P R 2939 W7 1903 MAIN UC-NRLF B M SDO 3bE THE BACONIAN MINT: ITS CLAIMS EXAMINED. BY WILLIAM WILLIS. '/ LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. i THE BACONIAN MINT. The BACONIAN MINT: ITS CLAIMS EXAMINED, BY WILLIAM WILLIS, One of the Masters of the Bench of the Houourahle Society of the Inner Temple. BEING A SUPPLEMENT TO AN ADDRESS DELIVERED IN THE HALL OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 29x11, 1902. LONDON : SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON AND CO., LTD. 1903. NETT PRICE, 2s. - IS IMl FAKENHAM AND LONDON: MILLER, SON, AND COMl'V., LTD.. PRINTPRS. When an announcement was made, that I intended to deliver an address, on "the Shalvespeare- Bacon Con- trovers}'," in the Inner Temple Hall, May 29th, 1902, I received several letters asking me, if I had become acquainted with the " Baconian Mint," and also with the fact, that numerous words, coined by Lord Bacon, were to be found in the folio copy of Shakespeare's plays published in 1623 : that the contribution of such words, was so great, as to leave no doubt, that Lord Bacon wrote a very large portion of the plays which pass under the name of "Shakespeare." Some of my correspondents were men of education, and some were members of my own profession. I felt sorry for them, because they seemed to have no power to think for themselves, and had apparently fallen \ictims to the " phrases " of Mr. Theobald. Mr. Theobald, in his " Shakespeare Studies in Baconian Light," devotes a hundred pages to what he calls " the classic Diction of Shakespeare." He endeavours to show that the vocabulary of the Author of the Plays was in the highest degree classic: that he was constantly making linguistic experiments, and endeavouring to enrich his native language, by coining new words derived, chiefly, from the Latin. Mr. Theobald says that such words could not be coined by the man who was educated at the Grammar School of Stratford-upon-Avon : that the man who coined these words was none other than Lord Bacon. For this ii9y;iu purpose Mr. Theobald assumes a "Baconian Mint," in violation of Lord Bacon's teaching, not to take words for things." Lord Bacon, of course, had no 'mint' and 'coined' nothing. If it is alleged, that he supplied any new words to the English language, the proper course is to state them ; but not to state them to be additions, or new, until all or at least some of the books printed and pub- lished before Lord Bacon wrote, have been examined. This latter task Mr. Theobald has not taken upon himself. All that Mr. Theobald has done, is to search in the folio volume for words of classical origin, and words in common use, employed with an unusual meaning. Having put these together, he then searches the volumes of Lord Bacon, to see if he can find therein the same words or words of the same import or meaning. Finding about two hundred and thirty such words in the folio Shakespeare, and nearly the whole of them in the works of Lord Bacon, Mr. Theobald at once concludes that the classic language could not come from the actor and money-lender Shakespeare, but from the philosopher and scholar Lord Bacon. Hence the " Baconian Mint." Of direct evidence, that Lord Bacon wrote any portion of the folio volume, or supplied any classical or other words to its author, there is none. Without an examination of the authors, who wrote before the age of Shakespeare and Bacon, it is not just to draw the inference that the author of the folio volume, or Lord Bacon, added new words to the language. Neither is it prudent, because the Author of the folio and Lord Bacon used the same words, to draw the inference that Lord Bacon in any sense coined the words used in common. When two men are born about the same time and in *"The idols imposed upon the understanding bywords are of two kinds, they are either the names of things that have no existence." — Bacon's Novum Organum. the same land, — a land where a rich and noble language is written and spoken — if they use the same words, the presumption is, until the contrary appears, that they derived them from their native tongue, independently of each other. The English people at the time of the birth of Bacon and Shakespeare, with the exception of scientific expressions, enjoyed the use of a greater number of words than an}' generation of Englishmen since. As soon as I saw the list of words set forth by Mr. Theobald, I knew, at once, that many of them had not been coined, either by the author of the folio volume, or by Lord Bacon. I have become familiar with onh- a small portion of English literature extant at the time of Lord Bacon's birth, chiefly the writings of Divines, Ecclesiastical Records, and Correspondence. This partial acquaintance, however, enabled me to see that many of the words, in Mr. Theobald's list, were in common use before Shakespeare or Bacon wrote a line, and others were used by contemporaries, who were in no way indebted, as far as I could judge, to Bacon or to the folio, for their use.* I have searched a great many volumes to find the words said to be "coined" by Bacon and the author of the folio, and now set forth the result of my labours. I ha\e onh- in a few instances taken my authorities from the dictionary. They are chiefly such as I have met with in the course of my reading. As the result of my examination, I firmly believe that 1 Lord Bacon did not enrich the English language by the addition of a single new word, nor by the use of a word, in a new or unusual sense. The Author of the folio may , have done both these things, in some few instances. To facilitate an examination of the following pages, I may state, that the word Mr. Theobald has selected, is ''■ In the address I delivered, I could only examine a few of the words selected by Mr. Theobald. In this supplemental work I examine the whole of them. in italics at the head of each paragraph,* and that his observations generally end with a quotation from Shakespeare or Lord Bacon. t The reply then commences. The reader should keep in mind the following dates. The birth of Lord Bacon 1561: of Shakespeare 1564: The publication of the folio volume of Shakespeare 1623. I will begin with Mr. Theobald's treatment of the words "gross and palpable," because they at once introduce the reader to the ' Baconian Mint.' Mr. Theobald says, " Most people use the twin adjectives ^ross and palpable, without thought of their origin. It is one of Bacon's many contributions to verbal currency. It was a new coin when it issued from his affluent mint : it is now available to every one for verbal traffic. Any one using it in the early part of the seventeenth century, would have felt almost obliged to ([uote Bacon, while emplo\ing it. It is as well to recall our obligation to him, now that we have reached the twentieth centurj." Mr. Theobald then gives four instances of the use of " gross and palpable " by Bacon, such as, "gross and palpable flattery," "gross and palpable darkness," (i) in the Charge against Oliver St. John, (2) Charge against Lady Somerset, (3) in his Observation on a Libel, {4) in the Advancement of Learning. "Bacon may" says Mr. Theobald "be regarded as the originator of this form of speech ; but Shakespeare's claim is almost the same." Mr. Theobald gives the following quotations from Shakespeare. "This palpable, gross play, hath well beguiled The heavy gait of night." [Midsummer Night's Dream.) Prince Hal says of Falstaft's witty inventions : " These lies are like their father that begets them, gross as a mountain, open, palpable." (i Hen. IV.) ■■'■ With the exception of the first lew words whieh arc taken from another part of Mr. Theobald's work. 1 Since writing the above, I have placed the quotations from Mr. Theobald's work within inverted commas. 1 have met with the words gross and palpable in the! writings of the contemporaries of Shakespeare and " Bacon, without any acknowledgment of their indebted/ ness to Lord Bacon. In the " Horas Subsecivse," published by Blount, 1620 — I find "gross and palpable flattery." Thomas Adams, divine, preached at St. Paul's Cross, 16 1 2 — subsequently was preacher at St. Gregory's, near St. Paul's. Sermons collected and published, 1629, republished by Nicholls, 3 vols., 1862. In these sermons " gross " and "palpable" are found separately, not infrequently; thus (NichoU's Edition vol. 2, 57-58), "palpable and manifest enormities," "gross impieties," " palpable darkness." They are found together in ist vol. p. 210. " Imagine the Egyptian's case, in that gross and palpable darkness, the longest natural night that the Book of God specifies." In Arthur Dent's ' Ruin of Rome,' published 1607, p. 99, — " grosse and stinking smoke." " But now that Anti-Christ invadeth the church, all is overspread with gross and palpable darkness." (lb.) Daniel Dyke, puritan divine, uses the word " gross " in such a familiar manner, as to leave no doubt on my mind when reading him, that the word "gross" was quite common. Dyke died 1614. I quote from his "Treatise on Repentance." Fifth impression, 1631. " So many confess themselves sinners and desire pardon. But wherein they have sinned, and what their sins are, they cannot or will not tell. General confessions, and in grosse, are too, too grosse " p. gg. " When God meant to make a most beautiful and orderly world, he makes a vast gulf, a grosse chaos, wherein was nothing but darkness and confusion," p. 32. " In and after our speciall fails and sinnes, wlicther gross and more palpable or more secret," p. 161. In Sand3's' Travels, written about 1610, page 60, 4th edition, 1637, you find "gross opinion," also "gross natured." In Henry Smith's sermons the words "gross" and "palpable" were frequently used. Henry Smith died in 1591. I quote from "God's Arrow against Atheists," edition of 161 1. Nearly all his sermons, and the treatise " God's Arrow, etc.," were published in his lifetime. " How grossly they err," p. 16. " This councell of Arrimine did erre (and that grosse/}' in a matter of faith), cyj^o it is palpable that a generall councell may erre, even in matters of faith " p. 57. " I trust therefore they {i.e. Papists) see that their church not onely may erre, but erreth most gyosscly in many points" p. 64. "Tor if every communicant did eate the very body of Christ naturally, carnallie and really (as they grosly suppose) Christ should have a number of bodies, which is palpably absurd and monstrous" p. 66. " Grosse and wicked" p. 75. " Grosse idolatrie " p. 76. "Grosse idolaters" p. 77. " Grosse Heresie " p. 77. " Grosse error " p. 86. In Hooker's " Ecclesiastical Polity," which was not written later than 1590, I find "grossness of wit" "gross and popular" and "grossly and palpably offended." Hooker died in the year 1600. The words ' ' gross and palpable " are found in Bancroft's " Platform of Episcopacy," (1594) p. 187, ed. 1663. In the "Translation of Calvin's Sermons on Deuter- onomy," published 1583, there is a letter to the reader w ritten by T. W. Who he is, I know not. I do not suppose he was a man of remarkable position or ability. 6 In this letter, T. W. uses this expression : " In the time of most gross and palpable blindness." In William Fulke's answer to the Khcinish New Testament, published in 15S1, he writes thus: "That the Governors of the Popish Church have taken straighter order for Readers than the Fathers of the Primitive Church of Christ did ; it is not to preserve the word of God from prophanation .... but to suppresse the light of truth, which displayeth their gross and palpable abuses, both in doctrine and conversation." I believe that in 15S0 the words "gross and palpable" were a common form of speech. Bacon was nineteen, and Shakespeare, sixteen years of age, Chaucer used " gross," and many writers used it between his time and that of Fulke. In a letter from John Portman to Cromwell, March 23rd, 1537, you can read : " Now we ar pluckyng down an higher vaute, borne up by fower thicke and grosse pillars." In using "gross and palpable," we are under no obligation to Bacon or the Author of the folio. I may be pardoned for stating that under the word " Gross " in the ' Oxford Dictionary,' the earliest reference to the combination ' gross and palpable ' is from the writings of Shakespeare. Let me now take " starting holes." "This," says Mr. Theobald, "is another curious phrase." " What trick, what device, what starting hole caus't thou now find out, to hide thee from this open and apparent shame." (i Henry IV., II. iv. 290.) Bacon, in his report on Lopez' " Conspiracy " describes how, "he thought to provide for himself as many starting holes and evasions as he could devise, if any of these matters should come to light." Let me tell Mr. Theobald that starting holes was not a curious phrase in the age of Shakespeare. It was known, I believe, to every man in England. In the translations of Calvin on Job and Deuteronomy, and his Commentary on John, you can find " starting holes " used twenty times. I give a reference to Calvin's Commentarie on John, p. 93, published 1584. "Out of what starting holes soever they seeke to escape." Calvin on Job, translated by Arthur Gelding, 1584, p. 391, " Let us learne, I say, no more to use any starting holes." Nay, more, the phrase was quite proverbial. Open Strype's Eccles. Memorials, 4 vol. p. 361, and read Mr. Hales address delivered in the reign of Edward the Sixth, in support of an Act of Parliament. He says, " For as there be many good men, that take great pains to study to devise good laws for the Commonwealth ; so there be a great many that do with as great pains and study labour to defeat Ihcm ; and as the common saying is to find gapps and starting holes." Marlow (1586 to 1591) uses starting holes in the line, " And march to fire them from their starting holes ; " but because the phrase " starting holes " is curious to Mr. Theobald, and coined at the " Baconian Mint," Mr. Theobald founds a part of his argument in favour of Bacon having written Marlow's plays, on the use of this very phrase. In a letter to Cromwell, 1535, Layton says, " I sent Bartlett with alle my servantes, to circumcept the abbay, and surely to kepe alle bake dorres and startyng hollies." Let me next take the word " top." Mr. Theobald says, "Shakespeare uses the word "top" in the same technical sense as Bacon — to express the ne pUis ultra of achievement or quality. " Admired Miranda, Indeed the top of admiration ; " {Temptit HI. 1. 37.) " This is the very top, The height, the crest, or crest unto the crest Of murder's arms." (John.) Mr. Theobald also quotes the " top " of honour and the " top " of praises. The use of the word "top" to express "the ne plus ultra of achievement or quality "' was, I believe, quite common before the age of Bacon and Shakespeare. Thus " the highest top of perfection," Calvin Deut. 1583, p. 322. In Hooker's " Eccles. Pol.," Book V. vol. 2, p. 4, edition 1823, " Godliness being the chiefest top and well-spring of all true virtues, even as God is (the top) of all good things." 1570, 'The top of thy desire,' Haz. O. P., 2 vol., p. 368.- See Calvin's Sermons, p. 971, ed. 1579. "For is not ye world come to the top full measure of iniquitie." In 'The Conflict of Conscience' (1581) Haz. Ed. of Old Plays, 6 vol. p. 116, you can read — ' Let us talk awhile of my pleasant state Which fortune hath installed me, who on me cheerly smile, So that unto the top of wheel she doth me elevate." 'Triumphs of Love and Fortune' (1589) Haz. Ed. of Old Plays, 6 vol., p. 150 — ' She never overthrows but at the top of joy.' See also Dod and Cleav Com. on Proverbs, 2nd part, p. 82 (1606), "above the top of their places." ' Rome is described, as she was in the height and top of her pride and securitie,' Dent Ruineof Rome, p. 222 (1607). Mr. Theobald thinks that the words "sweet," "sugred," and "honey," found in the folio, as applied to speech, came from Lord Bacon. These words were so * ' Top of singu\a.ntie.'—Rhemish N. T., 1578. used before Bacon or Shakespeare wrote a line. Thus in Calvin's Sermons, 1579, p. 961 : — " As for the word Patience or meekness, let us marke, }-t St. Paule ment to say here, yt we must not flatter men when we reprove them ; as there are sum yt would our wordes should be well sugred and honied, whatsoever we teach tliem." "Academe ; Ak(iAjiwi. — a gymnasium in the suburbs of Athens, where Plato taught. " Our court shall be a little academe." (Love's Labour Lost, I. i. 13.) a word not likely to be used bj' an unlearned writer." Shakespeare obtained, or may have obtained, the use of this word from North's Plutarch, a book he assiduously studied. " Neither the Grecians nor the Romans have cause to complaine of the Acadamie." p. 967, ed. 1612 — first ed. 1579. In 1474 Achadomye is found in Caxton's " Chesse," p. 86. 1487, Book of Good Manners, " Achademe." " Thy villa, nam'd an Academe, doth bost." Sand3's', 1610, p. 275. 4th ed. 'Academy ' occurs also in Greene's " Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay," p. i58,Dyce'sed. (1861). " Accite ; Latin, accio, accitus : to summon or call to a place; used three times: the second case with the sense of move or impel. He by the senate is accited home. [Titus Andronicns, I. i. 27.) What accitcs your most worshipful thought to think so ? {2llemy IV., H. ii. 64.) Our coronation done, we will accite, As I before remembered, all our state. (Ih. V. ii. 141.)" Cite is the word without the prefix. I believe accite was in use before the age of Bacon or Shakespeare. William Barlow, in his letter to Cromwell, April, 1536, writes thus, " Of late I sent a servant home, and the busshop's officers ascited him to appearans." 10 The use of accite can be found in S. Fish's " Suppli- cation of Beggars." " How much money, get the somners, by assityng the people to the Commissan-es Court, and afterwards releasing th' apparaunce for money?" (1528). Chapman (1600 Translation of Iliad) writes thus : — " Our threats now accited all that were endamag'd by the Elians." Ben Jonson uses the word in the sense of exciting or impelling. In his "Underwoods," he writes: "What was there to accife, so ravenous and vast an appetite ? " " Execration of Vulcan." " Acknown; occurs only once, and is probably an attempt to bring the Latin word agiiosco into the language: " Be not acknov/n on't; I have use for it." {Othello, III. iii. 319.) 1623. meaning, do not profess any knowledge of the matter ; do not recognize or make any reference to it. Ben Jonson, the most classic, indeed pedantic, of dramatists, has : You will not be achuown, sir : why 'tis wise ; Thus do all gamesters at all games dissemble. Volponc. There was no pedantry in the use of the word "acknown" by Jonson. Instead of the use of this word by Shakespeare, being an attempt to bring " agnosco " into our language, I believe " acknown " or " acknowen " and also " aknowen " (two related words) were in use from the age of Chaucer, and that " acknown " was dropping out of general use when Shakespeare employed it. " Acknowen " was the early form : subsequentl}' " knowen " was used in its stead. The prefix " ac " fell into disuse. Mr. Theobald would have seen this, if he had looked into the first edition o[ Othello, 1622. II In the passage which he quotes, he would, in that edition, instead of " acknowen," have read " knowen." An instance of the use of the word " acknown " can be found in the year 1570. S(?(; Wilson's "Translation of the Orations of Demosthenes," p. g8. " Nowe if we will not be acknowne that he (Philip) warreth against us."* " Acknown " can be met with in Menry Smith, 1591, Ben Jonson, 1603, Joseph Hall, 1624. " Aknowen " can be seen in Tjndale's Expos, of Matthew, pub. 1532. " Which [prayerj ought to be direct to God alone, either to give Him thanks, that is to say, to be aknowen and to confess in the heart, that all we have cometh of Him." Parker Soc. Ed. p. 80. Also in the Message of the Council of England to King Philip 2nd. " The farmers, graziers, and other people, how well willing so ever they be taken to be, will not be aknown ol their wealth." Strype, 6 vol. Ecc. Mem. p. 103 (1557)- "Advertising (as an adjective). This word is once used in the classic sense (adverto) of mindful, regardful, observant — directing one's mind, feelings, thought or attention to a thing. " As I was then Advertising, and holy to your business, Not changing heart with habit, I am still Attorney 'd at your service." {Measure for Measure, V. i. 387.)" This word " advertising " had been long in use before the folio, 1623. It was used with three or four different meanings. With the meaning of "direct one's mind to," the word is found in Hawes' Past Pleas, v. i. (1509). "The Lady Gramer dj'd me rcce\\e into her goodl\- scoole : To whose doctrine I dyd me advertise." "Aggravate, Dr. Abbott says: "To aggravate now means, except when applied to disease, to add to the =:= See Haz. Old Plays, 5 vol., p. 198. 