LYDAY LANGUAGE 
 LESSONS 
 
 :OWITZ AND STARR 
 
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PRACTICAL ENGLISH 
 FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 

 
 IS^'f 
 
EVERYDAY LANGUAGE 
 LESSONS 
 
 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR 
 
 NEW AMERICANS 
 
 BY 
 
 ALFRED J. MARKOWITZ 
 
 AND 
 
 SAMUEL STARR, S.B., M.D. 
 
 FORMERLY TEACHERS OF NON-ENGLISH-SPEAKING PEOPLE IN 
 THE FRANKLIN EVENING SCHOOL, BOSTON, MASS. 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 
 NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO 
 
Copyright, 1914, 
 
 By ALFRED J. MARKOWITZ 
 
 AND SAMUEL STARR. 
 
 Copyright, 1914, in Great Britain. 
 
 PRACTICAI ENGLISH. 
 
 ^L^-'- 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The aim of this book is to supply, or to suggest, to 
 the teachers of adult New Americans in the evening 
 schools material wherewith to teach their pupils in 
 a reasonably short time, and in a practicable manner, 
 to speak, read, and write the English language. 
 
 The primacy of the need to converse is especially 
 recognized and considered. This need is met by train- 
 ing the pupils in the correct use of the words, expres- 
 sions, and sentences that are interwoven with their 
 environments. Instruction begins with object lessons 
 pertaining to objects and interests in the schoolroom, 
 and these are appropriately followed with lessons 
 involving consideration of vocational matters, the 
 home, and other conditions and interests in the life 
 of a New American. These lessons are all constructed 
 with the main purpose of using them as drills for con- 
 versation, the teacher being reminded at every lesson 
 to "use text for conversation." Examples of ques- 
 tions, to be put to the pupils, are given occasionally, 
 illustrating the method of introducing and encouraging 
 conversation covering the texts. 
 
 Also, in accordance with the idea of establishing at 
 the outset an adequate foundation for the proper under- 
 standing of and ultimate proficiency in the language, 
 the lessons are built upon the correct use of verb forms 
 
 5 ^ 
 
 .9QQ«in 
 
/,^, ,;c-,c,c. PREFACE 
 
 and idioms. First, the verbs *'be" and *'have" are 
 considered (in sentences illustrating their proper use 
 in persons and tenses, and embracing objects and con- 
 ditions interesting to the pupils). These in turn are 
 followed by regular and irregular verbs in the three 
 simple tenses, special attention being given to the 
 auxiliaries "do" and "did" in the negative and inter- 
 rogative. Special consideration of the idioms " do " and 
 "did" is essential on account of^:he fact that these 
 important idioms are not literalH^ translatable into the 
 other languages. For instance, it is the most natural 
 thing in the world for a New American to say, "Went 
 you.^" instead of "Did you go .^" "I went not" for 
 "I did not go," and so on. 
 
 The objection that all these — the verb forms, 
 idioms, etc. — can be taught without specialization, 
 and therefore without bewildering the pupils with too 
 ' many technicalities, may be met with the reminder that 
 the best way to foster memory retention is to treat 
 objectively, i.e. to specialize. To explain : it is uni- 
 versally known that a person can retain a word or 
 expression in his memory much better and longer by 
 seeing it, or hearing it, in actual use in connection with 
 things of interest than by merely meeting with the 
 word or expression by itself, or by comparing it with a 
 synonym. 
 
 It surely ought to be much less bewildering to the 
 pupil to be made familiar with the verb forms, idioms, 
 and expressions gradually and in a logical, consecutive 
 way than to be fed promiscuously with a mixture 
 
PREFACE 7 
 
 of all verb forms, idioms, exceptions, etc., in current 
 colloquial use among those thoroughly conversant with 
 the language. 
 
 Here the reader may again be reminded that the les- 
 sons in this book are constructed with a proper regard 
 for the pupils' environments and needs — the sentences 
 all being such as they are most likely to hear daily in 
 the shop, street, and home. The idea, in general, is, of 
 course, to provide a practicable working vocabulary 
 and to show how to use the vocabulary correctly. 
 
 Later in the book, after the pupils have become more 
 proficient in reading and in the correct use of the 
 language forms — that is, when they have reached a 
 stage where they can profitably appreciate more serious 
 reading — they are introduced through simple reading 
 lessons to subjects dealing with educational matters, 
 history, morals, civics, hygiene, and the like. 
 
 A vocabulary of about fourteen hundred common 
 words in English, Italian, Yiddish, and Russian has 
 been prepared to accompan}^ this manual and will be 
 of much practical assistance to all New Americans 
 who are learning to use the language of their adopted 
 country. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 METHOD OF APPLICATION 
 
 Reading and Conversation 
 Spelling .... 
 Writing .... 
 The Alphabet . 
 
 Lesson i. 
 Lesson 2. 
 Lesson 3. 
 Lesson 4. 
 Lesson 5. 
 Lesson 6. 
 Lesson 7, 
 Lesson 8. 
 Lesson 9. 
 Lesson 10. 
 Lesson 1 1. 
 Lesson 12. 
 Lesson 13. 
 Lesson 14. 
 Lesson 15. 
 Lesson 16. 
 Lesson 17. 
 Lesson 18. 
 Lesson 19. 
 Lesson 20. 
 Lesson 21. 
 Lesson 22. 
 Lesson 23. 
 Lesson 24. 
 Lesson 25. 
 Lesson 26. 
 Lesson 27. 
 Lesson 28. 
 
 PRACTICAL LESSONS 
 
 The Vowels .... 
 The Vowels — Short a, Long a 
 The Vowels — Broad a. Open a 
 Thp: Vowels — Short e. Long e 
 The Vowels — Short e. Long e^ continued 
 The Vowels — ^before;- 
 The Vowels — Short /, Long / 
 The Vowels — Short o, Long o 
 The Vowels — Short u. Long u 
 The Vowels — y as vowel and consonant 
 The Schoolroom . 
 The Shop 
 
 The Clothing Shop 
 Trades .... 
 Verbs — Be, Present Tense 
 Numbers .... 
 Verbs — Be, Past Tense . 
 Verbs — Be, Future Tense 
 Verbs — Have, had 
 Review .... 
 O followed by other vowels 
 The Body 
 
 The Progressive Form 
 Silent Letters 
 On the Car . 
 Regular Verbs 
 Like — Interrogative Form 
 Like — Negative Form . 
 8 
 
 FACE 
 II 
 13 
 14 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 24 
 26 
 28 
 30 
 31 
 
 33 
 34 
 36 
 38 
 39 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 44 
 46 
 48 
 49 
 50 
 52 
 53 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Lesson 29. Our New Home . 
 
 Lesson 30. The Voyage . 
 
 Lesson 31. Irregular Verbs . 
 
 Lesson 32. At a Fire 
 
 Lesson 33. Conversational Forms 
 
 Lesson 34. Our Trip to America 
 
 Lesson 35. Work 
 
 Lesson 36. The Home 
 
 Lesson ^j. Foods 
 
 Lesson 38. Clothes . 
 
 Lesson 39. To, Too, Two 
 
 Lesson 40. United States Money 
 
 Lesson 41. The Meat Market 
 
 Lesson 42. Singular and Plural Nouns 
 
 Lesson 43. The Grocery Store 
 
 Lesson 44. Weights and Measures 
 
 Lesson 45. The Department Store 
 
 Lesson 46. The Savings Bank 
 
 Lesson 47. Plumbers at Work 
 
 Lesson 48. Comparison of Adjectives . 
 
 Lesson 49. Carpenters at Work . 
 
 Lesson 50. The Music of Labor . 
 
 Lesson 51. Pronouns .... 
 
 Lesson 52. Applying for a Position 
 
 Lesson 53. The Public Library 
 
 Lesson 54. Education .... 
 
 Lesson 55. Newspapers .... 
 
 Lesson 56. Nobody's Child 
 
 Lesson 57. The Order of Words in Sentences 
 
 Lesson 58. Description of a Picture . 
 
 Lesson 59. The Perfect Tense 
 
 Lesson 60. List of Irregular Verbs . 
 
 Lesson 61. Words of Opposite Meaning 
 
 Lesson 62. Possessive Nouns . 
 
 Lesson 63. Picture to be Described . 
 
 Lesson 64. Telling Time 
 
 Lesson 65. The Months of the Year . 
 
 Lesson 66. Spring ..... 
 
 Lesson 67. Summer 
 
 Lesson 68. Autumn 
 
lO 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Lesson 69. Winter . . . . 
 
 Lesson 70. Picture to be Described . 
 
 Lesson 71. Weather Terms . 
 
 Lesson 72. Public Signs 
 
 Lesson 73. Public Signs to be Learned 
 
 Lesson 74. Letter Writing . 
 
 Lesson 75. Sample Short Letters 
 
 Lesson 76. Common Abbreviations 
 
 Lesson 77. Picture to be Described . 
 
 Lesson 78. The Old Man and his Sons 
 
 Lesson 79. The Dog and the Shadow 
 
 Lesson 80. The Travelers . 
 
 Lesson 81. The Goose and the Golden Eggs 
 
 Lesson 82. The Lion and the Mouse . 
 
 Lesson 83. Good Manners 
 
 Lesson 84. Colors , . . . 
 
 Lesson 85. The Discovery of America 
 
 Lesson 86. The Landing of the Pilgrims 
 
 Lesson 87. Thanksgiving Day 
 
 Lesson 88. George Washington — I 
 
 Lesson 89. George Washington — II . 
 
 Lesson 90. Abraham Lincoln — I 
 
 Lesson 91. Abraham Lincoln — II 
 
 Lesson 92. Short Lessons in Civics 
 
 Lesson 93. The Police Department . 
 
 Lesson 94. The Fire Department 
 
 Lesson 95. The Street Cleaning Department 
 
 Lesson 96. The Health Department . 
 
 Lesson 97. Hygiene .... 
 
 Lesson 98 How the City raises its Money 
 
 Lesson 99. State Government 
 
 Lesson 100. National Government 
 
 Lesson loi. Naturalization . 
 
 Lesson 102. Registration of Voters 
 
 Lesson 103. Elections .... 
 
 Lesson 104. Rights and Duties 
 
 Lesson 105. City Life and Country Life 
 
 Lesson 106. Opportunities in Agriculture 
 
 Lesson 107. America our Home 
 
 Lesson 108. The United States Flag . 
 
METHOD OF APPLICATION 
 
 For the application of the material contained in this book, the 
 following method, used in classroom with marked success for the 
 past several years, is recommended. 
 
 READING AND CONVERSATION 
 
 The printed combinations in Lesson i are put on the 
 board in alphabetical order. The teacher gives the 
 sound of short a, and then takes up each consonant in 
 combination with that sound, the pupils following the 
 teacher, individually and in concert, in pronouncing 
 each combination. 
 
 When these combinations have become familiar to 
 most of the pupils, the final e is added to the syllable, 
 and the resulting long a sound drilled on as with the 
 short a. Lesson 2 is then taken up, the teacher and 
 the pupils in turn pronouncing the words listed under 
 the short a. 
 
 The sentences are read, the teacher pronouncing each 
 word distinctly, and the pupils following individually 
 and in concert. The sentences are treated objectively 
 to help the pupils understand their meanings. If the 
 teacher can speak the mother tongue of the pupils, it is 
 better in the first few lessons to translate the more diffi- 
 cult words. 
 
 The words and sentences in connection with long a. 
 
12 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 broad a and open a are then studied similarly in the 
 order given. 
 
 It is advisable to go over the first few lessons thor- 
 oughly, repeating the combinations and words again 
 and again if necessary. This familiarizes the pupils 
 with the simple sounds, and gives them a little con- 
 fidence — conditions which have an important bearing 
 on the facility with which they will grasp later lessons. 
 
 The method described above should be followed 
 through Lesson lo, the objects and actions as they are 
 mentioned being pointed out, or illustrated vividly. 
 It is expected, however, that the .amount of objective 
 work needed at each lesson will be in inverse ratio with 
 each successive lesson. 
 
 It is well also to supplement these object lessons with 
 conversation (simple questions and answers) covering 
 the text or kindred topics. 
 
 Lessons 12 to 14, inclusive, introduce objects and 
 conditions found in the workshop. The words in 
 these lessons should be familiar to most of the pupils. 
 In consequence, these lessons (and the succeeding ones) 
 should be supplemented with a great deal of pertinent 
 conversation. In conversation the teacher should in- 
 sist upon receiving complete answers to the questions. 
 And in order to facilitate reading and prepare for con- 
 versation, the more diflficult words should be taken up 
 separately before the general reading. 
 
 In the lessons following 14 the verb-forms are 
 studied in sentences covering topics of interest to 
 evening-school pupils. It is highly important that the 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 13 
 
 pupils be thoroughly drilled in these verb-forms in the 
 sequence given. A famiUarity with them in the dif- 
 ferent persons and tenses, and in the negative and inter- 
 rogative forms, will gradually accustom the pupils to 
 correct expressions and will be an invaluable aid in the 
 conversations. To that end the teacher should so 
 frame his questions as to eUcit replies containing the 
 particular verb-forms studied at the time. 
 
 Especial attention should be given to the interroga- 
 tive and negative forms. They comprise a very impor- 
 tant part of the language, and on account of the use of 
 the auxiHaries "do" and ''did," offer very puzzling 
 combinations to New Americans. It is, therefore, im- 
 portant that the}^ be given special treatment. 
 
 The value of judicious conversation cannot be over- 
 rated. Every lesson should be supplemented by a 
 great deal of conversation. It is undeniable that the 
 more proficient the teacher is, the more conversation 
 does he use. 
 
 SPELLING 
 
 Under the method followed in this book spelling may 
 begin earUer than is usual under other methods. This 
 is due to the relationship of speUing to the vowel- 
 consonant combinations in the first part of the book — 
 one being the converse of the other. The exact time 
 when spelling is to begin depends on the teacher's 
 preference and on the pupils' aptitude. For an average 
 class it may begin with Lesson 2. 
 
 V 
 
14 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 The method of teaching spelHng is the converse of 
 the method of teaching reading. In the latter the 
 vowel is the skeleton of the syllable, while in speUing 
 the consonants form the skeleton. 
 
 For example, in teaching to spell the word man the 
 m and the n should be placed on the board in the order 
 given, with a space between the two (m..n). The 
 pupils should then be required to find that (vowel) 
 sound which will connect the two consonant sounds to 
 form the word man. 
 
 Place the following consonant-skeletons on the 
 board, give sounds of words to be formed and require 
 pupils to fill in the necessary vowels. 
 
 . .n 
 
 (man) 
 
 . .V. .r 
 
 (over) p . . n (pen) 
 
 . .n 
 
 (men) 
 
 . .V. .r 
 
 (ever) p. .n (pin) 
 
 . .n. 
 
 .*(mine) 
 
 V. .r. 
 
 . (very) . . p . . n (open) 
 
 
 m. 
 
 . rn . . ng 
 
 (morning) 
 
 
 s. . 
 
 ng- ng 
 
 (singing) 
 
 
 br 
 
 •ng. .ng 
 
 (bringing) 
 
 
 y- 
 
 .St. .rd. . 
 
 (yesterday) 
 
 Continue with other combinations. 
 WRITING 
 
 In this book writing is more than incidental to the 
 reading or to the spoken language. These are all inter- 
 woven, and form a complete, inseparable whole. 
 
 The small letters are taken up first because they are 
 used more than the capitals. The alphabet, both of the 
 small and the capital letters, is divided into groups. 
 
 * Review case of final e in long sounds. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 15 
 
 Each group is composed of letters common to a certain 
 root-form. By beginning with the root-form the entire 
 group may be learned together. 
 
 The text in the book furnishes material for copying 
 at first, while later the verb-forms and simple sentences 
 serve as foundations and models for written sentence- 
 building. It is also serviceable to copy daily, in blank 
 books, the various verb-forms for home study. These 
 verb-forms should be given gradually, starting with 
 only the present tense positive, regular verbs, then 
 gradually introducing the past and future in the posi- 
 tive, negative and interrogative, regular, and soon 
 only irregular verbs. This will serve a triple purpose. 
 It will keep the ^' early birds" busy before the session 
 opens ; will enrich the pupils' vocabularies ; and will 
 accustom them to the correct use of the forms. 
 
 When the pupils have become familiar with the art 
 of sentence building they should be given short and 
 easy compositions. The subjects for these compositions 
 should be alternately prescribed and elective. The 
 compositions should gradually be made longer and less 
 simple, until finally letter writing is reached. For 
 this it is best to begin b}^ putting a short letter on the 
 board and then requiring the pupils to answer it in 
 their own words. 
 
 The pictures for description will also be found service- 
 able in teaching composition. The pupils should be 
 required to describe in their own words in writing what 
 they see in each picture. The picture should then be 
 made the subject of oral discussion with the class. 
 
l6 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 
 
 c7 
 
 f- 
 
 ^ 
 
 -7^^ 
 
 THE ALPHABET 
 
 a A % 
 
 b B ^ 
 c G 
 
 d D 
 e E 
 
 f F ^ 
 
 g Cx ^ 
 
 h H u. 
 
 i T -2/^ 
 
 j J uy- 
 
 k K ^ 
 
 1 L y 
 
 m M ^^ 
 
 9^- nl^ 
 
 /^ pp 
 
 s S 
 t T 
 11 U 
 
 X X 
 
 y Y 
 
 z Z 
 
PRACTICAL LESSONS 
 
 LESSON I 
 
 THE VOWELS 
 
 a, e, 2, o, u 
 
 (Put short a combinations on the blackboard ; have the class 
 pronounce them individually and in concert. Add final e to each 
 combination and drill the class on the changed sound of a.) 
 
 ab abe ag age an ane av ave 
 
 ac ace* ak ake ap ape ax 
 
 ad ade al ale as ase az aze 
 
 af afe am ame at ate 
 
 Hints on the Alphabet 
 
 O^ (T (T (T (T (T 
 
 ^ a^ a^ a^ a^ a^ 
 
 ^. d^ d^ ^ {yL C/L 
 
 f 1 1 f f- f 
 
 (T a^ d^ a- a^ 
 
 * c before e, i and y has the sound of s. 
 
 MARK. PRAC. ENG. — 2 17 "^ 
 
1 8 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 
 LESSON 2 
 
 
 
 THE VOWELS — Short a 
 
 
 am 
 
 maii can 
 
 has 
 
 cap 
 
 hand hat 
 
 cat 
 
 (Drill on the words before beginning with sentences, 
 objectively as far as possible.) 
 
 I am. a man. 
 
 She is a woman. 
 
 I see a man. 
 
 I see a woman. 
 
 I can see a m^n. 
 
 I can see a woman. 
 
 The n\an has a ca^. 
 
 The m^n h(2s a C(3p in his h^nd, 
 
 The woman has a h^^t. 
 
 The h^t is on her head. 
 
 It is a bkck hat. 
 
 Treat 
 
 Ware) 
 take 
 
 \ 
 
 
 name 
 make 
 
 Long a 
 
 late 
 baker 
 
 cakes 
 bakes '3>*<^ 
 
 He can\t. 
 
 He camt \alt. 
 
 He canxt \alt to schooL 
 
 He is a b^ker. He b^^kes c<2kes. 
 
 T(3ke the pen. M<2ke a mark. 
 
 s" 
 
 «»)*^ 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 19 
 
 
 
 LESSON 
 
 3 
 
 
 THE 
 
 VOWELS - 
 
 -Broad a 
 
 tall 
 
 
 wall 
 
 small 
 
 fall 
 
 
 all 
 
 call 
 
 tall man 
 
 
 
 a tall man 
 
 tall woman 
 
 
 a tall woman 
 
 I am a t^ll man. 
 
 She is a t^^U woman. 
 
 He is a short man. 
 
 She is a short woman. 
 
 The man and the woman are taW. 
 
 The man and the woman are short. 
 
 This is a desk. It is a sm.<^ll desk. 
 
 This is a chair, (.i^o^^" 
 
 AW the chairs are sm^^U. 
 
 I can see the w^^ll. The wall is white. 
 
 I see a picture on the w^^ll. 
 
 
 
 Open a 
 
 
 car 
 
 are 
 
 far 
 
 farm 
 
 dark 
 
 bark 
 
 yard^ 
 
 harm 
 
 I see a car. It is a l^rge c^^r. 
 We ride in cars. 
 My home is far from the shop. 
 It is dark. Hark ! the dog b<2rks. 
 The dog is in the yard. 
 
