S. F. 8 i pAcinc n iunhm (o. Incorporated' Under Royal Charter 1840 «!1 IMillttl K-VMKKS San Francisco, Dec. 19, J 901 In effect immediately. * First-Class Twin Screw Passenger Steamers FROM SAN FRANCISCO TO Mexico, Central America, Panama, Guayaquil, Callao, Valparaiso and all Ports on the East and West Coast of South America. Each Steamer carries an experienced Surgeon. Prompt attention paid to Written or Telegraphic Requests for Reservation of State Rooms or Berths. Cabin plans on exhibition, passage tickets for sale and all informa- tion at Balfour Guthrie Sr Co. General Agents GEORGE SHARPE, manager p. s. n. c. 316 California St. HORACIO LYON, manager c.s. a. de v. SAN FRANCISCO *K* The Pacific Steam Navigation Co. and Compania Sud-Jlmericana de Vapores Rates of Passage from San Francisco to Points on Pacific Coast, Payable in United States Gold Coin. U. S. Revenue Stamp Additional. Special Tariff Subject to Change Without Notice. Miles from S. F. SAN FRANCISCO TO 1352 Mazatlan Mexico.... L476 San Bias " .... 1669 Manzanillo 1836 Acapulco " 2053 Port Anj^el ,; 2138 Salina Cruz 2219 Tonala " .... 2330 San Benito " .... 2348 Ocos Guatemala. 2309 Champerico 2443 vSan Jose de Guatemala 2505 Acajutla Salvador... 2541 La Libertad El Triunfo 2053 La Union " 2074 Amapala Honduras. 2741 Corinto ....Nicaragita. 2849 San Juan del Sur 3013 Punta Arenas Costa Rica. 3473 Panama Colombia.. 4283 Guayaquil Ecuador... 4503 Payta Peru 4664 Eten " 4698 Pacasmayo " 47(i4 Salaverry " 5044 Callao " 5516 Mollendo " 5(150 Arica Chile .... 5721 Pisagua " .... 5760 Iquique " .... 5987 Antofagasta " .... 6408 Coquimbo " .... 6606 Valp araiso " .... FIRST CLASS $ 45 50 50 60 65 65 65 65 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 80 80 80 100 155 165 167 172 175 187 195 205 21 15 205 210 220 225 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 DECK 22 50 25 00 25 00 30 00 82 50 32 50 32 50 32 50 37 50 37 50 37 50 37 50 37 50 37 50 .",7 50 .",7 50 40 00 40 00 40 00 50 on 65 oo 07 00 70 00 72 00 72 00 75 00 77 00 80 oo 80 00 82 00 85 00 90 00 90 00 Rates to East Coast of South America and Europe furnished on application. The holders of through tickets between San Fraccisco and Valparaiso can break their journey at any of the ports of call of steamers of either line, pro- vided that the time between starting point and destination does not exceed three (:'>] months. Return tickets will be subject to 20 per cent, filiate. Each passenger (adult) in first-class is allowed 20 cubic feet of space for baggage. RATING — Servants iii Cabin, - ; fare. Children, 8 to 12 years, \i fare. 3 to 8 " % " Under 3 "1 free. Zrt • <3J C\2 o C O rH C3 K^_ K^ :-, C3 u C C3 ■a CO -o G u eG E • z O H C-> e ™ s^ cr • 1—^ 4—* D CO O b£ u. •r- < -J > < cd m • fe B o cd o s-> en -*— * u CO if-. '& C-> K 2 ;i-H o K -X cd ~ [ft ? a !-*-< <0J < 0. J3 n, Panama DECK $ II 25 12 5o 12 5o 15 00 20 00 22 50 25 00 27 50 18 75 18 75 18 75 18 75 18 75 18 75 18 75 18 75 20 00 20 00 20 00 25 00 43 00 49 00 50 00 50 00 50 00 52 00 60 00 61 00 62 00 62 00 67 00 70 00 7i 00 c/3 • • :-j CO re r^ S . re 03 cj ft •— H --> s 3 c -+— » 3 re O bfi ^* < «3 ID 12: S re •H n ,£ •H +-' -=»». r i 03 ■Q •i > c P j * !r3 iH rl CO 03 (h •H X -P C In -p T-1 03 J^J XS C 1 03 CD t> in ■U 03 -t-> 03 C 3 E ?3 •h O 03 • i> C3? 3 IS i» ^ O -P 0; ■H H cc K CO 03 03 fc. Hi O •O c rH •H 1 ' V, w P< r3 ■H e T3 H M +J erf CO • CO c; K 03 IC 1-. Vi « to r-l PP CD 03 to ;=a M c u -p cc 3 * -H •(-> -H O c 03 •P id !