Q B 74 t C-NRLF George Davidson ,iy /* <& PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTO^U- V^ BULLETIN VOL. XI, pp. 275-358. THE PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERI BY JOHN ROBIE EASTMAN HEAD BEFORE THK PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON. APRIL 12, 1800. WASHINGTON : PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY JULY, 1890. #8741 THE PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. BY JOHN ROBIE EASTMAN. [Read before tho Society April 12, 1890.] TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Introduction 270 Abstracts of Theories 278 Authors : Rev. Thomas Clap 278 Dr. W. G. Reynolds 278 Prof. Edward Hitchcock 279 Prof. D. Olmstead 279 E. C. Herrick 281 Prof. Benjamin Peirce 281 Prof. S. C. Walker 281 Prof. Peter A. Browne 282 Prof. J. Lawrence Smith 283 Dr. B. A. Gould 283 Prof. H. A. Newton 285 Prof. A. C. Twining 285 Prof, II. A. Newton 285 Prof. A. C. Twining 28G B. V. Marsh 28G Prof. II. A. Newton 287 Prof. Daniel Kirkwood 290 Prof. H. A. Newton 290 Prof. S. Newcomb 291 Prof. W. Harkness__ 291 Prof. Daniel Kirkwood 291 Jacob Ennis 291 Prof. Pliny Earle Chase 292 Prof. H. A. Newton 292 Prof. J. W. Mallet 292 34 Bull. Phil. Hoc., Wash., Vol. 11. (275) 276 EASTMAN. Page. Authors : Prof. A. W. Wright 292 Prof. H. A. Newton 292 Prof. H. A. Newton 297 Examination of Theories 298 Meteors 298 Comets 300 Comets and Meteors _ 302 Loclcyer's Theories 305 Huggins on the Spectra of the Aurora and of Nebulas 310 Liveing and Dewar on the Spectra of Nebulae and of Magnesium, 310 Conclusions 311 Observations of Meteors 312 Catalogues :;i:; I. Observed Meteorites 3HJ II. Discovered Meteorites, date of discovery given 318 III. Discovery of Meteorites, date of discovery unknown 322 IV. Meteor Showers :52 V. Sporadic Meteors 33G INTRODUCTION. The progress of Meteoric Astronomy through its succes- sive stages of development has been so peculiar in America, especially in the United States, that, unlike almost all 4 he other branches of Astronomy and Physics, its advance may be thoroughly discussed with very little reference to the im- portant growth which it has made in Europe. From the nature of the phenomena it is evident that the apparition and fall of meteors must have compelled the at- tention of mankind through all ages, but the earliest records are at least obscure. While there may be some claim to authenticity in the early allusions to what was apparently meteoric phenomena, there seem to be no trustworthy obser- vations until about 600 B. C. From that time the falls of a great number of meteors and meteorites were recorded with more or less accuracy and detail, but no special attention was attracted to the observa- tion and study of such phenomena until the publication of a paper in 1794, by Chladni, on a mass of meteoric iron PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. 277 found in Siberia by Dr. Pallas, a well-known naturalist. About this time several noted meteorites fell in Europe, and in 1802 Edward Howard published in the Philosophical Transactions a paper entitled " Experiments and observa- tions on certain stony substances which at different times are said to have fallen on the earth." This paper contains, probably, the account of the first chemical analysis of a meteorite ever made. Nearly all the publications referring to meteors, both in Europe and America, up to the year 1833 were confined to vague theories and brief speculations with regard to their origin. The very important meteoric shower on the morning of April 20, 1803, was the first well-defined phenomenon of that class in this country of which there seems to.be any record. There is no evidence that it was well observed except at Portsmouth, N. H., and at Richmond, Va., and no recurrence of this shower of any notable magnitude has since been ob- served. Graphic accounts of this phenomenon were printed in " The New Hampshire Gazette," of Portsmouth, N. H., May 31, 1803, and in " The Virginia Gazette and General Advertiser," of Richmond, Va., May 23, 1803, but appar- ently no scientific interest or discussion was developed. The wonderful display of meteors on the morning of No- vember 14, 1833, which was seen throughout the Atlantic coast of the United States, gave a decided impulse to the study of the subject and suddenly brought the principal American observers into prominence. The serious study of meteoric phenomena in America may be said to date from this epoch. The earliest studies immediately developed theories, more or less fantastic, to account for the varied but startling dis- play in the heavens. The first theories, derived from only a few facts, naturally presented the greatest range of speculation. As phenomena multiplied, the limits of speculation were 278 EASTMAN. notably contracted, and in 1834 the germ of the true theory of meteoric motion was presented, but not developed. The most accurate idea of the progress of the science of Meteoric Astronomy can be obtained, without doubt, from an examination of the principal theories. ABSTRACTS OF THEORIES. The following abstracts of these theories are presented in chronological order, and in each case the language of the author is employed if practicable. Probably the first paper printed in this country which ad- vances any theory of the nature or the motion of meteors was written by Eev. Thomas Clap, ex-president of Yale Col- lege, and was printed in Norwich, Connecticut, in 1781. He concluded that " our observations have heretofore been so imperfect as that we cannot easily determine minute circum- stances; but the general theory seems highly probable, if not certain, that these superior meteors are solid bodies, half a mile in diameter, revolving around the earth in long ellipses, their least distance being about twenty or thirty miles; that by their friction upon the atmosphere they make a constant rumbling noise and collect electrical lire, and when they come nearest the earth or a little after, being then overcharged, they make an explosion as loud as a large cannon." In 1819 W. G. Reynolds, M. 7)., of Middletown Point, N. J., published a paper * advocating the theory that " Meteors proceed from the earth. They arise from certain combina- tions of its elements with solar heat, and meteoric stones are the necessary results of the decomposition of these combina- tions." After the shower of 1833 elaborate accounts of the event were written by several scientific observers, and various con- clusions and theories were deduced. Prof. Edward Hitchcock? of Amherst College, Mass., con- 1 A. J. S., Ip 266. 2 A. J. S., XX Vp 354. PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. 279 eluded that " there was a point from which most of the meteors seemed to emanate ; that this radiant corresponded to that point in the dome of the heavens to which the mag- netic needle would point if left free to move vertically and horizontally, and that meteors are only modifications of the Aurora Borealis." Prof. D. Olmstead, 1 of Yale College, discussed at length the meteors of November 13, 1833, with the following conclu- sions : " 1st. The meteors originated beyond the limits of our at- mosphere and fell towards the earth, in straight and nearly parallel lines, from a point 2,238 miles above the surface of the earth. " 2d. Their velocity on entering the earth's atmosphere was about four miles per second: " 3d. They consisted of light, transparent, combustible mat- ter, and took fire and were consumed in traversing the at- mosphere." Prof. Olmstead finally concluded that " the meteors of November 13 consisted of portions of the extreme parts of a nebulous body which revolves around the sun in an orbit interior to that of the earth, but little inclined to the plane of the ecliptic, having its aphelion near to the earth's path and having a periodic time of 182 days, nearly." After discussing the November meteors of 1836, Prof. Olmstead 2 concluded that " the zodiacal light might be the source of those meteors, and therefore was not a portion of the sun's atmosphere, but a nebulous or cometary body re- volving around the sun within the earth's orbit nearly in the plane of the solar equator, approaching at times very near to the earth, and having a periodic time of either one year or half a year, nearly." On the 28th of April, 1840, Mr. E. C. HerricP read before the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences a paper on 1 A. J. S., XXVI^ 132. 2 At j. Si> XXXI X , 386. 3 A. J. S., XL t , 349. 280 EASTMAN. "The history of star-showers of former times," in wliu-h he presented a brief account of all the records he had been allv to find, together with the following tabular chronological account of star-showers, where the dates arc reduced to gorian style : Chronological List of Star-Showers. Number. Date. Number. Date. 1 B. C. 1768. 21 A. D. 1060. 2 B. C. 686. 22 " 1090. 3 A. D. 7. 23 " 1094. , 4 " 532. 24 " 1095, April 10. 5 " 558. 25 " 1096, April 10 (?). 6 " 585, September 6 (?). 26 11 1106, February 19. 7 " Gil. 27 " 1122, April 11. 8 " 744 or 747. 28 " 1199, October (?). 9 " 750. 29 " 1202, October L'li. 10 764 (?), March. 30 " 1243, Augu.st *J. 11 " 705, January 8. 31 " 1366, October 30. 12 " 829. 32 " 1398. 13 " 855, October 21. 33 " 1399, October (?). 14 " 899, November 18. 34 " 1635 or 1636. 15 " 901, November 30. 35 " 1743, October 15. 16 " 902, October 30. 36 " 1799, November 12. 17 " 912 or 913. 37 " 1803, April 20. 18 " 931 or 934, October 19. 38 " 1832, November 13. 19 " 935, October (?). 39 " 1833, November 13. 20 " 1029, July or August. PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. 281 Of the theory of meteors, Mr. Herrick wrote : " The most probable hypothesis is that there are revolving around the sun millions of small planetary and nebulous bodies of various magnitudes and densities, and that when any of these dart through our atmosphere they become ignited and are seen as shooting-stars." In discussing a paper on meteors by Prof. Erman (Schu- macher's Ast. Nach. No. 385) Pro/. Benjamin Peirce? after pointing out an error in Erman's work, concludes in these words : " The plane of the meteors cannot differ much from that of the ecliptic, and their relative velocity cannot exceed one-third of the earth's velocity. A ring so nearly in the plane of the earth's orbit must be subject to great perturba- tions ; and,^f there is one, I think that no observations which we can make will enable us to calculate its motions with any degree of accuracy." On January 15, 1841, Prof. S. C. Walker* read a paper before the American Philosophical Society, " On the peri- odical meteors of August and November," in which the fol- lowing points were discussed : The relative velocities of meteors ; The relative directions of meteors in space ; The periodical or anniversary display of meteors ; The respective plausibilities of the hypotheses of a single cluster with a half-yearly or yearly period, or that of a con- tinuous ring for the periodical meteors of August and No- vember ; The theories of aerolites and shooting-stars ; The variation of the relative velocity and of the conver- gent point ; And principally the investigation of formula for com- puting the elliptic elements of the orbit of a meteor from its observed relative velocity and direction. In 1844 an " Essay on Solid Meteors and Meteoric Stones " 1 Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., VIII 2 , 83. 2 Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., VIII 2) 87. 282 EASTMAN. was published by Prof. Peter A. Browne, of La Fayette College. The author devoted the first and larger portion of his paper to proving the solidity of meteors. The latter portion of his essay was confined to the exami- nation and rejection of all the theories previously advanced, which, briefly stated, were : ' 1st. t)r. Halley's theory that meteors were nothing but a stratum of inflammable vapor, gradually raised from the earth and accumulated in an elevated region, which sud- denly took fire at one end and the progress of the flame along the stratum produced the apparent motion of the meteor. 2d. The theory in Luke Howard's Meteorology that hy- drogen gas dissolves various bodies, even iron, and that is evolved, mixed with carbon in the gaseous state, from the earth in large quantities, is collected in vast fields in the air, is fired by electric explosions, and, the gasses burning out, they let fall the earthy and metallic contents precipitated and agglutinated as we find them in aerolites. 3d. Prof. Soldani's theory that meteoric stones are gener- ated in the air by a combination of mineral substances which had risen as exhalations from the earth. 4th. Dr. Reynolds' theory, previously given in this paper. 5th. Dr. Blagden's theory that meteors are electrical phe- nomena. 6th. The theory of Patrick Murray that meteors originate in the local atmosphere of the earth, and their explosions are due to electrical action. 7th. The theories of Brewster and La Grange that meteors are bodies thrown off from the earth by volcanic action. 8th. The theories of Hutton and La Place that meteors are thrown from volcanoes in the moon. 9th. Newton's -theory that they proceed from the tail of a comet. 10th. They are terrestrial comets a theory maintained by Professors Clap and Day and by Carvallo. PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. 283 llth. The theory that they were solids that have been floating in space from the beginning ; advocated by Chladni, Franklin, and Bittenhouse. 12th. The theory of Olbers that they are fragments of an exploded planet. 13th. The theory of Quetelet that they belong to a zone through which the earth passes annually. 14th. The theory of Boubee that they are fragments of an exploded comet. These theories are all rejected as disproved or absurd ; but the author advances no theory as a substitute. He announces, however, that, to his mind, " the most probable supposition yet made is that the solid meteors may possibly emanate from the sun," though no serious attempt is made to prove the proposition. In a paper read by Pro/. J. Lawrence Smith before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in April, 1854, the author l advocated the theory of the lunar origin of meteors, which he stated as follows : " The moon is the only large body in space, of which we have any knowl- edge, possessing the requisite conditions demanded by the physical and chemical properties of meteorites ; and they have been thrown off from that body by volcanic action (doubtless long since extinct), and, encountering no gaseous medium of resistance, reached such a distance as that' the moon exercised no longer a preponderating attraction, the de- tached fragment possessing an orbital motion and an orbital velocity which it had in common with all parts of the moon, but now more or less modified by the projectile force and new condition of attraction in which it was placed in reference to the earth, acquired an independent orbit more or less elliptical. This orbit, necessarily subject to great disturbing influences, may sooner or later cross our atmosphere and be intercepted by the body of the globe." In 1859 2 Dr. B. A. Gould read a paper before the Ameri- 1 A. J. S., XIX 2 , 343. 2 Proc. A. A. A. S. 1859, 181. 