 V 
 
20 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 
 
 LESSON 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 THE ' 
 
 VOWELS 
 
 
 < 
 
 Short e 
 
 
 
 Long 
 
 e 
 
 eb 
 
 
 en 
 
 
 ebe 
 
 ene 
 
 ec 
 
 
 ep 
 
 
 ece 
 
 epe 
 
 ed 
 
 
 es, esh 
 
 
 ede 
 
 ese 
 
 ef 
 
 
 et 
 
 
 efe 
 
 ete 
 
 eg 
 
 
 ev 
 
 
 ege 
 
 eve 
 
 ek 
 
 
 ex 
 
 
 eke 
 
 
 el 
 
 
 ez 
 
 
 ele 
 
 eze 
 
 ' 
 
 1 
 
 ^ints on 1 
 
 the Alphabet 
 
 
 JJJJ ..^.^.UUa 
 
 -I 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 4- 
 
 ^ 
 
 # 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 -A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 Av 
 
 -v -i^ -Th -m- 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 21 
 
 
 
 LESSON 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 THE VOWELS 
 
 
 (Use ^* pen," 
 
 "desk," 
 
 "paper," etc., 
 Short e 
 
 in object 
 
 lesson.) 
 
 desk 
 
 
 send 
 
 
 bell 
 
 ten 
 
 
 pen 
 Long e 
 
 
 men 
 
 me 
 be 
 
 
 her 
 
 
 she 
 we 
 
 I have a pen. 
 
 He has a p<fn. 
 
 She has a p^n. 
 
 I write. I write with a p^fn. 
 
 I write on paper. 
 
 I write on paper with a p<fn. pen 
 
 The paper is on the d^sk. 
 
 The book is on the d^sk. 
 
 Please give me the book. 
 
 We read in books. 
 
 We write on paper. 
 
 We can write on paper with a p^fn. 
 
 We can write on paper with a pencil. 
 
 I have a p^n and a p<fncil. 
 
 V 
 
 Pencil 
 
 Note. Supplement each lesson with simple questii^ns. 
 
22 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 her 
 
 sister 
 
 letter 
 
 LESSON 6 
 
 THE VOWELS 
 e before r 
 mother 
 paper 
 farmer 
 
 father 
 better 
 later 
 
 Hints on the Alphabet 
 
 ^ 
 
 O 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ly 
 
 Uy U^ OO OO Uy Uy 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^- ^ 
 Ay Ay A. yiy A. Ay 
 
 -^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 c^ (I ^ C' ^ c^ 
 
 ly J^ . Uy ^ Aly ^ d 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 23 
 
 
 
 LESSON 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 THE 
 
 VOWELS 
 
 
 
 
 Short I 
 
 Long i 
 
 Short 
 
 i 
 
 Long I 
 
 
 ib 
 
 ibe 
 
 in 
 
 
 ine 
 
 
 ic 
 
 ice 
 
 ip 
 
 
 ipe 
 
 
 id 
 
 ide 
 
 is, 
 
 ish 
 
 ise 
 
 
 if 
 
 ife 
 
 it 
 
 
 ite 
 
 
 ig 
 
 ige 
 
 iv 
 
 
 ive 
 
 
 ik 
 
 ike 
 
 ix 
 
 
 
 
 il 
 
 ile 
 
 iz 
 
 
 ize 
 
 
 im 
 
 ime 
 
 
 
 
 
 > Short i 
 
 
 Long 
 
 i 
 
 in 
 
 him 
 
 ink 
 
 white 
 
 ride 
 
 nice 
 
 big 
 
 sit 
 
 %^ 
 
 time 
 
 nine 
 
 price 
 
 is 
 
 dip 
 
 pencil 
 
 mine 
 
 line 
 
 fine 
 
 ir 
 
 sir. 
 
 bir4^ girl, shirt 
 
 Here is a pen. 
 
 I dzp the pen mto the mk. 
 
 I write with the pen. I write on paper. 
 
 You have no mk. You write with a penczl. 
 
 The teacher writes wzth chalk. ^ ' 
 
 The teacher writes on the board. 
 
 The chalk zs white. The walls are white also. 
 
24 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 8 
 THE VOWELS 
 
 Short o 
 
 ob 
 oc 
 od 
 of 
 
 og 
 ok 
 ol 
 om 
 
 Long o 
 
 obe 
 
 oce 
 
 ode 
 
 ofe 
 
 oge 
 
 oke 
 
 ole 
 
 ome 
 
 Short o 
 
 Con'; 
 op 
 or 
 
 OS 
 
 ot 
 ov 
 ox 
 oz 
 
 Long o 
 
 one 
 
 ope 
 ore 
 ose 
 ote 
 ove 
 
 oze 
 
 on 
 clock 
 
 Short o 
 
 ■J 
 
 of for 
 or short 
 
 Long o 
 
 store hole stove 
 home rose stone 
 
 on the wall 
 in the box 
 on the desk 
 with a pen 
 
 clock 
 a clock 
 a big clock 
 on the wall 
 
 See the clock. 
 
 It is a big clock. 
 
 It hangs on the wall. 
 
 Clocks tell time. 
 
 What time is it .^ 
 
 It is two o'clock. 
 
 Here is a box. 
 
 There are pens and pencils in the box. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 25 
 
 What can you do with the pencil ? 
 
 I can write with the pencil. 
 
 Take a pen from the box for me. 
 
 I can write with a pen. 
 
 Put the pen on the desk. (/^u^-^ 
 
 Here is some paper. 
 
 Write on the paper. 
 
 Hints on the Alphabet 
 
 ^^ ^^ -T^ ^^ '7^ -7^ 
 
 ^m ^?7L OTb ^T^TL ^7^n ^TTV 
 
 '1/-' -ZA- ^y- a^ -2^ -TA- 
 
 ^ <?^ O^ <r <K <K 
 
 A^ A^ A^ A^ A^ A^ 
 
 J- J- J- -Y- J- Y- 
 
 T T T T T T 
 
 -72- ^m ^1/- -x 
 
 J- r 
 
26 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 
 
 LESSON 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 THE 
 
 VOWELS 
 
 
 
 Short 
 
 u 
 
 Long u 
 
 ( 
 
 Short 
 
 u 
 
 Long u 
 
 ub 
 
 
 ube 
 
 
 un 
 
 
 une 
 
 uc 
 
 
 uce 
 
 
 up 
 
 
 upe 
 
 ud 
 
 
 ude 
 
 
 ur 
 
 
 ure 
 
 uf 
 
 
 ufe 
 
 
 us 
 
 
 use 
 
 ug 
 
 
 uge 
 
 • 
 
 ut 
 
 
 ute 
 
 uk 
 
 
 uke 
 
 
 uv 
 
 
 uve 
 
 ul 
 
 
 ule 
 
 
 ux 
 
 
 
 um 
 
 
 ume 
 
 
 uz 
 
 
 uze 
 
 
 Short 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 Long 
 
 u 
 
 shut cut 
 
 nut 
 
 pure 
 
 sure 
 
 tune 
 
 plum much 
 
 sun 
 
 June 
 
 use 
 
 cure 
 
 The door is open. 
 
 Shut the door. 
 
 Turn the knob. 
 
 Open the door. 
 
 The window is open. 
 
 FuW it down. 
 
 The window is closed. 
 
 Open the window. 
 
 Fush it up. 
 
 The window is open again. 
 
 Where is your book ? 
 
 It is on the floor. 
 
Apple 
 
 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 27 
 
 Please pick it up. 
 
 Put it on the desk. 
 
 Here is an apple. 
 
 Cut it in two. 
 
 What have you in your hand ? 
 
 I have some plz^ms. 
 
 Do you like plwms ^ 
 
 Yes, I like them very much. 
 
 Do you like n^^ts ^ 
 
 Yes, I like m^ts also. 
 
 Here is some water. 
 
 It is purt water. 
 
 P^^re water is good to drink. 
 
 Hints on the Alphabet 
 
 Ph 
 
 71 71 n 71 n 
 
 7?l 771 771 7?t ''m^ 
 
 <7r ^ J (znin 
 ^ ^ J an 
 
28 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON lo 
 
 THE VOWELS ^ 
 
 y is sometimes a consonant, sometimes a vowel, 
 y is a vowel when it has sound of i. 
 y is a consonant at beginning of words. 
 
 2/ as a vowel 
 
 my 
 try 
 by 
 
 
 cry many 
 fly only 
 why Harry 
 
 y as a consonant 
 
 Henry 
 
 carry 
 
 marry 
 
 yes 
 yet 
 
 
 year 
 your 
 
 Exercises 
 
 young 
 yesterday 
 
 'hat is 
 
 you 
 
 r name ? 
 
 
 My name is William. 
 
 That is a pretty name. 
 
 What is your brother's name } 
 
 His name is Henry. 
 
 We call him Harry. 
 
 Harry is my brother. 
 
 Fanny is my sister. 
 
 There are five in my family. 
 
 How many are there in your family ? 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 29 
 
 There are only four in my family. 
 
 You have a small family. 
 
 How old is your brother Henry ? 
 
 He is ten years old. 
 
 How old is your sister Fanny ? 
 
 She is nine years old. 
 
 Your little sister, Lucy, is very young. 
 
 Yes, she is only three years old. 
 
 Hints on the Alphabet 
 
 ^7- 
 
 (^ c? c? cr (^ CT' 
 
 J J 
 
 (Z (Z (Z (Z (Z (Z 
 
30 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON II 
 THE SCHOOLROOM 
 
 I am in a schoolroom. 
 
 Here is my desk. 
 
 I have paper on my desk. 
 
 I have a pen in my hand. I write with the pen. 
 
 Henry has no pen. He has a pencil. 
 
 He writes with the pencil. 
 
 The teacher has chalk in her hand. 
 
 She writes on the blackboard. 
 
 The door is open. The windows are closed. 
 
 Open the windows. Shut the door. 
 
 Where is the clock .' 
 
 The clock hangs on the wall. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 31 
 LESSON 12 
 
 THE SHOP 
 
 home a shop in a shop 
 
 lunch clean work 
 
 eight big walk 
 
 I work. 
 
 I work in a shop. 
 
 Do you work in a shop } 
 
 What kind of shop is it ^ 
 
 What is made in it .? 
 
 ride 
 airy 
 sunny 
 
32 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 I work in a big shop. 
 
 It is a clean shop. 
 
 The shop has many windows. 
 
 The shop is sunny. 
 
 The shop is airy. 
 
 The windows are kept open. 
 
 I walk to the shop. 
 
 We begin work at eight o'clock. 
 
 We work until twelve o'clock. 
 
 We go to lunch at twelve o'clock. 
 
 After lunch we go for a walk. 
 
 We return to work at one o'clock. 
 
 We work again until five o'clock. 
 
 We leave the shop at five o'clock. 
 
 We ride home from the shop. 
 
 I eat supper at six o'clock. 
 
 I go to evening school at seven o'clock. 
 
 I walk to school. 
 
 The school closes at nine o'clock. 
 
 I walk home from school. 
 
 
 Phonic Drill 
 
 
 ai 
 
 au 
 
 aw 
 
 ay 
 
 sail 
 
 saucer 
 
 saw 
 
 say 
 
 mail 
 
 because 
 
 straw 
 
 pay 
 
 train 
 
 caught 
 
 law 
 
 day 
 
 pain 
 
 haul 
 
 draw 
 
 play 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 33 
 
 LESSON 13 
 THE CLOTHING SHOP 
 machine shop clothing shop 
 
 in a machine shop 
 machinist 
 our home 
 coats 
 
 in a clothing shop 
 
 presser 
 
 near our home 
 
 trousers 
 
 I am a presser. 
 
 My brother is also a presser. 
 
 We work in a clothing shop. 
 
 We press coats and trousers and vests. 
 
 We work with press irons. 
 
 The irons must be hot. 
 
 If they are too hot the cloth will burn. 
 
 Our shop is near our home. 
 
 We walk to the shop every day. 
 
 My father works in a machine shop. 
 
 He is a machinist. He makes steel tools. 
 
 His shop is far from our home. He rides to work. 
 
 MARK. PRAC. ENG. 
 
34 
 
 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 
 LESSON 14 
 
 
 
 TRADES 
 
 
 made 
 
 trade 
 
 coats 
 
 your 
 shoe 
 
 boys 
 boots 
 
 men 
 shoemaker 
 
 where 
 
 our 
 
 train 
 
 live 
 
 take 
 
 home 
 
 What is your trade ? 
 
 I am a tailor. 
 
 I make coats for men and boys. 
 
 What is your trade ? 
 
 I am a shoemaker. 
 
 I work in a shoe shop. 
 
 I make boots and shoes. 
 
 Where is your shop ? 
 
 My shop is in Lynn. 
 
 Where is your home ? 
 
 My home is in Boston. 
 
 I take a train to work. 
 
 Where is your shop ? 
 
 My shop is in Boston. I take a car to work. 
 
 (Let pupils copy writing from blackboard, using subject matter 
 of above and previous texts.) 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 35 
 A LESSON IN WRITING 
 
 O' o o a (J a a 
 
 '' c 
 
 ^ ^ j^ j3 J) J} ^ 
 
 ry ry ry ry ry ry 
 Cy Cy Cy Cy . Cy Cy 
 
 /n /n /n /n /n ^ ' ^ 
 
 c=xLy czxCy <=>y^ <=xCy <=><Ly c=><Ly c=><Ly 
 
 Z Z X X z zz 
 
 V 
 
36 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 15 
 VERBS 
 
 (Drill on these forms. Have pupils pronounce them aloud.) 
 
 Be 
 
 Present Tense 
 is are 
 
 I we 
 
 you 
 
 he, it, she 
 
 you 
 they 
 
 I am am I ? 
 
 \^ e are are we ? 
 
 you are are you ? 
 he is is he ? 
 
 you are are you ? 
 they are are they ? 
 
 I am here. 
 
 You are there. 
 
 He is in the schoolroom. 
 
 We are in the schoolroom. 
 
 They 'are on the street. 
 
 Where are you .^ 
 
 I avi at home. 
 
 Where is she ? 
 
 She is m the shop. 
 
 Who is that man ? 
 
 He is Mr. Ross. 
 
 What is his trade ^. 
 
 He is a carpenter. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 37 
 
 Where are your parents ? 
 They are in America. 
 My parents are in Russia. 
 They are too old to come here. 
 
 meat 
 hear 
 sea 
 near 
 
 tea v'^v 
 dear -- 
 cream 
 
 (Provide pupils with blank books. Beginning with this lesson 
 have pupils every evening copy verb-forms, in the tenses studied, 
 for home study.) 
 
 A Lesson in Writing 
 
 Phonic Drill 
 
 
 meet 
 
 new 
 
 feet 
 
 few 
 
 see 
 
 blew 
 
 feel 
 
 flew 
 
 heel 
 
 threw 
 
 free 
 
 drew 
 
 tree 
 
 dew 
 
 71 71 71 71 U 71 26 
 
 V 
 
38 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 
 LESSON 16 
 
 
 NUMBERS 
 
 I one 
 
 1st first 
 
 2 two 
 
 2nd second 
 
 3 three 
 
 3rd third 
 
 4 four 
 
 4th fourth 
 
 5 five 
 
 5th fifth 
 
 6 six 
 
 6th sixth 
 
 7 seven 
 
 7th seventh 
 
 8 eight 
 
 8th eighth 
 
 9 nine 
 
 9th ninth 
 
 lo ten 
 
 loth tenth 
 
 II eleven 
 
 nth eleventh 
 
 12 twelve 
 
 1 2th twelfth 
 
 13 thirteen 
 
 13th thirteenth 
 
 14 fourteen 
 
 14th fourteenth 
 
 15 fifteen 
 
 15 th fifteenth 
 
 16 sixteen 
 
 i6th sixteenth 
 
 17 seventeen 
 
 17th seventeenth 
 
 18 eighteen 
 
 1 8th eighteenth 
 
 19 nineteen 
 
 19th nineteenth 
 
 20 twenty 
 
 20th twentieth 
 
 30 thirty 
 
 30th thirtieth 
 
 40 forty 
 
 40th fortieth 
 
 50 fifty 
 
 50th fiftieth 
 
 100 one hundred 
 
 looth one hundredth 
 
 1000 one thousand 
 
 loooth one thousandth 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 39 
 
 LESSON 17 
 VERBS 
 
 Be 
 
 Past Tense 
 was were 
 
 I was was I ? we were were we ? 
 
 you were were you ? you were were you ? 
 he was ^as he ? ] they were were they ? 
 she was was she ? 
 it was was it ? 
 
 Where were you yesterday ? 
 I was at the theater. 
 Where was your sister ? 
 She was with me. 
 Was it a good play ? 
 It was a very good play. 
 Was your cousin there ? 
 He was not there. 
 Where was he ? 
 He was at the store. 
 Where was your brother } 
 He was sick at home. 
 Where were you last night ? 
 We were all at home. 
 We were too tired to go out. 
 
40 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 Where were your parents last Sunday ? 
 They were out for a walk. 
 Were'you with them ? 
 Yes, I was with them. 
 
 (Frame simple questions that will elicit replies containing the par- 
 ticular verb-forms. Have pupils copy pronouns and verb-forms 
 in blank books.) 
 
 
 LESSON i8 
 
 
 VERBS 
 
 
 Be 
 
 
 Future Tense 
 
 I shall be 
 
 shall I be ? 
 
 you will be 
 
 will you be ? 
 
 he will be 
 
 will he be ? 
 
 we shall be 
 
 shall we be ? 
 
 you will be 
 
 will you be ? 
 
 they will be 
 
 will they be ? 
 
 I shall he at your home to-morrow. 
 What time will you be there ? 
 I shall be there after supper. 
 Who will be with you ? 
 My brother will he with mxe. 
 Will your sister be at home ? 
 No, she will not be there. 
 Who else will be there ? 
 My cousins will be with us. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 41 
 
 I have 
 you have 
 he has 
 
 LESSON 19 
 
 VERBS 
 
 Have 
 
 Present Tense 
 have I ? we have 
 have you ? you have 
 has he ? they have 
 
 . Past Tense 
 
 have we ? 
 have you ? 
 have they ? 
 
 had we ? 
 had you ? 
 had they ? 
 
 Here are two books 
 
 I had had I ? we had 
 you had had you ? you had 
 he had had he ? they had 
 
 I have a book. 
 
 It is a. small book. 
 
 He has a green book. 
 
 Have you a book .^ 
 
 I have no book. 
 
 Here is a book. 
 
 Now, have all of you books ? 
 
 We all have books. They are blue books 
 
 The other pupils have books also. 
 
 Have they blue books } 
 
 No, they have green books. 
 
 We had green books last week. 
 
 They had blue books last week. 
 
 Have you pen and ink .? 
 
 I have no pen and ink. 
 
 V 
 
42 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 20 
 REVIEW 
 
 be, am, is, are, was, were, have, 
 had, has, shall, will 
 
 What have you ? 
 
 I have a pencil. 
 
 I had pen and ink last night. 
 
 Has he paper ? 
 
 Yes, he has paper. 
 
 Has she paper ? 
 
 She has no paper. 
 
 Here is paper for you. 
 
 Where are you ? 
 
 I am in a schoolroom. 
 
 Where is your teacher ? 
 
 She is also in the schoolroom. 
 
 What have you in your hands ? 
 
 We have books in our hands. 
 
 Has your teacher a book ? 
 
 Yes, she also has a book. 
 
 Have you books every evening ^ 
 
 Yes, we have books every evening. 
 
 Were you in this room last month ^ 
 
 We were not in this room last month. 
 
 Where will you be next month .? 
 
 We shall be in this room. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 43 
 
 LESSON 21 
 O FOLLOWED BY OTHER VOWELS 
 
 oa 
 
 Ol 
 
 
 00 
 
 OU 
 
 ow 
 
 coat 
 
 boil 
 
 
 school 
 
 our 
 
 now 
 
 coal 
 
 toil 
 
 
 look 
 
 flour 
 
 cow 
 
 soap 
 
 coin 
 
 
 moon 
 
 hour 
 
 how 
 
 boat 
 
 join 
 
 
 food 
 
 sour 
 
 down 
 
 throat 
 
 soil 
 
 
 too out 
 Review Drill 
 
 bow 
 
 air 
 sail 
 
 
 
 meat 
 sea 
 
 
 boy 
 
 joy 
 
 rain 
 train 
 
 
 
 tea • 
 hear 
 
 
 enjoy 
 know 
 
 saucer 
 
 
 see 
 
 
 show 
 
 saw 
 law 
 day 
 
 
 
 fleet 
 free 
 feel 
 
 
 grow 
 
 spoon 
 
 spool 
 
 pay 
 say 
 
 
 
 new 
 few 
 
 
 fun 
 shut 
 
 Sentence Building 
 
 Require the pupils to build short sentences, 
 using the following words : 
 
 books pen 
 
 teacher clock 
 
 school desk 
 
44 
 
 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 22 
 
 (Drill on use of "this," "that," etc. Use in object lesson.) 
 THE BODY 
 
 head 
 
 see 
 
 speak 
 
 taste 
 
 hair 
 
 two 
 
 mouth 
 
 neck 
 
 face 
 
 nose 
 
 breathe 
 
 wear 
 
 wash 
 
 smell 
 
 eat 
 
 collar 
 
 eyes 
 
 ours 
 
 teeth 
 
 shoulders 
 
 every 
 
 hear 
 
 tongue 
 
 arms 
 
 thumb 
 
 finger 
 
 ride 
 
 hands 
 
 legs 
 
 feel 
 
 walk 
 
 toes 
 
 feet 
 
 shoes 
 
 run 
 
 stockings 
 
 this 
 
 that 
 
 these 
 
 those 
 
 This is my head. 
 
