' 
 
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 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 AT LOS ANGELES 
 
 ROBERT ERNEST COWAN
 
 LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS 
 912 TRUSTEES' SERIES NO. 22 
 
 DEDICATION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 LANE MEDICAL LIBRARY 
 
 LELAND STANFORD JR. UNIVERSITY 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, NOVEMBER 3, 1912 
 
 ADDRESSES 
 
 OF 
 
 TIMOTHY HOPKINS 
 EMMET RIXFORD 
 DAVID STARR JORDAN 
 
 STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIFORNIA 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 1912
 
 LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS 
 
 1912 TRUSTEES' SERIES NO. 22 
 
 DEDICATION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 LANE MEDICAL LIBRARY 
 
 LELAND STANFORD JR. UNIVERSITY 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, NOVEMBER 3, 1912 
 
 ADDRESSES 
 
 OF 
 
 TIMOTHY HOPKINS 
 EMMET RIXFORD 
 DAVID STARR JORDAN 
 
 STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIFORNIA 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 1912
 
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 DEDICATION OF THE LANE MEDICAL LIBRARY 
 OF LELAND STANFORD JR. UNIVERSITY 
 
 On November 3, 1912, the building intended to house the Lane 
 Medical Library of Leland Stanford Jr. University, in connection 
 with the Medical Department of the University, was formally dedi- 
 cated at San Francisco. 
 
 Addresses were given on that occasion by Mr. Timothy Hopkins, 
 President of the Board of Trustees, by Dr. Emmet Rixford, Professor 
 of Surgery, and by David Starr Jordan, President of the University. 
 These addresses are included in this publication. 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 President Hopkins presided and opened the meeting with the fol- 
 lowing words : 
 
 We meet to dedicate this handsome library building to the cause 
 of education and to humanity, and in behalf of the Board of Trustees 
 of Stanford University, I welcome you. The Reverend Bradford 
 Leavitt will open the exercises with prayer. 
 
 After the prayer, President Hopkins introduced Dr. Rixford as 
 follows : 
 
 It is no severe strain upon the imagination to believe that, as time 
 rolls on, the three great metropolitan cities of the United States will be 
 Chicago, in its center, and New York and San Francisco upon its two 
 seaboards. A city becomes a metropolis, in the broad acceptance of the 
 term, at that stage in its development when, its commercial and financial 
 resources being firmly established, it can turn attention to the Arts and 
 Sciences and adorn itself with libraries, museums, art galleries, opera 
 houses, and other evidences of the cultured side of life. 
 
 Today, in opening this Medical library to the public, our city by the 
 Golden Gate has met one more requirement for entrance into the metro- 
 politan sisterhood, she is one step nearer the brilliant destiny awaiting her. 
 
 The cities of the United States in which special buildings are devoted 
 to medical libraries are few in number, and this building, in addition to 
 marking an epoch in our metropolitan progress, has the distinction of 
 being the first structure of a strictly non-utilitarian character (other than 
 churches) to be completed in the rebuilding of our municipality. The 
 collection of books it contains may also well be a subject of civic pride,
 
 since it ranks among the greatest in size and importance of the med- 
 ical libraries in America. 
 
 The Levi Cooper Lane Library of Medicine and Surgery was found- 
 ed, and this building erected, with funds provided by Dr. Levi Cooper 
 Lane and Pauline C. Lane, his wife. 
 
 Dr. Lane devoted for many years both his time and his fortune to 
 medical education, and this manifestation of the foresight and generosity 
 of himself and Mrs. Lane is an appropriate and fitting climax to his life's 
 work. 
 
 The formation and care of the library was intrusted to the Directors of 
 the Cooper Medical College, who transferred it to Stanford at the same 
 time that they deeded to that University the property and equipment of 
 the college. Results show that their work was well done. 
 
 Dr. Emmet Rixford, a pupil of and an associate with Dr. Lane in 
 Cooper Medical College and, we are glad to add, now of Stanford 
 has always taken a deep interest in the library, and has loyally devoted 
 such time as could be spared from the practice of the busiest of profes- 
 sions, to its care and development. This intimate connection with the 
 library enables him to speak authoritatively, and he has kindly consented 
 to give us its history. 
 
 A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE HISTORY OF THE LANE MEDICAL 
 LIBRARY AND OF COOPER MEDICAL COLLEGE 
 
 Dr. Rixford said: 
 
 We are assembled here this afternoon to participate in the formal 
 opening of the Lane Medical Library and in the dedication of this beau- 
 tiful building, an event which is of the greatest importance in the devel- 
 opment of medical education and the progress of medical science on the 
 Pacific Coast. But this meeting marks another event of perhaps even 
 greater significance in the history of medical education in Western 
 America the transformation of Cooper Medical College into the Med- 
 ical Department of Leland Stanford Junior University. It is a matter of 
 gratification to me that I should have been requested by the Trustees of 
 the University to speak on this occasion of the history of the Lane Med- 
 ical Library and Cooper Medical College. It gives me an opportunity to 
 tell of the growth of my most beloved hobby and to say, as it were, a last 
 word for Cooper College, which for the past forty years has stood at the 
 front in the advancement of medical education in California and has been 
 alma mater to so large a proportion of the practitioners of the Pacific 
 Coast. 
 
 First of the library: Previously to 1895 there had been made several 
 sporadic attempts to gather together a collection of medical books in 
 Cooper College for the use of its students. Members of the Faculty con- 
 tributed from their private libraries and the College bought a few books, 
 notably a set of the Sydenham Society's publications at the suggestion of 
 
 6
 
 Dr. S. O. L. Potter, then Professor of the Principles and Practice of 
 Medicine. Dr. W. D. Johnston and Dr. Charles H. Steele, who suc- 
 cessively served as librarian, made various attempts to arouse interest in 
 the library. In my student days the shelves contained a much-worn copy 
 of Gray's "Anatomy," Dalton's "Physiology," Pepper's and Reynold's 
 "Systems of Medicine," and some other text books, a set of Wood's 
 "Medical Monographs" and a copy of the British Encyclopaedia. With 
 no regularly attending librarian, the books were scattered about, were 
 never in their places and developed an extreme volatility so that Dr. 
 Steele, when Librarian, in desperation locked up the books securely in 
 glass cases so that at least they could be seen. 
 
 It had been the custom for each graduating class on leaving the col- 
 lege to signalize its sense of obligation to its alma mater by making a 
 parting gift to the head janitor. One class, I remember, gave him a gold 
 watch and another a diamond ring. When the time approached for my 
 class to graduate 1891 some of us conceived the revolutionary idea 
 that it would be more fitting for our class, of which we felt singularly 
 and justly proud, to inaugurate the custom of presenting to the library 
 a set of books perhaps some work of reference. The plan naturally met 
 with much resistance on the part of the men who had received favors 
 from the presiding janitor. After much debate we finally arrived at a 
 compromise we doubled the amount of the usual subscription that we 
 might carry out both these worthy objects. I was appointed treasurer 
 of the fund and had little difficulty in making the collection, except from 
 a very small minority. One of this group, a big raw-boned fellow, 
 loudly proclaimed that he had paid his tuition fees and owed the college 
 nothing. However, it should be recorded every member of the class paid 
 his subscription and the money was sufficient to purchase a well known 
 "Atlas of Skin Diseases" for the library and a handsome ring for the 
 janitor. Of course the names of the members of the class were inscribed 
 in the Atlas on a fly leaf. 
 
 In 1898 a signal departure in the method of instruction was inaug- 
 urated in Cooper Medical College by the creation of a salaried Profes- 
 sorship of Pathology and the election of Dr. William Ophiils to the 
 position. Of course a paid pathologist must have books so the library's 
 two friends, Dr. Barkan and Dr. Hirschfelder, gave each $100 for 
 books on pathology and physiology. From now on the library was a 
 vigorously growing youngster with an insatiable appetite. A system of 
 exchange was inaugurated, the State Library at Sacramento was invaded 
 and some of its duplicates bought, older practitioners were importuned 
 to contribute their accumulations of pamphlets, journals, etc., others to 
 contribute their current periodicals. A number of Eastern medical 
 libraries gave very material assistance in the contribution of an occa- 
 sional box of books notably the Library of the New York Academy of 
 Medicine and the Boston Medical Library. The Library of the Surgeon 
 General's office, perhaps the greatest collection of medical literature in 
 
 7
 
 the world, receiving as it does a vast quantity of duplicate material, per- 
 mits librarians of struggling libraries to take what they need from this 
 duplicate material. On each of several visits to Washington I spent a 
 day or so rummaging in the duplicate room and digging out a lot of 
 books, reports, transactions and odd periodicals which were of use to the 
 College library. 
 
