D >50 4B5 UC-NRLF B 4 D7T IbS World Remamed aMei A Summary of the Geographical Results of the Peace Settlement After the World War ^ By R. BAXTER BLAIR of the Editorial Department SECOND EDITION Published by Denoyer-Geppert Company Scientific School Map Makers CHICAGO Copyright Nov. 1921 by Draoyei^Oeppett Co. Copyrig ht llareh 1022 by Denoyer-G^vort Go. Biographical Opportunity The years succeeding 1914 have been a period of awakening. The critical events of these years have led our country out of its isolation to world leadership. There never was a time when so many of our people were so interested in geography and maps. This new interest brought with it the knowledge that we as a nation were deficient in the production and use of good maps. The need was especially felt in the schools. Educators thruout our land had preached in season and out of season for better and more accurate school maps, as a factor in. the bptter-itcaphing of history and geography, and its prepara- tion of the Individual for citizenship. .'I ,'■; W.ith ;th6 ccitnifig of the great World War and its subsequent political and economic changes, leaving no part of our world relations untouched, there came the opportunity to a few men in America to build anew, school maps that would embody the new ideals and teach the new world political conditions. In such an atmosphere the house of Denoyer-Geppert was born in Chicago. Ideals It was very natural that, as educators had pointed the way to better things in school maps, the first thing that the new company should do was to seek a working alliance with these far-seeing men. These educators supplied the Method. To Method there needs to be added knowledge : — Scholarship, which is the basis of map accuracy. To Method and Scholarship there is but one more thing to add to complete the ideal: — Craftsmanship. The method of the educator, the knowledge of the scholar, the craftsmanship of the artist, are all embodied in the products of the Denoyer-Geppert Company. Today, after five years of painstaking production of better school maps, schoolmen are thinking of Denoyer-Geppert Maps as "Designed by Educators, Edited by Scholars, and Produced i4 by Craftsmen," a trinity which has resulted in maximum map values at minimum cost. Men at Headquarters Educators have in the past contributed much to the success of business enterprise. In no educational business with which we are familiar have so many educators and scholars been directly associated, as with the house of Denoyer-Geppert. MR. L. P. DENOYER, the president, has spent many years in the classroom and in the supervision of schools. As head of the geography department at the La Crosse, Wisconsin, State Normal School for four years he studied the geographic needs of the classroom, which later found expression in the map publications of the house. MR. O. E. GEPPERT, the secretary-treasurer, director of advertising and sales, has spent many years in the successful marketing of geographic equipment. His enthusiasm for better map service has helped to make the Denoyer-Geppert products nationally known. He is now in his seventeenth year in the school map business. From 1905 to 1 9 I 6 he was with the American agents of W. & A. K. Johnston, Ltd., resigning in 1916. MR. R. BAXTER BLAIR, compiler and chief draftsman, has had a wide experience in the principal map establishnnents in Britain, United States, and Canada. With these principals are associated craftsmen of many kinds, each contributing a quality of skill which has given D-G Maps an enviable reputation. Scholarship Knowledge is a hard taskmaster. Those who believe in its authority must be able to recognize its hallmark and be willing to follow its counsel whithersoever it may lead. In the last two decades the content of educational texts including geography and history has reflected the influence of the new scholarship and the new educational method. The school map, as part of the school equipment, however, did not experi- ence this renaissance until 1916 when the house of Denoyer- Geppert applied scholarship and pedagogical method to the preparation of school maps that would fit the new educational standards. 4C9893 It was no easy task to select men with the necessary qualifi- cations to edit school maps for the better teaching of geography and history. The D-G Editorial Board now comprises fifteen scholars, each an authority in some special department of history or geography. In the field of history, six of America's leading historians have collaborated in the preparation of the most extensive series of school maps ever produced. In the depart- ment of geography, nine geographers of national and some of international reputation, have prepared a series of political maps that were at once recognized as a unique contribution to education in America. STAFF OF HISTORY MAP EDITORS Prof. James H. Breasted, University of Chicago. Prof. Carl F. Huth, Jr., University of Chicago. Prof. Samuel B. Harding, University of Minnesota. Prof. Albert B. Hart, Harvard University. Prof. Herbert E. Bolton, University of California. David M. Matteson, Cambridge, Massachusetts. STAFF OF GEOGRAPHY MAP EDITORS Prof. Charles R. Dryer, Indiana State Normal School. Prof. William M. Davis, Harvard University. Prof. Sumner W. Gushing, late of Salem, Mass., State Nor- mal School. Prof. Ellsworth Huntington, Yale University. Jacques W. Redway, Mt. Vernon, New York. Prof. Walter S. Tower, formerly of University of Chicago. Prof. Frank Carney, formerly of Denison University. Prof. J. Russell Smith, Columbia University. Prof. George B. Roorbach, Harvard University. Craftsmanship In the production of school maps many problems enter on the artistic, and on the mechanical side. Color carrying power, contrasts without clashes, size of lettering, the "hang" of each map; these and many other elements are carefully and faithfully weighed in the planning and in the execution of "D-G" maps. (Continued on page iv in back of book) CONTENTS Page Preface 2 Introduction 3 The Peace Treatiei 4 Plebiscite Areaa 5 v'Mandatory Territories 6 The Principles Underlying the New Boundaries 7 The League of Nations 9 The New Europe II Germany 12 France 17 Luxemburg 20 Belgium 20 Territories Under the League of Nations 21 Territory Controlled by the Principal Allied and Asso- ciated Powers 22 Poland 22 The Break-up of Austria-Hun- gary 25 Austria 25 Hungary 26 Czecho-Slovakia 28 Italy 29 State of Fiume 30 The Balkans 31 Rumania 32 Jugo-Slavia 34 Albania 35 Bulgaria 35 Greece 36 Turkey 37 Russia 40 The Baltic States 42 Esthonia 43 Latvia 43 Lithuania 43 Finland 44 Ukraine 45 The Caucasian Republics 47 Georgia 47 Azerbaijan Armenia . 48 48 Page Neutral Nations and Their Ter- ritorial Gains 49 Norway 49 Denmark 50 Liechtenstein 50 Political Changes in Asia 51 Kurdistan 52 Arabia 5 Syria 5 Palestine 53 Cyprus 5 Rhodes 5 Hejaz 5 Asir 5 Yemen 5 Irak (Mesopotamia) 5 Siberia 5 Japan 5 Germany's Lost Pacific Posses- sions 58 Australian Mandatory Territo- ries 60 New Zealand Mandatory Terri- tories 60 Japan in the Pacific 61 Political Changes in Africa .... 62 Togo 63 Kamerun 63 Tanganyika 64 Belgian Kongo 69 Southwest Africa Protectorate. 65 Portuguese Gains 66 The Treaty of London and Italian Colonies 66 Egypt 66 Kenia 67 The British Empire 67 The United States and the Peace Settlement 68 Political Changes Outside the Scope of the Peace Settle- ment 69 Iceland 69 Republic of Central America. . . 69 China 70 Development of World Em- pires 1914-1922 71 r e r a c e This pamphlet has been prepared in response to numerous requests for a brief outline of the geographical changes due to the World War. The literature of the Peace settlement is now quite extensive, but the geographic side, apart from articles in the scientific journals, has been somewhat neglected. The difficulty of acquiring reliable information, con- cerning the new areas, offers, perhaps, sufficient reason for this neglect. The works of Bowman, Haskins and Lord, Newbigin, and others may be referred to for further geographic and economic details. The following pages are prepared with special reference to the new Denoyer-Geppert Series of Political Geography Wall Maps (see page VII) ; all the changes mentioned in this pamphlet are shown on these maps. The new boundaries as show^n on these new maps were laid down from the original treaties and supplementary agreements. This pamphlet will be found useful in supplementing the school geographies by bringing up to dale the unrevised text and by linking up the past and present political conditions where the revised text is now in use. In the peace settlement, historical, racial, economic, and political conditions played their part. In this outline, obviously, only the briefest reference can be made to some of these facts. The historical, racial, eco- nomic, and political backgrounds of Europe are treated with a wealth of detail in the new Harding European History Wall Series (see page V), published by Denoyer-Geppert Company, to which references are made throughout the following pages. Particular interest centers in Map H 23 Europe in 1914; Map H 24 Economic Europe; Map H 25 Peoples of Eu- rope; Map H 26 Northern France, Belgium and the Rhine; Map H 27 Europe in 1920, and Map H 28 Central Europe 1921. A few references are also made to the Breasted Ancient History Wall Series (see page V) and the Hart-Bolton American History Wall Series (see page V), also published by Denoyer-Geppert Company. Professors Breasted and Huth, Harding, and Hart and Bolton have written separate manuals for their Ancient, European, and American History Maps; the teacher w^ill find these manuals invaluable for detailed study of the historical development of lands referred to in this pamphlet. It might prove interesting to note here that the changes throughout the world have been so numerous and the maps of Europe, Asia, Africa, Eastern Hemisphere, and World are so changed that it is quite impossible to teach present-day political conditions with pre-war maps. Even the Western Hemisphere map is altered in the Pacific area. The maps of North America and South America remain untouched by the peace settle- ment, but on these maps the march of the explorer and the development of industry and commerce have made significant changes. Introduction THE World War of 1914-18 profoundly changed the political aspect of the World. Opposed to the four nations of the Central Powers were twenty-two Allied and Associated Powers with seven more who had severed diplomatic relations. Only a few nations remained neutral. Of Europe's four million square miles of territory, seven- eighths was involved in the conflict. In Africa, only 430,000 square miles out of a total area of 1 1,500,000 square miles, re- mained neutral. In Asia, about one twenty-fifth of its 1 7,000,- 000 square miles was not involved in war. Australia was completely at war. In North America almost all the nations were directly involved, representing four-fifths of its 9,400,000 square miles. In South America, one-half remained neutral. About nine-tenths of the area of the entire world was belligerent in the Great World War. The outcome not only produced great territorial changes but also great political, social and economic changes which will profoundly influence the future development of all nations. Nations Which Made Peace at Paris PRINCIPAL ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED POWERS United States France Japan British Empire Italy The above with the following constituted the Allied and As- sociated Powers: — Armenia Belgium Bolivia Brazil China Cuba Czecho-Slovakia Ecuador Greece Guatemala Haiti Hejaz Honduras Jugo-SIavia Liberia Nicaragua Panama Peru Poland Portugal Rumania Siam Uruguay Germany * Austria-Hungary CENTRAL POWERS Bulgaria Turkey *Austria and Hungary are the remnants of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Peace Treaties IN January, 1919, representatives of the Allied and Associated Powers met in Paris to consider the terms of peace to be entered into with Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey, also to arrange the status and territorial claims of the new nations which had arisen as the outcome of the war. The following treaties were negotiated: Treaty of Versailles, June 25, 1919. Signed between the Repub- lic of Germany and the Allies, provided for the cession of German territory to other nations, the loss of all German colonies, the limitation of Germany's army and navy, and for restitution and reparation. Treaty of St. Germain, September 27, 1919. Signed between the new Republic of Austria and the Allies, fixed the territorial limits of the Republic of Austria, limited the size of its army, regulated its foreign relations and inflicted an indemnity. Treaty of Neuilly, November 27, 1919. Signed between Bulgaria and the Allies, provided for the cession of Bulgarian territory to other nations and the payment of an indemnity. Treaty of Trianon, June 4, 1920. Signed between the new Re- public of Hungary and the Allies, provided for the internationed relations of the new state and its territorial limits. Treaty of Sevres, August 10, 1920. Signed between Turkey and the Allies, provided for the cession of Turkish territory to other nations, the creation of new states within former Turkish terri- tory and the status of the present Turkish Empire in international affairs. Other major treaties which affected large areas in Europe are: Treaty of Rapallo, November 10, 1920. Signed between Italy and Jugo-Slavia, provided for the settlement of the disputed ter- ritory between these states and the creation of the independent state of Fiume. Treaty of Riga, March 18, 1921. Signed between Poland and Russia, provided for the determining of the boundary between these states and their diplomatic and commercial relations to each other. THE WORLD REMAPPED 5 Russia has also concluded treaties affecting territorial ques- tions with Finland. Esthonia, Latvia, Lithuania. Georgia, Azer- baijan, Armenia, Turkey, and the Far Eastern Republic. Russia has also concluded trade treaties with some of the European nations which, with their provisions for opening of Russian trade with the larger world, provide also, in part, recog- nition of the new Soviet Government. The United States did not ratify the Treaties of Versailles, St. Germain, and Trianon. The United States signed the follow- ing separate treaties : With Austria, August 24, 1921 ; with Ger- many, August 25, 1921 ; with Hungary, August 29, 192L REFERENCES The new boundaries in Europe as laid down in the Peace Treaties are well shown on Map J2 Europe (1921), edited by William Morris Davis of Harvard University (Denoyer-Geppert Series of Political Geography Maps) ; also on Map H28 Central Europe, 1918-1921, in the Harding European History Series. Plebiscite Areas THE Peace Conference reaffirmed the principle of nationality and the right of peoples to decide to w^hich states they de- sired to belong. Certain areas of Europe involved in the peace discussion were not allotted by the Peace Conference but the final choice w^as left to the inhabitants of these regions to be decided by vote. TTie following regions were plebiscite areas: — 1. Schlesw^ig (two zones) 5. Teschen 2. East Prussia (part) 6. Orava 3. Upper Silesia 7. Spiz. 4. Klagenfurt TTie three last areas were not voted on, but the frontiers were decided on by the Council of Ambassadors. The results of the voting on the plebiscite areas were as fol- lows: — 1 . Schleswig — one zone to Denmark and the other to Germany. 2. East Prussia — voted to remain part of Germany. 3. Upper Silesia — vote taken; boundary determined by League of Nations. 4. Klagenfurt — voted to become part of Austria. 6 DENOYF.R-GEPPERT COMPANY Saar Basin and the Smyrna district will, after a definite period of years, vote on the question of sovereignty. REFERENCE The plebiscite areas and their disposition are shown on Map H28 Central Europe, 1918-1921, in the Harding European His- tory Series. Mandatory Territories SINCE the Allies refused to restore to Germany her colonies there arose the problem of the disposal of these areas. In the great colonial expansion of the European powers prac- tically all of Africa and most of Asia had been brought under European influence. The desire for markets and the exploitation of the natural resources in these areas developed keen interna- tional rivalry. Annexation by the successful nations would not remove the friction which has in the past so frequently produced international trouble, even war. At the Peace Conference, the former German colonies, with parts of the Turkish Empire, were assigned to different nations in the form of mandates. The man- dates are drawn as treaties of trust which the mandatory power agrees to execute on behalf of the League of Nations. The man- datory powers must report to the League of Nations on their respective mandatory territories annually. The following are the Mandatory Territories. Africa rParts of Togo and Kamerun, 'rr\ <^Dr-AT- T->r>TT-AiM J most of former German East TO GREAT BRITAIN U^i^^ (now called Tanganyika "-Territory) . TO UNION OF SOUTH I Former German Southwest AFRICA "I Africa (now called Southwest [Africa). TO FRANCE Parts of Togo and Kamerun. TO BELGIUM A small part of former German East Africa. THE WORLD REMAPPED 7 Oceania TO AUSTRALIA Former German New Guinea and adjacent islands. TO NEW ZEALAND Samoa Islands (former Germzoi part). TO BRITISH EMPIRE Nauru Island. TO JAPAN All former German possessions north of the equator. Asia TO GREAT BRITAIN Mesopotamia and Palestine. TO FRANCE Syria. TO GREECE Smyrna. REFERENCES The new wall maps, J 3 Asia, J4 Africa, J 7 Eastern Hemis- phere, J8 Western Hemisphere, J9 World, in the Denoyer-Gep- pert Series of Political Geography Maps show the mandatory territories as arranged by the Peace Conference. The Principles Underlying the New Boundaries AN analysis shows that the territorial changes made by the Peace Conference may be classified as follows: — (a) Modification of frontier, affirming the principle of nationality; as in case of Schleswig, Rumania, Poland, etc. (b) Boundary changes determined by strategic and not national considerations; as in case of Italy (Tyrol). (c) States created out of disrupted states upon a so-called national basis but actually founded on racial lines; as in case of Armenia, Austria, etc. (d) Areeis divided as spoils of war but not actually an- nexed by the powers. Such areas axe the Mandatory Territories 8 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY under the guardianship of the various powers who hold the maii- dates from the League of Nations; as in the case of the former German colonies. (e) Economic conditions also were significant factors in determining boundaries, the possession of coal and iron being especially a determining factor. The Saar Basin, Alsace-Lorraine and Upper Silesia are instances. The difficulties in applying these principles in the remaking of Europe were tremendous. Considering the conflicting de- mands of the combatants, the claims of de facto governments seeking recognition, the economic exhaustion of most of the nations, and antagonisms not yet stilled, the final peace, while not perfect, is in many respects a compromise w^hich will make for a permanent basis of peace amongst the nations. A study of the territorial settlements outlined in these pages shows that the new boundaries of Europe, while in many cases still arbitrary and indefensible, agree in the main with the national aspirations of racial groups. For a proper understanding of the terms of the peace treaties it should be borne in mind that the final peace terms were largely conditioned by agreements made between the Allies dur- ing the war. The Central Powers, too, had their "secret treaties," but their interest now is purely academic. The adherence of Italy to the Allied cause was obtained by the now famous Treaty of London of April 26th, 1915, by which treaty Italy was to obtain the Trentino, Southern Tyrol, Istria, part of the Dalmatian Coast, Avlona, a protectorate over Albania, the Dodecanese (Sporades) in the Aegean, part of Asia Minor, and compensation in Africa. Greece, in November 1914 and again in the winter of 1915, was offered Southern Albania and territory in Asia Minor, also Cyprus, in return for her aid. Greece did not then accept, but later she joined the Allies and as the peace settlement shows, she obtained the larger part of the earlier promises. In March, 1915, Britain and France agreed that Russia should annex Constan- tinople and the Straits. Russia in return acknowledged British interests predominant in Persia and other spheres. In the spring of 1916, Britain, France, and Russia arranged the Near East according to their particular claims. Later the question of territorial readjustment in Central Europe was ar- ranged. In August 1916 Rumania, anxious to extend her power over "Rumania Irredenta," was promised Bukovina and Transyl- vania in exchange for her aid. THE WORLD REMAPPED 9 Japan entered the war with a very definite understanding regarding her position in the Far East. The Russian Revolution led to a revision of the Asia Minor agreement and incidentally many of these secret arrangements were made public by the Soviet power for the first time. The British arranged for an in- dependent Pan Arabic State. When the Peace Conference met. many of the causes which led to some of these secret arrangements no longer existed, and others had changed. These agreements, some of which violated the principle of nationality, can only be defended on the ground of expediency and that the aid of these allies was w^orth the somewhat harsh terms. A consideration of the actual peace set- tlement will show how far the agreements have been adhered to. REFERENCES Map H23 Europe 1914, Map H24 Economic Europe, Map H25 Peoples of Europe, Map H26 Northern France, Be!?