-, CD ci! ■H 03 fS 1 O U > •H +-' cc -H ~ j> U c ^ CO +> & ; ;■ •H fe; CO •H CT. 03 H-". S- § ID 03 43 ■p f! ID +• E K P. K -H \ s. P. 8a CABIN AND DECK RATES quoted herein from San Francisco to Mexican, Central American, Panama and South American Ports are temporarily reduced as follows: — SAN FRANCISCO TO Mazatlan Mexico San Bias " Manzanillo " Acapulco " Port Angel 1 " Salina Cruz • . , " Tonala j* via Acapulco „ San Benito J " Ocos Guatemala Champerico " San Jose de Guatemala " Acajutla Salvador La Libertad ".... El Triunfo : ".... La Union " . . . . Arnapala Honduras Corinto Nicaragua San Juan del Sur " Punta Arenas .....Costa Rica Panama Colombia Guayaquil Ecuador Payta Peru Eten "... Pacasmayo "... Salaverry. "... Callao "... Mollendo '.'", Arica Chile Pisagua ". Iquique ". Antofagasta ". Coquimbo " Valparaiso " CABIN $ 22 50 25 OO 25 OO 30 OO 40 OO 45 00 50 00 55 00 37 50 37 50 37 50 37 50 37 5o 37 50 37 5o 37 50 40 00 40 00 40 00 50 00 117 OO 135 00 138 OO 138 OO 141 OO 147 OO 172 OO 177 00 179 OO 179 OO 188 OO 199 OO 205 OO DECK ; 11 25 12 50 12 50 15 OO 20 OO 22 50 25 OO 27 50 18 75 18 75 18 75 18 75 18 75 18 75 18 75 18 75 20 00 20 OO 20 OO 25 00 43 00 49 OO 50 00 5° 00 5° 00 52 OO 60 OO 61 OO 62 OO 62 OO 67 OO 70 OO 71 OO The P F Miles from S. P. 1352 Maz 147H San 1669 Man 1836 Aca; 2053 Port 2138 Salii 2210 Ton; 2330 San 2348 Ocos 2369 Chai 2443 San 2505 Aeaj 254 1 Lai El T 2653 La t 2674 Aiiia 2741 Cori 2849 San. 3013 Punt 3473 Pan; 4283 (*>ua- 4503 Part 4004 Eten 4698 Paca 4704 Sato 5044 Call; 5516 Moll 5650 Aric; 5721 Pisaj 570(1 Iqilic .Vis; Anto 0408 Coqi 6606 Valp Rates t' The ho break their vided that (3) months. Bach ] baggage. s. p. Sa CABIN AND DECK RATES quoted herein from San Francisco to Mexican, Central American, Panama and South American Ports are temporarily reduced as follows: — SAN FRANCISCO TO Mazatlan Mexico San Bias " Manzanillo " Acapulco " Port Angel "] " CABIN via Acapulco Salina Cruz Tonala San Benito Ocos Guatemala Champerico " San Jose de Guatemala " Acajutla Salvador LaLibertad " El Triunfo " La Union " Amapala Honduras Corinto Nicaragua San Juan del Sur " Punta Arenas .....Costa Rica Panama Colombia Guayaquil Ecuador Pavta Peru Eten "... Pacasmayo "... Salaverry Callao Mollendo. Arica Chile Pisagua Iquique Antofagasta. Coquimbo.... Valparaiso ... DECK 5 22 50 $ u 25 25 00 12 50 25 00 12 50 30 00 15 00 40 00 20 00 45 00 22 50 50 00 25 00 55 00 27 50 37 50 18 75 37 50 18 75 37 50 18 75 37 50 18 75 37 50 18 75 37 50 18 75 37 50 18 75 37 50 18 75 40 00 20 00 40 00 20 00 40 00 20 00 50 00 25 00 117 00 43 00 135 00 49 00 * 3* 00 50 00 138 00 50 00 141 00 50 00 147 00 52 00 172 00 60 00 177 00 61 00 179 00 62 00 179 00 62 00 188 00 67 00 199 00 70 00 205 00 7i 00 The Pacific Steam Navigation Co.'s Fleet. SANTIAGO SERENA.... MENDOZA ECUADOR MANAVI TABOGA West Coast Lines of Steamers Tons 2953 PUNO" 2394 PIZARRO 2160 ARICA 1768 QUITO 1041 TALCA (Twin Screw) 649 CHIRIQUI Straits Line of Fast Mail Steamers OROTAVA ORISSA (Twin Screw) ORELLANA IBERIA 5857 ORAVIA (Twin Screw) 5317 OROPESA (Twin Screw) 4821 ORCANA *.... 4689 LIGURIA Straits Line of Cargo Boats GALICIA (Twin Screw) Building 4750 SORATA CORCOVADO 4568 SARMIENTO INCA 3593 MAGELLAN AXTISAXA 3584 Steamers Running in the Orient Line ORTONA (Twin Screw 1 ) OROYA 8000 ORIZABA 6297 ORUBA .. S. F.- Valparaiso Service CALIFORNIA (Twin Screw) Bldg 6000 MEXICO (Twin Screw) Bldg.. VICTORIA (Twin Screw) Bldg 6000 PANAMA (Twin Screw) Bldg. COLOMBIA (Twin Screw) 3500 GUATEMALA (Twin Screw).. CHILE (Twin Screw) 3225 PERU (Twin Screw) AREQUIPA 2953 Tons 2398 2160 1771 1089 1018 643 5321 5303 4803 4677 4581 3603 3590 6298 5857 6000 (5000 3500 3225 CompaniS Sud-Americana de Vapores' Fleet. TUCAPEL 3061 " ACONCAGUA 2761 LIMARI 2647 >S. F. -Valparaiso Si PALEXA 2(540 LOA 2566, IMPERIAL 2704 MAIPO CACHAPOAL 2308 LAUTARO MAPOCHA 2053 AMAZONAS ITATA 1971 MAULE MALLECO 641 CHILLAN LUMACO 636 CAUTIN LIRCAI 517 PUDETO 2621 2085 2009 900 624 527 298 II. BIRKENHEAD, ENGLAND. OCHRAN'S PATENT OLTITUBOLAR BOILERS. vCCESSIBLE FOR CLEANING. ECONOMICAL IN ALL SIZES IN STOCK OR PROGRESS. PRICE LISTS ON APPLICATION. o z to z III Q z o o - § * z to III z 5 z Id li- < OL to 2 Q Z D O Q. o o u -i 0. DC I- "0 3J o PI z r 0) 0) o H o (/) * o z 31 > ■o ■o 3J ■o o r o 31 o m > to H (0 O z relegraphic Address :-«MULTITUBE, BIRKENHEAD." A. B.C. Code used III. BIRKENHEAD, ENGLAND. Telegraphic Address :— " MULTITUBE, BIRKENHEAD." A. B. C. Code used. SMALL RIVER STEAMERS. STEAM LAUNCHES, YACHTS, TUGS, CARGO STEAMER! BARGES, STERNWHEEL STEAMERS. O O I- o X ■o X o o X m 0) PRICE LISTS ON APPLICATION. [V. *) ^ d § i °Egt ^LEB »fe|i S W-i^ tfi> ESOCKETT. :WS![Pei # C^p^ulo. /" TRADE MARK fern mmMsst ♦ TEN YEARS OLD ♦ torn* * Jy*t H^ o&J^r- 9 ' I B.