 I have hair on my head. 
 That is your head. 
 This is my face. 
 I wash my face every day. 
 These are my eyes. 
 I have two eyes. 
 I can see with my eyes. 
 
 /g^ These are my ears. 
 
 JM I have two ears. 
 
 ^ I can hear with my ears. 
 
 ■^^ -^^^ 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 45 
 
 This is my nose. 
 I can smell with my nose. 
 I can breathe through my nose. 
 This is my mouth. 
 That is your mouth. 
 
 You can eat with your mouth. .^l^Z^x 
 
 We can speak with our mouths. ^ 
 
 These are my teeth. 
 
 They are m my mouth. 
 I bite anctchew with my teeth. 
 You have teeth. 
 They are in your mouth. 
 This is my tongue. 
 My tongue is between my lips. 
 I touch my chin. 
 
 I wear a collar around my neck. 
 I have two shoulders. 
 I have two arms. 
 I have two hands. 
 We can do many things with our 
 hands. 
 We can write with our hands. 
 We work with our hands. 
 I have eight fingers and two 
 thumbs. 
 
 We can feel with our fingers. 
 
 I have two legs. 
 
 We can walk with our legs. 
 
46 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 The child can run with his legs. 
 
 He has two feet. 
 
 He wears shoes and stockings on 
 his feet. 
 
 He has ten toes, eight small and two 
 big toes. 
 
 Final s having sound of z 
 
 has is hers yours 
 
 was his ours , boys 
 
 news pans days goes 
 
 please hands shoes girls 
 
 LESSON 23 
 
 THE PROGRESSIVE FORM 
 
 (Drill on these forms. Show their significance clearly. Com- 
 pare with the other forms.) 
 
 Present Tense 
 
 I am going 
 you are going 
 he is going 
 
 we are going 
 you are going 
 they are going 
 
 Past Tense 
 
 I was going 
 you were going 
 he was going 
 
 we were going 
 you were going 
 they were going 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 47 
 
 Who is that walking on the street ? 
 
 I think it is my brother. 
 
 Where is he going? 
 
 He is going to the evening school. 
 
 Where are you going? 
 
 I am going there too. 
 
 Do you go to evening school ? 
 
 Yes, but I go to a different school. 
 
 It is near my home. 
 
 Where were you going^ this morning ? 
 
 I was going to work. 
 
 I am coming from work now. 
 
 What is he doing? 
 
 He is writing. 
 
 What is he writing? 
 
 He is writing a letter. 
 
 What were you doing? 
 
 I was reading a book. 
 
 What is the teacher doing? 
 
 She is talking to us. 
 
 Where is the teacher ? 
 
 She is standing at her desk. 
 
 We are sitting at our desks. 
 
 walk walking 
 work working 
 read reading 
 stand standing 
 
 come commg 
 write writing 
 move moving 
 give giving 
 
 sit sitting 
 
 run running 
 
 get getting 
 
 dip dipping 
 
48 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 LESSON 24 
 
 SILENT LETTERS 
 
 (For drill in enunciation.) 
 silent b silent k silent I 
 
 final e 
 
 lamb 
 
 ^nife 
 
 
 wa/k 
 
 fin^ 
 
 comb 
 
 y^neel 
 
 
 ta/k 
 
 shin^ 
 
 dumb 
 
 ^now 
 
 r 
 
 ca/m 
 
 fixe 
 
 thumZ? 
 
 ^nee 
 
 
 ha/f 
 
 cam^ 
 
 clim^ 
 
 ^nock 
 
 cou/d 
 
 hom^ 
 
 plumZ^er 
 
 ^nob 
 
 
 wou/d 
 
 mor^ 
 
 silent gh 
 
 
 silent t 
 
 
 silent w 
 
 fight 
 
 
 often 
 
 
 writt 
 
 Wght 
 
 
 soften 
 
 
 wxott 
 
 night 
 
 
 whis/le 
 
 k 
 
 ^rong 
 
 right 
 
 
 casde 
 
 
 wring 
 
 throug/^ 
 
 
 husde 
 
 
 wreck 
 
 thou^At 
 
 
 busde 
 
 
 z^rench 
 
 Mary had a Y\tt\e lam^, 
 
 Its fleece was whit^ as snow ; 
 
 And everywher<f that Mary went, 
 
 The lam^ was sur<f to go. 
 
 It went with her to school one day, 
 
 Which was against the ruld" ; 
 
 It mad^ the children lawgh and play 
 
 To see a lam^ at school. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 49 
 
 LESSON 25 
 
 ON THE CAR 
 
 "Good evening, Sarah ; where are you going ?" 
 "I am going for a car ride. It is very warm. 
 
 Would you like to come with me, 
 
 Jennie .?" 
 
 "Yes, I shall be glad to go." 
 "Here comes the car. Let us 
 
 run to a white post. Raise your 
 
 hand, Jennie, and the motorman will stop the car 
 
 for us." 
 
 "There are two seats in the third row. Let 
 
 us take them." 
 
 "The conductor is coming to collect the fares." 
 "What is the fare to the park, Sarah .?" 
 "The fare is five cents." 
 "Here is a dime. Hand it to the conductor. 
 
 I shall pay now, and you may pay coming back." 
 "I wonder where all these people are going." 
 "Some are going to their work. Some are 
 
 going to the market. And some are going to the 
 
 park." 
 
 "Here are some children. They are going to 
 
 school." 
 
 "How fast the car runs ! " 
 
 "Yes, we shall soon be at the park." 
 
 "What a fine day it is ! How bright the sun is !" 
 
 MARK. PRAC. ENG. 4 
 
50 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 26 
 REGULAR VERBS 
 
 (Show how the past tense of regular verbs is formed.) 
 
 Present Tense 
 
 work 
 
 I work we work 
 
 you work you work 
 
 he workj 
 
 I work^J 
 you work^J 
 he work^(i 
 
 I shall work 
 you will work 
 he will work 
 
 they work 
 
 Past Tense 
 
 worked 
 
 we work^(f 
 you work^^ 
 they work^^ 
 
 Future Tense 
 work 
 
 we shall work 
 you will work 
 they will work 
 
 I work in a shop. 
 
 He workj- in a store. 
 
 They work in a factory. 
 
 We work^<i hard yesterday. 
 
 We shall work hard to-morrow too. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 51 
 
 We are busy at our shop. 
 
 It is a busy season now. 
 
 You work fast. 
 
 She workj slowly. 
 
 I walk to the shop. 
 
 He walkj home from work. 
 
 He walked to the station. 
 
 We shall walk to work to-morrow. 
 
 I shall walk to school this evening. 
 
 I talk. 
 
 I talk to you. 
 
 You talk to me. 
 
 The teacher talkj to us. 
 
 I shall talk to the teacher. 
 
 You will talk to her, also. 
 
 She will talk to the pupils. 
 
 We shall talk while we walk. 
 
 The children will walk while they talk. 
 
 You will all talk to-morrow. 
 
 (Have pupils fill in the following blanks with correct verb-forms, 
 using parts of the verb "work" :) 
 
 I hard yesterday. 
 
 I every day. 
 
 We to-morrow. 
 
 He in an office. 
 
 She in a store. 
 
 They in my shop last week. 
 
52 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 27 
 
 Like — INTERROGATIVE FORM 
 
 Present Tense 
 
 do like 
 
 do I like ? do we like ? 
 
 do you like ? do you like ? 
 
 does he like ? do they like ? 
 
 Past Tense 
 
 did like 
 
 did I like ? did we like ? 
 
 did you like ? did you like ? 
 
 did he like ? did they like ? 
 
 Future Tense 
 
 will like 
 
 shall I like ? shall we like ? 
 
 will you like ? will you like ?. 
 
 will he like ? will they like ? 
 
 Were you at the theater last night ? 
 
 Yes, we were there. 
 
 Did you like the play ? 
 
 We liked it very well. 
 
 Did you like your seats ? 
 
 Yes, we had good seats. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 53 
 
 ' LESSON 28 
 
 IzTee — NEGATIVE FORM 
 
 Present Tense 
 
 do not like 
 
 I do not like we do not like 
 
 you do not like you do not like 
 
 he does not like they do not like 
 
 Past Tense 
 
 did not like 
 
 I did not like we did not like 
 
 you did not like you did not like 
 
 he did not like they did not like 
 
 Future Tense 
 
 will not like 
 
 I shall not like we shall not like 
 
 you will not like you will not like 
 
 he will not like they will not like 
 
 Do you like to live in the city ? 
 
 We do not like to live in the city. 
 
 We like the country much better. 
 
 Why do you like the country ? 
 
 We like it because the air is purer there. 
 
54 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 We do not like the noise in the city. 
 Does Henry Hke the country ? 
 No, he does not Hke the country. 
 He Hkes the city. 
 
 Did you Hke the weather yesterday ? 
 I did not Hke the weather yesterday. 
 It was too cold. 
 
 (Drill persistently on the use of idioms "do" and "did.") 
 
 Did you close the window ? 
 
 No, I did not close the window. 
 
 Joseph closed it. 
 
 Do you not like it closed ? 
 
 I do not like it closed. 
 
 I like it open. 
 
 I like the fresh air. 
 
 Shall I open it ? 
 
 Yes, please open it again. 
 
 Did your brother work to-day ? 
 
 No, he did not work to-day. 
 
 Does he not work every day ? 
 
 They are not busy now in the shop. 
 
 Will he work to-morrow ? 
 
 No, he will not work to-morrow. 
 
 Your pencil is not sharp. 
 
 Do you want a knife ^ 
 
 No, thank you, I do not want a knife. 
 
 I have my own knife. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 55 
 
 Why do you not sharpen your pencil ? 
 I shall not need it any more. 
 Will you not finish your writing ? 
 No, I shall not finish it to-night. 
 I shall finish it to-morrow night. 
 
 (Put questions on blackboard requiring pupils to write negative 
 replies.) ^"f^t 
 
 LESSON 29 ' 
 
 OUR NEW HOME 
 
 1 live in America. 
 
 I like America. 
 
 My brother likes America. 
 
 We all like to live in America. 
 
 Where was your old home .? 
 
 Our old home was in Russia. 
 
 Where did you come from } 
 
 I came from Italy. 
 
 Where is your new home .^ 
 
 My new home is in America. 
 
 Are your parents here } 
 
 They are not here. 
 
 Where are they .? 
 
 They are in Italy. 
 
 They do not wish to come here. 
 
 They are too old. 
 
56 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 30 
 
 THE VOYAGE 
 
 Did you like the voyage from Europe to 
 America ? 
 
 We did not like it. 
 
 Why not ? 
 
 The weather was very stormy and windy. 
 
 Did you feel sick ? 
 
 Yes, we were all seasick at first. 
 
 We shall not cross the ocean again. 
 
 We do not like a sea voyage. 
 
 I have many friends in Russia. 
 
 They are coming to America soon. 
 
 Have they tickets ? 
 
 They have tickets. 
 
 Did you send them the tickets ? 
 
 Yes, we sent them the tickets last month. 
 
 How many tickets did you send ? 
 
 We sent six tickets. 
 
 
 LESSON 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 IRREGULAR 
 
 VERBS 
 
 
 To Go 
 
 
 
 present 
 
 past 
 
 
 future 
 
 I go 
 
 I went 
 
 
 I shall go 
 
 you go 
 
 you went 
 
 
 you will go 
 
 he goes 
 
 he went 
 
 
 he will go 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 57 
 
 we go 
 
 we went 
 
 we shall go 
 
 you go 
 they go 
 
 you went 
 they went 
 
 you will go 
 they will go 
 
 I go to the public library every Sunday. 
 
 I like to go there. 
 
 I read books there. 
 
 Do you go to the library ? 
 
 Yes, I go there every Saturday. 
 
 Where did you go last night .? 
 
 I went to the evening school. 
 
 Do you go there every evening ? 
 
 Yes, I go there every evening. 
 
 Where were you last night ^ 
 
 I was sick at home. 
 
 I shall go to school to-morrow night. 
 
 Where will you go next Saturday night ? 
 
 I shall go to the theater. 
 
 Will you come with us ^ 
 
 Yes, we shall go with you. 
 
 We went visiting yesterday. 
 
 My uncle went with us. 
 
 Where did you go .? 
 
 We went to see Mrs. Waters. 
 
 She lives in Brooklyn. 
 
 When did you go home ? 
 
 We went home after supper. 
 
 (Continue with daily copying of verb-forms, irregular, positive 
 negative, interrogative, in the three tenses. — See Lessen 61.) 
 
58 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 32 
 AT A FIRE 
 
 *'Look, Henry, at the dark, thick smoke coming 
 
 from that window." 
 
 ** There must be a fire in that house, George." 
 
 "I think so, too ; let us go and see." 
 
 *'Here, Henry, this is the house. You stay here 
 
 while I go upstairs to see if there is a fire there." 
 
 "Very well, George." 
 
 "Hurry, Henry ! Run to the alarm box at the 
 corner and ring in the alarm. Some children 
 overturned an oil stove and the room is burning." 
 "The parents are away." 
 "I rang in the alarm, George." 
 "Listen ! I hear the engines coming." 
 "Just see the crowd of people coming this way !" 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 59 
 
 "How the engines are tearing through the 
 streets and how loud the bells are ringing !" 
 
 ''Here are the engines now! The firemen are 
 jumping off with their axes and are running up 
 the stairs/' 
 
 "I think, George, they will raise ladders to 
 that window/* 
 
 "Yes, see, they are doing it now. How quickly 
 and easily they climb the ladders/' 
 
 "The fireman at the top of the ladder is break- 
 ing the windowpanes. There he is, now, going 
 into the room. How thick and black the smoke 
 is ! What noise ! Everybody seems to be shout- 
 ing. The engines are puffing. The captain may 
 be heard giving his orders to the firemen.'' 
 
 "See, they are carrying out the little children." 
 
 "They are carrying them into a neighbor's 
 house." 
 
 "Now they are playing the hose into those 
 windows. Other firemen are carrying hose through 
 the hallway." 
 
 "There is no more smoke coming from the 
 windows. Perhaps the fire is out now." 
 
 "Yes, the firemen are carrying the hose back 
 to the wagons. They are beginning to roll them 
 up. They are also taking down the ladders." 
 
 " Hear the bells ringing ! The engines are 
 beginning to return. The fire is over." 
 
6o PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 33 
 
 CONVERSATIONAL FORMS 
 
 *' Good morning, Mr. Baker." 
 
 " Good morning, Mr. Smith." 
 
 " How are you ? " 
 
 '^ I am well, thank you. How are you ?" 
 
 '* Very well, thank you." 
 
 '' How are your folks ^ " 
 
 ^*They are quite well." 
 
 "Take a seat, Mr. Smith." 
 
 "Thank you." 
 
 " What can I do for you ? " 
 
 " I came to see you on business." 
 
 " I beg your pardon, sir, where is Market 
 Street .? " 
 
 "I do not know, sir." 
 
 " Pardon me, sir, where is Main Street .^ " 
 
 " Main Street is the second street on your left." 
 
 " Can you speak English ^ " 
 " I cannot speak English very well." 
 " Do you understand English ^ " 
 "I understand it a little." 
 
 " What is your name .^ " 
 
 " My name is Antonio Rosetta." 
 
 " Where do you live ? " 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 6 1 
 
 '' I live on Green Street." 
 " Where were you born ? " 
 ** I was born in Italy.'* 
 
 ^* How do you do, William .? " 
 
 " How are you, George ? " ^^X^ 
 
 " I am glad to see you." 
 
 " How is everything ? " 
 
 '' Fine, thank you." 
 
 " How is business ? " 
 
 "Very good." 
 
 " I beg your pardon, did you lose this purse, 
 madam } " 
 
 "Yes, sir. Thank you." 
 " You are welcome." 
 
 " Good evening, Mrs. Brown." 
 " Good evening, Mrs. Olson." 
 " Sit down, please. What is the news } " 
 " I received a letter from home to-day." 
 " Remember me to your folks when you write 
 to them." 
 
 "Yes, I shall send them your regards." 
 
 "Good night, Mrs. Brown." 
 
 "Good night, Mrs. Olson." 
 
 "Call again." 
 
 " Yes, thank you, I shall be glad to call." 
 
62 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 34 
 OUR TRIP TO AMERICA 
 
 come 
 
 came 
 
 last 
 
 next 
 
 stormy 
 
 pleasant 
 
 year 
 
 seasick 
 
 trip 
 
 ocean 
 
 steamship 
 
 voyage 
 
 train 
 
 deck 
 
 "When did you come to America ?" 
 
 "I came here last year." 
 
 **Did you come alone ?" 
 
 "No, I came with my mother and sisters." 
 
 "Did you come from Germany .^" 
 
 "No, I came from Austria." 
 
 "Did you have a pleasant voyage ?" 
 
 "No, it was very stormy while crossing 
 
 the 
 
 ocean. 
 
 it 
 
 How long were you on the ocean ?" 
 "We were on the water about ten days." 
 "Tell me about your trip to America." 
 "We went by train from Vienna to Hamburg. 
 We remained in Hamburg a day. The next day 
 we took the ocean steamship, President Lincoln, 
 for America. We met some friends on board the 
 ship. They were fine people. At first some of 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 63 
 
 US were seasick. Afterwards, we felt better. So 
 we sat on deck reading books about America.'' 
 
 (Conversation. Personal recollections of pupils on trip to 
 America.) 
 
 LESSON 35 ^ • 
 
 WORK 
 
 plumber wages dollars language 
 
 work learn find English 
 
 earn soon speak week 
 
 '*Are you working now V 
 *'Yes, I work in a shop on Market Street." 
 "What kind of work do you do .?" 
 "I am a plumber." 
 
 "Did you find work as soon as you came to 
 America .? " 
 
 "No; it was hard to find work at first." 
 
 "Why was it hard to find work .?" 
 
 "I could not speak the English language." 
 
 "How did you learn to speak so well .?" 
 
 "I went to evening school every night." 
 
 "Do you earn good wages ?" 
 
 "I earn twelve dollars a week." 
 
 "Do you work hard .^" 
 
 "Yes, I do work hard, but I like the work." 
 
 "Where do you live .?" 
 
 "My home is on State Street." 
 
64 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 36 
 THE HOME 
 
 rooms 
 
 home 
 
 lounge 
 
 furniture 
 
 parlor 
 
 rocking-chair 
 
 best 
 
 sitting room 
 
 rug 
 
 piano 
 
 dining room 
 
 sideboard 
 
 sofa 
 
 bedroom 
 
 silverware 
 
 chairs 
 
 kitchen 
 
 glassware 
 
 carpet 
 
 floor 
 
 ice chest 
 
 dishes 
 
 hall 
 
 sugar 
 
 flour 
 
 pantry- 
 
 fruit 
 
 There are six rooms in our house. 
 
 One room is the parlor. It is in the front of the 
 house. We have our best furniture in this room. 
 We also have a piano, a sofa and chairs there. On 
 the floor there is a very pretty carpet. The parlor 
 is the room where we receive our friends. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 65 
 
 The next room is our sitting room. This is 
 the room where we sit and talk. We also 
 read in this room. We have a lounge, a rocking- 
 chair and other chairs there. This room has a 
 rug on the floor. ^ ^ 
 
 From this room we pass into the dming room. 
 This is where we eat our meals. It has a large 
 table with chairs around it. It has also a large 
 sideboard where we keep our silverware and 
 glassware. 
 
 Across the hall are the bedrooms. These are 
 the rooms where we sleep. 
 
 At the end of the hall is our kitchen. That is 
 the room where mother cooks, bakes and washes. 
 Near the kitchen there is a very small room. 
 That is the pantry. We keep dishes, flour, sugar, 
 salt and other things there. We also have an 
 ice chest in the kitchen. 
 
 MARK. PRAC. ENG. 
 
