which has been proved strikingly true. Fourth, from the beginning the League had a plan and adhered strictly to it. I doubt if any great reform movement ever carried through thirty years of activity so nearly the uniform plan with which it begun, as has the Anti-Saloon League of America. The plan contemplated that no political party and no church denomination or any existing organization was sufficient for the task of solving the liquor problem. The mobilization of all the public sentiment of all political parties, of all church denominations and all existing temperance organizations was essential to the solution of the problem. Our appeal was not to political parties as such. We avoided asking the political organizations to endorse our policies and program. We did appeal to in- dividual candidates for offices that had to do with the enactment and enforce- ment of laws touching the liquor traffic, to endorse our measures. If a polit- ical party endorsed our program and was defeated, our program would go 203 down with the party. If a candidate who endorsed our measures was de- feated, the program and measure lived in other friendly candidates. By refus- ing affiliation with any party as such, we thereby avoided the responsibility, expense and energy necessary for the maintenance of a political organization. We, therefore, appealed to the voters to be non-partisan enough to vote for a temperance candidate on the opposite ticket rather than a liquor candi- date on their own ticket. For a time, this was difficult. Party lines had been so tightly drawn, especially following the Civil War, that many Republicans thought no Democrat could possibly get to Heaven, and the Democrats felt that no Republican should be permitted to get there. Any voter known to have soiled his hands and sold his political birthright by voting for a candi- date on the opposing ticket, was promptly read out of his party and, there- fore, could never hope for the honor and emolument of public office. This brutal political policy, like all policies of unjustifiable force, was bound to react and give away under the steady pounding of the enemies of the liquor traffic. Finally, men became bolder and more independent in their voting, until political parties of their own accord and for their own preservation, began moving toward the Prohibition issue. Diplomacy was required in the handling of church denominations. While some denominations were more friendly and gave better cooperation than others, we carefully avoided showing any partiality either in the selection of our field force or representation upon our governing bodies. Some denomi- nations gathered strength by cooperation, others by absorption. It is an un- speakable calamity when any church, through cowardice, timidity or bad leadership, will give away the opportunity for the development of moral muscle by turning over the solution of great problems, with a moral aspect, to a political party or to any outside organization secularly controlled. There are such churches, and God Almighty who sent His Son into the world "to destroy the works of the Devil," must be impatient with them. Organizations in existence and already fighting the drink traffic when the great cooperative plan of the League was inaugurated, who refused to co- operate, are dead or dying. Their good works could not save them. They persisted in looking upon the League simply as another and a rival organiza- tion. It was and is neither. It is a mighty God-born movement in human history. They did not discern that the hour had struck and the decree had gone forth that the institution of the saloon, that had fretted the heart of God for centuries, must die. The fullness of time had come; the waves of ruin bearing the wreckage of millions, dashed high* against the cross and splashed their defiance in the very face of the Almighty. The Creator of His own likeness was, through human agency, taking final note of the disfigurement of His handiwork. To begin the erection of a building without first counting the cost would be more foolish than to launch an organization without making provision for its upkeep. That little subscription card is just as much a part of the divine ordering of things as the calling of Dr. Russell to the early leadership in the movement. This card placed in the hands of the congregation on Sunday morning or evening, once a year, after they had listened to an earnest appeal, 204 gave us a financial support that enabled us ,to make sustained assault upon the enemies' lines. Hitherto, workers in this cause had depended upon prayers and a few pennies to combat the most gigantic evil that ever challenged the civilization of the world. Through this financial instrument we gathered and assembled the munitions of war and built public sentiment in the churches from which our leadership must come, at one drawing of the bow, which made for economy and speedy action. We supplemented church contribu- tions by personal solicitation of funds, from men and women of means, which greatly augmented the volume of support and multiplied the fighting force. Very frequently a pastor will say, "I will be very glad to have a repre- sentative of the League in my pulpit on your field day in this city but our board has adopted a rule that no public collection can be taken." Very well, if that is your rule, we will just wait until your church get ready to cooperate with the other churches of the city and we will be glad to furnish a speaker. If the church has any real vitality in it, it will likely do the rest. The passing of a resolution against any public collections is the most cowardly thing a church ever does, and it never lives up to it. It is done to protect seme timid preacher or some timid committee from taking the responsibility of deciding what cause ought or ought not be admitted. A great fire, or a San Francisco earthquake, comes, and the resolution becomes a scrap of paper. A church that builds a wall about itself and consumes itself upon itself misses the luxury of the larger life and service. Fifth, the League established a printing house. This immediately gave us anchorage and unification. It likewise greatly expedited the distribution of literature. Here we assembled our publications and by careful legal super- vision saved ourselves from many distracting and expensive lawsuits. We have sent out and can send out tons of fighting, up-to-date literature daily. A prominent liquor politician was heard to remark, "We got along very well until that Anti-Saloon League started that - printing plant. But now they can get more literature to the people and can get it to them quicker than we can." Realizing that it was useless to send to a banker or merchant literature calculated to influence the laboring man or farmer, we published and distributed in large quantities a vocational literature. We publish litera- ture for general distribution, for local distribution, for specific needs, as well as to teach our active agents the best procedure. Sixth, in the earlier days of our League work, when it was difficult to gain the attention of the public, we had to use some drastic methods. For example, we went into the stricken and debauched districts of some of our cities and took pictures of the homes and families of the drinking class, of their furni- ture, of their clothing or lack of it, of barefooted children playing in the snow, in one instance of a man dying of delirium tremens and of the same man lying in his cheap coffin and of the potters' field in which they buried him. Over against this, we secured the pictures of the brewers' magnificent man- sions on the boulevards, and of their lavish and costly mausoleums in the most beautiful spots in the cemeteries. We had those pictures made into slides and with stereopticans threw them upon the screens in churches and public halls and related the story of each picture as we had gathered it at 205 first hand. Not a very nerve soothing process, I grant you, but we were at war with an institution that was drunk with the blood of the millions it had slain. It was effective campaigning. It aroused the complacent Christian public, who never ventured into the purlieus of the cities, hence were not aware that such conditions existed. It also aroused the brewers who sent their attorneys to wait upon us and assure us if it was not stopped forthwith they would enter suit against us. We did not stop and they did not enter suit, though we courted that favor on every suitable occasion. Was it justifi- able? We asked the approval and blessing of Almighty God upon it, and "while we yet spake He heard and answered us." Finally, while driving for Prohibition through the various political units in the States, we were all the while moving toward national Prohibition. Nationally, we began long ago by prohibiting the sale of liquor to the Ameri- can Indians, to the Alaskans, in the army and navy, and from both ends of the national capitol. The final step in that preparation was the enactment of the Interstate Liquor Shipment law, designed to prevent the shipment of intoxicating liquors from the wet territory of one State into the dry territory cf another State. This measure hung in the Judiciary Committee of Congress for thirteen years and developed more constitutional lawyers out of wet coun- try barristers than any bill that has been before the Congress, for a hundred years. But one sweet election day, we were able to get a pry under five of those "unconstitutional" gentlemen of the Judiciary Committee and lifted them out of that committee, by lifting them out of Congress. That is rather a rude way to secure the balance of power, but it was wonderfully effective. The measure then came out of the committee and for a time was jockeyed about on the floor of the great legislative body but finally passed both branches of Congress overwhelmingly, and the President of the United States vetoed it, and with his veto message returned it to the Senate, and that body, without even waiting for the reading of his message, passed it over his veto and sent it to the House where it received the same treatment. This was a great piece of legislation and our opponents fought it with desperation. They knew it was the beginning of the end. The decks were cleared and the fight was on for a nation's decree, and the pounding was transferred to the national capitol with renewed vigor. More telegrams, letters and petitions were poured into Congress, urging, pleading, demanding the submission of the Eighteenth Amendment, than had been received by all the Congresses for the submission of all the other amendments that have been added to that document. The Prohibition Amendment was submitted. We had seven years in which to have it ratified, the only time that a limit was ever placed upon a constitutional amendment by Congress. It required just twelve months and five days from the date of Mississippi's ratification, which was the first State to ratify, to the date of Nebraska's ratification, which was the thirty-sixth State, and which gave us the constitutional number, and the Eigheenth Amendment was a part of the fundamental law of the Republic and will so remain while the Stars and Stripes shall wave. Our task, however, is not yet finished. With all the hindrances and difficulties which we can not enumerate, Prohibition- in the United States is 206 above seventy per cent efficient and daily increasing in its efficiency. Let me say to our friends from abroad, we have read the false and malicious state- ments published in your newspapers. We were pained and incensed that the great publicist of England, now dead, whom we had regarded as a friend of America, should come to New York and spend a day in the purlieus and suffocating wharves of that great city and then manifest his unfriendly atti- tude by inquiring, "When does Prohibition begin in this country?" and re- turn to England to publish cruel and unjustifiable strictures as to the failure of Prohibition in the great republic. Millions of my countrymen feel in regard to him, as was once said of a great American, "He would have lived longer, had he died sooner." We will say to the senders of these sinister and false reports as to Prohibition in the United States, and you shall say to the pub- lishers of the same, they are liars. Prohibition has demonstrated greater benefits to all the people socially, morally, commercially and religiously, than any other governmental policy in the same length of time, since the Republic began. Since the liquor venders of your countries gathered in France and published their determination to furnish money for the rehabilitation of the drink traffic in the United States, our hands are loosed and we shall lend support to your efforts until Abraham Lincoln's prophecy shall be fulfilled, that the time will come when there shall not be a drunkard or a slave amongst civilized nations of the world, and the victims of this traffic shall have had a fair chance for an eternal citizenship in the coming Kingdom. We shall help you and in the helping help ourselves, until this old man of the sea shall have been buried so "deeply down" that no resurrection voice shall ever be able to sound the depth of his dead ears. ADDRESS By MBS. DEBORAH, KNOX LIVINGSTON, Boston, Massachusetts Superintendent of the Department of Christian Citizenship of the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union I am very sure, dear friends, that your hearts, like mine, have been pro- foundly touched by the beautiful pageant which we have just seen, and our thoughts have been running back again through the centuries to that day when the Son of Man came as a baby to the earth; and those of us who are the mothers of sons have been praying that somehow or other the lighted torches of Prohibition of this great North American Continent may light all the governments of the earth until every last lad the world around shall be saved from the effect of the legalized liquor trade. You will remember that one day during the ministry of Our Lord the dis- ciples looked, and beheld Him praying, and when He had ceased to pray, one of them said unto Him, "Master, teach us how to pray." He said to them, "When thou prayest pray thus, Our Father, Who art in Heaven, hallowed be Thy Name. Thy Kingdom come and Thy Will be done on earth as it is done among the angels of Heaven." For more than two thousand years that has been the inmost desire of every follower of the Nazarene. It has been the stupendous task by which the church of the living God has been chal- 207 lenged. It has been the one great ideal which every Christian civilization from that time to this has sought to establish in its government. But, as we look out over this great world of ours today we ask, with the turmoil and distress and the sorrow and the suffering of the earth beat- ing upon our souls, why is it that that kingdom has not come? Why in- stead of righteousness do we find unrighteousness? Why in the place of love and joy which should be the common inheritance of every child born into the world, do we find sorrow and sighing and dissatisfaction and dis- honor? And when we would find that peace which was the Christ's last great gift to the world, we find misery and wretchedness and war and misunder- standing. If we should ask this great company tonight to give to us a reason why the kingdom is delayed in its establishment, to give us a reason why that righteousness does not exist between nations and between man and man, why that joy and that peace does not exist in all the groups and classes of society the world round, we should be forced, I am sure, to admit that there would be as many answers perchance as there are persons present here to- night, for each of us would come with our own measure of truth and our own process of reasoning. Some of us would say war has hindered the coming of Christ's kingdom, and it has; others of us would say the industrial in- equality, as the poet of my own native land has said, "man's inhumanity to man, makes countless thousands mourn"; and others would say it is the great social crisis that like a cancer, or an octupus has spread itself across the body politic of the race, that has hindered the coming of the kingdom of Jesus Christ upon the earth. All of these things would be agreed to; and yet during these days which we have had in this great and beautiful city of Toronto we have been con- sidering an evil so titanic, so pewerful, so far reaching, that there is not a single spot upon the face of the earth that its cancerous tentacles have not found and gripped; and that is the evil of the legalized liquor trade. We are not only thinking about the legalized liquor trade, but we have seen some- thing behind it and infinitely more to be concerned about at the moment than even the trade itself, for when you approach this great question of drinking, whether it is in Canada or in the United States of America, or whether it is across the sea in Europe or whether it is in those uttermost parts of the earth beneath the Southern Cross, we find the same thing to be true, that the deadly work of alcoholism knows no color, respects no race, can not be limited by creed and can not be confined by tongue. We find that the legalized liquor trade and the drink habit are the same the world around. Some times we question that statement a bit but those of us who have been privileged to travel over this whole world, have come to see that the work of the legalized trade in drink is the same everywhere and that alcohol is the dev- astating, destroying agency, physically and mentally and spiritually and socially, of every race under the sun. How is this great terrible problem of ours to be solved? We have just listened to one of the most remarkable documents which doubtless has ever been written, as to the way in which it was solved in the United States of America, and I want to say very humbly but very certainly tonight that the 208 same general principles, though perhaps not always the same methods of work, will be the solution of the drink problem in every country of the world. How did we solve it? May I be permitted to sum it up in just a word or two? First of all, if you go back into the history of the temperance reform movement, which extended very little more than a hundred years, so far as actual activities are concerned in the United States of America, you will find that the one great idea upon the part of the advocates of this reform was to get the man away from the drink. I do not know how it might work in some other countries, but it was too slow a process for the Yankee, and he said, "I am perfectly willing to go on trying to get the man away from the drink by pledge signing, by temperance crusades, by every means that is humanly pos- sible, but the sensible thing is to first get the drink away from the man, and then you will give the man a chance to get away from the drink." There is not one of us here tonight but who in our own personal experience knows full well that many of us have wandered down the road of Jericho and have had to pick up those who have fallen by the way, and with Samaritanlike kindness we have placed them again upon the beast and sent them upon the highway of human experience, only to find that they fell and fell and fell again; because that was a very large tribe of robbers on the road to Jericho. So in that first great movement to get the man to give up the drink we laid doubtless the great foundation upon' which the whole structure of our reform is to be built; for even now in the United States of America, although we have the amend- ment to the Constitution of our Republic, we know that its provisions can only be safeguarded as we have a total abstaining American citizenship to back them. What then did we learn? We learned that if that process was too slow we must take up something else and we naturally turned to the great question of alcohol itself. We had no adequate definition as to what alcohol really was. Edinborough had not then given us Caleb W. Saleeby. We had no man like Sir Victor Horsely. We had no person to tell us the truth about alcohol. May I say it was the women who persistently and insistently and consistently de- manded a definition of alcohol; and when we found that alcohol was a racial poison, narcotic poison, that it never had been a stimulant and never could be a food, we went forth to say, "Perhaps we can't impose that scientific teaching upon the man who has drunk for twenty or thirty or forty or fifty years; but we can go into the public schools of our republic and demand that in the teach- ing of physiology and hygiene the children shall be taught the evil effects of alcohol upon the body." And when I am asked to put my finger upon the thing which made Prohibition a reality in the United States of America, I nave no hesitancy in saying that it came about by scientific temperance instruction in the public schools of our country. And why? Because we were able to rear in the United States of America a great total abstaining citizenship out of which we could elect total abstaining legislators until we had enough of them in State legisla- tures and in Congress to give us Prohibition legislation. But we came to see there was something else besides scientific temperance instruction that was necessary. Again, we realized that it would take, the rearing of a generation 209 and possibly still yet another generation before we could hope for the enact- ment of that legislation which would bring to us our desire. What did we find? We found that even while we were looking for another ally, that ally was by our side. The great philanthropic agencies of our republic came to see that you could not solve other problems in the social life of the people without taking into consideration the drink evil and its relationship to such problems. Only a few years ago I stood on the platform at a great gathering when the editor of the Survey, which is perhaps the greatest of our social service papers in the United States of America, preceded me in the delibera- tions of that great Congress, and during his wonderful address he made this statement: "Poverty always led to drink." When I got up to make my speech I said I wanted for a moment to disagree with my good friend who had pre- ceded me. I said I was willing to grant that at least occasionally poverty did lead to drink, but in every instance, drink led to poverty. I went on to say, it was not merely the poverty of purse but it was the poverty of physical resource, the poverty of intellectual powers, the poverty of social work, and the poverty of spiritual life. There has never been any evil in the world that has so attacked the four-fold powers of man, physically, intellectually, socially and spiritually, as has drink. But these social workers soon came to see, in their philanthropic under- takings, how this question was all tied up with drink. In the old days when we used to make surveys, and now in these latter days when you, my friends of Europe and of Great Britain, are still making surveys, we used to find that in our great cities anywhere from seventy to ninety-five per cent of all the appeals for public relief were due to drink, and I could give you some per- centages even higher than that. You know in the old days they used to say that the United States was wealth mad. We still hear that sometimes, but now, socially at least, we are being told that we are health mad. I would rather be health mad than wealth mad, for what is the good of a nation's wealth if the nation has not got health to use that wealth? We spent more than any other country in the safeguarding of our own public health, but what did we find, friends? We found that the greater percentage of all diseases known to the physicians of our country that had to be taken care of by the people of the country, could be directly traced to drink. Now, the American, or at least the man from the United States of America, is always accused of thinking in the dollar sign. I am not willing to admit that the dollar sign is the emblem of the United States of America, the land of my adoption, but even if I was willing for the sake of argument to grant that it was true I would want to say to you that when it becomes the dollar sign in the matter of taxes, then every citizen has the right to know where his money goes in this republic. And if in that consideration the great philanthropic organizations of the United States were able to make a contribution as to the solution of the drink evil, by show- ing us how we were being taxed to take care of the finished product of the liquor traffic, then in the combined force of the philanthropic organizations of our Republic we had a mighty ally. The next great step which was taken in our country was the winning of 210 industry to the support of our cause. First we gained scientific temperance, second the assault of organized philanthropy, and then the great movement on the part of the industrial world. Here came a platform that appealed to both capital and labor. I don't know how it may be here in Canada, but down in my country it is a little difficult for us to get capital and labor very often on the same platform. But here was a platform they could agree upon. Oh, yes, you say, the capitalists wanted Prohibition because of the increased production, because of the increased efficiency, because of the lessening of waste, because of the lessening of accident. But we heard responses to the call from the laboring man as well. Why? Because the legalized liquor trade was the greatest blow to the workingman. In the old days in the city of Glasgow, my Scotch friends here will remember, there used to be an old character who preached temperance regularly. You could always see him on a Saturday night and almost always on a Sunday afternoon. On one occasion when he was preaching very earnestly for total abstinence he was surrounded by a group of old cronies, who had been sent down by the public housekeepers to heckle him. As you know, all Scotchmen are theologians by birth. One of them said to him, "Do you believe in miracles?" "Aye, I believe in miracles." "Well, noo, do you believe in that miracle that tells you that the Lord Him- self made the water into wine?" "Aye, I believe in that miracle." "Well, how do you explain it?" "Oh," he said, "I explain it this way; that I am quite willing you should have all the wine that you can get made out of water. What you really want to think about is not ancient miracles that happened two thousand years ago, but you want to think about modern miracles," and then looking down into their faces he said, "But if you will coom up to ma' hoose I'll show you a modern miracle." "Ye will?" they said. "Aye, I will." "What will it be?" "Ah," he said, "I'll show you four quarts of whisky turned into blankets." Dear friends, it was this modern miracle that gave to us the labor vote of the United States of America for Prohibition. A few weeks ago I stood in a great company of students in the city of Johannesburg in South Africa. Hundreds had come in and hundreds were waiting to come in and there was no room. They were, of course, students full of fun, like students of every nation. They had decorated that great assembly hall in my honor, but it was not decorated with the beautiful flags which we behold here tonight. The famous and the most noted beer of all South Africa is called "Castle" beer and there were at least a hundred Castle beer posters all around that assembly hall. On the platform there was an empLy whisky keg, and on the table there was a whisky bottle, but nothing in it. Of course, they were very anxious to see how the little woman from America would take a situation of that kind, and as I stepped out after the introduction by the President of the University I looked steadfastly all around the room and said, "Your posters give me the text of my discourse," and then, there was a huge howl and a "great yell went up. I said, "You know, it was because in the United States of America we decided to quit building castles for brewers and to begin shingling our own houses that we got Prohibition." Labor and capital came to see that they could agree upon this one thing: 211 that the liquor trade and the appetite caused by alcoholism was the greatest enemy to both their interests; and there we have the economic contribution to the solution of our great problem in the United States of America. Scientific temperance instruction, the cooperation of the philanthropic organizations, the definite affiliation of the great industrial and economic interests, yes, and one other thing: The granting of the suffrage to women on equal terms with men. Dr. Landrith said that he was mighty glad the 18th amendment was passed before the 19th because, he said, had it been otherwise we women would never let up on you men by telling you that we did it. I want to say right here and now that we did do it. I want to ask you men from Colorado, did you have Prohibition first or woman suffrage? I want to ask you men from Oregon, did you have Prohibition first or woman suffrage? I could go en with the list, and show how we women helped you do it. If it would give you any comfort to think that you men did it, I am willing to admit it for the sake of argument, but I will say to you, "you can't keep it without us." You must have the woman's ballot as you have the woman's prayer. You must have the crystallization of those prayers and tears at the ballot box, by her vote to keep the magnificent law of the 18th amendment upon the Con- stitution of the United States of America. And my friends of Canada, they can't get along without you women up here either. They need your vote and they have your vote; and they need more votes than they have ever had, until you can dry up Quebec and British Columbia, and dry up all the breweries and the distilleries as well as the saloons, with that sacred thing we call the ballot. . And then we have the church. Dear friends, do you think that I mean that in the narrow secular sense? No. I think perhaps we might say that the religions of the earth are coming to see the necessity for abolition of the narrow selfish instinct. I know that sometimes it seems difficult in the old lands to get the churches to see the bigness of the problem of the establishing of Christ's kingdom upon the earth. I know that they fail to remember that when Christ himself would teach that truth for all generations. He taught it when the disciples brought to him "a coin in their hands. I suppose the matter of taxes was a great question in those days as it still is, and literally what those disciples said was, "Shall we pay our taxes?" And what did our Master answer? He said "Whose superscription is upon the coin?" And they answered "Caesar's." Down through the centuries His answer comes: "Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's." May I give a little translation of that for modern use? "Render to the Government the things which are the Government's, and unto the Church the things which are the Church's for Church and government must be for God or they cannot be at all." Now, I said a little while ago that what I thought brought about the great and wonderful victory in the United States of America was the same thing that would bring it about in every country under the sun. These great groups are manifestations of strength and power in every civilized country. They came to light their torch at the light of the Gallilean. And you have 212 come from Asia and from Europe, from the isles of the sea; here the Orient and the Occident have met. We have come to light our torches at the altar of Prohibition. What is our coming together to you, dear friends? A few years ago there was exhibited in New England one of the most remarkable pictures which I have ever seen. It was a picture of the battle of Gettysburg. The picture was exhibited for three days in succession in one of our large art galleries. On the first day my husband and I were invited by an artist friend to go down and look at it and we did. With his ability he interpreted to us the mighty movements of that great fight. Something so gripped us and fascinated us that on the next day when my husband sug- gested that we go again I was glad to return; and on the second day I noticed again as I had noticed the day previous, an old man sitting in the uniform of the blue of the North and as I looked at him closely I saw in his coat the bronze button which means so much to the men of my Northland. The third day we returned and I think both of us were more interested in the old man than we were in the picture. I sat and watched the play of feelings upon his features. I saw the tears start in his eyes and fall unbidden upon the wooden floor. My husband reached forward and placed his hand upon the shoulder of the old man and looking down into his face he said, "It's a great picture, sir." And the man looked at us, dazed for a moment, and then cried, "Picture, a picture, sir! It was a fight and I was there." Some day there will be painted upon the canvas of time the great fight of the liquor traffic. That is the greatest fight that has ever been waged between the forces of right and the forces of wrong. Your son and my son and their son's sons may come to gaze upon that picture. It will suffice for me to know that in their veins flows the blood of one who was there and sought to bring to pass the King- dom of God among the kingdoms of the earth. PROHIBITION IN THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO By HON. E. C. DRURY, Prime Minister of Ontario Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, my task tonight is to tell for this World's Congress the progress, the origin, and not the conclusion, but the present state of temperance legislation in the Province of Ontario and in so doing while I may speak only for the Province, yet I think it is the most im- portant province in the Dominion of Canada, a province comprising not only approximately one-third of the population of the Dominion of Canada, but a province that has been in more senses than one, the heart of the whole Do- minion and has set the pace of thought for East and West. In speaking of Prohibition as it is now in the Province of Ontario I must ike you back over the origin of the movement and show you how it began, low it was carried on, how it was brought to a successful conclusion. We ive produced very few outstanding men as leaders in the prohibitory effort r e owe Prohibition here not to the efforts of any organization; Prohibition las rather been an outcome of thought in the minds and hearts of those who jally set the pace of thought in -the Province of Ontario. To understand this I must take you back to our origin, because Ontario iad an origin of which I think we may be proud. Our first English-speaking 213 I people came from the United States of America, when you had that little difference; and now we think you were right in it. They came across the line, because they thought that it was a better climate up here and would suit them better in many ways, and they were wonderful people, loyal to the United Empire. Then fifteen or twenty years later came another immigra- tion the last of the yeomen from England and other parts of the British Isles, who left the British Isles in the depression following the Napoleonic wars; again through the thirties and forties there was another large immigra- tion from Scotland, and Ireland, the Crofters, and some who were not Crofters, owing to the encroachment of the landed proprietors. These people formed the thought and sentiment of the Province of Ontario. They form it still. I think to understand how the temperance feeling has grown in this Province we must understand something of those people who set the pace once for all in the Province. They were men of high ideals. They were men and women intensely religious. They were men and women who were de- termined here to found a country where their children would enjoy what was best, but they brought with them the drinking customs of their parent land. Those drinking customs continued. Forty years ago this province was literally saturated with liquor. I could take you to one typical township with which I am thoroughly familiar. Thirty years ago in this township in the Prov- ince of Ontario, with 4,500 people, there were seventeen licensed places selling liquor and doing a good business. In a neighboring town of 5,000 people there were eleven or twelve places selling liquor. There were three breweries run- ning full blast. And there was in every neighborhood and there was in every town, not one but a dozen examples of the effects of those agencies. There were women, bedraggled, careworn, in every town; there were children, under- fed or underclothed, in every schoolhouse; there were paupers in every municipality, and the one answer to all those things was drink. There were men who drank themselves out of funds; and what was true of that locality was true in an even greater degree of almost every neighborhood, every town- ship, every town, in the Province of Ontario. But there was moving among the people a determination to get rid of the thing that they saw was working evil. It wasn't carried on by men who could contribute a hundred dollars a month. It wasn't carried on by men, many of whom could have contributed one dollar a month without feeling it. It was carried on by the rank and file of those people, the children of the original settlers of the Province of On- tario, who saw an evil thing, who set themselves to root it out, and with what result? I will return again to my typical township where the evidences of drink were visible on every side. By and by they tried a little Prohibition and they failed in it. I will give you the history of that in a minute. And by and by there came a thing called local option and they passed it, but when they passed it they passed it as a matter of form, to show they were on the right side of the question, because local sentiment working in each little com- munity had wiped out every license in that township before they passed local option. In that township today you could take a vote on prohibitory legisla- tion and you would get nine-tenths of the people to vote for it, the sons of men who went home on market day drunk, the sons of the men who sup- 214 I ported the 17 licensed drinking places, the sons of the men who kept three breweries busy. And that is what took place up and down the side lines in the Province of Ontario, not by any forceful leader working but by the efforts of dozens and hundreds of earnest men and women who each did the thing that lay nearest at their hands. The sentiment was cultivated, and spread, by the little temperance lodges, the Sons of Temperance and the Good Templars and all the other organizations. It was spread in the church organizations, and perhaps a little result came out of teaching temperance in the schools. But I think the bigger thing gained them, bigger than the scientific truth, and that was to wipe out the misery that they saw. The net result of it was that the people who made Ontario became progressively con- vinced of the Tightness of doing away with the liquor traffic; and at the present time the people who made Ontario stand solidly in favor of keeping it where we have got it. In nearly every case if you will analyze the vote you will find that the opposition to prohibitory measures is found in those localities, in those centers, in the Province of Ontario peopled most largely by people who are not of the stock of Ontario, who have not yet got our viewpoint, who are in process of assimilation, and you will find that the strength of the Prohibition movement is found in the native born Ontarian. Prohibition in the Province of Ontario is not an experiment. The people tried it in small bits, and the more they saw of it the better they liked it. It was not a thing that was plunged upon us without trying. We had many cases of temperance legislation. In 1864 the Duncan Act introduced by Christopher Duncan gave local option to municipalities in old Canada, in Ontario and Quebec, upper and lower Canada. That was before confederation. It was .adopted in 10 counties and 12 townships during that first ten years. It is still in force in a few townships. That law merely forbids the selling of liquor. In 1878 the Scott Act applied local option to all Canada, but confined it to the counties and cities and judicial districts. Down to 1883 it had been carried in 25 counties and two cities in Ontario. There were many difficulties of enforcement, and well I remember those difficulties of enforcement, because when the Scott Act was introduced a deliberate attempt was made to discredit it by breaking it, and it didn't matter how much it cost to break it, the or- ganized liquor forces were determined to break it and discredit it in the eyes of the people. I remember the almost solid front of those who were opposing it. I remember the state approaching civil war in some sections in connection with the carrying out of the Scott Act. It is still, however, in force in a few counties, but in 1890 a local option law was passed in the Province of Ontario and under that law local Prohibition hiade steady progress. Under this law up to 1905, 187 municipalities out of the 794 in the Province of On- tario had gone dry. In 1916 when the Ontario Temperance Act was passed the dry munici- palities numbered 574 out of a total of 851 or a majority of 297 municipalities and that was under what was known here as the Three-Fifths vote. Perhaps it was wise. I don't know, but the law required, in order that the thing should be safe, that three-fifths of the people should vote in favor of no-license. If 215 there had been no three-fifths requirement, local Prohibition would have been in force in Ontario, in 661 municipalities out of 851, or a majority of 475 municipalities in that Province. That proves how the people of Ontario liked Prohibition as they got a taste of it. That shows how, in spite of dif- ficulties, they hung to the principles. It wasn't the work of temperance cranks. It wasn't the work of men who believed that this was the only evil in the world, and it is not the only evil in the world. It was not the work of men who believed that eternal salvation was found in total abstinence, but it was the work of men who saw an evil thing in front of them and went out with the determination to smash it, not with any idea of interfering with the liberty of their fellow citizens but to save the women and to save the children who were suffering all around them. It was the work of men who opened their eyes to conditions and made up their minds that an obstruction of that sort should not and must not obtain. During those years the people of the Province of Ontario several times had a chance to express themselves on total Prohibition, either province-wide or dominion-wide. I don't know how it is in other countries but politicians I suppose I am one of them perforce have always in this country at least been a little cautious. They didn't want to commit themselves because it might cost them something, so they shunted themselves behind plebiscites taken to see which way the wind blew, then after having gone to the plebiscite they didn't do anything with it, and trusted that the people would count that unto them for righteousness. In 1894 we had a provincial plebiscite on the question of Prohibition and there were cast in that plebiscite for Prohibition 192,000 votes and against Prohibition 140,000 votes, giving a clear majority for Prohibition of 52,000. That vote was taken on a municipal franchise with 12,402 women who voted; and if we should give all the women to the Prohibition column we find that the men of Ontario were in favor of Prohibition at that time by an over- whelming majority. In 1898 there was a Dominion plebiscite taken. The people had not much faith in it because no action had been taken following the plebiscite of 1894, and there was no enthusiasm among the temperance people. No women voted at all, but there was a majority of 39,000, practically 40,000 men in the Province of Ontario who voted on principle, though they didn't believe they would get anything out of it. In 1902 there was a provincial referendum on the question of Prohibition and the people said, "Now, we will get something." They surely thought they would get something. There were no women voting at that time either. But we carried it by a majority of 96,000 men in the Province of Ontario. I am not saying that by any means to belittle the influence of the women, because we were ready to give the women the vote long before they asked for it. But we are able, if we should be deprived of the valued help of the women in the Province today, to sustain Prohibition by the men's vote alone. Time went on and we had made three parts of the province dry. We found ourselves in the throes of the war, and temperance forces believed that now is the opportune time for the patriotic appeal to cut out the thing that was causing such immense wastage of our national life and our national 216 forces; and they made a demand upon the government for Prohibition as a war-time measure and got it. In this connection I wish to pay a tribute to my predecessor in office, the then Premier Sir William Hirsch. He had the courage to do what he knew was right under the circumstances. That war- time measure lasted until 1919. Its effects were good, and in 1919 at the provincial election a referendum was taken as to whether people of the Province of Ontario wanted to continue it and this time the women voted. At this election 792,942 of the electors of the Province of Ontario said, "We want to continue the act," and 369,434 said, "We don't want to continue it." The Province as a whole was in favor of continuing the Act by more than two to one. This was not the result of agitation. It was not a demand to try a new thing, but it was the settled, expressed conviction of a people who had tried prohibitory measures, tried them as far as they could get them and tried them under difficulties, and from their experience had come to a settled con- clusion which they now expressed. On the same ballot there were submitted three other questions. It was asked: "Are you in favor of the general policy of continuing the temperance act, but for the sale of light wines and beer through government agencies?" 401,000 voters said they wanted them sold. 401,741 said no, we don't want them. Another question was asked: "Are you in favor of local option for the sale of light wines and beer in standard hotels?" 686,000 people said they wanted it. 755,000 people said no, we don't want that. Another question was submitted, "Are you in favor of the sale of spirituous and malt liquors through government agencies?" 450,000 said "Yes, we are," and 696,000 said "No, we don't want it." At that time it became my task to form a government to carry on, to enforce the law as we found it there, by the highest sanction that could possibly be given. I have never made any secret of my own personal con- victions. I have taken part in Prohibition campaigns since I was able to take part in them. I graduated through the old rural temperance society and the church temperance society. I have taken part in nearly every referendum that I have mentioned, have done my best to influence people to vote for what I believed was right. It became our task to enforce the law as we found it on the statute books, sanctioned by the highest possible authorities, the vote of the people. We found a difficulty in the way. A. very serious difficulty it was. It brings me to the question that my friend the Chairman has asked. Why we can't help our friends across the border a little more? We have in the Dominion of Canada no prohibitory laws. It is a matter that has been dealt with by the provinces. In our division of authority we have chosen to say that trade and commerce shall belong to the Dominion field, and retail sales to the provincial field, and we were faced by this fact that although the Province of Ontario said, "We don't want the liquor traffic in or within our border," yet we could not prevent inter-provincial trade without stepping be- yond the sphere of our province. We could say to a man in Ontario, "you must not sell," but we could not say to a man in Ontario, "you must not buy from a man in Manitoba or Quebec," because that would be stepping 217 Over the field and interfering with inter-provincial trade and commerce. At the time the Ontario Temperance Act was first enacted, or shortly after- ward, there was a Dominion war-time order forbidding miter-provincial trade. That order was withdrawn and with its withdrawal grew up various abuses. Our system had a short circuit. The importation of liquor was the short circuit and for over a year the act was made unenforceable, principally from the fact that any man might buy without the province. The legislature of the Province of Ontario asked that the matter be referred to the people and asked that the vote of the people should be acted upon, and in April, 1921, we referred this question to the people: "Are you in favor of Prohibition of inter-provincial trade?" Remember this goes much further than the original Act. It strikes the man who thought the saloon was a bad thing but didn't think it was a bad thing to keep a little wine in his cellar. It struck the rich man, who could import it but thought it was a good thing to keep it away from the workman. It was voting practically for a bone dry province, and yet when the people had a chance to vote on it, we found 540,000 for it and only 373,000 against prohibiting the inter-provincial trade. Mr. Chairman, we may take this as the settled conviction of the people of the Province of Ontario, after years of education, after years of thought upon the question, after years of trial of various measures, after five years trial of the prohibitory law, that they wanted Prohibition continued because they believed it was good. Are they right? I believe they are right. I believe that results show they are right. Let us look at those results. We know the old fashioned argument against Prohibition, that if you removed one vice by legislation you encouraged others, that if you bottled up human wickedness with a cork in one spot it would go on fermenting and push the bottle out in some other place. How does it work out? Let us see how it works out in preventing the very thing it was designed to prevent, and that is drunkenness. In 1913, before Prohibition, there were 8,363 commitments to jail in the Province of Ontario for drunkenness. In 1914 there were 8,848. In 1920 there were 4,511. In 1921 there were 4,719; and that doesn't take into account this fact: That before Prohibition it was not usual to commit a man to jail for drunkenness unless the crime was repeated time and time again; so the cases were much more numerous than the records show. That proves how effective it is as a temperance measure. They tell .you that the bootleg liquor is killing the people, but I find that in 1913 in this city of Toronto there were 45 deaths from alcoholism. In 1914, 31 deaths from alcoholism. In 1920, in spite of the un- wholesome liquor, which the opponents of the measure dwell on, there were only 15 deaths. In 1921 there were 11 deaths. Meanwhile the city of Toronto has grown by a good many thousand people. Now, what about other crimes? Here again the results are much more striking even than in the case of direct alcoholism. In 1914 there were 1,627 convictions for assault in the Province of Ontario. In 1921 there were 894; just about half. Some people commit assault even when they are not drunk, and a good many other people feel like committing assault when they don't commit it, under certain provocation. For cruelty to animals there were 1,172 218 convictions in 1914. In 1921, there were 319; so you see even the brutes may rejoice when we took away this evil thing. For abusive language there were 166 convictions in 1914; 103 in 1921. For trespass, 1,982 in 1914; 805 in 1921. For vagrancy, let us take 1914, a year when there was much more unem- ployment than there was in 1921, and you could expect to see the vagrancy greater in 1921; but for vagrancy there were 4,703 in 1914; 1,289 in 1921. You have cut vagrancy down to one-quarter of what it was and that is rather striking when you consider the economic conditions and industrial conditions during the years compared. For disorderly conduct there were 6,411 convictions in 1914;' 1,400 in 1921, less than a quarter. Now, as to keeping and frequenting the disreputable places. I remember when it was said that there were other sins worse than drunkenness, and so there are, and that if we suppressed the liquor traffic we would encourage the social evil. What do the police courts show? The court records of the Prov- ince of Ontario bear out our contention. In 1914 there were 802 convictions for keeping or frequenting disreputable places; in 1921, only 270. That cuts it down two-thirds; that answers that criticism. For indecent conduct, 165 convictions in 1914 and 55 in 1921. For obscene language 385 convictions in 1914 and 183 in 1921, or a total of convictions, for these offenses, of 17,413 in 1914 and 5,413 in 1921. Now, Mr. Chairman, in the face of those facts I am convinced that Pro- hibition is a success and has been a success in the Province of Ontario; that it is decreasing misery, that it is making better men and better women, that it is giving a chance to children to grow up to be better people because of better parents, and I think we are justified therefore in maintaining this policy. But what about drugs? Just now they say, shut off the alcohol and you are bound to introduce the consumption of drugs; that if people can't get alcohol for a stimulant they will get stimulants of some sort and resort to drugs, which are much worse. Again, how do figures bear out this con- tention? Taking the whole of Canada, we find some very notable things. Last year the convictions in the seven dry provinces which had a population of 5,890,000, were 711, or 12 convictions per hundred thousand of population. This was in the dry provinces of the Dominion of Canada. The convictions in the two wet provinces, which had a population of 2,888,000, were 1,153 or more than the total in the seven dry provinces; and these convictions averaged 40 per hundred thousand of population. Now, Mr. Chairman, that comparison may not be very fair after all, be- cause that includes the Province of British Columbia which has an oriental problem and along with it a drug problem. Perhaps we should compare the two sister provinces of Ontario and Quebec, under more normal conditions, lying side by side, each peopled by a great and worthy and stable people; be- cause our French Canadians are just as stable, just as settled, just as trust- worthy and just as good in habits as we are. So we will compare those two provinces where the greatest difference lies in the fact that one is under Pro- 219 hibition and the other is not under Prohibition. The convictions in Ontario numbered 312, or 10.63 per hundred thousand of population. The convictions in Quebec were 352, or 14.86 per hundred thousand of population. So that there was just half as much more use of drugs in the Province of Quebec as in the Province of Ontario. Mr. Chairman, there is another set of figures that is equally instructive. Where conditions are right the children get a chance to go to school and are fed and clothed properly. Please bear in mind that before we had the Ontario Temperance Act three-quarters of that province had already gone dry and they were reaping the benefit of the Prohibition policy. The old high school which 'I used to attend 35 or 40 years ago. had 120 students and the district was quite as populous as it is now. There are now over 400 students there, in spite of the fact that there are continuation schools all around. In the Province of Ontario, we had in 1916, the first year with Prohibition in effect, 632,000 school population. In 1920 we had 667,000, or an increase of 5 per cent. But in the meantime enrollment had increased in the schools by 11 per cent, and the school attendance of those enrolled, 10 per cent more. These figures are discounted because three parts of the province were dry. Let us turn to a really wet district and see how it was there. Let us turn to the good city of Toronto which has always been against Prohibition, in certain districts at least, and see how it worked out in a district that was dry before Prohibition came. In 1914 there were 470,000 children of school age in the city of Toronto. In 1921 there were 522,000. In 1914 there were 78,000 registered. In 1921, 97,000 were registered. In 1914 there were only 47,000 attending, on the average. In 1921 there were 72,000 attending on an average. That is wonder- ful. The percentage of attendance before Prohibition was 60 per cent. After Prohibition it was increased to 75 per cent. If we turn to the high schools it gives us a better index. Attendance at the public school is more compulsory. The high school attendance speaks eloquently of the well being of the child. We find that in 1914 in the city of Toronto there were 7,869 pupils attending the high schools, and in 1921, 19,596. The gross attendance of public and high schools was 118 per thousand of population, in 1914 when the city was wet. In 1921, it was 175. Now, in the face of these figures, does any reasonable person ask whether Prohibition in the Province of Ontario has been a success? But there are other things. How are the people prospering in a monetary way? Let us turn to Toronto. In 1916 Prohibition came into effect in Septem- ber so it did not have much effect the first year. In 1916 the population was 460,000. In 1921 it was 529,000. Let us compare the bank clearings. I sup- pose these speak the praise of ability to buy and sell, the well being of the people financially more than anything else. 1916 was a "boom" war year with everybody working overtime, and at top prices, with commodities being interchanged at high prices. 1921 followed at the end of two years of de- pression, when we had unemployment, when we had trade depression, when we had men out of work. The bank clearings in 1916 in the city of Toronto were $2,571,000,000; in 1921, $5.104,000,000. The penny bank deposits in 1916 220 were 190,000; in 1921, 430,000. And motor cars, of course, increased beyond number. Now, Mr. Chairman, in the face of these facts, do you think that the people of Ontario are going to turn back? To my mind, it is folly to ask the question. Do you think they are going to try another and more dubious experiment? The experiment of government control? I don't think so. Do you think they are going to try the experiment of light beer and wines, with the chance to cultivate a taste in the generation that is coming up? No. And my own opinion, my own settled conviction in the matter is this: That what we have has been won over years of effort and experiment and trial. What we have won has been won as the result of the careful thought and consideration of the people who are the heart of Ontario, who made it, who controlled it, who think for it; and what we have we will hold and what we haven't got we will get. Things are not perfect here yet. We still have the problem of keeping the United States dry, and that has proved not the least of our problems. It has demoralized all sections of our province. Farms have risen in price because of it. If you want to help us across the line, just put up a little more energy in keeping the stuff out, so that we won't have to put up quite so much energy to keep it away from you. Seriously, we want your help; we want you not to weaken on the thing in the United States. We want to say we won it here after years of fighting. We won it here after years of effort. We won it as a result of our convic- tion; and the thing that would be most damaging to us would be any even partial failing of the larger experiment that you are trying across the line. There is no doubt of the result here in Canada. We are a slow moving northern people. We never do anything precipitously. We think it over very carefully, but when we move we move very solidly and very surely. And if I am any judge whatever of public opinion in Canada, the move- ment of Prohibition will not end with seven provinces, but before long the people of the other two provinces will see the result that we get. We may have a little less revenue from liquor in the provincial treasury. We are not worrying about that. We can get plenty of revenue from other sources out of the prosperity of the people; but these things are bound to make them- selves felt, and you won't be troubled for many years with a Canada that is partly wet, if you hold your ground on the other side of the line as we are looking to you to hold it. There never has been a measure for human well be- ing that has produced the results that the prohibitory law has produced in the Province of Ontario; and the people of Ontario stand today firmer than ever in their conviction on the matter, firmer than ever in their determination to make a success of the thing so hardly won. THE TEMPERANCE REFORM PROGRESS IN SPAIN By REVEREND FRANKLIN ALBRECIAS, Alicante, Spain Madam President, ladies and gentlemen: When I think about the great- ness of Spain in the past, I am sad. Spain is a country that has a beautiful history. At the present moment Spain has nothing but history; but I hope that Spain is going to have in the near future, much more than history. The 221 idea of the delegates from Europe in this International Convention is the same that you have in America. That which we desire, with the most earnest emotions of our soul, is the Prohibition of alcohol. It is true that in Europe we are much behind America. In many countries of Europe it is very diffi- cult to work in favor of the Prohibition cause. When we try to speak of these things to our Governments, we meet with a little incredulity, a little doubt. You people of America cannot understand how a country can be governed with inequality and immorality, but that sad condition obtains in Spain. The politician of Spain is the most disagreeable and invulnerable that you can imagine. The Princes and the Delegates and the Legislators of Spain are the directors of the companies and control the greatest works in Spain. The -Government itself controls these businesses and influences them. That is the reason why the Government of Spain has taken upon itself to crush Iceland beneath its political influence, as we have heard. I am going to speak just now of the propaganda against alcohol in Spain. This propaganda has been the work of one particular Englishman, Mr. Ecroyd. This gentleman sacrificed his time and his money for the work against alcohol in Spain. He gathered together some of the best spirits in Spain and went so far as to influence the Arch Bishop of Arragon. But this Mr. Ecroyd- died recently. It would be well if the World League Against Alcoholism would write the biography of this worthy man of England. The league against alcoholism in Spain spreads its propaganda through a periodical by the name of Abstinence. We are unable to say that we have moved the public opinion to any degree in our favor. Mr. Ecroyd had thought by appointing the Arch Bishop of Arragon the whole of Spain or at least the clergy of Spain would follow him in this movement, but the clergy of Rome have not followed him so far. I am now going to say a few words about the local propaganda in favor of temperance. We have in the city of Alicante one Prohibition movement of some importance. In the schools we teach anti-alcoholic principles to the pupils. We have a school with more than 500 boys and 150 girls. We have a Sunday school with more than 700 pupils, which is the largest Sun- day school in Spain. For the satisfaction of you who are Methodists I will say that our school is a Methodist school. This work will have great in- fluence upon the citizens of tomorrw. In the ports of Spain we see men from the North that are entirely drunkards, sots. It is very common to see this very sad spectacle, producing scandals and murders and deaths very frequently. It would please us very greatly were we able to establish in every one of these ports marine homes, sc that these seamen could have a pleasant place to live and meet with good people and enjoy good surroundings. You people in America are now about to gain the victory in this work against alcohol by means of things which we do not possess in Europe. When I saw the women in this convention and heard of their work against alcohol, I thought that whenever the women in Europe come to work in the same way we shall have made an immense step forward. I am convinced that this convention in Toronto will have a great result 222 iii Europe. I feel that those delegates of us from Europe who have attended this convention and have had a part in it will return to Europe with very great enthusiasm. My desire is very great and exceedingly profound that the United States of America continues to be dry, and that Canada and the other Gov- ernments of America shall follow the same policy, and that Spain and the other states of Europe shall see very soon the same results. Two words more in relation to things that are quite important, and then I close. Yesterday afternoon the young people who speak Spanish gathered together at a lunch. These young people, mainly young people in colleges, took action that is very, very important. We heartily agreed to- gether that we should arrange to reach all the Spanish-speaking countries and we arranged to send some message, very hearty and very enthusiastic, to the students in all the colleges and universities that use the Spanish language, asking that these young people in the universities and colleges shall join in the great movement in the Spanish-speaking parts of America, north and south, and in Spain, and I feel sure that very many of these young men in the Spanish-speaking colleges and universities will respond to this invitation, and that very soon there will be a band of soldiers in the universities to work for this cause. PRACTICAL RESULTS OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA SYSTEM OF DEALING WITH THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC By REVEREND A. E. COOKE, D.D., Vancouver, B. C. President Prohibition Association of British Columbia Madam President, ladies and gentlemen, I have thirty minutes in which to crowd the facts and figures that would require several hours to cover the situation properly, but I shall endeavor to give you as much as possible in that time. Five years ago British Columbia became a Prohibition province. Today it is under a system of "Government Sale and Contiol" of liquor for beverage purposes. Why the change? I will point out four main factors that brought about the change of circumstances in that province. First, the outrageous use of the prescription privilege by a number of cur doctors. One doctor in Vancouver City prescribed in one month 4,100 prescriptions of two quarts of liquor each. Four others prescribed over a thousand each in the same period. The second thing was the importation of unlimited supplies of liquor from other provinces and other countries. Third, the absolute failure of our Government to enforce the law after the first year. And, fourth, the misleading ballot that was placed before our people in the referendum. These were the main causes of overturn which led multitudes of unthink- ing people to vote for a change in the system. What are the results? First, and foremost, the Government of British 223 Columbia today is in the whisky business, in spite of the positive assurance oi" the moderationists that such a thing would be forever impossible. They are involved to the extent of 64 government liquor stores, three large gov- ernment warehouses and an annual turnover estimated at over $12,000,000 a year. They are in it not only to sell to everyone for beverage purposes, everyone over twenty-one, but they are in it for profit. In the estimates for this year and the next year in each case there are two and a half million dollars included as the government half of the profits. These government stores are open six days a week, even on the half holiday when other stores are closed, and in them civil servants are acting now as new style bartenders, distributing the products of the brewers and distilleries of all Canada and of Europe to our people. The many brands of liquor that are dispensed in these stores are not handed out in glasses and half glasses as they used to be under license, but in pints, quarts, gallons, cases and barrels. Of course, you have to secure a permit which costs five dollars a year, but there has been absolutely no limit to the amount that you can purchase on this permit. One man got 65 barrels of beer in a month; another got 96 barrels in the same period. A woman got 13 bottles of Scotch whisky, 70 bottles of rum and 1962 bottles of beer in 86 days. And here is one of these permits that actually was used by a woman, Mrs. Elizabeth Magness of Hawkes Avenue, Vancouver. It is Number 28029, duly authorized and signed, and covers bills from June 16 to October 31 of last year. Each sale has to be written down on the permit. The sales began moderately as follows: June 26, one- half dozen beer; June 17, 1 bottle Scotch, one-half dozen beer, one dozen beer, one bottle Scotch, one dozen beer, and so on. On August 9 she pur- chased five dozen beer, two bottles rum; August 10, five dozen beer, two bottles Scotch; August 11, five dozen beer, two rum; August 13, five dozen beer; two bottles rum; August 15, two bottles rum, five dozen beer; August 16, five dozen beer, one bottle Scotch, and so on down the list day after day; and here on September the 17th we have five and a half dozen beer and four bottles rum; September 20th, five dozen beer, one bottle rum; September 21, eight dozen beer, one bottle rum. Now that is what we call "moderation" in British Columbia. You can see the situation. This woman was simply purchasing that liquor to sell over again when the government stores were closed, these orders were delivered by the brewery on the order of the Government liquor store, and no man knows how much other liquor went along with that order, upon which there was no check and for which there was no permit. The Vancouver World, the Government newspaper in Vancouver, posi- tively states in an editorial on June 3rd of this year that the sales through the liquor stores are exceeding $1,000,000 a month. These sales are made all over the country, even to orientals, and government stores have been put into certain districts where the people indignantly resented their coming and in spite of their protest. Now what control has the Government got over the liquor that comes into our province? Listen. The press of Vancouver on August 1st of this year published this statement: 224 "During the past three weeks over sixty thousand cases of liquor have arrived in Vancouver from Great Britain, and less than five thousand were consigned to the Liquor Control Board. For sometime past Secret Service men of the department have been gathering information in this respect and it is stated that over thirty instances of liquor being sold presumably for export but in reality being sent to addresses in the city where it has been sold, have been given to the Attorney General's Department." And there is another instance, not long after, of the coming of a consignment of forty thousand cases brought by the Steamer Gladiator, of which only 2,700 were for the Government store. Concerning this shipment, one authority said, "the Gov- ernment does not sell one-half the liquor consumed in British Columbia." The fact is, the Government of British Columbia controls neither the manufacture, importation, transportation nor exportation of liquor. The dis- tillers and brewers control all these and the only thing the Government controls is the cork in the bottle or the bung in the barrel, until it gets out- side the doors of the Government store, just the very point where all the trouble and confusion begins. The Government is merely acting as the salesman for the distillers and brewers, controlling about fifty per cent of the retail end of the trade, the bootleggers controlling the rest. I have not time to show you how booze is getting back into politics already, but it already is claimed that instead of the Government controlling liquor, liquor is beginning to control Govern- ment. There is another fact I can only mention in passing, which is that the public conscience and the public spirit are being debauched by the di- vision of liquor profits between the Government and the municipalities, each getting one-half. This simply means that the municipal conscience is drugged because both council and taxpayer look for a share of the spoils to lessen their taxes and to apply on this or that scheme of public expenditure. In Vancouver we are using whisky profits to run our General Hospital and already the suggestion has been made in the press by some citizens that the rake-off on race-track gambling shall go to help erect the buildings for our new university. I glance for a moment at the effect of this government sale of liquor on the business of the country. I have already quoted the statement that over $12,000,000 a year are spent for liquor in the government stores. That is corroborated by the statement of ex-Attorney General Farris in the House within the last few weeks. But that is a conservative estimate. The Govern- ment press in Vancouver and Victoria just recently told us when the present Attorney General came into power that an investigation made by his depart- ment proves that the government stores were not handling fifty per cent of the liquor sales in the province. This was afterwards verified in certain spe- cific instances. That simply means that the people of British Columbia are spending a total of over $24,000,000 a year for liquor and that again means that over $24,000,000 is being withdrawn from the legitimate business of the country to be distributed among the brewers and distillers of other countries. Now, if you think that I am talking mere visionary humbug, listen to this, from a resolution sent to our government by the Grocers' Retail 225 Merchants of Vancouver: "Whereas the business of the retail grocers is suffering very heavily from the diversion of money into liquor channels which should be spent legitimately to supply food and other necessities and comforts for the people, and whereas, merchants in other lines are similarly affected by the heavy 'and wasteful expenditures on liquors; therefore, be it resolved that this section recommend to the provincial executive that this resolution be circulated among the various branches of the province to ascer- tain if they are in favor of the Retail Merchants' Association requesting the government to take a plebiscite at an early date on the prohibition of the sale and importation of liquor in this province." A commercial traveler, a member of my own church, coming out with me two weeks ago, from Vancouver on the C. P. R., said to me, "Mr. Cooke, there is so much drinking in the hotels and boats of this province that it is positively sickening," and then he stated most emphatically that "97 out of every 100 commercial travelers in this province would vote for bone dry Prohibition if they had the opportunity." It is rapidly becoming clear to all practical men that putting the Government into the booze business means putting the merchants and manufacturers out of business. Now a word about the ubiquitous bootlegger. We were told by the moderationists that he was a peculiar product of Prohibition. He never ap- peared before, and immediately after the Government took over the sale of whisky he would disappear. But lo and behold, since the Government went into the booze business, we have a score of bootleggers where we had one before. On the tenth of last month at a public meeting in Vancouver, the Hon. H. H. Stevens, Member of Parliament, made a statement, after a tour of the whole province, that "never in the history of the country prior to 1920 was bootlegging comparable in magnitude and results to what it is today"; and most of those who know conditions said an emphatic Amen. Roughly speak- ing we have three varieties of bootleggers in British Columbia today: First, the individual who sneaks around with a bottle on his hip after hours; sec- ond, the so-called club; and third, the brewers' agent with an export warehouse, in which large quantities of liquor are held in bond for export to other countries. The first of these is too well known to waste time talking about, but the drinking "club" is a different problem. These clubs have sprung up like mush- rooms all over our province, taking advantage of the Friendly Societies Act to evade the provisions of the Liquor Act. Hundreds of them exist all over the province. The only reason for their existence is that the members can have their government liquor sent to the club and drink it in private. It is illegal to sell in these clubs or to buy in them, but, behind the closed doors, without any supervision, they can do just as they like. Anyone can be a member of these clubs and get all the liquor that he wants, and he may belong to as many clubs as he likes, at a membership fee of ten, twenty-five or fifty cents. When the club runs dry the Government supplies more liquor and the members drink it behind closed doors without any fear of intervention. Here is a list of 290 of these clubs and other places, some of them without names, in Van- 226 couver City alone, that up to the middle of last October were selling liquor illegally; and this is only a partial list. This list was prepared for me by a private detective who went into these places and purchased liquor. Last December the hotels of the city, resenting the fact that the clubs were selling while they had no such privilege, opened up and sold liquor openly throughout the city, until it became such a scandal that the police were or- dered to raid and close them. Most of them were closed for a few weeks or days and then resumed business. I have here two other lists from the At- torney General's Department, one of one hundred and forty and the other o* one hundred and ninety clubs, some of them quite legitimate, but the ma- jority of them using their privilege for the sale of liquor illegally. Here also in addition is a list of sixty-two clubs in Vancouver City, which is a partial list supplied by secret service men to the Attorney General, of those clubs in Van- couver selling liquor illegally in October of this year. When the Government citicized 'the activities of the police in Vancouver last year, saying they were not doing their duty properly, Police Inspector Sutherland head of the "Dry Squad," resented it, and here are a couple of sentences from his statement to the press: "The clubs would not have been selling beer if the Government had not made it easy for them to secure their supply. Their deliveries were made by the Government to club doors in many cases. The hotel bars were opened recently and were supplied with beer from the government stores." But after the murder of a policeman on the ninth of October, this year, an order went out from the Mayor to close these clubs. The police got busy and the very next day a statement in the press from the Chief of Police said that they were all closed, and the press added that it was impossible to get a drink in any of these places, outside the Government liquor stores. A friend of mine read that statement at five o'clock that afternoon and went, with another friend, across the street, and saw one hotel with the doors wide open on the sidewalk and twelve or fifteen men standing drinking openly in that bar. To make sure that I knew the facts, I myself one evening, two or three days after that, put on an old hat and coat, and went down town to test the thing. I went into one of these clubs and I bought two bottles of beer with- out hindrance and without a question or card of membership. I went to sev- eral others. I found four of them closed, two open, but not doing business. It was only half past seven in the evening, and I walked into another and bought two bottles of beer without let or hindrance and without a question being asked. But, according to our Attorney General, the greatest bootlegger that we have in British Columbia is the export warehouse and brewery agent. They bring in car loads, presumably for export and then secretly distribute it throughout the country. Their favorite trick is to ship liquor out to Mexico, or China, and when it reaches the three-mile limit it is transferred to other vessels and brought back, smuggled into our own country to supply the boot- legger or run in defiance across the border of the United States. An editorial of November 9th, in the Vancouver World, the Government organ of that city, is headed "The Bootleggers' Paradise." It goes on to say "Has not the time 227 arrived to put an end to the unenviable position British Columbia has achieved as the headquarters of the bootlegging business? Rum-runners, gun men, thugs and all the parasites which thrive in the miasma of the underworld of the Pacific Coast are fostered by the policy now in force, whereby the provin- cial authorities become parties to the defiance of the Prohibition laws of Al- berta, Alaska, Washington, Oregon, and California. Calculations show that the bootleggers in this Province handle as much liquor as the Government stores." Now, with such widespread violation of law, what kind of moral and social conditions can we expect? The facts are, and I challenge contradiction, from end to end of this Dominion on this point, the facts are, there is an unlimited quantity of liquor in the Province of British Columbia, and the whole com- munity is being debauched to an extent never experienced before. At Camp- bell River, a small logging town on the coast, a Government store was opened last summer. A short time afterwards on Dominion Day of this year, the an- nual sports were debauched with liquor, baseball players were drinking it on the diamond, a jockey fell off his horse and lay on the ground drunk and un- conscious for several minutes, and an auto full of drunken men and women attempted to drive right on to the baseball diamond. The next day, Sunday, in the afternoon, a man with a sack full of beer bottles distributed them amongst the crowd on the wharf, and a few days later 53 barrels of empty beer bottles were shipped back to Vancouver City from the place. Five weeks later Magistrate Sullivan of Campbell River was down at Victoria, asking the Gov- ernment to build a new jail big enough to hold all the Indians that got drunk at one time, for the jail was full and there was no place to put them. In Van- couver City I sat in the office of the First Presbyterian Church one afternoon about three o'clock, and in twenty minutes we saw five drunken men reeling past on the sidewalk, one of them tumbling over the steps of the church. One of these clubs I have spoken about was raided last February, just a little while after they were all said to be closed by the raids of the previous December. In that club there was found not only a quantity of beer and whisky, but a half-naked drunken girl of 18 years of age; and that is not an isolated instance. There is a story that is going around Vancouver City, to the effect that a man from Prince Rupert came down on the coast steamer and after wandering around a while thought he would like to have something to wet his whistle, so he went to the policeman on point duty at two of our thoroughfares and said to him, "Could you tell me where I could get a drink in this city of yours?" The policeman smiled and pointed to the newstand across the corner and said, "Go and ask the news agent. He will tell you." He went over to the news agent and leaned across and said, "Could you tell me where I could get a drink in this burg of yours?" "Oh, yes, follow me," said he. He marched off a few blocks, stopped in the very front of the First Congregational Church, of which I have the honor to be the Pastor, and when he got right in front of the door he pointed to it and said, "There is the only place in town you can't get it." Now, of course that is somewhat of an exaggeration. There are other churches where you can't get it in Vancouver, but it is indicative of the popu- lai feeling about the whole situation in our Province. 228 How do these conditions compare with those under Prohibition? There was one year, and only one year, in British Columbia when we had a proper enforcement of Prohibition law, and that was the year 1918. We have now had one full year, of Government control and sale of spirituous liquors, from June, 1921, to June, 1922. In 1918, under Prohibition, three of our five jails were closed. Drunkenness was reduced 92 per cent, and the total number of prisoners in all our provincial jails was 845. In 1919 that was reduced to 686. In the first year of Government control the total number of prisoners in all our provincial jails was 1,809, an increase of over 164 per cent. The number of convictions for violation of the present act, including drunkenness and illegal sale, in the one year under Government control was 1,989 in Vancouver, City alone. Here are the figures from the police court records and from the Attorney General's department, and these figures are en the increase. During July, August and September of last year there were 219 convictions under the act. During the same three months this year there were 629, nearly three times as many, and both of these periods were under Government sale and control. But even these figures do not show the actual consequences of this system. The fact is that the fine for a first offense is $50 and a great many of those who are convicted of violating the law haven't got the $50. The jail is full and there is no place to put them. The conse- quence has been that the police have let up in arrests or our figures would be greater, and as a result of that policy one of the amendments that is reported as likely to be put through the House at the present session is to reduce the fine from $50 to $25, perhaps to $10 or $5, as it used to be under our license system. I have not time to go into great detail on this. Let me, however, tell you what happened at our annual civic picnic at Vancouver. We have an annual civic function, when all the civic employees and the aldermen and officials go on their yearly summer outing. This year they went on June 17th, and they had with them what is called a "special permit" for liquor. I have here the Government Control Board's official report which tells us that 482 of these "special permits" were issued during the first nine and a half months of this year. These banquets or "special permits" allow the holders to drink in public although otherwise that is against the law. This civic picnic had such a per- mit, and what happened? There were two steamer loads of people. Every man, woman and child, even the infants in arms, received four tickets, which would give them free, either beer or ice cream. Beer was distributed to those who desired it at the picnic grounds. They got it in pails, in cups, in glasses, in milk bottles, in cans of every description. Two men were seen with a gallon can full of beer trying to get a boy of ten to drink out of it. Some men were drunk here and there on the paths through the bush, and others were engaged in fistic scraps; and that was the picnic of our civic officials on June 17th of this year. The information was given to me in a lawyer's office by one of the employees who was present and who said that many of them would not go again to such an affair. Many of those who voted for this system today are utterly disgusted, and I believe, and many other agree, that as a consequence there are more bone dry 229 Prohibitionists in British Columbia today than there ever were before. Even the moderationists have publicly announced its failure. On November the 14th of last year, just five months after this system came into force, the lead- ers of the Moderation League and Liberty League appeared before the execu- tive council of our Government and stated that the system they had proclaimd as the ideal system, had proved a failure. They maintained that "the present act encouraged the drinking of spirituous liquors, particularly behind closed doors, in hotel bed rooms, and such places." I am quoting their words before the Government. "No matter how strong an official the Attorney General might be," they said, "he could not be expected to enforce' the present law. There were open contraventions of it every day." And their spokesman de- clared that the liquor laws of Quebec were the best in the Dominion. What was their remedy? They asked the Government to break the seal and sell by the glass over the bar, because their precious law had failed, and the only solu- tion they had for the present rotten conditions was more liquor. They advo- cated the open sale of beer by the glass. In other words, they asked the Government to betray the whole people, to be false to their pledge and to bring back the bar. That is the definite proposal of the Moderation League. The country is cursed with drunkenness today, and their only cure is more drink. Put it on the hotel table, set it before our young men and women in the res- taurant. Sixty-four Government stores are not enough to hand it out. Double the number; quadruple it. Make every hotel and restaurant a bar room again, and drunkenness will flee away, the bootlegger will depart and the blind pig no more be seen of men, and we will be in that blessed millenium of which the moderation prophets spoke in 1920, where the blind pigs cease from troubling and the bootleggers are at rest. That was the moderate proposal of moderationists after five months of Government control, and that is their prop- osition today. They have been lobbying every day at the present session of the Legislature to secure a plebiscite on beer and wine because they think the present disgust with the present system will stampede the people to do their bidding once again. Just one week ago yesterday the hotel keepers of Van- couver and Victoria and British Columbia generally appeared before the Gov- ernment and stated that the drinking in hotel rooms and private places had become such a scandal that something would have to be done to set it right, and they advocated the open sale of beer and wine. I assure you that Government control of liquor in British Columbia is already fulfilling the darkest predictions of those who fought most eafnestly against it. It is already paralyzing our business, crippling our industry, corrupting our politics, increasing unemployment, debauchi'ng our people and embroiling us with our neighbors to the south at the very time when the whole Empire needs the greatest friendliness between us and America. It is making of our beautiful and glorious province the last refuge for the drunken toper and for the very scum of the under-world of the western half of this whole continent. 230 RESPONSIBILITY OF THE CHURCH IN THE DEVELOP- MENT OF SUCCESSFUL ORGANIZED ACTIVITIES AGAINST ALCOHOLISM By REVEREND E. J. MOORE, PH. D. Assistant General Superintendent of the Anti-Saloon League of America I think we have reached the point in this struggle where everyone admits that no successful movement can be hoped from disorganized forces; in other words, that it is only by organization that the results we seek for can be achieved. Admitting that, I am going to abbreviate the subject into a few things that I have to say and simply call attention to what in my judgment is the responsibility of the Church. When the last battle of this war has been fought and the final victory has been won, and the whole history has been written, the laurels must rest upon the brow of the Church. I am not unmindful of the help that has come in this struggle from commercial and financial interests; nor do I forget the help that other organizations, and other individuals have rendered, nor am I ignorant of the help that has come in these later years from political movements, even from political parties, but primarily this question was never a question of dollars and cents. Primarily, it was never a question of social service. Primarily, it was never a political or a partisan political question. Primarily, it was a question of right and wrong and the Church stood for the right and kept this question before our citizens, and will keep this ques- tion before the people of this globe until it is finally settled. And the laurels must rest upon the brow of the Church. No moral movement has ever achieved any permanent success that did not have the support of the Church. No movement for the uplift of hu- manity, the betterment of the race, has ever gotten very far in permanent results unless the Church was back of it. Our attention has been called to organizations in this struggle,- in the years that have passed, which stood apart from the Church, some of them refusing co-operation with the Church, and while they did a work of agitation which we must not ignore, yet if the victory had depended upon the work of those organizations aside from the Church we would be as far from the final result to day as we were a century ago. The co-operation, the backing, of the Churches is essential. Along in the middle of the last century gigantic strides were made in the States in the struggle with this traffic, and through legislative enactment or otherwise, State after State outlawed the liquor traffic. Then there came the war of the States and the liquor business came back. We lost that which we had gained; then there came the reconstruction days when our attention was taken up entirely with the question of how we should get back to normalcy as a na- tion and all the time the liquor traffic was gaining by leaps and bounds and our citizenship seemingly could not realize it and were not aroused. But a question in which right and wrong is involved is never settled until it is set- tled right, and God Almighty in those days when it seemed as though we had forgotten this problem, placed His hands upon a new agency. In a little 231 room in the old Presbyterian Church of Hillsboro, Ohio, Christian women gathered in a circle of prayer, and went out to kneel and pray in front of saloons and bars. Men scoffed and laughed, and the papers said it amounted to nothing. The liquor traffic did not pay much attention to it then, but from trat little prayer room in that Church came the birth of the greatest temper- ance organization this world has ever known. Mark my word, Madam Presi- dent, you will a^gree with me, the consecrated Christian womanhood not only of America, but of this whole world, will keep that white knot tied until the manufacture and sale of beverage alcohol shall have been outlawed wherever the sun shines. The Church never assumed, and never was asked to assume, responsibility for that movement, but none other than the consecrated Chris- tion womanhood of the Church could have ever brought the results that have been achieved. Tfren their prayers and their tears and their work and their agitation roused the manhood of the nation and there came forth that other organization, a federation of organizations and of churches, conceived in the heart and in the brain of a Christian minister, born in the old First Con- gregation Church of Oberlin, Ohio, backed by the consecrated Christian lay- men of the churches of that State, and the Anti-Saloon League came into ex- istence. From the very first, it was essentially a church organization. With- in ten days from the time of the first organization meeting Dr. Russell went into the pulpit of a Christian church in Ohio and presented the plans, the cause and the claims of this new interdenominational movement, and asked the Church to get behind it. From that time to the present hour there have been few Sundays I doubt if there have been any when some selected lead- er of the Church has not presented that cause to the Christian people of some of the States of our Union. The workers and churches were few at the beginning, but it has reached the point when not simply scores nor hundreds, but thousands of services have been held on one Sunday, where this cause was laid upon the altar of the church. Lest some of you do not thoroughly understand just how closely we are linked to the Church, I want to call attention to another thing. From the very start, whenever a conference, a synod, a convention, or any annual meet- ing of any denomination was held, representatives of the League went before that body and said to them frankly, "We want you to select, officially, rep- resentatives from your number that shall go on the board of trustees of the Anti-Saloon League of this State," and they did it. There is not a State Anti- Saloon League in our Union today and there has never been one, that is not managed in every detail by official representatives of the denominations of that state, elected by their state bodies. Those men go back to their an- nual meetings and report to the body that selected them as to what has been done and as to what the plans are. We have gone a little farther than that. Those State bodies representing the various denominations, select from their own number representatives on the national board of directors of the Anti- Saloon League of America and that board of directors has absolute control of every detail of the work of the Anti-Saloon League of America from begin- ning to end. Not a single thing is without their control. So far as I know there has never been a man nor a woman connected with the Anti-Saloon 232 League in the state or national work, in these years of its history, that has not been a member in good standing in some Church. Picked leaders from the Church have been chosen and consecrated to this work. We went to the Church and said in the beginning, You must not only furnish the leadership, not only assume the responsibility, not only manage the affairs, but you must get back of this movement and support it. It was a hard thing, from the very outset, to get a hearing in the churches before the people, and with the multi- plicity of calls that were made it was a difficult thing often times to get be- fore the people and then take the little card and ask them to support the movement financially. Pastors and boards sometimes said, "We can't do it. We have got so much on our hands now"; but we said, "If this is a work of the Church and a duty of the Church, it is the duty of the Church to support it," and it has been an unwritten law all these years that has been violated only in exceptional cases, that where the cause of the League was presented to a congregation in the Church, that congregation should have the oppor- tunity of saying whether or not they wanted to get behind it with their pocketbooks as well as with their prayers. The rule has been, no collection, no speech, and it has been this policy in connection with the others that have given us the constituency that stood back of us ready and listening for the call of the leaders to go into every struggle that we have had and to win the victories that we have won. Now are the conditions changed? I will grant you that they are. In the past we have largely selected the place of battle; the battlefields have been of our own choice. In the future, I mistrust, in the majority of cases the enemy i? going to select the battlefield. We have selected it in the past and have brought our forces up to the line. We have laid out the campaign. We have been able to plan it and to mobilize our forces for that campaign. In the fu- ture we will have to answer the challenge of the enemy and meet it upon any battlefield that it selects; and to do that we have to bring up the last reserve corps we have and place them where they shall do most efficient serv- ice. Going through our files recently I found the following, written some years ago: "The saloon problem is the Church's problem and the world expects the Church to solve it. Her failure will disappoint both friends and enemies. The Church is not only responsible for results, but it is obligated to bring forth the best results. Failing in this, she is in danger of forfeiting the leadership in moral reform." That was a prophecy, not written recently. It was written years ago when our movement was in its incipiency, when we had not achieved any great results, when it was practically a question simply of agitation and vp- hill work all along. It was written in a little back room in a hotel in Tallahas- see, Florida, by the general superintendent of the Anti-Saloon League. The world expects the Church to do its duty, he said, and true as it was then, it is just as true today that the world and our enemies will be disappointed if the Church does not measure up to her opportunities. The enemy is form- ing. They are challenging us today by their propaganda movement in the press of this and of other lands. We criticize the press, but their attitude was 233 stated in an interview that Dr. Gordon had with a prominent editor of one of our metropolitan dailies, Doctor Gordon said to him he had seen so much in the papers about what a failure Prohibition was over here; but since he had gotten here he had seen a marvelous change, but he had found nothing in our papers contradicting the story of the failure of Prohibition, and he asked why it was. "Hasn't Prohibition accomplished anything here?" And the editor smilingly admitted it had; that things were in a good deal better con- dition. "Well," he said, "then why does not the press of America say so?" The editor replied, "Our Business is to print the news." He said, "If we have a man in a community that is a successful business man, a clean moral man, an upright Christian man, a law-abiding, patriotic citizen, doing his duty in every way, a man against whom the finger of scandal has never been pointed, we don't publish that in our papers. We may mention it if he dies, put it into his obituary, but otherwise we don't. That is what is expected; but you let that man tomorrow run off with some other man's wife and we will have his picture on the front page the next morning. That is news." Law violation in any nation under any flag ought to be the unexpected, that propaganda today. The papers are coming into our homes. They furnish for the every day consumption of not only the father and mother, but the child, half truths, absolute falsehoods, so brazenly stated that even some who otherwise would not be deceived think there must be something in them. Somebody has to meet this propaganda. And there is no institution under the shining sun whose business it is to meet falsehood by the dissemination of truth, except the Church of Jesus Christ. It is her business to do it. That Church makes a mistake and its membership makes a mistake when it sneers c-r smiles at or condones the violation of law and the dissemination of false- hood. The truth ought to be preached from every pulpit in America and in Canada and everywhere else, that it is as much the business of the press of our land to stand loyal to the Constitution and the laws of that land as it is for every individual citizen. There is another situation we must meet. There is a minority in our land that are not in sympathy with this law, part of them, at least, being criminal at heart. They violate it because they want to violate it and because of what they can get out of it. I have no word of sympathy for them. There is another class that are violating the law and not violating it as crim- inals. I have heard the remark made a good many times and applauded vociferously that if we have in our midst any people who do not want to obey our laws, let them go back to the country they came from. Stop, just a minute, before you applaud that. We have invited them for years to come to us. They have come by the thousands, from the nations of southern Europe and elsewhere. We have thrown open our shop doors to them. We have offered them every inducement that we could. We have given them an ideal that was beyond possibility of realization. They have come to us at our invitation; and when they stepped off the boat the first thing to welcome them was, across the street, the open doors of our licensed and legalized saloon. It said to them, "Come in." On the sixteenth of January, two and a half years ago, in one minute we said to them, "Stop it all. We 234 have changed our minds." I say to you as a Christian people we owe it to them, that we go to them frankly and take them by the hand and say, "We were wrong; we want to show you how we were wrong and win you over to cur side." The Church today has a tremendous problem before it in educat- ing these masses that have been taught otherwise than we were taught and that we encouraged when they came to us with their old practices. We need to educate them in a Christian, charitable way and not until we reach a point where they absolutely rebel should we say to them, "Go back." This is the duty of the Church and the responsibility that rests upon it. After all this, the Church will not have done her part when she shall have accomplished her task of law enforcement in America, and in Canada. In fact, she cannot accomplish law enforcement in these nations with a short-sighted, r. arrow national policy. America cannot be dry, surrounded by a wet world. Self-protection demands that the Church have a broader vision than "America, first and last." If Prohibition is to be one hundred per cent successful in this or in any other part of this world of ours the Church must take as its slogan in this struggle as she has taken it in every other movement for the propagation of the Gospel of Christ, "The world is my parish," and go on to world-wide victory. ROLL CALL ENGLAND By MB. R. A. MUNKO, of Scotland With Message From Rev. Henry Carter, of England Madam Chairman, I have not come to speak to you about Scotland. If I began to speak upon that inspiring subject you might have as much difficulty in getting me to stop as you had with the lady from Japan the other day. But I have here a message from the Rev. Henry Carter who is a member of the World League Executive and had intended to be present at the confer- ence, but has been unable to come for reasons which he gives in his letter to me which I shall read. "I shall be extremely glad if you can find an opportunity at Toronto to say that as the responsibility for the direction of the national crusade is to a large extent in my hands, it has proved impracticable, to my great regret, for me to attend the convention of the World League Against Alcoholism at Toronto. We are right in the thick of the organization for the crusade ar- rangements for 1923, and I am speaking at nearly all the crusade meetings be- tween now and Christmas." I ought to say that the Rev. Henry Carter has a great achievement to his credit in having been instrumental in bringing the whole of the Christian churches of the United Kingdom together for this crusade for temperance re- form. I do not believe there is any single question on which all the churches of the United Kingdom have come together unless on this particular question, from the English Episcopal Church down to the Salvation Army. Now, I should like to read you what Mr. Carter has to say about the combined efforts of the Christian Churches in Great Britain. 