^ium and the Rhine, and Map H23 Central Europe. 1918-1921, all in the Harding European History Series, will be found useful in under- standing some of the causes of the World War, and also illustrate the principles underlying the territorial changes. The League of Nations AT the forefront of all the treaties entered into between the Allies and the Central Powers is the Covenant of the League of Nations. This is the first comprehensive attempt to combine all of the nations of the world into a league to preserve world peace and provide for matters of international concern. By the Covenant of the League of Nations subscribed to by the nations listed below, the League of Nations receives an annual report from the mandatory powers. The League will endeavor to seek hum.ane labor conditions throughout the world; the just treatment of natives in mandatory territories; the regulation of the opium traffic; the regulation of trade in arms; the mainte- nance of freedom of communications, and the prevention and control of disease. The League has formulated plans for the in- stitution of a Permanent Court of International Justice. Disarma- ment is also one of the aims of the League. The regulation of international finance and uniformity of international statistics are being considered by the League. By the terms of the Covenant, all members of the League are required to register every treaty or international agreement entered into by them; no treaty shall be binding unless so registered. This arrangement marks a notable 10 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY step in open diplomacy. The Leagfue also undertakes to settle disputes between its members. Already the League has con- sidered several territorial disputes. The League of Nations con- trols the Free City of Danzig, and the Saar Basin, and overseas mandated territories containing about 1 3,000,000 backward peoples. State Members Mentioned in the Covensmt Argentina * Australia * Belgium ^Bolivia *Brazil *Canada Chile *China Colombia *Cuba *Czecho-Slovakia Denmark ^France '^Great Britain *Greece ^Guatemala *Haiti ^Honduras *India *Italy *Japan *Jugo-Slavia ^Liberia Netherlands *New Zealand ^Nicaragua Norway ^'Panama Paraguay Persia *Peru ^Poland ^Portugal ^Rumania Salvador *Siam Spain *South Africa Sweden Switzerland * Uruguay V enezueia ^Members by signing the Treaty. All others members by invitation. Albania Austria Bulgaria State Members Later Admitted Costa Rica Latvia Lithuania Luxemburg Esthonia Finland States Applying for Membership Hungary Monaco Iceland Liechtenstein San Marino Ukraine Armenia Azerbaijan *"'Georgia ^Admitted to the technical organizations of the League. States Not Members of the League Abyssinia Germany Dominican Repub Afghanistan Mexico lie Andorra Morocco Turkey *Arabia (Hejaz) Nepal ^United States Bhutan Oman ^Ecuador Russia ^Entitled to original membership under the Covenant. The New Europe IN 1914 there were in Europe twenty-six sovereign nations, large and small. In January, 1921, there were not less than thirty-four sovereign states. In Europe proper, ten have been created as a result of the war. In the adjoining regions of Asia, in areas politically controlled by Europe, three other sovereign states have arisen besides various mandates in Asia Minor and Arabia. In the following summary it should be noted that of the states existing in 1914 only twelve have remained unchanged in area. Countries Unchanged in Area 1914-1921 Form of Government Square Miles Population Albania Republic 11.000 524,000 Andorra Republic 191 5,000 British Isles Kingdom 121,633 46,174.000 Liechtenstein Principality 65 1 0,700 Luxemburg Grand Duchy 999 263,000 Monaco Principality 8 22,900 Netherlands Kingdom 12,582 6,841,000 Portugal Republic 35,490 5.95 7,000 San Marino Republic 38 1 2.000 Spain Kingdom 194,783 20,783,000 Sweden Kingdom 173,035 5.847,000 Switzerland Republic 15,976 3,861,000 Countries Which Have Gained in Area Since 1914 Form of Square Miles — — Population — Government 1914 1921 1914 1 92 1 Belgium Kingdom 11,373 11,757 7,500,000 7.600,000 Denmark . Kingdom 15,582 16,566 2,940.000 3,268,000 France ...Republic 207,054 212,662 39.061.000 41,475,000 Greece ...Kingdom 41,931 65,490 4.821,000 7.000.000 Italy Kingdom 110.632 117.982 36.120,000 39,500,000 Norway ..Kingdom 125.000 150.000 2.400.000 2,691.000 Rumania .. Kingdom 53.489 122,282 7.500,000 17,393,000 Countries Which Have Lost in Area Since 1914 Form of Square Miles — — Population — Government 1914 1921 1914 1921 Bulgaria .Kingdom 47,750 40,730 4.800,000 4,300,000 Germany .Republic 203.178 175,709 64,925,000 58,000,000 (est.) (est.) Russia ...Soviet Rep. 1,867,700 1,301,400 137,420.000 62,000.000 Turkey ... Sultanate 613,724 174,900 21,000,000 8,000,000 12 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY Ne\% Nations Since 1914 Form of Government Square Miles Population Austria Republic 30.700 6,139,000 Czecho-Slovakia Republic 43,500 13.600.000 ELsthonia Republic 23,160 1,750.000 Finland Republic 1 33,000 3,300.000 Fiume Republic 8 49,000 Hungary Kingdom 35,164 8,481,000 Iceland Kingdom 39,709 91,000 Jugo-Slavia Kingdom 95,628 11,337,000 Latvia Republic 24,400 1.503,000 Lithuania Republic 36,500 4,657,000 Poland Republic 1 49.000 29,840,000 Ukraine Republic 300,000 40,000,000 Georgia Republic 40,000 3. 1 76,000 Azerbaijan Republic 30,000 4,615,000 Armenia Republic 60,000 3,000,000 Jugo-Slavia is the enlarged Serbia. Austria-Hungary is the only political unit which has completely disappeared from the map of Europe though it may still be recognized in the small states of Austria and Hungary. Iceland was formerly a part of Denmark. Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia are properly in Asia. REFERENCES Pre-war Europe is shown on Map H23 Europe 1914, in the Harding European History Series. The new Europe is shown on Map J2 Europe, edited by William Morris Davis of Harveird University (Denoyer-Geppert Series of Political Geography Maps). Map H28 Central Europe, 1918-1921, in the Harding European History Series shows on a large scale the new states of Central Europe, and the territorial changes made by the numer- ous peace treaties. The pre-war boundaries are also shown. The showing of pre-war and after the war boundaries on this map should prove of extreme value to the teacher and student of his- tory and geography. B Germany Y the Treaty of Versailles, 1919. Germany lost a large area of her homeland and all of her colonial possessions. The follow^ing tables summarize her losses: THE WORLD REMAPPED 13 TERRITORY CEDED TO Square Miles France 5,608 Denmark 984 Poland 18.024 Belgium 384 Czecho-Sloveikia '00 TERRITORY UNDER 1 Danzig 729 LEAGUE OF N ATIONS . J Saar Basin 730 PRINCIPAL ALLIED AND 1.. , o.^, ASSOCIATED POWERS, [kernel V IV Total 27,469 Area of Germany, 1914 203,178 Area of Germany, 1921 (est.) 175,709 Population of Germany, 1914 64,925,000 Population of Germany, 1921 (est.) 58,000,000 GERMANY'S LOST COLONIAL EMPIRE Africa TO BRITISH EMPIRE Square Miles German East Africa 364,900 German S. W. Africa 322,000 Togo, part of 12,500 Kamerun, part of 33,000 TO FRANCE TO BELGIUM TO PORTUGAL Total 732.400 / Kamerun, part of 265,000 I Togo, part of 21,200 Total 286,200 J German East Africa I (part of) 19.000 Kionga "Triangle" 100 Total in Africa 1.037.700 14 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY TO JAPAN TO BRITISH EMPIRE <^ TO JAPAN Asia Kiaochow Oceania New Guinea Isleuid Groups (Bismeu-ck Archipelago, Solomon Isleuids, Samoa Islands, Nauru Island).'. Caroline Islands Marshall Isleinds Mariana Islands Pelew Islands Square Milea 200 70,000 21.038 960 Total in Oceania 91.998 Grand total of Germany's former colonies, 1.129.898 square miles. Germany's greatest territorial loss is on her eastern fron- tier. Eeist Prussia is now sepeurated from Germany proper by a broad strip of Polish territory which was ceded to Poland because of ethnic and economic considerations. Germeuiy has been granted free communication with East Prussia, across this strip of Polish territory. By the terms of the Peace Treaty, Germany hcis had her army and navy restricted, fortifications destroyed in certain areas, and a large indemnity inflicted. Germany has also lost territory which contained some of her most valuable agricultureJ, mineral and industrial resources. The lost territories of Schles- wig, Alsace-Lorraine, and territory lost to Poland contained 12% of her population. In Alsace-Lorraine, Germany has lost valuable deposits of iron, coal and potash. In 1913 the iron mines of Lorraine (Ger- man) produced 75% of the iron ore output of Germany, and the resources of this field constituted 47% of Germany's total. The loss of this important iron ore area makes Germany now dependent on foreign supplies for the maintenance of her suprem- acy in iron manufacture. Germany now has 1 1 % of Europe's iron ore reserves and Fremce 35%. The coal deposits of the Saar Basin are ceded to France. Before the war this field pro- duced 9% of Germany's total coal output and held 22% of her total coal reserves. THE WORLD REMAPPED 15 Before the war Germany had a monopoly of the world's output of potash (about 95%). The valuable deposits in Lor- raine are now in the possession of France. Germany, however, has deposits in other areas of the republic. Besides the loss of these important resources, Germany's industrial loss includes the textiles of Alsace, the cotton mills of which ranked foremost in the Empire, and the iron manufactures of Lorraine. With Alsace-Lorraine, Germany was able to build up her industrial and military power; with its loss Germany will be helpless for aggression and her industrial development de- pends upon the cultivation of friendly economic relations with France. The economic resources of the territory ceded to Poland and Denmark are mainly agricultural. The important cities of Strasbourg, Metz, and Posen are included in the lost territory. The Treaty of Versailles took from Germany 12% (est.) of her population, 6% of her coal output, 75% of her iron ore, 20% of her potash and an appreciable percentage of her agri- cultural resources. Germany also lost all of her colonies, thus making her dependent on other nations in the years to come for raw materials from these tropical regions. The territorial division of the Upper Silesia Plebiscite area was determined by the League of Nations in October, 1921. Germany retains almost three- fourths of the area, but has lost to Poland a large part of the highly mineralized area. This area has both agricultural and mineral wealth. Before the war, more than one-fifth of the coal production of Germany came from this field. TTie zinc deposits of Silesia are the richest in Europe, making Germany, in 1913, the second greatest producer in the world. Practically the entire zinc industry of Upper Silesia has now passed to Poland. International Waterways. By the terms of the Peace Treaty certain navigable rivers that could be used by various nations were declared open and free. The freedom of navigation of the Rhine has been re-established, and as France now borders the E^ine the German hold on the Rhine has been lost. The Elbe, with the Moldau, is internationalized to Prague, thus giving Czecho-Slovakia access through Germany to the sea. The Oder, and Nieman are also declared open and free, giving Poland ac- cess to the Baltic. The Danube below Ulm (in Germany) is also 16 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY internationalized. The commerce of Southern Germany, Austria, Czecho-Slovakia, Hungary, and Jugo-Slavia will use the Danube. The Kiel Canal is made free to shipping of all nations. The open- ing of these important waterways gives the interior countries of Europe an opportunity to develop commerce w^ith the outside world. Germany's Lost Colonies. German state colonization began in 1 884 when Togo and Kamerun in Africa were acquired. With the loss of all colonial possessions Germany's dream of a world empire vanishes. When the war began in 1914 Germany was slowly building up a tremendous influence in the Near East, with the Berlin to Bagdad Plan as its main motive. In Africa she had constructed an empire of over 1,000,000 square miles, five times the area of Germany in Europe. In China she possessed one of the finest harbors in the Far East, and throughout the Pacific she had established colonies of great economic and strategic importance. The German colonies, though rich in agri- cultural, forest, and mineral resources, remained very much un- developed; but had Germany retained possession of her colonies they would, in time, have become important sources of rav» materials for the needs of her industries. REFERENCES TTie historical development of Modern Germany is well illustrated on Map H20 German Empire, in the Harding Euro- pean History Series. German colonial expansion is show^n on Map H22 The World, 1914. The industrial and economic growth of Germany is shown on Map H20 German Empire. This map also illustrates some of the economic problems which determined the territorial changes made by the Peace Conference. The ethnic factors which partly determined the new eastern boundary of Germany are shown on Map H25 Peoples of Europe. The new German Republic is shown on Map J2 Europe, in the Denoyer-Geppert Series of Political Geography Maps. Map H28 Central Europe, 1918-1921, in the Harding European History Series shows on a large scale the new Germany as out- lined by the Treaty of Versailles. The important territorial and economic losses of Germany on her western border are shown on Map H26 Northern France, Belgium, and the Rhine, 1914-1919, in the Harding European History Series. > 17 France TERRITORIAL ACQUISITIONS. 1919 Square Milea IN EUROPE Alsace-Lorraine 5.608 Saar Basin (coal only) IN AFRICA Kamerun 265,000 Togo 21.200 IN ASIA Syria 120,000 Total 411.808 THE Treaty of Versailles 1919, Part 3, states that "The terri- tories which were ceded to . Germany in accordance with the Preliminaries of Peace signed at Versailles on February 26, 1871, and the Treaty of Frankfort of May 10, 1871, are restored to French sovereignty as from the date of the Armistice of November 1 1. 1918." In these w^ords Alsace-Lorraine was reunited to France. By the addition of Alsace-Lorraine, France becomes the second largest country in Europe. Alsace-Lorraine was for a long period part of France up to 1871 when Germany took the province as part of the price of peace. The return of Alsace-Lorraine, an area equal to the com- bined area of Rhode Island and Connecticut, has more than a moral significance to that nation. The new boundary gives France a good strategic frontier, possessing undoubted ad- vantage for offense and defense. The economic loss to Ger- many entailed through the loss of that territory has already been mentiond. The value of Alsace-Lorraine consists not only in the soil, producing large crops of grapes, wheat and other products, but also in its mineral resources. The iron ore of Lorraine, the potash and petroleum of Alsace, are welcome additions to the not over-plentiful mineral resources of France. When Alsace- Lorraine became part of the German Empire in 1871 the great potential value of the Lorraine iron field had not been realized. Bismarck and his advisers believed that the commercial ore bodies in this region were limited to the outcrops and so fixed the boundary to include the areas where ore had been mined. By ignorance of the geologic conditions the larger part of the Lor- raine iron field was left to France. German dependence on the 18 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY iron of Lorraine before the war is illustrated by the fact that 75 % of her total output came from Lorraine (German). The Lor- raine iron district, formerly extending on both sides of the Franco-German frontier and now entirely within France (except for a small extension into Luxemburg), is the largest iron field in Europe. Its output in 1913 was 48% of Europe's total output. Before 1871 iron ore of the minette type, then thought to be of little value, was mined in the areas of Meurthe and Moselle in France. France was allowed to retain these "useless" deposits but later when a process was invented to utilize these minette ores efficiently, these ore deposits added greatly to the produc- tion of iron ore in France. In 1884 iron ores were discovered underlying the plateau of Briey on the French side of the fron- tier. The French Lorraine field contains greater iron ore re- serves than the former German Lorraine field. Germany realized in later years the significance of the French iron ore fields, and early in the war, Germany seized control of all the Lorraine fields. Germany, also, had seized by her invasion of Belgium all the coal fields of northern France. France, therefore, early in the war, suffered the loss of vital economic resources. IRON ORE PRODUCTION IN EUROPE 1913 Tons German Empire (total) 28,600,000 German Lorraine 21 ,000.000 France 21 ,900,000 Luxemburg 7,300,000 Rest of Europe 29. 