^riE«HS>K^P&tf« UVERFOOLJ v \ ^BaChamb^ o X ill t o CO ■ — S" 5» • c/3 EXTRA QUALITY DRY Ci^^i! FAC-SIMILEOF^^^ NECK BAND Agents— W. & J. 'LOCKETT, Liverpool. \ I J.^RMARTELL COGNAC * -4°- v.o. V.S.Q V.S.O.P. V.V.S.O.R Liverpool Agents— W. & J. LOCKETT. Vr". if J- t l\\V»W" % VII. / ln% For more than On© Hundred Years Richardson's Linens have been famed for Absolute Purity, Fineness of Texture. Dainty Designs. RICHARDSON'S Superior Single and Double Daniu.sk Table Cloths and Napkins to match, are woven in their own Looms and bleached on their own Greens, and are warranted to give entire satisfaction in wear. Designs by the best artists. SPECIAL. NOTICE. LINENS. LINENS of Absolute Purity. LINENS Dainty and Original Design. LINENS at Moderate Cost Can always be seoured by insisting upon having those manu- factured by RICHAI^SON, SONS & OWDEN, Ltd. BELFAST. Th«M linens ara to be obtained of the leading Drapers .a all in» Shipping OsBtrss. V 111 GEORGE MAGLELLAN & GO inbia Slubber, Jtsbtstos iixtb Wtattxftooi dojxbs ffimnfattnxtxs, GLASGOW RUBBER WORKS, MARYHILL, GLASGOW; Warehouse— 253 ARGYLE STREET. 1 » i CONTRACTORS to tl\e ADMIRALTY and WAR OFFICES. India Rubber and Asbestos Goods of all kinds for Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, and other purooses, as supplied to the British and Foreign Governments and the principal Shipping, Railway, Engineering and Ship- building Companies. SPECIALITIES: Patent Semi-Metallic Packings for Triple and Quadruple Expansion Engines, Valves, Beltings, Hose Pipes for Steam and Hydraulic Pressure Sheets for Tropical Climates, &c. WATERPROOF GOODS. — Ladies' and Gentlemen's Garments, Rug<>, Hold-alls, Fishing and Sporting Articles, Cart and Wagon Covers, Airproof Goods, Beds, Pillows, Cushions, &c. BRANCHES LIVERPOOL— The Atlantic, 8 Bruns- j NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE— 5 Mosloy wick Street. Street. LONDON— 113 Fenchurch Street. MANCHESTER-35 Market Street. SUNDERLAND— Borough Road. CARDIFF— 21 West Bute Street. BELFAST— 3 Albert Square. IX. , „u.EH SON & CO BEDFORD, AND 19 GREAT GEORGE STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. Formerly of York Street Works, Lambeth. London. > c X > WW < WW z w oS2 rn o 80 •* id - o . w MAINUFACTUREKS OF HIGHhSPEED emoiimes, TRIPLE AND COMPOUND Direct-Acting ENGINES & DYNAMOS for Electric Lighting, COMPLETE INSTALLATIONS CARRIED OUT. All the New Steamers of the PACIFIC STEAM NAVI- GATION CO. have been Installed by us. WILSON, SONS & CO. LIMITED. Steamship Agents and Proprietors of COAL DEPOTS AT ST. VINCENT, C.V. PERNAMBUCO. BAHIA. RIO DE JANEIRO. SANTOS. SAO PAULO. MONTE VIDEO. LA PLATA. BUENOS AYRES. Also Branch Establishments at CARDIFF aqd BARRY. Stocks of only the ves°y best Descriptions of South Wales Steam Coal. TUG BOATS AT ALL THE PORTS. Workshops at St. Vincent, Pernambuco, Bahia and Rio Janeiro, with efficient modern Plant, where repairs of all descriptions are undertaken. WILSON, SONS & CO. Limited, are the Sole Proprietors of the above Depots and Branches, and any inquiries as regards prices, &c, should be addressed to the Head Office : — 7 DRAPERS' GARDENS, LONDON, E,C, Telegraphic Address at each place— " ANGLICU8." XI, Tt|e Beldam Packiijg aqd Rubber Co, 77 GRACECHURCH STREET, LONDON, E.G. BELDAMS WELL-KNOWN SPECIALITIES, More extensively used tnan any others. Metallic Packings, Corrugated Valves, Spring Meek Bush, Metallic Tube Stopper. CAMBRIDGE ANTI-CLINKERING FURNACE BAR, Great Saving by using Cambridge Bars. No Alterations to Furnace Fittings. Weavers and Manufacturer, of Asbestos Goods of every description. Packings. Jointngs, Cloth. Tape, &c. Contractors to The Admiralty, Russian. Italian, Spanish, Egyptian, Chilian, Brazilian, and Japanese Governments. Circulars and Price Lists on application to LONDON : 77 GRACECHURCH STREET. LIVERPOOL: 112 The Albany, OLD HALL STREET. GLASGOW : 