^ "|"<* Division of Agricultural Sciences UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA .«-fN«&#i^-^r ;- ■:■:■■■■■■'..:■: EGE TABLE CROPS IN CALIFORNIA SOME GRAPHIC AND STATISTICAL FACTS CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURAL Experiment Station Extension Service CIRCULAR 516 PACI^ Introduction 3 Acknowledgments 4 LdulC Of KjOTltCTLlS Part 1: California Leads the Nation in Vegetable Production 5 Figure-Table 1 5 Table 1 6 Table 2 6 i Figure 1 7 Table 3 8-< Table 4 10 4 Part 2: Production Volume and Seasonal Timing Vary in California Subareas 11 Figure 2 12 * Table 5 13 Table 6 14 Table 7 15 Part 3: California's Vegetable Production Involves Valuable Resources and Heavy Annual Outlays 16 Figure-Table 2 18 '& Table 8 19 Table 9 19 Table 10 19 Table 11 20 ? Figure 3 20 Table 12 21 Table 13 21 Table 14 21 Part 4: Vegetables Are Big Business on Both Specialized and General Farms 22 Table 15 24 Table 16 25 i Table 17 26 Part 5 : Prospects Are for Larger Future Markets, Particu- larly in Processed Vegetables 27 * Table 18 28 Table 19 28 Table 20 29 / Figure 4 29 Table 21 30 Figure-Table 3 31 Tables and Figures Listed by Descriptive Headings 32 Key to Abbreviations 34 Sources of Data 35 THE author: Trimble R. Hedges is Professor of Agricultural Economics, Agri- cultural Economist in the Experiment Station, and Agricultural Economist on the Giannini Foundation, University of California, College of Agriculture, Davis. I TRIMBLE R. HEDGES Vegetable Crops IN CALIFORNIA SOME GRAPHIC AND STATISTICAL FACTS This is a preliminary report to cooperators, containing the results of an extended review of existing statistical sources of information on California's vegetable production and consumption. / JULY, 1962 This report presents, in graphic and statistical form, JntroductlOn some of the more dominant facts about the nature, location, and timing of California's vegetable in- dustry. Part 1 summarizes the importance of the industry to California, establishes the state's dominant position in the nation's vegetable production, and makes com- parisons among California's more important crops and groups of crops. Part 2 examines the geographic and seasonal distribu- tion of California's vegetable production. Part 3 reviews and reports on resource use and fi- nancial importance of vegetable production commit- ments and investments in the state; emphasis is on California's over-all vegetable industry. Part 4 examines the organization and the more domi- nant input and gross receipt items for three vegetable producing farms, one specialized with five hundred acres, and the others diversified with sixty and seven hundred fifty acres, respectively, included in general crop rotation. Part 5 presents population statistics, as well as se- lected national per capita consumption data for vege- tables and other foods. i' Hedges: Vegetable Crops in California — Some Graphic and Statistical Facts * A cknowledgements The author wishes to express sincere gratitude to all who have contributed in various ways to this report. Special thanks are due The Western Grower and Shipper, and its editor and publisher, Mr. Frank Howatt, for important contributions; such thanks are due also to Mr. Oscar R. Burt, Acting Assistant Professor of Agricultural Economics, Acting Assist- ant Agricultural Economist in the Experiment Sta- tion, and on the Giannini Foundation, Davis, who was largely responsible for summarizing data and preparing tables and figures, and to Mrs. Barbara LaBelle for valuable assistance in drafting and re- producing materials. About seventy-five growers cooperated by returning completed questionnaires relating to their organiza- tion and operations, and the author hereby expresses his appreciation to them. ^ About the data used ... * Sources of information are indicated by the number in parentheses keyed to the head- * ing of each table or figure. These numbers refer to the listed "Sources of Data" to be found at the back of the report. For example: Figure-Table 1. United States and California gross farm income from vegetables annually, 1953-1957 (1,2). Vegetables in California accounted for about one-fifth of gross farm receipts on the average during the years 1953-1957, as compared with 6 per cent for the United States. Thus vegetables as an income source are about three times as important in California as in the nation. However, vegetables ranked lowest among the four major sources of California's farm income, which was headed by livestock and livestock products (36% of the gross) . Also ranking ahead of vegetables in farm income were field crops, and fruits and nuts. Part 1. California Leads the Nation in Vegetable Production Figure-Table 1. United States and California Gross Farm Income From Vegetables, Annually, 1953-1957, (1,2). Dollars (billions) 1 1,2 United States 953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1 2 3 (million dollars) 4 5 California 416 429 467 525 482 United States 1,402 1,508 1,526 1,712 1,599 California per cent of United States 29.7 28.6 29.5 30.7 30.1 Hedges: Vegetable Crops in California — Some Graphic and Statistical Facts Table 1 California Gross Farm Income From Vegetables and Other Major Sources; Five-Year Averages, 1953-1957. (1). California Sources 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1953-57 average Average per cent of four major sources 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (million dollars) Livestock and products Field crops Fruits and nuts Vegetables 973 733 458 416 905 739 474 429 949 686 541 467 992 738 580 525 1,017 752 515 482 967 729 514 464 36.2 27.3 19.2 17.3 United States Livestock and products Field crops Fruits and nuts 16,933 10,290 1,217 1,753 16,284 9,891 1,240 1,620 15,880 9,656 1,287 1,761 16,304 9,836 1,388 1,852 17,376 8,343 1,319 1,689 16,555 9,603 1,290 