1 00.000 On the basis of the production of 1913, Germany's produc- tion of iron ore, with the loss of Alsace-Lorraine, would now be about 7,000,000 tons, while that of France would increase to 42,000,000 tons. The Treaty of Versailles has left Germany with only 1 1 % of the iron resources of Europe while France owns 35%. During the war France suffered damage to the extent of 74% of her coal and mineral production. To compensate her for this loss, the Treaty of Versailles ceded to France the coal field (only) of the Saar Basin in Rhineland (Germany). France also obtains an additional supply of coal in the annexed Lorraine, which in 1913 produced 3.795.000 tons of coal. The great need of France, however, is a larger supply of coking coal; the new supplies do not yield any coking coal. Because of the lack THE WORLD REMAPPED 19 of coking coal, France, before 1913, exported a considerable part of the iron ore output of French Lorraine to Germany. In 1913 France controlled but 1.7% of the coal reserves of Europe as compared with 38% held by Germany. France now controls 8% while Germeiny now controls 32% of the coal reserves of Europe. Germany still maintains her superiority in coal reserves, but her iron reserves have suffered serious curtailment. France on the other hand has now enormous iron reserves, but even with recent additions is short of coal, especially coking coal. Germany's need for the iron ore of France and the need by France for the coking coal of Germany is one of the many rea- sons why an early resumption of normal trade relations betw^een France and Germany is to be looked for. Next in value of the minerals in the ceded territory is the potash of Mulhausen (Alsace), one of the few known deposits in the world. This field is very recent, being first opened up in 1911. These deposits were never wholly developed by Ger- many as she had other mines in the Empire. Before the war, Germany had a world monopoly on potash. Less valuable are the petroleum deposits north of Stras- bourg (Alsace). The annual production in 1918 was over 700,000 barrels, and as France possesses only a very limited supply of oil shale, the addition of this product is valuable and opportune as oil is coming to be more and more important as a fuel for motive power. When Germemy discovered the tre- mendous potentialities of the mineral wealth of Alsace-Lorraine, she proceeded with characteristic energy to develop this area. Alsace-Lorraine became one of the important industrial regions of Germany. The development of iron manufacturing centers followed logically and in 1913 Alsace-Lorraine produced 3,869,- 000 tons of iron and 2,286,000 tons of steel. Alsace also devel- oped textile centers, the cotton mills of which ranked foremost in Germany. Strasbourg (pop. 178,890), an important port on the Rhine, Mulhausen (pop. 95,041), Metz (pop. 68,598), and Col- mar (pop. 43,000) are among the industrial centers in this new French territory. TTie extension of the French frontier makes the Rhine a French river. The freedom of the Rhine to the shipping of the world was stipulated in the Treaty of Versailles. Kehl, a new port on the Rhine in Baden, has by the treaty become at- tached to Strasbourg for a term of years. Alsace-Lorraine has a population of 1,874,000. The majority, 1,634,000 are German 20 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY spesiking, while only 240,000 Eire French. The re-accession of Alsace-Lorraine to France, with its great tninerEil wealth eind extensive industries, will add greatly to the economic strength of France. REFERENCES The historical and economic significance of the re-accession of Alsace-Lorraine to France is well illustrated on the following maps in the Harding European History Series: Map H20 Mod- ern Germany, Map H23 Europe in 1914, Map H24 Economic Europe, Map H26 Northern France, Belgium and the Rhine 1914-1919, Map H28 Central Europe 1918-1921. Map J2 Europe, in the Denoyer-Geppert Series of PoliticsJ Geography Maps, shows the new France. Colonial France before 1914 is shown on Map H22 The World 1914 (Harding European History Series). ColonieJ France with its new accessions of former German colonies ia shown on Map J4 Africa and Map J9 World, in the Denoyer- Geppert Series of Political Geography Maps. Luxemburg BY the Treaty of Versailles, Germany has renounced her various treaties with Luxemburg, which also ceases to be a member of the German Customs Union (Zollverein). Ltixemburg is now under the protection of Belgium. German interests in Luxemburg, before 1914, were domi- nant. She absorbed most of the iron ore production of Luxem- burg which amounted to 7,300,000 tons in 1913 and also con- trolled most of the smelters. Belgium TERRITORIAL ACQUISITIONS 1919 Square Miles IN EUROPE Moresnet, Eupen and Malmedy 384 IN AFRICA Additions to Belgian Kongo 19,000 Total 19,384 GERMANY ceded to Belgium, by the Peace Treaty, three small frontier areas: Moresnet, Eupen, and Malmedy. This area has no great significance, although the rectification of the fTontier makes it more in accord with the natural boundary THE WORLD REMAPPED 21 between Belgium and Germany. The cessions were made chiefly on historical and commercial grounds. Under the Treaty of Versailles the special neutral status of Belgium is abrogated. REFERENCES The new territorial additions to Belgium are shown on Map H26 Northern France, Belgium, and the Rhine 1914-1919. and on Map H28 Central Europe 1918-1921, in the Harding Euro- pean History Series. Territories Under the League of Nations Two territories: the Free City of Danzig, and the Saar Basin, formerly parts of Germany, were by the Treaty of Versailles put under the protection of the League of Nations. Free City of Danzig. Danzig constituted for a time during the peace settlement one of the problem areas of Europe. For- merly a German city, it is an important port, with a large trade in grain, sugar and lumber, and is the only outlet for the Vistula basin and surrounding territory. Poland laid claim to this port as essential to her commercial development. The population of Danzig, however, is 97% German and only 3% Polish. To safe- guard the rights of the majority, and the commerce of Poland, Danzig was made a Free City under the League of Nations and included in the Polish Customs Union. Area, 729 square miles, population 35 1,380. Danzig has now much the same status that it had for more than three hundred years, — 1454 to 1 793, when it was practically a free republic. Saar Basin. Saar Basin lies to the north of Lorraine in the valley of the Saar, a tributary of the Moselle. Germany ceded to France full ownership of the coal mines of the Saar Basin, as compensation for the destruction of coal mines in northern France during the war. The territory is under the protection of the League of Nations, but after 1 5 years from the signing of the treaty, a plebiscite will be taken to determine its sovereignty. The Saar Basin produced 17,000,000 tons of coal in 1913 and was the second most important coal field in Germany, hold- ing in coal reserves almost 22% of the reserves of the Empire. The coal of this area is suitable only for general purposes and not for smelting. The area of Saar Basin is 730 square miles, with a population, mainly German, of 640,000. Saarbrucken is the chief town. 22 Territory Controlled by the Principal Allied and Associated Powers Memel with an adjoining area north of the Niemen River, forming the extreme tip of East Prussia, was taken from Ger- many and put under the control of the Allied Powers, who will later decide as to its disposal. Memel is the port for the trade of Lithuania, and eventually may be included in Lithuania. Area of zone 910 square miles; population 145,000. REFERENCES The history of Danzig may be traced on Map H 1 2 Europe 1648. Map HI 3 Europe 1740, Map H20 German Empire, and Map H28 Central Europe 1918-1921. The economic importance of the Saar Basin is clearly shown on Map H20 German Empire, Map H24 Economic Europe, and Map H26 Northern France, Belgium and the Rhine. The geographical and economic significance of Memel is shown on Map H28 Central Europe 1918-1921. All these maps are in the Harding European History Series. Poland POLAND'S right to separate existence was early recognized in the World War. Under the stress of war, Germany and Rus- sia both offered autonomy to the Poles. Poland's problem is rooted in its geography. Lying in the basin of the Vistula, it has no natural frontiers except on the south where the Car- pathians separate it from Czecho-Slovakia. The location of Poland on the North European plain at the crossroads of great commercial highways running east and west from Russia to Germany, and from the Baltic to the Black Sea and the Medi- terranean, has made it an important distributing center and a highway for transit trade. Its lack of natural frontiers; its loca- tion at the meeting point of Scandinavian, Germanic, Slavic, and for a period the Asiatic, races, has made its history very check- ered, culminating in the Partitions of 1772, 1793, and 1795. The Poles form a fairly compact mass in the basin of the Vistula; in former Russian Poland they comprised 74% of the population. Toward the fringes of this mass in German Poland the Poles formed 33% of the population; in Austrian Poland, 41 %. On the east the Poles thinned off into Ukraine, Lithuania, and White Russia. For severed hundred years Poland was a THE WORLD REMAPPED 23 kingdom in central Europe, covering before its partition in 1 772 an area of 274,000 square miles. The state was absorbed by Russia, Prussia and Austria. In 1914 the area generally known as Poland was divided as follows: Square Miles Population Russian Poland 49,150 11,500,000 German Poland 22,500 4,000,000 Austrian Poland 1 1,000 5,000,000 TTie new republic of Poland covers a much larger area than the above and yet is only slightly over one-half the size of the former kingdom before 1772. The area of Poland (1921) is 1 49,000 square miles, with a population estimated at 24,272,000. Poland is equal in area to North and South Dakota. The reconstruction of Poland offered serious racial, eco- nomic, and socisd problems to the Peace Conference. The Peace Conference determined the boundaries of new Poland on the west and south, but owing to the unsettled and difficult racial situa- tion on the east a decision was left pending. The Poles in seek- ing an enlarged Poland on the east, in justification of an ethno- graphic frontier, came into conflict with Soviet Russia. After months of war, a final peace was ratified in March, 1921, which fixed the boundary betw^een Poland and Russia. In certain areas the ethnic and economic problems were so difficult of solution that in order to arrive at a decision consistent with the wishes and economic needs of the population, a plebiscite was decided upon by the Peace Conference. Part of East Prus- sia was constituted a plebiscite area; the Germans gained a majority and the new boundary has been laid down on the results of the vote. Upper Silesia, where the boundaries of Ger- many, Poland, and Czecho-Slovakia meet, has constituted a problem area in the boundary settlement. Here the population is hopelessly mixed; the problem is rendered complex by its great deposits of iron ore, coal, lead, and zinc, which would be of great economic value to the nation possessing the region. The vote was taken on March, 1921, resulting in a German majority of the total votes, but a Polish majority in certain communes. The Supreme Council of the Allies referred the boundary settlement to the League of Nations. By the decision of the League of Nations, October, 1921, Germany retains almost three-fourths of the area, while Poland receives the remaining south-eastern section, containing the major part of the coal and iron resources of Upper Silesia. In 1913 the cosl fields of Upper Silesia pro- duced 43,000,000 tons of coal, more than one-fifth of the total output of Germany. 24 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY By the terms of the Allied promise to Poland that she should be granted "a free and secure access to the sea," and also on ethnic grounds, a strip of German territory, acting as a corridor to the Baltic, was given to Poland. This Polish corridor divides East Prussia from Germany proper. There is no natural harbor, however, on the strip of coast now^ owned by Poland. As the Vistula is now essentially a Polish river, and as Danzig is the port for the Vistula basin and a large part of the interior, Poland sought to acquire Danzig, but the Peace Conference made Danzig a Free City. Eastern Galicia, which produces 5 % of the oil out- put of the world, is now administered by Poland. Poland is essentially an agricultural country, producing rye, wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, and sugar beets. In recent years the rich iron and coal regions to the west of Krakow and border- ing on Upper Silesia, where a plebiscite was taken to determine the boundary in this region, have undergone great development. Manufacturing is highly developed in centers formerly in Rus- sian Poland. Lodz (pop. 429,000) is the textile center; Czen- tochowa (pop. 101,000) and vicinity is the chief mining and metallurgical region; while Warsaw (pop. 980,000), the capital, has varied manufactures. Krakow (pop. 176,000), is in a dis- trict rich in coal and zinc; near Krakow are the salt mines of Wielicka, among the most famous in the world. Vilna (pop. 205,000), an important city on the Polish-Lithuanian border, is now in dispute between Poland and Lithuania. The dispute is now being considered by the League of Nations. REFERENCES The history of Poland as a separate kingdom is shown on Map H4 Crusades, Map H7 Europe 1360, Map H9 Charles V 1519, Map HI 2 Europe 1648, Map HI 3 Europe 1740, which shows the partition of Poland. The economic development of Poland is shown on Map H8 Medieval Commerce, Map H20 German Empire, and Map H24 Economic Europe. The racial distribution of the Poles is shown on Map H25 Peoples of Europe; the distribution of the Poles should be noted on this map, in justification of the Polish corridor to the sea. The new Poland as defined by the various treaties is il- lustrated on Map H28 Central Europe, 1918-1921. All these maps are in the Harding European History Series. Map J2 Europe in the Denoyer-Geppert Series of Political Geography Maps shows Poland as defined by the most recent treaties. 25 The Break-Up of Austria-Hungary AUSTRIA-HUNGARY in 1914 was the second largest state in Europe, with an area of 261,000 square miles and a pop- ulation of 51,000,000. Austria-Hungary was not a na- tional unit. Its main feature from the standpoint ot human geography was its heterogeneous population of Czechs, Poles, Slavs, Croats, Slovenes, Italians, Rumanians, ruled by the two dominant races, Germans and Magyars. Its boundaries were not natural but political. When once the military aristocracy which bound together its ill-assorted political elements had been shattered, nothing could prevent the partition into units that were more compatible with geography and race. As a result of the World War this polygot monarchy was dissolved and its territories divided as follows: Square Miles Population Austria 30,700 6, 1 39,000 Hungary 35. 1 64 7,800,000 Czecho-Slovakia 43,500 1 3,600,000 The remainder, 15 1,000 square miles, was divided between Poland, Italy, Jugo-Slavia, Rumania, and Fiume. The rich coal and iron deposits in Bohemia and Moravia have gone to Czecho-Slovakia; the petroleum wells of Galicia to Poland; the Trentino and Trieste to Italy; Rumania acquires rich agricultural and mineral wealth in Transylvania; and Fiume becomes independent. Austria has been reconstituted, but as a mere fragment of the former province, and deprived of most of its economic wealth. Hungary also suffered; its area was reduced to almost one-fourth of its former size and much of its economic wealth passed to neighboring nations. Both are now interior countries, w^ith only an outlet to the sea by the Danube. Austria BEFORE the war the province of Austria was 1 16,000 square miles, almost half that of the whole Empire, and had a population of 28,500,000. The new republic of Austria is only 30,700 square miles in area, a little larger than South Caro- lina, with a population of 6,139,000. The new state is limited to the western part of the old province and is largely moun- tainous. Formerly a partner in one of the Great Pow^ers of Europe, Austria is now reduced to less than a fourth rate power. 26 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY Economically, Austria has suffered severe losses, retaining but a mere fragment of her former mineral wealth. For some- time Austria will not be able to support herself economically, certain essential raw materials not being immediately available in her territory. Her present supplies of coal, iron and salt may, however, prove ample under organized conditions. She retains large forest areas and great water-power resources. Agriculture is one of the chief occupations in the new state. Austria is now shut off from the sea, her former port of Trieste having passed to Italy. The Treaty, however, guarantees her access by rail to the Adriatic. The Danube has been inter- nationalized and by this river her commerce may reach the outer world. Vienna (pop. 1,842,000) the capital, and formerly the capital of Austria-Hungary, is now eccentrically placed on the east of the new state. Developed as a capital of a highly central- ized state which no longer exists, and possessing institutions no longer necessary for such a small state, Vienna seems doomed to a comparative state of decay unless action is taken to safe- guard its former supremacy in culture and manufactures. Almost one-third of the population of the new state is located in Vienna. Graz (pop. 15 7,000), Linz (pop. 93,000) and Innsbruck (pop. 55,000) are industrial centers. Unlike the former polyglot nature of the province, the population of the new state is homogeneous, being almost entirely German. The loss of much of her richest territory has produced an economic crisis in her history. To tide over the present eco- nomic difficulties the League of Nations has practically assumed control of the government of Austria, with the approval of the new state. Austria has desired to unite with Germany but the Peace Treaty bars such a union. Hungary IN the old Austria-Hungary, the province of Hungary had an area of 125,000 square miles with a population of 20,886,- 000. The new republic of Hungary covers 35,164 square miles with a population of 8,481,000; and is located entirely within the area of old Hungary, the new boundaries not touch- ing the old at any point. In the former province, as was typical of all the Empire, the population was very mixed, consisting of Magyars, Germans, Slovaks, Rumanians, Ruthenians, Croats, and Serbians. Following the principle of nationality, as in the case of Austria, the Peace Conference delimited Hungary so that the new state is almost entirely Magyar in race. THE WORLD REM.APPED 27 Formerly, Hungary in its geographical aspect had lowland, upland and mountainous areas. Now it is almost entirely con- fined to the lowlands of the Danube, Theiss and tributaries. Hungary retains, however, large areas of valuable agricultural land, producing rye, barley, wheat and other crops. Stock rais- ing is also important. The loss of Transylvania has reduced very materially the mineral wealth of Hungary: the rich mines of silver, cobalt, nickel, zinc and lead are now mainly within territory ceded to Rumania. Hungary has also lost the rich iron ore of the north, now in Czecho-Slovakia, though some iron is mined in territory still retained. Coal is mined in the east part of Hungary in the Danube valley. Vast areas of forest in the Carpathian region were lost to Rumania. Hungary retains only 1 7% of her former forest wealth. Hungary has lost over 50% of her agricultural production, and 60% of her industrial capacity. Great as this loss is, Hungary has suffered less by the Peace Settlement than her former partner, Austria. Budapest (pop. 1,184,000) the capital, is well situated in the new state. Other cities of importance are Szegedin (pop. 118,000) and Debreczen (pop. 92,000). Hungary has lost many cities of great industrial importance. Hungary is now an interior country, having lost her coast area to Jugo-Slavia; the port of Fiume is now independent. The Danube, internationalized by the Peace Treaty, is now the chief outlet for her foreign commerce. REFERENCES TTie development of Austria-Hungary is shown on Map HI 6 Europe 1815, Map H2 1 Balkan States, and Map H23 Europe 1914. The break-up of Austria-Hungary and the for- mation of new states is shown on Map H27 Europe 1920, and Map H28 Central Europe 1918-1921; also on Map J2 Europe (in the Denoyer-Geppert Series of Political Geography Maps). The economic position of Austria and Hungary before the war and at the present time is illustrated on Map H24 Economic Europe. The racial complexities of the old Austria-Hungary and the relation of ethnic groups to the new states is illustrated on Map H25 Peoples of Europe. All the foregoing maps, except Map J2, are in the Harding European History Series. 