109 HOPE STREET. MANCHESTER : 9 CORPORATION STREET. Telegrams "CORRUGATED. LONDON." "CENTRIFUGAL. LIVERPOOL." KEILLER'S PUP SOLUBLE COCOA INVIGORATING & REFRESHING. MANUFACTURED BY James Keiller & Son, Ltd., Dundee and London, Makers of the CELEBRATED DUNDEE MARMALADE, also JAMS, TABLE JELLIES, PEELS, BOTTLED FRUITS, CHOCOLATES, and every description of Confectionery. SHIPPERS TO ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD. KII. W. ROSENBERG I CO. 46, 48 & 50 Lime Street, ALSO Art Gallery, 69 Lime Street, IIVERPOOL, ENGXAND, fine Hrt lfrublisbcrs, picture (prams Jfffanxifacturers, Manufacturers and Importers of all kinds of MOULDINGS for Framing and Decorative purposes. Copyright, 1894, Boussod, Valadon & Co. Golden Hours— after M. Goodman Every modern^ subject published hi_ .Eno/civino,, Hfcfiing, and ;l?noioa,ravurc. in .SiocI^ or on [E>cf>ibifioii_ at out; JJolleijics. For Oil Paintings, Water Colours, &c, we are in direct touch with all the eminent British Artists, and all our purchases are made direct from them. Commissions of any kind promptly executed. Manufacturers of modern fancily- framed bevelled Mirrors, in Oxydised Silver and all the ne%vest designs. Special Factory for the Manufacture of Show -card frames. Cuadros al oleo y aquarelas pintados por artistas eminentes. Grabados, y foto-grabados. Espejos de fantasia con lunas sesgadas y planas. Molduras de todas clases para marcos y decoraciones. Marcos de fantasia para retratos fotograficos. W. ROSENBERG & C@. 46, 48 & 50 LIME STREET, LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND. XIII. (ESTABLISHED 1810.) HARRISON'S HIGH-CLASS ENGINE OIL, *~* MACHINERY OIL CYLINDER OIL, *-* «~ LflRD OIL, AND COLLIERY LAMP OIL, AS SUPPLIED TO THE PACIFIC STEAM NAVIGATION COMPANY. THE CUNARD STEAM-SHIP COMPANY, LTD THE WEST INDIA AND PACIFIC STEAM-SHIP CO., LTD. THE LONDON AND NORTH-WES iERN RAILWAY. AND MANY OTHERS. Great Efficiency and Economy obtained by the use of the above Oils. Prices, Samples, &c, from the Manufacturers, ELIJAH HARRISON & CO, 65 SOUTH JOHN STREET, LIVERPOOL. XIV. Over Malf-a-Century's Reputation for Quality. R0B T ROBERTS A CO.'S CELEBRATED Yea V $> -xarS-SvR^- ■ I»CV» (Toffee. TRADE MARK. 30, Bold Street LIVERPOOL. Mincing Lane, L0ND0N,e.g. GST'I 1540. SPECIAL QUOTATIONS IN BOND FOR SHIPPING ORDERS ■jffodt J$obert6 ¥ *$>., <£td. XV. The HARRIS FEED WATER FILTER. Telegrams : "WINDTIGHT," London ANTHONY HARRIS, 73 Queen Yictoria-St., London, E.C. XVL THE HARRIS FEED WATER FILTER Is fitted to fifteen Steamers of the Orient and Pacific Steam Navigation Companies, to the principal Stenroers of the British Navy, used solely in the Cunard Company, including the " Campania " and " Lucania ;" also fitted in the North German Lloyds, Russian Volunteer Fleet, Russian Navy, French Navy, Donald Currie Line, Rennie Line, &c. &c. Fitted also to many of the largest Waterworks Plants, Electric Lighting Installations, and wherever Condensing Engines are used. The Filtration of Feed Water for Boilers. From the " Marine Engineer." "The efficient filtration 01' the feed water used in the boilers to generate steam in large ocean =teamers driven at their top speed, has increasingly dernr.adcd the attention of engineers of late years, as the danger to the boilers and loss of fuel from the use of impure water lias increased with the increase of pressure at which modern boilers are now worked. The most subtle and refractory impurity to be overcome is from the grease used in lubricating the pistons and valves and stuffing- boxes of the engines, which after it has done its work is carried off with the steam into the condenser and returned with the feed water to the boiler, where it is brought into contact with the heating surfaces. In the "Campania" and " Lucania" the amount of water evaporated per day in raising steam amounts to over five thousand tons, and as the whole contents of the boilers is eon%-erted into steam and passes through the cylinders and condensers five times per day, carrying the grease along with it, it