235 "Our national crusade of the Church of England and Wales against the drink evil has begun. It is planned to cover all the large centers of popula- tion throughout the country. The crusade is under the auspices and direction of the Temperance Council of the Christian Churches of England and Wales and is an outgrowth of the campaign conducted by the Bishop of London for the Church of England Temperance Society in 1921 and by the Wesleyan Methodist Church in 1921 to 1922. The crusade is officially endorsed by the Archbishop of Canterbury and of Wales and by forty bishops of the Church of England, by the annual conference of the Wesleyan Methodists, Primitive Methodists and United Methodist Churches, the Annual Assembly of the Presbyterian Churches in England and Wales, the Congregational Union and Baptist Union and yearly meeting of the Society of Friends, by outstanding leaders of the Roman Catholic Church and by General Evangeline Booth for the Salvation Army. "The objects of the crusade are three. First, to present a modern scien- tific indictment of alcoholic beverages and all importations. Second, to rally noble support to the council's immediate legislative program, namely, 1, no sale of intoxicating liquors to young persons undef'eighteen years of age; 2, local option for England and Wales; 3, no sale or supply of intoxicating liquors on Sundays; 4, the supply of intoxicating liquors in clubs to be subject to the grant of an annual license by the local justices. Also to promote and sanction definite organizations for temperance work in each church and congregation." I should say our Crusade handbook entitled "The Church and the Drink Evil," edited by Rev. Henry Carter, has just been published together with much other crusade literature, books, folders, leaflets, pamphlets. A fighting fund of thirty thousand pounds is being raised and of this sum six thousand pounds was assured in the first month of the enterprise. The crusade will continue without intermission until the end of 1923, the summer and autumn meetings being held out of doors, in market places and seaside resorts and the like. The crusade began in Wales at Cardiff on October 5, and in England at Ports- mouth on October 25. The largest public buildings in these boroughs proved inadequate to accommodate the crowds which assembled. The crusade in London will open in January, 1923, with an assembly of national leaders of the churches at the Mansion House under the presidency of the Archbishop of Canterbury. You will see, ladies and gentlemen, that England is at least moving. COLOMBIA By MR. RICARDO DUSSAN Ladies and gentlemen, I am representing here the. students of the Uni- versity of Colombia. The Colombian Government has done some few things for Prohibition but perhaps because it is a conservative government it clings to the old traditions. The truths against alcoholism are taught only to the university students. The university students are exceedingly independent in Colombia. Although most of the universities are official the students have taken upon their hands to work for the benefit of society. No one is helping them. The students go to every corner of the country to preach against 236 alcoholism because we are perfectly aware that alcohol is the cause of igno- rance and poverty and because we believe that ignorance and poverty are as great calamities as any that may be put upon any human society. The stu- dents of the universities give lectures everywhere. The students from the school of medicine go out and lecture according to scientific and eugenic points of view. The students from the School of Law go to preach according to the social point of view, and so on. So far as financial matters are con- cerned, they are not helped by anyone. It is only a spirit of patriotism that pushes them forward to do the work. I would be very glad to know that this convention would try to help the Colombian students so as to encourage them to do better and greater work. INDIA By ME. J. NIYOGI Brothers and sisters, I bring a message of greeting and a message of cheer from India. India has come to feel that to simply control an evil is to per- petuate that evil. The liquor traffic is an evil that can not be mended, and must be ended. Hence we have taken up a great aggressive movement in India during the last twenty months and I am glad, very glad, to report that during these twenty months a great change of heart has taken place in India. The consumption of drink has gone down by forty per cent and the number of new victims of drink has gone down by sixty-five per cent. From province to province the shops have been closed down because customers went out. A great change has come and we are all moving toward Prohibition. You may rest assured that within three or five years in India we will fling high the flag of Prohibition and it will flutter in the breeze till victory comes to our land. UNITED STATES By REV. FATHER J. J. CUEEAN, of Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, it is a great pleasure for me to be with you on this occasion. It is a great pleasure for me particularly on the application of this world movement against alcoholism to meet my old friends in the dry movement. Since I have been attending these conventions in the United States a great change has come over the country and that which was promised by the Anti-Saloon League leaders has finally come to pass, that is, the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America. A great many people in the country pretend to feel scandalized that this Prohibition law is not lived up to to the very letter, whereas there is no law of the states, no law of the nation, and no law of God that is not violated a million times in a day, but they take exception at this one law that is being violated not so much as many others on the statute books. I will say that the great difHculty I have noticed in the enforcement of this law lies with the Government agents, those men who have been appointed to enforce the law. If there should be any manner of means whereby these men should be made 237 honest or that honest men should be selected to enforce the law of the coun- try there would be less drinking and less bootlegging throughout the whole nation. I am glad that there are so many representatives here from almost all the nations of the earth. All eyes are turned toward America just now. They look to us for leadership. They cried for our assistance during the World War. One of the great factors in winning the war was the personnel and character of the American soldiers. It is very natural, as I said, that the nations of the earth should look to us all, look to us in a financial sense, look to us for relief of all kinds for the starving people of the Near East as well as the starving people of Central Europe. But above all things it is natural that these nations are looking to us as leaders in the dry movement; and as we succeed in the enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment, as we succeed in enforcing the law under the Constitution, to almost its very letter, in that proportion will the nations of the earth follow us and in the same pro- portion in time will the whole world become dry. I am glad to say that the Church of which I am a representative is with the movement absolutely. We have a few individuals, clergy among them, who are opposed to it but I say to you there is not a Catholic priest in all America, not one, who would go back to the old saloon conditions. I can say further, there is not a Catholic woman in America who would cast a vote in favor of any alteration or modi- fication of the dry conditions now existing. The only fear, which was alto- gether unfounded at all times, was that this movement might have interfered with the use of sacramental wine, but as I assured them not only from the pulpit but through the press and otherwise, the Anti-Saloon League of America and the Prohibition movement in America had not the destruction of the Church for its end but the destruction of the saloon and everything that went with it. Therefore I am proud to be here as a representative of the great commonwealth of Pennsylvania, appointed by our Governor, and I trust that we shall grow stronger, as Dr. Moore has said. We must grow stronger in our determination, in the inspiration from On High, the inspi- ration accruing from decent, moral, sober living. We must go on and see that the officials of state and nation shall enforce the observance of the Eight- eenth Amendment to the Constitution as well as other articles of the law and Constitution of the country. CHILE AND URUGUAY By Miss HARDYNIA K. NOEVDLLE We can not afford to have it go down on the records that we represent only the Republic of Argentina because it has been our happy privilege to travel twice around the Continent of South America, which contains ten big republics, and we found in all those republics great interest in the temperance movement. Chile is perhaps the most alcoholic portion of South America, cursed for centuries by its wine industry. Seven babies out of every ten in that country under the age of three years, die. But now the nation is greatly aroused. Chile lives on the wine growing industry, but Chile is now awake to the fact that if she is to perpetuate her race she must destroy that wine 238 industry. But she must do it in a loving way. She must do it not by boy- cotting, but by winning friends. That is the way to win Latin-Americans. If you tell them they must do a thing they won't do it. But tell them the reasons why and ask them to cooperate with you, and they will do it. Dr. Fernando Pena said, "We can't afford to destroy the greatest industry of our nation suddenly, but we all love our country. We are determined to do what is right." And he got the government to approve of a plan for destroying the wine industry in ten years, decreasing year by year the amount produced and at the same time teaching the people who possess the vineyards to trans- form their industry into that of unfermented wine, grapes, jams, and all the rest. This plan is working beautifully. The president of Chile is a warm supporter of the anti-alcohol movement, and I am glad to say that the Roman Catholic church, which is the predominating church of Chile, also stands back of this movement. This ten-year plan is working splendidly in Chile and they are reducing the wine industry and have sent over to Italy to introduce this plan over there to transform altogether the wine industry into a harmless industry that will save the nation instead of destroying it. Let me come to Uruguay, the plucky Switzerland of South America, that is foremost in all the moral reforms of this great neglected continent. She is looking to North America. She is eagerly yearning to follow your ex- ample. The President of the Senate said to me a few weeks ago, "You get the good folks of that World League to send a man down here who knows how to put over a legislative campaign in the United Stages, who will help us to fill our papers with facts, who will give me the facts and I will fill the Senate with facts, and we will make Uruguay the first Prohibition nation of South America, and then we will help fhe others to gain Prohibition." GEORGIA By PAUL D. KVARATZKHELIA Of course, my Georgia is not in the United States. It is in the East, between Russia and Turkey, between the Black and Caspian Seas. This small nation has about half a million population, but in the twelfth century was considered to have about fifteen or sixteen millions. Of course, there are many causes why the population has been reduced, but our people who understand the movement of history, people who pay attention to the past and the future, explain that one of the main causes of this reduction of pop- ulation is the thing we are fighting. We are fighting this curse of alcoholism now. That is not the only thing that we are fighting. This winetrade is not so strong that this temperance fight can not be won. I was myself a teacher and we have a very deep understanding that if we should fight this in the schools we may succeed, because as you understand all men have habits, habits which are very hard to fight, but in the young there is more sensitive- ness and an impression can more easily be made. Our main point is to get this temperance teaching in +he school. Begin this in our country, and what- ever you take from this assembly, that will be the end of the trouble. 239 SIBERIA By MR. SERGEY LAVROV Miss Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, it is in order for me to address you this morning. I came only two months ago from our country and en- tered the University of the state of Michigan. I want to say only a few words. In the first place I wish to bring to you from Siberia the thanks to the Ameri- cans and the Canadians for the great help we got from you in those terrible years of starvation. I think you all know that the American Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A., and the American Relief Administration, as well as the Canadian organization during this last two-year period came to Siberia and Russia and saved from starva- tion millions of our children, and I wish to tell you that we will never forget this great help. ROUMANIA By MR. V. W. JONES I am very glad this morning to represent Roumania. Roumania with its population of about eighteen millions is located on the west of the Black Sea, in the heart of the Balkan States. I am sorry to say this morning that I can't bring a joyful report, because Roumania is just as America was in 1914, a drinking nation. However, there are in Roumania today 14,000 all united together who do not drink nor smoke, and their idea, their purpose is, to make Roumania dry. We can not bring this about except by means of Christianity, by educating young men here in America, because we do not have institutions in Roumania today for education. We do have some but not the right kind. We want at the bottom, at the foundation, of our education, the principle of Christianity. We put Christianity first; and today we have in America 25 students who are planning to go back there as leaders and to start a cam- paign to make Roumania dry. Today Roumania stretches her hand across the ocean and asks America and Canada, the champions of the world, to come quickly to her relief. POLAND By MR. CHESTER J. STRELECKI This is one of the great moments of my life, to be before an audience like this. Just a short time ago this great auditorium was filled with the admirers of Ignace Paderewski who is from the same country. The only dif- ference is that I possess none of his talents, but I am from the same country. I am asked to tell you of the situation in Poland. I feel like the Hollander who was trying to hold back the water from coming through the dyke. We have no dykes to hold back in Poland, but we have the great evil of the liquor traffic, and the disadvantage we have is this: That our people not only do not know how to discriminate against the evil of liquor, but they have never had the opportunity of having such education. Poland, as you know, was divided and for many years has been controlled by three countries. 240 This disadvantage is really a handicap to them now, but I assure you, my friends, that I am preparing to work for the cause of Prohibition and not only for the cause of Prohibition, but for the spread of the Kingdom of God in Poland. NEW YORK By REVEREND JAMES D. CHALMERS, D.D., of New York, N. Y. When I left a small meeting of the bishops and the clergy of the diocese of New York two or three days ago, I went up to Bishop Manning and I said, "I am going up to Toronto as a delegate of the Church Temperance Society of our church and I wish you could come with me." "Well," he said, "I can't come with you. You know that well enough. But," he said, "you give my greetings to the Convention and wish them God-speed." That is the message the Bishop of New York gave me. New York, you know, is a pretty bad place, and yet it is not as bad as people think it is. There is a district in it called the "Awful District" where there are three breweries and there were in my time when I lived over there at that church 178 saloons in that 35th police precinct. I have been in those saloons and I have known the saloonkeepers, and have asked them how much they made, and adding up all thev told me it amounted to $3,500,000 a year. It was a district in which the poor people lived, the working people. The church I had was a working man's chn-ch. Now, when I go over there the saloons are like angel's visits, few and far between, and the homes in which God's people dwell are decent and clean and the children have a chance "to grow up as good citizens of the United States. YUKON TERRITORY By MRS. ELIZABETH MCCALLAM Of the Social Service Coimcil of Canada The Yukon Territory away up in the north, is part of the Dominion of Canada, and I come from one of the northernmost cities in Canada. Perhaps all here do not know what the situation is in that territory. You will r.emem- ber that back in 1895 when the great gold rush came to the Klondike coun- try, saloons were running wide and we are all familiar with the stories of the north in those days. For twenty years the north has been a country of saloons and drinking, but during the war a campaign was carried on in the interests of Prohibition. In the year 1919 a plebiscite was taken in the Yukon Territory and the bars were closed. Government control came in or took the place of the open saloon. In 1920 the question was again submitted to the people of the Yukon Ter- ritory and government conrol done away with and we had Prohibition. But again last year another plebiscite was taken and Prohibition was done away with and we are back again to government control in the Yukon territory. Two large consignments of liquor were ordered last fall so that they would get into White Horse, the center of the Yukon Territory, before the rivers closed up and it would be impossible to bring in a large consignment. The first 241 consignment was ordered from Scotland. It was feared that it would not get there in time, however, because the United States forbade the transportation of liquors across Alaska, and it was found then to be necessary to order another consignment from a closer point than Scotland. It was rushed up and repre- sentations made to the United States government, asking for special permis- sion to be given for the consignment to cross Alaska . That was given; and they have government control and sale of liquor under government auspices in the Yukon Territory this year. It is hoped that the cooperation of the west of Canada will be given to the Prohibition forces in Yukon Territory to help them get back Prohibition again. MARYLAND By REVEREND T. DEWITT TUEPEAU I wish to speak for the negroes of the state of Maryland, and I think I can speak for the negroes of the nation as well as those men who spoke for the negroes of the nation at the liquor trade gathering in St. Louis the other day. We are more and more becoming aware of the fact that Prohibition is our second emancipation. Very recently we discovered that since Prohibi- tion has been in operation in the state of Maryland and in the District of Co- lumbia, the negro has increased his holdings by more than 7^ per cent and that he is increasing in his respectability by almost a hundred per cent. We are personally grateful for this opportunity to say to you that not all the negroes in all the states are in league with the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment, and if there is a field that in the future shall prove fertile for the propagation of Prohibition sentiment it would be among the negroes. I might add that the negro is now becoming more of an asset to such moral reforms than he has been in all the past, and the negro church- man is truer to his religion and to the purposes of religion than he has ever been in all the past. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION THE PROGRESS OF THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND THE DE- VELOPMENT OF ALCOHOLISM IN THE BRITISH ISLES, AS SHOWN BY OFFICIAL STATISTICAL RE- PORTS By MB. GEORGE B. WILSON, B.A. London, England Statistical Secretary of the United Kingdom Alliance Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, I bring you the greetings of the Temperance Society in the United Kingdom which was the first to take up the question of Prohibition and has stuck to it through thick and thin, through good and bad, and intends to stick to it until we get it. About ten days ago when I entered Canada, my reception was rather curious. Without a mo- ment's warning, I and 220 of my fellow passengers were turned off the ship one wet Saturday afternoon and transported to a bleak island lying in the St. 242 Lawrence and put into a building which was more like a barn than anything else, vaccinated and finally after five days' imprisonment I was released. I make no complaint. I entirely approve of what was done. I think the Dominion Government was fully justified in taking precau- tions to prevent the incoming of persons or things which might endanger the health and well-being of this country. I approve of their endeavor by vaccina- tion to neutralize any poison lurking in my veins. I only make one comment I wish the Dominion Government would take the same precautions to pre- vent the intrusion of disease-bringing agencies and imports coming from the distilleries of the old country as they took in my case and if these articles are to be let in, I wish they would, at any rate, treat them as they treated me by putting into them some serum which would neutralize the poison contained in those thousands of spirit bottles. I am not responsible for the subject of my paper today. It is rather mis- leading and conveys the impression that things in the old country are getting worse. That is by no means the case and I think I shall best serve you by trying briefly to sketch the position at home with its lights and shades, and then perhaps draw a moral. We are not drinking nearly as much alcohol as we did 30 years ago either in total quantity or per head of the population. Our average annual consumption of beer in the decade 1891-1900 was 33^ million standard barrels in 1921 it was only 24^ million, and taken per head our consumption fell from 30.6 gallons to 18.5 in 1921 or 40 per cent., and beer is our staple in- toxicant. We are not drinking as much spirits. Our gross consumption has fallen from 40^2 million proof gallons to 18^2 millions; and our per head con- sumption from just over 1 gallon to .39 gallon in 1921, or 65 per cent. Our per head consumption of wine >is small but it has fallen from .38 to .24 or 37 per cent. Our drunkenness is not so great. In the earlier decade we, in England and Wales, averaged 188,000 proceedings; in 1921, just over 85,000, a drop of over 50 per cent on a much larger population. Our recorded deaths from alcoholism and cirrhosis a mere indication of our total alcoholic mortality have fallen from an average of 6,076 in the decade to 2,175 in 1921 or 64 per cent on a larger population. Our cases of suffocation of babies under one year old which used to exceed 1,200 per annum is now only 541 in 1921. These things have happened because less drink has been consumed. You have learned, but our Governments have not yet learned, that drink is the cause of all the evils that come from drinking and as we are now drinking only 61 million gallons in 1921 as against 92 millions in the decade, we have fewer people poisoned. But St. Paul has warned us that we who compare ourselves with ourselves are not wise. Last March I stated through- out the British press that we were drinking more than 25 times as much alcohol per head as the United States, putting together the legitimate and illegitimate use of beverage alcohol in the states. The Trade commented on the statement but did not dispute it. That is the measure of the difference between the two countries. For when I have said my best for my country our national drink bill and all it stands for is appalling in this year of grace 1922, and in the light 243 of modern science and sociological knowledge. We spent last year at least 403 million pounds on drink as compared with 170 millions during the decade. Deducting taxation the comparison is between 134 million pounds in the decade, and 212 millions in 1921 but I do not fancy that people drink in order to pay taxes. We spent 8 pounds, 10 shillings per head in the United Kingdom or 8 pounds 17 shillings in England and Wales probably one pound per week per drinking family, and we had one and one-half million people out of work receiving government doles. Seventeen hundred seventy-three million dollars is a large sum and 15 months of such expenditure would have wiped out the national debt of Canada. For every pound we spent on education, we spent four pounds on drink. For every pound we spent in making the child fit for his place in the world, we spent over four pounds in making the world less fit for the child. Our expendi- ture was 2,000 pounds a minute, in England and Wales, during the hours the drink shops were open. Our drink bill would have paid the annual rent of all property of every kind bearing rent in the United Kingdom, and left a large margin for repairs. We consumed an enormous quantity of beer. The figures I gave you of Standard barrels do not represent the selling barrels which numbered over 28 millions. Nothing less than a canal 15 yards wide, 15 feet deep, 50 miles long would contain it. And the empty barrels would make a tube long enough to go from London to New Zealand and 4,000 miles on the way back. They would make a pyramid 800 feet high St. Paul's is 365 and the Great Pyramid 480 with its base 400 yards square. To make that beer we destroyed 995,000 tons of grain and 95,000 tons of sugar. In the work of destruction and of selling the products of destruction to the public there were employed round about 400,000 men and women not less, probably more 400,000 parasites on our national life. Of course we got revenue out of the drink bill, 191,000,000 pounds, 47 per cent of the expenditure, but it is bad economics to spend 403 millions in securing a tax of 191,000,000 and the cost of collection is far too great. Apart from the mere cost of trying to undo the irreparable mischief that revenue cost us in direct alcoholic mortality 12,000 human souls at least. Today there are in England and Wales over 12 million boys and girls under 16 years of age. It would be true to say that at the very lowest one million o.f these children are being vitally and morally injured by drink. There are hundreds of thousands of children in England today to whom it would be blasphemy to teach such texts as: "Like as a father pitieth his children so the Lord pitieth." "As one whom his mother comforteth so will I comfort" because such children's conception of fatherhood and motherhood is one that it would be blasphemy to apply to the Father heart and Mother heart of God. What then is the outlook in England? Politically, we have a govern- ment as wet as any our country has ever known, under a Canadian-born prime minister a teetotaler, but a politician who has never cast a vote for temper- ance, as we understand it, in his life and has voted against temperance re- 244 form consistently through his Parliamentary career. There is not, I believe, a single cabinet minister and I do not know of one subordinate minister, who has ever voted for temperance, and most have consistently voted against it. The attitude of the Government may be judged from the facts 1. That the Minister of Health for Scotland is the paid secretary of the Scottish Brewers' Association, and 2. That the chairman and cnief wire-puller of the Conservative party is Sir George Younger, the great Scottish brewer. The chief party in opposition, Labor, is led by Ramsay Macdonald who is an outspoken temperance man as are Philip Snowden and some others but there are not a few others who hate temperance reform and temperance practice, and the whole party leans towards liquor nationalization. In Sir John Simon, the Independent Liberals have a leader who is a convinced or declared local vetoist, a brilliant lawyer, and most of his colleagues are local vetoists and his party is committed to that reform. In the National Liberals the handful who follow Lloyd George there are a good many local vetoists and Mr. Lloyd George would probably support such a measure at any rate for Wales though he leans strongly to nationalization, captured by the glamor of a big state institution. That proposal is, however, not practical politics today. No government dare propose to spend anything up to 4,000 million dollars in buying up such a precarious business and the Conservatives on principle oppose all such schemes for government trading. There is, therefore, not much hope in this Parliament of a local veto measure. At the same time I am satisfied that the sentiment for local veto is growing rapidly in our country, and that perhaps sooner than we think this power of self- protection will at least be given to us. Personally I am in no way downhearted. Since I took up this work I have seen a complete change in the attitude of the liquor trade to temperance reform. That change I will illustrate by a few typical citations from their leading papers: 1890. "If we were asked to point out a trade distinguished for honor and respectability, and the carrying on of which has developed and sustained the best qualities of the English character, we should unhesitatingly point to that of the brewer." Licensed Victuallers' Gazette, Dec. 12, 1890. 1899. "Great Britain's foremost position among nations is due to the Bible and beer. The teaching of the former has educated the mind of the nation to follow in righteous paths and the latter (beer) as a food beverage has built up the constitutions of the subjects of Great Britain in a way which is recorded in the history of our naval and military achievements." Licensed Victualler's Gazette, Aug. 14, 1899. 1902. "Never was our premier industry more flourishing; never was the trade such a power in the land as it is today. It is not too much to say that the prosperity of the liquor industry is inseparable from that of the nation itself the one advances in sympathy with the other; and while this lasts there is no more prospect of national decay than there is of the substitution of a 245 republic for our time-honored and firmly-established monarch." Licensing World, 1902. Now listen to more recent and chastened utterances: 1914. "The feeling is evidently abroad that public houses should be pat- ronized as little as possible, representing as they do to a large extent national and individual luxury and waste." Brewer's Gazette, 1914. "Let every man study his own case. We are working for health, for hap- piness, and for efficiency. Does strong drink add to your well-being? If not, is it not better to omit it? And this certainly a large number of intelli- gent people are doing." Brewers' Gazette. 1916. "In our trade it seems to us particularly necessary never to forget that we are as a trade entity the Esau among the traders. It so happens that we deal in a ware, the misuse of which brings sorrow in its train; and modern conditions have made the exigencies and affairs of society so inde- pendent that it is no longer possible for the individual to work out his own damnation, in whatsoever way he chooses to do it, without society as a whole being subtly affected." Brewers' Gazette, 1916. 1920. "Restrictions, Prohibition, State Control, Pussyfoot all would go by the board if only there were no cause." Brewers' Gazette, 1920. A superficial view of the British situation may be deemed discouraging. A deeper study of the position will change that view. For scores of years the British liquor trade has been on the offensive; today it is on the defensive. It is mortally afraid of the progress of Prohibition over on this side and it is the unscrupulousness of fear that prompts it to flood my country with lies as to the movement in America. Your success means our success. If you transform your 70 per cent effi- ciency to 95 per cent you will be doing not merely yourselves, but us a tremendous service. The speech of Ontario's premier last night comes as a trumpet call to England from one of the Empire's most distinguished sons. We will make it ring throughout England. We wish we could help you more in your strug- gle for law enforcement. We sympathize with you intensely and I will con- clude with reading to you a few sentences uttered on October 17 last by the Rt. Hon. Leif Jones w ho so deeply regrets his inability to be present. They were spoken before the great Annual Conference of the Alliance were loudly applauded and received a good deal of notice in our press. He said: "I think it would be well for some people in this country to try and under- stand a little better the attitude of America upon this question. There seems to be an idea over here that prohibition in America was an experiment hastily made by the Americans during a war panic and that people over there are seeking an opportunity to get rid of the shackles in which they have un- wittingly placed themselves. Nothing could be further from the truth. The Americans are the last people in the world to have chains put about them which they do not want. I should have thought their history would have been sufficient to prove that. They entered upon this Prohibition policy deliberately, and whatever people in this country may think of that policy 246 they must surely recognize that for a great, rich, powerful nation like the United States, deliberately to adopt Prohibition in order to raise the standard of life among the people, is an act worthy of respect. I suppose it is the greatest attempt at social reform, and the raising of the standard of life, that has ever been made at any time by any people. Therefore, whether you think America wise or unwise you ought at least to sympathize with their object, to respect their motive, and to see to it that at any rate the policy which they are trying has a fair chance. It ill becomes citizens of this country, members of the House of Commons, and of the House of Lords to go over to America and break the law there, and then come back to this country and tell us how, in collusion with other evil-doers they have got round the law, broken the law, and succeeded in obtaining the drink which they desire so much. Nobody asked them to go to America. I do not mind their going. I should be rather glad if some of them would stay there, but at least while they are the guests of the American people they should endeavor to be orderly members of the community. "I will go a little further. Difficulties are arising between the American police patrol boats and British traders in those parts. There is a definite con- spiracy on the part of the liquor trade which has been outlawed in America, to try and break down the prohibition law, and I am sorry to, say that British traders are in collusion with the American liquor trade in that attempt. Now I say it is for our government to devise means which will prevent the British flag being used as a cover for illicit trading. I go further. I say it is gravely dangerous to the peace of the world if they do not do so. These incidents and collisions between armed vessels are not pleasant to contemplate. A gun may go off, a man may be killed. He may be a Britisher on the high seas, or an American in the three-mile limit. Whichever it is, if blood is shed, it will be a very ugly international incident; and it is the duty of a far-sighted gov- ernment to prevent the arising of such incidents. I do not say that Americans will always be wise in their demands. The Americans are a people not un- conscious of their own power, they put forward their demands sometimes in a high tone, and the Britisher is quick to resent it. I do not say the American government is perfect. Few governments are perfect. Even our government is not perfect. But they might at least have the wisdom to refer this interna- tional question to some international tribunal. The law of the seas should be ascertained. The government of this country should be anxious to help the American government in the enforcement of this law. It is not enough for them to wash their hands and say, 'Up to now this trade has been all right and we cannot interfere. We will avert our gaze until something happens which compels us to look.' What do the Americans want of us? Let us see whether the American demands are such as we can comply wit; if they are not let the question be referred to some international tribunal which will lay down a law by which this question can be dealt with and which all law-abiding nations will be willing to accept." 247 RESPECT FOR LAW, NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL By WAYNE B. WHEELER, LL.D. General Counsel of the Anti-Saloon League of America In these days of unrest and disregard for both divine law and human law, it is a good time for us to consider the harvest that may result therefrom if this tendency is not checked. Law is of divine origin. When God created Heaven and Earth, He established law. The sun rises and sets and the seasons come and go in ac- cordance with law. When Adam was created and placed in the Garden of Eden there was given to him a command. Moses was given the Tables of the law on Mount Sinai. Man created in the image of God has but followed the divine precedent in enacting laws for his government and guidance. From that time to this hour, individuals and governments have been ruled by law. There is carved in stone over the entrance to the city hall at the seat of Harvard University this significant declaration: "God has given command- ments unto men: From these commandments men have framed laws by which to be governed. It is honorable and praiseworthy to faithfully serve the people by helping to administer these laws. If the laws are not enforced, the people are not well governed." LAWS OMNIPRESENT Moral laws of divine origin are, like their Creator omnipresent. Their penalties are sure and inescapable. Human laws are also comprehensive. They place their protecting influence around us even before we make our entrance into this world and secure to us our liberty and happiness during life, and even fix the conditions upon which our mortal remains may be interred. The law bears a vital relation to life itself. Immanuel Kant said, a long time ago, "I find two things that are great and beautiful the stars in the blue vault of Heaven above and the law of duty on earth." PURPOSE OF GOVERNMENTS Governments are established to secure liberty under law. The preamble to the Constitution of the United States declares: "We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America." Other nations have similar declarations of the fundamental purposes of their government. Experience proves that, in human society, that government is most stable which seeks to secure to the individual the maximum of individual liberty consistent with the common welfare, and which applies in its dealings with other nations the Golden Rule. Neither men nor nations can escape the restraining influence of the law. RELATION OF LAW TO HUMAN WELFARE When we contemplate the importance of human laws to human welfare and national destiny, we at once realize the duty of citizens to participate actively in the shaping of legislation, the selection of officers for law enforce- 248 ment and the inculcation of a spirit of respect for law upon the part of the body politic. PENALTIES FOB VIOLATIONS History, both sacred and profane, is replete with illustrations of the penalty for violations of the law. We see today a torn and distracted world. We hear the cries of the widow and orphans; see upon our streets the maimed and broken in health; read of cities destroyed, fields devastated and homes made desolate. Why? Because nations inspired by the lust of power, in dis- regard not only of international law but of every principle of moral law, saw fit to seek to trample underfoot the rights of others. It is but the penalty of disobedience to law, but as is inevitable, when there is a violation of law, the evil results fall not only upon the guilty but upon the innocent as well. Just as it is with nations, so it is with the individual who violates the law of his country. He brings upon himself not only the penalty provided in the law but trouble and sorrow to his dependents. This act of law violation decreases respect for law and lessens to that extent the degree of protection which he and every other citizen has a right to expect from the government. DUTY OF CITIZENS TO GOVERNMENT Because of the breaking down of the morale of the peoples of the world as a result of the world conflict these is an imperative need at this time for an intensive campaign of education to teach the duty of the individual citizen to- wards his fellow citizen and his government. The nations of the world need to be awakened to an appreciation that in their dealings with each other, they should be governed by those same moral principles which should govern the conduct of individuals rather than by the promptings of expediency. This is essential if there is to be secured to the world an era of peace and good fellow- ship which is the innermost longing of the people of all lands. The people must be made to understand the purposes which underlie the formation of government and appreciate that human happiness, in the civil state, can only be secured by the processes of orderly government. All governments are maintained by law. Respect for and obedience to law is as indispensable to the maintenance of government as is breath to life. INTERNATIONAL LAWLESSNESS During the war, nations, inspired by imperative necessity, arose to splendid heights of sacrifice and service for the good of humanity. Selfishness was temporarily suppressed in the interests of the common welfare. With the sudden cessation of hostilities and the long controversy over the terms of peace, this evil, temporarily held in abeyance, has been unleashed with re- doubled fury. In almost every country we find selfish interests seeking special privileges at the expense of the many. We hear of doctrines and cults almost unknown before. Some of these seek changes in existing laws by means perfectly legitimate and proper but many of them openly advocate the over- throw of existing governments by force. Anarchistic and Bolshevistic propa- ganda and agitation is almost world-wide. The activities of many of these doctrinaires present an international question of the first magnitude. These agitators have their headquarters in some country and from it they dis- tribute their propaganda by mail and through other methods of communica- 249 tion in distant countries. Much of the literature and material which is being distributed, if it were distributed by a citizen in his own country or mine would subject him to trial for treason or prosecution for conspiracy to over- throw the government. By operating at a distance and hiding themselves be- hind the principle that the criminal laws of a nation have no extra territorial jurisdiction, these agitators continue their pernicious activities almost un- hindered. These activities are like the small break in the dike through which the water seeps, until gradually it undermines the foundation upon which the structure rests. Eventually they seek to create dissatisfaction with existing conditions and to encourage disrespect for law upon the part of the citizenship for the purpose of the destruction of the government itself. This phase of international lawlessness affects every civilized nation. The United States, because of its remoteness from the scene of the late conflict and on account of its democratic institutions, has probably suffered less from this evil than have many of the nations of Europe, but even here it is fast becoming a question of importance. Before the war such activities were almost negligible in this country. Its growth here is shown by the fact that many of the states of the Union have found it necessary to enact statutes to suppress syndicalism or have broadened their acts relating to conspiracy against the government. In many states' the dockets of the courts are filled with prosecutions brought under these provisions of the law. COOPERATION The peculiar conditions under which these international trouble-makers operate present a problem which can only be solved effectively by a spirit of cooperation for a concert of action upon the part of the great powers. Much could be accomplished in this direction by seeking to arouse in the various countries public sentiment to a realization of the necessity for international co- operation. The leading nations of the world would help by enacting uniform legislation to punish offenders operating within their confines as a base from which to violate the laws of another country. Precedents for this course are already found in the statutes of many countries which provide for the punish- ment of persons within their jurisdiction who seek to counterfeit coin of another nation, with a view to committing a fraud against the government of such foreign nation. Other illustrations are found in the statutes with ref- erence to neutrality. Almost all nations have laws designed to prevent their citizens or others within their confines from engaging in any act within their territory of a hostile character against a nation with whom such country is at peace. While nations of Europe are more directly concerned with this problem it is believed that the people of the United States would willingly support legislation or other governmental action designed to assist in the solution of these difficulties. MODERN METHODS OF COMMUNICATION INTENSIFY PROBLEM There are still other questions which challenge the citizens of world vision. Modern improvements in methods of communication and transportation have brought the people of the world into a more intimate and direct contact. The aeroplane, the speed boat and the radio which have proven of such benefit to 250 mankind have not been an unmixed blessing. The criminal has seized upon them as instrumentalities to operate from the territory of one nation in an at- tempt to frustrate the law of another. By these means they seek to evade the customs laws, to avoid payments of duties, to evade white slave laws, the laws against immigration, the laws against the importation of opium and other narcotics, as well as intoxicating liquors, also as a means to disseminate destructive propaganda, spoken of above, designed to overthrow the govern- ment itself. Progress in international transportation and communication re- quires an equal advance in international cooperation to meet the new con- ditions. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES The need for international cooperation for law enforcement constantly in- creases. Much has been accomplished by international conferences and agree- ments to effect this. Much more remains to be done. We have taken only the initial steps in this regard. No nation can afford to stand aloof in this enterprise or refuse to exert its governmental agencies to prevent the use of its territory as a base of operation for the violation of the laws of another, or fail to suppress the activities of its own natives or citizens guilty of such practices without jeopardizing its own interests through the refusal of similar cooperation from others when its own laws are similarly violated. The com- mon interests of all suggest a unity of action to preserve the integrity of each. CONTROL OF LIQUOR TRAFFIC The demand among the people of the world for the more effective regula- tion of Prohibition of the traffic in beverage liquors has grown steadily. Some of the nations have adopted an absolute Prohibition policy, while others have instituted partial Prohibition through prohibiting the importation, manufacture or sale of the stronger alcoholic beverages. CONSTITUTIONAL PROHIBITION The people of the United States two years ago by an amendment to their Constitution inaugurated a National Prohibition policy against beverage intox- icants. This was the culmination of a struggle of more than fifty years upon the part of the people of the United States to solve effectively the problem growing out of the use of alcoholic liquors as a beverage. The movement had its inception in local communities where it was applied under what are known as local option laws. As the benefits became manifest to the people in sur- rounding territory the principle gradually became extended to other com- munities and finally when the sentiment was ripe was applied to the sta'te as a unit. At the time the Eighteenth Amendment became effective thirty-three states of the United States had adopted the Prohibition policy. Ninety-five per cent of the territory was under Prohibition statute and more than sixty per cent of the people lived under such laws. HOW PROHIBITION WAS SECURED Before an amendment can t be secured to the Constitution of the United States it is necessary that a resolution be passed by a two-thirds vote of the representatives of the states in Congress. This resolution when adopted must be submitted to the legislatures of the several states, and when ratified by three-fourths of the states the proposed measure becomes a part of the fundamental law. The resolution proposing the Eighteenth Amendment was passed by the Senate August 1, 1917, and by the House of Representatives on December 17, 1917. By January 16, 1919, the necessary three-fourths of the states had ratified the Amendment and up to the present time the legislatures of forty-six of the forty-eight states have ratified it. This means that 94 dif- ferent legislative bodies have acted favorably upon this legislation. These facts are cited merely to illustrate the development of the sentiment in the United States for this policy of government and to show that to a peculiar degree it is expressive of the will of the people. It was not put over, it was voted over by the orderly processes of government. ENFORCEMENT RAISES INTERNATIONAL QUESTIONS The enforcement of this policy has raised several questions of inter- national importance. The first of these arose concerning the right of foreign nations to transport liquors through territory of the United States when destined for use in a foreign country. Relying upon a treaty concluded be- tween the United States and Great Britain in the year 1871, which gave to citizens of Great Britain the right to transport merchandise through the United States in customs bond, certain British shipping interests contended that they had the right to ship intoxicating liquors through the United States subsequent to the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment. This contention was denied by the government and the question was brought to the Supreme Court of the United States for decision. It was held by that court that, the people of the United States having expressed their will through an amend- ment to the Constitution prohibiting the transportation or possession of liquors within the territory of the United States, the treaty relied upon was abrogated insofar as it applied to liquors intended for beverage purposes. This decision in no way conflicts with any principle of international law or justice. The people of the United States have simply said they have with- drawn all the facilities of the government from the promotion of the liquor traffic in beverage intoxicants. POSSESSION OF LIQUOR ON FOREIGN VESSELS The second issue of international importance involves the question of the Prohibition of the Eighteenth Amendment when applied to the vessels of the United States upon the high seas and to foreign vessels entering within the territorial waters of the United States. This controversy grew out of the fact that the United States Shipping Board, relying upon the advice of its General Counsel, held that the prohibitions of the Eighteenth Amendment did not apply to vessels of the United States upon the high seas. The Attorney General was requested for an interpretation of the law to determine first, whether it applied to American vessels on the high seas, and second, whether it applied to foreign vessels while within the territorial waters of the United States. Both questions were answered in the affirmative. The Federal Courts have sustained the Attorney General's opinions. There is no international question involved insofar as the vessels of the United States upon the high seas are concerned, it being conceded by all that the United States has the 252 right to regulate the operation of its own vessels and punish offenses thereon. The sole question of international importance is the interpretation of the law as it applies to vessels of foreign nations entering the territorial waters of the United States. Certain foreign shipping interests have indicated an intention to contest this interpretation placed upon the law. This question is now pending in the Supreme Court of the United States. Many misleading statements have been published with reference to the issues involved in this controversy. The liquor interests have endeavored to make it appear that the United States was at- tempting to force the Prohibition policy upon citizens of other nations. This is entirely misleading. The Eighteenth Amendment prohibiting the trans- portation or importation of intoxicating liquors within or into the territory of the United States is legislation of a police nature. It is the indisputable right of a nation to determine the conditions upon which merchant vessels of another nation seeking its trade shall enter its port. Every nation of the world, in the absence of some specific treaty provision to the contrary, requires that the vessels of other nations entering its ports shall comply with its domestic laws while it remains. Experience has shown that much of the dif- ficulty in the enforcement of the Prohibition statute, particularly along the coast, has grown out of the fact that liquor was being brought into the ports of the United States or along its coast line by foreign vessels claiming for themselves extra territorial privileges. These liquors are usually listed as sea stores in order to evade the customs laws of the United States. In the applica- tion of the law to these foreign ships, the United Sattes does not violate any of her treaty obligations or run counter to any accepted principle of inter- national law. There is no discrimination in favor of one nation as against another, nor in favor of the vessels of this country. All are placed on the same footing and given the same treatment. There is no interference with the right of vessels of foreign nations upon the high seas. The United States attempts to assume no jurisdiction over them so long as they are outside of the territorial waters of the United States. MENACE OF SMUGGLING Both history and experience reveal the difficulties that arise in law en- forcement whenever a prohibition is laid upon the traffic in a commodity which has a strong appeal to human appetite, weakness or greed. As the enforcement of the law becomes more effective within the country, the smug- gling of such commodity greatly increases. Similar experiences are to be found in the history of the nations in their efforts to control the slave traffic and the opium traffic. A like experience is now being had by the nations which have adopted the Prohibition policy with reference to beverage in- tcxicants. Since illicit trade of this character must be carried on from without the nation itself, such legislation naturally raises the question of international obligations and accentuates the importance of this issue. One of the chief difficulties which the United States has encountered in the enforcement of its Prohibition policy is the smuggling of liquors into the country. Frequently it is discovered that vessels laden with liquor are found within the territorial 253 waters of the United States having two sets of clearance papers, one showing its destination to a port without the United States, the other, a port of the United States. When the United States customs officers board such a vessel the papers are produced which show its destination to be other than a port of the United States. As soon as the revenue officers have been eluded, com- munication is had with the shore and the liquor on the vessel is carried into some secret cove from which it is illicitly distributed to citizens of this coun- try. The issuance of such fraudulent clearance papers is an unlawful practice upon the part of the customs officer of the port of clearance. Similar practice obtains with reference to the fraudulent transfer of registry of vessels in order to engage in such illicit trade. Much can be done in the creation of inter- national respect for law by helping to prevent such illegal and fraudulent practices. Much benefit could also be derived through the arrangement of a system for the interchange of information among nations concerning the movements of vessels suspected of improper designs against the laws of another country. Several of the provinces of Canada have given splendid support to law enforcement in the United States by this method. The friends of law and order in the United States will always be grateful to the Canadian officials, especially in Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and in fact all of the provinces of the Dominion, for their splendid spirit of cooperation in securing the enforcement of law in the United States. Movements should be in- augurated also to bring about through diplomatic correspondence, conven- tions or agreements for international cooperation to suppress smuggling of all kinds in commodities prohibited by a friendly nation within her recognized authority. Precedents for the consummation of such international conven- tions are found in those relating to the slave trade and to the opium traffic and piracy. EXTENT OF JURISDICTION The difficulties of the enforcement of laws against smuggling bring to the forefront a question concerning which there has been much discussion among writers on the subject of international law. That is, the extent of the mar- ginal sea, or the territorial waters of a nation. There is no unanimity of agreement among the nations of the world regarding this question. While it may be said that the greater number adhere to the marine league or three nautical miles as the extent of the territorial waters, this has by no means come to be a generally accepted principle of international law. Even those nations which claim the three-mile limit do not adhere to it for all purposes. A more extended jurisdiction is claimed by many of them for the enforce- ment of customs or revenue laws, for purposes of health and with reference to fishing rights or for defensive purposes in time of war. The extent of the territorial waters was originally defined to be the distance from land which a nation could defend by its shore batteries. At the time this rule was stated this distance was approximately three miles and hence the distance was stated to be three miles. The reason of the rule is sound but the standard of measurement has long since changed with the improved weapons of mod- ern warfare. The Institute of International Law, comprised of eminent in- ternational lawyers, has considered this question at its various sessions. On March 31, 1894, the Institute adopted a recommendation that the territorial 254 sea should extend six marine miles from low water mark along the full extent of the coast of a country. This is a subject which peculiarly merits inter^ national consideration. In the past the extent of the marginal sea has been fixed by the different nations for various purposes as their national policies have dictated. Some have claimed a more extended jurisdiction than others. In many cases the claims have been disputed. Conflicting claims of this char- acter will give rise to misunderstanding and 'suspicion. It is better, of course, that this limit should be fixed by international agreement, at a definite dis- tance, commensurate with modern needs, rather than to be left to each indi- vidual nation. Norway recently enacted legislation designed to extend her jurisdiction to ten miles. There is considerable agitation for an extension of jurisdiction in the United States and such a proposal has been submitted to the Senate of the United States. In view of modern conditions this question should receive prompt consideration from the foreign departments of the re- spective governments with the view of fixing a definite, satisfactory standard. In the meantime, each nation will doubtless continue to fix its own limits. ECONOMIC PRESSURE ON PROHIBITION NATIONS A practice which should receive the universal condemnation of all who desire to see a world imbued with respect for law is that resorted to by nations through the exertion of economic pressure upon less powerful nations to compel them to submit to their will for trade advantages. We have re- cently had an illustration of this in connection with the enforcement of Pro- hibition legislation in Iceland. Iceland had adopted the Prohibition policy. Spain placed a boycott on Iceland's fish to compel her to repeal her Prohibi- tion law. Norway, in 1916, enacted a system of partial Prohibition limiting the amount of alcohol in permitted beverages to 12 per cent. Spain com- pelled Norway to accept a treaty by which 500,000 liters of Spanish wines are to be imported annually. Such an importation will be a distinct violation of the Norwegian domestic law. Such a practice savors of force. Such conduct by one individual towards another within a nation would not be tolerated. Until such tactics are abandoned by the more powerful nations of the world we can never expect that era of good feeling which is essential as a founda- tion for respect for international law. OTHER LAW ENFORCEMENT DIFFICULTIES Nations which have taken an advance step through the enactment of Prohibition legislation designed to suppress the evils flowing from the use of beverage intoxicants, have frequently been confronted with the difficulty that neighboring nations not having such a policy have permitted disreputable resorts and dens of lawlessness to flourish unmolested in territory adjacent to the border. To such places have flocked the worst of the criminal element from the country which has prohibited their pernicious activities. Such per- sons have become denizens of the border and brazenly extended an invitation to the patronage of those living across the international line. The existence of such places is not only a menace to the neighboring nation but also to the welfare of the people of the nation wherein these places exist. Practically the only control which the nation having adopted the Pro- hibition policy can exercise over this matter is in the regulation of the issu- 255 ance of passports. It is difficult to restrict the granting of passports without interfering with free intercourse and travel between countries. The most effective and least objectionable method for the suppression of the evil is through international cooperation, and the enactment of laws by adjoining nations prohibiting the sale of such liquors or the establishment of such dens near the border. INTERNATIONAL ANTI-PBOHIBITION LEAGUE The daily press reports that the wine growers and the liquor dealers of the world are organizing their forces through an international association to combat more effectively the growth of temperance sentiment throughout the world. Recently at a session of its representatives held in Paris the boast was made that they were raising large sums of money to aid those opposed to the Prohibition policy in the United States. Their effort to nullify the Constitution of the United States by repealing the necessary legislation to enforce it is our enemy's program. It is as indefensible as it is to violate the law itself. No one would deny to any class the right to repeal the Eight- eenth Amendment by legitimate methods, but the world liquor traffic in its international activities can not justify its course to aid those who are trying to nullify the Constituion. Inspired by avarice and appealing to appetite, it seeks to invade the confines of a sovereign nation and set at naught its funda- mental law. By so doing it casts aside its character as a commerical indus- try and seeks extension of its trade by assuming the role of the agitator for the overthrow of government. It becomes an international criminal. When any group of men in the world, for selfish gain, seeks to thwart the will of the people of any nation by such means it constitutes a challenge to all men everywhere who believe in liberty secured by law; who love their homes and firesides; who cling to national honor and ardently hope for world respect for law; to unite in closer cooperation to combat the forces of evil. LAW AND ORDER ESSENTIAL TO CIVILIZATION One of the most important questions which the citizens of every country have to face is whether or not orderly government shall endure. Because of the cosmopolitan character of the citizens of the United States, we face this issue in a more acute form than many of your nations. In the middle of the nineteenth century Lord Macaulay predicted that the civilization of the United States would be destroyed by lawlessness engendered within our own institu- tions. Other nations as well as the United States are facing this menace to orderly government. The necessity for writing the fundamental principles of law and order into the very fabric of a citizen was emphasized centuries ago when Jehovah, speaking through his servant, said: "I will write my law in their hearts and put it into their inward parts." Law and its enforcement are the foun- dations of government. Without them every guarantee of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness is insecure. Without obedience to law and enforce- ment of law every personal and property right is in jeopardy. The only guarantee that we have for the enjoyment of our homes and our property is law. For a citizen or a public official to wink at the violation of law is the very leprosy of the social order. It distills its deadly poison into the arteries 256 of jurisprudence and destroys the efforts of faithful public officials to safe- guard our personal and property rights. It assassinates the vital processes of orderly government. It is the prolific source of disease to the whole social order that jeopardizes the life of the race. You will find the whole tragic story in Carlyle's "History of the French Revolution." Study anew the underlying causes, the results, and the lesson it teaches us at this hour. Briefly, these were the causes: Rulers whose duty it was to establish good laws and enforce them did not attend to their business. Kings, nobles, and princes turned from public duty to personal pleasure and selfish ease, and often to open vice. Judgment was turned back- ward; justice stood afar off; truth was fallen in the streets, with what result? The logical consequence of such folly. A city or nation must reap what it sows. The people, long victims of misrule, taught that laws were enforced only in accordance with the selfish desires of the controlling class, decided that they also could defy them. Having been denied the blessing that came from the protecting power of good laws well enforced, and the wholesome restraint of righteous government, they finally took charge by force. Then came those long, dark years of violence and anarchy and wholesale murder. Such an overturning of institutions and property had never been known in. the world's history. A republic, or a democracy in a republic, will survive only so long as the average of her citizenship is intelligent, moral, loyal to her constitution and obedient to her laws. Other republics failed when selfish and individual lib- erty took the place of self-sacrifice for the public good and respect for law. Laws made for the public good are the safeguards of a nation. In their silent dignity they give protection to the rich and the poor, the high and the low. They guard the child on its way to school, out from under its mother's care, from the speed maniac and the brute who would assault it; they pro- tect those who labor with their hands from the greed of selfish employers who would coin dollars out of their health to the destruction of their morals and safety; they are the bulwark against the character assassin who would ruin the reputation of his competitor in business; they walk by the side of every person from the cradle to the grave, safeguarding every material and moral right which he possesses. A man or woman who will accept these manifold blessings of orderly government and then refuse to do his or her share in maintaining the law and aiding in its enforcement is a slacker in civic life just as is the man who runs away from duty in time of war. In my country we have what is called the American's Creed. It will apply to your countries as well. Its closing words are: "I therefore believe it is my duty to my country to love it, to support its Constitution, to obey its laws, to respect its flag, and to defend it against all enemies." TRUE INTERNATIONAL LAW The surest way to inculcate respect for international law is to seek the recognition of just principles underlying true international law. The term international law is too frequently confused with what is nothing more than international custom. How often international conferees deal with trifles, 257 and merely set the international fashion, as it were, and completely ignore the fundamentals. Eminent students of so-called international law sit around in solemn conclave and discuss with great profundity whether it is in accord- ance with the accepted principles of international law to kill with dum-dum bullets or whether mustard gas is permissible. We can not view with equa- nimity the exertion of so-called spheres of influence by which defenseless peoples are exploited for the benefit of the more powerful nations. As citizens, we frequently look upon this as a justifiable national policy when we would regard such conduct by one citizen toward another as reprehensible. There is a true international law. Its purposes are as real and fixed as truth itself. It is found in the great moral laws of God. When the nations of the earth shall cease to measure their conduct by the example set in former days by some selfish monarch, drunk with the lust for power, or by that of a people blinded by thought of spoils of war, and shall turn their faces toward the rising sun of righteousness, then, and not until then, can we expect the great common mass of man, goaded by the sacrifice laid upon the altar of Mars, to have deep-seated respect for international law. It is said that international law is unenforceable, because it carries no penalties. It may carry no penalty you can enforce in a court, but there are penalties which are imposed at the bar of public opinion. No nation can vio- late the true international law with impunity and escape. There is evidence of this upon every hand. As citizens of our respective countries we should use all the influence at our command to seek to have the foreign policies of our nations guided more by the immutable principles of the moral law and less by the un-Christian principles set by precedents of the past. The test must be, not what has been done, but what is right. ESSENTIAL TO WORLD PBOGEESS This may seem idealistic. Such aims are impossible of swift accomplish- ment. The growing importance of international law, as the nations of the world are brought into closer contact by the inventions of science, makes this imperative, if world respect for law is to be maintained. There can be no genuine world peace until the nations of the earth come to a realization that the surest hope therefor, is founded on these principles of right, justice and humanity which centuries of struggle upon the part of mankind have demon- strated to be essential to the maintenance of a civil state within the nations themselves. It behooves us, therefore, as fellow citizens of the world, to endeavor to point out the principles of the true international law which is founded on justice and righteousness. This leads to a new era of mutual good will and a universal brotherhood. Then may we expect the dream of Tennyson to become real: "For I dipt into the future, far as human eye could see, Saw the vision of the world, and all the wonder that would be; Till the war drum throbbed no longer, and the battle flags were furl'd, In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world. There the common sense of most shall hold a fretful realm in awe And the kindly earth shall slumber, lapt in universal law." 258 ADDRESS By SIR GEORGE FOSTER, of Ottawa At my home in Ottawa to which I have just returned from a five months' tour in Europe I heard notices of a great gathering in the city of Toronto and saw the headlines which denoted the purpose of the gathering, the first, I believe, of its kind and the forerunner of many, many more to be. And I could not help, as I read from morning to morning something of the spirit and utterance of this great convention could not help availing myself of the privilege of old age to become somewhat reminiscent. Sixty-five years ago, when a boy in my native settlement in the Province of New Brunswick, I was taken by my parents one evening to listen to a gentleman who was to talk on temperance. That man was John B. Gough and after listening to him my boy's mind made up its determination that in the words of the old pledge, for me in the future I would touch not, taste not, handle not. The work at that time was to save the drunkard after he had been made a drunkard. I am credited with being something of a practical man. Anyway I had sufficient of that quality to lead me to the conclusion that if it was worth while working to save a man who had been made a drunkard it was quite as well worth working to stop the process of manufacture of drunkards. Conse- quently, at that early age I became a total abstainer and a Prohibitionist. Sixty years is a long period in a man's life. It is very short in the life of a nation and infinitely more short in the life of the world; but at this time and at any time in the progress of a great reform we must, if we are wise, look backward as well as forward. Backward to note the advance that has been made, to note the methods by which it has been made, to learn the lessons of the success of the past. Forward from the vantage ground of the present with the eyes alight with optimism, to apply to the future the lessons learned from the past and to marshal into combat and continuous force the methods by which we have gained the victories of the past. Let me counsel this body of people not to forget the lessons that have been taught in the past, namely, that every child which comes into the world begins a new generation and has to be taught the multiplication table and many, many other things; and in these times of greater progress, swifter advance, if we forget that the newcomers must be drilled and educated as the old were, we will make the mistake of using one oar to push on the vessel and forget to use the other. No amount of law made and placed on the statute book will preserve the youth of the future unless the youth are taught the facts in connection with drink and how it may be avoided. There is today a little too much dependence upon law, a little too much forgetting of the great work of distributed and thoroughly effective moral suasion and teaching. Let us not forget that. ^ Hp^ Three things I must say maybe four. I can't understand the position of that citizen of the Dominion of Canada who believes in and lives under the protection of democratic government when by constitutional methods the state has come to a conclusion supported by strong majorities that such and such a law is necessary to protect the interests of its people, its best and its most precious interests I can't understand how a law-abiding citizen under 259 those circumstances can favor, facilitate and encourage in any manner the violation of that law which has been placed on the statute books through constitutional methods. He may be opposed to the law, and he has a perfect right to agitate through constitutional methods to have it modified or to have it annulled. Further, he can not go, without striking at the very root and foundation of democracy and good government in his own country. Secondly, I can not understand how any well constituted government, the government of Canada, whether the federal or provincial or municipal, that lives by the side of a good neighbor with whom it is in relations of amity and friendliness, can allow within its borders any hiding place, any resting spots, any refuges, anywhere, from which its citizens in league with law-breaking citizens across the border can help in the slightest degree toward rendering the enforcement of the laws of that neighbor null and void. It vio- lates the essence of good neighborliness, the essence of self-protection, in the nations on each side of the border. So I am entirely in sympathy with the statement that in our own country we must protect the law-abiding and enforcing people in the neighboring country by withholding any comfort and any help toward those who would break the laws in that neighboring country. Fifty-nine nations represented here? Why, that is a league of nations. And as my friend here was arguing so strongly that we should have the mul- tiple efforts of all the nations of the world in order to protect and help to carry out law enforcement in any one of the nations, that is far along the road towards a league of nations, because he admits that in order to be a victor it must have the support from outside as well as the support inside, and so it must. How logical all this progress of the temperance work has been. First, save the tempted and reform the drunkard; but there are agencies that work to tempt and to destroy. Wipe out these agencies. That follows logically and the world has followed the logic of that demand. Root them out in the mu- nicipality; but that is not effective while surrounding municipalities harbor the evil. Enlarge the unit and make it provincial. When that is not enough, enlarge it and make it national. When that is not enough, enlarge it and make it world-wide. If you submit to the logic of the first step in the little unit, you are bound to carry that logic to its ultimate conclusion and on it to base your demand for a dry world. If sixty-five years ago any man could have said that sixty-five years later this spectacle with all the foundation of infor- mation and fact which underlies it, could have been seen in Canada, he would have been considered a madman. I have lived to see it. I shall live, I hope, to see a little more than that, but whether I live to see it or not, my faith and my confidence and my conviction are just as strong today as ever that we are on the right track and that we shall be victorious in the end. ENFORCING PROHIBITION LAW By THE HON. W. E. RANEY, K.C. Attorney General of Ontario Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: Two important propositions are involved in the prohibition of the liquor traffic, as we have it in the forty-eight 260 states of the American Union and in seven of the nine provinces of Canada. The first proposition is this: This law along with all other laws must be obeyed. The second proposition is this: The law can be changed. The two propositions may be put in one sentence, thus: The law, whilst it is the law, must be obeyed, but ii the people see fit to do so they may repeal it. The chief characteristic that distinguishes a civilized nation from an uncivilized people is the reign of law in a civilized country as against the reign of lawlessness in an uncivilized country. These fifty-five American states (for our Canadian provinces are Ameri- can states), these fifty-five American states are civilized communities and under the reign of law. Their laws were not imposed upon them from with- out, but were enacted by themselves for their own good government; and the man who either by word or conduct pronounces deliberately that he will not be bound by the law of the state of which he is a member is an outlaw. But that is not the whole of this first proposition. Laws are not all of equal authority. In the United States the most fundamental laws are incorporated into their Constitution by vote of three-fourths of the states and two-thirds of the Congress. The Prohibition law of the United States belongs to that class. In the Canadian provinces Prohibition has not only been adopted by the Legislatures, but it has been sanctioned by the people themselves by direct vote, in Ontario by a vote of two to one with fifty thousand votes to the good. Thus, the prohibitory law of this Province is more fundamental than even the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and more fundamental than any of the laws in our statute books, because no other law has had the sanction of the direct vote of the people of Ontario. The man, therefore, who deliberately defies this law and declares that it can not be enforced as against him proclaims himself to be both an outlaw and a traitor, an outlaw, because being a member of a democratic state he declines to be bound by the only authority there is in the state, namely, the will of the majority; and a traitor because he can do nothing more inimical to his country than to deny its sovereignty. You will observe that I am speaking of those who deliberately defy the law. Many disobey it unthinkingly; others who did not have the advantage of birth in a country where law is respected do it ignorantly. These like children mus f be taught to obey the law and respect it. But the real anar- chist, the real barbarian, the real outlaw, the real traitor, is the educated native-born, either British-born or American-born, who knowing the law him- self, deliberately breaks it and counsels and assists others to break it. There is no nobler profession than the profession of the law. Lawyers are sworn to assist in the administration of justice. Justice is a great primary vir- tue of the Old Testament and still is a primary virtue. Owing to their training and experience, no class of people in any community has so keen a sense of justice, no class has so keen a sense of the distinctions between right and wrong as the lawyers. But there was a Lucifer in Heaven, and there are reprobate lawyers here and there; and when a lawyer is willing for a fee to advise boot- 261 leggers how to evade the law, or how to prove a false alibi, or if he will him- self resist and advise others to resist, the officers of the law, he is a greater pestilence to a city than smallpox and he is more deserving of a penitentiary sentence than a housebreaker; and if a lawyer of this class brazenly, disrepu- tably, and glorying in his defiance of law and order and even of the decen- cies of life, gets himself elected to a. legislature, he is in a position to take ad- vantage of the privileges of such members, to broadcast all manner of libels on officers of the law and thereby to earn large fees from clients whose interest it is to discredit law enforcement and break down the law. If such a man, as has also happened, should have the countenance of other public men and should have the countenance of public journals, otherwise more or less rep- utable, he may at first sight appear to have brought discredit upon the law, but it will be found in the end that he has only succeeded in bringing dis- credit upon himself and his endorsers. I trust that in the 55 American states and provinces represented in this Congress, there are not 55 lawyers of this type. Then there is another noble profession that ranks with the profession of law, and the profession of the ministry. I refer to the profession of medicine. Here again the percentage of honest, honorable men, if not ninety-nine, is at all events well up in the nineties. But here also are men, a few, who are not above prostituting their profession and making merchandise of human vices and weaknesses. And if one of these doctors, one for instance whose prescriptions have run into barrels of whisky a month, should be a member of the legislature and should be restricted by the law officers in his activities as a medical blind-pigger, you may anticipate that he will join his disrepu- table legal friends in the House in heaping contumely on the law and on the officers who are seeking to enforce it. I have not hesitated to draw the pic- ture of the men whom some of you will recognize, each in his own jurisdiction, because it is time, I think, that men such as these were put in the class of out- laws and anarchists where they belong, and because it is time for us to get this question of blackguardism in public life out into the open and deal with it without velvet gloves. Now, Mr. Chairman, the bootleggers and the rum runners and the blind- piggers and the moonshiners and their friends, a disreputable lawyer or two, and a disreputable doctor or two, in the different legislatures, are all lined up and ready for the assault. Not only are they lined up but the assault is in progress. The assault is not only on prohibitory law, but it is on the reign of law. The law enforcement departments of the different states and provinces will be able to deal with the bootleggers and the rum-runners and the blind- piggers and the moonshiners, but in the nature of things they must leave the assailants of law and order in the legislatures to be dealt with when they offer themselves for re-election by that greatest and safest of all forces in a dem- ocratic country, an educated electorate. Take the second proposition: The law may be changed. This propo- sition is raised by the campaign that is being put on by the Moderation Leaguers and by the distillers and brewers, and the proposition may be state4 262 in this form: Shall the saloon come back? Because, whether you call it light wine and beer or government control or what you call it, it is the same thing under another name. Shall the saloon come back? And shall the liquor traffic come back as a dominating influence in our legislatures and governments? That is the second question. Shall the law be changed? This is quite a different ques- tion, as has been pointed out by other speakers, from the question of law enforcement which I have been discussing. No citizen has a right to say, "I will not obey the law because I do not approve of it," but he has a right to say, "I do not approve of the law and I will agitate to have it changed." Whatever his motive may be, whether it be a passion for liberty or whether it be "Our trade, our politics," it is clearly within his right to try to change the law. The Liberty Leaguers and the liquor trade are entitled to make this ques- tion an issue in the elections, and if they elect their candidates they will have the power to have the law changed and the saloons brought back to our street corners, and the liquor trade brought back into our politics. This was an issue in the late elections in the United States. It will be an issue in the next election in this Province, and speaking for myself I want to go on record now as being thoroughly convinced, as the result of my experience in the enforce- ment of this law, that handicapped as it is by the continued existence of dis- tilleries and breweries within our provincial boundaries and by the proximity of the liquor warehouses of the Province of Quebec and perhaps most of all by the propaganda of certain public men against the law and its enforcement: notwithstanding these handicaps, I say, the Ontario Temperance Act has been a distinct success in that it has made for a great diminution of drunkenness and crime and poverty, and it will be an even greater success as the years go on. I think it was Dr. Baker who said last evening that the prohibitory laws of the United States were seventy per cent efficient. I want to say to this convention that the prohibitory law of the Province of Ontario is one hun- dred per cent efficient. Now, I do not mean by that, of course, that there is no law violation here. I could not mean that. The law against theft is one hundred per cent efficient in this Province. That does not mean that men do not steal, but what I do mean is this: There is no locality, there is no quarter, in this great Prov- ince, stretching from the Quebec boundary to the Manitoba boundary, twelve or thirteen hundred miles from east to west, six or seven hun- dred miles from north to south, with three millions of people, there is no quarter in this territory where liquor is openly sold as a beverage. That is what I mean by one hundred per cent efficient. I had hoped that the Ontario Temperance Act had taken the liquor question out of the politics of this Province for good and all, but it is back again, knocking at the door, and if its candidates are in the majority at the np^t Ontario clcciiun, seven new devils will have entered into the chamber that was swept and garnished by the Ontario Temperance Act, and whatever contention or earnest beliefs there may be to the contrary, our latter stage will be worse than it was under the old licensing system. Here in Ontario, after the vote of 1919, the victorious temperance army, 263 believing that the fight was over and the victory won, just because a law had been passed, like Grant's army after Appomattox, retired in jubilation and content, every man and woman to their own vine and fig tree, and we were in the position we are in the position at this moment in which the Germans caught Great Britain when the Kaiser crossed the Belgian fron- tier. We have a mighty army of three-quarters of a million of men and women, no finer potential army in the world, but it is not mobilized and it is not organized. The Philistines are upon us and we must do what Kitchener did for Britain. We must organize. "Their van will be upon us before the sun goes down, And if they once do gain the bridge, what hope to save the town?" There is no Senate here in Ontario to delay hasty action. There is no governor's veto. If a wet legislature should be elected in this Province in 1923 your prohibitory law can be wiped off the statute books within sixty days after the election, and the election must be within a year of this time. With the ballot or without it, the victory of 1919 was largely the victory of the women. Now again, as in the days of Deborah, four thousand years ago, <; The Lord shall sell Sisera into the hands of a woman." There is no time to be lost, and I am sure the women can be trusted to go out from this conven- tion and never cease their agitation and irritation, until the army of 1919 has been thoroughly reorganized and remobilized. There is a subject about which I speak with some hesitation but I think I ought to speak of it. There is a gentleman in the Ontario legislature who has an opinion different altogether from that which I have been expressing. He is said to have in incubation a policy on the liquor question far superior to Prohibition. He says so himself, and he ought to know, because he knows what the policy is. It is, he says, a policy that will please all shades of rea- sonable opinion, the Prohibitionists as well as the distillers, when they are told what it is. A public man with such a happy policy as this, I think, is entitled to have his name known, not only in Ontario, where it is already well known, but throughout the world, for other countries will certainly want to avail themselves of this patented article once it is on the market. Well, the name of the gentleman is Mr. Facing Bothways and Mr. Facing Bothways has a perfect right, under our constitution, to submit his policy to the people of Ontario at the next election, and if he becomes premier of Ontario, as he will, if his policy meets with the approval of the people of Ontario, his attorney general will doubtless be Mr. By-Ends who you will remember, according to Bunyan, was a waterman before he became a poli- tician, rowing one way and looking the other. One of the criticisms made of the present attorney general of Ontario Is that hie enforcement of the law irritates certain people. Mr. Facing Both- ways and Mr. By-Ends will cure all that Having given the temperance people a law that will suit them they will give the distillers and bootleggers enforcement to suit them, and so Mr. Facing Bothways and Mr. By-Knds will have everybody happy and that will be a fulfillment of the promise of Mr. Facing Bothways to give the people a law that will please all reason- able people. 264 ROLL CALL SASKATCHEWAN By REVEREND HUGH DOBSON Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, the Province of Saskatchewan, which is the middle Province of the west, and the most thickly populated of the four western Provinces, was the first of the Provinces of Canada outside of Prince Edward Island to banish the bars. It tried first government liquor stores, of which I shall give you a few words in a moment, and after an experience of a year and a half it banished the liquor stores and introduced Prohibition. Let me show you on these cards the effects of Prohibition on the con- victions for drunkenness in the Province of Saskatchewan. In 1913 there were 54.3 convictions per ten thousand population. That was the period under the license system with local option and steadily diminishing bars. Drunkenness came down with the diminishing number of bars. Then we put a little over three hundred bars out of business and opened twenty-three government liquor stores instead. A slight reduction again. .We put the government liq- uor stores out of business and again there was a reduction, until we come down as low as 6.3 convictions per ten thousand population, the lowest in the history of the Dominion of Canada for any Province. Then came the period of demobilization. There were four days of liquor without prescription during the flu epidemic, and no check-up system on pre- scriptions. There was a gradual rise in drunkenness. Then the Military Measures Act was lifted in Canada and during thirteen months we had im- portation over the boundaries. Drunkenness went up to 12.3 convictions per 10,000 population. During that period we established fifty-eight export houses that our friends from the south will know something about. In addition, some cellars were stocked and. the result was increased drunkenness. We voted in prohibition of importation and drunkenness came down. We have now the lowest rate of drunkenness per capita of any province in the Domin- ion of Canada. I want to contradict the stories with regard to bootlegging that have been published from one end of the country to the other. Not that we do not have the bootlegging, but it was said throughout Canada that while our jails had been emptied under government liquor stores, under Prohibition they were so full that the prisoners' legs were sticking out of the windows. The actual fact is, and we are now prepared to demonstrate it, over the signature of the minister of the Crown and over the signature of the deputy minister, that there is no foundation for that statement. This chart represents the convictions for bootlegging. It happens to be a question upon which we have records. Convictions under the license system numbered 9.4 per ten thousand population. Under the moderation act or government control or government liquor sales system we had the highest rate of convictions for illicit liquor sale in our history. You see this long line? That is the record from the criminal statistics of Canada showing the rate of convictions for bootlegging, 15.4 per ten thousand population. That year was wholly under government liquor stores. The next year was partially under government liquor stores and par- 265 tially under Prohibition. It occupied second place as a record breaker. These next three years were under Prohibition. The rate was 6.26, 6.1, 6.1 convic- tions per 10,000 population. The rate was lower than for any period of the old license system. The government liquor stores presented a record for boot- legging two and a half times as high as any of those years under Prohibition. We still had export houses that crept in during the period that we let up on Prohibition due to the lifting of the Military Measures Act. The result, of course, has been difficulty on the border, which you know something about, and also an increase in bootlegging but never more than one-half of what it was during government liquor stores period. I have just a word to say about what the people did in relation to the moderation system. We tried it for a year when the people by vote showed their revolt against the system. It was introduced by the government in good faith. It had the best chance of success of any such law that has been placed on the statute books of Canada because it really was a carefully prepared law. The government appealed to outstanding men of high integrity to take charge of these stores so as to safeguard against corruption. The act pro- vided for a referendum at the end of two years. At the end of one year the government without any pressure from the temperance organizations amended the act of their own initiative providing for an immediate referendum and publicly advised the people to vote out the government sales system. We had seven daily newspapers in the province. Every one of those daily papers advised the people to vote it out after we had had a year's trial. The tem- perance organizations did not have to fight that battle. They did not have to put an extra man into the fight nor an extra page of literature. It was the cheapest campaign, I think, in the history of Canada. Why? Every- body was in revolt. The papers carried column upon column against the system, free of charge. How did the people vote? That was a most re- markable referendum, with one of the highest majorities against any liquor sale system in Canadian history. I have the exact record here. Seven cities in the province each gave a large majority against the moderation or govern- ment liquor sales system. They averaged seven dry to one wet. Saskatoon went ten to one dry, and Weyburn thirteen to one. Every one of the three incorporated towns went against government liquor stores after they had had a year's trial. They averaged seven to one. Several went twenty-two to one. Two or three went thirty-three to one. One went one hundrd and twenty- eight to one and another one hundred and thirty-nine to nothing, and that after they had had a year's trial of the government sales system. Of three hundred villages there were only eigh* in the whole province that did not give a majority vote against the system, and in nine hundred polling centers in the province that has the largest proportion of non-Anglo- Saxon people of any province in Canada, they voted out the government sales system after a year's trial by over four to one. These soldiers voted in separate polls, all of which gave majorities against government liquor sales, averaging three to one. I think that will convince you and if it does not I have a letter from a member of the cabinet of the government in power in reply to our letter as to why the government took the above attitude. H 266 says in essence that they, the executive of the government, were driven neaf to nervous breakdown for fear they would not get the system off their hands before they were completely scandalized. That is the record of the Saskatche- wan experiment with government liquor stores, alias government control, alias moderation. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION ADDRESS By Miss MARY J. CAMPBELL, Lucknow, India Organizing Secretary for the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union I am glad to be able to speak about one of the greatest nations in all the world. Remember I am speaking for three hundred and twenty million people in India this day. My subject this morning is to tell you something of what is being done in India for this great temperance movement. You have already heard that I represent the White Ribbon work in India. I come before you today in a double capacity; first, as a missionary, and always as a missionary of the cause. For twenty-seven years I have worked in India, but for the past three and a half years I was given as a loan to the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union to go out all over India to help organize the forces into a great temperance army, and to take my side with those forces which have already been organized in carrying on a work which is most acceptable to all the people of that land. Thank God, we have no great liquor trade among our Indian people to fight against. When I took this work up in India I found organizations al- ready at work. I have witnessed the work of the Good Templars in India in large centers, especially among the soldiers, and lately among the stu- dents and young men of India. I can not say how many organizations they have, but they have a great many. Many years ago a man by the name of W. S. King came to India and enlisted in helping to save this land from drink. He was an Englishman, who formed many societies. They are called today the Anglo-Indian Temperance Association, with about two hundred societies all over India. I have worked side by side with them and have found them like brothers to me. I want to say also that individuals have done a marvelous work for India. I would not be true to north India and the Punjab if I did nqt tell you of a valiant soldier for temperance in the Punjab, Lalla Fundla. He has worked for forty years to help save north India from drink. He has done more to bring local option into being in Punjab than any other person. He built the first temperance hall in all India, a beautiful hall in the old city of Amritsar. I have had the great privilege of working down in Calcutta with one of my Indian brothers who is here, Mr. Niyogi, and I want to say in passing what a fine work Mr. Niyogi has done in Calcutta. Largely from his efforts and the efforts of Rev. Herbert Anderson, a mile square in Calcutta is free 267 from liquor. But now I must speak of our Woman's Christian Temperance Union. In 1878 the White Ribbon was brought into India by Mrs. Mary Leavitt. I was not in India at that time; I came a few years later, however, and set it up there in Punjab. That little woman, with the help of missionary sisters, started work in several centers, Calcutta and Lucknow and Bombay and Poona. Ever since then many of our missionary sisters, English, Scotch, American, Canadian, Australian have been behind this movement, for they saw that the greatest stumbling block which we missionaries have is the drink traffic and the drink curse. About eight years ago I was living away up there in the Punjab in the town of Pathankot. It is one of the most humbly old fashioned towns to be found in India, with seven thousand people. It is beautifully situated under the great Himalaya mountains, with snow all around us, at least one-third of the way around the horizon. The inhabitants are just a humble people, half Hindu, half Mohammedan, and a few Christians. I started a school in that town. It grew and grew until it became a high school with a hundred beautiful girls in it. At that time I was not a tem- perance worker; I was a temperance advocate, to be sure, being an American with good Scotch ancestry behind me. I believed in temperance, but I was a missionary in educational work. One day I saw that I must do my part as a Christian worker to help free my little town from the curse of drink. Who asked me to do this work? God gave the command, but through whom did He send the message? A Mohammedan, a Mohammedan of my town. And when you think about the Turks, just remember that they are all Mohammedans and that they are just as dear people as the rest of us. I hold no brief for the Turk, but I want to say that if we Christian people had not put liquor in almost every part of the world the Turk would not be what he is today. I want to say that the Mohammedans are total abstainers and hate this thing with a bitter hatred. They have suffered. I have visited cities in India where fifty per cent of the Mohammedans have taken to drink. The Mohammedans have told me that. But up in my Punjab a Mohammedan came to me and he said, "Please do something to save this town from drink. We have one liquor shop and it is ruining many boys and men." I said, "I can't do it; I am too busy in my school work." But God would not let me give that excuse. The door opened; I entered in, and in three years' time a thousand men had joined this movement in and around Pathankot. The poor men of Paihankot put their hands into their pockets. The biggest salaried man in Pathankot got only fifty dollars a month, but we raised enough money to put up the second temperance hall in all India. Then by and by the call came to me from this great sisterhood, the White Ribbon sisterhood, "Please step out and become our organizer all over India for a period of five years," and I said, "No, no." For a whole year I refused. Then a call came from Scotland. There are sixty thousand dear Scottish comrades wearing the white ribbon now. They wrote to me and said, "We like your name, Mary Campbell, and we would like to have you go as our 268 representative to India for five years if you will, and represent us and show the Indian sisters that we women of Scotland love them and want to help them get free from drink." I could not refuse the call from the land of my ancestors. It was God's call to me, and so, friends, for three years and two months now I have toured all over India, every place Mr. Johnson has ever set foot on, and hundreds of others. I have traveled all over India and, oh, what have I found? My heart is full; cooperation, cooperation everywhere, in this marvelous work. I have visited, worked, in twenty colleges in India, and I found the young men ripe for this movement. Hundreds have signed the total abstinence pledge. I have worked in girls' schools and organized in twenty-five girls' schools our young women's branches and worked among the little children. If I had time I would do nothing else but work among the children of India. They are shouting out in India today as the American children used to, "Tremble, King Alcohol, we shall grow up." The little Indian children are saying, "Tremble, Maharajah Toddy, we are going to kill you and cut your head off with a sword when we grow up." Then I organized among the men of India perhaps you say, "Why did you do that?" They would not let me do anything else. I have gone into places where there was no organization for men. I have had from two hun- dred to four thousand men in every audience I have ever spoken to in the public meetings in India, and at the close I have said, "Brothers, who will join this temperance movement?" A hundred or more would come up and sign the pledge. Then they would say, "Now, what are you going to do with us?" I would say, "I don't know what to do with you; you are men. I am out to organize the women." "Are not we as good as women?" they said to me many times. I said, "Of course you are." They said, "Don't we need it as much as the women?" "Well," I said, "I think you need it a little bit more, because every place I go the dear women say, 'Sister, why do you organize us? The men are the sinners. They do the drinking. Go to them.' " So all over India men are being organized. We have one hundred and thirty societies. They wanted to wear the white ribbon. I said, "No; we will have to draw the line there." I was afraid, you know, they would say it is a woman's badge, and so it is. And so I said, "Brothers, I would like to give it to you. Perhaps I had better not, but we will have another badge for you, the blue ribbon, the old fashioned blue ribbon;" and the men are wearing that these days all over India. Thank God, India is awake. There are eight big provinces in India, with twenty-three millions in the Punjab; forty millions in the United Provinces, and millions in the rest of India eight provinces are organized today under the white ribbon, men, women, young people and children. We have eighteen departments. We had seventeen until we got the men organized, and we did not know how to manage that, so we said, "We will have an eighteenth department and call that the men's department, the Blue Ribbon." We people in India hope our eighteenth department will do for 269 India what the Eighteenth Amendment is doing for the United States of America. Now, just briefly, what are we trying to do in these departments? I want to thank the Anti-Saloon League of America for flooding us with literature. We hope they will give us a lot more literature for our work over in India, too. We need it. But, then, our people do not all understand English. We are giving out literature today in twelve or thirteen of the principal languages of India. You people are fortunate at home, having only one language to work in, in America and Canada. There are so many languages over there in India. We are getting out literature in all of these. One of our main departments is the care of the little child. The W. C. T. U. started the work of child welfare in all the world. We have it in India today as well as scientific temperance instruction. The central provinces made scientific instruction compulsory. I could not begin to tell all about India. The country is full of interest and cooperation in' this magnificent work. In looking up at this map do you know what it says to me? This map says to me that India is not respon- sible for the liquor traffic in the world Egypt does not send out liquor to debauch the world. Arabia does not send it out. Friends, your country and my country, Christian countries, have to bear that stain. Oh, the pity of it! I have sat here with the heartache. Let us for the sake of Jesus Christ get behind this movement and get every Christian nation to stop the traffic which is injuring the wonderful work that Jesus Christ wants to do in all the world. One morning a few years ago I was wakened at 4 o'clock in the morning from a wonderful dream. I do not give much attention to dreams, but two or three have influenced my life. In that dream I saw an audience some- thing like you this morning, an audience of Christian people seated in a little church, and behind the pulpit was a great screen, and as I looked at that screen I saw coming out clearly and distinctly the features of a face until before that audience, on that screen, stood out a marvelous picture of beauty, our Lord, Jesus Christ. And all the people were looking toward it. Some- body said to me, "It is the men and women and children in this audience, those who love Jesus, who are throwing on this screen the wonderful beauty of Jesus Christ." While I looked a blur came over the picture then it dark- ened and the beautiful features were hidden. Again they came out dimly, and again they were hidden, and I said in my dream, "What is the meaning of that?" "Somebody down in that audience has sinned," came back the answer. Oh, friends, we Christian nations are supposed to hold up before the world the wondrous beauty of Jesus Christ. We go out today to tell the people of the one who died on the cross to save us from sin, and as we hold up the picture, blurs come over it; people can not see clearly; those wonder- ful features are distorted, because of sin in the Christian nations. Friends, I believe this conference is the time when we ought to have a day of fasting rather than so much applauding, and get down on our knees in shame and sorrow, and ask God to cleanse our Christian nations, so that the world may see Jesus Christ. The world loves him; India loves Jesus Christ. Mahatma Ghandi gets up at 4 o'clock in the morning to read our Book. How many in 270 America do that, I wonder? The name of Jesus Christ was never so well known as today in India. Even our papers today say nothing against Jesus Christ. It is we who are false; it is we Christian people who put the stain on that wondrous picture of Jesus Christ. May God forgive us! WINE AND BEER THEIR USE FROM A HISTORIC AND SCIENTIFIC STANDPOINT By D. H. KRESS, M.D., Washington Sanitarium and Hospital, Washington, D. C. Vice President American Medical Society for the Study of Alcohol and Other Narcotics "The thing that hath been, it is that which shall be: and that which is done is that which shall be done; and there is no new thing under the sun." Eccl. 1:9. The problems we are meeting and the battles we are fighting today others have met and fought before us. The evils which today are so apparent, proved the ruin of nations of the past. Babylon's downfall was due to drink. It was the prevalent use of intoxicants which afterward re- sulted in the disintegration and downfall of the Medo-Persian Empire. The same causes resulted in the collapse of Greece and Rome. Even before the flood it was drink that was responsible for the immorality and the sad social condition that existed. "Every imagination of the thoughts of man's heart, was only evil continually." The marriage vow was lightly regarded, "they took them wives of all which they chose." Corruption everywhere pre- vailed, "the earth also was corrupt," "and the earth was filled with violence." That which inflamed and maddened the minds of men before the flood, is dethroning reason today, and is chiefly responsible for our houses of prostitution, insane asylums, alms houses, prisons, etc. The high mortality rate of many of our modern diseases, as kidney diseases, apoplexy, heart failure, may be attributed to the prevalent use of alcoholic beverages. These diseases are rapidly increasing. Something had to be done to stay this downward march to ruin. Hon. Mr. Hobson has well said: "When degeneracy has gone much further it will be too late. At the present rate it would not be long before abnormals and degenerates would swamp our cities and overrun our states. Nature will not tolerate a race of degenerates ... In this generation our people must take their choice. There is no alternative. We are fairly in the death grapple. Suppose America should go down before the great de- stroyer, whither will a frugal and rural fragment go to start a new empire? History leaves no hope to go back eastward. There is no longer any west- ward we have reached the shores of the last ocean. In America the star of empire moving westward finishes the circle of the world. In America we are making the last stand of the great white race and substantially of the human race. If America fails the world will be undone and the human race will be doomed to go down from degeneracy to degeneracy till the Almighty wipes the accursed thing out." The deterioration of civilized nations and the people was briefly out- lined In the prophetic dream given to Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon at 271 a time when Babylon sat as a queen among nations and was mistress of the earth. In a dream he beheld an image, the head of which was of the finest gold, the breast and arms were of silver, the thighs of brass, the legs of iron, and the feet part of iron and part of clay. .Then he beheld a stone cut out without human aid which smote the image upon the toes, and the iron, the brass, the silver and the gold was broken to pieces and became as chaff and a wind carried it away, and the little stone filled the whole earth. Only one man in all his kingdom was able to interpret the dream. It was Daniel the Hebrew captive, a total abstainer, who when commanded to eat at the king's table refused the drink served and said "let them give us pulse to eat and water to drink." In interpreting this dream, Daniel said to King Nebuchadnezzar: "Thou art this head of gold. And after thee shall arise another kingdom inferior to thee." Then a third kingdom inferior to the second, was to arise, and so on, until the feet and toes were reached, when no metal could be found in nature to symbolize the existing degeneracy. From fine gold to silver, to brass, to iron, to clay, this portrays the history of racial degeneracy from the time of Babylon to the division of Rome into the ten kingdoms of Europe. How literally this prediction has been fulfilled. On every hand in Europe, degeneracy is written. These nations have for years been declining, but never so rapidly as during the past fifty years. Before the World War broke out, France was a dying nation, and she recognized it. During the first six months of the year 1914 her death rate exceeded her birth rate by 24,800. In other words, France was depopulat- ing herself without war at the rate of nearly 50,000 annually. She was no longer able to fill the vacancies made by death. During the year 1916 there were 1,100,000 deaths among the civilians alone, and 320,000 births. This showed a shortage of 780,000 during that one year, exclusive of those who perished on the field of battle. The decline in the birth rate is today as marked in Great Britain as in France. Germany has been going downward at breakneck speed. Fifty years ago she had six times as many men and women who attained the age of one hundred years as she had just before the war broke out. Germany had only one centenarian to every 700,000 of her people, while Bulgaria had one to every thousand. I was pleased to hear our representative from Bulgaria say that the Protestant churches refuse to take into the church as members those who drink or smoke. There is also a rapid decline in the birth rate, and mothers are no longer capable of nursing their infants normally as in years past. Before the war nearly three-fourths of Germany's infants had to be bottle fed. These are marked evidences of degeneracy. A German scientist, some years ago, in an effort to ascertain the cause of the inability on the part of mothers to suckle their young, found that in nearly every c?.se these mothers were the daughters of men who drank freely of beer. He concluded from his investigations that beer drinking was the chief factor in causing this degeneracy. Dr. Bellinger attributed degeneracy of the kidneys which resulted in premature decay and death of her men also to the prevalent use of beer. He said it was difficult to find in Germany a 272 man forty years old with normal kidneys who drank beer habitually. Dur- ing the war Germany made a partial reform by adopting weak beer. But she has since gone back to eight per cent beer, we are told. People became disgusted with the weak beer and refused to buy it. Breweries, it is said, were threatened with financial disaster. To forestall this, and to prevent wholesale unemployment, the government let down the bars and now "full beer" or "peace time beer" is again on tap. This does not come as a sur- prise it is the logical outcome of the governmental sanction of the manu- facture and sale of "weak beer." Weak beer will never satisfy a German, or anyone else who has been accustomed to the strong beer. Neither will it satisfy very long the one who begins with weak beer, whether he is a Ger- man, an American or a Canadian. The New York Evening Journal several years ago contained an ar- ticle by Dr. Parkhurst, on "Temperance," which has since been referred to for the purpose of justifying the sale of beer and wine. The Doctor un- fortunately said: "The appetite for drink somewhat more highly flavored than any which is yielded by the brook or cistern is a natural one . . . . Natural in the sense of not needing to be acquired, but existing as a part of our physical constitution, and like the other bodiry tendencies, inclining toward some means of satisfaction." "Once realizing that the craving is legitimate," he claimed, "it is a rude interference with personal liberty for the law to tell me what I shall or shall not drink and how much." In commenting upon this, the Editor said, "Dr. Parkhurst is right. You cannot change men's ap- petites or do away with them. . . . Men will drink if they want to, therefore make it easy for them to drink stimulants that do little harm or none. Make it difficult or impossible for them to get the highly alcoholic poisonous drinks." The beer manufacturers have made much of this assertion made by Dr. Parkhurst. One in a full-page advertisement in the Chicago Examiner says: "Beer contains so small a percentage of alcohol as to render it abso- lutely harmless when taken in moderation, yet it does contain alcohol suf- ficient to produce that mild form of stimulation or exhilaration which the human system craves." The desire for alcohol is not a natural desire. It is an abnormal desire found only in abnormals. Weak beer creates a craving for itself, and later only the stronger beers will satisfy. Germany's experience should serve as an object lesson and warning to America and other countries where the use of weak beers are advocated. Just as certain as weak beers are permissible, the 8 per cent beers will follow. Again and again the folly of permitting the sale of mild alcoholic beverages as a means of lessening the sale of the stronger ones, has been demonstrated. France has tried it and failed. She began with wine. The drinking of wine was encouraged, but she ended with absinthe. Henri Schmidt who introduced a bill in France which was supposed to put an end to the sale of absinthe said, "We are not interested in making French people a race of teetotalers it would not be possible, and we would not care to accomplish it if it were. We have nothing against wine and light beers. I drink them, 273 and so do other members of the Assembly who are fighting alcoholism." "Alcoholism," he said, "is a comparatively new word in the French language." So it is, for France up to the middle of the last century, was a nation of wine drinkers. The question arises, why did not France cling to her wines? Why did her people forsake these and take to the use of stronger alcoholic drinks, and finally to the use of absinthe? The one followed the other just as natur- ally as night follows day. Mild alcoholic drinks create the craving and de- sire for the stronger ones. France took to the use of whisky and absinthe for the same reason that Germany has again taken to the use of 8 per cent beer. The time will come when even the 8 per cent beer will not satisfy the Germans and they too will do as did the French, resort to the use of still stronger drinks, drinks that will be sufficiently strong to produce the exhilaration and feeling of wellbeing desired. The only sane and safe thing for any country to do is to stop the sale of the mild alcoholic beverages, for this alone will protect against the cultivation of the desire for the stronger ones. England may have forgotten it, but she too, a century ago demonstrated the folly of permitting the sale of beer. Some of the great men of England said, let us encourage the use of beer as a national beverage and thus put a stop to the use of whisky and brandy. An act was passed to that effect. For a time it seemed to work well. The people drank beer. But the time came when beer no longer satisfied and the stronger drinks were added. The committee appointed for the lower house of convocation of the province of Canterbury, reporting on the measure, said, "the measure introduced in 1830 for the avowed purpose of repressing intemperance by counteracting the temptation to excessive drinking of ardent spirits afforded in public houses, has abundantly proved not only to have failed of its benevolent pur- pose, but to have served throughout the country to multiply and intensify the very evils it was intended to remove." Every medical man of any experience knows that all drug addicts be- gin with small doses. One small dose creates the demand for a repetition, and then the dose has to be increased in order to obtain the desired effect. It is in this way drug victims are created. Drunkards are made in the same way. They all begin with light beer or wine and end up with whisky, brandy or absinthe. The success of Prohibition therefore lies not in the suppression of whisky and brandy or in stopping the sale of 8 per cent beer or even of 234 per cent beer, but by putting a stop to the sale of all alcoholic beverages even though the alcohol contents be ever so small. Scotland is attempting to regulate the sale of alcoholic drinks by pre- venting drinking in public places. The Manchester Guardian said "In Scot- land during the past century, the public house has taken a disgraceful and dangerous shape." Sometime ago an act was passed to this effect. In commenting upon it the Weekly Scotsman says, the act is "only an experi- ment that will be watched with interest both in Scotland and in England and even farther afield." The Manchester Guardian says, "The Scottish act is not so much an attempt to abolish the use of alcohol, as to humanize the condition under which alcohol is taken. The London Times said: "There 274 has been a disquieting and apparently progressive increase in conviction for drunkenness in Scotland and something has to be done to check it." The London Globe assures us "the manufacture and sale of alcoholic liquor are in no way interferred with, and the Scot is free to buy as much as he pleases from the shop, and to drink as much as he can of it at home. It merely is designed to prevent drinking in public places." Scotland has undertaken an impossible task. It is useless to attempt to regulate the sale of alcoholic liquors, or to permit the sale of mild drinks. The only consistent thing to do in all coun- tries, is to put a stop, as we have in America, to the sale of all alcoholic beverages strong or weak. Wine was the national beverage of ancient Egypt. The Egyptians held that while in large quantities wine would stupify and chill the soul, in small doses it tended to "clarify the soul and impart to it greater power." When the evils resulting from the use of the beverages became apparent, measures were taken to prohibit its use among the com- mon people. On one of the ancient tombs is found the prediction that if wine and beers continue to be used by all classes, the nation would be doomed to destruction and would be deserted by the gods. There are certain substances, the tendencies of which are to paralyze the mind, leaving the moral nature defenseless before the temptations to which it is most inclined. Alcohol is one of these. Each one inherits from his an- cestry certain vicious tendencies which, under suitable conditions, may be roused into activity. Someone has said, "Man is an omnibus in which ride all his ancestors." Under certain conditions the door of the omnibus is swung back and one or more of them may step out, thus bringing disgrace upon the family. Every one has within him evil hereditary tendencies, which must be guarded and governed. Any drink, which paralyzes the governing and controlling power of man, must be guarded against. To resort to any- thing which produces artificial exhilaration or an unearned feeling of well being, is a species of intemperance, for such exhilaration is merely a mild form of intoxication. In the intoxicated man the restraint is removed from the lower nature and he does that which he would not think of doing other- wise. One glass of beer contains sufficient alcohol to produce intoxication. I do not mean, that it would cause a wobble in the gait, but it will cause a wobble of the mind. A man under the influence of but one glass is no longer himself. He has lost in a measure his power of self control and is k therefore, not so safe a man in society. Morally he is on a lower plane. Drunkards are not so great a menace to society as are these moderate drinkers. Most of the crimes of impulse and most of the unmoral acts are committed by such and not by the man in the ditch. Beer is more harmful than whisky. T. B. Macauley, president of the Sun Life Assurance Company of Canada, some time ago, in dealing with the subject of "Alcohol and Longevity," said, "by the combined experience of American and Canadian companies the mortality among distillers and their employees was found to be 135, and among brewers and their em- ployees 170. That the mortality among brewers should be heavier than among distillers is a surprise." He says, "I can think of no explanation except that so-called strictly moderate beer drinking is more injurious than 275 similar spirit drinking." He concluded that there must be some poisonous product in the fermentation of beer which either alone or in combination with alcohol weakens and in extreme cases destroys the internal glands which control the elimination of the waste matter of the system and are its chief protection against infection. The beer drinker is considered a poor risk by all insurance companies. He is a poor subject for surgery. While he has an abundance of flesh, it is always of inferior quality, lacking in vital resistance. Beer has been advertised as "liquid bread." The claim is made that each quart contains 1-10 of a pound of nutrition. This esti- mate is too high. But suppose it does contain this amount. It would take ten quarts of beer, costing retail about $2.00, to secure a pound of nutrition that ought not to cost more than 7 to 10 cents. It is not a poor man's food. Has Prohibition increased the use of habit-forming drugs? The time was when in China the use of alcohol and drunkenness was common. Severe measures were employed to enforce sobriety. Vineyards were cut down by order of the government. But as drink became unpopular owing to public sentiment the use of opium stealthily crept in. For centuries China was cursed with the opium habit. Efforts were made to regulate its sale with- out success. In sheer desperation it was finally decreed that the traffic in opium must cease. While she was engaged in freeing her people from one evil, another was introduced by the American tobacco trust in the form of the cigarette. Tobacco missionaries were sent everywhere introducing the little white slaver, until the cigarette evil is now threatening to do a greater injury than opium has ever done. It is true that in some localities, there has been reported an increase in the use of habit-forming drugs since the enforcement of Prohibition, but it must be recalled that Prohibition came in just at the close of the World War when a wave of lawlessness swept over the land. Without Prohibition conditions would undoubtedly have been much worse. During the war the use of cigarettes was also encouraged among the young rercruits. Smoking was held to be a necessity in order to be a good fighter. The great tobacco trusts spent millions of dollars in perpetuating this deception and Christian and benevolent associations were influenced to aid these trusts in getting rid of their wares. It was the greatest and most successful advertising scheme ever launched upon an innocent people. The use of cigarettes has become almost universal as a result. The cigarette is a dope just as certainly as is cocaine, heroin and morphine and the step from the cigarette to the use of these other habit-forming drugs is a short one. The only thing to do now, since the use of cigarettes has become a public menace to America, is to stop their sale just as we have alcoholic beverages. This we are told would be an interference with personal liberty. But we already have laws controlling the sale and use of cocaine, heroin and morphine. Fortunate it is for society that such laws exist. While these laws do not entirely control the traffic in these drugs, they certainly greatly minimize their use, and no one would take the position that we ought no'; to have such laws, and that they are an infringement on the personal rights of the people. The time was when smoking by women was frowned down 276 upon, but the habit has gained tremendously among them and smoking by them in public places is no longer regarded as a strange thing. There is more reason why a law against the use of cigarettes should be enacted and enforced, than against the use of heroin, cocaine and mor- phine. The heroin and cocaine users do not endanger the health of those in whose presence they are as does the cigarette smoker. The cigarette smoker contaminates the air others are compelled to breathe. Cigarette smoking is therefore, a public menace and in this respect is more objection- able than the use of heroin, cocaine or morphine. It is true that some good men and good women smoke, but they would be better men and women if they did not smoke. Among women smoking is chiefly confined to the brothels among the low downs, and the loose women among the high ups. If smoking is a menace and should be prohibited among women it should be prohibited among men. The time is not far distant when public sentiment will be sufficiently aroused to bring this to pass. Every man and woman and child has a right to breathe the pure, uncontaminated air of heaven. No man or woman has a right to deny this right to others. There is a division among medical men as to whether alcoholic bev- erages are of value as remedial agencies. The Journal of the American Medical Asociation sent out a questionnaire to 53,900 physicians recently to ascertain whether whisky, beer and wine were regarded as remedies in dis- ease. In regard to whisky, 15,625 said "yes", and 15,218 said "no". As to beer, 22,663 said "no", and only 7,934 said "yes". In regard to wine seven out of every ten declared it unnecessary. While there exists a difference among medical men in regard to alcohol as a therapeutic agent, no such difference exists in regard to the smoking of cigarettes. Not one of these 53,900 physicians would prescribe cigarette smoking to their patients at the bed side. Tobacco is not even recognized therapeutically in sickness. Its use cannot be sustained from any viewpoint. Fully 90 per cent of crime committed by youths is found among cigarette smokers. Crime is confined almost wholly to young men now. Formerly the average age of criminals was forty years it is now less than twenty. While all youthful cigarette smokers do not become criminals, it is a fact that nearly all youthful criminals are cigarette smokers, and that the cigarette exerts a baneful effect on the undeveloped brain cells of the youth. It pro- duces criminal tendencies. The Turks when forbidden the use of wine by the Koran, shortly began the use of "hasheesh," a drug extricted from Indian hemp. When in England the smoking of tobacco became universal in the Elizabethan age, so that women as well as men smoked, and even children had their pipes filled by parents before sending them to school as a means of protection from disease, efforts were made to check its use because of the effect upon the people. Educational effort were followed by legislative efforts. The time came when smoking was actually done away. Even at the beginning of the reign of Queen Victoria it was almost impossible to find a man on the streets of London smoking the pipe. But as public prejudice was awakened against smoking, the use of snuff gradually and insidiously gained favor with the former smoke addicts. 277 In time the use of snuff became general in England. Great pride was manifested by the ladies in the exhibition of their beautiful and artistically designed golden snuff boxes and the scented snuff which they made use of. Some had a special snuff-box for. each month in the yeai. The use of snuff became more common in England than even smoking had been before. Again a wave of reform swept over the country and snuff taking had its day. But as the taking of snuff went out the back door of old England, the cigarette, through the example of the soldiers who had returned from the Crimean war, where they were brought in contact with the Spanish soldiers and other cigarette using people, came in the front door. Again tobacco smoking and especially in the form of cigarettes became general in England. Of all the creatures that exist, man alone possesses a craving for narcotics and for drink. Among the human race this craving seems to be well nigh universal. Those who possess sufficient will power manage to abstain from their use, in spite of the craving. Those who are lacking in mental equilibrium give way to it, after having once discovered what they crave. With such, one drink may result in the complete loss of self control and in a debauch. Nearly all inebriates belong to this class. Most of them de- sire to lead sober lives, but lack the will power to do so. For a number of years I had an excellent opportunity of observing these unfortunates. In urging them to abandon drink, repeatedly they have said, "It is no use, I have made resolutions, but each time it has resulted in failure." Repeated failures lead to despair, and no further effort is made by them to overcome. Out of nearly three thousand cases of inebriety that were under close medical observation for a period of over six months in England, over sixty- seven per cent gave clear evidence of being mental defectives; and in the remaining number there was ground for the belief that some mental defect existed. Statistics clearly show that these mental defectives are usually the offspring of alcohol-using parents. The use of beer or wine in so-called moderation, or the habitual use of patent medicines containing alcohol by the mother during the prenatal period is sufficient to produce in her off- spring this unbalanced mental state. We see why, to the wife of Manoah, before the birth of her child, the instruction was given "Beware, I pray thee, and drink not wine or strong drink, and eat not any unclean thing." What the mother eats and drinks during this period has much to do in determining the future of the child. Of John the Baptist it was said, "He shall drink neither wine nor strong drink and he shall be filled with the Holy Ghost even from his mother's womb." This was no mere happen-so, for his parents "were both righteous before God, walking in all of the commandments and ordinances of the Lord blameless." Again we may ask, why does this unnatural craving for drink exist? It is due to heredity, and to the use of unnatural foods. That there exists an intimate relation between the food and drink of nations and of families is evident to any careful observer. There are certain foods which are irri- tating, such as pepper and mustard, flesh of animals and the free use of salt. All of these tend to create a craving for something that will deaden or benumb the irritated nerves with which they are brought in contact. 278 That something is found in narcotics. Alcohol having been in the past the narcotic most easy of access, was the one chiefly employed to satisfy this craving, or to afford relief from the unpleasant symptoms. It will be ob- served that in countries or families where highly seasoned foods and flesh foods are freely used, alcoholic beverages are as a rule freely employed. The reverse is also true in homes where the members live upon the simple non-irritating products of the earth no such craving exists and alcoholism is unknown. In the drunkard then, we merely see the evil results of heredity plus the habitual use of irritating foods and drinks. It is a sad fact one that should be proclaimed from the pulpit and the press, that many a good wife and mother is unconsciously, yet persistently cultivating in her husband and children a desire for alcohol and for other narcotics. Dr. Lauder Brunton, some years ago affirmed, that "Schools of cookery for the wives of working men will do more to abolish drinking habits than any number of teetotal societies." There is no doubt that he is right and that Prohibition in order to accomplish its ends to the fullest extent, must at the same time educate wives and mothers to prepare wholesome, simple, palatable, non-irritating and non-stimulating foods for the members of their families. It is not a mere happen-so that in the Bible drinking of wine and eating of flesh are so closely associated. Shortly after Noah was granted the per- mission to eat flesh, (Gen. 9:3) we read, "he drank wine and was drunken." v:21. This is significant since it is the first Biblical record we have of either meat eating or drunkenness, and it certainly is more than a mere coincidence to find the two associated in the same person. In Prov. 23:20 wine drinking and flesh eating are again associated. "Be not among wine- bibers, among riotous eaters of flesh." Again in Isa. 22:12,13, the Lord called for repentance on the part of a people who were "slaying oxen, cilling sheep, eating flesh and drinking wine." There is a natural association >etween the food of Daniel's choice and the drink of his choice. Water is ill the drink one craves who lives on the simple, non-irritating products of ic earth, while Babylon's meat makes Babylon's wine an apparent neces- !ty. Where one is, the other is usually found. The saloon lunch counter an example of this. It was not laden with oranges, peaches and pears, >ut with highly seasoned foods as pig's feet, sausage, smoked ham, etc., r ith a liberal supply of mustard and salt. Several years ago there appeared the following editorial in one of the leading London papers which created considerable press comment at the time: "I have just turned vegetarian and I have not the least intention of ever eating flesh again. My friends are surprised, so am I. But whereas they are surprised that I have adopted a vegetarian diet, I am surprised that I have not done it years ago. ... In one way the effects of this diet have surprised me. I have been a heavy smoker for more than thirty years. I have often smoked as much as two ounces of tobacco in a day. If there was one thing in life which I feared my will was too weak to conquer, it was the habit of smoking. Now I have been a vegetarian for eight weeks, and I find my passion for tobacco is weakening. . . . Again I have found that 279 J cannot drink wine. Why do I write these confessions? Because these things have come upon me as a revelation." Staff Captain Hudson, of England, when matron of the S. Newington Inebriates Home for Women in a public gathering testified as follows to the inestimable blessing of a fleshless diet as an aid in getting rid on the part of the inmates of the cravings for drink. She said, "Lazy, vicious, bloated, gluttonous, bad tempered women, who had hitherto needed weeks and even months of nursing and watching, to my astonishment and delight, under this new treatment made rapid recovery. The people as a whole are much happier. We do not have violent outbreaks of temper as we used to. They are more contented, more easily pleased, more amenable to discipline. The general health of all is an increasing wonder to me." Similar instances might be given, but these are sufficient to demonstrate that an intimate relation exists between the. food and drink of individuals and, therefore, of nations. In the beginning man was placed in a garden, surrounded with trees "pleasant to the sight and good for food" and God said, "Of every tree- thou mayest freely eat." It is practically impossible to follow out this original and divine plan that is eat freely of fruit and to cultivate a desire for al- coholic beverages at the same time. While we recognize that the grace of God alone can enable the drunkard to get rid of this ruinous habit when once formed, we also recognize that often this grace is neutralized be- cause men and women unconsciously work at cross purposes with God's plan and methods. They aim to do in their own way, that which can only be done in God's way, and for this reason there are so many defeats that might be successes. Women have as much right to vote as do the men; duty demands that they should exercise that right. In finding fault with conditions as they are today and with the men in official positions, we are in reality saying mothers of the past have failed in their mission. What the world would be in the future, should time continue, will depend chiefly upon the mothers of the present. To make Prohibition safe mothers and wives must make more of a study of the subject of diet, and feed their families on non-irritat- ing and non-stimulating foods and drinks; foods that will create no desire for any drink stronger than pure water. THE SALVATION ARMY AND THE PROHIBITION MOVEMENT By COMMISSIONER CHARLES SOWTON Chief Officer of the Salvation Army in Canada I am very glad of the opportunity of being here today. To'al abstinence has always been one of the foundation principles of membership or, as we call it, soldiership in the Salvation Army. It was adopted by the founder nearly sixty years ago when this organization commenced and when Pro- hibition was much less talked about and if I may use the term, much less popular than it is today. The Salvation Army, however, has always been strong on Prohibition. We are, as I think our friends know, not a political 280 organization and while we do not forbid our people from voting any way their conscience directs them, yet as an organization we keep officially out of politics and I think it is wise that we should do so. But we have always supported every effort that has been put forth to stop the drink traffic and to hinder and to make it more and more difficult for people to obtain it. We as Salvationists see far too much of the ravages that drink causes to have any sympathy with it. Thirty-seven years ago in the early days of my Salvation Army officer- ship I was stationed in the City of Glasgow and I shall never forget the impression that was made on my heart and mind, the first Saturday evening I went along the Glasgow streets and saw the havoc that whisky was work- ing, more particularly among the working classes of that city. I determined then that by God's grace all that I had, whatever ability I possessed, all the strength I had, should be used to rescue men and women from the ter- rible effects of drink, and to oppose it in every possible way. But while the Salvation Army is against the drink traffic, at the same time we have great compassion for its victims. We deal with the effects of drinking and the results of drink in the individuals. The Salvation Army has nothing but feelings of compassion and sympathy with the slaves of drink. Oh, the struggle we had with many of them before they were delivered from its power! We believe with all our hearts in stopping the supply. I personally, have been stationed in Salvation Army work in many parts of the world. The Salvation Army, as I think our friends know, is now working in some seventy-six different countries and colonies, and while I have not been in them all I have been in many of them. I have seen the attempts that have been made in Scandinavia, for instance, the Gothenburg system, and in Sweden and in Norway, and in Denmark, in which countries I have worked for many years. I have seen the attempt that has been made to curtail the drink traffic and hinder it from attaining great proportions. Only recently I have seen the so-called Bratt system at work in Sweden by which they seek to limit the amount of alcohol that is supplied to the individual in any one month. But all these efforts have only made me personally a more ardent Pro- hibitionist. But I feel that Prohibition to be effective must be backed up by a strong public sentiment. After we have got a law on the statute books and after that law has begun to be enforced, there is a great danger of the people who have agitated for that law diminishing their agitation and thinking that everything is well. We must do all we can to keep up a constant agitation. Otherwise, the public conscience soon will become dormant upon these ques- tions. Then, too, I have met some people who have been discouraged because there are a number of individuals who will have drink at all costs. I was in charge of our work in Western Canada a few years ago when Prohibition was first introduced into Manitoba. Many of our Canadian friends will remember that when that happened it was still allowable for drink to be imported from other provinces. I have seen some of the ef- forts that people made to get drink on the sly. I heard of a man who had a box containing whisky and so forth, labelled "Books", and this box of "books" was addressed to him at one of the small railroad stations, in Manitoba or Saskatchewan, but he failed to call for it at the proper time 281 and after a few days he received a note from the station agent saying that the box of books had begun to leak. And many efforts of that kind, you will remember, were made in order to get drink into Prohibition pVovinces. Certainly, let us make it as difficult as possible to obtain drink and re- move the temptation by every means in our power, and while there always will be, at least we find it so in the Salvation Army work, individuals who will have it at all costs, and whatever the consequences, yet let us make it as difficult as we possibly can for them to get it and then let us look to the next generation. I often think how splendid it will be when the generation that is grow- ing up around us comes to power and comes to positions of influence in this and other lands where Prohibition is in force. How wonderful it will be to have a race of men and women governing affairs who have never known the taste of drink. But our experience, too, is that evil in the human heart is constantly breaking out in new forms. So, while we rejoice at all that Prohibition is doing and while we are in the Prohibition effort with heart and soul, yet we do not lose sight of the fact that the use of drugs is increasing and is becoming a great danger in our centers of population. Just a few days ago I visited the Ontario Government prison farm and conducted some meetings there with the prisoners, and oh, how my heart was touched and taken hold of by seeing that group of nearly three hundred prisoners which I addressed. More than half the number were only young men, many of them not more than eighteen or twenty or twenty-two years of age; and when I inquired the reason I found that a large number of them had already become drug addicts. So the Salvation Army goes still further and while we believe in good laws and while we believe in Prohibition and in making it impossible, if we can, for the slaves of drink to satisfy their craving, yet we go further still and we aim at the regeneration of the in- dividual by the grace of God. Our work is not done by abolishing drink. There are many more evils to combat. So let us stand shoulder to shoulder against all that would pervert the youth of the nation and stick together to uphold all that would help our respective countries to be lands where God is honored and where the people prosper. We have rejoiced, as a people. Our Salvation Army officers and workers throughout this Dominion of Canada, as much as anybody, have rejoiced that Prohibition has come in force and we have done all we can to help it. We stand fairly and squarely in favor of Prohibition; and yet we feel that we have a great deal of work to do. Some people told us some time ago when Prohibition was introduced that our work as an organization would be practically finished, but that has been far from our experience. There are still many other evils to combat. There are still many other wrongs to fight against . So, let us, all of us here today, who are, I believe, in the main, actuated by Christian motives, banded together as Christian men and women, determine that not only the drink evil but every other evil that is taking hold of the youth of the nation and is a menace to society must stop. We shall combat it, fight against it, oppose it, do all we possibly can to hinder its spread; and may the blessing of the Almighty be upon us and may we hear His "Well 282 SPIRITUAL ASPECTS OF THE WORLD MOVEMENT AGAINST ALCOHOLISM By REVEREND HOWARD H. RUSSELL, D. D. Founder and Associate General Superintendent, Anti-Saloon League of America, and Joint President, World League Against Alcoholism Brother Chairman, and fellow soldiers in the conflict: At the sunrise prayer meeting last Sunday morning at the Metropolitan Church more than one hundred persons covenanted together to pray daily for the world-wide abolition of the beverage liquor traffic. It was agreed then that we should co-operate in what we called the World Prayer Bond, to extend its enrollment and to extend the prayers that shall go up daily all over the earth, and so extend the praying that is already done in an organized way by the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. So I am to take up this question of prayer as one of the outstanding spiritual aspects of this movement. Our Father has said, "Ask and ye shall receive." We have tested and proved this hitherto and we unite our hearts now in this specific petition for this one definite object, to hasten the day of the kingdom of righteousness upon earth. Let us pray that the Father of all will speed the day of the abolition of the world-wide beverage traffic in intoxicating drink. Jesus, our master of the helping hand, would not tarry upon the moun- tain top of transfiguration to build tabernacles when there was a cry com- ing up to him from the valley. He hastened down as you remember, and what transpired, when he came back amid the scenes of everyday human life? Let us read it in the ninth chapter of Luke. "When they were come down from the hill much people met him and, behold, a man of the company cried saying, 'Master, I beseech Thee, look upon my son, for he is my only child; and lo, a spirit taketh him, and he suddenly crieth out, and it teareth him, that he foameth again, and scarcely departeth from him. And I besought Thy disciples to cast it out and they could not'; and Jesus answering said, 'Oh faithless and perverse generation, how long shall I be with you and suffer you? Bring thy son hither.' And as he was yet coming the devil threw him down and tare him. Then Jesus rebuked the unclean spirit and healed the child and delivered him again to his father; and they were all amazed at the mighty power of God." And afterwards, you remember, His disciples asked him, "Why could we not cast out the devil?" And Jesus answered and said, unto them, "This kind cometh not forth but by prayer and fasting." This morning let us think a little while about whether we ought to pray, and to pray earnestly, and to pray together, and to pray daily, for the coming in of Christ's Kingdom by the blotting out of this unclean spirit, the worst unclean spirit, perhaps, the world has ever seen, the organized liquor traffic of the world. I have observed that too many people in the world do not see the horror of this unclean spirit. Too many of us are apt to forget the evil of it after it has gone from our locality. We forget the call to prayer, to exertion, to extend the area of Prohibition. We need to have a concrete view of what this sin and shame and horror is in the 283 world. I want today to be a solemn witness, a competent witness of what this evil is in the world. Let me give my testimony. When I was a lad I was face to face with the horror of the saloon. It caused the death of my dear uncle my father's brother. My father, a clergyman, never touched liquor. My uncle was a good man except for that weakness for drink. They brought him home dead one winter morning. He had lost his life in the darkness and storm of the winter night, having been frozen to death on his way home from the saloon. I never forgot that tragedy. There at Springfield, Massa- chusetts, he lies; and over in the Mississippi Valley another uncle lies, dead prematurely, also through drink. I never forgot about those sorrows, you may be sure, and possibly it was that early childhood awakening to the danger of drink which saved my own life in the midst of temptations of that Mississippi Valley city, Davenport, the city of the beer garden and the saloons multiplied upon its streets, when as a preparatory boy my com- rades and I were tempted by the saloon and the beer garden everywhere. One surviving comrade of mine and I, go over, when we are together, sadly, a list of more than twenty who were our comrades at play and in preparatory study, who now lie upon the Mississippi Valley hillside, gone prematurely from, our presence on the earth through the appetite and the habit of drink. That I escaped, I say, was under God's blessing and provi- dence. Perhaps it was due to the early awakening and shock that came to me as a child. I will pass over many other tragedies that came to my attention when I was a pastor, at Kansas City, and later at Chicago, my last pastorate hav- ing been at Armour Mission on the South Side in Chicago. Scarcely a week went by in those four years that I was not face to face with some new tragedy coming from the saloon. If we were in Chicago today I could take you to the spot where I stood one day upon a drygoods box outside an undertaker's shop and pleaded with more than a hundred men in the street drawn together by the shock- ing details of the saloon tragedy, pleaded with them to give up drink and to give up the sale of drink (because some of thfe saloonkeepers were there), and I took as my text the dead man lying inside the door who had taken his own life at the end of three weeks' spree, and his wife and little children at his side. There was no home in which to have the funeral. It was at the undertaker's shop. Their home had gone for drink. Coming up a few streets further, I could show you where in the Armour flats built by Philip Armour for the Armour tenants, a few doors from my own door, I was called one day on a sad errand. The mother met me at the door, and she could not speak as she led me in to look at the face of her boy lying in the coffin. She told me how they left New York to come to Chicago. He had a good place in a railroad office. He was going to make ?. home for his mother in her old age, but in a saloon brawl two weeks be- fore, he had been stabbed and the day before, he had died in the hospital. He was the only son of his mother and she was a widow. Over on State Street once the mission doctor came to tell me of a very sad case. They asked me to take charge of the funeral next day. He said 284 the poor woman might have lived. She would have lived had she had the medicine, but when he wro^e the prescription and gave it to her husband, her husband said, "I have no money." Such men usually have no money. Her husband took the money the doctor gave him to get the medicine, turned into the nearest State Street saloon and drank himself drunk upon that money. On the day of the funeral there were seven weeping children, with the women of the neighborhood. Where was the husband and father? Dead drunk on the floor in the back room of the house. And so it went: week after week, tragedy after tragedy? until I was pushed out to a place where the call to action seemed to come to me. My Oberlin friends said when I was ready to start the work going in Ohio they would be ready to help. Then I had the pressure upon me of my own brother's experience. He has often said to me, "Howard, tell the story about me. It is all right. Tell it, if it will help others." For fifteen years my dear brother fought the battle against the most intense appetite which takes possession of the human body, coming down from other generations, the tendency to drink. He fought it for fifteen years, sometimes successfully for almost a year, and then a telegram from his wife would hurry me westward to put my arms around my dear brother to beg him to fight again. Finally it was settled that I should go into the fight. I was hesitating for just a few days after the Oberlin friends had said, "We will back you if you will lead out in this fight," but while I hesitated I came face to face once more with another tragedy. I was called to a house a few blocks from the mission where there was a little boy of eight years and a little sister. His mother was lying in the coffin, dead from drink. Ten years before she had married this man. She never had drunk until then, but she learned to drink wi f h him and became the harder drinker of the two, and the coldest night that winter, went out thinly clad and wandered about the streets. Pneumonia came and in a few days she was gone. I asked the boy if he knew what took his mother's life, and he said, "I do; it was drink." Those were the saddest words I ever heard. I took the little child's hand, when he promised me he would never drink, and held it up to God, and pledged him there and then that he would never touch what took his mother's life and that he would teach his little sister the same if she was spared to live and grow up with him. By his side I settled it. I said, "I am going out to plead with my brethren of the churches, to be- come co-workers with Almighty God in this conflict and to help put away that kind of tragedy from the world" and with God's blessing I went on into the work. I had a lecture at one time. It was not "Ten nights in a barroom," but "Ten days of the barroom." It was the narration of what had actually transpired inside of ten days' time, chiefly in New York City, where I then was. One Sunday morning at the close of the service in a 'great Congrega- tional church in Manhattan an aged officer of the church met me as I came down the aisle, tears running down his face. As he took my hand he said, "Mr. Russell, I had three boys and they lie, every one of them, this morn- ing in a drunkard's grave. Saloons got my boys." That same week I went down to the Flatbush region in Brooklyn to 285 see three beautiful children, two of them too young to know they were \vorse than orphans. Their father was in the Tombs, the city prison, await- ing his trial for the murder of their mother. He was a Brooklyn policeman. Given a weapon in his office, he came home drunk from the Brooklyn saloons and shot his wife to death in the dining room in the presence of his children. And so the cries went up to Almighty God. There was a roadhouse a little way out in the outskirts of the city. A drunken carousing crowd came in, nine of them in an automobile, at 3:00 o'clock in the morning, and they turned aside into an abandoned street and pushed a fence down and went down forty feet to the railroad track. Five of them were killed either by the fall or by the express train that immediately came along. That incident occurred during that ten-day investigation. During that time, too, two awful scenes were enacted where a husband, mad with drink, demanded the last money, two dollars, that his wife had, that he might go on with his drinking and when she forbade him to drink and refused the money he dashed the lighted lamp upon her and burned her to death; and where a fiendish son -became angry at his mother, 81 years of age, who rebuked him for his drink, and hurled her down a 30-foot stairway to death in the hall at the bottom of the stairway. These are some of the tragedies out of the thousands that I could testify to, this morning. Is there not a call to prayer? Long ago I became earnest in prayer against this curse. Down yonder in Kansas City during my pastorate there, in the Southwest Boulevard they built a brewery within two blocks of my church and oh, how that stirred my indignation at such a foe to the progress of religion, especially among people who were? many of them, drinking people. I never passed that brewery, from that time on, that I did not lift off my hat and cry out to Almighty God to shut down the stream of sin that poured forth from it. Then I began to pray as I passed each and every saloon. "God help. God help." And they were frequent enough, those prayers upon the streets of Kansas City and Chicago. "God help." And God came at last through his Holy Spirit especially at Chicago to ask me, to invite me, to honor me with the invitation to help in a measure to answer these prayers through His glorious, grand leadership and inspiration. And that brewery has been shut down. And those saloons have been closed, because of the power of Almighty God working through the plans and faithful co-operation of his children. There has been private praying that has been effective; but the united prayers of organizations, Oh, how God has written them and honored them upon His books of remembrance. Down yonder at Hillsboro, Ohio, the day before the birthday of our Saviour in 1873 (and I make that the red letter date of the beginning of the doom of the liquor traffic in the United States) 65 women met in the Presbyterian Church for prayer, and then, led by Mrs. Thompson, the daughter of the church, who was herself the wife of a judge, and the daughter of an ex-governor of Ohio, they marched down the streets of Hillsboro and prayed at every one of the 23 places of sale of liquor in Hillsboro. From there the fire spread to Washington Court House, to Springfield, and on east- 286 ward, westward for a year and a half, that kind of praying went on in the wo- men's crusade. They prayed the last saloon out of Hillsboro. They did come back again; but God inspired the women who prayed to rise from their knees and to organize that greatest organization of women for moral re- form that this world has ever seen, decking the world with the white ribbon under the name of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. They have been praying all these years since. They have been praying at the noon- hour so that as the sun comes up in the East and goes about the world, pray- ers are going up at the noon-hour everywhere. In our call to the world prayer bond we are simply extending the influence of the prayers that have been going on which God has been answering in an organized way in the past. I had the privilege and honor of bowing down with the fourteen members of the executive committee of the Oberlin Temperance Alliance in the li- brary when the sainted Dr. Brand, himself a sufferer through drink and the conflict against the liquor traffic, led us in prayer asking God to give us his inspiration and guidance as we proposed to go forth to organize the churches of Ohio and perhaps further on, asking Him to help in that which from a human standpoint would be an utter impossibility. God heard the cry there and it has been a praying movement ever since. I never asked a yoke fellow to come in with me that we did not go first together to Almighty God and bow down to ask Him if He would have it so and that is why such men as Baker and Wheeler and Cherrington and the rest are still with us, because they came in upon the spirit of the prayer to Almighty God for His sanction and His approval of their fellowship in this sacred warfare of the Church, engaged against the liquor traffic of the country. Now we are joining our hands and our voices and our strength and our fnnds to extend this same work over the world. Shall we not pray again? Shall we not pray unitedly to Almighty God? What have been the results of these prayers to the Church itself? Listen. In 1920, in January, full Pro- hibition under the Eighteenth Amendment came into effect. The first of September, 1920, began the first complete Church year, after that time. Often during the past years I secured the co-operation of a man who was or- dained to be a minister and who hesitated to leave his regular pastorate and ministry. I asked him to come with me because I believed the time would come when under God's blessing the saloons would be wiped out and we would see the Gospel evangelism prosper and the Holy Ghost revival come. These men came with me. What was the result? In that brief Church period from September, 1920, to the following June, 1921, there were added to the Churches of the United States, according to the figures of the Federal Council of Churches, more than two million members, largely upon profes- sion of faith. Never had we seen such a thing. God had offered his promises and the additions to the churches gave testimony that God was keeping His word. When I was in London in 1921 there was a prayer meeting held at the drawing rooms of Sir Alfred Gould, led by the Bishop of Croyden, and for three hours we prayed to God to give guidance to the work in Great Britain. We have seen the results. At last Christmas time I had letters from Dr. Meyer and the Bishop of Croyden, that the friends of sobriety had been able 287 to prevent in Parliament the extension of another hour in the day for the sale of liquor; and they considered that the result of our prayer. Since that, as you have heard from this platform, there has come a greater union of the forces of the churches of England than hitherto. That seems to be in answer to the prayers of June, 1921. Now is the call for more prayer. This is the pledge of our prayer bond: "I covenant to pray daily for world-wide Prohibition of the beverage liquor traffic." Any time during the day, but every day a prayer for world-wide abolition of the liquor traffic. RESPONSE TO ROLL CALL ENGLAND By Miss AGNES SLACK, Ripley, Derbyshire, England Secretary of the World's Women's Christian Temperance Union I have the pleasure this morning of speaking regarding the largest organ- ization of temperance women in the world, outside the United States. I am for the moment representing the National British Women's Christian Temperance Union, an organization of over 150,000 women. Our president is the daughter of the late Countess of Carlisle, Lady Cecilia Roberts, and briefly, the great policy of our association is "license or no license". The legislative policy of the British Women's Temperance Association runs side by side precisely with that of the United Kingdom Alliance. Our legislative program is the same. We have for the last few years been strenuously fighting other creeds which would upset our local option policy. There are people in our country who are in favor of the state taxing the liquor traffic. There is a bill now before our Parliament in London which includes the option of reorganiza- tion of the liquor traffic which would really bring in the possibility of any locality in England and Wales working for the government to purchase the traffic. This is what we are contending against. I was very glad of the ex- periment made by our government in one British city in Cumberland, Carlisle. That experience has been disastrous but in spite of its disastrous results some of our people would like to extend it over the country. I went the other day to Carlisle to investigate for myself, from a woman's point of view, what that experiment is doing on behalf of the government. The government bought up the liquor traffic there. You will see in Carlisle breweries owned by the British government. You see there over every public house a sign "This saloon is under the management of the state." So on the one hand we have in the program of our government, words stating that drink is bad for children and stating the ill effects of drink. On the other hand we have those children coming out of the schools and seeing opposite the school a public house, owned by the state. What is the result of such an education upon the children of our country? On the one hand they are to be taught in school that liquor is a bad thing. On the other hand they see the state selling it. So if our government should ever give seven hundred million pounds to purchase the liquor traffic we as the National British Women's Temperance Association, supported really by all the great national temper- 288 ance organizations of the country, would be forever hampered in our work and interfered with. Once let the state acquire the traffic, once let it draw a great revenue from the traffic, and the greatest possible obstacle is put in the way of doing away with it. For instance, suppose we adopt that policy and suppose we sent Mr. Lloyd George around England to speak, to urge people to become teetotalers. Suppose he goes around and says, "I want you to shut up that public house," the people would say "No, Mr. Lloyd George, we put seven hundred million pounds in these public houses, and we are getting a revenue." That is roughly the situation that would be created. We are doing a great deal with regard to children. It was through the British Women's Temperance Association, that the temperance act was passed, making it illegal for little children to be taken in to the public houses. We are now faced with the great difficulty that every day outside public houses you see great numbers of little children. The other day I saw some young men go into a public house, leaving outside a number of perambulators with little infants in, alone, unprotected. I went an-d stood by those perambulators and was able to stop one little baby from falling out. It had dropped its doll and was overreaching and in another minute that baby would have been on its head on the ground. It would have been injured for life. The brain would have been injured for life, and nobody would ever know why. The other day in London a friend of mine told me of a little shoeblack whose duty it is, of course, to black boots for a copper or so. This friend went up to this little lad and he was smiling. "Why," he said, "Tommy, some visitor must have given you half a crown. I have not seen you with a smile like that before.'' And Tommy said, "No, sir, nobody has given me a half a crown but I am a happy lad. Me mother's dead. I am a happy lad." The Church is a great teacher but the greatest teacher in the whole world is the mother of the new child. We are out to protect the children in regard to the interest of the mother and the little child. When I was in Carlisle I saw one great restaurant which had been abandoned. It was turned into a drinking saloon. I come over here and I see your drinking saloons turned into banks. In Carlisle they are turning banks into drinking saloons. That is the difference. As Conan Doyle said the other day when he came back from the United States, the difference be- tween Great Britain and America is that in England and Britain the liquor is always seeking the people and over here the people have to seek for the liquor. We congratulate you that people can walk down your streets, down Toronto streets, New York streets, without the suggestion being given to the brain cells, the eye cells, "Here is drink." Half the people who drink, do it because it is there, and because there is a picture of it on the wall, and a license over the house, and the suggestion gives them the great idea to go in. If you go in London on the busses or the trams you will find our associa- tion is putting transparencies in the busses and omnibusses. We are spending large sums of money in getting those transparent pictures hung in our omnibusses and in our trams as a little object lesson. Then also we are doing a great campaign with temperance posters. We towns, our women get consent from all the churches to put outside the church door a great wooden block and on it a temperance poster. As you walk the 289 streets you see this poster staring at you; and that has been a great educational force in England. Then, of course, we have wonderful literature. We have refreshment stands at our great agricultural shows, at our great fairs, from our associa- tion. Two years and a half ago the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union convention came to London and we shook England on that occasion. The Bishop of London preached for us in St. Paul's Cathedral, and we had a great service. ROLL CALL ESTHONIA By PROFESSOR VILLEM ERNITS Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, I bring you greetings from the Esthonian Temperance League, from the coasts of the Baltic Sea, and from the Union of Esthonia, Latvia and Lithuanian temperance organizations. Esthonia, Latvia and Lithuania are the newest independent states in the world, situated on the coasts of the Baltic Sea. Their origin is due to the cultural maturity of their people, to their love of freedom and independence and to the Russian revolution, which proclaimed the self-determination of nations, and to the victory of the Allies in the great World War, which made us free from the German occupation in 1918. The Allied Powers had acknowl- edged our state de facto already at the time of the German occupation but after the end of the German occupation we had a long and a difficult war with the Russian bolsheviks. That ended with peace treaties with Russia in 1920. In those treaties Russia acknowledged the full judicial independence of our states. The so-called acknowledgment de jure was given to our states some time after that by all the greater powers of the world and we were accepted also as a member of the League of Nations. So in this manner is the liberty and independence of our free state secured, and it will be secured, in a military sense, also by the League of Nations and other international agreements or treaties, especially by the union of the Baltic States. Independence and liberty oblige the people of our free states to a hard cultural work. We must show that we are worthy of our independence and liberty and this thought is uppermost now in the minds and consciences of our people. This conscience obliges us to study and learn from the other civilized peoples of the world who have had much more favorable conditions than we, the little peoples of the new independent states, economically destroyed by the wars. I say "wars" in plural, because we had many wars; with the Germans, and with the Russian Bolsheviks and the monarchists. The history of the temperance movement in our lands is very interesting but I have not the time here to speak about it. I say only that the temper- ance work before the war in the Baltic States was in better shape than any- where else in Europe except in Finland. During the war we had Prohibition, with very good results, but our Prohibition was abolished after the war as our new states were in great want 290 of money and they could get money, by this degrading system, from the proprietors of all the hundreds of distilleries and breweries in the Baltic Stages. Some of these breweries before the war worked also for Russia. The existence of these hundreds of distilleries and breweries was the historical curse of our land, and it is hanging over them yet at this time. The national financial advantage for our state and for some social groups and persons were the real cause of abolishing Prohibition. But as a quasi cause they gave the drunkenness occasioned by Prohibition, or as they say, the home distilling and drunkenness. The long wars had demoralized our peo- ple and almost fully paralyzed the temperance work. But after abolishing Pro- hibition the drunkenness did not get less but it increased very many times bigger than during the period of Prohibition. The criminality, morbidity and poverty rose in a great degree. In Esthonia only, the number of suicides became three times bigger than it was before the day of alcohol. The number of persons in prison was almost twice as big as it was before. Of course there is a great opposition in the Baltic States against alcohol- izing our people. The temperance men are in the work in Esthonia, Latvia and Lithuania to make our states dry and as our states have a very Demo- cratic constitution, it is comparatively easy to introduce Prohibition, if we are sure of having a majority of our people for Prohibition. This move- ment cannot be far from victorious in our state, because we have many prohibitionsts, but they are at present unorganized. If we can get them properly organized our states will go dry, we are sure. The liquor question in the Baltic States has great international im- portance, especially for Northwestern Europe, where temperance ideas are more developed than anywhere else in Europe and where these ideas are already partly realized, in Finland, Russia and Norway. They also expect Prohibition soon in Sweden, Denmark and, let us hope, in Esthonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Finnish Prohibition is in constant danger from the smug- gling of spirits from Esthonia, which provides the greatest argument of the Finnish nullificationists. Indeed drunkenness has increased on the coasts of dry Finland. Many people in Finland wish for the failure of Prohibition which, if it comes, will be the result of spirit smuggling from Esthonia. Finnish Prohibition cannot be enforced without Prohibition in Esthonia, and Esthonian Prohibition cannot be enforced without Prohibition in Latvia and Lithuania. Swedish Prohibition depends in some degree on the solution of the question in the Baltic States. The failure of the Swedish Prohibition vote on August 27 of this year was undoubtedly partly due to the fact that the people were terrified at the idea of the smuggling of spirits from Esthonia. There was only some 30,000 or 2 per cent of the votes more against Prohibi- tion than for it, and this 2 per cent might easily be the result of the declara- tion of the Esthonian society of liquor distillers and the Swedish anti- Prohibition press, to the effect that every month there goes from Esthonia about 200,000 litres of intoxicating beverages. I do not believe that the figures are really that high but the sole mention of it suffices to terrify a part of the Swedish people. 291 Upon the state of temperance questions in the Baltic States depends also the Russian Prohibition policy, which is still in force, although the Bolsheviks have made some exceptions to the Prohibition rule. Russian Prohibition must be supported by the dry Baltic States ana by the World League Against Alcoholism, otherwise it will fall and such an era of drunken- ness will begin in Russia that not only Russia but also all the Baltic and other neighboring states will suffer under it. In the failure of Russian Pro- hibition the dry movement would suffer a very great loss, irreparable, for many years to come. But Russian Prohibition can be enforced only if the Baltic States are dry; otherwise there will be the same amount of smuggling to Russia as there is now. The temperance movement in our states has always been under the in- fluence of the international temperance movement, especially under the in- fluence of the temperance movement in America. This influence came to us at first in the second quarter of the 19th Century in the time of Robert Baird's mission in Europe. Robert Baird himself was not in Esthonia or Lithuania but the influence of the temperance movement of America came to us through pastors and the churches. The Russian governors and the German author- ities did not like the movement, because it would diminish their income, and a violent antagonism was made to this movement. The temperance move- ment, not the sale of alcohol, was prohibited. Later during many years, a very long period, we were not in direct touch with American temperance work. At the beginning of our independence, in 1919, we Esthonians were happy to see in our capital city, Tallinn, or as the Germans say, Reval, Mr. Henry B. Carre, who spoke to the members of the Esthonian assembly about the American Prohibition. Since then we have been in connection with the Anti-Saloon League of America, with its head- quarters in London, and with the World League Against Alcoholism. We, the Esthonian temperance people, have also brought the Latvian and Lithu- anian temperance organizations into touch with the World League Against Alcoholism. Now we are happy to be personally acquainted with the American tem- perance warriors and to study American Prohibition and also the English language. The world's Prohibition and also Prohibition in our states depends upon the Prohibition in America, and therefore I conclude with the wish that the Prohibition may stand firm in America forever. GERMANY By DR. REINHARDT STRECKEB Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, allow me to make some remarks about the situation in Germany. We are still in a transitional stage. This is shown by the fact that our government has established a central board to combat alcoholism but at the same time obtains the means to defray the expenses for its support from the liquor trade. Of course we in Germany have the so-called wine policy, which secures the income from the liquor trade for the government. Of course the government wants on the one hand less 292 liquor to be consumed but on the other hand the government in its great financial needs wants to make great profits by the liquor trade and advertises the liquor itself. It is a contradictory situation which it is to be hoped will not last very long. We in our Prohibition committee are also in great financial need but in spite of that we will not participate in this governmental board against alcoholism so long as it is to be supported by the money from the liquor trade. At present the German government is not yet dry but the assassinated minister, Rathenau, was a man who understood the importance of the alcohol question. Therefore, we Germans who oppose alcohol, have doubly regretted his death. The Republican government in Germany is tak- ing an entirely different position to what the people of the Imperial govern- ment did. This government is chosen by the people and so we may hope that this government will declare itself against alcohol as soon as our people wish it. The Prohibition movement among our people is strong and hope- ful. This morning I received a letter from a German city telling about a trial vote which has lately been taken. In one city they voted 90 per cent in favor of Prohibition. In another city they voted 91 per cent for Prohibi- tion. The preamble to our new constitution says: "To foster social progress" and Prohibition is a social progress of vital importance; therefore Germany is obliged by this new constitution to take the alcohol question and the Prohibi- tion question in hands. THE QUEBEC SYSTEM OF DEALING WITH THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC By R. L. WEKRY Secretary Anti-Liquor League of the Province of Quebec From the Province of Quebec, the wettest province on the North American Continent, I bring you the greetings of the most stubborn optimists in the Dominion. Like Noah of old we have sent out our dove and she has found sufficient dry land to remain away; but the wine and beer waves still prevent the ark of Prohibition from resting on the top of Mount Royal. We shall have to float for a few days yet but every day that passes makes the number less. The Province of Quebec is the enigma of the students of temperance and of politics. Few people are able to fathom the mystery of our mentality and our temperance sentiment. A careful analysis will be necessary in order to arrive at a correct conclusion. When I quote 3>ou a government report to show that in the year 1921 we had 1,083 municipalities without license as against only 232 with licenses you will see the reason for our optimism. This means not only that 90 per cent of our territory is dry but it also means that two-thirds of our population is dry by choice and by voice thanks to the temperance sentiment inculcated by the Roman Catholic Church in the con- gregation and in the home and also to the strong Prohibition sentiment of the Protestant portion of the population. "Then," you ask, "Why, with such a majority opposed to the drink traffic, do you still tolerate the booze?" My answer can best be expressed by quot- 293 ing the title of a serial story which I saw a few days ago. We are being "Bamboozled by Booze". Your committee set as the subject for my address, "The Quebec Sys- tem of Dealing With the Liquor Traffic." It should have been, "The Liquor Traffic's System of Dealing with Quebec," for as you can plainly see by the dry and wet statistics above quoted it is a clear case of "The Tail Wagging the Dog." This may go on for a short time but the tail is a tail neverthe- less and it will be a sadder and wiser tail when once the dog begins to as- sert itself which it shows signs of doing. That appendage must be cut off. Three years ago the Province of Quebec had in Sir Lomer Gouin, a Premier who was a real mind reader. He knew the strength of the tem- perance sentiment among the people and he respected the principles and teachings of his church. Bound by moral obligations and the fact that his supporters in the legislature were principally from dry constituencies he brought in a Prohibition bill which was approved at the session of 1919 and assented to on March 17 of that year. Owing to pressure from the liquor interests not from the electors a clause was inserted in the act providing for the taking of a referendum with the object of securing the approval of the electorate to the continuance of licenses only for light wines and beer. The voting took place on a very stormy day early in April when the country roads were broken up. Few people cared to venture out; some ab- solutely could not get to the polls. Most of the temperance people decided to let the vote go by default. A hurried organization heroically put on an educational campaign as a matter of principle, but was not surprised at the result. Only 48,413 temperance people voted. The liquor party, counting scores of stuffed ballots secured 178,112 votes which was a small proportion of the total electorate but, as a result, beer and wine licenses were granted. This was the moment when the hands of the clock of moral progress were turned back 200,000 hours. Everybody acquainted with the history of temperance knew that a Prohibition law which allowed wine and beer to be sold under license, as beverages while hard liquor could be had easily for "medicinal", "industrial" and similar purposes could not be enforced. The liquor forces and their minions in the legislature, made every effort to discredit the law and make it a dead letter with the result that within two years it was repealed and the Quebec Liquor Law with the accent on the "Liquor" was enacted. Only a few years ago Sir Lomer Gouin, then Premier, declared, "My Government is partisan to temperance." When Sir Lomer saw that the liquor element in the legislature were getting the upper hand he had no choice but to resign, which he did; but there was a well-earned promotion for him to the Federal ranks. Canada's gain was Quebec's irreparable loss. Honorable L. A. Taschereau succeeded to the Premiership. An inter- esting point that the temperance people would like to have explained is why the members of the Legislature who represent dry constituencies and who supported Sir Lomer in his dry legislation, today, without any new mandate, are supporting the "hard" liquor law which was put in force without any ex- pression in its favor on the part of the electorate. The Quebec (Taschereau) liquor law has been repeatedly denounced as 294 the most unmoral, unpatriotic, unethical, un-Christian, undemocratic "temper- ance" law that 'ever (dis) graced the statutes of a civilized country. More- over, it is devoid of the first elements of economics. It is unmoral because it approves of a traffic which demoralizes its victims and takes no account or consideration of humanitarian principles or interests. Crime and suffer- ing may increase while the government shuts its eyes to the growing menace. It is un-Christian because it promotes a traffic which is fundamentally op- posed to the Christian church by its doctrines, practices and general interests, and has been proclaimed in all ages to be the agency of the devil. It is un- democratic because it is forced upon people and communities that by voice and vote have declared themselves opposed to its existence; and still more because in the large cities and towns the legal right and methods of opposition to the establishment of liquor shops have been taken away from the citizens. It is uneconomic because it takes money from the people without giving them true value in return; because it pauperizes its patrons in order to make the liquor magnates richer; because it takes from the ignorant, un- suspecting or thirst-controlled public more than thirty millions of dollars in order to get four millions for the public treasury. Take the actual figures reported by the government to the House now in session: the net revenue for the year ended April 30, last was $4,000,- 974.50. Sales of wines and hard liquor handled by the Liquor Commission which is acting for the government amounted to $15,212,801.21. Sales of beer by brewers on which the government receives 5 per cent profit amounted to $15,684,670.63. Thus of $30,897,000 invested in liquor by the people the government only got $4,000,000 to put into the public services, as they boast, to help education and charity and to build good roads. Where did the other $26,896,497.00 go to? We know that 95 per cent of $15,- 684,670 went to the brewers and it can be reasonably estimated that at least 80 per cent of the other $15,000,000 went to the distillers of Canada, Scotland and England or the wine manufacturers of France, Spain or Italy capital taken from legitimate industry; from our merchants, our homes and our chil- dren. Where is the economy? Where is the evidence of prosperity in such a transaction? Truly we are being "BAMBOOZLED BY BOOZE." Again we might well ask: Where did the money come from? Principally from those who could least afford it. It is easy to be generous with other people's money and there is no easier method of extracting money from people than to "Bamboozle Them with Booze." Suppose that the people who wasted these thirty millions in alcoholic bev- erages had saved their money think what they could do with it! They could make the government a present of $4,000,000 or $8,000,000 or $10,000,000 a year and have the balance to spend on their families and homes. The liquor dealers and manufacturers would find better employment and there would be fewer paupers and criminals. Montreal has just had a drive to raise $350,000 for the Federated Chari- ties of the city. What is the' big factor that accounts for this? It is the fact that her liquor bill runs up to between ten and fifteen million dollars per annum. Half of the liquor sold in Quebec Province is dispensed in Mont- 295 real. Grocery stores carry heavy credit accounts; shoe stores fail; butcher shops claim business is slow; clothing establishments cry "hard times"; cart- age companies have little to do; but all the breweries have doubled their ca- pacity since the Taschereau law came into force and most of the saloons have done the same. Slums! Poverty! Charity! Yes largely because the gov- ernment and their allies, the brewers, have taken tens of thousands of dollars out of our slums and put nothing back. They have taken millions out of our workingmen's pockets and given nothing back but empty dinner pails, empty coal bins, empty homes. In the years 1914-20 inclusive, 10,103 men and 1,765 women were sent to gaol for drunkenness in Montreal "Bamboozled by Booze." In 1914 the Black Maria made 12,000 trips to the gaol; the time lost by the prisoners incarcerated that year amounted to 274,969 days which at $3.50 per day rep- resents a wage loss of approximately $1,000,000 "Bamboozled by Booze." A very careful calculation has been made of Montreal's drink bill for the 300 years of its existence and this has been compared with the property valu- ation roll of the city with the resulting estimate that the money spent for drink during the period of the city's existence would rebuild every house, factory, church, school and other building; in other words a new city of Mont- real without a slum dwelling or an indigent person could be built with the money that has been squandered in alcoholic beverages "Bamboozled by Booze." There is not a fallacy in connection with the liquor traffic that our legis- lators have not accepted. The existing system of government control has been tried in England, the United States and other lands and abandoned as a failure. The effort to make people sober or temperate by giving them wine and beer has been proved a failure everywhere that it has been tried. We are 100 years late with this experiment! It is doomed to worse than failure. There is not a lie that we have not believed; there is not a deception we have not practiced; there is not a law we have not defied and broken; not a his- torical fact or lesson that we have not disregarded. We have been thoroughly "Bamboozled by Booze." The Province of Quebec, according to the census of 1921 had a population of 2,361,199. The urban population was 1,323,071; the rural population was 1,038,128; the city of Montreal and suburbs 677,435; and Quebec City 95,193. The liquor traffic in certain of the larger cities during the months of May, June, July, August, September and October of 1922 was reported in the Quebec Legislature a few days ago as follows: BOTTLES OF GALLONS OF CITY POPULATION LIQUOR WINE Valleyfield 9,215 102,636 23,081 St. Johns , 7,734 36,541 15,337 Sherbrooke 23,515 102,587 28,698 Three Rivers 22,367 38,524 15,022 St. Jerome 5,491 8,113 3,614 Berthier 2,193 7,730 4,752 Sorel 8,174 9,727 3,547 Joliette 9,113 12,753 3,586 296 The value of the liquor sold in Valleyfield in that period was $426,410; in St. Johns $139,359; in Three Rivers $129,391. In Valleyfield the sales averaged 78 bottles per hour for every hour the stores were open. A second store was demanded recently because one could not attend to the customers fast enough. Two conclusions may be arrived at from the above figures. Either the people in these cities are inordinate drunkards or the liquor stores play into the hands of bootleggers. Intelligent people will hardly make a wrong guess. Arthur Sauve, leader of the opposition in the Quebec House, recently de- clared that $2,000,000 worth of booze was sold in December in this Prov- ince and that one store on Windsor street, Montreal, takes in $5,000 a day. A report, apparently well founded, says that one store in Montreal made sales amounting to $13,000 on a recent Saturday morning. The Commissioners recently announced with gusto that they had just established special wine stores for the accommodation of lady patrons; also that from now on their regular stores would be in a position to sell vodka and Chinese liquors to meet the demands of foreigners. The ravages of the traffic and of certain diseases that go with it should be well-known to the Premier and his colleagues since a dispatch from govern- ment medical officers dated Quebec, September 13, 1921, said: "For eight months it is shown that there were 6,547 analyses (for suspected diseases) at the Provincial Laboratory; 3,135 patients were admitted to the dispensary and 29,690 treatments given. There were 4,150 cases of venereal diseases reported. Of the total number of cases 25 per cent were contracted while the victims were under the influence of alcohol." The number of cases of delirium tremens that are occurring, many of them in some of Montreal's leading hostelries and many of the patients American visitors is becoming positively alarming and repulsive to our physicians. A few days ago an official medical report regarding Montreal's school children showed that there are 6,123 cases of malnutrition among the pupils of our primary schools. Still millions are spent for drink and there is no outcry on the part of our legislators against the twentieth century anachron- ism and inconsistency of starving childhood while good grains and fruits are being destroyed to make alcoholic poisons for the adults. Not only is public drinking on the increase in our large centers of popula- tion, but drinking in the home is increasing at an alarming rate, according to investigations made by pastors of churches and social workers in the residen- tial districts. When all is said against the traffic, and the law that encourages and facilitates it, we should emphasize the fact that the heart of Quebec is sound on the temperance question. The great majority of the people hate and detest the traffic. They may not like the word "Prohibition" but they heartily approve of "Temperance" in its true sense. History shows that the first temperance meeting in Canada was held at Sillery, near Quebec, in 1647 by the Jesuit Fathers and that shortly afterwards stringent Prohibition laws were passed at the instance of the Roman Cath- olic missionaries and government officials. From that day to this the Roman 297 Catholic church has fought the traffic, principally by moral suasion but some- times also with the aid of local option laws. It is widely felt in temperance circles that intensive educational propaganda is the great need of Quebec Province at present. At the same time better legislation is urgently demanded. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION THE ALLIED CITIZENS OF AMERICA By WILLIAM H. ANDERSON Superintendent Anti-Saloon League of New York It has not become well understood that this work of ours is not a parlor game for points; no child's breakfast job. It will take a good while longer to settle this than it took to settle some other things. Somebody, I don't know whether he was a wag or philosopher, said the world war is now over except for those who married to escape the draft. This contest is not over, it has just fairly started. There are some things that it is hard to get recognition for, because of standards of news values. If a dog bites a man, that is not news, unless the man is prominent, but if any kind of a man bites a dog, that is big news. A divorce scandal in high life gets the front page, but the story of a million happy homes is not news. The activities of the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment, backed by some of the idle rich who are confronted with the fact that their cellars are running low and who want to evade the embarrassment of being found outside the law by repealing the law those activities are news down in the United States, but the fact that a quarter of a million of the men and women citizens of the state of New York have associated themselves together under the name of Allied Citizens of America, Incorporated, to uphold Ameri- can ideals and the United States Constitution is not considered very good news by most of the newspapers and therefore, a work of this kind has to be carried on against considerable obstacles. The Anti-Saloon League of America has a system of organization that gives a certain flexibility which has been one of the most important secrets of the power it has exerted. As its name would imply, it is a league of organi- zations which was sufficient to bring about the enactment of the Prohibition law in the United States; but the enforcement of the law is a different kind of a proposition. It is something that must be worked at constantly; it is a local problem, because the officials who enforce the Prohibition law are mainly local officials. It was necessary that the missing link in the plan of organiza- tion be supplied that thereby something would be established, some vital contact with the individual citizens. The Anti-Saloon League of America has the program that committed the leagues of the country to the enforcement proposition. It committed the organization to an organization of citizens, individually, in the very smallest units throughout the state. We find difficulties in connection with the enforcement proposition. The enactment of Prohibition started from the ground up; it came from the grass roots, from the little villages and townships that, under exceptionally good leadership, started in and cleaned themselves up and their example was con- 298 tagious, and other localities did the same thing until communities were almost entirely dry. Then, the liquor people refused to obey these local laws, the people organized themselves into county units. There were many states that had most of the counties dry. The liquor men would not obey these laws, and so state laws were enacted that turned most of the states dry. Now, the enactment of Prohibition started from the small unit and worked out and up progressively as a result of experience. It went from the village and township to the national Capitol at Washington. When we got national Prohibition we tried to enforce it from the top down and it won't work that way. The sentiment was not made for the enactment of Prohibition from the top down. The law must be enacted in exactly the same way that the reform geenrally was brought about, and the enforcement of that law must be brought about in the same way. What I mean to say is this: that Prohibition as I say came from the ground up, and it must be enforced from the ground up. In other words, enforcement must follow exactly the same road that the movement for the enactment of Prohibition followed, and that explains the necessity for an organization on a local basis. The Allied Citizens of America is simply the New York effort to accom- plish this thing. The Allied Citizens of America is not put out by the Anti- Saloon League of New York, is not going to interfere with or compete with any other system of organization, for all organizations will function, but the Allied Citizens of America are planning only to function in their particular localities in the interest of law enforcement. The Allied Citizens of America has a program and is part of a program. Our purpose is to get this thing going in New York, as I presume it must in any state, on whatever kind of a platform or organization is adapted to the individual or peculiar needs of the state in question. Then every man who violates the liquor law will have exactly the same experience as a tramp is reported to have had, who went to the back door of a house. When the lady opened the door she saw one of the most masterful persons, so far as physique was concerned, that she had ever seen in her life. "What is the matter with you, y<5u great big husky man. A man like you ought to be working instead of begging at the back door for a meal," she said. He said, "Lady, it is no use. No matter where I go, no matter what I do, my unlucky number turns up." She said, "What is your unlucky number?" And he said "Thirteen twelve jurymen and a judge." Now, our purpose is to keep such men on the run, and see that every man who violates the Prohibition law must suffer from his experience. That program is three-fold. The first element is community enrollment for law and order, and the Allied Citizens of America aims in New York state to accomplish the local enrollment in communities all through the state. The idea is to compel every citizen, man or woman, to look himself or herself squarely in the face on this question. The idea is to bring these people to the point where they are personally taken into civic affairs and made to as- sume their civic responsibility with respect to the enforcement of the law. The idea is to keep this thing going, actually, in every community, every day, 299 and to see that the liquor law is enforced by the local citizens. For that pur- pose there are workers in every part of the state seeking the enrollment of citizens. It costs nothing to join. We believe the main thing, the great need, is for a patriotic enrollment. We do not want an organization of a financial character at all and we do not want to raise any question at all of a finan- cial character. Nobody can squabble about who is going to get the money that comes in for dues, because there are none. It is only a question with the individual, a question of what he stands for and where he stands, and what his attitude is toward the law. Ultimately it will bring a cleavage down on every community and separate those people who are for law enforcement from those people who do not care whether the law is enforced or not. It will separate the respectable persons and make every man stand out where he should stand and let everybody know what his position is in the community with respect to the law. We find in New York City that something of this kind is essential; because it interests the men and women by not having any dues, and no initiation fee; it does not compete with the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in any way, nor does it compete with any of the other general organizations that are actively engaged in Prohibition work in the state of New York. The Allied Citizens of America is an organization intended merely for the enforce- ment of law and for the functioning of individuals who are actually desirous of seeing the laws that are on the statute books enforced. It gets right down to the individual. The program of the Allied Citizens of America as it appears in the certifi- cate of incorporation in New York state, is very clear. Its platform is the program of law enforcement; the program that we have worked out as an essential for every community in behalf of the enforcement of the law. Some people say that Prohibition was put over on us from Washington and Albany, and that the people are not in favor of it. Our proposition is to make it possible for the people of each legal governmental unit to put them- selves 'officially, either directly behind the enforcement of the state and the federal laws on this question, or directly "opposed to them. In New York City we have not sufficient authority under the law to enact an ordinance, therefore we are trying to secure enabling legislation. We have three simple little bills that are practically alike, except as to the unit name, authorizing the proper boards of cities, villages or towns, to enact an ordinance in aid of the enforcement of the law of the state and of the nation. There can be no valid argument against it. If the law is law, any community, now a legal unit, ought to have the right to put itself firmly and efficiently behind that law. This plan is not something that some smart individual invented. The idea is to get the facts, and get them to the people represented in the various dis- tricts of the country. It is the result of accumulated wisdom of the American nation for 50 years. It is fool proof, 100 per cent pure. It is fundamentally a majority ruling. We may not get our work accomplished quite as fast as some folks would like. I don't know if you in Canada have heard the story, but there was on one occasion a certain chief of police who was very anxious 300 to capture a fugitive from justice and who prepared six different photographs of the individual he wanted to have arrested, six photographs showing that individual in different positions, his profile, his full face and so forth. He sent these pictures broadcast and two or three days later he received a tele- gram from a sheriff in one of the western cities saying that the sheriff had five of the culprits under arrest and expected to place the other man under arrest early the next morning. We do not expect to get it done quite as quickly as that, but we do expect to get it going, slowly at first, until the Prohibition law is enforced as well as any other law in the land, and we propose to enforce the Prohibition law exactly the same as we enforce any other law. Law observance is another thing. The law must be observed and the law must be enforced. If the law is not wise, then it should be repealed, but while it is a law, it should be enforced. We should take every means possible to see that the laws on our statute books are enforced and observed just the same in each instance, whether it be a traffic law or a law dealing with the sale and purchase of intoxicating liquor. PROHIBITION AND THE HOME By MAKGAEET PATTERSON, M.D. Police Magistrate of Toronto Mr. Chairman, and co-workers in the cause of temperance. I think I have been given the most important subject on the program, and a subject on which it should be very easy to speak, excepting that it may lack the element of opposition, for I have never yet heard the most enthusiastic advocate of alcohol claim for it any advantage in the home. We are scarcely in a position today to state just what the results of Prohibition will be. One of the laws enunciated by our Lord and Master many centuries ago was "What a man soweth, that shall he also reap" and we are still reaping so many of the fruits of the day when alcohol was widely sown that we can not yet expect to be in position to say just what the home life will become under Prohibition, for it has not yet become what we hope to see it in the future. In fact, it will be only after we have a race which has grown up quite free from the curse of alcohol that we can say just what the results will be. We have usually entrusted to women the house keeping, and the home making. A few years ago the woman who was a good housekeeper could produce and prepare within the home most of the commodities which were necessary for her family. It did not make so very much difference to her and her family what the conditions outside the home were. The work in those days was done without many of the up-to-date labor-saving devices and equip- ment considered so necessary today. Times have changed very much, and we can no longer do our housekeeping and home-making within the four walls of our own home. The commodities necessary for our family are made outside and brought into the home. We have many up-to-date labor-saving devices in our homes, and as life becomes more complex it requires more care to keep the home healthful. 