66 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 We use the ice chest in summer. We put ice 
 in it. We also put butter, milk, eggs, fruit, 
 vegetables and other things in it. The ice keeps 
 all these things cool and fresh. 
 
 Questions for Conversation 
 
 How many rooms has George in his house ? 
 
 Name them. 
 
 Are the rooms large or small r 
 
 Are they airy and sunriy .^ 
 
 In which room does he keep his piano } 
 
 In which room does he sleep } 
 
 In which room does he eat .? 
 
 On which floor does he live ^. 
 
 (Supplement with additional questions.) 
 
 LESSON 37 
 FOODS 
 
 coff^ee 
 
 tea 
 
 cocoa 
 
 milk 
 
 cream 
 
 eggs 
 
 butter 
 
 bread 
 
 pie 
 
 pudding 
 
 orange 
 
 apple 
 
 banana 
 
 pear 
 
 grape 
 
 chicken 
 
 beef 
 
 steak 
 
 mutton 
 
 veal 
 
 **What did you have for breakfast this morn- 
 
 ing t 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 67 
 
 "First I had an orange. I cut it into halves. 
 Then I put sugar on it and ate it with a spoon. 
 It tasted good. Then I had oatmeal with cream. 
 After that I ate boiled eggs, and finished my 
 breakfast with a cup of coffee." 
 
 "Do you know what I had for dinner to-day r' 
 
 "No, what did you have for dinner V 
 
 "I had soup first. Then I had a steak. My 
 mother gave me some chicken too, but I did not 
 eat the chicken. When I finished my steak, I 
 had apple pie with tea." 
 
 "Did you have your supper V 
 
 "Yes, I did." 
 
 "What did you have for supper V 
 
 "I had fried fi^ with potatoes and green peas. 
 Then I ate some rice pudding with cream and 
 drank a glass of milk." 
 
 "What do you have on your table .? " 
 
 "W^e have plates, cups and saucers, spoons, 
 knives and forks." 
 
 "We have a tablecloth on our table." 
 
 breakfast cut halves eat 
 
 dinner 
 
 soup 
 
 boiled 
 
 ate 
 
 supper 
 
 peas 
 
 fried 
 
 drank 
 
 spoon 
 
 rice 
 
 fish 
 
 tasted 
 
 cup 
 
 potatoes 
 
 sugar 
 
 finished 
 
 (Use text for conversation and dictation.) 
 
68 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 
 
 LESSON 38 
 
 
 
 
 CLOTHES 
 
 
 hat 
 
 shirt 
 
 cuffs 
 
 barber shop 
 
 coat 
 
 suit 
 
 handkerchief 
 
 Europe 
 
 vest 
 
 socks 
 
 underwear 
 
 store 
 
 trousers 
 
 stockings overcoat 
 
 pair 
 
 collar 
 
 shoes 
 
 brother 
 
 morning 
 
 necktie 
 
 cap 
 
 tired 
 
 suit 
 
 My brother Frank came from Europe last week. 
 He was very tired when he came to my house. 
 
 The next day I took him to the store to buy 
 him new clothes. First I bought him a blue 
 serge suit. There were three pieces to the suit, 
 a coat, a vest and a pair of trousers. 
 
 Then I bought him a hat. It was a straw hat. 
 It had a black band around it. In the same 
 store I also bought him two neckties, a half dozen 
 collars, overshirts, some underwear and socks. 
 
 Then we went to a shoe store, where I bought 
 a pair of low shoes for myself. 
 
 On the way home I took brother Frank to a 
 barber shop and had his hair cut. 
 
 When we reached home he had a bath. Then 
 he put on his new things. When I saw him 
 afterwards I was surprised. He looked so much 
 better. He looked like an American. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 69 
 
 Questions for Conversation 
 
 Who came last week ? 
 Where did Frank come from ? 
 Who bought some clothes for him ? 
 What clothes did she buy for him ? 
 What did she buy for herself ? 
 
 A friend in need is a friend indeed.'* 
 
 (Conversation. The importance of neatness, etc.^ 
 
76 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 39 
 To, Too, Two 
 
 to — means motion towards 
 
 two — is a number 
 
 too — means also, or more than enough„ 
 
 I went to the store yesterday. 
 
 I stayed there tzvo hours. 
 
 I could not stay longer because I was too tired 
 
 My brother went to Boston two days ago. 
 
 My sister wanted to go, too. 
 
 I shall go to New York for two weeks. 
 
 I wish to go there, too. 
 
 How long do you wish to stay there .? 
 
 I would like to stay tzvo months. 
 
 That is too long for a vacation. 
 
 It costs too much to stay away two months. 
 
 Fill the following blanks with the right word 
 
 There is much noise in this room. 
 
 The boy went the store. 
 
 This hat cost dollars. 
 
 I like go the theater . 
 
 Have you quarters for half a dollar ? 
 
 boys fell from the tree the ground. 
 
 They were eager get down. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 71 
 
 LESSON 40 
 UNITED STATES MONEY 
 
 money 
 
 piece 
 
 dime 
 
 smallest 
 
 metal 
 
 copper 
 
 nickel 
 
 quarter 
 
 gold 
 
 bills 
 
 cent 
 
 half-dollar 
 
 '*Take care of the pennies and the dollars 
 will take care of themselves." 
 
 Coins 
 
 A coin is a piece of metal money. 
 The cent is the smallest United States coin. 
 It is made of copper and tin. 
 Five of these cents make a nickel. 
 Ten cents or two nickels make a dime. 
 Twenty-five cents make a quarter. 
 Fifty cents make a half dollar. 
 The dime, quarter and half dollar are made of 
 silver. 
 
 Paper Money 
 
 Some of our money is made of paper. Such 
 money is known as bills. 
 
 The smallest paper money is the one-dollar bill. 
 
 There are also two-dollar bills, five-dollar bills, 
 ten-dollar bills and twenty-dollar bills. 
 
 The larger bills, such as the fifty-dollar bills. 
 
72 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 hundred-dollar bills and thousand-dollar bills, are 
 not in very common use. 
 
 There are also gold coins. These are not used as 
 much as the silver coins. We have a dollar, 2^-dol- 
 lar, 5-dollar, lo-doUar and 20-dollar gold piece. 
 
 LESSON 41 
 THE MEAT MARKET 
 
 '* Where do you buy your meat, Mr. Baker V 
 
 **I buy my meat at Mr. Walker's meat market." 
 
 "Does he sell good meat V 
 
 "Yes, his meat is always good and fresh." 
 
 "Does he sell mutton ?" 
 
 "Yes, he has very good mutton. I think the 
 price of it is twenty-five cents a pound. He also 
 sells good beef, veal and pork." 
 
 "What does he charge for good steak ?" 
 
 "He charges thirty cents a pound for steak. He 
 is very reasonable with his prices. He also sells 
 fresh poultry and fish." 
 
 At the Meat Market 
 
 meat 
 
 fish 
 
 poultry 
 
 lamb 
 
 salmon 
 
 chicken 
 
 beef 
 
 haddock 
 
 turkey 
 
 mutton 
 
 flounders 
 
 duck 
 
 veal 
 
 halibut 
 
 goose 
 
 pork 
 
 cod 
 
 squab 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 73 
 
 LESSON 42 
 SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS 
 
 Sing 
 
 jular 
 
 Plural 
 
 ^-f 
 
 a book 
 
 a lady 
 
 books 
 
 ladies 
 
 an apple 
 
 a man 
 
 apples 
 
 men 
 
 a house 
 
 a loaf 
 
 houses 
 
 loaves 
 
 a church 
 
 a knife 
 
 churches 
 
 knives 
 
 There is a loaf of bread on the table. 
 There are two loaves in the pantry. 
 There are many loaves at the bakery. 
 We cut bread with a bread knife. 
 There are other knives used at the table. 
 These men and ladies are going to church. 
 To which church are they going ? 
 I do not know, there are so many churches in 
 this city. 
 
 There are pretty houses on this street. 
 Who lives in that white house ? 
 Mr. Perkins, the lawyer, lives there. 
 
 Use the following words in sentences in singular 
 and plural : 
 
 children baby tooth mice 
 
 leaf price feet body 
 
 box potatoes scissors window 
 
74 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 grocer 
 
 grocery 
 
 yeast 
 
 cake 
 
 salmon 
 
 canned 
 
 bread 
 
 sardines 
 
 quart 
 
 beans 
 
 horse 
 
 wagon 
 
 LESSON 43 
 
 THE GROCERY STORE 
 
 price butter 
 
 peck honey 
 
 flour bill 
 
 bag onions 
 
 granulated order 
 
 sugar bake 
 
 It was Saturday morning, and Anna and her 
 mother were very busy. 
 
 "Anna, we must do our baking to-day," said her 
 mother. ''To-morrow is Sunday, and your uncle 
 Frank will be here for dinner.'' 
 
 "What can I do to help you, mother ?" 
 
 "You can do many things. But first, you may 
 go to the grocery store, and give this order to Mr. 
 Black, the grocer." 
 
 Anna took the order and was soon at the grocery. 
 Mr. Black met her at the door. 
 
 "Good morning, Anna, what do you wish to 
 buy to-day ?" 
 
 "Mother wants you to fill this order." 
 
 "Read it to me. I will make it up for you 
 at once, for I am not busy now." 
 
 "All right, Mr. Black. I want a bag of flour. 
 Mother is going to bake some bread to-day." 
 
 "Would you like some yeast ?" 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 75 
 
 //M, i II H {h~i H I 
 
 **Yes, Mr. Black, mother has forgotten that, 
 but I am sure she wants it. Give me a cake." 
 
 "Very well, what else do you want .^" 
 
 "I want two pounds of lump sugar and four 
 pounds of granulated sugar, a pound of coffee, 
 one box of canned salmon, two boxes of sardines 
 and two dozen eggs." 
 
 "What kind of eggs do you want .?" 
 
 "I think mother wants the best." 
 
 "Very well. What next .? " 
 
 "You may also give me a peck of potatoes, a 
 quart of onions and a pound of beans. That will 
 be all to-day, Mr. Black. What is the bill .? I 
 want to pay you now." 
 
 r^ 
 
^(^ PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 *'Here is your bill. It amounts to three dollars 
 and ninety cents/' 
 
 William Black, 
 
 Boston, Mass. July 31, 1913. 
 
 
 Sold to 
 
 
 
 
 I bag of flour 
 
 I 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 I cake of yeast 
 
 
 02 
 
 
 
 
 2 lbs. lump sugar 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 4 lbs. granulated sugar 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 I lb. coffee 
 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 I can salmon 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 2 boxes sardines 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 2 dozen eggs 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 I peck of potatoes 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 I quart of onions 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 I pound of butter 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 
 I pound of beans 
 
 ! 05 
 
 
 
 
 I bag of salt 
 
 
 07 
 
 
 
 
 ^3 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 Anna looked over the bill and said, "Here is the 
 money. Be sure and send the things soon.'' 
 
 "I will send them as soon as the boy returns 
 with the horse and wagon." 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 77 
 
 LESSON. 44 
 
 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 
 
 Weight 
 
 16 ounces (oz.) = i pound 
 
 100 pounds (lbs.) = i hundredweight 
 
 20 hundredweights (cwts.) = i ton 
 
 2000 pounds = I ton 
 
 Liquid Measure 
 
 4 gills (gi.) = I pint (pt.) 
 
 2* pints (pts.) = I quart (qt.) 
 
 4 quarts (qts.) = i gallon (gal.) 
 
 31 gallons (gals.) = i barrel (bbl.) 
 
 Dry Measure 
 
 2 pints (pts.) = I quart (qt.) 
 8 quarts (qts.) = i peck (pk.) 
 
 4 pecks (pks.) = I bushel (bu.) 
 
 2f bushels (bu.) = i barrel (bbl.) 
 
 Long Measure 
 
 12 inches (in.) = i foot (ft.) 
 
 3 feet (ft.) = I yard (yd.) 
 5280 feet = I mile (mi.) 
 
 12 articles make a dozen 
 12 dozen make a gross 
 20 articles make a score 
 
78 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 45 
 THE DEPARTMENT STORE 
 
 elevator basement 
 
 department floors 
 dry goods furniture 
 
 counters 
 salesman 
 upper 
 
 Department stores are large stores where one 
 may buy many different things. Such stores 
 are found in all large cities and towns. 
 
 In the larger cities they usually take up many 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 79 
 
 floors. The departments are generally separated. 
 The dry-goods department may be on the first floor. 
 The furniture may be in the basement, and the^ 
 groceries on an upper floor. "^j 
 
 Let us pay a visit to a department store in your 
 city. As we enter we see all about us goods on 
 counters, and salesmen and saleswomen waiting 
 on customers. 
 
 On the ground floor we can usually find dry- 
 goods, jewelry, perfumes, etc. 
 
 Let us take the elevator to the upper floors. 
 On the second floor one can buy men's and ladies' 
 shoes, millinery, etc. 
 
 On the third and upper floors may be found 
 glassware, crockery, pictures, carpets, rugs, rubber 
 goods and a great many other things. 
 
 Do you not think that a department store is a 
 wonderful place ^ 
 
 Make a list of the things you would be likely to 
 find in the dry-goods department. 
 
 Make another list of what you might buy in the 
 furniture department. 
 
 What is a shopper .? What is meant by shop- 
 ping .? 
 
 Write the names of all the department stores 
 that you know. 
 
 (Topics : Shopping ; Free Deliveries.) 
 
8o PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 46 
 THE SAVINGS BANK 
 
 It is a very good habit to be frugal. Do you 
 know what frugal means r To be frugal means 
 to be careful in spending money. No one ought 
 to spend every cent that he earns. It does not 
 matter how much or how little you earn, you can 
 always put aside some money for future use. 
 
 If you do save some money, it is not always safe 
 to keep it at home. It is much better to put it 
 \nto a savings bank. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 8 1 
 
 Do you know what a savings bank is ? It is 
 a place where you can save your money. Some 
 people think that a person needs a great deal of 
 money to open an account with a savings bank. 
 This is not true. A person may start an ac- 
 count with one dollar. 
 
 When you open an account with a bank, the 
 clerk gives you a bank book. In this book he 
 
 1257 
 UNION SAVINGS BANK 
 
 in account imit/i 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 X 
 
 //^ 
 
 7^^/^ 
 
 /5 
 
 
 5^ 
 
 tZ. /Ttl.yf^'-^-^- 
 
 
 ^^' 
 
 /^ 
 
 /^ 
 
 i3 
 
 33 
 
 records each time the amount of money you de- 
 posit. You must always bring your book with 
 you when you deposit or draw out any money. 
 
 (Topic : Postal Savings Banks.) 
 
 MARK. PRAC. ENG. 6 
 
 -I 
 
82 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 NOTE 
 $35%o Boston Mass, Jan., 5, 1912. 
 Thirty days after date, I promise to 
 ■pay to the order of John Waters, Thirty Five 
 Dollars, for value received 
 
 James Murphy. 
 
 CHECK 
 Boston, Mass.... 191....No.. 
 
 State Street Trust Company. 
 
 Pay to the ^ n n ■ n 
 order of ..i(:r^^ $_5.a.&03^ 
 
 ^ Ri.f.ly : .......%o- Collars 
 
 William Shaw. 
 
 RECEIPT 
 $18 %o Boston, Mass. , Jan. 3, 1911 
 
 Received of S. Waters, Eighteen Dollars 
 for rent of tenement on Cedar Street, for the 
 month of January. 
 
 J.B.Williams 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 83 
 
 LESSON 47 
 PLUMBERS AT WORK 
 
 These are the plumbers. They are mending 
 the water pipes in the cellar. 
 
 Plumbing is very hard work. It takes a long 
 time to learn the trade well. 
 
 A plumber must know about the different kinds 
 of pipes. When a new house is built the plumber 
 is the man who puts in the gas pipes, the water 
 pipes and the steam pipes. 
 
 Plumbing is a good trade. There are schools 
 where men can learn to be plumbers. A plumber 
 must have a license. What is a license .? 
 
 -I 
 
84 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 
 LESSON 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 COMPARISON OF 
 
 ADJECTIVES 
 
 big 
 
 bigger 
 
 
 biggest 
 
 small 
 
 smaller 
 
 
 smallest 
 
 high 
 
 higher 
 
 
 highest 
 
 low 
 
 lower 
 
 
 lowest 
 
 far 
 
 farther 
 
 
 farthest 
 
 near 
 
 nearer 
 
 
 nearest 
 
 cold 
 
 colder 
 
 
 coldest 
 
 warm 
 
 warmer 
 
 
 warmest 
 
 hard 
 
 harder 
 
 
 hardest 
 
 easy 
 
 easier 
 
 
 easiest 
 
 good 
 
 better 
 
 
 best 
 
 bad 
 
 worse 
 
 
 worst 
 
 much 
 
 more 
 
 
 most 
 
 many 
 
 more 
 
 
 most 
 
 little 
 
 less 
 
 
 least 
 
 Here are three boys. Which one is the shortest ? 
 
 Which one is the tallest ? 
 
 James is taller than George. 
 
 George is taller than Henry. 
 
 Henry is the shortest. James is the tallest. 
 
 Here are two pencils. 
 
 The longer pencil is the better one. 
 
 It is cold to-day. It was colder yesterday. 
 
 It may be warmer to-morrow. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 85 
 LESSON 49 
 CARPENTERS AT WORK 
 
 hammer 
 
 screwdriver 
 
 awl 
 
 square 
 
 nails 
 
 rule 
 
 dividers 
 
 chisel 
 
 screw 
 
 oil can 
 
 pliers 
 
 gimlet 
 
 In the picture you can see some carpenters at 
 work. They are building a barn. 
 
 One of them is holding a hammer. He is 
 driving nails through a board. 
 
 The other man is sawing a board with a saw. 
 
 If a board is too long, he saws it off. 
 
 If it is too thick, he will plane it off. 
 
86 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 50 
 
 THE MUSIC OF LABOR 
 
 I 
 
 The banging of the hammer, 
 
 The whirring of the plane, 
 The crashing of the busy saw. 
 
 The creaking of the crane, 
 The ringing of the anvil, 
 
 The grating of the drill, 
 The clattering of the turning-lathe. 
 
 The whirling of the mill. 
 The buzzing of the spindle, 
 
 The rattling of the loom. 
 The puffing of the engine, 
 
 The fan's continual boom, 
 The clipping of the tailor's shears. 
 
 The driving of the awl — 
 These sounds of honest industry 
 
 I love — I love them all. 
 
 The clicking of the magic type. 
 The earnest talk of man, 
 
 The toiling of the giant press. 
 The scratching of the pen. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 87 
 
 The tapping of the yardstick, 
 
 The tinkUng of the scales, 
 The whisthng of the needles 
 
 (When no bright cheek pales), 
 The humming of the cooking stove, 
 
 The surging of the broom, 
 The pattering feet of childhood, 
 
 The housewife's busy hum. 
 The buzzing of the scholars. 
 
 The teacher's kindly call — 
 These sounds of active industry 
 
 I love — I love them all. 
 
 THE BLESSINGS OF LABOR 
 
 Oh, there's a good in labor, 
 
 If we labor but aright, 
 That gives vigor to the daytime, 
 
 A sweeter sleep at night ; 
 A good that brings pleasure 
 
 Even to the toiling hours, 
 For duty cheers the spirit, 
 
 As dew revives the flowers. 
 Then say not that our God 
 
 Gave labor as a doom — 
 No ! 'tis the richest mercy 
 
 From the cradle to the tomb. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 Then let us still be doing 
 
 Whate'er we find to do, 
 With cheerful, hopeful spirits, 
 
 And free hand, strong and true. 
 
 — Anonymous. 
 
 who 
 
 
 LESSON 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 PRONOUNS 
 
 
 I 
 
 me 
 
 
 my 
 
 mine 
 
 you 
 
 you 
 
 
 your 
 
 yours 
 
 he 
 
 him 
 
 
 his 
 
 his 
 
 she 
 
 her 
 
 
 her 
 
 hers 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 
 its 
 
 its 
 
 we 
 
 us 
 
 
 our 
 
 ours 
 
 you 
 
 you 
 
 
 your 
 
 yours 
 
 they 
 
 them 
 
 
 their 
 
 theirs 
 
 myself 
 
 yourself 
 
 
 himself 
 
 ourselves 
 
 yoi 
 
 Lirselves 
 
 themselves 
 
 
 itself 
 
 
 
 herself 
 
 whose 
 
 whom 
 
 whosoever 
 
 whomsoever 
 
 (Use in sentence-building.) 
 
 Love your neighbor as yourself. 
 