will be seen what an accumu- lation there would be by the end of the voyage were it not eliminated from the feed water as it passes back to the boilers. The Cunard Company in determining the class of feed filter to adopt in their great new liners were influenced by the success of one of the Harris filters fitted to another of their steamers. Their selection has been justified by the fact that on opening out the boilers of the Campania each run she has made both at New York and Liverpool they have been found entirely free from grease and the oxide and the brown dirt usually found in new boilers was also absent— notwith- standing the extra amount of lubricant used on the trial trip and initial voyages. The Biters are s_ii-cleansing, and the impurity is ejected by the reversal of the valves, so that the voyage to Xew York is completed without opening out or mechanically cleansing, which is a great relief to the engineers. The success which has attended the Harris filter in the great Cunarders has inundated Mr. Harris with orders, and inquiries from all parts of the world, for land as well as marine purposes." For P/iees avd Particulars apply to 73 QUEEN YICTORIA-ST., LONDON, E.C, XVII. Contractors to the British Admiralty. Established 1838. N. Hingley & Sons, Limited, (SUCCESSORS TO THE NEW BRITISH IRON CO., 1894.) NETHERTON & OLD HILL STEEL, IRON, CHAIN, CABLE, ANCHOR AND ENGINEERING WORKS, 1 DUDLEY, Staffordshire, ENGLAND -*a- • 0+0' >$<-•• Manufacturers of "LION" IRON AND CHAINS. STUD LINK CABLES OF THE HIGHEST CLASS. NETHERTON SPECIAL BEST BEST CHAINS FOR MINING & CRAINS. ANCHORS OF EVERY DESCRIPION. Sole Makers of HINGLEY'S & HALL'S PATENT STOCKLESS ANCHORS. ►>.o*o. --*-- London: 62 Gracechurch Street, E.C. Liverpool: Glasgow : 5 Chapel Street. 12 Waterloo Street. Telegrams : "HINGLEY, DUDLEY," and "STOCKLESS, LONDON." .OfO."£*- XVIII. CONTENTS -:o: Index to Contents Index to Advertisements Preface List of Standard Works on South America... Chapter I.— The Pacific Steam Navigation Company Court of Directors Executive Staff Establishments Abroad Principal Agents and Correspondents Ships' Watches and Bells EAST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA. Chapter II.— Brazilian Ports „ Chapter III.— The River Plate, Monte Video, Uruguay, Argentine Republic, Paraguay Chaptbr IV.— Straits of Magellan WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA. Chapter V. — Colombia Chapter VI.— Ecuador Chaptbr VII. — Peru Chapter VIII.— Chile Chapter IX.— South American Currencies Map of South America Track Chart to South America and Australia Track Chart showing Pacific Line West Coast Service. Coats of Arms and Flags Chart of Straits of Magellan PAGE. XIX. XXIV. 5 9-36 26 26 27-29 30 31-48 49-57 58-74 75-^5 86-92 93-"7 1 18-148 140-151 .PACE PREFACE 14a . . . . 26a 58a 93460 XIX. INDEX TO CONTENTS. Achataihua Aconcagua Ad rogue Alansi Albemarle Almendral Ambato Ancon Ancud Andacollo Antisani Antofagasta Apucuncarani Aralar Arequipa Arica Ascope Ascotan (Lake) . Asuncion Atacama Ayacucho Bahia Bahia Blanca Bahia (Ecuador) Balao Ballenita Barbacoas ... Barra do Pirahy Barranco Bayos Belgrano Bio Bio (River) Boa Vista ... . Bodegas Bogota •'' PAGE. no Bolivia 142 Botafogo •• 54 Brillador .. 90 Buenaventura ■• 92 Buenos Ayres .. 96 Buga ._ .. 90 Cachavi .. 103 Cachinal 148 Cachipascana •• 135 Cajamarca 91 Calama 126 Calasnique 11- Calbuco ... 127 Caldera ... in Caleta Buena ... 118 Call ... 99 Galindo 127-128 Callao ... 56 Campo Grande ... 126-130 Cancana ... 109 Canete •■ 35 Cape Boqueron ... ••• 55 Cape Espiritu Santo 86 Cape Froward ... ... 01 Cape Negro ... 8S Cape Pillar ... 84 Cape St. Anthony ... 48 Cape St. Mary ... ... 103 Cape St. Vincent . . 127 Cape Virgins ... 54 Carabaya ... 146 Caracas River ... ... 31 Caracoles ...90-91 Carampangue Mines ... 83 Carcot (Lake) ... PAGE. III-II6 ... 41 .. 134 ... 82 ... 52 ... 83 ... 86 129 ... 117 ... 97 ... 12S ... 97 ... 148 ... 130 124 ... 82 ... 99 ... 101 - 36 ... 1 20 ... 10S ... 58 ... 58 ... 04 ... 60 ... 70 ... 49 ... 49 ... 