35 Bull. Phil. Soc. Wash., Vol. 11. 284 EASTMAN. can Association for the Advancement of Science to disprove the theory that meteors had their origin in lunar valcanoes. Assuming that a lunar volcano may eject masses of matter with the requisite velocity to pass beyond the region where the lunar gravitation predominates over the terrestrial and the masses become obedient to the earth's attraction, Dr. Gould examines in detail the consequences to which the theory of the lunar origin of meteorites would necessarily lead, and presents his conclusions as follows : " From the foregoing considerations we are warranted in assuming that for every body expelled from lunar volcanoes with a force adapted for throwing to the earth an aerolite of average dimensions there are, in probability, at the very least one hundred and eighty bodies expelled with foiv.-s not thus adapted; that for every mass ejected with the av- erage force of a lunar volcano and striking the earth, there are at least one hundred and eighty masses of inadequate dimensions ejected ; and that for any given combination of volcanic force and projected mass, the region of the lunar surface, whence the mass may reach the earth, is exceeded in extent by the tract of the lunar surface whence this would be impossible, in the ratio of fifty to one. Combining these several individual probabilities, it will readily be perceived that not more than 3*0 X y|-jy X T^- = T6TOinr of all the ejected lava masses, or about 3 in 5,000,000 of ouch possible size, would probably ever reach the earth as aero- lites; nor is this an unsafe estimate. It is a very guarded one, and the fraction ^ooTifFo would be more likely to be correct. Now, can we regard it as probable that the moon has parted with so large an amount of matter as nearly, if not quite, two million times the combined mass of all the aerolites which have fallen to the earth? I think not. Even of those known to have fallen there are more than five hundred of various weights, one of them having a mass of thirty thousand pounds. The tokens of such a mass of gravitative matter as this would imply could not fail to be PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. 285 legibly inscribed in the unerring and enduring records of our system. They would preclude the accordance which is found to exist between the present lunar theory and the ancient observations. They would be found to be incon- sistent with the known values of precession and nutation. They might, indeed, almost be said to be incompatible with the present mass of the moon." From the observations of the meteor of November 15, 1859, Prof. H. A. Newton 1 , of Yale College, concluded that it must have moved in a hyperbolic orbit, and that we have, there- fore, two sources of meteors the solar system and stellar space. With regard to the periodic meteors of August, Mr. A. C. Twining*, of New Haven, concluded that " the radiant is probably capable of a far more exact determination than is ordinarily supposed or than could have been anticipated, and it is apparently subject to a motion of several degrees from day to day, and a motion which exhibits some remark- able points of agreement in the comparison of one year's positions with those of other years." From a discussion of the peculiar characteristics of the August meteors Prof. H. A. Newton 3 came to the following conclusions : 1st. The individual meteors are cosmical bodies. 2d. They are permanent members of the solar system, re- volving about the sun in elliptic orbits. 3d. The direction and velocity of the relative motion, and therefore of the absolute motion of the individual bodies, are nearly the same. 4th. The whole group forms what may be considered a ring or disk around the sun. 5th. The periodic time is two hundred and eighty-one days. 1 A. J. S., XXX 2 , 186. 2 A. j. St> XXXII 2> 444. 3 A. J. S., XXXII 2 , 448. 286 EASTMAN. In the same paper Professor Newton estimates the whole number of meteors in the August ring as 300,000,000,000,000. In March, 1862, A. C. Twining 1 , published a paper entitled " Investigations respecting the phenomena of meteoric rings as affected by the earth," and arrived at the following con- clusions : " The position of the node of the ring cannot be shifted by the earth's action more than a degree or two in half a million of years ; there is an appreciable change of radiant positions, relative to locality on the earth's surface and to the hour of the day, whose maximum is about 3 J be- tween the extremes and to which the extremes approach ; the terrestrial disturbance is sufficient to affect the perihelion distance of the meteors by many millions of miles and to expand the ring to a corresponding breadth at the ascend- ing node ; also to collect together in orbits, of similar ele- ments, those meteors which are similarly affected in respect of radiant positions ; and terrestrial disturbances do not ap- pear sufficient to draw off meteors into permanently erratic orbits; so that, unless in exceptional instances, meteors an- not lost to 1 the ring other than those which the atmosphere absorbs or arrests. If meteors are partially arrested without being dissipated in an excessively tenuous upper medium it may be possible that the ordinary and unconformablc meteors are such as have missed a return to the ring under the effect of atmospheric retardation." Mr. Twining appends the suggestion that, " perhaps comets whose vastly extended atmospheres or heads around the nucleus, although greatly attenuated are perhaps competent to arrest meteors completely, may be found in rare instances to have been disturbed by impact with a meteoric ring whose mere attractive influence it would not be possible to detect." In 1863, Mr. B. V. Marsh? of Philadelphia, published a pq,per on " The luminosity of meteors as affected by latent heat," in which he arrived at the following results: "The upper regions of the atmosphere, even to its utmost limit, 1 A. J. S., XXXIII 2 , 244. 2 A> j. s<> XXXVI 2 , 92. PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. 287 are grand reservoirs of latent heat most admirably adapted to the protection of the earth from collision with bodies ap- proaching it with planetary velocity from without. The intruder is instantly surrounded with a fiery envelope heated to the greatest conceivable intensity ; its surface is burned off or dissipated|into vapor; the sudden expansion of the stratum immediately beneath the burning surface tears the body into fragments, each of which, retaining its planetary velocity, is instantly surrounded by a similar envelope, which produces like effects, and so on until, in most cases, the whole is burned up or vaporized." A second paper on the same subject, and of similar import, was published by Mr. Marsh in the Pro- ceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. XIV, 114. From an examination of the list of November meteor showers from A. D. 902 to A. D. 1833 Pro/. //. A. Newton 1 concluded that "the star-shower has a motion along the sidereal year of one day in seventy years, and also that the shower has a period of about a third of a century. This precession seems to imply that the orbit of the body furnish- ing these meteors has only a small inclination to the ecliptic, and that the motion is retrograde. The small distance of the radiant from the point to which the earth is moving, viz., 7, confirms this conclusion." In an article on the peculiarities of the November meteors, Prof. H. A. Newton^ arrived at the following conclusions : " The length of the annual period as determined from the showers in A. D. 902 and 1833, reckoning 233 leap years, 19 odd days, and adding six hours for difference of longi- tude, is 365 + C* 33 ^; 9 ' 2 *) , or 365.271 days. The length of the cycle is 33.25 years. " The length. of the part of a cycle during which showers may be expected may be five or six years or, for extraordi- nary displays, at least 2.25 years. The supposition of a ring of uniform density throughout its circuit seems im- probable. 1 A. J. S., XXXVI 2 , 300. 3 A. J. S., XXXVIII a , 53. 288 EASTMAN. " The elements of the mean of the orbits of the different groups composing the partial ring are : Semi-major axis = 0.98049, Inclination = 17, and the ring is nearly circular. " The velocity with which these bodies enter the earth's atmosphere is about 20.17 English miles per second." The most elaborate American paper on meteors up to the date of its publication was prepared in 1865 by Prof. 77. A. Newton, 1 who discussed the subject under the following divi- sions, the conclusions being briefly stated in each case : " 1st. The average altitude of the middle points of the luminous portions of the meteor paths is found to be 59.4 English miles. " 2d. The relative frequency of meteors when the heavens were divided into eight equal parts was about equal in all perhaps a slight preponderance in the southeast and the relative frequency in different parts of the visible heavens may be considered a function of the zenith distance only. " 3d. Not quite one in fifty of all the meteors seen at any one place should have the middle points of their apparent paths within 10 of the zenith. "4th. The number of visible meteors that come into the atmosphere every day would be 10,460 times the number visible at one station ; or the average number that traverse the atmosphere daily, that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye, if the sun, moon, and clouds would permit, would be 30 x 24 x 10,460 = 7,531,000. " 5th. The number of meteoroids in the space which the earth traverses is discussed at length and formulae are de- rived for computing the whole number when the average number is known for a given unit of time. * " 6th. The average length of the apparent paths derived from 213 European and 803 American observations is 12. 6. " 7th. Adopting the theory that for every meteor visible to 1 Mem. Nat. Acad. Sciences I, 291. PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. 289 the naked eye there are 52.7 that are visible through a comet- seeker, the whole number of meteoroids coming daily into the air is 400,000,000. " 8th. The mean distance of the meteors from the observer is less than 144 miles. " 9th. The mean foreshortening of the meteor paths by per- spective is from 16.0 to 12.6. " 10th. The average length of the visible part of meteor paths is between 24 and 40 or 21 and 34 miles ; probably nearer 21 and 34 miles. " llth. The mean duration of flight is not much, if any, greater than half a second of time." Prof. H. A. Newton*- discussed the observations of the al- titudes of seventy-eight meteors observed on November 13-14, 1863, at Washington, Haverford College, Germantown, Phil- adelphia, and other points, giving diagrams exhibiting the altitudes of these meteors, and also of thirty-nine meteors observed in August, 18G3, with the following results : . November August me- - meteors. teors. Mean altitude at appearance . . 96.2 miles. 69.9 miles. Mean altitude at disappearance . 60.8 " 56.0 " Mean altitude of middle point of path 78.5 " 62.9 " In a paper on " The Theory of Meteors " Pro/. Daniel Kirk- wood* arrived at the following conclusions : " The zodiacal light is probably a dense meteoric ring, or rather, perhaps, a number of rings. " Variable and temporary stars are caused by the interpo- sition of meteoric rings. " Mercury's mean motion is probably diminished by the action of meteoric matter. " The transit of a meteoric stream or cloud affords the most probable explanation of the phenomenon known as ' dark days.' 1 A. J. S., XL 2 , 250. 2 Proc. A. A. A. S. 18G6, 8. 290 EASTMAN. " It seems probable that a ring of meteor asteroids exists within the orbit of Titan, Saturn's largest satellite, and causes the annual motion of the apsides of Titan, found by Bessel to be 30' 28". " Saturn's rings are probably composed of an indefinite number of extremely minute asteroids or meteorites. " The gaps in the distribution of the mean distances of the asteroids between Mars and Jupiter are analogous to the gaps in Saturn's rings." In May, 1867, Prof. Daniel Kirkwood published a book l under the title "Meteoric Astronomy," designed by the author to present in a popular form the principal results of observation and study in that branch of Astronomy. It was devoted chiefly to the collection of some of the princi- pal theories and the more important observations, and to pre- senting them in a brief but popular form without attempt- ing to set forth any new theory. A paper by Prof. H. A. Newton 2 in 1867, " On certain re- cent foreign contributions to Astro-meteorology ," was devoted to the discussion of a table comparing the epochs and posi- tions of radiant points of shooting-stars concluded inde- pendently by R. P. Greg and Dr. E. Heis; the influence of the August and November meteors on the temperature of the atmosphere ; the paths and probable origin of the shooting- stars, by Schiaparelli, and the age of the November group of shooting-stars. From the data obtained from the observations of the No- vember meteors in 1867 Prof. H. A. Newton 3 discussed the geographical limits of the shower ; the personal equation of observers ; the form of the curve of intensity ; the breadth of the radiant in latitude; the length of the radiant in longi- tude, and the distribution in longitude of the perihelia of the orbits of the meteors. 1 J. B. Lippincott & Co., Phila., 18G7, 129 pp. 2 A. J. S., XLIII 2 , 285. 8 A. J. S., XLV 2 , 89. PROGRESS OP METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. 291 From data obtained from the observations of the Novem- ber meteors of 1867 at the U. S. Naval Observatory and at Richmond, Va., Prof. S. Newcomb 1 , U. S. N., computed the altitude of nine meteors, finding the mean altitude at appari- tion to be 102 miles, and at disappearance 47 miles. From data obtained from observations on the same occasion, Prof. W. Harknes&y U. S. N., discussed a method of determining the mass of such meteors as are consumed before reaching the earth. Assuming that the light produced is always proportional to the amount of material consumed, he arrived at the con- clusion that " the mass of the ordinary shooting-stars does not differ greatly from one grain." In 1869 a paper by Prof. Daniel Kirkwood 3 on " Comets and Meteors " was devoted to exhibiting the probable coin- cidences between the orbits of comets and periodical meteors. In 1871 Mr. Jacob Ennis* published a paper entitled "The meteors and their long-enduring trails." The scope and method of this paper are briefly sketched by the author, and are best presented in his own words, as follows : " Firstly, I will bring forward many facts to prove that some meteors undergo a process of burning or oxidation while passing through the air, and that the trails are the smoke and ashes of such burning. " Secondly, I will give facts and reasoning which show that some meteors are composed of various simple chemical ele- ments unoxidized, and which are therefore capable of burn- ing in the air. " Thirdly, I will show the order and process of creation by which such meteors were originally formed and left in an unoxidized condition. " These points are discussed at length, and numerous theories and observations are cited as proof. 