12 mental burdens, hence to vex; but in sonnet 146, we find— "Then, soul, live thou upon iliy servant's loss, [/.c. thy body's loss] And let that pine to aggravate thy store ; " in the Hteral sense of to add to the weight of — increase. Tiiis is, of course, a naturalization of the Latin word aggyavo — ad, gravis — make heavy." The word aggravate in the sense used in the sonnet and elsewhere in Shakespeare, was not naturalized b}- him or the author of the folio — • " Men to aggravate their oath do swere by him that is greater." Coverdale, 1549. "The penitent man doth aggravate his sins." "To aggravate this tragical Counsel." Henr)- Smith, 1590. Thus Sandys writes in his "Travels," 1610 — "A part of them chose Mahomet for their ringleader who had aggravated {i.e. increased) their discontents and confirmed them in their rebellion." Thomas Adams, in his sermon entitled "The White Devil," says : — " Thus, the aggregation of circumstances is the aggravation of offences." Cleaver and Dodd on Proverbs, p. 16, edit. 1612, written about 1605 — " It is a grievous ingratitude to reject the kindness of God, which the Prophet doth aggravate against unfaithful Ahaz." " Anirc'i : taken directly from the Latin antniin, a cave. " Of an'rcs vast and deserts idle." {OthcUo, I. iii. 140.) " Taken from antre, a French word ; see Cotgrave's Diet. 1611 ; and made plural by adding s. '^ Artificial : with a meaning derived from the Latin 13 word artifex, a maker or creator, is used in the following; passage : — We, Hermia, like two artificial gods Have with our needles created both one flower." I think the word "artificial," as used by the author of the Folio, means not so much the act of creation as the skill in creating. In this sense the word is used in Barnes Works, 1541, " A cunning and aiiificial grayer." Hakluyt Voyages, 1600, " They are very artificial in making of images." "Aspersion : used once by Shakespeare, does not mean calumny; it has a meaning derived from its Latin root, but even this is taken in a very peculiar sense — No sweet aspersion shall the heavens let fall To make this contract grow. (The Tempest, l\ . i. 18.) Then follow three or four instances of the classic use of the word by Bacon." The word "aspersion" was used in this sense by con- temporaries of Shakespeare and Bacon. " This would one Nigidius demonstrate, who upon a wheel turning with all possible swiftness, let drop at once two aspersions of ink, so near together as he possibly could : yet the wheel standing still they were found very remote and distant." Adams, vol. i, p. 11. See also Sandys' "Travels," p. 59, written 1610, thirteen years before "The Tempest" was published. Sandys was, I believe, absent from England when " The Tempest" was first acted. " There are foxes aspersed over with black spots." Topsell (1607), " Four-footed Beasts." " Cacodaemon : Greek KaKoS'uimv. Evil genius (once only). Hie thee to Hell, for shame and leave the world, Thou Cacodaemon ! there thy kingdom is. (Ricliard III., I. iii. 143.)" 14 Originally Greek, but when Shakespeare and Bacon wrote, an English word, meaning evil spirit. The word was used in the same sense by Nashe in his " Terrors of Night," published 1593. " Anie Terror, tlie least illusion in the earth, is a Cacodaemon unto him." This word ' cacodaemon ' was used to represent an idol or image, and is found three times in Adam's sermons, 1605-1625. Martin Luther speaks of " rudis cacodaemon." "Cnpricioiis: This word occurs once only in Shakespeare. I am here with thee and thy goats, as the most capricious Poet, honest Ovid, was among the Goths. {As You Like It, III. iii., 7.)" Capricious has a double reference to the Italian word, capriccioso, humorous or fantastical, and to the Latin word caper, a goat. See Carew Huarte's Exam., 1594. " The inventive wits are termed in the Tuscan tongue, capricious (capricioso), for the resemblance they bear -to a goat, who lakes no pleasure in the open and easy plains, but loves to caper along the hill tops." "Captious occurs once only, and with an entirely classic meaning — " I know I live in vain, strive against hope; Yet in this captious and intenible sieve I still pour in the waters of my lo\e." Captious has the meaning of the Latin word capio, I take." I do not think the word is used by Shakespeare in any new meaning. The word "captious" was in common use from 1447. In 1530 Palsgrave, " capcious, crafty in words to take one in a trap." I think Shakespeare used the word " captious" in this sense. 15 See also the use of the word "captious " in " Damon and Pithias," composed not later than 1566, pub. 1571. Hazlitt's Ed. of Old Plays, vol. 4, p. 74. " When there were not so many captious fellows as now, That would torup men for every trille, I wot not how." In " The Three Ladies of London," Haz. Edit., 6 vol., p. 293, " What thinkest thou by captions words to make me do it ? " Minsheu gives the word as meaning "catching at others," a capiendo."' " Cast : is another instance of classic punning. " He hath liought a pair oi C{ist lips of Diana .... the very ice of chastity is in them." {As you Like It, III., iv. iT,.) The word cast combines the double meaning of the English vernacular, cast off, done with ; and the Latin Castus, chaste, Diana being the goddess of chastit)-." This may be an instance of Shakespeare's punning, but it is not an instance of his introducing a new word, or a word with a new meaning. Cast, done with, and Cast meaning chaste had been long in use before Shakespeare was born. In 1430 L}dgate wrote " To serve Diana that was the cast goddesse." "Casual: casualties, corresponding to Bacon's Latin word causalia, from casus, what happens or falls out. " The Martlet Builds in the weather on the outwanl wall, Even ill the force and road of casualty." (Merchant of Venice, II. ix. 29.) '• Turned her to foreign casualties." iLcar, \\ . iii. 45.) " Your brace of unprizable estimations ; the one is but frail, and the other casual." "•" To be captious,' Haz. O. P., 5 vol., p. 363. 16 feacon speaks of the "casualt}-" of the fortunes of kings, and referring to the confiscation of the goods of attainted subjects, he calls them "casualties of the crown," i.e. windfalls. (Henry j.) " So did every one else speak thus. Bacon's language and the language of the folio, were in common use from Chaucer downwards. See his "Troilus and Cressida." The phrase " Casualties of the Crown " commr-n at least from 1330, and in frequent use from that time to this." " And for a thing hanging on such casualty, Better a mess of pottage than nothing." 1555 {Jacob and Esau, Haz,, 2 vol., p. 221). " Cireuiiiscribe : circumscribere, enclose in a circle, limit, define the limits or boundaries of everything. Where he circuinscvihed with his sword And brought to yoke, the enemies of Rome. (Titus Andronicus, I. ii. 68.) Therefore must his choice be circumscribed. (Hamlet, I. iii. 22.) " More, in his " Dialogue Heresy," 1529, writes : " He is not comprehensyble nor circumscribed no where." I have a note that this word is found in Chaucer. Banister, Hist. Man, I. g, " The bones of the Temples are equally circumscribed with scalie Agglutinations." 1603. B. Jonson, Sejanus Act. v., Sc. x. " They that thronged to circumscribe him." " Circiunscriplion : once only used. I would not my unhoused free condition Put into circumscription and confine. (Othello, I. ii. 26.) " 1550. Cranmer Def. " If the nature of the godhead were a body, it must needes be in a place, and have quantitee, greatnesse and circumscription." 1578. Banister, Hist. Man, I. g, " The circumscrip- tion of this bone." "Henry the Sth, 1520, "The revenues and other casualties of that land (Ireland)." — HaliiwcH's Lett, of Kings, p. 260, i vol. 17 "Civil : uncivil: are words that in Shakespeare have a more classic sense than modern usage admits. They refer to civis, the state. Civil means, not polite, but subject to public law. The King of Heaven forbid, our lord the king Should so, with civil and nncivil arms Be rushed upon ! {Richard II., III. iii. loi.) The uncivil Kernes of Ireland are in arms. (2 Hcni'v VI., III. i. 310.)" The words civil and nncivil, and in the sense ascribed to these words by Mr. Theobald, were in common use. Hooker, in 1590, wrote in his Ecclesiastical Polity, Book I., p. 10, " Civil Society doth more content the nature of man than any private kind of solitary living." The word civil, and in nearly all its meanings, was in use before Shakespeare or Bacon published an^'thing. See O.xford Dictionar}', where the word civil is given with twenty different meanings. I give a few instances of the use of the words " civil and civility " in the sense of the folio. Thus Lewes Lewkenor (1599) in his " Translation of Cardinal Contrareno's Commonweath of Venice," p. 34, writes thus : " Those that are in riches unequall, though in some sort unequall, yet are they not wholly to be accounted unequall: but the institution of a civil life tending chiefly to live well, it is only ^■ertue that must make the difference." On p. 35 he speaks of ' civil industry.' In his preface he speaks of "acquaintance with the civilitie of other nations." P. 41, "that everything may, with an excellent harmony seem to tune to the common good and civil union." P. 130, " But now this their continual frequentation of the continent and divorcement as it were from the civil life." I quote from Sandys' travels, written 1610-11, 4th edition, 1637. In his preface he writes: "The parts I speai< of are the most renowned countries and kingdoms: where Arts and Sciences have been invented, and pernted : where wisdom, virtue, policie and civiiitie have been planted, have flourished." P. 53 he writes, " which (reHgion of Mahomet) enlarging, as the Saracens and Turks enlarged their empires, doth at this day well-nigh overrun three parts of the earth : of that I mean, that hath civil inhabitants." P. 60, "and, lastly, where it is planted, rooting out all virtue, all wisdom and science, and in summe all liberty and civility. " Culled : Latin colligo, gather together. The classic sense includes mental collection, put or join together logically, make deductions, and it is once used in this sense by Shakespeare. " The reverent care I bear unto my Lord Made nie collect these dangers in the Duke." (2 Henry VI., III. i. 34.) Be collected; " No more amazement : tell your piteous heart, There's no harm done." (The Tempest, I. ii. 13.) Mr. Theobald makes quotations from Bacon shewing the same use of the word." The word " collect," meaning to form a conclusion, is found in our language as early as 1560. Thus, in the first Booke of Discipline (a.d. 1560), relating to Calvin's Catechism, you can read : " After noone must the young children be publicly examined in their Catechism, in the audience of the people; in doing whereof the Minister must take great diligence, as well to cause the people understand the questions proponed as the answers, and the doctrine that may be collected thereof." See also " Lambard's Eiren," 1582. 19 " Hereof also M. Marrome collecteth that only eight of them shall receive the wages." In the sense of keeping the mind calm, an instance is found in the \ear 1602. The Tempest was not published until 1623. Marston : "What means these scattered looks? Why tremble you ? Collect your spirits, Madam." " ColUction has a cognate meaning. CoUectio is used by Seneca in the sense of inference — conclusion. Her speech is nothing, Yet the unshaped use of it dolh move The hearers to collection ; [Hamld IV. V. 7.)" This use of the word is found in More, 1529. " By a collection and discourse of reason." In Hooker's preface to " Ecc. Pol.," written 1590, p. 102, edition 1823, " That which perhaps you are persuaded of, ye have it no otherwise than by your own only probable culleclion." In the First Book, p. iSi, of same edition, " only deduced they are out of Scripture by collection." Its use in Hooker is not infrequent. "Comfort : in its classic sense, from con — eum and forlis, to strengthen— a legal term signifying aiding, abetting, helping. " If I find him comforting the King, it will stuff his suspicion more fully." {Lear, III. v. 21.) " If neighbour Princes should patronise and comfort rebels." Bacon's " Henry 7," 1623. Comfort, in the sense to strengthen, is found as early as Wiclif's Effesies, c. 6, " Her aftirward, britheren be ghe coumfortid in the Lord." In Grafton's Chronicle, 1568 (II. 74), one reads, "as touch\ing the death of the aforesaid Beckett, to the which he sware that he was neither aiding nor comforting." Comforting, a legal word in common use before Bacon or Shakespeare wrote. 20 " Coiiiplfiiu-iif, Latin coinplco, fill up, finish, make complete or perfect. Once in Shakespeare is this word used in a sense derived from the word coinplco, and the effect is curious and subtle. When my outward action doth demonstrate The native act and figure of my heart In complement externa. {Othello, I. i. 5i.)" The word here only means filling up. In this sense the word complement had been long used. " He humbly besought your Highness by his messengers and letters for complement and execution of justice: Hackluyt's Voyages, vol. 9, p. 153. " And all her sisters, nymphes with one consent, Supplide her sobbing breastes with sad complement." [Spcnscy's Facvie Queen, b. iii. c. 4.) " Composilioh, from the Latin coinpono, composui, form, bring together; used once as equivalent to coherence, consistency. There is no composition in these news, That gives them credit. (Othello, I. iii. i.) 1623." The word " composition " in the quotation means only order or arrangement — see its use in F. Thynne's " Animad," 1597. "The tedious length and disordered composition." " Composure, from the same Latin root, meaning a union, conjunction. " It was a strong composure, a fool could disunite. (Troilus and Crcssida, II. iii. 108, 1608J." Used with this meaning frequently about 1600, a.d. ; 1599, B. Jonson, " Cynthia's Rev.," i. i., " Demosthenes in the composure of all his exquisite and mellifluous orations." " Compound, Latin coinpono, adjust, arrange, settle. " We will compound this quarrel." {'faming of the Shrew, I. ii. 30.) " 21 in use, with this meaning, in the reign of Henry Vlll., and in the Act of Parliament, 5 EHz., c. 4, sec. 28, 3'ou find, " If the said justice cannot compounde and agree the matter between them." " For if the bishops were divided among themselves and at variance and had no superior, who should compounde the controversies." (Whitgift's Def. p. 364.) " Concent ; Latin concino, cuncentus, sing together or in concert— harmonioush'. For government, though high and low and lower Put into parts, doth keep in one concent." Used in this sense in 1588, by H. Broughton, " A ' concent ' of Scripture." Also in Fairfax's Jerusalem Delivered, b, xviii. s. ig. A dreadful thunder-clap at last he heard, The aged trees and plants well nigh that rent. Yet herd the nymphs, and syrens afterward, Birds, winds and waters sing with one concent. (1600). 1593, Drayton Eclog. VII., 177, " that concent we clearly find, which doth draw things together." 1603, Drayton Bar. Wars, III., 114, " So their affections, Set in keys alike, In true concent meet, As their humours strike." "Conduce. The same range of meaning that belongs to the Latin word conduco is given to the word conduce. The primary meaning is to bring together, assemble, collect, as in the following passage : — Within my soul there doth conduce a fight of this strange nature. {Troiliis and Cvessida, V. ii. 147.) " In the sense of leading towards or aiding in bringing about, this word may be found in the year 1527 in a letter of Cardinal Wolsey to Hen. 8. "I have taken much travaile for the cu)idHcing and setting forthe of 22 good amitie and peace between your highness and her son." See A Day's " Eng. Secretarie," 1586. "Much may the evil example of some lewdly given, conduce hereunto." " Conduct (substantive), from Latin word ; as a noun substantive it means guidance, or leading. My election is led on in the conduct of my will. {Troilus and Cressida, II. ii. 61.) " The word in the sense of guiding, or being "a channel for," had been long in use. Thus Spenser: — " As a ship that through the ocean wave, By conduct of some star doth make her way." In a paper prescribing the ceremonies to be paid to the corps of King Henry VIII., these words are found: " The names of the Bishops appointed to attend upon the cundiict of the said corps when it shall be removed." See also the Span. Trag.., Hazlitt's Old Plays, vol. 5, p. 123. " For evils unto ills conductors be, and death's the worst of resolution." Conduct as a verb, in the same sense ; see " Conflict of Conscience" (1581), Haz. Ed. of Old Plays, vol. 6, p. 102. " Who doth conduct thee in the path that leadeth to all woe." " Confine : confincless : in Latin confinis, is the adjective of which confine is the correlative substantive ; bordering, adjoining, and so a border or boundary. The e.xtravagant and erring spirit hies To his confine. {Hamlet, I. i. 154.) " The word confine was used in this sense in the year 1548 ; see Hall's Chron. II. 171 b. "Princes have less confines to their wills" (Strype 4 Ec. Mem. 370). " The countries which confine there together" (North's Plut.). 23 Adams' Sermons (2 vol. 59, Nicholls' Edition). " The confines of the wilderness." So in Horae Subsecivae, 1620. Sandys, in his Travels, frequently uses the word " confine " in the sense of Shakespeare. Thus p. 16 " Two seas confine," p. 17 " the confining nations," p. 27 "confined with Thrace." (See p. 29, 42, 45, 46, 92, 141.) " Upon that wall which next the camp confines " (i5oo). (Faiy/ax Tasso, Edition 1624 p. 324.) " Congrccing " : this word, says the Oxford Dictionary, is of doubtful existence." "Congruent : Latin coiigruciis, suitable, appropriate, once only. I spoke it, tender Juvenal, as a congruent epitheton. Appertaining to thy young days. {Love's Labour Lost, I. ii. 14)." The word, in this sense, has been used from Henry VI. downwards. Take an instance from Sir Thomas Elyot, "The Gouvernour," 1531. "His temperate and sober living being thought of some men, not agreeable nor congruent to his Majestie." The word " congruity " was used with the same meaning of fitness, "appropriateness." T\ndale (1530), the Practice of Prelates ; " he could not of good congruity but reward his old chaplain." Parker Soc. Edition, p. 337. Sec 'Congruence,'! Bales' "God's Promises," 1538. Haz. Ed., I vol., pp. 285, 291. 'That no one be admitted to the function of the Minister but they who can speak "congruous" Latin ' (Res. Kirk of Scot, Mar. 7, 1575). " Consign : represents the Latin consigno, subscribe seal to, ratify, confirm, yield. All lovers young, all lovers must Consign to thee and come to dust. {Cymheline, IV. ii. 274.) " •■■ See Addenda, t Henry the 8th uses ' good congruence ' twice in his letter to the Earl of Surrey, 15^0. — Halliwell's Lett, of Kings, 1 vol. p. 257. 24 In 1536 Tindale wrote thus : " For m}' father hath coiisigneJ and confirmed me with his assured testimoiiie, to bee that assured saving health, and earnest pennj- of everlasting life." " Coii<;!sl : the Latin word cpiisislu means, take one's stand, or i v., l.i. r>5.)" Wlien Shakespeare was a child of three years of age, Drant was writing "The dragons, with proper brestes do nurse their crcsyne young." "Crisp: Latin (of hair) curled; of things curled, unex'cn, waving. Leave your crisp channels. {Tempest, lY. i. 130.) (The River Severn) " Hid his crisp head in the Hollow Bank. (I Henry IV., I iii. 106.) Bacon says " Bulls are more crisp on the head than cows." Used in this classic sense two hundred years before Shakespeare wrote. Sec Oxford Dictionary. I quote the following: " I begin at her hair, which is so goodl}', crisped to her heels." Calisto and Mclibcea, Haz. I vol. p. 61 (1540.) " Deciiiialion : Dr. Abbott points out that Shakespeare uses the word decimation in its technical sense for a tithed death. By decimation, "and a tithed death, . . . take thou the destined tenth. (Tiiiion of Athens, \. iv. 31.) " Dr. Abbott might have pointed out that many before Shakespeare used the word decimation in the same sense. Thus in North's Plutarch, 1579. " Antonius executed the decimation. For he divided his men by ten legions and then of them he put the tenth legion to death." "Defused: Latin defundo, defusits or diffused, difundo, diffiisus, pour down — used to indicate what is wild, irregular, scattered. If but as well I other accents borrow, That can my speech defuse. {Lear, \. iv. i.)" 30 See Oxford Dictionary for earl)' illustrations of the use of this word in sense suggested. "Degenerate: Implies loss of caste, forfeiture of the credit or prestige belonging to rank. Can it be That so degenerate a strain as this Should once set footing in your generous bosom. [Troilus and Cvessida, II. ii. 153.)" In common use from one hundred years before Shakespeare or Bacon. An early instance of its use can be seen in Fox's translation of the Emperor's letter against Luther (1560), Fox, 4 vol., p. 287 — "We cannot without great infamy and stain of honour, degenerate from the examples of our elders." Lewis Lewkener, translation of Castre-no Republic of Venice, p. in, 1599, — " Do degenerate from the noble- ness of their stock." Camden, 1603 — " But this young lord in height of courage, nothing degenerating from so worthy a father," p. 279. Henry Smith, 1590 — " The Church of Rome ... is become degenerate, and revolted from that former puritie that once was in it." God's Arrow against Atheists, p. 68. Edition 161 1. Calvin on John, p. 11, 1584— " The light wherewith men were endued in the beginning is not to be esteemed according to their present state, because in this corrupt and degenerate nature this light was turned into darkness. " Deject : Latin dejicio dejectus : cast down, drive out. Reason and respect Make livers pale and lustihood deject. [Ti'oiliis and Cvessida, II. ii. 49.) We may not once deject the courage of our minds, Because Cassandra's mad. {Ibid. 121.) 