 I am my own master and you are yours. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 89 
 
 LESSON 52 
 APPLYING FOR A POSITION 
 
 WANTED. A young man to work in 
 the office of a manufacturing concern. 
 Good reference required. 
 
 advertisement 
 
 properly 
 
 manager 
 
 newspapers 
 
 before 
 
 name 
 
 old 
 
 read 
 
 shipping 
 
 country 
 
 position 
 
 evening school 
 
 " Is this the manager ^ " 
 
 " Yes, young man, what can I do for you ^ " 
 
 " I saw your advertisement in the newspaper, 
 and came to ask for that position.'' 
 
 " Very well, what is your name ? " 
 
 " Harold Carter, sir." 
 
 " How old are you ? " 
 
 '' I am twenty years old.'' 
 
 " Where have you worked before ^ " 
 
 " I worked at the American Woolen Company 
 six months." 
 
 " What was your work ? " 
 
 *' I worked in the shipping room." 
 
 " How long have you been in this country ^ " 
 
 " I have been here three years." 
 
90 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 " Did you go to school." 
 
 "I went to an evening school for one season.'* 
 
 " Can you read and write EngHsh well .^ '' 
 
 " I can read and write fairly well." 
 
 " Well, for this position I want a young man 
 who can read and write ver}^ well. I need one 
 on whom I can depend for writing my letters and 
 keeping the accounts in my books properly." 
 
 "If at first 
 
 you 
 
 don't succeed, 
 
 try. 
 
 try again." 
 
 
 
 LESSON 53 
 
 
 
 
 THE 
 
 PUBLIC LIBRARY 
 
 library 
 
 
 borrow 
 
 
 home 
 
 public 
 
 
 card 
 
 
 librarian 
 
 address 
 
 
 reference 
 
 
 privilege 
 
 returned 
 
 
 same 
 
 
 person 
 
 A public library is a place where one can read, 
 or borrow books to take home. How many 
 know where the public library in this city is .^ 
 
 To take books from the public library one must 
 have a library card. Any respectable person can 
 get a library card. All a person has to do is to go 
 to the librarian and fill out a paper. On that 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 91 
 
 paper the person gives his name and address, and 
 the names of two persons for reference. 
 
 With this card a person has the privilege of 
 taking books home. These books can be kept 
 
 only two weeks, and then must be returned. 
 This is because others may want the same books. 
 
 In the library reading room one can get all kinds 
 of books, magazines and daily newspapers. These 
 must be read in the reading room. They must not 
 be taken out of the room. 
 
 What kind of books do you read ^ Do you read 
 books that will help you in your work and your 
 life, or do you waste your time with stories that 
 only amuse ? 
 
 '*It is never too late to learn." 
 
92 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 
 LESSON 54 
 
 
 
 EDUCATION 
 
 
 lesson 
 
 education 
 
 last 
 
 enough 
 
 hard 
 
 people 
 
 office 
 
 better 
 
 gain 
 
 interested 
 
 library 
 
 spare 
 
 time 
 
 r 1 
 
 know 
 
 1 • r • . • 
 
 very 
 
 If you are looking for a position it is important 
 to have an education. If a young man does not 
 know English well enough it is hard for him to get 
 a good position. Many people can find work only 
 in shops, while other people have better work in 
 offices and stores. Why is this .? It is because 
 the best educated are best fitted for good positions. 
 
 There are many ways to gain an education. 
 One way is to go to school every night, and be 
 interested in the school work. Another way is to 
 read helpful books at the public library during 
 spare time. Still another way is to read good 
 newspapers. I mean English newspapers. 
 
 "Industry is fortune's right hand, 
 and frugality her left.'' 
 
 (Impress pupils with the helpfulness of observing signs and 
 advertisements in street cars, on windows, etc.) 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 93 
 
 LESSON 55 
 
 NEWSPAPERS 
 
 (Show the class a local newspaper and discuss how and what to 
 read.) 
 
 newspaper 
 
 dictionary 
 
 important 
 
 editorials 
 
 cheaply 
 
 read 
 
 state 
 
 happen 
 
 politics 
 
 help 
 
 ought 
 
 useful 
 
 city 
 
 welfare 
 
 situations 
 
 improve 
 
 interesting 
 
 meaning 
 
 government 
 
 advertisement 
 
 How many of you read the newspapers ? All 
 of you ought to read them. They will improve 
 your English very much. They may be a little 
 hard at first, but the more you read them the 
 easier they become. When you read a newspaper 
 have a dictionary near you. Then you can find 
 the meaning of the words you do not know. 
 
 Newspapers are interesting to read, and are 
 useful for many reasons. In the first place, you 
 may learn there about the important things that 
 happen in your city, in your state, in the whole 
 country and in other countries. 
 
 Then you may also read the advertisements. 
 When you want to buy anything cheap you may 
 read in the papers about the sales which the 
 department stores advertise. 
 
 If you are looking for a position, you may look 
 
94 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 for it in the ''Help Wanted" page, or you may 
 advertise in the ''Situations Wanted" for the kind 
 of work you want. 
 
 There are many other parts of a newspaper 
 which are interesting and useful. You will soon 
 learn what these parts are when you can read 
 English well. 
 
 Study the advertisements below, so that you 
 may be able to write one for yourself if you should 
 ever find it necessary. 
 
 Situations Wanted 
 
 Male. . 
 
 CHAUFFEUR.— Young; experienced; private 
 
 family; references; willing to go anywhere. 
 
 S 17 Times. _ 
 
 CORRESPONDENT, &c., where executive 
 training, export, general traffic work, with 
 exceptional ability as stenographer., Corre- 
 spondent, is recognized; ambitious; efficient: 
 highest credentials; age 24. Address L. G., 
 2,819 Newklrlc Av., Brooklyn. 
 
 CORRESPONDENT. &c.-Youn« German de- 
 sires position with commission house aa 
 correspondent or for general office work ; 
 speaks English fluently; has foreign experi- 
 ence ; references. B 134 Times Downtown. 
 
 ESTIMATER and detailer; structural steel 
 and ornamental iron work ; ten years' expe- 
 rience; wide acquaintance among architects. 
 B 143 Times Downtown. 
 
 MECHANICAL ENGINEER.— Several years' 
 experience in commercial testing of gas 
 engines, carburetors, mufflers, &c.; also has 
 knowledgo of electric starting and lighting 
 systems and ignition work. B 142 Times 
 Downtown 
 
 NURSE (mala)— Care for invalid; any ca- 
 pacity; best references. Slills, 63 Quincy 
 8t.. Brooklyn. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 95 
 
 LESSON 56 
 NOBODY'S CHILD 
 
 Only a newsboy, under the light 
 
 Of the lamp post plying his trade in vain ; 
 
 Men are too busy to stop to-night, 
 
 Hurrying home through the sleet and rain. 
 
 Never since dark a paper sold ; 
 
 Where shall he sleep, or how be fed ? 
 He thinks as he shivers there in the cold, 
 
 While happy children are safe abed. 
 
 Is it strange if he turns about 
 
 With angry words, then comes to blows, 
 When his little neighbor, just sold out, 
 
 Tossing his pennies, past him goes .? 
 
 *'Stop !" — some one looks at him, sweet and mild. 
 And the voice that speaks is a tender one. 
 
 **You should not strike such a little child. 
 
 And you should not use such words, my son !" 
 
 Is it his anger or his fears 
 
 That have hushed his voice and stopped his 
 arm ? 
 ** Don't tremble," these are the words he hears; 
 
 "Do you think that I would do you harm .?" 
 
 "It isn't that," and the hand drops down; 
 "I wouldn't care for kicks and blows ; 
 
96 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 But nobody ever called me son, 
 
 Because I'm nobody's child, I s'pose." 
 
 O men ! as ye careless pass along, 
 
 Remember the love that cared for you ; 
 
 And blush for the awful shame and wrong 
 
 Of a world where such a thing could be true ! 
 
 — PnoeBE Gary. 
 
 LESSON 57 
 THE ORDER OF WORDS IN SENTENCES 
 
 I. What (or Who) 2. Where 3. When 
 
 In general, what (or who), that is, the person 
 or thing about which we are talking, should come 
 first in the sentence. 
 
 Where, that is, the part that has to do with 
 place, should come after the what in the sentence. 
 
 When, or the part that relates to the time 
 of the action, should come at the end of the 
 sentence. 
 
 The verb follows what or who in the sentence. 
 
 Examples 
 
 Who Where When 
 
 1. The boy went home yesterday. 
 
 What Where When 
 
 2. The book was on the desk last night. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AiMERICANS 97 
 
 Who Where When 
 
 3. I went to the theater last week. 
 
 Who Where When 
 
 4. My brother will go to school to-morrow. 
 
 Who Where When 
 
 5. Albert was sick in the hospital last summer. 
 
 What Where When 
 
 6. The horse was in the stable this morning. 
 
 Exercise 
 Correct the following sentences : 
 
 1. I was yesterday in the shop. 
 
 2. My brother last year came from Europe. 
 
 3. My brother was last night at home. 
 
 4. It rained yesterday here. 
 
 Write sentences using the following words with 
 time and place : 
 
 book school work weather 
 
 home letter dinner clothes 
 
 Write the names of five persons. {Who.) 
 Write the names of five things. {What.) 
 Write the names of five places. {Where.) 
 Write the names of the four seasons. {When.) 
 Combine five of these words in sentences similar 
 to the examples given above. 
 
 MARK. PRAC. ENG. ^ 
 
98 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 58 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF A PICTURE 
 
 Ask simple questions tending to make pupils put in their own 
 words what they see in the picture. 
 
 t^^'^^Ji'-^^^.i^^^J^ 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 99 
 
 LESSON 59 
 
 THE PERFECT TENSE 
 
 I have seen I have spoken 
 
 you have seen you have spoken 
 
 he has seen he has spoken 
 
 we have seen we have spoken 
 
 you have seen you have spoken 
 
 they have seen they have spoken 
 
 How have you been getting along ? 
 
 I have been getting along very nicely. 
 
 Have you had a busy season ? 
 
 Yes, we have been quite busy. 
 
 Have you seen Albert ? 
 
 He has just spoken to me. 
 
 He has been in town all the week. 
 
 His sister is also in town. 
 
 She has been here two days. 
 
 Where have the boys gone? 
 
 They have gone home for supper. 
 
 Use the following verbs in sentences in the 
 perfect tense : 
 
 gone begun lost taken worked 
 
 walked found given looked washed 
 
 (Show significance of tense; compare with past tense. Touch 
 lightly on pluperfect with "had.") 
 
 V 
 
100 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 60 
 
 LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS 
 
 (For use in making up verb-forms to be copied in blank books 
 and for use in the study of the perfect tense.) 
 
 Present 
 
 Past 
 
 Part. 
 
 be 
 
 was 
 
 been 
 
 begin 
 
 began 
 
 begun 
 
 bend 
 
 bent 
 
 bent 
 
 bite 
 
 bit 
 
 bitten 
 
 blow 
 
 blew 
 
 blown 
 
 break 
 
 broke 
 
 broken 
 
 bring 
 
 brought 
 
 brought 
 
 buy 
 
 bought 
 
 bought 
 
 come 
 
 came 
 
 come 
 
 cost 
 
 cost 
 
 cost 
 
 cut 
 
 cut 
 
 cut 
 
 do 
 
 did 
 
 done 
 
 drink 
 
 drank 
 
 drunk . 
 
 eat 
 
 ate 
 
 eaten 
 
 fall 
 
 fell 
 
 fallen 
 
 find 
 
 found 
 
 found 
 
 fly 
 
 flew 
 
 flown 
 
 get 
 
 got 
 
 gotten 
 
 give 
 
 gave 
 
 given 
 
 go 
 
 went 
 
 gone 
 
 grow 
 
 grew 
 
 grown 
 
 hang 
 
 hung 
 
 hung 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMEj^fCANS >lp% 
 
 have 
 
 had 
 
 had 
 
 hold . 
 
 held 
 
 . held 
 
 keep 
 
 kept 
 
 kept 
 
 know 
 
 knew 
 
 known 
 
 lend 
 
 lent 
 
 lent 
 
 lose 
 
 lost 
 
 lost 
 
 make 
 
 made 
 
 made 
 
 meet 
 
 met 
 
 met 
 
 put 
 
 put 
 
 put 
 
 read • 
 
 read 
 
 read 
 
 run 
 
 ran 
 
 run 
 
 say 
 
 said 
 
 said 
 
 see 
 
 saw 
 
 seen 
 
 sell 
 
 sold 
 
 sold 
 
 send 
 
 sent 
 
 sent 
 
 shine 
 
 shone 
 
 shone 
 
 sit 
 
 sat 
 
 sat 
 
 sleep 
 
 slept 
 
 slept 
 
 speak 
 
 spoke 
 
 spoken 
 
 stand 
 
 stood 
 
 stood 
 
 steal 
 
 stole 
 
 stolen 
 
 strike 
 
 struck 
 
 struck 
 
 swim 
 
 swam 
 
 swum 
 
 take 
 
 took 
 
 taken 
 
 tell 
 
 told 
 
 told 
 
 wear 
 
 wore 
 
 worn 
 
 win 
 
 won 
 
 won 
 
 write 
 
 wrote 
 
 written 
 
.02 IFR'ACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 6i 
 WORDS OF OPPOSITE MEANING 
 
 tall 
 short 
 
 begin 
 end 
 
 new 
 old 
 
 big 
 small 
 
 high 
 low 
 
 over 
 under 
 
 in 
 out 
 
 long 
 short 
 
 sleep 
 wake 
 
 up 
 down 
 
 save 
 spend 
 
 .many 
 few 
 
 rise 
 fall 
 
 thin 
 thick 
 
 best 
 worst 
 
 buy 
 sell 
 
 right 
 wrong 
 
 fast 
 slow 
 
 idle 
 busy 
 
 glad 
 sorry 
 
 more 
 less 
 
 find 
 lose 
 
 rich 
 poor 
 
 send 
 receive 
 
 laugh 
 weep 
 
 soft 
 hard 
 
 good 
 bad 
 
 give 
 take 
 
 heavy 
 light 
 
 easy 
 hard 
 
 with 
 without 
 
 remember 
 forget 
 
 dark 
 light 
 
 late 
 early 
 
 sick 
 well 
 
 inside 
 outside 
 
 (Use the above in dictation and sentence-building.) 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 103 
 
 LESSON 62 
 
 POSSESSIVE NOUNS 
 
 boy 
 boy's 
 
 boys 
 boys' 
 
 man 
 man's 
 
 men 
 men's 
 
 This hat belongs to the boy. 
 
 This is the boy's hat. 
 
 Whose umbrella have you ? 
 
 I have my brother's umbrella. 
 
 It is a pretty one. How much did it cost ? 
 
 It cost him two dollars. 
 
 These books belong to the -girls. 
 
 These are the girls' books. 
 
 Where did they get them .? 
 
 They bought them at the bookstore. 
 
 Use the following 
 
 in sentences : 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 boy's 
 
 boys' 
 
 man's 
 
 men's 
 
 gentleman's 
 
 gentlemen's 
 
 girl's 
 
 girls' 
 
 lady's 
 
 ladies' 
 
 woman's 
 
 women's 
 
 friend's 
 
 friends' 
 
 brother's 
 
 brothers' 
 
 child's 
 
 children's 
 
I04 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 63 
 PICTURE TO BE DESCRIBED 
 
 Of what is this a picture ? 
 
 Name the objects that you see. 
 
 What articles of food do you see ? 
 
 What is the young woman doing ? 
 
 Make a Hst of things necessary in a kitchen. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 105 
 
 
 LESSON 64 
 
 
 
 TELLING TIME 
 
 
 time 
 
 clock count 
 
 seconds 
 
 minute 
 
 hour face 
 
 space 
 
 long 
 
 hand numbers 
 
 marks 
 
 move 
 
 faster open 
 
 to-night 
 
 close 
 
 half noon 
 
 midnight 
 
 watches 
 
 pocket shelves 
 
 tide 
 
 Hush, hear the clock tick. Tick, tick, tick ! 
 
 Count sixty seconds. You have counted a 
 minute. 
 
 How many minutes make an hour ^ 
 
 Look at the face of the clock. What do you 
 see there ? 
 
 The long hand is the minute hand. The shorter 
 hand is the hour hand. 
 
 The minute hand points to the minutes, the 
 hour hand to the hours. 
 
 Can you see the numbers on the face of the 
 clock .? Count them. How many are there ? 
 
 Each space between the numbers marks off five 
 minutes. There are twelve spaces. 
 
 This means that it takes 60 minutes or one hour 
 for the minute hand to move once around the face 
 of the clock. While the minute hand moves once 
 around, the hour hand moves only one space. 
 
io6 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 Which hand moves faster ? 
 
 What time is it now ? 
 
 What time did school open to-night ? 
 
 What time will it close ? 
 
 Where will the two hands be at three o'clock, 
 at half past three ? at a quarter of three ? Where 
 will the hands be at noon ? at midnight ? 
 
 Clocks and watches tell time. Watches are 
 kept in pockets, while clocks are put on shelves, 
 or hung on the walls in houses. 
 
 Where is the clock in this room I Where is 
 the clock in your house ^ Where is your watch ? 
 
 60 seconds make one minute 
 60 minutes make an hour 
 24 hours make a day 
 7 days make a week 
 2 weeks make a fortnight 
 4 weeks make a month 
 12 months make a year 
 365 days make a year 
 TOO years make a c-entury 
 
 " How doth the little busy bee 
 Improve each shining hour, 
 And gather honey all the day 
 From every opening flower." 
 
 — Isaac Watts. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 107 
 
 LESSON 65 
 
 THE MONTHS OF THE YEAR 
 
 January (Jan.) July 
 
 February (Feb.) August (Aug.) 
 
 March (Mar.) September (Sept.) 
 
 April (Apr.) October (Oct.) 
 
 May November (Nov.) 
 
 June December (Dec.) 
 
 Which are the winter months ^ 
 
 Which are the spring months ^ 
 
 Name the summer months. 
 
 During which months do we have autumn ^ 
 
 The Days of the Week 
 
 Sunday (Sun.) Wednesday (Wed.) 
 
 Monday (Mon.) Thursday (Thurs.) 
 
 Tuesday (Tues.) • Friday (Fri.) 
 
 Saturday (Sat.) 
 
 On which days do you work .? 
 On which days do you rest ^ 
 
 ^'Thirty days have September, 
 April, June, and November ; 
 All the rest have thirty-one 
 Save February alone. 
 Twenty-eight is all her store, 
 Which in leap year adds one more." 
 
io8 PRACTICAL . ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 66 
 SPRING 
 
 Spring is here. The ice has melted ; the snow 
 is gone. The earth is waking from its long winter 
 slumber. The birds are beginning to return from 
 the South to cheer us once more with their happy 
 songs. The grass in the fields and gardens is 
 growing green. The trees and the flowers are 
 beginning to blossom. How happy nature seems ! 
 
 Spring begins on March 21st. At that time 
 the weather is still cool and windy. During the 
 month of April the air is warmer and the days are 
 getting longer. This month also brings showers 
 to make the grass and flowers grow. 
 
 By the month of May everything is in bloom, 
 for as the poet says, 
 
 "April showers 
 Bring May flowers." 
 
 LESSON 67 
 SUMMER 
 
 "Is it not a fine day, George .? Let us take a 
 walk to the park." 
 
 "No, Frank, it is too warm. I should like to 
 take a car ride to the beach." 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 109 
 
 "Very well, then, let us take the car here. 
 See how clear and blue the sky is ! The sun is 
 shining so brightly !'' 
 
 ''We have been riding already for an hour. We 
 shall soon be at the beach." 
 
 ''Here we are now at the beach. Can you 
 swim, Frank .?" 
 
 "Yes, George, I learned to swim last summer." 
 
 "Do you wish to go bathing .^" 
 
 "Yes, I think it is the best way to cool off." 
 
 "Oh, look ! The sky is beginning to get cloudy. 
 I am afraid it will rain." 
 
 "I did not expect that it would rain to-day. 
 It looked so pleasant." 
 
 "You can never tell in summer when it will 
 rain. I hope it will be only a shower." 
 
 "I hope so too, Frank." 
 
 "Listen! Hear it thunder! Let us go back 
 to the bath house." 
 
 "Oh, see the lightning !" 
 
 " How it is pouring ! It cannot last long for 
 the clouds are beginning to roll away." 
 
 "Here is the sun again, shining as brightly as 
 ever." 
 
 "Now we can go out and walk about the beach." 
 
 "All right, but do not forget that I must be 
 home in time for supper." 
 
 (Conversation : Beach and park attractions.) 
 
no PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 68 
 AUTUMN 
 
 The leaves are falling, for it is autumn, the fall 
 of the year. Everywhere on the ground you may 
 see the beautiful colored leaves. 
 