 One of our ambitions was to gather together the fast disappearing 
 material out of which some day might be written a comprehensive his- 
 tory of the medical profession of the Pacific Coast. We set about to 
 secure a copy of everything which had been printed on medical matters 
 in California. Aside from a few medical journals, most of this material 
 is in the form of pamphlets. The pioneer physicians of the Golden State 
 were famous pamphleteers. Such things could only be found in second- 
 hand book shops and in dusty and forgotten closets consorting with old 
 shoes, carpet bags, and boot- jacks. As the older practitioners dropped 
 off one by one, these invaluable accumulations of pamphlets were ruth- 
 lessly destroyed, while the comparatively worthless text-books, out of 
 date before they were printed, were religiously preserved. We carried 
 on a deal of correspondence in an effort to forestall this slaughter, asking 
 for everything, no matter how worthless, for even old college announce- 
 ments were of value to us. We had the satisfaction of securing all of 
 the periodicals of California and a mass of ephemera which will be in- 
 valuable for the object stated. 
 
 During all this time Dr. L. C. Lane, President of the College, ap- 
 parently paid little attention to the College library beyond contributing 
 occasionally a few books, among them a set of the Index Catalogue of 
 the Library of the Surgeon General's Office; but one evening in 1898 he 
 sent for me to come to his house. My astonishment knew no bounds 
 when he announced that he and Mrs. Lane had just made their wills and 
 wanted me to be one of the witnesses thereto. Dr. Lane then gave me a 
 resume of the provisions of their wills, saying that it was their desire that 
 the residue of their property should be devoted to the purposes of a Med- 
 ical Library. 
 
 Dr. Lane died February 9, 1902, leaving his entire estate to his wife. 
 She died within the year leaving one-third of the entire estate to Cooper 
 Medical College for the purposes of a Medical Library and a "special 
 library building therefor," one-third being all of an estate which, under 
 the law of the State of California, can be conveyed by will to a corpora- 
 tion or for charitable purposes. The remaining two-thirds were left to 
 the then President of the College. 
 
 The one-third of the estate which the college received for the library 
 consisted of some $40,000 in money and a one-third interest in a large 
 amount of unproductive real estate of the value approximately of $150,- 
 ooo, more than would be needed for a simple college library but utterly 
 inadequate to erect a monumental building for a general medical library 
 such as Mrs. Lane had planned, and at the same time provide sufficient 
 
 8
 
 endowment for its maintenance. The sale of several pieces of the real 
 estate enabled the Directors of Cooper College to purchase as a site for 
 the Library the lot on which this building stands, while the interest on 
 the $35,000 which remained in the bank furnished a small fund for the 
 purchase of books. 
 
 After Mrs. Lane's death the library was enriched by the private 
 library of Dr. Lane, consisting of some 2,000 volumes, containing many 
 medical classics and some valuable historical material, and raising the 
 number of volumes in the library to 10,000, exclusive of duplicates. 
 
 In furtherance of their trust under the will of Mrs. Lane, the Direc- 
 tors of Cooper College by resolution of August 13, 1906, founded the 
 Lane Medical College, contributing the college library as its nucleus, 
 and set about making plans for the Library building. When it came to 
 the question of endowment the Directors were informed that the two- 
 thirds of the estate bequeathed by Mrs. Lane to the president of the cor- 
 poration were considered by the latter a personal gift and would not be 
 available either for the Library or the Lane Medical Lectures. This of 
 course put an effectual stop to construction of the Library at that time. 
 
 In 1906, through the goodness of Dr. Abraham Jacobi of New York, 
 we were enabled to purchase at a most advantageous price the great col- 
 lection of duplicates of the New York Academy of Medicine the bulk 
 of which was the former Library of the New York Hospital which 
 added some 28,000 volumes to our stacks, exclusive of duplicates, and 
 made the Lane Medical Library the largest west of Chicago and the 
 seventh in size in the United States. 
 
 When Cooper Medical College conveyed its properties to Stanford 
 University it transferred to the Trustees of the University its Lane 
 Medical Library Trust. How well the University authorities have ful- 
 filled the trust, advancing funds to the library against the landed endow- 
 ment as security so as to make the library immediately available, this 
 beautiful building testifies. 
 
 The conservative Trustees, however, were willing to advance in this 
 manner only $80,000 and contemplated erecting a Library building on 
 the L or key lot adjoining, but the Directors of Cooper College felt that 
 a building in a narrow lot in the middle of the block would not have the 
 monumental character desired for the Lane "Medical Library, so they ap- 
 propriated from the reserve funds of the college $20,000 which enabled 
 the Trustees to erect this splendid building on its present site. Of course 
 the building and its equipment cost a good deal more in the end, but the 
 Trustees have the consciousness of a good piece of work well done. 
 
 Dr. A. Barkan had created a fund in Cooper College of $5,000, 
 known as the Teachers' Fund, the income of which was expended in 
 traveling expenses of some member of the teaching staff to assist him in 
 visiting other medical institutions. When the properties were turned 
 over to Stanford University, there being no longer any use for the Teach- 
 ers' Fund of Cooper College, the Directors, with Dr. Barkan's consent, 
 
 9_
 
 transferred this sum to Stanford University as an endowment of a sec- 
 tion on opthalmology in the Lane Medical Library to be named for Dr. 
 Rarkan. Dr. Barkan added another $5,000, which made an endowment 
 of the Barkan Library of Opthalmology and Otology of a round $10,000. 
 
 Now that Dr. Henry Gibbons, Jr., the students' friend and for forty 
 years the Dean of the College, has passed away his old associates in the 
 faculty and his former students have undertaken to raise a similar fund 
 for a section of the Library on obstetrics as a memorial to Dr. Gibbons, 
 by which in a sense his life's work as a teacher may be continued. 
 
 The history of Cooper Medical College is bound up in the lives and 
 achievements of two remarkable men Levi Cooper Lane and his uncle, 
 Elias Samuel Cooper, for whom the college was named. 
 
 Dr. Cooper began the study of medicine at the age of sixteen, receiv- 
 ing his degree from the St. Louis University in 1843. He entered prac- 
 tice in Danville, then moved to Peoria, Illinois, where for several years 
 he maintained a dissecting room in connection with his office. He knew 
 and greatly admired Dr. G. L. Brainerd, founder of Rush Medical College, 
 Chicago, and became fired with the desire to emulate him and found a 
 medical college on the Pacific Coast. After a tour in Europe, he started 
 for Portland, Oregon. A companion on the steamer was Captain James 
 M. McDonald and the friendship which ripened on this voyage was the 
 reason for Captain McDonald's gift to Cooper College, forty years after- 
 wards, of the two fifty varas of land on which Lane Hospital was erected, 
 besides $25,000 in money for college purposes. 
 
 Dr. Cooper by some persuasion stopped in San Francisco and met 
 with signal success in surgical practice. He was a leading spirit in the 
 movement which resulted in the formation of the State Medical Society 
 in 1856, and in that year began the publishing of the San Francisco Med- 
 ical Press. In 1858 he founded a Medical school in San Francisco, the 
 first on the Pacific Coast, naming it the Medical Department of the Uni- 
 versity of the Pacific. Dr. Cooper made the very remarkable announce- 
 ment of a course in operative surgery on animals as affording the stu- 
 dents unusual opportunities of perfecting themselves in operative tech- 
 nique. In default of a charter the school got its authority 
 for the granting of degrees in Medicine by an affiliation with the Univer- 
 sity of the Pacific in San Jose. They had at first no students, but the 
 faculty held regular sessions and lectured to each other. The school met 
 with the most intense criticism and opposition on the part of a large pro- 
 portion of the medical profession ; it was called the "Cooper Shop," was 
 the object of scathing denunciation in the Pacific Medical Journal and 
 the California Medical Gazette. However, it persevered and graduated 
 a number of men who took prominent place in the medical profession of 
 California. 
 
 In the faculty were some very well known men A. J. Bowie, Isaac 
 Rowell, J. F. Morse, R. Beverly Cole, Henry Gibbons (Sr.) and, after 
 
 10
 
 1860, L. C. Lane, who had resigned from the Navy and, at his uncle's 
 invitation, entered practice in San Francisco. 
 
 Sessions were held in the rooms in the top story of Dr. Cooper's 
 office on Mission Street, below Third. It is interesting to note that Dr. 
 Cole, who was dean or secretary of the faculty, felt that the modest 
 quarters, although rent free, were beneath the dignity of an institution 
 which was destined to take prominent place among the educational insti- 
 tutions of the country, and he urged the renting of some more conspic- 
 uous building up town ; in fact he paid the rent out of his own pocket for 
 a time of a part of Union Hall, which old San Franciscans will remember 
 stood on Howard Street near Fourth, but it was not many months before 
 they moved back into Dr. Cooper's building. 
 
 This school graduated twenty-eight students with the degree of 
 M. D. between the years 1859 and 1864, among them several who became 
 well known: Henry Gibbons, Jr., William J. Younger (the dentist), 
 James Murphy, John E. Kunkler, M. A. Cachot, D. S. Deal, W. T. Gar- 
 wood. 
 
 Dr. Cooper died in 1862 at the age of forty, and the school, lacking 
 his strong leadership, soon went to decay and in 1864, when Dr. H. H. 
 Toland founded the Toland Medical College and erected a commodious 
 brick building on Stockton Street near the City and County Hospital, 
 which then was on Francisco Street at North Beach, the Medical Depart- 
 ment of the University of the Pacific ceased its activities and its students 
 continued their work in the new school. 
 