31 Ophelia speaks of herself ' as of ladies most deject and wretched.' " Long before the word was put into the mouth of Ophelia, in the year 1555, the martyr Philpot used it seriously, in writing out of the Coal House, where he was imprisoned, to John Careless — " Seeing you are God's own darling, who can hurt you ? Be not of a iJcjnt mind for these temptations." Cov. Lett, of Martyrs p. 175, Bickersteth's Edition, 1837. 1620, Adams used it as a verb (see vol. 2, Nichol's Edition, p. 37). " A new King, beginning his reign in the conscience, deposeth, dcjccttctli, that usurping tyrant." Udal wrote — " Christ dejected Himself." 1603, Florio's Montaigne — " Good authors deject me too too much and quaile my courage." Delated and delation : Latin defero, dclatus : In the sense of delivering over, and whirling and accusing. See Oxford Dictionary for use of these words before their use by Shakespeare. " Delated to the Presbyterie." Res. Kirk of Scot., Mar. 7, 1575. " And what were these harpies but flatterers, delators and the inexpleably covetous?" Sandy's Travels p. g (1610). " Dejuerits : has in its classic sense exactly the opposite meaning to that which it bears in vernacular speech ; i.e. it does not refer to faults, worthy of blame, but to good qualities, which are to be commended. My demerits May speak unbonnetted, to as proud a fortune As this that I have reach'd. {Othello I. ii. 24.) The ordinary meaning, as now employed, was current in Shakespeare's time, and in one instance he has so used it, so that the classic use was one of election in the poet's mind." 32 No election in the poet's mind ; demerits in the classic sense, in use and coming down for two hundred years before Shakespeare wrote Othello. A good instance is seen in Hall's Chronicle 151 (,1548). " I<"ur his dciiiails, called the good Duke of Gloucester." Demerits mc-aning faults, bad qualities, has had a use as continuous and nearly as early as demerit meaning good qualities. 1509, Barclay Sh^p of Fohs. "To assemble these fools in one band and their demerits worthly to note." The word, in both its meanings, was in common use, when Shakespeare was born, and no election in his mind when he used the word "demerits" in the sense "of good qualities." "Demise: Latin dcinitto, let some thing go down or descend, a legal term used once by Shakespeare and by no other poet. Tell me, what state, what dignity, what honour, Canst thou demise to any child of mine ? [Richard HI., IV. iv. 246.)" Although the word demise may not have been used by any other poet, the word demise, meaning to convey or transfer by lease or otherwise, was in common use before Shakespeare wrote. "Depend: Latin dcpcndo, hang down or on, hold in suspense. Wilt thou be fast to my hopes, if I depend on the issue ? [Othello \. iii. 369.)" 1563, Homilies, Faith. " Depending only of the help and trust they have in God, whereupon our royalty dependeth." (Henry 8th). " Deprave : depravation ; Latin dcpravo, from the root pravus, crooked, not straight, distorted, deformed. The secondary meaning is to vilify, slander, traduce, calum- niate. The primary meaning is used by Shakespeare and Bacon." Primary meaning in common use. 33 155°. Hutchinson's Image of God, Parker, See. Edition, p. 5c. "And so they do not only rack the Scriptures, but also deprave and corrupt the doctors." 1561, Norton's Trans. Calvin's Institutes. "1'his malice which we assign in his nature, is not by creation but by depravation." 1584, Calvin's Harmonic of the Evangelists, p. 12. "So much depraving of manners." 1610-1625, Adams (2 vol., p. 40, Nicholl's Edition). " He derived his nature from God, but the depravation of it from himself." " These times of ours be of a sinful and depraved condition " p. 267. " Derogate, derogation ; Latin derogo, derogatus, to repeal part of a law, to detract from or diminish anything. Derogation means loss of dignity or estimation. From her derogate body never spring A babe to honour her. {Lear, I. iv. 302.) " Used in this sense by Sir Thomas More and Henry Sth. 1550, Hutchinson "The Image of God " Parker, Soc. Edition, p. 57. "The endless punishment of the wicked is no derogation of God's great mercy." 1581, Conflict of Conscience, Haz. Ed. Old Plays, 6 vol. p. 131. ' I speak not this, that I would ought the Gospel derogate.' 1584, Calvin on John, p. 16, " Therefore they derogate too much from faith." Calvin's Harmony of Evangelists, p. 617, " Therefore Christ saith it was not his mind to derogate from the authoritie of the least commandment." See King on Jonah, 1594. Smith, died 1591, — see p. 578 of his collected works. " If God must have all our love, what love is left for any other ? Whereunto I answer that the love of our neighbour doth not derogate or detract from the love of God." 34 Camden "Remains concerning Britaine,'' 1605, p. 31. " Sir John Price, to the derogation of our tongue and glorie of his Welsh." 1592, Bancroft (A Survey of the Pretended Holy Discipline, p. 20S, Edition 1663). "Hitherto then con- cerning all these Puritan Popish assertions (so much dero- gating from the lawful authority of Christian Princes)." " Dilated : Latin differo, dilaius, carr}- from each other, spread ; or more probably representing dilaio, spread out, enlarge, amplify. After them and take a more dilated farewell. {All's Well, II. i. 58.) " See Preston " Cambyses " (1566), Haz. Edition Old Plays, p. igi. "'Commons' complaint I represent, with thrall of doleful state, by urgent cause erected forth my grief for to dilate.''' 1579, Twyne, " I might dilate this discourse with a thousand arguments." '^ Discoloured : Latin discolor, in various colours, party- coloured, variegated. Generally applied in Shakespeare to the colour of blood when shed on the ground. Many a widow's husband grovelling lies Coldly embracing the discolour'd earth. (/ohn, II. i. 305.) Shakespeare uses the word in the sense of "slain." Thus — If we be hindered, We shall your tawnee ground with your red blood Discolour. (Henry V., III. vi. 171.)" Used in this sense by Wicliffe Solom Song, i. 5. " Wileth not beholden, that I be brown, for discoloured me hath the sunne." " Dissemble : Latin dissiinulu, disguise, conceal, feign that a thing is different from what it really is. I'll put it on and will dissemble myself in it, and I would I were the first that ever dissembled in such a gown. {Twelfth Nifiht, IV. ii. 5.)" 35 This word, in the sense used by Shakespeare, can be found in almost ever}' writer from the reign of Henry VIII. to the time of Shakespeare. I have met with it in at least forty instances before 1590. Thus Tyndale's "The Practice of Prelates," 1530, p. 307. Parker Soc. Ed. 1879. " Utterly appointed to semble and dissemble, to have one thing in the heart and another in the mouth." Thomas' Discourse, Edward VI., Strype 4 Eccl. Mem., P- 383. " We have two puissant princes to deal withal ; the P'rench King, a doubtful friend, and the Emperor, a dissembling foe." Page 385, in same vol., " I would wish the matter to be dissembled." "His holiness must be content to dissemble." 2 Strjpe Eccl. Mem., p. 68 (Henry VIII.), Gardiner's Letter to Wolsey. See also 2 Strype Eccl. Mem., pp. 281, 397; 3 Strype Eccl. Mem., p. 500; 4 Strype Eccl. Mem., page 72. " I think he be one of the doblest and dissemblingst gentlemen that is in the world ; for there is no more assurance of his word, than to hold an ele by the tayle ; but I will speak fair, promise fair, and work the contrary." Strype, 6, Eccl. Mem., pp. 368, 377. Calvin's Harm, of Evangel., 1584, p. 16 ; " The which notwithstanding, the angell dooth dissemble, as if there were no fault in her," also pp. 287, 612. Calvin's Deut. (Golding's Trans.), p. 328 (1584). Sp. Trag. p. 124, Haz. Old Plays, 4 vol. (1594). " Dissembling quiet in unquietness." Thomas Adams, Vol. I., p. 25, in speaking of Jacob, " Here is prodigal dissembling ; a dissembled person, a dissembled name, dissembled venison, and a dissembling answer." See King on Jonah (1594) P- 13° > ^'^o p. 157. Cranmer, " It was a false, flattering, lying, and 36 I dissembling monk which caused Mass to be set up there." Lett, of Martyrs, 14. Sec Croft's Elyot., 2 vol., p. 491. 1586 Hooker's Ecc. Pol., 2 vol., p. log, edit. 1821. 1606 Cleaver and Dod on Proverbs. It is idle to talk of " the discriminating accuracy of Shakespeare in the choice of epithets," by reference to his use of the word dissemble. Bacon did not invent its use. Neither is it correct to say, as Stevens did, that Shakespeare, in using the word dissemble, stumbled upon a Latinism. The word dissemble and with the meaning in which it is employed by Shakespeare, was in common and frequent use. It is everywhere In the Elizabethan writings. " Distract : distraction : Latin disiraho, distractus, drag asunder, divide into small parcels. His power went out in such distraction, As beguiled all spies. {Antony and Cleopatra, III. vii. 77 ; 1625.) " Hooker's Ecc. Pol., 5 lib., c. 52, sec. 4, " Shunning that distraction of persons wherein Nestorius went awry." lb., c. 53, sec. 2. 1623, Bingham's Xenophon, 108. " The army of the Grecians was distracted into parcells." " Document : is used once in its classic and etymological sense, from Latin docco, teach ; give a lesson or instruction. It occurs only once in Shakespeare. It is used by Bacon in his De Aug., " utilia documenta continere posset." A document in madness. {Hamlet, IV. v. 178.) Mr. Theobald points out that the word " document " was used by Spenser." So it was used in " Lusty Juventus," pub. Edward bth. Haz. Edit., 2 vol., p. 50, "I am too young to understand his documents." Z7 An instance of its use can be found in Maur. Kiffen's lines, prefixed to Lewis Lewkener's wort; on Venice, 1599. " Venice invincible, the Adriatic wonder. Where all corrupt means to inspire are curb'd, A document that Justice fortifies." In Queen Catherine Parr's letter to the University of Cambridge, 1546, 4 Strype Eccl. Mem , p. 338, "Truly this your discrete and politicke ducuiiicnf." Adams uses the word. "Double : is used in a curiously classic sense in The Magnifico is much beloved ; And hath, in his effect, a voice potential As double as the Duke's. {Othello, I. ii. 12.) See instances of the use of this word in the Oxford Dictionary. " Eminent, Latin eniincns, standing out, conspicuous, lofty, towering above the rest. " Who were below him He used as creatures of another place, And bow'd his eminent top to their low ranks." [All's Well, I. ii. 41) 1623 published." In use as early as 1569. " If the person have been excommunicate, he shall sit in a public place and eminent." Res. Kirk of Scot. See Sandys' Travels, written about i6io. " Not farre below and a little above where once stood the City Elephantis, Scrophi and Mophi, two piked rocks lift up their eminent heads." lb. 221, " The super-eminent mountain." " Epitheton; the Greek word liriOeroi'. " I spoke it, tender Juvenal, as a congruent epitheton, appertaining to thy young days." (Love's Lahoiiy Lost, I. ii. 14.) A word not likely to be used except by a classical scholar." Likely to be used by any Englishman of the time of Shakespeare. Then no longer a Greek word — an English word. 38 " Divers thought Theophilus to be a name appellative and all godly men to be called Theophilus, of loving God ; but the cpilhclun (most noble) that is joyned with it differeth from that opinion." — Trans, of Calvin's Harmony, p. i (1584). Epitheton— epithete — epithet." "Err, Errant, erring ; Latin erro, I wander, rove, stray. An erring Barbarian. [Othello, I. iii. 362.) The extravagant and erring spirit hies to his confine. [Hamlet, I. i. 154.) " In common use. " Those that have no art are errand, vagabond, wavering, persons." King on Jonah, p. 141 (1594). "For this cause, I think, some were called erring or wandering stars." Adams (1605 to 1620) i vol. p. 10, Nichol's Edition. Calvin, "erring planets." " Abounding with winding wayes, the Maze of error rounding." Sandy's Travels, p. 225, 4th ed. 1G37S written about 1610. In the Oxford Dictionary, 1400, Lay Folks Mass Book, " As an Errynge Pylgrym in the servyse of the mighty and dredful God of love." 1623, " This ship was intercepted by an English erring Captaine." Whitbourne, Newfoundland. " Evitate : Latin evitare, shun, avoid. An attempt not successful, to introduce a new word. She doth evitate and shun A thousand irreligious cursed hours, [Merchant of Venice, V. v. 241.) Bacon uses the Latin word evitare." Not an attempt to introduce a newword. Parker, in his "Translation of Mendoza's History of China," 158S, wrote thus: "Many other things left out for tOi.T'j7rt/fitediousness." Every school boy of the age of Elizabeth knew " ' evitare,' to avoid." '■•' See Haz. O. P., 5 vol., p. 266. 39 "Exempt : Latin exiiiio, exemptus, take away, remove, banish. Be it my wrong you are from me exempt. {Comedy of Error i, II. ii. 173.) " 1553> T. Wilson Rhet. 39, " Exempted from Sathan, to, lyve for ever with Christ our Savioure." Frequent use subsequently. " Exhaust : Latin exhanrio, draw out, (of liquids) once used in this primitive sense and only once. Spare not the babe whose dimpled smiles, From fools exhaust their mercy. [Timoii, IV. iii. 118.)" 1540, Act 32 Hen. 8, c. 29, " Innumerable sums of monie, craftelie exhausted out of this realme." 1541, Elyot "Image of Governour," "Charges enforced have e.xhaust the more part of your substance." " Exhibition : Latin exhibeo, one of the meanings is, to maintain, support, sustain a person or thing ; and in Shakespeare it is sometimes used in this legal sense of maintenance, allowance, gift or present. What maintenance he from his friends receives, Like exhibition thou shalt have from me. {Two Gentlemen of Verona, I. iii. 68.) " She received only a pensioner e.xhibition out of his coffers," (Bacon, " Henry VIL," 228)." In constant use, in the above sense, before either Shakespeare or Bacon wrote. See Oxford Dictionary. '^ "Exigent: Latin exigo, which may mean to end, complete, accomplish. These eyes, like lamps whose wasting oil is spent, Wax dim, as drawing to their exif^cnt. (i Henry VI., ii. v. 8.)" See A Day, 1586, English Secretary, " These by degrees is passed to the last exigent." * See Addenda. 40 i6oo, Dr. DodypoU iv. iii., in Bullen O.P. iii. T46, " I fear my barbarous rudenesse to her hath driven her to some desperate exigent." " Exoi'ciser — exorcism — exorcist — -although this word is now used exclusively for one who lays or dismisses spirits, it is used by Shakespeare for summoning or raising spirits. Thou like an exorcist hast conjured up My mortified spirit. (Julius Ciesar, II. i. 323.) Bacon speaks of Walpole as ' a blasphemous exorcist.' " See following instances of its early use. 1584. " I doo conjure and I doo exorcise you, by the father, by the sonne and by the Holy Ghost, that you doo come unto me." R. Scott, Discov. Witchcraft. 1591. H. Smith, p. 381 of Collect Works, "Some are like exorcists, which cannot adjure but in a circle." Dekker, S«h>o;«rtsh'.Y, 183 :" This ghost of Tucca . . . was raised up bj' new exorcismes." " Expedient, expedition : Latin expedio (ex pede) free the feet from a snare, hence it comes to mean, without impediment, promptly, hastily, quickly. Mis marches are expedient to this town. {John, II. i. 60.) Knight commenting on the above passage says, ' Shakespeare always uses this word in strict accordance with its derivation.' " See 1485, Digby Myst. (iS8.i) iii. 817, " In ower weyyes we be expedyent." 1464, Paston Lett, No. 495 — IL 166, "The King shall shevve his good grace and favour in the expedision thereof." " Expostulate : Mediaeval Latin expostnlare, argue, discuss, inquire, investigate ; the sense of remonstrance is not included. My liege and madam, to expostulate What majesty is, what duty is. {Hamlet II. ii. 86.) 1603." 41 See A. Day, 15S6, English Secretar\", " Having at large expostulated my true meaning." Sec also Sandys' Travels (1610), p. 86, ed. 1637. " Whereof the Ambassadour hearing and expostulating the matter, the Subassee told him he was a spie." " Expulscd : Latm expuhus, driven out. Used only nnco by Shakespeare. " For ever should they be expulsed from France." (i Henry VI., III. iii. 25.) Bacon uses the word frequently." Used frequently by writers, some before Bacon or Shakespeare wrote, and some, their contemporaries. 1432. Hyden — " Saturnus, expulsed of Jupiter his son." 1583. Stubbes Anat. of Abus, ii. 49, "Adam our first parent was expulsed Paradise." 1505. Fisher 7 Penitent Psalms xix, works 115, "Almighty God expulsed sinne." Strvpe, 4 Eccl. Mem., 369, 1548, " Isabell Queen of Naples being expulsed the realm by the first Alphonse." lb. 378, " And had William Duke of Normandy been able to expulse Harold King of England, if Harold had any strange friends ? " " Of whom but a woman was it sung on, That Adam was expulsed from Paradise ? " 1536. Cnlisto and Melibaa, Haz., Old P., i vol., p. 59. 1591. Henry Smith " They which should honour thee, shall expulse thee," p. 1S6, Edition, 1611. Sandys 1610, 4th Ed. 1637, p. 15, "Consisting for the most part of the expulsed inhabitants," p. 36, " Expulsed as they say at Constantinople, from amongst their fraternities," p. 107, " To assist them in the expulsion of the Greeks," see also p. 142, 144, 145 and 222. Sandys used this word far more frequently than Bacon. " Extenuate is one of the words referred to by Hallam as an indication of Shakespeare's Latinity. " The law of Athens, which by no means we may extenuate." (M.N. D.I. i., 120.) 42 ■ It has the meaning of extcnuo, make thin or small, lessen, weaken. Bacon uses it twice in this meaning." The use of this word bj- Shakespeare is no indication of his Latinit}-, although, I have no doubt, he was well acquainted with the Latin tongue. The word "extenuate" in the sense referred to, I have found frequently in the course of mj' reading from 1553 to 1633. 1553- ^'i^ Joli" Cheke to Queen Mar}-, " Although I might many ways extenuate my fault towards your High- ness ; I will not abase my faulte, lest I should thereby diminish your Highness' goodness bestowed on me."* 1554. Letters of Martyrs. Bradford, " I do not seek to extennntc my sins." 1551. Henr}- Llo}d, a learned Welshman, " He doth either openly slander, or privilj' extenuate, or shamefully deny the martial prowess or noble acts." 1584. " Calvin's Harmony of the Gospels," " extenuate the godhead " — " extenuate the cruelty." Smith's sermons 1591. " He which by defending and excusing, and mincing, and extenuating his sin encourageth others to sinne too," p. 102. " The carnal- minded man doth mince and flatter, and extenuate his sinnes, as though they were no sinnes," p. 478. " Be reasone of a purpose to cover or extenuat an evill cause." Rep. to King James by Kirk of Scot., 1594. The word with same meaning is found in Adams 1610 to 1620. " Far are the}* from repentance who instead of a free and childlike confession after their sinne, are ready to use shifts, excuses, extenuations, mincings . that they may sleep securely in their sins." Also in Dyke on Repentance (1615). 5th Edition 1631. p. 82. Attersoll on Philemon, 1633, p. 321. " Extirp : Latin exstirpo : pluck up by the root. '■■ And by the same exaction of Annales, Bishops have been so extenuate, that they have not been able to repair their churches. 