301 For a great many years, women tried to do some outside housekeeping, municipal and civil, but without these up-to-date labor-saving devices or efficient equipment they labored under a great disadvantage. But, a few years ago we were given an instrument to enable us to per- form all outside housekeeping, a single instrument equal to all the electrical appliances of the home, and that instrument is the franchise. And, if the women will only appreciate the power that has been put into their hands and use it as they should, for the betterment of conditions in the home and for the children of our nation, we could now very quickly and effectively do our house- keeping, both inside and outside of the home. But the franchise itself, just as with all the up-to-date labor-saving devices, will be no good if we do not use it. It will be to the everlasting disgrace of the women of Ontario if they ever lose one iota of what they have gained in the Prohibition cause. We have long ago accepted the fact that to a very great extent the health of the nation depends upon the women, the sort of homes that we have and the nourishment that is given to our children; for we know that health is the foundation on which the happiness and welfare of the people must ever depend. It has recently been demonstrated that the part any nation may play in the world's work is limited only by physical endurance which depends not only on a strong body, but on a clear and well-balanced mind. I do not think anyone ever claimed that alcohol produces these two things. Statistics already show that the health of the people has been greatly improved since we have had Prohibition, and this is especially true in regard to the children. When I was asked to speak on this subject, I tried to get in touch with those who are in a position to know just what effect Prohibition, for the short time we have had it, is already having on the home and what effect has been manifested in the lines most directly affecting our homes. One of the people with whom I made it my business to consult, was the manager of one of our largest dairies, and I asked him what he had noticed. His reply was that he had observed an increase of 25 per cent in the consumption of milk per capita. That is encouraging, but there was more than that amount of money spent on alcohol, and s we will be doing a real service to the nation if we can place the milk bottle where the alcohol bottle used to be. The basis of child welfare is health and physical development. The foundation of child health lies in proper feeding and it is certainly a public recognition of the good effect of Prohibition when the fact is recognized by the increased use of milk. Wher- ever dairy products have been freely used, nutrition has improved and the in- dividual has become stronger, his mentality has increased in its power to function properly, and all in all the race has reached a higher point of ef- ficiency on the milk diet than it has on the whisky diet. It is an important thing that a 25 per cent increase of milk consumption per capita has come during the years of Prohibition, a 25 per cent increase over the years before we had Prohibition. Another man with whom I consulted, was the manager of one of the largest department stores in the country. I asked what difference, if any, he had noticed in the sales since Prohibition came in. His reply was, "In the line of luxuries very little, if any, but a tremendous increase in the sale of things 302 essential to decent living." He judged the greatest increase was in the sale of the ordinary moderately priced bed, springs and mattresses. He thought that the increase in the sale of these beds was most striking. He said, "We know of cases where previously probably five children were sleeping in one bed or where they had no bed at all to sleep in." Next in importance in the matter of sales, after the beds, came the ordinary dishes and cooking utensils. I consulted the officer of health, the superintendent of school nurses, and the public health nurses, and their replies were practically the same. I asked these officers with regard to epidemics. Of course, they left out the influenza, a thing which we had never had before, and I was informed that within the last few years as compared with the years prior thereto, the conditions from a health standpoint were very much improved. The reply I received from the three sources was practically the same the epidemics so far as they related to children, with the exception of the influenza, were much less severe, and practically every child that had come under the attention of these physicians and officials, seemed to have a better chance to recover, due to the fact that they were better nourished and had more resistance. We have also noticed a marked decrease in infant mortality, and the per- centage of stillbirths has been almost cut in half since Prohibition became effective, because the women are better nourished, get a better supply of whole- some food and the necessities of life, and they are in much better condition when the critical time comes. The children, naturally, when they come, are better nourished and better able to fight the battles of their existence than they were before. Another source from which I got information, was the superintendent of a large employment bureau, a woman who was in a position to speak, because she had been associated with the work before the war, throughout the war, and was still in it; and I asked how Prohibition had affected their day work- ers, what their general character was now, compared with the days before Prohibition. She told me that they had an entirely different class of day workers applying, and that "the mother of three or four children rarely comes here looking for a day's work in order to buy the absolute necessities of life. We have not today what was the most troublesome problem of our whole employment bureau before Prohibition, that is, the worker who would go into employment partially intoxicated, and in a few hours be incapacitated for work. We would send girls out to prominent people for service, and before they had been gone an hour we would receive telephone messages asking that we go and take them away." Prohibition has affected both the employee and the employer. Perhaps the most important of all consulted were the principals of several large schools, and the teachers of schools in different sections of the city, and I asked them what effect they had noticed since Prohibition came in. They were almost unanimous in saying, "Why, our children look entirely different. They are much better nourished, they are suitably clothed, their clothing conforms to the change of the seasons, each child is better nourished, and better progress is being made in the schools. The attendance is more regular because it is very rare, if ever, that a child now has to stay home while his 303 mother goes out to work to try to earn something to keep her and her chil- dren alive." And one teacher to whom I put the question said, "Do not ask me even to think back to those awful days when children were coming here, barely clad, thin, undernourished, with old faces and little bodies, children robbed of all happiness, of all childhood. Do not ask me even to think back to those awful days. We never see them now." Inquiries were also made from the superintendent of a very extensive social service work. I asked him particularly as to poverty. He said that the chief factor concerned with poverty was alcohol, and that in the days before Prohibition it was almost hopeless to think of poverty ever being wiped out from certain portions of the city, but that today alcohol as a factor in the case is almost negligible and in spite of the fact that during our few Prohibition years "we have had decidedly to adjust ourselves into the normal life," in spite of the fact that 50,000 men came back from the war and had to be absorbed in the social life, and in spite of the two great epidemics of in- fluenza, yet today we have less poverty and after all a very much more admirable character among our men generally than we used to have in the old days. I asked, "What do you suppose conditions would have been during these years if we had had alcohol?" He said, "I refuse to conjure up such a night- mare as to imagine those conditions, but where we have poverty today it is not the same poverty that we used to have in the old days; it is an unusual case, and is merely caused from some temporary circumstances, and we can readjust that family and re-establish them and they will become an asset besides." Now that experience has given us the facts, "Knowledge is power." We have an opportunity of doing good, and opportunity is a real obligation. Let us remember that "to him that knoweth to do good and doeth it not, to him it is sin." This is especially true of the women. You have the vote. The women are in the majority and if the women vote for Prohibition it can never be taken away from us. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND By REV. R. H. STAVEET Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, it affords me great pleasure to rep- resent that far-off province of ours called the Garden of the Gulf and some- times called the Paradise of America. I don't know how many of you will agree with that, but we think there is no other % island in the world but Prince Edward Island. We scarcely ever think of calling it anything but "The Is- land," and therefore you can see what place we give it. We have had Prohi- bition in our province since shortly after 1900. Time after time we have had elections on the question as to whether or not we should keep that prohibitory law. Every time we have carried the election in favor of it by an over- whelming majority. For some four or five years we have been cursed with several wholesale houses within our boundaries. In the near future, there is to be an election dealing with this question. We want this election set on the earliest date possible, which would be along some time the latter part of 304 January. When that date is set, we expect to carry an election to forever stop the importation of intoxicating liquors within our bounds. Last year we came up to Ottawa and asked for a law to deal with this matter. We suc- ceeded in geting a law dealing with the exportation, but when the law dealing with importation came before the Senate it was turned down. We therefore are compelled to bring in another election and go through all this work and expense, because the Senate at the last session turned us down. Otherwise, we would simply have had the governor and council request that this curse of importation be put an end to. That is our situation now. BULGARIA By REV DAVID NAKOFF Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, I have the pleasure as the delegate from the Bulgarian legation in Washington, D. C, to address this World League and this Convention for Prohibition. I come from Bulgaria; and the Bulgarian people have been placed in a bad situation within the last three years, but there is an old saying which says that even the devil is not so bad as he is painted by the brush of the painter. Now, our Bulgarian people have been struggling under the burden of the revolutions but at the same time they are showing great activity in favor of this movement for Prohibition. We have in Bulgaria several societies among the young people, boys and children, which are in favor of Prohibition and which parade through the streets in the different cities. In connection with this I will tell you a story. One day a teacher in one of the primary schools in the city of Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, lectured to the pupils about a former king of Bulgaria who, seeing that his subjects were drinking very much and his state was being ruined, ordered all the vineyards all over the country to be uprooted, and after it had been done his subjects became sober and the wealth of the state grew and he was very successful. After the children heard this story they went out and about thirty of them formed a parade, and raising up a banner with "No wine and whisky" went to the palace of their king. It was not long after the Balkan war. I remember it myself. They went there and asked for an interview with the king. The king had not been very favorably disposed toward Prohibition, but he was amazed by the action of the children and let the children talk to him. One of the children came to the front of the parade and addressed the king, something like this: "Your Majesty, one of our kings, coming to realize that drunkenness is not very good for the people, had ordered that all vineyards be uprooted. Can't you do anything as a king to prevent our people from drinking? We are children of the middle-class people and our fathers many a time come home drunk and beat down our mothers and we can't suffer this any more." That incident was not noticed by the press but it has left a beautiful memory, and it shows that the young generation is going to ask devout people in every state to stop the drinking. 305 WEDNESDAY EVENING SESSION THE MOVEMENT AGAINST ALCOHOLISM AMONG THE WOMEN OF GREAT BRITAIN AND EUROPE By Miss AGNES SLACK, of Ripley, Derbyshire, England Secretary of the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union Miss Gordon, friends, I had intended taking you on a little quick tour showing you what the great Woman's Christian Temperance Union is doing all around the world, but I must content myself with a very small part of the world. For instance, giving you a picture of what our women are doing in Madagascar, how they have there secured the prohibition of drink to the native Malagasy race; showing the wonderful things we are doing in China, where in the schools we have one of our organizers educating the students and the teachers to teach in the grade schools throughout China. I could tell you about Burma, how the government there is giving a grant to our work. In Ceylon we are opening temperance taverns which are replacing drinking saloons and our women have been largely instrumental in bringing Ceylon close to Prohibition, and so on through India, Africa and the European coun- tries. I have one or two other things which I would like to pass on to you. There is an old Book which says, "Without vision the people perish," and it seemed to me the last few days that this great meeting of the World League Against Alcoholism has given all of us a great vision. People live and die without vision, and the reason there are so many failures in life is because people have no vision. To get a vision you have to climb. You have to get on a great height. Here we have been the last few days on a great height looking over God's world. We have been shown there is a movement over this great globe to rid the world of its greatest evil. We have been shown that the world is shrinking; the modern scientific inventions are bringing con- tinents and peoples nearer together; and not the least result of this great Convention will be that we have learned to love one another and understand one another more. In my opinion, if people knew each other better, they would love each other more; and if great meetings like this can be gathered together there will be no war. The moment you work for one common pur- pose one of the greatest accomplishments in the world will be achieved. Professor Gilbert Murray of the University of Oxford recently stated that the three great wonders of our generation are the conquest of the air, the League of Nations and Prohibition in the United States. He went on to say that in the future history of the world Prohibition in the United States is going to be as great an event in the development of all that is great and good as either the conquest of the air or the League of Nations. And so we believe, and I want to say to you American and Canadian people, keep what you have won lead on! As an Englishwoman, I feel that your responsibility is enormous. If you don't go on advancing, we shall be blocked; and just as you gain and grow and advance, so in Europe and throughout the world shall we go on. The whole world today is fighting the temperance question on the results that have been achieved throughout the United States and in Canada. We are 306 making world history, and you in the United States and here in Canada have gone step by step. It has been no sudden thing. We know about your edu- cation in the schools. We know about your debating societies. We know about your efforts in many, many directions. I notice in our press in Britain they never quote Maine, or Kansas, or a single place on God's earth where Prohibition has been fully tried. They quote the places where it has scarcely yet had a fair trial. We should think you were very silly people if you came over to Britain and went to Nottingham to study our steel system or to Shef- field to study lace. You might as well go to New York to study Prohibition when it has been in force a little over two years as to come to Sheffield to study lace, or to Nottingham to study our steel industry. I have been very much interested in finding out that during the one hun- dred and thirty-five years since you left the old British flag two thousand two hundred amendments to the Constitution have been considered in the United States Congress, and only nineteen passed. When you realize the difficulty of getting an amendment through the United States government it makes Prohibition look as though it had come to stop. Now what about England? The other day there was an examination in one of the schools in Yorkshire and I saw the answers to temperance questions from some of the children. One boy wrote, "It is not right for people who go to church, to touch drink. It is more for sinners." And another little boy wrote, "A soldier who takes drink and gets wounded, he succumbs. A tee- totaler who gets a wound goes marching on and he doesn't mind anything about it." The test of a country largely is in the education of the children, and I think it very helpful when little children have got a horror of drink. Now, in England, we are trying to stop drink being sold to young people un- der eighteen years of age. One hundred and fifteen thousand of our teachers signed a petition to our government requesting that a law should be passed to make it illegal to sell to young people under eighteen. Many countries have passed such a law. Japan has a law making it illegal to sell to anyone under twenty-one years of age. So surely it can be done. We are living in a war-tired world. Great Britain is the most severely taxed country in the world today, on account of the war. We are taxed up to the hilt, but we go on smiling bravely and we are coming through. Someone stated the other day that Prohibition had come to stop in the United States. The editor of the Manchester Guardian stated on July 3, 1922, that Prohibition is upheld in the United States by a great social alliance of five powers the church, the school, the public health authority, the large em- ployer, the woman voter. It seems impossible to regard the alliance as other than invincible. Prohibition is not the policy of the U. S. A. alone. Canada in the main has accepted it; Australia and New Zealand will almost certainly follow. Prohibition must be regarded as a special contribution to social policy made by the majority of the English-speaking race overseas a fact of singular moment! , We had in September a great meeting in Glasgow, of the British Med- ical Association. That association gave hours for the discussion of the alco- hol question. It had never given so much time before. There was practical 307 unanimity that alcohol is bad as a medicine, and only one British doctor had a good word to say for alcohol. Sir James Barr said it produces conviviality, and he got well laughed at for making that statement. Our enemies say, "You want to take away our freedom. You want to take away the drink and the freedom of the subject." Mr. Bryan tells about a friend of his who used to get drunk before Prohibition. He came to Mr. Bryan one day and told him how he had been drunk the night before and how sorry he was. He said, "Mr. Bryan, what can I do?" And Mr. Bryan said to him, "My dear fellow, next time you have had enough to drink, instead of saying more whisky, say sarsaparilla," and the man replied, "But when I have had enough to drink I can't say sarsaparilla." It takes away the liberty of the subject. The other day one of our scien- tific men made an experiment. In an incubator one set of eggs was put here, another set there, and over one set of eggs he wafted alcohol fumes. He didn't dip the eggs. He only exposed them to the fumes. The first eggs hatched healthy chickens, but the other chickens were diseased, though the alcoholic fumes had only been wafted over the outside shells of those eggs, thus show- ing the enormous power of alcohol to cripple life. In England we give alcohol to little Pekingese dogs to keep them from growing, to keep them small, so they can lie on a lady's lap. In England, in November, 1921, our women of the National British Wo- men's Temperance organization went into the licensing courts and pleaded for 10 o'clock closing in London. We have England under 10 o'clock closing, but part of London is under 11 o'clock closing. I am thankful to tell you that with the United Kingdom Alliance and the Christian churches we won a great victory and today we have over four million people living in London under 10 o'clock closing. Before the war our public houses were open 17 hours a day; they are now in the larger part of our country open only eight hours. In 1913 our country consumed 91,000,0000 gallons of pure alcohol; in 1921, 61,000,000 gallons. So we are improving. However, more money was spent, because intoxicants were dearer and also more diluted. Doctor Arthur Evans, one of our best surgeons in London, said the other day, "No facts have ever been produced in the world against the temperance question." That is true. Our business men are watching your affairs over here. A good many of our people in Britain drive Henry Ford's motor cars. We heard the other day that Henry Ford does not allow any of his eighty-five thousand working people to drink intoxicants. They are dismissed, if known to do it. Now, Henry Ford may open works in England at Southampton, and I believe he will employ sober men and so give a great object lesson in England. Forty-five years ago one hospital in London spent three hundred and eighty-four pounds on intoxicating drinks. Last year that hospital spent a few shillings. We are coming on. We are watching another experiment over in Europe, in Austria. A won- derful advance has been made there. The Austrian army is a teetotal army. No man is advanced today, in a military position in Austria, unless he is a 308 teetotaler. There is no army in Europe pushing the temperance question as the Austrian army is doing and I am hoping they will show an example to the whole of Europe which will be followed. It is being watched very closely. Yes, it is a changing world. When we heard the results of the battle of Waterloo a hundred years ago, the news was brought by pigeons carrying messages around their necks. If there is a battle now the news comes by wireless in a few seconds. In Italy today in a thousand schools you will see temperance posters placed there by the United States Woman's Christian Temperance Union. In Italy today they are opening a great factory to turn grapes into non-alcoholic grape juice. That is going to be an object lesson for all the wine growing countries of Europe. Belgium is coming on. Belgium is very heavily saddled indeed with their drink trade, but our white ribbon women there two months ago received money from the government of Belgium in recognition of the great work that we are doing in the schools in the wonderful city of Brussels. Of course the northern part of Europe is what we call the Prohibition gate of Europe. In Norway, you can't get any liquor with over eighteen per cent of alcohol; and Sweden will soon have Prohibition. I could talk about Sweden for a long, long time, about the homes for the training of girls and the wonderful institutions we have away up in Scandinavia. Denmark is coming along, and we shall soon have northern Europe teetotal. Many hundred years ago Peter the Hermit went through Europe calling the European nations to join in the great holy war, a great crusade to rescue the sepulcher of the Lord Jesus Christ from the hands of the Turk. It seems to me that we need another Peter the Hermit today, that this great gathering is voicing the call of Peter the Hermit. This great gathering is calling out to the world a call for freedom from wrong and freedom from the great stain of the liquor traffic. The other day in the streets of Belfast I saw a wonderful piece of stat- uary and I said,, "What is that wonderful group?" The reply was, "Those are Irish sailors who perished on the Titanic." You know that story. You know how the Titanic struck ice, how her sirens screamed out with none to answer, only the stars above. But on the call of the captain the boats were quickly swung out, and quickly filled. In a scene of great heroism the men helped to place in those boats many unknown women and children. They said, "We will not save ourselves at the cost of the life of a single woman or child on this ship." Human sympathy exists it is for us to call it forth. We say here in this great Congress and I say it tonight on behalf of the white ribbon women of the world, we want the law of the sea to become the law of the land. ADDRESS By REV. GIFFORD GORDON Secretary Anti-Liquor League of Victoria My dear friends, the story of what one has seen is a portrayal of absolute ct and not fiction, and I can speak of what mine own eyes have seen as I have jorneyed up and down the great United States of America for the last 309 sixteen months. I have made investigations from all the reliable sources, which prove beyond doubt the effectiveness of Prohibition as the only real solution of the alcoholic problem. Ever since alcohol was legalized it has only produced misery and poverty and vice and degradation and death. The only thing that can solve our problem or rid the whole world of the misery and vice and wretchedness and death caused by that awful curse is what we call Prohibition. With all my heart I wish it were possible to get the real facts concerning this mighty reform to the world. If all the people could have been with me during the last sixteen months nothing further would be needed. I get letters from people over home saying, "We are so glad that you are finding so much in favor of Prohibition. You should just see our papers out here." That is the trouble and the greatest work of this day, to my mind, is to get the truth concerning the effectiveness of this mighty reform in Canada and throughout the United States, to the other countries of the world. Once we do that we will have removed the greatest obstacle in the way of progress. I have been tremendously inspired as I have gone over the United States. I came from Australia where we have no Prohibition and where we read noth- ing good about Prohibition in the United States or Canada, so far as our great dailies are concerned, and I was in the United States for twenty-four days before I was introduced to liquor. One night down in one of the south- ern cities I went up to a policeman and asked him about Prohibition, and I smelled liquor on his breath. I travelled for twelve whole months in the United States, some seventeen thousand miles, visiting the three largest cities and many other very large cities, and I met only nine men under the influence of liquor on the streets of American cities. I travelled on American railways for twelve whole months to the very day before I met with one drunken person on those railways. I did meet one on the anniversary of my arrival in the United States, and he was the only man under the influence of liquor that I have met in all my train travelling in the United States and Canada thus far. Do they say Prohibition is not effective? My friends, I know it is effec- tive. I am prepared to admit that the law is violated openly and deliberately, but when I think of what Prohibition has had to go up against, I have been amazed that I have been able to find so much in its favor. Think of crooked judges who deliberately refuse to convict bootleggers although caught red- handed at the job. Think of crooked police administrations. I have met some who openly declare their opposition to the Volstead law and admit right out they are not doing anything to enforce the law. Think of the newspaper edi- tors who use their valuable columns to misrepresent Prohibition. Think how it has been made a joke and jest by vaudeville shows. Think how it has been ridiculed in motion picture shows. Think of all that Prohibition has had to go up against, my friends. I say it has not had a square deal, and yet in spite of that, it has justified itself over and over and over again. Who are the men who are asking for the repeal of the Volstead law? Have you ever thought of that? Who are they? They are the men who never once raised their finger for the enforcement of the law. They have 310 defied the law ever since it was a law and they have done all in their power to break down the law. They have lied about it. They have cursed it. They have deliberately misrepresented it. Never once have they done a thing towards its enforcement. These are the people who are saying that Prohibi- tion doesn't prohibit, therefore let's repeal it. What have they done to help it prohibit? People today can talk as much as they like about state control, about the return of light wines and beer as an effective solution of the present Prohibition problem. That is all punk talk, my friends, because both have been tried and both have proved a failure. There are two things that will solve the Prohibition problem of today. The first is a strict enforcement of the law and an unswerving loyalty to the Constitution. That is the first, and the second is Prohibition unto the uttermost parts of the earth, for no matter how good Prohibition enforcement you might get here, you will never, never have the Prohibition that you desire while other parts of the world remain wet. That is the reason why this great World League Against Alcoholism was conceived and that is the reason why we are met in this history-making Convention. Tonight we stand with our backs toward a glorious past, but we face an even more glorious future, because in looking over the past we see a saloonless America, but peering down into the future we see a saloon- less world. ADDRESS By Miss HARDYNIA K. NORVILLE, Buenos Aires, Argentina Organizer for the W. C. T. U. I come to you tonight to bring you loving greetings from those whose hearts beat very warmly toward you, down in the neglected continent of South America, the continent that has been so long neglected by the missionary forces of the earth, and so long exploited by the wicked forces of greed. But South America is coming to be known now as the land of opportunity. Would that we might tell you something of this wonderfully beautiful conti- nent, but time forbids. It is a glorious privilege to have a hand in the fight in these new lands that long have sought to reach up and attain our highest ideals. We wish that we had time to tell you how eager they are to learn what you people know. It was our privilege when we went to South America eight years ago to go with letters of introduction from the Secretary of State of the United States of America, the Commissioner of Education, and the honorary president of the Pan-American Union. The people received us courteously and said, "Come in. We are so happy that you have come to teach us how you people in the Northland are putting over this great moral reform. Come and teach us. Our schools are wide open." With govern- me.nt permits we went into all of the schools. The teachers affiliated with us, and we have had the privilege of organizing thousands of children in these Republics. We have been privileged to do something toward the organizing of temperance forces in Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile and Peru. We have invitations from the Governments of three of the other republics, and we hope to go back down the western coast and organize the women and chil- 311 dren in those republics too. The beautiful part of it is, that when we say we are sent by the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union, to make our appeal to the child life of the nation, and the mothers of the nation, the good men say, "We believe in that way. We will stand back of you." Men of intellectual ability, of social position, and political power, have affiliated with us in our work, forming what they call men's committees to stand back of the women and the children in their fight for a clean, pure nation. It is glo- rious to have a part in leading these new republics who are willing to accept our methods and who are trying to gain the victory. When we organized the work in Uruguay, we had some of the most distinguished ladies of the Uruguayan Republic, with the President of the Republic standing back of us as the honorary president; and they said, "Tell us what to do. What do you people up there in North America do?. How do you begin" I told them how the bitter fight in Maine was almost lost, when the liquorites went up there with their orators and money. Our women were afraid that Maine would lose her Prohibition law. After praying and working continually for months it seemed that the black cloud was about to overshadow her. Miss Gordon went up there as the leader of the children and said, "No, we won't give up. The children can do what the grown folks can't do." She sent a message to all the school teachers and on the day of voting the children went to the polls, with banners saying, "Protect us. Vote for us." With their inno- cent appeals they won the day, and that night when the votes were counted the liquor people said, "The children defeated us." When we told these people in the Uruguyan Republic they were pleased, and they determined to work that way too. The director of music in the public schools composed a beautiful song. Thousands of children in all the schools were taught to sing it. Then the government gave their consent for our march. Ladies who had never before done such a thing marched down the middle of the street, behind a brass band, on a rainy day of April, 1916, with a banner, saying, "War upon alcohol" and behind them came ten thousand school children. When we reached the government house, all the officials of the nation were there to meet us, and the President of the Senate, rushing down the steps, took the hands of the little boy ten years of age who had the petition in his hands, and patting him upon his head said, "My boy if it lies within my power to grant your petition it shall be done." That President said, "If the manhood of our nation is not willing to heed the petition of its women and children we are lost." The petition asked that the saloons might be closed on Sunday, as the first step, that they might prove that there would be fewer accidents, less disease, less sickness, and happier homes on Monday. The law- was passed and the saloons were closed in answer to the firs f appeal of the children of South America for Prohibition. We need you. There is a fearful obligation resting upon the North American Continent, if you fail to heed our cry to come over and help us. Your bootleggers and the scum of North America are fast going down to our shores; and American bars are everywhere. We claim that you owe it to us to help to protect our South American Republics, if the Monroe Doctrine is to be more than a scrap of paper. We pray that you will take this continent 312 upon your hearts, that you will help us in our endeavor to train native young men and women, at least one for each one of these ten republics, that we may send them out trained to be leaders for those people; and to do that we must rely largely upon the sympathy, the law, the love, the prayers of God's children. WORLD PROHIBITION, THE SOLUTION OF THE LIQUOR PROBLEM By REV. ROBERT B. S. HAMMOND, D. D., Sydney, Australia President Australian Alliance Prohibition Council My friends, we have come to the end of a great Convention and are upon the threshold of a most tremendous fight. It seems to me that in these last few days we have been upon the mountain top, where the light of many facts, the inspiration of a great enthusiasm, the vision of a wonderful possibility, has made us feel, surely, as those men felt upon the Mount of Transfiguration when one of them voiced the depth of their feeling by the words, "Let us build here three tabernacles." But the Master said, "Down in the valley there is a demented boy, there is a broken hearted father, there is a perplexed and discredited little band of people who are face to face with something they could not cure." So they left the mountain tops and went down to face the baffling, incurable things. It seems to me, that we who are on the mountain tops these last few days are now called to look for a moment right down into the valley where indeed there are still peoples and nations who are face to face with the demented alcoholics, with the perplexed and heartbroken parents, and the little faithful bands, the handful of people, who are unable to cure this apparently incurable thing. We say, "What can we do?" Cast out this thing. The Master said, "This kind cometh not out but by prayer and fast- ing," that is, this kind cometh not out but by religion and self-sacrifice. Those two things must go hand in hand. If we have some religion and will indeed give it expression in self-sacrifice, we shall come down from the mountain tops and join in battle with the horrible things in the valleys and never let up until our great object has been accomplished, a dry world, which will bring with it the sunshine of human happiness such as never known before in the history of this globe. Can we cure this age-long, incurable thing? There is one thing that it is not safe to say and that is "Never." They said, "You will never fly," but we do. They said, "you will never have suffrage," but we have. They said, "Wireless can never be successful," but it is. And there are still stupid people who say we will never have a dry world, but we will. It seems to me we should emphasize more than anything else that the people who belong to the "never never" gang are discredited because of their lack of vision. I can see tonight a whole dry world, and with it I see tears that are checked and dried, I see chances multiplied for the boys and girls. I see a wonderful opportunity to a yet unborn generation, and I long to have a part in such a glorious thing as this. I long indeed to have a share in the wonders of the days to come. It is for you and me to come from the mountain top of these last few days 313 and go and commit ourselves to some service, give ourselves to some gen- erosity that will be a contribution to the dry world, so sorely needed for the world happiness today. There are two great hindrances, one of them here and one of them outside. The first great hindrance to a dry world is that which has been a hindrance to every reform in every age, that is, the little person. Amongst law-makers that person is called a politician, who, as Dr. Saleeby says, has his eye on the next election, while a statesman has his eye on the next generation. That is the little person. In religion he is a bigot, with a vision of a very solitary heaven. As a citizen he is an egotist, a fellow who doesn't need a latch-key because he is so small that he can get in through a keyhole any time. Such a person among Prohibitionists is like a famous character in his- tory who having signed a promissory note said, "Thank the Lord, that is finished with anyhow." A small Prohibitionist is a very distinct and definite and real hindrance to the progress that will bring us a dry world. Such men have a heart but it is a small one. It only beats for the circle of whom they are personally fond. They have sympathy but it is only for their own town, city, province, state or country. They have ideas but it is a selfish one. They have a sense of duty but it is bounded by those to whom they are tied either by bonds of relationship or by close association day by day. Dwarfed men in our own movement are really the first and greatest hin- drance to our progress. You wish to secure the fullest benefit of your own Prohibition and yet you deny the rest of the world the sunshine that is yours today. That is narrow, selfish, cruel. There are men and women who are enjoying immense privileges, who are living in the sunshine of wonderful advantages and are narrow, selfish, cruel, dwarfed men and women; I would that you could stand on your tiptoes and look out and see the wonders of a world that needs you and the possibilities that are within your reach and never rest until you grow into the bigness of a thing that is destined to em- brace the uttermost parts of the earth. Another hindrance is outside the law-breaker, the man or woman who is not yet civilized. A civilized country may change its laws, but it never breaks them. There are men and women in all these communities who are uncivilized. They are the stomach brigade. They are not amenable to law but they are susceptible to laughter, and I would suggest that we get busy upon this uncivilized portion of our community. I was sitting in a hotel in Cincinnati the other. day. I had been talking for a few moments about my country, on matters of general interest. Eight or nine men were standing around. One of them said, "Have you got any Prohibition down there?" I said, "No, not yet but we hope to get it soon." "Oh," he said, "don't you. Don't you. It has played hell with this country." I said, "Indeed, I have been visiting and investigating your country for a considerable time and it seems to me a very remarkable and a very splendid thing. I am going back to propose that Australia immediately adopt the principle of Prohibition." "Here," he said, "I can go out from this place and get a drink every hour." I said, "Yes, sir, and when you have done it just remember there is not a 314 nigger in this town who couldn't go out and steal a chicken every night." There is not a fellow who has nerve enough who couldn't go out and steal an auto every afternoon. Such a man puts himself before the Constitution and his country. The way to catch these fellows who are uncivilized, who are breaking your law, who are bringing disgrace upon your country and who are defying the most humane piece of legislation that ever has been imposed upon a civilized people, is to drive them into the open until everybody knows who they are and they will be ashamed of themselves. When I confronted that man I said to him, "Sir, we are living in a free country where a man at least has the right to select the company in which he should be seen, and I do not elect to be seen in the company of a professed law-breaker like you, and a disreputable man whose stomach stands for more than his country." I got up and walked away from him. That is the only kind of thing that they really understand. We must pin on them the badge of their uncivilized condition until they too, for very shame, shall walk in the laws of decency and have regaid and respect for those laws which are made in the interests of those least able to protect themselves and with most call upon the protection of the rest of the community. It seems to me that the remedy is that the men and women of today must have an am- bition to be big. In the third chapter of the Book of Ecclesiastes you will find this remarkable statement: "He hath set the world in their hearts." I want that this great convention should culminate in that supreme and wonderful achievement, that it may be said of this convention that it has ac- complished one thing the peoples from the end of the earth came together and God hath set the world in their hearts. My friends, I wish that that scripture might bite into your soul. "He hath set the world in their hearts." The need of today is men and women who are big enough, men and women who can undertake a job so stupendous as making the whole world the playground of God where sunshine shall ever reign in human hearts, for which the Divine Redeemer laid down his life. The world is growing smaller. We have our motor and our train and our steamboat and our airplane. We have our wireless. The world is growing smaller and smaller. It is a quick journey from Canada to Australia today, much quicker than it was from Toronto to Vancouver fifty years ago. The world is growing smaller. The most distant places have become our neighbors, and in the measure in which we realize the smallness of the world and in the measure in which we are ambitious indeed to make it manifest that the Lord hath set the world in our hearts, in that measure we are going to supply the remedy for the world's great need today. While you sit in sunshine in Prohibition your boy may be carried upon a wave of Prohibition prosperity into other lands. While you sit in the sun- shine of Prohibition prosperity your boy may be going to hell in some other country that has been the dumping ground for the very thing that you have grown ashamed of here. While you praise God your discarded breweries are 315 debauching other lands South America, Mexico. A little while ago I sat at the wharves of Honolulu and saw them cluttered up in 1919 with tremendous great cases and I said to the wharf man, "What are all these?" "Oh," he said, "we have got Prohibition. That is an American brewery going to China." The shame of it is that after all the preaching of religion for two thousand years, we should be so devilish, so absolutely hellish and damnable as to carry that thing to people who are carrying burdens of heathenism, as the people of China are carrying today. Surely no self-respecting people is ever going to be content to make the other parts of the world the dumping grounds for their refuse. I know very well that if my neighbor were to throw things over my fence into my yard, if I were a boy, I would throw them back with a few things added to them for good measure. No self-respecting nation can ever be content to know that the thing it has found to be vile, the thing it has found to be a contradiction to the terms of civilization, the thing it has found to be the greatest opponent of the spirit of ideals and religion, is being complacently dumped upon some other people. Science is making the world smaller. Religion should be making men and women bigger. It seems to me your religion and mine is not fulfilling its purpose if it is not making us bigger than we are, and I am pleading everywhere, all the time, that we be ambitious to be big. Two thousand years ago there lived a wondrous man somewhere in the shadows of a little, distant land called Palestine. It was a little people, a little place, a little age, but with the wonder of His great soul and the glory of His magnificent vision He died for the whole world. May we who endeavor to follow in His footsteps, see this great truth, until the whole world shall be found in our hearts and we be enough like our Master to claim the uttermost parts of the earth for His kingdom. The need of today is a world outlook. The need of today is a world conscience. Some people treat their mothers with conscientious regard, but act as if other women can look after themselves. We want a world con- science, not about some things, but about all things. The stagnant pool be- comes a menace. The wonderful blessing of Prohibition has come to you by the mercy of God, and if you keep it to yourselves you are going to become a stagnant pool. The egotist works for himself. The patriot works for his country; and the Christian in the inspiration of his Master includes the whole world in the scope of his enterprise. There is nothing in all the world so safe, so humane, and so Christian as a world program of Prohibition, to banish that which has always made the man a brute, the child a victim, and the woman a martyr. I know no cause that calls to me so loudly, so resistlessly as the call to a dry world movement. The only sane thing to do is to go back to the source of these things and to dry their tears in the beginning, in the place where they are all manufactured. If we do this we will have done something the ramifications of which reach out into the uttermost parts and affect every kind of charity, philanthropy and religious enterprise that the church has yet en- 316 gaged in. When the S. O. S. call, the signal of distress and danger, comes over the wireless, the captain does not stop to consult his own convenience or question his passengers; he does not stop to count up the extra cost he changes his course and goes to answer the appeal of the vessel in distress. Can't you hear the call from little Iceland tonight? Can't you hear a sigh from China? Can't you hear a curse coming from Australia? Can't you hear a groan coming from Africa? The air is full of the echoed messages; and we Christians who have long since been sending wireless messages to God in the form of prayer, and receiving His blessed inspiration as messages to our souls, surely we hear that call tonight. Surely we will rise up tonight and pledge ourselves to see this thing through. We started it in the town and then we went to the county. Then we went to the province, and to the state, and to the nation; and, my friends, you can no more stop there than a man who falls from the top of the King Edward Hotel can stop on the way down at the seventh story. You must see this thing through. And if tonight there will only echo in your soul something of the call of the ends of the earth, I believe there are men and women here who will rise up and in solemn quiet dedicate themselves to the great and high and holy purpose of a life well spent in making the whole world dry for God and for humanity. A great Prohibition force like the audience gathered here this evening is a magnificent union of all who love, in the service of all who suffer. Just last June, in Sydney, Australia, on a dull, dreary, rainy morning in what we call our winter, I saw an unhappy woman of twenty-six years of age in the police court. She was charged with public drunkenness. She was well born, well educated, and well favored and in her arms she carried a little baby. It was only five months old. Its little hands were like bird's claws, blue with cold. Its little voice was beating upon ears too dull to hear or understand its cries. Its little hands were beating feebly upon a breast that refused to give it nourishment. Its little garments had not been changed for days and it was sweltering in all the cruelty of its uncleanness. When I saw that sight and knew that back of it was a man in jail for two years for a drink-induced crime and that this woman was out on the streets dulling her conscience and selling her womanliness to the most degraded creatures on God's earth, I bared my head and I said, "Oh, God, in the presence of this horror, in the presence of this devilish thing, I vow again that never shall I cease to give myself to the service of the cause that shall ever .make impossible this outrage upon womankind and children." I ask you to join with me and pledge our- selves to never rest, to give as we said in the war, the last ounce of our energy, the last cent of our means, for the achievement that will make life worth living a dry world. O God, we dare to ask that Thou wilt plant in our hearts the whole world, and fill us with such Christ-like compassion, give to us such Christ-like vision, add to us such Christ-like courage, that we may grow into something like Christ's bigness, and do our utmost to bring the ends of the earth into the sunshine of Thy smile, from all the deep shadows that have ever gathered around the curse of the bottle. 317 GENERAL CONFERENCE DISCUSSIONS SATURDAY MORNING, NOVEMBER 25, 1922 Ways and Means of Securing Legislative Action The conference was called to order at 8:00 o'clock a. m., Mrs. Lenna Lowe Yost, Legislative Superintendent, National Woman's Christian Temperance Union of the United States of America, pre- siding. Discussion opened by Dr. Alfred Herbert Horsfall, lecturer for the Royal Colonial Institute and Social Political Education League of London, England: DISCUSSION The Chair, ladies and gentlemen: In all our discussions and activities we should endeavor, so far as possible, to act and to think considerately of our opponents who like their alcohol and who think that we are wrong, and we should give them credit for the same sincerity that we claim for ourselves. They believe that they are right. We believe that they are wrong. I be- lieve it is only in that way that we can come to a solution. We believe that their sincerity is the result of ignorance. Now, as never before, it is incumbent upon us to awaken our peoples to a realization that alcohol at its best is of no use as a remedy. Therefore we must approach the legislative method and means, with that idea foremost in our minds. The second point I want to emphasize is this: That the evils which pro- hibition is about to fight have lasted thousands of years, and the habits and customs of people for all this long period of time are not going to be eradicated in one short year. It is no use to endeavor to force the people against their wills to do a thing; you will never succeed unless you have their good will at the back of it. The main thing is then to get the great mass of people feeling good will toward this movement, and with such a mass with good will behind their efforts we will succeed. Another fact which we must always keep present in our minds is the prevalence of alcohol in our human systems. And bearing this in mind we must remember that wherever you find anything rotting, or fermenting, whether it is grain, or anything else, there you will find alcohol is being formed. It has been my privilege during the last two- years to go up and down England to conduct a local option campaign. In the course of that I found in the country districts very good temperance people drinking bee wine. Bee wine is a wine that is made of honey. They get a little yeast and put it into a honey shell and cover it with water and set it beside the kitchen fire, and it makes the stuff they call bee wine. These good temperance people, mem- bers of teetotal societies, were taking this bee wine and giving it to their children in perfect ignorance of the consequences. 318 These are important facts we have always to keeps in mind and we must always remember that education is the keynote of progress. Even our great sister state of the United States of America has adopted legislation as a means of prohibition. I am not going to undertake to say whether they have gained anything of advantage or not. There have been advantages no doubt and there have been disadvantages resulting. . I speak of the disadvantages. It is true there is a disadvantage in such a place as New York and in such other places as Philadelphia and the great cities of the United States. I am not disturbed very much in their fight be- cause I find in Philadelphia and in New York beer bottles, beer bottling machines, labels and everything that is necessary to make the prohibited pro- duct, sold openly in the street. There are also stores in these great cities where one may buy the ingredients, with which to make the beer that is prohibited. The solution is always to educate these people. Dr. Cherrington has emphasized the existence of the foreign elements in the United States. Sixty- five per cent of the people in the State of New York come from foreign coun- tries. Your new immigration law which limits to three per cent the immigra- tion to the United States of foreigners from different countries, is a wonder- ful and powerful weapon to fight for prohibition; and you will find if you take this limited percentage of foreigners into your country and educate them as to the ideals of America and American institutions, and teach them why the use of alcoholic beverages in any shape or form is entirely contrary to the laws of nature and will result in the poisoning of their systems, mentally and physically, these people who come to your shores will receive your advice and before very many years have passed the desire for strong drink, the desire for beer and for light wines even; the liquors to which they have been accustomed in their own countries, will be entirely wiped out. The point I want to emphasize is education! Education! Education! The price of progress is education. Sacrifices must be made in the interest of the great cause that we are following. Rev. P. A. Baker, D.D., General Superintendent, Anti-Saloon League of America: Madam President, members of the conference: I want to slay on our own behalf that we in the United States have been educating and educating and agitating and agitating for more than 50 years, and every effort we have made has been made strenuously through the religious press and through the pulpit. These are two of the most important agencies that we have for creating and maintaining public sentiment on any great national issue. I have traveled pretty well over the United States and I have not found conditions quite as extreme as have been suggested. One thing I want to say is that the church has not gone out of business, some remarks to the contrary notwithstanding. We, in the United States, believe that there is an admirable field being adequately covered by the church and by the great and small religious bodies throughout the country. It is 319 our firm conviction that the church is the foundation both for securing and for maintining prohibition. I have just come from the southern section of the United States. The Anti-Saloon League organized in the several cities of the South, but nothing like the active organization that you have in the northern states was at- tempted; but still prohibition came in that section. It came there before it did in any other section of the country excepting, perhaps, Maine and Kansas. It came, as we believe, because the preachers in the pulpit were everlastingly hammering on the abolition of the liquor traffic and their in- sistence came from the heart and was manifestly the utterance through them of the word of God. So I believe one of the strongest factors in securing suitable legislation, and maintaining it after it is secured, is the church. I think in every com- munity the churches ought to be thoroughly enlisted in the campaign for the securing of this legislation. If the church is a milky, insipid, disinterested body of individuals, they must be awakened to a realization of their duty, but I venture to say that there are few such churches in the country. If you get the churches behind this movement for prohibition and for law enforcement you will have one of the strongest agencies available to man. It goes without saying that the chief factor is the creation of the proper sentiment in the church itself. Every pastor ought to be approached and every pulpit ought to be wide open, and if that is done I can assure you that the two things we seek will come hand in hand, and there will be little doubt of the power of the church to obtain and secure the enforcement of such laws as are necessary to maintain prohibition throughout the world. "Has the Form Letter Lost Its Value?" by Mrs. Smith, of the Women's Christian Temperance Union: We are all very much concerned in getting into the minds of the people the facts about this matter. We find that in every movement the letter coming to the legislator has value as expressing the opinions of the people from whom the letters come. Most legislation is imperative and needs quick aggressive action. The form letter sent to ministers, speakers and principals of schools, to presidents of men and women's clubs, and all such groups of people, can be carried on quickly at little expense. Your opinions and the definite things you want to put into their minds, can be transmitted that way. It has been the experience of those who checked up close on the form letter to a legislator, that the opinion whether in a letter or a telegram, has little effect on him. He knows the source from which it comes and he knows that it is a form letter and a circular letter. But every personal letter to a representative in the individual's handwriting, possibly in lead pencil on straw paper, a letter which he can scarcely read, bears the message and is read by him and makes its impression. Those of us who have had experience in legislative matters and with legislators find that this individual message does bear the emphasis to his mind and produces results. Very many times men are impressed with the 320 fact that a measure which they are personally interested in should be adopted and if much pressure is brought to bear and this opinion is substantiated by letters and telegrams in large numbers they will follow the advice in those letters and telegrams. But, should the measure in question be one which he is not in hearty favor of, he is more inclined to take his own advice than the advice contained in the form letter. I wish, therefore, that in the legislative work we might feel that one of the most helpful things is to get the form letter not to the legislators, but to the ministers, the school teachers, the principals, the club group, and people of that sort, and impress on them the desire for the legislation that you want and then have the individual teachers and pastors and club members write individual and personal letters to their legislators on the question. A letter or telegram to the members of the legislature themselves is of little value. It is of great value to the people who need to know the facts con- cerning the matter that is before them for discussion. "How Can the Constituency Make Its Influence Felt?" by Wayne B. Wheeler, LL.D., General Counsel, Anti-Saloon League of America: The first means is before legislators are nominated and the second is afterwards, when you want to get a certain bill through. We will take up the first one as follows: There are several conditions which are precedent and which must be fulfilled before a legislator is elected, who is favorable to temperance legis- lation. First, it must be on an issue which has back of it an average public sentiment. In other words, attempt that which is possible, or set a standard which you can reach within a reasonable time before the people tire of the issue. Second, keep in mind that the average man in public life would rather vote right -than wrong if he feels it is safe for him to do so. Third, educate the people to put principle above party and factional ties. In other words, inculcate the spirit in the- average voter to support the candidate in his own party at the primary and at the polls who is right on the issue. Organization is the basis for victory. Without organization success is practically impossible. Organized power is the greatest power in the world. There are more decent people and friends of sobriety than of in- temperance and the liquor traffic. It is only a question of organizing your forces, being practical, and standing by those who believe in your principles. The first essential in the campaign is your candidate. Try to get a candidate who has horse sense and at least average ability to face other problems besides the temperance issue. Have the appeal to him to be a candidate come from at least a respectably large group of people so that it will not look like the candidate forcing himself upon the people. Whether the issue is for legislation of the traffic, local option or prohibition, have the reasons for it clean cut and carry them to the people. 321 If there are two or more candidates equally friendly and no opposing candidates, as a temperance organization you should not take sides. If you have two or three candidates friendly and one opposed who has a chance to win, then you should concentrate your efforts on the candidate most available, stating frankly that the other candidates are right on prohibition, but that it is necessary to concentrate in order to win. This takes tact, and it is well to have a local committee share the responsibility. Wherever it is possible to do so, keep the question out of partisan politics. If it is tied up solely with one political party it fails when the party fails. If there is a strong sentiment for the issue you will get an equal number of friends in both or all of the dominant parties and that strengthens your case. Now, how are you going to reach the voters? If your organization is complete in the various subdivisions of the legislative district, that will be the first means of informing the voters. Legislators' bulletins, distributed to the voters, giving the attitude of the candidates, are always effective. Letters and press notices can be used with great effect. Organization by groups is an effective means also for securing votes. A small group or committee in each church, Bible class, Sunday school, farmers' organizations, and civic bodies to reach those who are in their own group, always get very good results. The important thing is to get your friends to qualify by registering, where that is necessary, and to vote on election day. In the United States, where there is as much interest in politics as in most countries, only about one-fourth of the voters participate in the primaries, and about 45 per cent at the polls. Enough good people usually stay away from the primaries or the polls, to change the result of the elec- tion. The poll list should be used. An up to date organization will check those who have voted during the first part of the day and then reach others by telephone, vehicles, or by any legitimate method to get them to come to vote. ; In the last analysis, it is a question of organization. In former years, when the liquor interests were highly organized, and the dry forces not sc well organized, the liquor forces could win easily. The success of the movement in countries like the United States of America, demonstrates that the forces of righteousness, when organized, are a greater power for right than the liquor traffic is for wrong. The way to elect a legislature, therefore, is to organize the forces who believe in prohibition, and use common sense and practical methods in getting the organized forces back of men in public life to believe in this cause. 322 "Of What Value Has the Petition Been in Securing Legisla- tion?" by Miss Anna A. Gordon, President National Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union: The question, as I understand it, is, Of what value has the petition been in securing legislation? It certainly has had a value. The question is whether it has a value today, and that is a debatable question, but the use of petitions as we have known their history in the Women's Christian Temperance Union of the United States of America, and in the World's Women's Christian Temperance Union, has been valuable. I think the greatest value in petition work is that it brings those who take the petition to be signed, and those who are invited to sign, together. It brings these two people together and arouses a curiosity on the part of the individual who is requested to sign the petition, and gives an op- portunity for the disseminating of information on the part of the person presenting the petition. During the effort to secure War Time prohibition, the women of America staged a very remarkable petition to the president of the United States as Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, and asked that our government direct that the use of food products for the making of alcoholic liquors be immediately stopped during the time when the food was needed on the other side of the ocean, and in our own camps. And that petition had six million signatures. Mrs. Yost conducted the correspondence, and I wish she could tell you the value of that correspondence. First we wrote to one^ thousand district women in America, and then to everyone interested in social welfare v/ork, and then we got the signatures of the organization leaders, and they sent the petitions around to their members. That petition was of value, and immense value, for the reason, as I said, that it created interest. It caused people to study the question under discussion. If we are to secure any benefit from our work in the prepara- tion of petitions and the securing of them, our work will be of an immense value in the education of the people, because when we ask any one to sign our petition we arouse their curiosity and curiosity demands information and the information provides the education that we have all heard about and that we are told is so necessary. Frances Willard several years ago addressed a petition to all the gov- ernments of the world. Thirty-eight years ago, she sent this petition to all the governments of the world praying for the abolition of the liquor traffic. God looked with favor on that petition, and it was sent to fifty countries, and all over the world our missionary work was carried on, until now we have seven million signatures of men and women to this great petition . There is immense value in petition work, there has been tremendous value, in the past, and we are soon to discover of what value the petition is at the present time, for next month we are going to prepare another petition to present to the government and we belive it will have the same result as before. 323 "The Personal Contact With Legislators of What Value Is It?" by Rev. E. C. Dinwiddie, of Washington, D. C, the National Chief Templar, Grand Lodge of the United States, International Order of Good Templars : I think this is a subject that may be worth while, although I do not hesitate to say that the legislative side of the work in the United States has progressed very much farther than the educational side. We have done much in our religious press work to put over the legis- lative programs of the various organizations active in the prohibition move- ment, but we have done very little, comparatively, on the educational side of the life of this country. Men and women, as never before, need education. There is not a shade of question about that being true, and if we are to make cur other efforts count in the temperance movement, if we are to accomplish anything, we have to go back to first principles and go to the home and to the school and do something to build up the public sentiment of the people of our country. Then there is not the necessity, except in a very few states now, for legislative work except in a defensive way to hold what we have and now and then close up a loop-hole here and there. It is the sentiment of the country that we must develop now, which will bring the people to realize that the observance of the prohibition law is just as necessary as the observance of any other law on the statute books. There is just as much violation of the traffic laws and other laws of the country today as there is of the prohibition law. It is important now that we do everything in our power to educate the people to a more con- structive work in the maintaining of this new law whcih takes from them the poison and the evil which has so deteriorated their lives in the past. Public sentiment as expressed by petition! I am not ready to say that the petition is absolutely useless. I think it is very helpful in leading your legislature and letting your legislator know what you are thinking about. It is much more helpful than the written letter or telegram. You can not get a legislator to do the vital things, by the circular letter or the circular telegram. Personal contact in all legislative work is of tremendous value. Through a long period of years we used to try to find out who could reach a certain men better then somebody else, or better than some great combination or group of people, and many times, many, many times, I have known from intimate experienc that one single individual rightly placed with the right sort of influence could get an effect a great deal better than 5,000 people in the same man's district or state. Pastor G. Gallienne, of France, Secretary La Croix Bleue: In France, as I stated yesterday night, we have not much faith now in legislation, for two reasons. The main reason is that the drink traffic has taken hold of nearly all our public elections, and in most places the election work is done in the saloons, and with the saloon keepers' help. I tried three 324 years ago to get some reforms into the election, and I got a fine scolding from my Board of Directors. I wanted to get mixed right into the election myself, and they said, "You are here to do religious work. You do not belong to these people who do the election work." f And at the last .moment I was obliged to cancel my plan to. do some work with .these, people. When I wanted to speak to a candidate for office I found it was neces- sary for me to go to the saloon itself and to speak to .him there.. That, is H personal fact. All the voting is done in the saloons and the, saloon peepers have a 'great influence on the elections, and .the people whq are running for election make their headquarters in the saloon. We had a very fine man named Schmidt, and he made a stand. for tem- perance in the House of Commons, or Chamber of Deputies. At the next, election he was swept away just like a bit o,f straw- That is. the thing that happens to most of our French legislators now who are interested in this matter of prohibition and the cutting away of the alcoholic 'drink. And what is the result? The result is that .good people do not have anything to do with the elections. Some people say we are not going to any trouble about it, the more we try to change it, the more we are fooled by some of our men. That is why so many people d6 not care to "go into the public life or to the Chamber. ,.. r ,: I do not know about the American .people but when we get around to election time in France there is so much abuse written .in the .papers and .printed on the bills that you must have a very clear -conscience indeed to go before the public, for election to any office.- They go .right into your private life and say all sorts of things about you. You must be almost a saint to be able to escape from that sort of abuse. Many people say that it does not make any difference who the.y send to the legislature. We want to, and we must, make a new political world and it is that which we are trying to do not through the matter of personal contact. We in France are very strong for that method. . . ,. . :i In France there is a union the head of which for many years has been Mrs. Seigfried, who recently died leaving a most respectable name behind her. She lived a wonderful public life. This union was built up to draw the attention of the people. to some of the subjects of general interest among the questions of the time., .1 think that this personal influence was a great asset to get our bill against .absjnthe passed. That law was* recently .adopted, and, makes the use of absinthe a crime. That is the only law we have against any kin : d of alcohol, but it is a good law and people are beginning to. believe that drink is a poison and that whisky is not good for them at all. During the past several years, the President told me himself .that ii; he could help the people to stop using whisky and strong liquor by stopping it himself he would do so. Not many years ago we formed an organization to have the laws car- ried out with respect to the closing of the liquor shops at night. ! We made* an investigation in one little town and we called on the head of the police- men in the town, to go to a certain place and close it because they were 325 keeping open after the late hours. He said to me, "I am not going to do it." I asked him why he would not do it. He replied that because the first man he would meet there would be the mayor of the town. As long as that is the disposition of the local authorities, such a law will be disobeyed and we people will not be able to do anything about it. But we are accomplishing some things. Every farmer in France who grows anything at all on his farm is per- mitted by the law to make ten liters of pure alcohol as long as he is a farmer. He has a right to distill on his own farm, and some of the farm- houses are being turned into ordinary saloons. We have tried time and again to have a law passed to put out of ex- istence the law which permits the farmers to make this alcohol, so that the farmers of France will not have that curse upon them. But the French people are very slow to do anything like that, and it is very difficult for us to accomplish anything as of that time. You know how it is about your own state of affairs in America, so you can imagine what it is that we have to do in France. Discussion by Ernest H. Cherrington, Litt.D., General Secre- tary World League Against Alcoholism: It seems to me that the serious situation that presents itself today in countries like the United States and in all other countries that have adopted prohibitory legislation, is the very danger that we have faced and we are experiencing somewhat, in the United States of America, and that is the danger which comes from the point of view as to what the prohibition reform really is. A great many of our friends thought that prohibition would come with legislation providing for prohibition; that is, would come when legislation was enacted for prohibition, or when the people voted to adopt prohibition. Well, that is not true, and it never will be true. The same thing is true about legislation. We are just coming to the position where we will need legislation on the liquor question, on prohibition, always, just the same as we continue to need legislation on the question of health, just as long as we need legislation on the question of education, and just as long as we need legislation on the question of public safety. Legislation will have to be enacted and if we in America, or in any other country that has adopted prohibition legislation, think that the legisla- tion already adopted is going to last us forever, we are going to find our- selves in a position where the prohibition movement will sag. I think we need to keep that matter in mind. We will need to perfect our legislation and add to our legislation and modify, change, and reinforce the legislation we have, on point after point, as year after year goes by. "The Struggle Against Alcoholism in Belgium," by Dr. August Ley, of the University of Brussels. The anti-alcoholic struggle has been carried on in Belgium since many years. 326 In the year 1865 the great Minister Frere-Oban had studied the means of repressing alcoholism in our country. At that time, the consumption of beer was about 184 litres in the year for each inhabitant, that of wine 2.90 litres and that of distilled alcohol 7.67 at 50 per cent. It is interesting to tell that a few communal administrations had at this time voted severe regulations about public drunkenness, organizing so a beginning of "local option". The Court of Cassation, the highest court in the matter of justice in Belgium, broke down this regulation as unlawful and declared that the Government only could vote such a legislative measure against the public scandal of drunkenness. In 1887 we had a law voted, repressing public drunkenness, but it is generally recognized that it was ineffective. The indulgence of the judges was more to be feared than their severity. The consumption of alcohol was increasing terribly at this period. In 1883 we had 165 litres beer, 3.17 litres wine and 8.52 distilled alcohol at 50 per cent, in the year, for each inhabitant. In 1895 every inhabitant was drinking over 10 litres distilled alcohol yearly. The first law of prohibition in Belgium was voted in September, 1896, with the unanimity of the two Chambers. It prohibited the sale of absinthe. The author of the law was Minister de Wiart. From 1903 till 1912 the taxes upon alcohol were increased and the anti- alcoholic movement reinforced in the schools and among the public. It was under the influence of both these factors that we saw the annual consumption of spirits reduced to five litres. So as in most countries of the world, the war period marked in Belgium a very important step in the struggle against alcoholism. We may say that alcohol was almost suppressed for human consumption, especially in the last years of the war. The consumption of spirits was in 1918 about one litre per year per inhabitant; in 1919 about one-half litre. The Belgian war government which was transferred to Havre, (France), had decided not to allow the return to the pre-war state of things and studied with the participation and support of King Albert, ways and means to reduce as much as possible the consumption of alcohol after the war. It was intended to prohibit spirits absolutely. In occupied Belgium a committee of sociologists and physiologists studied the problem under the direction of the Institute de Sociologie Solvay. They gave out a project of law prohibiting the sale of spirits in public houses. They did not think it was possible to prohibit alcohol completely and thought that it was necessary to allow the sale of spirits in groceries by a minimum quantity of two litres at a time. We must say that the President of the "Ligue Patriotique Centre 1'alcoolisme", General Donny, was convinced that it was possible and neces- sary to prohibit distilled liquors completely. On August 19, 1919, a very important law was voted prohibiting the sale of spirits for consumption in public houses, but permitting the sale in 327 newspapers and otherwise regarding supposed cures, cures for venereal diseases. It was eventually found that we could best fight this by passing laws in the states and we did that in 12 or 15 states, making it impossible for these advertisements to appear. In the International Anti-Prohibition movement there is an effort being put forth to misrepresent what alcohol will do, and this misrepresentation is being broadcasted throughout the world. It is my thought that legislation can be framed in many of our states and by our Federal Government making it difficult if not impossible for fake advertisements regarding alcohol to be put into the newspapers or magazines or anywhere on the street. If the law will make it difficult for people to misrepresent the effect of alcohol in their advertisements then we will do a great deal in the educational movement which has been suggested by nearly everyone who has taken the floor on this question. Advertisements in any newspapers should not be misleading, no matter what they refer to, and particularly if they refer to a law which is on the statute books of the nation. These false advertise- ments and the people who place them, should be dealt with in strict ac- cordance with our laws, and if we have no laws with whiich to deal with these people then we should enact laws immediately and make them effective. Discussion by William H. Anderson, Superintendent New York Anti-Saloon League: What I say is not in any sense an attempt to discredit anything that has been said with respect to other methods. They are all important. Organization is necessary, but organization makes no sentiment. It is the minds through which existing sentiments flow that must be dealt with. Personal contact is absolutely necessary and essential, but it does not get very far if the situation is such that the legislative body or the legislator believes that there is no general sentiment at home behind the person seek- ing to establish the personal contact. My luck, or otherwise, has been to be thrown into the impossible places. I am not recommending the methods that I suggest, for everybody, and they are a lot worse than useless unless they are carried through. They do work in New York, supposedly the impossible place. We passed a city local option law after 20 years. We ratified the amend- ment to the National Constitution and we passed an enforcement code. Now, in the hardest places, the seemingly impossible places, the all im- portant thing is to make upon the people an impression that a fight is on, so that they understand it is not a mere gesture but that it is a real fight. It is essential to do something to attract attention. For 20 years, in New York State there was great demand for legislation, but there was not much impression made on the people. But I went in and I fought in the legislature and I succeeded in having a law introduced providing that on every package of alcoholic liquor, containing two or more per cent, should 330 be a label with the skull and cross bones and with this statement: "This package contains alcoholic poisoning", and when, after a bitter fight, we succeeded in getting that law passed, that scientific definition of alcohol was placed on every package of medicine and everything else that went out of a store in New York into the hands of the public and the public began to know that alcohol was a poison recognized as such by the profession and by the legislature and by the laws of the state. Now, things have sagged a little in New York because New York was permitted to ride on the coat tails of the nation, so that during the last couple of years we have not made much of an advance, but this year we are going to introduce a measure that provides that anybody who sells any- thing purporting to be intoxicating liquor, which kills, shall be convicted of murder. The statutes of the state have a definition of murder which is all right, and which will meet our needs, but we want to enact a law that will attract attention to this liquor traffic and will make the people sit up and take notice, and we are going to put a law through which will say that any man who sells intoxicating liquors or any sort of alcoholic beverage that kills, shall be convicted, not may be convicted, but shall be convicted, of murder. And in New York we have the death penalty for murder. Gentlemen, remember that we have anything but a dull job before us and there is anything but a dull time ahead of us. LUNCHEON CONFERENCE SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 25, 1922 Ways and Means of Enlisting the Students of the Colleges and Universities in the World Movement Against Alcoholism The Luncheon Conference was called to order at 1 :00 o'clock p. m., Mr. Harry S. Warner, Chicago, Illinois, Secretary of the In- tercollegiate Prohibition Association, presiding. The Chairman: As the movement against alcoholism extends throughout the world, we become aware of the fact that the students have a place of their own. In some countries they have already been very active. We can count up, already, at the present time, something more than 25,000 students in organized inter-collegiate activities, in anti-alcoholic activities, in ten or twelve different countries. The number is increasing so rapidly, it is impossible, almost, to keep track of the number. Nevertheless, a great problem, a vital one, in any country, or in any sec- tion of a country, concerned with the question of alcohol, is the attitude of the educated class. The sorry fact is that in none of these countries has there been any real active work or effort made to inform the public of these great social problems. The outstanding need in colleges and with professors and graduates in our own country, in the United States and elsewhere, is 331 newspapers and otherwise regarding supposed cures, cures for venereal diseases. It was eventually found that we could best fight this by passing laws in the states and we did that in 12 or 15 states, making it impossible for these advertisements to appear. In the International Anti-Prohibition movement there is an effort being put forth to misrepresent what alcohol will do, and this misrepresentation is being broadcasted throughout the world. It is my thought that legislation can be framed in many of our states and by our Federal Government making it difficult if not impossible for fake advertisements regarding alcohol to be put into the newspapers or magazines or anywhere on the street. If the law will make it difficult for people to misrepresent the effect of alcohol in their advertisements then we will do a great deal in the educational movement which has been suggested by nearly everyone who has taken the floor on this question. Advertisements in any newspapers should not be misleading, no matter what they refer to, and particularly if they refer to a law which is on the statute books of the nation. These false advertise- ments and the people who place them, should be dealt with in strict ac- cordance with our laws, and if we have no laws with whiich to deal with these people then we should enact laws immediately and make them effective. Discussion by William H. Anderson, Superintendent New York Anti-Saloon League: What I say is not in any sense an attempt to discredit anything that has been said with respect to other methods. They are all important. Organization is necessary, but organization makes no sentiment. It is the minds through which existing sentiments flow that must be dealt with. Personal contact is absolutely necessary and essential, but it does not get very far if the situation is such that the legislative body or the legislator believes that there is no general sentiment at home behind the person seek- ing to establish the personal contact. My luck, or otherwise, has been to be thrown into the impossible places. I am not recommending the methods that I suggest, for everybody, and they are a lot worse than useless unless they are carried through. They do work in New York, supposedly the impossible place. We passed a city local option law after 20 years. We ratified the amend- ment to the National Constitution and we passed an enforcement code. Now, in the hardest places, the seemingly impossible places, the all im- portant thing is to make upon the people an impression that a fight is on, so that they understand it is not a mere gesture but that it is a real fight. It is essential to do something to attract attention. For 20 years, in New York State there was great demand for legislation, but there was not much impression made on the people. But I went in and I fought in the legislature and I succeeded in having a law introduced providing that on every package of alcoholic liquor, containing two or more per cent, should 330 be a label with the skull and cross bones and with this statement: "This package contains alcoholic poisoning", and when, after a bitter fight, we succeeded in getting that law passed, that scientific definition of alcohol was placed on every package of medicine and everything else that went out of a store in New York into the hands of the public and the public began to know that alcohol was a poison recognized as such by the profession and by the legislature and by the laws of the state. Now, things have sagged a little in New York because New York was permitted to ride on the coat tails of the nation, so that during the last couple of years we have not made much of an advance, but this year we are going to introduce a measure that provides that anybody who sells any- thing purporting to be intoxicating liquor, which kills, shall be convicted of murder. The statutes of the state have a definition of murder which is all right, and which will meet our needs, but we want to enact a law that will attract attention to this liquor traffic and will make the people sit up and take notice, and we are going to put a law through which will say that any man who sells intoxicating liquors or any sort of alcoholic beverage that kills, shall be convicted, not may be convicted, but shall be convicted, of murder. And in New York we have the death penalty for murder. Gentlemen, remember that we have anything but a dull job before us and there is anything but a dull time ahead of us. LUNCHEON CONFERENCE SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 25, 1922 Ways and Means of Enlisting the Students of the Colleges and Universities in the World Movement Against Alcoholism The Luncheon Conference was called to order at 1 :00 o'clock p. m., Mr. Harry S. Warner, Chicago, Illinois, Secretary of the In- tercollegiate Prohibition Association, presiding. The Chairman: As the movement against alcoholism extends throughout the world, we become aware of the fact that the students have a place of their own. In some countries they have already been very active. We can count up, already, at the present time, something more than 25,000 students in organized inter-collegiate activities, in anti-alcoholic activities, in ten or twelve different countries. The number is increasing so rapidly, it is impossible, almost, to keep track of the number. Nevertheless, a great problem, a vital one, in any country, or in any sec- tion of a country, concerned with the question of alcohol, is the attitude of the educated class. The sorry fact is that in none of these countries has there been any real active work or effort made to inform the public of these great social problems. The outstanding need in colleges and with professors and graduates in our own country, in the United States and elsewhere, is 331 to inform educated people who are inclined not to use all the things they have. ' , In our conference I would suggest that the discussion take the form of expression of what is being done, and what can be done. In our work of 25 years in the United States where we have had as many as 10,000 organized students in" 300 universities and colleges, we pur- sued lines of definite ideas and one of them was this: First of all "get the facts." Many students were not . interested. Many regarded it as a radical reform, and th,ere is quite a general student feeling that anything like this is. not exactly good, form, it is 'breaking away from conventionality and the student says "We want to be popular and not counted with the radicals." There .are a . few who are intensely attracted with the idea of t being leaders,, but the great majority, rather hesitate. There is a cleavage between the two, it seems to me, a cleavage 'that we must recognize. . The wayvto attract the student is to get -his, attention to the educational idea, the facts. The student will not commit himself to the prohibition or the anti-prohibition .cause until he has got the facts before him . We should say to the student that we do not want- him. -to commit himself until he has the facts before him and until he can usevhis own judgment and then the man who is not interested .will accept that as, a;,fa,ir challenge and be willing to look into the literature and will want to read it and when he gets these facts, the outcome will be left to his own conscience. The Inter-Collegiate- -Prohibition Association has not at any time empha- sized what a student should think. We have had young men in the organiza- tion, indeed, who came from brewers' famffies and who were sons, of brewers __not many.'" But it was believed Worth while to get them in to study the facts. -And wlien these' -men are 'confronted- with the facts and appreciate just what the fac.ts^are then, they ; are, ifi :a, posdtion -to deal with the question that comes before .them. The second point is to speak, talk and express your point when you can. Tests have demonstrated the efficacy of that plan. Then the third ideal is for the student to represent public opinion, and to formulate student public opinion. The challenge to the student body of North America should be to ex- press the student's opinion and desire for the higher ideal and formuulate and publish it -through the public, expressions of the opinions of the student body. ' The most important principle, it seems to me, is what we like to call library practice. It is perfectly logical to show 'them that it is necessary for them to find out the facts and then do something, take part in the local campaign, -and othqr things of that kind. They should take part in the local activities or the organization and. do the practical work that is needed among the student body. One year' in Ohio we had 1,000 students, in one campaign. One year in Minnesota from 50 to two or three hundred went out and worked in the campaign. 332 The third ideal and method of enlisting the student body is a frank appeal to the student class as a class. They are looking forward to life, and there is a fraternal spirit of feeling among all the students from dif- ferent countries. This fraternalism spreads around the worl.d As a body they are looking forward to what they expect to do; and the student class is working definitely among students' organizations. We have had many opportunities in recent years to demonstrate what the students can do in this movement against alcoholism. The students for instance have access to the rostrum in the chapels when speakers from outside cannot get in with discussions of politics and such things as that. The student is admitted to the pulpit of the chapel and other places where he may speak freely on the things that concern the students. Rev. Ira Landrith, D.D., President of the Intercollegiate Prohi- bition Association : I want the colleges in the United States and in Canada, interested ih the inter-collegiate prohibition movement, to recognize that there is a need for something behind the Intercollegiate' Prohibition Association and that something should take the shape of local organization of some sort that would enable the students themselves to do something. I believe there ought to be a patriotic organization with the ideas of the Intercollegiate Prohibition Association centered in it, in every college in America. I think the field for the Intercollegiate Prohibition Association is a very wide one in the educational institution of our Republic. I do not believe there is anything quite so important now as the revival of interest among the colleges in the intercollegiate prohibition movement. Mr. Otto Forkert, Switzerland : Our movement in Central Europe was for a long time in a very difficult situation, but now you know the economic situation in Europe, especially in Central Europe, is so difficult that we have not even bread, our children and women are hungering, and at the same time the government gives thousands and hundreds of thousands of pounds of flour and corn to make the beer and poison alcohol; and the'se facts now make a great impresison on the students. They say that is wrong and awful, and it is time to fight against it. Our governors are helping us, and we are beginning with our self-gov- ernment and with organizations of our own and are trying to guide all our young people and interest them in the government. We take as our first work and the best work we can do, the task of educating the people. Only with education can we arise and do anything, and, not tomorrow, but in five or ten years after the thorough education of our young people, will we be able to arrive at a point where our government will recognize that we are a power, and the government will not be permitted, by our students, and by our men and women, to give away 482 thousand tons of barley and flour and other food for the making of beer and wine. Mr. Kolonia, from Albania: I am very fortunate to be able to tell you that Albania has not a single 333 saloon and has not had one since I can remember. However, that does not mean that liquor is not used in Albania. It has been used to a certain extent, but just for pleasure at home. In the whole of the country of Albania I know that there are not more than 100 people who are pointed out distinctly as drunkards. Unfortunately, Albania today is going on the wrong road and this has come through the foreign countries which invaded or came to our country during this great World War. These foreigners furnish in Albania what is in your language called whisky, they introduced the saloons and they have introduced the prostitution houses. I want to appeal to you with my very limited ability, and to say to you that Albania is pleading and praying earnestly that the United States should send men to tell them about prohibi- tion, because they at present do not have the time to think of prohibition, they do not know what it means to the country. Before the war they did not know what whisky was or why people used it, and now there is a great danger of the whisky going all over the country and of all the evils that follow the whisky coming in after it. I am glad to say that in the United States of America we have one of our largest societies. It has headquarters at Boston and is doing admirable work among the Albanians. I am one of its members and I shall be one of its members even when I go back to Albania to try to deliver my people from the evils of drink and show them what prohibition has done in this country. Again, I am a member of the Albanian Students' League of America which is fighting for prohibition and which is going to fight for prohibition for years to come. Mr. Max Conde, Dominican Republic: It gives me pleasure to represent the Dominican Republic at this great temperance meeting. I do not feel like speaking for the Dominican Re- public only, because the Dominican Republic is a sister to all the Latin- America countries, and when I speak for one I speak for all the countries in Latin-America. There are over ten million people in these countries; they arc looking to America and watching for prohibition success. We have been watching you carefully. While you have been sleeping we have been putting the plow deep in the ground. The governments of the countries of South America are sending their students to your universities and your colleges and these students are watching you very closely in your everyday life and in your attitude toward prohibition. We Latin-Americans here in this con- vention expect to go back to our home lands before very long and we shall go there in the interest of prohibition, provided you make the United States 100 per cent dry. Were we 100 per cent dry, we would be a wonderful country, and every country in the world that is 100 per cent dry is a wonderful country. I | i i' | Now, some of us are intensely interested in the welfare of mankind, but I personally think that the social and economic welfare of these countries comes next and anything that we can catch of value at this convention we 334 will carry back with us. We want something that will result in the com- plete abolition of the liquor traffic in Latin-America and all the evil that follows it. Mr. Husain, of India : I am not in position to tell you anything about the Hindu national pro- hibition movement, since I have been in the United States two years. I am not in position to give you any statistics of the movement. In India, the Indian students, all over the country, from one end to the other, are doing great work in this movement. They are, in fact, the leaders of the nation. The college from which I come, which is purely a Mohammedan institution, has been watching this movement with their heart of hearts, and they have done great work in this movement. There are 40,000,000 Moham- medans in India, and . all of them have been trying to maintain prohibition for centuries I cannot say how many centuries, because the Mohammedans have lived for over six hundred years in India. During all that time we have always had prohibition, but not such prohibition as Pussyfoot Johnson brought to us. Today we are glad we are having the prohibition in a per- fect sense, and the students are the greatest factor in that movement. Un- fortunately because they have to contend with the State, and the State is connected with the national political movement, they have been put in prison and hindered a great deal by the Government in their movements, which is a very, very sad fact to mention. However, the whole of India is the first and the greatest country to go dry in the history of the whole world. Mr. Strelecki, from Russia: I have great pleasure to say a few words for Russia. I love Russia. I lived in Russia before the war, but all this time, since the war, I have been in the United States, .although I have been in contact with Russia all the time. I have relatives in Russia who write to me almost every month and tell me the whole situation in which Russia is at the present time. Before the war, in 1914, the Russian Government proclaimed prohibition, for they did not think it was wise for the soldiers to have drinks. The Russian Czar declared prohibition and declared it was necessary for Russia. The professors and the group of intelligent men who constantly advised the Czar of Ruussia, told him that the Russian Government would be unable to win the war if they did not have prohibition. They pointed to the Russian-Japanese War. They said, "You see what happened in the war between Russia and Japan, and it was all because of the Russian vodka" that is the term used for whisky. In 1914, on April 15, the Russian Czar ordered prohibition. As a re- sult the Russian mothers were very happy in the villages and the mothers paraded around in the streets with the brooms on their shoulders, all because there was prohibition, because their husbands would be home and would attend to the children and would not go to the saloon and spend their money and their time there. The present situation in Russia is very bad, it is very hard to describe all the crime going on there. But it is not on account of prohibition so 335 much as it is other things. The Bolshevik parliament does not attend to things as closely as the Czar did. Bolshevik officials are not helpful and do not care about the health of the army. They wish to get from every- v/here, from all the sources, all the vodka they can. I received a letter from my brothers a few weeks ago and they said that for five gallons of vodka "I can pass to America very easy." So you see it is a very serious situation in Russia. Mr. Gurdjian, University of Michigan, representing Armenia: I think that in order that prohibition be a success the student body of any country should be prohibitionists. If we were ever to bring about prohibition among the student body in the school, after they leave the school we would be pretty sure to get prohibition. There are many countries where schools yet do not teach prohibition to their students. There are many who should do this. I wonder if it would be possible for this Convention to send some letters to the different ministers of public instruction asking them to adopt prohibition and teach prohibition in the schools. Mr. Philip Brown, representing Liberia : Some of you know of Liberia, a country that has been dry for a long time and is trying to do something for the uplift of humanity; but owing to the fact that the alcohol problem in Africa became a very important one and there was a" great economic question raised, there has been a great deal of worry in my country. I am appealing to this organization, that if any way is possible, they should get in touch with European nations to cause them to stop selling and bringing whisky and things like that into Liberia because in Liberia never before did we have saloons and they had no way of getting or provid- ing liquor or any way to make it. The only way we have it is through the European nations who, after the war, and because of the travel of Europeans in our land, brought this whisky and this deadly poison into our country and brought our people into contact with it. If the nations of America could impress the nations of Europe and make them stop sending liquor across the water to the heathen people, it would be a great thing to do, and through this means a great help would come to my people. I hope and trust, therefore, that you people will make every effort to help the heathen people of my country and the heathen people all over the world, by stopping the sending of any kind of that stuff into our country, foi consumption by our heathen people, from your European nations. That will help us a great deal, I believe. 