 It was not long, however, before the students petitioned the faculty 
 to invite Dr. Lane and Dr. Gibbons to become teachers in that school. 
 This was done and Dr. Lane became Professor of Physiology, and Dr. 
 Henry Gibbons (Sr.) became Professor of Materia Medica and Thera- 
 peutics, and Dr. J. F. Morse (Sr.) Professor of Clinical Medicine. Dr. 
 Cole was not invited as he was out of favor with Dr. Toland. He was 
 subsequently avenged, however, when as a member of the Board of Su- 
 pervisors he was instrumental in having the City and County Hospital 
 moved from the neighborhood of Dr. Toland's building to the extreme 
 opposite side of the town the present site on Potrero avenue and this 
 very shortly after Dr. Toland with much difficulty had secured access to 
 the hospital wards for his students. In the later sixties there were no 
 street cars running into the Mission, in fact many of the streets were not 
 yet graded. I do not hesitate to tell of this incident because Dr. Cole 
 often spoke of it jokingly in after years. 
 
 After six years, therefore, in 1870, because of internal dissension in 
 the school, the detail of which need not be mentioned here, Dr. Lane and 
 Dr. Gibbons resigned from the faculty of Toland College and reorganized 
 the old school with many of its old faculty, including A. J. Bowie, J. F. 
 Morse, J. P. Whitney as Emeritus Professors and R. Beverly Cole. Dr. 
 Henry Gibbons, Jr. was made Dean. All the students but one left Toland 
 and went into the new school, which in order to secure authority to grant
 
 diplomas entered into relations with University (City) College, a Pres- 
 byterian school on Stockton Street where the City of Paris Building now 
 stands, and held its sessions in the college building. In recognition of 
 the services of this Presbyterian School, the Medical College, which soon 
 changed its name to that of the Medical College of the Pacific, gave free 
 tuition in medicine to one student each year nominated by the University 
 College and later by the Presbyterian Church, a custom which was 
 continued for many years after the Presbyterian college went out of 
 existence, that is, until about 1895. Though the purpose was to further 
 the cause of the medical missionary, not all who received free tuition in 
 this manner became missionaries ; some entered private practice. 
 
 In a short time Dr. Toland besought Dr. Lane and Dr. Gibbons to 
 let by-gones be by-gones and to come back into the Toland School but 
 it was characteristic of both these strong men not to retrace a step once 
 taken besides they had the students. Dr. Toland then sought through 
 Dr. Cole to induce the students to return. Dr. Cole went, but no stu- 
 dents followed. Soon Dr. Toland made overtures to the Regents of the 
 University of California which resulted in the affiliation of the Toland 
 Medical College with the University in 1873. 
 
 The privilege of giving clinical instruction in the wards of the City 
 and County Hospital was obtained (in 1870) and an out-patient or am- 
 bulatory clinic was opened in the college building. Dr. John F. Morse 
 (Sr.) was chiefly instrumental in the establishment of this clinic and gave 
 it a great deal of attention, in consideration of which after his death in 
 1877 the faculty named it the Morse Dispensary, which name it bore for 
 fifteen years even after the college became Cooper College. 
 
 In 1882 the members of the faculty were invited by Dr. Lane to 
 form with him a new college to be known as Cooper Medical College in 
 honor of Dr. Lane's uncle, Dr. Cooper. Dr. Lane had constructed with 
 his own funds and without consultation with or knowledge of the faculty 
 the great brick building now standing on the northeast corner of Sacra- 
 mento and Webster streets. Many people have thought that this build- 
 ing was constructed with money which Dr. Lane had received from his 
 uncle's estate. But the fact is that Dr. Lane received nothing from his 
 uncle's estate except some bills which were presented after the estate 
 was closed and which Dr. Lane paid. The only money that Dr. Lane re- 
 ceived from his family was the sum of $80.00 from his mother's estate. 
 When he had completed Cooper Medical College, he used these $80.00 
 for a pedestal to support the heart and brain of Dr. Cooper, which had 
 been preserved in an inner sanctum in the College museum. 
 
 Needless to say the invitation to form a new college was accepted 
 and Cooper Medical College was organized and incorporated under the 
 laws of California as a "corporation to do business without profit." At 
 this time, which was soon after the adoption by the State of California 
 of the so-called "New Constitution," there was no provision of law for 
 the incorporation of educational institutions as such. 
 
 12
 
 Dr. Henry Gibbons, Jr., whom in those days they called Harry Gib- 
 bons, was elected Dean of the Faculty and Treasurer of the Corporation 
 two positions which he held until his death. 
 
 In 1882 Dr. Lane founded a course of popular lectures to be given 
 in the college auditorium each winter whose object was the dissemina- 
 tion among the people of medical knowledge. To insure the perpetuation 
 of the course, which was designated the Lane Popular Lectures, he made 
 the giving of the lectures the condition on which he deeded the property 
 to the College. 
 
 The lectures were bitterly assailed as subversive of the dignity of 
 the medical profession. Their effect in removing the veil of mystery be- 
 hind which medicine masqueraded was looked upon with extreme dis- 
 favor, but the wisdom of the founder of the lectures is now seen clearly 
 enough, for the medical profession at last acknowledges that only through 
 the dissemination of medical knowledge can the public be taught to ap- 
 preciate the fact that medicine is no longer a matter of doctrine or school, 
 of dogma or faith, but is based on scientific observation of natural bio- 
 logic phenomena. Since then similar courses of lectures have been in- 
 augurated in other institutions, notably Harvard University Medical 
 School. 
 
 These lectures have been given annually to the present time and the 
 authorities of Stanford University propose to continue them though be- 
 cause of confusion in title with the Lane Medical Lectures, which have 
 a separate financial foundation, they have thought best to change the title 
 of the course. 
 
 About this time a determined effort (the second or third) to bring 
 the two schools together was made by dear old Doctor John LeConte, 
 when President of the University of California. In the goodness of his 
 heart he went so far as to have an appointment to a professorship in the 
 Medical Department of the University issued to each of the members of 
 the faculty of Cooper College. The effort was well meant but not well 
 timed, for Dr. Lane had just spent $150,000 of his money in construct- 
 ing the College building, and it was not in him to give up then. When a 
 committee of the Medical Faculty of the University waited on Dr. Lane 
 he stated that he was opposed to the proposed union, that in his opinion 
 there was room for the two schools, that the friendly rivalry which existed 
 between them was beneficial to both ; they could keep up the standard of 
 medical education, but if they united other and inferior schools would 
 surely rise up to take the place of one of them. When the matter was 
 brought up in his faculty Dr. Lane summarily closed the incident by say*- 
 ing that if anyone wished to accept the appointment he had best do so at 
 once. 
 
 In 1889 Dr. Lane erected the easterly portion of the College build- 
 ing containing laboratory rooms and a large auditorium known as Lane 
 Hall. 
 
 In 1893 and 1894 Dr. Lane erected a hospital which he proposed to 
 
 13
 
 call in honor of his wife The Pauline Lane Hospital but Mrs. Lane 
 thought the simpler designation, Lane Hospital, better and it was there- 
 fore adopted. 
 
 The Hospital was formally opened January I, 1895, by a surgical 
 operation performed by Dr. Lane in the hospital amphitheatre followed 
 by addresses by Dr. Lane and Dr. Edward R. Taylor. Lane Hospital was 
 intended as a teaching hospital to furnish clinical cases for the instruc- 
 tion of the students of Cooper College and was deeded by Dr. Lane to 
 the College corporation, together with the land on which it stands. Dr. 
 Lane's desires and intentions may best be expressed by quoting the words 
 inscribed by him in a marble tablet in the vestibule of the hospital : 
 
 "This hospital, erected in the year 1893 by Levi Cooper Lane, phy- 
 sician and surgeon, with money earned by himself in his profession, is 
 given by him to suffering humanity and to the healing art, in the hope 
 that the former may here find refuge and relief ; the latter, exercise of its 
 humane skill and intelligent sympathy." 
 
 As was the case in almost everything Dr. Lane did, there were those 
 who opposed the erecting of the hospital. Property holders in the neigh- 
 borhood were fairly up in arms one wrote Dr. Lane an anonymous 
 letter threatening to destroy him and his hospital by dynamite. 
 
 In 1895, soon after the opening of the Lane Hospital, Dr. Lane an- 
 nounced to the Board of Directors that he had finally brought to fruition 
 a plan which he had long cherished of founding a course of Medical Lec- 
 tures to be given annually in the college by eminent men in medicine and 
 the allied sciences, and that Professor William Macewen of Glasgow 
 had accepted the invitation to inaugurate the course by a series of lec- 
 tures in the summer of 1896 on the "Surgery erf the Brain." The honor- 
 arium of the lecturer was to be $2,000 and ten lectures were to be given 
 each year, these to remain the property of the lecturer. In all, thirteen 
 courses have been given by men pre-eminent in their profession. 
 