43 It is impossible to extirp it quite, friar, till eating And drinking be put down. {Mtasure fo/ Measure, III. ii. log.) It is worth noting that this word is practically the same as extirpate, which is also used once {The Tempest, I. ii. 125). By using indifferently either the current or the classic form, the poet shews his familiarity with both." So did every educated Englishman of the age of Shakespeare. Both words certainly in common use from 1430." 1533. William Barlow to King Henry VIII. : — "Wherefore I be\ nge lately informed of your hyghness endued with so excellent learn\nge and syngler judgment of the troth, which endeavoured not only to chace away and ext\rpe all heresies." 1536. Act of Parliament 27 Henry VIII., c. 28, "to the onelye glorye and honor of God and the totall extirpyng and destruction of vyce and sinne." 1538. King Henry VIII., "Proclamation for an Uni- formity in Religion," 2 Strype Eccl. Mem. 435; "to exlirpe and take away some occasions which have moved and bred division." 1532. Latimer's " Sermon on Lord's Prayer," vi. 47, "God hath done greater things in extirping out all poper}-." Henry Smith and Adams both use extirp. Extirpate, in use in 1553. " So that if by the Turks means the French king might have extirpated the Emperor." In common use from that time until now. "Extracting : Latin cxtraho, draw out. Once used in a singularly classic way. A most extracting frenzy of my own From my remembrance clearly banished his." "'Lett. Henry 6th to Duke of Burgundy, 1431. 'To the advance- m.;nt of the Catholic faith, and c.-.v^i)'/)!)!,? of errors and false opinions.' — HalliwcU's Lett. 0/ Kings, p. 112, with modern spelling. 44 The editor of " the Oxford Dictionary," says Shakes- peare, may liave written "distracting." For common use of extract, extracting, before the time of Shakespeare, see Oxford Dictionary. " Extravagant, extravagancy ; Latin extra and vagare wander abroad. The extravagant and erring spirit hies to his confine. {Hamld, I. i. 54.)" 1583. Stubbes Anat Abus, " May you as rogues, extravagantes and straglers from the Heavenlye country be arrested." "This disobedient child, nay, base extravagant." 1594. ' A merry knack to know a knave.' Haz. Ed. O. P., vol. 6, p. 521. Sandys' Travels (1610), 4th edition, 1637, p. 93. " Now dispersed into ample lakes, and again recol- lecting his extravagant waters." 1634. Sir T. Herbert Trav., " I will lead you through no more extravagancies.'" " Faciiioroiis : Latin /acinus {gen. facinoris), a deed, especially a bad deed or crime. Facinorous, wicked, atrocious. " He is of a most facinorous spirit." [All's Well that Ends Well, H. iii. 35.)" I believe this word was in common use before either Bacon or Shakespeare wrote. It is found in " The Humble Supplication of the faithful servants of the Church of Christ, in the behalf of their ministers and preachers imprisoned, to the Lords of the Council," 1592. Sec Strype's Annals, 7 vol. p. 133, ed. Clar. Press, 1S24. "Some of us they have now more than five years in prison .... Others they have cast into their limbo of Newgate others into the dangerous and loath- some gaol, among the most facinorous and vile persons.'' The word "facinorous" is found twice in Sibbes, 1575-1635. see 7 vol. of his works (Nichol's edition, 45 p. 472, 517). In each ca?e the word is applied to the Gunpowder Plot. Adams, 1580-1656, speaks of the Gunpowder Plot as a most " facinorous " deed. "Fad. Always used in the Latin sense — facia, deed, and invariably wicked deeds — criminal acts. " Damned fact ! how it did grieve Macbeth." {Macbeth, III. vi. 10.) " To say the truth this fact was infamous." (I Henry VI., IV. i. 30.) " The powers to whom I pray, abhor this fact, How can they then assist me in the act." {Lucrcce, 349.) Mr. Theobald then quotes from Lord Bacon's History of Henry 7 {1623), ' that barbarous fact.' ' He forbad all injuries of fact or word against their persons or followers.' " If Mr. Theobald had e.xamined the volumes in English published before the works of Lord Bacon or Shakespeare appeared, he would have found nothing was more common than for English people to speak and write of " fact," meaning deed.* It is found in all the Elizabethan literature prior to the writings of Bacon and Shakespeare. The word fact was then in common use, not only for deeds wicked or criminal acts, but for all kinds of acts or deeds. In 1531 Elyot writes in his " Governour," " Litle infantes assayeth to follow, not only the wordes, but also ihe faictes and gesture of them that be provecte in years," p. 30, Croft's edition, 1880, see also p. 46. In 1566 appeared the Translation of the Golden Asse of Apuleius, by \\'illiam Adlington. In his Epistle Dedicatory he writes thus: "The fables of Atreus Thiestes Tereus and Progne, signifieth the wicked and abhominable/(«:/s wrought and attempted by mortall men." *■ Richard the 3rd and Henry 7th use ' fact ' for deed in their respective proclamations, before the battle of Bosworth. — See HaltiweU's Lett, of Kiiii;s. 46 In Chapter XI. " Doe vengeance on this wicked and cursed woman his wife, which hath committed this /i7c/." The word fact, meaning deed, can be found in this trans- lation at least a dozen times. When this translation appeared Bacon was five years old and Shakespeare two. Take again Underdowne's " Translation of Helio- dorus," which appeared in 15S7. In his dedication to the Earle of Oxenford, Underdoune writes thus: "The Greekes in all manner of knowledge and learning, did farre surmount the Romanes, but the Romanes in administering their state in warlike factes." In this translation the use of the word " fact," meaning deed, is quite common, — it can be found tliree times in two pages of Nutt's Edition, 1895. In North's Translation of Plutarch's Lives, 1579, the word fact, in the sense of deed, can be found six times in that portion of the work which Mr. Skeat published in illustration of Shakespeare. See Skeat's Glossary. Henry Smith died 1591. He spoke of " heinous fact." King on Jonah, 1594, p. 154, "Even in the bloudiest fact that ever the sun saw attempted." Lewis Lewknor's " Venice," 1598, " The shame and infamy of so foul a fact." Sandys' Travels (1610), p. 52 of 4th edition 1637, " Facts dismay," also p. 74, p. 182. Calvin's " Harmony," 15S4. Sibbes and Adams use "fact," as meaning deed. Fatigate : Latin fatigains, fatigued, exhausted. His double spirit Requickened what in flesh was fatigate. {Coriolanus, II. ii. 121.)" In use in the year 1531. Elyot in " His Governour," writes " The discretion of a tutor consisteth in tem- perance ; that is to say, that he suffre not the childe to be fatigate with continuall studie or lernyng," p. 38, I vol. Croft's edition. 47 See similar use of the word on p. 55, 239, of ist vol., p. log, no, ij2, of 2nd vol. Hall Chron 1518, "I assure you that he ... . shoiili! fatigale and weary the Reader." Again, " so bolh parties being fa}ntc, werj' and faiii^atc, agreed to desist from fight." " Fesiinafe-ly : "Lsitin ft'siino, feslinaius, hasten, speed. Advise the Duke, where you are going, To a most festinate preparation. {Lear, III. vii. 9.) " Fesiinaiion, derived from same root, is found in Elyot, The Image of Governance, 1541. 'To come to Rome at his leisure, without fcstination or trava\le.' " Come running in with such fcsliii.ilion," "The Dis- obedient Child." Haz., 2 vol., p. 310. See also Chapman Eastward Hoe, act 2, sc. i. " Fine : used often for the Latin /«/s, the end. " All's well that ends well : still the Jine's the crown." {All's Well, lY. iv. 35.) In the grave-digging scene, the word fine has four different meanings. Is this the fine of fines — to have his fine pate full of fine dirt ? " The use of the word, in every one of these senses, had become common, prior to Shakespeare. Sec O.xford Dictionary, under word " fine." " Fnistrnte : h^tinfrustro,fnistriiti(s, deceive, disappoint, make to be of no effect, vain, useless. Bid him yield, being so fnistraic. {Anthony and Cleopatra, V. i. i.) The sea mocks ouv frustrate search on land. {Tempest, III. iii. 10.)" The word "frustrate" in the sense above indicated was in common use before Bacon was born. In the English literature, from Henry the 8th to the close of the sixteenth century, the word was in frequent use, and therefore in common speech. 48 See Cardinal Wolsey to Pace, 2 vol. Strype Eccles. Memorials, p. 23> P- 40- ' Declaring also all maner treaties and conventions, void frustrate and of noon effecte.' Also Elyofs " Governour " 1531. " The paynes before taken, with the time therein spent, is utterly frustrate," Croft's edition, 2 vol. p. 273. Calvin, Harmony of Evangelistes, p. ig and Com on John, p. 202. Under- downe's "Translation of Heliodorjus" (1587}, p. 29, p. 118, Nutt's edition (i8gg). Lewknor's Venet Kep., p. 103. " Frustrate and make void " Dod and Cleaver on " Proverbs," (1605) p. 34. Sandy's Travels, p. 62, 215, 232. " Gratulafe : Latin «ratulo — the Latin form of the word congratulate. Gratulate his safe return to Rome. [Titus Andronicus, I. i. 221.)" Nothing classical in the use of this word — in common use before Shakespeare wrote.* See Underdowne's " Translation of Heliodorous " (15S7), Book I, p. 15, Nutt's edition. " And therefore they gratulated their Captain in hearty wise." Book, IV. p. lor, " Theogenes was crowned and pro- claimed victor with all mennes joyful gratidations." Henry Smith, died 1591. "It were better thou didst gratulate them with good things," p. 166, Edition of Sermons, 1611. Ih. p. 322, " The first part of this sentence is like the gratulation to him which used his talent." When I found "gratulate" in the pulpit I felt certain "gratulate" was in common use. I iind it appeared on the title page of a Chap, book, 1589. Also see " An Eglogue Gratulatorie," Peele, isSg. Used by Adams preacher, 1580 — 1656: also by Ben Jonson. * ' With what gratulation, rejoicing, mirth.' Utility of the Story. — Fox's Martyrs, 1560. 49 "Illustrate: Latin II lust ro — light up, make light, bright, illuminated, renowned. "The magnanimous and most illustrate King." [Love's Labour Lost, IV. i. 1^5.) The root meaning of the word is excellently emplojed by Bacon in a letter to the King. " When your majesty could raise me no higher, it was your grace to illustrate me with beams of honour." " Life," vii. 168." The root meaning was employed in 1594, 9 years before James came to the throne, by King, Bishop of London. "Alexander journied so farre in the conquest of the world, that a soldier told him, ' we have done as much as mortality was capable of: thou preparest to go into another world and thou seekest for an India, unknown 10 the Indians themselves, that thou mayst illustrate more regions by th}- conquest than the sunne ever sawe,' " page 144, edition 161 1. See also another passage in which " illustrate " is used in the same sense, p. 293. ' The majesty of the most High God should fully be illustrated.' " Whose verse did decorate. And their lines illustrate Both prince and potentate." " Downfall of Earl of Huntingdon," Haz. Old P., 8 vol., p. 136. ' Abraham Aetelius dealt earnestly with me to illustrate this isle of Britain.' Camb. Brit., 1610. " luimanity : Latin immanitus — the opposite of huinaiiitas kindness: i.e., inhumanity or ferocity. Such immanity and bloody strife. (i Henry VI., V. i. 13.) This is evidently an unsuccessful attempt to anglicise a Latin word." Nothing of the kind. The word was in the English tongue before Shakespeare wrote, and has continued in use to this day. 50 Arthur Dent, a most scholarly divine, Preacher of the Word of God, at South Shoobery in Essex, who died in 1607, wrote in his masterly treatise ' The Ruine of Rome ' " By their bloody cruelty and barbarous humanity some being murthered in their bodies bs' cruel death, and others violently drawn to the wicked religion of Mahomet." p. 112. ' For the most part, those beasts have least iiniihinily that have most strength.' Adams, i vol. 315. Fielding uses iiiunanity in his " Joseph Andrews," 1742. I believe the word iminanity has been used within the last fifty years. ''Imminent, innnincncc ; Latin iuunenio — overhang, threaten. Imminent means threatening to happen, menacing. Mr. Theobald quotes six instances of " imminent," used in this sense in Shakespeare. The following is one of them : — Evils imminent. [Julius Ciesar, II. ii. 81.)" The word was in use thirty-five years before Shakespeare was born. Pocock, Rec. Ref. I., 1. 115, "Fear being so imminent and lately felt." 152S. 1555, Eden Decades, 103, " Preservation from so many imminent perils." " Immure ; Latin mums, a wall. Troy, within whose strong immures the Ravished Helen sleeps. (Troilns and Cressida, Prol. 8.)" Although an earlier instance, of 'immure' a sub- stantive, has not been met with at present, the verb to immure, the participle immuring, past participle immured, are found in several writers earlier than and contemporary with Shakespeare. Impertinency ; impertinent; Latin pertineo, with the 51 negative prefix in, i.e. not related to or belonging to the subject. The suit is impertinent to myself. {Merchant of Venice, II. ii. 146.) Bacon says the answers made by our Saviour to questions were ' impertinent to the state of the question demanded.' " Chaucer, in 13S6, wrote, " Trewely as to my juggement, me thynketh it a thing impertinent save that he will convoyen his mateere." Clerk's Pro., p. 54. " Let no man think these things are impertinent or from the purpose." Jewel's Sermons, 1571. " Impertinence " found in writers earlier than Shakespeare or Bacon. Implorator ; adapted from the Latin imploro, imploratio, beseech, entreat. Mere implorators of unholy suits. {Hamlet, I. iii. 129.)" Words from imploratio and imploro, such as implora- tion, implorable, were in the language and used by writers before Bacon or Shakespeare wrote. Implorator must have been soon formed. " Iinponcd ; Latin iuipono, put upon as ex.^r., the stakes of a wager. Osric. — "The king, sir, hath wagered with him six Barbary horses : against the which he has imponed, as I take it, six French rapiers." Ham. — Why is this " imponed," as you call it ? {Hamlet, V. ii. 154.) " This word " impone," to lay, or lay upon, is of ancient use. 1529, State Papers Hen. 8, II. 130, 'The proffyttes of such impositions, that is to say, of bestes or other thyng, that at an entre or exployte shall be imponed.' " Impose ; imposition, from the same Latin root, impono. It has nothing to do with cheating, but is used in a purely classic sense. I have on Angelo imposed the office. {Measure for Measure, I. iv. 40.) " 52 Everjbody in Shakespeare's age familiar with this use of the word. See the the various instances of its use in Oxford Dictionary. An instance of its use is found in Spenser. See Sandys' " Travels," p. 228. " Malta's thy father's gift ; which Charles did give Th' expulsed knights of Rhodes, that did out-live That long warre and sad fate, by Turks iiiiposde." " Incense, a.s a verb; Latin inccnth\ inccndi, iiicensnin, to kindle, inHame, set fire to ; and, secondarily-, to rouse, excite, provoke. I will incense Page to deal with poison. {Merry Wives of Windsor, I. iii. 109.) " So Bacon in his observations on Libel — ' We have incensed none by our injuries.' " The word in this sense was in common use in times anterior to Bacon or Shakespeare. See Elyot's " Governour," 1531, p. 10. Also Cardinal Pole's letter to the Bishop of Durham, Aug., 1536, " But still you say I shew in my writing to be stirred and incensed in my spirit." Also Grindal's letter to Ridley, dated Frankfort, 1555, in which he says: — "The treatise in English against transubstantiation, which in time shall be translated into Latin. It hath been thought best not to print them till we see what God will do with you ; both for incensing of their malicious fury, and also for restraining you." Bickersteth edit, of Coverdale's Letters of Martyrs, p. 36. Spenser and Sibbes both use the word in this sense. Adams says, " When we fight against God, we incense Him to fight against us." (Vol. L, p. 38.) Sandys, writing in 1610, uses the word in the same way. " A sea, tempestuous and unfaithful, at an instant incensed with sudden gusts," p. 2. " A trade wind blowing either up or downe, which, when contrary to the streame, doth exceedingly incense it," p. 25. 53 " tncertain — sometimes used with Latin sense o( un- settled, not fixed. To be worse than worst Of those that lawless and incertain thoughts Imagine howling. {Measure for 'Measure, III. i. 126.)" Bacon speaks of the double fulness and incertain ty of law. For the use of the words incertain, incertainty and incertainly, in this and other senses from Caxton, 1491, downwards — See Oxford Dictionary. "Include is twice used in the sense of the Latin, includo close, finish, resolve into. " Then everything includes itself in power." {Troilns and Cressida, I. iii. 119.) Speaking of the Queen as a type of great rulers, Bacon says, 'the Commonwealth's wrong \s included in themselves ' — where the word included may mean either concentrated or contained." See Oxford Dictionary, for use of ' include ' in various senses from the year 1420, downwards. Include, to finish, is only a substitute for conclude. With the meaning of ' contained,' see Sandys' "Travels," p. 33. "The tombes are no longer, nor larger than fitting the included bodies." "Inclusive ; also from includo, in its primary sense of shut up or in. Although the current import of the word is derived from its original classic sense, 3'et the classic tone is very clear, and must have been consciously present to the poet in the following passages — the only ones in which the word is found in Shakespeare. As notes whose faculties inclusive were More than they were in note. (All's Well that Ends Well, I. iii. 232.) I would to God that the inclusive verge Of golden metal, that must round my brow, Were red-hot steel to sear me to the brain. {Richard III., IV. i. 61.)" 54 Although the word "inclusive" is not found appar- ently in an author older than Shakespeare, the adverb " inclusively," with the same meaning, is found in writers earlier than Shakespeare. Sec Oxford Dictionary. " Indigcst : whenever it occurs in Shakespeare is evidently an echo of Ovid's verse." The word was in common use with variety of meanings. See Oxford Dictionary. " Indign : Latin indignns, unworthy, shameful. " Let all indign and base adversities Make head against my estimation." Bacon writes : ' The fourth by disabling his the King's regiment and making him to appear incapable or indign to reign.' " So did Chaucer write, " Indigne and unworthy am L" 1546, Jove Expos. Dan. vi. " It were the most indigne and detestable thinge that good lawes shulde bee subjecte and under evyll men." Spenser's "Faery Queen," IV. i. 30. "She herself was of his grace indigne." " IndiibHate : Latin imliihitatus, undoubted. " The indubitate beggar." {Love's Labouy Lost, IV. i. 67.) Bacon, referring to the line of York, says it was ' held then the indubitate heirs of the crown,' Life of Henry 7th, 1623." The word in the above sense had been printed, and in use a hundred and forty years when Bacon used it. 1480, Caxton Chron. Engl., " Eugenye the fourth was pesybly chosen in rome by the Cardynals, and was very and indubitate pope." 1494, Fabyan Chron. (V. cxiii. loi). " He should there shewe, and prove if he was the indubitate son of ye first Clothayre." Hall " Chronicles Henry V." 73, " the very indubitate heyre general to the crowne of Fraunce." 55 "Inequality: is a word which occurs only once in Shakespeare, and then it is used in a ver\' metaphysical way, the meaning being somewhat obscure." Mr Theobald quotes many instances of the use of inaequalis, inaequaliter, inaequalitas by Lord Bacon, and ends by saying, " the whole passage of Shakespeare is redolent of Baconian thought." O' gracious Duke, Harp not on that, nor do not banish reason, for inequality. {Measure for Measure, V. i. 59.)" If the reader will look up the Oxford Dictionary under head " Inequal," he will find many instances of the use of this word prior to the age of Shakespeare or Bacon. "Infest, infest ion : Latin infesto, attack, trouble, disturb, injure. The word infest occurs only once in Shake- speare (1623 folio). Do not infest your mind with beating on The strangeness of this business. {Tempest, V. i. 246.) The classic sense of the word i.-, implied." So it is implied in Spenser, '•' At last breaks forth with furious infest," Faerie Queen, Book 2., c. ii. Sandys' p. 17^ " A warlike people, infested, on both sides with the Persian and Turkish insolences." Adams 2 vol., p. 118, "They do not only persecute them living, but infest them dead." Cleaver and Dodd (1606) use this word with the classic sense. " Inform : Latin infurino '■ to give firm shape to any- thing, to fashion, mould, or train the mind. Secondarily, to represent by a mental image. The God of soldiers With the consent of Supreme Jove, inform Thy thoughts with nobleness. {Coriolanus, V. iii. 70.) Mr. Theobald quotes two or three instances of its use in Lord Bacon's works. 