28 Czecho-Slovakia THIS new nation proclaimed its independence from Austria- Hungary about a month before the end of the World Weu*. The name of the new nation is derived from the fact that seven million Czechs and three million Slovaks make up this nation. Both are branches of the Slavic race. Czecho-Slovakia comprises the old provinces of Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia, and Silesia of Austria-Hungary. TTie area is 43,500 square miles, population 13,600,000; the new state is about the size of Penn- sylvania. Eastern Ruthenia, in the extreme east, is an autono- mious state under Czecho-Slovakia. Czecho-Slovakia received the richest, most densely popu- lated and chief industrial areas of the former province of Austria. It contains large deposits of coal and iron ore; gold, silver, graphite and high grade clays are also found. Bohemia is one of the great industrial regions of Europe, manufacturing steel, machinery, textiles, glass, porcelain and beer. Bohemia and Moravia are very fertile, producing sugarbeets, wheat and other crops. The nation is highly developed educationally, and in- dustrial development has reached a high point. The possession of Teschen w^as an important question to both Czecho-Slovakia and Poland. Situated on the southern extension of the Silesia coal field it was the only source of supply of coking coal for both of these states. By an award of the Council of Ambassadors the principal part of the coal mines will go to Czecho-Slovakia. Poland, however, is guaranteed a certain pcirt of the output. Prague (pop. 616,000) on the Moldau, is the capital. It is a center of trade and manufactures. Brunn (pop. 201,000) and Pilsen (pop. 81,000) are industrial centers. In determining the new boundaries of Czecho-Slovakia the Peace Conference attempted to follow as far as compatible with economic and physiographic factors, the accepted principle of nationality. In the new state there is, however, a considerable German and Magyar element, which before the war was esti- mated to be 35% of the total population. Czecho-Slovakia is an interior country and lies in the basins of the Elbe, Oder and Danube. These three rivers are now in- ternationalized and by means of these the commerce of Czecho- slovakia reaches the Baltic and Black Sea. Port privileges are guaranteed Czecho-Slovakia at Hamburg and Stettin. Press- burg, formerly in Hungary, is the port of Czecho-Slovakia on the Danube. THE WORLD REMAPPED 29 REFERENCES Map H28 Central Europe 1918-1921, shows the formation of Czecho-Slovakia out of Mid-European states. TTie economic and industrial development of Czecho- slovakia is shown on Map H20 Modern Germany, and Map H24 Economic Europe. The ethnic composition of the new state is illustrated on Map H25 Peoples of Europe. All these maps are in the Hard- ing European History Series. Map J2 Europe (1921) in the Denoyer-Geppert Series of Political Geography Maps shows Czecho-Slovakia in relation to the new states of Europe. Italy TERRITORIAL ACQUISITIONS 1919 Square Miles CEDED BY AUSTRIA-HUNGARY {;^f::;^^nnAti:tic 7.350 ADDITIONS TO COLONIES Ceded by Great Britain in Africa 92,100 Ceded by France in Africa 65,000 Rhodes (occupied by Italy) 550 Total 165.000 BEYOND Italy's northeastern frontier, in Austrian territory, were areas of Italian speaking population, principally located in the Trentino in the Alps, and around Trieste at the head of the Adriatic. This region was the "Italia Irre- denta" of the Italians. To regain this area was one of the aims of Italy in the World War, which was successfully realized. Apart from racial ties the possession of the Trentino by Italy has made her northern frontier more easily protected. The present reduced condition of Austria, however, has reduced the strategic value of this new boundary, it having been drawn north of the Italian area, thus including about 250,000 Ger- mans in Italy. In gaining the former Austrian port of Trieste (pop. 246,- 000, 75% being Italian speaking) Italy has gained a port of great economic significance. Trieste is the outlet for a large 30 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY part of Central Europe. By the Treaty of London, the price the Allies paid for Italy's accession to their cause, Italy weis promised a large territorial addition along the Adriatic, prac- tically making the Adriatic an Italian sea. The eurangements of this treaty were not approved by the Peace Conference. After a long and acrimonious discussion between Italy and the new State of Jugo-Slavia^ a compromise was finally reached in the Treaty of Rapallo (November, 1920). By this treaty, Fiume was made an independent state with territorial contiguity to Italy, Jugo-Slavia receiving port privileges at Fiume, Italy did not receive cJl of the Dalmatian lands promised her by the Treaty of London, but the new treaty gave her the port of Zara juid certain islands. By the Jugo-Slav concessions under the treaty, IteJy acquired the town of Idria northeast of Trieste. The quicksilver mines of Idria produce 130,000 tons of ore annually. The settlement of this Adriatic problena has removed a great source of danger to European peace. REFERENCES The claims of Italy in "Italia Irredenta" are shown on Map HI 9 Modern Italy. Map H25 Peoples of Europe, shows the ethnic basis of such claims. The enlarged Italy is shown on Map H28 Central Europe 1918-1921, and the economic im- portance of the accessions are illustrated on Map H24 Economic Europe. All these maps appear in the Harding European His- tory Series. Map J2 Europe (1921) in the Denoyer-Geppert Series of Political Geography Maps, shows the enlcirged Italy. State of Fiume BY the Treaty of Rapallo signed November 12, 1920, Italy and Jugo-Slavia settled the Adriatic problem which at one time threatened the peace of Europe. D'Annunzio, the famed Italian poet, fired with patriotic zeal, seized the city of Fiume in September, 1919 and declared that "Fiume shall be Italian," in spite of all agreements. D'Annunzio resisted all pleas to modify his uncompromising attitude and after the con- clusion of the Treaty of Rapallo, armed forces were necessary to evict him from the city. Fiume has a population of 49,000, about half of which is Italian speaking. Fiume is a port of great importance and is practically the only port available for Jugo-Slavia. The rights of this state are, however, protected by treaty. By the Treaty of Rapeillo, the State of Fiume has territorieJ contiguity with Italy. Its ultimate incorporation with Italy may be expected. THE WORLD REMAPPED 31 The area of the state is only 8 square miles and is practically confined to the city of Fiume. REFERENCE The results of the Treaty of Rapallo and the new state of Fiume are shown on Map H28 Central Europe, 1918-1921. The Balkans THE Balkan Peninsula has been rightly called the "storm center" of Europe. Its geographic position, forming a bridge between Europe and Asia, has made it, since history began, a highway for all peoples and races. The linguistic map of the Balkans today thus shows a bewildering mosaic of Greek and Turk, Slav and Teuton, Bulgar and Serb. The struggle for control of the highways across the penin- sula, in recent years, was shown in Austria's attempt to reach am outlet down the Morava to Saloniki on the Aegean at the expense of Serbia, and in turn Greece sought to deny the claims of Bulgaria by claiming the whole Aegean Sea littoral. Each nation recognized the strategic and commercial value of the Balkan highways between Europe and Asia. The clashing nationalist, racial, and economic claims and especially the "Mittel Europa" scheme of Germany, with its plan of an economic alliance of nations from the Baltic to the Aegean and on to the Persian Gulf, was the outstanding political de- velopment before the war. In active support of this scheme Germany had obtained a foothold in Turkey with her plans of railroad building and economic development. To Austria-Hun- gary fell the duty of extending this influence to the southward. In the inevitable clash of Teuton and Slav, Austria-Hungary in conjunction with Germany forced the issue. For a time during the war the Central Powers realized their "Mittel Europa" scheme and the Berlin-to-Bagdad plan was actually a reality. The final defeat of the Central Powers killed this grandiose scheme and Austria-Hungary ceased to be a Balkan power. The peace settlement, while eliminating, for the time, the Teutonic element in the Balkans and uniting in part the Slav element into a United nation, — Jugo-Slavia, — still leaves un- solved many of the difficult racial, nationalist and economic am- bitions of the races in the Balkans. Rumania, Jugo-Slavia, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey now form the separate countries of the Balkans. It is convenient to include Rumania as a part of the Balkan area, although most of its territory lies north of the Danube. 32 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY REFERENCES Balkan history is treated very fully throughout the Harding European History Series. Recent Balkan history is illustrated on Map H21 Balkan States. Map H27 Europe 1920, and Map H28 Central Europe, 1918-1921. The strategic position of the Balkans is shown on Map B16 Roman Empire (Breasted Ancient History Series), Map H8 Medieval Commerce, and Map H23 Europe in 1914. The racial complexities of the region are shown on Map H25 Peoples of Europe. The economic resources are illustrated on Map H24 Economic Europe. All these maps are in the Harding European History Series. Present political conditions are show^n on Map J2 Europe, in the Denoyer-Geppert Series of Political Geography Maps. A Rumania S a result of the war, Rumania increased its area in a greater proportion than any other nation. Rumania is now the largest Balkan nation. Square Miles Population Area in 1914 53,489 7.500,000 Area in 1919 122,282 17,393,000 TERRITORIAL ACQUISITIONS 1919 Square Miles Ceded by Austria-Hungary 5 1 ,650 Bessarabia (from Russia) 1 7, 1 43 Greater Rumania now includes the old kingdom of Rumania, Transylvania, Bukovina, Bessarabia and part of the Banat. The Bessarabian cession was made by special treaty in 1920 with the Allies and protested by Russia, to w^hom it originally be- longed. Rumania is now about the size of New Mexico. Before 1914, Rumania presented to its possible enemies a peculiarly vulnerable frontier. On the west, the Carpathians offered in part a line of defense, but the many passes offered possibilities of attack. Such an attack later actually happened when Austria-Hungary poured her armies through these gaps and overran Rumania. The Pruth and Danube frontiers seemed even less secure to Rumania. The claims of Rumania for a greater and more secure state were presented to the Peace Con- ference. Bessarabia, a part of Russia w^ith a population 35% Rumanian; Transylvania, the original home of the Rumanians and formerly part of Hungary with a population 47% Ru- THE WORLD REMAPPED 33 manian; and Bukovina, also a part of Hungary with a population 35/0 Rumanian, were added to the old kingdom of Rumania on the principle of nationality and other considerations. The annexed territory contains racial minorities of Germans, Magyars. Russians, etc., but the new state corresponds approximately with the limits of Rumanian settlement. In Greater Rumania, the population of which is approximately 17.000,000, 14.000,000 are Rumanians. Greater Rumania now presents a well rounded out political state, and free from some of the w^eaknesses of tht former kingdom. Rumania before the war was one of the chief granaries of Europe, wheat and corn being extensively grow^n. In old Ru- mania along the southern flanks of the Carpathians, is an immense oil field. In 1914 it produced 12,700,000 barrels of oil, mak- ing Rumania one of the chief oil producing countries of the world. When the Central Powers overran Rumania in 1917, they found these oil supplies of great value in replenishing their rapidly diminishing supply of petroleum. Other minerals as coal, iron, etc., occur but are not extensively w^orked. By the addition of Transylvania, Rumania acquires a wonderfully rich area with great mineral wealth. Its gold mines are the richest in Europe. It also has large industrial centers which will help balance the former predominantly agricultural state of Rumania. Bessarabia and Bukovina are predominantly agricultural in character, producing large crops of cereals. Kishi- nef in Bessarabia (pop. 128,000), Klausenburg (pop. 60,000), Arad (pop. 63,000), Temesvar (pop. 72,000), Grosswardein (pop. 64,000), all in Transylvania are important cities in the new territory. The Dobrudja, the area between the Black Sea and the Danube, has long been a bone of contention between Rumania and Bulgaria. Bulgaria has never quite forgotten the loss of southern Dobrudja to Rumania in 1913. Bulgaria strongly ob- jects to the proximity of the Rumanian boundary to Varna, the chief port of Bulgaria and, since the peace settlement, practically her only outlet. The Peace Conference did not recognize Bul- garia's claim for a changed frontier in this region. REFERENCES See under "The Balkans." 34 Jugo-SIavia (Yugo-Slavia) (KINGDOM OF THE SERBS. CROATS, AND SLOVENES) AFTER the revolution in Austria-Hungary, the provinces of Slavonia, Croatia, Dalmatia and Bosnia, declared their independence and a movement was begun for the forma- tion of a Jugo-Slav state by union of these parts with Serbia. Montenegro was included in this united state, very much against her will. Jugo-Slavia (meaning the home of the southern Slavs), is the popular name for this united state; the official name is the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Square Mile. Former Kingdom of Serbia 42,098 Former Kingdom of Montenegro 3,536 Former provinces of Austria-Hungary 49,033 Ceded by Bulgaria 961 Total 95,628 The minor boundary changes along the Bulgarian frontier are mainly of a strategic nature. Jugo-Slavia is about the size of the combined areas of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The three peoples, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, are of the Slavic race and speak similar languages. The Serbs are mainly of the Orthodox Greek faith, while the Croats and Slovenes are Roman Catholic. The total population is about 1 1,000,000. The country is mainly rough and mountainous. In the valleys and along the lower lands bordering the Danube, Drave, Theiss, Morava and Save, there are lands suitable for agriculture, pro- ducing mainly wheat, barley and oats; fruits are also grown. About half of Jugo-Slavia is covered with forest. Jugo-Slavia has considerable mineral resources including coal, manganese, iron, copper and gold, but they are largely undeveloped. Manufactures are not highly developed. Although Jugo- Slavia has a very extensive coastline on the Adriatic, there are very few suitable harbors, owing to the high mountain ranges near the coast. Trieste in Italy, and Fiume, now an independent state, are the principal outlets for the trade of Jugo-Slavia. Spa- lato, Ragusa and Cattaro are small ports on the Adriatic in Jugo-Slavic territory. Belgrade (pop. 120,000) the old capital of Serbia, is now the capital of Jugo-Slavia. Serajevo, located THE WORLD REMAPPED 35 in Bosnia, now included in Jugo-Slavia, is where the World War was fanned into flame by the murder of the Archduke Ferdinand and his wife, on June 28, 1914. REFERENCES See under "TTie Balkans." Albania ALBANIA was made an independent state after the Balkan Wcirs of 1912-13. The state, however, never attained political stability. Italy occupied Albania in 1915 and in 1917 proclaimed a protectorate over it, in an effort to estab- lish Italian influence in the Balkan Peninsula. After the con- clusion of the World War, Italy, Greece and Jugo-Slavia pre- sented claims for parts of Albanian territory. The Albanians resisted such efforts and recently Italy concluded an agreement with Albemia and withdrew from the country, retaining only the island of Saseno commanding Avlona. The protracted dispute on the status of Albania and its boundaries was definitely settled on November 5, 1921, when the Great Powers recognized the Albanian government with its capital at Tirana; minor changes in the boundary of 1913 were made in favor of Jugo-Slavia. REFERENCES See under "The Beilkans." Bulgaria A S one of the defeated nations in the World War, Bulgaria suffered less territorial losses than her former allies. Square Milea Population Area 1914 47,750 4,800,000 Lost to Jugo-Slavia 961 Lost to Greece 6,059 Area 1921 40,730 4,300,000 The most important loss is in western TTirace which Bul- garia gained from Turkey in the Balkan Wars of 1912-13. The loss of this territory takes from Bulgaria her Aegean Sea littoral and the port of Dedeagatch, thus dealing a blow to Bulgaria's ambitions to reach out to the four seas of the Aegean, Black, 36 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY Marmora, and Adriatic. The Treaty, however, assures her transportation privileges through her former territory to the Aegean. Bulgaria lost small areas on her western boundary to Jugo-Slavia, which were of strategic value to the latter state. The frontier with Rumania remeiins unchanged. In 1914 Bulgaria gained from Turkey, as the price of her entry into the war on the side of the Central Powers, an area northwest of Adrianople, Most of this territory has been lost to Greece, but a small area has been retained by Bulgaria to the northwest of Adrianople. Bulgaria, shorn of her gains of recent Balkan wars, thus returns to practically the area held by hej thirty years ago. REFERENCES See under "The Balkans.** Greece BY the Treaty of Neuilly, limiting Bulgaria, and the Treaty of Sevres, practically excluding Turkey from Europe, the Aegean becomes a Greek sea. The cession of Thrace almost to the gates of Constantinople, Turkish islands in the Aegean Sea, and the Smyrna area in Asia Minor, have made Greece greater in area than she has been for centuries. The enlarged Greece is about the size of the state of Washington. TERRITORIAL ACQUISITIONS 1920 Square Miles Population Thrace (ceded by Bulgaria).. . . 6,059 TTirace (ceded by Turkey) 9,000 Smyrna area ) .. a ran Aegean Islands S °'^"" Area in 1 9 1 4 41,931 4,821.000 Area in 1921 65,490 (est.) 7,000,000 The acquisition of Thrace by Greece gives her control of an important stretch of coast reaching to the Marmora and within sight of Constantinople, thus stopping short of the great imperial idea of modern Greece. Greece through her ports of Saloniki, Kavalla and Dedeagatch will now control the commerce of the lower Balkan areas. TTie new frontiers of Greece correspond largely to Greek settlement. The new territories stretch along an inner coastline with a hinterland overspread by aggressive neighbors, making defense not an easy matter. THE WORLD REMAPPED 37 By the control of Smyrna, Greece again becomes an Asiatic power after the lapse of centuries. Smyrna (pop. 375,000), the most important city in Asia Minor, was given to Greece, not only because of the large Greek population there, but also be- cause of the predominant economic interests of Greece in the Aegean area. The Smyrna area is under Greek administration until 1925, after which date a plebiscite will be taken to de- termine whether it will amalgamate with Greece or again become a part of Turkey. The Sporades (Dodecanese), a group of islands off Asia Minor, occupied by Italy during the war, were transferred to Greece by Italy in 1920. REFERENCES TTie history of Ancient Greece is shown on many maps in the Breasted Ancient History Series (Denoyer-Geppert Com- pany), especially Map B5 Ancient Greece, Map 86 Greek and Phoenician Colonization, and B9 Sequence Map of Greece. Recent Greek history is covered by the references under "The Balkans." Turkey THE problem of Turkey proved one of the most difficult questions of the Peace Conference. By the Treaty of Sevres, Turkey is almost entirely excluded from Europe, retaining only Constantinople and a small surrounding area. In Asia, Turkey is compelled to recognize the independence of Arabia, Hejaz, Palestine, Syria, Irak (Mesopotamia), and Ar- menia, and the autonomy of Kurdistan. Turkey also renounces all rights over Egypt and Cyprus. Square Miles 1914 1921 Turkey in Europe 10,882 1,275 Turkey in Asia 602.842 1 73.625 TERRITORIAL LOSSES 1920 Square Miles \ Thrace 9.000 TO GREECEj Smyma and Aegean Islands 8.500 Armenia 60,000 Kurdistan 30,000 Syria 120.000 Palestine 16.000 Irak (Mesopotamia) 143.000 Hejaz 100.000 Asir 35.000 Yemen 75.000 36 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY Square Miles Turkish Empire in 1914 613.724 Turkish Empire in 1 92 1 1 74.900 Peu-ts of Armenia and Syria were not included in the old Turkish Empire. The above table is based on the Treaty of Sevres, which has not been ratified. Since that time France has negotiated a treaty with the Turkish Nationalist Government of Angora which reduces the area of Syria, and Turkey has signed a treaty with Soviet Russia which limits Armenia to Russian territory. WORLD sentiment during the war was that the Turk should be banished from Europe. The disposal of Constanti- nople, one of the world's most important cities and one of its greatest ports, was one of the great problems of the Peace Conference. Located at the crossroads of two great highways of commerce it possesses great strategic value. A center of Mohammedanism, Constantinople has always played a large part in the politics of the Near East. Greece openly aspired to possession of Constantinople. Russia during the war was promised Constantinople, but as she was not a party to the Treaty of Sevres her rights lapsed. In- ternational interests center so largely in Constantinople that its possession by any one power was later considered inexpedient. The Treaty, therefore, allowed Turkey to retain Constantinople, but the actual control passed into the hands of the Allied Powers. To safeguard the commerce and international interests of this important region, the Peace Conference provided for an area, called the Zone of the Straits, to include