59 ... 58 ... 115 ... 86 ... 127 ... 146 ... 127 XX. Carioca Mountains Carriza] Alio Carrizal Bajo Cartavio Casa Grande Casapalca Casma Castrovireyna Catacaos Cattetc Cauquenes Springs Caxanga Cayalti Cayambi Cerro Azul Cerro Blanco Cerro de Hoja ... Cerro de Pasco ... Cerros de la Cru/. Chafan Chala Chan Chan Chanaral Chanarcillo Chanchamayo Charchani Chepen Chicama Chicla Chiclayo Chihlaya (Bolivia) Chilian Chimbo Chimborazo Chimbote Chimu Chincha Chincha Islands... Chipicani Chiquitoy PAGE. 43 iji 131 99 99 105 100 109 94 4i 142 32 96 91 108 132 87 106-107 88 97 no 98 129 130 107 117 97 99 106 .95-96 112 144 90 90 99 98 108 no 120 99 Chocope Chorrillos Bay Chorrillos ... Chosica Cobija Cochabamba Colico Colon Colquechaca Comendador Creek Concepcion . . . Conchi Conchicul ... Constitucion Copiapo Coquimbo . . . Coracora Corcovado Mountain. Cordova Cordoba Coronel Coropuna ... Corral Cosquin Cotopaxi Crooked Reach Cuenca Cuevitas Curanilahue Cuzco Cyapas Daule Dawson Islands Desterro Duran Elizabeth Island... Esmeraldas . . . Eten Facala PAGE. ... 99 ... 102 ... 103 ... 106 ... 126 ... 114 ... 146 ... 82 ... 127 ••• 93 107-144 ... 128 ... 127 142-143 ... 131 ••• 133 ... no • •• 43 ... 56 ... 82 ... 144 ... 117 ... 147 ... 56 ... 90 ... 68 ... 91 ... 128 ... 146 114-116 ... 86 ... 91 ... 59 ... 47 ... 90 ... 60 ... 86 - 95 ... 98 XXI Keirenafe Flamenco 'stand Flores Fray Bentos Freirina Galapagos Islands ( ralindo dap Peak Garanhuns ( iavea Glacier Bay Guadalupe (hialatieri Guanaco Guaranda Guayacan Guayaquil Guayas River liuacho Huancavelica Huancayo Huanchaca Huanchaco .. tluanuco Huaimey Huasco Iluaylas lea Ilha Raza [llimani Ilo Inca Ii|iii(|ue [taparica Island .. larillas Jauja [ipijapa fulaca Juluca PAGE. . 96 Si 54 5" ■ i3 2 02 • 99 • 58 33 •4 '-43 . 69 • 97 120 . 129 • 90 ■34 ScS .. 89 . . 100 109 107 .. 12S • • 99 .. 107 100 132 1 00 .. 109 - 38 117 ... 117 ... 127 121 ... 37 ... 132 106 .. S 7 .. 12S .. 114 PAGE. Junin 125 Kenuta 120 La Paz 112-120 La Paz (Bolivia) ni La Punta 101 Lambayeque 96 Larangeiras 4' Laraquete '4^ Laredo 99 Las Animas 130 Latacunga 9° Lebu 14^ Lima 102 Limache '4' Llanquihue (Lake) M& Loa 127 Lobos de Afuera Islands 95 Lomas 110-127 Lota 146 Maceio 34 Machala 9> Magdalena 103 Mai Island 3^ Mairo ^7 Manaos 34 Manta s 7 Mar del Plata 55 Matucana 106 Mendoza 5^ Milagro 90 Miraflores 103 Misti in Mocollope 98 Mollendo no Monte Grande 97 Monte Video 5° Montecristi $7 Moquegua i'7 Mount Ancon 8l XXII. Mount Buckland Mount 1 [ermoso... Mount San Feline Mount Sarmienlo Mount Tarn Naranjal Naranjito Nazareth Nitrate Oticinas ... Nova Friburgo ... Olinda Olivo Ollagua Ollanta Organ Mountains Oroya Oruro Ovalle Paod'Alho Pacasmayo Pai Island Palmira Panama Panulcillo Paqueta Paraguay Parahyba Paranagua Parinacoto Pasto Patagonia Patapo Paysandii Payta 1'elotas Penco Pernambuco Petropolis Pettagua Philip Bay Pichincha Pichupichu PAGE. 6 3 IOO 60 62 60 "I 90 34 124 45 32 134 127-12S US 45 1 04 1 13-120- 128 ••• 134-135 34 96 38 S3 ... 79 '34 45 56 34 47 1 20 85 71-74 95-96 52 93 47 144 3i 44 120 59 9i "7 Pilar 1'imentel Pisagua Pisco Pima Point las Piedras Pomalca Pomarape Port Famine Port Montt Porto Alegre Porto Bello Portoviejo Poiosi Pozuzo Pucala Puente Pund (Island) .. Puno Puquios Quillota Quito Recife Rimac River Rinconada Riobamba Rio Grande Rio de Janeiro ... Rio Minas ( reraes Rio Vermelho River Plate Rosario Sahama Salado Salaverry .. Salinas Salto Samanco San Antonio San Bernardino ... Sancholagua San Cristobal PAGK. ••• 34 ••• 95 ... 120 109 ... 94 ... 49 ... 96 1 20 ... 62 ... 148 ... 47 ... 79 ... 87 113-127 ... 107 ... 96 100 ... 91 112 ... 130 ... 141 90 ... 31 102 ... 100 ... 90 ... 47 ••• 37 ... 41 ... 36 ... 49 ■•■ 55 120 ... 130 ... 98 ,.. 128 .. 52 100 31-130 •• 57 .. 91 ... 127 XXIII. Sandy Point San Felipe San Isidro San Jose San Pablo San Pedro San Pedro de Lloc Santa Ana Santa Barbara ... Santa Elena Santa Lucia Santa Rosa Santa Rosa (Cuzco) Santa Thereza ... Sante Fe Santiago Santiago (Ecuador) Sao Paulo Saracoha (Lake) Sausal Saxihuaman Serena Sibambe Sicuani Sorata Straits of Magellan S. Gorda S. Salvador Suchiman Sucre Supe Sylvestre Tacna Tacora Talambo Talara Talca Talcahuano Taltal Tambo Tambo de Mora... Tandli PAGE. PAGE .. 