56 'Inform,' says ^^^. Theobald 'is a very profound word, both in Bacon and Shakespeare.' " So it is in Adams, 2 vol., p. 43. " An Apostate may be enlightened, taste of the heavenly gift . . . yet fall away, Heb. vi. This is that divines call historica fides : a floating notion in the brain, a general transient apprehension of God's revealed truth, which shows itself in a de.\terit\- of wit, and volubility of speech ; a tire in the brain, not able to warm the heart. It hath power to infoiiii their judgments, not to reform their lives." "They study not Rhetoric, as sufficiently therein instructed by nature ; nor Logicke, since it serves as well to delude b.s inforjii." Sandys' "Travels " p 72. (1610). "Inhabitable : Latin iiilialntabilis, not ht for habitation, uninhabitable. The frozen ridges of the Alps or any other ground inhabitable. [Richard II., I. i. 164.) The word inhabitabilis is found in Nov. Org., I. 72." Inhabitable, meaning not habitable, is found in Fairfax's Tasso, (1600). See also Wicliffe's Bible Jerern., ii. 6. " Inherit, inheritor. Generally has a legal sense in Shakespeare — meaning to possess. The great globe itself, Yea, all which it inherit shall dissolve. [I'dupcst, IV. i. 153.)" Used in this sense in the " New Interlude entitled New Custome " 1573. "For assurance in Christ Jesus without man's further merit, is fully sufficient God's favour to inlicrif," 3rd vol., old English Plays by W. C. Hazlitt, p. 50. See also Fetherstone's dedication of Calvin on John, 1584 "So shall England have wealth, be void of woe, enjoy solace, be free from sorrow, possesse plentie, nor taste of poverty, inhcrite pleasure and not see paine." ■ * See Addenda. 57 " Insinuation : Latin insinuo, put or thrust into, force one's wa}' into. In the current acceptation of this word, insinuation refers to an interference which is more in words and speech than in action. The original sense of interference by act, as well as speech is found in Shakespeare. " Their defeat Does by tlieir own insinuatinn grow." {Hamlet, V. ii. 58.) i.e., they thrust themselves into the business and must take the consequence." Insinuate, insinuation, in the sense of interference by act, were in common use in the age of Elizabeth. 1579, Lyly Euphues (Arber) 134 'when their sons shall insinuate themselves in the company of flatterers.' 1600, Holland Livy, 1197, "the Romans espied where there was a breach made and lane left between, and there they would insinnate and wind in with their rankes and files." " Imiitnre, insisti>ig : Latin insisto, stand still, halt, used by Cicero in reference to the stars, stellaruiu motus insistiint : — and b\- Shakespeare in a similar sense, probably with Cicero's words in his mind. The heaven's themselves, the planets and this centre Observe degree, priority and place, Insislnre, course, proportion, season, form. {Troiliis and Cressida, I. iii. 75.) The same idea of steadfastly taking a stand is implied in: Insisting on the old prerogative. [Corifllanus, III. iii. 17.) " I have no doubt Shakespeare used both the words because he found them in use b\- others. I refer the reader to the words ' insist," ' insistence,' ' insistent,' ' insisting' in the Oxford Dictionary. 58 " Instance, in^fant : meaning what is urgent or what is imminent, just ready to occur. The examples of every minute's instance (present now), have put us in these ill-beseeming arms. (2 Henry IV., iv. i. 80.)" Chaucer (1374) "sed the word in this sense, — see Oxford Dictionary. Dr. Murray's Dictionary also supplies several instances of the use of instance, instant, in other meanings. The following examples I supply, of the use of the word, meaning what is urgent. Letter of Master Hullyer, p. 398 Bickersteth's Edition of Coverdale's Letters of the Martyrs. " We must continue in this battle unto the end, putting on the armour of God and the sword of His Holy Word, with all instance of suppli- cation and prater." " Let us then with instance apply this business " Letter of Saunders, p. 141. " Insult, insidtment, Latin insiiUo to leap or spring upon : hence, to treat abusively. Give me thy Knife I will insult on him. {Titus Androniciis, III. ii. 71.) And so he walks insulting o'er his prey. (3 Hen)')' VI., I. iii. 14.) While he [death] insults o'er dull and speechless tribes. (Sonnet 107.) In the last two instances the word is used in the sense of triumphing over. In this sense, it was in early use and continued so to be. 1576, Lambarde, Peramb Kent 164, 'what was it else for this proud Prelate, thus to insult over simple men ? ' 1590, Hooker Ecc. Polity v. xxi. s. 4. " Because they insist so much and so proudly insult thereon." 1591, H. Smith : " Not disdaine those which come at the last hour to the vine-yard, though we ourselves hare 59 laboured since the morning. For he which is first, may be last ; and he which seems last may be first; therefore let no man insult beyond the lists of humility " ; works 1611, p. 411. 1600-1606, " Not to be distempered or discouraged at their insultations over us in our troubles " Dodd and Clea\er on " Proverbs." Adams, 1612-1625, "There is not a mighty Nimrod in this land that dare hunt his equal ; but over his inferior lamb, he insults, like a young Nero." ^^'orks Nicholl's Edition, i vol., p. 14. " But to cast out the devil's tyrran}', whether sub- stantial or spiritual to rescue a miserable man out of the enchanted walls of Babylon, to give him insultation and triumph over asps, lions, dragons, is the singular and incommunicable work of God " 2 vol., p. 42. " The uncircumcised Philestinc insults, till David come " 2 vol. p. 42. " Violence and rapine insulting over all " Sandys' Travels (1610) preface. "Intend : Latin intcndo, to turn or direct one's self or one's attention or mind to anythii;g — to notice, be absorbed in anything. In Shakespeare both the classic sense, which implies a fixed mental attention to what is present, and the current sense, which simply denotes a purpose relating to the future, are to be found. " Casar through Syria intends his journey." (Aiitlwi!)' and Cleopatra, V. ii. 200.) Then follow three more quotations from Shakespeare, and two or three quotations from Bacon. Thus '■ Komulus sent to the Romans that above all things they should intend arms." Essay 29. 1429, in Rymer's Foedera X 424 " Eretikes there that entenden the subversion of the Christian Faith." 60 See ' Harvey Four Letters ' p. 13. " I have small superfluity of leisure to entend such business." Intend : to direct one's course, proceed on a journey, was in use in the early part of the fifteenth century, and a good instance is found in the Paston Letters, No. 776, IIL 162, " Iff ye entende hyddre worde." 1596, Dalrymple, Translation of Leslie's History of Scotland. " He, theurfor leiveng the Queene at Neo- porte, intendis the hieway to Scotland." " Intentively : is used once only — in the sense of atten- tivel)' from the same root; participle intentus fixed, eager, watching attentivel)'. Whereof by parcels she had something heard, But not intentively. {Othi'Uo, I. iii. 154.) " Used in this sense from 1290 downwards. Intentive also from as early a period : a good illustration is found in Caxton, 1491, " Lete your eres be ententif and dylygente to me." " Intrinse, infrinsecate ; L.a.tin intrinsecus — on the inside. Shakespeare used the word in a manner peculiar to himself, to refer to that which being most interior is also most intricate, complicated, or difficult to manage or alter. Such smiling rogues as these, Like rats, oft bite the holy cord atwain, Which are too intrinse t'unloose. {Lear, II. ii. 79.) Come, thou mortal wretch " {i.e. the asp) With thy sharp teeth this knot intrinsicate, Of life at once untie. {Antony and Cleopafra, V. ii.) " Whilst the word "intrinse" is found in Shakespeare only, the word " infrinsecate," in the sense used by Shake- speare, was in use before Shakespeare or Bacon was born. 61 1560 Whilehorne Arle Warre 40A, " Seeming unto them . . . partly an intrinsicate matter which they understand not." 1593 B. Jonson Cynthia, Rev. v. ii. " Yet there are certain . . . intrinsecate strokes and words, to which your activitie is not )et amounted." "Mere, merely : Latin iiierus pure, unmixed, hence by inference, intact, complete, entire. The inere perdition of the Turkish fleet. (Othello, II. ii. 3.) The mere despair of surgery he cures. (Macbeth, IV. iii. 152.) " In the Commission of King Edward VI. [1552J to his councel, can be read " of our certain knowledge and mere (unmi.\ed) motion." In North's Plutarche, Skeat's edition, p. 301, " It should not be true that he would so proudly shew himself unto the Athenians. But merely contrary, it is most certain that he returned in great fear and doubt." Calvin Deuteronomy, " mere grace of the Holy Ghost," 270, "mere mercy," p. 322, " mere liberalitie," p. 322, " mere goodness," p. 323, and another instance, p. 385, meaning pure, unmi.xed. Lord Coke uses the word in this sense. "Merit: Latin ineriliiin that which is deserved, i.e. either as a reward or punishment — recompense. A dearer merit . . . have I deserved at your Highness' hands. (Riehard II., I. iii. 156.)" Used in this sense by Henry Smith (1591), see p. 297 of his collected works, 1611. " In what did Judas sinne? In treason ; then treason is sinne, and yet the Papists count it a inerit as though they should merit by sinne." 62 " Modesty — used by Shakespeare in reference to moral conduct, moderation, sobriety. " An excellent play ; well digested on the scenes, set down with as nnich modesty as cunning." (Hamlet, II. ii. 461.) " Whom I most hated living, thou has made me, With thy religious truth and modesty, Now in his ashes honour." [Henry VHL, IV., ii. 73.) It is interesting to see the poets large Latinity appearing in quite unexpected forms, and a reflection of the Baconian Philosophy." There was no Latinity in the use of modesty in the sense of moderation. The word modesty, meaning moderation was in common use before Shakespeare or Bacon wrote. See Wilson's Translation of the third Oration of Demosthenes against Philip, published 1570. " But both against you, nay, rather against the Athenians of those days, after they seemed to pass the bounds o{ modesty in abusing some men." In the margin Wilson writes thus : " Such as passed the boundes of moderation among the Grecians heretofore." See North's " Lifeof Coriolanus " (1579), p. 18, Skeat's Shakespeare's Plutarch. " Whereupon the Consuls . . . went to speak unto the people as gently as they could .... and used great modesty in persuading them." Calvin, " Harmony of Evangelists," 1584. " But God doth by such institutions teach the faythfull modestie, therefore let us learn this sobrietie, fearfully to reverence that which passeth our understanding," p. 623_ " Many become enemies to Christ ; others forgetting modesty and equity, become raging madde, others become prophane men.'' 63 "Obliged: used classically with the word faith, equivalent to fides obligafn a promise which is binding. " To keep obliged faith unforfeited." (Merchant of Venice, II. vi. 7.) Bacon uses the word obliged as meaning bound. Shakespeare used the word obligation as a legal instrument." So did Wickliffe in 1382, " And he saide to him, ' Taak thin obligacioun and sitte doon and wryte fyfti.' " (Luke xvi. 6.) The word " obligation," meaning a legal instrument, can be found in several writers between Chaucer and Shakespeare. It must have been a common word in every bo\-'s mouth when Shakespeare was a young man. Thus in Adams, 1612-1625, "Oh, that this sordid beast of Usury, with all his ponderous and unwieldly trappings, talk, obligations, powers, mortgages, were thrown into a fire temporal," i vol. p. 86. Ohligatioii, meaning bound or binding, was also in common use. See " Arcb. Hamilton Alsches " in 1552, "wear oblissit to lufe God." Also Cawdry Alp. Tab. (1604) obliged, meaning bound or beholden. " Occident : Latin occidens, the west ; the region of the setting sun. His bright passage to the Occident. (Richard 11. , HI. iii. 65.) I may wander from East to Occident. [Cymticline, IV. ii. 372.)" In use from Chaucer, 1386, " Man of Law's Tale," line 295. " O firste movyng cruel firmament W^ith thy diurnal swegh that croudest, ay And hurtlest all from Est til Occident." 1483. Caxton Gold Leg. 387, "The sonne, mone, sterres and pianettes move from th'oryent th'occidente." 64 15I9- The four elements. (Haz. Old P. i vol. p. i8.) "Because the stars that arise in the Orient Appear more sooner to them that there be Than to the other dwelling in the Occident." lb. p. 38, " Toward the east and Occident It must needs round be." "That bright occidental star," Preface to English Bible. " Oppiignancy — derived immediately from the Latin oppiignans, resisting, assaulting, fighting against. The word is not English at all and occurs only once. " What discord follows ! each thing meets In mere oppugnancy." [Troilus and Cvcssida, I. iii. no.) Bacon, in his " Charge against Somerset " (a.d. 1616), says, " This marriage and purpose did Overbury uiainly oppugn." Merc oppugnancy and inainl\' oppugn are evidently the coinage of one Mint." This statement is rash in the extreme. Of^piignancy is not in Bacon's writings, and " oppugn," which can be found in Bacon, was in use before Bacon was born. The word meant to oppose or fight against. In a letter of Bradford, July 4th, 1553 (see Bick. Ed. of Lett, of Mar., p. ig), you can read — " I have great cause to rejoice that ever I was born, and that by my death it pleaseth the Heavenly Father to glorify His name, to testify to His truth, to confirm His verity, to oppugn His adversaries." See Hooker, Book V., 2 vol., p. 10, edit. 1823, " With our contentions, their irreligious humour also is much strengthened. Nothing pleaseth them better than these manifold oppositions upon the matter of religion, as well for that they have hereby the more opportunity to learn on one side how another may be oppugned, and so to weaken the credit of all unto themselves." " Mere oppugnancy" and "mainly oppugn" may be the coinage of one Mint, but they are not the coinage of Bacon. 65 " Ostent, ostentation : from ostendo, or ostento, to show ; not merely or usually a vain show, an evidence of pride or self display. The classic sense is that of open manifestation, public pageant. Like one well studied in a sad ostent. (Merchant of Venice, II. ii. 205.) Sad ostent means outward shew of seriousness or sobriety, or decorum. The whole passage reflects Bacon's theory of behaviour as a ' garment of the mind.' " The very words and idea of Shakespeare are found in Elyot " The Governour," 2 vol. p. 183 edit, of Croft. " Semblably there be some that by dissimulation can ostent a high gravitie." Adams, 2 vol., 563 (Nicholls edit. 1862). "The papists ostent their merits on earth ; the saints dare not do so, even ready for heaven." " Like the speckled innocency of the Papists, in their ostentate charity, unclean chastity, etc." p. 57. Sandys' " Travels " (1610). "To man's affrighted race The Temple then shall yield a dire ostent." Ostentation is more frequent. And publish it that she is dead indeed, Maintain a mourning ostentation. (Muck Ado About Nothing, IV. i. 206.) The modern sense of the word does nor occur in Shakespeare; his usage is exclusively classic." The usage of his contemporaries and predecessors was exclusively classic. See Adams i vol. p. go-91. " Or as that simple friar, that finding Maria in the Scripture, used plurally for seas, cried out, in the ostentation of his lucky wit, that he had found in the Old Testament the name of Maria for the Virgin Mary." 66 " Paint, painicd. Painted is a favourite metaphor vvitli Shakespeare. And lady-smocks, all silver white, Do paint the meadows with delight. (Loves Labour Lost, V. ii. 95.) The epithet is applied by Shakespeare to butterflies, clay, wings, pomp, etc." So I suppose did every one else, for the words paint, painted, are among the oldest words in our language. " For right as she [Nature] can peint a lilly whit And red a rose, right with swiche pciniure She pcinted hath this noble creature." (Chaucer.) " Such is his will that paints The earth with colours fresh. The darkest skies with store of starry light." (Spenser.) Spenser speaks of painted forgery. " Palliament : from the Latin pallium a cloak. This palliament of white and spotless hue. [Titus Andronicus, I. i. 182.) " ' Pallia ' meaning cloaks in frequent use. Spsnser, State of Ireland, 1598 " their cloakes called pallia." ' Palliated ' in early use and perhaps ' Palliament.'* "Part: Partial-ly — party: from the Latin /xjrs in the sense of a side, party, faction. In the following passages part is a verb and answers to the Latin partio, share or divide. Let's away To part the glories of this happy day. [Julius CcBsar, V. v. 80.) And part in just proportion our small strength. [Richavd UL, V. iii. 26.)" The translator of Calvin's sermons, 1579, P- ^7> was familiar with this use of the word. " Then we must * See Addenda. 67 conclude, that God made him [Paul apostle] clean, a new man and that he (Paul) doth not here part stakes,- to say, I was something and God hath supplied the rest." "Perdition, from the Latin woid perdo, used with the sense of loss simply, not eternal." Perdition in use from Wickliffe. When eternal is meant, the word, eternal is used. Hooker speaks of endless perdition and Raleigh of eternal perdition. The use of the word " perdition " meaning loss is seen in the quotation, from Golden Boke let 2, supplied by Richardson. "I leve the vices that thei recover and the vertues that they lease and with the /er^faow of theyr treasure that thei love." In the Interlude, " Calisto and Melibaea," Haz. Ed., 1st vol., p. 83 (1520), " Wilt thou bear away profit for my perdition ? " "Perdurable, Perdnrably ; perdurable means very lasting. " O perdurable shame." {Henry V., IV. v. 7.) " I confess me knit to thy deserving with cables of perdurable toughness." {Othello, I. iii. 342.) Bacon speaks of ' metals which ought to be perdurable.' " Perdurable," Mr. Theobald says, " is not an English word at all." The word perdurable was certainly in use in Chaucer's day. "The joye of God" he (the Apostle) sayth "is perdurable that is to sayn, everlasting." Chaucer " The Tale of Melibeus." Used also by Hall the Chronicler. In the Interlude, " Calisto and Melibaea," Haz. Ed., 1st vol., p. 64 (1520), you can read, " The mighty and perdurable God be his guide." This word is also used by Drayton, contemporary of Shakespeare : " The vigorous sweat Doth lend the lively springs their perdurable heat." 68 The word is found in the form of " perdurance " and " perdurabilitie " before Bacon and Shakespeare were in existence. " Pcregrinalc : from Latin Pcregrino-ntus, travel about in foreign parts, out-landish, alien. It is a word once used, evidently coined by Holofernes, the type of pedantic affection. Hoi. — " He is too picked, too spruce, too affected, too odd, too ' peregrinate,' as I may call it." Nath. — " A most singular and choice epithet." (Love's Labour Lost, V. i. 14.) " The words Peregrine, Peregrination, Peregrinator, in the sense of " from abroad," " from another land," were in use from the time of Chaucer. Casaubon, on Credulity, writes thus " He makes himself a great peregrinator to satisfy his curiosity or improve his know- ledge in natural things." The word " peregrinate " might easily come to Shakespeare from this last word. " Permissio : Used once in the Latin sense from permitto, periJiissus — let loose, make free use of, without reserve, give up, surrender. lago cynically describes love, as " Merely a lust of the blood and a permission of the will." This is clearly a reflection of the Latin word periiiissus or permissio which is very frequently used by Bacon in his philosophical writings." I do not think there is any such reflection. The word was used by Shakespeare in the sense of allowing or leave of the will, and that he become familiar with the word through his study of North's Plutarch, 1579. "Through the secret providence and permission of the Gods." 69 " Perniciuiis—A word used in a purely classic sense by the pedantic Armado. " The pernicious and indubitate beggar." [Loves Labour Lost, IV. i. 66.) This represents the word perni.x, derived probably horn per diuA nilor — much struggling; hence, brisk, nimble (not to be got rid of, troublesome). Much striving is the sense in Shakespeare. " Troubled with a pernicious suitor." [Much Ado, I. i. 130.) But probably the word is used in a sort of slangy style in these passages." I have not met with the word used in this sense earlier than the writings of Shakespeare. The word "pernicious" was in frequent use before his time. " Perpend is simply the Latin word pcrpcndo — weigh carefully, ponder, consider. " Learn of the wise and perpend." [As You Like It, IIL ii. 69.) The word is used only (in Shakespeare) by pedantical speakers, or professional fools." This word was used by grave writers before Shakespeare wrote, and in the sense in which he used the word : — " I desyre you therefore to perpcnde, yt thoughe Socrates be a frynd, and Plato a frind, yet is the veryte to be preferred in fryndeshypp to them both." {Bale Apologie, p. 17.) " Furthamore and finallee to conclude, beside these arguments and allegations above recited, let this also be perpend. (Fox Martyrs, p. 142, An 975.) " Persian; garments, i.e., sumptuous; corresponding to the Persicos apparatus of Horace or Ornatnin Persiciun of Cicero. 