Constantinople, Bos- porus, Sea of Marmora, Dardanelles, Lemnos, Mitylene, and other islands, besides an area on both sides of the Straits, under the control of an Inter-Allied Commission. The Bosporus, Sea of Marmora, and Dardanelles are declared open and free to the shipping of the world. The dismemberment of Turkey excited the interest of all the European powers; the control of the lands themselves and their geographical location have made these lands in the past an international question. The economic and national interests of Greece were recognized in the cession of TTirace and control of Smyrna. Italy's ambitions in Asia Minor were recognized by her occupying Rhodes and Castelorizo and securing economic concessions. France claimed Syria on cultural and economic grounds, while Britain, holding the key positions of Egypt, Suez„ THE WORLD REMAPPED 39 and Aden on the route to India, desired to safeguard the sea route by controlling Palestine. With her defeat, Germany ceased to be a factor in the Turkish situation. Russia, likewise, in her present disturbed state, Weia not capable of pressing her claims for an outlet to the WEU-mer seas, but her movement toward the Persian Gulf through Caucasia is still evident. All of Arabia was lost to Turkey, and Arab ambitions of a reborn Arabic kingdom have already taken shape. On the eastern fringe Armenia has been recognized as a nation while Kurdistan has been promised autonomy. Since the dawn of history the countries of the Ottoman Empire have played an important part in world movements; in the hands of more virile nations, these lands will in the future play a larger part than ever before. Turkey in Asia. All that remains of the former Turkish Empire in Asia is that part of Asia Minor west of the Euphrates and north of 30 degrees latitude. Although Asia Minor was the home of ancient civilizations, it presents the anomaly of being one of the world's least de- veloped regions. Chief among the natural riches of Asia Minor are the extensive forests which cover the interior ranges of the country. Its valleys are fertile and much of the interior plateau needs only irrigation to make the country a vast granary. The coal fields of Heraclea, on the Black Sea, before the war pro- duced over 600,000 tons a year and if developed would be of great value to Turkey. Oil, silver, zinc, manganese, iron, copper, are some of the minerals which make Asia Minor attractive as a field of enter- prise to the nations of Europe. Reduced in area as Turkey now is, her retention of Asia Minor assures her an important place in the council of nations. Asia Minor, because of its geographical location, is an important link betw^een Europe and Asia, and along the peninsula runs one of the world's most important land routes. The Turk is in- capable of developing the resources of his country. The eco- nomic importance of Asia Minor has always been recognized and in the recent treaties between the powers, economic spheres of influence have been assigned to interested powers. Constantinople (pop. 1,000,000), Brusa (pop. 110,000), Kaisarieh (pop. 54,000), Konia (pop. 45,000), Sivas (pop. 65,000), Angora (pop. 50,000), are the largest cities now re- maining in the hands of the Turks. The world famous cities of Mecca, Bagdad, Jerusalem, Smyrna, Damascus, and Adrianople are now in the possession of other nations. 40 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY REFERENCES The importance of the geographical position of Turkey in Europe is referred to in the references under "The Balkans." The early historical and economic significance of Turkey in Asia (Asia Minor) is shown on Map Bl Ancient World, Map B2 Ancient Orient, Map B3 Oriental Empires, Map B4 Eastern Mediterranean, Map B6 Greek and Phoenician Colonization and Map BIO Alexander's Empire. These maps are in the Breasted Ancient History Series. Recent political changes in Asia Minor and the former Turkish Empire since the war are clearly shown on Map J 2 Europe (1921), and Map J3 Asia (1921), in the Denoyer- Geppert Series of Political Geography Maps. Russia THE break-up of Russia was one of the greatest events of the World War. Long before 1914 spasmodic revolutions had taken place, but the war, with its failure of the autocracy to respond to the democratic wishes of the Russian people, brought about the downfall of the regime of the Czar. The new republic of Russia dates from March 1 5th, 1917. After a period of transitional governments, Russia passed into the control of the "Bolsheviki" (a Russian word meaning "belonging to the majority"). After the revolution, disintegration soon appeared thruout the former empire and numerous independent states ap- peared within her borders. In the expansion of the former Rus- sian Empire many peoples of non-Slavic blood were incorporated. Political and linguistic differences did not promote unity and when the political crisis struck the empire, these parts, situated on the extreme borders of the Empire, declared their inde- pendence. The border states of Finland, Esthonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland have maintained their independence and have been recognized by Russia. Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Ar- menia, while formerly independent, are now more or less allied to Russia. In Siberia, Soviet Russia controls all of Siberia west of Lake Baikal. The territory from Lake Baikal to Vladivostok has been constituted as the Far Eastern Republic. Square Milea Area of European Russia in 1914 1,867,700 Area of European Russia in 1921 1,301.400 THE WORLD REMAPPED 41 Areas of countries formerly part of Russia: Square Mile* Finland 133.000 Esthonia 23,160 Latvia 24.400 Lithuania 36.500 Poland (oart formerly Russian) 49.150 Ukraine .' 300,000 The republics of Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia, prop- erly parts of former Asiatic Russia, have since the fall of 1921 lost their independence and been incorporated within Soviet Russia. Square Miles Georgia 40,000 Azerbaijan 30,000 Armenia 20,000 Of all the countries of Europe, Russia has, owing to the war and revolutions, suffered most in loss of territory, disrup- tion of government, economic, and human loss. The population of all Soviet Russia has by a recent census been placed at 130,700,000, being a decrease of 18,000,000 for the same area according to pre-war estimates. Russia is now ruled by the Soviet (Russian word meaning council or committee) form of government, the official name of Russia today being "The Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic." Soviet Russia is a federated state, consisting of a number of united soviet republics. The area now^ actually Rus- sia today is much less than pre-w^ar Russia. The eastern boun- dary remains the same, but on the w^est the large states already named, shut it off almost entirely from the Baltic Sea. Only on the Gulf of Finland in the region of Petrograd does Russia retain an outlet to the sea on the west. During the w^inter all this coast is ice-bound. With the loss of much of her territory Russia has suffered great economic loss. The erection of states on her western border has caused her the loss of the Baltic coast and the im- portant ports of Revel, Riga, and Libava. The loss of the great industrial areas of Poland and the agricultural and forest areas of the Baltic states and Finland, will for a time seriously reduce the resources of the nation. The Donetz coal field, and "Black Earth" region, which is one of the w^orld's richest granaries, lie w^ithin Ukraine. As Ukraine is allied to Soviet Russia these resources are, in part, still avail- able. Odessa, Russia's great seaport on the Black Sea, is in 42 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY Ukraine. The rich oil fields of the Caucasus, in Azerbaijan, were for a time lost to Russia, but this area has recently been re-in- corporated within Soviet Russia. After the revolution the capital of Russia was removed to Moscow. Petrograd was never an ideally located capital and with Russia reduced in area and Petrograd situated on the ex- treme western border and easy of attack by foreign states, the selection of Moscow, once before the capital of Russia, was in line with developments in the New Russia. REFERENCES The growth of Russia is shown on Map H9 Charles V, Map HI 2 Europe 1648, Map HI 3 Europe 1 740] Map HI 5 Napoleon, Map HI 6 Europe 1815, and Map H23 Europe 1914. The break-up of Russia is shown on Map H27 Europe 1920. The economic and industrial development of Russia is shown on Map H24 Economic Europe. The ethnic distribution in Russia is shown on Map H25 Peoples of Europe. All these maps are in the Harding European History Series. The new Russia is shown on Map J2 Europe (1921), and Map J3 Asia (1921), in the Denoyer-Geppert Series of Po- litical Geography Maps. The Baltic States THE three Baltic States of Esthonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, lying along the coast of the Baltic from the Gulf of Finland to the frontier of Germany, were formerly part of Russia. Separated from Russia proper by Lakes Peipus and Pskov and a rough hilly country, the influences shaping the history of this area have come mostly from the west. The Elsths in Esthonia like the Finns are descended from the Yellow race. The Letts in Latvia and the Lithuanians belong to the Baltic group of the White race. After their incorporation into Russia, these peoples were for a time left undisturbed in their national ways of living. In the sixties the "Russification" of these provinces began and the forcible denationalization, accentuated by a land hunger among the peasants, who formed the majority, revived national feeling. After the collapse of Russia these states underwent vso-ious political changes ending in each state declaring its in- dependence. In losing these Baltic States, Russia loses her "window on the Baltic," through which she carried on a great transit and shipping trade with the outside world. The western powers have been active in supporting these new border states. 43 Esthonia ESTHONIA was declared an independent republic on Feb- ruary 24, 1918. TTie area is 23,160 square miles, with a population of 1,750.000. Esths form 95% of the popu- lation; Germans and Russians form the larger part of the mi- nority. Agriculture and lumbering are the principal occupations of the people. Revel (pop. 160,000), is the capital, and before the wax was one of the leading ports of Russia. Latvia SITUATED around the Gulf of Riga, Latvia has an area of 24,400 square miles, about the size of West Virginia. The population is 1,503,000 of which 78% are Letts, the re- meunder being Jews, Germans, Russians and Poles. Latvia de- clared its independence November 1 8th, 1918. Riga (pop. 569,000), one of the great seaports on the Bal- tic, is the capital. Riga was formerly one of the great outlets for Russian trade. Libava (pop. 90,000) is a port on the Baltic with a large foreign trade. Latvia is mainly an agricultural country. Lumbering is important, while industries are not extensively developed. Lithuania NATIONAL feeling among the Lithuanians developed later than among the Esths and Letts. The area occupied by the Lithuanians was dominated by a Polish landed class and the policy of "Russification" was directed more at the Poles than against the Lithueinians who were not regarded as a separate people. Lithuania proclaimed its independence on February 16, 1918. The area of Lithuania is 36,500 square miles, about the size of Indiana. The population, 4,65 7,000, is largely Lithuanian with a mixture of Poles, Jews, and White Russians. The country is low-lying, nowhere rising to more than 700 or 800 feet above sea level. Agriculture is carried on extensively, though the land is not over-productive. Rye, oats, barley, and potatoes are the principal products. Forests cover a large area and lumbering is an important industry. Industrial and commercial develop- ment was never encouraged under Russian occupation. Kovno (pop. 195,000) on the Niemen is the present capital zmd chief 44 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY city. Memel, on the Baltic, the chief port for Lithuania, is at present controlled by the Allied Powers, but this city may even- tually be ceded to Lithuania. The Niemen, which flows partly through Lithuania is In- ternationalized to Grodno in Poland. The eastern boundary of Lithuania with Poland is at present undefined. Vilna (pop. 289,000) the old historical capital of Lithuania, is claimed by both Poland and Lithuania. Finland FINLAND (meaning a country of swamps) was, before the revolution of 1917, a grand duchy of Russia. Annexed in 1809, Finland retained its own constitution and was allowed to develop its own national life, and so became one of the most prosperous and advanced parts of the empire. In 1 899 the government of the Czar decided upon the "Russification" of Finland. This policy was resisted by the Finns. With the breakdown of the old order in Russia, Finland declared itself a sovereign and independent state on December 6th, 1917. Located on the northwest border of Russia, it stretches from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Finland and in area is more than twice the area of New England. A rather infertile soil, long cold winters, and short summers, are unfavorable to agriculture. Oats, rye, barley, and potatoes are raised, how- ever, in considerable quantities. More than half the country is covered with forests of pine and spruce. Half of the popula- tion live on agriculture and cattle raising. Lumbering is an im- portant industry. Mineral resources are inconsiderable, but large resources of water-power are available for industrial de- velopment. In recent years there has been a steady develop- ment in manufactures. Of the total population of 3,300.000, about 339.000 are Swedes who inhabit the coast region along the Gulf of Bothnia and Gulf of Finland. The Finns belong to the Yellow race and speak a language like the Esthonians. Helsingfors (pop. 187,- 000) is the capital. Abo (pop. 56.000), Tammerfors (pop. 45,560), and Vyborg (pop. 29,000) are other important cities. Before 1 809 Finland was a part of Sw^eden. Sweden has never quite forgotten this loss and among the many questions raised during the recent Peace Settlement. Sweden presented a claim for the possession of the Aland Islands, a group in the GuU of Bothnia, formerly part of Sw^eden and more recently part of THE WORLD REMAPPED 4S the grand duchy of Finland. Located at the mouth of the gulf and possessing some strategic value, Sweden based her claim to the islands on former possesion, majority of Swedish inhabi- tants, and the value of the islands for the defense of her coast. Finland opposed the claim and sought to retain ownership. After careful consideration of the case the League of Nations decided that the Aland Islands are rightly part of Finland. The relations of Finland to Soviet Russia were until recently not very friendly. On October 14, 1920 a treaty was signed betw^een these nations which recognized territorial concessions- on both sides. Finland received from Russia a strip of territory on the north w^hich gives her a port on the Arctic Ocean, prac- tically ice free in winter. This concession will be of great com- mercial advantage to Finland, for during the winter the Gulf o^ Bothnia and Gulf of Finland are icebound. Ukraine UKRAINE (meaning "border") was one of the republics which declared its independence from Russia in December 1918. Since its inauguration as a republic, Ukraine has never enjoyed stable government for any long period, the soviet and anti-soviet forces always contending for mastery. The political status of Ukraine is not yet quite certain. At the present time the country is governed according to the soviet form of government and although its independence has been recognized by Poland and Russia, the government of Ukraine is largely controlled from Moscow. By a recent treaty (De- cember 1920) many of the commissariats of Ukraine and Rus- sia are united. This action would seem to limit the independence of Ukraine and make it simply a republic in the federated state of Russia. Situated to the southwest of Russia, it is bounded on the west by Poland and on the southwest by Rumania. The boundary with Poland has been fixed by treaty, but Ukraine does not recognize the claims of Rumania to Bessarabia, which w^as formerly a part of Russia. The northern and eastern limits of Ukraine are not yet definitely fixed. The area of the republic is estimated at 300,000 square miles, an area equal to Texas and Louisiana. The population, estimated at 40,000,000, i» 75% Ukrainian, with Russians and Poles as the next largest ele- ments. The Ukrainians (or Little Russians) differ slightly from the Great Russians in race and language. 46 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY Ukraine lies across the famous "Black Earth" region, one of the world's richest granaries. From this region Russia, before 1914, exported great quantities of wheat, barley and rye. Sugar-beet growing was also extensive, making sugar manu- facture a leading industry of the country. The mineral wealth of Ukraine is important. The Donetz coaJ field, one of the most productive of former Russia, lies on the Donetz River on the eastern border of Ukraine. The output of this field in 1913 was 24,800,000 tons or 75% of the total output of European Russia. Russia has since lost the coal Relds in former Russian Poland. The same area produced in 1913 about 6,000,000 tons of iron ore. The close proximity of coal and iron has made this region a center for iron and steel works and varied manufactures. The Donetz Basin was before the war one of the great industrial regions of Russia. As Soviet Russia has lost the valuable agri- cultural and mineral resources, and manufactures of her former border provinces on the west, the economic necessity of securing access to the enormous food resources, coal, iron, and manu- factures of Ukraine has been an important factor in bringing about a close political and economic understanding between Soviet Russia and Ukraine. Ukraine is geographically well situated. It lies halfway on the highway between Western Europe and the Caucasus. The river Dnieper, running across the state, gives it excellent interior transportation. Ukraine now controls the Black Sea coast with the port of Odessa, which, before the war, was one of Russia's greatest seaports. Kief (pop. 610,000) on the Dnieper is the capital. Odessa (pop. 631,000), formerly the third city in Russia and one of the main outlets for its foreign trade, is now included in the new republic, Kharkof (pop. 258,000), Ekater- inoslaf (pop. 220,000), and Nikolaief (pop. 106,000) are im- portant industrial centers. REFERENCES The history and economic development of the Baltic States, Finland and Ukraine will be found in the Harding European History Series, using the same references as for Russia. The ethnic problems of the new states are illustrated on Map H25 Peoples of Europe. The geography of the new states is shown on Map J2 Europe (1921) in the Denoyer-Geppert Series of Political Geography Maps. 47 The Caucasian Soviet Republics AFTEIR the revolution in Russia, various racieJ groups of the Caucasian peoples seceded from the central govern- ment. Of the numerous republics which sprang up only three, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia (Russian) attained stability. From the revolution until early in 1921 these three republics were independent of Soviet Russia, but the growing pow^er of Soviet Russia from the north, and that of the Turkish Nationalist forces from the south has practically destroyed the independence of these states. The three Caucasian states thus became Soviet republics under the control of Russia. On October 13, 1921, a treaty was signed at Kars between the representatives of Soviet Russia, Turkey (Nationalist), and the three Caucasian soviet republics of Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia, which settled disputed ter- ritorial points between Turkey and the three Caucasian republics. This treaty also indirectly brought the three Caucasian soviet republics within the federated Russian republic. The independ- ence of Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia (Russian) is now a thing of the past and they again assume their pre-war status as part of the Russian dominion. The three republics must now be regarded as allied soviet republics within the Russian Socialist Federated Republic. The Great Powers do not yet recognize the changed political status