1,735 56.8 32.9 4.4 5 9 Table 2 California Principal Vegetable Crops According to Gross Value; Five- Year Averages, 1953-1957, (2,3). Crop 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 Five-year averages 1 2 3 4 5 6 (thousand dollars) Tomatoes 67,689 79,734 46,120 35,262 30,152 28,441 30,316 24,371 15,772 14,273 16,838 11,882 64,947 77,326 61,245 33,514 33,698 28,186 31,148 20,451 17,852 16,810 16,954 12,650 84,840 87,000 58,511 31,887 33,627 32,315 27,965 25,193 25,304 14,487 14,482 12,803 107,532 74,174 95,179 31,089 41,216 29,603 24,214 25,128 21,735 16,324 15,798 19,040 93,403 85,379 47,674 44,674 33,549 36,563 27,673 21,983 19,886 17,497 18,099 16,735 83,682 Lettuce 80,723 Potatoes 61,746 Melons 35,285 Strawberries 34,448 31,022 28,263 Crucifers* 23,425 Asparagus 20,110 Beans 15,878 Other summer cropst Other winter cropsj 16,434 14,622 * Brussels sprouts, broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower, t Peppers, corn, and cucumbers, j Spinach, onions, and peas. Part 1. California Leads Nation in Vegetable Production Figure 1. Principal California Vegetable Crops According to Gross Value: Per Cent Fresh and Processed; Five- Year Averages, 1953-1957, (2,3) Tomatoes Lettuce Potatoes Melons Strawberries Celery Carrots Crucifers* Asparagus Beans, snap 20 45%. -59%— 41% = 58% 42% 40 50 60 51% ■ 100% 55% 100% 100% □ m Fresh Processed 70 T 80 49% 100% Data separating fresh and processed not available 10 20 30 40 50 60 Dollars (millions) 70 80 90 90 'Brussels sprouts, broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower fPeppers, corn, and cucumbers. ^Spinach, onions, and peas. Hedges: Vegetable Crops in California — Some Graphic and Statistical Facts Table 3. California Principal Vegetable Crops, Fresh; Ann*ac Crop 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 Five-year averages 1 2 3 4 5 6 (thousand acres) Acreages Artichokes* Asparagus* 8.6 69.2 4.8 23.0 5.2 9.7 40.4 25.3 12.3 15.7 19.6 3.1 1.5 8.0 123.6 14.1 6.3 2.7 2.0 130.2 2.5 9.4 11.0 27.7 18.8 9.0 72.4 5.7 17.6 5.4 9.1 44.0 24.1 11.0 15.8 22.3 3.1 2.0 8.9 123.9 10.3 9.1 3.1 1.9 95.3 2.2 10.9 12.0 31.7 20.2 8.9 76.7 5.5 23.6 4.0 8.2 44.3 24.3 12.4 15.7 22.3 3.0 2.5 9.3 125.3 9.5 6.8 3.6 2.3 115.6 1.9 14.0 13.0 37.7 18.2 9.4 76.2 4.9 26.7 5.6 8.4 38.4 24.4 12.6 17.8 18.1 3.0 2.4 8.0 128.5 9.9 5.5 3.8 2.0 106.8 1.9 19.0 12.0 37.9 19.9 9.4 75.8 5.3 24.5 5.3 9.6 38.7 23.4 12.8 17.3 17.6 3.1 2.3 6.3 134.9 10.9 5.6 4.1 1.9 113.7 1.9 20.7 13.0 37.9 19.7 9.1 74.1 5 2 Broccoli* 23.1 Brussels sprouts* 5.1 Cabbage Cantaloups Carrots* Cauliflower* 9.0 41.2 24.3 12.2 Celery 16 5 Corn, sweet Cucumbers 20.0 3.1 Garlic* 2.1 8.1 Lettuce 127.2 10.9 6.7 Peppers, bell 3.5 Persian melons 2.0 Potatoes 112.3 Spinach 2.1 Strawberries* 14.8 Sweet potatoes 12.2 Tomatoes 34.6 Watermelons 19.4 Total fresh 594.7 571.0 608.6 603.1 615.7 598.8 (hundredweight) Yields Artichokes Asparagus 40 22 123 122 54 212 133 252 154 525 76 190 75 152 175 288 35 124 110 225 112 40 21 117 108 55 216 130 253 156 544 74 199 75 152 108 294 30 110 no 245 120 40 25 110 104 59 227 126 254 168 572 70 185 85 136 183 316 39 118 92 252 125 34 24 105 110 59 220 125 257 158 567 68 173 85 143 169 353 34 115 90 242 125 35 25 121 100 48 241 156 252 139 530 77 191 85 150 157 365 38 120 105 272 125 37.9 23.5 115.6 Brussels sprouts 109.5 Broccoli 55.5 Cabbage 223.5 134.6 Carrots 253.6 Cauliflower. . . 155.4 Celery 548.5 Corn, sweet 73.1 Cucumbers 188.1 Garlic 82.1 Honey dews 146.6 Lettuce 170.4 Onions 324.2 35.2 Peppers, bell 117.4 101.8 Potatoes 247.7 Spinach 121.1 Fresh and processed. 8 ^ Part 1. California Leads Nation in Vegetable Production cfres Harvested, Yields, and Production, 1953-1957, (2, 4) . Crop 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 Five-year averages 1 2 3 4 5 6 (hundredweight) Yields— Continued 163 71 177 131 146 71 172 134 119 71 151 148 128 80 150 135 112 75 152 148 130.9 73.6 Tomatoes 159.9 139.4 (hundredweight) Production 344 605 581 634 1,272 2,045 5,288 6,417 1,880 7,474 1,487 587 109 1,210 20,022 4,011 220 397 220 29,280 280 717 781 4,893 2,465 360 485 661 583 1,039 1,944 5,589 6,477 1,719 8,043 1,637 614 146 1,332 19,888 3,118 266 429 209 23,324 240 716 852 5,374 2,687 356 428 600 416 1,408 1,857 5,468 6,129 2,081 8,349 1,548 556 212 1,206 20,650 2,964 263 425 212 29,189 238 644 923 5,320 2,688 320 617 513 594 1,483 1,845 4,726 6,254 1,983 9,451 1 207 518 204 1,128 20,757 3,492 187 437 180 25,872 238 885 960 5,647 2,785 329 763 635 530 1,172 2,302 5,707 5,829 1,752 8,920 1,358 590 196 932 20,523 3,979 214 492 200 30,918 238 1,258 975 5,717 2,841 342 Asparagus Beans, snap 580 600 551 Broccoli 1,275 Cabbage 1,999 5,356 Carrots 6,221 Cauliflower 1,883 Celery 8,447 Corn, sweet 1,447 573 Garlic 173 1,167 Lettuce 20,368 3,513 230 Peppers, bell 436 Persian melons 204 Potatoes 27,717 Spinach 247 Strawberries 844 898 Tomatoes Watermelons 5,390 2,693 Total fresh 93,219 87,732 94,130 92,283 98,370 93,154 Hedges: Vegetable Crops in California — Some Graphic and Statistical Facts Tomatoes dominate both acreage and production among the processed crops (table 4) . Spinach, as- paragus, strawberries, and green lima beans follow in that order according to volume of production; green lima beans, green peas, spinach, and chili pep- pers according to acres (separate acreages are not available for processed asparagus) . Table 4 California Principal Vegetable Crops, Processed; Acreages, Yields, and Production, 1953-1957,(2). Crop 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1953-57 average 1 2 3 4 5 6 (thousand acres) Acreages 2,5 27.6 4.0 10.0 3.6 8.2 83.0 3.8 27.4 3.1 7.3 3.9 7.4 79.5 3.5 23.5 3.1 9.8 2.8 9.3 116.3 3.0 28.1 3.6 13.2 3.6 9.6 151.5 3.0 29.9 3.3 8.8 4.2 10.2 123.0 3 2 Beans, green lima 27.3 3 4 Peas, green 9.8 Peppers, chili 3.6 8 9 110 7 (tons) Yields Asparagus 1.10 6.40 1.46 8.64 1.27 1,38 6.69 8.14 17.00 1.05 7.50 1.41 9.50 1.28 1.64 7.61 7.32 16.90 1.25 7.00 1.47 8.18 1.44 1.35 7.03 5.96 17.10 1.20 8.30 1.58 9 74 1.54 1.63 7.01 6.40 18.30 1.25 8.00 1.53 10.08 1.54 1.62 7.29 5.60 16.30 1.18 Beans, snap 7.52 Beans, green lima 1.49 Cucumbers 9.27 Peas, green 1.45 Peppers, chili 1.55 Spinach 6.98 Strawberries 6.57 Tomatoes 17.23 (thousand tons) Production Asparagus 45.9 16.0 40.3 34.6 12.7 4.9 54.3 40.6 1,411.0 51.8 28.5 38.6 29.5 9.4 6.4 49.4 43.9 1,343.0 74.5 24.5 34.7 25.4 14.1 3.8 65.3 51.2 1,989.0 60.0 24.9 44.3 35.1 20.3 5.9 66.9 77.4 2,772.0 56.6 24.0 45.6 33.3 13.6 6.8 74.3 53.0 2,005.0 58.0 Beans, snap 24 Beans, green lima Cucumbers 41.0 37.0 Peas, green 14.0 Peppers, chili 6.0 Spinach 62.0 Strawberries 53.0 Tomatoes 1,904.0 10 Vegetables vary widely in importance in different areas of California. The following indicates a rank- ing by vegetable acres according to corresponding geographic subareas, Federal-State Crop and Live- stock Reporting Service Districts, and United States Census economic sub regions: Sub- area Geographic location Crop and Live- stock Reporting Service Districts Census economic subregions Pro- duction ranking A North Coast & Mountain 1, 2, 3, & 6 113, 118 (portions) 5 B Sacramento Valley- 5 116 4 C San Joaquin Valley r>A 1 D Central Coast 4 117 3 E Southern California 8 115 2 (See figure 2 for location of subareas) Each California subarea, except subarea A, is an im- portant producer of several vegetable crops. Various ' of these crops are important in different marketing seasons in these four remaining subareas. Tomatoes, however, tend to dominate the total vegetable produc- tion in subarea B, while winter and spring crops are relatively most important in subarea E. The widest seasonal marketing distribution, therefore, occurs in subareas C and D (table 7) . Marketings for various California vegetable crops vary widely. The April-June season is the most im- portant with 51-75 per cent of the marketings; as- paragus, cucumbers, peas, potatoes, and strawberries are in this group. Data available do not show clear evidence of shifts among the several California subareas in their rela- tive importance as vegetable producers. Combined fresh rail and boat shipments by subareas declined between 1953 and 1957; outbound truck shipments , increased sharply, however, and apparently account for most of these declines. Part 2. Production Volume and Seasonal Timing Vary in California Subareas a Hedges: Vegetable Crops in California — Some Graphic and Statistical Facts Figure 2. California Vegetable Crop Acres : Fresh Shipped, Processed and Total by Subareas, 1953-1957,(5). 100 Acres (thousands) '53 "54 '55 '56 '57 '53 '54 '55 '56 '57 200 - '53 "54 '55 '56 '57 12 Part 2. Production Volume, Seasonal Timing Vary Table 5 California Vegetable Crop Acres; Fresh Shipped, Processed, and Total by Subareas, 1953-1957,(5). Area 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 form 1 2 3 4 5 (acres) SubareaA (1, 2, 3, & 6) Fresh 16,694 13,571 10 11,407 12,715 13,916 Processed Total 16,694 13,581 11,407 12,715 13,916 Subarea B (5) Fresh 13,990 34,885 13,713 34,695 15,163 46,760 15,650 59,030 12,629 Processed 54,025 Total 48,875 48,408 61,923 74,680 74,680 Subarea C (5-A) Fresh 217,251 49,005 196,260 42,780 239,040 236,722 63,170 220,273 80,510 218,363 Processed 73,257 Total 266,256 299,892 300,783 291,620 Subarea D (4) Fresh 167,157 30,565 182,370 30,760 176,800 32,860 180,393 33,950 178,-968 34,638 Total 197,722 213,130 209,660 214,343 213,606 Subarea E (8) Fresh 189,173 24,105 180,591 23,555 177,178 22,440 199,618 187,079 34,960 190,951 29,841 Total 213,278 204,146 222,039 220,792 13 Hedges: Vegetable Crops in California — Some Graphic and Statistical Facts Table 6 California's Principal Vegetable Crop Fresh Shipments; Percentage Distribution by ' Seasons, Five- Year Averages, 1953-1957, (6). 14 Part 2. Production Volume, Seasonal Timing Vary Table 7 California Principal Vegetable Crop Fresh Shipments; Value of Production and Seasonal Distribution by Subareas, Five-Year Averages, 1953-1957, (2, 6). Crop January- March April- June July- September October- December Value of production (percentages) (1,000 dollars) Subarea A (1, 2, 3, and 6)* Potatoes 42.1 16.9 2.6 38.4 7,230 Subarea B (5) Asparagus Beans, snap and lima Carrots Celery f Crucifersf Lettucef Melons Potatoes! Strawberries Tomatoes 22.9 0.0 9.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 77.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 93.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 87.4 3.2 36.7 0.0 100.0 90.1 12.6 3.3 63.3 1,388 111 150 34 82 129 1,800 173 651 25,130 Subarea C (5-A) 38.9 0.0 20.2 9.6 41.2 2.6 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 61.1 100.0 30.5 0.5 11.8 24.5 0.1 79.7 100.0 6.1 0.0 0.0 23.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 97.3 17.8 0.0 47.7 0.0 0.0 25.5 89.6 47.0 72.9 2.6 1.7 0.0 46.2 15,543 3,125 1,546 3,807 513 Beans, snap and lima Carrots Celery Lettuce 1,324 Melons 19,431 Potatoes Strawberries Tomatoes 39,974 5.777 36,686 Subarea D (4) Asparagus Beans, snap and lima Carrots 67.5 0.0 2.0 1.5 44.2 0.0 0.0 26.1 0.0 0.0 32.5 83.3 15.4 8.0 26.6 36.3 0.4 5.9 54.7 0.0 0.0 16.7 45.2 40.3 9.4 50.1 99.6 36.0 40.5 49.9 0.0 0.0 37.4 50.2 19.8 13.6 0.0 32.0 4.8 50.1 2,793 5,219 11,981 Celery Crucifers 11,601 13,465 Lettuce Melons 48,119 208 Potatoes 2,637 Strawberries 21,385 8,736 Subarea E (8) Asparagus Beans, snap and lima Carrots Celery Crucifers 93.8 36.7 25.1 34.1 48.7 74.8 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 6.2 38.8 48.6 42.9 31.3 5.4 81.6 2.2 69.3 20.9 0.0 24.5 12.4 5.8 3.5 2 5 18.3 95.0 26.6 33.8 0.0 0.0 13.9 17.2 16.5 17.3 0.1 1.9 4.1 45.3 386 7,420 14,586 15,560 9,365 31 151 13,846 Potatoes 11,732 6,635 13,130 Tomatoes * No railroad carlot shipments of vegetables, other than potatoes, were made from this subt t No railroad carlot shipments from this subarea. 15 Part 3. California's Vegetable Production Involves Valuable Resources and Heavy Annual Outlays California's vegetable industry uses an important fraction of the state's total agricultural resources, in terms of both physical goods and dollar values. Vege- table production tends to concentrate on relatively high-quality land. Wide variation in climate characteristics occur among important producing regions, and long growing sea- sons and irrigated production characterize all vege- table areas in California. Subareas B and C produce largely summer crops that thrive under relatively high temperatures but these subareas also are important in asparagus and potatoes, both spring crops. Sub- area E dominates the winter salad crop production, while cool summers enable growers in subarea D to continue such production during the summer months. Subareas B and C include almost twice as many har- vested acres as the other two for which census data are available combined, and also show highest per- centage of harvested land irrigated — 94 per cent. Subareas D and E, on the other hand, have higher percentages of harvested and irrigated land in vege- tables and higher land values than the first two sub- areas (table 8) . This relationship is further indicated by the fact that 40 per cent of all California vegeta- ble farms in United States Census economic classes I and II are in subarea D, with another 35 per cent in subarea E, leaving only 25 per cent in subareas B and C combined. Vegetable farms use relatively elaborate irrigation facilities. Thus, reports from a grower sample indi- cate eight wells, 5,300 feet of portable pipe, and 41,- 000 feet of permanent underground pipe per 1,000 harvested acres. These same ratios applied to the 1953-1957 estimated average of 790,000 acres in vegetables would indicate over 6,000 wells and 32,- 000,000 linear feet of permanent pipe on California vegetable farms (table 10) . These same grower reports, plus census data, indi- cate a range of power units on vegetable farms from 6 tracklayer tractors to 14 trucks per 1,000 harvested acres. Estimated totals range from 5,000 tracklayers to 11,000 trucks for the entire vegetable crop acre- 16 Part 3. Vegetable Production Involves Resources, Annual Outlays age (fig. 3). Similar estimates for specified major equipment items show ranges from 1.4 land planes to 11 planters per 1,000 acres, and from 1,000 land planes to 8,300 planters for all vegetable crop acres (table 11). Special equipment such as field loaders and packing equipment averaged 7 or 8 units per 10,000 acres and from 550-630 in totals (table 12). Vegetable production requires large numbers of workers, in spite of mechanization. The averages per 100 acres, based on grower reports and census data, were 9 for production workers and 18 for harvest pack workers. Estimated payments to production workers per one hundred harvested acres during the season were $12,400. Industry total figures amounted to 68,000 hired production workers, 142,000 harvest- pack workers, and $98 million payments (table 13). Growers also have heavy cash outlays for other major expense items. Thus, average expenses per one hun- dred harvested acres ranged from $700 for machine hire to $4,100 for fertilizer. Estimated totals for the industry ranged from $5 millions for machine hire to $32 millions for fertilizer (table 14) . 17 Hedges: Vegetable Crops in California — Some Graphic and Statistical Facts Figure-Table 2. Commercial Vegetable Farm Size and Total Acreage, Census Economic Classes I & II ; Percentage Distribution 1954 Census, (8). PerCent 50 45 40 35 30 \- 25 20 15 10 5 4qq J Per cent of farm numbers Per cent of farm acres 31.1 5.3 21.2 17.8 14.4 8.1 41.3 1-69 70-219 220-499 500-999 1 000 & over Classes of farms by acreage Subregion Farms Land Subarea Number Per cent of total Acres Per cent of total 1 2 3 4 5 B,C 116 117 115 644 730 800 29.6 33.6 36.8 208,798 218,921 192,823 33.6 D 35.3 E 31.1 Total 2,174 100.0 620,542 100.0 18 Part 3. Vegetable Production Involves Resources, Annual Outlays Table 8 Total Harvested, Irrigated, and Vegetable (including potato) Acres, on All Census Commercial Farms; and Average Value Land and Buildings Per Acre, for Vegetable Farms in Census Economic Classes I & II, 1954, (8) . Unit Subareas Total Land B&C016) D(117) E(115) 1 2 3 4 acres acres per cent acres dollars 5,028,100 4,730,458 94 179,951 468 1,201,211 536,142 45 138,858 899 1,452,949 1,177,234 81 135,335 890 7,682,260 6,443,834 Per cent harvested land irrigated. . . 84 454,144 Value land and buildings per acre . . Table 9 California Vegetable Crop Production; Soils in Selected Localities by Subareas and Class, (9,10). C (5A) D E Grades Acres Per cent Acres Per cent Acres Per cent 1 2 3 4 5 6 I 407,576 372,339 311,680 544,245 24.9 22.8 19.0 33.3 110,080 110,528 180,288 277,504 16.2 16.3 26.6 40.9 100.0 120,640 135,040 368,832 89,088 16 9 II 18.9 Ill 51.7 Other 12 5 Total 1,635,840 100.0 678,400 713,600 100 C (5A) — Wasco, Bakersfield, and Mendota D — Salinas, Santa Maria, and Ventura E — El Centro, and Brawley Mendota Grade I, some grade 2 included, alkaline Grade II, some grade 3 included, alkaline Grade III, some grade 2 included, alkaline Table 10 Estimated California Wells Per 1,000 Acres Harvested and Totals; Averages, 1953-1957, (7,11). Per 1,000 acres Total harvested acreage Item Grower reports Grower reports Estimated 1953-1957* 1 2 3 Acres 343,682.0 7.7 5,300.0 41,000.0 343,682 2,630 1,821,520 14,090,980 786,972 6 060 Wells (number) Portable pipe (ft.) 4,170,952 32,265,852 Permanent pipe (ft.) Totals for irrigation facilities estimated by the author. 19 Hedges: Vegetable Crops in California— Some Graphic and Statistical Facts Table 11 Estimated Numbers for Specified Equipment Items Per 1,000 Acres Harvested, and Totals ; Averages 1953-1957, (7,11). Item Per 1,000 acres Total harvested acreage Grower reports Grower reports Estimated 1953-1957* 1 2 3 343,682.0 1.4 5.3 6.5 4.1 10.6 5.9 343,682 500 1,820 2,240 1,470 3,640 2,030 786,972 1,101 4,171 5,115 3,384 8,342 4,643 Totals for equipment numbers estimated by the author. Figure 3. Estimated Transport and Field Power Units Per 1,000 Acres Harvested and Totals; Averages 1953-1957, (7,8,11) . Per 1 ,000 Harvested Acres Autos Grower reports N.A Trucks 14.3 Tractors, Wheel 9.1 Tractors Track- layer 5.0 1 Census 11.4 13.7 11.2 6.8 1 1 Average 11.4 14.0 10.3 6.1 10 10 10 Total Number (thousands) Autos C ensus 5.4 6.5 5.3 3.2 I 1 5 10 5 10 'Totals for equipment number estimated by author. 20 Total acreage* 9.0 11.0 8.1 4.8 1 10 Part 3. Vegetable Production Involves Resources, Annual Outlays Table 12 Estimated Numbers for Specified Harvesting and Shipping Equipment Items Per 10,000 Acres Harvested and Totals; Averages, 1953-1957, (7, 11) . Per 10,000 acres Total harvested acreage Item Grower reports Grower reports Estimated 1953-1957* 1 2 3 343,682 7 8 7 7 343,682 240 280 240 240 786,972 551 630 551 551 Totals for equipment items estimated by author. Table 13 Estimated Production and Harvest-Pack Workers, Payments to Production Workers Per 100 Acres Harvested and Totals; Averages 1953-1957, (7, 8, 11) . Per 100 acres Total harvested acres Item Grower reports Census I&II, 115-117 Average Grower reports Census I&II, 115-117 Estimated 1953-1957* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Acres Production workers 343,682.0 8.8 18.0 472,321.0 8.6 12,398.0 408,002.0 8.7 18.0 12,398.0 343,682.0 30,240.0 61,767.0 472,321.0 40,774.0 786,972.0 68,466.0 141,655.0 Payments to production 58,556,640.0 97,569,112.0 Totals for workers and payments estimated by author. Table 14 Estimated Outlays for Major Variable Expense Items Per 100 Acres Harvested and Totals; Averages, 1953-1957, (7, 8, 11). Per 100 acres Total harvested acres Item Grower reports Census I&II, 115-117 Average Grower reports Census I&II, 115-117 Estimated 1953-1957* 1 2 3 4 5 6 343,682 4,459 1,983 1,721 1,147 1,118 472,231 3,750 1,176 667 408,002 4,133 1,983 1,721 1,147 1,151 667 343,682 15,324,800 6,815,220 5,914,770 3,942,040 3,842,370 472,231 11,015,025 786,972 32,524,683 15,605,655 13,543,754 9,026,569 9,060,731 5,251,464 Seeds and plants Fuel and lubricants 5,552,428 3,151,793 * Totals for outlay items estimated by author. 21 Veget Big Business Vegetable crop producers range from highly special- ized units to general crop farms with limited acres in vegetables. Operators on the more specialized farms Part 4. 7 j vegetables. Operators on the more specialized iarm: CLULfjO LLl (5 often double-crop, thus harvesting more acres per sea son than there are tillable acres on the farm. Specialized Data representing a specialized farm model „ 01X DO tit acres m vegetables show current average investments amounting to SI thousand, and original costs equal- ing $1,320 per actual farm acre (table 15). These valuations are consistent with 1954 census reports. flU ft a -wPYI PTfll Land and leveling accounted for 54 per cent, irriga- tion 15 per cent, structures 14 per cent, and power T^riWVI C an< ^ macnmerv items 17 per cent of the original in- vestment value. The aggregate farm investments to- taled $400 thousands in original costs and represent $330 thousands under current depreciated conditions. Gross receipts on such a farm, based on average yields, and prices for the several crops, range from $260 per acre for sugar beets (a general field crop) and $400 for spring lettuce to $1 thousand per acre for carrots ; they averaged $500 per acre. Similar data for a 300-acre general crop farm with 60 acres in potatoes indicate total per acre investments of $645 at current values and $800 per acre original cost (table 16) . Land and leveling costs represent 64 per cent, irrigation 16 per cent, structures 3 per cent, and equipment 17 per cent, according to original costs. Aggregate investments were $247 thousands origi- nally and $206 thousands under current depreciated conditions. Gross receipts on the 300-acre farm range from $60 for barley to $540 per acre for potatoes. The average for all crops grown was $267 per acre. Sometimes large farms with limited supplies of high cost irrigation water will produce melons or some other vegetable crop along with a general field crop such as cotton. Data for a 2,800-acre farm with 750 acres in melons show original investments of $448 and current values of $375 per acre (table 17) . Land and leveling accounted for 66 per cent, irrigation 16 per cent, structures 4 per cent, and power and ma- chinery 14 per cent of these original investments. The totals amounted to $1.25 millions for original costs and over $1.0 million at current levels. Gross receipts 22 Part 4. Vegetables are Big Business on Specialized, General Farms for this 2,800-acre farm ranged from $39 per acre for barley to $525 per acre for melons, and averaged $308 per acre. The above data do not measure profits from vegetable farming; they do indicate something of the size of three differing types of vegetable organizations in terms of dollars involved. In order to estimate profits it would be necessary to consider depreciation and other overhead costs, and to include various miscel- laneous items. 23 Hedges: Vegetable Crops in California — Some Graphic and Statistical Facts Table 15 Typical Vegetable Farm with 500 Acres in Crops; Investments, Gross Receipts, and Variable Expenses, 1955-1957 Prices, (12). Item Land Leveling Irrigation Buildings Power and machinery Total Item Acres Yield (crates) Price (dollars) Value (dollars) Total Item Contracts per acre . . Total Equipment per acre Total Labor per acre Total Materials per acre. . . Total Power per acre Total Total per acre Grand total Investments Average investments Per acre Total Original cost dollars 600.00 110.00 100.00 90.00 114.00 1,014.00 194,400.00 35,640.00 32,400.00 29,160.00 36,936.00 328,536.00 194,400.00 35,640.00 64,800.00 58,320.00 73,872.00 427,032.00 Per cent 46 8 15 14 17 100 Gross receipts Broccoli 64 156 3.08 480.48 30,750.72 Carrots 40 278 3.49 970.22 38,808.80 Cauli- flower 127 433 1.11 480.63 61,040.01 Spring lettuce 57 168 2.35 394.80 22,503.60 Summer lettuce 116 214 2.95 631.30 73,230.80 Sugar beets 100 20T 13.00 260.00 28,000.00 Total farm 504 500.66 252,333.93 Cash variable expenses (dollars) 189.04 12,098.56 2.96 189.44 49.25 3,152.00 185.35 11,862.40 15.21 973.44 441.81 28,275.84 362.09 14,483.60 6.69 267.60 49.03 1,961.20 328.97 13,158.80 21.46 858.40 768.24 30,729.60 174.10 22,110.70 6.29 798.83 61.53 7,814.31 268.26 34,069.02 24.18 3,070.86 534.36 67,863.72 123.22 7,023.54 3.31 188.67 44.35 2,527.95 152.01 8,664.57 14.92 850.44 337.81 19,255.17 147.79 7,143.64 3.31 383.96 44.35 5,144.60 182.99 21,226.84 14.92 1,730.72 393.36 45,629.76 83.56 8,356.00 4.41 441.00 40.17 4,017.00 45.03 4,503.00 16.61 1,661.00 189.78 18,978.00 161.14 81,216.04 4.50 2,269.50 48.84 24.617.06 185.49 93,484.63 18.15 9,144.86 418.12 210,732.09 24 Part 4. Vegetables are Big Business on Specialized, General Farms Table 16 Typical General Farm with 60 Acres of Vegetables (300 Acres in Crops) ; Investments, Gross Receipts, and Variable Expenses, 1955-1957 Prices, (12). Investments Item Average investments Original cost Per cent Per acre Total 1 2 3 4 dollars Land 400.00 95.00 62.00 11.43 76.22 128,000.00 30,400.00 19,705.00 3,658.00 24,393.00 128,000.00 30,400.00 39,410.00 7,316.00 41,673.00 52 Leveling 12 Irrigation 16 Buildings 03 Power and machine 17 Total 644.65 206,156.00 246,799.00 100 Gross receipts Item Potatoes Alfalfa Barley Cotton lint Cotton seed Milo Total farm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Acres Yield Price (dollars) Value (dollars) Total 62 290 cwt. 1.85/cwt. 536.50 33,263.00 21 7.0 ton 26.00/ton 182.00 3,822.00 90 25 cwt. 2.30/cwt. 57.50 5,175.00 119 2.1 bale 167.30/bale 351.33 11,808.27 0.892 ton 46. 00 /ton 41.05 4,885.20 55 30 cwt 2.15/cwt 64.50 3,547.50 347 267.57 92,500.97 Item Cash variable expenses (dollars) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Contracts per acre. Total Equipment per acre Total Labor per acre Total 267.42 16,579.87 3.96 245.71 12.39 768.13 150.31 9,319.22 6.49 402.38 440.57 27,315.31 36.75 771.75 4.15 87.15 12.48 262.17 31.22 655.62 4.33 90.93 88.93 1,867.62 12.62 1,135.08 .62 55.80 4.27 384.69 11.00 990.00 2.85 256.50 31.36 2,822.07 66.73 7,940.90 15.94 1,897.22 17.25 2,052 so 15.33 843.60 1.76 96.80 7.44 409 08 78.59 27,271.20 6.87 2,382.68 11.17 3,876.27 45.58 15,815.46 6.20 2,151.76 148.41 51,497.37 Materials per acre.. Total Power per acre Total Total per acre Grand total 3 4,00 1,17 14 17,07 3.63 1.97 9.90 8.10 3.45 0.39 15.43 848.65 4.07 223.85 44.03 2,421.98 25 Hedges: Vegetable Crops in California — .Some Graphic and Statistical Facts Table 17 Typical General Farm with 750 Acres in Vegetables (2.700 Acres in Crops) ; Investments, Gross Receipts, and Variable Expenses, 1955-1957 Prices, (12). Investments Item Average investments Original cost Per cent Per acre Total 1 2 3 4 dollars 200.00 95.00 37.41 8.95 33.53 560,000.00 266,000.00 104,754.00 25,065.00 93,883.00 560,000.00 266,000.00 206,820.00 50,130.00 172,580.00 45 21 16 04 Power and machine 14 100 Total 374.89 1,049,702.00 1,255,530.00 Gross receipts Item Melons Barley Cotton lint Cotton seed Fallow Total farm 1 2 3 4 5 6 750.00 175 crates 3.00/crate 525.00 393,750.00 810.00 33 cwt. 2.15/cwt. 70.95 57,469.50 440.00 2.00 bales 167.30/bale 334.60 147,224.00 700.00 2,700.00 Yield .8 Price (dollars) Value (dollars) Total 46.00/ton 39.10 17,204.00 307.82 $615,647.50 Item Cash variable expenses (dollars) 1 2 3 4 5 C Contracts per acre. . Total 377.76 283,317.76 1.11 832.50 12.16 9,117.32 38.67 29,002.50 4.12 3,090.00 433.82 325,360.08 1.93 1,567.87 3.24 2,624.40 6.83 5,536.09 25.11 20,339.10 2.48 2,008.80 39.59 32,076.26 75.16 33,070.16 12.44 5,473.60 26.20 11,526.28 49.53 21.793 20 .08 52.82 1.69 1,183.00 .98 688.76 .68 476.00 3.43 2,400.58 159.00 318,008 61 Equipment per acre Total 5.06 10,113 50 Labor per acre Total Materials per acre . . Total 13.43 26,868.45 35.57 71 134 80 Power per acre Total Total per acre Grand total 9 4,048 172 75,911 20 00 53 24 4.81 9,622.80 217,87 435,748.16 26 California vegetables accounted for 20 to 25 per cent of United States vegetable production during 1951-1955; the total included fresh production, in which California averaged about 20 per cent of the United States total, and processed vegetables, in which California's share of the United States total varied from about 24 to 35 per cent (table 18) . California dominates United States production in cer- tain crops. It is responsible for 45 to 60 per cent of the United States production in the seven most im- portant vegetable crops, and about 30 per cent of the green lima beans (table 19) . California's percentage of the processed vegetables tends to run higher than for all vegetables, for items on which data are avail- able. United States vegetable consumption per capita grew from the early 1900's through World War II, but has remained about steady since 1945 (table 20) . Fats, sugar, and meat and eggs all increased sharply dur- ing these latter years. As a result, they range from 114 to 125 per cent of their 1940-1944 averages. In contrast, the per capita consumption of potatoes dropped 26 per cent, cereals 17 per cent, and dry beans, peas, and nuts 12 per cent, after World War II. Gains in processed vegetable use have offset declines in fresh vegetable consumption per capita in recent years (table 21 and fig. 4) . Canned vegetable use has increased 26 per cent since World War II but the big gain has been in other vegetables (largely frozen), which are 218 per cent above the 1940-1944 level. The population of both the United States and Cali- fornia has increased importantly since 1900 and is continuing to increase (fig.-table 3) . All estimates in- dicate that sharp increases are in prospect by 1975. Depending upon the rate of such gains, actual popu- lation in that year may vary from 23 to 26 millions in California and from 216 to 243 millions in the United States as a whole (fig.-table 3) . Such increases in mouths to feed must lead to increased consump- tion, or higher prices, or both, for all products in which declines in use per capita do not offset the gains in numbers. Part 5. Prospects are for Larger Future Markets, Particularly in Processed Vegetables 27 Hedges: Vegetable Crops in California — Some Graphic and Statistical Facts Table 18 Fresh, Processed, and Total California and United States Production Principal Commercial Vegetable Crops, 1951-1955, (13) . Area and form 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 Tons (thousands) California 2,440 3,837 2,035 4,155 1,668 4,584 1,593 4,320 2,285 4,580 Total 6,277 7,287 20,037 6,190 6,758 20,965 6,252 6,688 22,901 5,913 6,015 22,219 6,865 United States 6,269 22,786 Total 27,324 27,723 29,589 28,234 29,055 Table 19 Fresh, Processed, and Total California and United States Production Specified Vegetable Crops ; Five- Year Average, 1951-1955, (13). Area and form 1* 2* 3* 4* 5* 6* 7* 8* Tons (thousands) California 55 25 80 106 54 1G0 36 36 96 23 119 1754 243 1997 3390 956 t 181 181 347 347 t 342 342 757 757 t 314 314 694 694 t 370 370 728 728 t 867 867 Fresh Total United States Processed Fresh * 1392 Total 4346 1392 California per cent of U. S. Fresh 46.3 51.9 37.5 30.3 25.4 51.7 52.1 45.2 45.2 45.2 50.8 62 3 Processed Total 50.0 46.0 52.1 45.2 50.8 62.3 *1. Asparagus 2. Beans, green limas 3. Tomatoes 4. Broccoli, Brussel Sprouts, Cauliflower t Processed included with fresh, if any. 5. Carrots 6. Cantaloups, Honeydews 7. Celery 8. Lettuce 28 Part 5. Prospects are for Larger Future Markets Table 20 United States Per Capita Consumption Index, for Selected Foods; ( 1940-1944 = 100 per cent) Five-Year Averages, 1910-1955 and 1957, (14). Foods 1910- 1914 1915- 1919 1920- 1924 1925- 1929 1930- 1934 1935- 1939 1940- 1944 1945- 1949 1951- 1955 1957 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 All food 91 97 94 85 66 92 74 138 73 117 67 90 92 90 87 75 85 76 131 78 111 69 92 93 96 91 72 93 79 124 77 103 83 94 91 102 95 86 98 82 115 87 106 95 92 89 95 93 86 91 85 108 85 102 93 94 87 92 95 98 103 90 104 96 96 98 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 104 103 119 104 101 107 106 88 95 97 100 103 107 122 99 119 104 99 74 88 88 117 105 Meats Eggs 114 114 99 Fats 125 Fruits 104 Vegetables 100 Potatoes (Irish and Sweet) Beans, peas, and nuts 74 88 83 Sugar and syrups 120 Figure 4. U.S. Per Capita Consumption Indexes for Vegetables and Potatoes ( 1940-1944 = 100 per cent) , 1910-1955 and 1957, ( 14) . 325 300 - 250 200 150 100 50 Total vegetables Fresh Canned Other processed Potatoes (l&S) / * / I 1910- 1915- 1920- 1925- 1930- 1935- 1940- 1945- 1951 1914 1919 1924 1929 1934 1939 1944 1949 1955 1957 29 Hedges: Vegetable Crops in California — Some Graphic and Statistical Facts Table 21 United States Per Capita Consumption Indexes for Vegetables and Potatoes; (1940-1944 = 100 per cent) Five-Year Averages, 1910-1955 and 1957, (14). Vegetables 1910- 1914 1915- 1919 1920- 1924 1925- 1929 1930- 1934 1935- 1939 1940- 1944 1945- 1949 1951- 1955 1957 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Vegetables and melons. . . Tomatoes 67 68 57 62 97 74 85 49 11 138 70 71 60 66 101 76 84 56 18 131 89 81 75 81 138 79 87 56 29 124 96 88 88 91 134 82 89 69 32 115 97 94 92 94 117 85 94 69 26 108 98 97 95 98 110 90 94 80 58 104 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 108 106 104 108 116 106 98 115 174 88 95 94 87 97 113 99 80 121 263 74 108 87 Leafy green and yellow vegetables Other vegetables 84 95 Melons 106 Total vegetables 100 Fresh 75 Canned 126 Other process 318 Potatoes (Irish and Sweet) 74 30 Part 5. Prospects are for Larger Future Markets Figure-Table 3. United States and California Population and Index Numbers ( 1953 = 100 per cent) : Five-Year Averages 1910-1957, and Projections to 1975, (15,16) . Population (million) 256 224 192 160 128 96 64 Per Cent 160 United States 140 120 100 80 60 40 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 California' 19 - 17 - 14 - 12 10 7 - 5 - 2 nD 'California population 1965-1975 estimated by author. 1910- 1915- 1920- 1925- 1930- 1935- 1940- 1945- 1951- 1958 1965 1970 1975 Area 1914 1919 1924 1929 1934 1939 1944 1949 1955 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 (estimates) United States Population (million) 96 103 110 119 125 129 135 144 160 174 I III IV 199 194 192 220 208 202 243 226 216 California* Population (million) 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 15 I II III 18 18 18 22 21 20 26 24 23 * California population 1965-1975 estimated by author. 31 Tables and Figures listed by descriptive headings Part 1 : Figure-Table 1. United States and California Gross Farm Income from Vegetables, Annually, 1953- 1957 5 Table 1. California Gross Farm Income from Veg- etables and Other Major Sources; Five- Year Averages, 1953-1957 6 Table 2. California Principal Vegetable Crops Ac- cording to Gross Value; Five- Year Aver- ages, 1953-1957 6 Figure 1. Principal California Vegetable Crops Ac- cording to Gross Value; Per Cent Fresh and Processed ; Five- Year Averages, 1953- 1957 7 Table 3. California Principal Vegetable Crops, Fresh; Annual Acres Harvested, Yields, and Production, 1953-1957 8-9 Table 4. California Principal Vegetable Crops, Processed; Acreages, Yields, and Produc- tion, 1953-1957 10 Part 2: Figure 2. California Vegetable Crop Acres; Fresh Shipped, Processed, and Total by Sub- areas, 1953-1957 12 Table 5. California Vegetable Crop Acres; Fresh Shipped, Processed, and Total by Sub- areas, 1953-1957 13 Table 6. California Principal Vegetable Crop Fresh Shipments; Percentage Distribution by Seasons; Five- Year Averages, 1953- 1957 14 Table 7. California Principal Vegetable Crop Fresh Shipments; Value of Production and Seasonal Distribution by Subareas; Five- Year Averages, 1953-1957 15 Part 3: Figure-Table 2. Commercial Vegetable Farm Size and Total Acreage; Census Economic Classes I & II; Percentage Distribution 1954 Census 18 Table 8. Total Harvested, Irrigated, and Vegetable (including potato) acres, Census Com- mercial Farms; Average Value Land and Buildings per Acre for Vegetable Farms in Census Economic Classes I & II, 1954. 19 Table 9. California Vegetable Crop Productions; Soils in Selected Localities by Subareas and Class 19 32 Table 10. Estimated California Wells per 1,000 Acres Harvested and Totals; Averages, 1953-1957 19 Table 11. Estimated Numbers for Specified Equip- ment Items per 1,000 Acres Harvested, and Totals; Averages, 1953-1957 20 Figure 3. Estimated Transport and Field Power Units per 1,000 Acres Harvested and Totals ; Averages, 1953-1957 20 Table 12. Estimated Numbers for Specified Harvest- ing and Shipping Equipment Items per 10,000 Acres Harvested and Totals; Aver- ages, 1953-1957 21 Table 13. Estimated Production and Harvest-Pack Workers, Payments to Production Work- ers per 100 Acres Harvested and Totals; Averages, 1953-1957 21 Table 14. Estimated Outlays for Major Variable Expense Items per 100 Acres Harvested and Totals; Averages, 1953-1957 21 Part 4: Table 15. Typical Vegetable Farm with 500 Acres in Crops; Investments, Gross Receipts, and Variable Expenses, 1955-1957 Prices. 24 Table 16. Typical General Farm with 60 Acres of Vegetables (300 Acres in Crops) ; Invest- ments, Gross Receipts, and Variable Ex- penses, 1955-1957 Prices 25 Table 17. Typical General Farm with 750 Acres in Vegetables (2,700 Acres in Crops) ; In- vestments, Gross Receipts and Variable Expenses, 1955-1957 Prices 26 Part 5: Table 18. Fresh, Processed, and Total California and United States Production Principal Commercial Vegetable Crops, 1951-1955. 28 Table 19. Fresh, Processed, and Total California and United States Production Specified Vegetable Crops; Five- Year Averages, 1951-1955 28 Table 20. United States Per Capital Consumption Index, for Selected Foods, (1940-1944 = 100 per cent) ; Five- Year Averages, 1910- 1955 and 1957 29 Figure 4. United States Per Capita Consumption Indexes for Vegetables and Potatoes, (1940-1944 = 100 per cent), 1910-1955 and 1957 29 Table 21. United States Per Capita Consumption Indexes for Vegetables and Potatoes (1940-1944 = 100 per cent); Five- Year Averages ; 1910-1955 and 1957 30 Figure-Table 3. United States and California Population and Index Numbers (1953 = 100 per cent) ; Five- Year Averages, 1910-1957 and Projection to 1975 31 33 Hedges: Vegetable Crops in California — Some Craphic and Statistical Facts Key to Abbreviations USAMS USDA : United States Agricultural Marketing Service. : United States Department of Agricul- CCLRS ture. : California Crop and Livestock Report- UC USDC ing Service. : University of California. : United States Department of Com- merce. 34 2. CCLRS 3. CCLRS 4. CCLRS 5. CCLRS 1. USAMS, USDA . "The Farm Income Situation, 1954- SOUTCCS OJ Data 1958." "Vegetable Crops in California, 1954-1958." "California Field Crop Statistics, 1944-1957," p. 22. "California Field Crop Statistics, 1944-1957," pp. 19, 22. "Vegetable Crops in California, 1954-1958, Commercial Acreage by Counties." 6. USAMS, USDA . "California Carlot Shipments, Fruits and Vegetables, 1953-1957." 7. Row Crop Questionnaire. 8. USDC Fruits and Vegetables, 1953-1957." 1954 Census of Agriculture, "Size of Operation by Type of Farm," V. Ill, Special Reports, Part 8. 9. UC "A Rating of California Soils," Wal- ter W. Weir, R. Earl Storie, Bulle- tins 599 and 936. 10. UC, USDA . . . Soil Surveys, Series; 1917, No. 22; 1918, No. 23; 1920, No. 28; 1925, No. 40; and 1940, No. 18. 11. CCLRS .... Five- Year Average (1953-1957), Estimated Vegetable Acreages. 12. USDA Agricultural Statistics, 1954-1956. 13. Estimated from sample data. 14. Supplement for 1956 to Consumption of Food in the United States. 1909-1952. Agricultural Handbook, No. 62, pp. 44—45; also, National Food Situation, September 1958. 15. United States Statistical Abstract, 1958, and Current Population Report, Series No. 182, September 3, 1958, p. 25. 16. California's Population in 1958, Department of Finance, Sacramento, 1958. Note: Each source is numbered for keying to descriptive headings of tables. Co-operative Extension work in Agriculture and Home Economics, College of Agriculture, University of California, and United States Department of Agriculture cooperating. Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8, and June 30, 1914. George B. Alcorn, Director, California Agricultural Extension Service. 7|m-7,'62(C8822)V.L. SlgnpOSt TO BETTER FARMING YOUR UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA FARM ADVISOR . . . AGRICULTURAL JEXTgNSIOH SERVICE UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNI AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION OIHU1 It * MLT fur Ml Ml . cazi provide you with publications, information on local conditions, data on the latest developments in agricultural research by scientists of the University. He 9 11 answer your questions, help you in any way he can with your farm problems, There is no charge for this service. Why not try it?