70 " I do not like the fashion of your garments ; you will say they are Persian attyre ; but let them be changed." {Leay, III. vi. 84.)" Persian, used frequently to indicate colour and rich- ness of clothing. Persian has been used for peach colour. " In sanguin and in Pcrsc he clad was alle, Lined in taffata and with sendalle." (Chaucer's Vol. I. Canterbury Tales, v. 441.') " Person . Latin, persona, a mask ; or one who imper- sonates in a pla)' — a part or character sustained. " I then did use the person of your father, The image of his power lay then on me." (2 Henry 11., IV. vii. 73.) Bacon says of the Pretender Perkin Warbeck : ' But from his first appearance on the stage in his new person of a sycophant or juggler, instead of his former person of a prince.' (Henry VII., Works 1623.) " Calvin says, " When any man is sent by a Prince, in an embassee, he must speake in such sorte that men may well perceive he dissembleth not ; because he knoweth whose person he sustaineth." Sermons, 1597, p. 18. See Hooker, 1590, Eccl. Pol. : " All things are lawful unto me, saith the Apostle, speaking, as it seemeth, in the person- of the Christian Gentile." "Pervert is another instance in which the classic and intensive force of the particle per is used to augment the classic sense of the root. Vert is to turn. Pervert is to turn completely. This and this alone explains the use of the word in the following passages : — Trust not my holy order, If I pervert your course. [Measure for Measure, IV. iii. 152.) " Let's follow him awA pervert the present wrath He hath against himself. {Cymheline, II. iv. 151.)" 71 Neither of these passages appeared in print until 1623. The word pervert is used in the above sense in the Translation of the Bible, 1611. Thus ix(.Ta(Trpi\pai, which truly means to " reverse, to change to the opposite," is translated "per\ert." In the same sense Spenser writes, " View of the State of Ireland " : " Instead of good the}' maj' work ill, and pervert Justice to extreme injustice." Calvin Sermons, 1579, p. 662, " But seeing they pervert all order." " Plant. Once used as equivalent to planta, the sole of the foot. " Some of their plants are ill-rooted already; The least wind i' the world will blow them down." (Antony and Cleopatra, II. vii. i.) The reference being to a state of intoxication." The word was no doubt derived from " Planta." Thus Ben Jonson, in his Masque of Oberon : — " Knottie legs and plants of clay, Seek for ease or love delay." "Port : for the Latin porta, a gate. Sextus Pompeius Makes his approaches to the Port of Rome. {Antony and Cleopatra, I. iii. 45.)" Quite common in early writers. " Dayly were issues made out of the citie at divers partes." Hall Chrori. Hen. 5. "There, where the breach had fram'd a new-made /lor/, Himself he plac'd." Fairfax Tasso, Book 11, verse 62, (i6co). " The golden Port was open'd." lb., Book 12, verse 48. " Alone was she shut forth, for in that hour. Wherein they clos'd the port." lb., Book 12, verse 49. 72 " Over tl;e hills the nymph her journey dight, Towards another port." lb., Book 12, verse 51. "Port is also used to mean the state or magnificence which is maintained by any one. The Duke himself, and the magnificoes Of greatest Port, have all persuaded with him. {Merchant of Venice, III. ii. 282.)" Fairfax Tasso, 1600 : — " See Godfrey there in purple clad and gold, His stately Port and princely look behold." Portly, in the same sense, can be found in many early writers. Thus Spenser, Sonnet 5 : — " Rudely thou wrongest my deare hart's desire. In finding fault with her too portly pride." Portable : from the same root, Porto, to bear or carry ; hence endure. How light and portable my pain seems now." The word is derived from portatyf, light, portable. (Middle English.) "Prefer is often used in a somewhat classical sense, answering to the various senses of praefero, (i) hurry along or away; (ii) bring forward or produce. If you know any such. Prefer them hither. [Taming of the Shrew, I. i. 96.) Or who should study to prefer a peace, If holy churchmen take delight in brawls. (i Henry VI., III. i. no.)" Not invented by Lord Bacon. Sec Daniel's Civil Wars of York and Lancaster : " And as to a perjured Duke of Lancaster, Their cartel in defiance they prefer." 73 Also Sandys : " I, when my soul began to faint, My vows and pra\-ers to thee preferred." Fox's Book of Martyrs, 1570. " Doctor Stephens and Foxe were the chief furtherers, prefcn-ers and defenders on the King's behalf of the said cause." "Premised. Latin, praeutitto, prcmisi, send forward, in advance. Let the premised flames of the last day Knit heaven and earth together. (2 Henry VI., V. ii. 141.)" In this sense I cannot find an\' other instance.- In the sense of "something laid down; premises," the word was in common use long before Shakespeare. PrLposieroiis : Latin prcepoiio, pncposierous, having the last first, distorted. In Shakespeare the radical sense is always intended — an inverted order, a misplacement by reversal. And those things do best please me, That befall pieposterously. lago, who is a most philosophical thinker, says — The blood and baseness of our natures Would conduct us to most prepostcious conclusions. {Othello, I. iii. 330.) Bacon uses the same word similarl)- in his prose." So did hundreds of people use the word in this radical sense before Shakespeare and Bacon saw the light. It is in common use in the early writers, and always with one meaning, the radical sense. Thus Master Bradford, in his letter to Lady Vane. 1553, says— " Is not this gear (thing) preposterous, that Ale.xandria where Mark, which was but one of his disciples, was bishop, should be preferred before Ephesus, where John, *See Addenda. 74 the Evangelist, taught and was bishop." " Letters of Mamrs," 1837, P- 313- See Calvin's " Harmon}'." Translated 1584, p. 568. "For Christ doth not den}- this to be a preposterous order, that the unlearned, common people and children should first celebrate with their speech the coming of the Messias." P. 218. " Christ teacheth us that it is preposterous that menne being borne to a better life, doe wholly occupy themselves in earthly thinges." P. 617. " Whereof hee gathereth that they deal pre- posterousl}', which busie themselves in small matters, when they shouldt rather beginne at the chiefest." Cleaver and Dodd, who published a " Commentary on II and 12 Chapters of Proverbs," in 1606, wrote thus — " The eight first chapters, a goodlie learned man hath travelled in, whose paines we expected before this time to have invited (sec) with thee, and that caused us to goe forward, omitting the beginning until we come to the end. The method, we confesse, would be very prepos- terous and defective, were it not that so good a supplie would reduce it into due order." Thomas Adams — " A preposterous inversion," i vol. Thomas Adams — " How preposterous this — sober serpents and drunken men," 2 vol., p. 29. " Prevent, Prevention : Latin prcevenio, go before, anticipate. " I do find it cowardly and vile, For fear of what might fall, so to prevent The time of life." {Julius Casar, V. i. 104.) i.e. to anticipate the end of life. Bacon says — " Man is not to prevent his time." Hamlet says — " So shall my anticipation prevent your discovery." 75 Bacon says of deceits and evil arts, that if the_v be " first espied they lease their life : but if they prevent they endanger," the allusion being to the fabled basilisk. " If he see you first, you die first ; but if you see him first, he dieth," a fable what is often used in Analogy by Shakespeare and Bacon." The word prevent in this sense was in common use in Elizabeth's reign. Thus ! " Prevent us, O Lord, in all our doings with Thy most gracious favour." Collect at end of Communion Service, 1547. Doubtless heard by Shakespeare and Bacon a hundred times. Calvin, "Harmony of the Gospels," 1584, p. igo. "And that which He (the Saviour), freely and unasked, determined to give us, he yet doth promisseto give at our requests. Wherefore both is to be holden ; he of his ovvne wil preventeth our prayers, and yet by prayers, we obtain that which we aske." " ' These thinges ye should have done.' It is an aunswere wherewith Chnst preventeth their quarrel." " These words seeme to contain an anticipation or preventing of an objection," p. 17, Cleaver and Dodd's "Commentary on 10 and 11 Chapters of Proverbs." Thomas Adams — " Prevented objection," also " the prevented Basilisk." Sibbes uses the word in this sense frequently. See Glossary, 7 vol. (Nichol's Edit.). I give one instance, " When as a man in his meditations doth daily present death to himself and looks upon it, then death is like the prevented basilisk, death hath lost the sting," 7 vol., p. 38-39. " Probation : Probation ordinarily means trial, testing. In Shakespeare it sometimes means simply to prove, like the Latin pvobare. Of the truth herein This present object made probation. (Hamlet, I. i. 54.) 76 So prove it, That the pvohafion bear no hinge nor loop To hang a doubt on. [OtheUfl, III. iii. 365.)" Probate and probation meaning proof in frequent use from the earliest times. Probate meaning proof of will. " Thei saied, that the cardinall by visitacions, Makyng of abbottes, probates of testaments, . . . Had made his threasore egall with the Kynges." Hall " Henry VIII." an. 17. " If ye thynke them now chaunged, bryng forth your honest probacyons and ye shall be heard." (Bale Apologie, fol. 92.) " For the more evident probation whereof (although the thing itself is so evident that it needeth no proofe) what can be more plaine than the words themselves of Pelagius and Gregorie (1560), Fo.x's " Martyrs," p. 12, Townshend, edit. 1846. See also Fox 1560, 4 vol., p. 287, " Neither have I any more to say, unless mine adversaries, with true and sufficient probation grounded upon the Scripture, can reduce and resolve my mind and refell mine errors which they lay to my charge." Three of Shakespeare's words, " probation," " reduce," and " refel " in one paragraph. " Proditor : Latin word used as such, meaning a betrayer. Thou most usurping Proditor, And not protector of the King or realm. (i Henry VI., I. iii. 31.)" Words from the Latin word " prodere " in common use, such as " prodition " ; easy for Shakespeare to use " proditor," as Milton to use " proditory." 77 For earh' instances of prodition see Grafton Hen. 2nd, an 18. " Certes, it had beene better for thee not to have accused the King of this prodHion." " The blood of the Church, wiiich the sword of his tongue, in a miserable prodition, hath shed, cries out against him." (Bishop Hall, Honour of the Married Clergy, b. 3, sec. 8.) " Propend : Propension. Latin propendeo, hang down like the scale of a balance ; hence to be inclined to, favourable to. Only once used. !\Iy spritely brethren, I propend to you. [Troiltis and Cressidn, II. ii. 190.) 7.C. the balance of my judgment disposes me to agree with you. But I attest the gods your full consent Gave wings to my propension. (Ibid. 132.) " Propense, propension, propensity, in frequent use before the age of Bacon and Shakespeare. "So of goodwill and meere propensity of heart, hee is no lesse ready to forewarne your grace before." Fox " Martyrs," p. 977, an. 1535. " We desire your honour to extend your accustomed virtue, as it hath been alwa3'S heretofore propense to the honour of Almighty God." Burnet Records, vol. 11, p. 116, ii. No. 30. " He (Paul) dyeth dayly, though not in the passion of his body, ^et in the forwardnesse and propension of his minde." King on Jonah, 1594, p. 116, edit. 1611. " Propngnaiion : 'Latin propiigno, fighting in self-defence, defending anything. " What propugnation is in one man's valour ! " {Troihis and Crcssida, II. ii. 136.) Propugnation here means defence." The word ' propugn ' from the same Latin word was in common use. 78 Hence, propugning, propugnancy, propugnacle which are found in different writers. " Pudency : Latin pudcns, bashful, modest. A pudency so rosy. {Cymbeliuc, II. v. ii.)" Although I have not met with pudency, except in the above quotation, inipudcncy, derived from pudency, was in frequent use before and at the time when Shakespeare wrote. "Qiicsiani: from Latin quaero, I seek. It is used in the sense of candidate, one who seeks or aspires after some duty or honour. When the bravest qiiestant shrinks, find what you seek That fame may cry you loud. {All's Well that Ends Well, II. i. 15.) Quaesirists : from the same root. A word coined by Shakespeare and used only once — in the sense of persons sent in quest of another. Some five or six and thirty of his knights Hot qucstrists after him, met him at gate. {Lear, III. vii. 16.)" I have not been able to meet with either of these two words elsewhere. Many other words from quaero, such as quest, quester, question, questionable are to be found before Shakespeare wrote. I do not believe that Shakespeare coined the word " Quaestrist " because Mr. Theobald says so. His treatment of the next word. Recordation, occasions my distrust. " Recordation : Latin recordalio : recalling to mind, remembrance, recollection. To make a recordation of my soul Of every syllable that here was spoke. {Troilus and Crasida, V. ii. 116.) Shakespeare, hunting after a synonym for remem- brance, which is not to be found in the vernacular, borrows one from the Latin." 79 Shakespeare did not hunt after a synonym in using this word. I do not think he hunted after anything, either thought or expression. The word was in the vernacular and in common use. In 1584, when Shakespeare had not left Stratford- upon-Avon, and before he perhaps, had written a lino, and certainly many years before he published anything. Dr. John Kainolds, lecturing in Oxford on Oabiah, said to the audience — " It is written of Xerxes, that when he beheld from the top of a high mountain his great and mighty host, how he wept in recordation of their mortality." See Nichol edit., p. 35, 1864. In Holland's Plutarch p. 940 we may read, " Unless also these fair and sacred recordations we call and refer unto divine, true and celestiall beauty " (1602). "Reduce. Latin rcduco — bring back, restore — frequently used. Abate the edge of traitors, gracious Lord That would reduce these bloody days again. {Richard III., V. v. 35.) Mr. Theobald quotes three or four instances of the use of the word "Reduce" in the classic sense by Lord Bacon." The word "Reduce," in the sense of restoration, bringing back, had been in use long before Shakespeare or Bacon employed the word. Thus (1531) "Such iniquitie semeth to be than, that by the multitude of soveraigne governours all things had been brought to confusion, if the noble Kynge Edgar had not reduced the monarch to his pristinate estate and figure : which brought to pass, reason was revived, and people came to conformitie and the realme began to take comforte. All be it, it is nat to be despaired, but that the Kynge now reignynge, and this realme alway havynge one prince like unto his highnes, it shall be reduced (God so disposynge) unto a publike weal excelling all other in preeminence of virtue and abundance 80 of tilings necessar}-," p. 23 of Croft's excellent edition of Sir Thomas Elyot's Governour. 1560. " But howsoever it came, the fury of the raging enemies was then somewhat mitigated, and peace was given throughout the whole world ; at what time, the wholesome doctrine of the gospel allured and reduced the hearts of all sorts of people unto the religion of the true God." Foxe Mart)TP, Edition Townshend 1843. See Conflict of Conscience, Haz. Ed. of Old Plays, p. 132. ' Tiiat other by our li\es to God, reduce we might.' Found also in Hooker, 1590. " That now he would endeavour both with tongue and pen, as much as in him lay to reduce the seduced from their errors." Sand\''s Travels (1610) p. 85, edition 1637. " Refelled : Latin refello — show to be false, disprove, rebut, confute, dispute, once used. How I persuaded, how I pray'd and kneel'd. How he refeU'd me and how I replied (Measure for Measure, V. i. 93.) (1623 pub.)" Before Shakespeare was born. Fox translated from Luther in the following words : " Neither have I any more to say, unless mine adversaries with true and sufficient probations founded upon Scripture, can reduce and resolve my mind and refel mine errors, which they lay to my charge." Townshend Edition of Fox, 4 volume, p. 287. I also find the word "refel" in the preface to Fulke's Answer to the Rhemists, 1580. " But the writings of the Fathers .... refel positions whereby the foundation of Christian Faith was over- thrown by consequent only." Hooker's sermon on Justi- fication, 3 vol., ed. 1823. Henry Smith, (died 1591), standing in his pulpit at Clement Danes, cried out, and I daresay Shakespeare heard him, " I stand not to refel absurdities." 81 " Religiotis-ly : Latin religiosus, which often means faithful, exact, strict, scrupulous, accurate, without reference to any Divine sanctions. ' As thou lovest her, Thy love's to me religious : else does err.' i.e. By loving her you are faithful to me. ' My learned Lord, we pray you to proceed And justly and religiously ' (with scrupulous e.xact- ness) ' unfold Why the law Salique, ' etc. (Henry V., I. ii. 9.)" In the same sense Udal uses the word in his gospel of Matthew, c. 27. " It is not lawefull (quoth they) to put this money into corbon, that is among the gyftes of the temple which they would have esteemed and regarded religiously and scrupulously." "Remonstrance: occurs only once in Shakespeare, and then with a meaning not in the least connected with the usual sense of verbal protest. " Your brother's death I know sits at your heart, And you may marvel why I obscured myself, Labouring to save his life and would not rather Make rash remonstrance of my hidden power, Than let him so be lost." (Measure for Measure, V. i. 394.) Here remonstrance means disclosure, unveiling — a meaning which comes from its classic derivation. In its earlier usage, remonstrance signified the art of shewing, a manifesting, show or display, or else declaration or statement. Mr. Theobald then quotes three instances of the use by Lord Bacon of remonstrance in the same sense. Mr. Theobald says, ' It is noteworthy that the old classic sense is preserved in the only instance in Shakes- peare in which the word is employed.' " 82 There is nothing noteworthy in the use of the word by Shakespeare. It was a word in frequent use and only in the classic sense, so far as I know, when he wrote. 1590. Hooker " Eccles. Pol.," p. 28, Book V. par. 10, edition 1823 " the same God which revealeth it to them, would also give them power of confirming it to others, either with miraculous operation, or with strong and invincible remonstrance of sound reason, such as whereby it might appear that God would indeed have all men's judgments give place unto it." Also, 5 Book, par. 76, p. 328, ed. 1823, " It standeth therefore, .... whether we compare men of note in the world with others of like degree and state, or else the same men with themselves, the manifest odds between their very value and condition, as long as they steadfastly were observed to honour God, and their success being fallen from him, are remonstrances more than sufficient, how all our welfare, even on earth, dependeth wholly upon our religion." P. 116 of the ' English Mirrour, by George Whetstone (1586), we meet with "remonstration " meaning proof. See Ben Jonson's " Every man out of his Humour," 1599, Amorphus says, " So you have given yourself the dor. But I will remonstrate to you the third dor, which is not as the two former dors, indicative but deliberative." In "the Devil's Charter" by Barnabe Barnes, 1607, the Duke of Candy says : — ■ " Those (warres) are the same they seem, and in such warres your sonne shall make remonstrance of his valour, and so become true Champion of the Church." — (Act I. Scene 4.) Adams 2 Epistle of Peter, p. 4, Sharman's Edition, On the words, ' Peter a servant of Christ ' — Adams says " this is a clear remonstrance of St. Peter's Humility." 