of these Caucasian republics. From this point of view the Caucasian republics may deserve extended description. Georgia ORIGINALLY a member of the Trans-Caucasian Republic, established April 1918, Georgia seceded and formed a separate independent republic on May 1 8th, 1918. Soviet Russia has steadily refused to recognize Georgia and finally in the fall of 1921, Georgia lost its independence and became an allied soviet republic within Soviet Russia. The area is estimated at 40,000 square miles and is there- fore about the size of Ohio. The population is estimated at 3.176,000. The agricultural resources of Georgia are considerable; wheat, barley, maize, cotton, tobacco, and tea are grown. Fruits are extensively raised, and vineyards are very extensive. The mineral wealth is great; Georgia has the largest deposits of manganese ore in the world. TiHis (pop. 346,000) is the capital. Batum (pop. 25,000) 48 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY on the Black Sea is the principal seaport, and terminus of the oil pipe line from Beiku. Azerbaijan AZERBAIJAN was a member with Georgia and Armenia of the Trans-Caucasian republic. On May 28th, 1918, Azerbaijan set up an independent republic. In area it is about 30,000 square miles, equal in size to Maine, with a popu- lation estimated at 4,615,000 of which 3,482.000 are Tatars, and 795,000 are Armenians. Baku (pop. 250,000), a port on the Caspian Sea, is the capital. Baku is the center of the great Caucasian oil industry. The possession of oil gives Azerbaijan many economic ad- vantages, and in recent years she has been able to impose her will on neighboring states through holding back oil supplies Azerbaijan is no longer an independent republic but simply an allied soviet republic within Soviet Russia. Armenia POSSESSED of a remarkable tenacity of race, culture, and religion, this ancient people, the Armenians, have withstood the many vicissitudes of their long and turbulent history. The Armenian question has been one of the most difficult ques- tions in European politics. The Armenians are scattered through- out Asia Minor and Trans-Caucasia, but the largest single group is found on the high plateau around Mt. Ararat, where Noah's ark, according to the Bible story, rested. The Armenians, always possessed of a strong national con- sciousness, united with the Georgians and Tatars in founding the Trans-Caucasian Republic in 1918 follow^ing the Russian revolution. In 1918 the Armenian Republic of Erivan was con- stituted. Though recognized by the Allies it never attained political stability, and its history since its founding has been stormy. In 1920 President Wilson accepted the task of defining the boundaries of Armenia, but his report only defined the west and southern boundaries from the Black Sea, south of Lake Van to the border of Persia. As none of the Allied countries would accept the mandate for Armenia, the country was left to main- tain its own independence. Subjected to attacks from Soviet Russia and Turkey (Nationalist) the power of Armenia has gradually diminished until today, with its independence lost, a large part of its area annexed by the Turkish Nationalist Gov- ernment, the remaining part has been constituted as the allied THE WORLD REMAPPED 49 soviet republic of Armenia, within the Federated Republic of Soviet Russia. The area of the soviet republic of Armenia is about 20,000 square miles with a population not exceeding 1,000,000. The former independent republic of Armenia covered an area of 60,000 square miles, with an estimated population of 3,000,000. Erivan (pop. 90,000) is the capital and only large town. Tre- bizond (pop. 50,000) on the Black Sea and Erzerum (pop. 40,000), formerly in Armenia, are in the territory re-annexed by Turkey. REFERENCES The history of Caucasia and Armenia is fully covered by many maps in the Breasted Ancient History Series and the Hard- ing European History Series. The economic developnient of this area is shown on Map H8 Medieval Commerce, and Map H24 Economic Europe. The ethnic distribution in Caucasia in its relation to the new nations is illustrated on Map H25 Peoples of Europe. Map J2 Europe (1921), and Map J3 Asia (1921) in the Denoyer- Geppert Series of Political Geography Maps, show the bound- aries of the new^ Caucasian nations according to the most recent treaties. Neutral Nations and Their Territorial Gains SPAIN and Switzerland were the only neutral European na- tions during the World War w^hich were not considered in the territorial redistribution in the peace settlement. Den- mark and Norway received territorial additions, while the claim of Sw^eden to the Aland Islands, formerly part of Russia, was considered by the League of Nations. The League decided in May, 1921, that the Aland Islands should be retained by Finland. TTie Netherlands made a claim on the Spitzbergen Archipelago. Norway THOUGH neutral during the war, Norway gained from the Peace Settlement the Spitzbergen Archipelago. Lying far within the Arctic Circle, 400 miles due north of Norway, Spitzbergen, an archipelago of some 25,000 square miles, about the size of West Virginia, remained until 1920 one of the few areas on the face of the globe to be unattached to any state. It was the search for a route to the Spice Islands, inde- pendent of Portuguese control, that led to the discovery of Spitzbergen. Willoughby, the Englishman, in opening up the Northeast passage, discovered Nova Zembla. The Dutch, rivals 50 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY of the English, hoped to forestall the English, and an expedition led by the Dutchman, Barents, discovered Spitzbergen in 1596. From that time on the group was visited principally by whalers, mainly Dutch and English. The whaling industry in recent years has declined, due largely to the indiscriminate slaughter of the whales. In recent years Spitzbergen assumed great importance through the discovery of coal deposits (the most northerly cozJ fields in the world). The annual output is small, but the quality of the coal is good. TTie known deposits are estimated at 9,000,000.000 tons. In 1914 an international conference failed to determine which nation should assume sovereign rights. At the peace settlement the question came up again. Britain, Netherlands, and Norway were the strongest claimants. Norway was granted limited sovereignty of the group because of her historic, scien- tific, and economic interests. As Norway has no coal, the Spitz- bergen fields will be extremely valuable in supplying part of her industrial needs. Denmark THOUGH neutral during the war, the Peace Conference recognized the injustice of the attachment of part of Schles- wig to Germany in 1866. The Treaty of Versailles, 1919, designated two plebiscite zones in former German territory where the people would decide the sovereignty by voting. The northern zone voted to unite with Denmark and the southern zone remained German. Denmark thus regained 984 square miles of an area which had been included in Germany since 1 866. Agriculture, cattle breeding and dairy farming are im- portant in the ceded area. Liechtenstein LIECHTENSTEIN, a small principality on the eastern frontier of Switzerland was formerly practically a dependency of Austria. In November, 1918, the complete independence of Liechtenstein was declared. REFERENCES The Schleswig question is illustrated on Map H 1 6 Europe 1815, and Map H20 German Empire. TTie ethnic aspect of the question is shown on Map H25 Peoples of Europe. The solu- tion of the Schleswig question is shown on Map H28 Central Europe 1918-1921. All these maps are in the Harding European History Series. THE WORLD REMAPPEL 51 Map J2 Europe (1921), in the Denoyer-Geppert Series of Political Geography Maps, shows the new boundary between Denmark and Germany, the Norwegian control over Spitzbergen and the location of Liechtenstein. Political Changes in Asia ATTENTION has been so concentrated on the Europeem settlement that few realize the tremendous territorial changes which have teJcen place in Asia Minor. Arabiei, and Caucasia, all parts of the Asiatic continent. The dismember- ment of the Turkish Empire and the break-down of Russia gave many oppressed peoples the opportunity of realizing their na- tionalism in the founding of independent states. Within the Turkish Empire the Greeks sought union with their motherland; the Armenians, oppressed and decimated by persecutions, voiced their demands for freedom, and the Kurds demanded more self- government. In the Caucasus region Russia had not been suc- cessful in her "Russification" of her border provinces and the Georgians, Armenians, and Tatars threw off the yoke at the first weakening of the great empire. Supported by the allies on the grounds of "self-determination" the Peace Conference readily recognized these border states in Caucasia. Economic interests and politiceJ rivalries of European powers played their part in the building up of these new states in the Near East. The fol- lowing are the new states in Asia. FORMERLY PART OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE* Square Miles Population Georgia 40.000 3, 1 76.000 Azerbaijan 30.000 3,000.000 Armenia 20,000 1,000.000 Far Eastern Democratic Republic. . . 674.000 1,890,000 FORMERLY PART OF THE TURKISH EMPIRE Square Miles Population Kurdistan 30,000 1,200,000 Syria (French mandatory) 120,000 3.000.000 Palestine 1 .o .,. , j. • x 16,000 700,000 Irak I (British mandatories). 143 qoO 2,849,000 Hejaz 1 00,000 750.000 Asir 35.000 1,500.000 Yemen 75.000 1.000.000 Smyrna (Greek mandatory) 8,500 *Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia, while still recognized as independent republics by the Great Powers, are really no longer independent, but are now allied soviet republics within Soviet Russia. 52 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia are so closely related to Russia, that they are referred to under that section. Smyrna is described under Greece. Kurdistan KURDISTAN, a region formerly part of Turkey, at the sources of the Euphrates and Tigris and west of Persia, was by the Treaty of Sevres made an autonomous state under Turkey with a promise of independence at a later date. Kurdistan reached its height of power under Saladin in the twelfth century when it became a vast kingdom extending as iai as Egypt and Yemen on the south and the Black Sea on the north. Under the government of the Turks the power of the Kurds dwindled. Kurdish nationalism has at various times at- tempted to throw off the yoke of the Turk. The Kurds are "a semi-nomadic race, numbering about 1,200,000. Diarbekr (pop. 38,000) on the Tigris is the only large town. Arabia WHEN Turkey entered the war on the side of the Central Powers one of the problems of the Allies, chiedy the British, was to safeguard Egypt and the Suez Canal. One of the chief aims of Turkey was to conquer Egypt and destroy the Suez Canal and thus deal a blow at the British Empire. The Turks v/ere defeated in their immediate purpose. The Pan Arabic movement had for some time before 1914 been very vigorous in the Syrian provinces of Turkey. To secure the de- feat of Turkey, Britain obtained the adhesion of the Arabic tribes under the Sherif Hussein of Hejaz in Arabia, on a promise to recognize the independence of the Arabs. Upon the suc- cessful conclusion of the war, the Arabs under Hussein claimed as part of the new Arabian kingdom, Syria, Palestine, and Mes- opotamia. Their claim, how^ever, conflicted w^ith other treaties which had been made during the war between France and Britain relative to this region. France resisted the Arab claims in Sjn-ia by dethroning Feisul eis "king" of Syria, w^hile the British have already recognized the claims of the Zionists to a home in Palestine. Hejaz, the new independent Arab state, may ultimately form the nucleus of the Pan Arabic Empire. The claims of the Arabs are now being considered by Britain and France; Arab control has been recognized in Irak (Mesopotamia) Nejd, and Trans-Jordania. The establishment of a strong independent THE WORLD REMAPPED 53 Pan Arabic state in a region which since the beginning of history- has been one of the world's great highways, is not a prospect which appeals to the western nations. The lack of unity amongst the Arab peoples does not give much promise that their political ambitions will ever be completely realized. Syria FOR centuries the name Syria has been applied to the terri- tory along the Mediterranean from the Taurus Mountains to the Sinai Peninsula and from the sea on the west to the desert on the east. A link between Asia and Africa, Syria, including Palestine has been a battle ground between peoples and na- tions. The repeated invasions have given it a very mixed pop- ulation though the majority speak Arabic and claim to be Arabs. Syria since the tenth century has been under the power of the Turk. As in all lands under Turkish rule the country has suffered from neglect and though formerly capable of producing much, Syria, today, is a poor country, with impoverished soil and limited resources. Ssrria, French Mandatory. By the Treaty of Sevres, France was eJloted the mandate for that part of Syria from the Gulf of Alexandretta in the north to the headwaters of the Jordan on the south and eastwards across the desert to the Euphrates and Tigris. This territory was put under the control of France by the League of Nations because of her predominant interests in this region. On October 21, 1921, the French Government signed a treaty at Angora with the Turkish Nationalists which modified the northern boundary of Syria as defined by the Treaty of Sevres. Before the war, France did not possess any territory in the Near East. The control of this new state makes France an im- portant factor in the Near East. The area is 1 20,000 square miles with a population of 3,000,000. Damascus (pop. 250,000) is the chief city. Aleppo (pop. 250,000), Beirut (pop. 150,000), Hom.s (pop. 70,000), and Hama (pop. 60,000) are the other important cities. Beirut is the chief port. Palestine IN 1919 Palestine was conquered by the British. On April 25th, 1920, Britain was given the mandate for Palestine, one of the objects being the establishment there of a national home for the Jewish people. The growth of Zionism amongst the Jews throughout the world was pronounced before the war 54 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY and many settlements of Jewish colonies had been made in Palestine. On the north Palestine joins with Syria; on the east its boundary lies west of the Pilgrim railway to Medina and on the south it touches the Gulf of Akaba and Egypt. The area is estimated at 16,000 square miles with a population of about 700.000, of which 550,000 are Moslem Arabs, 80,000 Jews, and 70,000 Christian Arabs. Jerusalem (pop. 60,000) is the chief town, Jaffa (pop. 54,- 000) is the leading port. The long cherished wish of millions of Jews has at last been realized and speedy progress is being made toward the establishment of a progressive Zionist state. It is significant that after a lapse of centuries Jerusalem and the Holy Land are again under the government of a Christian power. The British occupation of Palestine is of great importance to the British Empire. The strength of the Empire depends on control of the communications. Palestine lies on the land route between Egypt, Mesopotamia, and India. By gaining control of Palestine, Britain maintains the security of the Suez route and also controls the land route between Africa and Asia. During the war the Egyptian and Palestine railway systems were linked up, but this was only for military purposes; a regular commercial route has now been developed. In addition to the control of Palestine, Britain has also obtained control of Irak (Meso- potamia) and a large interest in the government of Constanti- nople. Thus by controlling these key positions Britain has im- measurably strengthened her Empire. Cyprus UNTIL November, 1914, Cyprus was administered by Great Britain under a convention signed with Turkey. At the outbreak of hostilities with Turkey, Great Britain annexed the island. Rhodes DURING the war Italy occupied many of the Aegan Islands belonging to Turkey. At the Peace Settlement Greece obtained the majority of these islands but Italy continues to administer Rhodes, (occupied by Italy since 1911) also Castelorizo, islands off the coast of Asia Minor. In 1925 a plebiscite will be taken to decide the sovereignty of Rhodes, as between Greece and Italy. 55 Hejaz FORMERLY a vilayet of Turkey and nominally controlled by her before 1914, Hejaz declared its independence in No- vember, 1916. As leader of the Pan Arabic movement, and also by virtue of the possession of Mecca and Medina, the holy places of Islam, Hejaz wields a tremendous power in the Mo- hammedan world. Hejaz is the most important Arab state and may eventually be the nucleus of the greater Arab state, the claims of which form one of the most pressing Near East prob- lems. Its area is 100,000 square miles (est.) with a population of 750,000. Mecca (pop. 80,000) is the capital. Jidda (pop. 30,000) on the coast, is the chief port. Medina (pop. 40,000) in the interior, is the terminus of the Pilgrim railway. Asir THIS is a small state on the Red Sea, south of Hejaz, which before 1914 was nominally under Turkey. It is now in- dependent. Area estimated at 35,000 square miles; pop- ulation 1,500,000. Yemen YEMEN, on the Red Sea, and nominally part of Turkey be- fore 1914, secured its independence during the war. Tlie area is about 75,000 square miles, almost equal to the area of Nebraska; its population is about 1,000,000. Considerable areas produce cereals and coffee. Sana (pop. 25,000) is the capital; Hodeida (pop. 40,000) and Mokha, are ports on the Red Sea. Irak or Iraq (Mesopotamia) ON August 23, 1921, with the crowning of Emir Feisul as king, Irak or Mesopotamia became a native Arab king- dom under the protection of the British. Irak was formerly the name for the region between the lower courses of the Eu- phrates and Tigris and including the city of Bagdad. From 1917 to the above date Mesopotamia, or Irak, as it is now called, had been under the government of the British. The promise of independence made by the Allies to the Arabs in 1915 has been fulfilled by the setting up of this native Arab government in Mesopotamia. 