336 MONDAY MORNING, NOVEMBER 27, 1922 Ways and Means of Securing Action Through Government Officials for the Enforcement of Law In the absence of Mr. Orville S. Poland, A.B., LL.B., Attorney and Superintendent of the Legal Department of the Anti-Saloon League of New York, who had been designated as the presiding of- ficer for this conference, Mr. T. S. Quayle called the conference to order at 8:15 o'clock a. m. Address of Mr. James Hales, Chairman of the Prohibition Com- mission and Chief Enforcement Officer of Ontario : I can say this for my native province. We are heart and soul in sympathy with preventing our booze from going over to your side of the line. Approaches have been made to us on a good many occasions to let down the fence just a little bit. They said to us, "Why should you care for the Yankees? What difference does it make to you if they want to buy our liquor? Let them have it. We will get their money and that is all there is about it." I have said to them in very plain terms that it isn't the part of good neighbors to do that sort of thing and besides that there is always a reflex action. You can't help to build up on the United States side a community of bootleggers and of drinkers of liquor without having a very serious re- action on your own people and so for selfish reasons we should do some- thing at any rate to prevent the liquor from going over there. My subject is: How to Secure Cooperation From Those Who are Charged with the Enforcement of the Law. Well, I would begin in the first place at the ends of the subject. I would say that those advocates of the enforcement of the law and those who form the great public should be seized with the importance of the subject. It should be understood everywhere that alcohol is a foe to the human body; that it is a foe to everything good among us and that a person who sells liquor, makes liquor, or distributes it against the law, is a public enemy. If those who are at the head in administering the law and those who arc at the other end, the common ordinary people, who after all are the people most concerned, if they sympathize with those who are enforcing the law and are prepared to cooperate with them, the greatest factors pos- sible that we can have are at the disposal of those charged with the enforce- ment of the law. Now, then, let us recognize at once that there is no other matter any- where that offers such bribes and is ready to offer such large sums of money to dissuade people from the discharge of their duties, no matter where they are. I don't believe that we have a man in our employ who couldn't, if he became corrupt, get several times the amount of money that his salary amounts to in a whole year, if he would just swerve a little from the path of duty; and I want to pay a tribute at the outset to those in our employ who are charged with the administration of the law. 337 We have inspectors of the O. T. A., and officers of the O. T. A., many of whom have refused bribes of very considerable amounts. Some I have heard of, amounted to $25,000 and $50,000, if they would depart just a little from their duty. Indeed, I have known men, and in fact I know one man now, one of our best officers who has been offered $50,000 if he would just look away from a place where his duty calls him and leave other people to do what they wanted to do in the meantime. We have here in Canada, in Ontario, a rather large field of operations. You may travel three hundred miles towards Montreal and still be in Ontario. You may take the train in the other direction and go arouund Lake Superior, travelling a thousand miles, and still be in the province of Ontario. It stretches from Minnesota on the West to New York State on the East. It has a very large area and a sparse population, less than three millions all told. These officers of ours have to guard the greatest boundary of water anywhere in the world. Just think of the great rivers and the Great Lakes. We have something like two thousand miles between Ontario and the various parts of the United States of America. You can see how great the task of our law enforcement officers is. They have to deal with the matter of stills and they are dealing fairly effectively with them. They have to deal with importations from the sister Province of Quebec. There is a great deal of liquor that conies in that way and it is very difficult sometimes to head it off. They have to deal with distilleries and breweries right here at home whose chief business perhaps is the manufacture of liquor for export to the United States of America. Oh, no, they don't say the United States. They say Mexico, and they say Cuba and all sorts of places, except the United States. They load thousands of cases upon yachts that go out into Lake Ontario. They may reach the Detroit river and anchor out there and row boats come to unload and take it over to the United States and some of it comes back to Ontario. I confess to you at once that situation is very, very unsatisfactory to us here as it must be to you in the United States. I think the solution lies in getting our Dominion Parliament to pass a law that will not permit any liquor to be sent to the United States of America unless the law enforce- ment officers in the United States of America first consent to the shipment being made. We have gotten down a considerable distance in that direction ?nd I really believe if a request properly backed up comes from your Secretary of State at Washington to our Parliament in Ottawa that sort of legislation will be enacted, because I believe that our Government at Ottawa after all is not unfriendly to the prohibitionists of the United States. Some of us have worked in that direction and we almost succeeded, I think, at the last session of Parliament. Now, for the men themselves. They should be men of more than average intelligence. They should be honest and straightforward. They shouldn't be open to accept any bribes that will be offered and they should be encouraged in the discharge of their duty all along the line. We have a good many of these men and we ought to be sympathetic with them, we ought to cooperate with them, to get the best results. We try to do that, and sometimes if a weak brother gets into the forces, we should let him 338 understand that he may have preeminent qualifications for some other sphere in life; because if he is a right thinking man he does not want to keep a better man from occupying that position. One of the most difficult tasks is to get a group of men who are highly efficient and at the same time cannot be bribed by any money or bribe that will be offered. I spoke a moment ago about some of the difficulties. I touched on the stills and the bringing in from Quebec and our own distilleries. We have other smaller subjects. We are supposed to sell most of the liquor our- selves to our dispensaries and all the liquor prescribed for patients for disease must come through physicians. Some time ago when it started a physician who issued two hundred prescriptions in a month wouldn't be interfered with. Then it came down to one hundred. Now it is fifty, and I haven't heard yet that more people die through the limitation. I would like to see the day when there will be less law violation, but we have among us a set of people who spend their whole time and their whole effort in devising ways and means to violate the law. A very large number of these people are men of foreign brith. I would deport everyone of them, if I could. I would say to the people around this country that there is no foot-place here for the feet of the bootlegger. I haven't yet said much about the high quality of the officials. The word that somebody used is the word "Cooperation." They must have intelligence, honesty, straightforwardness, and more than average skill in dealing with a difficult subject, and I hope yet to see the day when our officers will be able to give less of their time to preventive measures and more of the time to constructive programs. At this time Mr. Orville S. Poland assumed the chair. Chairman Poland: I fear that I have been inexcusably stupid. I owe you an apology. I gathered the opinion that this meeting was to be held in one of the smaller rooms in Massey Hall and I have been up there enjoying myself in solitary comfort. Before we open the conference to general discussion, I want to call on Dr. Wheeler to say something about questions along the international border on the American side. Wayne B. Wheeler, LL. D., General Counsel, Anti - Saloon League of America : All I will say now is what I suggested to you at the beginning, that we are. getting the finest kind of cooperation from the Ontario officials so far as their own law is concerned. Of course, they haven't as much law as we have down in the United States, but this suggestion that Mr. Hales made is going to be carried out as far as the United States is concerned. The Secretary of State has already sent one communication up here embodying that request. When a friendly suggestion comes from a neighboring nation that by a. cer- tain line of action we can help ourselves there ought not to be any delay on the part of any United States official to respond to that suggestion. 339 Mr. Watkins, Superintendent North Dakota Enforcement League : North Dakota has been prohibition for thirty-three years, and our problem through the thirty-three years was enforcement. I am superintendent of the North Dakota Enforcement League, or the Anti-Saloon League of North Dakota, and have so been since 1911. The two words I would suggest, are cooperation and elimination. Let me say that the attitude of the .public in general is ignorantly critical of officials. But that is a great mistake. I want to emphasize that, ignorantly critical. In a great many instances they are wholly unjust. People write to me, relative to officials, saying, "Don't take this matter up with our county officials because they are taking money now from the liquor element," when those men are the very best officials we have in the state or ever did have. They are absolutely right and doing all in their power to enforce the law. I want to emphasize the word "cooperation." A great deal of information and some evidence sifts into every temperance de- partment of every organization, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, the Anti-Saloon League, and others, and I think the heads of these organiza- tions should transmit such information to the county attorneys or prosecut- ing officials, and then back them up in the matter and assist them all they can. If these men feel they have the cooperation and backing of a temperance organization, then they will do better work. When they go ahead and do their duty, enforcing the law, they must engender the enrriity, and the oppo- sition of the opposite side, but if they know they have the backing of the tem- perance people, the people who want good government and law enforcement, they will be all the stronger. If you expect them to work without any help from you, the opposition from the other side may cause them to back up or lay down on the job. So I would say cooperation first. Then when we find men that will not do their duty, after they have had a fair trial, eliminate them at the next election. The Chairman: You have heard of cooperation. Last year my office cooperated to the extent of forwarding 2,482 such complaints as you have mentioned to the offi- cials. I would like, after this gentleman speaks, to have some of you give us some suggestions as to what to do after you send them those complaints and nothing happens. Mr. Quayle: There are about eighty or a hundred thousand people in my district and about sixteen years ago we organized a law enforcement league. Reference has been made to ignorance and criticism. One of the policies of that league was to inform the voters of the character of candidates and for sixteen years we have kept that department in full ,sway. At the time when the organization took place every state's attorney suddenly got rich within a year or two after he had been installed in office, but after fourteen years of fighting we elected a good man, Col. A. B. Smith. Colonel Smith has been offered, I know, 340 $50,000 this last summer, if he would refuse to enforce the law or neglect to enforce the law. He had hardly been elected until his house was blown up with dynamite. As soon as he was elected he was approached and offered a thousand dollars a month for non-enforcement of the law; a gambling house came and offered him $100 a month if he would omit to enforce the law upon that one place. There is a summer resort in the northern part of the county, and he was offered $10,000 a month if he would refuse or neglect to enforce the law at that point. Our league has incessantly put before the newspapers of that county what he is doing. We have had no direct effort, no direct help, from the newspapers. We have had but little from the churches, directly. In fact, only this law enforcement organization has been close at his back, but we have kept the end in view, that the people must be informed. Last April we chose a sheriff. We had had a sheriff's office that always tipped off any raids that were about to be made. We chose a candidate for sheriff and we threw all our efforts into electing that man and he was elected by three to one and the way we did it was this: We sent (and we have done so during the last fifteen years), about 14,000 circulars to the voters, giving the record of every candidate, particularly the law enforcing candidates, for office. The voters take those circulars with them, to the polls, and that circular, I know, decided the election. . . it H. T. Laughbaum, Superintendent Oklahoma Anti-Saloon League : I think it would be a good thing to have open season for removal of offi- cers. When I was a special attorney in our state we removed twenty officers of the 'law, including district judges, county judges, sheriffs, mayors and county attorneys. We didn't want to show any ill feeling toward the Republicans, so we started after the Democrats and' removed nineteen, and then we removed one Republican. Last year two sheriffs were removed, the same day, in two different coun- ties by juries, and another was suspended. Under our law the officer when he is accused may be suspended from the' office until final trial of the case and if he doesn't want the case pushed we don't push it after he is suspended; we put another man in his place. Get a good law for the removal of officers and then if they don't act as they should act have open season for the removal of officers. I want to say this, that the great majority of our officers are square and decent. We had two state-wide conferences in Oklahoma during the last two years and sheriffs and county attorneys, federal officers, federal attorneys, United States marshals, Indian Service officers, and others, attended and I was a speaker at both of those conferences. This coming year, the federal prohibition directors and myself expect to go into each county seat and hold a law enforcement conference in the day time with the officers of that county and then at night at community mass meetings, get the sentiment of the peo- ple behind those officers and wind up in the capital of the 'state by having a state-wide meeting of the sheriffs and county attorneys and federal officers 341 Mr. H. E. Graham, of Michigan: I am a former federal prohibition director for the State of Michigan, now superintendent of field organization for law enforcement. We have a system in Michigan that is working out very successfully and I think perhaps it might be helpful, in answer to the Chairman's question, "What will you do where the officers fail to act?" I think a good suggestion has been given us to have the open season for suspension of officers. I would suggest that I think the best season to suspend officers is before the election and I wish we might all emphasize in all our work the importance of selecting and electing only candidates who are friends of law. That is the most im- portant thing of all. However, when we have the officer elected we must work with him; we must cooperate with him; we must make the best of him. Now, in every county we are attempting to have an organization with several departments including a committee on organization, extending the organiza- tion for law enforcement in that place; a committee on cooperation, cooperat- ing with the officers; a committee on education, educating the people, keeping them informed on the facts; a committee on publicity, broadcasting the facts and the truth to the people; a committee also on candidates and elections, whose duty it is to attend to that department and inform the people. The committee on cooperation are furnished with a little blank report or complaint card which we call the citizens' complaint card. We outline on that card the kind of information that a complainant ought to give the officers, not a suspicion, not a grudge that they have against somebody, but what they know about the violation. We ask on that card that the name of the offender be given, or some identification if the name is not known, the nationality, the location, the form or kind of violation; if an automobile is used, if possible, the license number of the automobile, the de- scription of the automobile; and then the names of any others who know the facts, and the informant's name and address. We are careful to ask if their name may be given to the officers or withheld. Our office is a clearing house for that information and we guard safely the informant who asks that his name be withheld. Those complaints are numbered consecutively when they come into the office. We report them as the case may be to the various local, state or federal officers, and we keep a record of where the report is sent, and in due time, if they do not report, we ask for a report on complaint No. 44, for example, or whatever it may be, and invariably we get an answer back showing the disposition that was made of the case. It is very interesting to keep such a record. I want to give one illustration of quick action. In the city of Port Huron on the border across from Canada, we had some border trouble in Michigan. Somebody asked, "What is the matter wih Ontario?" The answer was, Windsor. Windsor is very close to Detroit, but conditions are improving and growing better. A dry citizen in Port Huron reported a vio- lation. The next day it went to the sheriff from our office. The following day the sheriff reported that that man had been a violator of the law but he had just died and, of course, his case was closed. This information went back the following day to the informant, and the informant replied, "Yes, he dropped 342 dead while cranking his motor boat loaded with beer; today I have come to bury the violator, not to arrest him." Judge Pollock: Just a word from the standpoint of the bench. Perhaps one of the best things along this line would be to have a good, old-fashioned Mtthodist re- vival among the lawyers. Perhaps the greatest trouble, among laymen, is the ignorance of the lawyers. Those of you who know anything about law enforcement know that especially on the equitable side of the case, there is some law that you have got to know; and the amount of ignorance with ref- erence to fundamental principles and law enforcement, from the legal stand- point, is certainly very great. In North Dakota where we have been under constitutional and statutory prohibition now for thirty-three years, the great- est difficulty we have had was passing through what was known as the joking period. Everyone seemed to think the law was a joke. The moment that you can get it into the minds of the people that it is no joke you are going a long ways. For instance, you read in the papers about the memory test. There are people advertising splendid helps for the memory. I wish some of these helps could be adopted by some of our witnesses who have drunk beer all their lives but who, on the witness stand, never knew anything; did not know whether they had drunk beer or slop. I found a pretty good mem- ory test for one of them. One of those Germans upon the witness stand one day had a sudden lapse of memory, and I told the sheriff to take him over to the jail and let him stay there until his memory revived. When he saw the bars he said, "You take me back. I know, I remember now." He got up on the stand and said, "Yes, it was the good old-fashioned lager beer." I found that in our state the people generally were right, but they did not know exactly what they could do and they were reaching out at something to find what could be done. I published a book giving our law, and put in the back of it a pamphlet which I had written, giving the forms of procedure, and told the people not the lawyers necessarily, but the people, how they could proceed in a court. We scattered that book all over the state of North Da- kota, and it gave the temperance people a weapon to use with the prosecuting attorneys. Mr. George A. Wilson, of Quincy, Illinois: Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen: Speaking from the standpoint of hav- ing been a state's attorney so many years ago that the statute of limitations has run against everything that I did or failed to do so, I want to say, in behalf of the state's attorneys that I think as a general rule they are square and honest. The trouble with these officers in many cases is that they lack initia- tive. A good many state's attorneys take the position that they will prosecute any case where there is a complaint made, and they do it, but they don't go out of the way to swear out warrants or take the initiative in instituting these prosecutions. There is one thing that the good people can do. In the small city of Hannibal they told me that they went in to clean up the city, and they had some of the finest looking women in town, with the most stylish hats and clothes, and the best men in the town, go to court every morning while court 343 was in session. I will tell you what some of the prosecuting officers want. They want the good people of the town to uphold them in the court at the time these prosecutions are on. The people of the baser sort are always there in court. If frequently, perhaps generally, you would have- a committee to attend court when you have a lot of these cases to grind through the mill, I believe something could be done. Furthermore, there is a feeling of sus- picion among the men who are square in the enforcement of law; they don't know whose hand is against them or who is going to give information out. For instance, all the brewers want to know is where during a certain week the enforcement officers are not going to be. That is all they need to know. If they know, in a certain part of a large city, that the officers are not going to be there, that they are going to work down state or in another part of the city, then these liquor men get their work in during those few days when the officers are in another part of the city or another part of the state. I would like to know what is being done relative to putting the subordinate enforce- ment officers under the civil service. Mr. Mayer, of New York : I think I have a suggestion to make from my experience in -law enforce- ment and in the fight against commercialized vice. We have had similar problems to yours. It is surprising how many similar 'problems there have been. Why don't you hold up the hands of the enforcement officials and also secure the cooperation of the' average man and woman by making use of the injunction and abatement principle against the place and the property? That is in addition to the criminal proceeding against the person." It is all right to fine a man five dollars or ten dollars or let him go on suspended sentence until the next time and seize the liquor. He will do it over again. If an in- junction and abatement proceeding is brought against the house; against the place in which liquor is being brewed, and the house is 'closed for a year and the owner of that house has to pay, or rather the fine of three hundred or five hundred dollars is assessed against the property, and acts as a lien against the property, the owner of the property has got to bear in mind that his place must not be used for illegal purposes, and you have a weapon there, an equi- table measure, which can supplement your criminal procedure. I know that the injunction abatement law in the United States-r-it-is a state law has been passed in nearly every state in the Union against a disorderly house, and when that law was passed it meant the death knell of the red light district, because where before it was very difficult to get criminal evidence against men and women in that nefarious business, it now became possible to close up the house. The average citizen could make the complaint. The vigilance society, the State Anti-Saloon League, or any other society could make the complaint in the injunction abatement proceeding. All that needs to be done is to make the law cover any place in which liquors are being distilled or from which they are being sold, which is illegal, and then it can be declared a nuisance and abated as property coming under this injunction abatement proceeding. Hon. Wayne B. Wheeler, LL.D., Washington, D. C. : The first condition in securing satisfactory law enforcement is to have an 344 official who is in sympathy with your law. How are you going to secure such official? First, by election. You know how to do that. Second, re- member that most of our federal officials are appointed. These federal agents are appointed now because of political service rather than fitness for the job. In states where your Senators are right on this question and your National Republican Committeeman is right and the leaders of your party, your dom- inant party, are right, we get good officials. Where they are not, we are getting inefficient officials and in some places, corrupt officials, many of whom up to about eighty or ninety, are already indicted or are in jail. There is one way to stop such a condition of affairs; that is, to put those agents under civil service and take them out of the political appointment class. That bill is before Congress now. Third, these federal judges and district attorneys are chosen upon the recommendation and the final choice of your two United States Senators, your National Republican Committeeman and some others of your state Re- publican leaders who have influence, but primarily the United States Senators in your dominant party and your national Republican committeemen are responsible. You should hold them to that responsibility when they put wet men on the bench and as federal district attorneys who are against the enforcement of the : law. Remember that even the President of the United States can not appoint a man when the Republican Senators say to him, ''We will not ratify that appointment when it conies to the Senate." If the Sena- tors stick together they can defeat the choice of the President of the United States and the Attorney General. There are three or four things that you can do to help an enforcement officer. Assume to start with that he is friendly and wants to do his duty, for the overwhelming majority of the state and federal officers want to en- force the law. Put that down as an absolute certainty. Even when they were not friendly to the law before it went on the statute books, we are get- ting fine cooperation from some of them. Give him your moral support. Show public sentiment in that community so that he will feel that it is as safe or a good deal safer for him to do right than for him to do wrong; and then give him information such as Mr. Graham outlined here. Officers come to the federal offices at Washington and tell me they are not getting the co- operation from our state and local committees that they ought to have. Put yourselves in their places, where they are in an environment of criminals. Suppose that every service you went to on Sunday, every meeting you at- tended, was controlled by men who were set against the thing you were try- ing to do? Some of you fellows would get weak backs. Some of you would be discouraged. You go to the churches, to meetings which are in sympathy with you. Remember that these officers go among those who are criminals, who are dead against them, who would do everything possible to defeat them in their work. If you go to them and find out what their problem is and then help them instead of knocking them, you will get better results. Inform yourselves what the law is and how to proceed under it. We have already published a volume of 600 pages entitled "Federal and State Laws Relating to Intoxicating Liquors." 345 It gives every law in the states, the Federal law, the Supreme Court de- cisions, the forms of indictment, information blanks, and forms of injunctions. The injunction method is one of the most perfect and most effective weapons we have today. Many places are using it with more effect than they are the criminal procedures of the law. The next proposition is how to deal with the unfriendly officer. Get rid of him when you find there is no other way. Defeat him in election. Get busy to prevent his appointment. Remember that our Federal United States Judges are there for life or good behavior, and there is no definition of what is good behavior. That makes it important for us to see to it that the men who go on that bench at least are not hostile to the law, and have a record for honest performance of duty When you can not get an officer to do his duty, what can you do next? Try another jurisdiction. The Federal law is framed so you do not have to depend on one officer alone. In most of your states you have at least three to five jurisdictions in which to try your case and start it. If you are blocked in one place, try another and then another and then another. You will break through somewhere along the line if you will use all the methods that you have. Proceed by the orderly processes of Government and cooperate with the officers of the law in doing their duty; and we can enforce the law in every state of the Union. It is the most important job that we now have before the people of the United States. MONDAY AFTERNOON, NOVEMBER 27, 1922 Ways and Means of Securing Fullest Possible Cooperation of Re- ligious Organizations for the Movement Against Alcoholism The Conference was called to order at 1 :00 o'clock p. m. by the Rev. T. Albert Moore, D.D., General Secretary of the Board of Evangelism and Social Service of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Canada : It seems to me that this Conference on the relation of the great Chris- tian Church to the prohibition movement ought to bring into very close touch those who are interested in the non-alcoholic movement throughout the whole world. The work of the churches in connection with this movement is always educational. That is outstandingly its responsibility. To secure the success of this movement the Church must carry on an educational propaganda through all her congregations, through her Sunday schools, through her organizations of young men and young women, and I am glad many of the churches are actively doing work in all these departments. We can easily see that the Church which carries on such a campaign naturally follows up its work and is anxious that the field may be covered in its entirety and that the seed sown through its educational methods may be gathered in harvest. Therefore, while the primary responsibility of the movement, so far as the Church is concerned, is educational, and I use that term in a very broad sense, it must also be interested in seeking the enactment of laws, and after 346 the laws have been enacted, in seeing that the laws of the land will be carried out and properly executed, and that point should be one of the principles of the Church. Therefore, the Church while primarily interested in education is none the less interested in legislation. The Church must study the situation and keep in close touch with her congregations, and there must always be practical suggestions made with regard to the enactment of bills on the statute books of any country. Then, the church having educated the people and having assisted them in the securing of legislation, it naturally must be interested in the enforcement of law. While the Church is not a Vigilante society or a detective organiza- tion, yet she is in a position to render cooperative assistance in the matter of enforcement of the law. This is the direct and vital relationship of the Christian Church to the prohibition movement. Bishop Wilbur P. Thirkield : On the whole the temperance movement in Mexico rests upon the evan- gelical church. We have between 75,000 and 100,000 members out of a con- stituency of about a quarter of a million. I rather think the situation may be represented by a story I heard of two Irishmen who, in the late war, were sent to a German line. They crawled along on the ground until they found eight Germans lying asleep, and Pat said, "Now, Mike, you get your hand grenades ready and go on the other side and I will stay on this side, and then we will let off our hand grenades and blow these Huns into smithereens." "No," said Mike. "Let us wake them up and have a fight." We need a waking up and the having of a fight in Mexico. The waking can come through the Church. I am glad to say that the Methodist Episcopal Church has expressed its interest recently in the prohibition movement by an appropriation for that purpose through its educational committee. We are fortunate in having in our Church a very forceful leader who has done effective work in Mexico. He has addressed 3,000 students, and is now the educational secretary of Mexico. The members of the cabinet together with Obregon have expressed their warm interest in the temperance movement and in prohibition. The Minister of Education said to me awhile ago, "The only hope for Mexico to take its place among the modern nations of the world is to abolish the bull fight and put down the liquor traffic." You will be surprised when I tell you that this man recently put 1,000 text books on the Scientific Aspect of Alcoholism into the hands of the teachers of Mexico, and, furthermore, in that Catholic country we got 500 Testaments into the hands of the people in the federal schools. Rev. J. Cromarty Smith, Scotland : Let me say this as to the relation of the Church in Scotland to the tem- perance work. We have in Scotland two old organizations that control the temperance work in that country. These two organizations have amalga- mated and many sub-committees have been appointed, They have formed 347 first the committee which we call the Church's committee, and I happen to be the convenor of that committee, and I may say a word about it. It goes without saying that if we can enlist the hearty sympathy of the church in our movement, victory is absolutely sure; but how to enlist the sym- pathy of the Church is the question. It is true that every Church in Scotland, every denomination in Scotland, has officially signified to its people the desire that the people should vote "no license." That is true, but the problem still re- mains how to get out the rank and file of the Church. It seems to me that we will not reach the rank and file unless in the first place we approach the mem- bers through the pulpit. How to get at the pulpit is the next difficulty. It is somewhat easier in Canada and the United States, but in Scotland it is diffi- cult to secure entrance to the pulpit. From what experience we have had we have felt it very difficult to broach the subject, and there is a great reti- cence on the part of the clergy in general to give us entry to the pulpit, largely because those who have spoken have lost sight of the spiritual, the distinctly religious aspect of the question. I feel sure I am safe in saying that the only way to try to approach the people is from a spiritual standpoint, from the standpoint of Jesus Christ, and it is only by that means and at that time, and it never will be until that time, that we will get the sympathy of the people. When I go home to Scotland if I have one conviction deeper rooted than another, it will be this: That in the United States of America, no doubt owing to circumstances over which you have no control, your legisla- tion has outrun your education. I may be entirely wrong, but I have thought a great deal of the necessity of education of the people. My conviction at the moment is this, granted we are all agreed, we need more education; and you will never make a prohibitionist until you make teetotalers. I maintain that you must educate the people before you can enforce satisfactorily your prohibition law. You have got. to make total abstainers through the Church. The only way you can do that is by preaching the gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ. Therefore I venture to say that our education on economic lines has somewhat outrun our education on religious ,, lines, and I think that we must set ourselves more strenuously to this task and think more deeply about it. If we are to approach our people we must do it mainly from the stand- point of our most holy religion, and all these other arguments, economic ar- guments and so forth, are well enough in their way, but they are nothing compared with the religious movement. Dr. Oliver: I have wandered around the world a little and I have this conviction, friends, that the relation of the Church to the question of reform is such that the reformer can not be efficient and effective and triumphant unless he is a man of God and a man of truth and a man who believes in the Bible and all that it means for the world. I am in favor of uniting the great Church movement with the reform idea. I think that to enforce law we must not only be willing to enforce the law that is our pet law whether it be the law against intoxicating liquor or not but we must believe it is right to enforce the law of God in men's hearts so far as we can. We can not do it by local 348 constitutions and methods of that kind, we must do it with moral suasion and faith in God. In short, I believe that the enforcement of the law in the case of prohibition means the enforcement of the whole law of the statute book, and those laws can only be enforced properly if we enforce the law of God; and we can not enforce the law of God except through the daily practice of his Holy Word. No law enforcement can be made effective unless it is an enforcement in the name of Jehovah. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union showed us that the prayer of faith is a great force in the law of the land. The two must be joined together, the Church with its moral and social ideals, and faith in God, must be joined with the statute against liquor. It is only by joining those two that we can expect to succeed in our endeavor to make the world dry, and to make it a clean place and a fit place in which to live. I believe that the Church will never do its best, and the members of the Church will never do their best in any moral reform, until they get on their knees and look to God as their Savior and chief magistrate for guidance in their battle for the right. TUESDAY MORNING, NOVEMBER 28, 1922 Ways and Means of Securing Adequate Financial Support for Organized Propaganda Against Alcoholism The Conference was called to order at 8 :00 o'clock a. m., the Rev. Homer W. Tope, D.D., Superintendent of the Anti-Saloon League of Pennsylvania, presiding. The Conference was opened with prayer by T. M. Marshall of West Virginia. The Chairman: The topic for this morning's discussion will be "Ways and Means of Se- curing Adequate Financial Support for Organized Propaganda Against Alco- holism." This is probably one of the most important topics to be discussed during the convention, because with the sinews of war we can vanquish the enemy. Even the associations against prohibition took this into considera- tion when organizing, and they are charging their members a dollar apiece. The Anti-Saloon Lea'gue devised methods and plans years ago; but we want to compare notes with other workers this morning. Mr. Lane, Buffalo : I do not believe we have been using the American Issue enough. I have found in my travels throughout the country that ministers do not as a rule have the American Issue. It has never been sent to them. I have asked a great many people whether they know anything about the American Issue or not and they do not. I believe that a great deal of good can be done in the fire department stations and police stations. People gather in these stations when they are idle and have a little time to spend. I often go there and I have seldom found less than 15 or 20 men and very often I have found 30 to 40 men. I feel that we neglect this field to a very great extent. I am sure 349 that we can introduce the American Issue to these people as well. Every- body is interested in the American Issue when they see it. I have one copy here that I showed to 155 people in ten days. I think another thing to do in order to succeed in our movement is to press the case for a personal interview. I believe that is the thing. About 20 years ago I promised Miss S. B. Smith that I would do personally some good work each day in the cause, and I have done that ever since. Mr. Sante, Missouri: I am perfectly willing to admit that a very much larger circulation of the American Issue would be valuable. There is material in it which some of the brainiest men in the Anti-Saloon League have gathered and spent practically all their time in putting together. It seems to me that there ought to. be some way by which that national American Issue could be put into the hands of people at a lower price than we are paying for it now. I am not of the type of man that feels that we ought to do this work for nothing, but we must reach the public with the very best thing that is available. I do not believe there is another paper of the kind in the country. It seems to me there ought to be some way devised by which to make the people in each of the churches interested in this movement, and I think one of the means is to make avail- able this national American Issue at a lower price. Mr. Metcalf, Ohio : Our last campaign in Ohio gave us over 190,000 majority against the beer and wine amendment. In that campaign the American Issue was sent out for five weeks before election, for 10 cents, and many, many thousands of copies were circulated in that way. I myself had 100 every week and every one of them was very carefully circulated. We have no doubt that the Ameri- can Issue did its work effectively. Mr. Turpeau, Virginia: Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen: I want to speak to you about the means of raising funds for carrying out this program in a field that has been hithertojieglected, though probably not intentionally. That field is the field among the American negro. In the past, of course, the negro has been a sort of weight on our movement, but since prohibition has come he has had such large benefits that he feels now he can be an asset for any institution that is working for the betterment of the world. The negro has thought in the past, in terms of dimes and quarters. That represented the limit of his ability. Since prohibition has come to the states the negro is now thinking in terms of dollars and hundreds or thousands of dollars. He is getting hold of some of this world's goods and to my mind that is a splendid field to go to in order to secure funds to promote this big movement. I do not know that I ought to say definitely what I have in mind with reference to a practical plan, but I know that if the American negroes were approached in the proper manner they would yield a substantial return from that effort. They are better able now than they have ever been and are more willing. Prohibition is the greatest blessing that has come to the negro 350 since his emancipation from slavery. I do not speak as an authority on the negro race, but I do think that I can say with as much authority as others did in St. Louis the other day that I think the time has come when the negro race is definitely committed to prohibition. Mr. Davis, North Carolina: Mr. Chairman: I have been in this work 17 years, and if I had to give any advice as to my judgment about how to raise money and get results, how to raise money for this propaganda, I will just say "hustle." I do not know of anything that will produce more good in the next five or six years than good, honest hustling. If the job is difficult, go after it a little harder, and do not sit down and wait. If there is anything on the face of the earth that will disqualify the League for service of any sort it is to get so far behind with its accounts that the liquor people will be able to say that we do not pay our bills. So I say hustle and we will get there. Mr. Marshall, West Virginia: I do not rise particularly in behalf of the money side of the problem, for I am a great believer in personal contact in every stage of our work. But I wanted to say a word with regard to the distribution of literature to edu- cate people in ideas, not merely in a campaign a few weeks or a few months before election, but throughout the time during the weeks and the months of the year before the election. If you can get your literature read you create an opinion, a growing sentiment, and establish that sentiment so that by and by nothing in the world can suddenly overturn it. For that reason it im- presses me as being a very practical thing to have our literature distributed throughout the year instead of just before election when people are particu- larly interested in the movement. If we can get this literature distributed throughout the ynited States for months or years before these great problems are considered at the polls, the ideas will exist in the minds of the people and the people will be ready, when the question comes, to act intelligently on it. I think that is one of the things that we ought to do in this movement for prohibition and it will be one of the most effective things. Rev. Ira Landrith, D.D. : There are two things that occur when you get money from an audi- ence. One is, you get money they ought to give, and the other is you give them information and arouse their interest and cause them to continue their activity, which is more valuable than the money. It would be a calamity to the Anti-Saloon League if the League should anywhere leave the impression that getting money is its sole object. For my own part, I believe that the little work that I have been allowed to do in raising money is psychological. Money is one of the great needs for this movement. I calculate every time that I get a dollar or a five-year card or a three-year card that it helps keep such a man as Davis of North Carolina or Mr. Cherrington at headquarters. Every time I get such a card as that I put Wheeler closer to the Supreme Court and every time I raise a dollar I think that Dr. Baker is becoming more effective. Money is one of the great necessities of our work, but it is not 351 the only necessity. The other necessity as I see it is to make the people interested in what we are doing. TUESDAY AFTERNOON, NOVEMBER 28, 1922 International Cooperation for Law Enforcement on Both Sides of International Boundary Lines The Conference was called to order at 1 :00 o'clock, Rev. A. J. Barton, D.D., presiding. The Chairman : Ladies and gentlemen: Mr. Arthur Davis, the Superintendent of the Northeastern Regional District of the Anti-Saloon League of America, whose duty it was to preside over this conference today, can not be here because he is attending a meeting of the Executive Council, of which he is Secretary, and he has asked me to preside. Mr. Henry Moyle: I would like to have just one minute of the time allotted to this Confer- ence, in opening the discussion, to say that, having no part in the direction of law enforcement beyond such as I may have as a private member in the rear ranks, I have had opportunity from time to time to do something, although I have no connection with the field and my limits are those bounded by the power and the opportunity that comes to a private citizen. There is nothing about me of the character of an official, I have no official position or respon- sibility. I am unable to function as an official, and, not being closely con- nected with the active work, I am unable to give experience of value, as others may be, but I am able simply to state my position as an individual who at all times realizes the responsibility he has in giving the very best service that is in him. I might say, however, that our Attorney General is a splendid officer, filling his position with such determination and good judgment that it makes it very much easier than otherwise. The Chairman: As the Chair understands the situation, one of the difficulties on the border line, in Canada and the United States, is the fact that the prohibition law in Canada does not prohibit the manufacture of intoxicants. Am I right? Mr. Moyle : Yes, sir. The Chairman : I thought so, and that is a serious difficulty. If the Canadian Gov- ernments, Dominion and Provincial, could go further and do as we have done in the United States and prohibit the manufacture as well as the sale, it would help greatly. Our law, both constitutional and statutory, pro- hibits the manufacture, sale, transportation, importation and exportation of all intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes, and if some act like that could be made effective in Canada it would be helpful. 352 Mrs. Anderson, of New Hampshire: I came to this conference to get more light on this subject which very vitally concerns us, on both sides of the border. We have had prohibition in our locality for 30 years, and it has been well enforced. After the national prohibition came into being our problem was intensified and new problems were created. An entirely new condition arose and a new problem came up as to how to meet that condition. I think the best thing that has been done, as far as I know, has been a conference of the enforcement officials from both sides of the line, from Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minne- sota, with the officials from Alberta, Saskatchewan and this country, across the line, who have checked up the whole question. There has been an im- provement in the condition since, and recommendations made by them went to the authorities on both sides. I feel there needs to be an awakening among the people. We need the moral support of the people. The people do not real- ize what the enforcement officers are doing, who undertake to enforce the law across the border. They take their lives in their hands. I know of a number of cases where men have been shot, and I know of other cases where the men were killed and left families to be supported. I know of one man who en- deavored to enlist in the army, but was refused. Later on he took up the fight for his country, the same as the other men who went to the front did, in the prohibition service. Some men went to the front and fought their battles with the enemy and others stayed at home and enlisted in the enforcement department of our government. He was shot. When the officer went to see his wife, she said to him, "I feel, and I want my children to feel, that their father gave his life for his country just as did our friends at the front." If we temperance people take this position toward our men it will put morale into these officers and will help them. Mr. Chalmers, of New York : I want to back up what this lady has said. A Congressman from North Dakota said practically the same thing as this lady has said, about the rum- running and how hard it is for the sheriffs to get men to represent the gov- ernment in this matter. They realize that when they do this work, they are doing it at the risk of their lives. I think that if we can get conferences between the officials of the United States and Canada about this thing, we ought to be able to meet the situation and clear it up a great deal. It is a shame, an outrage, that a country can pass a law and have some of its citizens break it as they do. I don't know how many prohibition officers they have killed in the last two years. Someone says 125. That is what that murder- ous gang is doing. But then, we have to contend with the idle rich, the big business man who wants the poor man to be sober, but who does not want to give up his own liquor. If we can get not only a conference between the powers that be on either side, but a conference between our intelligent people, our intellectual people on this matter, I think we might do some good. If Canada and the United States could get together on this question there would be a great improvement. 353 Mr. McKeen, of Ontario : I am one of the Canadians who are ashamed of the conditions in Canada. We are not only disobeying our laws, but our present government is trying to nullify the laws that we have. We, as temperance people, interested in the observance of law, should see to it that our new government, the new gov- ernment which we will elect, makes new laws that will respect the rights of all nations. Mr. O. R. Miller, of Albany, New York : As a citizen of New York I may say that we New Yorkers are greatly interested in the international problem, probably more than anyone else, and more than any other state in the Union. We have several hundreds of miles of border line on which the international problem becomes a vital one; and I presume the greatest difficulty has been the bringing of liquor over from the provinces. We are faced by Montreal and Quebec, and 90 per cent of the liquor taken from Quebec comes to New York. Once, a district attorney was offered $50,000 to let a consignment of liquor go through from Canada. To men who never saw any great amount of money at one time that is a great temptation. We have done something by removing officers, and disciplining and changing officials, but we must have help and as has been suggested in this conference we must have help from the north as well as from the south. We feel that Canada, the great Dominion, can do much to help us. Mr. Vargas, of Mexico: I have been in touch with the problem for a long time. I have witnessed the killing of men in the prohibition service, who tried to enforce the law. I have seen how difficult it has been for the government to get juries to con- vict the criminals, and it is a very tender spot in my life to have been a wit- ness to these outrages in my own city of El Paso. We can go from El Paso to the Mexican town in five minutes. There are a great many saloons being run in Mexico right across from El Paso. It is a city of 16,000 inhabitants with 600 saloons, all kinds of blind-tigers, and other places, just five min- utes away from El Paso. The problem has been studied very carefully and conscientiously and the other day 10,000 citizens of El Paso sent a petition and signed it and forwarded it to Mr. Wheeler in Washington. That petition asks the United States Government to order the bridge from El Paso to this other city closed at 7:30 o'clock. By that time all the legitimate business has been transacted. There should be no objection to the closing of this bridge at that time. Those saloons would be forced out of business. Mr. Waltman, of Michigan : We have our troubles in Michigan but we hope to solve them satisfac- torily. Our federal prohibition director has been in conference with the Dominion director and we are trying to adjust matters. Just recently in our United States court the commissioner held that vessels coming from Canada to Detroit were vessels of the high seas, and therefore they were not subject to being searched. We are now organizing in Michigan to get rid of that 354 court commissioner. We do not believe the decision is fair or will hold in the higher courts. Mr. Wayne B. Wheeler, Washington: Our difficulty in Mexico is that when we ask for this condition on the passports they claim that we are hampering trade. They do not want to go quite so far as is asked for in the Mexican petition. We are doing our best to put a limitation on the passports and to close that bridge at an earlier hour but I do not know how long it will take or whether we can get it. We will do our besf. I hope you will ask them to consider a movement in Mexico to prevent the operation of dives like those along the border. Another problem is the shipment of liquors into these countries for supposedly legitimate pur- poses. Our laws permit the exporting of liquors for non-beverage purposes. We can not always tell whether the consignee is a valid consignee or not, so if your officers and people would cooperate with ours to let them know whether these consignments are going to legitimate people or not, it would help us a great deal. There are a score of troublesome problems arising in view of these laws, and it is absolutely necessary that we cooperate to the fullest extent. Let us do our level best, no matter what country we are in, to see to it that no agency of our government will improperly interfere with our movement towards law enforcement. We should demand a better respect for our laws and a better respect for the enforcement of thern. The officers of the law here in Canada, those charged with controlling the liquor traffic, have done their level best to cooperate with the officers of the United States. We are all one great big family and the border line should make no difference. We all want to cooperate with a view to establishing law and order and the only way to do that is to see to the enforcement of the laws that are already on our statute books. Dr. Sanders, of Montreal : We are in quite a difficult position in Montreal because we practically have four sets of laws which are in operation. We have the federal law. We have four or five counties living under the Canadian Temperance Act which is a better measure. Of course we have a local option act which is in force in the best part of the Province. Probably three-fourths of the Province is living under it today, but the French district is not a local option district. Then we also have the Quebec Liquor law, under the commissioners. The Government of Quebec has handed over the liquor traffic to this Commission and the Commission is out to do business like any other trader. It reasons, therefore, that there will be no interference from the federal authorities and so far as the Canadian Temperance Act is concerned it says first it is a federal measure and second, as far as they can see, they will use their influence to try and have the temperance act wiped out all over the Province of Quebec. That is the fallacy of the situation, they have a Canadian Temperance Act and they have these commissioners conducting the affairs of the liquor business. So in one breath they say that they are enforcing the law against the liquor traffic and in the next that they are a commission assembled with a view only to promote the traffic as any trader would. 355 We temperance folk want, of course, to cooperate as far as possible with our friends to the south, but I would remind you of this. There is big money in it, and the bootleggers come from the states with automobiles and a vast amount of money and they are in a position to use that money and to get away with illicit dealings without the least trouble. The United States Customs officials are doing their duty, collecting cus- toms, on ordinary goods, but men in automobiles, in high powered automo- biles, can go over the line right under the nose of these officials and no notice is taken of it. The Roman Church, I may say, is conservative. It is in a waiting atti- tude. It has been one of the splendid factors in this movement in the past, and I do not believe that the rank and file of the priesthood are at all desirous of seeing the splendid work that has already been done, undone, and the people exposed to the evils and dangers of unrestricted liquor traffic. I think theer is much to be done, and there is ample opportunity for every one who wants to do anything to do it. / The Chairman : I know that the officers in New York, are on the whole, doing their duty, and are doing everything they can to prevent the running of rum from Canada to the United States. We have had a good conference. The Chair would say that in this whole matter of international cooperation for the enforcement of our prohibition laws, we have a most urgent situation. If there were nothing else necessary to condemn the liquor traffic forever, that condemnation would be found in the fact that it not only defies local authority, county authority, state author- ity, the national authority, and even the greatest, the international authority, but it defies all the authorities all over the world. This conference can do much, I believe, in evolving plans for a greater cooperation among all lands. WEDNESDAY MORNING, NOVEMBER 29, 1922 Ways and Means of Securing Scientific Temperance Instruction in the Public Schools The Conference was called to order at 8:00 o'clock a. m., Miss Cora Frances Stoddard, B.A., Boston, Massachusetts, Executive Sec- retary of the Scientific Temperance Federation, presiding. The Chairman : Our subject is: "Ways and Means to Secure Temperance Education in the Public Schools." I think we will enlarge it a little bit to include "Ways and Means of Securing Temperance Education of the General Public," as well. In opening this morning's conference on temperance education, let me repeat that while it relates primarily to the temperance education in the public schools and the best way to secure it, I think we would do well to discuss ways and means of improving the general educational system of the United States to our temperance movement. So far as the school work is concerned, 356 it may be interesting to note that this subject was first considered in the public schools of the United States. It was the outgrowth of a suggestion made by Dr. Benjamin Rush, in England, following his investigation, and the first text book used in any of the schools was one which Dr. Rush himself prepared. And it was used to some extent in England and to some extent in the United States when the Woman's Christian Temperance Union took up the work to teach the children of the United States the evil effect of alco- holism. As you know, in this country, that teaching has become a part of our school system, through the operation of the law. In order that we might as quickly as possible get this instruction laws were passed in one state after another until a period of 20 years had elapsed and at that time every state in the nation required instruction along these lines. The law, of course, in one state varied from the law that existed in another. Some required that a regu- lar branch of study be provided in this particular matter; others required that a certain number of lessons, 30 to 40 in the upper and 20 to 30 in the primary grades, should be given; some were specific as to the duration of these tem- perance lectures and others merely made it optional on the part of the teachers to take up this phase of the situation. However, notwithstanding the fact that we have laws in the states con- taining provisions that affect our prohibition movement in the schools, we must watch that these laws be maintained, and that we may hold these laws. At definite periods of time in all of the states, the different states codify their laws and there is always a tendency when laws are codified to leave out a great many laws which seem to have become obsolete and have no bearing on mat- ters of public interest at the moment when the codifying is taking place. It is when these laws are codified that we temperance people must be on the watch for any effort that is made on the part of our enemies and opponents to throw these laws into the discard, and not include them in the codified laws of the state then being made up. I want to call upon one who is here and who has had a great deal of experience in work in this particular matter. She has been connected with it from the very beginning and has been closely identified with the teaching in the public schools, through text books and literature. Will Mrs. Transeau tell us something of the work that is being done in the schools? Mrs. Transeau: I began work with Mrs. Hunt soon after she started her work on the text books that were made the first of a series. There was an outline of sub- jects which she considered very essential. These subjects grew out of her experience in lecturing about the country. She had learned what was in the minds of the people. Some of the earlier text book makers had merely gone into the library and pulled down two or three volumes of medical works and the effect of alcohol on the human system, reference works, took out a page or two from these reference books and incorporated them into the school books that were to be used by the children, and that was the extent to which they went. These were, of course, the things with which Mrs. Hunt had her 357 first battle. Her battles were to* secure proper instruction in the books. As I remember some of the points were quickly traced, but others took a much longer time. She talked with people and she traveled a great deal through the country and eventually succeeded in getting people interested in the matter and in writing instructive and valuable text books upon the subject. One of the particular things which was impressed upon the people in her day, was the fact that alcohol was not a stimulant, although many people had been taking it as a stimulant in the belief that it would help them in some peculiar disease or disorder they were suffering from. One of the fallacies was that alcohol was an aid to digestion. That state- ment was successfully challenged and Professor Chittenton of Yale applied his experiment and verified his diagnosis that alcohol did not aid digestion. We did not try to say anything about the medical use of alcohol. Some doctors prescribe it as an aid, but we simply pointed out the facts, showing that it did not aid digestion. We had experimental evidence in muscular work and we proved that alcohol is not an aid to muscular work. Then there was the question of alcohol being an aid to mental work. Some of the earlier books said that if a man took a little alcohol it made him feel good and gay, but we secured evidence which proved that alcohol was a detriment to the race and to mental workers particularly, and Dr. Royal Copeland proved that contention of ours to the utmost. Dr. Welsh, of Johns Hopkins, sent a letter of inquiry to many mental workers throughout the country and got from them the testimony that alcohol was not an aid in their work. Mrs. Middleton : I understood the subject to be "Ways and Means." Now, the way for securing your most effective work on this subject would be through legislation. We want to instil in the minds of all intelligent people, the necessity of edu- cating those who are not so learned, as to the danger of using alcohol in any degree and for any purpose at all at any time in their life. We have, of course, a great battle before us because there have been physicians and doctors who have gone about the country telling women particularly that the use of alco- hol as a stimulant is necessary in certain periods of their life and that ale and porter and stout are tissue builders. We have proven that this is not a fact. We have proven to the contrary that this is entirely against all reason and that the use of these things particularly by the women of our country is not only harmful but dangerous to their well being. It is these things that we must contend with and we must educate our children to a better knowledge of the evil of drink in all forms, and of alcohol in any form. The people generally throughout the country do not realize the work that the Woman's Christian Temperance Union is doing in this movement, but our work is really not yet started. Just as Miss Stoddard has said, when they start in to codify laws, as they do in each state several times in a gener- ation, we must keep our eyes open to see that the laws that we have on our statute books are not thrown into the discard and we must also fight to have 358 enacted in our statute books laws which will promote the end which we all seek. Miss Lohman, of Germany : Madam Chairman: I shall try to say a few words to you about our teachers' work for scientific temperance in Germany. We began this work nearly 20 years ago when we were visited by the Woman's Christian Temper- ance Union. We tried to win the teachers over to this work, but we found they did not take any interest in the temperance question and so we thought it would be good to make them teach about this question because they were themselves not convinced to fight against alcohol. In 1910, I was in England for one month, and I saw there that I might go back to Germany and demand that a law be passed to make the teachers teach the children about the effects of alcohol. I learned a great deal in England and when I went back I left my own profession as a teacher and travelled all about our country to go into the schools and to teach the teachers how to give scientific temperance teach- ing. The doors of all kinds of schools were open to me and the work grew everywhere'. Four years ago it was getting quite successful but I could not do it any more alone, and so the government gave me some money to pro- vide more teachers to help me. In our big towns and everywhere, our teach- ers give their lesson, and the idea of prohibition is growing in Germany. Now for three years we have had a state monopoly, so that our government refuses to give us more money, and so we can not go on with this work. I shall not know what to do when I get home because our government is interested in the liquor trade and it does not like to have this work going on. We want our parliament, the Reichstag, to give us laws for the teaching of temperance in our schools, and to make it compulsory. I have found that it is necessary to establish a national center for temperance, to teach the tem- perance movement all through the land. Of course this work requires a great deal of patience on our part, when we are opposed by the government which has the control of the liquor traffic in its own hands and which is making money out of the sale of liquor and we have a very difficult task to face, but the work that we accomplished before the government took hold of the liquor interests has made it possible for us to go into different parts of the country and in spite of the government opposition, to spread our propaganda in behalf of the temperance cause that we all love so much. Now in Germany we are going to try to do that, although it is going to be a very difficult thing for us to attempt. We want your help. We want everything that you can do to assist us in our work. Mr. Barstow, of New York : As one who had the great privilege and pleasure 38 years ago next winter of voting for one of the first laws for the teaching of temperance in the Public Schools ever enacted in this country, I need not confirm to you my deep interest in this Conference. In our work, the work of the Anti-Saloon League and the Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union, and in various general welfare organizations, com- munity centers and Church movements, our workers and our propagandists 359 are going about the country very properly and with good purpose and teach- ing in churches and in other places, raising money for various kinds of general welfare work and taking money out of the community. Now, it seems to me that this Conference on Education is certainly a part of the general welfare education of the community, and as general welfare education of the com- munity, it should be made a part of these agencies and should profit in the money aand funds that are collected by the^ general welfare organizations throughout the country for the spread of propaganda and for the informing of the public of general welfare matters. I do not think it is right for all these different organizations to go into our local communities and take from them moneys and funds for their own peculiar kind of welfare work and do noth- ing at all in the line of temperance education. I for one am in favor of dis- tributing literature in our public libraries and in our public schools relating to all these important questions of public welfare. We need literature on public health, public temperance and the lawful political obligations of the citizens to the nation. And, it seems to me that this work and this propa- ganda movement should be initiated and performed by these public welfare organizations so far as possible. There should be a complete scientific library on the alcohol question and a course of study should be adopted to be followed by the students in the higher grades of school and in the earlier years of college. We have students studying economics and the laws of political sci- ence, but as yet in the colleges I know of no real study of the liquor question and the effect of alcohol upon the human body and the human brain. This is just as much an economic question as is any other question before the public today. Mr. Holsaple: I am firmly convinced, my friends, that this phase of the work discussed this morning is the most important phase of the whole prohibition work in the country today and in any country that has or has not got the prohibition law. In Iowa we are looking after enforcement as well as the educational work, but we are specializing in education, and trying to get it before the general public. With that in view, for two years we have had an exhibit at the state fair where we have a large stage set aside where scientific posters, large temperance posters, and models are displayed and the public comes in and examines them. During the ten days of the last state fair we had some- body there who was lecturing on the question of temperance. From time to time he made estimates of the number of people who went in to hear the speakers. The lectures lasted 20 minutes and we had three speakers on the job for every hour so that no minute of the time was wasted. We estimate that we reached 100,000 people by this means and that they all went away with some knowledge of the prohibition question instilled in their minds. I, too, want to convey my appreciation of the good work done by the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and by the Anti-Saloon League of America in this regard. These two organizations are doing wonders and I think we should recognize that fact. I think this scientific aspect of the question is the most important part of the question that we have to get before the public today. 360 Mr. Warner : I have been hesitating to speak, not because I am not interested, but be- cause I am neither a doctor nor an educator, nor a specialist on the scientific side of this work. My work has been the promoting of the practical phase of the study among the students of our colleges. That phase of the matter has been taken up very seriously throughout various conferences that we have already had in this matter. I hesitate a little about stating that this subject of prohibition should be made a specialized study in the universities. It may well form a part of our study of public health or our study of political science or of economics, but I doubt whether or not it should be made a special branch of the university training. We are doing marvelous work throughout our universities in the organization of the student movement and in student body groups. We have essay contests each year as has been demonstrated last week, in which the students receive prizes for their theses on alcoholism and its effect on the human brain and the human body and upon the social and moral structure of the nation. I am not quite sure how much I would favor even undertaking to secure new laws to require certain technical matters to be included in the study of this question, because I find that the educational life of the student is pretty well taken up now with the various subjects. If, however, by suggestion, you can interest these men to take up this question and to pursue it along lines voluntary and not compulsory, then I think you can attain the end that you seek without legislation. Of course, we all realize that this prohibition ques- tion, especially its scientific phase, is a very important public question at the present time, and it behooves us all to work just as hard as we can with a view to bring about a general interest in the universities in this particular phase of our problem. The Chairman : We are agreed, I think that there should be carefully prepared literature for the teaching of the scholars and material for the teachers of this subject and that the use of the exhibits, such as we have "down stairs at this conven- tion, is very helpful. The educational work among our students and the educational work among the public generally is one of the most important things that this organization has to do, and it is one of the things that we must give close attention to in the future. We must, as I have already said, be on our guard at the codifying of laws and the discarding of laws which we already have on the statute books when these codifying experts get busy and seek to eliminate what they call useless laws and obsolete laws. Those are times when we must be particu- larly on our guard and also of course, we have to keep a very watchful eye on the law enforcement activities. WEDNESDAY NOON, NOVEMBER 29, 1922 Publicity Literature, Periodicals, Posters, Etc. The Conference was called to order at 1 :00 o'clock, Mr. R. D. 361 Warren, Chairman of the Publications Committee of the Dominion Alliance, presiding. The Chairman : As Chairman of the Publications Committee of the Dominion Alliance, I am exceedingly pleased to extend a very warm welcome to those who have kindly come here to talk over publicity matters. That welcome is, I assure you, very hearty indeed. Now, in connection with the Dominion Alliance, we have not done the publicity work that some of the greatest organizations have done, but we have done something during all these 50 years, since the Alliance was organized. Our main publication during these years has been a little 8-page paper that we call "The Pioneer." I hope you all have it. I think The Pioneer has been a great agency for promotion of temperance during all these years. That leads me to say, that I do not think our religious papers in Can- ada for some time have given the attention to this great prohibition issue that they should have given. We have four or five denominational papers published in Toronto, and I suppose we have ten or twelve in Canada. I have been watching them lately and it is surprising to me how little space they have given to the story of this great convention that Toronto has been enter- taining during the past week. In speaking of our publications I think I am right in saying that this little paper, The Pioneer, which has been issued weekly for many years, has been the greatest agency along the line of printed matter, that we have had for the promotion of the prohibition movement in this country. We have had other publications, of course. Two or three years ago we went to the expense of publishing a book "Prohibition in Canada," that gives a splendid idea of the history, the origin, and the progress of the prohibition movement in this country. Then at times of campaign, of course, we have issued tracts and pamphlets in great numbers and they have been very effective in promoting the prohibition movement. The last publication we issued was entitled "Ontario Six Years Under Prohibition." This pamph- let gives a marvelous lot of information showing how prohibition has been of benefit to the people, how Ontario has progressed economically and morally and religiously under this great movement. I don't know of any better pamphlet to use for campaign purposes in all the countries of the world that are at present seeking to adopt prohibition. At times of campaign we, of course, publish posters and everything of that kind. I think we will all agree that there is nothing like the printed pages to convince the people; that is, other than the spoken word itself. And if we are going to continue in this great prohibition cause, to make a success of it, we must continue our publica- tion work and continue it more vigorously than ever. Dr. Mayer, of New York : Mr. Chairman: The problem of publicity has an aspect which has puzzled me quite a bit and for which I can offer no solution, but I think it brings out certain phases and for that reason I mention it here. To illustrate what I have in mind, suppose a man came to this gentleman at my left at the same time he came to me. What is six times six, he asks. I reply "thirty-six." This man replies, "twenty-three." Which one of us is he going to believe? 362 He may say, "Well, prove it to me." Now, suppose he is incapable of under- standing the processes involved, which one of us is he going to believe? I think that will illustrate what happens in these big problems that face the world and on which very few people are well informed enough to understand things to the very essence and thus be able to draw conclusions that they feel are warranted. The average man who reads through the newspaper or gets his information in a general way, does not know whom to believe and he believes the thing which appeals to him most. To come back -to my illustra- tion, a man may owe a bill and he would rather believe it is $23, let us say, rather than $36, because it will mean less money out of his pocket, and yet he may not be maliciously inclined or anything of that nature. This question of education brings to my mind two important things. One is that we have to be ever vigilant through our publications, through our stereopticons, through our lectures, in every way that we can possibly do, to spread the gospel, the news, the facts. Pamphlets like "Ontario Six Years Dry" and "Hold Fast America" are of incalculable value to show the average man the difference between what was and what is. In the newspaper, what happens? On the front page is an item of news value. The president of some society says, "I believe in light wines and beer. I think they are good for the people and know no reason why we shouldn't have them." That is printed. Next to it might be a statement from someone else to the effect that light wines and beers are harmful and therefore we shouldn't have them. Which one of those two statements is the average reader going to believe? You know which one he is going to believe. He is going to believe the one which appeals to him, especially, if he has not got the facts. We really have n6t gone far enough in the matter of educating the people. They do not know the facts, especially the scientific aspects of it. One of the most important things is scientific education so that the people will get the facts that alcohol is a narcotic, is a poison and has no food value what- soever. That is a thing that must be driven home from every standpoint. The other great medium which we must adopt is the motion picture. We must develop this medium to bring out the facts and to show to the world just what the real truth is about matters of prohibiion. Mr. Ben Spence: Mr. Chairman: Our French friends have brought with them to the Con- vention a temperance film which will be shown at the conclusion of tonight's meeting in the hall and there will also be shown a film illustrating the progress of the prohibition movement in Canada. You can see from that whether or not the use of the film is advisable. Mr. Bartholf, of Wisconsin: Mr. Chairman, my view in the matter of publicity is this: There are two essential defects in the work of most of the temperance organizations. One is this, that in our public speaking by our regular Anti-Saloon League and Dominion Alliance speakers and Woman's Christian Temperance Union speak- ers, we are going round in a circle, reaching in our Sunday services the same people year after year in the churches where we are working, but we are not 363 reaching the people in the churches where we are not welcome. Then there is the large un-church element, unfortunately too large everywhere, whom we are not reaching. Many of them are our friends, many of them have helped us to carry prohibition in the United States and so far as it has been carried over here in Canada, but all they read and hear now on this question is the poisoned propaganda and misinformation in our great daily papers and they are being befuddled and befogged thereby. Therefore, it seems to me that we ought to devise some feasible, practicable method whereby we can reach those classes with our messages, especially our spoken message. Mr. Hutton : I come from the great beer city of Milwaukee, and the Milwaukee Journal authorizes me to send daily letters from here and to use the telegraph at their expense at any time I think it is worth while. I think the Hearst newspapers have given the same information. The German newspaper with the largest daily circulation outside of Germany is the Herald of Milwaukee. It was formerly called the Germania but that name was changed on account of the war. That paper belongs to the daughter of the president of the Schlitz Brewery, but they are taking the daily mail service from me, and we are using the telegraph whenever we think it is worth while. Editorially they are wet, but they are taking the news. The large Polish daily is taking the same serv- ice and I am sending letters to fifty dailies and over 2,500 weeklies. The newspapers will take anything if it is news. First, to be news it must be new. Second, it must be unusual. If you walk home without break- ing your leg that is no news, but if you fall down and break your leg it is news; it is unusual. Third, it must happen. If I want to get into the papers something that we think, I don't write it. I hold a meeting or do something and if I can't do anything else I get somebody to go and stand on their head in the street, but anyway it has got to be an event, and in connection with that event this is said. Then it goes into the paper. The newspapers are at our service if we cultivate and use them. They are run by men, and men are human beings, and human beings are lazy. We held in Wisconsin a state convention with a total attendance at some meetings of 5,000; one meeting with about 6,000. We had 2,000 or 2,500 delegates from outside of the city. The Associated Press handled that report all over America. I met Bryan on the train on the 3rd of July and he said, "You must have had a wonderful convention in Wisconsin." I said, "How did you know about it?" He said, "The New Orleans papers were full of it." I met a man here from Kentucky who said, "You must have had a wonderful convention up there. The Ken- tucky papers were full of it." The Associated Press and the United Press told us that we had handled the publicity of that convention the best of any- thing they had ever had. Here is what we did. They wanted to get the speeches in advance. They would have to read those speeches through and I knew they would read very hastily. I took every one of those speeches, some 28 or 30, and went through them very carefully and made a one-page extract, never more than one page, to a speech. I just .picked out the things which had news value and were pertinent and if they didn't have just the 364 right phraseology or pepper in them I would take it up with the authors and get them to phrase them so they would go across. Then this went to the newspaper men. So all in the world they had to do was to hang it on the hook and say to the operator of the mimeograph machine, "Cut that." That is all the managers of the Associated Press and United Press ever did; they mailed that report to 5,700 newspapers in the United States but it didn't cost them that much work. Now, you can get into the papers if you will do it that way. With regard to the moving picture I think that is a thing we very much need and I hope we can get hold of a good movie on law enforcement. Mrs. George: I come from the eastern part of the country. I am Vice-President of the Pennsylvania Woman's Christian Temperance Union. I want to say that there has been a great improvement in the matter of the newspapers taking reports. We had a large world's convention in Philadelphia and even the wet papers advertised our meetings and carried splendid reports of them. We have the North American, and it is the only really dry paper in Philadelphia. Then in the western part of the State, in Pittsburgh, we have the Gazette. I don't believe they are very dry at heart but because so many of the best of us are dry they propose to be dry and issue news. Then through the rural districts, the county papers are very willing and very ready to take up reports and very anxious to get them. They will publish pages of reports if we will only send it to them. So I think we ought to be encouraged along this line, that the dry papers are very willing to take our reports and the wet papers for their own benefit, because they must please their patrons, do the same. We are very much concerned about the moving pictures, or how to get films. I want to know where you obtain these films. Now, we have some of our people who have purchased the films and when they have them thrown on the screen in the moving picture house there are other pictures thrown on the canvas that are very, very much against our will, containing impure scenes, and we don't feel that it is safe to take our pictures there. Many of the churches do not have the proper machinery. I am at a loss to know how we can use them. The Pennsylvania Woman's Christian Temperance Union would be willing to invest in a machine and have pictures thrown on the screen if we knew how to guard them and protect them and use them. Some of us bought that picture, "Safeguarding the Nation" and we had it thrown on at the moving picture shows and when our women went to see the picture they were disgusted with the other pictures that were shown with it. Mr. Hutton: I would like to have some expressions as far as this question about the editorial comments or attitude of the papers is concerned. Some of us take the attitude that we practically do not care whether the newspapers editorially stand wet or dry. All we want is the news column. I think very few people read an editorial and those that do, do not care anything about them, so far as I know. Some of us do not care what the editorial attitude is, if they will 365 I give the news in the news column. Maybe I am wrong in that. I would like to know whether that is the general feeling. Mr. George McGinness, of Chicago : I think the editorial reflects the attitude and ideas of the man that runs the paper and is not in sympathy with any great creed. I would like to call attention to Mr. O. G. Christgau who is editor of the Illinois State paper. Mr. Christgau prepared a debate on this question: Can the law be enforced? We have had debating teams this summer in Illinois go through the districts pre- senting this debate and a number of wet people thought it was a real "knock- down and drag-out" affair with a real wet and a real dry and they turned out. Thus we are educating the people who need education. We find, too, that we are reaching quite a class of people that never heard this question discussed before. I know that at the first debate held in my district which is northern Illinois, I was surprised to find a card signed up. We always passed cards at the close of the debate, and it is more than paying its way. I got a card signed for a good sum and it was signed by a Catholic and another one by a Jew. M!r. Hammond at our Washington Conference said to me, "I am going away to far-off Australia and our papers down there are full of the failure of prohibition in America. If I want to know anything about the truthfulness of those statements I will cable you and I wish you would cable me at my expense." "Well," I said, "Hammond, all right, I am willing to act as your agent in Chicago, but whenever you see anything from America detrimental to prohibition, in Australian papers, you just put that in the Ananias class and you will be about right." I want to say to any of the friends of prohi- bition here who are from foreign countries and who are disturbed over the wet reports from America, that you want to take those things with a grain of salt for they are nothing but a lot of yarns. The other night my little girl came from school and said, "Papa, did you hear that wonderful story about the unravelled sweater?" And I said, "No, what is it?" And she said, "Some yarn." Mr. Coleman, of Illinois : I would like to suggest that all publicity men and those interested in pub- licity should try to secure from public men, financial men and men high in political life, definite statements about the advantages of prohibition. For instance, the other day we had Clarence True Wilson in Chicago and we got up a little banquet to hear the report on prohibition at its worst, as some of us dubbed it. We got that report in the newspapers. One report from the President of the First National Bank of Chicago, was flashed on in big head- lines showing that the savings banks of Chicago had increased their savings from twenty millions in 1914 or 1915 to five hundred and forty million dollars, which was a terrific statement of the results of prohibition, coming from a man like that. It was the first expression, I think, that Mr. Forbes ever made in regard to the advantages of prohibition. Instead of having a circulation of thirty or forty thousand as it would if the statement had been made in our Illinois Issue, it had a circulation of 350,000 that afternoon and evening. Per- haps a total of a million people may have read that article. Now, that is won- 366 \ derful publicity, and I think every publicity man who is connected with the Leagues of the various states should see to it that startling facts from promi- nent men should be secured and passed on to the Associated Press and to the leading dailies of the communities in which they are located. That would be a way to get this news home. What we want is to get it home; not neces- sarily to the 30,000 church people that take the papers, but the outside people that read the daily papers. Let us get into the headlines although the edi- torials may be wet. Mr. Christgau: I agree heartily with Mr. Hutton about publicity and newspapers and their editorial columns. Quite frequently the question is asked of me, "Haven't you a list of dry newspapers in Illinois?" I usually say, "No, they all look alike to us. Whenever we have news service we send it to all of them and we would rather get a little news story in a wet paper than a dry one because it will carry that much more conviction." I remember in 1913 that at Columbus, Ohio, the great Columbus conven- tion, nearly everyone criticised the newspapers. Nearly everyone said the newspapers were all against us and would not print our stuff. I remember then that I took the occasion to say what Mr. Hutton said here just a moment ago, that the newspapers will take news. They are news papers. A mistake we so often make is to try to give them something that is not news and expect them to handle it. That is like taking hams to a hardware store to be sold. We have to remember that newspapers are news papers and we also have to remember that they are not public but that they are private institutions. They are run for profit and we have to handle them accordingly. If we keep them as friendly as possible we will not have much trouble in getting some space. The great power of the press that we have with us and which we fre- quently overlook is the country press. The country editors are practically all with us. Mr. McCormick and Mr. Patterson of the Chicago Tribune reach with their messages on Sunday particularly almost a million circulation, but a very small proportion of the readers take very much stock in what Mr. Mc- Cormick or what Mr. Patterson have to say, particularly on prohibition. But when Editor Brown or Smith or Jones of Pumpkin Corners expresses his opinion on prohibition, nearly everyone knows him and believes what he says. I imagine that a much greater proportion of our population is influenced by the opinion of the country editor than by the opinions of the city editors. I am sure that our publicity policy is not getting the attention that it should from the organized dry forces. One trouble with this conference per- haps is lack of publicity. The earlier conferences got more publicity than this, consequently, a greater attendance. I am impressed with what I believe to be the fact, that a great many of our organizations have been spending a greater part of their time and money with more spectacular legislative work and not enough with jthe fundamental educational work. We have been har- vesting a long while and have just about gotten the big trees cut off and if we don't reforest with some publicity education we will soon be out of anything to 367 harvest. My suggestion to those who control the finances of organizations would be to start in with a little larger and broader and more definite publicity program, because if that is not done soon their legislative and also their en- forcement machinery will not have the foundation to stand on. One can do educational and publicity work practically without limit if one has the facili- ties, but it takes some facilities. It takes postage and it takes help and it takes a great many other things to carry on that work; but in proportion to the efforts spent I think work done for publicity and education in general will pay larger dividends than most anything else we can do right now. 368 STATE REPORTS PROHIBITION IN ALABAMA J. BIBB MILLS Superwtenden t Alabama has been receiving the benefits of prohibition so long that it is hard to get statistics of the old days when there was a saloon on every corner of our large cities and one at every country cross road. Prohibition is the settled policy for the State of Alabama. The large captains of industry in our State would not have the return of the saloon for any amount of money. The laborers are happy and contented. Even during the strike there was very little disorder and the men had clear heads when they met to settle their dif- ferences. Some of the largest interests of this country are located in this State. "Alabama has more coal than Pennsylvania, more iron than Illinois, more marble than Tennessee, more granite than Vermont, more water power than New York." There is not a large business interest in Alabama which would change from the prohibition policy. Not only have the business conditions improved but the living conditions of the working men have improved from one hundred to five hundred per cent. There has been a great improvement among the negro population so that we never have any race riots within our borders. The large newspapers of our State have changed their old policy of being opposed to prohibition and have now come out for a strict enforcement and observance of the law. The politicians who formerly lined up with the "wet" side are now champions of the "dry" cause, so that it is hard to find many men of standing in our State who would have conditions changed. In looking over statistics, as to the number of arrests in Birmingham, our largest city, we find that there have been more arrests in 1921 than in the year 1919. This is easily explained, because we had prohibition in 1919 as well as in 1921, but the crime wave came as the aftermath of the war and swept over this State as well as all other parts of the country. The health of our State has improved and the heads of the Health Depart- ment have reported that prohibition was a great aid to them in their efforts to stamp out venereal diseases and that they could never have accomplished the results which they had if liquors had been sold as formerly. Of course we have the "moonshiners", and "wild catters" in the mountains and the "boot- leggers" in our cities. But more and more the law is being enforced so that they are not now considered the menace they were formerly. Rev. George R. Stewart, D. D., pastor of the First M. E. Church, South, of Birmingham, one of the foremost ministers of the South, states his views as to the advantage of prohibition to the church as follows: "1. It is well known that the saloon centered upon Saturday night as the big carousal night to catch the working man's pay roll. The factories of the country have kept a carefuully tabulated account of the presence and efficiency of the working men on Mondays on account of a sober Sabbath. This same 369 effect is clearly shown in the attendance upon the Sabbath services since the removal of the saloon and the drinking and revelry and late hours caused by the Saturday night open saloon. "2. The saloon took the working man's pay roll, leaving a paltry amount for the necessary home expenses and practically nothing to be given to church causes by the wife and other members of the family, who in many cases were devoted Christians. Since the saloons have been removed hundreds of these drinking men have been brought to sober, thoughtful living and church attendance and much of the money that poured into the tills of the saloons has found its way to the treasury of the church. "3. Alcohol deadens conscience, stupefies the mind and renders men reckless. The removal of the saloon has increased sobriety and consequently has given the Gospel greater opportunity upon the minds and hearts of former drinking men and hundreds of them have been brought to consistent church membership. "4. The home is the most dependable institution of the church. A sober, peaceful, well-regulated home is almost universally a valuable asset to the church. A broken, troubled and alcohol-stricken home, with its problems of poverty and incompatibilities, a lack of sufficient clothing and a general spirit of despair, as a rule gives up the church as well as all other social and religious activities of life and in many ways becomes a liability. The un- mistakable statistics show that alcohol is the greatest enemy to domestic felicity and is the largest cause of divorce which means a broken family and its consequent loss to the church. "5. The Sunday school is the largest activity of the Christian church and the hope of the future church lies in the training of the young for God and the church. The saloon, by impoverishing and disturbing the home, prevented the children of the drunkard from attending the Sabbath school with any regularity. Since the saloons have disappeared, thousands of children who are better clothed and better conditioned on account of turning the saloon money into the home, are being reached by the Sabbath school which gives the hope for the future church and Christian civilization." Prohibition is a great boon to our State, a great blessing to our people mentally, morally, physically, financially, and spiritually and it will not be long before Alabama will take her stand in the forefront of the great states of our nation, and prohibition has been the great cause under the blessing of Almighty God in bringing this about. ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO REV. R. E. FARLEY Superintendent I represent the department of Arizona and New Mexico, and bring you a message of greeting this morning from the Southern border to the Northern line. I take pride in the belief that soon the border on the South of the United States will mean what the line on the North of the United States now means to uus. We have progressed from a quasi-condition of lawlessness in a territory where a large majority of our population speak a language other 370 than the language of our country, to one of the most orderly and Christian of commonwealths, and this has largely been due to the abolition of the saloons. I want" to urge this: that you people who are .working in states and provinces and countries where the dominant churches apparently are not with you, do not join issue in the battle with that dominant church on other mat- ters but in friendly fashion, in diplomatic manner, see if you cannot enlist the great leaders of that church in this great reform. I am glad to say that we have been able in New Mexico and Arizona to enlist for prohibition and for the enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment, the Archbishop of the Roman Catholic church, and he is with us. I want to urge you that you solicit that sort of friendly co-operation. PROHIBITION IN ARKANSAS By PAUL E. KEMPEB Superintendent Arkansas Anti-Saloon League For many years before the adoption of state-wide Prohibition in Arkansas the vote by counties under the local option laws in vogue at that time showed steady progress in the development of temperance sentiment. The aggregate majority in all the counties of the state for saloons in 1894 was 52,358. This majority was reduced by each succeeding election until 1906, when the aggre- gate vote showed a no-license majority of 16,618. In 1908 the no-license majority was 22,934. In 1910 it was 23,262. In this election seven counties in the state changed from license to no-license, thus leaving only twelve counties where saloons were permitted. In 1900 there were 46 wet and 29 dry counties. In 1912 after a great deal of agitation as well as education had been indulged in, the question of state-wide Prohibition was submitted to the people by a vote. The election took place September 9, 1912, and the result was a com- plete surprise in view of previous records, there being registered 69,590 votes for Prohibition and 85,358 votes against Prohibition, thus giving the wet majority of 15,968. The result of this election was largely due to what ap- peared to be a trade between the liquor forces and the negro voters. The Going Law passed by the legislature of 1913, was a strong and mighty stride forward in temperance and Prohibition for the state; as a result of the operation of the law, just five places in the state of Arkansas permitted sa- loons. The Masonic Grand Lodge of Arkansas under the leadership of Past Grand Master Geo. Thornburg, State Superintendent, adopted a resolution making it a Masonic offense for any Mason in the state to sign a petition for the granting of a saloon license or to circulate such a petition. This noble act on the part of this splendid order had much to do, we believe, with the build- ing up of sentiment for Prohibition. When the Going Law was passed by the legislature there were only 279 saloons left in the entire state, and 216 of these were in the five most impor- tant towns and cities. Sixty-three of the seventy-five counties were wholly dry, and practically 98 per cent of the population were living in dry territory. Step by step the Prohibition cause moved on until on February 6, 1915, the legislature passed a state-wide Prohibition act. This act became effective January 1, 1916. That the sentiment of the state of Arkansas was overwhelm- 371 ingly in favor of state-wide Prohibition is clearly evidenced by the majority in favor of the measure registered in both houses. The vote in the House of Representatives was 75 to 24. The measure was slightly amended by the Sen- ate, and finally adopted by a vote of 33 to 2. When the amended bill was taken back to the House it was adopted by a unanimous vote. In the fall of 1916 a bill was initiated to repeal the Prohibition law, and allow saloons to return. The question was submitted to the people on No- vember 7, 1916, and the bill was defeated by 50,000 majority. In January, 1917, a bone dry bill was drafted which was introduced in the Senate by Senator Greathouse and became a law by signature of Governor Brough, January 24, 1917. Arkansas has an anti-liquor advertising law which, in har- mony with the operation of the federal anti-liquor advertising law passed by Congress, has put an end to liquor advertising in Arkansas. The time has come when no man will attempt to defend the charge that the saloon is a corrupter of the moral, and destroyer of the physical, man. Public opinion in the United States has settled that. The only argument now made in behalf of the saloons or liquor business, is that Prohibition does not Prohibit. The real truth in the matter is this: that it does prohibit, and that's the pinch. The law is as well enforced in Arkansas as any other law. In fact, there are fewer blind tigers, by far, in the state than there were under license. We believe there were more blind tigers in Pulaski county alone, during the saloon regime, than there are in the whole state at present. Some good citizens and business men at that time labored under the impression (which was false) that the saloons and liquor business were really revenue producers, and that Prohibition would result in the loss of revenue and would impede progress in building and in improvement; but these same gentlemen have learned to their satisfaction that just the opposite is true, for Prohibition in Arkansas has proven to every thoughtful business man that the city and state government are more easily financed without the liquor business than with it. After approximately five years of state-wide Prohibition, business condi- tions in this state are far better than under license. Failures in business and bankrupt proceedings, under Prohibition, are insignificant compared with the days of license saloons. Little Rock may be taken as a fair illustration of the conditions in all the cities in the state. There were more saloons and a larger revenue from them here than anywhere else. There was also a greater cry that business would be injured by the closing of the saloons. The very oppo- site has been the result. The bank deposits in 1916 were $22,066,651.11, one year before we had Prohibition. From January 1, 1922, up to this date, No- vember 15, 1922, the bank deposits have been $42,759,814, and we have almost two months yet of this year, which will make considerable increase; approxi- mately three and one-half million dollars is a very conservative estimate. The cry of the liquor interests was that to do away with the liquor business would kill business, grass would grow in the streets, houses would be empty and the high rental paid by saloons could not be realized from other business. Rooms vacated by saloons have been remodeled and are now occupied by other busi- nesses. There is a most gratifying improvement of rental value of same, and collections are much better. In June of this year we had an attorney of this 372 city get a list of the twelve leading saloons of Little Rock, which were the leading saloons of the state in 1915, the number of employees they had, sal- aries paid, value of property, amount paid for rent, etc., and compared it with the present time. We found that almost all these old buildings have been torn away and replaced with first-class business places, employing more people, paying better salaries, and there is an increase in the value of property. Now a word relative to the liquor claims that if you do away with the liquor business you will have a great number of empty houses on all streets of our cities. I can honestly and emphatically refute this as a false charge. I was recently elected Superintendent of the Arkansas Anti-Saloon League, and I moved my family from Ohio to Little Rock, the capital of the state, where the state headquarters of the Anti-Saloon League is located. Upon my arrival I secured the assistance of two or three of the leading real estate men together with others in an attempt to secure a house conveniently located, into which I might move my family and household goods. We spent two whole weeks in scouring this city of 65,000 population, finally securing a house of seven rooms in the process of renovation. Such a personal experience goes far to show the fallacy of the wet claim that Prohibition will mean towns and cities full of empty houses. In August of this year, a resolution was passed by 170 teachers in our State Normal school urging the teaching of law observance in the schools of our state. We must teach the children to love and respect our laws. Numbers of the younger generation have never seen a man under the influence of liquor. In the days of the open saloon it was a very common thing. What caused the great change? We answer, Prohibition. COLORADO By REV. A. J. FINCH Superintendent Colorado Anti-Saloon League The state of Colorado voted in favor of state-wide Prohibition in Novem- ber, 1914, but by a provision of the law, it did not go into effect until January 1, 1916. At that time seventeen breweries and eighteen hundred saloons closed their doors. In the minds of many, especially of our business men, there were grave doubts as to what the social, economic and political results would be. After six years of the operation of the law, we feel that Colorado has the right to speak with authority on the effect of the same. ECONOMIC BESULTS The economic results went far beyond our greatest expectations. Within thirty days after the closing of the saloons, the banks of Denver alone reported that the savings accounts had increased more' than five hundred thousand dollars. At the end of the first year, there had been nearly twenty thousand new savings bank accounts opened, and the total bank deposits had increased more than twenty-nine million dollars. A letter from the treasurer of one of our largest bank and trust companies stated that their savings accounts had increased more than four hundred thousand dollars during the year and that they ascribed 80 per cent of that increase as due to Prohibition. This testi- 373 money is especially valuable, as their particular bank had been the financial headquarters for the wet interests. THE CORPORATIONS AND PROHIBITION The Denver Gas and Electric Light Company was exceedingly fearful as to what the result of closing four hundred and sixty-five saloons would be upon their business. Their experts (?) had figured it out that they would lose not less than fifteen thousand dollars a month. Much to the surprise of these experts and the officials of the company, at the end of the first monfh under Prohibition they found that their treasury was ten thousand dollars ahead. The Mountain States Telephone Company, within six months, reported a very large increased demand for telephones. The laundries of the city of Denver made phenomenal reports. The manager of the Silver State Laundry stated that within ninety days after the closing of the saloons, his laundry had se- cured one hundred and forty-two new "family wash" customers, because these families could no longer secure the services of "wash women!" Their hus- bands were bringing home their wages, instead of spending a large part for booze. The big city dairies also furnish a striking example of the results which follow the outlawing of the liquor traffic. Mr. Brown Cannon, manager of the Windsor dairy, states: "Prohibition has increased the consumption of ice cream 300 per cent; the drinking of buttermilk 300 per cent." He also states that in every section of the city, where the working people live, they now have three milk wagons supplying the trade, where in the old days, they used to have one. The large department stores found that they received a 25 per cent in- crease in trade almost at once, while the Denver Credit Men's Association de- clare that collections were 50 per cent better. PROHIBITION AND CRIME The first year under Prohibition always furnishes the best contrast be- tween the old conditions and the new. During the year of 1916, arrests for drunkenness showed a decrease of more than 50 per cent; while the arrests for all crimes were four thousand less than for any of the ten preceding years. The court records also show that divorces fell off just about 50 per cent during this year. SALOONS AND BREWERIES People who are not familiar with the working of Prohibition or who are personally interested in the liquor traffic, should consider carefully these per- tinent facts. The large breweries in Colorado are today all being used for other manufacturing purposes or as cold storage plants. The Zang brewery, owned by the British Brewery Syndicate, which was the largest brewery be- tween the Missouri River and the Pacific Coast, is now manufacturing ice cream and "near" beer. The friends of Prohibition in Denver get a real thrill out of the situation every time they pick up their 'phone book. Dangling from one corner of this book is an advertising card and on it are these words, "When you think ice cream, think Zang's." It is pure, nourishing, nutritious, delicious. It's a food." The Coors brewery located at Golden, Col., is now manufacturing malted milk instead of malted beer. The Walter brewery at Pueblo has been turned into a large cold storage plant. 374 The old saloon locations are now occupied by legitimate lines of trade. The old "Silver Dollar" saloon is now housing a large rubber company. .The ground on which once stood the famous (?) "Tortoni restaurant and wine house" is now occupied by a three-story modern building, the home of one of our large furniture companies. The Tabor bar is now the quarters of "Bud's" shoe store. Thus the story might be repeated ad infinitum. Prohibition has vindicated itself as an economic factor. The business men of Colorado are practically a unit in favor of its continuance. This may be best seen by the popular votes which have been taken on the question. As noted above, Colorado voted in favor of Prohibition in 1914. The majority that year was 11,572, in the whole state. In November of 1916 we voted on a ''beer" amendment. This was intended to permit the manufac- ture and sale of light beers as a soft drink. The majority against the amend- ment was 85,789. This, after trying Prohibition ten months. Then, in 1918, we voted for a "bone dry" law, which forbids the possession of liquors. This law carried with a majority of better than 46,000. This year, one outstanding wet man, who was running for Lieutenant Governor on the Democratic ticket, was defeated by a majority of 18,000, while the Democratic candidate for Governor, who was dry, was elected by a majority of 3,800. Thus Colorado has put her stamp of approval on Pro- hibition. She has found it a sound principle, a blessing to women and children, a mighty influence in social betterment and a leaven for uplifting politics and creating good citizenship. PROHIBITION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA By A. E. SHOEMAKER Attorney and Executive Secretary, Anti-Saloon League of the District of Columbia The traffic in intoxicating liquors was outlawed in the District of Colum- bia, the seat of the nation's Capital, on November 1, 1917, by act of the Con- gress, approved March 3, 1917, and known as the Sheppard law. The Eight- eenth Amendment which followed is also effective, of course, in the District of Columbia. Since the enactment of the Sheppard law there has been no open defiance of it. No saloon, hotel or club has maintained a bar or publicly dispensed prohibited liquors. The law closed four breweries, two hundred and sixty-three saloons and abolished the sale of liquors by wholesale in eighty-five places, mostly groceries. One of the four breweries has since been operated as an ice manufactory. The business was profitable from its start. It grew rapidly, soon requiring an expansion of the plant. Another of the city's four breweries had anticipated the coming of the Prohibition law and promptly ponverted its plant into an ice cream manufac- tory. Its product has now attained great popularity. At least one-third of the ice cream consumed in the city is manufactured at that plant. One of the other two breweries, on the advent of Prohibition, began the 375 manufacture of non-alcoholic drinks and has had a large and growing busi- ness. The fourth brewery is occupied by a branch of the District Government, from which the owner receives a profitable rental. All former saloon properties were promptly taken for businesses of vari- ous kinds, drug stores, tobacconists, groceries, ice cream parlors, confection- eries, restaurants, barber shops, etc. Most saloon properties were remodeled and improved and in most cases landlords are receiving rentals in excess of those paid by the saloonkeeper. Some time since the president of the District Real Estate Association stated that in the summer of 1917, just before Pro- hibition went into effect, there were more than two thousand vacant build- ings in the city, now there is not one. The increase in the number of stores has been phenomenal. So far as can be learned, all former employees of breweries and saloons have found work elsewhere, and most of them are receiving increased pay in their new positions. Prohibition did not cause a single hotel to close its doors. In fact sev- eral new hotels have been opened since Prohibition came. Two additional hotels, each costing approximately $10,000,000 are soon to be erected to meet the growing demands. Indeed, since the advent of Prohibition Washington's hotels have enjoyed remarkable prosperity, although it is believed they strictly observe the Prohibition laws. In fact all businesses have prospered in the city of Washington under Prohibition. No merchant has been heard to complain that Prohibition "killed trade" as was so freely predicted would be the case by those who op- posed Prohibition. The fears of the business men that such a policy would ruin the city in a business way have been thoroughly allayed. Prohibition has surprised and pleased them. Never have the banks of the city been so prosperous as they now are. The increase in the number of banking accounts, especially savings accounts, has been noteworthy. Eight or ten new banks have entered the field to aid in caring for the people's earnings. It is evident that money formerly spent for liquor now goes into the banks. With money in bank the people are happier and more contented. They and their children are better fed and better clothed. The number of home owners has rapidly increased, indicating the thrift of the people as never before. During the past ten months there were more dwellings erected in the district than during any similar period in the city's history. The prosperity of the city is further attested by the number of automo- biles owned by its citizens. During the current year 85,300 such vehicles have been licensed, approximately one for every five of the population. The social clubs of the city have increased their memberships and pros- pered under Prohibition. No liquor selling club was forced to disband be- cause the privilege was denied it under the law. One such club has increased its membership by a thousand fold, and has erected an attractive and com- 376 modious home in the heart of the down-town business district. It is now doing commendable civic work. Prohibition has made possible the attendance at school of a large number of children who, under the license system, were required to work to make up for the loss of money spent in saloons by adults of the family. There are at this time 66,081 pupils enrolled in the public schools. In 1918 the number was 58,728. School buildings are overcrowded. There are not enough class rooms to accommodate the pupils, nor enough teachers to teach them. Many temporary buildings are in use, and half-day schools are common. The Con- gress is planning to give relief in order that the ever-increasing number of children seeking entrance to the city's schools may be properly accommodated. It is not claimed that the Prohibition laws are satisfactorily enforced. There is still much liquor being brought into the city, and there is much bootlegging. Nevertheless one may walk the streets of the city by day or by night without seeing an intoxicated person, in striking contrast with pre- Prohibition days when the saloons turned out their drunken victims by the thousands, making unsafe the streets of the city. Compared with other laws, the Prohibition laws are well enforced. As their beneficent effects become more and more apparent, their popularity in- creases. The enforcing authorities, both federal and local, are ever on the alert to detect and punish violators. Undue leniency manifested by the prose- cuting officers and the courts in dealing with offenders has, however, miti- gated against satisfactory enforcement. Experience has shown that Prohi- bition laws can never be well enforced except when severe penalties are con- sistently imposed without fear or favor upon all offenders alike. Persons convicted of crime in the district and sentenced for a period of one year or less are sent to the workhouse. The commitments to that insti- tution from 1914 to 1920 will indicate whether restrictive and Prohibition laws have had any effect. The figures given in the following tables are official for the number of prisoners committed for the fiscal year ending June 30: 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 Decrease from 1914 87.36%. 6590 6472 6458 5582 3232 2511 833 In that period the population of the District of Columbia increased ap- proximately 25 per cent, which would make the ratio decrease about 90 per cent. The number of husbands committed for non-support were: 1914 1915 1916 1918 1919 1920 Decrease from 1914 86.5%. 134 120 130 98 25 18 Two classes of crimes will illustrate the tendency: Decrease 1914 1919 1920 from 1914 Assaults , 551 168 70 87.3 per cent Disorderly conduct 1175 165 35 97. percent 377 The following figures showing by comparison the number of arrests for drunkenness during the first month of Prohibition, November, 1917, and the last month under license, October, 1917, and November, 1916, are illuminating: Nov., 1916200. Oct., 1917228. Nov., 191716 The official figures from the reports of the Associated Charities for the years 1916, the last wet year, and 1920, ended September 30, show as follows: 1916 1920 Families befriended 2767 998 Alcoholic problem in families befriended .... 527 35 A former Chief of Police in commenting on the Prohibition law of March 3, 1917, said: "When the Sheppard Prohibition Bill for the District of Columbia passed there was in the minds of many, the belief that there would be no appreciable decrease in drunkenness because of the operation of the new law. Even the enemies of Prohibition soon learned, however, that not only was there a great decrease in drunkenness, ranging from 50 to 76 per cent under the amount of drunkenness during the same periods under license, but also that there was a great falling off in cases of disorderly conduct, assaults, housebreaking, carry- ing concealed weapons, cruelty to animals and other offenses often growing out of intoxication. "In actual figures, from November 1 to July 1 (1919), under license, there were 6,771 arrests in the eight months' period. In the same period under Prohibition, there were only 2,863 arrests, a decrease of 3,908 cases or nearly 58 per cent decrease for the eight months. "Persons who are open-minded and who have given a rasonable amount of time to observe the operations of the law, even many of those who at first opposed the enactment of the Sheppard law, will now agree that Prohibition legislation has been a blessing, and is perhaps the principal factor which has contributed to the lack of serious disorder or riots of any kind in the National Capital during the entire period of the war." The above statement of the Chief of Police was made before Washington had the advantage of the federal Prohibition law, under the Eighteenth Amendment. While it must be admitted that in recent months there has been an in- crease in the number of arrests for violations of the Prohibition laws, that fact may be attributed to the activities of bootleggers from outside the city and in part to the increased vigilance of the police and the federal enforce- ment agents in bringing offenders to justice. The present Chief of Police recently stated that "the arrests for viola- tions of the liquor laws appear to be on the increase rather than decrease. I believe, however, that as time goes on there will be brought about greater respect for the law and a more general and uniform observance thereof by the people, which will have the effect, of course, of bringing about a greater benefit of the law itself." David Lawrence, the noted newspaper writer, said that Washington is the cleanest capital in the world. With no saloons, no vice districts, few 378 street walkers, the people find it easier to do right and more difficult to do wrong. In its annual report to Congress for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1920, the Board of Charities of the District of Columbia said, with respect to the workhouse, which is a place for the confinement and employment of petty criminals, sentenced for terms of one year or less: "The most striking fact to be noted in connection with this institution during the past year is the continued decrease in the number of prisoners. The workhouse was organized to accommodate about 700 prisoners, and for a period of five years 1913-1917, inclusive it had a daily average of about 640. Since that time there has been a marked decrease in numbers. The daily average number for the fiscal year 1918 was 373; for 1919, 433; and for 1920, 334. . . . The first marked decrease came suddenly following the going into effect in November, 1917, of the Sheppard Prohibition law for the Dis- trict of Columbia." In his report to the Board of Charities for the same year the superin- tendent of the workhouse said, with reference to the effect of Prohibition on the institution, that: "No matter what the belief is, it is a certainty that Prohibition enforce- ment is something of a crime preventive and a crime cure. The record has proved it. It has reduced the population until now and then the number of prisoners resembles an assemblage responding to a call to donate money to an unpopular cause. While it has greatly reduced the working force here, it has, on the other hand, made the sun shine in many a home and put a smile on many a tear-stained face." For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1921, in its annual report to the Con- gress, the Board of Charities again invited attention to the decreasing number of prisoners sent to the institution, in the following language: "The most encouraging fact to be noted in connection with the work- house is that during the year the daily average number of prisoners was only 208 as compared with 334 the preceding year. This is the lowest number recorded since the establishment of the new workhouse 11 years ago." With reference to the city jail the Board said in the same report: "The average population of the jail during the year was 243 as compared with 297 the previous year." It is therefore manifest that the general effect of the policy of Prohibi- tion in the District of Columbia is good and wholesome. Under it the con- sumption of intoxicating liquors has been minimized, property values have been enhanced, business has been stimulated, banking accounts have been multiplied, the workers have better wages and more money for the comforts of life; unemployment has disappeared; charity calls, non-support cases, drunkenness and crime have decreased; more people attend the churches; more men are in the Bible classes; more children are in the Sunday schools, and more in the day schools. Fewer minors are compelled to work and none go hungry. Prohibition is a great blessing to the District of Columbia, 379 THE RESULTS OF PROHIBITION IN FLORIDA By REV. C. W. CROOKE Superintendent of the Anti-Saloon League of Florida Location, topography and the peculiar class of outlaws in the state of Florida combine to furnish the hardest battlefield for a long-drawn-out, des- perate, difficult and devastating fight against the venders of intoxicating liq- uors, of any state in the Union. The location of this state being near the Bahama Islands, Cuba and Mexico, makes easy the smuggling of intoxicating liquors from foreign coun- tries. Florida has 1,500 miles of coast line, indented with numbers of rivers, streams, bays, sloughs, inlets, and if we had 1,500 men (one for each mile) it would be impossible through the hours of darkness, and also perhaps through the hours of the day, completely to eliminate the smuggling of intoxicating liquors into our territory. Florida is a state of almost level lands hilly country abounding only along the central-northern boundary and down what is called the "back-bone of the state" through Suwanee, Marion, Polk and Highland counties. These hills furnish splendid opportunity for the sequestered stills in the densely wooded sections, but even these locations for the manufacture of "shine" are not so difficult of detection as the lowlands, morasses, palmetto plains, low hummock stretches and everglades. It is almost impossible, during much of the year, for officers of the law to locate the outlaws in these vast uninhabit- able and often impassable stretches where even iniquity suffers in its en- forced existence. Florida has a class of the old-fashioned "crackers" who have not kept up with civilization and commercial prosperity and who fall easy prey to the temptation of high prices which can be secured from .those whose appetites still lure them on to the drink, and this class feeling the security of a well selected location become obsessed with the idea that the world owes them a living and they can collect it more easily through the high prices of contra- band liquors than in any other way; this class of outlaw becomes the most dangerous man in civilization and he protects his means of livelihood with the gun. Added to this class is the floating filth of the nation attracted to Florida six months of the year by a good climate and a tourists' market for the outlaw liquor trade. Our attempt to enforce the Eighteenth Amendment under conditions like these would be utterly hopeless if it were not for the alert citizens, clean in character and sturdy in determination who began, with the advent of the Anti-Saloon League, a running fight which later developed into a siege of the whole liquor traffic and, after years of county local option victories, finally culminated in state-wide Prohibition in November of 1918. But notwithstanding these handicaps almost immeasurable benefits have come as the result of the prohibition of the old-time saloon and the resultant diminution of drink. A BETTER CITIZENSHIP We have throughout the entire state, even in Key West where only one- third of the population is Anglo-Saxon, a brighter, brisker, better citizenship 380 than in the old saloon days. This is evident on election days, for now we have the anomaly in nearly every city in the State of election day without drink and arrests. It is evident on the Lord's Day, for we do not see groups of men standing around the back doors of liquor saloons getting their drinks as soon as the officer's back is turned. It is evident in the church, where clean-looking, well-dressed, bright young men form large classes in Sunday Schools, and in a large majority of our churches men now predominate in number over the opposite sex, whereas in the old days it was a common ex- pression that the women ran the churches. This is also evident from the thousands upon thousands of men who have been reclaimed from excessive drink have entered the prosperous walks of life and now fill the places of honor and trust in the ranks of trade and the professions. WE HAVE MOKE AND BETTER HOMES Countless numbers of Florida homes were stricken with the blight of drink and many men who spent their entire earnings on drink had no domicile whatsoever for the enjoyment and protection of their families. Now all this is changed. Since drink is prohibited and liquors are difficult of access thou- sands of men who spent all in dissipation are saving their wages and dressing their families respectably and have rented or purchased, on terms, a little house and have established a real home, where the love of wife and mother and children have created a little paradise absolutely unknown before. More in evidence even than this are the thousands of homes where veiled unhappi- ness reigned because of the secret vices of an otherwise good provider, hus- band and father who, since drink is far removed is rejoicing in full prosperity and happiness of home and family. TRADE AND COMMERCE IMPROVED Manufacturers make no secret of their joy on account of the demise of the saloon for now the laborers, unskilled as well as skilled, are on hand and ready for work from Monday morning throughout the week with brain and muscle clean and strong ready for the demands of the hour. Installment clothing and furniture houses are high in their praises of the present condi- tions because the installment payments upon the purchased articles are more prompt and regular and more often in full. And in these days of increased prosperity and largely increased deposits in our banks it takes the grossest mismanagement in one of these institutions to make compulsory on the part of the State Comptroller to close its doors, in fact in Florida there have been very few bank failures since the Eighteenth Amendment became a law. CRIME AND DELINQUENCY DECREASED Taking the entire state the average decrease in crime is 55 per cent, the average decrease in arrests for drunkenness is 70 per cent and this is a very fair criterion for the improvement all along the line. Until quite recently there had not appeared a case of delinquency before the Probation Officer of Duval county on account of drunken parents. Before the days of Prohibition 90 per cent of the cases coming before the Juvenile Court of Duval county were the direct result of liquor, but since the Eighteenth Amendment went into effect 10 to 15 per cent of these is the result of drink. 381 One of the great arguments against Prohibition was that the closing of the saloons and breweries in Florida would leave a thousand of the best busi- ness houses in the state vacant and would leave the great brewery buildings to decay with the passing of time. Nothing of the kind has happened not one room in Florida formerly used as a saloon, which is in any sense fit for occupancy, is now vacant. Almost before the liquors could be removed the carpenters had begun remodeling the vast majority of the old saloon build- ings for men in other lines of trade who were eagerly awaiting the oppor- tunity to move in. The old saloon buildings are now occupied as dry goods, clothing, grocery, furniture and automobile sales rooms and stores or elegant restaurants, and prosperity is everywhere perched upon the sites of the old time infamous traffic. The breweries are not decayed but were immediately transformed into factories of soft drinks or useful commodities such as ice, ice cream and plate glass. No, the direful, doleful lamentations of these false prophets did not materialize, for prosperity is today the happy condition of every section of the beautiful state of Florida. PROHIBITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF LAW IN GEORGIA By REV. C. O. JONES, D.D. Superintendent Georgia Anti-Saloon League The State Prohibition Law of Georgia became effective by legislative enactment on January 1, 1908, A "joker" was inserted permitting near-beer to be made in the state or imported from the outside, and sold in saloons and locker-clubs. The Prohibition statute immediately closed all liquor saloons as such. In country places and small towns the legal traffic was dead. In the larger cities, however, the places where hard liquors had been sold, re- opened as near-beer saloons. Licenses in most cases were increased by mu- nicipalities. Objection to this was made on the ground that high licenses shut out small dealers and gave a monopoly to rich brewers. In one city of 8,000 inhabitants, about equally divided between whites and negroes, our friends in the council asked Prohibitionists to suggest a license fee. The amount sug- gested was $1,000, thinking that no one would pay such a fee, and the council so voted. Hearing that a brewery in another^city desired to open a saloon, at request the council raised the license to $5,000 cash in advance. The agent of the brewery stole into town at night with the cash, notified the city clerk, who was sympathetic, was smuggled into his office, and one minute after mid- night on January 1, placed the money on the table, and received the license. Three minutes after midnight, citizens came before the clerk with an injunc- tion from the Superior Court judge against granting the license. Said citi- zens earnestly requested the judge to sit up with them at the clerk's office from 11 p. m. to midnight, but "his honor" preferred to grant the injunction in bedroom slippers. The near-beer saloons, as intended by the "joker," became a dirty cloak for intoxicating liquors. The state brewers jumped at the opportunity and manufactured all kinds of drink, save whisky, with plenty of alcohol in every 382 drink. Outside breweries, which made some cities "famous** or infamous according to the point of view, transported train-loads of their products into Georgia. Whisky was, of course, sold and served in beer glasses or straight. Drunkenness and lawlessness were much decreased; but the situation was un- bearable to law-abiding citizens, and fraught with danger. Georgia was 90 per cent dry in its splendid citizenship; and resolved that the lawless 10 per cent should not control the law. Various legislatures had a large majority of drys in both houses, but the whisky lobby had influence enough in appointments, that time after time the rules committee pigeon-holed dry resolutions, bills and enforcing laws, until it was too late to call them up before adjournment. Public indignation grew to such intensity that Governor Nat. E. Harris, a noble Confederate veteran, against tremendous opposition, called a special session of the legislature, specifying that the modification and strengthening of the Prohibition laws must be the chief if not the only work of the called session. This knocked out all delays. The matter had to be considered and settled. This legislature repealed the near-beer law, prohibited liquors containing any alcohol, forbade liquor advertisements, and prohibited its possession even for personal use, barred it from the state, except for sacramental, medicinal and mechanical purposes. This law knocked out breweries, near-beer saloons and locker-clubs. It was signed by Governor Harris on November 17, 1915, and became effective at once as a part of the organic law of the state. No patriotic citizen desires to see this drastic law changed; and no member of either house of the legislature would venture to offer a bill to weaken or repeal the bone dry statute of 1915. To Governor Harris the thanks of Georgia and the nation are due for his courageous determination in calling a special session of the legislature for the purpose of enacting the Prohibition laws. Having tried near-beer saloons, as a substitute for whisky saloons, no true Georgian would ever consent for "light wines and beers" to be sold legally in this state. We know that the "beast"~has the same teeth and claws, by whatever name and however it may masquerade. RESULT OF THE LAW From 1915 to 1920, when the Eighteenth Amendment became effective, the state law was weakened by the issuance of federal licenses. This gave countenance to moonshiners and bootleggers who, under protection of the federal license, freequently broke the state law. Illicit dealers could not be prosecuted before federal courts, if they had a federal license. This made the United States particeps criminis, and aroused righteous indignation. Never- theless, the law destroyed public traffic in alcoholic drinks, and drove makers and users of illicit liquors into hiding-places. Since the Eighteenth Amendment became effective, many state officers held that the federal government should thereafter enforce Prohibition laws. As there were and are few federal agents in each state, this inertia of state officers for awhile seriously hurt full enforcement of law. In fact, for months, the law was not as effective as under state Prohibition alone. In the past year, however, federal agents have received large cooperation from sheriffs, 383 policemen and other state officers; and the law is much better enforced by this cooperation. When it is remembered that the Eighteenth Amendment is not yet three years old, that the whisky and beer trade had been entrenched for years, tnat the law made an immediate change in the habits of many people, it is really wonderful that the law has been so well enforced. It is generally believed that when the "old topers" die, their children will think of the traffic in alcohol as ancient history. A FEW TESTIMONIES Judge Warner Hill of the Supreme Court of Georgia says: "I stand for law enforcement. I think that ought to be preached on every hilltop and in every vale throughout this beloved country of ours. Judge John D. Humphries, of the Superior Court of Atlanta, says: "I am determined to uphold the law." Judge John B. Hutcheson, of the Stone Mountain Superior Court, says: "As far as the enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment is concerned, I be- lieve from coming in contact with it in the court, it is a success. When people tell you the Prohibition law is a farce, and is not being enforced, and that more liquor is drunk today than ever before, it is one of two propositions; they are not informed, woefully ignorant, or wilfully wicked when they make the statement. They don't know what they are talking about. If they do, you can call it what you please. To amend the Eighteenth Amendment to allow the manufacture and sale of light wines and beer is the Trojan horse the liquor crowd is trying to bring into the state of Georgia. They want to tear down our walls. If they ever get a law to sell light wines and beer, then good-bye Prohibition. It will set us back forty years." James L. Key, Mayor of Atlanta, says: "Prohibition is a social, industrial and racial necessity in our country. We could scarcely live in Georgia, we can not maintain society without a Prohibition law. We have got to have it. We can only look to those whose business it is to see that it is enforced, to build it up and uphold it. So far as this city is concerned, those who are en- trusted with that line of business are in sympathy with the law, and enforce it as far as they can. There has been no let up, no slacking up, no disposition to slight this matter at all. That has been our attitude and will continue to be." James L. Beavers, Chief of Police of Atlanta, says: "In 1907, the year before the Prohibition law went into effect, the population of this city was 158,000. The number of arrests made for drunkenness that year was 6,508. In 1908, when Prohibition went into effect, the number was 2,650. In 1917, due to the rigid enforcement of law in cooperation between our police force and federal agents, that liquors might be kept from soldiers, the number was 2,268. The population of the city grew, including suburbs, to 265,000. In 1919, arrests for drunkenness numbered about 3,100. In 1921, the number in- creased to 4,491. The year before Prohibition the arrests for drunkenness were a little over 4 per cent of the city population. Last year, notwithstanding world-wide demoralization, the arrests for drunkenness were only one and seven-tenths per cent." James I. Lowry, sheriff of Fulton county, in which Atlanta is, agreed 384 fully with Chief Beavers and the judges who had given their testimony, and said: "I am for Prohibition, and as an officer of the county, am doing every- thing I can to enforce that law and all others. I really think conditions are better today than they have been." Hugh M. Dorsey, former Governor of Georgia, says: "Atlanta had Prohibition for a while, then high license, then the locker system, then state Prohibition, then the National Amendment. Every step that has been taken has been, in my opinion, a progressive step. "I do not think there is one-tenth as much drunkenness or drinking as there was before Prohibition. "There are a good many people violating this law; but as bad as it is, it is infinitely better than the old plans under which we operated. We are making progress, public sentiment is responding, the courts are running, and I pre- dict it won't be long until whisky will be almost unknown." Savannah is the chief seaport of Georgia, and has been the distributing point for whisky-smugglers from Cuba, the Bahamas, and other islands. W. J. Pierpont, former Mayor of Savannah, says: "Shortly after the enactment of the Prohibition law in 1915, I was questioned as to whether I would enforce the law or not. I issued a statement, making it strong, that I should enforce this law and all laws to the best of my ability. I see a very marked change for the better in public sentiment. I think every good citizen now appreciates the progress that has been made in better citizenship by enforcement of law, and particularly by enforcement of the National Prohibition law. I think the conditions now are better than they have ever been before. I agree fully that moonshine liquor is being made, sold and drunk, but in proportion to what was formerly consumed it is trifling." Dr. Chas. O. Jones, State Superintendent of the Anti-Saloon League of Georgia, says: "In a recent interview with the former chief wholesale liquor dealer in Atlanta, now a member of the City Council, I said: 'Tell me, you know because you were in the business, what proportion of moonshine liquor is now sold in the state of Georgia and the city of Atlanta compared to the old time saloon days?' He said: 'I don't believe it is more than 2 per cent.'" Similar testimonies could be given by many. Atlanta and Savannah are taken as the largest cities in Georgia. In smaller places and country sections the law is being even better enforced. All good citizens believe that it will be better and better enforced; and, finally, the manufacture, sale and use of all kinds of liquor will be prohibited as well as crimes against the person and property. RESULTS OF PROHIBITION IN ILLINOIS By F. SCOTT McBRiDE Superintendent Anti-Saloon League of Illinois Prohibition has brought its greatest benefits to that part of the state lying outside of the city of Chicago. Eighty-eight per cent of the 56,000 square- mile area and 46 per cent of the 6,000,000 population were under Prohibition by local laws before the nation went dry. Great and immediate good results came to the remaining wet parts of the state outside of Chicago when Pro- hibition made the liquor traffic illegal throughout Illinois. Seven typical Illi- 385 Hois cities wet before National Prohibition indicate the effect of National Prohibition upon drunkenness. Statistics covering these cities were obtained from their police departments. ARRESTS FOR DRUNKENNESS Population Last Wet Year First Dry Year Peoria , . 72,184 1,780 259 Alton 23,783 338 19 Joliet 38,549 251 43 Kankakee 14,270 225 22 Cairo 15,995 843 95 Lelleville 21,154 97 23 Granite City 15,890 67 7 201,825 3,601 468 Figures covering four of the above cities show that in the second year under Prohibition there was a slight increase in drunkenness compared with the first dry year, but that the number of drunks is still far below the figures for the last wet year. 1919 1920 1921 Joliet 15 7 9 Granite City 7 3 5 Cairo 44 1 8 Peoria 98 16 31 A striking illustration of how Prohibition has lessened drunkenness in Illi- nois cities is shown by the following figures giving arrests for drunkenness on Saturday night in 9 large Illinois cities. Before Prohibition in these cities great numbers of drunks were arrested every Saturday night. According to police reports for Saturday night, May 14, 1921, arrests for drunkenness were made as follows: Danville Rock Island Bloomington 5 Joliet Decatur 1 Granite City 1 Rockford 8 Cairo 1 Peoria Other indications of decreased drinking are the absences of drunks when- indicate the decrease in drunkenness in Illinois under Prohibition are empty jails in scores of cities and counties. In Feb., 1921, the Associated Press asked all Illinois sheriffs whether there had been a decrease in their jail pop- ulation. All except four reported a decrease. A great proportion of the pris- oners at this time were violators of Prohibition laws. Other indications of decreased drinking are the absence of drunks when- ever great crowds gather on holiday and special occasions such as the Fourth of July and county fairs, and the practical disappearance of drunken drivers from our highways and drunken pedestrians along our streets. Decreased drinking shown by a decrease in drunkenness is reflected in the general advance in the direction of welfare and the general repression of evil under Prohibition. The Illinois Department of Paroles and Pardons reports 386 a decided decrease in all crimes with the exception of traffic violations throughout the state. The Illinois Health Department reports that 1921 was the healthiest year in the history of the state, the death rate being only 11 per thou- sand population compared with 13.6 the average for the five preceding years. The greatest test of Prohibition came in Chicago, a city containing a half of the population of the state, the second city in size in America, a city in which only 31 per cent of the population are American whites. Although encumbered by a gigantic liquor traffic entrenched politically, financially, and in the customs of many of its people, handicapped by ineffective enforcement nevertheless Prohibition has tranformed Chicago immeasurably more than anything since the great fire which swept away the old and permitted the growth of a physically new city. The most apparent change and to some extent the most important has been the substitution of restaurants, stores, and shops catering to the needs of the people for the saloons which formerly occupied the chief corners and best sites along the principal business streets tempting the careless and the weak to drinking, drunkenness, degradation and death. According to an estimate by the City Collector only about 2,000 of the seven thousand saloons that were in Chicago before Prohibition remain to supply legal or illegal beverages to the public. Like wolves retreating before the advance of pioneers, the lawless saloons are gradually disappearing before the advance of Prohibition in Chicago. Over 480 saloons have been closed by injunction process under the state and federal Prohibition act. The proprie- tors of several have retired to the federal prison at Leavenworth, Kansas, and others have been transferred from behind their own bars to more or less permanent positions behind the bars of the city jail. The vast good that has come from the transformation of Chicago saloons is illustrated by just one item. In 1914 the Chicago South Side Club, after a thorough investigation, reported that the back rooms of 445 saloons contrib- uted to the delinquency of 14,000 girls every twenty-four hours. Investigation of the District Attorney's office in Chicago showed that com- pared with other districts, Chicago ranked 39th in number of Prohibition cases commenced and 45th in number of convictions secured. But in spite of poor preliminary enforcement, and, in spite of the terrific force of the great after-war wave of unrest and crime, statistics show that even in Chicago there has been an enormous decrease in crime and drunken- ness. The Chicago Crime Commission has published the following com- nan * son: Murder Burglary Robbery 1919 330 6,108 2,912 1920 194 5,495 2,782 1921 190 4,774 2,588 The latest available Police Department figures showing arrests for drunk- mess and disorderly conduct show the following comparison: Disorderly Disorderly Conduct Conduct 1917 55,942 1919 35,608 1918 45,414 1920 32,859 387 In 1918 there were 10,124 admissions to the House of Correction. In 1919 this number had fallen to the astonishing figure of 5,723. In 1920, the first full dry year, the number declined further to 4,681. In 1921, however, the figures rose to 8,566, almost double the 1920 rate, but still far below the rate for the last wet year, and still further below the average for the period of 1912-1918, which was 13,924. Especially significant is the fact that in 1918 there were 57 per cent of recommitments, and in 1921 only 35 per cent. While it has been impossible to make a complete survey of the marvelous improvement brought to Chicago by Prohibition or to even measure the extent of any one class of benefits some conception of changes wrought can be gained from the following: In July, 1916, there were 535 deaths from sunstroke in Chicago. In 1921 there were 23 during the same month. Dr. Wm. A. Evans, former Health Commissioner in Chicago, attributes the decrease to Prohibition. Chicago now has the lowest death rate in its history; 11.08 per thousand of population; the previous lowest death rate on record was in 1904, 13.85 per thousand in a city of 3,000,000. This means a saving of 6,300 lives a year. Deaths from alcoholism in 1917 numbered 160, according to the Coroner's report. In 1918, under war-time restrictions, the number fell to 45, and in 1919 to 37. The average for the last seven wet years was 114, and for the two entirely dry years 41. Deaths from alcoholism, not limited to the Cor- oner's statistics, total 187 in 1917; 99 in 1921. In 1918 there were 7,000 deaths from pneumonia; in 1921, 2,177 which substantiates the accepted medical opin- ion that alcohol is a major causative factor in pneumonia. Back as far as 1912, there has not been previous to Prohibition, in any year, less than 3,800 deaths from pneumonia. Death from tuberculosis of the lungs fell from 3,275 'to 1,957 between 1918 and 1921. The average for the years 1912-1918 was well above 3,000. The total number of deaths in 1918 was 44,605; in 1921, 30,819. Former Commissioner of Health, John Dill Robertson, said, "Prohibition has had a very favorable effect on the health of the city." The United Charities reports that cases under its care during 1918 and 1919 numbered 6,042 and in 1920-21, 5,547. Intemperance as a cause declined from 429 in 1918-19 to 61 in 1920-1921. The United Charities also report that in 1917, 625 families came under their care in cases where drink was a factor, while in 1921 there were only 61 such families. This indicates a decrease of 86.7 per cent in poverty, caused by drink in the city of Chicago. The general increase in prosperity in Chicago is shown by increased sav- ings deposits. The bank clearings in 1921 were practically the same as in 1918, the last wet year, but the total savings deposits increased from $249,436,913 to $509,- 086,968. This evidences a striking increase in thrift on the part of those of moderate means. John Jay Abbott, of the Continental and Commercial Bank, said: "Since the date on which National Prohibition went into effect the sav- ings deposits of this bank have increased approximately $10,000,000, or 30 per cent. There is no question that Prohibition has contributed very largely 388 to the increase of savings in the United States and is of great economic value to the country." The Union League Boys' Club of Chicago, in a report based on Juvenile records, states that there has been a reduction of 81 per cent in Juvenile de- linquency from 1919 to the end of 1921. The Washingtonian Home, after having treated thousands of drunkards during its sixty years of existence in the city of Chicago, closed its doors soon after the nation went dry. On October 19, this year, the newspapers reported that the Institution would remain closed unless beer and wine should be per- mitted. W. P. Goodsmith, Medical Director, declared that the records of sixty years show that practically every patient commenced with the use of intoxicants of a low alcoholic content. The state-wide reduction of drunkenness is shown by the fact that the large Keeley Institute building at Dwight, Illinois, has been leased to the United States Government for use as a hospital. The comparatively small number of drink cases are now cared for by this institution in a small building. One of the greatest benefits of Prohibition thus far has been the breaking up of the groups formerly controlled politically by the neighborhood saloon- keeper. Outside of Chicago the destruction of the saloon as a unit of political power has already greatly improved local and county government. In the city of Chicago, itself, the break-up of the saloon's former political power is already apparent and will inevitably bring better municipal government in the future. The success of Prohibition in Illinois is reflected in the recent elections which resulted in the naming of more drys to Congress from this state than ever before. In the legislative election, wherever the issue was clear and a fight made out in the open, candidates endorsed by the Anti-Saloon League were more successful than ever. The vote on the beer and wine proposal which appeared on the ballot at the recent election resulted in about 900,000 votes for the proposal, out of a total of 2,000,000 voters in Illinois. In the campaign preceding the election, the organized dry forces of the state made no campaign and advised the drys not to vote at all on the^ question. This stand was taken because the vote could, have no legal effect and because the drys would not enter into a campaign based on the assumption that the Con- stitution could be nullified by a majority vote wherever Prohibition is unpop- ular. It is safe to say that on any clear-cut question involving the Eight- eenth Amendment, Illinois would vote against the return of the liquor traffic by more than a quarter of a million majority. PROHIBITION IN INDIANA By REV. E. S. SHUMAKEK Superintendent Indiana Anti-Saloon League In 1853 Indiana's Legislature enacted a State Prohibition law. The courts became hopelessly confused in the matter of the constitutionality of said law, and in 1855 it was repealed. In 1875 a general license law was enacted which was in force for forty-three years. In 1895 a law was passed enabling ma- jorities of citizens by remonstrance in townships and city wards to prevent 389 the licensing of individual saloonkeepers. In 1905 this law was amended to permit majorities in such political units to remonstrate in writing against the traffic said remonstrances barring the way to the issuing of licenses for a period of two years. In 1908 in a special session of the legislature a county unit local option law was passed. In 1911 this law was repealed. In 1917 the legislature passed a law making the entire state dry on the 2nd of April, 1918. In 1919 the legislature by an overwhelming vote ratified the Eighteenth Amendment. In 1921 through what was known as the Dunn Act, additional Prohibition enforcement provisions were written into Indiana's statutes. Now that Indiana has been under Prohibition for a little over four years and seven months, a general summary of the results obtained under Prohibi- tion is of interest to students and friends of the Prohibition cause. First, consider the economic results. Business men and manufacturers themselves are even more pronounced and radical, so to speak, in favor of Prohibition than are the advocates of Prohibition who fought to a successful finish this issue on moral, as well as economic grounds. They tell us of the payments of bad accounts, of business now being on a better cash basis, of better comforts in the home lives of thousands, of greatly increased numbers of bank depositors and of the amounts of deposits, of working men being present for duty six days in the week instead of four and five as hitherto, of better work being done and better salaries being drawn, and in all of eco- nomic prosperity under Prohibition that never did smile upon our people as a whole while the saloon was in existence. The most remarkable effect of Pro- hibition in Indiana has been the almost complete transformation of what has been known hitherto as the submerged tenth. The slums in Indiana have almost disappeared and will in another decade have disappeared, in our judg- ment, altogether. Squalor and misery on account of poverty-ridden condi- tions are being gradually, but surely eliminated, and our educators tell us that the transition for better in our public schools has been little short of miracu- lous. Children are better clothed, better fed, and have better home conditions now than under the regime of the liquor traffic. As an illustration of what Prohibition does in the betterment of com- munities, I cite one of many evidences of the same found in a survey of the city of Indianapolis. Indianapolis at one time had over 700 saloons. Fourteen months were given the liquor interests to change to other kinds of business between the enactment of Indiana's dry law and the taking effect of the same. Yet the city directory of Indianapolis shows that on the first of April, 1918, the last day of the licensed saloon, 507 saloons still remained.,. They preferred to continue selling booze unto the last rather than to make the transition earlier. What has become of these 507 bar rooms? Our survey shows thai 64 of them have since become restaurants. Our people feed better undei Prohibition than under license. Thirty-nine of these old time saloons are groceries, fifteen are confectioneries children and young people now gettinj more of the sweets and the joys, rather than the sorrows of life. Thirty-one are now used as billiard and pool rooms, which are not as bad as the old time saloon, since booze has been eliminated. Twelve of these saloons are n furniture stores where increased prosperity enables former drinking people 390 come and purchase furniture rather than to pawn and sell it for booze. Eighteen of these saloons are now homes where people live in comfort; fifteen of them are barber shops. Now nine of these one time saloons are used as dry goods establishments. Eight more have become drug stores where heal- ing, rather than death, is given to suffering humanity. Seven others are used as auto accessories establishments, eight are tailor shops, six are boot and shoe repair shops, four are used as hotels, four of them are fruit stores, four more are tire and rubber companies, five are poultry houses, and six are used for banks and savings deposits institutions where laboring men can deposit their money and have it draw interest rather than exchange it for that which is not bread and which satisfieth not. Four more of these old saloons are bakeries, seven are cleaning establishments, three are used as gasoline filling stations, three more as paint and color companies, three are machine shops; then there are three hardware stores, three real estate agencies, three laundries, two second hand stores, two electric supply houses, two radiator repair shops, two pattern works, two motorcycle places, two bond brokers, two undertaking establishments (we needed them to bury John Barleycorn), two cloak stores, two cigar stores, two livery barns and two meat markets. And this is not all. One of the big Indianapolis dailies is now issued from what was formerly the most aristocratic saloon in Indianapolis, known as the Budweiser. A church now occupies a room formerly dedicated to Gambrinus. A rescue mission station occupies another saloon that was still running at midnight April 1, 1918. An ice plant, a weekly newspaper, a type- writing exchange company, a candy manufacturing company, a brass foun- dry, a feed store, a movie, an oil refining company, a roofing establishment, a music house, an insurance office, an adding machine company, a shoe store, a print shop, a lumber dealer's office, a jewelry store, a clothing house, a glass store, and many other single establishments now occupy rooms where for- merly men purchased and drank liquor, laid drunk in back rooms, and other- wise were ruined for time and eternity on account of the liquor traffic. In all, over 400 of these old time saloons have been transformed into in* stitutions that benefit, instead of harm humanity. And what is true of Indian- apolis has also been shown to be true by surveys taken in Terre Haute and Evansville, two others of the largest cities of the state. Similar surveys in every city formerly hurt by the liquor traffic would unquestionably show similar results because the same general law obtains everywhere. But we do not stop with the economic benefits. The county jails in In- diana on Sept. 30, 1916, showed 1,093 inmates. In 1917, the last full wet year, there were 1,090 incarcerated in county jails on Sept. 30th. One year later after the state had been under Prohibition for six months our county jails housed only 510 inmates. On Sept. 30, 1919, 451 numbered the inmates in all the county jails of Indiana. On Sept. 30, 1920, our jails had a population of 563, while a year later the total population was 742. This being a decrease of 32 per cent from the number housed in county jails on Sept. 30, 1917, the last wet year. . The state penal farm and the correctional department of the woman's prison, also showed decreases in population the number in these institutions on Sept. 30, 1917, was 804, while on Sept. 30, 1921, there were 585. 391 Many of the persons confined in county jails and on the state penal farm are there because of violations of the state and federal Prohibition laws. On Sept. 30, 1921, over one-half of Indiana's jails were empty. A number of those that h^d inmates had fewer than five, and a number of them were insane persons and not criminals. Perhaps no other institution serves as so delicate an indicator of the bad effects of liquor up*on the home life as does the juvenile court in any city. In the city of Indianapolis, Frank J. Lahr, judge of the juvenile court, says that in the last wet year in Indiana, 619 cases of parents brought before him for delinquency in the care of their families were there as the result of booze. During the first dry year he had only five such cases, the next year only seven. Conditions since then have been a little worse on account of so many men being out of work. But last year not over ten or twelve such cases have come into his court for booze. Of cases during the last wet year, ninety who were heads of families have purchased property of their own since the state has gone dry, and practically all of them are providing for their families better than they diq\ in the old saloon days. Within ninety days after the state of Indiana went dry, the county com- missioners closed the workhouse in the city of Indianapolis, because the num- ber of prisoners had continued to go down until there were fewer confined there than there were officials employed in the place. Then in the month of August, 1918, the Keeley Institute for drunkards in Plainfield, which had been there for over thirty years, closed its doors after selling its furniture at auc- tion and going out of business. About the most unpopular thing that can now be said of any candidate running for any office, practically everywhere in the state of Indiana, is the fact that he is wet. The people of Indiana believe in Prohibition. While the liquor interests will continue to fight, and while they will continue to make more or less trouble, and while the dry forces in Indiana dare not cease their vigils and are not going to do so, yet the people of Indiana, having learned the great benefits of Prohibition, are not going back to the old booze condi- tions and Indiana is determined to hold aloft the banner of Prohibition until the dream and vision of that great American, Abraham Lincoln, whose boy- hood was spent in our state, is realized, of a world with neither a slave nor a drunkard left in it. PROHIBITION SUCCESS IN THE STATE OF IOWA, U. S. A. By R. N. HOLSAPLE Superintendent of the Anti-Saloon League of Iowa When Prohibition became a law in Iowa six years ago, wise men foresaw a long and arduous journey upon a path beset with snares and pitfalls. "The test ojf Prohibition will come within the next ten years," it was said. Wet resources 'are not exhausted. Liquor interests have at their command immense hoards of wealth, powerful political influence and inscrutable legal craft. During the year 1915, the last year of saloons in Iowa, there were 2,964 arrests for drunkenness in Des Moines, the capital city. In the first year of 392 National Prohibition there were only 1,949 arrests for drunkenness, a decrease of 1,015 or 66 per cent in spite of an increase in population from 90,000 to 135,000. Iowa elected on November 7, a new House and Senate, new state and county officers, a new United States Senator and ten out of eleven Congres- sional Representatives dry. Shortly before the election, the Iowa Anti-Saloon League sent to each candidate a questionnaire demanding the "wet" and "dry" sympathies of every office-seeker in the state. The replies were almost unani- mously dry proving that public officials are either personally convinced of the value of Prohibition, or afraid of the voice of the people if they belittle it. In either case, the answer is flattering to Prohibition. A few candidates who made so bold as to announce themselves (with qualification) friends of liquor, met with disappointing responses at the polls. The Anti-Saloon League was able to contribute effectively to the defeat of several candidates by merely exposing to the public the true "wet" sympathies of the persons in question. Our two Senators from Iowa are dry. Our Congressional representa- tives are dry as are likewise all our office-holders of importance. Is not this the voice of Iowa in testimony of the success of Prohibition? Responses to a questionnaire of labor leaders regarding the effect of Pro- hibition upon the working man were highly encouraging. Mr. J. R. Crowell, secretary of the Trades and Labor Assembly at Ottumwa, Iowa, a city where immense numbers of men are employed in large packing plants, wrote as follows: "I am fully of the opinion that the effect of Prohibition on the average working man and his family is good, as evidenced by better health for the man, and better food, clothing and general living conditions with an oppor- tunity to get some enjoyment out of life. The average tradesman has more money to live on. It follows as a matter of course that there is more money saved. I find large numbers of the workers who are in favor of retaining Prohibition as it now stands and would vote to hold it." Charles C. MacKay of the Waterloo Central Labor Union replied: "I believe that workingmen and all other men and women and children are better off without the saloon and booze. I may be prejudiced." A. E. Hale of the Mason City Trades and Labor Assembly replied: "There is no question but that Prohibition has been of great benefit to the laboring men and their families. I believe that the workingmen would vote to retain Prohibition were it put to a popular vote." Manufacturers report similarly from the employers' point of view. The Iowa Anti-Saloon League sent questionnaires to all large manufacturing in- dustries asking: "Has Prohibition increased earning capacity? How much? Has it imnroved home life? Has it stimulated business generally?" The Purity Oats Company of Davenport, Iowa, one of the largest indus- tries of the state, reported that earning capacities had increased as much as 25 per cent since the enactment of Prohibition. H. N. Straight of Adel, Iowa, member of a company owning an entire chain of Clay Products factories added this note: "This company and all of the employes are strong for Prohibition and 393 trust that the day will come when there will be no booze made in the U. S. A." All who replied answered "yes" to the question: "Has Prohibition stim- ulated business?" The vast and substantial majority of Iowa's citizenry stands firm on Pro- hibition. College presidents of the state are unquestionably in favor of Pro- hibition and what it has accomplished. Bankers support it. Insurance com- panies say it has decreased death risks immeasurably. Ben J. Gibson, Attorney-General of Iowa, the man who is perhaps in the best position of any individual in the state to judge the effectiveness of Pro- hibition and the work of Prohibition agents, has written: "I take this opportunity of assuring you of the deep interest which I feel in the work of your League. The work you have accomplished in this state has indeed been worth while. I assure you of the confidence which I feel in your help in this matter and of my desire that your work be continued." The League has expressions of the success of Prohibition and of its work in Prohibition's behalf from Governor N. E. Kendall, President A. Holmes of Drake University; President John L. Hillman of Simpson College; President E. H. Stranahan of Penn College; Mr. Harvey Ingham, editor of the Regis- ter-Tribune, the largest newspaper in Iowa; Bishop Homer C. Stuntz of the Omaha area of the Methodist church, numerous members of the Iowa Gen- eral Assembly and ministers of the state. All foresee an immediate and great future for Prohibition. Officers of the Iowa Anti-Saloon League have, during the past year, con- ducted or inspired over a thousand raids on bootlegging and hooch-making establishments. These raids have always been conducted in company with regular public officials. The League has found Federal, State and County officers of the law ready to enforce Prohibition in practically every instance. Whenever bootlegging establishments are cited, raids are conducted straight- way. The Iowa Pharmaceutical Association has declared itself against the druggist who violates his license by selling liquor as a beverage. Iowa law- yers and doctors are similarly pledged by the American Bar Association and the House of Delegates of the American Medical Association. Church conferences, synods and presbyteries have gone on record pro- claiming the success of Prohibition and endorsing steps which are being taken by Iowa Prohibition organizations to maintain it. All this is to prove that in spite of hardy opposition, money and influence, Prohibition is waging a winning fight. The reaction to the Volstead Act is just what its friends expected. The fight was already begun with the incor- poration of Prohibition into the Constituion of the United States. Liquor will never return to Iowa. Thousands of sturdy Iowa farmers and good townspeople will never consent to it. What better friends could Pro- hibiion have than bankers, labor leaders, employers and educators? What better assurance of success than newspaper editors and public officials? Only six years ago the saloon was the seat of all ward politics, laboring men on meager salaries cashed Saturday night pay-checks over its bar returned to. their families drunk and penniless, 394 Now in Iowa, we see no saloons. If we see a drunken man we remark about it as a curiosity. Drunkenness has practically ceased to be a cause of dependency upon chanties. Des Moines social service workers have testified that liquor to them is no longer a problem of any grave importance. Prohibition has succeeded in Iowa. Iowa's fondest dream now is Pro- hibition all over the world. KANSAS, THE CHAMPION OF PROHIBITION DOCTOR JULIUS SMITH (Address in response to roll call) Mr. Chairman, I think I have the highest honor of this convention, for I speak for the driest commonwealth on earth. Forty-two years ago Kansas raised the prohibition banner. It has never permitted that question to be again submitted to a popular vote. Twenty-eight years ago one party tried to resubmit the question, but it was always beaten, and never obtained a state office until it abandoned the policy of resubmission and proclaimed its stand for the enforcement of prohibition. Every Congressman, every United States Senator from Kansas, for years and years, has stood for the state prohibition law and for national prohibition. Every member of the state legislature has been for years a prohibitionist in fact. No man can hold any office in the State of Kansas today no man can even run for an office on a wet ticket. He could not hold the office if he turned wet after being elected. We have an ouster law to remove faith- less officials. That law simply shoves him out at the back-door he goes into a political bottomless pit of darkness and no man can hear him strike bottom. I ; . j Not long ago, a skilful friend of liquor had gotten himself, unknown, into the legislature. He was not known as a liquor man; did not profess to t4at cause; but we found that he had been quietly selling liquor. Thirty days before election his committee said to him "You are arrested on the charge of having had liquor in your possession. You will have to get off the ticket. We don't know whether you are guilty or not, but we do know that we can't have our ticket go before the voters of the state with even the suspicion of a wet candidate on it." He quit the race withdrew his name. KANSAS BE- LIEVES IN PROHIBITION ! LOUISIANA REV. A. J. BARTON, D.D. Chairman, Commission on Social Service, Southern Baptist Convention Louisiana was one of the wet states, when national prohibition went into effect, and New Orleans was the wettest of the wet cities in America. Our conditions are somewhat peculiar. The northern section of our state is made up almost entirely of a homogeneous American population. The south- ern section of the state is largely French. We have in the northern section almost complete prohibition. We had it before national prohibition went into effect. Our problem is in the southern part of the state. When national prohibition came, we elected a governor who believed in some reforms but not in this reform. He announced that any kind of state legislation on this subject would be freak legislation because of the fact that the federal government had now taken over the whole question. But in the next to the last session of our legislature we managed to pass a fairly good dry law, and now between the state law and the federal law we have had fairly good enforcement even in the great wet city of New Orleans, which is by far the largest city in the South. We are going to keep on. We expect to have Louisiana absolutely dry, and we are going to help work for a dry world. MAINE By REV. C. E. OWEN, D.D. Superintendent Anti-Saloon League of Maine The state of Maine, with one intermission, for seventy-six years has con- tinuously maintained a Prohibition policy. Four times the law has been re- ferred to the people and each time it received their endorsement. It is safe to say that at no time in the past have the law-abiding, God-fearing citizens of this state stood more firmly for the established policy than in this year 1922. This statement is warranted by the fact that in the state and national election of last September no candidate of any party, for any office, national, state or county, stood before the voters for any other than the old, established, time- tested Prohibition policy. The "Maine Law," as it came to be known the world over, was at first regarded as a new discovery in legislation. It sprang out of the necessity of overcoming shiftlessness, inefficiency and home-wrecking caused by drink which were rapidly overspreading the state. In 1846, seventy-six years ago, after repeated failures to successfully deal with the liquor problem by moral suasion, the first legal experiment was tried. A mild form of Prohibition, with no search and seizure process, and with pen- alties so insignificant, in comparison with present day penalties, as to seem trifling, was enacted. Such, however, were the results of the enforcement of even this law that the value of legal Prohibition could not be denied. In 1851 a more stringent and effective prohibitory law was passed. Four years later while the slavery question was the all-absorbing issue the enemies of Prohibition rallied for its repeal and succeeded in placing upon the statute books a license law. The results of this law were so immediately disastrous in the increase of drunkenness and debauchery that the people registered their protest at the next opportunity by electing a legislature of entirely different attitude upon the question. Five only out of ninety-six who voted for the re- peal of Prohibition, were elected. This legislature of 1858 not only re-enacted the prohibitory law, but sub- mitted the same to popular vote in such fashion that the voters could choose between the license law under which they had been living for two years and the prohibitory law just re-enacted. The people's verdict of five to one in favor of Prohibition has never been reversed, although repeated attempts have been made. 396 For sixty-three years, without interruption, the prohibitory law has re- mained in the statutes, and for thirty-eight years the prohibitory principle has been embedded in the fundamental law of the state. The "Maine Law" prohibited both manufacture and sale. The thirteen distilleries and the 2,000 groggeries for 400,000 people went out of business. As the means of communication and transportation developed the' friends of the traffic within and beyond the state seized upon these agencies to supply the thirsty and keep the trade alive. The United States mails were open to liquor firms in neighboring states for soliciting orders and the transportation companies were permitted to deliver the goods. When New Hampshire protected her own people against the open saloon by a prohibitory law she permitted her breweries to go on manufacturing and sending their product to Maine or wherever they would. Our friends on the north adopted, with splendid results, the Prohibition policy as to the local sale and importation of intoxicants. "Ontario's Six Years Dry" is an inspiring record of marvelous achievement of which the tem- perance forces of Ontario are justly proud. The State of Maine extends con- gratulations. But Ontario's six distilleries and thirteen breweries are still manufacturing and exporting, without violation of law, their poisonous pro- duct to neighboring states and provinces. This inreaching of the traffic from all directions is a fair sample of the conditions under which Maine has admin- istered Prohibition for many years. Until the government of the United States denied the use of the mails to the liquor traffic for transportation of liquor and later for soliciting orders in Prohibition territory, and in 1913 an act of Congress put intoxicants under the ban as an article of interstate commerce, the state of Maine had been practically helpless against the continuous and persistent effort of the traffic to flood our state with contraband liquor. The adoption of National Prohibition has brought infinite relief on one side by stopping the manufacture and forbidding the transportation, importa- tion and exportation of all intoxicants for beverage purposes; but on another side the passion for easy money on the part of our near neighbors on the north, and our more distant neighbors across the sea, responding to the appe- tite for booze among certain classes of our people, is causing us trouble, and nullifying to a degree the normal results of Prohibition. The present rum-running situation on sea and land and in the air is his- tory repeating itself on a national scale, and impresses us who have fought on the defensive so long that the United States must prepare to fight a never- ending defensive battle to keep herself from being submerged in a deluge of rum from across the sea, or join with her friends of other nations in an ag- gressive campaign to win world Prohibition. But for Maine, isolated as she has been, ostracised for years so far as her attitude toward the liquor traffic is concerned by all her neighbors, helpless to overcome the handicap of federal rules and regulations in regard to mails and interstate commerce, no sane person knowing Maine's history from the be- ginning will question, for a moment, that Prohibition has been worth to her many times its cost. These handicaps have unquestionably impeded her progress and made the 397 battle at times seem dubious. It could not be otherwise, but the unconquer- able conviction, that the prohibitory policy was right and absolutely necessary for the welfare of the state, which inspired the consciences of our fathers four generations ago, has never been uprooted. This conviction of the moral Tightness of the prohibitory policy has been re-enforced as years passed, by the growing conviction that Prohibition is also an economic asset. The former poverty stricken condition of the state, isolated in summer, and as some one has said ice-olated in winter, gradually gave way under the reign of Prohibition to prosperous conditions. Maine has thrift. From the agricultural standpoint, Maine or even New England is not to be compared with the rich farm lands of the west; but, comparing Maine with the rest of New England, a study of the last census reports reveals the fact that Maine has a larger percentage of farms unen- cumbered by mortgage than any other New England state, larger even than any of the twenty-one northern states. This proportion applies also, accord- ing to the latest available statistics, to the homes throughout the entire state. A larger percentage of the homes of Maine than of any other northern state are owned by those who live in them. Maine, despite the thinness of her soil, the rigor of her climate, and the scantiness of her natural resources, measures up well with other states in financial credit. The last report of the bank commissioner shows that Maine has more depositors in her savings institutions than she has voters, male and female, and that the average amount to the credit of each depositor is over six hundred dollars. The abandoned farms of Maine are often mentioned to show that Pro- hibition seriously impedes the agricultural development of the state. The fact is the abandonment of these hilly, rocky, inaccessible farms, after the lumber is removed, is evidence of enterprise on the part of the owners, for these farms may more profitably be turned back to the production of lumber for which they are much better adapted. Lumber is a staple article and a highly profit- able crop to the country that can wait for it to grow. Maine's slow growth in population is attributed by some to her persistent hold upon Prohibition. It is true Maine's population has scarcely doubled in half a century, but it should be noted that the constant drain of young blood from the rugged hills of rural Maine to the attractive centers of population in other states means that literally thousands and tens of thousands of sturdy men and women, bred and trained under Prohibition and loyal to its princi- ples, scattered over this broad land, have been brave boosters for Prohibition everywhere. God only knows how much this country owes to the Prohibi- tion missionaries to other states that have gone forth during the last half century from the old pioneer Prohibition state. MASSACHUSETTS By ARTHUB J. DAVIS Superintendent Massachusetts Anti-Saloon League A survey of conditions in Massachusetts, over a period of ten years, cov- ering Prohibition and license periods, made by the Scientific Temperance Fed- 398 eration of Boston, showed that Prohibition in Massachusetts, even though im- perfectly enforced, had made a distinct contribution to the physical comfort and social and moral well-being of the people of that commonwealth. A mass of official statistics, with 38 tables, shows the following results to the credit of the Prohibition policy: Arrests for drunkenness less than one-half. Arrests for drunkenness of women less than one-third. Marked decline in arrests for offenses against chastity. Commitments to the State Farm only one-quarter. Total prison population less than one-half. Great decrease in neglected children before Courts. Where before Prohibition 18 per cent of the dependent children had drunken fathers and 3 per cent drunken mothers, now only 1 per cent have drunken fathers, and there were no drunken mothers of dependent children in either 1920 or 1921. School attendance improved. Children better fed and better clothed. Two funds for buying clothes for children who needed clothing to go to school had no applicants last winter. The family man has largely dropped out from the drinkers' ranks. Great decrease in sex diseases. Marked gain in general health of the community. Increase in savings deposits despite industrial depression. Almshouse population about half. Alcoholic insanity cut in two. Deaths from alcoholism more than cut in two. It all may be summed up in the words of President Charles W. Elliot: "Evidence has accumulated on every hand that Prohibition has promoted public health, public happiness, and industrial efficiency. This evidence comes from manufacturers, physicians, nurses of all sorts, school and factory, hospi- tal and district, and from social workers of many races and religions laboring daily in a great variety of fields. These results are obtained in spite of the imperfect enforcement. This testimony also demonstrates BEYOND A DOUBT that PROHIBITION IS ACTUALLY SAPPING THE TER- RIBLE FORCE OF DISEASE, POVERTY, CRIME AND VICE." AEEESTS Arrests for drunkenness, for all causes, for serious offenses, despite un- employment and unrest following the war, were all far lower in 1921 from 12 to 69 per cent than in the wet period, either absolutely or in proportion to the population. Arrests for drunkenness had steadily mounted in Massa- chusetts until in 1917" there were 129,455. In 1921 there were but 59,595. Arrests for all offenses had averaged 178,072 annually in Massachusetts in the wet years of the decade. In 1921 there were 152,066. Boston figures show that arrests for drunkenness among the foreign-born fell off 60 per cent, while the general decrease was 55 per cent. The population of the penal institutions was from 9 to 64 per cent lower in 1921 than in the average wet year; 3,252 (September 30, 1921), as compared 399 with an average of 5,839 in the seven wet years. The State Farm, which, until Prohibition came, was "one of the most populous prison farms for drunkards and vagrants in the United States" (Kelso), had only 440 prisoners September 30, 1921, as compared with an average of 1,258 in the wet years. Five jails closed in 1920. During the wet period the courts sent to the Boston House of Correction an average of 4,281 offenders for drunkenness a year; in 1921 the cases numbered 665. The total commitments to this institution dropped from an average of 6,339 in the wet years to an average of 1,023 in the dry years 83 per cent. In early 1919 the women's quarters were seriously overcrowded; 10 months later the board reported "there were nearly as many matrons as inmates," and the building was soon closed. CONDITIONS OF HOME AND CHILDREN Arrests of women for all offenses in Massachusetts decreased 39 per cent as compared with a general decrease of 24 per cent. In arrests for drunken- ness, the decrease among women was 69 per cent as compared with a general decrease of 55 per cent. There were but 314 women in the penal institutions of the state September 30, 1921 ; the average for wet years was 732. There were 839 in the preceding hard-times year, 1915. Total arrests for offenses against chastity in Boston (both sexes) were 1,881 in 1921, a smaller number than in any of the seven wet years. The number of children under 15 years of age arrested in Boston was the smallest of the decade, 600 fewer than the wet years' average. There was the smallest number of neglected, wayward, and delinquent children arrested in Boston (2,442), a decrease of almost 700 from the wet years' average. The Boston juvenile court saw the fewest cases begin in the decade except in 1916. Probation officers ascribe the improvement to better conditions in the homes due to Prohibition. Parental drunkenness is nearly absent in cases of de- pendent and neglected children .given into the care of the Boston Child Wel- fare Division. The number of neglected children thus admitted was smaller in 1921, as was the number of neglected children before the Massachusetts lower courts and the Boston juvenile court. The Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children showed in 1921 a decrease of two-thirds in the proportion of cases in which intemperance was an important factor in cases of cruelty to children as com- pared with 1916. The Boston Family Welfare Society found intemperance a conspicuous factor in only about four cases in one hundred in 1921 as com- pared with twenty-seven per one hundred in 1917. HEALTH AND MORTALITY Deaths from alcoholism in Boston and in Massachusetts in 1921 were the fewest of the decade except for 1919 and 1920, both Prohibition or part Pro- hibition years 97 deaths from this cause in Massachusetts in 1921; the wet years' average was 225. In Boston the number of deaths from accidents in 1921 was the smallest in the decade; of homicides, one less than the wet years' average. There were 102 suicides; the average number in the wet years was 126; in the previous hard-times year, 1915, there were 140. The 694 alcoholics admitted to the Washington Home in 1921 represents a genuine gain over the average of 955 admissions in the seven wet years during which about 400 the same number were entering the former State Inebriate Hospital, which is now discontinued and used for injured soldiers. There were also formerly 11 small private hospitals for inebriates in Massachusetts; now there are but two. In the Boston city hospital cases of delirium tremens in 1921 were the fewest since 1915. The number of admissions of alcoholics presents the only conspicuously unfavorable table of the report. But there are no comparable figures for the full seven years of the wet period, as the hospital's policy in handling and recording alcoholics was changed in 1916. The patients are largely confirmed drinkers, a legacy from pre-Prohibition days, many of them idlers and ne'er-do-wells. The present number suggests an illegal source of liquor supply, one of the results of absence of a Prohibition enforcement law in Massachusetts, while the effect of liquor and the methods of drinking seem now to make the drinker in the class taken to the hospital not only drunk but sick. The women drunkards who used to be sent to the city hospital from dance halls and cheap hotels have practically disappeared. ALCOHOLIC INSANITY Alcoholic insanity was responsible for but 151 first admissions to public and McLean hospitals in 1921; there was an annual average of 340 in the seven wet years. The total number of first admissions of all insane was the lowest since 1912, except for 1920, also a Prohibition year. Alcoholic insanity was responsible for 10.3 per cent of all first admissions in the average wet year; the two dry years' average was 4.24 per cent. "Evidently bad liquor does not kill so many as we have been led to sup- pose. From the health standpoint, the lessening of deaths from alcohol and accidents goes hand in hand with the decrease of alcoholic insanity and chronic alcoholism," says Dr. Richard C. Cabot, of Harvard University, in a foreword to the report. THRIFT Total deposits increased in Massachusetts savings banks 2.5 per cent in 1921, although withdrawals had been heavy owing to hard times. An increase of even 2 per cent for all New England was declared by the Federal reserve bank "a remarkably good performance in view of the depressed industrial conditions." Cooperative banks made the largest gain in any one year and their assets reported were the greatest in their history. Credit unions, in spite of heavy withdrawals, were reported by the bank commissioner as more sub- stantially established than at any period since they began in the state. For- eign banks, which serve foreign-born desiring to send money home, forwarded over $15,000,000 to other countries in 1921; in the three years 1919-1921, over $49,000,000. The largest amount sent previous to 1919 had been $10,000,000. Through the school savings banks, children's pennies turned into the regular savings banks of Massachusetts over $243,000 in 1921. One Boston teacher remarked that children's savings were now going into the savings bank from homes that before Prohibition had drawn on children's pennies and dimes to help pay the family grocery bill. PAUPERISM AND POVERTY The latest figures available on pauperism t and poverty, those for 1921, show a marked improvement over the wet period. After the winter of 1921, 401 when unemployment had been the worst of the decade, the state and local almshouses had on March 31, 1921, the smallest population of the decade; it was only about one-half that for the seven wet years, three of which had been years of full employment and high wages. Outside relief was given by cities and towns in the year 1920-21 to nearly 10,000 fewer cases than in the average wet year and to 34,000 fewer cases than in the previous hard-times winter of 1915. Outside relief was given by the state to only 543 persons per 100,000 population, as compared with 638 per 100,000 population in 1915. "The outstanding conclusion from this report is, I think, that to the poor Prohibition in Massachusetts has been a signal blessing. The rich may, for all we know, be as foolish as ever, but beyond any question the poor are better off," says Dr. Richard C. Cabot. RESULTS OF PROHIBITION IN MICHIGAN By W. V. WALTMAN Superintendent Michigan Anti-Saloon League A story justifying Prohibition in Michigan can be one of a family which now has money in the bank, plenty to eat, an equity in a pretty cottage, good clothes. For years the money which has been turned into these things went over the bar of a saloon. Or the story of Prohibition may be written in terms of increased bank deposits, satisfactory employment figures, court statistics showing decreases in major and minor crimes, reports showing more home owners, less poverty, better health conditions, improved influences in government. The conclusion of either story is that Michigan is a better place to live than it was in the days when there was a saloon on every corner. There were 9,207 saloons in Michigan in 1907. In 1911, after local option had been adopted in 38 counties, there were still 4,511 liquor shops in the state. Wayne county alone had 1,785 saloons. Today, in virtually every city and town in Michigan, business locations are at a premium. Where saloons once stood as a blot on a community's decency, there now stands a business place which is a credit to the city. Shoes, candy, groceries, clothing are the stock in trade of these business places where once booze was the only article of merchandise. Not a Michigan city has a red-light district. Not many years ago, there was not a community without a district in which the liquor business and red- light houses did not flourish like a cancer on the decency, morals and health of the community. The breweries of the state in most instances have been turned into re- spectable places of business where more men are employed, greater capital is in use and the community better served. Storage houses, auto body plants, food product and ice establishments are using to better purpose the old beer plants. One brewery in Flint, Michigan, has been converted into a church. One brewery in Lansing, Michigan, is now given over to the manufacture of automobile bodies and more men are employed, the value of the product is a hundred times greater, the pay roll is immensely larger and the community is better served. 402 A better government is a feature of Prohibition in Michigan. In the old days, candidates for office were chosen, put in office and ruled from the saloon. The saloon was the gathering place of the element which made for poor gov- ernment. The wet interests, themselves law violators, encouraged and fos- tered law violation. Today, candidates for office look to business, clubs, churches, the decent organizations of a community for their support. And a man must be pretty clean to win and hold the endorsement of his community. A typical example of the new order of things is found in Michigan in Delta county, in the upper Peninsula, where in 1911 there were 148 saloons, or one saloon to every 203 men, women and children in the community. Crime, booze and disorder flourished. Saloons, disorderly houses, gam- bling dens, crime, graft and poor county government prevailed. Since the advent of Prohibition, this situation has been cleared up and today the mayor of the city is a church-goer with the respect of his community; the saloons and red-light districts and gambling dens are gone. It is a place in which to live a decent life, a place to enjoy prosperity, raise children under the proper influences and enjoy one's privileges of citizenship. The saloon has been taken out of politics in other communities as it has in Delta county, and the influences in politics and government have ceased to be those of evil, graft and lawlessness. It is alarming to consider the safety of yourself and neighbor with the number of automobiles if it were not for Prohibition. With thousands and thousands of automobiles in Michigan, it would not be safe to be on the streets were there a saloon on every corner and hundreds of drunken men in cars on the highways. Court records afford an interesting check on the favorable results of Pro- hibition. Records compiled from the various cities of Michigan show a sub- stantial decrease in the number of major crimes committed. The arrest of women on various charges has decreased. There is less delinquency among children. The number of arrests for drunkenness has decreased 900 per cent in some communities. And the trend is more favorable. With the home brewing fad fast dying out and a lot of bootleggers becoming so discouraged that daily scores are turning to legitimate undertakings, the course in the future will be more favorable in the direction of law and order. An interesting slant on the change in police court figures from the days of the saloon is contained in a report of the attorney general of Michigan. Each year in the past, figures were compiled on court cases. A change in the law requires the compilation of these figures every two years now. In a record of drunkenness, including drunkenness classified as disorderlies, the report for 1917, the last year the state was wet, shows 14,806 cases in the Michigan courts. For the year ending June 30, 1920, this has been cut to 8.961. The total for the next two years, ending June 30, 1922, was 19,937, or but a small increase over a single year's total during the last year of the wet regime in Michigan. When it is considered that in the old days, a man had to be creating a nuisance or unable to take care of himself before he was arrested whereas now he is taken into custody if he shows the faintest signs of intoxication, the true significance of these figures is realized. 403 In a record of disorderlies in court, the figures including non-support, vagrancy and begging cases, 9,499 were reported in 1917, the last wet year. This was cut to 5,163 in 1920 and in the two years ending June 30, 1922, there were but 4,895 in the state, or a decrease of 50 per cent in a two years' period under a single year when it was wet. In 1917 there were 225 wife and child abandonment cases. In two years after Prohibition, there were 299 cases, or but 54 more cases in two years than in a single year before Prohibition. There were 1,280 cases of non- support in one wet year. The total for two years under Prohibition was 1,348. Normal population gains should be taken into consideration in these reports. Prior to the last election, the Michigan Anti-Saloon League conducted a canvass of candidates throughout the state as to their stand on the Prohibi- tion issue. Candidates for every office having to do with law making or law enforcement were questioned. Of the 506 candidates in Michigan to receive questionnaires, 358 returned favorable replies signified they were dry, in favor of law enforcement as it applied to the Eighteenth Amendment. They pledged themselves to fight the wet interests. This is better than 70 per cent of the total number of candidates in the state. Of the 30 per cent not listed as favorable, less than 10 per cent of the entire number replied that they were wet. The other 20 per cent failed to reply and may have been either wet or dry. It is interesting to consider just how successful such a poll of candidates would have been in the wet days. In county after county, the listing of a candidate as doubtful or unfavorable, has brought out a fight which resulted in a complete victory for the dry faction. Defeat after defeat in both pri- maries and elections can be traced to the fact that a man was not lined up on the dry side of the ledger in his campaign. As elections pass in Michigan, candidates are coming to realize more and more the fact that they must stand for law and order and be ready to protect their constituents against the designs of the liquor interests if they expect to have the backing of the majority in their communities and their support at the polls. Michigan cities are becoming cities of home owners. The records of building and loan associations show that thousands of new accounts are being opened by people who can save something weekly and want to turn it into their own homes. Bank deposits are showing substantial increases despite the fact that the end of an economic cycle making for smaller savings instead of larger is just passing. Industrial accidents are on the wane because more safeguards are being installed in plants and because workers now have clear heads when they work. Men once came to work in plants in such shaken condition as a result of de- bauches in saloons that they were a menace to their own safety and that of their fellow workers. These are but some of the material sides of the first years of Prohibition. Volumes could be written of the humanitarian side of the issue of the new 404 happiness in families because the saloon is no more. Volumes more could be written of the sadness which once upon a time was written in mothers' hearts as they saw their boys and girls drift deeper and deeper into the things having inception in the saloon. The results of Prohibition in M/ichigan are so satisfactory to the bulk of the voters that they want it continued. The state primaries and elections dur- ing the past two months have given them a full realization of the advan- tages of the present order of things over "what used to be" and in 13 congres- sional districts at the last election," the dry faction was victorious in all except two. The wet element was apparently in the majority in this one Detroit dis- trict, which is as cosmopolitan as any in the country and the strength of the foreign element was decisive. Prohibition makes for better citizenship, and given a fair trial, better citizenship in this same locality eventually will result in it too acclaiming its approval of Prohibition. MISSOURI REV. W. C. SHUPP Superintendent Anti-Saloon League of Missouri 1 rather resented, if I may use the term, the claim my good brother from Wisconsin made, of having the biggest beer city in the world. I am from St. Louis and from Missouri and have to be "shown." We have such a beer reputation that wherever I go, when I say I am from St. Louis, they say, "Oh, that is where the big breweries are," and our reputation has gone around the world. I want to announce that our breweries in St. Louis are extinct, with the emphasis on ''ex", and we are seeing to it that they stay "ex." The federal government has been giving us splendid co-operation in see- ing that the lid is kept on the big breweries of St. Louis. Two of them have tried to violate the law since national prohibition came in, and they got along so far as the St. Louis city authorities were concerned, but didn't have any luck in defying Uncle Sam. Some of these breweries are making soft drinks.' One of the largest has been turned into a great butter factory; still others into this, that and the other. Three or four of the largest are holding on like grim death, believing that you people of the other states are going to play the fool and let real beer come back. Sometimes St. Louis seems to dominate the state, with its beer stupefying influence, politically and in many other ways. The Anti- Saloon League and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union are working side by side, everlastingly hammering away, and we believe if the test comes, which is likely to come to that state in another two years, we will be able to record a popular majority against the return of light wines and beer. We are going to put a few more teeth in the bone-dry law for the state, and help finish the job in Missouri, and help the world toward world-wide prohibi- tion. 405 MONTANA By REV. JOSEPH POPE Superintendent Montana Anti-Saloon League Prohibition went into effect in Montana, December 30, 1918. Four years have thus elapsed since its adoption. We believe a careful study of the statistics relating to crime, disease and education, comparing conditions be- fore and since the adoption of prohibition, will convince fair-minded persons that notwithstanding lax enforcement the law has been most beneficial. I. Jail Incarcerations 1916 1917 1918 1919 13,788 13,977 11,004 8,042 II. Inmates of State Prison 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 594 679 * 590 515 400 352 331 I III. Information Relating to Major Crimes 1915-6 1917-8 1919-20 1921-22 Arson 12 13 9 16 Assault 270 267 184 69 Burglary 309 200 199 146 Robbery 122 74 52 35 Grand Larceny 495 528 368 349 Statutory Offenses 116 101 82 79 Murder 101 120 72 51 Manslaughter 8 8 6 6 Forgery 101 130 96 75 Family Desertion 15 37 The marked decrease in murder, burglary, robbery, statutory offenses and forgery is significant. IV. Deaths From Diseases Commonly Associated With Excessive Use of Alcoholic Liquors i Per 100,000 of Population N 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Bright's Disease . 