83 In "The Lost Lady," 1639 the " Physitian " says : — " Makes his escape, and is received. Of the Spartan King with all remonstrances, Of love and confess'd service." — P. 4. The word " remonstrance" in the same sense can be found in Heylin's " Reformation of the Church of England Justified," Jeremy Taylor, South, and John Howe. " Renege : From the mediaeval Latin word rencgo — deny, refuse. Such smiling rogues as these. . . Renege, affirm and burn their haleyon beaks With every gale and vary of their masters. {Lear, II. ii. 79.)" " Renie " and " Renege " were in common use before Shakespeare wrote — " Renegade " of the same derivation is still in use. " Reneyed " occurs in Piers Ploughman, which Dr. Whitaker interprets renegado — See Richardson's Dictionary. See Udal, Luke, c i "Those that vaunted themselves by the glorious name of Israel, those hath he reneagued and put awaye from the inheritance of the promises made unto Israel." " In the mean season while Peter 'reneagueth,' while he sweareth nai, the cock crewe the second time." Udal Luke, c 22. " It was a plain renaying of Christ's faith to doo any observance thereto." Sir T. More Works, p. 179. " Repugn — repugnancy, repugnant: Latin repugno — resist, oppose, resistance. Stubbornly he did repugn the truth. (i Henry VI., IV. i. 94.) Let the foes quietly cut their throats Without repugnancy. {Timon, III. v. 42.) Repugnant to command. {Hamlet, II. ii. 491.)" 84 In uee from a very early period (see Wicliff t3ib.), and quite common in the af^e of Henry 8th to end of Elizabeth's reign. Thus Sir Thomas Elyot (1531), The Governour, Croft's Edition, p. 27. " Also suche men, . . . may (if nature repugnc nat) cause them (their children) to be instructed and so furnis- shed towards the administration of a publike weale." See Mr. Croft's learned note in "the Glossary" in which instances, very early, are given other than those I present. Cranmer's letter to Queen Mary, p. 2, Letters of Martyrs. " And so at length I was required by the King's Majesty himself, to set to my hand to his will, saying that he trusted that I alone would not be more repugnant to his will than the rest of his counsel." Another letter to Queen Mary, p. 3. " Another cause why I refused the pope's authority is this : that his authority as he claimeth it, repugneth to the crown imperial of this realm." See Calvin's Harmony, translated and published, 1584. P- 5- "The Kingly dignitie fayled long before, and that the rule by litle and litle fel almost downe : that discon- tinuance dooth not repugiie with the prophesie of Jacob." Hooker, 1590, 5 book, 81 par, p. ^yz, edition, 1823. " Whereof to the end we may consider whether that which our laws do permit, be repugnant to those maxims." Ih. p. 374 " Now from hence their collections are as followeth : first, a repugnancy or contradiction between the principles of common right, and that which our laws in special considerations have allowed." Ibid — " and so be a law contrariant or repugnant to the law of nature." 85 i could, from the earliest times, multiply instances of the use of these words " Repugn," " repugnancy," " repugnant " in the sense in which Shakespeare used them. Richard the 3rd (1483) used ' repugnatory.' " Repute. Latin rcpnto — to reckon, think over, and may mean to suppose or consider. My foes I do repute you every one. {Titus Andronicus, I. i. 366.) All in England did feputc him dead. (i Henry IV., V. i. 54.) Bacon speaks of ' every reputed impossibility.' " Repute and reputation, in the sense of reckon, con- sideration, quite common from the earliest years. Thus in Chaucer's Pardoneres Tale, v. 12 c. 89. " For which he held his glory and his renoun, At no value or reputation (no consideration.)" See Exposition of True Fayth, fol. 45. " Yet in our myndes we consider what they be made, and do repute and esteeme them." • 1574. J^^s. Kirk of Scot., p. 50. Roive's Hist. " Whilk meeting shall be reputed." " That it be reputed no slander." lb. (1387.) Henry Smith (died 1591), God's Arrow against Athiest's, Edition 1611, p. 80. " Sith therefore the Church of Rome doth not repute [consider] the one oblation of Jesus Christ and his intercession to be perfect, but accuseth them of imper- fection, it cannot possibly be the true Church." Sandy's Travels (1610), 4 Edition 1637, p. 91. " To whom they erected that huge Collossus of brasse worthily reputed amongst the world's seven wonders. See also p. 107 and p. 124 for similar use of the word. In page 145, " or else reputini^ it a meritorious war, they have provoked the divine vengeance." " Retentive : is used as the Latin rctineo, as equivalent to hold fast, or detain, in a physical, not psychologic sense. * Henry 8th (1513), ' they must and will repute and take them as enemies.' 86 " Have I been ever free, and must my hougCj Be my retentive enemy, my goal ? " [Timon, III. iv. 8i.) (1623) " See the use of the word in Chapman's Odyssey (1600), b. xix. " What words (said she) iiye your retentive powers ? " (1612) Bishop Hall's Contemplations Nabal and Abi!,'ail. "Those secret checks which are raised within itself (the heart), readily compose with all outward retentives.'" "Reverb: once only for reverberate : the Latin word verbero and re — strike back, being understood ; re-echo. Nor are those empty hearted, whose low sound, Reverbs no hollowness. {Lear, I. i. 155.) " I have not met with the word " reverb " except in the above quotation from Shakespeare, although the word reverberation, meaning to resound or re-echo, was in use from the time of Chaucer. " Rivage : properly a French word: from the Latin rivHs a small stream. The French meaning, however, is retained in the one passage where it occurs, i.e., bank or shore O do but think, You stand upon the rivage, and behold A city on the inconstant billows dancing. This word, in the sense of bank or shore, was, although originally a French word, in common use from Chaucer. " Commanding every lives wight, There being present in his sight, To be the morrow on the rivage. Where he begin would his viage." Dreame. This word can be seen in Gower, in Hall, and Hollingshed History of England, b. iv., c. 24. " For Maximias once being there upon the rivage countervailed anie the greatest armies that were to be found." It is used also by Spencer. 87 ^'Ruinate: Latin riiina, a ruin. Shakespeare often turns nouns into verbs. In this instance the noun becoming a verb is Latin : the Latin word becoming an English verb. I will not ruinate my father's house. (3 Henry VI., V. i. 8.)" I do not think Shakespeare, or the author of the folio, turned nouns into verbs. His mind was too rapid and too well-stored with words in common use, to do anything of the kind. It is certain in the use of ruinate he did not turn a noun into a verb. " Ruinate" was in common use before Shakespeare was born. Cardinal Pole used the word "ruinate" in preparing the Recantation of Sir John Cheeke. (1556.) " Which (his removal from his chair) so now the hand of God hath done of his high mercy, both for my own self, and as I trust for the edification of many, whome I had afore ruinate, sitting in my chair of pestilence," Strype's Life of Cheeke p. 125, Clar. Edition, 1S21. Henry Smith (d. 1591) in his sermon " The Sinners Conversion " spoke thus : " It (Jericho) was sometime a notable citie, till it was subverted and ruinated by the Lord's Champion Josua," p. 62 Edition 1613. The word ruinate is found twice in " Downfall of Rob, Earl of Huntingdon" (1594). Haz. Old Plays, 8vo., pp. 158-184. Bancroft (1594), " Plat, of Episco," uses ' ruinate.' See use of this word in Lewes Lewkenor "The Commonwealth of Venice." p. 40, 49 (1599). Dent ' Ruine of Rome ' (1607). p. 125. ' Conspire to ruinate the state of the Commonwealth.' Philips, Trial of Fawkes and Others," pub. 1606. See also Sandys' Travels (1610). p. 45, 122, 132, I33> ^(^37< fourth edition. Dodd and Cleaver (1608) part 2., p. 38, 1612. Ruin used at the same time as Ruinate. " Ruin " is found in Chaucer. " That ever saw mine Stranger than this," [Troilus and Cressida, b. iv.) " Sacred : means accursed (exactly the reverse of the vernacular), which is one of the meanings of the Latin sacev : infamous, excrable. Our empress with her sacred wit, To villany and vengeance consecrate. [Titus Andronicus, II. i. i2o.)" Used in the same sense by a contemporary, Massinger. See his Emperor of the East, Act iv., sc. 5. " Tim. Most sacred sir. Thco. Sacred as 'tis accurs'd, Is proper to me." " Scol^c : used twice in the classic sense, scopos, o-KOTTus, a mark or aim at which one shoots. " 'Tis conceived to scope." {Timon of Athens, I. i. 72.) " Other errors there are in the scope that men pro- pound to themselves." (Bacon Adv. of Learning, II. v. g.)" The word scope with this meaning is used by Sir Philip Sidney, Arcadia 6 iii. " If thou dids't see upon what rack my tormented soul is set, little would you think I had any scope now to leap to any new charge." (1582). Spenser's Faerie Queen B iii. c. 4. " He gan fowly wyte His wicked fortune that had turned aslope, And cursed Night that reft from him so goodly scope." ' What scope doth thy addition level at ? ' (Early Eliz. writer, Lost reference.) " Sect : Latin seco sectum : cut, a cutting. Our unbitted lusts, whereof I take this that you call love, to be a sect or scion. [Othello, I. iii. 335.) - 89 The word sect is in frequent use from the earliest times. I cannot find it used in the sense above set forth. The true meaning may be set — common in this sense. " Secure : securely, — security : Latin secnyus, i.e. , sine curd, free from care, unconcerned. " Page is an ass : a secure ass." [Merry Wives, II. ii. 314.) " We see the wind set sore upon our sails, And yet we strike not, but securely perish." {Richard II., II. i. 265.) " Sccnrity is mortal's chieftest enemy." (Macbeth, III. v. 32.)" In Spenser's Fairy Queene b. vi. c. 5. you can read " Yet ere he fled, he with his tooth impure Him heedless bit, the whiles thereof he was secure." See Daniel Civil Wars b. i. " But now he was exil'd he thought him sure And free from farther doubting lived secure." Milton (1632) " Sometime with secure delight," L'Allegro. Security : was also in early use, with the same meaning. "Seen: once used in the sense of the Latin spectatus i.e. well versed or skilled. " A schoolmaster Jt'dl seen in Music." {The Taming of the ShrcK', I. ii. 133) 1623." The same words are found in Marlowe's Faust, i. 137, " Well seen in minerals." " Seen in nothing but epitomes," Massacre of Paris, Iviii. Marlowe died in 1593.* "Segregation : dispersion, from the Latin, segrego : set apart, separate, keep asunder. Onl}' once used. A segregation of the Turkish fleet. {Othello, II. i. 10.)" See Richardson's Dictionary for the use of this word by three different authors. Sir Thomas More, Wotton and Feltham, author of the " Resolves."! ••= See Addenda, t ' Segregated themselves from the Church of Rome,' (1560), Fo.x Martyrs, i vol., xxxi., ed. 1843. 90 " Semhlahlc : resemblance. Either a French Word or from the Latin siinilis. " His scmhlable is his mirror." (Hamlet, V. ii. 124.)" This word was in common use from the time of Edward III. "O God Almyghty, that man made and wroiiht Scmhlahle to himself." Piers Plouhman p. 315. "When that Our Lord had created Adam our forme father, he sayd — in this wyse : It is not good to be a man allone, make we to him an helpe semblable to himself." Chaucer's Tale of Melibeus. Semblable, semblably, semblence, semblant are found in many writers between Chaucer and Shakespeare. " Is your name, fair semblance, that wish to serve me ?" "Three Lords," Haz. Ed-, 6 vol., p. 480 (1590.) " Sensible : Latin, zcnsibilis : perceptible to the senses. " Before my God I might not this believe, Without the sensible and true avouch Of mine own eyes." [Hamlet, I. i. 56.) " In this sense the word was used by Sir Thomas More " And from thys eternall dampnacion of sensible pain in the fire of hell." Works, p. 1281. " Septentrion : used once for the Latin Septenirio : the North. " Thou art as opposite to every good As tlie Antipodes are unto us Or as the south to the Septentrion.'' (3 Henry VI., I. iv. 133)." Shakespeare does not use " Septentrion " for a Latin word. Septentrion was an English word in common use, from Chaucer. Septentrional, Septentrionally septentrial were also in frequent use by Shakespeare's predecessors and contemporaries. ''■ " Siiiinlar : Latin, siiiiulo : copy, imitate, feign. " Thou perjured and thou siniidar man of virtue, Thou art incestuous." {Lear, III. ii. 54.) ' ' From South to Septentrion,' Haz. O. P., 5 vol., p. 327. 91 ' This is an unsuccessful attempt to bring over a Latin word into the vernacular.' " Another of Mr. Theobald's rash statements. The word simular was in the vernacular before Bacon or Shakes- peare was born. See Udal prologue to the Romaynes. " As Christ in the gospel rebuketh the Pharisees above al others that were open sinners and called them ypocrites, that is to say, simulars and painted sepulchres." Also the use of the word " simulate " in Bale ' English Votaries,' p. ii. " The monks were not threitened to be under this curse, because they had vowed simulate chastytie." " I fear me some maintaine blindness more with their simulaiion, than they open the lyght with theyr preaching." Fryth Workes, p. 6i. "Solemn: Latin, solemnis : stated, wonted, usual, established. " My Lords, a solemn hunting is in hand." (Titus Androniens, IL i. 112.) " The use of the word in this sense is found in Wiclif, Luke 2. " And his fadir and modir wenten each yere into Jerusalem, in the S3lempne day of Pask." Chaucer, the Testament of Creseide, " While at the last upon a solemne day as custom was." See also the Rhemish New Testament, 1580. Luke IL chapter, verse 41. " And his parents went every yere unto Hierusalem, at the solemne day of Pasche." "Solemn and authentical will." Calvin's Sermons. (I579-) " Sort : once used in the Latin word sors, a lot. " No, make a lottery, And by device let blockish Ajax draw The sort to fight with Hector." [Trotlus and Crcssida, I. iii. 374.)" 92 Chaucer used the word in this sense : "And to dravven every wight began, And shortly for to tellen as it was, Were it by aventure or sort or cas The sothe is this, the cutte fclle on the Knight." (The Knighte's Talc v. 844.) " Spcciilalion : speculative : Speculation is often used by Shakespeare and often by Bacon in reference to the sight of the eyes — not of the mind — physical sight. Thou hast no speculation in those eyes Which thou dost glare with. [Macbeth, iv. 95.) (1623.) Mr. Theobald quotes Tro. Cr. i6og and Henry 5. Also Othello (1623)." The word speculation, meaning physical sight, is found in Hooker Ecc. Pol. lib. 5822 and in Holland Trans, of Plinie b, xviii. c. 28. Stelled : the Latin siella, a star, or constellation, or stellatus, glittering like stars. Of Lear in the storm it is said — The sea — with such a storm as his bare head In hell-black night endured, — would have buoy'd up And quenched the stelled fires. {Lear. III. vii. 59.) " Stellify is found in Chaucer — The Legend of Good Women, ' No wonder is, though Jove her stellifie ' also in " House of Fame," book 2. Drayton uses stellify, as also Davies. Milton speaks of the stars with their soft fires which shed " Their stellar virtue on all kinds that grow on earth." (Paradise Lost, b. iv.) The meaning of ' stelled ' is doubtful. It may mean fixed. " Substitute : from the Latin sub and statuo, place under. It is applied to a subordinate, not necessarily a repre- 93 sentative position ; or it is simply used for an appoint- ment. Hut who is substituted against the French I have no certain notice. (2 Henry IV., I. iii. 84.)" Used in this sense by Chaucer and Sir Thomas More. " And they dyd also substystute other whvch were knowen heads also." " Sir T. More's Workes," p. 821. "Success: often used by Bacon and Shakespeare to signify the issue or result of anything, whether the event is good or evil, favourable or the reverse. " And so success of mischief shall be born." (2 Henry IV., IV. ii. 47.) " The success, Although particular, shall give a scantling Of good or bad unto the general." [Troilns and Crcssida, II. ii. 115.) " Should you do so, my lord, My speech should fall into such vile success As my thought aim not at." (Othello, III. iii. 221.) Mr. Theobald gives three instances of the use of the word "success," with the same meaning in Bacon's writings." In the si.xteenth century every writer with whom I am acquainted used the word success in the same way. Thus William Thomas, in a discourse made for the use of Edward the Sixth, writes thus — "And the same examples of good success may be alledged for popular estates; yet, if they be well sought, it shall appear they never proceded of wisdom, but of necessity. And then comparing th'inconveniences that happened before the necessitv to the successes that have followed, it shall be found that the wisdom, learned of necessity, is dearly bought." Strype Ecc. Mem. 4 vol., P- 374-375- 94 In another record of Strypeone may read, " dangerous success." 1591. Henry Smith, " There is no place where God's Hand is not, and whither soever a rebellious sinner doth runne, the Hand of God will ineutewith him to cross him and hinder his hoped-for good siiccesse." " Jonah's Punishment," p. igg, 1612. Cleaver and Dodd, " If the success fall out according to our hope." Dedication, " Fail of good success," p. 10 ; " prosperous success," p. 40. Arthur Dent (1607), " Good sucess." Sandys' Travels (i6ro), "Happy success," p. 88; " 111 success," p. 145. All will remember the words in the commencement of the 2nd book of " Paradise Lost " — "And by success untaught." " Suppliance : Occurs only once. It is evidently taken from the Latin word supplco, fill up, inake full. " The perfume and suppliance of a minute." {Hawkt, I. iii. 9.)" Although I have not met with suppliance, words having the same meaning and of the same origin are found in early writers. Thus in the " Workes of Sir T. More," p. 912 — " The knowledge the partie lacketh must be supplied The more effectually by the judges." Also ' supply ' and ' supplement ' are found in Skelton and Spenser. " Suspire : snspiralion : Latin suspiro, to breathe or breathe deeply. For since the birth of Cain, the first male child, To him that did but yesterday suspire. {John, ni. iv. 79.) Wind}' suspiration of forced breaths. [Ham. I. ii. 79.)" 95 - Sir Thomas More(d. 1533^ has " suspyring and sighing after the sight of God and joy of heaven." Suspired, found in Wooton (1600). " O glorious morning wherein was born the expectation of nations; and wherein the long suspired Redeemer of the world, did rent the heavens and come down in the vesture of humanity." Reliquiae Wottonianae, p. 269. " Tenable : Latin (eneo, hold or keep. Once only. Let it be tenable in your silence still. {Hamlet, I. ii. 248.)" See Hackluyt Voyages, vol. i, p. 614. "An exceeding fine college of the Jesuites, and was by naturell situation, as also by very good fortification, very strong, tenable enough in all men's opinions of the better judgment." Howell's Letters, b. 11, let. 4. "There are others that are tenable a good while, and will endure the brunt of a siege." "Terms: 'La.tin terminus, end, conclusion, limit. Without all terms of pity. (Airs Well, n. iii. 173.)" In use in age of Henry the Eighth. See Bishop Gardner's Explanation of the Presence, fol. 109. " Wherein eche chaunge hath his special ende and terme (whereunto) : and therefore accordynge to terinc and ende, hath his worke of chaunge, speciall and severall both by God's worke." " Translate : Latin transfero, translatiis, in the physical sense of conveyance or removal. I led them on in this distracted fear And left sweet Pyramus translated there. (Midsummer Night's Dream, III. ii. 31.)" The words translate — translation, were used with the meaning some times in the ph3'sical sense of removal, and 96 sometimes in tlie sense of turning one language to another from the very earliest period. Calvin Harmony (1584) 545. " For when the Romanes had translated to themselves the tribute, which God in the law of Moses commanded to be paid to himself." St. John p. 15, "For it is as if he should translate the right of adoption unto forrainers." H. Smith, " God's Arrow," p. g, Edition 161 1. " He translated the priesthood, and sold it to strangers." King on Jonah (1594), Edition 1611, p. 128. "This translation of faultes from ourselves to others, was a lesson learned in Paradise. For Adam being charged with the crime of disobedience, hee put it to the woman, the woman to the serpent, as if both the former had not beene touched." See also Lewkenor's Ven. Kepub. 1598, p. 51." They came altogether to the Rialto; thither was also the seate of the prince translated." Sandys' Travels, p. 180 (1610), 4 Edition 1637, p. 180. "His bones (S. Jerome's) together with the bones of Eusebius were translated to Rome." " Uinber'd : Latin umbra a shadow. Each battle sees the other's umher'd face. {Henry V., iv. Chorus 9.) " Stevens gives two instances of "umbre" much earlier than Shakespeare's day. " Under the umbre and shadow of King Edward," Ca.xton, Tully on Old Age. " Under the umbre of veryte," the Castell of Labour. Umbred or shadowed is a term in Blazonry. 97 Umbrage : same root. Used onl\- once, in pedantical affected speech. " His semblable is his mirror ; and who else would trace him, his umbrage, nothing more." (Hamlet, V. ii. 124.) Umbrage found in writings earlier tlian Shakespeare's, but not perhaps in the sense (pedantical) in which Shakespeare used it. My self-imposed task is finished. I know how imperfectly it has been done. The labour it involved was more than I expected, and greater than my other duties would allow. I was obliged in some instances to refrain, through weariness, from adding authorities when many were ready to my hands. It may be, also, for the same cause, that some of my references are not correctly given. As a result of my labours, I can say that not one of the words adduced by Mr. Theobald is a word introduced into the language by Lord Bacon. I am satisfied that Shakespeare derived, in the matter of language, no assist- ance from Lord Bacon. In the folio I find the word "incar- nadine," and two or three other words which I cannot find elsewhere. Of a few other words in the folio I cannot find an earlier use than that which the folio supplies; they are however clearly connected with words of similiar meaning and derived from the same root. There are also a few words in the folio used with an unusual meaning, such as plague meaning "snare." Some studentofawider range of reading, may be familiar with these words and their meaning. There is scarcely a dramatist of the age of Elizabeth, in whose writings, some few words are not found, peculiar to himself. Mr. Theobald ought in my opinion to cancel the 14th chapter of his work, entitled " The Classic Diction of Shakespeare." I hope Mr. Theobald will no longer write that Shakespeare must be read, as any other classic q8 author is read, with ehicidations from the Latin Dictionary. Mr. Theobald may need the Latin Dictionary himself, in order to ascertain the meaning of Shakespeare's language. His contemporaries had no such need — his language was theirs. The present age doubtless needs a Dictionary for the due appreciation of some of Shakespeare's words, — an English Dictionary, however, not a Latin. I feel certain that Shakespeare became furnished with words by his acquaintance with the Latin language, by his knowledge of the rich and varied literature existing in his native tongue, and by inter- course with the cultured men of his age. I believe that the teaching in the Grammar Schools of the age of Elizabeth, was as well adapted to produce great and distinguished men, as the Grammar Schools of to-day. From the Grammar School of Exeter, Hooker went straight to the University of Oxford; Sibbes, son of a wheelwright, from the Grammar School of Bury St. Edmunds, to Cambridge ; Andrews, Bishop of Winchester, from Merchant Taylor's, proceeded to Pem- broke Hall, Cambridge; the ever-memorable Hales went from Bath Grammar School, 1597, at the age of fourteen, to Oxford, as a scholar of Corpus Christi College. Every book of the age of the Tudors should be preserved for its language, however unimportant its subject matter may be. Thus no one will contend for " siege of troubles " in Haiiilefs Soliloquy, when he knows that " sea of troubles " is found in the sermons of Henry Smith. -'= An English Dictionary containing all words in use down to 1623, the date of the publication of the folio volume, would be of great service to all students of Shakespeare. *Cranmer "Sea of Wickedness"; Hooker, "Sea of Matter," "Sea of Glory"; Henry Smith, "Sea of Troubles"; Spenser, " Sea of Sorrow." 99 The slightest suggestion seems to have been of use to Shalcespeare and was expanded by him to noblest proportions. Thus the passage in Macbeth, where the doctor saj's, "This disease is bej'ond my practice" would seem to have been suggested to him by the passage in the History of Heliodorus, translated by Underdowne, and published 1587. See Nutt's edition p. 105. "Our arte" saith the physician "doth profess the curing of distempered bodies, and not principally of that diseased minde, but then when it is afflicted with the body." Shakespeare was, I am inclined to think, present frequently at St. Clement Danes Church. Many phrases in Henry Smith's sermons seem to indicate either that people were thinking of the same things, or that Shakespeare himself heard the great preacher, and used the materials supplied to him. Smith's sermons are specimens of the best English Prose. In " A Sermon to Magistrates," Smith says : " Who would have thought, Jezebel, that beautiful temptation, should have been gnawed by dogs ? Yet she was cast unto dogs, and not an ear left to season the grave. What would he think that had seen Solomon in his royalty, and after seen him in the clay ? O, world unworthy to be beloved, who hath made this proud slaughter? Age, sickness, and death, the three Sumners, who have no respect of persons, made them pay the ransom themselves, and bow to the earth from whence they came : there lie the men that are called Gods : yesterday the tallest cedar in Lebanon ; to-day like a broken stick trodden under foot. Yesterday he stately lived upon earth : to-day shrouded in earth, forsaken, forgotten, that the poorest wretch would not be like unto him, which yesterday crouched and bowed to his knees." Who on reading this passage, 100 is not reminded at once of the speech of Mark Antonj', wiien he goes to mourn the death of Caesar. " But yesterday, the word of Cassar might' Have stood against the world : now lies he there, And none so poor to do him reverence." In another place Smith says: "Our fathers have summoned us, and we must summon our children to the grave. Everything every day suffers some eclipse, nothing standing at a stay, but one creature calls to another, ' Let us leave this world.' While we play our pageants upon the stage of short continuance, every man hath a part, some longer, some shorter, and while the actors are at it, suddenly Death steps upon the stage; like a hawk that separates one of the doves from the flight, he shoots his dart : where it lights there falls one of the actors dead before them and makes all the rest aghast ; they muse and mourn and bury him, and then to the sport again. While they sing, plaj- and dance. Death comes again, and strikes another; there he lies, they mourn him, and bury him as they did the former and play again. So one after another, till the players be vanished like the accusers that came before Christ, and Death is the last upon the stage ; so ihc figure of this world passeth away." Who is not reminded that : — " All the world's a stage And all the men and women merely players, And one man in his time plays many parts." And then in Smith's sermon upon Drunkenness, preached before the Merchant of Venice was published, you will find the statement, " There is no sin but hath some show of virtue, onlv the sin of drunkenness is like nothing but sin." This will recall the very beautiful -passage in the Merchant of Venice : — " There is no vice so simple but assumes Some mark of virtue on his outward parts." loi Smith's phrase, "a commonweal of drunkards" may remind us of Trinculo's : "They say there's but five upon the isle ; we are three of them ; if the other two be brained like us, the state totters." When Smith asks his audience to look into the grave and shew him which was Dives and which was Lazarus, and asks them where is Alexander that conquered all the world, one of the audience may have been the man who wrote the gravediggers' scene in Hamlet. I may be pardoned for pointing out, that if there be no " Baconian Mint," a very large portion of the ground, on which Mr. Theobald claims for Lord Bacon, the composition of the plays passing under the name of Marlowe, is completely destroyed. My tiriie and duties would not allow of my examining fully the words and expressions in Marlowe's plays which Lord Bacon is supposed to have supplied. I have already dealt with the word " starting holes." Mr. Theobald found a reference to "Circe" both in Marlowe and the folio. He may find it in dramatists who wrote before Marlowe or Shakespeare had written a line. Mr. Theobald also refers to Marlowe's " He wears a Lord's revenue on his back," and Shakespeare's " She bears a Duke's revenue on her back." Henry Smith, who died 1591, spoke two or three times of women carrying all their fortunes on their backs. Mr. Theobald points out a number of words in Marlowe combined with " over." Nearly all the words he mentions are in literature extant before Marlowe and Shakespeare. Take one of the words, foreslow, used by Bacon and Marlowe, a word which Mr. Theobald supposes Bacon supplied : the word " foreslow " is found twice in Wilson's Orations, published 1570, when Bacon was nine. It is used continuously forward. It can be 103 found twice in the first Book of Fairfax's Tasso (1600). I cannot pursue this inquiry further. I feel certain that Lord Bacon did not directly supply any words or ideas to Shakespeare or Marlowe, and that there was no man of his age, such a compiler of others men's ideas, as Lord Bacon himself. May I say, I, none the less, admire his writings and reverence his name. His destruction, for himself, of the tyranny of words, and the way of escape from that tyranny he opened up to all who should come after, make him the greatest intellectual deliverer the modern world has known. ADDENDA. "Abruption: Used once only, is not really English; it represents a breaking or tearing off, a hasty rending asunder. " What makes this pretty abruption" (7>o/. C*"., in. ii., 69.) Bacon uses abruption scicntia, as equivalent to knowledge broken off and losing itself." The word abruption is connected with abrupt, both noun and verb, abruptlj- and abruptness. These were all derived from the same root as abruption, and used with the same meaning. They were in common use at an early period. Stubbes " Anat. of Abus " (1583) uses " abrupt." " Did I not note your dark abrupted ends Of words half spoke ?" Ford, Love's Sacrifice, Act III. So. iii.* " Admiration : In the sense of wondering." Used in this sense frequently in the sixteenth century. " For our Saviour's election respected not any merit or worth, but took them which * ' Murmur sad words abruptly broken off.' Haz. O. P., 5 vol., p. 132. 103 were farthest off from likelihood of fitness, that afterwards their supernatural ability and perform- ance beyond hope might cause the greater admiration." Hooker (1590), Ed. Pol. 5 lib. c 77, sec. 13. Other instances in Hooker 1594. "A Merry Knack to know a Knave." (Haz., 6 vol., p. 544.) "Neighbour Walter, I cannot but admire to see How housekeeping is deca}ed within this thirty year." "Argentine: Latin .-Ir^^^/H/n, silver. (Once only.) Celestial Dian, goddess Argentine. {Pericles, V. i. 251.) Bacon has a Prui/ms note Argentangina." In common use before Bacon made his note. Thus Hall in his Chron. Henry VIII. an 12. " All armed in curious work oi Argentyue." ' Argentarie ' Wicliff Deedes ig c. 24 v. — a worker in silver. " Casual : ' This casual marte of payiifull search ' " (Lett. of Dee to Burghley, 1574). "Comfort: ' Prajng and besechyng your Lordchjpps gracyous cumfort for the optaynyngof hysgracyous pardon ' (1535) " (Sup. Mon. Camd. Soc. 1843, p. 161). " Drynckinge wynes divers tymes to disgeste and comfort my stomacke " (1596), Smythe to Ld. Burghley. " Congreeing : Mr. Theobald says this is a new word, classically constructed. It is an echo of congre- dior." I think it came into existence thus: — The word ' gree,' or ' greeth,' was in use, without the prefix 'a,' as in agreeth. The prefix 'con' was added to ' gree ' or ' greeth,' and so the word 'congreeth' came into existence." 104 " Crescive : ' Cresen,' to increase, Wicl. Bible." 4 Kings, c. 20, V. 10. " Demerits : The Emperor Augustus for his good demerits towards the Commonwealth of Rome was alike rewarded and saluted by the name of Pater Patriae " (Huish Lord's Prayer 1623, 12 Lect., S 49, p. 135). "Determine: Determinate, Determination — come to an end. My determinate voyage is Mere extravagancy. (Tw. N., II. i. II.) " In this line there are," says Mr. Theobald, " three Latin words only intelligible by the help of a Dictionary." "Determinate," "mere," and "extravagancy" were words in common use when Shakespeare wrote. Determinate was in use from Chaucer. " Distracted : ' Our serving of God must needes be distracted.' " Huish Lord's Prayer, Lect. iS, p. 25 (1623). " It is most certain that united forces either in assailing doo more prevaile or better beat of endainegement that is intended, than power distracted and dissevered into pieces and parts." Lett., Ocland to Lord Burghley (1587). " Eminent : ' Over-emminent power of such greate ones ' (1535)" (Sup. Mon. Camd. Soc. 1843, 119). " Exhibition : King Hen. 8th, wrote, ' Dayly almes to be mynystrate, mending off hyght wayse, cxhybission for mynysters off the Chyrche ' (Supp. of Mon. 263, Camd. 1843)." " Extenuate : ' Extenuating, annulling their virtues ; aggravating their imperfections.' " Huish Lord's Prayer, Lect. 18, p. 11 (1623). 105 " Exiirp : ' All vices of which I have been noted, being oons b}' the rootes extiifcd " (Lett. Nicolas Udall 1542). "Fact: 'Not to publishe their infamie for their vile factes ' (1535) " (Sup. Mon. Camd. Soc. 1S43, p. 115). " The vile lives and abborninable factes, in murders of their Bretherne ... in forging of deedes — and this appeared in writing, with the names of the parties and their factes " (III., p. 114). "Fraction : See instances of early use in Richardson's Diet." " Generosity : ' But trulie this boldnes, not myne own nature, hath taught mee ; but your nature, gener- ositie prognate, and come from your atavite progenitours.' " Letter, Leach to Throckemorton (1570). " Imnturc : An early instance oi mure as a verb is found in the Letter of Commissioners to Cromwell, 1535 (Sup. Mon. Camd. Soc, p. 257). " Plate hyde and inuryde up in walls." " Indign : ' And, therefore endynge, I doe hartely com- mend your good L. and all }'ours unto the most blessed kepynge of allmyghtie Godde.' " Lett., Alex. Nowell 1,1591). "Inherit: Meaning to possess. Tyndale (1531) in his exposition of Matthew translates the fifth verse, ' Blessed are the meek for they shall inherit the earth,' and also ' they shall possess the earth ' (Parker Soc. Ed.)." " In/ortunate : For earl)' use of this word, see Richard- son's Diet."* " Insinuation : ' And a serpent he was in Paradise, winding and insinuating himself into the very bosomes of our ancestors.' " Huish Lord's Prayer, Lect. iS, p. 13 (1623). " Winding and insinuating themselves into our thoughts." {lb., Lect. ig, p. 59.) '■■Ingenious, 'to be captious, virtuous, ingenious,' Haz. O. P., 5 vol., p. 363. 106 "Lethe : This word occurs once only in a passage where the reading is doubtful. And here thy hunters stand, Sign'd in thy spoil and crimson'd in thy lethe. (Julius Casar, III. i. 205.) If Lethe represents the Latin word letttm or lethum, death, it is the solitary instance of such usage." Lewis Theobald, the editor of Shakespeare (died 1744), wrote very much like the modern Theobald. Lewis wrote " The dictionaries acknowledge no such word as lethe; I am not without suspicion that Shakespeare coind the word." Underneath this Warburton wrote, "After all this pother, lethe was, a common French word, signifxing death or destruction, from the Latin, lethum." Steevens writes : " Lethe is used by many of the old translators of novels, for death. Steevens quotes (1616) " Cupid's Whirligig : " " For vengeance' wings bring on thy lethal day." Also "The proudest nation that great Asia nursed Is now e.\tinct in Lethe." Haywood's Iron Age. "Modest : 'The sermon (at the funeral of Camden) was preached by Dr. Sutton, who made a true, grave and modest commemoration of his life." " Lett., Bourgchier (Nov., 1623). " Office : Officious — used in the sense of duty, service- able " (1570). " Shew thyself officious and serviceable still." (Mar. of Wit and Science, Haz. Ed. Old Plays, 2 vol., P- 339-)"^ " Paint : ' Paint and colour our deformities, as Jezabel did.'" Huish Lord's Prayer, Lect. 18, p. 26. * ' Voluntary office (duty) induced,' i vol. Fox's Martyrs, p. xxxvi., ed. 1843. 107 " Piilliament : 'A goodly king in robes most richly dight, the upper like a Roman Palliament ' (Peele's Ord. of Garter 91, 92, i vol., Rul. Ed., 1594). " Pcricfpts : Examples occur in Scott's ' Discoverie of Witchcraft ' (1589) " (Nicholson's Rep., p. 185-188). "Portable : ' But now ar crepte upon mee the years which are uttrelie iuiportahle unto suche that have noo thinge to bear thcimselves withall ' " (Lett, of Leachc to Throckmorton, 1570). "Prefer: 'Preferring many sufficient persons to the Kinges servis ' (1535)" (Sup. Mon. Camd. 1843, p. 115)- "Premised : 'The said clergy ... do deserve that the King's Majest\-'s licence in writing . • ■ authorising them ... to commune of sucli matters and therein freely to give their consents, which otherwise they may not do upon pain and peril premised ' " (Burnet's His. of Ref. Pococks Ed., 5 vol., p. 173). " My true love premised, your letters I have received and understand the contents thereof " (Adam's Lett, to Sherlocke, Feb. 3, 1631). "Preposterous: ' What a preposterous course the Church of Rome hath taken to prefer the Transcript before the Original ' (Huish's Lord's Prayer 1623, Lect. 7, ?i6, p. 35). "Refelled: ' As I must nedes refell ' (1535)" (Sup. Mon. Camd. Soc. 1843, p. 103). " Replete : Latin repleo, replctus, filled up or full. Replete with mocks. [L.L.L. vii.)" It will be seen by reference to Richardson's Dictionary that the word Replete has been in use 108 from the time of Chaucer. In addition to the examples there given I add the following: " Calisto and Melibasa" (before 1536), Haz. Old P., i vol., p. 87. " I am replete with joy and felicity." " The Conflict of Conscience," by Nathaniel Woodes, 15S1, Haz., 6 vol., p. 125. ■' My heart, I feel, with blasphemy and cursing is replete." " A Woman is a Weather-cocke," Haz., O. P., xi., p. 13 (1606). " By the holiest love That ever made a story, you're a man With all good so replete that I durst trust you Even with this secret, were it singly mine." " Sandys' Travels" (1610), p. 84, 4th edit. " Never were ashes with more wealth replete." See also pp. 220, 243, 260, 267, 284, 287. "Seen: Mr. Theobald says that Bacon uses the word ' seen ' in the sense of well versed or skilled. So did T)'ndale thirty years before Bacon was born. See his exposition of Matthew (Park. Soc. Ed.), p. 13, ' Though they can rehearse all the scriptures and though they be seen in Greek, Hebrew, and Latin'" (1531). See also, " Sir, you seem well seen in women's 'causes.' "The four P.P." (Haz. Edit, of O.P., I vol., p. 351) (1520). ''Sensible: 'As yn hell to be no fyer sensible' (1535)" (Sup. Mon. Camd. Soc. 1843, p. 8). " Solemn : Meaning, established. ' Dyverce and great solempne monasteryes of this realm ' (1536) " (27 and 28 Hen. 8, c. 28). " Success : ' Keferrynge the success of the hool matter to your ownly approvyd wyssdoom ' (1535) " (Sup. Mon. Camd. Soc. 1843, p. 149). " Sect : 'As if we and they had been one sect ' " (Haz. O. P., 5 vol., p. 317). " Surt : ' Each thing hath sorted to our wish ' " (Haz. O. P., 5 vol., p. 303. H 109 There is only one word in the foHo volume of Shakespeare's Plays which cannot be found elsewhere and unconnected with another word, " Incarnadine." This word is not found in Lord Bacon's writings. The following words are not found by myself earlier than the folio. They are, however, connected with words found earlier than the folio and having similar meaning. Earlier instances of their use may be known to my readers : — Cadent. Candidatus. Circum-mure. Confix. Ex-sufflicate. Fracted. Intrinse. Maculate. Questant. Quaestrists. Sequent. Suppliance. Unseminaried. I have not met with any one of these words in the writings of Lord Bacon. Words used in an unusual sense: — Factious, meaning To busy oneself, active. Name, ,, Debt. Pernicious, ,, Much striving. Plague, ,, Snare. Not one of these words is found, as far as I know, in the writings of Lord Bacon, with the unusual meaning. .BXS BOO.. ^^ -?.-»"'" ^« INITIAL FINE or 25 f BNTB OVERDUE- 7.39 (402s) yO 03043 n o U.C BERKELEY LIBRARIES CDMST^bS3D