56 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY Of all the lands carved out of the Turkish Empire, Meso- potamia holds the most promise of rapid development. The seat of ancient empires, Mesopotamia (meaning "between the rivers"), was once a land of extreme fertility and supported a dense population. Its present miserable condition dates from the Mongol invasion of the thirteenth century. Since that time no strong, progressive government has controlled this area and Turkish rule continued to blight this region until it was con- quered by the British in 1 9 1 7. In the Peace Treaty with Turkey, Mesopotamia is recognized as an independent state to be placed under a mandatory power. The Supreme Council allotted the mandate to Britain. Mesopotamia is a land of immense economic possibilities. The Tigris and Euphrates, through the centuries, have built up a vast alluvial plain. In times past its richness of soil made it one of the garden spots of the world. With the rebuilding of its irrigation system the land should return to something approach- ing its former fertility. In the north cereals can be grown abundantly, while the south offers a splendid field for cotton and rice. At present, dates are the principal product. Oil is the only mineral resource of the country and while development had begun under Turkish control it is only since its occupation by the British that development has been conducted on a large scale. The area is estimated at 143,000 square miles and the population at 2,849,000. The population consists of Arabs (50%), Kurds, Turkomans, and Russians. Bagdad (pop. 225,- 000) an ancient city on the Tigris, is the capital. Basra (pop. 80,000) on the Shat-el-Arab is the chief port. Before the war, Irak (Mesopotamia) was significant in the Berlin-to-Bagdad plan of the Central Powers. The proposed railway, sections of which have been built by the British since the war, ran down the valley of the Tigris to Bagdad and was then to be continued down the river to the Persian Gulf. Had Germany completed this plan it would have constituted a serious threat against the sea route to India, controlled by the British, and in time of war would have menaced the security of India. REFERENCES The history of the Near East from the earliest times to the present is shown in the Breasted Ancient History Series and the Harding European History Series of Wall Maps published by Denoyer-Geppert Co. THE WORLD REMAPPED 57 Political developments since 1914 are shown on Map J2 Europe (1921) and Map J3 Asia (1921). in the Denoyer-Gep- pert Series of Political Geography Maps. Sib ena THE revolution of 1 9 1 7 in Russia affected all of the Russian Empire. Bolshevist influence has gradually spread through- out Siberia until today all Siberia west of Lake Baikal, and including Russian Central Asia, is under the central Soviet gov- ernment at Moscow. East of Lake Baikal, minor independent governments were established at Vladivostok, Chita and other points. In November, 1920, a conference of all these East Siberian governments w^as held and it reached an agreement whereby all the territory from Lake Baikal to the Pacific was united into one government called the Far Eastern Democratic Republic with its capital at Chita. Vladivostok (pop. 91,460), Chita (pop. 79,200), Blag- ovyeshchensk (pop. 62,500), Khabarovsk (pop. 51,300), are the largest cities within this new republic. The republic possesses great forest and mineral resources, and extensive fisheries; the country has, however, undergone little development. Japan has been active in Eastern Siberia in safeguarding her interests and has occupied the northern part of Sakhalin and the Siberian coast to the east of the Amur river. Political con- ditions are very unsettled throughout all Siberia. REFERENCE The new Far Eastern Democratic Republic is shown on Map J 3 Asia (1921), in the Denoyer-Geppert Series of Political Geography Maps. Japan As a result of the war Japan has become the leading Asiatic power. When the war began her influence was limited to the island empire, Korea, and the Liaotung Peninsula. The war gave Japan her opportunity and today she dominates Manchuria, occupies large areas of Eastern Siberia and from the League of Nations she holds the mandate for the former German 58 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY islands in the Pacific, north of the equator. The importance of these added territories is not measured in area, but in the strategic and economic value of the territory controlled. FORMER GERMAN TERRITORY CEDED TO JAPAN Square Mile* Caroline, Pelew, Mariana, and Marshall Islands 960 The area of the Japanese Empire is now 261,498 square miles with a population of 77,063,500. The Japanese occupa- tion of Eastern Siberia, Manchuria, and the northern part of Seikhalin Island is not permanent, but defended by Japan on the ground that her interests in these areas need protection. Kiaochow. By the Treaty of Versailles, the former German leased territory of Kiaochow in northern China was ceded to Japan. This decision did not receive the approval of China. As a result of an agreement made at the Disarmament Conference at Washington, November, 1 92 1 -February, 1922, Japan has renounced her claim to Kiaochow, also certain arrangements in Shantung, and the territory now reverts to Chinese sovereignty. The area of Kiaochow is 200 square miles. By this act Japan gives up an important strategic position and relinquishes control over one of the most important mineral areas of China. REFERENCES The development of Japan as a world power is shown on Map H22 World 1914, in the Harding European History Series. Map J3 Asia (1921) shows the Japanese Empire according to the latest treaties; the Pacific possessions of Japan are shown on Map J9 World. These maps appear in the Denoyer-Geppert Series of Political Geography Maps. Germany's Lost Pacific Possessions IN the same year that Germany annexed territory in Africa, she also began her colonial expansion in the Pacific. In 1 884 Germany annexed the northeast part of New Guinea, later extending her control over the neighboring archipelago. In the next year she hoisted her flag over the Marshall Islands, and in THE WORLD REMAPPED 59 1899, after the debacle of Spain in the Philippines, Germany purchased from her the remaining Spanish possessions of the Carolines, Marianas, and the Pelews. Samoa became an inter- national question in the same year (1899) and Germany got control of severed islands in the Samoa group. With this settle- ment the disposition of the islands of the Pacific amongst the nations became complete and Germany's expansion in the Pacific was ended. FORMER GERMAN POSSESSIONS IN PACIFIC Square Miles New Guinea 70,000 Bismarck Archipelago I 5,5 70 Solomon Islands 4 200 Caroline Islands \ Pelew Islands I 9^q Mariana Islands ( Marshall Islands / Nauru Island 8 Samoa Islands 1 ,260 Total 91.998 At the outbreak of the war in 1914 New Zealand seized the Samoa Islands; Australia captured New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Bismarck Archipelago; Japan captured Kiaochow and the island groups from the Pelews to the Marshalls. In a few months the laboriously built up Western Pacific empire of Germany had passed from her control. Under the Treaty of Versailles the control of these pos- sessions passed to the conquerors to be controlled under man- dates from the League of Nations. MANDATORY TERRITORIES SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR (New Guinea TO AUSTRALIA j Bismarck Archipelago ( Solomon Islands TO NEW ZEALAND Samoa Islands TO BRITISH EMPIRE Nauru Island MANDATORY TERRITORIES NORTH OF THE EQUATOR / Caroline Islands TO JAPAN < ^^^^.^ ^'\^f' *' I Mariana Islands ' Marshall Islands 60 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY The assumption of mandates by Australia and New Zealand enlarges the responsibilities of these young nations and they have now become in fact. Pacific powers. Australian Mandatory Territories FORMER German New Guinea is contiguous to the Territory of Papua, the British part of New^ Guinea, under the gov- ernment of Australia. The products of this area are trop- ical, cocoanuts, rubber, and cocoa being the chief commercial products. Development has been, however, very limited. The territory has some undeveloped mineral wealth. Australia also controls the neighboring island groups. When Germany annexed these islands they were known by English names; they changed New Britain to Neu Pommern, and New^ Ireland to Neu Mecklenburg. Australia has dropped the Ger- man names and on all maps they should now appear by their earlier names. New Britain and New Ireland. Bismarck Archi- pelago is now known as New Britain Archipelago. These islands are very fertile, producing cocoanuts and other tropical products. New Zealand Mandatory Territories THE Samoa Islands consist of the Islands of Tutuila and Tau belonging to the United States and the former German islands of Savaii and Upolu. The latter islands are now under the mandate of New Zealand. The islands are very fertile, producing cocoanuts, cocoa, and rubber. Apia on Upolu has a very good harbor. The real importance of the islands lies in the fact that they are on the direct route betw^een New Zea- land and the Panama Canal and the United States, giving them considerable strategic value, a fact which was recognized by Germany. Nauru Island, which lies just immediately south of the equator, is of very small size but has great economic importance. The mandate is held by the British Empire. Its area is only eight square miles. For countless ages it has been frequented by sea-birds and the leachings from the guano have impregnated the limestone, forming deposits many feet thick. Production has reached as high as 300,000 tons in a year. Estimates place the available deposits as high as 100,000,000 tons. 61 Japan in the Pacific ALL the former German islands north of the equator are held under mandate by Japan. The Pelcw, Caroline. Mariana (with the exception of Guam) and the Marshall Islands, are included under the mandate. The islands in these groups are mainly of coral formation and are of small size, exceeding 800 in number. The commercial value of the islands is small; copra is the largest article of export. Anguar, one of the Pelew Islands, has deposits of high grade phosphates. The islands have considerable strategic value and, though they cannot by the terms of the mandate be fortified or used as naval bases, the islands will prove of great importance for commercial wireless stations and aviation bases. After the peace settlement the United States questioned the control exercised by Japan over Yap in the Caroline Islands. Yap, situated 500 miles east of the Philippines, is an important cable station for Trans-Pacific lines from Shanghai (China), Menado (Dutch East Indies) and Guam, linking up the United States w^ith the Far East and East Indies. The importance of cables and radio communications has, especially since the war, assum.ed international importance; the recent controversy on cable control at Yap and other points has shown how vital the control of communications is to the welfare of nations. By the acquisition of these islands the position of Japan as a Pacific power has been strengthened. The expansion of Japan in the Pacific is not relished by Australia and New Zeeiland. These nations have adopted the policy of making their countries an area for white settlement only. With the disappearance of Germany from the Pacific, the United States, China, Japan, and Britain with her colonies of Australia and New Zealand, are now the leading Pacific powers. France and the Netherlands have also possessions in the Pacific. REFERENCES The position of the Great Powers in the Pacific before 1914 is shown on Map H22 World 1914, in the Harding European History Series. The peace settlement in the Pacific is shown on Map J9 World (1921) in the Denoyer-Geppert Series of Political Geog- raphy Maps. 62 Political Changes in Africa As a result of the Great War almost one-ninth of the area of Africa changed its political coloring. Before 1914 Germany, Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Portugal, and Spain controlled 1 1,200,000 square miles of Africa out of a total area of 1 1,514,000 square miles. Liberia and Abyssinia, the only independent states in Africa, represented the remaining eo-ea. The idea of colonial expansion was of slow growth in Ger- many and it was not until 1884 that her flag was hoisted over Togo and part of Kamerun. By 1914 her African possessions had increased to 1,037,700 square miles. Her lateness in enter- ing the race for colonies prevented Germany from getting favor- able areas for white settlement, though her colonies under proper development had great possibilities as sources of tropiceil raw materials which would make Germany less dependent on other nations. The industries of Germany had grown so rapidly that she also looked to her colonies for markets for her manufactured goods. When the war broke out Germany's colonial develop- ment had not progressed to any great extent. GERMANY'S FORMER AFRICAN COLONIES Square Miles Togo 33,700 Kamerun 298,000 German East Africa 384,000 German Southwest Africa 322,000 Total 1.037,700 Her colonies in Africa thus were more than four times the area of Germany proper, or one-third the area of the United States. By the Treaty of Versailles all these colonies passed to the Allied nations, and being unfitted for independence are held as mandates under the League of Nations. The strategic position of the former German colonies is not without interest. German East Africa blocked the stretch of British controlled territory from north to south and thus hind- ered the construction of Cecil Rhodes* great scheme of the Cape to Cairo railroad. The Kamerun projected a tongue of territory southwest to the Kongo and Ubangi, thus breaking the continuity of French Equatorial Africa. To the north, also in Kamerun, a strip of territory extended to Lake Chad. In German Southwest THE WORLD REMAPPED 63 Africa a salient dug deep into British territory giving Germany access to the Zambezi. The aggressive attitude of Germany in Africa with her continually growing territory has been show^n especially during the war, to be a well-laid plan to develop a "Mittel-Afrika" as well as a "Mittel-Europa." By the Treaty of Versailles, Togo and Kamerun were divided between Britain and France; German East Africa passed under British control, and German Southwest Africa fell to the Union of South Africa. Togo TOGO, the oldest German colony in Africa, and the only one self-supporting, was situated on the Gulf of Guinea betw^een the British colony of Gold Coast and the French colony of Dahomey. In area (33,700 square miles) about the size of Indiana, it produced for commerce, palm oil, rubber, and copra. Railway development had made progress in the colony. By the Treaty the colony was divided unequally between Britain and France. Britain received the mandate for the western and smaller part adjacent to the Gold Coast and France received the larger eastern section adjacent to Dahomey. Lome, the former capital and chief port, is now in French territory. Kamerun THIS colony was occupied by Germany in 1 884. The ter- ritory lies on the Gulf of Guinea betw^een Nigeria and French Equatorial Africa. Its area (298,000 square miles) was considerably larger than Texas and almost five times all of New England. Kamerun is a tropical storehouse in its richest and most varied aspects. Development was very slow. Palm oil, rubber, and cocoa form the chief articles of commerce. A thin strip of territory adjoining Nigeria was accepted under mandate by Britain, while France obtained the mandate for the remainder, about 265,000 square miles, with the port of Duala. This section alone is considerably larger than all of France. The area over which France gains control includes the territory France ceded to Germany in 1911 in compensation for settlement of the Morocco question. Before 1911, Kamerun was separated from the Kongo River by a wide stretch of terri- tory. Germany's first demand for a settlement of the Morocco question demanded a common frontier with Belgian Kongo. The final compromise added to Kamerun a large area, over 1 00,- 000 square miles, which enabled Germany to put out tw^o salients of territory which gave her an outlet on the Kongo River and 64 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY the Ubangi River. This cession divided French Equatorial Africa and rendered communication between the coast and in- terior difficult. This settlement was regarded as one more step in the German "Mittel-Afrika" plan. The control of Kamerun by France thus makes French ter- ritory in West and North Africa continuous from the Mediter- ranean to the Kongo and from the Atlantic to the Egyptian border. A great opportunity is thus offered to France to de- velop unhampered the many schemes for linking up the Kongo with the proposed Trans-Sahara and other proposed West African railways. Tanganyika (Former German East Africa) FORMER German East Africa, now called Tanganyika, situ- ated between former British East Africa and Mozambique (Portuguese East Africa) was Germany's largest and most im- portant colony. It is almost twice the size of Germany and over six times the area of New England. The colony was the most highly developed of Germany's African possessions. Because of the fertility of the soil, and varied climate corresponding to altitude, the products of this region are numerous and varied. Sisal, hemp and rubber are the chief products for export. The in- terior rises steplike to a plateau of average elevation of three to four thousand feet above which there are considerable areas of higher land offering areas for white settlement. The central location of the colony with its contact on the three great inland lakes of Victoria, Tanganyika, and Nyasa added greatly to its importance, supplemented by the railway connecting Dar-es- Salaam on the coast with Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika, making this port not only an outlet for the trade of the colony but also for a large part of Central Africa. Dar-es-Salaam (pop. 24,000) is the chief port and the capital. During the war German East Africa was conquered by the British after a severe campaign. Because of its contiguity to British territory, its position, and economic needs, the mandate for this territory was given to Britain. In August 1920 this new protectorate was renamed the Tanganyika Territory. With this new cession Britain now controls a continuous strip of territory from Egypt and the Med- iterranean on the north to Cape Town on the south, a distance of over 4,700 miles. The Cape to Cairo railroad, an imperial dream of Cecil Rhodes, the great empire builder of Africa, with his great idea partly realized in his lifetime, is now possible of complete realization. 65 Belgian Kongo BECAUSE of Belgium's part in the war, Britain transferred part of the former German East Africa to Belgium. The region ceded to Belgian Kongo comprises the valuable area between Lakes Kivu and Victoria, the boundary being so ad- justed that a narrow strip of territory to the west of Lake Vic- toria remains British. This passageway was left for the possible route of the projected Cape to Cairo railway. Belgium governs this addition under a mandate from the League of Nations. Southwest Africa Protectorate (Former German Southwest Africa) BOUNDED on the east and south by British territory and on the north by Angola (Portuguese West Africa) Southwest Africa Protectorate, former German Southwest Africa, is more than twice the size of California. Of all Germany's African colonies it was the most suitable for white settlement and a pos- sible outlet for Germany's excess population. The country, how^- ever, lies in an arid belt and no part of the region receives suffi- cient rainfall. In the northeast, where the rainfall averages about twenty inches, some agriculture is carried on with cotton and tobacco as the principal crops. Other sections of the country are suitable for cattle raising, sheep, and ostrich farming and like the rest of South Africa may become a future source for meat supplies for Europe. A great deal of prospecting for minerals has been done in the colony. In 1911 diamonds were discovered in the desert region of the southwest; in 1913 diamonds to the value of $10,- 000,000 were exported. The copper mines at Otavi in the north are very productive. Other minerals have been found but little development has been attempted. Windhoek is the chief town. The low, dune marked coast of the colony offers few good harbors. As Walfish Bay, the only good harbor, was a British possession the Germans attempted to make a harbor at Swakop- mund. This harbor, however, has since been abandoned, as Walfish Bay is nov/ available for the w^hole colony. During the war the colony was conquered by South African troops. By the treaty, the Union of South Africa was given the mandate for the territory and it has been incorporated into the Union under the name of the Protectorate of Southwest Africa. 