 In inaugurating this course of lectures, Dr. Lane erected a marble 
 slab in Lane Hall describing the lectures and closing with the words 
 "founded and endowed by Levi Cooper Lane." Unfortunately, in the mat- 
 ter of endowment, Dr. Lane's fortune was for the most part invested in 
 unproductive real estate ; the money he had in bank he dared not deplete, 
 for his health began rapidly to fail and his earning power in his profes- 
 sion to dwindle, and he and Mrs. Lane needed the income of this fund 
 to live upon. He therefore postponed setting aside a definite sum for the 
 endowment of the lectures but paid the honorarium annually out of his 
 pocket. But after his death and that of Mrs. Lane, the College had no 
 funds which might be used for this honorarium. It was paid one year 
 by Mrs. Lane and the three following years by the President of the Col- 
 lege, who had received two-thirds of Mrs. Lane's estate. On his refusing 
 to continue this payment or to make effectual the endowment of the 
 lectures, the course ceased. When, however, Cooper College was con- 
 veyed to Stanford University, the Trustees granted the Directors of the 
 
 -14
 
 College the privilege of determining to what purposes the reserve funds 
 of the College should be put. Until the union with Stanford University 
 had been effected these reserve funds had been jealously guarded as fur- 
 nishing an income to offset the annual deficit incurred in the running of 
 the College, but under the University support the funds were not needed 
 for this purpose. The Directors of Cooper College therefore made a 
 number of much needed improvements in Lane Hospital and set aside 
 $25,000 for the endowment of the Lane Medical Lectures, which would 
 give an income sufficient to furnish the honorarium for a course of lec- 
 tures each second year. The Trustees accepted the fund for this purpose 
 and have arranged for a course of lectures for 1913. 
 
 The development of the curriculum of Cooper College is typical 
 of the development of the curriculum in most of the better schools of 
 medicine in this country. In the old Medical College of the Pacific the 
 course of lectures was given during six months, from June to November 
 lectures for the most part repeated each year, and the student sat 
 dutifully on the benches and gravely listened to the same lectures he had 
 heard the year before. The lectures were supplemented, however, by 
 quizzes, often given in the evening, and the course in practical anatomy 
 was comparatively thorough and the students saw much practical work 
 in the offices of Dr. Cooper and Dr. Lane. In 1879 the course was length- 
 ened to three years and in 1896 to four on a high school graduation or 
 equivalent examination as a requirement. 
 
 For a number of years beginning in 1878 an optional course of three 
 months' duration was given in the spring of eight to ten lectures a week 
 on special subjects and in 1888 this course was made compulsory for the 
 last year of the curriculum. Most of the students took this optional 
 course or short term and made good use of the dissecting room. 
 
 As said above, the greatest single step forward looking towards 
 modern methods of teaching occurred in 1898 with the election of a paid 
 Professor of Pathology, and I may add that the chief credit for this de- 
 parture rested with Drs. Barkan and Hirschfelder. Another event of 
 scarcely less importance was the putting of the teaching of Physiology 
 on an academic basis, for which Cooper College was grateful to Professor 
 O. P. Jenkins of Stanford University who, in 1896 and for several years 
 thereafter, came from Palo Alto twice a week, giving a lecture and reci- 
 tation course and receiving no compensation beyond his traveling ex- 
 penses. On his own initiative he established a laboratory of Physiology 
 in Cooper College in which he had the assistance of R. L. Wilbur, a for- 
 mer pupil (now Executive Head of the Medical Department of Stanford 
 University) who at the time was a student in Cooper College. The fac- 
 ulty gave $1500 for equipment. The laboratory course was at first op- 
 tional but as practically all the students took it the course was soon made 
 compulsory. In 1900 Dr. W. E. Garrey was elected Professor of Physi- 
 ology and gave his entire time to his teaching. 
 
 While these events marked a new era in the method and 
 
 15
 
 quality of the teaching, there was a reverse side to the pic- 
 ture. Previously to this time the expense of conducting the 
 College was small, and a considerable accumulation of profits resulted 
 from the students' tuition fees but to the credit of the teaching staff be 
 it said that not one dividend of profit was ever distributed to the faculty. 
 In fact, with the exception of the nominal fees permitted the demonstra- 
 tors of anatomy, the lecturers and teachers gave their services without 
 monetary compensation. The nearest approach to a dividend occurred 
 when one of the faculty who had labored for years for the institution 
 and who had a very small income because of large demands on his time 
 being made by the fact that besides being a physician he was a clergy- 
 man, was stricken with a prolonged illness which proved his last the fac- 
 ulty voted him a gift of $500. The accumulation to the amount of $35,- 
 ooo went to equip Lane Hospital, as said above ; and other payments had 
 to be made to the Hospital for several years, its income from patients 
 being less than its expenses. All the remaining accumulation, and later 
 all the profits of the Lane Hospital, were expended in making improve- 
 ments in the plant and for the hospital maintenance of an occasional 
 needy patient. Without endowment, Lane Hospital made no pretense to 
 being a charitable institution and yet did a great deal of charitable work. 
 
 Under the new order of things salaries had to be paid to the Physi- 
 ologist, the Anatomist, the Chemist, in fact, to all who occupied the so- 
 called non-practical chairs and each had to have one or more paid assis- 
 tants. Then each of these departments had its laboratory and the 
 laboratory expenses had to be met. The students' fees could not be in- 
 creased beyond $150 (they had previously been $100) per year the in- 
 creased requirements lessened the number of students so that for the 
 first time in 1900 the expenses of the college were greater than its income 
 from students. This annual deficit was afterwards met, as said above, 
 by interest on the modest amount of invested funds. 
 
 Dr. Lane, with his faculty having built up the school, given the col- 
 lege its buildings and Lane Hospital and the four fifty varas of land, 
 free of debt, could not see why the younger men to whom he was about 
 to turn over the institution could not go on and develop it. As a stim- 
 ulus to the younger men, Dr. Lane had inserted into the deeds clauses 
 which forfeited the property to the State in case the future authorities of 
 the College should at any time unite Cooper College with any other insti- 
 tution. But Dr. Lane finally realized that times had changed, that the 
 cost of medical education had enormously increased, that loyalty and de- 
 votion were no longer sufficient, that from henceforth great monetary en- 
 dowment was necessary to the very life of the school, that the student 
 could no longer be expected to pay more than a fraction of the cost of 
 his training. With this realization Dr. Lane almost on his deathbed had 
 all the College real property conveyed to him by deed and the deed re- 
 corded, whereupon he redeeded it to the corporation without condition. 
 To those who knew Dr. Lane and his character this realization and this 
 
 16
 
 act in his old age betokened the greatness that was in him. 
 The Directors of Cooper College, believing that it is right for 
 the Medical school to be a part of a greater educational in- 
 stitution, as is the case in all European universities, realizing 
 that sooner or later Stanford as well as the University of California 
 would have a Medical department, and being unwilling to have Cooper 
 College forced by university competition into the position of a minimum 
 requirement school when it had always during the forty years of its ex- 
 istence maintained its position as a maximum requirement school, cheer- 
 fully, though with many heartaches for the institution they loved, con- 
 veyed all the physical properties to the Trustees of Stanford University, 
 on the sole condition that the property be used for purposes of Medical 
 education in the sense of teaching young men and young women to be 
 practitioners of medicine and that the name of Dr. Lane be suitably com- 
 memorated for these properties represented for the most part the earn- 
 ings of Dr. Lane in his profession. 
 
 The Trustees interpreted this commemoration of the name of Dr. 
 Lane in a most touching way they provided in their resolution of ac- 
 ceptance of the property that each diploma of graduation from the Med- 
 ical Department of Leland Stanford Junior University should bear the 
 words, ''Founded as Cooper Medical College, by Dr. Levi Cooper Lane." 
 This, with the Library, is Dr. Lane's monument more enduring than 
 brick or stone. 
 
 THE DUTY OF STANFORD 
 
 President Hopkins in introducing President Jordan said: 
 
 The stimulus of scientific methods has vivified the study "and intensi- 
 fied the practice of medicine. Science, in broadening the field of knowl- 
 edge and increasing the certainty of diagnosis and treatment, has by its 
 very impetus carried with it thoroughness of preparation. The pro- 
 fessor of Medicine must be an investigator as well as a teacher, and as 
 the education of a man of open mind is never ended, the earnest student 
 retains as a physician the investigating instinct. 
 
 The spur of his student days, to study and observe, has only been 
 changed to observe and study in his maturity; for, as Pasteur remarks, 
 "In the fields of observation chance favors only the mind which is pre- 
 pared." While Pasteur was proclaiming the value of preparation for 
 the work of research, it is just as surely the foundation of the rewards 
 of industry and ambition in the every day practice of medicine. 
 
 This is but meeting the requirements of our day, for the imperative 
 call is not Flexner states for a greater number of physicians, but for 
 a smaller number of better trained ones. 
 
 Here is the province of the university; it must start the student 
 along the right lines, instill into him high ideals, teach him to think and 
 to know, and thus prepare him for the years of ripening experience, for 
 experience only makes experts. 
 
 17
 
 Stanford University has heard the call, and is earnestly striving to 
 meet these demands by raising and maintaining the standards of medical 
 education. Quality is its motto, and in the belief that it is benefiting hu- 
 manity, it gladly contributes its efforts and its means to the end and in 
 the hope that its graduates may be distinguished by this attribute. 
 
 In order to do the best today one should know the best that was done 
 yesterday. A French author, under the spell of the subtle pleasure of 
 reading works of the past, has designated books as "the monuments of 
 vanished minds" ; it would not be unfitting to characterize the records of 
 the sciences as milestones along the road to progress, whose guidance we 
 need lest we stray from the path of ultimate achievement. 
 
 In none of the sciences is this guidance more needed than in med- 
 icine, and as herein lies the function of the library, we value it as a 
 potent influence in medical teaching and study, recognize its absolute 
 necessity in research, and its helpfulness to the practicing physician. 
 
 Stanford University has accepted the Lane Library trust with a full 
 appreciation of its significance both to medical education and to the 
 profession. Its importance has justified the University in liberally ap- 
 propriating means for book purchase and for maintenance. Pending 
 liquidation of library assets it has likewise advanced the funds to con- 
 struct this building, so that there might be no delays in its benefits. 
 
 California enjoys a splendid geographical isolation, which is not 
 without its advantages considering the opportunity it offers of engen- 
 dering a community of interest the binding together of the efforts of 
 each for the benefit of all and an abiding pride in the results of these 
 reciprocal efforts. This isolation, however, leaves a special professional 
 library here peculiarly dependent on its own resources, with no associate 
 or ally near to aid it, and enforces special efforts for its support and de- 
 velopment. 
 
 Since the needs of the medical student are only a part of the wider 
 field of the usefulness of the library, the Trustees of Lane have put into 
 effect the policy of strengthening the library along the lines of the great- 
 est possible benefit to the practicing physician and the investigator. 
 
 They believe that the developing of this type of a great library will 
 have an invigorating and enduring influence upon both research and the 
 profession, and that in pursuing this policy they are but fulfilling the 
 desire of the donors and building upon the foundation so wisely laid by 
 the Directors of Cooper Medical College, our predecessors in the trust. 
 
 The University has no false pride in the possession of the largest 
 medical library of any college in the Americas, but is proud in having 
 been instrumental in making the dream of years a reality, and takes deep 
 satisfaction in placing at the service of the medical profession a library 
 constantly increasing in value and in a setting befitting its importance. 
 
 In October, 1891, the doors of Stanford were opened to its students, 
 and it is a happy coincidence that the coming of age of the University 
 
 18
 
 should be commemorated by the opening of the doors of this library and 
 by her taking an active part in medical education. 
 
 During the past twenty-one years we have been fortunate in having 
 had but one President, and we have likewise been fortunate that David 
 Starr Jordan has been our President during the formative period of our 
 University. Educationally catholic and progressive, no one is better 
 qualified than Dr. Jordan to speak upon the timely topic of "The Relation 
 of the University to Medicine," which is the subject he has chosen to 
 present to us today. 
 
 THE RELATION OF THE UNIVERSITY TO MEDICINE 
 
 President Jordan said : 
 
 We have met today to mark a milestone in the history of Stanford 
 University on the one hand, and in the history of medical education on 
 the other. It is a milestone that we mark, not an epoch, for epoch mak- 
 ing events do not often appear more than once in a life time. But a 
 milestone marks progress, even though after it is set up all shall go on as 
 before. 
 
 Stanford University is now twenty-one years old. Its days were 
 opened on a hopeful morning of October in California, where all days 
 are hopeful, just twenty-one years ago. It has come of age. It is old 
 enough to be doing the work of a grown university. 
 
 And there is no work of the University more worthy or more needed 
 than medical instruction and medical research, the training of men who 
 shall help their fellows in all their bodily ills, on the basis of the best and 
 fullest knowledge, while themselves adding day by day to the world's 
 stock of wisdom. In these days medical research stands on the firing 
 line of the advance of science. There is no branch of knowledge which 
 is moving more rapidly and there is none which contributes equally to 
 the aggregate of human welfare. 
 
 We dedicate today the home of the Lane Medical Library of Stan- 
 ford University to medical practice and medical research. It is the gift 
 of the will of Mrs. Levi Cooper Lane. It begins its existence with a 
 handsome building, adequate for its needs for years to come. When it 
 must be extended we hope that the grateful people of San Francisco will 
 be here to see that all its needs are met. 
 
 It has already on this initial day a library of nearly forty thousand 
 volumes, all relating to medical practice and medical research, a good 
 number of books as you will see when you compare it with other libraries 
 devoted elsewhere to the same subject. 
 
 The importance to San Francisco of such a collection of medical 
 books kept up-to-date by a steady inflow of the best journals and mono- 
 graphs is obvious. The library is the natural center for creative effort 
 and hence for all research, since there is no loss of energy so needless as 
 is the doing again that which has been well done before. All new work 
 must be based upon knowledge that has gone before. The breath of life 
 
 19-
 
 of all research is the joy of seeking for the unknown. Chance discoveries 
 of great moment in medicine are no longer to be made at random. Piece 
 by piece must new truths be found and correlated. Each investigator 
 must rest his work upon that of others. He must stand on the shoulders 
 of the past if he is to look into the future. To know what has gone be- 
 fore is only possible where accumulated records are at hand. In the 
 Library which we dedicate today is massed the product of thousands of 
 minds, some great and far-seeing, some small but earnest, but all seeking 
 after truth. The great function of such a library as this is to accumulate 
 and classify and make ready of access the knowledge that the world has 
 already gained and to keep abreast with the steady current of advancing 
 medical science, choosing from it all that seems likely to be worth while. 
 Such a function is a difficult and responsible one and one that will be 
 performed in fuller and fuller measure by this library as it meets more 
 and more with the support of the great state in which it is located. In- 
 deed its interest should extend far beyond the confines of any one city or 
 state for no such collection of medical books is to be found elsewhere on 
 this continent west of the Mississippi nor along the shores of our great 
 ocean so soon to be expanded by the Panama Canal, itself a product of 
 human skill that has been made possible by the advance of the science of 
 medicine. 
 
 The Stanford Medical Department with its Medical Building, in- 
 cluding Lane Hall, its Lane Hospital and its Lane Library, are, as you 
 have already heard from my colleague, Dr. Rixford, the gift of the em- 
 inent surgeon, Levi Cooper Lane, and of the Faculty of Cooper Medical 
 College. Dr. Lane first established the Cooper Medical College, named 
 by .him for his uncle, Dr. Elias Cooper. But as the future of medical in- 
 struction must lie with the universities, and as sound medical instruction 
 must rest on university courses in physiology, chemistry, biology and 
 physics, Dr. Lane made arrangements whereby the Board of Directors of 
 Cooper Medical College were able to deed this property to Stanford Uni- 
 versity on the sole condition that the University should use the gift of 
 money and buildings for medical instruction. The corporation of the 
 Cooper Medical College has dissolved itself, patriotically turning over its 
 good will and all its properties, hopes and achievements to the larger in- 
 stitution, and Stanford University has loyally accepted the trust and is 
 doing the best work it knows how to do in the line of the acceptance of 
 these pledges. 
 
 The function of the privately endowed university, as the authorities 
 of Stanford understand it, is to set standards in education and to uphold 
 these standards. It must set standards in service to society as well as 
 within its own classrooms. 
 
 In whatever way a school of medicine can help the people it is its 
 duty to render aid. The hospital is the laboratory of clinical medicine. 
 This has become an axiom in modern medical instruction. But a further 
 duty is incumbent on the university hospital of today. It should be so 
 
 20
 
 conducted and controlled as to serve as a model for all that is essential 
 and worthy in the institutional care of the sick. Only in such a hospital, 
 with its numerous internes and assistants and its trained staff, can satis- 
 factory control be made of new methods of treatment and such treat- 
 ments standardized for the use of others. The elevation of nursing 
 standards, the thoroughness of case study and care that inevitably follow 
 the well-trained student into the hospital and ward are the great boon of 
 a university hospital. All this involves an effort at the best in research, 
 in training, and in character building. 
 
 The funds of a private institution are limited. It can call on no 
 legislature for help if it has undertaken more than it can carry out. It 
 must be sufficient unto itself. This means limitation. It can never cover 
 the whole range of knowledge, nor the whole range of practical achieve- 
 ment. It cannot make its campus co-extensive with the state. It cannot 
 provide for multitudes of students, unless, dependent on fees, it makes 
 these fees so high as to be prohibitive to self-helping men and women. 
 To this class belongs the vast majority of the students we in the West 
 find worth while. 
 
 But the private institution has its own advantages. It has freedom 
 of development. It is dependent on no outside influence for its direction. 
 It can undertake what it deems best worth doing. It can insist on the 
 highest standards. It is above all temptation to grant university titles or 
 degrees to the products of four years of frivolity, dissipation and sham. 
 Above all, it has the privilege as well as the duty of making its profes- 
 sional courses of such a character that it can be sure that every graduate 
 is really a university man. It is not claimed that the private university 
 has any monopoly of high standards or of efficient practice. It claims 
 only that no other type of institution has the right to loftier ideals. In 
 proportion as it is true to its opportunity its aims should be the highest 
 within its range of possibilities. 
 