 The days are growing shorter and the weather 
 is getting cooler. We are gradually leaving be- 
 hind the hot summer and are getting nearer to 
 winter. 
 
 The harvesting season is here in all its glory. 
 The farmer rejoices in his rich harvest. He is 
 gathering the corn, and picking the fruit and 
 vegetables. These he will soon store away or 
 sell at the market. 
 
 What the twilight is to the day, autumn is to 
 the year. The earth is preparing for its coming 
 rest during the winter months. 
 
 The people who have been in the country or 
 at the seashore for their vacations are now return- 
 ing home. The city is once more alive with busy 
 people. 
 
 When does autumn begin .? When does it end .? 
 
 *'The melancholy days are come, 
 The saddest of the year, 
 Of wailing winds and naked woods, 
 And meadows brown and sere.'' 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS in 
 
 LESSON 69 
 WINTER 
 
 It is snowing. The ground, the trees and the 
 houses are being covered with the clear white 
 snow. 
 
 The air is sharp and cold, while the biting wind 
 makes one hurry to get indoors. 
 
 The children are joyful, for it is the season of 
 snowballs, coasting and skating. Wherever you 
 look you see boys and girls playing mimic war 
 with snowballs, or building snow forts, or a snow 
 man. 
 
 They do not mind the cold. They are dressed 
 warm, and the exercise also helps to keep them 
 warm. 
 
 Winter is also the merry season for grown-up 
 people. On ponds, or in parks, you may see 
 crowds of people skating and coasting. 
 
 How happy everybody seems in the clear crisp 
 air ! Hear their laughter and their shouting. 
 Listen to the tinkling of the sleigh bells. Oh ! 
 the glorious winter ! 
 
 Which of the seasons do you like best ? 
 Write one reason for liking spring. 
 What pleasures does summer bring ^ 
 Name some of the joys of winter. 
 
112 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 70 
 PICTURE TO BE DESCRIBED 
 
 
 ^" :.^*^^ _ ^- 
 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 113 
 
 
 LESSON 71 
 
 
 
 WEATHER TERMS 
 
 
 sun 
 
 storm 
 
 chill 
 
 sunny 
 
 stormy 
 
 chilly 
 
 cloud 
 
 thunder 
 
 frost 
 
 cloudy 
 
 lightning 
 
 frosty 
 
 rain 
 
 slush 
 
 snow 
 
 rainy 
 
 slushy 
 
 snowy 
 
 fog 
 
 mist 
 
 ice 
 
 foggy 
 
 misty 
 
 icy 
 
 breeze 
 
 mud 
 
 wind 
 
 breezy 
 
 muddy 
 
 windy 
 
 fair 
 
 freezing 
 
 cold 
 
 warm 
 
 sleet 
 
 dry 
 
 sunlight 
 
 moonlight 
 
 wet 
 
 sunshine 
 
 blizzard 
 
 dew 
 
 frozen 
 
 hail 
 
 pleasant 
 
 (Use the more common terms for building sentences.) 
 
 Read the weather predictions in this morning's 
 paper. 
 
 By whom and where are these predictions made ? 
 
 What is the Weather Bureau ? 
 
 How is it aided in predicting the weather for 
 any particular locality ? 
 
 Are its predictions always true ? • 
 
 MARK. PRAC. ENG. 8 
 
114 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 72 
 PUBLIC SIGNS 
 
 Public Signs seen at the Theater 
 
 I went to the theater yesterday. When I 
 arrived there, I went to the TICKET OFFICE 
 (Box Office) and bought a ticket. I saw the 
 sign ADMISSION 25^ on the window. The 
 word admission means the price we must pay to 
 enter. 
 
 After buying the ticket I passed through a door 
 over which was the sign ENTRANCE. This 
 means the way in. On leaving, I walked through 
 a door over which was the word EXIT. This 
 means the way out. 
 
 Public Signs at the Railroad Station 
 
 Last week I went to Boston to see my cousin. 
 I had to take a train at the Union Station. I 
 did not know when my train was to leave. So 
 I walked over to a window on which I saw the 
 word INFORMATION. This is the place to 
 find out when the trains leave. The CLERK 
 told me that my train would not leave until four 
 o'clock. 
 
 It was then three o'clock. So I went to the 
 WAITING ROOM. This is the room in which 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 115 
 
 people wait for their trains, or for friends arriving 
 on trains. I wanted to smoke, but I saw the sign 
 NO SMOKING on the wall. This meant that 
 smoking was not allowed in that room. I then 
 asked a man where the SMOKING ROOM was 
 and he told me. At a quarter to four I went to 
 the ticket office and bought a ticket. 
 
 Public Signs on Doors, Walls, etc. 
 
 You will often see the word PULL on the out- 
 side of a door. This means that you must pull 
 the door towards you to enter. On the other side 
 of the same door you may read the word PUSH. 
 This means that you must push the door away from 
 you to get out. 
 
 On the walls of houses and on fences you may 
 often see the sign POST NO BILLS. This means 
 that no one is allowed to put any advertisements 
 or circulars on the wall or fence. 
 
 You may see on the lamp posts of some street 
 corners a red iron box, marked FIRE ALARM 
 BOX. This is used to notify the firemen when 
 there is a fire. 
 
 You may also see on the lamp posts of some 
 street corners another colored iron box different 
 in shape from the fire alarm box. This is the 
 U. S. MAIL BOX. This is used for the collection 
 of letters. 
 
Il6 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 73 
 PUBLIC SIGNS TO BE LEARNED 
 
 Elevated 
 
 Subway 
 
 Look out for the engine 
 
 Waiting room 
 
 Information 
 
 Ticket office 
 
 Smoking room 
 
 No smoking 
 
 No spitting 
 
 No admittance 
 
 No trespassing 
 
 No passing through 
 
 Private 
 
 This way in 
 
 This way out 
 
 Entrance 
 
 Exit 
 
 Elevator 
 
 Fire escape 
 
 Toilet 
 
 Lavatory 
 
 Keep to the right 
 
 Keep off the grass 
 
 Wait until the car stops 
 
 Do not talk to the motorman 
 
 Doctor 
 
 Apothecary 
 
 Druggist 
 
 Physician & Surgeon 
 
 Telephone Pay Station 
 
 Telegraph Office 
 
 Fire Alarm 
 
 U. S. Mail 
 
 Police Station 
 
 Admission 50^ 
 
 To Let 
 
 For Sale 
 
 Hands off 
 
 Push 
 
 Pull 
 
 Paint 
 
 Danger 
 
 Please do not handle 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 117 
 
 LESSON 74 
 
 LETTER WRITING 
 
 (Put simple letters on blackboard and have pupils write replies. 
 Then have them write letters on prescribed subjects.) 
 
 Letter Form 
 
 ^o^taru, iTlcim., CipUl 26, fcj/O. 
 ISaLtimuyib, THcL. 
 
 ^vcin£ Tflcyuvmaru. 
 
 The heading of a letter should show the place 
 where, and the time when, the letter was written. 
 
Ii8 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 The form of greeting is the term of poHteness, 
 respect or affection with which the letter is intro- 
 duced. 
 
 Forms of Greetings 
 
 Sir Madam 
 
 Dear Sir Dear Madam 
 
 My dear Sir My dear Madam 
 
 Dear Mr. Jones Dear Mrs. Jones 
 
 My dear Mr. Bell My dear Mrs. Bell 
 
 My dear Harry 
 My dear Rose 
 My dear Cousin 
 My dear Friend 
 Gentlemen 
 Dear Sirs 
 
 Forms of Endings 
 
 Yours truly 
 Yours respectfully 
 Yours very truly 
 Yours sincerely 
 Yours affectionately 
 Your friend 
 Your sincere friend 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 119 
 
 LESSON 75 
 
 SAMPLE SHORT LETTERS 
 
 An Order for Goods 
 
 Dear Sirs, — 
 
 Please send me at once, by fast freight, one 
 
 case of your lawn, and oblige, 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 James Broad. 
 
 Letter to a Sick Friend 
 
 My dear Mabel, — 
 
 I met your friend Rose to-day, and she told me 
 that you were sick. I can assure you that I was 
 very sorry to hear it. 
 
 I expect to visit you next Sunday afternoon. 
 Hoping that I shall find you well again, I am^ 
 
 Your sincere friend, 
 
 Pauline. 
 
 Letter applying for a Position 
 
 114 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, N. Y., 
 
 March 22, 1911. 
 F. P. Speedwell Co., 
 
 City. 
 Gentlemen, — 
 
 I saw in to-day's Herald that you are looking for 
 an experienced laster. I have had three years' ex- 
 
 V 
 
I20 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 perience in that line of work. I worked two years 
 
 for , and one year for , 
 
 to which concerns I would respectfully refer you 
 as to my character and ability. 
 
 Hoping that you will be interested and grant 
 me a personal interview, I remain, 
 
 Respectfully yours, 
 
 A. Kanter. 
 
 Reply to Foregoing 
 
 Mr. A. Kanter, 
 
 114 Delaware Ave., City. 
 Dear Sir, — 
 
 Will you please call at our office on Monday 
 between 9 and 10 a.m. ? Please bring this with 
 you, and also bring any recommendations you 
 may have from your former employers. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 F. P. Speedwell Co. 
 
 Exercises 
 
 Copy each of the foregoing letters and supply 
 whatever parts are missing, as dates, address, etc. 
 
 Write a letter to a dealer in dry goods, ordering 
 something of which you are in need. 
 
 Suppose that you are seeking a position as night 
 watchman in a factory. Write a letter to the 
 superintendent applying for the place. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 121 
 
 LESSON ^6 
 COMMON ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 A.M. 
 
 before noon. 
 
 Ave. 
 
 avenue. 
 
 Co. 
 
 company. 
 
 C. 0. D. 
 
 cash on delivery. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 creditor. 
 
 cts. 
 
 cents. 
 
 D. C. 
 
 District of Columbia 
 
 doz. 
 
 dozen. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 debtor, doctor. 
 
 E. 
 
 east. 
 
 etc. 
 
 and so forth. 
 
 ft. 
 
 foot, feet. 
 
 Gov. 
 
 governor. 
 
 111. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Md. 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 M. D. 
 
 doctor of medicine. 
 
 mdse. 
 
 merchandise. 
 
 Messrs. 
 
 misters (gentlemen) = 
 
 Mich. 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 Mo. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 Mr. 
 
 mister. 
 
 Mrs. 
 
 mistress. 
 
 Mt. 
 
 mountain. 
 
22 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 N., No. 
 
 north. 
 
 No. 
 
 number. 
 
 N.J. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 New York. 
 
 0. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 oz. 
 
 ounces. 
 
 Pa., Penn. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 PI. 
 
 place. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 afternoon, postmaster. 
 
 P.O. 
 
 post office. 
 
 p. s. 
 
 postscript. 
 
 pt. 
 
 pint. 
 
 qt. 
 
 quart. 
 
 rec'd 
 
 received. 
 
 R. R. 
 
 railroad. 
 
 S., So. 
 
 south. 
 
 St. 
 
 street, saint. 
 
 Supt. 
 
 superintendent. 
 
 u. s. 
 
 United States. 
 
 U. S. A. 
 
 United States Army ; 
 
 
 States of America. 
 
 U. S. M. 
 
 ' United States Mail. 
 
 U. S. N. 
 
 United States Navy. 
 
 w. 
 
 west. 
 
 yd. 
 
 yard. 
 
 Y. M. C. A. 
 
 Young Men's Christian 
 
 
 ciation. 
 
 United 
 
 Asso- 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 123 
 
 LESSON ^^ 
 PICTURE TO BE DESCRIBED 
 
 What do you see in this picture ? 
 
 Name the objects in the house. 
 
 Name the objects outside of the house. 
 
 Is it in the city or in the country ? 
 
 What kind of a day is it ? 
 
 Is the weather warm or cold ? 
 
 How do you know this ? 
 
 Write a full description of all that you see. 
 
124 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 78 
 THE OLD MAN AND HIS SONS 
 
 An old man had many sons who were often 
 quarrehng with one another. 
 
 He tried in many ways to make them Hve to- 
 gether better, but all in vain. 
 
 At last he tried the following plan : He tied 
 together a bundle of sticks, and called his sons to 
 him. He then asked each one separately to break 
 the bundle of sticks. 
 
 Each one tried to do so with all his might, but 
 without success. Then the father untied the 
 bundle and gave a single stick to each one, bid- 
 ding them try again. This time they broke the 
 sticks very easily. 
 
 He then said to them: **You see, my sons, 
 the power of unity. Now, if you keep together 
 in the same way as the tied sticks, no one will be 
 able to hurt you. But when you become separated 
 and the ties of brotherly love are dissolved, you 
 will fall to pieces and be easy prey for your en- 
 emies." 
 
 ** United we stand ; divided we fall.'' 
 
 (Discuss the morals of this fable and of those that follow.) 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 125 
 
 LESSON 79 
 
 THE DOG AND THE SHADOW 
 
 A dog was one day crossing a brook. He had 
 a piece of meat in his mouth, and saw his shadow 
 reflected in the stream. The dog fancied it was 
 another dog looking up at him with a larger piece 
 of meat than he had. So he greedily snapped at 
 the supposed stranger. But in doing this he let 
 go his own piece of meat, and got nothing instead 
 but ■ a mouth full of water. As he ran home 
 
126 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 growling with anger at the loss of his dinner, he 
 could not help thinking, ''It is better to be content 
 with a little than grasp at a shadow." 
 
 LESSON 80 
 THE TRAVELERS 
 
 Two men were traveling upon a road. One 
 of them saw an ax lying on the ground. Taking 
 the ax up, he said to the other man, ''I have 
 found an ax/' 
 
 ''Do not say, / have found, an ax, but we have 
 found an ax," said the other man ; "for as we are 
 companions, we ought to share it betwixt us." 
 
 But the first man would not listen to such a 
 thing. 
 
 They had not gone far before the owner of the 
 ax pursued and overtook them with a warrant. 
 The finder of the ax, seeing the warrant, said 
 to the other man, "Alas ! we are undone." 
 
 "No," replied the other. "Do not say, we are 
 undone, but / am undone ; for, as you would not 
 let me share the prize, neither will I share the dan- 
 ger with you." 
 
 "Do unto others as you would have 
 others do unto you." 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 127 
 
 LESSON 81 
 
 THE GOOSE AND THE GOLDEN EGGS 
 
 A certain man had a goose which laid him a 
 golden tgg every day. All went well for a time, 
 and then the man became dissatisfied. He wanted 
 more than one golden egg a day. He wanted them 
 all at one time. He was in a hurry to become 
 rich. So he made up his mind to kill the goose. 
 He thought he would find a great treasure inside 
 of her. But when he opened the poor goose, he, 
 to his sorrow, found no gold at all. 
 
 Everything is not gold that glitters." 
 
 LESSON 82 
 THE LION AND THE MOUSE 
 
 A lion, faint with the heat and tired, lay down 
 to rest. It happened that while he slept a company 
 of mice ran over his back and waked him. Start- 
 ing up, he clapped his paw upon one of them. 
 He was just about to kill the little mouse when 
 it begged his mercy. It begged the lion not to 
 stain his character with the blood of such a small 
 beast. The lion took pity on the poor little mouse 
 and let it go. 
 
128 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 Not long after, the lion was caught in a net 
 laid by hunters. Try as he might, he could not 
 free himself. He, therefore, began to roar loudly. 
 The little mouse heard the roar and recognized it 
 as that of its friend, the lion. So it ran to the 
 lion as fast as it could. When it saw the trouble 
 the lion was in, it gnawed apart the cords and 
 fastenings and set free the royal beast. 
 
 Hearts like doors will ope with ease 
 
 To very, very little keys. 
 
 And don't forget that two of these 
 
 Are 'T thank you," and ''If you please.' 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 129 
 
 LESSON 83 
 GOOD MANNERS 
 
 There is a saying that actions speak louder than 
 words. This means that a person is judged more 
 by what he does than by what he says. It is 
 not enough for a man to think that he is a gen- 
 tleman. He must act like one. 
 
 Gentlemanly conduct means consideration for 
 others' feelings. "Do unto others as you would 
 have others to do unto you," is a good rule to 
 follow. 
 
 Ladies and gentlemen are always polite. In a 
 crowded car a gentleman always proffers his seat 
 to a lady or an old man. A lady always says 
 ** thank you" when proffered a seat. 
 
 A gentleman never pushes his way roughly 
 through a crowd. He always permits ladies and 
 old men to board a car before him. He never 
 annoys people in a theater by loud talking. He 
 is always dressed neatly. He has his clothes 
 brushed, and his shoes shined. He has his hair 
 combed and his hands and face clean. 
 
 A gentleman never uses improper words. He 
 is always kind and pleasant to others. 
 
 When visiting a house a gentleman wipes his 
 shoes before entering. He removes his hat upon 
 entering. He does not outstay his welcome. 
 
 MARK. PRAC. ENG. Q 
 
130 . PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS • 
 
 At home a gentleman honors his father and 
 mother. He is never ashamed of them because 
 they are old-fashioned. He appreciates that it 
 is not so easy for old people to learn American 
 customs. He does his full share towards maintain- 
 ing the house. 
 
 At the table a gentleman eats slowly. He uses 
 a fork. He does not put food into his mouth with 
 his knife. He uses a napkin when eating. He 
 sits at the table with clean hands and face, and 
 with hair combed. He asks quietly for what he 
 wants at the table. He does not reach over to 
 grab anything. 
 
 (Topic: Deportment as a factor in being successful.) 
 
 PICTURE TO BE DESCRIBED 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 131 
 
 LESSON 84 
 
 COLORS 
 
 red blue white rainbow 
 
 orange violet gray flag 
 
 yellow pink black shades 
 
 green brown tan eyes 
 
 In the summer, after a rainstorm, we often see 
 the rainbow. It is made up of different colors. 
 
 What are the colors of the rainbow .? 
 
 The most important colors are red, orange, 
 yellow, green, blue, and violet. Other colors may 
 be made from these by mixing them. 
 
 What is the color of the sky .? 
 
 Name some objects which are green. 
 
 Name some fruits which have a yellow color. 
 
 What colors may roses have ? 
 
 What color are your shoes .? 
 
 What colors are in the United States flag .? 
 
 Of what color are your eyes .? 
 
 What color do you like best ^ 
 
 It is better to wear quiet colors than loud colors. 
 
 Refined people do not wear clothes of bright 
 shades. 
 
 (Topic : Color recognition. Give an object lesson on color se- 
 lection. Impress pupils with the vulgarity of loud or glaring 
 colors in dress.) 
 
132 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 85 
 THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA 
 
 America Isabella Italy Europe 
 
 Columbus India Spain continent 
 
 Up to a few centuries ago, most people thought 
 that the earth was flat. At that time there lived 
 a man in Italy named Columbus, who believed 
 the earth to be round. Some people laughed at 
 him and said he was crazy. 
 
 In Columbus's time Europe carried on a large 
 trade with India. In those days it took a long 
 time for traders to go from Europe to India because 
 they had to travel a large part of the way by land. 
 To go to India they had to go eastward.' 
 
 Columbus believed that, the earth being round, 
 he could sail to the west and reach India in that 
 way. 
 
 After many disappointments he obtained help 
 from Queen Isabella of Spain, who fitted out three 
 small ships for him. 
 
 Columbus, with about one hundred men, set 
 sail from Spain in 1492. The voyage was a long 
 one. The sailors became frightened and homesick. 
 They thought they were lost and would never get 
 home again. They wanted Columbus to turn 
 back, but he refused ; he did not want to give up. 
 
 ^ Show routes, etc., on geographical globe or map. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 133 
 
 At last, after having been at sea ten weeks, they 
 began to see signs of land. The water was green. 
 Seaweeds floated past ; birds flew over the ship ; 
 a log of wood came tossing by ; the smell of fields 
 was in the air ; and once a great tree with roots 
 and branches was seen floating on the water. 
 
 Columbus and the men watched for land until 
 the sun went down. When it was dark he saw 
 a light far away. The men on watch saw it too. 
 They shouted ''Land ! Land !" Then they hove 
 to, and waited for day. 
 
 When the sun rose next morning there was land 
 indeed. It was a small island with many beauti- 
 ful trees and flowers growing upon it. 
 
 Columbus and his men went ashore. The 
 natives, who were watching them, thought they 
 were beings who had come down from the sky. 
 
 The natives were different from white people. 
 They had copper-colored skins, straight black 
 hair, large dark eyes, high cheeks, and wide mouths. 
 Columbus called them Indians, for he beheved 
 that the island was a part of India. People did 
 not know till several years later that this country 
 which Columbus discovered was a great continent, 
 the continent which we now call America. 
 