73.8 71.7 61.7 49.1 48.9 49.5 Tuberculosis .... 113.4 102.8 90.9 90.3 56.6 61.8 Alcoholism 86.0 124.0 60.0 10.0 10.0 22.0 Heart Disease .. 94.4 94.6 93.3 83.0 76.7 Upon an estimated population of 600,000 there died in Montana during the last three wet years from alcoholism 1,520 persons; during the first three dry years 252 died of alcoholism. Prohibition saved the lives of 1,268 per- sons in three years. From 1915 to 1918, 98 more murders were committed than from 1919 to 1921. 406 V. Statistics Obtained From the State Department of Education School Census 1912 103,403 1914 114032 1916 135 865 Enrollment 68335 85782 102 768 Average Daily Attendance 49330 63 686 75241 Number of Teachers 2805 3778 4731 Number College Graduates 432 591 646 Normal Graduates 842 1 002 1 41 ^ School Census 1918 159,552 1920 161 626 1922 160 221 Enrollment 118 189 126 238 122 380 Average Daily Attendance 87666 91,744 99815 Number of Teachers . . 5600 6215 6096 Number College Graduates 867 880 1 062 Normal Graduates 1 560 1 679 1 308 High School Attendance . . . 1915-6 1917-8 6,516 12,576 1919-20 13,352 1921-22 18,513 THE SUCCESS OF PROHIBITION IN NEBRASKA BY KEV. F. A. HIGH Superintendent Nebraska Anti-Saloon League The state of Nebraska is under both National and State Prohibition. State-wide Prohibition has been in operation since May 1, 1917. In 1917 the Legislature adopted a comprehensive law enforcement code. This code is very comprehensive and contains many drastic provisions. On January 13, 1919, the lower House of the state Legislature unani- mously ratified the Eighteenth Amendment and three days later on the 16th it was ratified by the Senate by a vote of thirty-one to one. From the very first Prohibition has been a success in Nebraska. This was true even under local option. Great efforts have been made by the wets to nullify the law and bring Prohibition into disrepute and disfavor, yet nevertheless the sentiment in favor of it has steadily increased. This increase in sentiment is due to the fact that thinking men and women look upon Prohibition as a great success. Mr. A. W. Miller, Chief Probation Officer in Omaha from 1914 to 1918 says: "During the days of the saloon many workmen heads of families spent their earnings in the saloons leaving grocery and other bills unpaid and their families in need. It was a very common sight to see drunken men upon the streets, and during my frequent visits to the police station it was the com- monest of sights to see drunken men brought to the station in the patrol wagon. "After Prohibition went into effect the police records show that arrests 407 for drunkenness decreased. Street brawls were not so common. Buildings vacated by the saloons were soon occupied by industries and stores which were of benefit to the neighborhood in which they were located. Storekeepers reported that bills were being met more promptly. "I wish to state most particularly that it was my observation that in homes in which there had been need, after Prohibition went into effect the children of these homes were better fed, better dressed and went to school in better condition than when their fathers spent their earnings in the saloons. "As the chief probation officer I would not hesitate to state that, in my opinion, Prohibition is a most wonderful thing for the working men." Mr. E. A. Benson, president of a well known real estate firm, of Omaha, says: ' "We have carried on our books, for years, on an average of one thousand men who were paying for homes by monthly installments. During the time we had saloons in Omaha, there was on an average, 10 per cent of the above number who were always in arrears on their payments. "Upon investigation we found that in practically every case where a party would get behind in his monthly payments it was due to his spending his money for intoxicating liquors. Since we have had Prohibition our delin- quents are less than one per cent." Mr. John Bekins, president of Bekins Omaha Van and Storage Company, says-: "Before state-wide Prohibition went into effect, our drivers and helpers would spend a large portion of their time in the saloons, making themselves unfit to handle our goods, causing considerable damage and claims. "We are happy to say that at the present time it is very seldom that any of our men are intoxicated. Prohibition certainly has been a wonderful in- vestment to us, and we hope that it is a permanent institution in our economic system." Mr. J. E. Miller, president of Miller & Paine Company, one of the largest department stores in the city and mayor of the city from 1917-1921, says: "To my mind, the benefits from Prohibition in this city are so evident that there is no room for argument. "Prohibition has not settled all social problems and it has not brought success to every commercial venture, but no one but overwrought enthusiasts expected it to bring the millennium. "The bootlegger is, of course, at work, as a rule from headquarters in a larger city; but after making full allowance for all he sells and for all that was carried over in the homes of our people, I am confident that the present con- sumption of strong liquor is not ten per cent of that of pre-Prohibition days." Finally, as the result of Prohibition in Nebraska there is less drunkenness, fewer street brawls, less poverty, less crime, fewer wife desertions; wages once spent for intoxicating liquors are now being spent for the support of the home and as a result men, women and children are better fed, better clothed, and better housed. Besides all this millions of dollars every year are being put aside in saving banks and elsewhere that used to be spent for intoxicants. 408 REPORT OF THE STATE OF NEVADA From the Organization of the Nevada Anti-Saloon League in 1917, When There Was One Saloon to Every Eighty People, to the Present By E. F. JONES Superintendent Nevada Anti-Saloon League April 1, 1917, I stepped off the train at Reno, Nevada, fresh from twelve years' service as Legislative Superintendent of the Anti-Saloon League of Missouri, to organize the Nevada Anti-Saloon League and assume the duties as State Superintendent. The first sign that attracted my attention was on the front of a saloon across the street from the depot. Coming directly from St. Louis it made me feel much at home, it being the eagle sign of the An- heuser-Busch Brewing Company, the largest brewery in the world. Nevada had at that time a saloon for every 80 inhabitants, gambling running wide open and drunks lining the side-walks, a red-light district in every camp and city of over 50 inhabitants. At the November election in 1918 after a warm campaign of nineteen months extending through a flu epi- demic, with a vote of 23,000 in the state, liquor was voted out by a majority of 4,188. Then began the work of reconstruction and law enforcement. At the 1918 election we also elected a legislature which at the session held two months later ratified the Eighteenth Amendment to the National Consti- tution with only one negative vote in the State Senate and three in the As- sembly. Our state was so small in population and so magnificent in area, it was 1920 before a Prohibition Director was even appointed for Nevada, and he was wet. He served a short time and then resigned to run for Congress that year. The United States District Attorney was wet and no effort was made to do anything by the government except to empower the clerical man in the office to issue permits to druggists and doctors, and direct the field force consisting of three men a part of the time. Late in the year 1921 a Prohibition Director was appointed, and the field force increased. Since then the monshine stills have been brought to a mini- mum and driven from the cities and towns to old deserted mines and canyons. The approach to a large per cent of them for all supplies is by pack mules. The drunks are off the roads and streets. The charity baskets for the poor are not called for as of old on Thanksgiving and Christmas occasions. They are a thing of the past. April, 1922, gave us a new appointment of United "States District Attor- ney, a dry man who believes in the enforcement of the law, and who in addi- tion to obtaining more than a hundred convictions, has filed suits in abate- ment of one third that number which closes the buildings for one year in which business has been run in violation of the Volstead Act. This act in this state of high rents and scarcity of business houses practically promises to finish the dive-keeper. We have only one United States District Court. It is presided over by one of the best United States District Judges in the land, thus materially aiding the efficient work of the United States District Attor- ney and Commissioners. 409 State law is well enforced in some counties, and poorly in others. The wet official is a failure in law enforcement, and the dry officer a success. All kinds of direful conditions were prophesied by the wets in the cam- paign of 1918 for the city of Reno, the metropolis of the state, when we closed the 114 places where liquor was sold. There are no vacant buildings in Reno, and scores have been built since that time. Clothing, millinery, gro- cery and all kinds of legitimate business occupy the former saloon buildings, and like all other cities that are dry, the streets that ladies shunned in saloon days are many of them now the family promenades. What is true of Reno is true of every other city, town and camp in the state. The "holdover" at the city hall and jail, which was formerly used as a place to sober up drunks, now has a street entrance and is occupied by the Young Woman's Christian Association headquarters. In saloon days if 25 did not face the police judge it was called a dull day in police circles. Now the bastile is frequently empty, and to have five on Monday morning calls for a write-up in the daily papers. Signs of Prohibi- tion are everywhere noticeable in well-dressed men, women and children, en- joying health and showing by their bright faces that they are glad they are alive. Many business men are converts to Prohibition because of increase in business and decrease in bad accounts. The red-light or restricted district, has been banished from Reno lately by ordinance. This may be something new, but under a determined mayor and city council that stand for a clean city, it is progressing nicely. Our valleys are so narrow and mountains so high it is impossible to find a spot in the state where both are not in evidence. The roads through the valleys are good and through the passes are scenic and combined are suited to business or pleasure, and since the saloons were banished the automobile and Ford owners have climbed to the imposing ratio of one machine to every six in- habitants. Many a miner that once trudged from camp to camp with his bedding on his back, while the saloonkeeper counted his hard-earned cash, now rides by gasoline power, and takes his family or some of his pals with him. No can- didates can be elected to office by rounding up the slum vote and making them drunk in Nevada, as every saloonless election has exemplified. The United States Senators and Congressmen are dry. There is a large per cent of our population that are of hardy pioneer type, that force the mountains to give up their rich minerals and the deserts to blossom as the rose. This type cannot be deceived by the light wine and beer ruse, talked by the wets, but denounce it. Nevada's people are cosmopolitan. There is no country or people that is not represented, and one can hear almost every language and dialect spoken, nevertheless, the sentiment for Prohibition and enforcement of law is growing, not only in the centers of population, but on the ranches and in the mining camps. Of those who are punished for breaking the Prohibition laws, less than five dut of every hundred are English speaking people. The Italian and Basque predominate. Many are sheep-herders and miners who know the country in which they operate and give the officers much trouble on that 410 account. The fact remains, however, that the question, is he wet or dry, comes up in regard to every candidate for a national or state office, and it is a rare incident for a wet candidate to be elected to that office to which he aspires. If we do not get them at the primary, we do in the general election. Some candidates try to deceive, but our people, who number less than 100,000, will speak out and tell what they know when the good of the state is the issue. The law-breakers, moonshiners and bootleggers, are organized, but on account of the heavy jail sentences imposed by the court, and abatement pro- ceedings instituted by the United States Attorney, and a penitentiary sentence for conspiracy, the number is getting smaller, but more vicious. One culprit, when charged with conspiracy, said, "me no understan dis conspeer, dat is bad." Our enforcement officers under the efficient Prohibition Director have them on the run. NEW HAMPSHIRE By REV. J. H. BOBBINS, D.D. Superintendent Anti-Saloon League of New Hampshire New Hampshire is a tiny spot on the map in comparison with the great provinces of Canada and the large states of the United States, but New Hampshire is bone dry. Our state prohibition law went into operation in 1918. We are now giving attention to official co-operation in enforcement. The Governor of the State, the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the United States Commissioners, the United States district judge, the district attorney, the Federal Prohibition Director, and every prohibition agent are hand-picked, bone-dry. The State Enforcement Commissioners, the Attorneys, every county attorney and sheriff, the chief of police and the entire force of police in every city are in hearty co-operation and enthusiastically working to- gether for the enforcement of prohibition. When a raid is to be made the officers work together. They make up a squad, the federal prohibition director and some of his agents, the state prohi- bition enforcement officer and some of his deputies, the county attorney or sheriff, or both, and a squad of police. They make the raid, they catch the bootlegger or the New York rum-runner carrying whisky from Canada to New York and New Jersey, they take him before a local board, and if it is mid- night they call the judge from his bed and hold the court. If it is a country district they hold the court in the street. It is considered the part of prudence for the guilty man to plead guilty and throw himself on the mercy of the court. He is sentenced. The federal officer is there and gives him his choice, to go voluntarily to the capital and appear before the United States commissioner or be held in jail until the federal marshal comes with a warrant. He usually goes before the United States commissioner; and every csse brought by the federal director has been held for the grand jury. The grand jury has indicted 97 per cent of these cases, and the court has convicted 99 per cent. Five cases appealed to jury trial at the last term. Four were convicted. The results of the prohibition policy in our state may be summed up in the following letter which was received by the Superintendent of the New 411 Hampshire Anti-Saloon League within the past few weeks. It should be stated that Manchester is a manufacturing city of over 78,000 population, a majority of its people being of foreign descent: "POLICE HEADQUARTERS "Manchester, N. H. "Nov. 15, 1922. "Rev. J. H. Robbins, "Concord, N. H. ' Dear Sir: "As you undoubtedly know, I have been connected with the Manchester Police Department thirty-five years, thirty-one of these as Chief of Police. "I have seen a state prohibitory law in force fifteen years, a state license law in force fifteen years, and a prohibitory law in force again about five years. "Since 1918, I have seen so many men, who never had a dollar, now carry- ing a roll, well-clothed, neat and clean. So many families that were in need, now apparently well contented and happy. The father spending his time with his family, instead of in the bar-room. And from what I have seen from the experience I have had, during the above years, I am for Prohibition. "Very truly yours, "M. J. HEALY, "Chief of Police." THE EFFECT OF PROHIBITION IN NEW YORK STATE By WILLIAM H. ANDERSON Superintendent of the Anti-Saloon League of New York In connection with the following condensed report it is necessary to state a few general facts that indicate that there has been no change in the senti- ment of New York State notwithstanding wet exploitation of some recent events. The Literary Digest poll was exploited as showing public sentiment adverse to prohibition*. The Literary Digest sent, by its own statement, more than a million ballots in New York State and only about 75,000 of the persons receiving them were interested enough to vote either for complete repeal or in favor of the misleading suggestion of unconstitutional amending of the federal enforcement code in behalf of beer. The fact that only some 30,000 are recorded against repeal or amendment is explained by the fact that a poll of the congregations of the churches of New York State by their pastors showed that instead of 38.7 per cent of the church voters receiving ballots as the Digest claimed to have sent, only 6.7 per cent received them, and instead of all church voters who are telephone subscribers receiving ballots as claimed to have been sent, fewer than one- fifth of such church telephone subscribers even had a chance to vote. The election by an overwhelming majority of the wet Tammany candidate for Governor on a beer plank proves nothing, for the reason that, whether 412 stupidly, or treacherously, most of the local leaders of the party of the enforce- ment governor who was seeking reelection gave him no effective support, and both he and his party refused to recognize that enforcement was an issue. The beer plank of the successful candidate was a mere vote-catching device which cannot possibly be carried into effect. (1) The Amount of Drinking and the Deaths From Alcohol Mr. Henry Rood, writing in the wet New York World of March 26, 1922, quoted the official figures of the Bureau of Vital Statistics of the New York City Health Department showing that the total of deaths from alcoholism including others by wood alcohol and alcohol poison had dropped from 690 in 1916, the last full license year, to 127 in 1920 and 141 in 1921, an average of 134 for the two dry years as against an average of 634 per year for the last seven wet years, and said "in former years under the liquor license system deaths from alcohol in New York City were between four hundred and five hundred per cent more numerous than in 1920 or in 1921 under prohibi- tion." Speaking for the Literary Digest of October 8, 1921, Commander Evange- l : ne Booth of the Salvation Army said, "Boozers day has been an established Army institution in New York City for a long time. Year by year we have celebrated Thanksgiving collecting the drunks from the park benches, feeding them, and sobering them up, and saving them. . . . But last year they were not there so we gave the day to the poorest children of the great city. ... It means that in the future we shall have less to do with the grave and more to do with the cradle; less binding up of life's broken plants and more training of life's untrammeled vines." The report of the New York State B6ard of Charities for 1920 giving the result of inquiries as to the effects of prohibition sent to several of the institutions under its care, and reporting the answer of the superintendent of one large city hospital as representative of the replies, speaks of the absence of the intoxicated lodging house type and a marked decrease in admissions for alcoholism and a marked change' for the better in the appearance and conduct of hospital employees as the result of prohibition. According to figures supplied by Dr. M. S. Gregory, Director of the Psychopathic Department of Bellevue Hospital, New York City, the sufferers from alcoholism received during the two wet years 1916 and 1917 numbered 17,503, whereas in the two dry years 1920 and 1921 the number dropped to 4,474. The Finger Print Bureau of New York City reported 16,655 finger print- ings of those arrested for public intoxication. In 1920 the report was 5,637 and in 1921, 6,278. (2) Economic During the year from June 30, 1920, to June 30, 1921, spoken of by the wet Brooklyn Eagle as "not a cheerful year in American economics," the deposits in New York Savings Banks increased $250,000,000. Business men have repeatedly commented upon the striking spending power of the people during a period which has been economically adverse. This has not been confined to the smaller cities but includes Mr. H. A. Saks 413 of Saks and Company, one of New York City's largest department stores, who stated in the New York Times of January 1, 1922, that it was entirely possible for the elimination of intoxicating liquors to have contributed to the increase in the amount of business experienced by the merchants. Mr. Edward L. Hengerer, president of the William Hengerer Company of Buffalo, repre- sents those of even more positive opinion, saying to the Buffalo Express: "Money formerly spent on intoxicants is now put towards the purchase of necessities." The chefs of New York hotels have stated that the passing of the open saloon has more than doubled the consumption of pastry and sweets in big hotel dining rooms. The Childs chain restaurants management reported ' through the American Magazine for November, 1921, that their restaurant business had felt the increase of eating due to the absence of so much drinking. The head of a school savings bank in the Borough of Richmond, New York City, states that he knows by inquiry from the children themselves that prohibition was chiefly responsible for the number of pupil savings bank depositors in his school from 197 in 1919 to 520 in 1920 and 769 in 1921, with an increase in the amount deposited each year from $590 in 1919 to $2,845 in 1920 and $3,125 in 1921. He states that the depositors in 1921 represented four hundred homes "many of which saved no money before prohibition be- came a law." One New York City school, Public School 109, has, under the prohibition regime, one hundred per cent of its 5,132 pupils depositing money in the East New York Savings Bank. (3) Crime The commitments to all the penal institutions in the state in the last two years prior to prohibition and they were partial prohibition years were 218,734. In the first two years of prohibition (1920-1921) they decreased to 132,980, a reduction of 85,754. In the first two years of prohibition the total arrests for intoxication in twenty-six of the largest cities of the state numbered 50,789 less than in the last two years prior to prohibition and those years were years of liquor restriction. The arrests for all causes in twenty-five of these cities decreased during the same period 35,296. The Police Commissioner of New York City, reported to the newspapers on February 6, 1922, that there was less crime proportionately, then in New York City than at any time in the city's history. The District Attorney of New York county made corroborating statements. The average commitments to state prisons, reformatories, penitentiaries, county jails and New York City institutions ran from 120,000 to 130,000 the last three full license years. In 1920, under prohibition, they were 59,033 and in 1921, 73,947. Jails in various New York counties have repeatedly been reported empty and on several different occasions individual police courts have convened in New York City and found under prohibition for the first time in their history there was no business to transact. The admissions to the county jails of the state for intoxication on the part of men dropped from 12,945 in 1917 to 1,537 in 1920. 414 The Federal Census Bureau this month announces a decrease of 14.8 per cent in the prison population of New York State on July 1, 1922, as compared with July 1, 1917. (4) Home and Family Those having charge of the placing of children available for adoption have reported a sharp falling off in the number of such children available and the wet Brooklyn Daily Eagle of May 21, 1922, said "all workers agree that prohibition played a large part in effecting this result." The principal oi the Brooklyn Boys Commercial High School, speaking of the three thousand pupils under him, stated that their clothes and appearance in general had distinctly improved. Commander Booth of the Salvation Army says "many a woman has come to me, and showing me a handful of money has said: 'for the first time in our married life my husband has given me his wages.' " The head of St. Christopher's Home at Dobbs Ferry, said in the Christian Advocate of April, 1921, "probably there has never been a year when our records have reported so many homes reestablished and so many fathers or mothers or other kindred able to resume care of their children." The Charities Organiza- tion Society of Buffalo found that while prior to the coming of prohibition twenty-seven per cent of the cases of poverty requiring the Society's atten- tion resulted from liquor, by the fore part of 1922 this had decreased to four per cent. Magistrate Simms, of New York City, said through the New York Evening World of December 3, 1921, "I can say emphatically and without doubt that prohibition has been a benefit. The records of police courts show this and speaking from an experience of thirty years in observing conditions. Not only in police courts is the change noted but also in the domestic relations court." Robert H. Todd, superintendent of the State Industrial School said in Rochester on April 7, 1922, that they could trace directly to the enforcement of the Volstead act a decided decrease in the number of boys sent to their institution. Libraries, including the New York City Public Library, have felt the stimulus to reading due to prohibition and have publicly acknowledged it. (5) Health and Life As compared with the average for five wet years between 1913 and 1917, the New York State Vital Statistics for 1921 showed that while New York City had increased in population more than ten per cent, the death rate had decreased over twenty-three per cent, from an average of 14.57 per 1,000 of population during the wet years 1915 and 1916, to 12.05 during the dry years 1920 and 1921. The death rate of children under five years of age has decreased over thirty-seven per cent. The decrease in the death rate in the state at large, exclusive of New York City, is over fourteen per cent and the decrease in the death rate of children under five years of age over twenty-two per cent. Doctor Alexander Lambert of New York City told the American Medical Association that the thoroughly poisoned, chronically soaked alcoholic patient is no longer seen in Bellevue Hospital though formerly one-third of the forty 415 thousand patients were in the alcoholic wards with or without delirium tremens. Doctor Russell L. Cecil, speaking in conjunction with Doctor Lambert, said "in Bellevue Hospital the pneumonia death rate before prohibition was from forty per cent to fifty-five per cent, but the present pneumonia death rate is only twenty-eight per cent." In explanation of the remarkable decline in tuberculosis morbidity in New York City, (four times as great a drop in the dry years 1920 and 1921 as the average decrease for the preceding 21 years) the bulletin of the New York Tuberculosis Association for January-February, 1922, says, "there is, first, the advent of prohibition, with its accompanying results of less misery and more money available for food, clothing and shelter." As to the growing acceptance of the new order by the people it is only necessary to state that of the 4,205 cases of violation of prohibition laws disposed of in the State of New York during the year 1921, the percentage of convictions in the federal courts was eighty and in the state courts eighty- five. In the cases disposed of by juries only five and two -tenths per cent were acquittals in the state courts and only two and two-tenths per cent in the federal courts. While there is violation and there are many places where liquor is sold illegally, there are fewer places now than the number of illegal places that existed under "regulation" in addition to all the legal places. And these joints are selling far less, and in the main only to persons who are known. Some of the "joy palaces" on Broadway that are violating the law, hoping against hope, are dreary places and most of them unprofitable. Notwithstanding imperfect enforcement and many scandals, the fact re- mains that the prohibition law in New York is being enforced far better than the law providing for high license and so-called regulation, and many more convictions have been secured under it and a far larger percentage of convictions. The sentiment against the return of the saloon is overwhelming and in spite of wet propaganda and a majority of wet newspapers, the public is gradually comprehending that any breach in prohibition through attempted legalization of beer would mean the return of the saloon, and also that beer cannot be brought back legally without repeal or modification of the Eighteenth Amendment itself. THIRTEEN YEARS OF PROHIBITION IN NORTH CAROLINA AND WHAT IT HAS WROUGHT By REV. R. L. DAVIS Superintendent North Carolina, Anti-Saloon League After five years under local option the people of North Carolina in the state-wide election on May 26, 1908, voted "against the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors." The majority was 44,196. The law became effective January, 1909. Under local option many towns and counties had abolished the traffic, which made possible the state-wide victory. Since then the state has had thirteen years of Prohibition. What can we learn by a study of the progress of the state through these thirteen years? 416 Let me remind you that only six states enjoyed state-wide Prohibition when the people of North Carolina added another; that sentiment was too weak to stand for first rate Prohibition; that the Prohibition laws of all dry states were very imperfect and defective; and that the Prohibitionists had not learned how to fight the liquor traffic to the best advantage. Yet under all these handicaps Prohibition was a success from the start. Judge George P. Pell, for some years judge on the Superior Court bench, and for the past ten years one of the three corporation commissioners, writes: "I am happy to state that Prohibition has wrought wonders for North Carolina. While it has done its greatest work in the improvement of the morals and happiness of the people, its worth to the state in material things has been wonderful. Since Prohibition became effective in this state we have grown by leaps and bounds in every way. In the mountain sections where once we could not afford to build anything but log cabins for school houses and certainly could not afford to put any windows in them because passing drunkards would shoot them out on moonlight nights, we now have splendid school buildings. Our savings bank deposits have been multiplied by eight. No state in the entire Union has made greater progress along every line of endeavor. If Prohibition was submitted to the people of North Carolina today it would carry by a majority of two hundred thousand." HOW HAS PROHIBITION AFFECTED THE CHURCH? From a mass of matter reported from all denominations we give you the figures collected by the Baptist State Convention and the North Carolina Conference of the M. E. Church South, to answer this question. We have no doubt that the statistics of other churches will parallel these: BAPTIST STATE CONVENTION 1908 1921 Number of members . . . 212,879 316,138 Number of churches 1,901 2,253 Value of churches and parsonages $2,036,583 $9,623,830 Contributions for all purposes i 644,735 2,959,304 NORTH CAROLINA CONFERENCE 1908 1921 Number of members 74,548 102,705 Number of churches 710 763 Value of churches and parsonages $1,900,458 $5,374,650 Total contribution 455,723 1,413,025 The growth in Sunday Schools has been even larger than the growth in the church. HOW HAS EDUCATION BEEN AFFECTED? In 1908 one of the arguments offered by the wets with fervency, fluency, and effect was that the liquor license was necessary to support the schools, and that without this, the children would grow up in ignorance. At our re- quest, Dr. E. C. Brooks, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, furnishes these statistics: 417 STATISTICS ON SCHOOL PROGRESS Items 1910 Total school expenditures $3,178,950.50 Expenditures for new schoolhouses i. . 667,695.92 Amount for operating expenses 2,551,254.58 Value of school property 5,862,969.00 1921 $17,658,393.47 3,969,033.78 13,689,359.69 28,202,133.00 3,569.42 90.00 55.00 13 137.6 860,328 707,762 494,887 592 45,085 $ 4,120,000.00 1,282,200.00 13.5 Average value for each schoolhouse 770.53 Average monthly salary paid white teachers 37.02 Average monthly salary paid negro teachers 25.26 Number of log houses 263 Average length of school term in days 101.9 Total school population 735,188 Total school enrollment 520,404 Average daily attendance 331,335 Number of public high schools 170 Enrollment in public high schools 14,401 Permanent improvements $ 151,350.00 Maintenance 267,250.00 Per cent illiteracy for state 18.5 Can anything speak more eloquently advocating Prohibition as an aid to education and condemning the license system as the handmaid of ignorance? BOOZE AND BUSINESS In 1908 many who favored and voted for Prohibition feared the effect on business. At that time big business was taking a leap in the dark to stand for it.. It required faith in God and love for fellow man to enable leaders of com- merce in this state to vote dry. Have they lost by the transaction? Do men ever lose who prove their faith in God by their good works to help their fellow men? Judge Pell, our corporation commissioner, whom we quoted above, furnishes us these bank statistics: 1908 1921 Total number of banks 375 640 Deposits $56,537,308.92 $269,834,655.49 The Building and Loan Associations in 1907 were sixty, with assets of $5,000,000. In 1921, the associations were 200, with assets of $37,666,450. After these years of experience, I believe 99 per cent of our bankers be- lieve in Prohibition. GROWTH IN INDUSTRIES In the manufacture of cotton goods North Carolina maintains her lead over the other southern states, and ranks second only among all the states of the Union. This industry ranks first among the state's manufacturies in the number of wage-earners, the amount paid in salaries and wages, in value of products, and in value added by manufacture. Cotton manufacturing has experienced a steady growth throughout the years for which statistics are available, the value of products having increased during the past decade from $52,868,689 in 1912 to $229,670,691 in 1922. Capital employed and authorized ten years ago was $52,108,250; for 1922, $146,894,172. 418 The total number of employees engaged in the industry in 1912 was 54,710; number reported June 30, 1922, 78,972. Approximate amount of raw material used in 1912, 328,407,879 pounds; in 1921-22, 531,768,116 pounds, or 1,063,536 bales of cotton weighing 500 pounds per bale. The percentage of increase in the quantity of raw materials con- sumed by the industry is found to be relatively greater than that of any other state engaged in the manufacture of cotton goods. Measured by the number of establishments, the amount of capital in- vested, the value of products, equipment employed, the quantity of materials used, and the number of employees, the hosiery and knit goods industry is second in importance of the textile group. In each of these particulars, estab- lishments engaged in the manufacture of knit goods have more than doubled in the past ten years, and today there are 142 mills. This industry is largely an outgrowth of the remarkable increase in the manufacture of cotton goods in the state. The principal products are cotton hose, half-hose, shirts, drawers, and union suits. There is a steady develop- ment toward the higher grades of these, considered now to be the equal of like articles produced in any section of the country. The industry shows an especially gratifying progress during the past decade, the value of products having increased from $6,082,360 in 1912 to $27,352,354 in 1922, or 349 per cent. The amount of capital invested and au- thorized in 1912 was $3,876,360; in 1922, $34,786,500, an increase of 797 per cent. The quantity of materials used in 1912 was 13,149,423 pounds; in 1922 the amount reported is 31,038,470. The growth in the manufacture of furniture has been steady and con- sistent the past decade, the percentage of increase in the yearly output dur- ing this period being 107; in capital invested, 99; in the annual payroll, 230 per cent. In 1910 the value of yearly output of 83 factories was $11,232,000; for 1921-22, 107 establishments report the value of products at $30,288,761. Capi- tal invested has increased during the decade from $3,283,246 to $6,525,102; the value of plants from $2,404,769 to $8,384,530; yearly payroll for 1910 was $1,- 618,150; for 1921-22, $5,467,614. Today, after thirteen years of Prohibition, North Carolina has the biggest knitting mill in the world; the biggest towel factory in the world, and the biggest tobacco factory in the world. In addi- tion to its industries, it ranks fifth in the states of the Union in the value of agricultural products. In 1908, "the last license year, the state taxes were $2,866,439; in 1921, they were $13,087,957. In revenue for the government, she ranks as the eighth state of the Union. Only New York, Pennsylvania, Massa- chusetts, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan and California pay more. In 1921 she paid to the government $123,000,000, of which $33,000,000 was income tax; whereas in 1910 she paid less than $6,000,000. In the days of license the liquor rev- enue was never over 10 per cent of the total, so that with the liquor revenue added, less than $7,000,000 was then paid as against $123,000,000 now. Prohi- bition in North Carolina has been "weighed in the balance and found NOT wanting." It is endorsed today by at least 85 per cent of the total popula- tion, and this paper gives the reasons why. 419 NORTH DAKOTA By F. L. WATKINS Superintendent North Dakota Enforcement League North Dakota was admitted into the union of states in 1889. Article 20 of her Constitution provided for state-wide Prohibition. This article was voted on separately so as to give the people a chance to express their senti- ment on Prohibition. The vote was 18,552 for and 17,393 against. The Con- stitution went into effect November 2, 1889, and Prohibition has been main- tained for 33 years. Maine, Kansas and North Dakota, in the order given, adopted Prohibition and have retained it through the years to the present time. These three states were the pioneers and have been pointed to by tem- perance orators and organizations and became great arguments for Prohibition. From the first it became evident that Prohibition would be beneficial. It was somewhat an experiment in that day. But facts began to stand out in statis- tics that could not be refuted. Prohibition was considered a joke and the liquor interests treated it as a joke and poked fun at North Dakota. Later the facts became serious. The North Dakota Enforcement League had calls from every state in the Union, from Australia, Canada, Norway, Sweden, Ire- land, Scotland, England and Mexico for Prohibition facts. The Prohibition policy adopted by the state, proceeded under the largest possible handicap. Nearby states and Canada had saloons and wholesale houses. Organized effort within and from without did everything possible to hinder the enforcement of the law. The United States Government through Congress had complete control of interstate commerce and protected interstate shipment of intoxicating liquor intended for illegal purposes and to violate the laws of North Dakota; and tbe state could not binder the coming of train loads of intoxicating liquor. This was true until 1913, when the Webb-Kenyon Act was passed by Congress. In spite of this handicap, beneficial results im- mediately showed. The first benefit was the cutting down of the amount of linuor coming into the state. This was very marked. Large numbers of citizens quit drinking. They would not hunt out the hidden speakeasies. County jails and the state penitentiary showed decrease of inmates and many county jails were empty during the greater part of the year. This proved conclusively to the people that a little liquor is better than much liquor; that secret blind pigs where the business is hidden is a great improvement over the open saloon. The following table taken from the Year Book of the United States Brew- ers' Association, 1911, shows the per capita consumption of liquor in North Dakota and two adjoining states. The figures may not well be denied by liquor interests since they are taken from their own Year Book: North Dakota (dry) per capita consumption 1.35 gallons Montana (wet) per canita consumption 13.73 gallons Minnesota (wet) per capita consumption 23.58 gallons Production of fermented liquors as shown by the same Year Book for the three states are as follows: 420 North Dakota None Montana 241,385 barrels Minnesota 1,652,184 barrels The number of brewers and wholesalers for the year 1910 are shown as follows : North Dakota brewers none wholesalers 40 Montana brewers 24 wholesalers 241 Minnesota brewers 72 wholesalers 670 The following table shows the decrease in government licenses or those who paid the government tax through a period of years. The government revenue department required any person selling liquor in any state to pay the government tax whether in a wet or dry state. 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 Retail liquor licenses 1,830 1,470 1,014 981 593 291 142 42 Wholesale liquor licenses. 65 40 15 10 10 4 These statistics show that all breweries in the state had been closed, and that there was a rapid decrease in violators of the law and a very small amount of liquor consumed as compared with adjoining high license states. These statistics became an unanswerable argument that every step toward Prohibition improves the conditions and lessens the evils created by the saloon and drink. Prohibition even poorly enforced greatly reduces consumption of liquors, reduces crime and betters economic conditions. The following table taken from the same Brewers' Year Book shows the relative improvement brought about by Prohibition, and local option, as com- pared with high license: 1910 1911 Nine Prohibition states average per capita 1.35 gal. .62 gal. Fifteen local option states average per capita 4.37 gal. 4.43 gal. Twenty-seven license states average per capita 25.23 gal. 25.94 gal. The first great and most important benefit resulting from Prohibition was relief to the farmers and small towns in the fall while harvest and threshing was on. North Dakota had very large acreage of small grain and was de- pendent on transient laborers to harvest and thresh in the fall. This brought thousands of laborers to th state and along with them came the thugs, hold-up men, and gamblers. Most of these laboring men were drinkers and on rainy days would go into the small towns and at the saloons become intoxicated, and there ensued altercations, fights, cutting affrays, shooting scrapes and often murder. When the farmer could thresh again he had much difficulty in getting his crew together and the men were ugly from drink. In the west part of the state, the cowboys would ride into the small towns Saturday night, get drunk and shoot up the town. Fights and often killings ensued. These condi- tions were generally credited as being the greater reason for the adoption of Prohibition in North Dakota. Almost immediately relief was felt and as the years passed the difficulties largely disappeared. The absence of the saloon and the cutting down of the amount of intoxi- cating liquor consumed by the people soon began to bring far-reaching results. The following tables are taken from the Second Biennial Report of the Board of Control of Charitable and Penal Institutions of North Dakota for 1913-1914: 421 No. Insane North Dakota 942 South Dakota 933 Montana 941 Minnesota ' 5,340 No. per. 1,000 Pop. 1.36 1.42 1.56 2.32 Ratio 1 for each 731 people 1 for each 702 people 1 for each 637 people 1 for each 430 people PENITENTIABY POPULATION IN 1914 Per cent of Pop. .29 .31 1.04 .63 Ratio 1 to each 3,349 pop. 1 to each 3,164 pop. 1 to each 953 pop. 1 to each 1,586 pop. No. Inmates North Dakota 206 South Dakota 207 Montana 629 Minnesota 1,450 Out of 292 sent to the penitentiary in 1913-1914, 165 were residents of the state and 127 were transients, the latter the product of other and saloon states who came to North Dakota during the harvest season. In 1917 the National Bone Dry law went into effect and outside liquor was thereby stopped at the border, and the prison population dropped in one year and four months from 208 to 105. This is 15 to each 100,000 population. In 1914, North Dakota had fewer inmates in penitentiary than any other state in the Union and less num- ber per capita. This was also true of the Reform School. The report of the Bureau of the Census, Washington, D. C., for 1910 shows the number in almshouses as follows: North Dakota had in almshouses a total of 81 people. South Dakota had in almshouses a total of 145 people. Montana had in almshouses a total of 415 people. Minnesota had in almshouses a total of 689 people. The old claim that saloons are necessary for a town to be successful in business is disproved by the following. Minnesota is separated from North Dakota by the Red river and where a city or a town is on one side, there is one on the opposite side. The towns on the Minnesota side had saloons. Those on the North Dakota side were dry: Cities in North Dakota Pembina 729 pop. Grand Forks 13,297 pop. Wahpeton 3,045 pop. Fargo 20,125 pop. Fargo had 32 grocery stores. Fargo had no saloons. Cities in Minnesota St. Vincent 329 pop. East Grand Forks 2,987 pop. Breckenridge 2,123 pop. Moorhead 5,132 pop. Moorhead had 8 grocery stores. Moorhead had 28 saloons. After 10 years of Prohibition, Fargo had one mile of paved streets for each 676 population, one mile water mains to each 270 population, one mile sewer for each 338 population, city debt was $19.50 per capita, ratio city debt to assessed valuation 7.8 per cent, city tax ratio 15.98 mills. Moorhead, just across the river in Minnesota had 28 licensed saloons, 1 mile of paved streets for each 3,868 population, one mile water mains for each 702 population, 1 mile sewer for each 858 population, city debt $44.79 per capita, city debt to assessetf valuation, 20.5 per cent, city tax rate, 21.83 mills. 42? North Dakota and South Dakota were admitted to the Union at the same time as Prohibition states. South Dakota went back to high license after two years. When admitted, South Dakota had a population of 348,600 and North Dakota had 190,983. From 1890 to 1900 North Dakota increased in popula- tion at the rate of 66.1 per cent as compared to 15.2 per cent for South Da- kota, or more than four times as fast. From 1900 to 1910 North Dakota in- creased in population 80.8 per cent as against 45.4 per cent in South Dakota. North Dakota led every state in the Union in 1913 in railroad building. The agricultural wealth of the state exceeds that of six combined New England states. With the exception of Texas, it exceeds in value any of the 16 southern states, all of which except Delaware and Florida, have more than three times North Dakota's population. North Dakota had no saloons, but had one bank for every 749 population. From 1898 to 1913 the bank deposits in the state increased 1,000 per cent. The per capita bank deposits is $252 in 1922. The estimated per capita wealth is $2,047. There is one automobile in the state to every seven inhabitants. Seventy-two and six-hundredths per cent of the families of the state own their own homes. Of the native white population, only four-tenths of 1 per cent is illiterate. Only one and six-tenths per cent of the whole population are illiterate, which includes native Indians, also Russians, Italians and other foreigners who have come into the state in re- cent years to live. Plans are working out to completely eliminate illiteracy within five years. For 33 years the people of the state have maintained Prohibition. A mi- nority fought desperately to repeal the law in the early years. Such effort has not even approached success. One candidate at the primaries seeking the nomination for Governor in 1914 announced himself and made his campaign on a repeal platform. He secured only 14,000 out of a total of 85,000 votes. No candidate for a state office has since chosen a wet plank in his platform. No political party in 33 years has had a repeal plank in its platform. There is no state in the Union where the sentiment and feelings of the people are more readily expressed at the polls than in this state. Complete political changes are made repeatedly. If the people of this state concluded that Prohibition was not a good thing they would have long since repealed the law. It has stood the test through all the years. There has not been a single backward step since Prohibition was adopted. Each succeeding legis- lature has made the laws more rigid and each administration enforced them more aggressively. Aggressive action for enforcement has quickly raised men tc the highest offices of the state while failure to do their duty in enforcing the laws, has brought defeat. North Dakota is not only free from the saloon but the passing of the saloon and the protection which the saloon and liquor interests throw about gambling, the red-light and other evils has made possible the passage of laws which have in a very large way done away with red-light houses and slot and gambling machines. The Prohibition law in North Dakota is as well enforced, possibly better enforced, than in most states of the Union. Her people earnestly look for- ward to the extending of this blessing to the nations and peoples of the world and fully expect that day to come. 423 REPORT OF THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA, U. S. A. By H. T. LAUGHBAUM Superintendent Oklahoma Anti-Saloon League Oklahoma has an area of 69,414 square miles. The population in 1907 when Oklahoma was admitted into the Union a Prohibition state was 1,414,- 177. In 1910, it was 1,657,155, and in 1920, 2,028,283. About 85 years ago what is now Oklahoma was set aside by the United States for the Indians, and was called Indian Territory, and Congress enacted a Prohibition law to cover this territory prohibiting the manufacture, sale and introduction of intoxicating liquors therein. On April 22, 1889, part of this territory was opened to white settlement when the liquor men came along into the country, and established saloons without any authority of law. On May 2, 1890, Indian Territory was, by act of Congress, cut in two about the center, and that part east of this line con- tinued as Indian Territory and under Federal Prohibition law, and that part west of the line was organized as Oklahoma Territory. The first Legislature enacted a law legalizing the saloon, and from this time until November 16, 1907, when Oklahoma became a state, King Alcohol ran riot throughout Oklahoma Territory, and breweries, distilleries and saloons sprung up every- where. The summer of 1898, Dr. Howard H. Russell, then General Superin- tendent of the Anti-Saloon League of America came to Oklahoma and organ- ized the Anti-Saloon League of Oklahoma, being the first general organ'za- tion against the saloon in what is now the state of Oklahoma. Sjnce then .the Anti-Saloon League has carried on an active and aggressive fight against the liquor traffic in Oklahoma. Sentiment was being built and in June, 1906, Congress passed the Enabling Act permitting Oklahoma and Indian Territo- ries to elect a Constitutional Convention, write a Constitution, adopt the same and be admitted as a state. The Anti-Saloon League put up an active fight to elect a DRY Constitutional Convention, and succeeded in electing enough delegates to submit Constitutional Prohibition to the voters by almost unanimous vote in the Convention. On September 17, 1907, the people of Oklahoma for the first time had an opportunity to express themselves upon the saloon question, and did so in.no uncertain terms, adopting Constitutional Prohibition by 18,103 majority. On November 8, 1910, the wets brought on another vote on a proposed saloon amendment to the Constitution, and the people of Oklahoma defeated it by a majority of 21,077. Since then senti- ment has been so strong that the liquor element has been unable to secure re- submission of the question. The first Legislature passed a Prohibition code, fixing one-half of 1 per cent alcohol as the standard, being the first time it was ever enacted into law. The code carries a penalty of both fine and imprisonment. Bank deposits are barometers of business prosperity. Many of the strongest banks in Oklahoma secretly or openly opposed the adoption of Pro- hibition. Liquor men made threats of withdrawals. They prophesied a busi- ness demoralization that was sure to follow the adoption of Prohibition. Bui 424 Prohibition was adopted and business did not cease. But on the contrary an era of prosperity immediately set in. In 1906 the last full year of the saloon, the bank deposits of the state amounted to $37,278,174.21 and at the present time they are over $325,000,000, an increase of almost 900 per cent. The banks that formerly occupied second-rate store rooms now are on the choice corners formerly occupied by saloons, where magnificent sky-scrapers have been built. The bank deposits now in Oklahoma City alone amount to $58.392,000, and in Tulsa $70,000,000. The Exchange National Bank of Tulsa with about $30,000,000 resources occupies an eleven-story building that cost three-quarters of a million dollars at pre-war prices. Robinson street in Oklahoma City before statehood was lined with saloons and doggeries, it is now the financial center of the state lined with skyscrapers. Two banks on this street occupy twelve-story buildings. There was not a building in the state of Oklahoma before statehood over five stories high. No, Oklahoma has not gone to the bow-wows financially under Prohibition. Magnificent churches have been built in Oklahoma since Prohibition. On Robinson street in Oklahoma City from 4th street to 12th street are six magnificent churches built since statehood at a cost of over one million dol- lars, one is building an addition now at a cost of $100,000 and another is build- ing an addition at a cost of $50,000. Even the churches did not fail when the saloons closed. Oklahoma City, the State Capitol city, had over 60 saloons, a dozen whole- sale liquor houses, and two breweries when statehood came, with a population of 32,452, and three years later, in 1910, the population was 64,205 and in 1920, 91,295. Three thousand five hundred new school houses were built in Oklahoma the first three years following statehood, at an average cost of $10,000, in spite of the fact there was no saloon license money in the school fund.. Fine, up- to-the-minute school houses are still being built in the state. The total school enrollment in 1910 was 415,116, and the enrollment for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1921, was 609,767; with a total number of teachers being 16,- 611. The value of school property in 1910 was $13,310,039.75 and the present value is $40,000,000. Oklahoma pays the Federal Government an income tax of about $24,000,- 000 yearly. Sentiment is growing in favor of Prohibition and its enforcement. The Prohibiton laws are better enforced than any other law when everything is taken into consideration. When Oklahoma adopted Prohibition there was about 40 per cent of the voters against it. If we had a population 40 per cent of which was opposed to a law prohibiting horse stealing, and many of them horse thieves themselves, and in addition thereto officers of the law were, in some places, elected who bought sto^n horses from horse thieves, we believe the horse stealing laws would not be near as well enforced as Prohibition laws. It would be necessary to raise up a generation opposed to horse steal- ing in order to secure the best of law enforcement. In the passing of the present generation and the oncoming of a new generation, born and reared under Prohibition laws liquor law violation will have almost entirely passed 425 away with the passing of this generation which was born and reared under the regime of the legalized saloon. The cohorts of wines and beer made no impression on the voters in Okla- homa at the election this month, for as has been the custom since statehood, Oklahoma elected a solid delegation to Congress opposed to the beer and wine program. We are proud of the fact that our state was born a sober and a saloon- less state. The star we planted in Old Glory to represent our state has never floated over a legalized saloon, brewery or distillery in Oklahoma, and we re- joice in the fact that this star no longer floats over a legalized saloon, brewery or distillery in the United States of America. OREGON W. J. HEBWIG Superintendent The Constitutional Amendment prohibiting the liquor traffic was proposed by the people by the initiative petition and approved by a majority of votes cast at the General Election held November 3, 1914. There were 136,842 votes cast for the amendment and 100,362 against it. The amendment went into effect January 1, 1916. The Legislature of 1917 enacted an exceptionally strong prohibition code, making it unlawful for any person to receive, import, possess, transport, deliver, manufacture, sell, give away or barter any intoxicating liquor. In the State Primaries held in May, 1922, a certain Republican candidate for Congress from the First Congressional District of Oregon, comprising the City of Portland with a population of 300,000 people, made his campaign on a beer and wine platform. After conducting an aggressive campaign making a frantic appeal for wine and beer, and using considerable newspaper space, he received 2,214 votes of a total of 42,438 votes cast for all Republican candidates. During the past year upward of two hundred Law Enforcement Con- ferences and Public Mass Meetings have been held to stimulate the enforce- ment of the prohibition law. Law enforcement officials generally are enforc- ing the law and judges are co-operating in pronouncing heavy jail sentences for the violation of the prohibition statutes. At a recent extended strike where thousands of laborers were involved, there was at no time any disorder or disturbances, which generally are found during strike periods when saloons are open. Although Oregon has had Prohibition since 1917 and we have the Initiative and Referendum by which the people on their own account can initiate a referendum on any measure, no effort has ever been made to repeal or even weaken the Prohibition Law. Arrests in Portland Portland had a population of 200,000 when Prohibition came into effect, closing some three hundred saloons and several large breweries. 426 Total Arrests Drunkenness Wet Wet Dry Wet Wet Dry 1915 1916* 1917 1915 1916 1917 20,247 12,064 11,110 6,727 2,337 1,122 Vagrancy Men provided with lodgings for night at Police Headquarters Wet Wet Dry Wet Wet Dry 1915 1916 1917 1915 1916 1917 3,314 1,216 1,093 2,068 618 234 * Last Year Wet. Included in the total arrests for 1917 are 2,000 arrests for violations of the traffic ordinance. Included in the vagrancy arrests for 1917 are the arrests made in the general raids which have occurred several times during the year. State Prison Report of Board of Control showed number of inmates September 30, 1915, as 487. Number of inmates November 30, 1917, 343 decrease of 143 during the period. Gain in Bank Deposits Total deposits of banks of the state as shown by the report of superin- tendent of banks. , Wet, 1915 $122,344,843.76 September 2, 1915 Wet, 1916 164,096,980.74 November 17, 1916 Dry, 1917 198,958,775.40 November 20, 1917 Portland Postal Receipts by Months in 1916 and 1917 Wet Dry January $101,448.28 $107,387.22 February 92,910.71 94,128.93 March 106,724.90 110,968.62 April 97,072.99 107,125.45 May 99,810.28 106,735.25 June 100,243.92 100,482.17 July 90,184.21 95,987.42 August 97,517.22 103,230.90 September 100,697.78 96,701.99 October 103,046.56 113,199.24 November 97,915.39 130,820.48 December 132,915.55 160,000.00 PENNSYLVANIA By REV. HOMER W. TOPE, D. D. Superintendent Pennsylvania Anti-Saloon League When the Eighteenth Amendment was adopted, Pennsylvania had 10,512 saloons, 1,386 wholesale liquor stores and 207 breweries. In 1917 the per capita consumption of fermented liquors was almost thirty gallons. For the 427 ten-year period ending in 1917, the average yearly production of beer was 7,550,000 barrels. We had no local option law whereby the people could directly express their opinions, excepting in a few small townships and boroughs. The organ- ized liquor interests of the state constituted the most powerful political group in the commonwealth. Moreover, they maintained a grip on the financial in- terests of the state which led them to believe they could never be conquered. At no time previous to 1918 were the dry forces able to command the support of more than 40 per cent of the members of either branch of the Legislature. Such in brief were some of the conditions existing when the all powerful liquor interests of the state found themselves compelled to reckon with National Prohibition. It is only fair to say that in Pennsylvania Prohibition has had less than half a chance. Our state law provides for a license system of near-beer. That has led most of the crafty saloonkeepers of other days to stay in the business. It is the testimony of federal investigators that, with rare excep- tions, they are simply bootlegging establishments, carrying on their dastardly business under the cloak of a license granted them by the state. In some counties of the state where the courts are exceptionally friendly to Prohibition, the judges have refused to grant license. Where district attorneys have been aggressive, it has been found possible to accomplish great good in spite of all our handicaps. The Federal Enforcement Bureau main- tained in the state is very inadequate as to the number of men and efficiency of the bureau is greatly hampered through the efforts of politicians to use it for their personal advantage. And yet notwithstanding these handicaps it is accomplishing great good. In the recent election the voters selected as the next Governor of the state Gifford Pinchot, for seven years a member of the Board of Trustees of the Pennsylvania Anti-Saloon League and one of the most outstanding advocates of Prohibition in all the commonwealth. At the same time they elected two dry United States Senators and nineteen out of thirty-six members of the House of Representatives at Washington. For the first time in our history, we have a Legislature which is friendly to the Eighteenth Amendment by a decisive majority in both branches. If there is any meaning in the recent election in this state, it is this: From what they have already seen, our people are convinced of the wisdom of Prohibition and are determined to go forward to the attainment of the highest possible degree of perfection therein. In the following paragraphs we shall simply give a few illustrations which could be endlessly multiplied. These are the things which have created friendship for Prohibition in- the minds of the masses of our people. Our enemies have been giving extended publicity to certain statistics in which they compare arrests in 1920 with arrests in 1921. We are very frank to acknowledge that in many of our larger Pennsylvania cities, there was a decided increase in the number of arrests for drunkenness in 1921 as compared with 1920. But the unfairness of such a comparison is apparent and needs no refutation. Here are some facts from Philadelphia: 428 The average arrests for "intoxication" in the last two full years before Prohibition, 1917 and 1918, was 29,759. The average for the same offense in the first two full years of Prohibition, 1920 and 1921, was 18,081, or a falling off of 37 per cent. Under the heading of arrests for "drunkenness and dis- orderly conduct" there was a falling off from 9,456 in 1917 to 5,232 in 1921, or a decrease of 51 per cent. In 1917 there were 562 arrests of habitual drunkards. This decreased to 34 in 1921. Whereas there were 927 arrests of prostitutes for public solicitation in 1917, there were but 229 for the same offense in 1921. In 1917 in the city of Pittsburgh, 3,970 persons were committed to jail for drunkenness. In 1921 the number committed for the same cause was 924, a reduction of 76 per cent. Our county jails are used for the confinement of two classes of prisoners: Those who are under indictment awaiting trial, but are unable to furnish bail and those who, having been convicted, have been sentenced to a short im prisonment in the jail. After Prohibition had been in effect ten months, the Anti-Saloon League made a comprehensive survey of the county jails and found that the prison population had been cut to exactly half of what it was two months before war-time Prohibition was established. During the second week of November, 1922, we again asked the sheriffs for a report on the prison population. With returns from a few of the counties missing, we find that the present prison population is approximately 45 per cent of what it was two months before Prohibition became effective, that is, in May, 1919. But there is this difference in the character of the jail population: Before Prohibition, those who were either convicted or were awaiting trial for viola- tion of the liquor law constituted an almost negligible percentage of the prisoners. At the present time approximately one-third of our jail population is made up of prisoners either convicted of or awaiting trial for violation of the liquor laws. Deducting those who are in prison for liquor law violation, we find that our jail population is slightly less than 30 per cent of what it was prior to war-time Prohibition. Before us lies the annual report of the Philadelphia Society for Organizing Charity. This is the great family welfare organization of the city. This report shows the total number of families cared for to a greater or lesser ex- tent by this society during the various years. It shows that alcoholism was a serious problem in the case of approximately 23 per cent of the families cared for by this organization in the two years ending September 30, 1917. During the first two years of Prohibition, the average number of families in which alcoholism was a factor was approximately 4 per cent. To give actual figures there was a reduction from 534 cases in 1918 to 82 cases in 1921. A large percentage of domestic relations cases of Philadelphia are handled by the Municipal Court. The report of that court shows that in 1916 it was called upon to deal with 3,556 cases of trouble between husband and wife. It reports that in 1,474 of these, liquor was the most important factor leading up to the trouble. This was 41 per cent. In 1920, the number of cases in which liquor was the most important factor had fallen to 6 l /2 per cent. The Philadelphia General Hospital is one of the biggest institutions of its 429 kind in America. In the old days when the liquor traffic flourished, the cafe of alcoholics was one of the General Hospital's biggest burdens. In 1918 the number of such cases admitted to the hospital was 2,326. These cases fell oft to 743 in 1920 and 702 in 1921. During the first ten months of the present year, the number of alcoholic cases treated by the hospital was 499, indicating that this year is likely to show better results than either of the two preceding years. As an indication of what has been happening all over the state in an economic way, we cite the following facts: The manufacturing center of Kensington and Frankford, Philadelphia, was one of the worst rum-cursed sections in the entire state. Within that territory there are six banks. In January, 1917, these banks had savings deposits to a total of $8,965,000. In January, 1922, when we were at the depths of the financial depression, and after this very territory had suffered from a prolonged strike, these same banks had a total savings deposits of $19,494,000. It is true that a consider- able percentage of that increase was piled up in the boom times immediately after the war, but from some of these banks we are able to give illuminating statistics, showing the part that Prohibition has played in this great prosperity. Savings deposits in the Kensington Trust Company between January, 1920, and November, 1921, increased in the sum of over one million dollars. During the first ten months of 1921, when the financial depression was at its worst, savings deposits in the Textile National Bank increased in the sum of $1,- 400,000. Banks throughout the state with few, if any, exceptions bear eloquent testimony to the influence of Prohibition on the savings of the people. Most of these illustrations have been taken from our largest city, where enforcement is confessedly the most difficult. To see Prohibition under other environments, we have chosen to give some facts from one of our largest and most difficult rural counties. In 1916 Lancaster county had 260 retail and 39 wholesale liquor establish- ments. These were widely distributed and practically every township and borough had its quota of them. It was among the wettest counties of the state. In order to get light on the present situaion, John H. Landis, a former senator of that county, sent a questionnaire to a thousand prominent men representing every borough and township, asking them a number of questions. He received replies from about three-fourths of them. The following are samples of the questions asked: "Is there as much drinking of intoxicants in your township or borough as there was two years ago?" Thirty-three answered "yes" and 704 answered "no." "Is there as much drunkenness as before?" Nineteen answered "yes" and 718 said "no." "Is the moral standard of your community any higher?" Five hundred and sixty-nine answered "yes" and 106 answered "no." From the answers received, Senator Landis claims the following results: Public treating has disappeared. 430 Public drinking reduced over eighty per cent. Fighting and quarreling very rare. Bills paid much more promptly. School attendance increased and children better clothed. Marked increase in church and Sunday School attendance. Use of liquor in elections greatly reduced. Public sentiment against vice in every form growing stronger. As further evidence in the recent election the dry Congressman was re- elected, and three out of four new Assemblymen are dry. In days of old the question was frequently asked as to what would be done with the bar-room in the event Prohibition were adopted. Our enemies drew dark pictures of vacant rooms, idle men and grass growing in the street. Recently our editor made a survey of the heart of Philadelphia, within a cir- cumference of five hundred yards of City Hall. Here there flourished a few years ago, eighty saloons and liquor stores. Today about one-half of these are used as soft drink establishments, mostly in connection with restaurants or hotels. In the other half of them all evidence of the old booze days has disappeared. Where the sale of drink has entirely ceased and the barroom has been transformed, we find the following substitutes: Eleven restaurants, five cigar stores, three gents' and two ladies' furnishing stores, three candy stores, two banks and one each of the following: railroad office, typewriter office, wholesale grocery, church supply store, shoe shine parlor, shoe store, shoe repair shop, pawn shop. Five are in process of repair or rebuilding. Five others were wiped out by the new Parkway. Gradually the breweries are ceasing the manufacture of beer and under- going transformation for other purposes. One of the largest Philadelphia breweries is now the plant of the Colonial Ice Cream Company. What was formerly a large brewery in Johnstown is today a busy meat packing house. In the town of Charlerois a brewery which formerly manufactured one hun- dred barrels of beer per day has been transformed into an ice cream plant and is now making 1,200 gallons per day. Machinery is being installed to increase this to 3,000 gallons per day. Thus little by little these poison factories of the old day are being trans- formed into plants which minister to the health and happiness of the people. SOUTH CAROLINA'S STRUGGLE FOR PROHIBITION By E. M. LIGHTFOOT Superintendent South Carolina Anti-Saloon League South Carolina has tried to manage the beer, wine and whisky business, in every possible way. For years we had the saloon, together with the com- bination of grocery shop and old time bar. The cities, of which there were very few in those days, had the usual problems connected with the dispensing of malt and spirituous beverages. The Palmetto State, as we love to call it, has only two cities of over 25,000 population, Charleston and Columbia. These have had marvelous de- velopment the last twenty years. Columbia has not less than 40,000 popula- tion, while Charleston h^s about 68,000. The last United States census gives 431 us but three towns with from 10,000 to 25,000 population. From this it will be seen that we are a rural people. The bulk of our population of 1,683,257 is in communities with no more than 10,000 people. The two races are divided as follows: Whites 818,538, negroes 864,719. Hence, our problems are not only rural but very complex. While the vast majority of the negroes are reliable and peaceable, yet, during the days of the cross-roads barroom, the highways were dangerous to all travelers. In the old days the saloon in both town and country proved a serious menace to the welfare of both white and negro. The two races would have a few men who, when under the influence of strong drink, became trouble makers. The saloon appealed so strongly to the baser passions of men, decreased the value of property, both where it was sold and contiguous thereto, and created social problems that were unneces- sary, that South Carolina did away with the saloon and adopted a State Dis- pensary System. It is not my purpose to discuss the Dispensary System, but to show that it was a failure in attempting to control the beer and whisky business, just as the saloon was a deplorable failure. Under the State Dispensary System, Commissioners were appointed, who bought all alcoholic beverages for the retail dispensaries throughout the state. These retail establishments could buy only from the state. The men having charge of these dispensaries were far superior in every way to the saloonkeeper. Many of them were splendid business men. The people who wanted their beer, wine or spirituous bev- erages bought from the retail places, there being one or more in every town of any size. There were several in each county. No one could drink on the premises where the liquors were sold. The Dispensary System was spoken of as the ''Great Moral Reform Institution." There can be no doubt but that the men who inaugurated the Dispensary believed it was a wise move in the right direction; that it would control the ruinous business and save many a human being from the drunkard's grave through restricting the amount of alcoholic beverages purchased by each indi- vidual, and also refusing alcoholic beverages to the inebriate. There were many who believed that the profits derived from this state institution would reduce taxes and enable the towns and cities to pave streets and have better schools. The facts are, that people resented the use of the money that came from this institution for material improvements and educational work. They saw human life for sale. They wearied of the corruption of prominent citi- zens of our state and, after a successful trial of the state engaging in the whisky business, began voting on the question as to whether they would have dispensaries in their respective counties. The law gave them this right. Very soon county after county voted: No, we will not have the Dispensary System. Finally, the question of State Prohibition was voted on, and in 1915, South Carolina cast 58,544 votes on this question, giving a majority of 24,926 for Prohibition. One can readily see that the Dispensary System had but few friends. The question naturally arises: How did this affect property values? Here a brief statement must be made as to our farming conditions. Unfortunately our people have followed the one-crop idea. "Cotton is King," has been our 432 cry, and now, following the dethronement of all kings, the boll weevil has cut the production of cotton from 1,700,000 bales in 1920 to about 600,000 bales in 1922 in our state. This means a reduction of property values everywhere. Yet, our state has made more improvements materially, educationally, morally, and in religious life during the last ten years than in the preceding twenty years. Most of our small towns have fine water, sewerage and electric light- ing systems for which they have had no difficulty to sell bonds. One can enter many towns of from 2,000 to 8,000 population and find miles of concrete walks and the latest street paving. The "White Way" has driven darkness away and the electric display signs are as attractive as you will find anywhere in busi- ness sections of towns and cities of similar size. All of this is at a reasonable cost to the consumer and has been accomplished since state Prohibition went into effect. Owing to the criticisms that National Prohibition has decreased property values and caused many stores to be vacant, I made an investigation of these conditions in Columbia, our capital city. This place was selected because it was here that the State Dispensary had its warehouse and bottling plants. I find that notwithstanding the hard times, we have no vacant stores. The old building used as a warehouse for the Dispensary System shows the least in- crease in value, yet, we must add 33 per cent to its value. Stores that were used for retail dispensaries are now occupied by legitimate business establish- ments which are paying from 100 per cent to 300 per cent more rent than was paid by the retail dispensaries. There was one block in our city, on which was a retail whisky establishment, that was shunned by many excellent people, especially the ladies, because of intoxicated men. This street is now becoming one of our leading business thoroughfares. The old sand-clay road has been replaced with asphalt during the last three years. These changes can be dupli- cated all over our state. Our educational system, including the graded schools, colleges or universities, is better equipped, while all of the teachers are better paid than ever. Our state schools, including the splendid Clemson College, the beautiful and eminently successful Winthrop College, where thousands are being trained for teaching and many other useful walks of life, are pre-eminent for their attractive grounds, equipment and splendid corps of specialists than whom there are none better. Citadel Academy is the justly boasted pride of all that is best in science and military life in our state. The University of South Carolina is constantly adding new departments and is well known be- cause of her glorious history and splendid, useful men in all professions, especially that of law. All of these institutions of learning are in better shape today than at any time during the dispensary days. Our denominational schools are probably a better test of the growth of Prohibition sentiment. If the parent has no money, or wastes what he has, the young people can not attend the higher institutions of learning. The lofty ideals that have come to us since we broke the bonds of local and state alcohol business, are revealed in the fact that these schools have anywhere from 50 per cent to 100 per cent more pupils than they had ten years ago. Their equipment is far superior. Their endowments have increased wonder- fully, while the colleges have increased their faculties 50 to 100 per cent. 433 These colleges are paying better salaries than ever. A few years ago $1,500 or $2,500 was a big salary for a college instructor. Now I know of none pay- ing less than $2,000 per year, and the majority are paying salaries from $3,000 to $6,000 per year. Of course, college presidents are included in the last figures especially. There are at least two physical directors connected with state and denominational colleges who get a larger salary than many presi- dents of such institutions. One must not think we have no problems or that the laws are absolutely enforced. There can be no doubt but that sentiment for law enforcement is growing. It is common to hear prominent men say: "I must abide by the law. I can not afford to be a law breaker, so will not buy alcoholic bever- ages." They are among our leaders in demanding rigid enforcement. Their love of country prompts them to do so. Convictions are growing that nothing but Prohibition will satisfy. One leader of political life in our state recently said that if our state were to vote on Prohibition again, not less than 65 per cent of our people would favor it. While another leader who is a cool, calcu- lating business man, gives it as his judgment that 85 per cent of our people would vote for it. The recent state primary was fought out along the lines of law enforce- ment, and gave a majority of 15,000. The question of Prohibition is regarded by us as settled. Economically it pays. Morally it is the salvation of many. Everything good can be said about it. This is nowhere more evident than in our amusements. The South Carolina State Fair draws thousands from all parts of our state. The big day is when the South Carolina University foot- ball team meets the Clemson College team, in their annual contest. This year the fair, together with the "Game Cocks" and the "Tigers," drew about 30,000 people, and yet no drunks were to be seen. This was true of the streets of the capital city during fair week. Our police department informs us that it was the quietest fair week in the history of the police department. The awakening is coming. The past year has witnessed rapid changes for the better in our state. The present state executive, Governor Wilson G. Harvey, is acting on the principle that the Prohibition laws can be enforced. Several magistrates and constables who have been derelict in their duty have been removed. This new impulse in our state has so caught our people that juries are convicting more violators where the evidence warrants it, than ever before. Our Circuit Court judges have given prison or chain-gang sentences with no alternative of a fine. The future outlook of South Carolina for law enforcement is bright. PROHIBITION IN SOUTH DAKOTA By REV. H. E. DAWES Superintendent South Dakota Anti-Saloon League Prohibition has emptied our jails and filled our savings banks. It has given us better attendance in our schools and the pupils are better clothed, fed and nourished. There are better domestic conditions in the homes; better furnishings, more comforts and luxuries. 434 There are less violations of law; less moonshining and less bootlegging* Greater respect for all law and greater respect for the officers who entorce the law. Judges are giving both a fine and a jail sentence and refusing to suspend the jail sentence. The liquor people have been driven out of control in our political affairs. Spencer, a city of seven hundred people, boasts that there has not been a drunken person there since National Prohibition went into effect. Many other of our smaller cities and towns have similar records. It is an event in the life of a man when he gets a drink of red liquor and he is liable to get his name in black-faced type on the front page of the newspaper. The city library of Mitchell shows that comparing its work during the year closing June 30, 1915, the last full year under the license system, with the year closing J une 30, 1922, there was an increase of the number of books of /9 per cent; the use of these books increased IOC per cent; the use of refer- ence books increased 10.4 per cent. The growth of favorable Prohibition sentiment is well shown by the story of the man who said "I never was in favor of Prohibition. Before the law went into effect I bought a supply of liquor for my own use. I have some now on my sideboard. Sometimes I take a little drink of it, but when 1 do I feel like a thief." This man is beginning to feel ashamed to do the thing that has been made unlawul by act of the people, even though he had a legal right to buy when he did and to use it as he does. In Minnehaha county, the largest in the state, there was a candidate for the legislature on a wine and beer platform in the election of November 7, 1922. He announced in his platform and advertisements that he wanted only those who were in favor of this platform to vote for him. There were twenty-three candidates for the seven places to be filled. The wine and beer man was third low. He received only 1,613 votes. The seven winning can- didates received more than five thousand each. South Dakota adopted its Prohibition amendment to the Constitution in the election of 1916 by a majority of less than twelve thousand. This law was to be effective the first of July, 1917. The legislature of 1917 passed a stringent enforcement measure and also provided for the office of state sheriff. It is the duty of this officer to enforce all the laws of the state. In the legis- lature of 1921 the wets initiated a law for the repeal of the state sheriff law. This repeal measure came on for a vote of the people at the general election of 1922. The majority against the repeal was double the majority that Pro- hibition obtained in 1916. Since this was a subtle attack by the wets on the Prohibition law the vote shows the growth of public sentiment for Pro- hibition and law enforcement. There is developing in South Dakota a strong feeling of community service. Since we have quit supporting the liquor traffic we are trying to work out constructive programs for community development, life and growth. We believe that the community itself is responsible for the happiness, welfare and prosperity of its members; that organized society has no moral or legal 435 right to allow anything to come into that organiatlon that would destroy or hurt the most defenceless member of society. Therefore one of the principal functions of society is to prevent the introduction into a community of those things that tend to injure, destroy or disgrace the individual or the community as a whole. And, also, to properly punish those who undertake to do, or accomplish, such an evil thing. Thus we guarantee to the children the right to be well born, to grow and develop in clean surroundings, and to live and work in a healthy, physical, mental and moral atmosphere. UTAH By GEORGE A. STARTUP Since prohibition was given us by the legislature of 1917, some remarkable advances have been made, notably the killing of the close alliance between the organized liquor traffic and a corrupt political machine. Many who were in the clutches of that alliance appear to have been freed and are now boldly working for law enforcement. In all residence towns and cities in Utah, where the better citizens live and give expression to their sentiments in elections, prohibition is enforced to practically 95 per cent. It is very difficult to obtain liquor in any places outside of mining camps and railroad towns and Salt Lake City. Even in these places the liquor is of the rank kind, and what traffic there is is mostly in the hands of foreigners. If our state government would really use a tithe of the power conferred on them they could clean out every blind pig in the state. There really are no blind pigs as commonly called, in any of the resi- dence towns. Bootlegging is limited for most part to moonshine or cider. The economic effect of prohibition is very marked. Men who formerly neglected their families have become good citizens by the hundreds; homes are better furnished and cared for; drunkenness has absolutely disappeared from all the streets, and the open saloons, with their ill-smelling environment and disgusting patrons have disappeared completely, and are replaced with legitimate business, supplying the people with wholesome merchandise. Mur- ders have practically disappeared, and crimes of all kinds have markedly decreased. PROHIBITION IN VIRGINIA, 1916-1920 By REV. DAVID HEPBURN The Progress of Prohibition From the landing of the first English settlers on Jamestown Island to the present the temperance question has been and is a live issue in the polit- ical and religious life of our people. The first General Assembly on Ameri- can soil met in the church at Jamestown in 1619, and assumed control of the liquor traffic, and enacted laws to punish drunkenness and prohibit the sale of liquor to the Indians under severe penalties. This law was amended and its provisions extended by succeeding legislatures, and was reasonably enforced, as the old records give the names of many who were punished for even saying they were drunk. 436 The first Temperance society in Virginia and the second in the United States, was organized in the year 1826 in the Baptist Church at Keysville by its pastor, Rev. A. W. Clopton. These societies and kindred organizations pros- pered and spread all over the state. In the year 1850 a paper was published in Richmond in the interest of temperance called the "Banner of Temperance." In 1854 the leaders of the temperance societies in the state formed a State Convention, and through its effort a petition signed by 14,000 voters was pre- sented to the Legislature, requesting the General Assembly to enact a State- wide law to prohibit the manufacture and sale of ardent spirits, for beverage purposes. This effort on the part of the temperance people failed. But in the year 1886 they secured the passage of a Local Option law, giving to the local communities the right to legalize, control, or abolish the liquor traffic. Time demonstrated that the operation of the local option principle confined the legal activities of the temperance force to the local community, while the liquor traffic through its mail order houses had state-wide privileges, and without regard to the wish of the maiority, or the laws enacted to protect the towns and magisterial districts under local option, flooded these communities with liquor. In 1900 the Anti-Saloon League of Virginia was organized. This great organization combined the moral and religious forces of the state and crystal- lized public sentiment into organic law. Under its leadership the Mann law was passed in 1904, eliminating the saloons from those sections of Virginia without proper police protection. The Byrd-Mann laws were enacted in 1908 which eliminated hundreds of distilleries from the state. All along the years the liquor traffic showed its contempt for law and all restrictions, and organ- ized its forces to control politics, dominate business, and perpetuate its selfish interests. The saloons, owned in a large part by the brewers, became the headquarters for the gamblers, drunkards, prostitutes and the lawless element in general. After 14 years of concerted effort on the part of the allied temperance forces as the Anti-Saloon League of churches, the General Assembly passed the Enabling Act, submitting to the State of Virginia as a unit the local option principle. The vote was taken "For" or "Against" the licensed system on September 22, 1914, and by a majority of 30,375 the great State of Virginia adopted prohibition as its policy on the liquor question. The legislature, in response to the overwhelming majority of its constituents, passed a Law En- forcement Code, which became operative Nov. 1, 1916. Difficulties of Law Enforcement The element in Virginia that secured the adoption of the Prohibition Law was the religious and moral forces the pastors and leading members of our churches, and the patriotic and law-abiding citizens largely in the rural dis- tricts, that neither held nor sought political office. The element opposed to the prohibition of the beverage liquor traffic was the leading papers and influ- ential politicians, and a large per cent of the office holders, especially law en- forcement officials throughout the Commonwealth. These conditions made it exceedingly difficult to enforce a law opposed by an influential and active minority. It was necessary, therefore, to organize a separate department 437 charged with the specific duty of enforcing the Prohibition law. This de- partment became the terror oi the moonshiners, bootieggers and the lawless element in general, and incurred the ill-will and hostility of the governor ot the state and many of the members of the legislature, who were elected while the temperance people were "asleep at the switch." So the department was abolished by legislative enactment in 1920. This action of the General Assem- bly aroused the righteous indignation of the moral and religious forces, and as a result a friendly state administration was elected, and a General Assem- bly favorable to the enforcement of the Prohibition law, so that the Legisla- ture of 1922 re-enacted the Prohibition law, strengthened it wherein it was weak, and charged the Attorney General with the responsibility of law en- forcement and for the purpose made appropriation of $70,000 for this depart- ment. Prohibition is now more firmly entrenched in organic law than ever before, and the people are determined that the law shall be enforced, and that no backward step shall be taken in the onward march of advanced temper- ance legislation and law enforcement. Prohibition and Drunkenness Prohibition in Virginia has eliminated drunkenness from public places. The law makes it a misdemeanor for a person to drink liquor, to receive liquor, or give liquor to another in a public place, or public conveyance, or to appear in public under the influence of liquor so as to affect his manner, disposition, speech, muscular movement, general appearance, or behavior. Under the old licensed system this was not so. Thousands upon thousands of men appeared in public under the influence of liquor, and were not molested by the officials unless they became boisterous or disorderly, and even then many were placed in the lock-up until they were sober, and were released without any charge being preferred against them. Under these conditions it is impossible for any human being to make a comparison between the arrests for drunkenness under the old regime and under the Prohibition law. Prohibition Reduces Crime Commitments to the Virginia jails in the year 1916, the last year of the license regime were 29,426. The commitments to the Virginia jails in 1920 were 20,358, a decrease of 8,764. There are 12 counties in the state without a prisoner. The commitments to the State penitentiary in 1916 were 1,615. The com- mitments to the State penitentiary in 1920 were 1,070, a decrease of 546. Prohibition Reduces Poverty The number of dependents cared for by the almshouses and outdoor relief in 1916 was 10,836. The number cared for in 1920 was 6,823, a decrease of 4,013. Eleven of the 100 counties have no inmate in the almshouses. Prohibition Increases Revenue The revenue from all sources in 1916 was $7,945,202.13. The revenue from all sources in 1920 was $18,442,324.42, an increase in revenue from all sources for the first four years of prohibition of $10,497,122.39. 438 Prohibition Helps Education Virginia spent for public education in 1916, $2,118,440.87; in 1920, $3,283,- 424.38, an increase for educational purposes of $1,164,938.51. Prohibition Helps Good Roads Virginia spent for good roads in 1916 $657,843.64, and in 1920, $3,937,653.20, an increase of $3,315,701.54. Prohibition Helps Banks The increase in the value of bank stocks in Virginia for the first four years of prohibition was $12,098,430.63. This magnificent moral and material development in Virginia is not all due to the elimination of the breweries, distilleries and bar-rooms as public institutions in the Commonwealth. But prohibition has been a large contrib- uting factor as, admitted by bankers, brokers, professional and other prom- inent citizens of Virginia. We can not imagine any condition under which Virginia would be willing to return to the old licensed system. The enemies of prohibition now admit that the millions of dollars spent for beer and wine, and other intoxicating drinks find their way into legitimate channels which add to the wealth, pros- perity, happiness and contentment of our people. If Prohibition in Virginia with an imperfect law in the hands of many unfriendly officials has proven a marvelous success, and has demonstrated its worth as a governmental policy in controlling and suppressing the evils of the beverage liquor traffic, what may we expect with a more perfect law in the hands of its friends? All we ask is a square deal from the three departments of government that have to deal with the liquor problem, namely the Execu- tive, the Judicial and the Administrative, and Prohibition will prove to be the greatest blessing that has come to mankind since the birth of Christ. WASHINGTON By GEORGE D. CONGER Superintendent Washington Anti-Saloon League The state of Washington adopted Prohibition at the election of Novem- ber, 1914, by 18,632 majority. The principal cities, Seattle, Spokane, and Ta- coma, all returned wet majorities. Every daily newspaper in the state but one opposed Prohibition, and nearly all business men were either openly opposed, or silent on the question; thousands of personal letters were sent out by men prominent in the larger business interests, predicting an economic revolution, and a number of extensive building propositions were held up pending the result, which fact was used by the liquor interests with deadly effect. Prohibition became effective January 1, 1916. Acting under the initiative law, the liquor interests resubmitted the question to the voters in November of that year. In the ten months that Prohibition had been in force, the in- dustrial, economic and moral value was so demonstrated that it attracted wide attention. 439 Every department of government and every line of commerce was greatly benefited; bank deposits increased in that period over one hundred and twenty-five million dollars; the number of inmates in the county jails was reduced 76 per cent and in the penal institutions over 50 per cent. The saving in some of the county offices was remarkable. The state board in control of penal institutions asked the Legislature for a decreased appropriation for maintenance which so surprised the committee that they refused to act on the request until a thorough investigation was made. When Prohibition went into effect there were forty-seven inmates in the Seattle stockade, convicted, under the "Lazy Husband Law," of non-support. Six months later the stockade was empty; those inmates had served their sentence, and there had been no more convictions. Business in all lines, but especially in staples, showed great improvement, both in volume and collections. The benefits of Prohibition were so apparent that in the campaign of 1916 practically all business men were favorable and unhesitatingly gave public endorsement. Every newspaper in the state advocated Prohibition, and Washington went dry by 215,036 majority; the city of Seattle, which had given a wet ma- jority of 14,600 in 1914, gave a dry majority in 1916 of 38,373. Prohibition carried in every one of the 2,300 voting precincts in the state. The industrial benefit has been particularly noticeable. The Seattle ship- yards were organized in 1917, and in the first five months of 1918 built 26 T /^ per cent of the ships constructed in American yards, maintaining the remark- able record of fifty-five days' work on a ship from the laying of the keel to delivery complete to the government. The Seattle yards w T ith 23,000 builders, though 3,000 miles from the material, beat the shipyards in wet territory on the Atlantic with a greater number of operatives and at the doors of the steel mills, and many of the large contracts secured at that time were based on efficiency because of Prohibition. The Seattle yards were 3,000 miles from the mills, but they were also 700 miles from the saloons. One yard employ- ing 14,000 men used daily 10,000 pints of milk and 4,000 ice cream cones in place of the old-time bucket of beer, and every yard carries a 100 per cent flag on every war loan. During the five-day general strike of February, 1919, when imported Bol- sheviki undertook to stampede labor and start a revolution, not a shot was fired; there were no riots; no damage to property; and ordinary arrests were not increased during that period. A prominent Seattle banker made the state- ment that Prohibition had saved Seattle in that five days ten times the annual revenue from the liquor traffic. The Legislature of 1917 enacted a Prohibition law more drastic than the original. The liquor interests, acting under the referendum, referred that new law to the people; it was passed upon in the election of November, 1918, and Prohibition again carried by an overwhelming majority, demonstrating that the people realized and appreciated the benefits Prohibition had brought to the state. The Legislature of 1919 was elected on the issue of nation-wide Prohibi- tion by constitutional amendment, and fulfilled that obligation by ratifying 440 the Prohibition Amendment to the Constitution of the United States in the first hour of its session, by a unanimous vote in both branches. Great changes are evident in the cities and towns, changes particularly apparent to persons familiar with the old conditions, who have been absent and again visit the places. Someone has expressed that idea in print, para- phrasing an old song. It reads: "How dear to my heart are the scenes of my childhood, When home for vacation, I come once again. But the orchard, the meadow, and deep-tangled wildwood, Aren't half as wild as they used to be then. For now, they have builded a bank on the site there, Where once we were lured by John Barleycorn's spell, And so we have turned, for we can not get tight there, To the old oaken bucket that hangs in the well." PROHIBITION'S SUCCESS IN WISCONSIN By R. P. BUTTON Superintendent Anti-Saloon League of Wisconsin ECONOMIC ASPECTS Prohibition has been the greatest factor in keeping the American dollar at par because it stopped the waste of men and millions. Prohibition would save European currency, enable them to balance their budget and pay their foreign debt. THE PROOF OF THE PUDDING 1. Prohibition took effect January 16, 1920. It was a year of peak prices. The last seven months factories were closing because people refused to buy. Corporation surpluses were wiped out, regular bank deposits alarmingly de- pleted, yet enormous bond offerings were sold. To whom? The bonds were bought by the multiplied thousands of new savings depositors with their mul- tiplied millions of increased savings deposits 26 per cent increase that first year; 10 per cent again this year. 2. Prohibition savings saved manufacturing from bankruptcy. 3. By preventing bankruptcy of the companies, they prevented unem- ployment. 4. Prohibition savings gave the workmen a share in industry, thus pro- moting better mutual understanding of each other's viewpoint between em- ployers and employes. 5. Prohibition has increased milk consumption nearly 50 per cent, thus saving our largest industry, dairying. 6. Prohibition and its savings stimulated home-building, thus helping our next largest industries, lumber and iron. Prohibition has been the largest economic factor in Wisconsin in the last three years. 