1 A. J. S., XLV 2) 233. 2 A. J. S., XLV 2 , 237. s Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., XI, 215. * Proc. A. A. A. S. 1871, 122. 3G Bull. Phil. Soc., Wash., Vol. 11. 292 EASTMAN. In a paper on the " Influence of meteoric showers on au- roras" Prof. Pliny K Chase 1 concludes that "there seems therefore good reason to look for an increase of auroral dis- plays soon after every meteoric shower." In discussing the meteors of November 27, 1872, Prof. 11. A. Newton* remarked, " With Professor Weis and others, I am inclined to consider them all to have been once con- nected with periodic comets. The scattering took place appar- ently at or near the perihelion." In 1872 Pro/. J. W. Mallet, of the University of Virginia, read a paper 3 on " The occluded gases of meteorites," and another paper 4 by this author on the same subject appeared in 1875. In 1875 Prof. A. W. Wright, of Yale College, published an account 5 of some very carefully conducted experiments made to determine the character and quantity of the occluded gases of meteorites. From these experiments he derived results differing ma- terially from those obtained by other investigators. This paper was followed by three others 6 during 1875 and 187G, in which Professor Wright reached the conclusion that the spectra of gases from meteorites were identical with the spectra of comets. In a lecture 7 at the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale Col- lege, on " The relation of Meteorites and Comets," Prof. II. A. Newton, exhibiting a fragment from the meteoric stone which fell in Iowa February 12, 1875, very clearly presented his theory of the connection of these bodies. The principal points in the theory, together with some of the arguments, may be briefly stated as follows : Between the largest meteorite known and the faintest shooting-star that can be seen on a clear night with a telescope 1 Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XII, 401. 2 A. J. S., V 3 , 62. 3 Proc. Royal Society, XX, 805. * A. J. S., X 3 , 200. 5 A. J. S., IX 3 , 294. A. J.S.,X 3 , 44; XI 3 , 253 ; XII 3 , 105. T Nature, Vol. XIX, 315, 340. PROGRESS OP METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. 293 there is no essential difference as to astronomical character. In all their characteristic phenomena there is a regular grada- tion of meteors from one end of the line to the other. They differ in bigness, but in their astronomical relations we can- not divide them into groups. They are all similar members of the solar system. In proof of these statements we cite some of the points in which the large and small meteors are alike and unlike : 1st. They are all solid bodies. It is doubtful whether a small gaseous mass could exist permanently as a separate body in the solar system. A liquid would probably freeze and become solid. In any case, neither a gas nor a liquid could for an instant sustain the resisting pressure which a meteor is subjected to in the air, much less could it travel against it with the velocity observed in ordinary meteor flights. In short, every shooting-star must be a solid body. 2d. The large meteors and the small ones are seen at about the same height from the earth's surface. The air is a shield to protect the earth from an otherwise intolerable bombard- , ing by these meteors. Some of the larger masses penetrate this shield, or, at least, are not melted before their final explo- sion, when the fragments, their velocity all gone, fall quietly to the ground. The small ones burn up altogether or are scattered into dust. 3d. The velocities of the large and the small meteors agree, and, though they are never measured directly very exactly, we are sure that in general they are more than two and less than forty miles per second. Velocities of from ten to forty miles per second imply that these masses are bodies that move about the sun as a center or else move through space. These velocities, as well as other facts, are utterly inconsistent with a permanent motion of such bodies about the earth or with a terrestrial or a lunar origin. 4th. The motions of* the large and small meteors as they cross the sky have no special relations to the ecliptic. If either kind had special relations to the planets, in their origin or in their motions, we should have reason to expect them, 294 EASTMAN. if not always, at least in general, to move across the sky away from the ecliptic. The fact is otherwise. Both large and small meteors are seen moving towards the ecliptic as often as from it. Neither class seem, therefore, to have any relation to the planets. Again, in general character the two classes are alike. They have like varieties of color ; they have similar luminous trains behind them. In short, we cannot draw any line divid- ing the stone or iron producing meteor from, the shooting- star, at least in their astronomical relations. They are all astronomically alike. They differ in size ; but that has noth- ing to do with their motion about the sun or in space. The general connection between comets and meteors may be exhibited in the peculiar relations existing between tin- meteors of November 13-14 and their accompanying comet The orbit of these meteors is one that is described in 153. _'."> years. The meteors go out a little further than the planet Uranus, or about twenty times as far as the earth is from the sun. While they all describe nearly the same orbit tin y are not collected in one compact group. On the contrary, they take four or five years to pass a given place in the orbit, and are to bethought of as a train several hundred millions of miles long but only a few thousands of miles in thickness. Along with this train of meteors travels a comet. It passi < 1 the place where we meet the meteor stream nearly a year before the great shower of ISGGancl two or throe years before the quite considerable displays of 18G7 and 18G8. How came it that this comet and the meteors travel the same road? The plane of the comet's orbit might have cut the earth's orbit to correspond with any other day of the year than November 15 ; or, cutting it at this place, the comet might have gone nearer to the sun or farther away ; or, satisfying these two conditions, it might have made any Wangle from to 180 instead of 467 ; or, satisfying all these, it might have had any other periodic time than 33.25 years ; even then it might have gone off in any other direc- tion of the plane than that in which the ineteoroids were PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. 295 traveling. All these things did not happen by chance; there is something common. The comet alluded to is not the only one that has an orbit common with meteors, though it is the only case in which the orbit of the meteors is completely known, aside from our knowledge of that of the comet. Every August, about the tenth day, we have an unusual number of meteors a star- sprinkle as it has been called. A comet whose period is about 125 years moves in the plane and probably in a like orbit with these meteors. Near the first of December there have been several star-showers, notably one in 1872, and these meteors are traveling nearly in the orbit of Biela's comet. In April, too, some showers have occurred which are thought to have had something to do with a known comet. Thus much as to the meteors of the star-showers. The sporadic meteors are with good reason presumed to be (and observed facts prove some of them to be) the outliers of a large number of meteor streams. Considering again the November meteor stream and its comet we find that the several bodies move along a common path not at all by reason of a present physical connection. They are too far apart in general, a thousand times too far apart to act on each other so much that we may measure the effect. Their connection has been in the past. They must have had some common history. Looking now at the comets, we see that they have been apparently growing smaller at successive returns. Halley's comet was much brighter in its earlier than in its later approaches to the sun. Biela's comet has divided into two or more principal parts, and seems to have entirely gone to pieces. Several comets have had double or multiple nuclei. In the year 1366, in the week after the star-shower, a comet crossed the sky ex- actly in the track of the meteors. A second comet followed in the same path a week after. Both belonged, no doubt, to the November stream, and one of them may perhaps have been the comet of 1866. The November meteor stream is a long, thin one. We 296 EASTMAN. have crossed the stream at many places along a length of a thousand millions of miles, sometimes in advance of and sometimes behind the comet, and all along this length have been found fragments sometimes few, sometimes many. This form of the stream suggests continuous action produc- ing it. A brief, violent action might have given this form, but a slowly acting cause seems more natural. Again, in the history of Biela's comet we have distinct evidence of continued action. The comet divided into two parts not long before 1845, and yet in 1798 fragments of it were met with so far from the comet that they must have left the comet long before, probably many centuries ago. " Thus we are led to say, first, that the periodic meteors of November, of August, of April, &c., are caused by solid fragments of certain known or unknown comets coming into our air; secondly, that the sporadic meteors, such as we can see any clear night, are the like fragments of other comets ; thirdly, that the large fire-balls. are only larger fragments <>f the same kind ; and, filially, that a portion broken off from one of those large fragments in coming through the air must once have been a part of a comet" "How came the comet to break up? Perhaps tin- prior question would be, How came the comet together? In its history there is much that cannot yet be explained, much about which we can only speculate." " Thus, how came this meteoric stone to have its curious interior structure? As a mineral it resembles more the deepest fire-rocks than it does the outer crust of the earth. It seems to have been formed in some large mass, possibly in one larger than any of our existing comets. Some facts show that the comets have almost surely come to us from the stellar spaces. Out somewhere in the cold of space a condensing mass furnished heat for the making of this stone. The surrounding atmosphere was unlike ours, since some of these minerals could hardly have been made in the presence of the oxygen of our air. Either in cooling or by some ca- tastrophe the rocky mass may have been broken to pieces, PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. 297 so as to enter the solar system having little or no cohesion, like a mass of pebbles ; or it may have come, and probably did come, a single solid stone. In either case, as it got near to the sun new and strong forces acted on it. The same heat and repulsion that develops and drives off from a comet in one direction* a tail, sometimes a hundred millions of miles long, may have cracked off and scattered in another direction solid fragments. One of these contained in it this stone, and it wandered in its own orbit about the sun, itself an infinitesimal comet, how many thousands of millions of years we know not, until three years ago it came crashing through the air to the earth in Iowa." More than ordinary space has been given to the citations from the various statements and arguments and to the con- cluding speculation of Professor Newton's paper because, better than any preceding American discussion, it presents the status of the modern theories of meteors and comets which are now generally accepted by the scientific world. The latest formal discussion of this subject was presented by Professor Newton 1 in his presidential address before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at Buffalo, in 1886. This address was devoted wholly to the consideration of the various theories in regard to the motions, character, and origin of meteorites, meteors, and shooting- stars. The discussion in this address follows the same general lines as in the lecture just cited, while the various arguments are presented with far greater elaboration. No new hypoth- eses or theories are offered ; but the key-note of the address, given in the author's own words, is that " science may be advanced by rejecting bad hypotheses as well as by forming good ones." 1 Tree. Am. Ass. Ad. Science 1886, 1. 298 EASTMAN. EXAMINATION OF THEORIES. The abstracts and excerpts just presented are, from the limitations of the method employed, frequently very brief, sometimes disconnected, and generally separated from the various discussions which led to the results cited. Although they present in themselves insufficient data for an accurate study or a rigorous discussion of the subject, they are quite sufficient to illustrate the evolution of the modern theories as they have been successively developed from the superstitions and the dogmatic assumptions of tin- last century. This development is a fair illustration of the growth of most of the sciences, and the sometimes absurd and baseless theories, some of which have been cited, are the usmd evi- dences of an anxious, persistent searching after the truth which is satisfied only by success. While the modern theories have been slowly evolved from a multitude of observations and discussions, expanding here and there along the lines of least difficulty, it is not improb- able that frequently there has been a lack of the nicest dis- crimination as to what were real and well-established facts. Keeping in view the precept that no sound theory can be based on doubtful data, it is proposed to examine briefly the accumulated mass of so-called knowledge of Meteors and Comets, with a view to ascertaining what we actually know about these bodies; what we infer, assume, and assert, and to some extent, perhaps, what we do not know about them. METEORS. Those bodies which are usually designated as meteors, me- teorites, and shooting-stars are known, to some extent, by every intelligent person. The first name is usually applied to those sporadic bodies which one can see occasionally on any clear night; the second term is applied to iron or stony musses that sometimes fall to the earth, while the last term is used PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. 299 to designate those bodies which appear in such periodic showers as those of November 13-14, August 6-10, etc., but which, like the first named, are, almost without exception, entirely consumed before they reach the earth. These bodies have received, at various times, a great variety of names, such as " Fiery Tears of St. Lawrence," " Fire-balls," " Bolides," "Aerolites/ " Meteoroids," etc., most of which have been coined to suit the fancy or ambition of some aspiring author. The only definite knowledge we have of this class of bodies before they reach the surface of the earth is obtained with the spectroscope, and the results from observations with that instrument indicate that all these bodies are similar in composition, and their spectra are the same as that obtained from those masses that have reached the surface of the earth before destruction. There appears to be, therefore, no reason for using but two names the one, meteor, for those bodies that are consumed before they reach the earth ; and the other, meteorite, for the solid iron or stony substances that succeed in storming our atmospheric barriers, reaching the surface of the earth intact and bringing our only material messages from the depths beyond. Sporadic meteors as well as meteorites move apparently in all directions. Meteors that appear in showers seem to emanate from pretty well defined points in the heavens, each separate shower having its own radiant, and in most cases the bodies are not condensed in a single compact mass, but are scattered along the orbit in which they move. This orbit has been determined for several of the showers with considerable accuracy. From the testimony of the meteors themselves nothing is known of their origin. The theories of a terrestrial or a lunar volcanic origin are easily shown to be absurd, while the so-called theories that place their origin in other por- tions of the solar system are mere idle speculations. 37-Bull. Phil. Soc., Wash., Vol. 11. 300 EASTMAN. COMETS. The whole number of comets, real and suspected, from about 1770 B. C. to the end of 1889 A. D., the elements of whose orbits have not been computed, is 472. From 370 B. C. to the end of 1889 A. D. the number of comets the ele- ments of whose orbits have been computed is 309. Of these, 18 are known to have elliptic orbits. In the case of 52, the computed elliptic orbits have not been verified by observa- tion. The computations show that 231 have parabolic orbits, and indicate that 7 have hyperbolic orbits. Thus it appears that not more than seven per cent, of the comets whose orbits have been discussed are known to have 5 elliptic orbits, while it is almost certain that seventy-five per cent, have parabolic orbits. Of course, the periodic comets, whatever their origin, belong now to the solar system. As it is highly improbable that there are two or more kinds of comets of intrinsically diverse character and of different origin, it follows that all the comets had their genesis beyond the limits of the solar system, and that the few periodic comets are the exception to the general law, and at best are only adopted members of the solar family. There are only two sources of actual knowledge of the physical constitution of comets : One is from the use of the spectroscope; the other is the behavior of the light from a star when seen through various portions, but especially the nucleus of a comet. As is well known, observations with the spectroscope are not always easily interpreted, but in this case the difficulty is not so great as at first it seems to be. It is a general law that where there is a continuous spec- trum containing all the primary colors without gaps, the light is derived from an incandescent solid or liquid body. A discontinuous spectrum containing bands or bright lines indicates that the light comes from luminous gases or vapors. PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. 301 To these general rules there are some important exceptions or modifications. If the temperature of certain vapors or gases be raised to a high degree the number and the appearance of the colored band or of the bright lines change rapidly, though not uni- formly, and some investigators have asserted that if the temperature be raised to something over 4,500 Fah. the spectrum will become practically continuous. Similar changes in the phenomena are observed if a gas, like hydro- gen, is rendered luminous by the electric spark and then subjected to varying pressures. With a pressure amounting to one-twentieth of an inch of mercury the spectrum is dis- continuous and consists of several groups of bright lines in the green. As the pressure is gradually increased there ap- pears a temporary spectrum of bands, then a spectrum of three lines, afterwards a more permanent and complete spectrum of bands, and finally, under a pressure of 52 inches of mercury, a complete and pure continuous spectrum. The spectra of comets, which have been obtained by care- ful and experienced observers, present a large number of variations and combinations, ranging from one or more faint bands with indistinct or fluted borders against a color- less background to a faint continuous spectrum with bands or lines of a greater or less degree of brightness and defini- tion. The most obvious interpretation of the spectroscopic ob- servations of comets is that the bands and lines are the true spectra of a gaseous body, varying through a wide range under the effect of changing pressure and temperature, super- imposed upon the faint continuous spectrum derived from the sunlight reflected from the nucleus or other parts of the comet. Such is the information derived from the spectroscope. In the vast number of observations of comets, made for the determination of their positions or their physical pecu- liarities, it -has sometimes been noted that the comet passed 302 EASTMAN. between the observer and a star without diminishing the apparent brightness of the star or changing its position. While observing Comet I, 1866, in January, 1866, I saw on one occasion the nucleus of the comet pass directly over a star of the 9.2 magnitude with no more effect on the bright- ness of the star than would be produced by the close prox- imity of any object as bright as the comet's nucleus. Similar accounts have been given by other observers, and the phe- nomenon is too well attested to admit of a reasonable doubt. The light from a star could not pass unobstructed through a solid body or a dense aggregation of solid bodies; and, considering this phenomenon alone or in connection witli the appearance of the nucleus as it approaches and recedes from perihelion, it appears that we are driven to the conclu- sion that the nucleus of a comet is composed principally, if not entirely, of gaseous matter, which varies in form ;m l.e ^smashed by collisions when the heat of impact is not suili- cient to produce volatilization of the whole mass." f " Beginning with meteorites of average composition, the extreme forms, iron and stony, would in time be prod need as the result of collisions." "The spectra of all such bodies depend upon the heat <>f meteorites produced by collisions and the average space be- tween the meteorites in the swarm, or, in the case of consoli- dated swarms, upon the time which has elapsed since com- plete vaporization." " The temperature of vapors produced by collisions in nebulse, stars without C and F, but with other bright linos, and in comets away from perihelion is about that of the Bunsen burner." " The temperature of the vapors produced by collisions in a Orionis and similar stars is about that of the Bessemer flame." * PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. 307 " The brilliancy of the aggregated masses depends upon the number of the meteorites and not upon the intensity of the light." " The bright flutings of carbon in the spectra of some ' stars/ taken in conjunction with their absorption phenom- ena, indicate that widely separated meteorites at a low tem- perature are involved." " New stars are produced by the clash of meteor-swarms, the bright lines seen being low temperature lines of those elements in meteorites the spectra of which are most brill- iant at a low stage of heat." "A comet is a swarm of meteors in company. Such a swarm finally makes a continuous orbit by virtue of arrested velocities. Impacts will break up large stones and will produce new vapors, which will condense into small me- teoroids." " When the meteorites are strongly heated in a glow-tube the whole tube, when the electric current is passing, gives us the spectrum of carbon. When a meteor-swarm approaches the sun the whole region of space occupied by the meteorites * * * gives us the same spectrum." " The first stage in the spectrum of a comet is that in' which there is only the radiation of the magnesium. The next is that in which Mg. 500 is replaced wholly or par- < tially by the spectrum of cool carbon. Mg. is then added and cool carbon is replaced by hot carbon. The radiation of manganese 558 and sometimes lead 546 is then added. Absorption phenomena next appears, manganese 558 and lead 546 being indicated by thin masking effect upon the citron band of carbon. The absorption band of iron is also sometimes present at this stage. ^ At this stage also the group of carbon flutings, which I have called carbon B, prob- ably also makes its appearance. As the temperature in- creases still further, magnesium is represented by b, and lines of iron appear. This takes place when the comet is at or near perihelion." " The observations on meteorites recorded in the Bakerian 38 Bull. Phil. Soc., Wash., Vol.11. 308 EASTMAN. Lecture and the discussion of cometary observations contained in this Appendix show that the vapors which are given out by the meteorites as the sun is approached are in an ap- proximate order : slight hydrogen, slight carbon compounds, magnesium, sodium, manganese, lead, and iron. Now, of these the hydrogen and carbon compounds are alone per- manent gases, and the idea is that they have been occluded as such by the meteorites." " The aurora being a low temperature phenomenon, we should expect to find in its spectrum lines and remnants of flutings seen in the spectra of meteorites at low temperatures. The characteristic line of the aurora is the remnant of the brightest manganese fluting at 558." " The spectrum of the nebulre, except in some cases, is associated with a certain amount of continuous spectrum, and meteorites glowing at a low temperature would be com- petent to give the continuous spectrum with its highest in- tensity in the yellow part of the spectrum." "Only seven lines in all have been recorded up to the present in the spectra of nebula3, three of which coincide with lines in the spectrum of hydrogen and three corre- spond to lines in magnesium. The magnesium lines rep- resented are the ultra-violet low-temperature line at 373, the line at 470, and the remnant of the magnesium fluting at 500, the brightest part of the spectrum at the temperature of the Bunsen burner. The hydrogen lines are h, F, and Hf. (434). Sometimes the 500 line is seen alone, but it is generally associated with F and a line a't 495. The remain- ing lines do not all appear in one nebulrc, but are associated one by one with the other three lines." " When a tube is used in experiments to determine the spectrum of meteoric dust at the lowest temperature we find that the dust in many cases gives a spectrum containing the magnesium fluting at 500, which is characteristic of the nebulae and is often seen alone in them. If the difference ; between nebulse and comets is merely of cosmographical position, one being out of the solar system and one being in PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. 309 it ; and, further, if the conditions as regards rest are the same, the spectrum should be the same, and we ought to find this line in the spectrum of comets when the swarm most approaches the undisturbed nebulous condition, the number of collisions being at or near a minimum i. e., when the comet is near aphelion the fluting should be visible alone." After citing the results of the spectroscopic observations of several comets, the author remarks : " This spectroscopic evidence is of the strongest, but it does not stand alone. Comets at aphelion present the telescopic appearance, for the most part, of globular nebulce." The comprehensive theory set forth in the quotations just cited assumes that the aurorse, nebulaB, meteorites, comets, and most of the stars all have a common origin, and that all the multifarious telescopic and spectroscopic phenomena exhibited by these bodies are due to the varying velocities of the collisions between the meteoric particles and masses of which in some form all these bodies are composed. We are told that meteorites at a low temperature present in the spectum a certain line, at 558, due to manganese, and also that this line appears in the nebulse, the aurora, and in comets at considerable distances from perihelion. Hence the identity of all these bodies is inferred and the foundation of the theory is laid. Meteorites are subjected to laboratory experiments in tubes in which the temperature is gradually raised to a high degree and the varying spectra is noted. Spectroscopic ob- servations of nebulae, comets, and stars are then compiled and classified, until the several groups are so arranged that they present nearly the same 'sequence of spectra that have been derived from meteoric matter at increasing temperatures in the experiments. The theory is then extended and we are given to under- stand that when, in the case of nebula) and stars greater activity of collisions occur, or when a comet approaches the sun, the same phenomena appear and in the same order. 310 EASTMAN. The identity of these bodies is then supposed to be complete and the theory established. This theory of collisions rests upon a remarkable congeries ol experiments, observations, and assumptions. Many of (lit 1 observations and many of the laboratory experiments, which were made by the author, as well as much of the data quoted throughout his papers are entitled to the highest merit. But, considering much of the data and many of the state- ments in his conclusions, and especially the extraordinary assertion that " comets at aphelion present the telescopic a j >- pearance for the most part of globular nebulrc," it is not re- markable to find the author's data, as well as his deductions, vigorously attached by able physicists. Huggins. After a careful study of the spectrum of the, aurora Mr. Huggins 1 remarks: "After consideration, I think that I ought to point out that Mr. Lockyer's recent statement that 'the characteristic line of the aurora is the remnant <>f the brightest manganese fluting at 558 ' is clearly inadmis- sible, considering the evidence we have of the position of this line." After a very thorough study of the spectra of the nebula', Mr. Huggins* writes: "As, therefore, there seems to be lit tie doubt that the ' remnant of the fluting at 500' is not coin- cident with the brightest nebular line, and the next most characteristic group of this spectrum, the triplet at '57'JO, 3724, and 3730, according to Liveing and Dcwar, does not appear to be present in the photographs, we may conclude that the remarkable spectrum of the gaseous nebulae has not- been produced by burning magnesium." Professor Liveing 3 says in regard to the line denoted by Lockyer as 470 : " I have never seen the line at A 4703 in the spectrum of the magnesium flame. As it is a conspicuous line in the arc and spark, we looked for it in the flame, but did not find it." 1 Proc. Roy. Soc., XLV, 435. 2 Proc. Boy. Soc., XLVI, 55. 3 Proc. Boy. Soc., XLVI, 56. PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. 311 If the testimony of Huggins and of Liveing and Dewar represents the observed phenomena, and their observations have not yet been disproved, then most of the broad theories of Lockyer, which assume a common origin and structure for aurorse, nebulae, comets, and stars, lacks a basis of ob- served facts, resting wholly, so far as the aurora and nebulae are concerned, on approximate coincidences in the spectra, while the assumed telescopic appearance of cornets at aphe- lion is a creation of the imagination. CONCLUSIONS. Attention has been called to these various theories relat- ing to comets and meteors simply with a view . to emphasiz- ing the fact that none of the systems, whether simple or complex, seems to explain all the observed phenomena. As a scientific explanation, the direct and simple is always preferable to the indirect and involved method, and this safe precept should be the guide in all investigations of the apparent physical connection between comets and meteors. It seems to me that the true theory of the origin and the relations of comets and meteors is yet to be discovered. When asked to give my own theory of these bodies I can only reply that I have none. At the same time I see less objection to the following hypotheses than to any of those now doing duty as theories: Meteors and meteorites are solid iron or stony bodies and, whatever their origin, are now members of the solar system. Comets are composed chiefly of gaseous matter, and originate outside of the solar system. Some of these bodies on enter- ing the sphere of solar attraction are so far drawn away from their original orbits by the masses of the sun's outer satellites that they become permanent members of the solar system. Of these, at least four have become entangled in the immense aggregations known as meteor streams and have adopted the orbits of their captors. The meteors still remain meteors, however, and the comets retain their former identity and peculiar structure. 312 EASTMAN. OBSERVATIONS OF METEORS. Most of the observers of sporadic meteors and meteorites have been either amateurs or persons entirely deficient in that special training which is so essential in a trustworthy observer of unexpected phenomena. Fortunately, however, most of the important phenomena have been noted by in- telligent and skilled observers, whose zeal and care have left little to be desired. It would be impracticable to mention even the names of all the successful observers, but any sketch of the progress of meteoric astronomy in this country would be notably de- ficient if some of the prominent names were omitted. The remarkable meteor shower of November 13, 1^.".:'., attracted the attention of many careful observers and /.minus students along our Atlantic coast, and for several years the subject was carefully investigated by Prof. Dennison ( )1 in- stead and Prof. A. C. Twining, who were the pioneers in the study of this science in the United States. From 1838 when E. C. Herri ck began his work he labon-d with untiring industry as an observer and a compiler of ob- servations and other data until his death, in 1802, and no one in this country did so much as he in promoting the ob- servation and investigation of the August meteors. Mr. Herrick also gave considerable attention to the study and observation of the November meteors, but this stream was made a special study by Prof. H. A. Newton, with tin- best results. Professor Newton's observations of the November meteors began in 1860 and have been continued to the present time, while his investigations of the motions and character of this stream place him undeniably at the head of American workers in this branch of Astronomy. Much work of the highest value was done by Prof. C. U. Shepard and by Prof. J. Lawrence Smith in the chemical examination of all classes of meteorites, and excellent in- PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. 313 vestigations of a similar character have been carried out by other eminent chemists in the country. The zeal and industry of Professor Shepard was shown in his extensive collection of meteoric specimens, which at the time of his death was the largest in America. The attempt to bring together all the published observa- tions in this country in one systematic collection is a task beset with grave difficulties. The reports of these observations are scattered through all the scientific journals, the metropolitan and local newspapers, and the proceedings of all grades of learned societies. Fre- quently the reports, when found, have but little scientific value from lack of the necessary information. In many instances much time and space are wasted in describing trivial details which have no interest or value in connection with the true meteoric phenomena, while the really essential data are not mentioned. It sometimes happens that the only available information in regard to a meteorite is derived from the report of its chemical examination, and there can be found no astronomi- cal data whatever to account for its position ; it is simply a portion of the earth's surface, and the how, when, and whence of its advent remain unanswered. It has been impossible, sometimes, to find any trustworthy authority for essential data, and it has been necessary fre- quently to interpret freely where the observer or writer has given but a slight clue to his meaning. In nearly all cases marginal references are made to the original papers in order to facilitate further examination, if desired. THE CATALOGUES. The catalogues of Sporadic Meteors, Meteoric Showers, Observed Meteorites, and Discovered Meteorites are supposed to contain all observations, accompanied with the necessary data that have been found in the various publications to which the author has had access. It is not assumed, how- 314 EASTMAN. ever, that fhese lists contain all the good observations that have been made in this country ; in fact, it is quite certain that they do not, and one of the principal aims of this paper will be attained if this fact attracts sufficient attention to bring to light the missing or the unpublished observations. In all the catalogues the day of the observation is the astronomical day. It was manifestly impracticable to give every reference to each object in the five catalogues, and only the most important ones have been retained. Occasionally references are only given to the first page of a paper when it contains several observations of the sanu- phenomenon. In the reference notes at the bottom of the page the princi- pal abbreviated notation may be explained as follows : A. J. S., XXV 2 , 306, refers to the American Journal of Science, Vol. XXV, second series, page 306. Trans. A. P. S. refers to the American Philosophical Society. Proc. A. P. S. refers to the American Philosophical Society. Proc. A. A. A. S. refers to the proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. CATALOGUES i.-v. 316 EASTMAN. CA.TA.LOGMJK I. Number. DATE. Locality. Iron or stone. Year. 1781(?) 1807 1810 1823 1825 1827 1828 1829 1829 1835 1837 1839 1840 1843 1844 1846 1847 1848 1849 1855 1857 1857 1859 1859 1859 1860 1865 1868 1868 18H9 1871 1874 1875 1876 1876 1877 1877 1879 1879 1883 1885 1886 1887 1890 Month. Day. Hour. Min. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Portage Bay, Chilcot Inlet, Alaska OD L a: x x ~ x x -f. x -i. x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x - x x x x x x x x r-i December 13 30 18.5 Caswell N C August 7 10 May 9 8umner Co., Tenn 4 May 8 15 3 Forsyth Co Ga Deal N J July 30 5 13 2 3 3 Charlotte, Dickson Co.,Tenn May Little Piney Pulaski Co., Mo March 25 Argentine Republic . August 14 25 19 31 5 1 3 3 16 3 3 Cape Girardeau Mo February May Castine Me October August Charlotte, Cabarrus Co . N. C Lincoln Co Tenn April Cor-ta Rica, Central America Independence Co., Iowa Harrison Co., Ind March July August.. '. May 28 4 11 1 24 27 5 5 20 14 12 24 21 2 4 21 5 3 23 20 2.5 10.5 21 8.75 Crawford Co., Ark Bethlehem, N. Y New Concord, Ohio Vernon Co., Wis March November December October May May Danville, Ala Frankfort, Ala Stewart Co., <-ia . ... Searsmont, Me Nash Co., N. C February June December Iowa Co., Iowa Kansas City, Mo Rochester, Fulton Co., Ind Warrenton Warren Co Mo 23 Cynthiana, Harrison (Jo., Ky.... v May 10 5 Fomatlan Jalisco Mexico Calderilla Chili 1 1 I S s November March January May 27 27 21 2 3 2 5 15 Mazapil, Mexico Johnson Co., Ark De Cewsville, Huldirnand Co., Ontario Winnebago Co., Iowa . . 1. Cat. State Mining Bureau of Cal., 1888, No. 2925. , f Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. VI,, 323. 2 - \A. J. S. XXXVIIj, 130; VI 2 ,410. 3. A. J. S. Ho, 392. 4. A. J. S. Vf li, 170; IX,, 400. 5. A. J. S. I X lt 351 ; X lf 131 : VL,, 406. G. A. J. S. XVII,, 326; XVIII,, 200,378. 7. A. J. S. XV!, 195; XVI lt 191. 8. A. J. S. XVII I,, 388. 9. Proc. A. A. A. S., 1851, Vol. II, 188. 10. A. J. S. XLIX a , 336. 11. A. J. S. XXXII,, 395. 12. A. J. S. XXXVlIj, 385; XXXIX lf 254. 13. A. ,).S. IV 2 , 353; VI 2 , 416. 14. A. J. S. II 2 , 392; VI 2 , 411. 15. Proc. Lit. and Phil.'Soc. Liverpool, VII, 18.. 16. A. J.S. XXXII 3 , 229. 17. A. J. S. IV 2 , 288, 429. 18. A. J.S. VI 2 , 251,400. 19. A. J.S. IXo, 143; Xo, 127. 20. A. J. S. XXIVo, 134"; XXXL>, 2fi4. 21. Buchner, 93. 22. A. J. S. XXXo, 208. PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. Observed. Meteorites. 317 Number. Weight. Authority. Remarks. l 88 Ibs Seen to fall by the father of one of the oldest 2 3 4 5 c> 7 8 300 " 3 " 4 " 16.5 " 11 4 " 36 " Nathan Wheeler Madison. A. Dinsmoor. W. D. Harrison. Elias Beall. Indians. Observed by many persons. Weight " rather more than half an ounce." 10 9 Ibs G Troost 11 12 13 0.5 Ib. 50 Ibs. Mr. Harrison. Weight 370.5 grains. 14 l r > 13 Ibs. 0. U.Shepard. Fall witnessed by 1,400 soldiers. About a cubic it; 17 is 1!) 20 2] >> 4.5 Ibs. | 130 Ibs. 0.1 Ib. 19.5 Ibs. 3.9 " E. 8. Dana. S. L. Penfield. D. C. Rogers. Giles Gardner. H. Bost. James B. Dooley. C. U. Shepard yard of the mass remained above the surface of the ground. Fell in the "summer" of 1857. 23 3 7 Ibs Several observers. "1 Mr. Scott. 28 (J. U. Shepard "Smaller than a pigeon's egg." 2(1 "7 400.2 Ibs. J. L. Smith. 28 '.!!) 80 31 Rj '>'? 4.5 Ibs. 1.7 " 0.8 Ib. 12 Ibs. 500 Ibs W. Brown. Jas. W. Hooper. Mrs. Buck. Many observers. SI :55 36 '17 0.8 Ib. 100 Ibs. 15 *' A. J. Morris. "Fell in the afternoon." :is '>'> 750 " O U Shepard Several pieces ; the largest weighed about 2 Ibs. " Small " Ward and Howell Not yet described. 11 42 43 8.7 Ibs. 107.5 " 0.75 Ib. W. B. Hidden. G. F. Kunz;. E. E. Howell. G F Kunz Probably more fragments to be discovered. 23. A. J. S. XXVIII 2 ,409. 24 Owens' 2d Geolog. Reconnaissance of Arkansas, 408. 25. A. J. S. XXXo, 206. /A. . I. S. XX Xo 103, 207, 206; 26< I A. J. S. XXXlo, 87 ; XXX1I 2 , 30. 27. A. J. S. XII 3 , 207. * 28. A. J. S. XI, 1X 2 , 90. 29. A. J. S. XLVIir 2 , 240. 30. A. J. S. L 2 , 335, 339. 31. A. . I. S.I 1 3 , 133,200. 32. A. J. S. X 3 , 147. 33. A. J. S. 1X 3 , 407, 459 ; X 3 , 44, 357. 34. A. J. S. XI I 3 , 316. 35. A. J.S. XII I 3 , 207,243. 36. A. J. 8* XIII* 243; XIV 3 ,219. 37. A. J. S. XI11 3 , 243; XI V 3 , 219. 38. A. J. S. XVIII 3 , 77, 186; XIX 3 , 459,495; XX 3 , 136. 39. A. J. S. XXX 3 , 105. 40. 41. A. J. S. XXXIII 3 , 221. 42. A. J. S. XXXIII 3 , 494, 500. 43 Science, N. Y., March 7, 1890, 167. 44. Science, N. Y., May 16, 1890, 304. 318 EASTMAN. II.- Number. DATE. Locality. Iron or stone. Year. Month and day. 1 2 3 4 5 ti 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 *9 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 4'2 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 1735 1784 1792 1808 1810 1811 1818 1819 1820 1822 1826-7 1828 1832 1834 1834 1835 1836 1839 1839 1840 1840 1840 1841 1842 1842 ,1842 1842 1845 1845 1846 1846 1847 1847-8 1849 1850 1850 1850 18 1853 1853 1853 18A3 1854 1854 1855 18P6 ISf.li 1856 1856 1856 1856 1856 1857 1858 1. 1. I. I. I. I. I. 1. I. I. 1. I. I. I. i! i. i i. i. i! i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. j. i. L l. I. I. I. I. I. I. I. I. Hahia Brazil Red River, Texas Durango Mexico Lock port N Y Burlington, N. Y Guilford Co N C . Waterloo Seneca Co N Y Bedford Co Pa Walker Co. Ala. . . Scriba Oswego Co N Y Claiborne Clark Co Ala Buncombe Co N C Brazo< Texas March Putnam Co Ga Buncombe Co., N. C Chili February 26 Cocke Co Tenn Smithland, Livingston Co., Ky February Lexington Co., S C Roanoke Co., Va Carthage Tenn Green Co., Tenn DeKalb Co., Tenn Otsego Co., N. Y. .. Franconia N H *.'.'.'.'.*.".!."'.'.'.".!!!!'.!'.'.!!'. Jackson Co., Tenn...... Chesterville, S. C Murfreesborough, Tenn Pittsburgh Pa Allegheny Co., Pa Seneca River, N. Y. Salt River Ky Botetourt Co., Va Jefferson Co Tenn Union Co., Ga July Campbell Co., Tenn Tazewell, Claiborne Co., Tenn. August Madoc, Ontario Haywood Co., N. C Coahuila, Mexico Nelson Co. Ky Nebraska Madison Co. N C Kor^vth Tanev Co Mo Marshall Co., Ky....'. Denton Co., Texas Oktibbeha, Miss Laurens Co S C Washington Co., Wis ..'. 1. 2. 3. 4. 0. 6. 7. S. 9. 10. 11. ("Smithsonian Report 1863, 55, 85. t A. J. 8. XVIII 2 , 3fi9 ; XIX 2 , 161, 162. JA.J.S. XV 2 ,12; XXXVI 3 ",158. \Sci. Am. Supp. Oct. 19, 1889. A. J. S. XV 2 , 11. A. J. S. VIII,, 218; XVIi, 217; XXVII, 382 A. J. S. XVo, 11. A. J. S. XV 2 , 19. A. J. S. XLVIIL., 388; II 2 , 374, 391. A. J. S. XLVJj, 401 ; Ho, 391 ; XVo, 20. A. J. S. XVIIi, 140 ; XL,, 369. A. J. S. XVIIi, 140; II 2 . 391; XVo, 21. A. J. S. XI 2) 39 ; XXX1V 2 , 298. " 15. A. J.S. XXXIV!, 332; XLVIII^HS. 16. A. J. S. XXXVl!, 81; XLIlIi,359. 17. A. J.S. XXX I 2 , 459. 18. A. J. H. XVII 2 , 331. 19. A. J.S. IVo, 82. 20. Lon., Ed. and Dublin Phil. Mag. X 4 , 21. A. J.S. XXXVII I 1( 250; XLIIli, 351. 22. A. J. 8. II 2 ,357; XV, 21. (A. J.S. X 2 , 128; X"Vo, 5, 16. 23. -1 Proc. A. A. A. S. 1850, Vol. I, 152 ^ Vol. 11,189. 24. A. J.S. XLIIIx, lf,9; Uo, 392. 25 A J 8 X LI IIj 1 (',') H." W 12. ; 185 12. 13. 14. A. J.S. II 2 , 391; XVo, 21. A. J. S. XLIXj, 344 ;"II 2 , 391 ; XV 2) 21. A. J. S. XLi, 366 ; 1I 2 , 390 ; IV a , 75. 26. A. J. 8. Ho, 350 ; XV 2 , '20. 27. A. J. S. XLIXi, 342 ; "lL>, 391. PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. Discovered. ^Meteorites.. 319 Number. Weight. Authority. Remarks. 1 g 1,400 Ibs. 11 819 " Jo8eph Henry The "Ainsa " or " Tucson " meteorite. The " Bendego" meteorite a 4 5 6 2,000 " 1,635 " 1,700 " Weight 30,000 or 40 000 Ibs 7 8 9 10 11 12 36 Ibs. IfiO " 28 " 2 " 0.1 lb. B. Silliman. B. Silliman. C. U. Shepard. C. U. Shepard. C. U. Shepard C U Shepard Rammelsburg thought this was not a meteorite. 13 14 if, n 17 18 I'.t 20 21 22 2:5 "4 165 Ibs. 8 " 40 " 30 " 324 " 72 " 1.3 " 17 " 2,000 " 9.9 " 117 " G. Troost. C. U. Shepard. C. T. Jackson. C. U. Shepard C. U. Shepard. .1. E. Willett. C. U. Shepard. R. P.Greg G. Troost. G. Troost. 0. U. Shepard J B. Rogers One date given is 1845. Found in the desert of Tarapaca. Found on "Ruff's Mountain." " Original mass of many pounds' weight " 26 W B Rogers 20 27 28 "1 280 Ibs. 29 " 36 " G. Troost. G. Troost G. Troost. C U Shepard Found near Babb's mill. Weighed 276 grains uu Weighed " 15 or 20 pounds " ** ''ll G Troost Weighed 15 oz 32 : 34 3S ',[; 36 Ibs. 19 " 0.6 lb. 292 Ibs. 9 " C. U. Shepard. G. Troost. F. A. Genth. B. Silliman. Date somewhat doubtful 87 is 8 " B. Silliman. C. U Shepard Original mass lost 15'.) 40 41 4-J 4:5 44 2.5 Ibs. 15 " 0.3 lb. 60 Ibs. 370 " C. U. Shepard T. Sterry Hunt. C. U. Shepard. .. Also described by J. L. Smith. Weight about ^ oz. 40 252 Ibs J L Smith The "Couch" meteorite 46 47 48 4y . r .o r >i 0.2 lb. 35 Ibs. 0.1 Ib. 1!7 Ibs. 15 " G. J. Brush. G. J. Brush. C. U. Shepard. C. U. Shepard. C U Shepard Weighed 66 grains. 63 53 54 0.3 Ibs. 4.7 " 85.8 " W.J.Taylor W. E. Hidden. F. Breundecke. Found in an Indian mound. A.J.S. XLIX X , 341; II 2 , 391. A. J.S. II 2 . 391; XV 2 , 16. A. J.S. Ho, 392; IVo" 87. A. J.S. IIo",357; XVo, 21. A. J.S. VIlo, 449; XVo, 21. A. J.S. V 2 . 351; XV 2 , 21. A.J.S. XVo,22; XI I 3 , 72. A. J. S. XVo, 7 ; Proc. A. A. A. S. 1850, Vol. 11,37. A. J. S. XIV 2 , 439 ; XV 2 , 363. A. J. S. XV 2 , 22 ; Proc. A. A. A. S. 1850, 36. A. J. S. XLLI 2 , 250. A.J.S. XVII 2 ,329. A.J.S. XVII 2 , 328. A. J. S. XIXo, 153. 42. A. J. S. XVIIo, 131, 325 ; XI X 2 , 153. 43. A.J.S. XIXo," 417, 44. A.J.S. XVlf.,,327. 4 , ? A.J.S. xiXj, 160. 40> t Smithsonian Report. 1863, 56. 46. A. J. S. XXX 2 , 240 ; XXXI 2 , 459. 47. A. J. S. XXXo, 204; XXXIIo, 146. 48. A.J.S. XXX 2 , 240; XXXIo, 459, 49. A. J. S. XXX 2 , 205; XXX I V 3 . 467. 50. A. J. S., XXX 2 , 240 ; XXXIo, 459. ,, /A. J.S. XXX I 2 , 459. ( Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. I, 623. 52. A.J.S. XX I Vo, 293. 53. A. J. S-. XXX I 3 , 463. 54. Smithsonian Report 1869, 417. 320 EASTMAN. 1 1 ,-r>is- DATE. . stone. Numbe Year. Month and day. Locality. Iron or 55 18589 57 1860 Mountains of East Tennessee 58 1860 Franklin Co., Ky 59 1860 October 1860 61 1860 62 1863 Rensselaer Co NY . . 63 1863 February 18 . .. Colorado 64 1863 Tucson Arizona 1863 Dakota 66 1866 Bear Creek Colo 67 1866 Frankfort Ky 68 1867 Allen County Ky 69 1868 April Losttown Cherokee Co Ga 70 1868 44 Southeastern Missouri " 7t 1868 Auburn Macon Co Ala 72 1869 71 1869 El Dorado Co Cal 74 1869 Trenton Wi* 7*> 1870 Howard Co Ind ... 76 1873 August Madison Co N C 77 1873 Cleburne Co. Ala . . 78 1874 79 1875 - San Francisco Brazil 80 1877 Whitfield Co Ga. 81 1878 Fayette Co., Texas 82 1879 Whitfield Co Ga 83 1879 July 10 Davidson Co , N. C. 84 1879 I van pah Cal 85 1880 Eagle Station, Carroll Co Ky 86 1880 Lexington Co S C . 87 1880 Rutherford Co.. N. C 88 1882- June 10 Maverick Co Texas 89 1882 Burke Co., N. C <><) 1883 May 15 Grand Rapids Mich y] 1883 Little Miami Valley, Ohio. . . . . Otf 188.3 Wayne Co., W. Va 93 1884 June Independence Co., Ark. 14 1884 Hammond, St. Croix Co., \Vis .... <>5 1884 August Santa F6 County, New Mexico 96 1884 Chili 97 1885 Catorze, San Luis Potosi, Mex 98 1887 January Laramie Co Wyoming 99 1887 March Claiborne Co Tenn TOO 1887 March Cumberland Co., Tenn 101 1887 March 27 Chattooga Co Ga 10'} 1888 April 30 Welland, Ontario .. * 103 1888 Chili.... 104 1888 Chili.... I S 105 1888 Chili 106 1888 Hamilton Co., Texas.. 55. A. J. S. XV 3 , 337. 56. Pmo. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. 7, 161, 174, 175, 191, 279. 289. , 7 fA. J.S., XXXI V 3 , 473. ' \ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1886, 366. 58. Smith. Report 1868, 343; A. J.S. XLIX.331. 59. A. J. S. XXX To, 151, 265. 60. A. J. S. XXXI* 151, 266. 61. A. J.S. XL,, 21 3; XXXIV 3 , 471. 62. A. J. S. XX'XIV 3 , 60. 63. A. J. S. XLIIo. 218. M ?A. J.S. XXXV I 8 , 152. ( Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Ill, 30. 65. A. J. S. XXX VI 2 , 259. 66. A. J.S. XLI1 2 , 250,280; X XLIII 2 ,280. 67. A. J.S. XLIXo, 331. 68. A. J. S. XXXIII, 500. 69. A. J. S. X LVf.,, 257 ; XLVIL,, 234. 70. A. J. S. XLVllo, 233. 71. A. J. S. XLVII,, 230. 72. A.J. S. XXX If,, 226. 73. A.J. S. IIIo, 438; VI 3 , 18. 74. A. J. S. XLVIIo, 271 ; III 3 ,69. 75. A. J. S. V 3 , 155 ; VI L, 391. 76. A. J.S. XI I,. 439. 77. A. J.S. XIX,. 370; XX 3 , 74. 78. A.J. S. XI 3 , 473; XIII 3 , 211. (Comptes Rendus LXXXIH, 917, 918 79. < LXXXIV, 478, 482, 1085, 1508. (A. J. S. XXlIIg, 232 ; XXIX 3 , 33, 490. PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA, covered. Meteorites Cont'ci. 321 1 Number. Weight. Authority. Remarks. M 152 Ibs. J. W. Mallet. ft John Evans J^Jass above ground 45x35 feot 67 254 Ibs. F. A. Genth. 68 0.1 Ib. G. J. Brush. 61 112 Ibs. Found by Wm. Daring. ft 37 " Found by D. Crockett. 01 BS 3.3 Ibs."" J. L. Smith S. C. H. Bailey. Specimen weighed 22% oz. ft 29 " Found near Central City by Otho Curtice (i4 632 " (if 10.G " Dr. Jackson Found in the u Dakota Indian country J1 64 436 " J. L. Wilson. 67 24 " J. L. Smith. (i,S 24.3 " J. E. Whitfield. *;r 6.6 " 7< 0.8 Ib. C. IT. Shepard. 71 8 Ibs. 0. U. Shepard. 7S 1.9 " E. S. Dana. 7:5 85 " B. Silliman. 74 143.5 "' J. L. Smith . Six fragments found* the first in 1869 75 4 " E. T Cox. 7 c; 25 " B. S. Burton. 77 35.8 " W. E. Hidden. 78 IK) " C. U. Shepard. 78 Nil 22,048 " 13 " E. Guignet W. E. Hidden. In the province of San Catherina. 81 321 " Whitfield and Merrill. 82 '117 " C. U. Shepard. 83 2.8 " W. E. Hidden. 84 128.2 " C. U. Shepard. 85 80 " G. F. Kunz. 80 10.5 " C. U. Shepard. 87 4.8 " L. G. Eakins. 88 97.25 " W. E. Hidden. 89 1 tt>. G. F. Kunz. 90 114 Ibs. J. R. Eastman. 1)1 G. F. Kunz Fragments found in mounds by F. W. Putnam ; now in the Peabody Museum. 92 26 Ibs. G. F. Kunz Several fragments. !K5 94 " W. E. Hidden. 94 53 " Davenport Fisher. 95 324.4 " G. F. Kunz. ... Several fragments. 96 97 14.5 " 92 " Ward and Howell. G. F. Kunz. Found near Puquios. Not yet described. 98 25.06 " G. F. Kunz. 99 18 " G. F. Kunz. 00 94.5 " J. E. Whitfield. 01 27 " G. F. Kunz. 02 E. E. Howell. 03 04 or. 16 " 27 " Ward and Howell. Ward and Howell. Ward and Howell. Thirty leagues east of Taltal. Not yet described. Thirty-five leagues S. E. of Taltal. Not yet described. Estimated at from 6 to 8 Ibs. 00 179 " Ward and Howell. Found five miles south of Carlton. Not yet described. 80. A. J. S. XIV 3 , 246; XXI 3 , 286. 81. A. J. S. XXXVI 3 , 113. 82. A. J. S. XXVI 3 , 336; XXXIV 3 , 473. 8S. A. J. S. XX 3 , 3*4. 84. A. J. S. XIX 3 , 381. 85. A. J. S. XXXIIIg, 228. 86. A. J. S. XXI 3 ,117. 87. A. J. H. XXXIX 3 , 395. 88. A. J. S. XXXII 3 . 304; XXXIIIg, 115. 89. A. J. S. XXX VI 3. 275. 90. A. J. S. XXVIIlg, 299 ; XXX 3 , 312. 91. A. J. S. XXXI Us, 228. 92. A. J. S. XXXI 3 , 145; Proc. A. A. A. S., 1885, 246. 93. A. J. S. XXX I 3 , 460 ; School of Mines Quar- terly, Columbia Coll., VII, No. 2, 188. 94. A. J. S. XXXIV 3 , 381. 95. A. J. S. XXX 3 , 235 ; XXXIIg, 311. 96. 97. A. J. S. XXXIII 3 , 233. 98. A. J. S. XXXVI 3 , 276. 99. A. J. S. XXXIVs, 475. 100. A. J. S. XXXIV 3 . 387, 476. 101. A. J. S. XXX IV,, 471. 102. Science, N. Y., March 7, 1890, 167. 103. 104. 105. 106. 322 EASTMAN. CATALOGUE III -Discoverer Number. Locality. Iron or stone. Weight. 1 I. 1 Ib. 2 I 30000 11 is 3 Crawford Co Arkansas S. 14" 4 British America I 386 " 5 Canyon City Trinity Co Cal . I. ,., 6 I. 80 " 7 San Bernardino Co , Cal 8. g I. 3853 Ib* 9 I. 10 11 Sierra de Chaco, Chili 8. A I. 72.75 " 12 Oazaca Mexico . I. 13 San Luis Potosi Mexico I 14 Xiquipilco, Mexico I. 108 6 " 15 Mexico .. . I 192 " 16 Mexico I. 17 Mexico I 18 I. 2,942 Ibs 19 Mexico 0.5 Ib. 20 Mexico I. 21 Mexico I. f>(MK> lY.s 22 I. 'III " 23 Ironton Missouri . 24 I. 12' Ibs 25 I 11 " 26 I. li " 27 290 " 28 14" 29 s ft 5 " 30 Augusta Co Va I. :i r> " 31 3(j " 32 Augusta Co , Va j 56 " 33 Augusta Co., Va r 22" 34 I. 35 Chili I 9 r > 5 Ib^ 36 I 2 oz 1. A. J. S. XXXIV 8 , 59. 2. A. J. S. XV 2 , 12. 3. Owen's 2d Geological Reconnaissance of Ark., 408. 4. Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, IV, sect. Ill, 97. 5. A. J. 8., XXIX 8 , 469. 6. A. J. S. IV 3 , 495. 7. A. J. 8. XXXV 3 , 490. f A. J.S. X1X 2 , 163; II 8 , 335; III 3 , 207. ' I Proc. A. A. A. 8. 1871, '266. 9. Buchner, 127. 10. Buchner, 131. 11. A. J. S. XXXVIIg, 439. 12. A. J. S. XV 2 , 21. 13. Buchner, 149. 14. A. J. S. XVo, 20; XXI1 2 ,374; XXIV 2 , 295. 15. A. J. S. XXIX 3 , 232. 16. Proc. A. A. A. S. 1871,269. 17. Proc. A. A. A. S. 1871, 269. PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. 323 Meteorites without Date. Number, Authority. Remarks. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 R. B. Riggs Found in Col. Abort's collection of minerals presented to the Na- tional Museum. Brought to Coburg, Canada, in 1869. Put through an ore-crusher before its character was known. Numerous pieces. The San Gregorio meteorite, 6.5 feet long, 5.5 wide, 4.0 high. "The largest yet found in that vicinity." The "Butcher" meteorites six, weighing 290, 430, 438, 550,580, and 654 Ibs. Found in a collection of minerals from Mexico. Now in National Museum, Washington, D. C. Estimated weight, 2,500 Ibs. Small specimen. | Property of the Smithsonian Institution; place of discovery un- known. Riggs considers this a doubtful specimen. Probably found in Texas. Found by "cowboys" before that portion of Kansas was settled; fragments weighing in the aggregate more than 1,600 Ibs. dis- covered. Found about 10 or 12 leagues east of the port of Chanaral ; not yet described. Piece of a mass found by a miner. A. P. Coleman C. U. Shepard. C. T. Jackson. G. P Merrill J. L. Smith. J. E. Whitfield. N. T. Lupton. J L Smith J. L. Smith J. L. Smith J. L. Smith W. M. Pierson. G. C. Brodhead. J. L. Smith. C U Shepard W. P. Blake. R B Riggs L. G. Eakins.... J. W. Mallet. J. W. Mallet. J. W. Mallet. G. F. Kunz and J. W. Mallet. F. H. Snow Ward and Howell Ward and Howell Proc. A. A. A. S. 1871, 269. A. J. S. XLV 2 , 77. Smithsonian Report, 1873, 419. A. J. S. X 3 , 401; X 111 3, 213. A. J. S. XV 2 , 11. A. J. S. XI1I 3 , 213. A. J.S. XXH 3 , 119. A. J. S. XXXI 3 , 41. A. J. S. XXX1V 3) 60. A. J. S. XXXIX 3 , 59. A. J. S. II 3 , 10. A. J. S. II 3 , 10. A. J.S. II 3 , 10. A. J. S. XXXIII 3 , 58. Science N. Y., Vol. XV, No. 379, 290; No. 384, 359 40-Bull. Phil. Soc., Wash., Vol. 11. 324 EASTMAN. CATALOGUE Ref. number. DATE. TIMK OF SHOWER. |j 2-j 1* H Whole num- ber counted. 1 o . c.2 M Radiant point. No. ofobserv's. Year. Month. 1 Begin- ning. End. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 lf> 16 17 18 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 M 27 28 m 30 31 32 33 34 35 M 37 38 39 40 41 42 a 44 4.-, 4ei 47 4S 4i BO 1803 1833 1834 1834 1835 1835 1835 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1836 1837 1837 1837 1837 1837 1837 1837 1838 1838 1838 1838 1838 1838 1838 1838 1838 1838 1838 1838 1838 1838 1838 1838 1838 1838 1838 1839 1839 1839 1839 1839 1839 1839 1839 1839 1839 April... Nov ii 19 13 12 12 13 h. TO. 13 9 14 50 h. TO. 15 Sunrise 17 25 h. w. 8t\r "Sword handle of 1'er^eu-". In Leo 15 30 13 30 15 30 14 30 ii it In Perseus a 273, 6 -L- 45 "l3"30 "Tg'i" Vicinity of ('assiopen- Sword handle of Perse u> 6<; 10 "Algenib" 1. A. J. S. XXX VIi, 358; Va. Gazette and 12. A. J. S. XXXl!, 391. General Advertiser, April 23,1803; N. H. Gazette, May 31, 1803; Med. Repository, 13. A. J. S. XXXl lt 392. 14. A. J. S. XXX Hi, 392. N. Y., Vol. 1, 1804. 2. A. J. S. XXVx,354, 3f,3. 3. A. J. S. XXVlIj, 335: XXVIII,, 305. 4. A. J.S. XX Vila, 339. 5. A. J. S. XXX!, 375. 7.' A. J. S. XXXi,376. 8. A. J. S. XXXIi, 390. 9. A. J. S. XXXlj, 388. 10. A. J. S. XXXIi, 390. 11. A. J.S. XXXIi, 389. 15. A. J. S. XXXIlIj, 133. 16. A. J.S. XXXIIIi,37!t. 17. 18. " 19. 20. 22! A. J. S. XXX I V,, 393. 23. A. J. S. XXXV,, li'.T. 24. " PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. 325 IVleteor Showers. 5 = 3 C 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 a 22 23 24 2.5 26 27 -- 29 30 31 32 38 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Authority. Place of observation. Remarks. Richmond, Va., and Ports- mouth, N. H. New Haven, Conn Philadelphia, Pa. u Fell too fast to be counted." Number estimated; seen throughout the Atlantic and Gulf States. Observed on the morning of the 13th. "Unusual number;" hourly rate es- timated at 40 or 50. " Unusual number." Observed on the morning of the 14th. "Unusual number." Many seen that were not recorded. Cloudy. Observed one hour. Whole number estimated at 400. Counted between 200 and 300. Majority left trains. Many trains. Only two observers after 17 hours. Prof. D. Olmstead Prof. A. D. Baehe., Prof. A. C. Twining..... Amenia, N. Y 1ft St Mary's College, Md.. Salisbury, N. C_ _ New York, N. I Spring vale, Me. New Haven, Conn Cambridge, Mass Newark, N. J S. Dunster Randolph and Macon Col- lege, Va. Hingham, Mass. \ew York, N. Y J. L. Russell G C Schaeffer Prof. D. Olmstead G.C.Sehaeffer Prof. F. A. P. Barnard. New Haven, Conn New York, N. Y New York, N. Y. Hudson, Ohio. New Haven, Conn. ML rfL Mary's College, Md. Knoxville,Tenn. Barren Hill, Pa. Wilmington Island, Ga. Society Hill, S. C. Norfolk, Va. New Haven, Conn. Wilmington Island, Ga. Rock Island, III. Cambridge, Mass Cambridge, Mass. Cambridge, Mass. Cambridge, Mass. New Haven, Conn. New Haven, Conn. Middletown, Conn. New Haven, Conn. New Haven, Conn. New Haven, Conn. New Haven, Conn. New Haven, Conn. Hudson, Ohio. New Haven, Conn. Hudson, Ohio. New Haven, Conn. New Haven, Conn. Columbia, Tonn. Middletown, Conn. New York, X. Y. Middletown. Conn. E Fitch L. Obermeyer Prof Wright ft. C. Sehaeffer T R Dutton W. A. Sparks J D Dana E. C. Herrick T R Dutton C. G. Forshey Prof. J. Lovering- Prof. J. Lovering Prof. J. Lovering Prof. J. Lovering F C Herrick F <' Herrick Prof. A. W. Smith B.C. Herrick ; E. C. Herrick E. C. Herrick E. C. Herrick B.C. Herrick Prof. E. Loomis E. C. Herrick Prof. E. Loomi? E. C. Herrick E C. Herrick T. R. Dutton L. L. Knox Charles Baldwin Prof. A. W. Smith 25. A. J. S. XXXV,, 167. 26. " " " 29'. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 266. 30. A. J. S. XXXV,, 323. 34'. A. J. S. XXXV!, 361 ; XXXVI,, 355. 35. A. J. S. XXXV,, 361. 36. " " " 37. 38. A. J. S. XXXV,, 361. 39. 4L A. J. S. XXXVI,, Ml. 42. 43. ^ ^ tt A. J. S. XXXVII,. 325. 46. A. J. 8. XXXVII,. 325. 47. A. J. 8. XXX :VIII, ,203. 48. A. J. S. XXX\ I.,, 325. 50. " 326 EASTMAN. Ref. number, j DATK. TIME or SHOWER. Time of max. flight. Whole num- ber counted. > ' h .2 S Radiant point. f I 5 SS 4 3 :; l 4 1 1 1 3 1 1 5 7 7 7 J 4 1 4 J 1 4 2 1 4 4 3 :; 4 3 .; 3 3 8 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 1 7 Year. Month. 1 10 10 11 14 9 9 9 10 18 19 9 10 20 8 9 10 13 9 10 11 12 9 10 11 10 10 11 9 9 9 19 10 9 10 10 9 10 9 10 11 11 12 10 9 9 10 10 11 29 5 9 9 9 9 Begin- ning. End. 51 52 53 54 55 M 57 H H ao 01 62 u f.4 85 66 87 8H CO 70 71 72 7.", 74 75 78 77 7S 70 80 81 s-j K:< M 8fi 88 81 88 8U !0 111 !2 :i:5 M 95 06 !'7 '.(S N 100 101 102 103 104 1839 1839 1839 1839 1840 1840 1840 1840 1841 1841 1841 1841 1842 1842 1842 1842 1842 1844 1844 1844 1844 1845 1846 1846 1847 1847 1847 1848 1M8 1848 1849 1849 1850 1850 1850 1852 1853 1855 1856 18,55 1855 1855 1856 1858 1858 1858 1858 1858 1859 1859 1859 1859 1859 1860 Aug.... ci April'.!'. Aug. ... M April'.!'. Aug. ... N it Bet. Cassiopese and Perseus.. Sword handle of Perseus a _ 30o 5 -}. 530 30- ............ 44 "332" 76 a = 198, = -8 "iJTso" ""Ks" ......... Corona Boreali* Sword handle of Perseus "isT'sb" 139 "TsT /3 Cassiopese 14 !"!!!!!! Sword handle of Perseus Head of Perseus 15 15 281 In Perseus In Perseus 13 30 216 In Perseus "iT'sb" 13 30 13 30 "is?" so" 14 35 119 110 136 "Too" Sword handle of Perseus ii tt ii tt 15 15 156 "TM" Sword handle of Perseus a = 38 30', 6 = -4- 57 15' Sword handle of Perseus 14 30 51. A. J.S. XXXVI I lt 325. 52. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII, 53. " 54. A. J.S. XXX VI IL 325. 55. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VII. 56. A. J. S. XXXIXj, 328. 67. 68. " " " 59. A. J. S. XLII,, 397. 60. 61. A. J. S. XLL. 390. 62. " " " 63. A. J. S. XLIIIi. 212. 64. A. J. S. XLIIIi, 377. 268. 270. 65. A. J. S. XLIIIj, 377. 66. " " " 67. A. J. S. XLIV,, 209. 68. A. J.6. XLVIIIj.316. 69. A. J. S. XLVIII,,320. 70. A. J. S. XLVIIIJ.31G. 71. " 72. A. J.S. L>, 86. 73. A. J.S. HIo, 125. 74. " ' 75. Sidereal Messenger, II, 14. 76. A. J. S. VIo, 278. 77. " "" " 78. A. J. S. VI 2 , 279. PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. Meteor Showers Corat'cl. 327 Ref. number. Authority. Place of observation. Remarks. 51 E C Herrick New Haven, Conn. 52 C G Forshey St Loui?, Mo. 53 54 C. G. Forshey E C Herrick . .. Illinois River. New Haven, Conn. 55 C. G. Forshey Philadelphia. Pa. 56 E C Herrick Moon set at 14h Om 57 G C Schaeffer Jamaica L. I 58 G C Schaeffer Jamaica, L. I. 59 C G Forshey Vidalia La No trains ; paths short. 60 61 62 E.G. Herrick Dr. J. S. Huntington, U. S. N. Dr John Locke New Haven, Conn. Pensacola, Fla. Cincinnati, Ohio. 63 E C Herrick New Haven Conn Moon set at I5h. Om. 64 E C Herrick Cloudy actual observing time Ih 10m 65 E C Herrick New Haven Conn Cloudy. 66 E C Herrick New Haven, Conn Cloudy, 67 E C Herrick New Haven Conn Cloudy after 16h. 68 E C Herrick Partially cloudy. 69 70 S. R. Williams E C Herrick Canonsburg, Pa. New Haven, Conn. 71 E C Herrick . . .. New Haven Conn. 72 73 E.C. Herrick E C Herrick New Haven, Conn New Haven, Conn. Cloudy. 74 E G Herrick New Haven Conn 75 C G Forshey 33 conformable with the radiant. 76 W M Smith Manlius N Y Cloudy after 14h. 77 E C Herrick Completely cloudy after lOh. 78 E C Herrick New Haven Conn. 79 E C Herrick "On Mt. Carmel." 80 C G Forshey Mouth of Miss, river. 81 82 83 E. C. Herrick S. R. Williams E C Herrick New Haven, Conn. Canonsburg, Pa. New Haven Conn. 81 E C Herrick New Haven, Conn. 85 E C Herrick New Haven Conn. 86 John Edmunds New Haven, Conn. 87 E C Herrick New Haven Conn. 88 E C Herrick New Haven Conn 306 conformable. F C Herrick 242 conformable. 90 91 E.C. Herrick E C Herrick New Haven, Conn One-half conformable. 45 conformable. 92 E. C. Herrick New Haven, Conn 20 conformable. 93 E C Herrick New Haven, Conn. 94 Observed on railroad between Daven- 95 96 97 98 Prof. A. C. Twining ... Prof. A. C. Twining... Prof. A. C. Twining ... Prof. A. C. Twining ... F Bradley Cleveland, Ohio. Cleveland, Ohio. Cleveland, Ohio. Cleveland, Ohio. Chicago 111 port and Chicago, 111. 6 conformable to the August radiant. 100 F Bradley 8 conformable to the August radiant. 101 F Bradley Chicago, 111. 10 F Bradley Chicago 111 Only a few unconformable meteors. 103 104 Prof. A. C. Twining ... E.C Herrick Boston, Mass. New Haven, Conn. J. S. VIo, 279. J. 8.X U, 133. J. S. VI llj, 429. J. S. XIVo, 430. J. S. XVIs, 288. J. S. XX 2 , 285. 79. A. 80. A. 81. A. 82. 83. A. J. S. XI 2 , 130. 84. " " u 85. 86. A. 87. A. 88. A. 89. 90. 91. A. J. S. XX 2 , 285. A. J. S. XX 2 , 285. *. XXII, A. J. 8. XXII 2 , 290. 94. A. J. S. XXVJo, 435. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. A. J. S. XXVIIIo, 446. 100. " 101. 102. 103. 104. A. J. S. XXX 2 , 296. 328 EASTMAN. IV.- Ref. number. DATE. TIME or SHOWER. Time of max. flight. W r hole num- ber counted. jj 1 Radiant point. No.ofobserv's. Year. Month. i Begin- ning. End. 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 132 133 134 137 138 M"'i 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 1860 1863 1863 1863 Aug. ... NOV. ::: (t M Dec. ... April... July ... Aug. ... ti NOV. ::: Aug.::: NOV..::: H Aug. ... u NOV..::: 9 10 7 12 12 13 13 14 12 19 3 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 9 10 13 13 18 10 in in 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 13 h. m. 11 30 11 7 6 30 10 6 15 15 15 15 40 8 20 14 45 9 5 8 10 10 25 10 30 12 25 8 15 9 30 13 14 15 14 15 16 15 15 11 15 15 20 10 15 15 15 14 12 30 12 15 15 Hi 30 8 30 9 II 9 9 15 10 12 13 15 10 9 10 11 22 10 10 20 8 9 30 10 10 10 38 h. m. 13 o 14 9 17 16 17 16 15 16 25 12 16 10 5 15 15 13 14 45 .13 13 10 15 12 15 16 40 15 30 17 17 16 30 12 15 16 20 .13 17 3H 17 38 15 40 15 30 15 17 5 17 30 10 12 13 10 15 13 50 14 14 15 40 11 15 14 52 14 15 51 14 13 30 17 7 17 16 h. m. 57 381 46 423 381 500 21 15 180 52 36 397 289 289 95 MO 62 47 11 :;j 15 130 15 '"146" Sword handle of Perseus a 32 6 -f- 61 1 5 8 12 30 "14" "36" 14 30 13 30 N. E. of zenith 68 90 83 ......... In Leo 5 In the "Sickle" in Leo.... K It II 1 1 ........... 4 2 4 8 I I 2 1 2 1 1 1 4 2 8 1 3 1 6 1 12 30 12 30 "12" "30" 75 119 85 ft Peisfi Hword handle of Perseus Between T/, y, and T Pers-i ... In Perseu.s 37 ..... In IVr>eus a = 166 30', &= +40 40' Near y Leoni In Leo u :::::::::::: 11 27 u 19 90 51 59 31 17 41 Zenith In Perseus . :::::::::::: In Leo.... M 1 ii 1 Vr^ciis. '.Hi 130 289 87 153 67 105 185 129 199 107 32 213 316 8 15 30 46 69 In Leo 6 7 In the "Sickle" in Leo 105. A. J. S. XXXIo, 136. 106. 107. A. J. S. XXXIn, 137. 108. A. J. S. XXX I 2 , 138. 109 A J S. XXX I 2 139 118. A. J.8. XXXII.,, 294. 119. A. J. S. XXXIlT,, 447. 120. A. J. S. XXXII,, 295. 121. A. J. S. XXXIllo, 148. 122. A. J. S. XXXIIo, 447. 110. A. J. S. XXXL, 138. 111. A. J. S. XXXf 2 , 137. 112. " " 113. A. J. S. XXXIo, 138. 114. A. J. S.XXXII 2 , 294. 115. A. J. S. XXXII 2 ,29G. 116. A. J. S. XXXII 2> 294. 117. 123. A. J. S. XXXIIi.,, 148. 124. 125. A. J. S. XXXIII 2 , 146. 126. " " ' " 127. " 128. A. J. S. XXXIII,, 147. 129. A. J. S. XXXIII,. 148. 130. PROGRESS OP METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. 329 Showers Cont'd.. Ref. number. Authority. Place of observation. Remarks. 105 F. Bradley Chicago, 111. lor. F. Bradley Chicago III. 107 108 Prof. C. U. Shepard Francis Miller Off Cape Hatteras. Montgomery Co. Md ob- 109 Prof. D. Kirkwood Bloomington, Ind servations. ftor 110 Francis Miller Montgomery Co., Md 13h. ob- 111 112 113 114 Prof. H.A.Newton Prof. H. A. Newton Francis Miller E. C. Herrick New Haven, Conn. New Haven, Conn. Montgomery Co., Md New Haven, Conn servations. Several students assisted in the servations. ob- 115 E. C. Herrick New Haven, Conn. 110 F. W. Russell Natick, Mass. 117 E C Herrick New Haven Conn 118 B. V. Marsh Burlington, N. J A very large meteor at llh 23m. 119 V>0 Prof. A. C. Twining ... R. M. Gummere New Haven, Conn. Burlington, N. J. 1^1 John Roberts Madison, Ind. 1-22 1"3 Prof. A. C. Twining ... F. W. Russell New Haven, Conn. Natick Mas. 1?4 F. W. Russell Natick, Mass. 125 1?6 Prof. A. C. Twining ... E.G. Herrick New Haven, Conn. New Haven, Conn. 1*7 l'/8 Prof. A. C. Twining ... S. J. Gum mere New Haven, Conn. Burlington, N. J. 129 130 131 Prof. D. Kirkwood Prof. D. Kirkwood F. W. Russell Bloomington, Ind. Bloomington, Ind. Natick, Mass. 132 133 S. J. Gummere .... B V Marsh Burlington, N. J. Germantown Pa Thirteen left trains. 134 F. W. Russell Winchendon, Mass. 135 B. V. Marsh Germantown, Pa. 136 137 Prof. S. J. Gummere... B V Marsh Haverford College, Pa. Germantown, Pa 138 139 Prof. A. C. Twining W G. Bryant New Haven, Conn. Winchendon, Mass. 140 F. W. Russell .... Natick, Mass. 141 142 143 J. G. Pinkham 1... Prof. H. A. Newton B. V Marsh Manchester, Me. New Haven, Conn. Philadelphia, Pa. 144 F. W. Russell Natick, Mass. 145 F. Bradley Chicago, 111. 146 147 Prof H.A.Newton F. W. Russell . . . New Haven, Conn. Natick, Mass. 148 149 150 151 152 153 Prof. O.N. Stoddard.. Prof. H. L. Smith Prof. O. N. Stoddard. . Prof. H. L. Smith Prof. A. D. Bache Prof H A Newton Oxford, Ohio. Kenyon College, Ohio. Oxford, Ohio. Kenyon College, Ohio. Coast Survey Office, Wash- ington, D. C. New Haven Conn .More than half the tracks plotted Hazy. 154 155 Capt. J. M. Gilliss, U. S. N. Prof. S. J. Gummere... U. S. Naval Observatory Haverford College, Pa Track of each meteor plotted. 200 tracks plotted. 131. A. 132. A. 133. 134. A. 135. 136. A. 137. 138. 139. A. 140. A. 141. A. 142. A. 143. A. J. S. XXXIII 2 , 148. J. S. XXXIIlo, 147. J. S. XXX I V 2 , 295. J. S. XXXV 2 , 146. J. S. XXXVIo, 30G. J.8. XXXV U, 305. J.S. XXXVIo, 304. J. 8. XXXVL,, 302. J. S. XXXVl'o, 304. 144. A. 145. 146. A. 147. A. 148. A. 149. A. 150. A. 151. A. 152. A. 153. A. 154. A. 155. A. J. S. XXX VI 2 , 305. J. S. XXXVIo, 302. J. S. XXXVI 2 ,305. J. S. XXXVIio, 144. J. S. XXXVIIo, 146. J.S. XXXVIIo, 144. J. S. XXXVllo, 146. J.S. XXXVllo, 145. J. S. XXX VI 4 143. J.S. XXXVllo, 141. J.S. XXXVII 2 , 142. 330 MAN. CATALOG-UK IV. E = c DATE. TncEorSHOWEE. Time of max. Bight Whole num- ber count. -.1. Max. hourly I-UU'. Radiant point. Year. Month. L B*gin- ning. End. 156 1.17 Ml 159 15&! 161) 161 Ml 164 M Ml Ml Ml Mi 170 171 17 J in 174 175 177 17- 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 Itfl 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 Ml 202 203 MI 205 206 1863 1 M MM MM MM MM MM MM 1864 1864 1864 1864 1864 1864 1864 1865 MM 1865 1865 1865 MM 1866 1866 MM MM MM MM 1866 MM 1866 1866 1866 1866 1866 1866 1866 1866 1866 1866 )-...; MM MM MM MM MM MM 1866 MM MM MM 1866 1-,-, 1866 NOT. .. 44 44 44 44 13 13 n u u 9 12 15 IJ 9 9 10 10 10 M 10 10 10 11 11 1 1 11 12 12 12 IJ U 12 12 12 U 1-J U U IJ 13 13 13 13 13 13 79 M 17 33 29 332 44 25 - .1 50 18 46 19 M 178 . 63 114 50 364 1(10 129 164 51 75 8 63 93 47 27 205 85 402 236 65 603 35 8 56 458 64 8 26 In the "Sickle" in Leo 4* 44 1 J 13 15 15 45 9 10 10 20 10 30 10 30 10 40 11 30 12 13 15 13 15 13 45 14 25 10 45 11 13 15 9 12 9 9 10 9 15 12 12 13 14 8 15 14 9 45 10 13 30 7 10 45 11 11 10 U 30 12 13 13 10 14 20 14 40 15 54 16 6 17 20 16 30 17 45 16 11 13 13 13 12 14 30 U M 15 90 16 16 15 16 15 50 15 5 14 16 . "n 14 10 15 15 11 30 14 15 14 15 14 16 9 16 15 14 30 18 14 30 16 40 13 40 13 17 15 13 40 15 20 17 M 16 39 16 36 15 30 44 NOT "iT'sb" ........ ........ In Leo NOT. ~ Aug.::: 44 4t 44 44 44 44 NOT. '.L 44 44 44 44 44 .4 44 44 44 a = 42, 8 a 52, 1 y 179 R V. Marsh Germantown, Pa. MO R. M. Gummere. 181 Prot H. A. Newton Germantown, Pa. Sherbnrne, N. Y. 182 1 3. fl. Worrall West Chester, Pa. 183 m I. rrowbridn J. H, Worrall James Ferguson James Ferguson Hector, N. Y. Wet Chester, Pa. U. 8. Naval Observatory. U. a Naval Observatory. 1*7 F.Bradley Chicago, HI. 188 Prof. Hopkins Williamstown, Mass Williams College. MB C. G. Rock wood f Newark. N. J. No observations from 12h. 45m. to 191 James Ferguson U. 8. Naval Observatory. Prot H. A. Newton I New Haven, Conn. 13h.0m. m 193 194" F. Bradley 1 Chicago, HI .. C. S. Lyman ~~. New Haven, Conn. Prot Hinriehs..... . Iowa City, Iowa. F. W. Russell, of Cambridge, Mass., observed several evenings in first half of November, and counted, in 195 B. V. Marsh Germantown, Pa. all, 875 meteors. 16 j O. B. Wheeler. : Detroit. Mich. 197 : Prot H. A. Newton i New Haven. Conn. 198 Prot D. Kirk wood Canonsbnrg, Pa. 199 B. V. Marsh. Germantown. Pa. 300 Maria Mitchell. ...11-1 Vassar College. N. Y Observed seven hours. m 202 303 Prof. Hopkins ProtHbuicfca John T. Wheeler Williamstown. Mass Iowa City, Iowa. Concord, N. H. Williams College. 204 Prot C. S. Lyman New Haven, Conn. 305 Prot H. A. Newton New Haven, Conn. 306 C. G. Rockwood Newark, N.J. IfflL A.J. S. XLII S ,429. 183. A. J. S. XLIU.286. 184. A. J. S. XLIIj, 429. L J. S. XLI1I,, 78; Nov. Meteors, 1866, D. S. N. Obs'y, 8vo. 186. - m" m 187. A. J. 8. XLIII,, 78. 189. " 190. A. J. S. XLIII,. 78, Nov. Meteors, 1866, U. S. N. Obs'y, 8vo. 191. A. J. S. XLIII* 78. 192. " 193. t* mm 41-Bull. Phil. Soc., Wash., Vol. 1L 194, A. J. S-XLIUfcTU. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. thsonian Arc ives (not yet printed). _ :. : . ''. h 304. A. .8. XL II* 7*. ft ^^A. J. a XXXVII,,14L 332 EASTMAN. CA.T-A.-L.OG U E IV.- Ref. number. 1 DATE. fine or SHOWER. Time of max. flight. Whole num- ber counted j>> ! ! 1. Radiant point, o I Year. Month. 1 Begin- ning. End. 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 2W 231 232 333 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 24h 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 1866 1866 1866 1866 1866 1866 1866 1866 1866 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1868 1868 1868 1868 1868 1868 1868 1868 1868 1868 1868 1868 1868 1868 Nov 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 h. m. 12 12 12 14 14 15 8 h. m. 12 36 13 17 15 16 16 30 16 8 h. m. 28 35 101 180 'S 8 75 20 17 35 27 39 44 1 a = 147 30', S =- + 24 30' 1 14 30 61 3 14 30 91 a I, t-t mis 4 Bend of the Sickle 1 6 u May 16 17 21 > 13 14 15 17 30 Between ^ and e Leonis 1 Near a Leonis 1 A little southeast of Lvru 1 In Perseus 1 " i Aug. ... < Nov. '.'.'. It It II II II II 8 9 9 9 10 10 11 13 13 13 13 13 18 13 18 18 18 13 18 13 18 18 18 13 13 13 13 13 ! 11 12 15 13 3 13 3 14 15 14 15 14 9 9 28 10 11 11 45 12 12 12 30 13 13 13 13 14 15 3 15 45 15 55 16 16 5 16 30 17 17 12 55 14 30 14 30 15 25 15 40 15 30 15 30 17 13 16 16 18 25 16 40 17 45 17 18 l:', 311 16 2 18 18 13 17 45 16 45 ir. :r. 17 17 54 17 30 17 22 17 30 i "iiTSr 17 45 535 50 4,937 1.000 2,325 2,056 3,730 1,713 3,044 500 1,474 2,267 1,626 1,800 1,088 339 500 1,301 460 100 61 500 56 1,330 2,886 2,500 1,462 700 5,573 5,000 8 16 30 "I'JT'M" , 16 10 16 30 1,488 \ 2,184 1,076 2,110 a = 147 45', 5= + 2:'. ' o' 2 2,220 1,472 1,082 4 1 In Leo 1 a = 150 45', = + 21 55' 1 a = 148 0', fi = + 23 0' > :::::::::::: In Leo 4 1 In Leo . 1 1 ... 1 Aug. ... o Nov.... 13 " ... 13 " ... 13 " ... 13 " ... 13 ... 13 " ... 13 " ... 13 " ... 13 " ... 13 " ... 13 " ... 13 " ... 13 12 15 10 10 45 11 11 30 11 35 12 11 34 12 26 12 51 13 13 13 13 4 14 15 30 18 ! 18 11 17 30 13 20 17 54 17 40 14 20 17 15 .1 3 16 30 572 I. * ' " a 152 6 + 18 1 3 17 27 ! 17 "17" "ib" 1,402 1,400 , 'l,545 In Leo lo 2 i 17 28 18 17 37 'leT'sb" 1 i 628 4 5 207. A. J. S. XLIIIo, 78. 208. " " 209. A. J. S. XLIIIo, 413. 210. A. J. S. XLIIIo, 78. 211. A. J. S. XLIII 2 , 78; Nov. Meteors, 1866, U. S. N. Obs'y, 8vo. 212. A. J. S. XLIIIo, 78. 214! A. J. S. XLIIIo, 78; Nov. Meteors, 1866, U. S. N. Obs'y, 8vo. 215. 216. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 577. 217. A. J. S. XLIVo, 426. 218. " 219. 220. A. J. S. XLIVo, 426. 221. " " " " 222. " " 223. " " " 224. A. J. S. XLVo, 78. 225. " " " " 226. A. J.S. XLVo, 225. 227. A. J. S. XLVg, 78. 228. Smithsonian Archives (not yet printed). 229. A. J. S. XLVo, 225. 230. A. J. S. XLVo, 78. 231. ' 232. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. X, 356. 233. A. J. S. XLVo, 78. 234. " " " " PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. HVIeteor Showers Cont'd. 333 Ref. number. Authority. Place of observation. Remarks. 207 B. V. Marsh Germantown, Pa 208 209 210 211 Prof. A. C. Twining The Denver News W. A. Anthony James Ferguson New Haven, Conn. Denver, Col. Franklin, N. Y. U. S. Naval Observatory. 212 213 Prof. A. C. Twining Maria Mitchell New Haven, Conn. Vassar College, N. Y. 214 James Ferguson II. 8. Naval Observatory 120 tracks plotted on charts from Nov. 215 U S Naval Observatory 9 to Nov 17 inclusive 216 R. Hayes St. Louis, Mo Observations made in the evening. 217 F W. Russell Winchendon Mass " Moon two days past the full " 218 B. V. Marsh Philadelphia, Pa. 219 220 C. H. Darlington Lewis Swift Philadelphia, Pa. Marathon, N. Y. 221 F. W Russell . .. Winchendon Mass 222 Lewis Swift- Marathon, N. Y. 223 F. W. Russell Winchendon, Mass. 224 Prof. T. C. Wylie Bloomlngton, Ind. 225 226 Prof. H. A. Newton Prof N R Leonard New Haven, Conn. Iowa City Iowa .. Cloudy from 12h. Om. to 15h. 15m. 227 S. J. Gummere Haverford College, Pa. 228 Prof F H Snow Lawrence Kan 229 Prof C A Young Hanover N H Dartmouth College. 230 Prof. T H Safford Chicago 111 Number of observers varied from 8 231 Francis Bradley Evanstown, 111. to 30. 232 James McClure Philadelphia, Pa Several observers. 233 234 San Francisco Times.. Prof. H A. Newton San Francisco, Cal. New Haven, Conn One-third of the sky covered with 235 G. F. Kingston Toronto, Canada. clouds. 236 237 Robert B. Taber Profs Newcomb and New Bedford, Mass. U. S N Observatory 147 tracks mapped. 238 239 240 241 242 Eastman. Prof. J. C. Watson Prof. W. Harkness Mrs. J. H.Trumbull... Prof. G. W. Hough J. N. Flint . . .. Ann Arbor, Mich. Richmond, Va. Hartford, Conn. Dudley Observatory Canaseraga, N. Y. *In Chihuahua, Mexico, the meteors fell so fast they could not be counted; 243 244 Prof. A. C. Twining J. D. Parker New Haven, Conn. Topeka, Kan. often 20 or 30 visible at once. 245 Prof E Loomis New Haven Conn Observed one hour. 240 247 C. G. Rockwood Robert B Taber Durham, Conn. New Bedford Mass Actual observing time 4h. 35m. 248 249 G. T. Kingston.... T A. Wylie Toronto, Canada. Bloomington, Ind. 250 W S Gilman Jr Palisades N Y f Several bright meteors were seen 251 B. J Gilman ' . Williamstown, Mass. during the Nov. shower in 1868. 252 253 254 255 256 Prof. H. A. Newton S. J. Gummere Prof. J. R. Eastman ... C. G. Rockwood Lewis Swift New Haven, Conn. Haverford College, Pa. U. S. N. Observatory. Brunswick, Me. Marathon, N. Y The time when observations ended 257 P. E. Chase Haverford College, Pa. not given. 258 W. H. Pratt Davenport, Iowa 43 were counted before 13h. Om. 259 C. G. Berner Vevay, Ind. 235. A . J. S. XLV 2 , 78. 249. 236. (4 U * 250. 237. A . J. S. XLVs, 225; Nov. Meteors, 186, 251. U. S. N. Obs'y, 8vo. 252. 238. A . J. S. XLV 2 , 78. 253. 239. A . J. S. XLV 2 , 225; Nov. Meteors, 1867, 254. 240. A U. S. N. Obs'y, 8vo. . J. S. XLV 2 , 78. 255. 256. 241. it U n 257. 242. 1C it it 243. t >t It 258. 244. tt II It 245. (1 11 It 259. 246. A . J. S. XLVII, 287, 247. A . J. S. XLVllo, 118. 248. U it t A. J. S. XLVII 2 , 118. Nov. Meteors, 1868, U. S. N. Obs'y, 8vo. A. J. S. XL VII 2 , 118. A. J. S. XLVII 2 , 118 ; Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. X 539 A. J.' S. XLVII 2 , 118 ; Dav. Acad. Nat. Sei. 1,14. A. J. S. XLVII 2 , 118. *A. J. S. XLV 2 , 78. fA.J.S. XLVII 2 ,399. 334 EASTMAN. I* o> ^ g 3 C 2 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 DATE. TIME OF SHOWER. Time of max. flight. Whole num- ber counted. >> L f 1 ti "> I Radiant point. & Year Month. 13 Begin- ning. End. 1868 1868 1868 1868 1868 1868 1868 1869 1869 1870 1870 1870 1870 1870 1871 1871 1872 1872 1872 1872 1872 1872 1872 1875 1876 1876 1877 1885 1885 1885 1885 188 > 1885 Nov h. m. h. m. h. m. 14 30 16 55 3,766 4,278 1,780 455 711 250 833 830 556 31 153 82 13 11 283 98 358 62 217 80 720 143 1,750 112 58 12 54 44 12 13 100 213 328 900 1,650 5 (i i < (i Aug. '.'.'. Nov. 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 12 13 13 13 13 10 11 14 20 15 15 7 15 30 16 16 30 7 13 18 12 30 11 6 13 20 13 30 13 30 11 40 17 68 17 17 38 18 17 15 17 30 19 15 43 15 30 15 45 16 10 15 15 13 18 4 1 3 1 1 1 2 4 2 In Leo :5 " :>, '. i Aug. ... Nov. '.'.! AUK. '.". Get Nov. ... 1C 9 9 24 25 27 27 27 5 24 13 13 27 27 27 27 27 27 10 30 14 45 7 30 10 25 6 5 6 10 6 38 13 30 11 30 12 13 55 6 9 10 15 7 15 6 30 7 15 30 15 55 12 30 14 10 11 45 8 48 15 30 15 30 13 15 45 6 24 4 1 2or3N of y Andromeda' 6 30 ............ 300 "i'soo* //. Andromeda 1 a => 15, S = + 30 1 a = 25, & + 43 4 In Perseus 1 Bet. Orion and the Pleiades.. 1 1 In Leo 1 y Andromedce . .'i 10 30 7 45 7 50 9 2N. W. ofyAndroiiifd.-i- 1 ;{ i 260. A. J. S. XLVII 2 , 118. 261. Nov. Meteors, 1868, U. S. N. Observatory, 8 vo. 262. A. J. S. XLVII 2 , 118. 263. " " " 264. " " 265. " " " 266. " " " 267. A. J. S. XLIX 2 , 244. 268. A. J. S. XLIX 2 , 244. 269. A. J. S. I 3 , 30. " 270. " " " 271. " " " 272. " " " 273. " " " 274. A. J.S. 1 1 3 , 227. 275. A. J.S. II 3 , 470. 276. A. J.S. IV 3 , 244. PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. Meteor Showers Cont'd., 335 Ref. number. I Authority. Place of observation. Remarks. 260 Maria Mitchell Vas^ar College N Y 261 Prof J R Eastman U.S. N. Observatory 90 tracks plotted 262 B J Oilman Williamstown Mass 263 C W Tuttle Boston, Mass No observations between 16h 4m. and 264 Robert B Taber New Bedford Mass. 16h 33m 265 J. E. Hendricks Des Moines, Iowa. 266 B F Mudge Manhattan, Kan. 267 Frederickton, N. B Reported by Prof. H. A. Newton. 268 269 270 271 979 George Davidson Prof. H. A. Newton Prof. H. A. Newton C. G. Rockwood B. V Marsh . Santa Barbara, Cal. New Haven, Conn. New Haven, Conn. Brunswick, Me Burlington, N. J. 6 tracks plotted. 273 274 275 J. G. Gummere Prof. H. A. Newton Prof H A Newton Burlington, N. J. Sherburne, N. Y. New Haven, Conn Only a few belonged to the November 276 277 278 279 280 281 Prof. C. A. Lyman R. W. McFarland Prof. H. A. Newton Prof. H. A. Newton Prof. J. R. Eastman ... B. V. Marsh New Haven, Conn. Oxford, Ohio. New Haven, Conn. New Haven, Conn. U. S. N. Observatory. Philadelphia, Pa. system. 282 283 Prof. H. A. Newton Prof. J. R. Eastman New Haven, Conn. U. S. N. Observatory Most of the meteors had short trains. 284 W Prof. J. R. Eastman ... Prof. H. A. Newton . . U. S. N. Observatory New Haven, Conn A few left long trains. Night mostly cloudy; 3 conformable 286 Prof D Kirkwood Bloomington Ind to radiant. Night mostly cloudy. 287 288 Robert Brown H A Newton New Haven, Conn. New Haven Conn Hourly number estimated for 3 ob- 289 290 H. A. Newton ... New Haven, Conn. Princeton, N. J servers, 100. 291 A. Hall Georgetown, D. C. ?W D. Horigan Georgetown, D. C. 277. A. J. S. IV 3 , 244. 278. A. J. S. V 3 , 53. 279. " " " 280. " " " 281. " " " 282. " " " 283. Astron'l and Meteor'l Observ'ns, 1875. 284. Astrou'l and Meteor'l Ob.serv'ns, 187C. 285. A. J. S. XII 3 , 473. 286. A. J. S. XV 3 , 76. 287. A. J. S. XXXIs, 78. 288. " 289. " 290. " " " 291. " " 292. " " " 336 EASTMAN. 1 a e- *i .3 W W I* f4 < a < ^ e*l! 1 1 111 M ill! "5 J&.2* I S = C 52 r C *. o 2 Q ^ ocu -^ > as'jSsS i I * S I i * o w -l||3 ! S a> o : ** 2 CQ M ^ T 3 | a> s fl o t .1 -^ P 26 S >> oo "22-3 :B B'S c !S > o I 11 ! s 00 O f^ % 2 -- c s ' os S '> a>. CCSg*^ : ^ ss^S S . . i! a~ ||g ill aaquinu -J9H OO OJ O i (M CO 338 EASTMAN. IM2 'U "^o fi 11 il ll (J "3~ l2 o5 M Q- C .* S > f = s- $ .ss a o o- (B ro 2 - co' r **^ S *& S *= *.-g+ - g* gbj; 1 || S^w < N : I! 1.2 o 5 S 3 i w g-SS o; - 1 1 Jii i; ills II I & s ? 111 II I II III || H 1| II gO g S2 8 S 60 6C > 60 ^J i-l u-5 lO 1C O oo oo oo ao oooo C30O OOOO oooo oooo OO 0606 aaqtuna -j PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IX AMERICA 339 jaquinu 42 Bull. Phil. Soc. Wash.,' Vol. 11 340 EASTMAN. a.- 3 8i i 1 S 3 != = = = c 5 .0 * s- w 6 ^ GGj |g l| o.a e > < O g S g7 fe| C5 ^ ^ ^ 3 g SQ K .1 ij ill 1 il-lrfl 11111 Sg^JJJJJ S2 .00000 j-jj g . c8 > SCQ'GOCOOOCO' t c rH r- Ttl O rHrH- J 1 " !? i * o T c 3 ) \** ^ ^ p. H * |S S s i : p i e 2 ^ cu s" _0 5 ** ?S|''g 1 : * J 1 -.fl 8|| 1. | o tj *1 l-'"8 -2 ^ s - "c C *2 fl * -^ "S. s c S 2S 1 2^! T rl*lil 1 5 I 5 I : c ft^S J !"i9--^ * * ^C J = rtzi'! ! iJ S 2 1* 0* OH t- 02 ^ P3 W d e 1* "1 B . J a ^ ogU 1 o 3 *s Is "i'i? ^ ^ ^fl o "c c 1 > -5 a ^'e**fe^3te -^ fl s a fa ^ -C "c5 "^ v ,* , ^ **"* ^3 PV o C > *t- t> '"t^*- c * c ~S y**! . *! .'^ ie I > >, ^co^^^s ^ SaW-u^W ^ N q 1 1 S5 SSH 5 : : ft LI * 1 d Xi ^ 1 III 1 1 fl -" to- * ' s b <^ m^ i -2"!.s s : fl s ci w *o * "S Q OS M 1 3 fe a SS.g.1 ^ 1 .2 * s> S 1 II .2 '*Oo8C - X* O i | s* - "^^l o ad i n" | Ijlfl | | 2' ^ fe * ' ^'"ffl * c J H i S Maqutuu - I9H P. :^- CO C< iO^Dl'* OO OiO-^ (NW^O^Ot^-QOCl 342 EASTMAN. 4 3 i | fjj g . 0. 2 H 3 i. & 3 -3 2 5 ,CM 9 9^ 9 C 4 fyq O. Q.^ Cu 0.-4. 0.0.08 O, 5 i ! M : I : |i : Is &2 .- s > i >= I 22S232 ; J22532 oSoS^AeEcS :c > :o8cfa8e8o9 i 11 tt .0 .0 .C .0 .S .0 oooooo CO 5-5 ,e8 08 8 e8 08 . :g 111 1! s t- CR 05t-OJiMC5 OOtO - lOr-^- O -^ t- i A8Q >00=> O^- ?4 oo5^DctfSoSS?DSSSStf' ~~ -JC303CXOC-J03COOXX30COOC5 S^HC> d 2 -J O e8 .3 H V S ."S "" a 2 'S^ "3 a I' ..2 45-5, ^ | If |f I , (Q ss 22 SSSSS p p o p o d d '3 '3 0) l-i U M-3 ^ 52 |ri S - 05 .2 oj d - _c o 5 ^3 s. 5J ~t >o is .2 5 g^ ^ c d S '! s ^ jaquinu ^-iiM-*ioor-ooo5O-^ e4 O> a j g a a a W W WH PH'M'O^'PJ" - l-5'-B^I-5 J 2222^ PHMXCX2 D. Horigan. D. Horigan. D. Horigan. D. Horigan. Prof. J. R. Eastman. Wash'n Ast. & Met. Obs'ns, 1870. li (I 1C cccc-accc c e8coS85o!o!o! SSSSSS coac^i^^^j*^^^^ ^ ^UQoWWWtt' & Remarks. j C < c j PI . Across the "Sickle " . From a point on the meridian 10 S , Smith nf f'onia Mainria . Northerly from near the eastern horizon . Northerly from near the eastern horizon . Northerly from near the eastern horizon . Across the "Dinner" ... of a Bootis lation of the Scorpion >laris arallel to the above course.. er small meteors, all mov- . From 10 south of the zenith . From Ursee Minoris to 5 south . From alt. 40 through the conste . From /3 Cassiopese to 10 below P< . Exactly across Polaris in a line p . Between 9h. and lOh. saw ten oth ing westward. i c i ii &.~*~ 5| li t C s a , 91. Wash'n Ast. A Met. Obs'ns, 1870. 96. Wash'n At. & Met. Obs'ns, 1870. 101 92. 97. " " 102 93. 98. " " " 103. 94. 99. " " " 104. 95. 100. " Direction of motion. : j : r. : PL 1 to * CQ co or Towards the W Towards the E N.W. from a Cygni . N. from a Bootis > 13 11| J 1 "y Oi ? ** 3 & * \ i -j. Vertically to horizo East A o oc U3 O ^ cog* o.g^. sa .e..c * n, appearance and dura- tion. S i : : i 3 l.i i 1 : : = !i c 1 j c a D|B i = E C n . n n rain, lasting 3s. n.... 1 z c c .i c c c c d d c O 2 C O O O KaaKte%K% c X. o s. M^ S2a 5 S 2 SS 2 I \&&mm i^sli jeqtunu -jey j ^^iSSSSSJggSo-^gSg g^ggSS SSS 34G EASTMAN. d ~ *i r: -1= >>>> :>>>>>>,>>>>>>> liiiiiili 3.o;.n.3.O,O.a.a ^.Q.C.Q.d.d.O.O ooooooooooooo B -oooooo -pec 2 "ee"* "5 "5 ~a~* "5 "5 "* "5 "5 "* "5 "< tfelle^|tf rt^oSoScSoSoeeS^cS cco2QQOJccdcQcocococccot-cncocoicQ(XJ >>cdcdcr3co'cocococ mioioccooooh-o OOO100O5OOSOOOOOO x a '^SSSSS^SS^^^^S^^SSSS 8is j 00 00 So So S 00 CO 00 00 00 00 CO 00 CO 00 00 00 OO 00 00 OO acacaaac oooooooo QQQ- ^d^HQa.QpHCi^ 3Q QQQQPQ Remarks. ! : j : : : : : : : : la j ' CO : o IH : o a with a Iou I ^ Passed south of a Pegasi... Srmth frnm Pvwni i ? l S 1 1 i Very brilliant Burst into three fragments Very brilliant Very brilliant Seen at several other citie. Motion seemed to be by in Direction of motion. Southwest 1 55* id ' 3 < From West to East Fell vertically from a Cassiopese Towards v Ursa Majoris TM TP f^^rr. Uotlifn |j jl l| Ij 5a 1 y s-- !: a o 3 f 3 ! 3 /> 3 j : >>>* T!^ Westerly \M* l fr-nm Anforoc 1 ! :- Ij West from e Cassiopese From South to North From a to /3 Aurigee js M 10 00000'* gj t S 22 . SS3 Train, appearance and dura- tion. 1 i i ! i i i i I ddeJ d 333 -3 a a a 2 2 a 2 2 2 o o g i ! i ill ! ! i ! M i i ill! i : : : : : : : i i : : w ' I :^ 1 j j Train visible 2s Train visible Is Train visible 3s Short train Short train Short train Long train Short train 1 uequinu -J9H gg&SgSSSSSSSSSSSSSaSSSfcSaSSSss 43-Bull. Phil. Soc., Wash., Vol. 11. 348 EASTMAN. ** .2 3 Sjs | | J^ o O al 2 i^j=o 5 :*SS >. o = _ _ v Ssi* ". -w.pl Hi O.P. _ ^_ ^_ OS'S C " ,'-"* J 8* o 'Os & 5 * ^^k.'-'js 5 C.-C t. i- * is 00^^ II* 4BS sis ti : '_ OOO O^ o e 3_S 3 'c "a "a II E : "OT3T3 "O ^^ 522 81 c c a c 2'S 1 E I'lil ST,^ bbb b b 23 3 3 es as c: a as fc ' J a> O ^5 5 ^^ ooo o o 11 333 C: as c! o! 333 "S"*":! BMO . o ooo ooo cc co ad CD co ^ "52 -3 "eS "5 'os'as'o! 3 >rK > O > > > >. yj ^OS^ .**<* a < > 85 C cc i- i co' coco' oo' co CD " .co ... ... .* b jbb S =23 ts os as 0^00 ll? os^: os os oo oo tct-t- ooo o CO rH r* CO CO Ci tO r- 00 CS CS M 00 tO t- t- sa^ O5 O lO OJ o ^ * -*< fC MCOM 555 J9quma 'j PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. 349 SSS * "w w -"s i^pl* I asaa ^jsss s I * 111 | ! i jSsJl 5 !Sii! 2 o s =1 - * *. i s a c S : o is i * : a S> > V^J P. :.Sii P CO ^^l^fl i fl ^^CC *'-3 1 111 -' O ! B^ Sl-s |a E 5 Sc - 3 g B / v ;||| I i c j III 03 cr i c S ^| S 1 C ^ Ft 02^: ss : c O 2 s-2 s 2^ o 1 sfl 05 S 3 S . 2.2 oS O : co ^ s3 rt* 3 S > s'3 I c 5 s c"^ e (3 1 a *^|t 2 *s i^x H GO j a Maquinu -jea 2S S! -- 2 S S 2 CO T3 :2 . : i 5S 3 O c B 1 1 CO T 1 1 2 c a "c a a 1-1 ft tO r- 00 O C -* (MM 350 EASTMAN. irt 1 HttL 1 Illlslll islliiii' illlSiil A o 5 3~ S S EJ I I 1> I 3d li . s3 ?!| 1 1 1 |f j ? S iMfi o. o 1 2 ! : II : u>M) i-o-o 4 ; f I III j jgj 1 111 : : s -2 iis : :-2 'c "a : "a 'a "c "c "c "c "c , ^,'c I5E :SS E Illllllll a>99va> ooooooooo |S222222 CD OD CQ 33 CO CO CD 00 CD 00 :.o.o -OC . ooooooo ^cC^aS : e! 08 aSolceeSaicfjXc: GO" Sod :OO"DO od co x GO co oo' co' oo g3 OS O O 00 OOl-l 1-H I ' c'^-^octi bcbbbcbbbcobbobo :a333 33333333 ^*-J^ | | i vertically. > j i a /- >> - Q " a _/ ^ c. t a > | I Moved vertically through e Cygui and nearly through j8 Cygni. o^i c'c ll From N. 78 W. over N. E. cor- ner of Indiana. j \ T ~ | I/ a e 0- c a Z3 ll C 4n "C sfl cos w West across Polaris ... N K frnm fi Pptraai S. W. from Polaris E. S. E. from Saturn.... 1 jf !J2?i L65. Wash'n Ast. & Met. Obs'ns, 1875. 00. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 8ci. Ill, 349. 67. Astron'l and Meteor'l Observations, 1876. 168. A. J. S. XI 8 , 458. 09. Wash'n Ast. & Met. Obs'ns, 187C. 170. A. J. S. XIV 3 ,75. a/ ^a ^a efo'S K 00 >O 3 >a o o . coco*.. lO O 1-^ 00 O> o o c: c-. C3 jequmu Isii 354 EASTMAN. :IM :M * c S : = g Q IOPQO [ft if ;~ i |!!6! =] T3-O -TJ-O 22g=H fi'r-rjs illil! uSF ^ c c SESE ^^^i=^ PP-65S : : : : ^SS : : : : . 03 g 3". - oT *" c3o)a)a> k 5o > 2i : sc be ac oc be U3 &c be _bc_bc_bc^c_bc^c^: bc^c^r _;?, ^S > a".S c B jequina -J9H PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. 355 Observer. _. H. E. Stevens. J. J. Skinner. 232. Science Observer, 1, 36. 1 234. Science Observer, II, 30. 233. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XVIII, 241. 235. & & & fe & p; 03 CO CO pQ CO GO CO fttffffltftttttttltt j Sriri^riS SSSSS^ fofefefefefefe.'xfe H wwwHE4p4ww p* Remarks. J 'o f l 'o> t .-s fe'S so ; G'cotf . Supposed to have been seen in Oil City and Titusville, Pa... i . i ;4 >-5 tT _ 73 C 1 d QQ ^ H : IA small meteor branched off just before it reached Ursa Minor i "rt I i ! 1 I a "S ^ c- 1 -c 1 ^C 5= : c cr 1 II c .' _c > u '- 4 1 it _c 1*2 ] ' p !2 H Direction of motion. /3 Pegasi Y Andromedse.. il i d : j i Between 17 and Between /3 and From Y Persei. Northward 1 s M ^ 1 : Near a Bootis... Near a Cor. Bor From near a Ac Vertically near Westward ft 1 to >c 2t o c eo 05 oo S8 ,0 00 Train, appearance and dura- tion. I : i : : : : : i i 1 : : : i 1 1 j : 5 io : a* l!i III '"S !i Orange streak... No trail uaqoinu -jay 44 Bull. Phil. Soc. Wash., Vol. 11. 222 223^So3S3383?t?5s;??? ??S '5 SSScS^^S^lSsQOJ-NM^^MM ^ SJ : |'2 ! 1 la U j if Hi c D Sw -: c 1 K :"2S ll ^Fl ii Sgg S 5 N tt B *"" ** s j XBQ 2S ^S5 3 q .g : : : : "a > C) c> e - o 5 8 i 25Q Q S 1 00 OO OO O> O5 l- 1- r- r- t- CO QO 00 OO TO Maquinu -je^ IS II 1 PROGRESS OF METEORIC ASTRONOMY IN AMERICA. 357 S i H ]li i i j ' CD ? |g Sg 1 11 II H d i rs Coiat CE ji 35 I nshine sylvania, an ,fter disappe uoisoidx 11 ES [ C 05 V I* li CD 5 G (3 OM PH j 04 08 . . 9 I 5 ^ % 4 I |1 *& s "J 13 -^ H J 3 "O a'w (O CL, s c S"3. < < CO Iw 5 50 : : : l t : : i ^ a : : i : K 33 o 1 i 1 P v* : i . r^ ^ 4 o ^0 i \* \ is (S W H 1 j j^ gSg e 5 i il o ^^ o o ! l 1 ^ s'ls w 5 : ; &HJPH "SfcwS : : s? J : : ^|< s V III | 1 1 j s III c3 1 c a j : * eS s I j 3 CH i : .2 o" c j I 2 H H .raquinu -jay i > t- ao c ;3ss o oS DEC 919695 6 M51221I iftr QB741 progr mete or io astronoiati in America M512210