 Columbus made three other voyages. He sailed 
 along the coast of South America, and discovered 
 many islands. 
 
134 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 
 LESSON 86 
 
 THE 
 
 LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS 
 
 pilgrims 
 
 England freedom wished 
 
 worship 
 
 Holland country sailed 
 
 church 
 
 Dutch people remained 
 
 In this country we have, as you know, reli- 
 gious freedom. That is, a person can worship God 
 in any way that seems to him best. Three hun- 
 dred years ago, before this country was settled, 
 people did not enjoy such freedom. In England, 
 for instance, people were persecuted if they did 
 not belong to the Church of England. 
 
 Now, there were some people in England who 
 wished to worship God in their own way. So 
 they decided to leave England and go to some 
 other country where they could have religious 
 freedom. They, therefore, went to Holland, where 
 they remained several years. These people are 
 known as the Pilgrims. 
 
 After a time they left Holland because they did 
 not wish their children to grow up and know 
 only the Dutch language and customs. One 
 hundred and twenty of them set sail for America. 
 They sailed in a ship called the Mayflower. They 
 landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts, in the year 
 1620. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 135 
 
 LESSON 87 
 THANKSGIVING DAY 
 
 The Pilgrims landed in this country on a day in 
 December. The- weather was very cold. They 
 did not have warm houses to live in. They 
 suffered also from hunger because they did not 
 have much food. 
 
 The first winter was a very hard one for them. 
 Nearly half of their number died, but the rest 
 endured their sufferings bravely. The following 
 year, conditions improved for them ; they had 
 plenty of food and shelter. They were, therefore, 
 happy and gave thanks to God. 
 
 The day they celebrated with thanks they 
 named ''Thanksgiving Day." We now observe 
 Thanksgiving Day every year. 
 
 The Important Holidays 
 
 Washington's Birthday February 22 
 
 Memorial Day May 30 
 
 Independence Day July 4 
 
 Labor Day First Monday in Sept. 
 
 Columbus Day October 12 
 
 Thanksgiving Day Last Thursday in Nov. 
 
 Christmas Day December 25 
 
 (Topic: Meanings of the holidays and the local festivals.) 
 
136 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 88 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON — I 
 
 It is almost two centuries 
 since George Washington 
 was born. It is more than 
 a century since he died, 
 and yet his name still stands 
 first of all Americans. 
 
 His birthday was Feb- 
 ruary 22, 1732. It is cele- 
 brated every year. On all 
 public buildings flags are 
 hoisted, and from every 
 fort and ship of war cannon are fired. 
 
 George Washington's father died when George 
 was ten years old. His mother educated him for 
 a land surveyor. 
 
 At the age of twenty George was appointed a 
 major and was sent on an important journey of 
 600 miles through the woods, amid cold and snow. 
 Later he was made commander-in-chief of all the 
 forces of Virginia. Twenty years later, when 
 war broke out between the colonies and Great 
 Britain, he was chosen to take command of the 
 American army. 
 
 This army was very small indeed. It was 
 composed of only 14,000 men. Very few of these 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 137 
 
 men had been 'trained to arms. They were 
 farmers and mechanics. They had but few can- 
 non, scarcely any tents, and powder enough to 
 last only a few days. Many of the men were 
 sick. Some were discouraged and wanted to go 
 home. George Washington took command of 
 this army in Cambridge. 
 
 Across the river in Boston were eleven thousand 
 well-trained British soldiers, but George Washing- 
 ton was not discouraged. Even during the war, 
 when he had few men and no money, food or 
 clothing, his courage kept up. It was this courage 
 and spirit which inspired his men to endure every- 
 thing bravely until the war came to a close in 
 1783. 
 
 LESSON 89 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON — II 
 
 At the close of the war Washington retired to 
 his home at Mount Vernon. He was then fifty 
 years old. He was very glad to return to his 
 home. He had served his country long and well. 
 Now he was tired and wished to rest. 
 
 The people, however, did not let him rest long. 
 They could not get along without him. They 
 insisted that he become their first president. 
 
 Though he wished now to live in peace, he could 
 
138 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 not refuse the people's pleadings. He was too 
 good and too great to live as a private citizen. 
 He belonged to his country. 
 
 On the way to New York to take the oath of 
 office he was met everywhere by throngs of people 
 trying to do him honor. 
 
 The old and the young, women and children, 
 thronged the highways to welcome him. Beauti- 
 ful floral arches were erected, and the ground was 
 strewn with roses. In all ways the people did their 
 best to show their love for him. 
 
 For two terms, eight years, George Washington 
 was president of the United States. He refused 
 a third term. He did not think it right for one 
 man to be president longer than eight years. 
 
 Washington had been great as a soldier. He 
 was equally great as a statesman. His two chief 
 qualities were integrity and fairness. He knew 
 what was right, and did it. At the age of sixty- 
 four he retired for the last time to Mount Vernon. 
 
 There he lived for more than two years, when he 
 died suddenly at the age of sixty-seven. The 
 whole nation mourned his loss. He has ever 
 since been called the Father of His Country. 
 
 How many presidents have there been since 
 Washington ? 
 
 Give their names. 
 
 Who is president now ? 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 139 
 
 LESSON 90 
 ABRAHAM LINCOLN — I 
 
 February 12, 1809 marks 
 the date of the birth of one of 
 the greatest and best men our 
 country has ever had. This 
 man was Abraham Lincoln. 
 He was born of very poor 
 parents in a log cabin in the .- 
 backwoods of Kentucky. 
 
 There were no free schools 
 in those days, and Lincoln's 
 parents were too poor to send 
 
 him to school. Lincoln, therefore, had to educate 
 himself. He did not have any books, paper, pens 
 or pencils as children now have. He sometimes 
 walked many miles to borrow books from a friend. 
 For practice in writing he used charcoal and a 
 wooden shovel. He was always industrious, work- 
 ing hard in the daytime and studying hard at 
 night. 
 
 Lincoln left home at twenty-two, to seek his for- 
 tune. His first job was as clerk in a store. Then, 
 he learned surveying. The people who knew him 
 were not afraid to trust him, and almost everybody 
 called him "Honest Abe." 
 
 Lincoln became a candidate for the state legis- 
 
I40 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 lature.in Illinois and was elected. He did so well 
 that he was reelected three times. 
 
 Those were the days when the people of the 
 South kept slaves. Many people in the North 
 thought this was wrong. Lincoln thought that 
 slavery was harmful to the nation. 
 
 Lincoln became a lawyer. After a while he 
 was sent to Washington as a representative from 
 Illinois. He soon made himself heard and the 
 whole country began to know him and trust him 
 more and more. Finally, in i860, he was nomi- 
 nated and elected president of the United States. 
 
 . LESSON 91 
 ABRAHAM LINCOLN — II 
 
 It was during Lincoln's administration that the 
 North and the South were engaged in civil war. 
 The South wanted to leave the Union and make 
 a government of its own. The North said that 
 the Union must be held together at any cost, and 
 that the slaves must be freed. 
 
 Four long years did the war last, and four dark 
 years they were to Abraham Lincoln. 
 
 He had to listen to everybody's complaints. 
 He had to look on while thousands of homes were 
 broken up. But he kept up his patience for his 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 141 
 
 country's sake. He knew that it was the only 
 way the Union could be preserved. 
 
 Finally, at the beginning of his second term, the 
 war was ended. The North had conquered. 
 Peace was restored. Then Lincoln began the 
 work of reuniting the North with the South in 
 brotherly affection. But he did not live long 
 enough to finish it. A bullet from a pistol in the 
 hands of a half-crazy actor crashed into his brain 
 as he sat in the theater on the night of April 14, 
 1865". The next morning he was dead. 
 
 The bells of the nation tolled mournfully. The 
 whole world wept for the good man who had gone. 
 
 We now realize that it was his greatness and 
 goodness that preserved our country. 
 
 LESSON 92 
 SHORT LESSONS IN CIVICS 
 
 City Government 
 
 Good laws and their proper enforcement are the 
 main conditions that help to make a good govern- 
 ment. Without these no person would be safe on 
 the street or at home. To protect life and prop- 
 erty the people make laws which all must obey. 
 If a person steals or commits murder, he breaks the 
 law. If he is found guilty, after a fair trial, he 
 is sent to prison or punished in other ways. 
 
142 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 I \ 
 
 
 W. 
 
 : A 'i'kP 
 
 
 
 The City Hall, New York, in Winter 
 
 In this country the laws are made by the people 
 themselves. 
 
 In some of the small towns the people get to- 
 gether in a large hall called the Town Hall. Here 
 they make laws for themselves and discuss public 
 questions. In such a gathering every citizen has 
 a direct voice in the management of the public 
 affairs of the town. 
 
 In large cities this is impossible. Therefore, 
 the people elect men to make laws for them and 
 to manage public affairs. This is what is meant 
 by City Government. 
 
 Now, in every kind of business, as in every 
 family, there must be a head manager. So the 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 143 
 
 city, which is really a very big family, must also 
 have a chief manager or leader. 
 
 In your shop there is a manager or foreman who 
 is responsible for all the work. In the same way 
 the city must have a manager to take care of the 
 city affairs. It is his duty to see that the men 
 who make the laws, and the others who enforce 
 these laws, do their duty properly. This manager 
 or chief officer is called the mayor. 
 
 A mayor has a great many important respon- 
 sibilities. He must see that the laws are properly 
 enforced. He must see that the streets are kept 
 clean and the city buildings and yards kept in 
 good repair. He must protect life and property 
 from bad people and from fire. He must look 
 out for the health of the people. He must see 
 that the taxes are collected. He must see that 
 proper schools are provided. 
 
 Now, all this is too much for one man to do. 
 So the mayor has other men to help him. Under 
 him he has the police department, the street- 
 cleaning department, the building department, 
 the health department, the water department, 
 assessors and various lesser officers. 
 
 The department of the city government which 
 makes the laws or ordinances is usually made up 
 of two branches : the Board of Aldermen and the 
 Common Council. 
 
144 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 93 
 The Police Department 
 
 In large cities there are many kinds of people. 
 There are good people and bad people. There are 
 honest men and thieves. We know that the good 
 people will not break the laws, but the bad peo- 
 ple have to be watched, or they will steal, rob 
 and break the laws in other ways. 
 
 We, therefore, have men to watch and prevent 
 their lawbreaking. The police are the men who 
 see that the laws are obeyed. It is the duty of 
 the police to protect us and our homes day and 
 night. They arrest lawbreakers and bring them 
 into court. 
 
 A policeman in this country is a friend to every 
 one that he meets. He does all in his power to 
 help people. He gives information to strangers. 
 He returns lost children to their homes. He helps 
 people cross busy streets. He stops reckless 
 driving and regulates traffic. He looks out for 
 accidents. He telephones for the ambulance for 
 sick or injured persons. He is on duty in all 
 kinds of weather. He stops disorders and does 
 many other things for the protection of the people. 
 
 '*An honest man is the noblest work of God. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 145 
 
 LESSON 94 
 The Fire Department 
 
 See the fire engines rushing through the crowded 
 streets ! Hear the bells clanging and the people 
 shouting ! You say to yourself, '* There is a fire 
 somewhere ; I wonder if there are any people in 
 danger." You do not think so much about the 
 house or the goods being destroyed. 
 
 You are not afraid of the house burning down 
 because you have confidence in the Fire Depart- 
 ment. You feel sure that the brave men on the 
 fire engines and ladders will do their duty. When 
 you see the engines rushing past, you feel that it 
 will not take them long to reach the fire ; and that, 
 when they reach it, it will not take them long to 
 put the fire out. 
 
 Now, do you ever stop to think how hard it 
 would be to get along without the firemen ^ If 
 you do, then perhaps you know what the Fire 
 Department means to the city. It means that 
 there are people in the city always ready to pro- 
 tect your house in case of fire. That is why 
 you sleep so soundly at night. You do not need 
 to worry about fires. The Fire Department is 
 always ready to protect you. 
 
 (Conversation : Prevention, and the procedure in discovery of 
 fires.) 
 
 MARK. PRAC. ENG. lO 
 
146 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 95 
 The Street Cleaning Department 
 
 Clean streets are desirable for two reasons : 
 first, the appearance of the city ; and second, the 
 health of its people. 
 
 If the streets are clean, it is an indication that 
 the people are clean and careful. If the streets 
 are dirty, it shows that the people are unclean and 
 careless. It is the same way as in visiting a house. 
 If the house is dirty, you do not have much respect 
 for the people in the house. So with the city : 
 if the city is not clean, strangers will think that 
 the people do not take much interest in the city. 
 
 No one likes to walk in the street and have his 
 eyes, ears, mouth, nose and lungs filled with dirt 
 and dust. It is very unhealthful to breathe dust. 
 
 To keep all the streets clean and free from ice in 
 winter, the city must employ a great many men. 
 This is done by the Street Cleaning Department. 
 
 The city spends a great deal of money to keep 
 the streets clean. This money comes out of the 
 people's pockets. Now, every person can help 
 the city save some of this money by helping to 
 keep the streets clean. If you are in the park, 
 don't throw rubbish on the grass. Throw it into 
 the boxes or barrels placed there for that purpose. 
 
 (Topic : Relation of cleanliness to health.) 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 147 
 
 LESSON 96 • 
 The Health Department 
 
 There is a department in the city government 
 which helps to keep the people in good health. 
 This is the Health Department. 
 
 It is the duty of this department to see that 
 all dirty and filthy places are made clean. It 
 must also try to keep the city free from 
 diseases. 
 
 This department employs men who inspect 
 all bakeshops, grocery stores and meat markets. 
 The law prohibits stores from selling bad or impure 
 food. If the inspectors find any impure food in a 
 store, the proprietor is summoned to court and 
 punished. 
 
 The department employs other men to visit 
 the workrooms. These men see that the working 
 people in all shops get good air and sunshine. 
 
 The Health Department also tries to prevent 
 the spreading of contagious diseases. If the 
 oflScials find that a person has diphtheria, scarlet 
 fever or any other contagious disease, that person 
 is taken to the hospital. 
 
 If the sick person remains in his own home, 
 he is separated from other people in the house. 
 This is done to prevent others from catching the 
 disease. After the sick person is removed to the 
 
148 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 hospital, or after he gets well at home, the rooms 
 are fumigated in order to kill all germs. 
 
 Thus it may be seen that the Health Depart- 
 ment's work is very important. For that reason 
 it is every person's duty to help the department as 
 much as he can. 
 
 Housekeepers should take care to keep their 
 refuse outside. They should see that the garbage 
 and refuse are collected every time the garbage 
 collectors come around. 
 
 It is very important that contagious diseases 
 should be reported to the department as soon as 
 possible. Otherwise, the disease may spread. 
 
 Every person should be careful not to spit on 
 sidewalks or in public places. Spit spreads dis- 
 ease. Consumption is very often spread in this 
 manner. 
 
 Our to-days and yesterdays are the blocks 
 with which we build." 
 
 (Topic : Free medical and surgical service at hospitals and 
 dispensaries.) 
 
 '* Lives of great men all remind us 
 We can make our lives sublime, 
 And departing, leave behind us 
 Footprints on the sands of time." 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 149 
 
 LESSON 97 
 HYGIENE 
 
 Nothing is of more importance to a person than 
 good health. Without it no one can be happy. 
 It is, therefore, necessary to preserve it while we 
 have it. 
 
 To keep in good health we must be careful to 
 breathe fresh air, eat good food and keep our 
 bodies clean. 
 
 No one can be healthy who is always breathing 
 dust and foul air. Therefore, when you sleep at 
 night, and when you work in the shop, keep the 
 windows open. Breathe deeply whenever you 
 can. This will develop the lungs and make them 
 stronger and less liable to become diseased. 
 
 Remember that sunlight is very good for you. 
 Always try to have the sun in your room or in 
 your workshop. The sun is your friend. The 
 trees and the flowers cannot grow without sun- 
 light. Sunlight is good for them, and it is good 
 for you, too. It kills the germs of disease. Then 
 always welcome it, and never keep it out of any 
 room. 
 
 Good food is necessary to good health. The 
 food must be fresh and nourishing. Drink plenty 
 of milk and eat fresh eggs every day. Good food, 
 and plenty of it, makes one strong and enriches 
 
150 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 the blood. With good blood one may be able to 
 resist disease. 
 
 Food, when not chewed well, fails to be as 
 beneficial as it should. Every person should 
 remember to chew his food well and to eat 
 slowly. 
 
 If your teeth are bad and you cannot chew 
 your food properly, go to the dentist and he will 
 take care of them for you. Bad teeth cause 
 disease ; so, take care of your teeth. Clean 
 them with a toothbrush and powder after each 
 meal. 
 
 Exercise is also necessary to health. Walking, 
 rowing, running and ball playing are good forms 
 of exercise. If one has time and opportunity, 
 he should attend a gymnasium. There he can 
 build up his muscles better than anywhere else. 
 
 No person can keep in good health if he is not 
 clean. Bathe often. Do not be stingy with 
 soap and water. They are both cheap, and will 
 do you a great deal of good. It is not enough to 
 wash your hands and face. You must wash your 
 body often. 
 
 Cleanliness is next to godliness." 
 
 (Topic : The benefits of open-air living.) 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 151 
 
 LESSON 98 
 HOW THE CITY RAISES ITS MONEY 
 
 You know how much it costs you for food and 
 clothes. If you are the head of the family, you 
 also know how much it takes to support a family. 
 Do you realize how much money the city needs 
 for all its departments ^ 
 
 You have read about the police, fire, street 
 cleaning and health departments. You know 
 that the city pays the men in these departments. 
 You also know that the city maintains schools, 
 lights the streets, purifies drinking water, collects 
 ashes and refuse, and does many other things for 
 its people. 
 
 Where does the city get the money necessary 
 to do all these things ? 
 
 The city raises money through taxes. 
 
 A tax is the money paid to the city by the 
 people living in the city. Taxes are paid on houses, 
 land, shops and stores. 
 
 What is a poll tax .? Who are supposed to pay 
 poll taxes ^ 
 
 The city also raises money from licenses. What 
 is a license ^ What is the tax rate in your city 
 this year .? How is the tax rate determined ? 
 
 If you buy anything in a store, you have to pay 
 for it. You get nothing free there. Now, the 
 
152 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 city furnishes you free schools, protects your 
 life and property as well as your health, and does 
 a great many other things for you. Is it not just 
 that you should pay your share in return for all 
 these things ? 
 
 (Topic : Levying of taxes — federal revenue.) 
 
 A young man idle, an old man needy." 
 
 LESSON 99 
 STATE GOVERNMENT 
 
 In your school the teacher has charge of the 
 schoolroom. That is, she governs it. The prin- 
 cipal governs all the schoolrooms in the school. 
 Then, there is a superintendent of schools who has 
 charge of all the schools in your city. That is, 
 he governs all the smaller governments in the 
 separate schools. In the same way your state 
 government looks after the governments of the 
 cities in the state. 
 
 The state government is in many ways similar 
 to the city government. It has a head manager 
 and departments which are chosen by the people 
 themselves. 
 
 The head of the state government is called the 
 governor. His term of oflfice in some states is 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 153 
 
 one year ; in others it is two years ; in others it is 
 four years. It is the governor's duty to see that 
 the laws of the state are faithfully executed. He 
 also sees that the public business of the state is 
 conducted properly. Like the mayor in the city 
 government, the governor has departments to 
 help him. 
 
 The department of the state which enacts the 
 laws is called the Legislature. The Legislature 
 is made up of two branches, the Senate and the 
 House of Representatives. These branches are 
 also elected by the people. 
 
 LESSON 100 
 NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 
 
 We have read of the city government for the 
 taking care of the city, and of the state govern- 
 ment for the taking care of the state. Now, we 
 shall read about the national government. 
 
 By national government we mean the govern- 
 ment that takes care of the whole nation. What 
 the state government is to the city governments in 
 that state the national government is to the state 
 governments of the nation. 
 
 The national government is made up of three 
 departments : 
 
154 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 The lawmaking department is known as Con- 
 gress. It is to the nation what the Legislature 
 is to the state, or the Board of Aldermen to the 
 city. 
 
 Congress is made up of two branches, a Senate 
 and a House of Representatives, just like the 
 Legislature of a state. 
 
 How are representatives elected ^ How are 
 senators chosen ^ Who are your senators ^ 
 
 The executive department is composed of the 
 president and his cabinet. The president does 
 for the United States what a governor does for 
 his state, or what a mayor does for his city. He 
 takes care that the national laws are faithfully 
 executed. 
 
 The president has so many interests to attend 
 to that he selects other men to help him. These 
 men form his cabinet. Can you name the members 
 of the present cabinet .^ 
 
 The president is elected by the people for a 
 term of four years. If, however, he does not 
 perform his duties faithfully, he may be impeached 
 by Congress. 
 
 The judicial department is vested in the Supreme 
 Court. 
 
 What are the duties of the Supreme Court ? 
 
 What is the Constitution ? 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 155 
 
 LESSON loi 
 
 NATURALIZATION 
 
 Becoming a Citizen 
 
 If you wish to have a voice in your government, 
 you must become a citizen. You cannot vote if 
 you are not a citizen. 
 
 The first step to become a citizen is to get your 
 hrst papers. 
 
 To get these, one must go to the United States 
 Circuit Court and fill out a blank. This blank 
 is as follows : — 
 
 Name : 
 
 (Do not abbreviate any part of name 
 by initial or otherwise) 
 
 Age : years. 
 
 (Give age at last birthday) 
 
 Occupation : 
 
 Color : Complexion : 
 
 Height : feet inches. 
 
 Weight : pounds. 
 
 Color of hair : Color of eyes : 
 
156 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 Other visible distinctive marks : 
 
 (If no visible distinctive marks so state) 
 
 Where born : ; 
 
 (City or town) (Country) 
 
 Date of birth : , , 
 
 (Month) (Day) (Year) 
 
 Present residence : 
 
 (Number and street) 
 
 (City or town) (State, territory, or district) 
 
 Emigrated from : 
 
 (Port of embarkation) 
 
 (Country) 
 
 Name of vessel : 
 
 (If the applicant arrived otherwise than 
 
 by vessel, the character of conveyance or 
 name of transportation company should be 
 given) 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 157 
 
 Last place of foreign residence : 
 
 (City or Town) 
 
 (Country) 
 I am now a subject of and intend to renounce 
 
 (See note) 
 allegiance to — 
 
 (Name) 
 
 (Title) 
 
 Date of arrival in United States : 
 
 (Month) 
 
 (Day) (Year) 
 
 Port of arrival : 
 
 (City or town) 
 
 (State or territory) 
 
 Note. If applicant is a citizen of a foreign 
 republic, he should fill in the following line in 
 lieu of the above, writing the name of the republic 
 only. 
 
 I am now a citizen of and intend to renounce 
 allegiance to the Republic of 
 
 The clerk of the court helps a man to fill out 
 the blank. When the blank is filled out, the man 
 
158 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 must swear that he answered truthfully. The 
 clerk then gives the man the filled-out blank. 
 This is known as the '* First Papers." They cost 
 one dollar. 
 
 A man can get his First Papers as soon as 
 he arrives in this country. These First Papers 
 do not, however, make a man a citizen. He must 
 get his ** second," or Final Papers. 
 
 To get Final Papers a man must have lived in 
 this country at least five years. Also, two years 
 must elapse between the First and the Final 
 Papers. 
 
 To get the Final Papers a man must go to the 
 court and fill out another blank. The witnesses 
 who sign this paper must have known him at least 
 five years. They must be United States citizens. 
 They must fill out blanks in which they tell all 
 they know about the man. 
 
 The candidate must pay four dollars when he 
 fills out his blank. When the blanks are properly 
 filled, the candidate and witnesses are sworn in. 
 They are then told to come again in about ninety 
 days. 
 
 After the ninety days the three must appear 
 before the judge. They are first sworn in. Then 
 the candidate is asked questions about the Consti- 
 tution and the United States government. If the 
 court is satisfied with the answers, the man is given 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 159 
 
 the oath of allegiance. That is, he swears that he 
 will obey the laws of the land and will adopt this 
 country as his own. He is then given the Final 
 Papers, which means that he has become a citizen. 
 
 LESSON 102 
 REGISTRATION OF VOTERS 
 
 In most states it is necessary for every citizen 
 to have his name registered before he can vote. 
 In every election district there is a Board of Regis- 
 trars. The duty of this board is to make out a 
 list of all citizens in the district who have a right 
 to vote. 
 
 As a rule, a man wishing to vote must appear 
 before the registrars several weeks before election 
 day. He must state to them his name, age, birth- 
 place, where he lives and what his occupation 
 is. If he has but recently become a citizen, he 
 must also show them his citizen papers. 
 
 If the registrars find that the man has all the 
 qualifications of a voter, his name is enrolled upon 
 the voting list. That is, he is registered. 
 
 Are you properly registered ? If so, you should 
 make up your mind to vote wisely. Find out who 
 are the best, the wisest, the most efficient among 
 the candidates, and vote for them. 
 
l6o PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 103 
 
 ELECTIONS 
 
 Voting 
 
 You have already learned that in this country 
 the people make their own government and 
 choose their own public officials. 
 
 They choose these officials by voting for them. 
 Any citizen over twenty-one years of age may vote. 
 
 The men for whom the people vote are called 
 the candidates. These candidates are chosen 
 from the different political parties by the members 
 of those parties. 
 
 On election day it is the duty of every good 
 citizen to go to the polls and vote. The polls 
 is a room where the voters of a district deposit 
 their ballots. In this room also the ballots are 
 counted after the voting ends. 
 
 A ballot is a slip of paper used in voting. On 
 it are printed the names of the candidates and the 
 names of the great political parties. 
 
 When a voter enters the polls, he gives his name 
 to the election officers. These officers have the 
 registration list before them. When the voter's 
 name is found on the list, it is checked off. Then 
 he is given a ballot. 
 
 The voter takes his ballot and passes into a 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS i6l 
 
 small private booth. In the booth he finds writ- 
 ing material and a place to write upon. 
 
 If he wishes to vote for certain candidates, he 
 makes a cross opposite the name of each. 
 
 He then returns to the place where the election 
 officers sit, and his ballot is dropped into a large 
 box. 
 
 Counting the Votes 
 
 On election day the polls close at a certain hour. 
 After the polls are closed the ballots are counted. 
 The counting is done openly before a number of 
 people. The candidate who gets the largest num- 
 ber of votes is declared elected. 
 
 If you want a good government, you must help 
 to elect good and honest officials. That means 
 that you must try to learn as much as you can 
 about the candidates. 
 
 If you vote for a dishonest man, you may help 
 to make the government bad. So always be 
 careful with your vote. 
 
 Actions speak louder than words." 
 
 MARK. PRAC. ENG. 
 
l62 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 LESSON 104 
 RIGHTS AND DUTIES 
 
 In this country every citizen is entitled to cer- 
 tain rights. He has a right to hve, to be free and 
 to be happy. The United States government 
 guarantees him equahty before the law. It grants 
 him the right of a fair trial if he is brought into 
 court for any reason. 
 
 Every citizen has a right to buy, sell and have 
 a home. The United States protects his home 
 as well as his life and liberty. He is given full 
 freedom in his pursuit of happiness. He may do 
 whatever he pleases so long as he does not interfere 
 with the rights of others. 
 
 Every citizen has a voice in the making of the 
 government. It is his privilege to vote for the 
 men he thinks will make the best public officials. 
 
 These are his rights. But for every right a 
 citizen enjoys there is a corresponding duty. 
 
 The first duty of a citizen is obedience to the 
 laws. Laws are made by the people, for the good 
 of all the people. We cannot make special laws 
 for some people. We cannot make exceptions 
 for a few. The laws are made for everybody to 
 obey, and everybody should obey them. 
 
 Every citizen should always be ready to serve 
 his city, state or country. He should be prepared, 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 163 
 
 if necessary, to give up even his life for his 
 country. 
 
 It is also important for every citizen to take an 
 interest in the pubHc welfare. A good citizen 
 pays his share of the taxes. He is interested in 
 the public health, in education and in all things 
 that are good for his city and state. 
 
 A good citizen watches the work of the public 
 officials. At election time he votes for honest and 
 efficient candidates. 
 
 A good citizen earns his own living. He does 
 not become a burden on others. He is honest in 
 all his dealings. He is always ready to help the 
 poor and the helpless. 
 
 A tree is known by its fruit." 
 
 LESSON 105 
 
 CITY LIFE AND COUNTRY LIFE 
 
 I. The Early Struggles of an Immigrant 
 
 Joseph Belman landed in New York in 1902. 
 He had left oppressive Russia to seek his fortune 
 in free America. 
 
 Joseph landed here with very little money. He 
 could not afford to remain idle very long. So he 
 started to look for work at once. He finally 
 obtained a job as finisher in a skirt shop. 
 
l64 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 Joseph was not experienced in this kind of 
 work. In Russia he had owned a small store where 
 he did not have to work very hard. Now every- 
 thing was changed. He had to work hard in the 
 shop. And worse still, he received very small 
 wages for his hard work. 
 
 He also found the ways of living different from 
 those in Russia. In Russia he lived in a very small 
 town where there was plenty of air and grass. 
 Also food and rent were cheap in that small town. 
 But in New York he had to live in a small, stuffy 
 room. Food was dear, and rent was high. 
 
 However, these things did not discourage Jo- 
 seph, for he had to think of his wife and two 
 children whom he had left behind in Russia. He 
 was looking forward to the time when he could 
 send for them to come to America. 
 
 So he worked as hard as he could. He also 
 learned as much as he could about his work. As 
 his work improved, his wages were raised. This 
 was a blessing to him, for he was now able to send 
 more to his family. Also he began to put money 
 aside for the tickets that he hoped to buy to 
 bring his family over. 
 
 For himself he cared little. So, to save more, 
 he lived in a cheap room and ate very plain food. 
 His room was a small back room on the fourth 
 floor of a tenement house. No sunlight ever 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 165 
 
 entered there. No fresh air ever came near the 
 place. The only things Joseph could see from his 
 room were the dirty windows and dirtier walls of 
 his neighbors. The smell from the back yard 
 was so bad that Joseph had to keep his window 
 closed most of the time. 
 
 All this soon began to tell on Joseph's health. 
 It was impossible for any one that was used to 
 fresh air to remain healthy under such bad con- 
 ditions. He gradually grew thinner. His face 
 became pale. His eyes were sunken. He coughed 
 and he could not sleep at night. 
 
 Still, Joseph kept on working hard and saving. 
 Finally he had saved enough to buy the tickets. 
 He was a proud man when he sent his wife the 
 tickets and money for the journey. 
 
 II. The Immigrant's Family arrives, and the Struggle 
 becomes Harder 
 
 It was in February and the weather outside was 
 very cold. In a back room, on the top floor of 
 an old tenement house, were a man and a woman 
 with two children. They were sitting beside a 
 small stove. They had their coats on, for the 
 room was cold. There was a fire in the stove, 
 but it gave forth very little heat. The fire had 
 been built with paper and wood. There was no 
 coal in the house. 
 
l66 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS ' 
 
 Every few moments the man would cough 
 dryly. It was clear that he was not well. The 
 man was in fact too ill to work. The doctor had 
 ordered him to stop work for a while. He had 
 also advised him to go to the country to live in 
 fresh air. 
 
 But how was the man to get to the country with- 
 out money ? He had not worked for a long time. 
 The family's little savings were all gone. Their 
 only income was from his wife's work. She had to do 
 washing for others to keep her family from starving. 
 The children were yet too young to work. 
 
 This man was Joseph Belman of whom we read 
 in the last lesson. His wife and children had 
 come to him from Russia two years before. 
 
 Things had not prospered with Joseph. His 
 health had gradually failed after his family had 
 come. His earnings had not permitted them to 
 live in comfort. Prices of food were getting 
 higher every day. The food value of a dollar was 
 less than it had been for him in his small town in 
 Russia. He earned more in New York, but the 
 cost of living was much higher than in Russia. 
 Rent was very high. A large part of his earnings 
 had to go to his landlord. 
 
 The Belman family had to live in cramped rooms 
 under unhealthy conditions. The more uncom- 
 fortable it was for his family, the harder Joseph 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 167 
 
 worked to earn more. And the harder he worked, 
 the sicker he grew, until finally he became too 
 ill to work at all. 
 
 Fortunately for Joseph, his friends began to 
 take an interest in his case. They raised some 
 money which they lent to Joseph. They then 
 helped him find a small farm at some distance 
 from the city. They thought that the country 
 air would help Joseph's health. They expected 
 also that he would do better at farming than 
 working in a shop. 
 
 A first payment was made for the farm. The 
 balance was to he paid by Joseph on easy terms. 
 Joseph and his family, therefore, moved to the 
 country. 
 
 III. The Family moves to the Country and finds 
 Prosperity 
 
 Four years had passed since the Belmans had 
 moved to the country. Great changes had taken 
 place in this family's life. It was hard to believe 
 that this same family had been starving in an old 
 tenement house four years ago. 
 
 Things had surely prospered with Joseph. He 
 was now a happy and well-to-do farmer. He 
 lived in a comfortable house, surrounded by 
 grass, trees and beautiful flowers. He had a 
 stable with horses and cows in it. 
 
l68 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 He raised plenty of corn and wheat. He grew 
 abundance of fruit and vegetables. He had several 
 cows and a great many chickens and hens. The 
 Belmans were well supplied with food. They 
 baked their own bread. They had their own meat, 
 
 
 ...^I^^Pbrl*^- 
 
 milk, butter and eggs. Everything they ate was 
 fresh and pure. 
 
 They had of these things a great deal more 
 than they could use for themselves. So Joseph 
 would sell at the markets and make a good profit. 
 This profit, of course, did them a great deal of 
 good. They could buy nice furniture and good 
 clothes, and get other things for their comfort. 
 But these were not the only things they now 
 enjoyed. 
 
 They breathed fresh air all the time. They had 
 plenty of sunlight. There was plenty of room for 
 the children to play. They could all sleep soundly 
 at night. Everything was quiet and peaceful. 
 All this made them healthy. Joseph was again the 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 169 
 
 same strong, healthy man that he had been in 
 Russia. 
 
 The Belmans were very happy now. The first 
 year at the farm had been a hard one for them. 
 They did not know very much about farming, 
 and the results were poor. But farming is not 
 hard to learn, and so the second year ended with 
 much better results. 
 
 It was during the third year, however, that 
 things began to prosper. Joseph had learned his 
 work well. He had learned how to get the best 
 results. He worked hard and enjoyed the work. 
 Good results were, therefore, bound to follow. 
 
 LESSON 106 
 OPPORTUNITIES IN AGRICULTURE 
 
 We have just read how one family, having 
 struggled in the city, became prosperous after 
 moving to the country. This is true of thousands 
 of families all over the country. 
 
 Too many of the new Americans settle in the 
 large cities. It would be a great deal better for 
 most of them if they would settle in the country 
 instead. One reason is that the country is more 
 healthful than the city. Another reason is that 
 living expenses are much higher in the city. 
 
I70 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 In a large city one cannot have fresh air. The 
 poor people there have to live in close, crowded 
 tenement houses. These houses are surrounded 
 by taller buildings which shut off all air and light. 
 The only parts of the outside world one can see 
 from the houses are the back windows of neigh- 
 bors. 
 
 The houses are mostly old and broken down. 
 They are cold in winter and very hot in summer. 
 
 In the hot summer evenings the people of these 
 houses cannot remain indoors. They have to be 
 on the streets, on the roofs or in the parks. To 
 sleep in the houses at night is impossible. The 
 fire escapes have to serve as beds. 
 
 In winter many of these poor people suffer from 
 cold. They have not enough coal. Thousands 
 of them appeal to charitable organizations for fuel 
 and shelter. 
 
 These things are not to be wondered at. Most 
 of you must know how difficult it is to be com- 
 fortable in a large city. The prices of all foods, 
 clothes, etc., are high. Rent also is very high, 
 and the rooms are small and poorly ventilated. 
 Yet earnings are very small. What chance has 
 an ordinary working man of being comfortable 
 under such conditions ^ 
 
 Besides all this, a large city breeds consump- 
 tion, for consumption is caused by living in impure 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 171 
 
 air. And a large city is the poorest place in the 
 world for getting a supply of fresh air. 
 
 The large city is especially harmful to the new 
 Americans who have lived in small towns in their 
 own countries. They have been used to fresh air, 
 pure food and restful living. These things kept 
 them healthy. When they come to a large city, 
 they are obliged to live in air that is full of dust, 
 smoke and unhealthful germs. They have very 
 little rest. They must work hard and fast to 
 earn enough. At night they cannot sleep well, 
 there is so much noise and the air is so oppressive. 
 
 In the country, new Americans would be health- 
 ier and happier than in the city, for there the air is 
 pure and healthful. Country people live better and 
 quieter lives than do city people. Their food is 
 purer and cheaper. There is more sunlight. Rents 
 are lower. They do not have to work as hard as 
 city people, for they do not have to earn so much. 
 
 The best way to get all the advantages of 
 country life is to take a small farm not too far 
 from the city. 
 
 It is not very difficult to get such a farm. One 
 does not need a great deal of money. There are 
 abandoned farms in some places that one can buy 
 or lease on easy terms. 
 
 The State Agricultural Department will tell one 
 all about soils and climates and about abandoned 
 
1/2 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 farms. There are many places where with a Httle 
 money one can buy land lots. Many of these can 
 be turned into good gardens for raising truck to 
 be sold in the city. 
 
 In the large cities there are associations that 
 help poor people who wish to settle in the country. 
 These associations lend worthy people money 
 on easy terms. 
 
 On a farm a family can usually raise enough for 
 its own needs and have something to sell. If a 
 man is careful and willing to work, he can always 
 improve the land and increase the produce. 
 
 If the poor people in the cities would begin to 
 see the opportunities awaiting them in the country 
 towns, there would not be so many of them sick 
 and unhappy. 
 
 " Happy the man whose wish and care 
 A few paternal acres bound, 
 Content to breathe the wholesome air 
 In his own ground. 
 
 " Whose herds with milk, whose fields with bread, 
 Whose flocks supply him with attire ; 
 Whose trees in summer yield him shade, 
 In winter, fire." 
 
 '—Alexander Pope. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 173 
 
 LESSON 107 
 AMERICA OUR HOME 
 
 Most of you who have come to America from 
 Europe probably landed in the great city of New 
 York. You may recall seeing the statue of Liberty 
 in the New York harbor. 
 
 It has been placed there to show the newcomers 
 that they are welcome. It lights the way to 
 liberty. It is meant to show that in this country 
 the oppressed of other countries will find refuge 
 and freedom. 
 
 It is meant to show that here every citizen has 
 a voice in the making of the laws. It is a reminder 
 that all in this country have equal opportunities. 
 
 The name America has come to mean oppor- 
 tunity. Thousands of persons have come to this 
 country poor and have become successful. They 
 saw the opportunities and grasped them. They 
 worked hard and succeeded. 
 
 The chief secret of success is to work hard. In 
 the school, in the shop, wherever you wish to 
 succeed, you must do your best, and try to im- 
 prove your mind. 
 
 Is not then this a country to be proud of ^ 
 Should we not all be glad that we live here ? 
 This is our country — The Home of the Free — 
 The Land of Opportunity — America. 
 
174 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 Here is the United States flag. It is 
 the flag that everyone respects and loves, 
 for it stands for what is dear to every 
 one's heart — justice and Hberty. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 175 
 
 This flag also tells the story of our country's 
 freedom. The thirteen stripes — seven red and six 
 white — represent the original states that fought 
 in the Revolutionary War with England. It was 
 these thirteen states that made this great govern- 
 ment possible. 
 
 The colors of the flag, red, white and blue, 
 stand for certain national virtues. Red stands for 
 bravery ; white, for purity ; and blue, for justice. 
 
 In the upper left-hand corner of the flag is a 
 blue square with white stars. These stars rep- 
 resent the difl^erent states in the Union. There 
 are in this blue field as many stars as there are 
 states in the Union. Whenever a new state is 
 admitted to the Union, a new star is added to the 
 flag. 
 
 OUR BANNER 
 
 Flag of our country, far afloat, 
 
 Over the land and sea ! 
 The steadfast light on Glory's height, 
 
 The banner of the free ! " 
 
 Purity speaks from your folds of white, 
 
 Truth from your sky of blue. 
 Courage shines forth in the crimson stripes 
 
 And leads to victories new. 
 
176 PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS 
 
 Fadeless, like stars in the arching skies, 
 
 In glory your stars shine on, 
 And promise the peace that ne'er shall cease. 
 
 In the land by valor won. 
 
 THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER 
 
 Oh, say, can you see, by the dawn's early light. 
 What SQ proudly we hailed at the twilight's last 
 
 gleaming. 
 Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the 
 
 perilous fight, 
 O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly 
 
 streaming ? 
 And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in 
 
 air. 
 Gave proof through the night that our flag was 
 
 still there : 
 Oh, say, does that Star-Spangled Banner yet wave 
 O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ? 
 
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