 No institution can do better than its best. If it falls short of this, 
 it has no adequate reason for being. And Stanford University means to 
 justify herself. She is pledged to justify herself in the direction of med- 
 ical instruction. And after all, in the multiplicity of medical schools in- 
 struction in medicine is nowhere overdone. The profession of physician 
 is overcrowded because its men are undertrained. It is a very true ex- 
 pression that there is always "room at the top." In medicine as else- 
 where in life the crowd is around the bottom of the ladder. 
 
 A young medical student in New York, it is said, committed suicide 
 not long ago, leaving behind him this word : "I die because there is room 
 for no more doctors." Room for no more doctors just now when in the 
 history of the world it is most worth while to be a doctor! Now, when 
 the progress of the sciences and arts which deal with sickness and health 
 have given the intelligent and honest doctor a power no one else has ever 
 had before over the forces of sin and death ! 
 
 Another medical student was asked how he dared return to take so 
 
 21
 
 much time to prepare for a profession already so overcrowded. "I pro- 
 pose to practice medicine," he said, "those in the crowd must look out 
 for themselves." 
 
 Frederick Denison Maurice once said : "Make your system of edu- 
 cation such that a great man may be formed by it, and there will be man- 
 hood in your little men of which you do not dream." 
 
 And to such a system of instruction in medicine, a system which 
 may form great men if great men come within its reach, this beautiful 
 Library is dedicated. And all resources of Stanford University stand 
 pledged to make its purpose good. 
 
 I said just now that medical research is now on the firing line of the 
 advance of science. It has left behind it as outworn garments all med- 
 ical theories, and all schools of medicine. The medical advance is the 
 work of no school, the offspring of no preconceived theory. 
 
 One of my early students, on graduating in medicine, was asked to 
 what school he belonged. His answer was, "I have nothing to do with 
 schools. I am trying to practice medicine." Just as soon as men se- 
 riously try to practice medicine, schools of medicine cease to exist. These 
 belong to the metaphysics of the dark ages, when men, in default of 
 science, tried to practice philosophy. 
 
 At the most, or at the best, a school indicates merely a preference for 
 one mode of therapeutics over another, or over all others, a matter of 
 very minor importance as compared with knowing the nature of the ail- 
 ment in question and of the causes which brought it about. Accuracy of 
 scientific knowledge is fatal to the prearranged theory of treatment of 
 disease, the basis of any school of theoretical medicine. Accuracy of 
 knowledge goes beyond symptoms or surface indications. It is with 
 symptoms and symptoms only, in default of knowledge that varying 
 schools of medical therapeutics become possible. When we know the 
 actual conditions which give rise to symptoms, all methods must rest on 
 these conditions. 
 
 All art is based on science. Science is human experience tested and 
 set in order. Art is knowledge in action. An art which is not based on 
 knowledge becomes a mystery or a trade. The practice of medicine 
 through the ages has been one or the other or both. It is a trade when 
 the physician apprentice follows his master about, learns his ways, his 
 prescriptions and his professional dignity. It is a mystery, when practice 
 is based on some theory of therapeutics which goes outside of human ex- 
 perience for its justification. 
 
 Science is alike to all men who have grasped its data and its con- 
 clusions. Art will vary with the personality of the individuals who prac- 
 tice it. Sound medicine must rest on science. Whoever treats the ills 
 of the human body successfully must know this body in health and in 
 disease. He must know the range of its disorders, its abuses, its disloca- 
 tions and its parasites. Those who try to heal without knowledge of the 
 actual conditions with which they deal are of necessity imposters. 
 
 22
 
 The limit of "medical freedom" is a very plain and natural one. 
 Let the patient take whatever kind of treatment he may wish, but let no 
 treatment be administered by persons who have no knowledge of the 
 fundamental facts of medical science. If the requirement of technical 
 knowledge is fatal to any school of therapeutics, it is time that that par- 
 ticular form of robbery should be done away with. Taking chances with 
 the lives of others for the money there is in it is not a profession to be 
 encouraged. 
 
 The basis of the varying schools of medicine lies not in science but 
 in the varying theories of symptoms. In the old days, when micro- 
 organisms were unknown, when physiology was elemental and pharma- 
 cology itself a form of metaphysics, it is not strange that symptoms en- 
 grossed the attention of the practitioner and that there grew up widely 
 differing theories in regard to their treatment. 
 
 It was natural in those days, that men should face symptoms with 
 remedies calculated to remove or obscure them. This method, contempt- 
 uously designated as allopathy, "unlike treatment,'' as the drug and 
 symptom were unlike, had in it the germ of better things, because it gave 
 play for experiment and was not bound hand and foot by any predeter- 
 mined notion. It was a step forward from the idea of the dark ages, 
 that each disease had some definite predestined remedy, that for each 
 ailment, that is a special group of svmptoms, there was somewhere, some- 
 how, some cure mysteriously provided in nature if we could only find it 
 out. 
 
 As the plant world lies all about us, as most plants secrete or pro- 
 duce something with a definite odor or taste, balms, resins, aromatic oils, 
 bitter alkaloids, strange substances useless for any purpose unless it be 
 that of medication, it was natural that men should turn their attention to 
 these substances. Some of these products or simples showed strange 
 effectiveness. Others did no harm and were therefore suspected of doing 
 good. Quinine was thought to cure malaria by setting up a feverish 
 condition like that arising from malaria itself. Digitalis controlled the 
 action of the heart. Mandrake, senna, rhubarb, kept the bowels open. 
 The pink was death to worms. Yerba buena, yerba santa, sage tea, cat- 
 nip tea, tansy tea, sassafras tea, as well as tar, molasses and sulphur were 
 "good for the blood," especially in the spring, and the tonic effect of 
 almost any bitter bark dissolved in alcohol was highly appreciated. 
 
 Out of this notion that a specific disease had a specific cure, natur- 
 ally arose the form of quackery involved in the patent medicine. Its prac- 
 tical value lay in the elimination of the doctor, or rather in postponing 
 his arrival until near the end. It is very simple, by reading an adver- 
 tisement in an easy-going newspaper, or by the perusal of an almanac, 
 to pick out your own disease from the list of symptoms graphically set 
 forth. Almost everyone has felt headaches, twinges, blurrings, ringings, 
 smartings, achings, givings and misgivings, and these will indicate the 
 necessary drug. If this drug be essentially whisky and water made 
 
 23
 
 sweet or bitter by some easy stain, or if some more virulent or effective 
 poison is used, there is likely to be enough of apparent satisfaction or of 
 change in symptoms to justify a written testimonial and another bottle 
 of the drug. Or if the basal constituent of the medicine be merely water, 
 the effect of hope with the lack of visible harm is likely to lead to the 
 same results. In either case, the self-medication is likely to produce no 
 effect or an effect worse than nothing. 
 
 While much that is now sold in the drug stores represents merely a 
 harmless or sometimes useful physician's prescription, the aggregate re- 
 sult of the patent medicine is the building up of gigantic systems of rob- 
 bery on the one hand and a corresponding damage to public health on 
 the other. 
 
 The way out of the patent medicine domination lies in the better 
 training of physicians on the one hand and the enlightenment of public 
 opinion on the other. No more effective agency exists for the forming of 
 public opinion than an aggressive administration of the bureau at Wash- 
 ington which deals with pure food and pure drugs. No single agency in 
 this direction has counted for so much as the personal work of one man, 
 who has spent his life in fighting frauds and poisons. But we must have 
 a hundred Wileys in the public service where now we have not one. 
 
 Among the host of specifics, men naturally sought for some guiding 
 rule, some informing spirit that would tell them beforehand and once for 
 all how to match these diseases with the predestined healing agent. 
 Sometimes this was found in the looks of the plant. Its flowers or leaves 
 or roots somehow simulated the disease it was bound to cure. Thus the 
 figwort was denominated scrophularia, apparently for its scrofulous ap- 
 pearance. The liver-shaped leaves of hepatica, the liverwort, showed 
 clearly what was expected of it. And in the ignorance of what was really 
 the matter and of what really happened after a remedy was absorbed, 
 there were as many successes as failures, and the dark mysteries of the 
 profession prevented any following up of either. 
 
 A more scientific application of the method of resemblances lay in 
 the study of the effects produced by a drug in relation to the symptoms 
 of the malady it was to cure. Like symptoms, like effects. Like cures 
 like. If your patient is troubled with colic, give him a colic-producing 
 drug; if with eczema give him something to make the skin smart. The 
 same principle would hold for all diseases. 
 
 But with this went the saving clause of homeopathy, or like treat- 
 ment Don't give much and give good nursing. As time, patience and 
 good nursing are the best of drugs, this method has had a large vogue 
 as well as a large effectiveness. If it is based on a sound study of the 
 human body, its defects, its slips and its parasites, this method must 
 merge into the real practice of medicine. For, knowing the distemper, 
 its causes and its range, the method of treatment is a minor matter. 
 
 The idea that a disease has a definite drug as its remedy, whether in 
 large quantities or small, is a relic of the middle ages. Drugs do not 
 
 -24
 
 heal anything. Some are palliative, resting in the category of vaseline, 
 cold cream or talcum powder, some kill parasites directly as quinine kills 
 the animal organisms known as malaria. Sulphur is death to the itch, 
 the visible cause of the distemper once thought almost incurable, and 
 known as the "gall struck inwards." Others do evil as stimulants or 
 counter irritants, that good may come, helping on the one hand through 
 the incidental damage on the other. 
 
 But the metaphysical relation of drug to symptom has no existence 
 and has passed out of medical practice never to return. 
 
 With doubts of the efficiency of drugs as remedies came theories of 
 therapeutics by which all drugs were discarded. Orthopathy in its day 
 rejected them all, relying on the well-known disposition of nature to heal 
 her wounds whenever she is let alone. Hydropathy set people to sweat- 
 ing under close envelopes of wet sheets, often, it is true, to their great 
 advantage. I can remember when the Wet Sheet Packing and the Over 
 Soul were the test and signal of a progressive nature, much as today are 
 the Referendum and Recall. 
 
 Mind-healing in various forms has always found its place. It is a 
 notorious fact that when the symptoms of any disease are graphically set 
 forth, the average reader finds most of these symptoms in himself. It is 
 only a step to the conclusion that these symptoms are the cause of the 
 disease. If you can create the impression that the symptoms do not exist 
 you take away the disease. For disease and symptoms are alike the 
 product of morbidity of mind. To have faith is to cure this morbidity. 
 "Sin, sorrow and sickness," says one of the leaders of this form of thera- 
 peutics, "are all three illusions of the sinful soul. * * * They are but 
 troubled dreams of a darkened soul. * * * In afflictions of disease and 
 dread and death one must say 'This is a dream.' Then it becomes a 
 dream and we rise above it into an atmosphere of perfect serenity. * * * 
 We need not deal with the body, for the body does not exist. It is dull, 
 heavy, aching because it is the dead residuum of dream. When we forget 
 it, it is no longer there. Treat a belief in sickness as you would a sin, 
 with sudden dismissal." 
 
 It is undoubtedly true that a serene spirit is a valuable agency in 
 the recovery from disease. It is likewise true that suggestion has a 
 mighty potency when it is rightly applied. It is a legitimate and recog- 
 nized branch of therapeutics, which may be destined to have a wide ap- 
 plication in the future treatment of disorders of the nervous system. But 
 it is likewise true that suggestion heals no broken bones, a spirit unper- 
 turbed gives no safeguard against poisoned mosquitoes, and the power 
 of the will and the imagination is potent chiefly against disorders of the 
 imagination and the will. 
 
 The first and most important thing in any treatment is to find out 
 what is the matter and then, if may be, to remove the cause from which 
 the symptoms flow. No system of philosophy, no cult of religion gives 
 us help as to matters of fact. It does not strengthen our knowledge of 
 
 25
 
 the demands of the body to deny the body's existence. The whole fabric 
 of modern science, the whole fabric of modern civilization is based on 
 the conception of the reality of external things. The sanity of life is 
 conditioned on our belief in realities, the mental states produced by con- 
 tact with external things as distinct from illusions, those mental states 
 arising from conditions within ourselves. This distinction is the founda- 
 tion of safety in life. Our body through its nervous system is cognizant 
 of realities. The defects in this nervous system may cloud our view with 
 illusions. The art of sound living is to discriminate between the two sets 
 of impressions. To confuse reality and illusion is to confuse life and 
 death. To show that perception and reason may sometimes be deceived 
 is not to add reality to the figments of imagination. It does not advance 
 science to doubt the things we know to be true in order to give proof to 
 propositions we know to be false. 
 
 We may be therefore certain that progressive medicine will still be- 
 lieve in the reality of the human body and the rational veracity of the 
 world of sense. 
 
 We may be sure that medical science does not grow in accordance 
 with the theories of any school of medicine or of metaphysics. It is ad- 
 vanced by the study of things as they are, by the use of tools of precision 
 on definite problems, by the microscope and scalpel, the test tube and 
 reagent, by the culture of germs and the discovery of germ-killers. It 
 grows by probing the actual causes of bodily disturbances and the actual 
 removal of such causes. It grows, as all sciences have grown, by the 
 method of induction, by putting two and two together and verifying the 
 apparent existence of four as a resultant. 
 
 And in the future of medicine, the mere removal of disease must 
 play more and more a subordinate part. Most disease can be prevented. 
 Above all therapeutics stands sanitation. It is possible to remove causes 
 of disease long before any disease begins. It is possible to heal our pa- 
 tients long before they are ever sick. Our knowledge in many fields is 
 now adequate for this result. No one can be attacked by an infectious 
 disease unless we have somehow or other permitted the infection. 
 
 In modern war, it now costs on the average about $15,000 to kill a 
 man. In the late Boer war, this expense ran up to nearly $40,000. It is 
 cheaper to save men. It is cheaper to stop killing. In our own country, 
 in time of peace, when nothing but peace is possible among civilized na- 
 tions, we spend nearly a million dollars a day on matters concerned with 
 past or future wars ; $850,000 a day on future wars alone, that we may 
 not be caught napping when the day of the impossible shall arrive. 
 
 A wiser or more civilized nation would give some part of this sum 
 to the prevention or stamping out of the worst of the infectious diseases. 
 For if we are napping these are sure to come. The danger of the red 
 plague, present everywhere, is infinitely greater than that of war with any 
 part of Europe or of Asia. The terrible infliction of the unknown para- 
 site which shows itself as infantile paralysis awaits the strong arm of the 
 
 26
 
 people to set it aside entirely. No disease would long exist if we made 
 adequate quarantine provision. Its germs, animal or plant, must be 
 carried from man to man or from animal to man, else the race of para- 
 sites would die out. Now that we know what our enemies are it is pos- 
 sible for us to fight them. This I said in a review of Tyndall's work 
 which I printed thirty-five years ago. Now that we know what our 
 enemies are, and now that we know that they can be fought successfully 
 only by national and international co-operation, it is our duty thus to 
 fight them. It shows a lack of national manliness to continue to bear 
 these ills when a little energy with the knowledge we have is adequate to 
 throw them all off. 
 
 I am still a young man, I am sure of that. As I said once before, 
 when I hear the students speak of Old Jordan, I know that they mean the 
 river of Palestine, or perchance in these days a forbidden brand of alco- 
 holics. They do not mean me. It is not so many years since I received 
 the degree of Doctor of Medicine, and I hasten to say that I have never 
 practiced medicine and never intended to, so that my failures in knowl- 
 edge have never harmed any one, nor brought me a dollar of unearned 
 increment. 
 
 But at that time, in 1875, the words "bacterium," "bacillus," "mi- 
 crobe," were all unknown, all slumbering together in the Greek lexicon. 
 This lexicon gave no suspicion that bacterion and logos would come to- 
 gether to form a science, and that the one science most vitally related to 
 human life. The world of science and therefore the province of med- 
 icine knew nothing of invisible one-celled animals and plants, bacteria 
 and protozoa, which flourish and run their courses in the life blood of 
 living animals. 
 
 The source of infection in disease was then called a "virus" and the 
 growth of a virus was an extension of death. Carlyle had said that a 
 fallen leaf must still have life in it else how could it rot. But neither the 
 poet nor the prophet realized that this life which tore the fallen leaf to 
 pieces was the life of a multifarious group of one-celled vegetation whose 
 function it is to return all organic matter not still active back to the uni- 
 verse in its constituent elements. In those days malaria was an evil 
 spirit or miasma, the product of bad air or maybe of bad water. All 
 plagues were of the same sort. No one suspected the mosquito, the fly, 
 the flea, the louse, the bed bug or the wood tick of harboring any vices 
 worse than those which their bite or their presence suggests. There was 
 no science of infectious diseases and therefore no art in curing or pre- 
 venting them. The most that could be done was to let them run their 
 course, allaying as might be some of their most annoying symptoms. 
 
 Antiseptics were only guess work. We had not heard of carbolic 
 acid, or barely heard of it, and the coal tar products with their varied 
 possibilities of usefulness and mischief still lay in the fossil beds of the 
 earth. Surgery was a matter of luck, a gamble, as the phrase is, still 
 conducted as has been said, "along the lines laid down by the early Egyp- 
 
 27
 
 tians." There had been no Lister to show the reason for clean knives, 
 clean hands and clean air, and the battlefields of those days were a wild 
 riot of the germs of gangrene and blood poisoning. 
 
 As surgery did not exist, we knew nothing of preventive surgery or 
 the surgery of pathology. 
 
 As medicine dealt with symptoms, we knew nothing of pharmacol- 
 ogy. These were the days before Michael Foster, and physiology was 
 still merely a series of deductions from the facts of elementary anatomy. 
 The nature and structure of the body cell was very scantily known. 
 Without knowing the germ cell, the physical basis of heredity, the science 
 of heredity was unknown, and without accurate knowledge of heredity, 
 the science of eugenics can have no existence or meaning. 
 
 In these times, the facts and laws of pathology are to the trained phy- 
 sician as essential as the alphabet or the multiplication table to the rest 
 of the world. But we poor practical doctors of our day had to get along 
 without it. Science had not reached so far, and we had to be practical 
 men because perforce we could not be scientific. Dr. Charles Sedgwick 
 Minot has well pointed out the distinction. "The only important differ- 
 ence," he says, "between the practical doctor and the scientific doctor is 
 that the patients of the practical doctor are more likely to die." In heal- 
 ing men, as in other lines of industry, the first requisite is to know how. 
 To know how is the essence of science. 
 
 The next stage of the scientific doctor is not merely to cure his 
 patients but to help conduct the affairs of the community so that men and 
 women will no longer come to him to be cured. Half the disease of the 
 world comes from the infection of the crowd. Nine-tenths of the infec- 
 tion of the crowd could be spared if the knowledge we have could work 
 itself out in governmental action. 
 
 The governments of the world are about the poorest tools we know 
 for the achievement of good deeds. They are controlled by tradition, by 
 prejudice, by the noise of fife and drum. They are ruled by the influence 
 of caste and privilege. They are bigoted and wasteful and when they 
 deal with the individual life they are likely to be careless and unjust. 
 
 But in dealing with the great plagues of the world, the black, the 
 yellow, the red and all the poisonous array of health-breaking parasites, 
 the government is the only tool we have. The individual is helpless, the 
 community is all. The acts of the community cannot rise much above its 
 knowledge. All effective government is by public opinion. The people 
 must learn the facts of pathology and of sanitation. There is no school 
 of medicine which can honorably come between them and the truth. 
 
 And that the Lane Library of Stanford University, the Medical De- 
 partment of Stanford University, and the University itself, may do their 
 part in the great work of bringing health to the people, that they may co- 
 operate with the sister schools and with all other good agencies to good 
 ends, is the motive behind the functions of today. 
 
 28
 
 THE WORDS OF DEDICATION 
 
 The Reverend Bradford Leavitt, minister of the First Unitarian 
 Church of San Francisco, read the following passage from Ecclesiasticus : 
 
 Honor a physician with the honours due unto him : for verily the 
 Lord hath created him. For from the Most High cometh healing; and 
 from the king he shall receive a gift. The skill of the physician shall 
 lift up his head ; and in the sight of great men he shall be admired. The 
 Lord created medicines out of the earth ; and a prudent man will not 
 despise them. With them doth he heal a man, and taketh away his pain. 
 There is a time when in their very hands is the issue of life. For they 
 also shall beseech the Lord, that he may prosper them in giving relief 
 and in healing for the maintenance of life. And from him is peace upon 
 the face of the earth. 
 
 At the close of the exercises while the audience was standing for 
 the benediction, he pronounced the words of dedication as follows: 
 
 "Almighty God, standing as in thy presence, solemnly, we dedicate 
 this building to medical practice and medical research, to the service of 
 humanity, which is the service of God." 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 The following account of the Lane Library Building is contributed 
 by Professor Ray Lyman Wilbur, Executive Head of the Department of 
 Medicine. 
 
 The new Lane Medical Library Building, in which the volumes of 
 the University's Department of Medicine are now shelved and at the ser- 
 vice of the students of the Department and of the medical profession, is 
 not only thoroughly modern and convenient, but beautiful as well. Con- 
 structed on a steel frame, the exterior is of smooth Colusa sandstone of 
 a soft grey color, while the interior gives an impression of spacious sub- 
 stantiality and quiet. 
 
 The general reading room, with its open shelves of reference vol- 
 umes, its broad reading tables and its quiet green walls, is particularly 
 fortunate. To this room is added beauty and dignity, also by the mural 
 paintings from the brush of Arthur F. Mathews, of San Francisco. 
 These pictures are the gift of Mrs. Henrietta Zeile. They occupy three 
 large panels on the east side of the Reading Room, adding a fine touch 
 of color to the somewhat somber green wall. One shows beneath a 
 spreading oak an Indian medicine man the primitive art of healing. 
 Another is a mediaeval towered city with a red robed doctor reassuring 
 a group of frightened people who cower before a woman with the "evil 
 eye." In the central panel Urania, in starry blue kneels, with her hand 
 upon a sphere, Therpsichore with dancing girls embroidered on her 
 cloak, ivy-crowned Thalia, dark draped Melpomene and their sister 
 muses surround a white clad woman, Hygeia, and a child. The work is 
 
 29 
 
 293434
 
 in Mathew's best style, the flesh tones of the life size figures wonderful, 
 the landscapes beautiful with purple shadows, rolling hills and sunlit 
 clouds. 
 
 The reading rooms for the special libraries, such as that on ophthal- 
 mology and otology, the gift of Professor Adolph Barkan, are also ex- 
 cellent, the lighting arrangements for night work, through reflected and 
 diffused lights, being particularly good. 
 
 The stack rooms are absolutely fire-proof, and can be cut off by 
 metal doors from the rest of the building. There is no wood at all in 
 the construction of this part of the building, the floors and walls being 
 of concrete, the doors and stacks of metal. 
 
 The forty thousand volumes which at present constitute the library 
 and make it the largest of any of the university medical libraries in Amer- 
 ica, are easily accommodated on the shelves, which can hold half as many 
 more, without further addition. There is, moreover, available space in 
 the building as it now stands which can be filled with stacks to bring the 
 capacity up to something like three times the number of volumes the 
 University now owns. After that, the building can be extended out over 
 the lot next to the Library on Sacramento street, which the University 
 owns, and space provided for indefinite expansion. 
 
 The architect of the Library is Mr. Albert Pissis, who through this 
 building has added to the high reputation he already held as the designer 
 of many of the finest structures in San Francisco. 
 
 The dedication of the Lane Medical Library Building marks the 
 completion of the first stage in the development of the Stanford Univer- 
 sity Medical Department. The Trustees of the University, acting as trus- 
 tees of the funds left by Dr. and Mrs. Lane, have constructed a building 
 that will be of great service to the medical profession of the West and 
 of particular service to the Medical Department. In fact its possession 
 is a great asset in the development of proper medical teaching and makes 
 the new Medical Department unique in this country. 
 
 The high standard that Stanford set in medical education, requiring 
 three years of University work for admission into medicine, placed the 
 Medical Department at once in the front rank of such institutions. The 
 requirements are equal to those of Cornell and Western Reserve Univer- 
 sity and not unlike those of Harvard, Columbia and Pennsylvania. Johns 
 Hopkins requires an A. B. degree for admission ; Harvard admits upon 
 an A. B. degree but permits students who have covered certain special 
 subjects to enter after two years of University work. It has been a source 
 of gratification that, in spite of these high requirements, forty-six students 
 have registered in Medicine even before a single class has been graduated. 
 The class of five, sent up to San Francisco in January, 1910, has now 
 increased to ten, two students having joined it from the University of 
 California last year, and one each from Johns Hopkins, the University 
 of Chicago and Cooper Medical College this year. It is anticipated that 
 
 30
 
 there will be a slow but steady growth in the number of students but that 
 the number admitted will always be small. 
 
 The space made available in the Clinical and Laboratory Building 
 by the removal of the Library, together with a portion of the former 
 auditorium, is being remodeled and within a month the Medical Depart- 
 ment will have the best equipped outpatient clinics west of Chicago. 
 July i, 1912, the control of Lane Hospital passed into the hands of the 
 Clinical Committee of the Medical Faculty so that the University Hos- 
 pital is under the direct supervision of the instructing staff, a most im- 
 portant advantage in proper medical teaching and one possessed by but 
 few American medical schools. Arrangements have been made by the 
 Board of Trustees to facilitate the business management of the Hospital 
 and Medical Department in San Francisco and to improve the service for 
 the private rooms. The home formerly occupied by Dr. and Mrs. Lane, 
 which is in the block opposite the hospital, is now being used as a tem- 
 porary nurses' home. 
 
 As at present organized, with the Lane Medical Library, Lane Hos- 
 pital, the outpatient clinics and the laboratories in San Francisco, the ex- 
 cellent services at the San Francisco Hospital, and with the laboratories 
 of Chemistry, Physiology, Anatomy, Bacteriology, Pharmacology, 
 Physics, Zoology and Botany on the campus, there is no better Medical 
 Department for a limited number of students in this country. 
 
 Like all growing things, the Medical Department has many press- 
 ing needs. Among them are the construction of a new nurses' home, for 
 which the land is available, the construction of a maternity home and 
 women's clinic, for which land is likewise available, and the construction 
 of a new children's hospital. The further endowment of Lane Hospital 
 and the endowment of certain professorships is very much needed in 
 order that the institution may grow in the best way. A number of 
 alumni and others have contributed books and money to the Library and 
 money to the Hospital, both for the upkeep of beds and for special ex- 
 penses. Recently Mr. Felton B. Elkins has presented the Department 
 with funds for the salary for the chief obstetrical nurse for the present 
 year. 
 
 In general, it can be said that for the short time that Stanford has 
 been engaged in medical education, she has made a good record. Future 
 development has been planned for in such a way that advantage can be 
 taken of any help, great or small, that comes to the Medical Department. 
 
 The advent of Stanford into San Francisco is of much significance. 
 The number of people concerned is alone worthy of mention. Besides the 
 Faculty and students, there is a metropolitan hospital with an average of 
 150 patients, changing from day to day, a Training School of 80 nurses, 
 other employees of like number and from 50,000 to 60,000 visits per year 
 in the out-patient clinical departments. 
 
 31
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 AT
 
 A 000842180 2