66 Portuguese Gains ALTHOUGH Portugal was one of the Allied Powers at weir with Germany, her claims to additional territory were not considered as she has more territory in Africa now^ than she can efficiently control. A rectification of the northern boundary of Mozambique (Portuguese East Africa), however, was made. By the Treaty of Versailles the Peace Conference on September 23rd, 1919, allotted to Portugal "as the original and rightful owner" the small area south of the Rovuma River, known as the "Kionga Triangle" (form^erly part of German East Africa). The area of this addition is inconsiderable and of no economic value. The Treaty of London and Italian Colonies WHEN Italy joined the Allies, promises of territory in Europe and "equitable compensations" in Africa, should German colonies come under British and French control, were made. The treaty specified boundary adjustments in Libia, French Somali Coast, Eritrea, and the neighboring colonies of Great Britain. After the war "conversations" were begun, and France has yielded to Italy a considerable territory in the Sahara which now becomes part of Libia, Italy's colony on the Mediter- ranean. Britain has also rearranged the western frontier of Egypt so as to add a large strip of territory on the eastern border of Libia. The territory added to Libia does not appear to be of any great economic value. From British East Africa, now called Kenia, Britain also ceded to Italian Somali Land a strip of ter- ritory on the west of the Juba River, which now gives Italy the sole control of the waters of this river. Egypt FROM 1882 to 1914 Egypt was "occupied" by Britain. When Turkey entered the war against the Allies, Britain de- clared in December, 1914, a protectorate over Egypt, thus finally ending all Turkish authority in Egypt. TTie war gave an impulse to the nationalist movement in Egypt. The British gov- ernment is now considering plans whereby Egypt may enjoy a large measure of self government 67 Kenia (Former British East Africa) IN the reorganization of her African possessions, Britain raised British East Africa from a protectorate to the status of a col- ony and changed its name to Kenia, after Mt. Kenia, one of the mountain peaks in the colony. REFERENCES The partition of Africa amongst the European nations ia shown on Map HI 4 Discoveries and Colonization, and Map H22 World 1914, in the Harding European History Series. The new partition of Africa following the peace settlement is shown on Map J4 Africa (1921), in the Denoyer-Geppert Series of Po- litical Geography Maps. The British Empire As a result of the World War, Britain gained the largest amount of enemy territory. She gained no territory in Europe. In Africa and the Pacific she obtained control of part of the former German colonies and in Asia her gains were at the ex- pense of Turkey. The added territories were not ceded out- right but are controlled by mandates, responsible to the League of Nations. The Union of South Africa, Australia, and New Zea- land control certain of these mandates. In recent years, even before 1914, the self-governing col- onies of Canada, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand developed their own policies, as almost to become virtually inde- pendent nations. The war brought out the need for a better understanding on the future relations of the Empire to its domin- ions and colonies. As a result of the cession of Kiaochow by Japan to China in 1922, Britain has returned Weihaiwei to the sovereignty of China. After centuries of conflict and friction between Ireland and Great Britain, the relations of Ireland to the British Empire were amicably adjusted by a treaty signed at London, December 6, 1921. The treaty provides for the creation of the Irish Free State, as a dominion within the British Empire. Ulster is not included within the Free State, but she has the privilege of join- ing at a later date. Canada, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and India with Great Britain signed the various peace treaties. TTiese dominions are also members of the League of Nations. Nego- 68 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY tiations are now proceeding, which, while leaving to the domin- ions control of their own national affairs, will also give them a larger voice in the shaping of imperial policies. The old imperial idea of the British Empire seems likely to be soon dis- carded and in its place will arise a new political conception in the "British Commonwealth of Nations." REFERENCES The territorial expansion of the British Empire is shown on Map HI 4 Discoveries and Colonization, and Map H22 World 1914, in the Harding European History Series. Political develop- ments since 1914 are shown on Map J2 Europe (1921), Map J3 Asia (1921), Map J4 Africa (1921), and Map J9 World (1921 ) ; these maps are in the Denoyer-Geppert Series of Politi- cal Geography Maps. The United States and the Peace Settlement OUR country entered the war to protect its national honor and rights. We had no selfish ends to serve; we sought no territory, no indemnities. At the Peace Conference our country attempted to seek a settlement which would make for permanent peace amongst the nations. The question of a United States mandate over Armenia was proposed but our policy of no foreign entanglements prevented its acceptance. In the Pacific the disappearance of Germany as a power has brought us into close territorial contact with the British Em- pire at Samoa where New^ Zealand holds the mandate for part of the group, while our country governs the remainder. The ex- pansion of Japan in the Pacific with control of all the former German islands north of the equator has also brought us into very close relations with that power. The growth of our country to a leading position amongst the world powers has made us vitally interested in the main- tenance of our communications with the outside world, particu- larly in the Pacific where our principal possessions are. Strung across the Pacific we have the Hawaiian Islands, Samoa Islands, Guam, and the Philippines. The recent controversy over the control of Yap and the cables that center there was but part of our policy of securing for ourselves and the w^orld unrestricted communication, a matter of great importance in the preservation of peace between the nations. 69 REFERENCES The historical development of United States as a world power is shown on Map A24 Greater United States, in the Hart- Bolton American History Series. Tlie United States in its world relations is shown on Map J9 World, in the Denoyer-Geppert Series of Political Geography Maps. Political Changes Outside the Scope of the Peace Settlement Iceland FROM 930 A. D. to 1264 A. D., Iceland was an independent republic. From 1264 until 1918 it was first under the domi- nation of Norway, and later of Denmark. By an act of union 1918, with Denmark, Iceland has been acknowledged a sovereign state and united to Denmark only through the identity of the sovereign, who is King of Iceland as well as King of Den- mark. The area of Iceland is 39,709 square miles with a popula- tion of 91,192. Reykjavik (pop. 15,328) is the capital. Of the total area six-sevenths is unproductive. Fishing is the most important industry. REFERENCE The changed status of Iceland is shown on Map J2 Europe ( 1 92 1 ) in the Denoyer-Geppert Series of Political Geography Maps. Republic of Central America THE confederation of three of the republics of Central America — Guatemala, Honduras, and Salvador — ^was con- cluded as a result of a treaty signed on January 19th, 1921. Tegucigalpa is the new federal capital. The constitution of the new confederation declares "that each state will preserve its autonomy and independence in the handling and direction of its domestic affairs, and likewise all the powers that are not vested in the federation by the Federal Constitution.** 70 DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY Costa Rica was also a party to the treaty but ratification has so far been refused by its congress. Nicaragua has been invited to join the confederation; she has expressed her willingness to join if she is allowed to retain certain treaty making powers. Costa Rica and Nicaragua will most likely become members of the confederation within a short period. The permanency of this new confederation is a matter of great doubt. China After the overthrow of the Manchu dynasty in 1911, China became a republic. The control of the central government at Peking has in the intervening years been challenged by South China. At the present time two governments are in power in China, that of North China at Peking and South China at Canton. The government at Peking is that recognized by the Great Powers. Owing to the lack of a strong central government in China proper, the dependencies of Mongolia, Sinkiang, and Tibet are today practically independent. Outer Mongolia is controlled by the "People's Government of Mongolia." Kiaochow. Because of the murder of some German mis- sionaries in China in 1897 Germany seized Kiaochow, a territory on the northeast coast of China. In 1898 she obtained a lease of the area and in the same year the area was declared a protectorate of the German Empire. At the outbreak of the war Japan captured Kiaochow from the Germans and occupied the territory. By the Treaty of Versailles Japan acquired all the former German rights and privileges in the territory of Kiaochow, also some arrangements relative to the province of Shantung. This arrangement was made over the protest of China, whose delegates consequently refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles. By her occupation of Shantung, Japan controlled one of the richest mineral areas in China, and occupied an area of great strategic importance. The Shantung question became such an issue that Japan promised to return the territory to China, without, however, fixing a date. At the recent Disarmament Conference in Washington, November, 1 92 1 -February, 1922, the question of the territorial integrity of China formed one of the most important points of discussion. As a result of an agreement Japan agreed to re- nounce the cession of Kiaochow, with special arrangements regarding properties in Shantung. The territory of Kiaochow DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY 71 now reverts to China. Japan will, however, retain the customs house at Tsingtao (Kiaochow). TTie area of Kiaochow is 200 square miles, with a popula- tion of 227,000. Weihaiwei. When Russia and Germany began to dominate Northern China, Britain obtained a lease in 1 898 from China of the territory of Weihaiwei in the Shantung Peninsula. The recent cession of Kiaochow by Japan to China, and the elimination of Russia and Germany as factors in this region has rendered the retention of Weihaiwei by Britain no longer necessary. At the recent Disarmament Conference in Washington. Britain an- nounced its decision to return Weihaiwei to the sovereignty of China, similar in terms to the cession of Kiaochow by Japan. The area of Weihaiwei is 285 square miles, with a population of 147,000. REFERENCES The foreign domination of China is shown on Map H22 World 1914, in the Harding European History Series. Map J 3 Asia (1921 edition) shows the Japanese control of Shantung as a result of the World War, and Map J3 Asia (1922 edition) shows the return of Weihaiwei and Kiaochow to Chinese sov- ereignty, also the growing independence of Outer Mongolia. These maps appear in the Denoyer-Geppert Series of Political Geography Maps. Development of World Empires 1914-1922 Area in Square Miles 1914 1922 United States 3.689.385 3,689.514 British Empire 12,780.380 f 13.760.000 France 3,774,000 t4.186.000 Russian Empire 8,764.000 *7.5 79.000 Japanese Empire 260.738 261.498 Italy 695.000 860.000 Germany 1.332.000 **175.709 fincluding mandates. *Now a Federated Soviet Republic. **Now a republic. Biographical (Continued from page iii in front of book) The work of the educator and scholar in the preparation of the Denoyer-Geppert school maps has been faithfully expressed by the most skillful craftsmen to be found in America. The map drawings of the artist had to meet the exacting demands of the editors, who insisted on accuracy in execution as a prerequisite to the placing of their names on the product. Their reputations were at stake. From original drawings to final printing, the educators and scholars in charge supervised the work. The house of Denoyer-Geppert has shown that America can produce maps of the highest standard in accuracy, scholar- ship, mechanical excellence, and effectiveness in teaching. The New History Previous to 1916 most of the history maps offered to the schools of America were based on the older interpretation of history. There was an overemphasis of periods which no longer are considered important; military campaigns with locations of battles occupied too much space. The Denoyer-Geppert Series of History Maps, covering Ancient, European, and American History — the most extensive series ever produced — are based on the "new history" with its emphasis not on political events and military exploits, but on the geographic, economic, industrial, commercial and sociological phases of human development. Professor James Henry Breasted, one of the world's ablest scholars in Ancient History, in collaboration with Professor Carl F. Huth, Jr., prepared the Ancient History Series. Professor Samuel Bannister Harding, widely recognized as a scholar and writer on European History, prepared the European History Series. Professor Albert Bushnell Hart, one of the best known of American historians, in collaboration with Mr. David M. Mat- teson, research historian, prepared the American History Series. Professor Herbert E. Bolton, a leading authority on Latin American History, prepared special maps for the American His- tory Series. DENOYER-GEPPERT NEW HISTORY WALL MAPS 69 Map*, All Uniform Size — 44x32 Inches BREASTED ANCIENT SERIES Edited by James H. Breasted and Carl F. Huth B 1. B 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. B 6. B 7. B 8. H 1. H 2. H 3. H 4. H 5. H 6. H 7. H 8. H 9. HlO. Hll. Hl2. H13. H14. H15. A 1. A 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. A 7. A 8. A 9. AlO. All. Ancient World B 9. Ancient Orient and Palestine BlO. Oriental Empires Bll. Eastern Mediterranean Bl2. Ancient Greece Bl3. Greek and Phoenician Coloni- Bl4. zation Bl5. Boeotia and Attica Bl6. Athens HARDING EUROPEAN SERIES Edited by Samuel B. Harding Sequence Map of Greece Alexander's Empire Ancient Italy Roman Power in Italy Rome Conquest of Mediterranean Caesar's Gaul Roman Empire Barbarian Invasions Hl6. Charlemagne Hl7. Holy Roman Empire Hl8. Crusades Hl9. Saxon and Norman England H20. England and France H21. Europe, 1360 H22. Medieval Commerce H23. Charles V, 1519 H24. The Reformation H25. Tudor and Stuart England H26. Europe, 1648 Europe, 1740 H27. Discoveries and Colonization H28. Europe, 1815 British Isles Industrial England Modern Italy German Empire The Balkans World, 1914 Europe in 1914 Economic Europe Peoples of Europe Northern France, and the Rhine Europe, January, 1920 Central Europe, 1918-1921 Belgium Napoleon HART-BOLTON AMERICAN SERIES Edited by Albert Bushnell Hart and Herbert E. Bolton World of Columbus World Explorations to 1580 Caribbean Settlement 1492- 1525 International Rivalries, 1580- 1750 English Colonial Grants, 1580-1763 Partition of America, 1700 and 1763 Colonial Commerce and In- dustries Revolutionary War, 1775- 1783 State Claims and Ratifica- tion, 1776-1802 Westward Movement, 1763- 1829 Louisiana Purchase, 1803- 1819 Al2, Territorial Acquisitions, 1776- 1866 Al3. Land and Water Routes, 1829-1860 Al4. Mexican War and Compro- mise of 1850 Al5. Secession, 1860-1861 Al6. Civil War, 1861-1865 Al7. Abolition and Reconstruction Al8. Western Statehood; Land Grants Al9. Lines of Transportation, 1920 A20. Resources and Conservation A21. Industrial United States (Eastern) A22. Agricultural United States A23. United States in the Carib- bean A24. Greater United States A27. Population Density, 1920 References to the above History Wall Maps are made thru out the pages of this booklet. The New Geography Until a few years ago locational geography, with its memor- izing of endless place names, constituted a large part of geog- raphy teaching. School maps of this period, in their crude workmanship, lack of accuracy, and fullness of unnecessary de- tail, were as faulty as the old method. The subject matter of the new geography, with its emphasis on casual relationships, touches the life and welfare of the human race in a very intimate way. School maps were not readily changed to meet the new geography teaching, because old time publishers had invested thousands of dollars in plates, map stock, etc., and were loath to encourage any development tending to make obsolete their old stock in trade. The great World War with its tremendous political changes has, however, made these old maps unfit to be used in the schools. This offered a unique opportunity to the Denoyer-Geppert Company and the preparation of a completely new series of Political Geography Wall Maps designed according to the new method in geography, embodying the last word in exploration, and showing all the territorial changes made by the Peace Settle- ment, was completed. Each map was edited by a geographer of special fitness for his particular Map. In offering to American schools this new series of Political Geography Maps the Company has performed a unique service, to the teachers and school children of America. Achievement Achievement is characteristically American. Beginning in 1916 with blank paper, ideas, ideals, a capacity for hard work, and a great desire to serve education, the Denoyer-Geppert Company has in its short life of five years made great contribu- tions to American education. Previous to 1916 the teaching of history was hindered by the lack of school maps that reflected the influence of the newer history with its wider knowledge. Today the teacher of history has at his service the celebrated Denoyer-Geppert History Wall Maps. This great series of sixty- nine wall maps was edited by historians of international reputa- tion. (Continued on page viii) DENOYER-GEPPERT POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY WALL MAPS Size 44x56 inches Map Scale of No. Miles to Inch Jl United States and Possessions, by C. R. Dryer. . 75 mileS J2 Europe, by William M. Davis 75 miles J3 Asia, by Ellsworth Huntington 150 miles J4 Africa, by Jacques W. Redway 115 miles J5 North America, by Charles R. Dryer 115 miles J6 South America, by Frank Carney & W. S. Tower 115 miles J7 Eastern Hemisphere, by Ellsworth Huntington. 300 miles J8 Western Hemisphere, by Walter S. Tower 300 miles J9 World, Political and Commercial By J. Russell Smith and George B. Roorbach 600 miles J171 Eastern United States, by C. R. Dryer 40 miles Special size, 64x44 inches Sla United States, without possessions 50 miles S9a World, Political 400 miles Extra large size, 64x78 inches In preparation. Ready in 1922 51 United States and Possessions 50 miles 52 Europe 50 miles 53 Asia 100 miles 54 Africa 75 miles 55 North America 75 miles 56 South America 75 miles 57 Eastern Hemisphere 200 miles 58 Western Hemisphere 200 miles 59 World, Political and Commercial 400 miles The editors for the "S" maps are the same as for the "J" maps. Any of the above maps may be had without names for use as test maps. References to the above Geography Wall Maps are made throughout the pages of this booklet. Having supplied one department of education in an ade- quate way, the Company prepared to extend the same adequate service to the teaching of geography. By its preparation of a completely new series of eleven large Political Geography Wall Maps, edited by geographers of inter- national reputation, the Denoyer-Geppert Company has rendered a unique service to the teachers of geography. Great as this achievement is, for so young a company, numerous other publications of high educational merit have also been published by this house. Service The spirit of service dominating the Denoyer-Geppert Company is well expressed by C. P. Cary, for eighteen years State Superintendent of Public Instruction in Wisconsin: "I was greatly impressed in the two or three days I spent in the plant, with the energy, enterprise, and intelligence of the men who are responsible for the success of the Company. They seemed to me to be far more concerned about making the high- est possible grade of maps than they did about making money. They have ideals and they spare no expense in their efforts to attain their ideals. They keep their maps thoroughly up-to-date. They will, if required, send their maps on approval, though this is not necessary with a company of the quality of this one. If at any time anything is not right they will make it right, and it will be a pleasure for them to do so." THE "D-G" LINE History Hart American Hiatory Maps Hart Americsm History Atlas Harding European History Maps Harding European History Atlas Breasted Ancient History Maps Breasted Ancient History Atlas Lehmann History Pictures Cartocraft Desk Outline Maps Geography Denoyer-Geppert Wall Maps Philips' Comparative Wall Maps Cartocraft Slated Wall Maps Bacon Excelsior Wall Maps Cartocraft Desk Outline Maps Kuhnert Relief-Like Maps Atlas Raised or Relief Wall Maps Globes Lehmann Geography Pictures Science Jung Botany Charts Lehmann Zoology Charts Jung Zoology Charts Arnold Physiology Charts Schmeil Botany Charts Arnold Food Charts Schmeil Zoology Charts Anatomical Models Lehmann Botany Charts Frohse Life-Size Charts "Every calling is great, when greatly pursued." = I ' a c= m B20180 viii RETURN CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT TO— ^ 202 Main Library LOAN PERIOD 1 HOME USE 2 3 4 5 6 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 1 -month loons may be renewed by calling 642-3405 6-month loons may be recharged by bringing books to Circulotion Desk Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due dote DUE AS STAMPED BELOW NOV 81978 8^, ^M JAN 3 1379 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY FORM NO. 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