441 SOCIAL ASPECTS INSANITY DECREASES Figures in the office of the State Board of Control at the State Capitol, Madison, Wisconsin, show: Inmates in Wisconsin State and County Institutions for Care of Insane June 30, 1918 (full license) 348 per 100,000 population June 30, 1919 (war restrictions) 339 per 100,000 population June 30, 1920 (Prohibition) 333 per 100,000 population FEWER ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS The Neal Institute at Green Bay and the Keeley Cure at Waukesha for the cure of chronic alcoholic cases were both forced to close their doors through lack of patients since Prohibition: FELONIES DECREASE The number of inmates in the penitentiary (State's Prison) decreased from 915 in the last full license year (1917) to 792 in the year ended August 31, 1922. The report of the State Board on Charitable and Penal Institutions shows a decrease of 844 in the number of inmates in all such state institutions on August 31, this year, as compared with the December 15 report last year: Year Inmates On Parole Total December 15, 1921 5,177 3,393 8,570 August 31, 1922 4,945 2,781 7,726 Net decrease . 232 612- 844 "The Beer that Made Milwaukee Famous" is a slogan known 'round the world. The directors of the great breweries were among the controlling di- rectors of nearly every great manufactory and financial institution in this great manufacturing city. Therefore it is here that the supreme test and the severest strain would be felt. Prohibition has substantially decreased juvenile delinquency, drunkenness, and the number of cases of parents failing to support their children. The following are some interesting figures on this question: (From Milwaukee County Juvenile Court Records) July 1, June 15, June 15, 1916, to 1917, to 1918, to June 15, June 15, June 15, 1917 1918 1919 Delinquent boys and girls brought into court; new cases 1,029 1,013 1,054 June 15, June 15, Junel5, 1919, to 1920, to 1921, to June 15, June 15, Junel5, 1920 1921 1922 812 708 730 Decrease in percentage from year ending June 15, 1918 Neglected and dependent children brought into court; new cases 634 709 597 . 30% 28% 429 339 402 Decrease in per cent from year ending June 15, 1918 52% 43% 442 (From the records of the District and Municipal Courts of Milwaukee) Decrease Decrease 1915 1920 Percent 1921 Per Cent Abandonment 302 190 37% 239 21% Drunkenness, drunk and disorderly . . 3,072 1,247 59% 2,023 34% Assault and battery 682 426 37% 516 24% Disorderly conduct 2,445 1,139 53% 1,425 42% WISCONSIN'S MESSAGE TO EUROPE Wisconsin urges that the next World Convention should be held in Wis- consin, because it will give every nation the best chance in the world to hear from their own people the story of Prohibition, and to see how their own peo- ple behave and prosper under Prohibition. Come to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1924! You are going to meet the argument, "Americans may stand for Prohi- bition, but Europeans never." Eleven out of every fifteen of our residents were either born in Europe or are of European parentage. One-third of our people of voting age were born in Europe; two-thirds of them were either born in Europe or both parents were; and in such families they keep up the language, the religion, the customs of the European country. Wisconsin is a cross-section of Europe, and she proves that Europeans will obey Prohibi- tion and back its enforcement. ALL EUROPE REPRESENTED Every European nation and race is represented in Wisconsin. Some of the larger groups are: Germany, more than 150,000; Scandinavian countries, more than 100,000; Slavic countries, more than 100,000; Latin countries, some 20,000; Austria, 20,000; and others in proportion. I am speaking now only of those who were actually themselves born in Europe. Two-thirds of Wisconsin's population has the traditions, history, super- stitutions, habits and customs of Europe with regard to liquor. At home in Europe each country can deal largely with a homogeneous people, all of one race, one language, all of much the same customs. Here Prohibition has to meet every nationality, all within the same block, sometimes. In order to be understood it must speak every language. In your country you need publish it in only one, or at most in two or three. Our census proclamation was published in 22 different languages. Federal Prohibition Director Roy A. Haynes declares that Wisconsin offers the hardest test and the most difficult field because of the facts above cited. IS IT ENFORCED? Yet Federal Prohibition Commissioner Haynes says: "Prohibition is as well enforced in Wisconsin as in any state east of the Mississippi river." Ninety-nine per cent of the enforcement of all laws, from local to national, is in the hands of local officers. Since these officers are elected by direct vote of the local people, their activities reflect the sentiment of the local people who elect them. Therefore the fact that Wisconsin, with a conglomeration of all the people of Europe constituting two-thirds of its population, enforces Prohibition proves that Europeans will stand for, obey and enforce Prohibi- tion; and the task of any one nation of Europe, enforcing Prohibition with one nationality, would be infinitely easier than our task in Wisconsin. 443 CREATE PROHIBITION APPETITE The Prohibition law is of such a nature, its evasion is so easy, that it can not be effectively enforced unless the people approve it. Convince your people that Prohibition is a blessing. Create the appetite for it, until they crave it so strongly that they are determined to have it and to hold it. The most welcome word in any home is the word from the child who has gone abroad into the world. The most welcome word on Prohibition to your countrymen at home will be the word from your countrymen in Wisconsin. Bring the next World's Convention to Wisconsin, and you can take that word back to your country. On the other hand, by bringing word to Wisconsin that a united band is making progress for Prohibition in Europe you will make the few of your countrymen who are violating the law here ashamed of them- selves and solve our greatest difficulty for about four out of five of our vio- lators are natives of Europe who have never cared enough for us to take any steps to become citizens of our country. They belong nowhere. They disown you without accepting us. We are grateful to the common Father of All for the blessings of Pro- hibition. We wish to show our gratitude to God by serving and blessing our fellow men and brothers everywhere. We believe that the most pleasant way in which they can receive the message would be by the word of their own children. We beg you to come and be our guests while you receive that word and take it back to bless Europe. GREATER THINGS TO COME I am going to whisper to you a secret: In America the liquor revenue before the World War just about equaled our annual expenditure for the army and navy. Prohibition put the army and navy burden onto the direct taxes, so the taxpayer felt it when the burden came on his wallet, though he had not felt it when it came on his gullet. And when he felt it the taxpayer yelled yelled for an international conference on disarmament to relieve him of this tax burden; and, just like a mother who gets out of bed to give milk to the baby that cries, our government yielded to the cry and called the con- ference. As surely as the sun rises in the east, Prohibition will starve war to death. World-wide Prohibition will beat swords into plow-shares and spears into pruning hooks. If we continue to waste with alcohol and destroy with war we shall eventu- ally destroy the race. The mounting millions of population demand the stop- page of waste and the increase of production. Prohibition, by increasing efficiency and eliminating the two great wastes, alcohol and war, will save the race. So here's our hand, and we ask your hand, in the fight for sobriety and peace. "In due season we shall reap if we faint not." Press the world-wide program, and we shall live to see "man to man as brothers be the world o'er." Hark! Above the striving nations even now, as they watch this gathering, the herald angels sing, "Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace among men of good will!" 444 WYOMING By W. L. WADE Superintendent of the Wyoming Anti-Saloon League The Prohibition Amendment to the Constitution of the state of Wyom- ing was adopted just four years ago last Tuesday, the vote being 31,439 for, 10,200 against, the majority for Prohibition 21,239. Our Legislature upon convening passed a law which went into effect on the same date that the National War Prohibition measure became effective. In spite of the efforts of the outlawed liquor traffic to make the Prohibition law a failure it has proven to be perhaps the most beneficial piece of legis- lation ever adopted in Wyoming. Desiring reliable information in regard to the effect of this law on all parts of our state I sent letters to the the leading merchants and bankers in all towns of our state. Almost all of these business men replied to our letters which contained the following questions: "1. How does your business compare, under Prohibition, with the same period before Prohibition was enacted? "2. How do collections compare? "3. What effect do you think Prohibition has had upon business?" Of the replies received only two were unfavorable. A few of the answers selected as being fairly representative of the result of our investigation are* quoted. The first -is from one of our largest coal mining towns in the south- western part of the state: "We had a business increase of from $2,500 to $3,600 each month over the corresponding month of the previous year during the first six months of Prohibition. Collections are much better. Collected during the first six months of Prohibition $500 that had been checked off our books as worthless two years before. Prohibition has been helpful to our business." From a town located in a farming community in the northern part of our state: "Our business shows a good per cent of increase as a result of Prohibi- tion. Collections are much better, people who formerly were continually asking for credit are now paying cash for their merchandise and their families dress much better. Prohibition has had the effect we had hoped for. The average business man can now get by, while under the saloon system he could not. If he put his merchandise out on open accounts he had to take the chance of getting his money or the saloonkeeper getting it and he being left to hold the sack." From a stock growing center in the central part of the state: "We have enjoyed a big increase in business over that done during the corresponding time with licensed saloons. Collections compare very favor- ably for Prohibition. People now have money to buy and pay for goods who seldom paid cash before and whose credit was no good." From a county-seat town in the northeastern part of our state: "Under Prohibition our business has doubled over any corresponding period. Our collections have advanced 30 days and there is much less loss. Prohibition has made business for us 100 per cent more, 100 per cent safer and 445 1,000 per cent more satisfactory. Many people who always spent their money for liquor are now building homes and providing for their families." From Casper, one of our three largest cities and the oil center of Wy- oming: "We have enjoyed a good big increase in business under Prohibition and collections are decidedly better. The effect of Prohibition on business with us has been to make a wonderful improvement and I hope the better element in humanity will see to it that Prohibition is here to stay and not let a few drunkards and a lot of money grabbers change the ruling." A northern Wyoming county-seat town: "We had about a forty per cent increase in business during the first year of Prohibition. There is a much better tone to business in every respect, with prompt collections. Some old soaks who hadn't a white quarter except for booze now come in and have $20 bills changed in buying shoes, hats, etc. The families of former drunkards dress better and now buy real food. Much of the increase in business is due to business going into legitimate channels. Wyoming is getting really dry. Once in a while we have to turn down some would-be purchaser of lemon extract. When a booze fighter has to resort to an extract jag or none you can figure it out that there is little of the old booze left on the market." From the store of one of the largest sheep companies in Wyoming: "We find that the class of men who were the attendants at the saloons now have money to pay cash for what they desire and we find a much better collection rate on the accounts run by these men when we do allow them credit. Prohibition has increased our cash sales, does away with so many petty accounts, increases sales on more high grade articles, allows us a better class of customers to deal with, does away with drunken brawls in front of our place of business and trouble with drunks in the store. We sincerely hope that prohibition may survive." From Sheridan, another of our three largest cities in Wyoming: "We have had a substantial increase in business under Prohibition. Col- lections are much better. The effect of Prohibition upon business is good, it has been very profitable to us." Cheyenne, capital of the state: "Business has improved as a result of Prohibition. Collections are much easier. It has made the handling of business much more satisfactory. The business men must stand by the officials in the enforcement of the law. This is one of our best laws and must be enforced." In addition to the above I quote the following brief statements from a number of other letters from other business men of our state: "It has made business more firm; have not seen a drunken person in store for over a year." "In our locality we had a total crop failure last fall and with the salooi running business would have been paralyzed, but now it is almost normal." "Prohibition has had a decidedly good effect. Several wrecks who wei nothing but bums are now men." 446 "More cash sales, less bad accounts, people who never had cash for the merchant now pay their way." "It makes it lots better. Men that before let their families go in need of food and clothing now feed and clothe them. Keep it Dry." "Have not seen a person in town under the influence of liquor so it would be noticeable since July 1, 1919. This has increased the desirability of this place as a residence town several hundred per cent." "Makes poor financial risks good and makes better morals. Think it fine. Will help to keep it dry." "Prohibition has had a bad effect on some lines of business. Our sales of gallon jugs are much smaller and the sale of lunch goods to saloons and 'fast houses' has also fallen off, however, we do not feel bad about this when we see men buying things for their families with the money that formerly 'slid over the bar.' " "Prohibition is the best thing that ever happened. Am for Prohibition first, last and always." "Prohibition is the best and most far-reaching decision the American people ever made." The following is the testimony of Wyoming bankers from all parts of the state: "Families are better cared for, men who never thought of buying a home are today making payments that will give them a home of their own within a few years. There is less disorderly conduct. It was the best piece of legis- lation ever passed and the ones who supported the saloons are beginning to realize it." "Prohibition has had the effect of paying more grocery bills and less for raising hell. The battle is only fairly begun, we have got to keep on carry- ing on." "It has been our opinion for several years that Prohibition would bring increased savings accounts to the banker and we have found this to be a fact .A large per cent of the irritations in business are vanishing. The booze-fighter and gambler has always been a perilous customer for banking institutions and it has oftentimes been embarrasing to shut off the credit of some of the former, who in other respects appeared to be good citizens. No thinking person could contemplate without alarm the rei-urn to the old conditions. Prohibition has largely increased legitimate business." "A bank usually confines its loans to borrowers on whom Prohibition has the least effect, but we might add that we have a number of customers to whom we could not consider loaning during the 'wet' regime who are now considered moral risks." "We have men carrying good balances who never could save any money before." "Prohibition has made collections much easier to make." "Prohibition has had a very good effect on the banking business. Keep the good work up." "Prohibition has had a mighty good effect on business and the country can not afford to go back to old John Barleycorn." 447 "Prohibition is the best thing that ever happened for business. If the vote was left to business men there would be no danger of the country ever going 'wet' again." "No doubt it has been an advantage to have Prohibition adopted and enforced, the picture shows are now getting the crowds." Prohibition has greatly reduced the number of arrests for drunkenness and disorderly conduct in all parts of the state. During the license period it was almost impossible to spend a day in any of our towns without seeing a number of drunken me-n, but in my travels over the state during the past two years I have not seen more than a half dozen drunken men. The record of Cheyenne may be taken as fairly representing the average Wyoming city or town. Number of arrests for drunkenness during 1917 which was the last full year under the license system, 907. Number of arrests for drunkenness during 1921, 150. Number of arrests for disorderly conduct in 1917, 849; in 1921, 211. Number of arrests for violation of liquor laws in 1917, 64; in 1921, 36. Total number of arrests for all causes during 1917, 3,072; in 1921, 1,341. Almost without exception the towns and cities of Wyoming have made splendid progress and great development under Prohibition. Buildings for- merly occupied by saloons have as a rule been remodeled and improved and continually rented at a higher rate of rental. A walk down the streets of Cheyenne will reveal the buildings formerly occupied by saloons now occu- pied by music, grocery, dry goods, gents' furnishings, ladies' furnishings, con- fectionery stores, restaurants, tailor shops, etc., but without exception these buildings have been improved and we understand the owners are receiving a a higher rate of rental. Prohibition has been followed with great activity by Commercial, Rotary, Lions and Kiwanis clubs, all of which have had a ten- dency to develop a community conscience and pride which was unknown in liquor license days. Without doubt Prohibition has been one of the greatest assets, if not the greatest, that has come to the cities and towns of Wyoming. We have also made an investigation as to the effect of Prohibition upon the school children of our state and the results are practically the same in all. the towns of Wyoming. First: There is now little trouble to enforce our compulsory attendance law. Second: Our schools are all crowded and new buildings are being erected as fast as possible in almost all sections of the state. Third: The children as a class are better clothed and better fed and are able to do better work. Fourth: There is better cooperation and a greater interest shown by many parents. Without exception all pastors with whom we have discussed this question agree that Prohibition has been a wonderful asset to the church. Many pf the reasons for this are the same as those for improvement in the school life; better clothes, better surroundings and a higher moral standard in many homes. Almost all of our pastors tell of the presence in the church services of husbands and fathers who never were seen in the church during saloon days. The superintendent of the work of the Presbyterian church in the state of Wyoming, Rev. David McMartin, just replied to our question as to his opinion of the effect of Prohibition on the religious life of the state, by saying, "It 448 ' impossible to note the exact effect of Prohibition upon the work of the Pres- byterian church in the state of Wyoming, but it is interesting to note that there has been a 50 per cent increase in membership in the Presbyterian church of this state since Prohibition went into effect." The records of the Methodist Episcopal church of the state of Wyoming show a splendid advance in all lines of its activity since the adoption of Pro- hibition and the pastors say: "We are now able to pay more attention to our educational programs and less to relieving the sorrow and sufferings caused by the saloon," as Evangeline Booth has so aptly said: "We now are able to pay more attention to the cradle and less to the grave." Rev. Wm. T. Dumm, superintendent of the Cheyenne District of the Methodist church, says: "Doubtless Prohibition has been a great asset to our work. It has un- doubtedly helped many to become interested in the work of the church, and through its beneficial effect upon the financial life of the state has helped us, so we have been able to report an increase in benevolent offerings during the past year in spite of the unsettled condition accompanying the national pro- gram of readjustment." CONCLUSION Wyoming recognizes that the organized outlawed liquor traffic seeks to overthrow this law and nullify the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and that the price of liberty is still eternal vigilance. We recognize our task as the problem of law enforcement and on election day the citizenship of Wyoming registered 100 per cent dry and for obedi- ence to law, sending a bone dry delegation to Congress and electing to the office of governor the outstanding Prohibitionist of the state, Hon. Wm. B. Ross, even though he was a member of the minority party and was the only Democratic candidate for state office to secure election. The people of this state expect and demand that there shall be no retrenchment in regard to the cause of Prohibition but that the law shall be enforced. 449 LIST OF DELEGATES TO THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION WORLD LEAGUE AGAINST ALCOHOLISM AFRICA Name Address Representing Daney, Miss Ethel 146 Eastwood Rd., Toronto Returned missionary ALBANIA Kolonia, Peter V. Hartford Theological Sem- Albanian Student League inary, Hartford, Conn. Sharra, E. M. 51 Spring St., New York, N. Y. ARGENTINA Norville, Hardynia K. Buenos Aires, Argentina Liga, Nacional de Templanza Roca, Jaime 1321 Vollan St., Ann Arbor, Mich. Barrostavena, Albert Albion, Mich. ARMENIA Gurdjian, E. S. 113 Catherine St., Ann Ar- bor, Mich. ASSYRIA Asfar, Sudky Cornell College Mt. Ver- non, Iowa AUSTRALIA Bruckner, Miss lima Boonah, Queensland W. C. T. U. Carvosso, Mrs. W. H. Willard Hall, Toronto Australian W. C. T. U. Gordon, Rev. Gifford Melbourne, Australia Victorian Anti-Liquor League Gordon, Mrs. Gifford Melbourne, Australia Hammond, Rev. R. B. S. 321 Pitt St., Sydney, N. S. Australian Alliance Prohi- Wales bition Council MacLeod, Mr. 351 Jarvis St., Toronto Victorian Anti-Liquor MacLeod, Mrs. League 351 Jarvis St., Toronto Robertson, Miss Addie Australian W. C. T. U. BELGIUM Ley, August, Ph. D. University of Brussels, Bel- gium BRAZIL Andrave, Renato Cloyde 5315 Drexel Ave., Chicago, 111. 450 Reynolds, Reginald V. Wyke, D. A. Athanassoff, Theodore Furnajieff, Rev. D. N. Karastoyanoff, Christ Nakoff, Rev. David Harris, Glen A. Abraham, Rev. R. H., D.D. Abrey, Chas. W. Acheson, Mrs. Acheson, Mrs. Ella S. Adamson, Rev. G. A. Agler, Rev. Gilbert Aikenhead, Rev. J. R. Aikenhead, Mrs. J. R. Akey, Amat Akey, Mrs. Amat Allan, Gavin W. Allen, Mrs. J. C. Allen, Mrs. W. H. Alwyn, Rev. I. B. W. Archdekin, Mrs. Janet Argles, W. E. Arksey, J. E. BRITISH EAST AFRICA 153 Institute Place, Chi- cago, 111. BRITISH WEST INDIES Trinidad, W. I. BULGARIA 229 Ashdale Av., New York, N. Y. 235 W. 14th St., New York, Bulgarian Temperance N. Y. Union Delaware, Ohio Pastor Bulgarian Orthodox Church, 95 Trinity St., Kingdom of Bulgaria Toronto BURMA Colgate University, Hamil- ton, N. Y. CANADA 67 Winchester St., Toronto 11 Webster Av., Toronto 44 Alvin Av., Toronto Toronto Carlisle, Ontario Toronto 499 Markham St., Toronto 499 Markham St., Toronto Sulphide, Ontario Sulphide, Ontario 9 Poplar Plains Rd., To- ronto Toronto Toronto Weston, Ontario 312 Clinton St., Toronto 180 Geoffrey St., Toronto 20 Grandview Av., Toronto Armstrong, Mrs. H. E. Regina, Sask. Armstrong, Captain N. Armstrong, W. J. Armstrong, Mrs. W. J. Armstrong, Rev. W. L. Atkey, A. Austin. Hugh Toronto 282 Western Av., Toronto 282 Western Av., Toronto 100 Delaware Av., Toronto 125 Cowan Av., Toronto Tillsonburg, Ontario 451 Dominion Alliance St. Pauls Methodist Church Lytle W. C. T. U. Toronto Union Carlisle Methodist Church Social Service Organization rr First Church of Christ, Sci- entist Wychwood W. C. T. U. Willard Union Methodist Church Western W. C. T. U. High Park Baptist Church Broadview Av. Methodist Church Sask. Social Service Council and Prov. W. C. T. U. Centennial Church Dominion Alliance Royal Templars Centennial Meth. Church Dunmead Methodist Church Young Men's Club Austin, J. A. Bailey, Miss Annie Ball, W. H. Bannerman, G. F. Barker, H. W. Barraclough, W. H. Bartar, J. E. Bean, Rev. E. H. Bean, Rev. J. Wesley Beattie, Mrs. Jas. Becker, B. C. H. Becker, Mrs. H. H. Beel, J. P. Beer, C. J. Beese, C. H. Beese, Mrs. C. H. Bell, Mrs. C. J. Benn, Mrs. Agnes Bennett, Rev. J. J. Best, Wm. L. Birchard, Dr. I. J. Birchard, Mrs. I. J. Broadway, Wm. C. Bonsfield, Thos. Bowes, Mrs. Edwin Bouman, J. H. Bowman, Jas. H. Boyd, Rev. Jas. H. Brace, Rev. A. P. Bradley, H. C. Bradley, Mrs. H. C. Brandon, Fred. Bray, Mrs. Erne Bray, G. H. Brillinger, M. A. Brimacombe, Mrs. CANADA (Continued) 1482 Mien St., Toronto 133^5 Woolfrey Av., To- ronto 5 Alhambra Av., Toronto 56 Rose Av., Toronto 137 Confederation Life Bldg., Toronto Lindsay, Ontario Arden, Ontario Elmira, Ontario York, Ontario Toronto, Brighton, Toronto 15 Wuniett Av., Toronto 32 Prust Av., Toronto Toronto 36 Elgin St., Kitchener, Ont. 36 Elgin St., Kitchener, Ont. 2167 Gerrard St., E. To- ronto 133 Winchester St., To- ronto 83 Pendrith St., Toronto Ottawa, Ontario 124 Jameson Av., Toronto 124 Jameson Av., Toronto Toronto Toronto Ingersoll, Ontario Aurora, Ontario London, Ontario Toronto Midland, Ontario Queenston, Ontario Queenston, Ontario Cannington, Ontario 124 First Av., Toronto 124 First Av., Toronto 1162 St. Clair Av., Toronto 108 Kenwood Av., Toronto 452 Royal Templars Orient Division, Sons of Temperance Parkdale Council Victoria College Canadian Congregationalist Cambridge St. Methodist Church General Conference, Evan- gelical Church York Methodist Church Willard Union St. Andrews S. S. W. C. T. U. Local Council Purkdale Baptist Church Dominion Alliance Brotherhood Class W. C. T. U. of East Toronto W. F. M. S. Free Methodist Church Advent Christian Church Dominion Alliance Park Methodist Church Park Methodist Church Parkdale Baptist Church Carlisle Methodist Church Methodist Church Middlesex County Waverly Rd. Baptist Church Methodist Church Queenston and St. David's W. C. T. U. Methodist Church W. F. M. S., Free Methodist Church of N. A. Broadview Free Methodist Church St. Clair Av. Methodist Church St. Clair Av. Meth. Church Bristow, Thos. Britton, Mrs. B. 0. Brown, Mrs. B. H. Brown, Joseph Brown, Mrs. P. A. Brown, Mrs. W. G. Bryce, Rev. Peter Bryson, Mrs. Edward Buchanan, James Buchanan, J. Bulman, J. Bunt, W. H. Bunt, Mrs. W. H. Burch, Rev. A. L. Burkley, Fred Burnett, Rev. H. W. B.D. Burns, Rev. Dr. Robert Burns, Mrs. Wm. H. Burr, C. W. Burton, Henry Burton T. Cameron, Mrs. Cameron, Rev. P. C. Cameron, Mrs. G. Campbell, G. I. Capes, Henry Capman, Joseph Carpentier, J. Carr, Alfred B. C'arr, Mrs. A. B. Carson, J. H. Cart, W. H. Carter, Mrs. B. Carter, Mrs. Chas. Carter, S. J. Carter. Sam CANADA (Continued) Stayner Gananoque, Ontario Box 43, Athens Caledonia 1313 3rd St. East, Owen Sound, Ontario 270 Maclaren St., Ottawa, Ontario 73 Grosvenor St., Toronto Toronto, Ontario 678 Indian Rd., Toronto 1098 Davenport Rd., To- ronto 127 Givens St., Toronto 655 Ossington Av., Toronto 655 Ossington Av., Toronto Scarboro Junction, Ontario R. R. 1 R. R. 2 Dundaa 8 Torrance St., Montreal 5557 Palmerston Av., To- ronto, Ontario Beanerton, Ontario Bloomfield, Ontario Rahiven Av., Toronto ! V 22 Lakeview, Toronto Hamilton. Ontario Orillia, Ontario 24 Atlas Av., Toronto 258 Laura Av. W., Ottawa, Toronto 110 a Campbell Av., Toronto 157 Center Av., Toronto Toronto Blyth, Ontario 460 Union Av., Montreal 1201 4th Av. E., Owen Sound, Ontario 118 Hope Av., Toronto 18 Doncrest Rd., Toronto McGill St., Montreal 245 Dublin St., Guelph 453 Methodist Church W. C. T. U. Athens W. C. T. U. Caledonia Methodist Church W. C. T. U. Dominion W. C. T. U. Social Service Council W. C. T. U. Victoria Church R. Y. of T. Wesley Church Wesley Methodist Church Wesley Methodist Church St. Andrews and Zion Pres- byterian Church Wentworth Co. Province of Quebec Domin- ion Alliance Ontario Royal Templars W T oman's Institute Methodist Sunday School New Era Council Royal Tern, of Temperance New Era Couricil Royal Tern, of Temperance Hamilton District Baptist Church Stevens W. C. T. U. Methodist Church Lambton Co. Executive Seventh Day Adventists Blyth Methodist Church The W. C. T. U. Dominion Alliance Council First Methodist Church and Douglas Mission Gordon Union Riverdale W. C. T. U. Quebec Branch Dominion Al- liance Methodist Social Board Carkiff, Mrs. H. E. Chamberlain, A. Chambers, Mrs. Clark, Miss Clark, Mrs. Joe Clark, S. J. Clark, W. G. Clarke, Mrs. Fred Clarke, Rev. W. G. Cleland, Rev. A. S. Comber, Mrs. Cornell, W. J. Conrad, Rev. W. W. Conway, J. D. Cook, Miss A. Cook, Mrs. J. Cook, Mrs. W. Cooke, Rev. A. E. Cooke, Thomas Cooke, Wilfred Cooper, E. Cooper, A. T. Cotton, Rev. E. T. Cotton, Rev. H. Coyur, Dr. N. S. Cripps, Mr. Arthur R. Cripps, Mrs. Cripps, Mr. Herbert G. Crouch, Mr. Thos. Crow, Mrs. J. J. Cunningham, John Curtis, John K. Dake, Miss S. M. Danard, Mrs. Louis Pavies, Mrs. A. CANADA (Continued) 463 Roxton R., Toronto Toronto 285 Lander, Toronto Brantford R. R. No. 1, Dundalk 104 Anemere Rd., Toronto Fredericton, N. B. 250 Annette St., Toronto Trenton, Ontario Spencerville, Ontario 21 Badgerow Av., Toronto Renfrew City, Ontario Northfield, Ontario Hespeler, Ontario R. R. 5, Bolton, Ontario Markdale, Ontario Richmond Hill, Ontario Vancouver, B. C. Bolton, Ontario, R. R. 5 34 Afton Ave., Toronto Toronto Clinton, Ontario 16 Oshawa, Ontario Copetown, Ontario 241 St. Clair Av. W., To- ronto 788 Dovercourt Rd., Toronto 788 Dovercourt Rd., Toronto 788 Dovercourt Rd., Toronto 663 Dovercourt Rd., Toronto Dundas 25 Murray St., Brantford, Ontario Winchester, Ontario 215 McCaul St., Toronto R. R. 1, Kemble, Ontario 294 Main St., East Toronto 454 Centennial Church Howard Park Brotherhood Women's Institute, Hope- ville St. Paul's Methodist Church N. B. Temperance Alliance W. C. T. U. Wesley Methodist Church Methodist Church Toronto St. John's Lodge, I. O. G. T. Cabden Newington Presbyterian Church Methodist Brotherhood Maeville S. S. Methodist Church Methodist Church B. C. Prohibition Associa- tion Maeville S. S. New Era Council Royal Templars of Temperance Stevens W. C. T. U. Huron County Christian Church Methodist Church Committee Excelsior Sons of Temper- ance Excelsior Sons of Temper- ance Excelsior Sons of Temper- ance Centennial Meth. Church W. C. T. U. and County of Wentworth Dominion Alliance Winchester Meth. Church Knox City Church Woman's Institute East Toronto W. C.'T. U, Day, Mrs. J. H. Delaney, Wm. Dempster, Jas. Denuiss, Mrs. W. C. Denyes, Mrs. Mary B. Depew, Miss M. CANADA (Continued) 407 Spadina Av., Toronto Niagara Falls, Ontario 38 Grove Av., Toronto Bracebridge, Ontario Milton, Ontario 92 Seaton St., Toronto De St. Dalmas, Rev. A. E. 181 Fulton Av., Toronto Detwiler, Mrs. Sara B. Dingham, R. G. Dingham, Mrs. R. G. 105 Queen St. N., Kitch- ener, Ontario 75 Bay St., Toronto Dinsmore, Jonathan Dinwoodie, Mrs. W. A. Disher, Miss Clara Dobson, Rev. Hugh Doran, A. G. Dowling, Jessie Downing, Mrs. Down, Rev. G. W. Drake, Rev. S. R. Drew, Mrs. Jno. Duff, Charles Duke, Mrs. A. L. Dunlop, Rev. T. Dunn, Miss Lottie Dunnet, Alex. Dyson, John T. Edgecombe, Mrs. G. S. Ellison, Rev. H. V. -J Woodlawn Av. West, Toronto Clarksburg 197 Bellmont Av., Ottawa Ridgeway, Ontario 58 Canada Life Bldg., Re- gina, Sask. 27 Homewood Av., Toronto Drayton, Ontario Toronto Oakland, Ontario London, Ontario 129 Dovercourt Rd., Toronto Hamilton, Ontario 259 Avenue Rd., Toronto 12 Northcliffe Blvd., To- ronto 82 Browning Av., Toronto (Hagersville) Toronto 137 Lisgar St., Toronto 126 Remo St., Stratford Ontario Sutton, West Ontario 455 Toronto, St. John's Lodge I. 0. G. T. Methodist Church Wesley Church W. C. T. U. W. C. T. U. New Era No. 8, Royal Tem- plars of Temperance Canadian National W. C. T. U. Broadway Methodist Taber- nacle Ontario Br. Dom. Alliance Ottawa South W. C. T. U. Ridgeway and Crystal Beach (and R. M. M. Church) W. C. T. U. Sask. Social Service Council and Board of Evangelism and Social Service Meth- odist Church Gordon Union Women's Institute Central Union Oakland Methodist Church B. M. E. Church W. C. T. U. Hamilton Temperance Fed- eration New Era Council No. 8, R. T. of T. Eaton Memorial Church Young Women's Central Methodist Hagersville Presbyterian Church Grand Lodge of Canada, I. 0. G. T. Ontario W. C. T. U. Methodist Circuit Emory, Dr. C. V. Eplett, Mrs. L. C. Evans, Rev. J. A. Everest, Jno. W. Fairclough, Mrs. D. J. Faircloth, J. M. Farhall, Mrs. G. Farmer, Rev. S. J. Fell, Fred Ferguson, Rev. H. T. Ferguson, W. C. Ferguson, Mrs. W. C. Ferriss, Mrs. J. A. Fetterly, H. B. Findlay, J. M. Fisher, Mrs. J. H. Fisher, Wallis T. Fitton, Mrs. Jean Flatt, M. C. Fletcher, Mrs. May E. Fockler, Rev. C. E. Ford, Miss Marjory A. Foreman, Rev. A. O. W. Forester, Mrs. J. H. Fortner, Rev. S. J. Fortner, Mrs. E. R. Foster, Mrs. Mary Foster, Mrs. W. A. Fraser, Mrs. A. Freesfane, T. Fussing, Harold Fydell, Rev. L. J. Gant, K. L. Garbe, Mrs. Minnie Gardiner, Rev. P. F. Gardiner, Mrs. P. F. CANADA (Continued) Hamilton Coldwater, Ontario Erin, Ontario 22 Keystone Av., Toronto 214 George St., Hamilton, Ontario 14 Mutual St., Toronto 14 Sorauren Av., Toronto 471 Gilmour St., Ottawa Ontario 233 Pape Av., Toronto Aylmer, Ontario Blackstock, Ontario Blackstock, Ontario 68 Hickson St., Toronto Winchester, Ontario, Toronto 32 Victoria Park Av., To- ronto 65 Pine Crest Rd., Toronto Exeter, Ontario 73 Fairmount Av., Ottawa 490 Crawford St., Toronto Keswick, Ontario 12 Dundonald St., Toronto Bridgeburg 193 Dowling, Toronto Minesing, Ontario Richmond Hill, Ontario Toronto Hillier, Ontario 1 Shanley St., Toronto 95 Parkside Drive, Toronto 6 Durvener St., Montreal, Quebec Millgrove, Ontario Oshawa, Ontario, care of 0. M. College 34 Maitland St., Toronto Pickering,. Ontario Pickering, Ontario 456 Centenary Meth. Church W. C. T. U. Methodist Church East Toronto Union Hamilton Union W. C. T. U. New Era Council No. 8, Royal T. of Temperance Ottawa City Temperance Alliance I. 0. G. T. St. Paul's Church Union Sunday School Union Sunday School Youmans Paul Presbyterian Church St. Columbia Church Toronto W. C. T. U. Dominion Alliance, Ward 7 Exeter Temperance Organi- zation Rosemount Meth. Church Wesley Methodist Church Christian Church Young Women's Christian Association Methodist Church Wesley Church Union Church Church Northern W. C. T. U. Hillier S. S. Sons of Temperance North Parkdale Methodist Church Dominion Alliance, Quebec Branch Wentworth Co. S. Dominion Alliance New Era No. 8, Royal Tem- plars of Temperance St. Andrews Congregation St. Andrews Congregation Garlick, Jas. H. Garner, O. H. Gascorgne, Mrs. W. J. Geggie, Mrs. James Gibson, Tlieron Gilvert, Mrs. N. B. Good, Miss Agnes Gordon, Rev. W. A. Graham, Mrs. C. K. Gray, Dr. Cornelia Graham, Geo. T. Graham, Rev. W. H. Grant, James Grant, Rev. H. R. Gray, Rev. D. Roy Gray, Mrs. H. Gregg, Merritt L. Guthrie, Olive Haight, Mrs. A. E. Hales, James Hall, Rev. Robert Hamilton, W. Hamilton, William Hanna, Mrs. E. Hanna W. Hardy, John A. Harnwell, Rev. H. J. Harnwell, Mrs. H. J. Harris, Miss J. L. F. Hart, Rev. E. I. Hartley, W. J. Harvey, Chas. Haskett, Mrs. Flora Hellyer, Albert Heurstson, Mrs. J. Hiell, Geo. L. Hill, John Hill, Mrs. Walter CANADA (Continued) 13 Yorkville Av., Toronto Welland, Ontario 5 Shanley St., Toronto Montreal, Quebec 12 Richmond St., Toronto Avondale 104 Walter St. S., Kitch- ener, Ontario 571 Gladstone Av., Toronto Toronto 11 Callendar St., Toronto Toronto 725 St. Clair Av., Toronto Scarboro Junction R. R. New Glasgow, N. S. Mount Dennis, Ontario 238 Keele St., Toronto 174 Jameson Av., Toronto 60 McKenzie Cres, Toronto 18 Boswell Av., Toronto 25 Queens Park, Toronto 87 Howard St., Toronto 492 A. Summerhill Ave., Toronto 492 Summerhill Av., To- ronto 134 McGiU St., Toronto Port Carling, Ontario Oakville, Ontario Walkerton, Ontario \Valkerton, Ontario Toronto 757 Upper Lansdowne Av., Westmount, Quebec Milton, Ontario Exeter, Ontario 86 Third Av., Ottawa Toronto 60 Terrace Hill St., Brant- ford, Ontario 82 Manor Rd., Toronto 531 King St., Peterboro, Ont. 138 Inchbury St., Hamil- ton, Ontario 457 G. D. Sons of Temperance Welland County Temperance and Moral Reform League Sons of Temperance Quebec W. C. T. U. Toronto Woman's Missionary Society Pjvangelical Church Independent Order of Rech- abites Stevens Union Toronto District Deer Park Presby. Church St. Clair Meth. Church Zion Presbyterian Church N. S. Social Service Council Mount Dennis Church Dominion W. C. T. U. Parkdale Baptist Church Wesley Church Northern Union License Board, Ontario Toronto City Mission Northern Community Church Community Church Rose- dale Excelsior Division No. 28 Methodist Church Oakville Methodist Church Walkerton Meth. Church W. C. T. U. Ontario Alliance Executive Quebec Prohibition Com- mittee Methodist Church Dominion Alliance Glebe W. C. T. U. Kenilworth Baptist Church Brantford Union Deer Park Preby. Church Dominion Alliance Hamilton Union W. C. T. U. Hillock, Mrs. C. W. Hipwell, Mrs. J. H. Hislop, Miss Margaret Hopper, K. P. Howey, Dr. R. Hugh, Wm. J. Hughes, Mrs. Salina Hugo, Thos. Hunter, Miss S. A. Irwin, Mrs. H. E. Irwin, Rev. W. S. Jardine, Mrs. A. E. Jewet, Mrs. Jno. Johnson, Rev. F. Johnston, Grace Johnston, Rev. J. H. Johnston, Mrs. J. W. Johnston, J. 0. Jones, Mrs. T. R. Joselin, Mr. E. J. Judson, Mrs. M. B. Kerr, J. H. S. Kerr, Mrs. J. H. S. Kerr, Mrs. W. J. Kettlewell, Rev. W. Kilpatrick, Ed. King, Rev. Norman Kinsey, S. G. Kitchen, Mrs. E. M. Knapman, Annie A. Lament, Hector Latter, Rev. A. P. Latter, Mrs. A. P. Lawrence, Calvin Lawrence, Geo. J^ees, Geo. H. CANADA (Continued) 95 St. Leonards Av., To- ronto 21 St. Joseph St., Toronto Stratford, Ontario 160 Mavety St., Toronto Owen Sound, Ontario Golden Lake, Ontario Brockville, Ontario 23 Wallace Av., Toronto 157 Elizabeth St., Orange- ville, Ontario 332 Palmerston Blvd., To- ronto Downsview, Ontario Cornwall, Ontario 12 Furness Av., Toronto Lindsay, Ontario 304 Salem Av., Toronto Essex, Ontario 234 Hillsdale Av. E., To- ronto 63 Mimico Av., Mimico, On- tario 95 St. Leonards Av., To- ronto 45 Charles St., Toronto Napanee, Ontario 44 Blythwood Rd., Toronto 44 Blythwood Rd., Toronto 18 Enderby Rd., Toronto 203 Fern Av. } Toronto 496 Spadina Av., Toronto Espanola, Ontario 14 Fifth St., Chatham, Ont. Waterford, Ontario 303 Lauder Av., Toronto Collingwood, Ontario Mount Forest, Ontario Mount Forest, Ontario 116 Lisgar St., Ottawa, Ont. Clarkson, Ontario Hamilton, Ontario 458 Bascom Union Willard Union W. C. T. U. High Park Av. Methodist First Methodist Church Evangelical Church W. C. T. U. Dominion Alliance Duffern Women's Institute Ontario W. C. T. U. Methodist Church Cornwall Union W. C. T. U. W. C. T. U. Cambridge Meth. Church Sons of Temperance Grace Methodist Church North Toronto Union Methodist Church Toronto District W. C. T. U. Northern Community Church, Rosedale Grace S. S., Methodist N. Toronto W. C. T. U. Scarboro Junction Woman's Institute Royal Templars of Temper- ance Broadway Methodist Church United Church Park St. Methodist Church W. C. T. U. Wychwood Union Simcoe Temperance Alliance Methodist Church Methodist Church B. of L. E. Community Church Hamilton Temperance Fed- eration Lees, Mrs. Geo. H. .Legate, Lanna F. Lennox, Mrs. W. Lewis, Miss Nellie M. Lethbridge, J. G. Leuhner, Mrs. Little, Miss J. A. Lindsay, Jas. .Ldngenfelter, Mrs. A. D. Locke, Mrs. J. F. Logan, F. H. Lowrey, Mrs. D. Lowry, Francis P. Lowry, Rev. J. W. S. Lyle, A. H. Lyle, Mrs. A. H. Lynd, Rev. G. W. Lynn, J. Melville McAuslan, Miss Janet L. MacCallum, Miss E. P. McCarthy, Helena A. McClellan, Mrs. L. L. McClelland, Miss S. McConachie, Jas. A. McCrum, Mr. H. MacDonald, Mrs. J. McDuffee, J. F. MacGregor, Mrs. J. F. McGuire, B. Mclntosh, Duncan Mclntosh, W. Mclrvine, Rev. C. L. Mclvor, Rev. J. G. McKee, Miss Maud M. McKinley, Mrs. CANADA (Continued) Hamilton, Ontario Goodwood, Ontario 778 Shaw St., Toronto 440 Gladstone Av., Toronto Glencoe, Ontario Newtonville, Ontario Rockwood, Ontario f Caledonia, Ontario 10 A. Albany Av., Toronto 16 Roslin Av., Toronto Logan, Ontario 02 Delaware Av., Toronto Franktown, Ontario Franktown, Ontario Royal Templar Bldg., Ham- ilton, Ontario Hamilton, Ontario Milton, Ontario R. R. 3, Owen Sound, On- tario Thornbury, Ontario 2 Toronto St., Toronto 133V 3 Woolfrey Av., To- ronto 314 High Park Av., Toronto 114 Carlton St., Toronto Hagersville, Ontario 114 Ann St., Carlton, Ont. 35 Pembroke St., Toronto Oakville, Ontario 237 Berch Av., Balmy Beach, Toronto The Banner, Orangeville Fesserton, Ontario Petrolia, Ontario 273 Ellice Av., Winnipeg, Manitoba Dalhousie Mills, Ontario 389 Block Av., North Bay, Ontario 323 Main St., Toronto 459 W. C. T. U. Dominion Alliance Bathurst W. C. T. U. Ontario Religious Education Council Presbyterian Church Dominion Alliance W. C. T. U. and Presbyte- rian Church Unity Church Central Union North Toronto Stevens Union St. Pauls Presby. Church Lanark County Branch of the Dominion Alliance Hamilton Temperance Fed- eration Royal Templars of Temper- ance Methodist Church Kilsyth Presby. Church Gospel Workers Social Service Council of Canada Orient Division Sons of Temperance Gordon Union Oneida Presbyterian Church Carlton County Sherborne Union Methodist Church Beaches Branch W. C. T. U. Dominion Alliance Presbyterian Church Lambton Co. Grace Methodist Church Ontario W. C. T. U. Bascom Union W. C. T. U. McLaehlan, D. N. McLaehlan, G. E. McLaehlan, Mrs. G. E. McLaren, Gertrude McLaren, Mrs. H. M. } Sr. McLaughlin, R. J. McLeod, Rev. J. P. MacLeod, Rev. Ronald McMahon, Mrs. T. F. McMann, Mrs. MacMartin, Mrs. P. A. McMillan, W. M. McNab, Rev. VVm. McNeil, Joseph McNichol, Rev. C. J. McPherson, Allan McPherson, E. W. McQuade, Rev. G. C. R. MacRaw, Rev. Don. N. McVagh,~C. F. Macdonald, George Malcolm, H. Malcolm, Thos. Mann, Fred Manning, Phebe D. Manser, R. Manser, Mrs. R. Marsden, Mrs. Marshall, Rev. A. E. Marshall, Mrs. W. J. Martin, Mrs. C. Martin, John Martin, Rev. W. M. Maynard, B. D. Maynard, Mrs. B. D. Maynard, Geo. Maynard, Lloyd Mees, Wm. CANADA (Continued) 278 Keewatin Av., Toronto 98 East Av. So., Hamilton, Ontario 98 East Av. S., Hamilton, Ontario Belfountain, Ontario Port Elgin, Ontario 120 Bay St., Toronto Brussells, Ontario Toronto Richmond Hill, Ontario 4 Hillingdon Av., Toronto Vernon, Ontario 1087 Queen St. W., To- ronto Midland, Ontario Chesley, Ontario Clarksburg, Ontario Longford Mills, Ontario Orillia, Ontario Bloomfield, Ontario Mount Forest, Ontario Oshawa, Ontario Knox College, Toronto Locust Hill, Ontario Holywood, Ontario Brantford, Ontario 156 Mavety St., Toronto 152 Macdonell Av., Toronto 152 Macdonell Av., Toronto 1 Lappin Av., Toronto Tillsonburg, Ontario 190 Jameson Av., Toronto 126 Armstrong Av., Toronto Scarboro Junction, Ontario, Trenton, Ontario Dundas, Ontario Dundas, Ontario Dundas, Ontario Dundas, Ontario 20 Hammersmitli Av., To- ronto 460 Presbyterian Church of Canada First Methodist Church Hamilton Union W. C. T. U. Women's Institute W. C. T. U. E. Dominion Alliance Melville Church Rosedale Community Church Methodist Church East Toronto W. C. T. U. Dalmeny Institute Royal Templars of Temper- ance Knox Presbyterian Church Temperance Union Gospel Workers' Church Longford W. C. T. U. The Methodist Church Westminster Presbyterian Church Seventh Day Adventists Sons of Temperance Lodge 104 Presbyterian Church Kin- loug Colborn St. Meth. Church Friends Church Parkdale Presby. Church Parkdale Presby. Church Youmaris Union Q. 0. B. and Church Parkdale Union Parkdale, No. 11 Zion Presbyterian Church St. Andrews Church Wentworth Co. Wentworth Co. Wentworth Co. Wentworth County Ontario Grand Division Sons of Temperance Meigh, S. Miller, Miss E. M. Miller, Mrs. L. L. Mills, Alex. Mills, Joseph Mills, Mrs. Sarah Milne, Mrs. A. Minehan, Rev. L. Mollison, Miss Montgomery, D. G. CANADA (Continued) 162 Greenlaw Av., Toronto Toronto 232 Symington Av., Toronto 100 Inglewood Drive, To- ronto 84 University Av., Toronto Blythe, Ontario 92 Seaton St., Toronto 266 Roncesvalles Av., To- ronto Toronto 306 Duvie St., Toronto Moore, Rev. H. D. Springford, Ontario Moore, T. Albert 518 Wesley Bldg., Toronto Morris, Rev. J. T. Cosgy 80 Askin St., London Morris, T. S. Hamilton, Ontario Morrow, Rev. C. R. Hamilton, Ontario Moyle, Henry Munro, Mrs. Murray, Mrs. Nash, Mrs. C. C. Newcombe, Mrs. H. P. Newman, Mrs. S. H. Nisbet, Thos. Noble, A. M. O'Brien, W. J. Ormsby, Mrs. A. B. Orr, Wm. H. Orr, W. J. Otton, Rev. C. C. Oxley, R. W. Pady, Rev. W. J. Parliament, Mrs. J. H. Parrott, William A. Pascoe, G. R. Pater son, T. A. Richmond Hill, Ontario 52 Givens St., Toronto 169 Arlington Av., Toronto Kingston, Ontario Canning, Nova Scotia Owen Sound, Ontario Oakville, Ontario 173 Macdonell Av., Toronto 187 Mutual St., Toronto Mimico Beach, Ontario 533 Sherbourne St., Toronto 24 Garfield Av., N. Hamil- ton, Ontario Kettleby, Ontario Glencoe, Ontario St. George Ontario 17 Marchmount Rd., To- ronto 572 Bloor St. W., Toronto 27 Harvard Av., Toronto Agincourt, Ontario 461 Parkdale, Royal Templars of Temperance, No. 11 Methodist Youmans W. C. T. U. Vice-President Dominion Al- liance Church of Christian Broth- erhood W. C. T. U. St. Vincent de Paul Church Christian Endeavor Parkdale Council No. 11, R. T. of T. Baptist Church The Methodist Church Askin St. Methodist First Methodist Church Tragina Ave. Methodist Church Richmond Hill Farmers' As- sociation Bascom Union W. C. T. U. St. Clair Methodist W. C. T. U. W. C. T. U. First Meth. Sunday School Golden Rule Council No. 60, R. T. of T. Dovercourt Lodge No. 49 R. T. of T. Toronto Christian Science Church The Dominion Alliance, Livingston Meth. Church Methodist Church Presbyterian Church Baptist Church St. George Catholic T. S. and D. A. Canadian Brotherhood St. Andrews Presbyterian Church Patterson, Mrs. Jas. ^jfcjj Paull, Arthur C. Teach, Rev. J. W. Peake, L. C. Peake, A. A. Pearen, Mrs. Pearson, B. D. Pearson, Mrs. Harold Pell, Mrs. Pellow, W. T. Pentland, Rev. S. V. R. Percy, Mrs. John Pescott, Rev. W. E. Philip, Rev. Joseph Philip, Mrs. S. C. Phipps, Mrs. A. L. Port, Mrs. M. E. Potter, Mrs. Ada Potter, Rev. J. G. Powers, Mrs. Ada L. Pridham, Mrs. W. T. Pringle, Mrs. Pritchard, Rev. H. J. Puddy, Mrs. E. Pubsley, Mrs. Will Quinton, W. G. Rae, Rev. F. Rae, Mrs. Frank Railton, Rev. R. E. ttaymer, D. W. Ray nor, T. G. Mrs. S. G. Reddick, Mrs. D. Reedy, Geo. Reid, Rev. J. Calvin CANADA (Continued) 81 Colborne St., Hamilton, I Ontario 105 Jameson Av., Toronto Hannon, Ontario 205 Madison Av., Toronto 205 Madison Av., Toronto Toronto 211 Lauder Av., Toronto 67 Rosemount Av., Toronto 52 Lonsdale Rd., Toronto Goderich, Ontario Ravenswood, Ontario Sutton, Ontario Kitchener, Ontario 55. Fairholt Rd., Hamilton, Ontario Toronto Richmond Hill, Ontario 1201 4th Av. E., Owen Sound, Ontario Wardsville, Ontario 400 Outremont Av., Mont- real, Quebec Lunenburg, Nova Scotia 11 Callander St., Toronto 128 St. Helena Av., Toronto 91 Dearbourne Av., Toronto 554 Lansdowne Av., Toronto 126 Yorkville Ave., Toronto Toronto Unionville, Ontario Unionville, Ontario The Manse Plattsville, Ontario Mt. Joy, Ontario 15 Regent St., Ottawa, Ont. 14 Dufferin Av., Brantford, Ontario 114 Hazelton Av., Toronto 152 Madison Av., Toronto 547 Wellington St., Ottawa, Ontario 462 Central W. C. T. U. The Toronto City Mission West Ontario Conference First Methodist Church St. Pauls Methodist Church W. C. T. U. Trinity Methodist Church St. Pauls Methodist Church St. Clair Avenue Methodist Church Lytle W. C. T. U. North St. Church Sutton W. C. T. U. Trinity Methodist Church Hamilton W. C. T. 13. Woman's Institute W. M. S. of Owen Sound W. C. T. U. Anti-Liquor League of Mont- real N. S. W. C. T. U. S. Parkdale Union Youmans Pres. Board of Home Mis- sions and Social Service Youmans W. C. T. U. Ontario W. C. T. U. Presbyterian Church The Unionville Woman's In- stitute Plattsville and Washington Mennonite Brethren in Christ , Ottawa Temperance Alliance Brant County W. C. T. U. Northern W. C. T. U. Western Methodist Church Richards, Mrs. J. Richardson, Miss Anne Richardson, Mrs. Jessie Richardson, J. W. Richardson, Mrs. J. W. Risdon, Mrp. T. Robertson, Mr. H. S. Robinson, A. E. Robinson, Mrs. A. E. Robinson, F. Robinson, J. Beverly Roche, Rev. Henry Rock, Mrs. Rocklin, Mr. Harry Rodgers, Rev. Thos. A. Rogers, Mrs. J. H. Rosebrugh, Fred Roulston, Mrs. T. Rowand, Miss Jean T. Rowe, R. J. Roy, Louis E. Rugg, Mrs. Christina Rugg, Miss L. Runnells, Rev. A. E. Rush, Mrs. Russell, Joseph Rutherford, Mrs. Annie Rutherford, C. F. Rymal, Mrs. Sager, John , Sanders, Rev. Wm., Rural Dean Sanderson, Mrs. A. R. Sanderson, Mrs. CANADA (Continued) ,301 Lonsdale Rd., Toronto 279 Main St. East, Hamil- ton, Ontario 164 Roxton Rd., Toronto Caledonia, Ontario Caledonia, Ontario 448 Ontario St., Toronto Stafford, Ontario 96 Elmwood Av., Toronto 96 Elmwood Av., Toronto 94 Elmwood Av., Toronto 215 Glendonwynne Rd., To- ronto 117 Hunter St., Hamilton, Ontario 1351% Queen St. West, To- ronto Toronto 12 Simpson Av., Toronto Toronto St. George, Ontario 84 Balmoral Av., Toronto Walkerton, Ontario Newcastle, Ontario R. R. 2, Mansonville, On- tario 324 Harvie Av., Toronto 324 Harvie Av., Toronto 2015 Hutchison St., Mont- real 30 Vulhallen, Toronto Mt. Forest, Ontario 1383 King St. West, To- ronto 488 Clinton St., Toronto Pretoria Av., Toronto Tweed, Ontario 163 Grey Av., Montreal Cannington, Ontario 90 St. Clarens, Toronto 463 Toronto W. C. T. U. Centenary Church Sons of Temperance Caledonia Methodist Church Caledonia Methodist Church Northern Union Grand Lodge I. 0. G. T. I. 0. R., Earlscourt Branch I. 0. G. T. Third Church of Christ Sci- entist Parkdale Union Presbyterian Church Kings Daughters, Loving Helpers' Circle Baptist S. S. Gordon Union Walkerton's Women's Insti- tute Durham County Brown County W. C. T. U. I. 0. G. T., Caledonia Lodge No. 22 I. 0. G. T., Caledonia Lodge No. 22 Anti-Alcoholic League Beaches Union Presbyterian Church Alliance Executive New Era Council No. 8, R. T. of T. Eastern Union Methodist Church Quebec Branch of Dominion Alliance Methodist Church Youmans Paul Savage, W. S. Savage, Mrs. M. S. Schell, Mr. J. H. Schell, Mrs. J. H. Selwood, Mrs. C. Shaver, Zella G. Sheppard, Rev. E. CANADA (Ccmtmued) Oakville, Ontario 355 Crawford St., Toronto R. R. No. 8, Woodstock R. R. No. 8, Woodstock 476 Grace St., Toronto 179 Westminster Av., To- ronto Thorold, Ontario Shirk, Mrs. Magdalena Waterloo, Ontario Silcox, Rev. E. D. Simpson, James Simpson, W. H. Sinclair, Mrs. Smallfield, W. E. Smith, Rev. A. A. Smith, Rev. A. L. Smith, J. A. Smith, Mrs. J. A. Smith, J. Willard Smith, Mrs. J. Willard Smith, Mrs. Osborne Smyth, Robert James South, Rev. W. C. Spence, Rev. Ben H. Speer, Rev. J. C. Stacey, Mrs. A. M. Stavert, Rev. R. Hensley Starr, Mrs. R. A. Stevens, Mrs/Hattie A. Stewart, Alex. Stewart, Mrs. Stewart, W. J. Stickle, Mrs. A. W. Stillman, Rev. R. F. Stray, F. W. Stuart, Mrs. Colin Sutherland, Capt. G. Tackaberry, Miss S. 4 Sussex Av., Toronto 91 Indian Rd., Toronto R. R. No. 4 Brantford, On- tario 60 Balsom Av., Toronto 91 Wellesley St., Toronto Gravenhurst, Ontario 49 Alberta Av., Toronto 572 St. Claren Av., Toronto 572 St. Claren Av., Toronto St. Johns, New Brunswick St. Johns, New Brunswick 104 Eighth Av., Toronto 28 King St. East, Kitch- ener, Ontario 67 Alma St., Kitchener, Ont 24 Bloor St. East, Toronto Dundas, Ontario Creemore, Toronto Hunters River, P. E. I. Newmarket, Ontario 94 Cowan Av., Toronto 16 Bernard Av., Toronto Weston, Ontario Regina, Saskatchewan 199 Howard Park Av., To- ronto Omemee, Ontario Oshawa, Ontario Osgoode Station, Ontario 2 Butternut Ave., Toronto i Box 512 Merlin, Ontario 464 Oakville Methodist Church Prov. Ex. Committee East Oxford Prohibition As- sociation Eastwood Methodist Church W. C. T. U. W. C. T. U. Thorold Methodist Church U. B. Church, Kitchener W. C. T. U. Congregational Union of Canada Provincial Executive Bethel S. S., Burford Beaches 'The Pioneer" Presbyterian Church St. Clair Methodist arman Church arman Church N". B. Temperance Alliance N. B. Temperance Alliance East Toronto W. C. T. U. Kitchener Trinity Methodist S. S. U. B. Church Dominion Alliance Dundas Methodist Church County Sincoe W. C. T. U. P. E. I. Temperance Alliance Newmarket W. C. T. U. Parkdale Methodist Church [. 0. G. T. Social Service Council of Saskatchewan The Beaches Union Methodist Church S. D. A. Church Dalmeny Institute North Broadway Presl rian Church Methodist Taylor, Mrs. Broadbent Taylor, Mrs. C. Taylor, C. F. Taylor, Mrs. E. E. Taylor, Mrs. R. Taylor, T. P. Taylor, W. Ternay, Rev. Judson Terryberry, Mrs. M. Thomas, Miss Victoria Thompson, Mrs. Thompson, Everett Thompson, Mrs. Everett Thornton, Miss A. I. Thornton, C. J. Tice, Wm. A. Tiffin, E. Timmons, Mrs. Tinney, J. S. Tinney, Mrs. J. S. Trenholm, W. A. Tucker, S. T. Turner, J. H. Van Blancom, P. Vokes, Miles Wade, R. H. Walker, J. Frank Wallace Samuel Wallace, Rev. W. W. Walls, Miss Alice E. Wallerhouse, Mrs. D. Walton, J. M. Waneer, S. R. Ward, Mrs. F. C. Watson, Mrs. Donald Way, F. A. Weber, C. S. Weber, Miss Nellie Wellwood, Mrs. G. A. CANADA (Continued) 81 Belhaven Rd., Toronto 642 Rhodes Ave., Toronto Toronto Box 575, Bracebridge, Ont. Toronto 299 Queen West, Toronto 244 St. George St., Toronto Grand Valley, Ontario Leamington, Ontario 124 Grace St., Toronto 550 Perth Av., Toronto 25 Mt. Kenzie Cres., To- ronto 25 Mt. Kenzie Ores., Toronto Orono, Ontario Orono, Ontario 172 Roxton Rd., Toronto 80 Howard Pk. Av., Toronto 90 Cowan Av., Toronto Oakwood, Ontario Oakwood, Ontario, R. R. 2 155 Arlington Av., Toronto Willbrook, Ontario Box 29, Oakville, Ontario 1212 Melbourne Av., Toronto 40 Queen St. East, Toronto 20 Charles St., London, On- tario Hamilton, Ontario 197 Beatrice St., Toronto 49 Belvedere Av., Toronto 229 Carlton St., Toronto Toronto Aurora, Ontario Port Dover, Toronto 95 Spadina Rd., Toronto Roseview Ave., Richmond Hill, Ontario Beaverton, Ontario Waterloo, Ontario 83 William St., Waterloo, Ont. Kamloops, B. C. 465 East Toronto W. C. T. U. Riverdale W. C. T. U. Advent Christian Church W. C. T. U. East Toronto W. C. T. U. Ontario Religious Education Council Christian Science Monitor Methodist Church W. C. T. U. Youmans W. C. T. U. Wesley Methodist Church Orono Methodist Church Sons of Temperance W. C. T. U. Methodist Church IBM St. Clair Av. Men's Asso- ciation, Methodist Methodist Church R. T. of T. Empress Avenue Methodist Church Livingston Meth. Church Cooke's Church Methodist Church Free Methodist W. F. M. S. W. C. T. U. Grand Division Sons of Tem- perance of Ontario W. C. T. U. Richmond Hill W. C. T. U. Evangelical Church Selkirk Thompson, Obema- gen District, B. C. Wellwood, Rev. H. E. Werry, Milton J. Werry, Mrs. M. J. Western, Mrs. E. Wheeler, Mrs. E. Whitman, Mrs. 0. C. Williams, Rev. Dr. Williamson, Miss B. C. Williamson, Miss H. B. Williamson, J. S. Willis, R. F. Willmot, Theo. Willmot, Mrs. Theo. M. Willoughby, Mrs. C. C. Willson, Frank B. Wilson, Geo. L. Wilson, J. Maconkey Wilson, Rev. W. D. Winter, F. W. Winberborn, E. J. Woods, J. J. Woolley, W. A. Wright, A. W. Wright, Mrs. A. W. Wright, E. E. Wright, Mrs. Gordon Wright, Mrs. J. R. Wrigley, Mrs. S. E. Wright, Mrs. T. H. Yates, Mrs. Wm. Young, Geo. Young, Rev. W. Zurbrigg, J. M. CANADA (Continued) Barrie, Ontario Tyrone, Ontario Tyrone, Ontario Newmarket, Ontario 7 Prince Rupert Av., To- ronto Toronto 115 Wellesley Crescent, To- : ronto 21 Suffolk Place, Toronto 21 Suffolk Place, Toronto 68 Pleasant Blvd., Toronto Uxbridge, Ontario Orillia, Ontario Orillia, Ontario Keswick, Ontario Thorold, Ontario Globe Office, Toronto Calgary, Alberta Fredericton, New Bruns- wick 350 St. Clair Av. W., To- ronto 120 Ellsworth Av., Toronto Hanover, Ontario Wilsonville, Ontario 84 Durie St., Toronto 84 Durie St., Toronto Quebec Avenue, Toronto London, Ontario 1372 Queen St., Toronto 526 Markham St., Toronto 291 Slocan St., Vancouver, B. C. 130 St. Helena Av., Toronto Scarboro Junction, Ontario R. R. 1 60 Lindsay Av., Toronto New Hamburg, Ontario 466 Collier St. Methodist Church Tyrone Methodist Church Methodist Church Presbyterian Church W. C. T. U. Willing Circle of King's Daughters Sherborne St. Methodist Church Central Union Central W. C. T. U. Ontario B. Dominion Alli- ance North Ontario National Divisions of North America Sons of Temper- ance W. C. T. U. W. C. T. U. Beaverdams Sabbath School Broadway Methodist Taber- nacle Alberta Social Service New Brunswick Temperance Alliance W. M. S. St. Clair Metho- dist M. E. Church Methodist Church Carmen Church Carmen Church High Park Meth. Church Canadian National W. C. T. U. Queen St. E. W. C. T. U. Central W. C. T. U. President B. C. W. C. T. U. Youmans St. Andrews Presbyterian Church Methodist Church Evangelical Sunday School McTavish, W. Djang, William B. Jones, Edith Frances Dussan, Ricardo Prada-Garcia, Carlos Halko, John Larsen-Ledet, Lars Prior, Dagmar Conde, Rev. Maximo F. Baird, Mary E. Hellicar, Mrs. Horsfall, Dr. Alfred H. Martin, Win. Penn, Mrs. E. E. Saleeby, Dr. C. W. Slack, Miss Agnes E. Stuart, Rev. Wilson Wilkinson, Miss L. Wilson, George B. CHILE ' 34 Ross St., Toronto Chilean League of Social Hygiene CHINA University College, Toronto Kaifeng, Honan, China W. F. M. S., Free Methodist Church COLOMBIA 66 Chittenden Av., Colum- bus, Ohio 1035 S. Main St., Ann Ar- bor, Mich. CZECHO-SLOVAKIA Granville, Ohio DENMARK Aarhus, Denmark I. 0. G. T., Grand Lodge of Denmark Lundsgade 7, Copenhagen, W. C. T. U. Denmark DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Greenville College, Green- ville, 111. EGYPT Allerton, Iowa Missionary ENGLAND 47 Woodberry Grove, Lon- National British Women's don Temperance Association 71 Cornhill, London, E. C. 3 United Kingdom Alliance Lake Road, Ambleside, England 12 Fortescue Rd., Bourne- National British Women's j mouth, England Temperance Association 13 Greville Place, London, Strength of Britain Move- N. W. 6 ment and National Com- mercial Temp. League Ripley, Derbeyshire, Eng- National British Women's i land Temperance Association Ratheny, Clifford Rd., New Midland Temperance Union, Barnet, London, England England, Ulster Temper- ance Council, Ireland 69 Fleet Street, London World League Against Al- coholism, London Office 1 Victoria St., Westminster, United Kingdom Alliance London, S. W. 467 ESTHONIA Emits, Villem University of Tartu, Es- Esthonian Temp. League and thonia Esthonian Temp. Students' Society FINLAND Rauanheimo, Mrs. Betty Hoopersville, Md. Rauanheimo, Akseli Hoopersville, Md. Kieltolakilutte (The Prohi- bition League of Finland) FORMOSA Kaku, Mathew Morgan Hall, Auburn Theo- logical Seminary, Auburn, N. Y. FRANCE Cauvin, Gustave 14 Place Jean Mace, Lyon, Ligue Populaire Anti- France alcoolique Gallienne, Rev. Georges 53 bis, Rue St. Lazare, Paris La Croix Bleue, Espoir and Ligue Nationale centre 1'Alcoolisme GEORGIA (Caucasia) Kvaratzkhelia, P. D. 302 College Av., Utijca, N. Y. GERMANY Blucher, Miss Gustel von Liebigstr. 22, Dresden, Ger- German Woman's Christian many Temperance Union Kuppersbusch, Dr. Marta Mainjerstr. 66-4, Koln, Ger- Woman's Christian Temper- many ance Union Lohmann, Wilhelmina Roonstrasse 5, Bielefeld, Woman's Christian Temper- Germany ance Union Strecker, Dr. Remhard Darmstadt, Germany Committee for Prohibition in Germany Strecker, Tilde Darmstadt, Germany Committee for Prohibition in Germany GUIANA (British) Osborn, Mrs. May Georgetown, Demerara, British Guiana HAWAII Hamilton, John A. Honolulu, T. H. Anti-Saloon League of Ha- waii HINDUSTAN Husain, S. F. 410 E. Liberty St., Ann Ar- bor, Mich. HUNGARY Gogolyak, John G. Granville, Ohio 468 Campbell, Miss Mary J. Felt, Rev. F. R. Lawson, Miss Anne E. Niyogi, Jnananjan Sahni, Jogendra N. "Sinha, Tarini Prasad Clow, Mrs. Emily Moffat Lancione, Vincent Lombardy, Ernest O. Brandon, Dudley A. P. Hayashi, Miss Uta Kawamata, Guchi Kubashiro, Mrs. 0. Park, Fred M. Clip, Hi Yum Kim, Kwan Sik Kempels, Gustav Brown, Philip K. INDIA Lucknow Jubbulpore, India Mussoorie 84 Upper Circle Rd., Cal- cutta Rm. 219, S. Ingalls St., Ann Arbor, Mich. 33 Victoria Gardens, Ben- ares City IRELAND Feddal House, Portadown ITALY Wesleyan University, Dela- ware, Ohio Ohio Wesleyan University, 12 Montrose St., Dela- ware, Ohio JAMAICA (B. W. I.) 198 De Graves St., Toronto, Canada JAPAN Osaka, Japan Japan Tokyo, Japan JUGO-SLAVIA 5558 University Av., Chi- cago, 111., U. S. A. KOREA Hong-Kong, Korea Knox College, Galesburg, 111., U. S. A. LATVIA Gertrud Str. 23, Riga, Latvia LIBERIA Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio 469 President National W. C. T. U. of India Board of Prohibition and Public Morals, M. E. Church in Southern Asia W. C. T. U. of India Calcutta Temp. Federation, Anglo-Indian Temp. Ass'n National League for Prohi- bition of Drink and Drug Traffic in India and An- glo-Indian Temp. Ass'n Ulster Women's Temperance Association, Ulster Tem- perance Council, Irish Temperance League National W. C. T. U. National W. C. T. U. National W. C. T. U. Latvian Anti-Alcohol So- ciety LITHUANIA Salk, Miss Senirer 863 N. Sacramento Blvd., Chicago, 111. MACEDONIA Petrogannis, K. Y. 25 Wyatt Av., Toronto, Ontario MEXICO Pascoe, Rev. J. N., B.D. Colegio "Roberts," Saltillo, Coah, Mexico Perez, Rafael 2231 Creighton Av., Cleve- land, Ohio Vargas, E. B. Palmore College, Apartado 50, Chihuahua, Mexico NEWFOUNDLAND Benedict, Mrs. James S. St. Johns, Newfoundland W. C. T. U. Johnston, Mrs. David St. Johns, Newfoundland W. C. T. U. and Colony of Newfoundland NORWAY Ostlund, Rev. David H. Stockholm, Sweden Ostlund, Mrs. David H. Stockholm, ' Sweden PERU Escobar, Juan A. Lewis Institute, Chicago 2715 W. Congress St., Chi- cago, 111. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Sapao, Miss Leodegaria 70 W. Park St., Westerville Ohio PORTO RICO Monitar, Juan F. Defiance College, Defiance, Ohio ROUMANIA Jones, V. M. Denison University, Gran- ville, Ohio Prie, Adam A. Box 13, Mt. Union Station, Alliance, Ohio RUSSIA Strelecki, Chester J. Baldwin-Wallace College, Berea, Ohio SCOTLAND Barbour, Mrs. Dumfries, Scotland British Women's Temper- ance Ass'n, Scotland Barton, Mrs. Helen Helenslea, Prestwick British Women's Temper- ance Ass'n, Scotland Darling, Miss Jane 21 Waterloo Place, Edin- British Women's Temper- burgh, Scotland ance Ass'n, Scotland 470 Duncan, G. Campbell Gillespie, Jas. Stirling Milne, Mrs. G. C. Milne, Rev. Geo. C. Munro, Robt. A. Sinclair, Miss G. D. Smith, Rev. J. Cromarty Spalding, H. C. Wilson, Mary Pauvedya, Mr. Nitya Lavrov, Sergey Broderick, Sylvester Albricias, Rev. F. G. Ostlund, Rev. David Ostlund, Mrs. David Fokkert, Otto Hercod, Dr. R. Feizy, H. S. Pivovaroff, John SCOTLAND (Continued) Bathgate, Scotland Rothesay, 'Scotland Woodside Manse, Aberdeen, Scotland Woodside Manse, Aberdeen, Scotland St. Ronans, Lenzie, Scot- land 5 Tolbooth Lane, Wick, Scotland Glasgow Wick, Scotland Glasgow, Scotland SIAM 279 Madison Av., Albany, N. Y. SIBERIA Albion College, Albion, Mich. SIERRA LEONE Otterbein College, Wester- ville, Ohio SPAIN Alicante, Spain SWEDEN Gamla Brog. 32, Stockholm, Sweden Gamla Brog. 32, Stockholm, Sweden SWITZERLAND 216 Douglas Av., Fort Wayne, Ind. Avenue Ed. Dapples 5, Lausanne, Switzerland TURKEY 203 N. Seventh St., Ann Arbor, Mich. UKRANIA Baldwin-Wallace College, Berea, Ohio 471 Commercial Travellers' Tern erance Union, Glasgow Scottish Temp. and. No-Li cense Union British Women's Temper ance Ass'n, Scotland Scottish Permissive Bill and Temperance Association Scottish Temperance and No-License Union British Women's Temper- ance Ass'n, Scotland Scottish Temperance and No-License Union Anti-Saloon League of Sweden Anti-Saloon League of Sweden Young People's Temperance Education, Switzerland President, World League Against Alcoholism van Graan, H. S. UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA Champaign, Ilinois UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Delegates Appointed by Governor of Alabama Champion, Ira, Montgomery Comer, Hugh, Sylacauga Gamble, Rev. E. W., Selma Hackworth, Judge J. B., Scottsboro Hankins, Mrs. J. M., Birmingham Jackson, F. M., Birmingham Jeffries, Mrs. W. H., Birmingham Delegates Appointed by Governor of Arkansas Morris, M. E., Birmingham Musgrove, J. B., Jasper Ratliff, P. C., Birmingham Stuart, Rev. George R., Birmingham Stockham, W. H., Birmingham Tompkins, 0. L., Dothan Brough, Hon. Chas. H., Little Rock Donaghey, Hon. Geo. W., Little Rock Kemper, Rev. Paul E., Little Rock McDonald, Hon. A. C., Fort Smith Millar, Dr. A. C., Little Rock Reynolds, Pres. J. H., Con way Rowden, Hon. Thad. W., Little Rock Sloan, Hon. Clay, Black Rock Dillon, Mrs. W. E. Finch, Rev. A. J. Abrahamson, Alfred Coffin, George H., Jr. Hohenthal, E. L. G. Thornburg, Col. Geo., Little Rock Tillman, Congressman Jno. N., Fayette- ville Tompkins, Hon. W. V., Prescott Wade, Hon. Jno. W., Little Rock Wadley, Hon. J. L., Texarkana Williams, Pres. J. M., Searcy Workman, Pres. J. M., Arkadelphia Delegates from Colorado Denver Colorado Anti-Saloon League Denver Colorado Anti-Saloon League Delegates from Connecticut 329 Jefferson St., Hartford Swedish Grand Lodge Hartford I. O. G. T. Connecticut Temp. Union 467 Center St., S. Manches- Sons of Temperance, Nat. ter Division of N. America Delegates from California Deyo, Mrs. Anna Marden 3 City Hall Ave., San Fran- Calif. W. C. T. U. cisco Calif. Anti-Saloon League Estes, Mrs. Addie Flowers, Montaville Gregg, Mrs. A. H. San Francisco Pasadena President Calif. W. C. T. U. Anti-Alcohol Education As- sociation W. C. T. U. Whittier Hutchins, M. Lew, M.D. 6011 Eleanor Ave., Los An- S. Calif. W. C. T. U. geles Kemp, Mrs. Jennie M. San Francisco W. C. T. U. Parlier 301 N. Broadway, Los An geles Delegates from District of Columbia Church, Miss Laura R. 906 Munsey Bldg., Wash- I. O. G. T., National Grand ington Lodge, Nat. Reform Ass'n 472 Pettit, Mrs. Anna A. Wheeler, Mrs. Eva C. Fresno Co., W. C. T. U. S. Calif. W. C. T. U. Coffin, Frank A. Dinwiddie, Rev. E. C. Johnson, Kenneth M. S Kress, Dan. H., M.D. Lindley, Miss Laura Longacre, Rev. C. S. Middlemiss, H. S. Nicholson, S. E. District of Columbia (Cont 203 Cedar Ave., Takoma Park, Washington 90t> Munsey Bldg., Wash ington Washington Washington, D. C. 30 Bliss Bldg., Washington 102 Park Ave., Takoma Park, Washington Washington, D. C. 532 17th St., N. W., Wash- ington Shoemaker, A. E., Atty. Turpeau, T. Dewitt Wheeler, W. B., LL.D. Woodward Bldg., Washing- ton 1408 Hopkins St. N. W. 30 Bliss Bldg., Washington inued) General Conference, Seventh Day Adventists I. O. G. T., National Grand Lodge Official Reporter Society for Study of Alcohol and Other Narcotics Anti-Saloon League of America Internatl. Sec., Seventh Day Adventists Official Reporter Federal Council of Churches in America; Friends' Five Years Meeting; Secretary Anti-Saloon League of America Anti-Saloon League of Dis- trict of Columbia Maryland Anti-Saloon League Anti-Saloon League of America Delegates Appointed by Governor of Delaware Helfenstein, Rev. R. C., Dover Jacobs, Rev. D. W., Milford Jacobs, W. E., Harrington Jester, W. B., Delaware City Marshall, Mrs. Clara, Lewes Pierce, Mrs. Georgia G., Milford Price, Senator L. M., Smyrna Allison, Rev. Geo. D., Wilmington Blake, Rev. John D., Marshallton Brosius, L. W., Wilmington Burchenal, Caleb E., Wilmington Cannon, Harry L., Bridgeville Cordray, Mrs. Ella D., Harrington Donnell, Mrs. Mary B., Newark Emerson, Miss Rietta M., Wilmington Other Delegates from Delaware Dockerty, Mrs. J. A. Wilmington, Del. Delaware W. C. T. U. Delegates Appointed by the Governor of Florida Bryan, Hon. N. C., Kissimmee Jones, Hon. Hugh G., Arcadia Carpenter, Rev. W. J., St. Petersburg McMullen, Hon. D. C., Tampa Carlyon, Hon. Doyle E., Tampa Chase, Joshua, Jacksonville Edge, Hon. E. E., Groveland Jennings, Hon. Frank E., Jacksonville Crooke, Rev. C. W. Merrill, Rev. R. N., Miami Neal, Miss Minnie E., Jacksonville Phillips, Dr. L. C., Pensacola Tilghman, Hon. W. G., Palatka Other Delegates from Florida 404 Dyal -Unchurch Bldg., Florida Anti-Saloon League Jacksonville 473 Anderson, Rev. Neal Boykin, Mrs. B. M. Delegates Appointed by the Governor of Georgia Savannah Pastor Independent Presby- terian Church Atlanta President City Federation Woman's Clubs, Atlanta Burden, R. F. Macon Daniel, Rev. C. W., D.D. Atlanta Dempsey, Rev. E. F., D.D. Atlanta Dillard, Mrs. Leila A. Atlanta Grice, Rev. Homer L. Hardman, Dr. L. G. Harris, Hon. N. E. Harbin, Hon. T. W. Hays, Mrs. J. E. Washington Commerce Macon Calhoun Montezuma Huckabee, Rev. W. A. Savannah Jarrell, Rev. C. C., D.D. Augusta King, Rev. W. P. Ledbetter, Rev. C. W. Martin, Hon. W. C. Marcin, Hon. E. W. Newton, Louie D. Atlanta Hawkinsville Dalton Atlanta Atlanta Williams, Mrs. Marvin Augusta Pastor First Baptist Church Secretary Education North 3 Georgia Conference President Georgia State W. C. T. U. Pastor First Baptist Church President State Federation Woman's Clubs Pastor Grace Meth. Church Pastor St. Johns Methodist Church Editor Wesleyan Christian Advocate Pastor First Meth. Church Editor Christian Index (Baptist) Vice-President Georgia State W. C. T. U. Other Delegates from Georgia Alkins, Mrs. Florence E. 1301 Anderson St., E. Sa- Pres. Georgia W. C. T. U. vannah Delegate Appointed by the Governor of Hawaii Hamilton, John Honolulu , Secretary Army and Navy Alkire, Miss Anna Andreen, Rev. Carl J. Antrim, Eugene M. Bahrenburg, Carrie A. Boynton, Rev. M. P. Christgau, O. G. Coleman, Chas. E. Coleman, Mrs. Chas. E. Delegates from Illinios 563 N. Pine St., Chicago 4944 N. Troy St., Chicago Springfield Belleville 6529 Ingleside Ave, Chicago Glen Ellyn 9332 S. Robey St., Chicago 9332 S. Robey St., Chicago 474 Y. M. C. A. Illinois Anti-Saloon League Illinois Anti-Saloon League Sangamon County Civic League St. Clair Co. W. C. T. U. Illinois An ti- Saloon League Illinois Anti-Saloon League Illinois Anti-Saloon League Davis, E. J. Dolley, Mrs. J. C. Dowdell, C. E. Golden, John R. Gordon, Miss Anna A. Hamilton, Artie G. Hamilton, Charles L. Hamlin, Mrs. E. E. High, Fred James, G. W. Johnson, Rev. Fred R. Johnson, N. R. Landrith, Rev. Ira, D.D. Langley, John W. Little, J. A. McBride, F. Scott, D.D. McDonald, Almena P. McGinnis, George M. Markin, Rev. Andrew Marquam, Alicia C. Marshall, Epha Mathers, Mrs. G. M. Munns, Mrs. M. C. Nicholson, Bishop T. Odell, Miss Alice Parks, Mrs. F. P. Patterson, M. E. Patterson, Mrs. F. A. Peterson, Rev. Chas. E. Pofct, A. H. Pogue, R. E. Quayle, Rev. T. R. Romfel, Henry Edward Warner, Harrv S. Delegates from Illinois (Cont 189 W. Madison St., Chi- cago Lebanon Galesburg Decatur Evanston Dwight Dwight 721 E. Edward St., Spring- field 6315 Yale Ave., Chicago Galesburg Charleston Springfield 411 17 N. Wabash Ave., Chicago 1 200 Security Bldg., Chicago 512 S. Homan Ave., Chicago 1200 Security Bldg., Chicago Chicago 89 Le Grande Blvd., Aurora E. Wall St., Morrison Bloomington 1118 Temple, Chicago 1200 Security Bldg., Chicago Evanston 4613 Ellis Ave., Chicago 563 N. Pine Ave., Chicago 1730 Chicago Ave., Evan- ston "The Inn," Chicago "The Inn," Chicago 1200 Security Bldg., Chicago 1200 Security Bldg., Chicago 14 W. Washington St., Chi- cago Oswego Joliet Chicago inued) Illinois Anti-Saloon League W. C.. T. U., Anti-Saloon League Illinois Anti-Saloon League Illinois Anti-Saloon League President Nat. W. C. T. U. M. E. Church M. E. Church First M. E. Church Illinois Anti-Saloon League Baptist Church Illinois Anti- Saloon League Intercollegiate Prohibition Ass'n, World League Against Alcoholism World League Against Al- coholism Illinois Anti-Saloon League Illinois Anti-Saloon League National W. C. T. U. Illinois Anti-Saloon League First Baptist Church Treasurer W. C. T. U. W. C. T. U. Illinois Anti-Saloon League National W. C. T. U.. Pres. Anti-Saloon League of America Illinois Anti-Saloon League National W. C. T. U. W. C. T. U. Illinois Anti-Saloon League Illinois Anti-Saloon League Intercollegiate Prohibition Association Chicago Church Federation Will Co. Law and Order League Intercollegiate Prohibition Association 475 Delegates from Illinois (Continued) Warner, Mrs. Harry S. Chicago Welsh, Rev. J. W. Wilson, George H. Wilkinson, L. B. Williams, Elmer Lynn Wintringer, Miss M. Yule, George H. Wheaton Quincy Sparland 4416 N. Winchester Ave. Chicago 3516 Lake Park Ave., Chi- Illinois Anti-Saloon League cago Springfield Illinois Anti-Saloon League Intercollegiate Prohibition Association Anti-Saloon League Illinois Anti-Saloon League Baptist Church Intercollegiate Prohibition Association Delegates Appointed by Bowser, S. F., Ft. Wayne Barnes, James I., Logansport Bronson~Mrs. Minnie N., Salem Park, Indianapolis Barr, Mrs. Daisy Douglas, Newcastle Bacon, Mrs. Anna Fellows, Evansville Campbell, John B., South Bend Cushman, Dr. R. W., Princeton Conner, Miss Nellie, New Albany Farmer, Rev. W. B., 2157 N. Park, Indianapolis Fout, Bishop H. H., 945 M. D. Wood- ruff Place, Indianapolis Goddard, Joseph A., Muncie Goodrich, Ex-Gov., Jas. P., Indianap- olis Gray, Mrs. Willard, 1900 Block E. Wash., Indianapolis Gwynn, Dow R., Terre Haute Hoke, Fred, 3445 Wash. Blvd., Indian- apolis Hickman, Rev. W. H., Terre Haute Horner, Rev. D. M., Middletown Governor of Indiana Harrison, J. W., Attica Handley, L. A., Richmond Haynes, Elwood, Kokomo Holmes, C. O., Gary Irwin, Will G., Columbus Leete, Bishop Frederick D., 3055 N. Meridian, Indianapolis McNaught, S. P., 706 State Life Bldg., Indianapolis McWhirter, Mrs. Felix T., Sr., 1455 N. Penn St., Indianapolis Nicholson, Timothy, Richmond Pyle, Dan, South Bend Raymer, C. C., Elkhart Rogers, Carl F., 5817 E. New York St., Indianapolis Shields, Rev. D. H., Kokomo Simmons, Abraham T., Bluff ton Stanley, Mrs. Elizabeth T., Liberty Stimson, Mrs. S. C., Terre Haute Titus, Rev. G. W. Mishawaka Vayhinger, Mrs. Culla J., Upland Other Delegates from Indiana Henley, Homer Roper, Prof. Alvin W. Sargent, Galen B. Shumaker, Rev. E. S. Sprunger, C. C. Swadener, Rev. M. Thoroman, Carleton Noblesville Winona Lake N. Manchester Indianapolis Berne Indianapolis 156 N. Grant St., West La- fayette 476 Anti-Saloon League of America Manchester College Indiana Anti-Saloon League Temperance Society of Berne Indiana Anti-Saloon League Purdue University Delegates Appointed Alexander, Rev. W. L., West Union Alexander, Mrs. W. L., West Union Best, Rev. H. R., 1718 Washington, Des Moines Boyer, Alice J., 1216 Grand Ave., Des Moines Bushnell, Rev. J. J., Algona Chilcott, Mrs. Laura E., Fairfield Cooley, Rev. LeRoy C., Winter set Cooley, Mrs. LeRoy C., Winterset Cronk, Rev. W. F., 3205 lola Ave., Des Moines Edworthy, Mrs. Anna, 1311 Capital Ave., Des Moines Fisher, Rev. R. B. Gibson, Miss Elizabeth, 1059 27th St., Des Moines Goodwin, Rev. L. P., Red Oak Gray, Mrs. Gretta Hollister, Mrs. Louis Holsaple, R. N., 1216 Grand Ave., Des Moines Jones, E. Paul, 253 Franklin Ave., Des Moines by Governor of Iowa Jones, Mrs. E. Paul, 253 Franklin Ave., Des TSIbines McBeth, P. H., 1216 Grand Ave., Des Moines McMillan, Rev. C. N., Sioux City Patterson, Mrs. M. E., 1608 Jackson St., Sioux City Perkins, Mrs. Elizabeth Philpot, Mrs. M. J., Cedar Falls Sanford, Rev. W. B., 3800 Cottage Grove, Des Moines Sauer, Mrs. Edna Scott, Dr. Herbert, 632 40th St., Des Moines Smith, Mrs. Ida B. Wise, 2416 King- man Ave., Des Moines Taylor, Dr. F. C. Morning Side, Sioux City Thompson, Rev. R. W., 810 Prospect Drive, Des Moines Walker, Rev. John B., Clarion Wareham, Rev. Geo. H., Palmer Wheeler, Mrs. Elizabeth, Rolfe Other Delegates from Iowa W. C. T. U. St. Paul Ave. M. E. Church Clark, Mrs. Lottie W. 907 Kellogg, Ames Griffin, Rev. Win. H. 1213 Crocker St., Des Moines Jones, Lulu C. 253 Franklin, Des Moines Iowa Anti - Saloon League and W. C. T. U. Delegates Appointed by Baker, Dr. M. W., Topeka Bergin, Dr. Alf., Lindsborg Benning, Nelson, Topeka Codding, J. K., Leaven worth Condit, Rev. H. S., Emporia Crabbe, Fred L., Topeka Dobbs, Mary E., Wichita Fisher, Rev. Drury H., Manhattan Fleming, Dr. Wallace B., Baldwin Gresser, Rev. J. B., Industry Hopkins, Attorney-General Richard J., Topeka Hyde, A. A., Wichita Kurtz, Dr. D. W., McPherson 477 Governor of Kansas Lindley, Chancellor E. H., Lawrence Marshall, Judge John, Topeka Markham, Dr. 0. G., Baldwin McKeever, Dr. Wm. A., Lawrence Mitchner, Mrs. Lillian M., 109 W. 10th St., Kansas City McClellan, Rev. J. A., Natoma Richards, Mr. Frank G., Topeka Ross, Floyd, Dover Ross, Claude, Dover Robertson, O. M., Leavenworth Sanderson, Dr. J. Ross, Wichita Sheldon, Dr. Chas M., Topeka Shirk, D. F., Topeka Delegates Appointed by Governor of Kansas (Continued) Sibbitt, Rev. Mary F., Wichita Waldort, Bishop E. L., Wichita Smith, Dr. Julius, Baldwin White, William Allen, Emporia Testerman, Dr. F. H., Lawrence Wise, Bishop Jas., Topeka Other Delegates from Kansas Crabbe, Mrs. F. L. Topeka Delegates Appointed by Governor of Kentucky Beauchamp, Mrs. Frances E., Lexing- Hill, E. B., Somerset ton O'Rear, Judge E. C., Frankfort Cherry, Prof. H. H., Bowling Green Palmer, N. A., Louisville Gragg, William, Somerset Bash, Senator J. R., Madisonville Guillion, Hon. E. A., New Castle Scott, Miss Sue M., Lexington Haley, General Percy, Frankfort Other Delegates from Kentucky Thomas, Rev. C. R. New Castle Young, Rev. G. W. 126 S. Peterson Av., Louis- Anti-Saloon League of IT 1 ville America Delegates Appointed by Governor of Louisiana Bolton, Hon. J. W., Alexandria Jones, Rev. Claude L., Shreveport Brooks, Rev. H. F., Shreveport Mayo, Hon. A. M., Lake Charles Dodd, Rev. M. E., Shreveport Moore, R. T., Shreveport Drake, Dr. W. W., Shreveport Nabors, Hon. J. M., Mansfield Harper, Rev. R. H., New Orleans Simer, Rev. A. H., New Orleans Hart, Hon. W. 0., New Orleans White, H. H., Alexandria Hass, Dr. W. D., Alexandria Other Delegates from Louisiana Bartpn, Rev. A. J., D.D. Alexandria Social Service Commission, Southern Baptist Conven- tion Delegates Appointed by Governor of Maine Allan, Mrs. George H., 26 Cushman St., Emerey, Mr. E. H., Sanford Portland Markley, Rev. H. A., Auburn Bass, Hon. George H., Wilton Owen, Rev. C. E., Waterville Bass, Mrs. George H., Wilton Quimby, Mrs. Clara, Lewiston Daggett, Mrs. Helen, Waterboro Other Delegates from Maine Davis, Mrs. Ida N. 61 India St., Portland Maine W. C. T. U. Delegates from Maryland Sisso, H. N., M.D. 1315 N. Charles St., Balti- Health Dept. W. C. T. U. more Delegates Appointed by Governor of Massachusetts Briggs, G. Loring 244 Washington St., Boston Chairman Executive Coi mittee, Mass. Anti-Sale League 478 Delegates Appointed by Governor of Massachusetts (Continued) Davis, Malcolm C. 345 Tremont Bldg., Boston Business Manager of the Mass. Anti-Saloon League Davis, Arthur J. 343 Tremont Bldg., Boston Regional Supt. for New Eng- land and New York of the Anti-Saloon League of America Doty, Boyd P. 130 S. State St., Wester ville General Counsel for the Massachusetts Anti - Sa- loon League Forgrave, Rev. Wm. M. 312 Massasoit Bldg., Supt. Western Dist., Mas- Springfield sachusetts Anti - Saloon League Gordon, George A. 345 Tremont Bldg., Boston Acting Supt. Massachusetts Anti- Saloon League Livingston, Mrs. D. K. 306 Lake Ave., Newton National Supt. of Citizen- Centre ship, W. C. T. U. Mann, Mrs. J. H. 541 Massachusetts Ave., Recording and Organization Boston Sec'y Citizens' Alliance of Massachusetts Ropes, Mrs. Alice G. 541 Massachusetts Ave., President Mass. W. C. T. U. Boston Stoddard, Miss C. F. 404 Tremont Bldg., Boston Secretary Scientific Tem- perance Federation Tilton, Mrs. Elizabeth 11 Mason St., Cambridge Chairman Executive Com- mittee Mass. Anti-Saloon League Thompson, S. H. Chairman Citizens' Alliance Campaign Committee Transeau, Mrs. E. L. 404 Tremont Bldg., Boston Research Secretary Scien- tific Temperance Federa- tion Wills, Miss E. M. 404 Tremont Bldg., Boston Field Sec'y Scientific Tem- perance Federation Other Delegates from Massachusetts Gordon, Mrs. Lucy S. Boston Mass. Anti-Saloon League Jacquemet, Father J. A. 818 Middle St., Fall River Cercles Lacordaire et Ste. Jeanne d'Arc, Total Ab- stinence Society Moore, Mrs. W. F. Melrose Delegates Appointed by Governor of Michigan Aspinwall, L. A., 611 Washington St., Bishop, Mrs. W. D., Grand Rapids Jackson Boyer, Joseph, Detroit Baldwin, F. L., Escanaba Christian, D. M., Owosso Barclay, Rev. A. C. Flushing Davis, Jas. R., 608 Equity Bldg., De- Besser, Herman, Alpina troit .Beurman, M. E., Newberry Dickie, Samuel, Albion 479 Delegates Appointed by Governor of Michigan (Continued) Evans, John S., Coldwater Gerger, Frank, Fremont Hammond, Jason E., Cap. Nat'l Bk. Bldg., Lansing Hammond, W. L., Ludington Hanley, Mrs. Ella, Bad Axe Hazen, W. M., Three Rivers Hudson, Grant M., East Lansing Kellogg, Dr. John H., Battle Creek Kresge, S. S., Kresge Bldg., Detroit LaHuis, A., Zeeland Lobdell, J. B., Onaway Morrow, Geo. W., Detroit Orr, Robert K., Lansing Owen, Edwin, Grand Rapids Perry, E. B., Bay City Other Delegates from Michigan 98 Adams St., Detroit Albion 32 S. Johnson, Pontiac 64 Garland St., Flint 708 Kresge Bldg., Detroit Holly Perry, S. H., Adrian Powers, Perry F., Cadillac Poole, E. J., Pontiac Prescott, C. H., Tawas City Saunders, W. L., Cadillac Scott, R. H., Reo Motor Car Co., Lansing Seeley, J. F., Caro Sleeper, Mrs. A. E., Bad Axe Sly, Homer, Petoskey Stearns, J. F., Ludington Trompen, J. M., Grand Rapids Upjohn, Dr. W. E., Kalamazoo Waltman, M. V., Lansing Webber, R. H., Detroit Andrews, Mrs. C. W. Dickie, Mrs. Samuel Dupuis, Mrs. H. A. Glass, David H. Graham, A. C. Lockwood, Mrs. M. E. Mitchell, Mrs. J. K. W. C. T. U. W. C. T. U. M. E. Church Mich. Anti-Saloon League Rec. Sec'y, Mich. W. C. T. U. Preston, Mrs. F. E. 1186 Putnam Ave., Detroit Presbyterian Women of Michigan 1815 Monroe Ave., Detroit Preston Union Mich. Delegates Appointed by Governor of Minnesota Dick, Rev. S. M. 2017 Plea&ant Ave., Minne- apolis Horn, Rev. Robert Randall Roberts, Rev. S. B. 2537 Pleasant Ave., Minne- apolis Robinson, Rev. J. W. 3112 16th Ave. S., Minne- apolis Safford,Rev.Geo.B.,D.D. Minneapolis Supt. Minnesota Anti-Sa- loon League Wallar, Rev. W. C. A. 2434 Stevens Ave., Minne- apolis Delegates from Mississippi Elarton, C. E. Osyka Methodist Church Delegates Appointed by Governor of Missouri Armstrong, Rev. A. H., Federal Reserve Baldridge, Rev. A. S. J., Frederick- Bank Bldg., St. Louis town, Mo. Ba 173 Japanese Temperance League, greetings 46 Jones, Rev. C. O., D. D., state report 382 Jones, Rev. E. F., state report 409 Jones, V. W., response to roll call 240 Jugo-Slavia, delegates representing t . . . 469 K Kansas, delegates representing 477 Greetings from Senator Capper Greetings from James G. Strong, M. C 54 Report 395 Kaku, Matthew, response to roll call 191 Kemper, Rev. Paul E., state report 371 Kendall, N. E., Governor of Iowa, greetings , 50 Kentucky, delegates representing 478 Kolonia, Peter, discussion 333 Korea, delegates representing 469 Kress, D. H., M. D., address, Wine and Beer Their Use From a Historic and Scientific Standpoint 271 Kvaratzkhelia, Paul D., response to roll call 239 L Landrith, Rev. Ira., D. D., address 126 Address in memory of Hon. John G. Woolley 156 Discussion 333, 351 Lane, Mr., discussion 349 Latin-America, response to addresses of welcome 65 Latvia, delegates representing 469 Greetings to convention 46 Latvian Anti-Alcohol Society, greetings 46 Latvian Esperanto Union, greetings 46 Laughbaum, H. T., discussion 341 State report 424 Lavrov, Sergey, response to roll call 240 League for Culture Free from Alcohol (Austria), greetings 40 Ledet, Lars Larsen, discussion 193 Response to addresses of welcome 63 Ley, August, Ph. D., address 127 Discussion 326 Liberia, delegates representing 469 Liga Anti-Alcoholica Portugesa, greetings 48 Lightfoot, Rev. E. M., state report . ; 431 Lineberger, Walter F., M. C., greetings 53 Lithuania, delegates representing 470 Greetings to convention 47 Lithuanian Roman Catholic Total Abstinence Alliance of America, greetings 47 Livingston, Mrs. Deborah Knox, .address 207 Address in memory of Thomas Searle 153 Lohman, Miss Wilhelmina, discussion 359 Louisiana, delegates representing 478 Report 395 502 M McBride, Rev. F. Scott, address, The Fight Ahead 137 State report 385 McCallam, Mrs. Elizabeth, response to roll call 24l McCullough, J. W. S., M. D., address, Public Health and Prohibition 84 McGinness, George, discussion 366 McKeen, Mr., discussion 354 Macedonia, delegates representing * 470 Maine, delegates representing 478 Greetings from Governor Baxter 50 Report 396 Marion, Rev. James, memorial service 152 Maryland, delegates representing 478 Response to roll call 242 Marshall, T. M., discussion 351 Massachusetts, delegates representing 478 Report 398 Mayer, Doctor Joseph, discussion 329, 344, 362 Mellon, Hon. A. W., Secretary of the Treasury, greetings 50 Memorial Service 150 Metcalf, Irving W., discussion 350 Mexico, delegates representing 470 Response to roll call 122 Michigan, delegates representing 479 Greetings from Senator Townsend 52 Report 402 Middletown, Mrs., discussion 358 Miller, O. R., discussion 354 Mills, J.- Bibb, state report 369 Milne, Mrs. George C., address, The Results of the First National Con- test With the Liquor Traffic in Scotland 176 Minehan, Father Lancelot, address 187 Minnesota, delegates representing 480 Miralda, T., greetings 54 Missionary Appeal of the World Movement Against Alcoholism Prof. Henry Beach Carre, Ph. D 183 Mississippi, delegates representing 480 Missouri, delegates representing 480 Greetings from S. A. Shelton, M. C 53 Report 405 Monitar, Juan F., response to roll call 192 Montana, delegates representing 481 Greetings from Senator Myers 51 Report . . : 406 Moore, Rev. E. J., Ph. D., address, Responsibility of the Church in the Development of Successful Organized Activities Against Alco- holism 231 Moore, Rev. T. Albert, D. D., Chairman of Conference on Ways and Means of Securing Fullest Possible Cooperation of Religious Organiza- tions for the Movement Against Alcoholism 346 Movement Against Alcoholism Among the Women of Great Britain and Europe, The Miss Agnes Slack 306 503 Movement Toward Prohibition in the Republic of France and French Territory, The Pastor Georges Gallienne . 90 Moyle, Henry, discussion 352 Munro, R. A., response to roll call 235 Myers, Senator Henry L., greetings 51 N Nakoff, Rev. David, response to roll call 305 National Committee of Norway's Temperance Organizations, greetings 48 Nebraska, delegates representing 481 Report 407 Nestos, R. A., Governor of North Dakota, greetings 50 Netherlands, greetings 47 Nevada, delegates representing 481 Report 409 Newfoundland, delegates representing 470 New Hampshire, delegates representing 482 Report '. 411 New Jersey, delegates representing 482 New Mexico, delegates representing 482 Report 370 New Movement for Prohibition in India, The Tarini Prasad Sinha 170 New York, delegates representing 482 Report 412 Response to roll call 241 New Zealand, greetings 47 New Zealand Alliance for the Abolition of the Liquor Traffic, greetings . . 47 Nicholson, Bishop Thomas, address 106 Niyogi, J., response to addresses of welcome 60 Response to roll call 237 North America, response to addresses of welcome 66 North Carolina, delegate representing 484 Report 416 North Dakota, delegates representing 484 Greetings from Governor Nestos 50 Report 417 Norville, Miss Hardynia K., address 311 Response to addresses of welcome 65 Response to roll call 238 Norway, delegates representing 470 Greetings ' 48 O Officers and Committees, World League Against Alcoholism 4 Ohio, delegates representing 484 Greetings from Senator Willis 52 Greetings from I. M. Foster, M. C 52 Oklahoma, delegates representing ; 487 Report 424 Oliver, Doctor, discussion 348 Opportunity and Obligation of the World Movement Against Alcoholism, Ernest H. Cherrington, LL. D., Litt. D 67 Orde van Jonge Templieren (Netherlands), greetings 47 Oregon, delegates representing 488 Report 426 504 Organized Labor and Prohibition, Hon. John G. Cooper 144 Original Secession Church (Scotland) Temperance Union, greetings 48 Ostlund, Rev. David, address, The Vote on Prohibition in Sweden 108 Owen, Rev. C. E., D. D., state report 396 P Patterson, Margaret, M. D., address, Prohibition and the Home 301 Pennsylvania, delegates representing 488 Report 427 Peru, delegates representing 470 Philippine Islands, delegates representing 470 Pioneer Work of the White Ribboners in the Movement for World Pro- hibition, Miss Anna Adams Gordon 93 Poindexter, Senator Miles, greetings 51 Poland, response to roll call 240 Poland, Orville S., Chairman of Conference on Ways and Means of Secur- ing Action Through Government Officials for the Enforcement of Law 337 Pollock, Judge Charles A., discussion 343 Pope, Rev. Joseph, state report 406 Porto Rico, delegates representing 470 Response to roll call 192 Portugal, greetings to convention 48 Practical Results of the British Columbia System of Dealing With the Liquor Traffic, Rev. A. E. Cooke, D. D 223 Presbyterian Church, U. S. A., Moderator General Assembly, greetings . . 54 Presbyterian Church of Wales, greetings 54 Pressure of Wine-Growing Countries Against Prohibition, Robert Her- cod, Ph. D 158 Prince Edward Island, response to roll call 304 Prior, Miss Dagmar, response to roll call 175 Prize Winners, International Essay Contest 25 Proceedings of International Convention 18 Progress of the Liquor Traffic and the Development of Alcoholism in the British Isles, as Shown by Official Statistical Reports, George B. Wilson, B. A 242 Prohibition and the Home, Margaret Patterson, M. D 301 Prohibition in the Province of Ontario, Hon. E. C. Drury, Prime Min- ister of Ontario 213 Protestant Ministerial Association of the City of Montreal, greetings .... 44 Public Health and Prohibition, J. W. S. McCullough, M. D 84 Publicity Literature, Periodicals, Posters, etc. (Conference) 361 Q Quale, T. S., discussion 340 Quebec System of Dealing wtih the Liquor Traffic, The, S. J. Carter 116 Quebec System of Dealing with the Liquor Traffic, The, R. L. Werry 293 R Raney, Hon. W. E., K. C., address, Enforcing Prohibition Law 260 Rechabites, Independent Order of (Bahamas), greetings 40 Reports of the Several States 369-449 Resolutions 38 Respect for Law, National and International, Wayne B. Wheeler, LL. D. 248 Responsibility of the Church in the Development of Successful Organized Activities Against Alcoholism, Rev. E. J. Moore, Ph. D 231 505 Result of the First National Contest with the Liquor Traffic in Scotland, The, Mrs. George C. Milne 1.6 Results of Prohibition Through Australian Eyes, Rev. Gifford Gordon . . 17S Rhode Island, delegates representing 490 Richardson, Rev. R. Stephens, greetings 46 Robbins, Rev. J. H., D. D., state report 411 Robinson, R. Hunter, M. D., greetings 45 Roumania, delegates representing 470 Response to roll call 240 Ruanheimo, Akseli, response to roll call 121 Russell, Rev. Howard H., D. D., LL. D., address, Spiritual Aspects of the World Movement Against Alcoholism 283 Russia, delegates representing 470 S Saleeby, G. W., M. D., F. R. S. E., address, Guard Your Race 95 Salvation Army and the Prohibition Movement, The, Commissioner Charles Sowton 280 Sanders, Rev. James, D. D., discussion 355 Saskatchewan, response to roll call 265 Scientific Temperance, the Basis for Educational Work in the World Move- ment Against Alcoholism, Cora Frances Stoddard 80 Scotland, delegates representing 470 Greetings 48 Response to roll call 190 Scottish Temperance and No-License Union, greetings 48 Searle, Thomas, memorial service 153 Seppala, Hon. Matti Helenius, memorial service 150 Shelton, S. A., M. C., greetings . . 53 Sheppard, Senator Morris, greetings 52 Shoemaker, A. E., Attorney, report 375 Shoup, Oliver H., Governor of Colorado, greetings 51 Shumaker, Rev.,E. S., D. D., state report 389 Shupp, Rev. W. C., state report 405 Siam, delegates representing 471 Siberia, delegates representing 471 Response to roll call 240 Sierra Leone, delegates representing 471 Sinha, Tarini Prasad, address, The New Movement for Prohibition in India 170 Slack, Miss Agnes, address, The Movement Against Alcoholism Among the Women of Great Britain and Europe 306 Address in memory of the Countess of Carlisle 154 Response to roll call 288 Smith, Rev. J. Cromarty, discussion 347 Response to roll call 190 Smith, Doctor Julius, report for Kansas 395 Smith, Mrs., discussion 320 Social Service Council of Alberta, greetings 44 Societe Antialcoolique des Agents de Chemins de Fer Francais, greetings 46 South Africa, delegates representing . . . . 472 Greetings to convention 48 South African Temperance Alliance 48 South Carolina, delegates representing 490 Report 431 506 South Dakota, delegates representing 490 Report 434 Sowton, Commissioner Charles, address, The Salvation Army and the Pro- hibition Movement . . . . 280 Spain, delegates representing 471 Response to roll call 123 Spence, Rev. Ben H., address of welcome 56 Discussion 363 Spiritual Aspects of the World Movement Against Alcoholism, Rev. How- ard H. Russell, D. D., LL. D 283 Startup, George A., report for Utah 436 State Reports 369-449 Stephens, William D., Governor of California, greetings 50 Stoddard, Cora Frances, B. A., address, Scientific Temperance, the Basis for Educational Work in the World Movement Against Alcoholism 80 Chairman of Conference on Ways and Means of Securing Scientific Temperance Instruction in the Public Schools 356 Story of Conventio'n 9 Strecker, Doctor Reinhard, response to roll call 292 Strelecki, Chester J., discussion 335 Response to roll call 240 Strong, James G., M. C., greetings 54 Student Essay Contest, International 25 Student Field, The, Harry S. Warner 133 Stuart, Rev. Wilson, M. A., B. Sc., address, The Carlisle Experiment in State Purchase and Liquor Nationalization 166 Superintendents' Reports (Anti-Saloon League of America) 369-449 Sweden, delegates representing 471 Greetings 48 Swedish Student Abstinence Association, greetings 48 Swedish Temperance Societies, greetings 49 Swiss Catholic Students, greetings ' 49 Switzerland, delegates representing 471 Greetings 49 T Telegrams, letters and messages of greetings to the Convention 40 Temperance Council of the Christian Churches of England and Wales, greetings 45 Temperance Reform Progress in Spain, Rev. Franklin Albrecias 221 Tennessee, delegates representing 490 Texas, delegates representing 491 Greetings from Senator Sheppard Thirkield, Bishop Wilbur P., discussion 347 Tope, Rev. Homer W., D. D., Chairman of Conference on Ways and Means of Securing Adequate Financial Support for Organized Propaganda Against Alcoholism 349 State report 427 Towner, Horace M., M. C., greetings 53 Townsend, Senator Charles E., greetings 52 Transeau, Mrs. Emma L., discussion 35/ Turkey, delegates representing 471 Greetings 49 507 Turpeau, Rev. T. DeWitt, discussion 350 Response to roll call 242 U Ukrainia, delegates representing 471 Union of South Africa, delegates representing 472 Greetings to convention 48 United States of America, delegates representing 472-493 Greetings to convention 50- 55 Response to roll call 237 State Reports 369-449 Upper Austrian Committee for Alcohol Prohibition, greetings 40 Upshaw, William D., M. C., greetings 53 Uruguay, delegates representing 493 Response to roll call 238 Utah, delegates representing 491 Report 436 V Vargas, Rev. E. B., discussion 354 Response to roll call 122 Venezuela, delegates representing 493 Verein Abstinenter Aerzte des deutschen Sprachgebietes (Austria), greetings 40 Vereinigung Abstinenter Pfarrer in der Schweiz, greetings 49 Vermont, delegates representing 491 Virginia, delegates representing 491 Report 436 Vote on Prohibition in Sweden, The, Rev. David Ostlund 108 W Wade, W. L., state report 445 Wales, delegates representing 493 Greetings 493 Waltman, W. V., discussion 354 State report 402 Warner, Harry S., address 133 Chairman of Conference on Ways and Means of Enlisting the Students of the Colleges and Universities in the World Movement Against Alcoholism 331 Discussion 360 Warren, R. D., Chairman of Conference on Publicity Literature, Peri- odicals, Posters, etc 361 Washington, delegates representing 492 Greetings from Senator Poindexter 51 Report 439 Watkins, F. L., discussion 340 State report 417 Ways and Means of Enlisting the Students of the Colleges and Univer- sities in the World Movement Against Alcoholism Conference 331 Ways and Means of Securing Action Through Government Officials for the Enforcement of Law Conference 337 Ways and Means of Securing Adequate Financial Support for Organized Propaganda Against Alcoholism 349 508 Ways and Means of Securing Scientific Temperance Instruction in the Public Schools Conference 356 Ways and Means of Securing Fullest Possible Cooperation of Religious Organizations for the Movement Against Alcoholism Conference 346 Ways and Means of Securing Legislative Action Conference 318 W. C. T. U. (British Columbia), greetings 44 W. C. T. U. (Manitoba), greetings 45 W. C. T. U. (Ontario), greetings 45 W. C. T. U. (Quebec), greetings 45 Werry, R. L., address, The Quebec System of Dealing with the Liquor Traffic 293 Western Temperance League (England), greetings 45 West Virginia, delegates representing 492 Greetings from Senator Elkins 52 Wheeler, Wayne B., LL. D., address, Respect for Law, National and In- ternational 248 Discussions 321, 339, 344, 355 Williams, Rev. Elmer Lynn, address 131 Willis, Frank B., Senator from Ohio, greetings 52 Wilson, George A., discussion 343 Wilson, George B., B. A., address, The Progress of the Liquor Traffic and the Development of Alcoholism in the British Isles, as Shown by Official Statistical Reports 242 Wine and Beer, Their Use from a Historic and Scientific Standpoint, Daniel H. Kress, M. D 271 Wisconsin, delegates representing 492 Report 441 Woolley, Hon. John G., memorial service 156 World League Against Alcoholism, roster of officers and committees 4 Constitution 494 World Prohibition, the Solution of the Liquor Problem, Rev. R. B. S. Hammond, D. D 313 World Prohibition Federation, European Committee, greetings 46 Wyoming, delegates representing 493 Report 445 Y Yost, Mrs. Lenna Lowe, Chairman of Conference on Ways and Means of Securing Legislative Action 318 Yukon Territory, response to roll call 241 509 LIST OF ADDRESSES, BY SPEAKERS Albrecias, Rev. Franklin 123, 221 Anderson, William H 298 Baird, Miss 174 Baker, Rev. Purley A., D. D. ... 199 Barton, Rev. A. J., D. D 66 Barton, Mrs. Helen 62 Borden, James S 192 Broderick, Sylvester 59 Campbell, Miss Mary J 267 Cannon, Bishop James, Jr., D. D 111 Carre, Prof. Henry Beach, Ph. D. 183 Carson, J. H 58 Carter, S. J 116 Cauvin, Gustave 196 Chalmers, Rev. James, D. D .... 241 Cherrington, Ernest H., LL. D., Litt. D 67 Clow, Mrs. Emily Moffat 123 Connor Ralph (Rev. C. W. Gor- don) 136 Cooke, Rev. A. E., D. D 223 Cooper, Hon. John G 144 Curran, Rev. Father J. J 237 Dinwiddie, Rev. Edwin C., D. D. 161 Dobson, Rev. Hugh 265 Drury, Hon. E. C., Prime Minis- ter of Ontario 213 Dussan, Riccardo 125, 236 Emits, Prof. Villem 135, 290 Foster, Sir George 259 Furnajiefr, Rev. D. N 175, 195 Gallienne, Pastor Georges 64, 90, 196 Gogolyak, John G 125 Gordon, Miss Anna Adams 93 Gordon, Rev. C. W 136 Gordon, Rev. Gifford 178, 309 Hammond Rev. R. B. S., D. D 61, 152, 313 rlayashi, Uta 173 Hercod, Prof. Robert, Ph.D. 107, 150, 158 Hiltz, W. W., Comptroller of Toronto 57 Hohenthal, E. L. G 189 Horsfall, Hon. Alfred Herbert, M.B., Ch. B 119 Hume, Prof. J. G., A. M., Ph. D. 128 Jones, V. W 240 Kaku, Matthew 191 Kress, Daniel H., M. D 271 Kvaratzkhelia, Paul D 239 Landrith, Rev. Ira, D. D. ..126, 156 Lavrov, Sergey 240 Ledet, Lars Larsen 63, 193 Ley, Doctor August 127 Livingston, Mrs. Deborah Knox 153, 207 McBride, Rev. F. Scott, D. D. . . 137 McCallam, Mrs. Elizabeth 241 McCullough, J. W. S., M. D. . . 84 Milne, Mrs. George C 176 Minehan, Father Lancelot 187 Monitar, Juan F 192 Moore, Rev. E. J., Ph. D 231 Munro, R. A 235 Nakoff, Rev. David 305 Nicholson, Bishop Thomas .... 106 Niyogi, J 60, 237 Norville, Miss Hardynia K 65, 238, 311* Ostlund, Rev. David 108 Patterson, Margaret, M. D 301 Prior, Miss Dagmar 175 Raney, Hon. W. E., K. C 260 Ruanheimo, Akseli 121 Russell, Rev. Howard H., D. D. 283 Saleeby, C. W., M. D., F. R. S. E. 95 Sinha, Tarini Prasad 170 Slack, Miss Agnes ....154, 288, 306 Smith, Rev. J. Cromarty 190 Sowton, Commissioner Charles 280 Spence, Rev. Ben H 56 Stavert, Rev. R. H 304 Stoddard, Cora Frances 80 Strecker, Doctor Reinhard 292 Strelecki, Chester 240, 292 Stuart, Rev. Wilson, M. A., B. Sc. 166 Turpeau, Rev. T. DeWitt 242 Vargas, Rev. E. B 122 Warner, Harry S 133 Werry, R. L 293 Wheeler, Wayne B., LL. D. . . . 248 Williams, Rev. Elmer Lynn . . . 131 Wilson, George B 242 510 LIST OF ADDRESSES, BY SUBJECTS Allied Citizens of America, The William H. Anderson, Superintendent New York Anti-Saloon League 298 Carlisle Experiment in State Purchase and Liquor Nationalization, The Rev. Wilson Stuart, M. A., B. Sc 166 Churches and World Prohibition, The James Cannon, Jr., D. D., Bishop Methodist Episcopal Church South Ill Enforcing Prohibition Law Hon. W. E. Raney, K. C., .Attorney General of Ontario 260 Fight Ahead, The Rev. F. Scott McBride, D. D., Supt. Illinois Anti- Saloon League 137 Guard Your Race C. W. Saleeby, M. D., F. R. S. E., Chairman British National Birth Rate Commission (1918-20) 95 How and Why Americans Will Stand Firm Rev. Edwin C. Dinwiddie, D. D., Supt. National Temperance Bureau 161 How the Fight was Won in America Rev. Purley A. Baker, D. D., General Superintendent, Anti-Saloon League of America 199 Missionary Appeal of the World Movement Against Alcoholism Prof. Henry Beach Carre, Ph. D. (Vanderbilt University) 183 Movement Against Alcoholism Among the Women of Great Britain and Europe Miss Agnes Slack, Secretary World's W. C. T. U 306 Movement Toward Prohibition in the Republic of France and French Territory Pastor Georges Gallienne, Secretary, La Croix Bleue . . 90 New Movement for Prohibition in Indian, The Tarini Prasad Sinha .... 170 Opportunity and Obligation of the World Movement Against Alcoholism Ernest H. Cherrington, LL. D., Litt. D., General Secretary, World League Against Alcoholism 67 Organized Labor and Prohibition Hon. John G. Cooper, M. C 144 Pioneer Work of the White Ribboners in the Movement for World Prohibition Miss Anna Adams Gordon, President World's W. C. T. U 93 Practical Results of the British Columbia System of Dealing -with the Liquor Traffic Rev. A. E. Cooke, D. D., President Prohibition Association of British Columbia 223 Pressure of Wine-Growing Countries Against Prohibition, The Prof. Robert Hercod, Ph. D., Joint President, World League Against Alcoholism 158 Progress of the Liquor Traffic and the Development of Alcoholism in the British Isles, as Shown by Official Statistical Reports George B. Wilson, B. A., Statistical Secretary, United Kingdom Alliance . . . 242 Prohibition and the Home Margaret Patterson, M. D., Police Magistrate of Toronto 301 Prohibition in the Province of Ontario Hon E. C. Drury, Prime Min- ister of Ontario 213 Public Health and Prohibition J. W. S. McCtillough, M. D., Chief Officer of Health for the Province of Ontario 84 Quebec System of Dealing with the Liquor Traffic S. J. Carter, President Quebec Branch, Dominion Alliance 116 Quebec System of Dealing with the Liquor Traffic R. L. Werry, Secre- tary Anti-Liquor League of Quebec 293 Respect for Law, National and International Wayne B. Wheeler, LL. D., General Counsel, Anti-Saloon League of America 248 511 Responsibility of the Church in the Development of Successful Organized Activities Against Alcoholism Rev. E. J. Moore, Ph. D., Assist- ant General Supt. Anti-Saloon League of America 231 Result of the First National Contest with the Liquor Traffic in Scotland Mrs. George C. Milne 176 ResuKs of Prohibition Through Australian Eyes Rev. Gifford Gordon, Victorian Anti-Liquor League 178 Salvation Army and the Prohibition Movement, The Commissioner Charles Sowton, Chief Officer of the Salvation Army in Canada 280 Scientific Temperance, the Basis for Educational Work in the World Movement Against Alcoholism Cora Frances Stoddard, Execu- tive Secretary, Scientific Temperance Federation 80 Spiritual Aspects of the World Movement Against Alcoholism Rev. Howard H. Russell, LL. D., Associate General Supt., Anti-Saloon League of America 283 Student Field, The Harry S. Warner, General Secretary, Intercollegiate Prohibition Association 133 Temperance Reform Progress in Spain Rev. Franklin Albrecias 221 Vote on Prohibition in Sweden, The Rev. David Ostlund, Secretary, Anti-Saloon League of Sweden 108 Wine and Beer, Their Use from a Historic and Scientific Standpoint Daniel H. Kress, M. D., Vice-President, American Medical So- ciety for the Study of Alcohol and Other Narcotics 271 World Prohibition the Solution of the Liquor Problem Rev. R. B. S.. Hammond, D. D., President Australian Alliance Prohibition Council 313 LIST OF STATE REPORTS Alabama, J. Bibb Mills 369 Nebraska, Rev. F. A. High .... 407 Arizona, Rev. R. E. Farley .... 370 Nevada, Rev. E. F. Jones 409 Arkansas, Rev. Paul E. Kemper 371 New Hampshire, Rev. J. H. Rob- Colorado, Rev. A. J. Finch 373 bins, D. D 411 District of Columbia, A. E. Shoe- New Mexico, Rev. R. E. Farley 370 maker, Attorney 375 New York, William H. Anderson 412 Florida, Rev. C. W, Crooke 380 North Carolina, Rev. R. L. Davis 416 Georgia, Rev. C. O. Jones, D. D. 382 North Dakota, F. L. Watkins . . 420 Illinois, Rev. F. Scott McBride, Oklahoma, H. T. Laughbaum .. 424 D. D 385 Oregon, W. J. Herwig 426 Indiana, Rev. E. S. Shumaker, Pennsylvania, Rev. Homer W. D. D. 389 Tope, D. D 427 Iowa, R. N. Holsaple 392 South Carolina, Rev. E. M. Kansas, Doctor Julius Smith . . 395 Lightfoot 431 Louisiana, Rev. A. J. Barton, D.D. 395 South Dakota, H. E. Dawes ... 434 Maine, Rev. C. E. Owen, D. D. 396 Utah, George A. Startup 436 Massachusetts, Arthur J. Davis 398 Virginia, Rev. David Hepburn . . 436 Michigan, W. V. Waltman 402 Washington, George D. Conger 439 Missouri, Rev. W. C. Shupp 405 Wisconsin, R. P. Hutton 441 Montana, Rev. Joseph Pope .... 406 Wyoming, W. L. Wade 445 512 FOURTEEN DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 1 thn'SBDS DfCl 19551 'SMa/56HK APR 2 5 195RI n T r> 01 i nn, o '*ti General Library ^BllSlia^l 1 5 ' Uoi^toof C-lifanri. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY