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 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 BEING A COMPLETE EXPOSITION 
 
 OF 
 
 PHONETIC SHORTHAND; 
 
 ESPECIALLY ADAPTED TO THE SCHOOL-ROOM, AND TO AFFORD 
 
 THE FULLEST INSTRUCTION TO THOSE WHO HAVE NOT 
 
 THE ASSISTANCE OF THE ORAL TEACHER. 
 
 BY ELIAS LONGLEY. 
 
 . : 
 
 LONGLEY & BROTHER, PHONETIC PUBLISHERS, 
 
 WALNUT STREET, BETWEEN FOURTH & FIFTH, 
 
 CINCINNATI. 
 
 fr: ?, ": %v v* '4854., ::.,:, 

 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1853, 
 
 BY LONGLEY <fc BROTHER, 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Ohio. 
 
 A, C. JAMES, Stereotyper, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

 
 PREFACE, 
 
 In preparing this Manual of Phonetic Shorthand, the 
 author has had but one leading object in view, namely: 
 to afford a speedy means of acquiring a correct and prac- 
 tical knowledge of the much coveted art. The books that 
 have heretofore been used have all answered a good pur- 
 pose ; but they have all, with one exception probably, 
 been rendered comparatively obsolete by the introduction 
 into the system of two or three important improvements. 
 These are incorporated into the present work ; and in all 
 probability they will be the last changes that will be made 
 for a considerable length of time, if not entirely the last. 
 
 In one important particular this treatise differs from all 
 others that have been published ; namely, the exercises to 
 be written by the pupil are printed in phonetic spelling. 
 By this arrangement two important advantages are gained: 
 First ; the learner will be made acquainted with the sim- 
 .plicity and utility of phonetic spelling as applied to print- 
 ing, and will undoubtedly be so pleased with it as to be- 
 come its ardent advocate ; and a familiarity with it will 
 also be of service to him hereafter, in enabling him to 
 read with ease such phonetic books and papers as he may 
 meet with elsewhere. Second ; in writing his exercises 
 the pupil will more readily transcribe the words into pho- 
 nography. Learners are very apt to be troubled by try- 
 ing to get as many letters into their phonographic word as 
 the old spelling contains, and thus make blunders ; but 
 by writing from the words printed phonetically this diffi- 
 culty will be avoided. And they can always tell whether 
 their writing is correct, by referring to the tables where the 
 
 456304
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 shorthand characters are placed in juxtaposition with the 
 printing characters. 
 
 Another leading feature is such an arrangement 
 of the lessons that no word, or class of words, is re- 
 quired to be written until the principle has been ex- 
 plained by which they arc written in their most approved 
 forms. By this means, the student is not compelled to 
 spend his time in learning how to write certain words, 
 and then suffer the discouragement of having to drop and 
 forget the forms thus learned, and familiarize himself with 
 new and better ones. What is once learned in this book, 
 remains a fixed fact with the pupil in all his after use of 
 the system. There are hundreds of persons now, who, 
 having studied Phonography through what was called the 
 learner's style, have not yet been able to drop it and adopt 
 the advanced and more practical style of writing; but they 
 will have to do it before they can be recognized as good 
 phonographic writers ; and the unlearning of their present 
 lengthy and awkward forms for words, added to the new 
 forms they must learn, is fully equal to learning the sys- 
 tem from the beginning. 
 
 In consequence of this progressive arrangement, the ex- 
 ercises to be written necessarily possess an imperfect style 
 of composition. The past tenses of verbs, the compara- 
 tives and superlatives of adjectives, and, indeed, a large 
 portion of the words in our language are written by con- 
 tracted forms, which are introduced gradually through 
 the book. And the words in each exercise being confined 
 as much as possible to the illustration of the principle 
 just introduced, renders necessary a resort to many cir- 
 cuitous expressions for the development of an idea ; this 
 harshness and quaintness, however, diminishes as succes- 
 sive lessons are mastered.
 
 PREFACE. V 
 
 The review at the close of each chapter is a new feature, 
 and will be of great assistance to the teacher, especially 
 to the unexperienced, in questioning his class as to what 
 they have gone over ; it will also be useful to the private 
 learner, filling the place, almost, of an oral teacher. The 
 questions may be asked the class either collect- 
 ively or individually ; the latter is generally the better 
 way. It would be well, as often as convenient, to have 
 the pupils illustrate their answers on the black-board. 
 
 Immediately following the explanation of each new 
 principle is an exercise for writing, which should be 
 written before progressing further, while the manner in 
 which the words are to be written are fresh in the mind. 
 Then, at the close of each lesson, is an exercise for read- 
 ing, embracing as much as possible, words illustrative of 
 the preceding text. After this is a general writing exer- 
 cise, embodying, beside the principles just presented, all 
 that has previously been learned. This should be writ- 
 ten by each pupil, during the interval between the meet- 
 ings of the class ; and at the next recitation, the pupils 
 should exchange their manuscripts with each other, and 
 then read, each a sentence in turn, from these written 
 exercises. They might then be passed to the teacher for 
 his correction. 
 
 As a substitute for t'lis, the private learner is referred 
 to the constitution of the American Phonetic Society, at 
 the close of this book ; which will inform him of a way 
 in which he can secure the assistance of experienced pho- 
 nographers, either for the correction of his exercises, or 
 for mutual improvement, through the medium of phono- 
 graphic correspondence. 
 
 The aathor would acknowledge his indebtedness to the 
 Phonographic Class-Book of ANDREWS & BOYLE, the first
 
 VI PREFACE 
 
 text book of the system published in America, for many 
 of his most appropriate illustrations ; and to the Phono- 
 graphic Instructor, by JAMES C. BOOTHE, the more recent 
 work generally used, for numerous sentences, and, in a 
 few cases, whole paragraphs of exercises for reading and 
 writing. 
 
 Phonography is the invention of Mr. ISAAC PITMAN, of 
 Bath, England. It is about fifteen years since he issued 
 his first publication of the system ; but only during the 
 last ten years has it been taught, and but six since it was 
 introduced into the United States. In the year 1843 a 
 Phonetic Society was established in Great Britain, consist- 
 ing of persons who had learned to write Phonography ; 
 its object was to promote the adoption of phonetic writing; 
 it has gradually increased till it now numbers about four 
 thousand members. A similar Society was established in 
 the United States in 1849, which now numbers about one 
 thousand members. But these Societies do not embrace a 
 hundredth part of the persons who have learned to write 
 the system. In 1850 a Phonetic Council of one hundred 
 persons (fifty in Great Britain and fifty in America,) was 
 elected by a popular vote of the phonographers of each 
 country, for the purpose of uniting the efforts and skill of 
 all in effecting some further improvements in the art, and 
 in devising ways and means for promoting its general 
 adoption. This Council, together with the assistance of 
 both Phonetic Societies, have had the system under 
 thorough revision for two years ; and after so long and 
 thorough experiments it is reasonable to believe that the 
 system is as near perfection as it is possible for an art to 
 approximate. ( *
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION, p. 9 ; PHONOTYPY, 15 ; PHONOGRAPHY, 19 
 
 SIMPLE CONSONANTS, 25 
 
 VOWEL SCHF.MK, 27 
 
 MARKS OF PUNCTUATION, 28 
 
 DIPHTHONGS, DOT H, 32 
 
 COMBINED CONSONAKTS, 34 
 
 UP-STROKES, R, X, L, 38-41 
 
 VOWEL WORD-SIGNS, 43 
 
 CIRCLE S AND Z, 45 
 
 PREFIXES COM, CON, AND AFFIX ING, 49 
 
 CONSONANT WORD-SIGNS, 50 
 
 W-DlPHTHONG 54 
 
 W-HooK, AND TRIPTHONGS 56 
 
 W WORD-SIGNS, 58 
 
 Y-DlPHTHONGS 60 
 
 L-HOOK, 64 
 
 SPECIAL SCHEME OF VOCALIZATION, 65 
 
 L-HooK PRECEDED BY THE S-CIRCLE, 66 
 
 L-HOOK WORD-SIGNS, 67 
 
 E-HOOK, 69 
 
 E-HooK PRECEDED BY THE S-CIRCLE, 71 
 
 DOUBLE CURVE FOR <!R, 72 
 
 E-HOOK WORD-SIGNS, 72 
 
 N-HOOK, 75 
 
 N-HOOK FOLLOWED BY S-ClRCLE, 77 
 
 SN-HOOK, 80 
 
 VOWEL CONTRACTIONS, 81 
 
 DISSYLLABIC DIPHTHONGS, 82 
 
 HALF-LENGTH STROKES, 84 
 
 HALF-LENGTH WORD-SIGNS, 87 
 
 LGRENS Lazi; OR, LURNING FONOGRAFI, 89 
 
 LOOPS ST AND STR, 91 
 
 ANOMALOUS N AND XN, 94 
 
 PREFIXES, 97 
 
 AFFIXES, 98 
 
 NOMINAL CONSONANT, 100
 
 Ylii CONTENTS. 
 
 STROKE H, 100 
 
 VOCALIZING THE LARGE ClBCLE, 100 
 
 OMISSION OF P, K, T, 100 
 
 "OF THE," 101 
 
 SIMILAR WORDS WRITTEN WITH DIFFERENT OUTLINES, . . . 102 
 
 ALL THE WORD-SIGNS ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED, 106 
 
 PHRASEOGRAPHY, 109 
 
 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, (in Phonography.) 117
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Within the last hundred years important changes have 
 taken place in almost every department of industry. The 
 mechanic no longer seeks the swiftly running stream to 
 propel his machinery, but erects his mill or factory on 
 ground the most convenient for labor or for market, and 
 brings the elements into subjection for the performance 
 of his drudgery; the stage-coach horse-power, for loco- 
 motion, is almost forgotten in consideration of the iron- 
 boned steed hitched to the enormous wheeled palace ; the 
 sea- voyage of weary months is now performed pleasantly 
 in as many weeks, by the application of steam to naviga- 
 tion ; and the man of business no longer waits the rapid 
 transmission of thought by such conveyance, but com- 
 municates through the length and breadth of our wide- 
 spreading country with lightning speed. 
 
 Thus the genius of invention and improvement has 
 been abroad in the land, and although for a long time 
 she confined her skill to building steamboats and making 
 railroads, constructing machinery and teaching the light- 
 ning how to talk, she has not altogether forgotten the 
 world of intellect; and PHONOGRAPHY, her last, most 
 promising and glorious boon, presents to the world an al- 
 phabet of letters so simple and facile that he who uses it 
 may readily keep pace with the fastest speaker, affording 
 a system of writing as much superior to that of the old 
 script alphabet, as railroads are to the ancient truck- 
 wheeled wagon, or the electric telegraph to the post boy's 
 plodding gait.
 
 10 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 We do not wish to underrate the value of the present 
 system of writing ; it has been of great service in its time, 
 having done much in the way of civilizing and enlight- 
 ening the races of men. But the present state of things in 
 the scientific world demands a change in the character of 
 our written language. Science is a stern ruler ; her laws 
 encircle every art; and although for a long time they may 
 remain undiscovered or not applied, yet as the world pro- 
 gresses in knowledge and learns wisdom from experience, 
 it will cause them to be developed, and future generations 
 will derive the advantages of conforming to them. 
 These facts have been Illustrated in the various improve- 
 ments to which we have alluded ; and they are still to be 
 expected in such departments as have not yet undergone 
 the remodeling process of modern ingenuity. They take 
 their turn in the great circle of progression ; and it is our 
 privilege now to demonstrate the laws that apply to the 
 art of writing, as required at this stage of the world's his- 
 tory. 
 
 The spirit of our age demands two new features in the 
 ftrt of writing: First, Speed in its execution; second, Sys- 
 tcm in its orthography. In treating of the first desideratum 
 we shall briefly refer to the old romanic alphabet, and 
 the habits of writing it requires. Like the ancient imple- 
 ments of industry and modes of labor, the alphabet of 
 our fathers was constructed at a time when the ingenuity 
 of man had not been brought into full play. The letters 
 are complex, and the use of them cumbersome in the ex- 
 treme. To illustrate: take the letter $ for example ; to 
 make this letter, the fingers have to perform four inflec- 
 tions or movements, while it represents but a simple sound; 
 in making the letter m seven inflections are required, 
 while it, too, represents but one sound; and every letter
 
 INTRODUCTION. 1 1 
 
 of the old alphabet is thus complex, to a greater or less 
 degree, although they are designed each to represent but 
 a single sound. 
 
 Now, while there is this complexity in the art of wri- 
 ting, in spoken language the organs of speech perform but 
 one movement in the enunciation of each letter; and hence 
 the labor of the penman is four or five times as great as 
 that of the speaker; while the latter is moving off freely, 
 as on the wings of the wind, the former is trudging along 
 at the snail's pace, weary and provoked at the contrast. 
 
 The object to be accomplished, therefore, is to present 
 an alphabet each letter of which can be written by one 
 inflection of the pen, so that the writer need no longer 
 be four times distanced by the moderate speaker ; and if 
 the reader will follow us through this book, he will see 
 that the system we are about to develop more than 
 meets this requisition. 
 
 But a greater difficulty, if possible, than the mere sub- 
 stitution of a new alphabet, is to be overcome. The or- 
 thography employed in using the old alphabet is nearly 
 as cumbrous as the formation of its letters ; while its 
 want of system makes it a study of many years to mem- 
 orize the spelling of 'the fifty or eighty thousand words 
 in our language. 
 
 Thus, take the sound of a; if we had nothing to do, 
 in order to represent it in our common writing, but to 
 write the one letter called a, the evil would be trifling 
 compared with what'it is. But we more frequently have 
 to write two 01 three, and even four, letters to represent 
 this one sound. It has, in fact, thirty-four different modes 
 of representation, consisting of various combinations of 
 nine different letters, a few only of which we have room 
 to exhibit. Thj** 1 *"* "" ''u ^laron, ai, as in pam, aig t a*
 
 1 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 in campaign ; aigh, as in straight ; elghe, as in -weighed, 
 <kc. Now common sense, as well as the laws of science, 
 suggests that the sound of a in each and all these should 
 be written with the same letter. When this shall be done, 
 more than two thirds of the labor of representing this 
 sound will be saved ; but by substituting a new letter 
 that can be made with one movement of the pen instead 
 of the four that a requires, and of the four times four that 
 several of the above combinations require, nine tenths of 
 this labor will be avoided. In writing the sound a in these 
 five words, instead of making fifty inflections of the pen, 
 we will have to make but ficc! 
 
 The sound of e is represented in forty different ways. 
 Examples: ea, as in each ; ea-ue, as in league ; eye, as in 
 keyed ; eig, as in seignor ; cigh, as in Leigh. We need 
 not repeat that the sound of e in each of these words 
 should be represented by the same letter ; or that by sub- 
 stituting for the complex letter e a simple character that 
 can be made with one motion of the pen, seven-eights or 
 nine-tenths of the labor in writing would be saved. 
 These are facts that are evident, after the illustrations are 
 presented. And we might thus illustrate the unscientific 
 mode of representing every word in our language, with 
 equally formidable results. But we will only state the 
 melancholy fact, that the various sounds employed in 
 speaking the English language are each represented in 
 from four to forty ways, and that in the large majority of 
 cases two or more letters are required to do the service. 
 And also, that there is no letter in the alphabet that uni- 
 formly represents the same sound. They are as change- 
 able as the wind or the weather, and to the young learner 
 exceedingly provoking. The consequence of this want 
 of system is, in the language of a distinguished writer on
 
 INTRODUCTION. 13 
 
 the subject of education, that "reading is the most diffi- 
 cult of human attainments." And, as a further conse- 
 quence, one third of the population of England are una- 
 ble to read, and one half unable to write ; while in the 
 United States, although the proportion is considerably less, 
 yet the number of illiterate persons is very great ; and 
 this wide-spread ignorance must continue until the 
 rudiments of education are simplified. Such incon- 
 sistencies and mischievous errors as we have referred to, 
 are not in harmony with the developments of order and 
 science in most other branches of industry and art, and 
 hence they must be superceeded by something truer and 
 more expeditious. 
 
 THE PHONETIC PRINCIPLE. 
 
 The term Phonetic is derived from the Greek word 
 phone, speech. A phonetic alphabet, therefore, is one 
 which, referring solely to speech, derives all its laws from 
 a consideration of the elements of speech. To illustrate 
 what we mean by the phrase " elements of speech," we 
 have but to ask the reader to adjust his lips to a round 
 position and deliver the voice as he would commence to 
 speak the words ode, oak, own. Now this same sound 
 is heard in thousands of words in our language, and is 
 what we call an element of speech. A similar element 
 is heard in the commencement of the word ooze, and at 
 the termination of the word who. In pronouncing the 
 words see, say, saw, so, we hear, at the beginning of each 
 of them, the same kind of a sound, namely a hiss, which 
 is also an element of speech, for it frequently combines 
 with other sounds to make words. By analyzing all the 
 words in the English language, it has been found that it 
 is constituted of but forty elementary sounds ; or to be 
 more precise, thirty-four simple sounds and six compound
 
 14 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ones, formed by the close union of certain simple sounds 
 which it is convenient to consider as distinct sounds. In 
 speaking, therefore, our words consist simply in the ut- 
 terance of one of these, or a combination of two or more 
 of them ; and in writing these words common sense would 
 suggest that each element should be represented by a sin- 
 gle letter, that should never stand for any other sound. 
 
 It is supposed the original Phoenician alphabet, from 
 which our present alphabet is remotely derived, was 
 phonetic ; that is, it represented the elements of speech in 
 such a manner that when tho sounds of a word were heard 
 the writer knew immediately what letters to use, and 
 when he saw the letters he knew at once what sounds he 
 was to utter. But when this alphabet was adopted by the 
 Greeks and Romans, who used sounds unknown to the 
 Phoenicians, many of the old letters were necessarily used 
 to represent new sounds as well as old ones, so that there 
 was no longer any very strict accordance between the 
 sounds and letters of words. But when other European 
 nations, including the English, adopted the romanic alpha- 
 bet, and used it in very different ways, insomuch that no 
 one could guess what sound could be attributed to any one 
 letter, almost all trace of the phonetic nature of the alpha- 
 bet was lost. And hence the deplorable state of English 
 spelling and writing, as depicted in previous pages, 
 which, in few words, is so bad that no one can tell the 
 sound of an unknown word from its spelling, or the spell- 
 ing of a new word from its sound. 
 
 Phonetic spelling, therefore, is no new thing, and the 
 efforts of writing and spelling reformers is simply an at- 
 tempt to pl.ce the representation of the English language 
 on the same rational basis that the most classic of the 
 ancient languages stood, and in addition thereto to afford
 
 INTRODUCTION. 15 
 
 the means of the most rapid writing that it is possible to 
 attain. No further argument, therefore, should be re- 
 quired, in presenting a system so accordant with truth 
 and utility. 
 
 PHONOTYPY. 
 
 The word Phonotypy, from the Greek phone, speech, 
 and tupos, type, signifies the printing of language by 
 types which represent the sounds heard in speaking; while 
 Phonography, also from phone and another Greek word, 
 graphien, to write, signifies to write by sound, or with 
 characters that represent the sounds heard in speech. 
 Although the latter is the art which this work is specially 
 designed to explain, yet a knowledge of the former will 
 materially aid in its acquisition ; and as a sufficient ac- 
 quaintance with it may be obtained in a few minutes' study, 
 we shall here present a brief exposition of it. 
 
 The forty elementary and dipthongal sounds* that it has 
 been found necessary to represent in a true orthography 
 of the English language, are exhibited by the italic letters 
 in the following words: 
 
 eel 
 
 ale 
 
 arm 
 
 
 all 
 
 oak 
 
 ooze, 
 
 
 ill 
 
 ell 
 
 am 
 
 
 on 
 
 up 
 
 wood; 
 
 
 tee, 
 
 oil, 
 
 owl, 
 
 
 mute; 
 
 yea, 
 
 way, 
 
 hay; 
 
 pole, 
 
 Jowl, 
 
 toe, doe, 
 
 cheer, 
 
 yeer, 
 
 came, 
 
 game, 
 
 /ear, 
 
 veer, 
 
 thigh, 
 
 thy, 
 
 seal, 
 
 zeal, 
 
 s/tall, 
 
 vision, 
 
 rare, 
 
 lull; 
 
 mum, 
 
 nun 
 
 , sing. 
 
 
 
 
 * Worcester's dictionary, and later writers on orthoepy, contend 
 for a more minute analysis of sounds; thus, between the second and 
 Ihird vowels in the above scheme, they would represent the sound 
 in care as differing from either that in ale or that in arm; and be- 
 tween the vowels in arm and am they would mark a different one in 
 fast, last, &c.; also the vowel in cur, as distinct from that in cut. 
 The dipthongs in ice, oil, owl, mute, they would represent by their 
 elements, that is, in the case of i, they would represent it by the 
 two letters that would represent the vowels in rm and eel; the 
 dipthong in oil, by the vowels in all and ill; that in owl by the
 
 16 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Of course the old twenty-six letter alphabet was incom- 
 petent to give a character for each of these forty sounds. 
 And in determining upon the introduction of new letters, 
 two important considerations presented themselves to the 
 mind, both grounded on the fact that the romanic style 
 of spelling already existed in printed books, and flourish- 
 es wherever our language is spoken or read. First, that 
 those who can already read romanic spelling should have 
 very little difficulty in acquiring phonetic spelling; and 
 secondly, that those who are taught to read phonetically 
 should find that the greater part of the difficulties attend- 
 ant on the acquirement of romanic reading were then 
 overcome. In order to accomplish these two very impor- 
 tant objects, it was necessary to use as many of the 
 old romanic letters as possible in the senses which 
 they most frequently have in the romanic spelling of 
 English; and to make the new phonetic letters suggest the 
 letters or combinations of letters which are most fre- 
 quently employed to express their sounds romanically. 
 The grand object was to make English reading easy not 
 merely in phonetic but also in romanic spelling, in order 
 that the large number of books already printed should be 
 still useful, or rather should be made useful to those to 
 whom they are at present useless tho book-blind, those 
 who cannot read. This has been effected. Not only is 
 phonetic reading so easy to those who read romanically, 
 that few find any difficulty in the matter at all, but those 
 
 vowels in arm and OOZK\ and that in mute, by the vowels in ill and 
 ooze. The consonants ch and .;' they would dissolve into t-sh and 
 d-zh. But the representation of such delicate shades of sounds is 
 hardly practicable, at the present time, at least ; it may be that un- 
 der phonetic teaching the public ear will be trained so that a more 
 nice representation will be advisable; though as regards the dip- 
 thongs and double consonants, it would be exceedingly distasteful 
 to represent them by the letters of which they are composed, and 
 we have no idea it will ever be done.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 17 
 
 who have only learned to read phonetically are more than 
 two-thirds on their way towards romanic reading. 
 
 Out of the twenty-six romanic letters, three, c, q, x, 
 have been rejected. The fifteen consonants, 
 bdfhjlmnprtvwyz 
 
 are used in their usual romanic sense ; that is, in the 
 sense which the English romanic reader would naturally 
 expect them to have in any new word, as they are pro- 
 nounced at the beginning of the romanic words, 
 
 bed, deed, fit, head, jest, Zull, man, wun, 
 peep, rare, toe, vote, woe, yes, zeal. 
 
 The five vowels, a, e, i, o, u, and the remaining three 
 consonants, Jc, g, s, are to be pronounced as at the begin- 
 ning of 
 
 am, egg, in, on, up, &ite, get, sup. 
 
 New letters have been in vented for the sounds expressed 
 by the italic letters in the under-written words in the fol- 
 lowing examples : 
 
 0e G> o tUui Uu I< j CTe 
 
 ice oil 
 
 sing 
 
 On the following page the whole alphabet is presented 
 in a systematic arrangement ; first, the vowels; second^ the 
 compound vowels ; third, the liquids ; fourth, the conso- 
 nants. In this particular, unimportant though it may 
 seem, the new alphabet is an improvement on the old 
 which is little more than a string of confusion here a 
 vowel and there a vowel, a consonant here and another 
 there. 
 
 8e 
 
 SLa 
 
 Hq, 
 
 0e 
 
 Oo 
 
 HI 
 
 Ul 
 
 Tffu 
 
 eel 
 
 age 
 
 arm 
 
 all 
 
 oak 
 
 ooze 
 
 foot 
 
 
 "5" K 
 
 U H 
 
 GJ q 
 
 Kt 
 
 cEd 
 
 sj 
 
 g; g 
 
 
 owl 
 
 mwle 
 
 catch 
 
 thin 
 
 thine 
 
 she 
 
 vision
 
 18 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THE ENGLISH PHONETIC ALPHABET. 
 
 written 
 
 9 6 
 
 ITie letter 
 
 prntd 
 
 / j 
 
 <r * 
 
 u& 
 
 fla 
 
 Go 
 O o 
 UJui 
 
 Ee 
 Aa 
 Oo 
 Ua 
 Uu 
 
 Yy 
 Ww 
 
 is altcayi 
 sounded as 
 
 ee in eel 
 
 a ..ale 
 
 a . . aim A 
 
 a .. all 
 
 o .. ope 
 
 oo .. food 
 
 am 
 olive 
 
 P 
 foot 
 
 z'sle 
 oil 
 owl 
 mule 
 
 way 
 
 i 
 
 oi 
 ow 
 u 
 
 y 
 
 to 
 
 Hh h .. 
 
 JL 
 
 The letter 
 written prntd 
 
 Pp 
 Bb 
 Tt 
 Dd 
 
 Kk 
 
 Ff 
 Vv 
 Et 
 
 ad 
 
 Ss 
 Zz 
 
 Rr 
 LI 
 Mm 
 Nn 
 
 Mm 
 
 is a!vayt 
 sounded a* 
 
 p injaole 
 b . . Jowl 
 f ..toe 
 d .. doe 
 ch 
 
 c . . came 
 ff . . ffamt 
 
 f --/ear 
 
 v .. peer 
 
 th ..Wigh 
 tk-..thj 
 
 s . . seal 
 
 x .. zeal 
 
 e . . vicious 
 
 * . . viiiop 
 
 n . . mum 
 n ..nun 
 ng . . siry 
 
 NOTE. In the above table, in addition to the printing letters of 
 the phonetic alphabet, are presented the longhand script characters. 
 It will be observed that, as in the phonotypic scheme, the old let- 
 ters are retained in their usual sense, and new ones introduced, 
 having resemblance to their corresponding printed letters, and of 
 as easy formation as possible. This alphabet is used by Spelling 
 Reformers, who are so in truth, in all cases where the phonetic 
 shorthand could not be read by the person for whom the writing 
 is done ; for phonetic longhand may be read, with very little hesi- 
 tation, by all who can read the old manuscript. And the writer, 
 in addition to the satisfaction of employing a scientific orthogra- 
 phy, economizes twelve per cent of his paper and time, by dis- 
 pensing with double letters.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 19 
 
 PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Phonography being intended for the pen alone, and the 
 principal object being rapidity of execution, with a mod- 
 erate degree of legibility, considerable lisense is taken as 
 regards strictly phonetic principles. It cannot be said of 
 phonetic shorthand that " no sound must be represented 
 by more than one sign," and that "no sign must represent 
 more than one sound." The reverse of this statement is 
 true in frequent instances; but not in such away as mate- 
 rially to impair the scientific accuracy of the system. In 
 point of utility there are great advantages derived from 
 having two or three forms to represent certain sounds, and 
 no serious disadvantage. 
 
 The simplest signs which it was possible to obtain for 
 the phonographic alphabet, are, 1st, the dot; 2d, the dash; 
 3d, the straight line; 4th, the curve. The dots and dashes 
 are used to represent the vowels; the straight lines and 
 curves represent the consonants. The following diagrams 
 exhibit the source from which the latter are derived, or 
 rather the different positions to each other in which they 
 are placed to represent different letters. 
 
 It will be observed that the straight line assumes four 
 different positions, and the curved one eight; these are as 
 many positions as can be recognized without danger of 
 confusion; and these two simple characters can be written 
 in these twelve positions so as to be just as distinct and 
 legible as though this number of differently shaped letters
 
 20 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 were employed. Here now we have the means of repre- 
 senting twelve consonant sounds; but since in writing we 
 can make either light or heavy marks, this number may 
 be doubled by recognizing the same number of heavy 
 lines and curves. 
 
 While it is found necessary to make each of the prim- 
 itive characters heavy, in order to obtain a sufficient 
 number, it is also found a useful and philosophical method 
 of distinguishing between the natures of different sounds. 
 Thus, eight of the sounds which these characters are to 
 represent are mere whispers, produced by the transition of 
 the organs of speech from one position to another, or by 
 the simple contact of different parts of the mouth, with- 
 out any vocal sound; and there are eight others made in 
 the same manner, but have in addition a slightly rough- 
 ened or vocal sound, which require a greater effort to 
 produce them. To follow nature, therefore, and preserve 
 a correspondence between signs and sounds, the light 
 signs are made to represent the light or whispered sounds, 
 and the heavy signs to represent the heavy sounds. Thus, 
 both the difference between the sounds and their resem- 
 blance are at once represented. And it being so natural 
 to represent a light sound by a light stroke, and a heavy 
 sound by a heavy stroke, the phonographic pupil finds, 
 after a little practice, that he makes the difference in the 
 strokes without any thought about it. But the similarity 
 of sound between the heavy and light strokes is so great 
 that, if at any time the difference in the thickness of the 
 lines is not clearly made, it will not seriously affect the 
 legibility of the writing to the experienced phonographer. 
 Thus, for example, if the word Sinsinati were written so 
 as to be pronounced Zinzinadi, the reader could hardly 
 mistake the intention cf the writer.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 21 
 
 The consonant sounds are classified as follows: 
 
 1. Abrupts: These elements are produced by a total 
 contact of the different organs of speech, abruptly inter- 
 rupting the outward passage of the breath, or the voice. 
 They are eight in number, and have the eight straight 
 marks appropriated for their representation, as illustrated 
 in the following table, the italisized letters of the words 
 indicating the sounds represented : 
 
 Whispered, \ pole, | foe, / cAair, came. 
 Spoken, \ bow], \ doc, / jeer, ^rame. 
 
 By a little observation in comparing the sound of p with 
 that of b, in the words pole and bowl, the distinction of 
 whispered and spoken, or light and heavy, will be appre- 
 ciated. As far as articulation, or the contact of the organs 
 of speech is concerned, the consonants p and b are identical; 
 the sound of the former, however, is produced by the 
 breath only, while the latter requires the assistance of the 
 voice, which commences before the lips, the organs by 
 which the articulation is produced, are disconnected. The 
 same remarks apply to each of the other pairs of abnipts, 
 as the reader will discover by speaking the illustrative 
 words in connection. 
 
 2. Continuants: The organs of speech are in contact 
 in the production of these elements, yet not so firmly as 
 to totally obstruct the passage of breath, or voice; but the 
 articulation may be continued any length of time. There 
 are, also, eight of these elements half of them whispered 
 and half spoken. They may be illustrated as the ab- 
 rupts were : 
 
 Whispered, V^/an, ( thm, ) seal, ^) shun. 
 Spoken, ^_van, ( (hen, ) zeal,
 
 22 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 3. Liquids: These are r and /, and are called liquids 
 because they readily run into or unite with other conso- 
 nant sounds. They are not distinguished by any variation 
 of sound, as the abrupts and continuants, and are repre- 
 sented by light curves; thus: 
 
 "^ row, f~ 7ow. 
 
 4. Nasals: The sounds oi m, n, and nig, are called 
 nasals from the fact that the organs are brought in com- 
 plete contact and the voice driven through the nose. 
 The m, and n are represented by the two remaining 
 light curves, and ng by the heavy curve corresponding 
 to n, as being nearly related to that sound ; thus: 
 
 ^~N mum, ^-s mm, \^ sing. 
 
 5. Ambiffues : These are y, w and /*, and hold, as it 
 were, a middle place between the vowels and consonants ; 
 their powers are more feeble than the other consonants, 
 yet they must be recognized as belonging to that class of 
 sounds, on account of their want of vocality.* They 
 never occur in English except before a vowel ; the h being 
 simply a breathing upon the following vowel is often term- 
 ed an aspirate. The following are their phonographic 
 signs, and the words illustrating their powers : 
 
 f~ yea, "^ way, </ Aay. 
 
 * Many persons imagine the powers of y and w to be i and w 
 or w; (see Phonotypic alphabet, p. 18,) and would spell words pho- 
 netically thus : yet iet; yale ial; yam iam; week uwc or utc, wall 
 uiel, worm uiurm; &c. We admit this representation is an approx- 
 imation to the true one; but these vowels have too great powers 
 for the weak whispers to be represented, as will be seen if we take 
 words in which the same vowel would follow; take yeast iest, year 
 ier, and mound uimnd, or wool uul; and it will readily be seen that 
 they do not afford just the pronunciation we want; and beside, this 
 representation would make monosyllables into words of two sylla- 
 bles, because every vowel in a word requires a distinct syllabic 
 pronunciation.
 
 w 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 23 
 
 VOWEL ARRANGEMENT : In order to represent the 
 twelve vowel sounds by the two signs, a dot and a dash, 
 a scheme similar to that of representing musical sounds 
 by the round note is resorted to. As the vowels rarely 
 occur except in combination with a consonant, they are in- 
 dicated by the position in which the dot or dash is placed 
 to the consonant stroke ; thus, a dot placed at the begin- 
 ning of a consonant represents the vowel e (ee,) at the 
 middle, a (age,) at the end, q (ah ;) the dash at the be- 
 ginning is e (awe,) at the middle, o (owe,) at the end, ? 
 (oo.) The remaining six vowels are short or brief, as com- 
 pared with the foregoing six, and are appropriately repre- 
 sented by the dot and dash in the same manner, but made 
 lighter; and all that has been said in regard to light and 
 heavy consonants applies to the vowels. In the following 
 illustration the vowel signs are placed to a dotted line 
 merely to indicate the position of the dot and dash ; it is 
 no part of the vowel. The italic letters in the accom- 
 panying words suggest the vowel sounds : 
 
 eel, ! ale, J arm, "iall, -j oak, J ooze. 
 
 ill, -\ ell, j am, j on, -j up, _! wood. 
 VipJitlwngs : These being compound sounds, and all the 
 simple characters being otherwise disposed of, they are 
 represented by complex signs. They will be understood 
 by the following illustration : 
 
 Vi . i A: ., ; , 
 
 ! zsle, | oil, A ! owl. 
 
 Tripthongs ; These result from the union of w with 
 each of the above diphthongs, which are more convenient 
 to represent by single characters than otherwise ; thus : 
 
 I wine, n j <]uoit, J wound. 
 
 On the following page the whole alphabet is present- 
 ed in a tabular form.
 
 PHONOGRAPHIC ALPHABET. 
 
 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 
 
 '\ p ^post 
 N b ioast 
 
 
 V_ v rat 
 
 LIQUIDS. 
 
 i r ray 
 
 ABRUPT*!. 
 
 i t ^ip 
 1 d dip 
 ' c/iest 
 
 f vp^t 
 j j^^^ 
 
 en 
 
 O 
 O 
 
 v ^ thy 
 ) s seal 
 ) z real 
 
 KB. NASALS. 
 
 '-^ m met 
 < ^-^n wet 
 
 [/" j y ea 
 
 
 -k lite 
 
 
 i?i *Ae 
 
 o 
 
 \ ^\vr u-ay 
 
 
 rr_g ^t 
 
 
 ^ 3 vision 
 
 ^ 
 
 [ (^ h hay 
 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 
 
 j E eel 
 
 
 ' i ill 
 
 S 
 
 v | i isle 
 
 i 
 
 8. 
 c 
 3 
 
 j a ale 
 I q arm 
 -j e awed 
 
 h 
 
 c . 
 
 a 
 02 
 
 - e ell 
 a am 
 o odd 
 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 a 
 
 L 
 
 A cr oil 
 
 A X OJfl 
 
 1 wj trind 
 
 
 -j o ope 
 
 
 - u up 
 
 
 
 T -1 
 
 ;WO quOit 
 
 _; ui fool 
 
 
 u fwll 
 
 * 
 
 -,'wy wond 
 
 ADDITIONAL. For the satisfaction of those who wish to rep- 
 resent a more critical pronunciation than tue above scheme en- 
 ables them to do, the following additions ire suggested: 
 For the vowel in care, '! written thus, """"N. 
 For the vowel in ask, >\ wiitten thus, '} 
 For the close diphthong in mute, ,j written thus, / ~"Jj
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 LESS OX I. 
 ON WRITING AND VOCALIZING THE SIMPLE CONSONANTS. 
 
 If the learner of Phonography has attentively read the 
 preceding Introduction, and obtained a clear idea of the 
 phonetic principle, he will find no difficulty in mastering 
 the course of lessons which follows. The following ar- 
 rangement of the consonant phonographs affords a kind of 
 picture to the student which will enable him to fix in his 
 mind the power of each letter by the position it has in 
 the table. It will be as important to learn the phono- 
 typic as the shorthand letters, because the exercises to be 
 written are printed in phonotypy, as a means of greatly 
 assisting the pupil in writing his lessons. 
 
 \p \b I t |d /q /j 
 
 ^ v (* (<* ) s ) z 
 
 ~\r S~ 1 ^ m ^-'n 
 
 1. The perpendicular and inclined consonants are 
 written from the top downward; the horizontal ones are 
 written from left to right. 
 
 2. EXCEPTIONS. The f~ /, when the only conso- 
 nant in a word, is always written upward; at other times 
 it may be written either upward or downward, as is most 
 convenient. _J f is always written downward when the 
 only consonant in a word, and either downward or 
 upward at other times. </ is written upward. 
 
 3 (25)
 
 26 MANUAL OF PII JNOGRAPHY. 
 
 3. Ruled paper should be used ; and, for the first few 
 exorcises, until the pupil becomes familiar with the char- 
 acters, a pencil should be employed in preference to a pea, 
 after which either a pen or pencil may be used, cither of 
 which should be held loosely between the first and second 
 fingers and the thumb, as when u;ed for drawing. The 
 beginner generally experiences some difficulty, unless he 
 has been accustomed to back-hand writing, in making the 
 strokes from left to right ; and is apt to imagine that he 
 shall never be able to strike \ with the same ease with 
 which he can execute / This difficulty is, however, en- 
 tirely the result of habit in writing otherwise ; and after a 
 very short practice he will find that the muscles acquire 
 complete facility in this and all the other movements re- 
 quired in Phonography. 
 
 4. The consonants should be written about the size of 
 those given in these pages ; and particular attention should, 
 at first, be observed in writing the curved thick letters, mak- 
 ing them thick in the middle only, and tapering to a light 
 line toward each extremity. The inclined strokes should 
 be written at an inclination of 45 degrees, or midway be- 
 tween the horizontal and vertical. Commence the strokes 
 so that when of the proper length they will rest on the 
 line of writing. 
 
 Let the pupil now take his pen or pencil, and go 
 through the list of consonants, writing them as in the pre- 
 ceding table, speaking at the same time the power of the 
 letter; and observing, also, the light and heavy character 
 of the signs, and their proper length. 
 
 5. In order to establish some mode of writing th 
 vowels, the point where the consonant stroke is commenced 
 is called ihe first place, the middle of the stroke its second 
 place, and where it ends, the third place.
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 27 
 
 VOWEL SCHEME. 
 long. short. long. short. 
 
 -o 
 
 6. The proper sounds of these dots and dashes, in their 
 several positions, should be well memorized. They may 
 be designated thus: s is the first place heavy dot; a is 
 the second place heavy dot; q is the third place heavy dot; 
 o is the first place heavy dash; o is the second place heavy 
 dash; w is the third place heavy dash ; i is the first 
 place light dot, &c.; o is the first place light dash, <fec. 
 
 7. In order to insure getting the dots and dashes in 
 their proper positions, the consonant phonographs, wheth- 
 er one or many, are always written first; thus, | _ tJc, 
 ~~1 nd, r\^ III, - gg. This gives what is called 
 the skeleton of the word, and the vowels are jotted in af- 
 terward, similar to dotting the is and crossing the is in 
 the longhand. 7 
 
 8. In vocalizing the consonants, that is, in placing the 
 vowels to them, they should be written near the strokes, 
 but not so that they will join; the dashes should be written 
 at right angles with the consonants ; thus, V^ ev, 
 
 \po, |_ tui, ^fo, ~T ffo, -7' no. 
 
 7. This may seem like atedious process, and is, to the learner, for 
 sometime; but, as he becomes accustomed to it, it will be done 
 very readily; and as he becomes familiar with the appearance 
 of the writing the necessity for vocalizing will cease, to a consider- 
 able extent, and only the accented, or distinguishing vowels will 
 need to be inserted ; the consonant outlines of words, assisted by 
 the seme of the sentence, generally indicating the true words; just 
 as the frame work of a building, or the skeleton of an animal, sug- 
 gests to the mind at once what the structure would be if all its parts 
 were
 
 28 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPH!". 
 
 9. As in covering a page with writing we proceed from 
 left to right, and from the upper to the lower line, so, in 
 writing the dots and dashes, if we wish the vowel to read 
 first we write it before the consonant, if perpendicular or 
 inclined, (the inclined strokes, whether straight or curved, 
 being treated as though they were perpendicular,) and 
 above, if horizontal ; thus, | et, ^\ ap, ^ ar, ^ am, 
 ok, if we wish it to read after the consonant, we write 
 it after or below the stroke; thus, \ ~bo,<?* ha, f Is, 
 _J fut, ^ mq, ^ ns. 
 
 10. Words containing only horizontal consonants, if 
 the accented vowels be first place, are written about the 
 height of a vertical stroke above the line ; as *~^ ms, ks ; 
 if the vowels be second or third place, they are written on 
 the line ; as, ga, ^ mo. EXCEPTIONS : him is written on 
 the line, to prevent confounding it (should the vowels be 
 
 omitted,) with the word ins; and eni is written above the 
 ' 
 
 line, to obviate its being read no. 
 
 MARKS OF PUNCTUATION : x period, J colon, in- 
 terogation, f wonder, | grief, ? laughter, { ) parenthesis; 
 the comma and semi- colon may be written as in common, 
 manuscript. 
 
 An emphatic word or sentence is indicated by a waved 
 line being drawn beneath it, thus : ^ ; if it is desired to 
 indicate that a word should commence with a capital let- 
 ter, it is shown by two parallel dashes being written direct- 
 ly under it : thus, 
 
 KIVIEW. (1.) \Vhieh of the consonant phonographs are written downwards 1 } 
 How are the horizontal ones written? What are they? (C.) Arv there any 
 exceptions to these general rules ? and what are they V (.>.) How are the sounds 
 of the vowels designated? Speak the three heavy dot vowels. The three 
 
 (9.) In what directions are the letters in a phonographic word read '! To which 
 class do the inclined strokes belong ? (10.) How are words containing only hor- 
 izontal strokes written? What are the exceptions?
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 29 
 
 READING EXERCISE I. 
 
 The following exercises should be read over frequently, 
 till the learner acquires the correct sounds of the vowels 
 and their consecutive order. They will, at the same time, 
 become familiar with many of the consonants. 
 
 eel ale arm all ope fool 
 
 f r c /f r 
 
 til ell am on up full 
 
 1-1 J 1 \ J 
 
 \ \ \ -\ x x 
 
 .r r r ^ r. /~
 
 30 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 READING EXERCISE II. 
 
 ) *-s.- f \,\ 
 x i / v/" 
 x-i / _^rx i- 
 
 \ 
 
 C T 
 
 _,_-( -) ^j X /-,-V. (- 
 
 . 
 
 11. In vocalizing the consonants of a word, the first 
 thing to be done is to ascertain whether the first vowel to 
 be written is a dot sign or a dash sign ; and, secondly, 
 whether it is a long sound or a short sound ; and lastly, 
 what place to the consonant it should occupy. If the 
 learner's memory is not good, or his perception quick, so 
 that he can decide these points readily, a good plan for ar- 
 riving at the results is to commence at the beginning of 
 the scale of vowels and speak them thus, e i, a, e, q ,?,
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 31 
 
 (observing that thus far the signs are dots, heavy and 
 light, and that the remainder are dashes,) o o, o u, m u, 
 till he arrives at the one he wishes to write ; just as the 
 learner of music, when he cannot strike the proper sound 
 of a note, commences at do and runs up the scale till 
 he obtains the proper sound. 
 
 NOTE. For the purpose of assisting the learner until he becomes familiar 
 with phonetic printing, a few of the first exercises for writing will be printed 
 ijj both modes of spelling. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE I. 
 
 Ape, eat, eight, age, ache, eve, ease, ale, ear, air, aim. 
 ip, et, at, aj, ak, ev, ez, al, er, ar, am. 
 
 Ebb, it, ate, add, itch, edge, egg, if, ill, am. 
 Eb, it, et, ad, ic,, ej, eg, if, il, am. 
 
 Ope, ought, ode, oak, off, oath, owes, ooze, all, or, own. 
 Op, ot, od, ok, of, 06, oz, tuz, el, er, on. 
 
 Up, odd, of, us, err, on. 
 Up, od, ov, us, ur, on. 
 
 Pea, pay, pa, tea, day, jay, key, gay, fee, they, see, 
 Pe, pa, pq, te, da, ja, ke, ga, fe, da, se. 
 
 say, she, ray, lee, me, may, ma, nay, yea, way, hay. 
 sa, Je, ra, le, me, ma, mq, na, ya, wa, ha. 
 
 Paw, beau, toe, do, jaw, caw, coo, go, thaw, though, 
 Pe, bo, to, dm, jo, ko, kra, go, 6e, do, 
 
 saw, sow, show, law, low, raw, rue, know, woe, hoe. 
 so, so, Jo, le, lo, re, rui, no, wo, ho.
 
 32 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 LESSON II. 
 
 THE DIPHTHONGS DOT //COMBINED CONSONANTS. 
 
 V! A! 
 
 1 1- ! - A! 
 
 12. These diphthong characters occupy but two places, 
 the beginning and end of a consonant. When written in 
 the first place, with the point downward, the angle repre- 
 sents the first sound in isle ; with the point upward, in the 
 same place, the first sound in oil"; with the point upward, 
 and in the third place, the first sound in our. The charac- 
 ters should be written without lifting the pen, and placed 
 in a perpendicular position -to the inclined and horizontal 
 strokes as well as to the vertical ; thus, X^ pi, ( v #/, 
 ^ m}, \ bo, A kv,~^\ vr, ^_-. nv. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE II. 
 
 Bi, tj, fj, vj, dj, SJ, Ji, lj, rj, mj, nj; js, 
 By, tie, fie, vie, thy, sigh, shy, lie, rye, my, nigh ; ice, 
 
 jz, jl, jr, jsi. Bcr, to-, jo-, ke ; el, aner. By, 
 eyes, aisle, ire, icy. Boy, toy, joy, coy ; oil, annoy. Bow, 
 
 dy, ky, vs, &&, rar, al^, n~s ; st, -sr, xl. 
 dow, cow, vow, sow, row, allow, now ; out, our, owl. 
 
 13. DOT Ti. Since the aspirate never occurs in English 
 except before a vowal, a briefer mode of representing it than 
 the long sign <^ is generally employed, namely, alight dot 
 placed immediately before the vowel ; it should be written 
 to the left of the dot vowels that belong to a vertical or in- 
 clined stroke, and above those belonging to horizontals ; 
 and above the dash vowels of the former, and to the left of 
 those of the latter; thus, ") hit, ^ hig, X> hem, "~| hod, 
 "v\ hvr ^* horn.
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 33 
 
 Although this li is the same in shape as the light dot 
 vowels, it need never lead to any mistake, from the fact 
 that no dot vowel ever occurs immediately before an- 
 other dot vowel. 
 
 READING EXERCISE III. 
 
 \ -i ..i -I 7 /../ _i ..r *\ ^< 
 
 "WRITING EXERCISE III. 
 
 Hep, hat, hed, hev, het hel, hal, her, har ; 
 Heap, hate, heed, heave, heat, heal, hail, hear, hair; 
 
 hat, hcd, hie,, hej, haj", hil, him, ham, hag. 
 hat, head, hitch, hedge, hash, hill, him, ham, hang, 
 
 Hop, hrap, hod, hek, hoi, horn ; hop, hub, hot, 
 Hope, hoop, hoed, hawk, hole, home; hop, hub, hot, 
 
 hud, hog, hug, hur, hum, hug ; hapi, hevi, heti, 
 hood, hog, hug, her, hum, hung; happy, heavy, haughty, 
 
 holi, huni. 
 holy, honey. 
 
 Hit, hjv, hjr, hjli; hsl. 
 Height, hive, hire, highly ; howl. 
 
 He ma go horn n-s. So no heti ar. 
 He may go home now. Show no haughty air.
 
 34 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 COMBINED CONSONANTS. 
 
 14. In commencing to write a word, the first thing the 
 learner has to do is to pronounce it slowly, and ascertain 
 what are the elementary sounds of which it is composed, 
 and then write the consonant signs, as heretofore direct- 
 ed. When the first consonant to be written requires a 
 downward stroke, it is commenced its length above the 
 line of writing and struck to the line, and if a downward 
 stroke follow, it is carried on below the line ; thus, ~-y 
 pt, L dp ; if the first consonant be a horizontal stroke, 
 and a down-stroke follow, it is written above the line and 
 the second one carried to it; thus, ~\kd, / ng ; but if 
 an up-stroke sign follow the horizontal, the latter should 
 be written on the line ; thus, ^^f ml, f kl. 
 
 15, In reading the consonants in a word, they must of 
 course be uttered in the order in which they were written; 
 thus, for example, in reading /^ the "~ *" must be read 
 first, because it is evident it was written first, as the writer 
 could not have begun at the angle and written the /' and 
 then gone back and written the , without violating the 
 rule requiring the skeleton of a word to be written be- 
 fore lifting the pen ; and he could not have begun at the 
 bottom of the / ', and written it upwards, and then the 
 
 backwards, without violating the two rules, that c is 
 to be written downwards and n from left to right. 
 
 It sometimes happens that a consonant which seems to 
 be farther along than another in the line of writing, must 
 be read first; as / ; but from the fact that / is always 
 to be written downward, we know the letters are to be 
 ready/ and not Ij. By a little observation of this kind the 
 learner will soon see at a glance, and without thought, 
 how any word is to be read.
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 36 
 
 
 
 16. In vocalizing two or more consonants it is very im- 
 portant to keep the vowel signs away from the angles or 
 places where the consonants join, especially from the in- 
 side of angles, as in such positions it is impossible to tell 
 to which stroke they belong ; thus, it cannot be told 
 whether v-^ * s ' ne wor< i & m or bqm. 
 
 17. After the shape of a vowel, and the place it should 
 occupy, are determined, the following rules, in addition to 
 those for vocalizing single consonants, are to be observed: 
 
 Flr&t. When a first place vowel, or diphthong, comes be- 
 tween two consonants it is placed immediately after the 
 first ; as " ~\ krp, \_ rem, v ] k[t. 
 
 Second. A second place vowel, if it be long, is also 
 written after the first consonant ; as ^| gat, ]^ dom ; but 
 if short, it is written before the second; as ~~] get, Jj^ dum; 
 by which arrangement we arc enabled to determine the 
 sound of the middle place vowel by position as well as 
 by the size of the dot or dash. 
 
 Third. Third place vowels arc written before the second 
 consonant ; as v-, bqm, \^ lint, I dst. 
 
 A 
 
 Fourth. If two vowels come between two consonants, 
 the first one spoken is written to the first stroke, and the 
 next one to the second ; thus, \X. poem, \/^\ palM. 
 
 Some deviations from these rules occur in contracted 
 forms of writing ; but their general observance renders 
 the manuscript more legible than it could otherwise be. 
 
 18. If two vowels precede the first consonant in a 
 word, the first is written farther from the consonant than 
 the second ; thus, v -| join ; if it terminate with two, 
 the last is written farther from the consonant sign ; as, 
 
 T.
 
 36 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 19. When the diphthong v commences a word it is> 
 customary to go on writing the following consonant with- 
 out lifting the pen, as in the word idea,, just given, \^item, 
 &c. ; and the practice is extended, without any dan- 
 ger of ambiguity, and with much saving of time, to the 
 connection of the pronoun f with the following word; as, 
 v ^y^"( I bihv, ^ ifer. In this latter case the writing 
 
 is entirely legible, even if the first prong of the angle is 
 omitted, which is often done, for the sake of brevity. 
 
 20. In reading words of two or more consonants, it 
 must be observed that each stroke, and the vowel-sign or 
 signs placed to it, must be read precisely as they would 
 be if they stood unconnected with other consonant strokes; 
 thus, \^)' read in this way would be considered thus : 
 \ C ) po-li-si ; ~V"]' , if analyzed thus: "^ (T | 
 would reveal the word realiti. This process will be neces- 
 sary till the learner can read words from their general ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 READING EXERCISE IV.
 
 MANUAL OF PIIONOGBAPBY. 37 
 
 REVIEW. (12.) How many diphthongs are there ? Speak the first, and de- 
 scribe its sign ; the second ; the third. How are they to be written ? (33.) 
 What is the second form of the aspirate ? How should it be placed to the dot 
 vowels ? the dash vowels 'I (14.) How are the consonant signs adjusted to the 
 line of writing ? (15.) What is the order of reading words having two or mora 
 consonants? (16.) In vocalizing what is very important? (17.) What is the 
 rule for writing first-place vowels that come between two consonants ? the rule 
 for second-place vowels? for third place vowels? If two vowels occur be- 
 tween two consonants, how are they to be written ? (18.) If two vowels begin 
 or terminate a word, how are they to be written? (19.) What peculiarity is 
 pjacticed in writing the diphthong / f (20.) What is the rule for reading a word 
 having two or more consonants and accompanying vowels ? 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE IV. 
 
 Bet, bak, bar, peg, bq,m, pad, pal, pq,m, tern, dam, tqr, 
 ded, dat, cjep, gar, cjer, cjef, kep, gat, kel, gal, kam, kak, Jam, 
 qrk, qrm, hq,rp, lep, lat, lq,f, nav, nam, awak, awar. 
 
 Bit, pet, pad, pig, beg, bag, pil, del, fil, vali, ril, rim, rali, 
 lip, lej, liv, mac;, mej, maj, mil, milk, ahed. 
 
 Bet, pop, buit, tet, dor, tuil, qek, jok, kel, kol, kuil, gedi, 
 fel, ferm, vot, fuid, rog, ruim, lof, mel, muiv, neti, awok. 
 
 Pot, bug, buk, bodi, dot, doj, dug, kuk, foli, fuli, Jok, Juk, 
 rok, rug, ruk, lok, luk, luk, mok, mug, muj, nok, nuj, nuk. 
 
 Pjl, abjd, bol, qjd, fsl, cjjm, ab^t, mil, deker, deljt, av^d, 
 al^d, enje, berlur, fjlur. 
 
 Get me mj buk. Put awa mj dul njf. Fil mj kup ful. 
 Ferm no bad habit in bo-hud ; it ma efect dj helO d| hop in 
 aj. He ma be felti na, gilti. Foli ma fal at leg 6. 
 
 456304
 
 38 
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 LESSON III. 
 
 UP-STROKES Jf, X AND L VOWEL WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 21. In order to prevent words from running too far 
 below the line for convenience or beauty, and to afford 
 a variety of skeleton outlines, by which different words 
 having the same consonant sounds may be written differ-, 
 ently, and thus be distinguished without being vocalized, 
 provision is made for representing several of the conso- 
 nant sounds by both upward and downward strokes. This 
 provision also makes the writing more easy of execution, 
 since these op-strokes are all in the inclination of the line 
 of writing, from left to right. The letters thus represent- 
 ed are/, /, and ;; the latter of which, only, requires a dif- 
 ferent character. 
 
 22. The second sign for r is a straight line struck up- 
 ward at an angle of thirty degrees ; thus, ^^ Though 
 this character is specially available in writing words re- 
 quiring two or more consonants, yet it is frequently used 
 alone ; as ^/ ?/, and more frequently when terminating 
 with a circle or hook, ( Lessons IV, VI,) when it is 
 less likely to be confounded with <?, written downward and 
 of nearly the same inclination ; in neither case, however, 
 is there any difficulty experienced by the adept, since the 
 sense of the preceding words nearly always suggests 
 what the following word is. 
 
 23. When written in connection with other consonants, 
 there is never any ambiguity, since it can be seen at a 
 glance whether the stroke is written upward or downward; 
 thus, [/ tr, \ tg, /\ rt. So that while the rule is that
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPH?. 39 
 
 g shall be written at an angle of sixty degrees, and r 
 at an angle of thirty degrees, they may both be written 
 at the same inclination, except when either is the only 
 consonant in a word ; and except, also, when one of them 
 immediately follows the other, as /] , in which case ne- 
 cessity compels one to be written at a different inclinat en 
 from the other. 
 
 24. The rule that the beginning of a consonant stroke 
 is where the first-place vowel is written, and the termina- 
 tion of a stroke the third-place, must be observed in 
 vocalizing this up-stroke/ ; thus, SY rig, ^\ r^p, 
 S*\ gariti. 
 
 25. The following rules in regard to the use of the 
 two forms of r, will guide the learner to the best forms 
 of words : 
 
 First. The up-stroke should be used when the follow- 
 ing consonant is to be written downward, as in the ex- 
 amples above. (24.) 
 
 Second. When r is the initial letter of a word, and is 
 followed by the s-circle, w-hook, (see Lessons IV and 
 VIII, ) k, g, f, I, or another r, the up-stroke is employed ; 
 
 as /<r~"~ r S> <^/ r<? /> <*ff r l> ^f~^^ rsr - But if a 
 vowel precede r as the first consonant, the down-stroke is 
 
 employed; as, ~"X_ qrk,^ tfrif, ^/Y^~ urli, ~V^ crur. 
 
 Third. Whenever preceded by v, t, or m, the upward 
 r is employed ; as ^s/ ver, /T\/ mir. 
 
 Fourth. Whenever followed by n or r), the up-stroke 
 is employed; as /^ rsmi, ^^ ' roy. 
 
 Fifth. When r is the final stroke consonant in a word, 
 
 and followed by a vowel, the up-stroke is to be used, as in 
 
 the words *\s^ beri, _: J kari : but if no vowel 
 
 follow, the down-stroke is employed; as \^ puir, 
 
 "
 
 40 
 
 MANUAL 0V rHONOGRAFHT. 
 
 Sixth. When one r follows another, except at the be- 
 ginning of a word when preceded by a vowel (as in erur,) 
 they are both written upward; as ^^ rariti, _js^ 
 Tcariur. 
 
 Seventh. When followed by m, the down-stroke is al- 
 ways used ; as "~V-J ruim, ^1 $qrm. 
 
 READING EXERCISE V. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE V. 
 
 Repel, retjr, red em, redi, ratifj, revjl, ravej, pqrti, periud, 
 derjd, arjv, araiij, nrj, urd ; raj, rak, riketi. Boro, feri, jvori, 
 Oeori, kari, memori, rotari, 6uroli, mer, demur, admjr. Ran- 
 clum, ragk, reanimat, adorig. Borour, borur, bariur, infe- 
 riur, narour, kurinr, mirur, dernr, Jerur, karer. Rem, rjm, 
 remedi, remuiv, ruiminat, lq,rk, reform. 
 
 26. L and /may be written upward or downward with- 
 out any change of form ; and in vocalizing, or reading, 
 the direction in which they were made, as in the case of the 
 up-stroke r, will be known by their connection with other 
 consonant signs ; as O toy, f\ lev, <^ fop, J fel.
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 41 
 
 27. The following rules will guide, as near as possible, 
 to the most approved use of I. 
 
 First. When I is the initial letter of a word, and fol- 
 lowed by Jc, g, or wi, the up-stroke I is employed ; as /\, 
 lik, (. leg, (."^ lim. But if a vowel precede, the 
 down- stroke is used, as ,(^_ alik, "(^ helm. When 
 other consonants follow Ik, lg, Im, the / may be written 
 either upward or downward. 
 
 Second. Immediately before or after n and 77, the down- 
 stroke is employed ; as ^f waZ, (^ liyk. If a down- 
 stroke letter is to follow I after n, the up-stroke I must be 
 employed ; as ^j^/' analoji, ^J/" | anihilat. 
 
 Third. When I is the final stroke consonant in a word, 
 and is preceded by /, v, or upward r, it is written down- 
 ward ; as s. fel, -<^K. revil, ^^ riul, ^^f moral. 
 But if a vowel follows, the up-strok is used; as 
 
 Fourth. After and 77, a final Z is always written 
 downward, even though followed by a vowel, as Cxi lonli, 
 
 ~^f' kiyli. 
 
 Fifth. Final I, following all other consonants but f t v, 
 up-stroke r, n and 77, is written upward, whether a vowel 
 follows or not ; as ^\/^ psL _ f ktul, s^f~ mal. 
 
 28. Z is usually written downward ; before /, however, 
 and after / and v, it is always written upward ; as 
 felf, 
 
 NOTE. Many of the foregoing rules in regard to writing r and I 
 upward or downward, are designed to secure consonant outlines 
 tliat will be more legible, when not vocalized, than if written dif- 
 ferently: Thus, when either up-stroke r or I is used at the com- 
 mencement of a word, we know it does not commence with a vowel; 
 if up-stroke r terminate a word, we know a vowel follows ; and 
 the same if up-stroke I after/, v and upward r terminate a word ; 
 and hence the chances of misreading the word are lessened. 
 
 The observance of the other rules will produce uniformity of 
 writing, and thus ensure greater fluency in reading. 
 4
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 READING EXERCISE VI. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE VI. 
 
 Lek, log, lorn, legasi; alkali, elmanak. Lq,nq, larjk, 
 Ieg6ili, linsi, lunq, felig; amil, onli, kanal; analitik, lonjeviti, 
 enlqrj; fjl, fuil, vjl, unfalig, revel, iinval. Rel, real, relm, oral, 
 karul, barel, peril. Felo, fuli, vali, rali, reali, realiti ; onli, 
 menli, feligli, luvigli ; Jili, Jel, Jalo ; daj, navij, efijensi, de- 
 fijensi ; [down-stroke /,] relij, fuilij, publij, polij, abolij, 
 raJU 
 
 WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 29. By a word-sign is meant the use of a single char- 
 acter of the alphabet to represent an entire word. This 
 scheme is resorted to that the penman may attain greater 
 speed in writing ; and those words are chosen thus to be
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 43 
 
 represented, which occur the most frequently in com- 
 position ; twenty-five of them actually constituting one- 
 fourth of any given chapter or discourse, and one hundred 
 of them amounting to almost half. The signs are so 
 chosen as to suggest, generally, the words they represent. 
 They should be memorized by copying the table once or 
 twice. 
 
 30. TABLE OF VOWEL WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 the x all ' already f or 
 
 . a \ two | oh, owe / who 
 
 N of "on 
 
 an, and N to ( but / should 
 
 DIPHTHONGS, v 1, A how. 
 
 The first line of signs, since they are first-place vowels, 
 are to be written at the height of a stroke above the 
 line of writing ; those in the second line, consisting of 
 second and third -pi ace signs, are to be written on the line. 
 The second-place vowels are thus brought down because 
 three places cannot be distinguished without a consonant 
 stroke ; but no confusion arises from it, since, when the 
 second-place sign is thus transferred, the third-place sign 
 is not used as a word-sign, and when the third is used the 
 second is not. The third and fourth lines of the table 
 have the same relation to each other as the first and se- 
 cond. 
 
 31. The is a word-sign that often follows immediately 
 after most of the others, and in order to avoid lifting 
 the pen to write each separately, it is joined to the pre- 
 ceding sign in the shape of a light tick ; thus, > of the, 
 1 on the, > to the.
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY, 
 READING EXERCISE VII. 
 
 * > '* 
 
 j-" : *> 9H V I -V TV 
 
 I - X ..I P s ^ | 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE VII. 
 
 Eariti tarieO log ; lajdeO mucj rog ; qeriJcO no il ; apereO 
 bolli luvli amug us. <le urO and de ar. 1 livli and hapi, 
 but gidi, bor. 4 o nuOig. 3e bet ov de fjr. Go tu de dor. 
 He ma rjt el de tjm. La it on de Jelf. Go tu mj Jop and 
 rig de bel. Ct Jadi porq and kuilig Jsur. Ma bqrmoni log 
 abjd in -sr Qurq. FuiliJ bff ! 'J b^ dar he lavij mi muni on so 
 vijus a polisi j 01 bui no de rjt Jud dui it. 
 
 REVIEW. (21.) What are the letters that may be written either upward or 
 downward? (22.) Explain the up-stroke r as compared with 5. (24.) Where 
 are the first and third-place vowels put to the up-stroke r ? (25.) Give the 1st 
 rule for writing r; the 2d, ditto; 3d; 4th; 5th; 6th; 7th. (26.) How is it 
 determined when the strokes /", r, I are written upward ? (27.) Give the 1st 
 rule for writing I ; the 2nd ; 3rd ; 4th ; 5th ? (28.) Under what circumstance 
 is / always written upward? What is the object of these rules ? (29.) What 
 is a word-sign? (30.) Give and describe the flrst-plaee long vowel word-signs ; 
 the third-place ; the first-place short ; the third-place ; the diphthongs. (31 ) 
 What is the license taken with the 1
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOORAPHY, 
 
 LESSON IV. 
 
 THE CIRCLB 3 AND ZCOM, CON, ING, AND MP 
 CONSONANT WORr-SIGXS 
 
 The fact that s and z represent sounds of very frequent 
 recurrence, renders it necessary, in order to secure the 
 greatest brevity and beauty in writing, that they be fur- 
 nished with an additional sign. Indeed, each subsequent 
 chapter of these lessons is but to introduce some more 
 abbreviated method of writing ; which, while it seems to 
 render the system more complex, adds to it new beauty 
 as well as value. 
 
 32. The second forms for s and z are, a small cir- 
 cle, made light for the first, and thickened on one side 
 for the latter; thus, o *, o z; the thickening of the s 
 circle, however, is scarcely ever necessary, as the sense 
 will nearly always indicate whether the circle should be 
 s or z. Where great precision is requisite, the stroke z 
 should be used. 
 
 33. The circle is used much more frequently than the 
 stroke s ; it is employed, however, only in connection with 
 stroke consonants, except as a word-sign. The table on 
 the following page will assist the learner in fixing in his 
 mind the peculiar connection the circle has with each 
 long sign ; it will also be of great service for reference, in 
 writing out the exercises in the lesson, if he finds any dif- 
 ficulty in remembering on which side of any stroke the 
 circle should be written.
 
 46 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 THE CIRCLE S AND Z. 
 
 \ sb P sd / sj o sg 
 
 \sf r sO ^ ss 9 sj 
 \JBV ^ sd ) sz _^ 55 
 
 0-^ sm Q_^ sn Q.^ sg ^ stc ^ sk 
 
 34. The stroke y never takes an initial circle, be- 
 cause not needed; it is used on its termination, how- 
 ever. The table presents the circle written only at the 
 initial end of the strokes, whereas it may be written at 
 either end, according as it is desired to read before or after 
 
 the stroke; thus, \o ps, o ks, ~^ ws, (^ hs ; and 
 
 it may also, of course, be written between two strokes , 
 thus, ~ kst, ^^fsn. 
 
 35. The learner must observe the following rules in 
 writing the circle: 
 
 First. On all the straight vertical and inclined strokes, 
 it is written on the right-hand side, both beginning and 
 end. 
 
 Second. On the straight horizontal signs, which include 
 the up-stroke r, since it is nearer horizontal than vertical, 
 it is written on the upper side. 
 
 Third. It is written on the inner or concave side of all 
 the curved signs. Compare the foregoing with the table. 
 
 Fourth. When it comes between two consonants it is 
 turned in the shortest way ; thus, J tsk, <C- gsn, 
 
 36. In vocalizing words in which the circle * is used, 
 the vowel-signs are to be placed to the strokes before
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 47 
 
 which or after which they read, without any reference to 
 the circle. As rules to assist the learner, the following 
 observations are sufficiently explicit : 
 
 First. If there be an initial circle, iti3 always read first, 
 and then the vowel that precedes the stroke, and lastly 
 the stroke itself, as *P set, ~p set. 
 
 Second. If there be no vowel preceding the stroke, 
 the circle, stroke, and following vowel are read in the or- 
 der named ; as ^ p/, j- sto, o_/" skat. 
 
 Third. When the circle terminates a word, it is always 
 
 the last to be read; as, fctiis, _ o goz, ( r ~ n luks, T* ssmz, 
 
 j& enjvz, ^>4 supoz ; when written between two strokes, 
 
 the proper place for vowels can always be found ; as will 
 
 be seen in examining ( lesun, "^ 
 
 READING EXERCISE VIII. 
 
 t \ f r- T y s *- .<L ,c 
 
 ^ <c/a ^n- ^
 
 43 MANUAL Off PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE VIII. 
 
 Sip, srap, sap, sop, set, sjd, set, set, sej, suq, sek, sok, sav, 
 aid, SU0, sez, saj, sur, ssr, sel, sol, sam, sum, sjn, sum, sig, sugk. 
 Spj, sta, skj, sla, slo, slj, sno. Pes, daz, qez, jerz, gas, fez, 
 vjsez. <Iis, doz, Juiz, raz, rjs, -srz, las, mis, njs. 
 
 Spek, spok, skem, sfer, slep, slak, smok, smel, snal, sigk 
 Besto, beset, task, itself, spas, spesifj, skjz, siksO. agkjus, sedi- 
 
 fus, risk, resit, rezun, deniz, solles, holmes, cjozen, masun, 
 izioloji. 
 
 37. There are four cases where the long s or z must al- 
 ways be employed . First, when it is the only stroke con- 
 sonant in a word ; as, ) as, ') ez, )- so. Second,, when 
 
 it is the first consonant and preceded by a vowel ; as .} 
 
 ask, ^-^. esJeap. Third, when two distinct vowel sounds 
 come between the s and following consonant; as in the 
 word l^y siens. Fourth, when * or z is the last conso- 
 nant.in a word and followed by a vowel ; as _/ / also, 
 polzi. Fifth, when z commences a word ; as 
 eel, )^ Zjun. 
 
 38 When the sound of or z is heard twice in the same 
 syllable, either of two forms may be used, ss, ^ or ) ss; 
 if the last sound is that of 2 the circle should be made 
 first and the stroke be written heavy ; thus, v ^) s^z. 
 
 39. When the indistinct vowel i or e comes between 
 ss or an s and a s, or between zz, in the middle or at 
 the end of a word, the syllable is represented by a 
 circle double the usual size ; thus, \o pesez, Q_ qiuzez, 
 Xo sufjsez, ^Q? nesesari. It should never begin a word, 
 as in sistem. In the word eksurs}z, it is allowable to put 
 the vowel i in the double circle, thus,
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 49 
 
 40. The circle is used as a word-sign for iz, written 
 above the line, thus, ; and for as, written on the line, 
 thus, o ; with the dot aspirate prefixed they become 
 ' his, -o has. 
 
 READING EXERCISE IX. 
 
 K> 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE IX. 
 
 (37.) Hsa, jsi, aslep, csp-szal, asjnz, sjunz ; bizi, spjsi, lazi, 
 hersa, ckselcnsi, obstinasi epilepsi, sufijensi ; Zooloji, zer<D, 
 zelusli, zigzag. 
 
 (38.) Ses, sez, sez, sizurz, sizm. 
 
 (39.) Basis, dosez, quitez, kisez, diskusez, vjsez, -snsez, 
 propozez. relesez, egzist, pozesur. 
 
 THE PREFIXES COM AND CON THE AFFIX INGMP. 
 
 41. For the sake of rendering Phonography as brief as 
 possible, a few arbitrary signs are used, for the represen- 
 tation of prefixes and syllables in such words as would be 
 inconvenient to write out in full. Thus, a light dot placed 
 at the beginning of a word expresses the prefix com or 
 con; thus, [.-^ kondem, ^"" konsol ; and at the end, the 
 termination iy, when a separate syllable ; as, ) adiy, \^ 
 liviy. 
 
 42. It is more convenient, however, after the s-circle 
 preceded by p. b, f, v, k, g, n, or up-stroke r, to write the 
 alphabetic y; as \Q^ pasiy, \^ korifesiy, 
 
 5
 
 50 MANUAL OF P1IOKOGRAPHT. 
 
 and after b, bt, br, t, ?/i ; as "^O- nuiiy, '^ ^-' ssmly. 
 Generally ^-P is written for iyz ; as \^ bslijz, /fcg 
 rejvsiyz. A large dot may be used when more conven- 
 ient; as I dv.dyz, <^\ /teditjz. 
 
 43. The stroke for m is the only one that is not given 
 in the alphabet heavy as well as light ; and in order to 
 make good use of all the means the alphabet affords, this 
 stroke written heavy ismade to represent the not unfre- 
 quent combination of in with/*, either at the beginning, 
 middle, or end of a word ; thus, O/ enipjr, ^^x^ tempo- 
 rari, / x v * lamp. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE X. 
 
 (41-2.) Kompar, kompjl, kompozig, kombat, kontaminat, 
 kontenjus, konvinsig, konva, konspjr, konspirasi, konsolatori, 
 konsuljip, konsurvatizm, konsjuir), konjusnes. 
 
 (43.) Pump, tempel, temporal, damp, jumpig, rump, Oump, 
 eimplifj, simplisiti, egzampcl, rornp, limp. 
 
 44. CONSONANT WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 
 
 
 \ up ! it / which 
 
 j kingdom 
 
 \ be | do / advantage 
 
 j give-n 
 ( together 
 
 (^ for { think ) so J shall 
 
 
 ^ have ( them ) was J usual-ly 
 
 
 C will ~^\ are f your 
 
 "^ way 
 
 ( me j importance-t ( in 
 v \ may " ( improve-ment ^"^ \ no 
 
 J thing 
 | language 
 
 In the above, and all other lists of word-signs, when 
 a word i< printed With a hyphen, as givc-n, the sign will 
 represent either the whole word, or only so much as pre-
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 51 
 
 cedes the hyphen, which -is, by itself, another word ; thus 
 is either give or given. Such words being nearly alike 
 in sound, and yet different parts of speech, or otherwise 
 incapable of being taken one for the other, cause no diffi- 
 culty to the reader. Inasmuch as the horizontal strokes 
 do not fill the space which a line of writing occupies, they 
 are made to represent two words, as in the case of the 
 vowel word-signs, one above the line and the other on the 
 line ; these words and their respective positions are indi- 
 cated in the table, by being placed one above the other, in 
 braces, aftei the signs. 
 
 READING EXERCISE X. 
 
 o 
 
 y- > 
 
 fa
 
 52 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHIC 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XL 
 
 $ Ijk no kigdum az j dru a rcpublik. ^Dui da 0igk da wil 
 kum up on de Sinsinati mal-bot? fl felig ov e Jud fil dj sol 
 in dis holi \ITSS. Asperiti Irazez de qef ov its dezjnz. 
 Hiz lazines iz eksesiv; he diyliks hiz buks. Hiz fansi iz 
 yuigvyili riq, and hiz dezjnz ful ov Ijf. IHaz dis juj no justis? 
 Oncsti iz rjt polisi. 01 eskap tu de siti iz hoples. SXud de 
 nam be put on de'stsjd and on de top ov deboks? 'ill's mcni 
 q,r tu go. It iz tui mug tia divjd amug dem. Lisen tu de 
 lesnn, and be bizi, az a ber Jud be, hm aspjrz tia be at de hcd 
 ov de sk'uil. Sinser soro iz ezili sen besjd fols. Sojal Ijf givz 
 mug hapines. Ask nofasiliti in biznes afarz,unles it be nesesari. 
 Sunset senuri Joz riq kulurz and hansum Jadz; and it qanjez 
 intu meni varid formz. Riqez qr sot bj sum, az de cjef hap- 
 ines in dis Ijf, becez reali nesesari, az da supoz.
 
 MANUAL OF PIIONOGttAPHT. 53 
 
 REVIEW. (32.) What arc the sscond forms for s and z? (33.) How is the 
 circle employed ! (34.) Where may it be written V (35.) On what side of tho 
 vertical and inclined strokes is it turned? Which side of the straight horizon 
 tals? Which side of all the curves V How is it written between two strokes? 
 (36.) How are two strokes having an s-circle vocalized? If there bo an initial 
 circle and preceding vowel, what is the order of reading ? If vowels both pre- 
 cede and follow, what is the order? (37.) How many cases are there where 
 the strokes must be used? What ia tiie 1st; 2nd; 3rd; and 4th? (38.) How 
 should the ss in the same syllable be written? How sz? (39.) What sylla- 
 bles does the double circle represent ? What is the exception? (40.) Desig- 
 nate the word-signs of the circle. (41.) What- are the prefixes? The affixes 1 
 (42.) When is it more convenient to write the alphabetic y 1 (43.) What is the 
 signification of m made heavy ? (44.) Give the words for the first eight conso- 
 nant signs; for the next eight; fot the next four; for the last four.
 
 MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 LESSON V. 
 
 IMPROPER DIPHTHONGS IT-HOOK -TRIPTHONGS. 
 
 JF-SERIES. 
 
 long. 
 :i c 
 
 | we 
 
 short, 
 wi 
 
 1 
 
 D 
 
 ong. e, 
 wo 
 
 lort. 
 wo 
 
 Tr 
 
 L 
 
 ipthongs 
 
 ! wa c 
 
 we 
 
 
 
 wo J 
 
 wu 
 
 1 
 
 Wff 
 
 j wa 
 
 wa 
 
 3 
 
 wui . s 
 
 wu 
 
 -, 
 
 w* 
 
 45. The improper diphthortys are so termed because they 
 consist of the union of consonants with vowels ; namely, 
 to and y with each of the twelve vowels ; the improper 
 tripthongs are the union of w with the diphthongs i, v, 
 and y. The fact that w and y never occur in English 
 except before vowels, and thus occur so frequently, in- 
 duced the inventor of Phonography to represent the 
 combined sounds by a single letter, and thus save time 
 and space for the writer. 
 
 46. To obtain suitable characters for the representa- 
 tion of the 70-series a small circle is divided perpendicular- 
 ly, thus <j> , the first or left-hand half of the circle repre- 
 senting the union of w with the first, or dot series of vowels; 
 and like them it is made heavy for the long sounds ; as 
 CN X wep, */ waj, __/- kicqw ; and light for the short ; 
 as /^ ung, j^" dwel, c wag.
 
 MANCJAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 65 
 
 47 The second half of the circle represents the union 
 of w with the second, or dash series of vowels, heavy and 
 light; as, ,-% worm, J^jcov, ^_ wmf, / woo, ^Y^ 
 wurm, -J wud. 
 
 48. The first-place sign of the second series of diph- 
 thongs, both long and short, when followed by k, up-stroke 
 r, and n, is written in connection with such consonants ; 
 thus, 5 wuJc,-^^ tcor,^ -- won. 
 
 49. These signs should be written as small as they 
 well can be and preserve distinct semi-circles ; and, like 
 the proper diphthongs, they must always be written verti- 
 cally, and not change with the different inclinations of 
 the consonants. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XI. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XII. 
 
 Wek, wat, wav, weknes, bewal, swar. aswaj, wajez ; widO, 
 wet, waft, wiked, swel, kwak, ekwiti, akwies, reliijkwij. 
 Wekur, wok, \vuid, wermli, kwota, k\vorum ; woq, wud, woj'- 
 ;g, skwolid, swomp. Werljk, werfar, werti, wekigstik.
 
 56 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 60. THE JF-HooK. The half circle, light, is joined 
 to the first end of I, up-stroke r, m and , to represent the 
 simple sound of w ; the stroke to which it is -written is then 
 vocalized as in the case of the s-circle ; thus, If wal, 
 if tcuri, c ~ "/' wumanli, <^s wan. 
 
 51. The alphabetic sign must always be employed when 
 w is the only consonant in a word, (except in the word-sign 
 
 we ;) and in words that commence with a vowel, fol- 
 lowed by w, and also when w is followed by s; thus, 
 awak, ~^tf~~ Wesli. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XII. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XIII. 
 
 Walig, wel, wiligli, Wilsun, kwel, ekwali; Woles, \vuli ; 
 weri, bewar, warh-ss, werisum ; kworel, wurk, wurkmanjip, 
 wurjip, wur61es, wurdili. Wemz, wompum, wiamanljk, 
 skwemijnes ; windo, kwenq, twenti, twinj, entwjn. Wir, 
 kwcri, inkwjr, wel-beig, skwolur, elokwens, ekwanimiti. 
 "Wui, awar, wjzli. 
 
 52. TBIPTHONGS. The characters with which to repre- 
 sent the combination of w with the diphthongs, are obtained 
 by dividing a small square thus, "X ; the first right-angle
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 57 
 
 representing the tripthong w'i, the second, ws, and the se- 
 cond put to the first place, wo ; thus, L l, wjf, ^~] kwvt. 
 
 Since the introduction of the -w-hook to r, I, m, n, the ws 
 character is not needed. Sometimes L- may be connected 
 with the following consonant ; as L j w'ld, \ wjf. 
 
 53. By placing the aspirate before these improper diph- 
 thongs and tripthongs, we get the proper representation of 
 the first two sounds in such words as wheat, whig, while, 
 (the w coming before the h in the old orthography being 
 an inversion of the order of the elements in speaking the 
 words ;) thus, ' c | hwet, Jiwig. 
 
 54. When the w-hook.is used, the aspirate is indicated 
 by making the hook heavy ; thus, .(^ hwsl, c/\L^ hwar- 
 for. But when the alphabetic w is employed, the aspirate 
 is indicated by a small tick, thus, ^ hwiz. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XIII. 
 
 L \ \r V* I" x "I *- 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XIV. 
 
 Wjvz, kwjet, wjdnes, kwjetnes, kwert, Irikwer. 
 
 Hwip, hwjt, hwiguri; hwarbj, hwarwid, hwarat, hwurlpral, 
 enihwar, nob-war ; hwelbaro, hwelrjt, hwalur, bwimzikaliti, 
 hwelin ; hwens, liwjn ; bwiskur liwislur.
 
 58 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 5. W WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 c we " -with ' what ~ why ^-^ when 
 
 c were 5 would </ where L while <^, one 
 
 'f well 
 
 These word-signs, like the simple vowel-signs, are 
 to be written above or on the line, as their positions in the 
 table indicate. 
 
 HEADING EXERCISE XIV. 
 
 \ sf 
 
 1 Ox '- 
 
 01 /I / <^-x v x. 
 
 I - ^f ? / 
 
 -t ' 
 
 b 
 
 r 1r '
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGIiAPI.Y, 59 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 v ^ J ^ I" " r "~7 V- /"" 
 
 <^S /' g o "I X -/ V/ x (/ 
 
 /> \ 
 
 o -\ i ^LS> 
 
 y 
 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XV, 
 
 Bewar ov de wjn kup. fl wjz qere. We wud be hapi wid 
 hiz kumpani. 1 Hwj Jud we kil and et swjn. <\ Hwot iz hiz 
 \vij, and hwar wud he go. Hwj, q, ! hwj, mj sol, dis aggwij. 
 $ go awa hwar wo and agkjus kar dm not asal eni wun. Wud 
 j wur at horn. Wor wurks mizuri, hwjl pes givz kqm repoz 
 tu el.
 
 60 
 
 MAKUAL OF PHOKOG KAPUT. 
 
 THE r-SKRIES. 
 
 long. 
 
 ya 
 
 short. 
 
 long. 
 l 
 
 I y e 
 
 />! yo 
 
 short, 
 yo 
 
 yu 
 
 56. To obtain characters to represent the y-series of 
 improper diphthongs, the small circle is taken and divided 
 horizontally, thus, -^- ; the under half represents the dot 
 group of vowels, and is made heavy for the long sounds ; 
 as, w ^\ x yer, y" Yal, J)_ Yqzm ; and light for the short ; 
 as, ) yis, ( a common but not approved pronunciation of 
 yes,) /^ yel,/~^yam; the upper half represents the 
 union of y with the dash group of vowels, heavy and light; 
 
 as > ^ y^ -2- y k i J y> its ; ^ y n > ^^-y u y ; y never 
 
 occurs before u in the English language. 
 
 57. In writing, the same rules must be observed in re- 
 gard to these signs as with the w-series. (48) 
 
 68. WOKD SIGNS. w ye, * yet, n beyond, n yui. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XV.
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 61 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XVI. 
 
 NOTE. In Phonography, ' it ' in the following lessons may be written as ' yra.' 
 Yerli, yen, yerlig, yeloij", yelpig,yomanri, Yokigani, yurjij, 
 
 NH, York, hijj, s^t, amn,z, redi^s, du^ti, rei'v^z, kontiimli, anyuial. 
 3e yiut ov ~sr koniyiuniti Jud eg quiz sum far egzampel, 
 
 and folc> it kontinyuiali. Pij,r simplisiti givz me jer. QLis 
 
 Manyuial Jud be yuir gjd. It iz a wurk ov yuitiliti. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XVI. 
 
 ^ \^ ( ' f y\ L 
 
 / V_r>\ T X^U 
 
 C- ' )' \ -) , - ^-v
 
 62 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY^. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XVII. 
 
 NH York iz a popyuilus siti. Yui no hui j am, yst j am at a 
 los tu spek yuir nam. Hiimaiiiti Jud liv in pes az wun kom- 
 yumiti ; da Jud dwel tugedur in el deurt in nqnnoui andluv. 
 If yui mak falyurz in dijti, yiu wil resev de laj ov justis. 3e 
 miz-bo 1 amnzez himself h\vjl \vekig. Ho yes ! ho yes ! sez 
 de vug bcl rigur. tie yok ov de oks iz hevi ; it golz hiz nek 
 dis "worm da. In daz ov yor, hwen we wer vug. 
 
 AYe yuignali giv deni at -srz for slepin, ten for wurk, and 
 siks hwifj da ma impruiv in eni wa. tie bo-z j am teqig q. r 
 dez|nu ov impruivmeiit ; da scm tu tigk in dis wa hwot iz 
 wart: dmig at ol, iz \vnrfc dmig wel. !< hop da wil ehvaz liv 
 up tu dis maksim, so Jal da hav sukses in Ijf. . Sun, giv me 
 yuir cr, and i wil tcq yui d& wa ov l^f. Leijt ov daz iz given 
 us for sojal and rclijue impruivment. 
 
 KKVIEW. (45.) Exi>laiu the improper diphthongs; the tripthongs. (4C.) How 
 are the former represented? Which series of vowels, combined with tc, does 
 the left-hand half of the circle represent? (47.) What are the sounds of the 
 right-hand half of the circle ? (48.) To what consonants may the signs foi 
 wo and ico be w-ritten without lifting the pen? (50.) To what strokes docs the 
 tr saiui-circ-le coniiect and form a hook? On which side of the up-stroke r is it 
 written? How does it differ in power from the improper diphthongs? (51.) 
 When must the alphabetic w be employed? (52.) Designate the representa- 
 tion of the tripthongs. (53.) What is the phonographic representation of tch? 
 (54.) How is the i hook aspirated ? (55.) Designate the first line of word- 
 tigns; the second. 
 
 (56.) What are the signs to represent the y-series? Which half of the circle 
 represents the dot series? What are their sounds? What are the sounds of 
 the upperhalf ? (57.) How are they to be written to the consonants? (58. 'i Whsii 
 are the word-signs?
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 63 
 
 LESSON VI. 
 
 INITIAL HOOKS THE Z HOOK EXPLAINED. 
 
 59. A peculiar characteristic of 7 and r is, that they 
 readily unite with preceding consonants, they flow back 
 into them, as it were; and hence their classification as 
 liquids. This union, though a kind of double sound, is 
 formed by a single effort of the voice. Take, for illustra- 
 tion, the two words play and pray, and observe how sim- 
 ultaneously the pi and pr are spoken ; so in the termina- 
 tion of the words title and acre ; in the former class of 
 words no vowel sound comes between the two consonants, 
 of course ; in the latter a very indistinct one is heard, but 
 which it is not necessary to represent in Phonography. 
 
 60. For the purpose of farther abbreviating phonograph- 
 ic writing, this combining of / and r with previous conso- 
 nants is represented by hooks written to those consonants. 
 As the long consonants are heard first in the words, consis- 
 tency would seem to require that they be written first and 
 the hooks afterward ; but the reverse of this is the case, 
 for the reason that hooks on the termination of the strokes 
 maybe more philosophically and advantageously employed 
 for other purposes ; and besides, the pi, pr, bl, br, &c. t 
 being considered single sounds almost, the stroke and the 
 hook may be regarded in the same light ; they should ac- 
 tually be spoken as such in spelling and reading, 5. e., as 
 the final syllables in able, (bl) little, (tl~] paper, (pr) lover, 
 (vr); and not as p, I ; k, I] p, r; b, r.
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 TABLE OF THE Z-HOOK. 
 P l f tl / $ - kl 
 
 bi f di r ji c_ gl 
 
 ti 
 
 struck 
 
 Gl. The hook is first turned, and then the long conso- 
 nant struck in the usual manner. The Z-hook, like the 
 s-circle, is made on the right-hand side of the vertical 
 and inclined straight strokes, on the upper side of the 
 straight horizontals, and on the inside of the curves. 
 
 62. This hook to the strokes s, z, down-stroke r and y 
 is not needed, since for si and zl, the circle is used with 
 more advantage; as,/;' sla, /-pjf mu:el; and the initial 
 hook to I, xip-stroke r, m and n, is more useful as w. 
 
 63. The /and 5 take the Z-hoak only when they are 
 combined with other stroke consonants, and then they 
 are struck upward; thus, ^ ^/ esenfal, ^^\J ambro^al. 
 
 64. The stroke and the hook being considered as one 
 sign, are vocalized as though no hook were used ; and in 
 writing, if a vowel precedes a hooked stroke it is written 
 before it; thus, X, a ^> *^_m7; and if the vowel fol- 
 lows, it must be placed after ; thus, \^ pla, r ^ Mas; or 
 a vowel may be written both before and after; thus, S\ 
 ttbli, v p idlur, J* deklar, -~c? ^-^ eksklani. 
 
 A T \ 
 
 (>5. In some combinations of consonants it is difficult 
 to make a good Z-hook, but it can generally be understood, 
 as in the word^\ repli ; in some cases, however, it is 
 necessary to write the long 1; as in 
 
 NOTE. The learner must remember that the hook I is to be used 
 only when its sound follows a preceding stroke consonant; hence 
 Ip, Id, Ik, 8fC., must be written with the stroke I.
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 65 
 
 BEADING EXERCISE XVII. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XVIII. 
 
 Pla, bio, gle, flj, ply, aplj, obljj, aflikt, bjbel, tjtel, kupel, 
 plenti, blazez, klasez, regal, fikel, reklam, inflam, remuival, 
 fatal, radikal, klerikal. bujel, espejal, mqrjal, influzenjal. 
 
 SPECIAL SCHEME OF VOCALIZATION. 
 
 66. It has been stated, (59) that the /-hook is de- 
 signed to be used when no vowel comes between the sound 
 of / and a preceding consonant, or when the vowel is but 
 indistinctly heard; of the latter class are the following: 
 <: \,.. > spelz, '-^ sgeh; of this class of words, however, 
 
 it is held by some that there is no vowel sound heard 
 in the last syllables. But it is found very convenient, 
 occasionally, to take a little license with the rule, and 
 use the hook even where a vowel sound is distinctly heard 
 between it and the stroke. Thus, in writing the word 
 falsehood, it is much easier and quicker to write the hook I, 
 thus, ^P than thus, C_/71 . 
 
 67. When this is done, a peculiar scheme of vocaliza- 
 tion is resorted to ; namely, the dot vowels are indicated 
 by a small circle placed in the three positions, before the 
 stroke for the long, and after for the short vowels ; as 
 
 (!~ ddifslv, f" til, f^~~Z legal; when the dash vowels are to 
 
 be read between the stroke and the hook, it is indicated by 
 striking the dash through the stroke ; as CH ~\ Tculpalel; 01 
 
 6
 
 66 MAKTTAt OF PIIOKOGRAPHT. 
 
 when its place is at the hooked end it may be written just 
 before the hooked stroke ; thus, {/^ lolurabel; the diph- 
 thongs, when necessary, are written as the stroke vow- 
 els; thus, j* gildif* ^-^Ljhorfsfif. 
 
 This method of writing is used to a very limited extent; 
 and the learner is cautioned against using it for any words 
 but such as are designated, in this and subsequent les- 
 sons, to be written thus. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XVIII. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XIX. 
 
 Felsiti, fuilzkap, felo-sitizenz, fulnes, fulminat, vulgat, 
 filosofikal, voluptuous, konvtilsiv, kolonial, galvanik, kal'araiti, 
 kolekt, kaiki^lat, 
 
 Z-IIOOK PKECEUED BY THE S-CIKCLE. 
 
 68. The 5-circle is prefixed to the compound consonant 
 signs, as well as to the simple. It is first written, and the 
 pen carried round so as to form the hook before making 
 the long sign ; thus, 7^ supel, ./ sa^el t \^ siviliz. 
 
 69. No new rules are required for vocalizing ; it needs 
 only to be borne in mind when the long is to be used 
 (37); and that the stroke and hook are considered as one 
 sign, and if the vowel is heard before them it is written 
 before them ; if after, it is written afterward ; as in the 
 previous examples. 
 
 Se Lesson X, on Half-length Strokes.
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 67 
 
 70. In reading, the circle is read first, then the 
 vowel, if one precede the compound stroke ; and lastly 
 the compound consonant, with its following vowel if there 
 be one. 
 
 71. WORD-SIGNS. c kel, c difikulti, ^ ful, f 1 til 
 
 and felt ^_ vulym. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XIX. 
 
 *-i ^ < ^ V 
 
 Tl ^^y x \ \ 
 
 ^ v ^ 
 v. 
 
 >' \ A / x 
 
 
 ? ' V ' ' ^ I 
 
 I- '
 
 68 MANFAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 r*. 
 
 <\ 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XX. 
 
 Setel, sjdcl, sutelti, sikelz, siviliti, supelnes, siviljzig, 
 swivel, spljsin, pesful, posibel, splendid, fezabcl, advjzabel, 
 displaig, disklozez. 
 
 SDELNES. lEdelnes iz a plag tu de skolur, for miles he 
 apljz himself klosli tia hiz buks, he luizez ol klam tu dc 
 aploz ov hiz famili or hiz ofijal siiperiur. It iz Jamful; for 
 he Jud rckolckt dat hiz famili hav a rjt tu luk for sumtig 
 yuisful in him tu repa dem for tel and ag/jeti. It iz unrc- 
 zunabel; fsr, unles hs giv up hiz evil \va and dm hiz dij,li 
 fatfuli, no blesig awats him, but he iz displezig tu hiz klas- 
 feloz, tu himself, and tu ol pepel. Fjnali, it iz oful; for jdel 
 habits qr apt tu bekum wurs, and de evil wun " olwaz misqif 
 seks for jdel yxut tu dui." But de skolur hm fatfuli apljz 
 himself tu \vurk, \vil obljj him hut teqez him, and plez el 
 pepel hm. no him. 
 
 REVIEW. (39.) Explain the peculiar character of I and r. (60.) How are 
 strokes with / and r-liooks to lie spoken? (61.) On which side of the vertical 
 and inclined straight strokes is the /-hook written ? Which side of the straight 
 horizontals ? Which side of the curves? (62.) To which of the strokes is the 
 Z-hook not written, and why t (63.) How do/and 3 take the Miook 1 (64.) How 
 are {-hook strokes vocalized'/ (C6.) What is said about a vowel sound between 
 the stroke consonant and the hook? (67.) How are vowels of the dot series 
 represented in the scheme for vocalizing the hook? How the dash series? 
 How the dlpthongs ? (68.) How may the s-circle be written to the initial end 
 of the hooked strokes? (70.) What is the rule for reading such compound 
 strokes? (71.) What are the Miook word-signs?
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 69 
 
 LESSON VII. 
 
 THE -HOOK DOUBLE CURVE FOR SS. 
 
 72. The r-hook is written on the left-hand side of the 
 vertical and inclined straight strokes, and on the underside 
 of the straight horizontals, just the reverse of the Z-hook. 
 Some of the curved strokes take this hook irregularly. 
 
 <\ pr 1 tr / y: <_ kr 
 
 *\ br T dr /* jr < gr 
 
 c Afr 
 
 ^ vr 
 
 f.-^ mr (^/ nr 
 
 73. It will be seen from the table that/, v, t and # 
 take the r-hook by assuming the positions of r, to, s and z; 
 thus, ^ frs, 7^ ovur, *)_ triu, . <c ) t?r, which they can do 
 without danger of ambiguity, since these letters never re- 
 ceive an initial hook: rr not being wanted, wr existing in 
 the tii-hook to the up-stroke r, and the sr zr being supplied 
 by the s-circle; thus, */, ^ and ^ 
 
 74. To indicate the r-hook on m and n, the strokes are 
 made heavy, which distinguishes them from wm icn; thus, 
 =^" onur, r^ dinur, <__ ^ gramur; y does not take any 
 hook, and hence n made heavy with a hook will not make 
 confusion. 
 
 Sometimes this hook, like the Z-hook, has to be made 
 rather indistinctly, as (I _ degre. \ _ x askrib. After _} 
 the downward r is used instead of the hook, as ,/L , fakur.
 
 70 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 76. The remarks in regard to vocalizing the /-hook 
 strokes apply in every particular to the r-hook strokes. It 
 should especially be borne in mind that the hooked strokes 
 are regarded as one letter, and spoken as the last syllables 
 in reaper, letter, acre, &c.; and that as a general thing the 
 hook is only used when no distinct vowel sound comes be- 
 tween another consonant and a following r; as in *\ /?ra, 
 c ~i Jcnu, I utitr, /^3<^ I e 3 ur - 
 
 76. When 1 is preceded by r (we), they may be 
 united; as in | wetur, and all its compounds. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XX. 
 
 1 - J I X- 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXI. 
 
 Drj, tve, dra, krj, gro, akur, odur, npur, aprjz, ajml, aprrav, 
 drem, brij, frek, frjda, muivur, klovur, tro, gadur, plegur, 
 eragur, pluniur, murdnr, manur, onurabel, ovurluk evuri- 
 hwar, Criminal, purqesez, transpoz, trembel, brudur, jurni, 
 jurnal, framur, Fransis, wundurful. 6ckur, jokur. 
 
 77. A limited license is taken with the above rule(75), as 
 ki the case of the Z-hook, and the r-hook is used when a dis- 
 tinct vowel sound does come between it and the previous 
 consonant ; in which case the same peculiar scheme of 
 vocalization is employed; thus, d^Dsrsur, | __ ciqrk, 
 ^^ piirsnn, cH- Tears, ^- <rt refaojrz, *\^ postyur. 
 
 n*
 
 MANUAL Oi" PHONOGRArHY. 7[ 
 
 READING EXERCISE XXI. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXII. 
 
 Gerful, karles, merli, nerli, Gqrlz, qq,rkol, paragruf, Jqvk, 
 Jqrpur, terni, purvurs, korsli, moraliti, nert, nurij, enermiti, 
 prelimiuari, fetyur, lektyur. 
 
 THE B-HOOK PRECEDE!} BY THE S-CIRCLE. 
 
 78. The s-circle precedes the r-liook in much the same 
 manner as it does the /-hook ; thus, it might be written *\ 
 spr, G tier; but since the s-circle alone never occupies 
 the r-hook side of the straight strokes, advantage is taken of 
 the circumstance, since a circle is more easily written than a 
 circle and a hook, to write simply the circle; thus, \* stra, 
 n ^ skrsm. '\ siaur, \ . si'kar, / srjur. But with the 
 curves this contraction cannot be made, since the simple 
 s-circle occupies the place ; hence the circle and hook must 
 both be written ; thus /"\ sufur, &^ s/tmttr, ^ sinur. 
 
 79. When the s-circle and r-hook come between two 
 straight consonants, it is often more convenient to write 
 the hook in addition to the circle than not ; as in ^"s\ 
 prospur, ~^\ eJcstra. 
 
 80. The same rules are .to be observed in vocalizing 
 and reading that were given for the Miook preceded by 
 the -s circle. (68, 69.)
 
 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 READING EXERCISE XXII. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXIII. 
 
 Sprj, stra, strjk, strem, skrap, skrrapel, skrjb, stregt, strugel 
 stranj, stroggur, supiir, sabur, si^premasi, sekresi, sjfur, suf- 
 urig, sevur, simur, suinur. 
 
 THE DOUBLE CURVE FOR 3X. 
 
 81. When a curved stroke is repeated, an angle is made 
 between the two ; thus, ^_ ff t ^-^-^ nn, which leaves 
 at liberty, to be used for some other purpose, the douUe- 
 lengtli strokes. A somewhat arbitrary, though convenient 
 use, is made of them thus : Doubling the length of a 
 curved stroke, adds the syllable tiur to the single strokes ; 
 thus, \^_fcifiur, '^-^anudur. These forms are used chief- 
 ly as word-signs foifq$ur,mu^ur ) ns&ur, (above the line,) 
 imufiur, radur, furctur. 
 
 82. .E-HOOK. WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 \ principle-al ^ from J) sure 
 
 \ re-member ^ every J pleasure 
 
 1 truth ^ tliree /-^ * Mr< re " mark 
 
 c care there, their ' ( more
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XXIII. 
 
 73 
 
 t 
 
 '^v r v ^\ 
 
 \ I- $ a 
 
 . < *X L_D 
 
 f -. 
 
 \ 
 
 W 
 
 f 
 
 ' X 
 
 -1
 
 MABUAL OF PUUSOCKAPHT. 
 
 ) . j, ' 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XX IV. 
 
 SemusNES. AND SOBRIETI. Nu'ig nobol iz tu be had but 
 wid seriusnes and sobrjeti. [ sobur pnrsun scks tu wa dc 
 trm valyui ov tigz and tia la no tresurx in trjfelz, but radiir 
 on hwot iz important. Nutig, pnhaps, strjks us az so stranj 
 and fralij" az tu obznrv pepel serins abst tqfelz, and trjflit} 
 wid serius tigz. Sosjeti snfurz konsidurabli bj de trjflur, bin 
 bats sobrjeti and seriusnes, and wud suiunr bav foli tia ruil 
 sqprem. Supljd wid strez tu pla wid, be sufurz <te strem ov 
 lif tu flo awa, until det puts in hiz sikel, and separats de strip 
 ov Ijf. NV iz no t|m fer sukur or eskap. He stqks wid 
 stregt and unerig am; strips bim ov el biz plez, strraz bix 
 hops intu de ar, and a strugel klozez lii/ karer. It ia bot 
 untrai and stranj tu konstrui seriusnes intu sadnes, er tu kon- 
 sidur sobqeti de sam az unbapines ; fer it iz skarsli posibel tu 
 be propurli ga or truili hapi, unles we no hwen tu be sobur. 
 
 REVIEW. [T2] On which side of the straight strokes is the r-hook written ? 
 [73.] What strokes do not take the j-hook ? In what way do,/', r, /, if, ta'.e t!u* 
 r-hook? Why this irregularity ? (74.) How do m and ,i take this hook ? (15.) 
 What is said about vocalizing! (77.) What is the license in regard to the use of
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 75 
 
 LESSON VIII. 
 
 TERMINAL HOOKS. 
 
 83. Since the hooked strokes, although representing 
 two elementary sounds, are written with nearly the same 
 facility as the simple strokes, the method of hooking is 
 applied to the termination of the consonant signs as well 
 as to the beginning. The most useful purposes which the 
 two terminal hooks can subserve, are to represent the very 
 frequent sound of n and the common final syllable fun, 
 heard in such words as passion, nation, 2>hysician, &c. 
 
 TABLE OF THE A'-HOOK. 
 \ P 11 
 
 
 J tn 
 
 i/ Q n 
 
 
 Jdn 
 
 c/ J n 
 
 Sj tn 
 
 J sn , 
 
 s/JJfn 
 
 (dn 
 
 t) zn 
 
 J 3" 
 
 vn _ .. _ 
 
 s~> s~ . 
 
 ^^ mn v_? nn A wn 
 
 84. On the straight strokes the n-hook is written on 
 the same side that the r-hook occupies ; that is, on the 
 left hand side of the vertical and inclined, and on the un- 
 der side of the horizontal strokes, embracing , of course, 
 the up-stroke ; ; while on the curves it is written on the 
 inner or concave side, whether to the left or right ; as 
 illustrated in the preceding table. 
 
 85. The n-hook might be written on all the strokes; 
 but on the y it would seldom, if ever, be of any advantage. 
 The fc-hook to the n answers every purpose that an n- 
 hook to the K would ; the h with a final hook would not 
 be so serviceable as the dot aspirate.
 
 76 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 86. Of the two forms for///,///, the down-stroke/ and 
 the up-stroke I are generally used, the others being em- 
 ployed only in connection with other strokes wh:n the 
 first mentioned would be unhandily written. 
 
 87. The w-hook is always the last thing, belonging to 
 a stroke, to be read; thus,^ pan, \^_, fin, (^ iiii, (/ din, 
 X\ run, /^ lin. If no distinct vowel sound is heard be- 
 tween the stroke and the hook, no vowel sign is written; 
 as. ]j^ listen, \J of an; where a third-place vowel sound 
 is heard, the sign must be placed on the outside of 
 the hook; thus, ,, - man, (,. dan, ^ wugnn; thus the 
 vocalization is the same as in other compound strokes. 
 
 88. Strokes having an initial circle or hook, of any 
 kind, may also have a final hook or circle ; as \. plan, 
 j* strait. 
 
 89. When the n is the last consonant in a word, fol- 
 lowed by a vowel, it must be written at length ; as ,^. 
 muni, ^ Gi>ia. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XXIV. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXV. 
 
 Pan, pin, bum, ton, dsn, qan, jern, kan, gon, fjn, van 
 den, Ji, ojan, ran, run, Ion, Ijn, mjn, mum, uon, nsn; open, 
 i^pen, gq,rdeu, Jaken, ergan, erfan, enliven, morn, wernig, felen, 
 balum, roman, wuman. Brsn, dran, rcstran, pqrdun, burden, . 
 refran, regan, enjen, abstan.
 
 MANFAL OF PHONOGRAPHY", 77 
 
 THE JT-HOOK FOLLOWED BY S. 
 
 90. When ? follows after n, without an intervening 
 vowel, the circle may be turned on the hook, as in the 
 case of s preceding the -hook and /--hook ; thus, \$fanz, 
 \^ s f/j, -'""a mam, % /" mafinz, /;$) refran:. With the 
 straight strokes, however, it is unnecessary to make both 
 the hook and circle, since the circle itself embraces the 
 hook, and will not be mistaken for s, which is always 
 written on the other side of the stroke ; thus, "^ pm, 
 \- dittis, X $anz, ^-^/ morns ,\ _ begim. 
 
 "91. The double circle for nsez is conveniently used on 
 the straight strokes, for such words as \-teiisez, ^ gansez, 
 V'O koitsikicensez ; but as a double circle cannot well bf: 
 formed on the hook attached to a curve, a stroke n must 
 be used in such words as \^r) finalises '^^9 evinsez. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XXV. 
 
 '% j- 
 
 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXVI. 
 
 _ Panz, benz, penz, tcnz, qanz, ganz, mornz, burnz, orfanz 
 vjnz, Junz, balans, remanz, Junnanz, pron-sns; komplanz, ek.s- 
 planz, akerdans, kwestyunz, kristyanz, enjenz, inkljnz. Prin- 
 sez, dansez, kondensez, glansez, ekspensez, konsekwensex, 
 pronunsez, advansez, konjensez.
 
 78 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 92. X-HOOK WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 ^ upon 3 can (j than 
 
 \j been Vo phonography /"* alone 
 
 J done \^f phonographer ^ ^ men 
 
 (/ generally V^ phonographic <^_? opinion 
 
 READING EXERCISE XXVI. 
 
 \ \^p ^/? D o n 
 
 nT^' (~ I x 
 
 - 5 ^ I 3 ^. ^ 
 
 \ ^ 
 
 ..i \ A A 
 V 
 
 "V'-f "n/'X r
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXVII. 
 
 KUUEJ. Trui kurej haz its orijcn in vurti],. Animal fer- 
 Icsnes puts on de scmblans ov kurej, and iz ofen taken fer it, 
 bj n jn t ov ten arnug men ; but de falasi ov dis opinyun haz 
 bin j'on bj jenural ekspericns, for pruulens iz ekwali esenjal tu 
 it. Tu at an trui kurej, entur upon nutig rajli, egzamiu AVC! 
 h\vot de ijyui iz Ijkli tu be, and t'erm yuir opinyun befor yui 
 begin, ^li-g kan yen den fer, if yui bav gon tu \vurk upon prin- 
 sipel, and hav dun el yui kan dvu; or Shwj Jud yui fel a kon- 
 surn for konsekwensez, hwiq hav bin elredi wad bj yui. In 
 humbel reljans upon de asistans ov Heven, go openli and Avid 
 konfidens tu finij yuir planz. c[is simpel fat alon, de relians 
 ov qildren upon a Hevenli Fqdur, \vil kari yra safli trui. Re- 
 membur dis truit, hyevur, dar iz jenurali mor tvui kurej Jem 
 bj a pasiv rezistans tu de skorn and snerz ov men, dan haz 
 evur bin sen in eni bodili defens hwotsoevur. Trui kurej in 
 bj no menz savej vjolens, ner a fuil-hq,rdi insensibiliti tta 
 danjur; nor a hedstrog rajnes tu run sudenli intu it; ner a 
 burnig frenzi broken luis from de guvurnig p-sur ov rezun ; 
 but it iz a seren, furm deturminig -de kurej ov a man, but 
 nevur de fersnes ov a tjgur. 
 
 REVIEW. (83.) What are final hooks? (84.) On which side of tho 
 straight strokes is the n-hook written ? On which side of the curves? (85.) 
 On what strokes is the n-hook not written? (86.) Which forms oftlie 
 In. and fii are generally used? (87.) How are the n-hook strokes 
 vocalized? (89.) In what case must the stroke n be employed? (90.) 
 How is the circle written to the n-hook on the curves ? How on the straight 
 strokes? (91.) What is the double circle when written in the n-hook place? 
 (92.) Designate the straight stroke word-signs ; the curved strokes.
 
 80 MANUAL OF PHONOGQAPHT. 
 
 LESSON IX. 
 
 J.y-HOOK VOWEL CONTRACTIONS DISSYLLABIC DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 93. This hook is entirely arbitrary ; that is, it is not 
 phonetic at all, in that it is but one sign used to represent 
 three sounds ; but it is nevertheless more consistent than 
 the old method of writing, for it always represents the 
 same sounds. Of course the means exist in the alphabet 
 for writing out the syllable in full, if preferred. 
 
 TABLE OF THE 2.Y-HOOK.. 
 
 \> P/n b t/n / qjn _^ k/n 
 
 \i bjn I d/n /, j/n -, gfn 
 
 V} flu (; t/n % sfn J J-/n 
 
 \j vjn (j d/n ^ z/n (J $$n 
 
 ^/r/n ?C IJn 
 'O mjn vO Dfn <^ 9/n &? h/n 
 
 94. On the straight strokes, the /?*-hook is made on 
 the opposite side from the n-hook ; and on the curves it is 
 made in the position of the -hook, but double its size, as 
 illustrated above. 
 
 95. The most general use of this hook is at the ter- 
 mination of words; as 'N^ opfun, X/* porfun. If a vowel 
 follow the stroke on which the hook is written, it is read 
 between the stroke and the hook ; as V^) naym, ^S 7 -* 
 rela-fun, .[/? adorafun \j kofisiduraf/m. m 
 
 96. The/M-hook is often conveniently used in the mid- 
 dle of a word also ; thus, j <^ dikfunari,
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 81 
 
 97. The 5-circIe m?y be added by writing it distinctly 
 oa the inside of these hooks, to the straight strokes as 
 well as the curves ; thus, [ kondifitnz, l ~"~^3 invaymz. 
 
 98. WORD-SIGNS. "\zobjekf /in, \^ aubjckfun, 
 
 READING EXERCISE XXVII. 
 \ 
 
 v 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXVIII. 
 
 Pojun, stajun, kompajun, ambijun, kondijun, negajun, 
 komycDiiikaJim, dqra/an, petijun, iudikajun, fugun, inva3ufi, 
 ilngun, revoliijun, konaolajun, emojun, admijun, nafun, am- 
 yuinijun. Prof^gun, refermajun, selekjun, delegajun, deprj- 
 vafun, Hipurvijnn, kohegun. 
 
 Petijunur, eksekiijunur, okajunal, revolujunari. Pajunz, 
 sedijunz, vigunz, efiisunz, mijunz, nojunz, administrajunz. 
 
 99. VOWEL CONTRACTIONS. The vowels being so simply 
 and easily formed, but little is to be desired in the way of 
 abbreviating the method of writing them; but as consider- 
 able time is lost by lifting the pen in passing from one to 
 another, it is no small advantage to write two vowel sounds
 
 82 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 in one sign, where it can be done without ambiguity. 
 Such a contraction is quite common in words where the 
 short vowel i immediately precedes another of the simple 
 vowels ; as in the words varius, efl",toi,i, enunfiafuti, rafio: 
 becoming nearly like vtiryns, ejlmrya, enunfyftfun, rafi/o. 
 This coalition of vowels so nearly produces the articula- 
 tions ya, yn, yo, yu, that the signs for these improper diph- 
 thongs are used in such cases ; thus, (^^ varius, J^}* 
 asofiafun, ^,-^r* rafio. 
 
 103. DISSYLLABIC DIPHTHONGS. The following is an 
 additional scale of diphthongs, simply formed, and some 
 of which are very useful: 
 
 < ei <|ai <J q,i > fei >joi > uii; as in 
 
 < Mai, snot, \^ o'nj |> stolk t [ > Intl. The siyn 
 
 for oi may also be used for oe in a few words that would 
 otherwise be inconveniently written; as C O X h/censoec- 
 ur, hioarsvevur, loest, Sj-c. 
 
 101. The close diphthong heard in the word aye, though 
 differing but little from either i or qi, is written thus, v 
 
 READING EXERCISE XXVIII. 
 
 ' > ' -^ i
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 83 
 
 /*,,* 
 
 '> ' 1; 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 *s7 ^ (. ^ 
 
 UxX, r ^ ; r 
 
 s ^ 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXIX. 
 
 Envius, eronius, variajun enunjiajun, glorius, serius, pali- 
 ajun, aleviajun, homiopati. 
 
 Klai, flei, biloi, stoikal, loest, gluii. 
 
 Ambijun iz de okagun ov sedijun, konfugun, and desola- 
 Jun, and arezez evuri evil emojun and pajun. 
 
 An qa, pikig up a Ijunz skin h\vk had bin tron awa, put it 
 on; and runig intu de wudz and pastyurz, began to bra, in im- 
 itajun ov de Ijunz ror, hwiq trui de floks intu teribcl kcmfi^un. 
 At legt de onur kam alog and wud hav bin struk wid ken- 
 sturnafun olso, but upon hiz lisnig mor klosli, he suin se de 
 ihl^uu in de vas, and se, morovur, de qscz erz stikig ^t. Wid 
 no hezitajun he ran up tu de qs and wid hiz kujel bet him se- 
 verli, saig : "Yui foil, yui hav bin de okagun ov skarig de floks, 
 but i'l hav yui tu no eldo yoo luk Ijk a Ijun, yet. yui bra Ijk 
 an qs. 
 
 Aplikafun. Afektajun wil Juirli ekspoz a raan tu derigun 
 in proporjun tu hiz asumpjun. 
 
 REVIEW. (94.) On which side of the straight strokes is the _/-hook made ? 
 How is it made to the curves? (95.) How is the/n-hook read? (96.) Give new 
 examples of the two situations in which it may be used. (97.) How is the 
 -circle added ? (98.) What are the word signs? (99.) Explain the vowel 
 contractions. (100.) Th di-wllftbic diphthongs. (101.) How is aye written?
 
 84 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 LESSON X . 
 
 HALF-LENGTH STROKES. 
 
 102. In consequence of the frequent recurrence of the 
 sounds t and d, it is found very convenient to give them 
 another and more contracted representation ; it is also 
 rendered necessary by the fact that one frequently follows 
 the other, and since they are both perpendicular signs 
 their repetition at full length would carry the writing too 
 far below the line for convenience. 
 
 103. But every philosophical means has already been 
 resorted to for the purpose of giving to Phonography the 
 ultimatum of brevity ; and if the following scheme has 
 only the semblance of philosophy in it, it will be as much 
 as can be expected. In chemistry, it is well known, the 
 more a substance a poison, or steam, for instance is 
 concentrated, the greater is its power : so, in order to get 
 a repetition of the consonants t and d without writing 
 them at kngth, the single strokes j and | , by being 
 compressed into half tlieir length, are made to represent 
 the addition of a t and d. And the principle is extended, 
 by license, to the other consonants. 
 
 104. The strokes y, y, w, h, are not made half-length 
 for the addition of t and d. 
 
 105. To illustrate this principle, suppose the word 
 faded is to be written : there are three consonants in it, 
 all downward strokes, which would carry the last d the 
 length of two strokes below the line ; but by making the 
 first d half its usual length, another d is supposed to be 
 added, and the word is thus neatly written: I; faded.
 
 MAM'AL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 85 
 
 The principle is further illustrated by the following 
 words: 
 [__ toJc, Q hkt; A rap, /* rapt; A. UP, /^ livd. 
 
 106. A vowel before a half length consonant is read 
 before both letters; as \ apt, ') est, ~7\ qrt, _^ akl; but 
 when placed after, it is read immediately after the primary 
 letter, and the added t or d follows it; thus, ~ koi, ~^\ rot, 
 \ spit, 1^ kontemt, f*. lilel. 
 
 107. As a general thing the light strokes, when halved, 
 are followed by the light sound, t, and the heavy ones 
 by the heavy sound, d; thus, ( tet, ^> gift, ) ymsd, 
 
 - fot. This is always the case where no vowel inter- 
 venes between the sound of the stroke and the t or d ex- 
 pressed by the halving, as in the above words. But 
 under other circumstances a heavy consonant sound often 
 follows a light one, and vice versa ; and in such cases 
 the half-length light strokes must express the addition 
 of d , and the heavy ones that of t; as ^~^^' melted, % S^ 
 pspeld, /^V_A; alfabtt. 
 
 108. Since, however, the heavy strokes occupying the 
 places of r, I, in, and n, are not made half-length, these 
 four letters, when followed by a d, are, for the sake of 
 distinction, made heavy ; as / g&rd, y ^> ^\_ 
 formd; and light when a t follows; as "^ qrt, j^r de/it, 
 "S^ remit. The I is struck upward when t is to be 
 added, and when d, downward, since in this direction it is 
 more easy to make a heavy stroke. 
 
 109. A stroke beginning or ending ^ith the s circle, or 
 either of the hooks, or both hook and circle, is also made 
 half-length, when necessary ; thus, ^* sped, \ swift, T 
 tret, ^ Tcomplst, *\ frat, \'strfit, f seteld; ** bedz, ^ mats, 
 \ band, \> pafent, <^. plant, rr? grand; the order of read- 
 ing being the same as in the full length strokes.
 
 86 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 110. It must be observed that when the circle s is writ- 
 ten to a half-length consonant it must be read after the 
 added t or d; because the s is added to the consonant after 
 it has been halved; thus, \. pat, \> pals, (not past,) 
 V- f*t,'\ofats, (not fast.) 
 
 111. Half- length consonants, unconnected with other 
 strokes, should be employed only for words containing but 
 one vowel; as ^ trod, ^ntf; and the two full length let- 
 ters should be used in words containing two or more vow- 
 
 I A ^ 
 
 els; as V avvd, ^~ "] ytunit. 
 
 112. The past tense of verbs ending like \^ pqrt, are 
 more conveniently written thus, \y^ pqrted, than \/?| 
 
 113. There are a few words in which t and d occur 
 three times in succession, which make it necessary to sep- 
 arate the half-length from the long stroke; thus,.) , atitifd. 
 
 I/"* 
 
 114. Since the half-lengths occupy only a portion of the 
 usual space 3 they follow the rules given to the horizontals, 
 of accented vowel positions, above or on the line according 
 as the consonant has a first place, or a second or third- 
 place vowel; thus, 1 stret, ^ spred, ^-* find, \^A fund. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XXIX. 
 
 V 
 
 s
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 87 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXX. 
 
 Fet, fat, Jet, lat, mat, not, spot, skot, savd, selt, snijt, sent; 
 pent, bend, kontend, erdand, enjemd, kjnd, refjnd, legtend, 
 land, m^nd; pants, bandz, pretendz, kontents, disk^nts; frend, 
 advent, hqrdli, survd, konsvimd, holdz, heted, habit, hurld, 
 perild, uprj,t, gqrded, deljted, upwurd, purssvd, qjld, lektyurd. 
 
 115. Under certain circumstances t and d should not be 
 represented by half-length strokes: First, When a vowel 
 follows t or d at the end of a word; thus having . f~ gill, 
 we cannot make gilti by placing i after the half-length /, 
 for it would then re&Affilit; hence the stroke t must be writ- 
 ten in order to give a place after it for the vowel ; thus 
 
 . ( \ gilti. Second, In many words of one syllable, where 
 
 if the vowels were omitted, or indistinct, they would be mis- 
 taken for the vowel word-signs ; thus, ?S bad, instead of 
 
 \ ; _} put, instead of V Third. When the half-stroke 
 would not make a distinct angle with the preceding or fol- 
 lowing stroke , as *" i amend, instead of ' ; and in 
 some other cases that will suggest themselves to the learner. 
 
 116. HALF-LENGTH WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 c ( particular ( cannot ( Lord 
 
 \ opportunity ~ \ account * \ word 
 
 \ spirit _ ( God ^ ( immediate-ly 
 
 p told ~ good (made 
 
 1 toward e- great ^ might 
 
 ( gentlemen ^, after ^j ^ not 
 
 " ^gentleman ( thought ^nature 
 
 ^ quite . ( that ^ went 
 
 "" ^ could ^ i without ^ ^ wont 
 
 =- called ) establish-ment ^ under 
 
 c~ according-ly ? short </ world
 
 88 MANUAL OF PHOJs'OGKAPHT. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XXX. 
 
 v V Y' % V 
 
 s~< a. v> <\ , ^ ; 
 
 iv \ v ^ X 
 
 ks 5 v^x -\ \ / x^ 
 
 'L 
 
 ' I J 
 
 \ 
 
 ) I
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGIIAPHY, 89 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXXI. 
 L6KENS LQZI, 6R LURNIW FQNOGBAFI. 
 
 Tu lurn, er not tu lurn, dat iz de kwestyun: 
 
 hwedur 'tiz noblur in de mind tu sufur 
 
 dekompleks kwibelz ov ambigyuius Loghand; 
 
 er tu opoz wid pen and vers a t^zand erurz, 
 
 and, bj opozin, end dem? Tu lurn, tu rjt, 
 
 and, bj FonograSi, tu sa we end 
 
 de felsitiz, de tszand tedyus ilz 
 
 Loghand prodnsez 'tiz a konsumajun 
 
 devstli tu be wijt. Tu rjt; tu lurn; 
 
 tu lurn! but deu tu wurk ; qi, dqrz de rub* 
 
 for, tu akwjr dis qrt, hwot terl ma kum 
 
 ar j kan Jufel of mj habits old, 
 
 Jud giv me pez: dai"z de respekt 
 
 dat maks Grtografi ov so log \if', 
 
 for S hui wud bar de inq,murabel ilz ov Loghand, 
 
 its bqvbarus legb, its ambigniti, 
 
 its qild-tormentig difikultiz, and 
 
 its wont ov ruil, tuigedur wid de terl 
 
 hwiq pajent skqbz pv suq a sistem hav, 
 
 hwen he himself mjt hiz relesment mak 
 
 wid a Duzen Lesunz. Illva yet wud ymz 
 
 dis bqrbarus relik ov sr bjgon daz, 
 
 but dat de dred ov sumtig tu be lurnt, 
 
 (dat wek unmanli ez, from buiz embras 
 
 no lazi man kan got,) puzelz de wil, 
 
 and males him radur bar e'n felsitiz, 
 
 dan lurn de trait he yet noz nutig ov. 
 
 flus indolens tra eft retqrdz de mjnd; 
 
 and dus de progres ov a ytusful qrt 
 
 iz qekt, but not prevented; for detjm 
 
 wil kum hweu dis sam bref Fonografi 
 
 Jal trjumf OT its fjnal oponent. 
 
 I'EVIEW. (102.) What is the necessity fora second mode of represeuting ' 
 e;id rf ? (1C3.) \Vbat is tlieir second ropreseutation? Explain the philosophy of 
 halving a consonant. (104.) "What strokes are not written half-length? (107.; 
 What is the general rule for knowing whether a t or a d is added? In what 
 case does this rule never fail? (108.) Whathalf-lengthlight strokes are mado 
 heavy for the addition of d f In what direction are the half-lengths I and r 
 struck, for tlio addition of d? for the addition of t? (109.) May strokes hav- 
 ing initial and terminal circles and hooks be halved? (110.) When the circle;.- 
 is written to a half-length sign, is it read before or after the added t or d ? 
 (111.) Should a half-length letter alone be used with two vowels? (113.) How 
 are words written in which t and d occur three times in succession? (114.) 
 "What is the ruls for the position of half-length strokes? (115.) Wli;;t is the first 
 fiisj in which a stroke should not be halved for a following t or </? I'll a 
 Etui? the 3rd? <,11G.) Give the first column of word-signs; the 2nd; the 3rd.
 
 90 MANTAV OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 LESSON XI. 
 
 SPECIAL CONSONANT CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 117. The s-circle, initial and final hooks, and half- 
 leugth stems, are contracted modes of writing that admit 
 of general application, and of perfect vocalization. But 
 as Phonography studies the greatest degree of abbrevia- 
 tion, consistent with legibility, a few combinations of con- 
 sonants, and some syllables of frequent occurrence, are 
 provided with special forms of contraction, some of which 
 only are capable of vocalization. Of these there are the 
 frequent at, in the past participle of verbs ending in s, in 
 the superlative of adjectives, and in many other words, as 
 pressed, wisest, slake ; the sir in the comparative of ad- 
 jectives, &c., as faster, sister; the initial insfr, of instruc- 
 tion. &c., and the final s-slm of some nouns, as position', 
 all of which it would often be inconvenient to write in the 
 usual manner. There are also prefixes, derived from the 
 Latin, of frequent occurrence, but of inconvenient length, 
 as accom-plish, incou-siderate, recom-pense, enter-prise, 
 clrcum-cenL The method of writing these contractions 
 constitutes the last lesson proper of the system, and is one 
 that should receive special attention, in order that the 
 somewhat arbitrary mode of writing shall not be forgotten. 
 
 There is a kind of principle manifested, however, in 
 most of the contraction?, which renders it almost impossi- 
 ble for them to escape the memory, if they be once thor- 
 oughly mastered and have been transfixed by the magical 
 influence of practice.
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 91 
 
 THE LOOPS ST AND STS. 
 
 1 1 8. The plan of writing si in some shorter way than 
 by the circle s and stroke t, was devised chiefly for the 
 purpose of still farther obviating the difficulty of words 
 running too far below the line. By simply lengthening 
 the s-circle to one-third the length of the stroke on 
 which it occurs, the sound of t is aded; thus, >o bas, 
 
 \> lastf^^^^nyvs, -<-'"0 A rrjn-at ; \g vast, <i \>prcst. 
 In other words, a loop written one-third the length of 
 the consonant to which it is attached, represents the com- 
 bined sounds of s and t, with no vowel between them; and 
 by license it may aiso signify zd, as in <^=> Jelozd. 
 
 119. The s or z may be added for plurals, &c., by 
 striking the loop through the long sign and forming the 
 circle on the opposite side ; as s^ bests, ^g^gests^g nests. 
 
 120. This loop may also be written initially; as in the 
 words '\ s'op, -f stat, \__ staf, V Q stjl, '^^ stem. 
 And it may be used between two strokes, only when writ- 
 ten to /, d, (j,j; as kv testifi, ^VT~7 disthjgwif, fc/ justifi. 
 
 121. When this loop is written in the position of the 
 r-hook, like the -s-circle it takes the additional power of r; 
 thus, ^\ sttnpnr c ~ stifcur; and when turned in the 
 n-hook position, it assumes the power of that hook ; as 
 
 J- koi/dei/sf, __^ .igenst. 
 
 122. Half-length strokes also admit of the sMoop, to 
 a limited extent ; as ' midst, ^J). student. 
 
 123. When a word begins with a vowel, followed by 
 at or zd, the half-length stroke, and not the loop, must be 
 used; as "}.^ histuri, t-> wizdum, 2-^ sistem. 
 
 124. By extending the loop to two thirds the length 
 of the stroke, r is added ; as in the words c x Wcbstur, 
 
 $ sistur, ^ mastur. This loop should not be used initially
 
 92 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 It may be turned on the w-hook side of the stroke to ex- 
 press nstr; as X punstur, and the circle s may bo used 
 as with the &l loop ; thus, ^ festurz, "^>. musturz. 
 125. WORD SIGN. The *Moop is used as a word- sign 
 for first, written on the line and inclined to the right, 
 thus, $ 
 
 READING EXERCISE XXXI. 
 
 \ 
 
 r -^ / x -\ \ -r 1 
 
 \ 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXXII. 
 
 Past, host, dust, tast, qest, kost, gust, fest, safest, rosfc, arest, 
 avszd, rust, lest, last, mist, most, amu,zd, fjnest, deivsust; stuip, 
 stedfast, stagnant, stif, stov, ster, stil, stem; stopur, stajur, sta^- 
 ur; distigktli, justifikajun; bests, basts, kasts, rezists, infests, 
 masts; stilt, sturd, stord, stamt; kondenst, agenst. Bostur, 
 blustur, fastur, blistur, sistur, impostur ; punstur, spinstur/.. 
 Stated, advanst, suprest, pretekst, prodq,st.
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 93 
 
 READING EXERCISE XXXII. 
 
 \_s, 
 
 / 
 
 X 
 
 ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 / . 
 
 x 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXXIII. 
 LUV. Polok. 
 
 Hal, holi luv! Q.-8 wurd dat sumz el blis, 
 givst and resevst el blis, fulest hwen most 
 (k$ givst! sprig -heel of el sr hapines, 
 depest hwen most iz dren! emblem ov God! 
 ovfloig most hwen gratest numburz drigk; 
 ontirli blest, bekoz fe sekst no mor, 
 hopst not, ner ferst, btit on de prezent livst, 
 and holdst purfekjun smjlig in djn qrmz. 
 Dizurnur ov de rjpest graps ov jer, 
 j"? gadtiret and selektet wid hur hand
 
 94 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPH?. 
 
 el finest relijez, ol farcst sjts, 
 
 el rarest odurz, ol divjnest ssndz, 
 
 el lets, ol feligz derest tu de sol, 
 
 and brigz de holi mikstytir horn, and filz 
 
 dehqrt wid el sxipurlativz ov blis. 
 
 ANOMALOUS A r AND N. 
 
 126. When the sounds spr, sir, and &kr follow n in such 
 words as inspirafun, instruct, inskr'ib, it is impossible, "with 
 the use heretofore made of n, to write the circle sr to the 
 strokes p, t, k, without making it on the back of the n, 
 thus, ~^\ which is difficult to do, and unseemly when 
 done. To obviate this difficulty the stroke ----- is permitted, 
 in these cases, to be struck backward or vertically, as the 
 nature of the case may require ; but, as there is never 
 occasion for any vowel but the first-place /, the stroke for 
 the n need not be written full length; indeed, it may be re- 
 garded as the n hook used initially; thus, c jj_. ) instrukfun , 
 
 f**\ -x 
 
 \ insiipuralel, ? \^ inskrlpfun. 
 
 127. In a considerable class of words the syllable////! 
 follows after the sound of 5 or z, as pozifun, dssi^un, &c., 
 which would require that the strokes for these sounds, 
 with the fun hook appended, be employed; but such 
 would be inconvenient forms, and hence it is allowable to 
 use the circle and turn a hook for fun on the opposite side 
 of the stroke ; thus, J* design, ;^ si/pozifun; the same 
 license is allowed for the loops st and sir, thus, ^jv^ 
 molestafun, '|^ ilustrsfun. This hook is used in rome 
 such words as ^p c purswa^un; and it may al 20 be used 
 when followed by the termination al; as, p? pozifunal. 
 
 128. If it be required to write the syllable/.>/, after s, 
 the circle for the latter combination may be employed, and
 
 MANC7AL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 95 
 
 the hook turned on the opposite side ; thus, ^^ compensa- 
 fun. The plural may be formed, in all these cases, by add- 
 ing the circle to the y?z-hook ; thus, ^ sypurstifunz, ,j 
 kondenssLfunz. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XXXIII. 
 
 "TV dK > 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXXIV. 
 
 
 Insijpurabli, instrukt, instruirasnt, instrramcutaliti, Inskrjbd, 
 inskruitabel ; pozijun, desigun, kezajtin, sivilizajun, miizijan ; 
 rnanifestafun, inkrustajuu, kondensajun, dispensajun ; sup- 
 tozijunz, akiizajunz, ilustrajunz, sensajunz, 
 
 Studi kondensajun in yuir stjl ov kompozijun, for do it ma 
 kost yui sum trubel at furst, yet it wil asist yui tu mastur 
 purspikn,iti and presi^un, on de akwizijun ov bwiq, qast and 
 ptfurful rjtig iz bast. Prorated bj a dezjrfer de akwizijun ov 
 \velt, man stemz de stermz ov de ojan, landz on evuri kost, in 
 spit ov de gratest danjurz ar^zig from kljmet or de hand ov 
 unsiviljzd man. Relijun foloz in de wak ov komurs, kontcnd-^ 
 in agenst its evilz ; and dus, hwjl savej najunz q,r blest \vid ds 
 l^t ov sivilizajun, da qr put in pozejun ov de wurd ov inspiiv 
 ujun, and tet (le egust trmdz ov de gospel dispensajun.
 
 96 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 KEVJEW. (117.) What arc the sp.ji-i.il ronsonant contractions? (11.?.) How 
 are st and sd written 1 (119.) How may the circle he added? (l-JO.) In v 
 nations may the loop be written? (121.) When written in the plao-a of tlrj 
 r-hook what power docs it give the stroke? What, when wiiif-n iii tir ,.-!i,,<>k 
 (ICi!.) How should the words wi>W aiKl x'uileat be v/rilton' (123.) In 
 what case is the loop not to be used? (124.) Hew is.i.V wrHt-'n? What effect 
 ilojs it have on this loop to place it on the -ho<\ s.Jo? If the sound of x 
 follow, how is it wrtten? (125). Wh;it is the word-sign in this lesson? (1C.) 
 \\ lum is it necessary to i^e Hie anomalous mode of wrrtlhg n 1 How is it writ- 
 ten? (127.) Under "what circumstance is the anomftlous />< employoil? Huu 
 i . H written? (128.) Suppose it bo required to write/.; nftcr .<, how is H Jone? 
 if follow the//i, how may it be written?
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY, 9"* 
 
 LESSON XII. 
 
 PREFIXES AND OTHER CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 129. PREFIXES. The following are some additional 
 prefixes and affixes that are found convenient and sug- 
 gestive with the advanced phonographer. They should 
 be written near the word, but not joined. 
 Akom is expressed by a heavy dot, placed before the in- 
 
 itial end of the following consonant ; thus, \^; akum- 
 
 jpani, \^ ako'inplis. 
 Swkum, by a small circle placed in the first vowel posi- 
 
 ition of the next consonant; as, ^f surkiimstans, 
 
 v~~\ surkumskr'ib. 
 Dekom, by | as, I F> dt-kompozifun. 
 Dlskom, diskon, by ^ as, \>o^' diskonsurled. 
 Iitkom, inkon, by ^~ x written above the other part of the 
 
 word ; as, v ^ inkomplet, 'L> r inkon sistent. 
 Intur, iutro, by ^ in any position near the following 
 
 letter; as, "\j: inturvy, ~~~\^-, introdukfun. By some 
 
 kind of license, the frequent word inturest, is allowed 
 
 to be written thus: " j the prefix int/ir being united 
 
 with the stroke st. 
 
 Irrekon, by ^\ as, ~^\ v ^> irrekonsfiabel. 
 Magnu, magni, by s~~^ written above the after part of the 
 
 word ; as, :^-*Tb magnanimus, ^_ magnif}. 
 Rekog, by / as, /'$ ^ rekogn'iz. 
 Rekom, rekon, by /^ as, /, rekomend, -^v >S rekon- 
 
 Self, by a circle at the middle place of the next consonant ; 
 as, / sel/if. 
 9
 
 98 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHT. 
 
 Unkom, unkon, by x __ written on the line; as ^^ 
 unkomun, -^X, unkondifunal. 
 
 It is allowable to represent a prefix which is similar in 
 sound to one of the foregoing, by one of the signs there 
 furnished; thus, ^ may represent entur, as well as irttitr; 
 and^-^ may represent enkum, inkum, as well as inkom, inkon. 
 
 130. AFFIXES. The following affixes are written near 
 the preceding part of the word : 
 
 Bilili, by \ as, y\ durabiliti, "^^ probabiliti. 
 
 L ; , by * written after the word; thus, \^f pafentli, 
 
 ffkonstantli. But where it can be written on with- 
 
 out lifting the pen, it is better to do so ; thus, ^?- 
 
 abund nntli. 
 Ment, by <r> as, -^ ttonment, fa Contentment. But H 
 
 may often be written without disconnecting it from 
 
 the body of the word. 
 Self, by a circle, as, miself. Sehz, by making the 
 
 circle double size ; as, (o tfemsehz, fo ywrsehz. 
 y ^ as, "[V lerdfip. 
 
 131. A word-sign may be used as a prefix or an affix ; 
 as, ^ advantajus, it. heraflur. 
 
 I 
 
 READING EXERCISE XXXIV. 
 C oo v II- 
 
 A L 
 
 PJ ) 
 
 <\ .U\
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 99 
 
 r v . -L . ' 
 
 . . x-s c J- s 
 
 v 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXXV. 
 
 Akomplij'ment, akomodajun, surkumfleks, surkuranavigat, 
 dekompoz, diskontinyuid, inkorapatibel, inkonsolabel, intur- 
 tipjun, introdn,s, magnifisent, rekognijun, rekonsiliajun, self- 
 ajurans, unkompromjzig, posibiliti, konsekwentli, himself, 
 hersmanjip, darfor, displegur. 
 
 Lurn tui akoraodat yuirself tu surkurastansez. Surkum- 
 stanjal evidens Jiad bs kojusli enturtand agenst hqinan IJf. 
 Be surkuraspekt in ol ymr \vaz. It iz unkonfermabel tu truit 
 tu sa dat kompajun, frendjip, &s., <\r at botura onli selfijnes 
 in disgjz; bekoz it iz we srselvz hui fel plcgur er pan in de gud 
 or evil ov udurz; for de menig ov self-luv iz, not dat itiz j.dat 
 luvz, but dat i luv miself. 
 
 If de urt be surkumskrjbd at ds ekwatur, we obtan its grat- 
 est surkumfurens, hwiq iz abt 24,780 mjlz; a magnittid hwiq 
 WB kan not turm inkonsevabel, eldo we ma not enturtan a veri 
 distigkt jdea ov it, muq mor wud de savcj be unkonjus ov de 
 fakt and unkonvinst, in epjt ov ymr endevurz tu pruiv it. 
 Per unlea tanjibel pruif akumpani de astir Jun, ym kan not 
 akoraplij yuir am, and sue; pruif iz unkontrovurtibli imposibel.
 
 100 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 131. NOMINAL CONSONANT. It is sometimes necessary 
 to express one or more vowels or diphthongs without a con- 
 sonant. In this case 'f \ \s , may be employed as out- 
 lines having no specific values, to which the. vowels may 
 be placed ; thus, ^ for Edward or Edmund 'j A for Al- 
 fred, %" Eah, an Irish family surname, &c. The stroke- 
 vowels may be struck through the nominal consonant, as 
 T O for Oliver, -\- U. Proper names should be written 
 
 in full when they are known. 
 
 132. STROKE PI. The stroke-A is generally used when 
 it is initial, and is followed by s; thus, ^* hasen; also 
 when r and a vowel, or r and some other consonant folio v; 
 
 ^ .S f ^ ^] 
 
 thus, ^ hurl, f_ -^/" horizontal ^ ' hurt; also, 
 in words chat contain no other consonant than hi, and end 
 in a vowel; thus, (= ^- holt. 
 
 133. VOCALIZING THE LARGE CIRCLE. The large cir- 
 cle ss is considered to represent a syllable containing the 
 vowels i or e, thus, s?' or se:. It may be vocalized to 
 express almost any vowels or diphthongs ; as, ^0_ pur- 
 swaziv. 
 
 134. When^> occurs between m and /, and k between 
 y and /, (the p and k being organically inserted in 
 speech, in passing to the next consonant,) these letters 
 may be omitted ; thus, *s limp, ^ limt, <7~*< t>tamp, 
 ey< sta,mt t ^y( aykfus, JJJ distiykfun. 
 
 In cases where t comes between s and another conso- 
 nant, the t may generally be omitted without detriment to 
 legibility; thus, ^p"~ mostli, ^ resiles, ^^ 2 )ost ~ 
 pon, "~ tr ~ mislstk.
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 101 
 
 (35. OF THE. The connective phrase "of the," 
 which merely points out that the following noun is in the 
 possessive case, is intimated by writing the words between 
 which it occurs near to each other, thus showing by their 
 proximity that the one is of the other ; thus, 
 
 luv ov 4s bqt/ful, ^^~ subjekt ov $e wurk. 
 
 REVIEW. (129.) How is the prefix accent written ? Surcum ? Decom ? 
 
 - (131.) Expla 
 
 consonant. (132.) Under what circumstances is the stroke h generally used? 
 [1T13.) How may the double circle be vocalized? (134.) When may p be omit- 
 tcd j i, and t? (135.) What is said of the phrase of tte?
 
 102 MANUAL OF 1'HONOORAPIIT. 
 
 LESSON XIII. 
 
 UKVOCALIZKD WRITING PHRASEOGRAPHY, 40. 
 
 136. As in some of the preceding exercises the man- 
 ner of writing certain words has been introduced that 
 would not admit of full vocalization, the learner may com- 
 mence omitting some of the least prominent vowels in his 
 common words. As a general thing these omissions 
 should be the unaccented vowels. But in reporting, no 
 vowels are inserted, except an occasional one that is nec- 
 essary to distinguish one word from another, where both 
 have the same consonant outline. It requires a good de- 
 gree of familiarity with the system to be able to read this 
 style of writing readily. After reports are taken, however, 
 it is customary to go over the manuscript and insert the 
 prominent vowels, so that any one may afterward read it 
 with ease. 
 
 137. Positive and negative words containing the same 
 consonants, should be distinguished thus : When the 
 word commences with r, (except this letter is followed by 
 m,) write the upward r; for the positive word, and the 
 downward one for the negative ; thus, s\ rr//onsi- 
 bel, <\ iresponsibel ; /*> re:oli[t, 0~ irezolyt. The 
 common words (~ mortal, <^- _ imerUl , ^-/ matt-- 
 rial, J23- itnjitfrial, may be distinguished by writing 
 the positive on the line, and the negative above it. In all 
 other case?, insert the initial vowel in the negative wordi 
 thus; ^ ilejibel, &c. The vowel should be inserted 
 first that it may not be omitted in rapid writing.
 
 MANUAL OF PHOKOGRAPHT. 103 
 
 LIST OF WORDS CONTAINING THE SAME CONSONANTS: 
 
 DISTIMGOISHED BY X DIFFERENCE OF OCTL1KB. 
 
 ^i pattern, patron 
 \ patient, passionate 
 \ purpose, perhaps 
 proceed, persued 
 property, propriety 
 
 preparation, appropriation, proportion 
 proportioned, proportionate 
 \ _ =, i' protection, production 
 *\ \/J pertain, appertain 
 cs \ \f~ prosecute, persecute 
 ^s^ -> <\/~ prosecution, persecution 
 
 >^ \/) oppressor, pursuer 
 v N beautify, beatify 
 
 <\ birth, breath 
 ]A \ A Tartar, traitor, trader 
 \ I/ 7 train, turn
 
 104 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 attainable, tenable 
 
 
 
 - | - " daughter, debtor, and deter 
 .~x.-i^--' L auditor, auditory, editor 
 1 \ diseased, deceased 
 f" p> desolate, dissolute 
 Y^ A} desolation, dissolution 
 [_9 y^ idleness, dullness 
 
 hl^-O demonstrate, administrate 
 V 
 
 ,, agent, gentleman 
 / / gentle, genteel 
 
 _^a - P 
 
 cost, caused 
 
 .r=zrL _____ yj^~ collision, coalition, collusion 
 v^ ^\/t corporal, corporeal 
 J credence, accordance 
 
 v~ greatly, gradually 
 favored, favorite 
 
 ^N 
 
 V \c^- fiscal, physical
 
 J 
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 105 
 
 finn, frame, form, farm 
 
 "*^ 
 
 support, separate 
 f f steady, study, stead 
 situation, station 
 sure, assure 
 
 labored, elaborate 
 r$ learned, v. t adj. 
 A ~\~^ ~^. A writer, reader, orator, rhetor 
 
 /** /"""*! ruined, renewed 
 
 impatient, impassioned 
 innovation, invasion 
 
 indefinite, undefined 
 unavoidable, inevitable 
 
 This list might be greatly extended, but space wiH 
 not permit it here ; from the examples given, the 
 student will learn what forms to give each word, where 
 different outlines are lequired for words that might be 
 misread, if written alike. Quite an extensive list of words, 
 two or more of them having the same outline, necessarily, 
 are distinguished by position ; of which take the following! 
 piety, 1 pity, 2 opposition, 1 position, 2 possesion; 3 prescrip- 
 tion, 1 proscription; 2 diminish, 1 admonish, 2 &c.
 
 10 J MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 ALL THE WORD SIGNS ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED. 
 
 Those marked with a * are written above the line. 
 
 . A 
 
 1 dear 
 
 ^^ improvement 
 
 x all* 
 
 ,-__ difficulty 
 
 ^ in * 
 
 1 already * 
 
 | do 
 
 o is * 
 
 . an, and 
 
 J done 
 
 1 *t 
 
 c" according* 
 
 ) establish 
 
 kingdom* 
 
 ~^> account 
 
 ^ every 
 
 \^ language 
 
 / advantage 
 
 o first 
 
 > Lord* 
 
 Rafter 
 
 V^ for 
 
 *\ member 
 
 "~5 again 
 
 "^N from 
 
 *^ might * 
 
 f* alone 
 
 ^.' full 
 
 ^^more 
 
 "^\ are 
 
 y general 
 
 f- " Mr. * 
 
 o as 
 
 ,/ gentleman 
 
 ^my* 
 
 \ be 
 >5 been 
 
 (/ gentlemen * 
 give-n * 
 
 - - nature 
 ^^ no 
 
 rt beyond* 
 
 - God* 
 
 ^ nor * 
 
 i but 
 call * 
 ^ called* 
 
 good 
 e- great 
 ^ have 
 
 "^ not* 
 \object 
 \j objection 
 
 u can 
 
 "-^ him 
 
 ^ of* 
 
 ""= cannot * 
 
 A how 
 
 1 oh 
 
 cr- care 
 
 v I* 
 
 / on* 
 
 come 
 
 ^ immediate * 
 
 c-^ one 
 
 could 
 
 '""* importance * 
 
 ^ ? opinion *
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 <\ opportunity 
 
 *) their, there 
 
 < were 
 
 /or * 
 
 ( them 
 
 (/ where 
 
 c \ particular * 
 
 ^ then 
 
 > what * 
 
 ^Phonography 
 
 ^s thing * 
 
 c^-when * 
 
 J) pleasure 
 
 ( thought * 
 
 / which 
 
 c \ principle 
 
 *) three 
 
 u while 
 
 quite * 
 
 x to 
 
 s who 
 
 f~^ remark * 
 
 together 
 
 O 
 
 L why * 
 
 % remember 
 
 r toid 
 
 f wUl 
 
 J shall 
 
 1 toward 
 
 < with* 
 
 J short * 
 
 T truth 
 
 ( without 
 
 / should 
 
 v two 
 
 c^ wont 
 
 ) so 
 
 ^ under 
 
 "N word 
 
 c \ spirit * 
 
 \ U P 
 
 </ world 
 
 \ subject 
 
 _> usual 
 
 > would 
 
 NO subjection 
 
 ) .was 
 
 W y e * 
 
 _2 sure 
 
 "> way 
 
 \> yet 
 
 P tell, till 
 
 < we * 
 
 A you 
 
 ( that * 
 
 C well 
 
 f your 
 
 . the * 
 
 c^ went * 
 
 C y urs 
 
 107 
 
 On the following- page is a different class of word-signs; 
 but two or three new characters are used, the signification 
 being indicated by the position in which the sign is writ- 
 ten to the line. Three positions are recognized: on the 
 line, above the line, and through or below the line. In 
 the table the line of writing is suggested by a dotted 
 line, which will guide the learner as to where the word 
 should be written.
 
 100 MANUAL OF PtUN )GnAP;iT. 
 
 ~f^- Allow 
 
 <; "Y- lio.vevcr 
 
 perfect 
 
 - s another 
 
 Sr. if 
 
 -^^- practice-able 
 
 x " any 
 
 1 
 
 ~> read 
 
 b itselt 
 
 "T"" at 
 
 ~~> kind 
 
 ") see 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 ----- 
 
 -^V- away 
 
 ./-, large 
 
 ._/.._ than 
 
 \ by 
 
 jsi may 
 
 / . thank 
 
 
 I diffcrent-ce 
 
 ^ me 
 
 ( thee 
 
 J Doctor 
 
 ^"^ mind 
 
 (^ these 
 
 , *-/- much 
 J down 
 
 ..A... those 
 
 --"] during 
 / each 
 
 neither 
 ^N;-- number 
 
 .-/ though 
 y through 
 
 *) either 
 
 -^~ other 
 
 1 ought 
 
 | time 
 
 
 ^ ever 
 
 . 
 
 ->- us 
 
 
 --V-- our 
 
 
 -V-.- few 
 
 ...r^,-. ours 
 
 ...\.. use (verb 
 
 ...|- had 
 
 ^^- ourselves 
 
 -^-- value 
 
 .X-. happy 
 
 __}._ out 
 
 A^- view 
 
 ^N here-ar 
 
 v^>- own 
 
 (T will (noun)
 
 MAKUA.L OF PHONOGRAPHY". 
 CONTRACTED WORDS. 
 
 109 
 
 In addition to the word signs that have been given, 
 represented by the alphabetic signs, simple and compound, 
 a list of contracted words is given below. These are 
 abbreviated by giving the more prominent consonants 
 that would be employed in writing the word in full- 
 Words having a* affixed, are written above the line. 
 
 / acknowledge, 
 
 >- \ indispensable, 
 
 ~~Z acknowledged, 
 
 ^^^ individual,* 
 
 because,* 
 
 v influence,* 
 
 L doctrine, 
 
 ^^ -^ influential,* 
 
 J 
 ^ especial-ly, 
 
 I instruction. 
 1 interest, 
 
 ~~\ expensive, 
 
 ^\ irregular, 
 
 \/ extraordinary, 
 
 ^~^ knowledge, 
 
 ~~^ extravagant, 
 
 -~*S? s manuscript, 
 
 Vj/ forward, 
 
 ^~^ myself,* 
 
 ^L highly,* 
 
 ....y. natural 
 
 ^~*> himself, 
 
 ^ V^ never, 
 
 ~.....^: imperfect, 
 
 Hs^ nevertheless, 
 
 .^ imperfection, 
 
 4 new, 
 
 ^~t> importance,* 
 
 v^mxt, 
 
 <r^^. impracticable, 
 
 M^ notwithstanding, 
 
 ^^P inconsisteiit, 
 
 v^NVOW,
 
 no 
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 \ peculiarity, 
 
 ^. A Phonetic Society, 
 Phonographer, 
 Phonographic, 
 
 \ P robab -nif y 
 
 \, ,. sh-ed 
 publication 
 
 /""" regular, 
 
 /\ represent, 
 /\ I represented, 
 
 /\> representation, 
 /\ republic, 
 
 X. respect, 
 X^ responsible, 
 ._{L satisfaction, 
 
 ^ several, 
 g-s^ something, 
 
 ( * vA ^x Spelling Reforcv 
 ^ surprise, 
 J:-^ transcript, 
 1 transgress, 
 ^f understand, 
 ^ understood, 
 universal, 
 whenever, 
 whensoever, 
 wherever, 
 wheresoever, 
 
 In the complete reporting style, the list of contracted 
 words is considerably extended; but, like the above, they 
 are all very suggestive to the reflective student, and when 
 met with in correspondence or elsewhere, there will sel- 
 dom be any difficulty in determining what they are. The 
 Reporter's Manual, or other text book of the kind, adver- 
 tised on the cover, contains complete lists of word signs, 
 contracted words, phraseography, &c., the study of which 
 will be essential to verbatim reporting, but unnecessary 
 for ordinary purposes of writing.
 
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. HI 
 
 PHRASEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Pliraseography consists in writing two or mor: word 
 signs together, without lifting the pen ; and in the report- 
 ing style, it is extended to the writing of word-signs with 
 words written in full, but not vocalized. The lirst sign 
 in a phrase should be written in its natural position, while 
 those that follow take any position that most faciliates the 
 "writing. 
 
 / all which 
 
 \ be able to 
 
 '^-^*' any thing 
 
 - could be 
 
 ~v> are not 
 
 
 
 -^-^ could not be 
 
 Sas far 
 
 J do not 
 
 ..; ji -'"* " 
 
 v^ as far as 
 
 V^p for instance 
 
 o-o as good as 
 
 <'> he has been 
 
 <r- as great as 
 
 I if there is 
 
 cX. as it has been 
 
 C^ have been 
 
 QJJ as soon as 
 
 ^"~^ I am 
 
 Qn as soon as possible 
 <? 
 
 " ^ I am not 
 
 ^ as well as 
 
 \ I do 
 
 L^ at the same time 
 
 J I do not
 
 12 MANUAL OF PUONOO'RAl'HT. 
 
 P I do not think 
 3 I had not 
 
 ^ I will not 
 <^~(T may as well 
 
 Sfc. I have 
 'V^ I have been 
 ^Vh- I have done 
 'Vs I have not 
 
 ^~X m;iy be 
 
 ^>w must be 
 ^~\ must have 
 -^~b -' must not 
 
 V. if it 
 ^ if it had not 
 
 ^_^ no doubt 
 ^ of course 
 
 Sr if it were 
 y^ in such 
 
 "^"^ on account of 
 L ouo'ht to be 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Q - / is not 
 
 {, ^ * S 
 
 j.^ it is not 
 
 . should be 
 /t should have 
 r-' should not 
 
 |j it would 
 L it would be 
 -S~ I will 
 
 o( so as to 
 dz such as can 
 
 (j that is
 
 
 MANUAL OF PI1OXJGRAP1IY. 
 
 there are ! we were 
 
 i 
 
 ^- ^ when there is 
 
 113 
 
 ^\ 
 
 1 tliere are not 
 
 7_. there would not 
 
 whether or not 
 
 there would not have 6 which would 
 been 
 
 I think that 
 
 ^ which would not be 
 
 x} this is 
 
 ^ which it would 
 
 be 
 
 V to be 
 "\ to do 
 
 k which it would 
 been 
 
 / will not 
 
 have 
 
 \ to have 
 
 ' \ will rot be 
 
 
 /v* you should be 
 r/^ you will 
 
 f without doubt 
 / with which 
 
 
 s\ 
 
 ff \you will be able to 
 
 */ you will not 
 
 / with which it 
 f with which it is 
 
 njt 
 
 " X. we have 
 
 ^ who are 
 
 
 X> we have not 
 
 V^ we have not had 
 10 
 
 D would be 
 
 ^^ would not be 
 N 

 
 J14 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPH*. 
 
 A word of caution is necessary against a too extensive 
 use of phraseography; it should never be allowed to de- 
 stroy the lineality of the writing, nor make difficult join- 
 ings. In either case, time will be saved by removing the 
 pen from the paper, and commencing afresh. 
 
 In phraseography, the, or some other unimportant word, 
 
 is occasionally omitted; as, "-^ in the world; ^~a for 
 
 the sake of. The connective word ami is sometimes writ- 
 ten in connection with the following word, where it may 
 be represented by a short horizontal stroke; ^ and (he, 
 
 5- and which. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXXVI. 
 
 NOTE. In the following exercise, instead of repeating the initial words of 
 phrases every time they are to be written, they are indicated by dashes; and 
 the words forming a phrase are connected by hyphens. 
 
 01. 01-hiz, (0l'z) iz lost, hwic,, dis, dat-iz-sed, 
 
 men, dar, suq-tigz, important. 
 
 Ov. Ov-it, hwiq, suq, az-qr, me, (mi,) rajn, 
 
 (men,) dar, impertans, hiz, advantej, dis k^nd, 
 dat, dem, kors. 
 
 On. On-el, sue,, aksnt-ov, mj, us, hur, 
 
 dar, hiz, sid. 
 
 Tu. Tu-it, dui, be, hav, bin, dun, 
 
 sum-ekstent, luv, him, dat, meni. 
 
 Hui. Hui-iz-dis, wud, not, ma, not, 
 
 (man-t,) kan, no, qr, not, (qrn't.) 
 
 Xud. Xud-bc, not-be, hav, dui, not-hav-sed, 
 
 tink-dat. 
 
 4. >E-am, ma, am-not, or ma-not, dui, (had,) 
 
 not, (don't hadn't,) hav, not, (wid huk,) bin 
 
 kan-not, wil, tigk, Jal, nevur, ned, 
 
 not-sa, hop, fer, beg, am-veri-sori-inded, hop- 
 yxu-wil-not-hav-rezun-tu-regret, hav-uo-dst. 
 
 H. Hs-kud, kan, iz-dis, - - iae< : , ma, so- 
 evur. 
 
 Yui. Yui-Jiad, not, kud, - kar., ma, wil, 
 
 qr, (r up stroke) not, (qrn't,) must, be-surten.
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 11 j 
 
 We. We-wer, diu, did, hav, -- sen, 
 fal, qr, (r up strok,) -- not, f jnd. 
 
 Wid. Wid-it, hwiq, dis, dat, dem, hwiq-yui- 
 qr-akwantcd, suq-az-qr. 
 
 Wer. Wer-da, we, dat. II\var-iz, (hwarz) (r up 
 strok.) 
 
 H\vot. Hwot-iz, wer, wud, dui, if, qr, 
 kud-be, -- posibli. 
 
 Wud. Wud-yui, be, dui, hav, not, not-hav- 
 sed. 
 
 B. Be-sed, abel-tu. B^-dis, me, meni, sum- 
 menz, evuri-menz, sum-pursunz, dar. 
 
 T. It-iz, -- not. -- sed, -- sran, (de last tui wid 
 a dubel surkel,) -- raj, ma, kan, kud, wud. 
 Ot-tu-be, At-suq, prezent, de-sam-tjm. 
 
 D. Dui-da, not, (don't,) -- dt. 
 
 (5. Hwiq- wud, bad, kud, kan, haz, -- bin, 
 
 iz-not, qr, -- not, ma, mjt, wil, (ql.) Hvviq- 
 it-iz, -- ma, -- wud, --- kud-not-bav. 
 
 F. If-dat, yui, dar, (dubel-f abuv de Ijn.) Fer-suq, 
 --- az-qr, hwiq, sum-tjm, fer-dar, (dubel-f on de 
 Ijn.) K-it-wer -- be -- iz, -- had. 
 
 V. Hav-ytu, bin, had, sed. Veri-giad, gi'at, 
 sam, surten, wel, sum, muq. Evuri-pqrt, wun, 
 
 pursun, man. 
 
 B. Eigk-dat, yra-qr, -- wil, -- ma. 
 (L. Widst-d-st, hwiq, suq. flat-it, -- iz, -- 
 haz-bin, -- woz, qr, -- not, iz-not. -- tu-be, 
 
 haz, hwiq. <Ia-wer, dui, had, hav, ma. 
 clis-tim, da, -^- advantej. 3ar-wud, kan, kud, 
 
 not-hav-bin, iz, (haz,) Jal, wil, qr, -- sum- 
 pursunz, ma. 
 
 S. So-az, tu, it-semz, veri, litel, niuq, 
 
 meni. Suq- wud, iz, az, qr, -- ma, -- 
 kan, -- kud, -- hav, -- woz, -- wil. 
 
 Z. Iz-it, -- not; az-it, -- wud, -- woz, -- ma, 
 -- haz. Az-gud, -- az, grat, -- az, fqr, -- 
 az, wel, meni, stun-az. Iz-not; haz-not. 
 
 S. Xal-be, hav, dui, find, not, Jort-hand. 
 
 L. Wil, not, be, hav, fjnd. 
 
 R. Hr-yui, sumtjmz, sori, not; yui qr veri, -- 
 tnuli. 
 
 M. Ma-be, hav, da, az-wel, konsidur. Mjt- 
 hav, dis, sem. Must-be, tr^, dui, kum, go,
 
 116 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 se, not. Most-hapi, (mos'-hapi,) Ijkli, impor- 
 tant. Meni-tjmz, tigz, mor, ov-dem. 
 
 N. In-el, konsekwens, fakt, dis, suq, raeni- 
 tigz, hiz. Eni-wun, 6ig, bodi. No-pq,rt, Avt, 
 
 rezun, mor, tjm, wun, tig, (in ful.) N-sur. 
 
 Not, be, kwjt, dat, in, onli, ny, non; ned- 
 not. Ner-wer, iz-dis, qr. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXXVII. 
 (In phrasoography, and containing all the Word-Signs.) 
 
 ON IMPRUJVMENT. 
 
 Establijments fer impruivment, pqrtikyxulurli ov dc mjnd, 
 q,r veri important tigz in a kigdum; and de mor so hwar it-iz 
 yuijuial wid-dem tu establij and prakti& giad prinsipelz. [ 
 fonografik establijment in pq,rtikyuilur, iz not-ouli an imediet 
 advantej tu evuri jentelman Viui iz a membur ov-it r but tu ol. 
 Akerdig tu jenural opinyun, Fonografi iz a subjckt we Jud el- 
 hav plegur in, and tigk upon; widst it,laggwe5 iz not h\vot-it- 
 Jud-be a remqjk iu-hwi^-dar-iz grattruit, and tu-hwie dar- 
 kan-be no objekjun. 'iHs, er-on hwot priusipel, kan we be 
 gud or grat widst-impruivment. Remcmbnr, dat evnri tig iz 
 an objekt ov-impertans dat kurnz undur it; and, beyond el, dat 
 de Juir wiird ov de Lord God \voz given for impruivment. 
 
 Aftur hwot-j-uav-told-yui, <:q.r-dar yet objekjunz tu-it. 
 Wer dar, an aksnt ov-dcrn wud elredi hav-bin given. Grat 
 and gud tigz kan not kum tugedur widst-iuiprmvment. Xud 
 j-be-told-dat it-ma-hav-bin so, j-Jal remqrk-dat, from hwot 
 j no ov-de jenural spirit ov el, de trvut iz az j-hav given it, ner 
 kan yui objekt tu-it. In Jert, jentelmen, establij it az yiur 
 furst prinsipel, dat-yui-wil-not giv up; but, az yui hav opur- 
 tn,niti, dui el dat-kan-be-dun tordz impruivment in evuri tig; 
 so wil yui giv plegur, not tu-me-alon, but tu el.
 
 \ 
 
 .*. - 
 
 c-*- 
 
 kjx ' V/-T 
 
 Ad 
 
 V>1V / 
 
 H \ ) 
 
 
 n, 
 
 ^> Jj, c ^ , i ' /i 
 
 ' X X . 
 
 ( J 'f~^ 
 
 o \ \ -/ 
 
 117 
 
 ^ ( 
 
 \ \ 
 
 \ '^-H /
 
 
 118 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 
 
 . c 3- x v . y^ , 
 
 ; \ ^Vr-. % . 
 
 p 
 
 e> x 
 
 . 
 y ** 
 
 4- x - 
 
 ' \ 
 
 . x 
 
 v 
 
 V 
 
 C
 
 ^N v X . \ /
 
 s 
 
 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 <*-" 
 
 ) ") x/* 
 
 ^o /"* X 
 
 .0 ' o) :-<=> ^ 9 
 Lh. w t 
 
 ^ '^O . to '") 
 .1 I ) 
 
 C ; - -
 
 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 / 
 
 / ( x i 
 
 V ' 
 
 ^ ,. 
 
 ) ( 
 
 * V. ,. 
 
 \ 
 
 <? ^1. t _/?-* : 
 
 ^ ly 
 
 . v
 
 ' 122 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 r * /"i x ^ 
 
 <rjA /V Vo ~~\ \ 
 
 " c ' 
 
 Q ^ V ! >S ** 'V g V 
 
 3- ^ \P ' U ^ ' 
 
 ' x^ (o \ ) O x 1} ft 
 
 O n -^f I- . v- 1 - 3 .-v >^ 
 
 6* 1 C) X' -o ^ r ^. ^.P^ / ^^ ) 9 '
 
 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 123 
 
 30 x . 
 
 . V*. 
 
 
 
 \ ^ 
 
 , N -k 
 
 _, A- 
 
 x 
 
 x V 
 
 (cf 
 
 c 
 
 . '*-^P X ( V 
 
 No ^ 
 
 > . \ t ^t r \ -
 
 B 
 
 124 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 .< O ^ .^-/t 3 
 
 U . ^ 5o I
 
 Published & Sold by Longley & Brother, Cin'ti,, 0. 
 
 O"A liberal discount made when purchased by the quantity ..0 
 In Phonetic Spelling. 
 
 Twelve Sheet Lessons, in large type, Price 25 
 
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 Phonetic Almanac and Register of the Reform, 1862,10 
 
 Ditto. ditto, 1853, 10 
 
 In Phonetic Shorthand. 
 
 First Lesson in Phonography, .... 1 
 
 Manual of Phonography, in paper covers, 40, cloth, 50 
 
 Essay on the best method of teaching Phonography, 30 
 
 Declaration of Independence, . . . 10 
 
 Chart of the Shorthand alphabet, for teaching, . 40 
 
 In the Common Orthography. 
 
 Orthographic Facts and Fancies, ... 5 
 
 Report on Phonetic Teaching, .... 3 
 
 Lecture on the Spelling Reform, by L. A. Hine, .. 3 
 
 Introduction to Phonography, . . . .. 2- 
 
 Tracts on the Reform, per 100 pp., ... 5 
 
 N. B. All the aoove articles may be sent by mail, at very trifling 
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 TYPE OF THE TIMES. 
 
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 Commencing Jan, 7th, 1854. 
 1.ONGLEY BROTHERS, EDITORS & PUBLISHERS, 
 
 CINCINNATI, O. 
 Kjf>Qffice. No. 169J Walnut, between Fourth and Fifth streets. 
 
 In the opinion of the publishers of the paper herein proposed, and in the 
 estimation of many of their friends and former patrons, in the publication of 
 the "WEEKLY PHONETIC ADVOCATE," wo have labored in too limited a sphere. 
 Accordingly, witti tho commencement of a new volume, Jan. 7, 1854, it will 
 assume a new name one more in accordance with the grand purpose of our 
 calling and enterprise. 
 
 Of newspapers, we readily admit there is a great superabundance ; but 
 they are very nearly all either devoted to party, sect, or hobby ; or else 
 manifest such a timid neutrality as disgusts the intelligent and fearless inquirer 
 after truth. Very few journals in America, or indeed any other country, reflect, 
 candidly and thoroughly, the sentiments and movements of the age iu which 
 they flourish ; only one here and there can, in fact, be regarded as a TYPE o? 
 THE TIMES. And yet, periodicals of this class are alone fitted to build up, men- 
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 practical information, and 'enable him to be worthy to live in the intelligent 
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 It is required, in order to produce, weekly, a faithful 
 TYPE OF THE TIMES, 
 
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 criticise their tendencies, without prejudice or partiality. 
 
 II. A genuine catholic spirit in reference to Religious matters; entire free- 
 dom from sectarian bent, but liberal in giving expression to all sentiments, 
 candidly and properly offered. 
 
 III. A mind sufficiently progressive to appreciate the theoretical consisten- 
 cy and the practical utility of ail genuine Reforms, whether in our Social, Re- 
 ligious or Political institutions ; coupled with the manliness requisite for the 
 advocacy of any truth, whether popular, or under the ban of public opinion. 
 
 On this Platform we propose to conduct a journal of the above title ; and, 
 with the talent employed, we have the fullest confidence we shall make it a 
 
 FIRST CLASS FAMILY NEWSPAPER! 
 
 In addition to sustaining the foregoing leading characteristics, its columns 
 will present an interesting variety of Original Miscellany, Poetry, and the other 
 etceteras necessary to give zest and amusement in the family circle. 
 
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 Times receive the Supplement for 50 cents, and free of postage. 
 
 THE YOUTH'S FRIEND, is an elegant monthly paper, devoted to 
 the PHYSICAL, MORAL, and INTET.I.ECTUAI. IMPROVEMENT of the YOUNG. Em- 
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 For either of the above publications, address, post paid, Longley Brothers, 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 
 TTTLoNGLEY BROTHERS are also engaged in the General Printing and 
 Publishing Business, and respectfully invite the attention of all persons 
 having anything todo with such establishments.
 
 of 
 
 In regard to the Manual of Phonography. 
 
 The publishers of the MANUAL prefer giving the opinions of 
 ,'eachers who have used the book, and can speak from experi- 
 ence of its merits, to copying the editorial (and paid for) no- 
 tices of reviewers who have most likely never read a dozen 
 pages of the work, and know as little of Phonography itself. 
 The expressions of approval below were entirely unsolicited, 
 and of course were not designed for publication. 
 
 The first is from an experienced and competent Phonographic 
 Teacher in Delaware (0.) College, H. PERSING. 
 
 I have seen Pitman's, Andrews and Boyle's, Webster's and 
 Booth's text books on Phonography, and to all of these yours is far 
 superior ; the explanations being more lucid and the examples 
 more copious than in any of the others ; and indeed it is better 
 calculated to give the private learner full instruction in the art 
 than anything that has ever been presented to the public. 
 
 An excellent Phonographer, GKO. H. FLEMING, now in Buffalo, 
 1* Y., writes thus : 
 
 By the way, I like your Manual very much ; I consider it as 
 Far ahead of Webster's, for real, practical instruction, as his 
 work is in advance of Andrews & Boyle's Class book. The 
 rules forthe upward R, L, and E, I consider invaluable ; at least I 
 know this, that if I had had them when I commenced the study 
 of Phonography, it would have saved me easily one month's 
 application, if not considerable more. The carrying out the 
 phraseography to the extent you have, I think a very important 
 and acceptable feature. The very limited extent to which this, 
 and even the list of grammalogues are carried in the Class-book, 
 was the cause of much dissatisfaction on my part toward that 
 work, and when I obtained Webster's Teacher, his introducing a 
 few new phrases and grammalogues was the cause of my pre- 
 ferring the Teacher to the Class-book ; but on receiving the 
 Manual, Teacher and Class-book were left, as our hoosier frienda 
 would say, " no whar." 
 
 " Please to send immediately, two copies more of your Manual. 
 I have just received those you sent me and of all the Phonogra- 
 phic instruction books that I have used, I think it is by far the 
 best." H. D. SMALLKY, New Baltimore, Ohio. 
 
 " I like your Manual better than anything I have yet seen." 
 REV. J. W. TOWNER, Leroy, Ohio. 
 
 " The Manual has been received and is the best book of th<> 
 kind I have seen. It is just the thing needed." G. K. HICKOC* 
 Congress, Ohio.
 
 A. WORD OF ADVICE. 
 
 The student of Phonography, after lie has gone through the MANDAL, will 
 still need further help, to make him a fluent writer and ready reader. The 
 author would suggest two sources from which to obtain aid: 1st. Membership 
 in the AMERICAN PHONETIC SOCIETY ; 2d, a subscription to the WEEKLY PHO- 
 NETIC ADVOCATE and monthly shorthand SUWLEMENT, advertisements of which 
 ee below. 
 
 THE AMERICAN PHONETiO SOCIETY. 
 
 This Society was established the first of November, 1848, having its origin, 
 in Cincinculi O. Its principal objects are, 
 
 1. The union and the co-operation of all friends of the Spelling Reform In 
 tie United States, Territories, and the Canadas. 
 
 2. To keep a census of the extent and progress of the reform movement. 
 
 3. And by publishing the names and addresses of new members every week 
 in the Phonetic Advocate, and annually a list of the whole- Society, to furnish 
 each member with a directory that will enable him or her to hold correspond- 
 ence, in phonetic writing, with individuals in almost any part of America, 
 thus rendering their phonetic knowledge of immediate practical advantage. 
 
 There are three classes of members: 1. Those who write phonetic short- 
 hand : 2. Those who write only the phonetic longhand, whose names are 
 printed in italics; and honorary members, distinguished by a * who contribute 
 $1 or more to the Spelling Reform Fund. All other members are expected to 
 contribute according to their ability and disposition to forward the great pho- 
 netic cause. Minors are requested to give their age, 
 
 The funds of the Society will be used to defray the expenses of publishing 
 the Annual List, in printing tracts for gratuitous circulation, and other means of 
 propagation. 
 
 Application for membership and contributions of money to be forwarded, 
 post paid, to . Longley, Secretary. 
 
 THE WEEKLY TYPE OF TUB TIMES 
 
 la a Journal of News, Science, Literature, Education and Reform. 
 
 Printed in Phonetic Spelling. 
 (See Prospectus for 1854 on page 
 
 SUPPLEMENT TO THE "TIMES." 
 
 16 PAGES, MONTHLY, AT 75 CTS A YEAR? OR 50 CTS WITH THK "TIMES." 
 
 The Supplement is the largest and cheapest Phonographic periodical publisli- 
 ea, either in this country or in England. It began its 3d volume in August, 
 1852, at which time the price was reduced one fourth. It is written in progressive 
 style? of the art: the first half of the sheet in the simple Corresponding style, 
 another portion in a kind of Transition hand, in which the reporting forms are 
 explained by doted outlines, or the words re-written in long-hand ; and a fev 
 
 'Reporter," as well as from the best writ.-rs ill our own country, will be pre- 
 sented such improvements in the Reporting style as may from time to time be 
 made. 
 
 Thus the Supplement will constitute an invaluable companion to every pho- 
 nographerin the United States, and it in hoped the low price at which it offer- 
 ed will secure for it a very large cireulatiou.

 

 
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