60 Tanque . .. 98 .. 142 Tarma 106-107 62 Taubate 48 •■ 97 Tecape 97 127 Tembladera 97 97-127 Temperley 54 .. 97 Thiales ■ 85 .. 87 Tierra del Fuego 65-67 .. 109 Tijuca 44 88 Timbauba 34 140 Tinogasta 131 • 9i Titicaca (Lake) .. 112 1 1 1 Toco 125 • 46 Tocopilla 125 • 55 Tolon 97 i39 Tome .. 143 . 86 Tongoy . .. •34 .41-48 Trujillo 98 • 117 Tucuman 55 • 99 Tumaco .. 84 • ii5 Tuman... 96 • 133 Tumbes 93 90 Tunguragua 90 • 114 Tuquerros 85 ■ "7 • 58 . 128 Ucayali River 107 Una Urbinas 117 • 35 Urubamba "5 100 112 100 Uruguay Uyuni 5i 128 • 4° Valdivia •47 Vallenar '33 ■ 119 120 Valparaiso Victoria •36 30 • 97 Vicuna .. 135 • 94 Vilcanota 117 142 Vina del Mar 141 • 143 Vinzos 100 129 • 115 Yaguachi 90 . 10S Vonan 97 • 55 Zorritos . 93 XXIV. INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. :o:- BANKS. Bank of Liverpool. Lid. ... Liverpool London & Brazilian Bank. Ld. London London & River Plate Bank, Limited London PAGE. 165 166 166 British Castor Co. Ld. lohnson, T- H. & S. . DRUGS. London Liverpool Castor Oil Drysaltery, Disinfectants, &c. 193 177 IX. II. ENGINEERS, MACHINISTS, BOATBUILDERS, &c. Allen, W. H.. Son (X Co, ... Bedford Engines, lVc. ._ Cochran & Co Birkenhead Boilers Cochran & Co Clarke, Chapman & Co. Edison & Swan United Electric Light Co. Ld.. Goodfellow, Benj Ilarland & Wolff, Limited. Harris, Anthony Haslam Foundry and Engineering Co. Ld. . Hingley, N. & Sons ... Liverpool Engineering and Condenser Company . Lloyd & Lloyd Weir, G. & J. Ld Wilson, Henry, k Co. FINE ARTS. Rosenberg, W. & Co Liverpool Fine Arts mi. FURNISHING, OUTFITTING, ELECTRO-PLATE, LINEN, NAUTICAL INSTRUMENTS, Ac. Brintons, Limited Kidderminster ... Carpets 168 British P.P. Paper Co. ... London Toilet Paper 164 Broadwood I. & Sons ... London Pianos 190 Birkenhead . Steamers. Launches, Yachts. &C, in. Gateshead -on -Tyne Machinery, Engines, &c. ... 170 London Electric Light Fittings, &c. I. Hyde ... Refrigerating Machinery, &c. 182 Belfast Shipbuilders, Engineers 167 London Feed Water Filters ... xv .-XVI; Derby ... Refrigerating Machinery, i.Vc. IS 5 Dudley . . . Anchors and Chains XVII. Liverpool Condensers, Filters, &c. 179 Liverpool ... Tubes 19s Glasgow ... Pumps, Evaporators 181 Liverpool .. ... Hardware 189 XXV. FURNISHING, Ac— continued. Chadburn & Son Collard & Collard Cook & Townshend Elkington & Co Kay, J. W. & Co Richardson, Sons & Owden, Limited Walker & Hall Adelphi Grande Hotel Metropole ... Hotel Oriental Hotel Sul-Americano Midland Crand Liverpool London Liverpool Liverpool Liverpool Belfast Sheffield .. HOTELS. Liverpool Rio cle Janeiro Monte Video ... Bahia London .. Telegraphs, &c. .. . . Pianos .. Furniture, Bedding, &c .. Electro- Plate ... . .. Nautical Instruments . .. Linen .. Electro-Plate ... . INDIA RUBBER, ASBESTOS, &c. Beldam Packing & Rubber Co. London Valves, &c. Maclellan, George & Co. ... Glasgow Valves, &e. Angus, George & Co. ... Bremner, John A. & Co. Harrison, Elijah & Co. Crane, P. Moir, &Co.... Oakbank Oil Co. Ld. . Kockliff Bros. Ltd. LEATHER MERCHANTS. .. Newcastle-on-Tyne, Belting, &c OILS, ENGINE &c. .. London ... Liverpool . ... Manchester ... Glasgow PRINTING AND STATIONERY. ... Liverpool Printing and Stationery RAILWAYS. Central Argentine Buenos Ayres Buenos Ayres and Rosario ... Buenos Ayres SHIP STORE DEALERS, PAINTS, ROPES, CANYAS, &c. Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company London Milk Bell Brothers & Thomson ... Liverpool Ship's Stores Uckson, McConnan and Temple Liverpool Hampson, R. H Stockport ... . . Ropes, Cordage, Oakum, &c. . Waste, Sponge Cloths PAGE. 1 88 1 86 191 194 «95 vn. 192 161 164 162 •63 160 XI. VIII. 197 1 So XIII. 169 171 187 156 •57 190 "83 172 175 XXVI. SHIP STORE DEALERS, Ac- continued. Kciller, James, & Son... Mackenzie Ov. Mackenzie Minion, R. R. & Co ... Port Glasgow <$; Newark Sail Cloth Co. Dundee Edinburgh . . Liverpool . . . Port Glasgow Robert^, Robert, & Co. Ltd. Liverpool . . Marmalade, Jams, &C. . . Biscuits .. Paints, Colors, Varnishes . . Sailcloth, Canvas .. Tea rice 2/6 ?iet. LONDON. Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton. Kent &C? L to Publishers, 4,Stationei*s Hall Court. EC LIVER POOL. Rockliff Brothers, L t _°, Printers and Stationers. 4* Castle Street. i895 £nt4rea\ at SiaAonars ffalt. ^AZlRig/UsJif-itrn ?- 3 \&tf> - 1 I I I 1 ' 1 ~ 2 JkMS Ji 1 ® JL English Miles > 300 WO MX* 600 too 800 Elomstfva Heights w /v*w Btiilwavs — — .■.»■ i.-.wi:..^^ C ft*^" Equator PREFACE. *4v HE information given in this Guide Book f has been obtained from the most reliable sources, and has been specially compiled for the use of Travellers and Shippers by the Steamers of The Pacific Steam Navigation Co. It will also be of value to anyone desirous of becoming acquainted with the Brazilian and River Plate Ports, the Straits of Magellan, and the West Coast of South America. The particulars of times of departure of steamers and trains, and also hotel charges, are of course subject to variation, and, as a matter of precaution, travellers should verify same by inquiry from the Pacific Company's Agent at the port concerned. In cases also in which hotels are not referred to, the several Agents of the Company will readily furnish any information required. This work is not intended to replace the Hand-books — published by The Pacific Company, 3M to PREFACE HE information given in this Guide Book T has been obtained from the most reliable sources, and has been specially compiled for the use of Travellers and Shippers by the Steamers of The Pacific Steam Navigation Co. It will also be of value to anyone desirous of becoming- acquainted with the Brazilian and River Plate Ports, the Straits of Magellan, and the West Coast of South x\merica. The particulars of times of departure of steamers and trains, and also hotel charges, are of course subject to variation, and, as a matter of precaution, travellers should verify same by inquiry from the Pacific Company's Agent at the port concerned. In cases also in which hotels are not referred to, the several Agents of the Company will readily furnish any information required. This work is not intended to replace the Hand-books— published by The Pacific Company, 354 to 4 and issued gratis — giving precise details of their Service from Europe to South America, and of their several Services on the West Coast of the last-named Continent ; but has been written to meet a want which has frequently been telt and expressed. It will be seen, from the contents, that a voyage to the East and West Coasts of South America, whether it be performed by the Naturalist or Botanist, in the gratification of that wish to visit the tropics which every scientist must feel ; by the traveller in pursuit of recreation, or by the invalid in search of health, will afford the means of amply satisfying each special need. The scientist will find vast fields for the carrying on of his favourite study ; the traveller varied and beautiful scenes in the Straits of Magellan and objects of interest in every port of call ; and the invalid, especially if he be suffering from any pulmonary disease, will find in Bolivia particularly, and in other parts of the South American Republics, that dry and rarified atmos- phere so essential to complete restoration. The Company's Agents have rendered valuable assistance in the compilation of this Book, 5 and reference has also been made to the under- mentioned Standard Works, which travellers to those of the South American Republics specially dealt with would do well to peruse : — Brazil— " A Year in Brazil." H. Dent, 1886. •• }000 Miles through Brazil." J. W. Wells, 1886. " Eleven Weeks in North- Eastern Brazil." W. A. Forp.es, 1885. " Hand-book of Rio," issued by the Editor of " Rio News." Uruguay. — " Its Geography, History, Rural Industries and Commerce." Official Publication, 1883. Argentina. — "Cameos from the Silver Land." E. W. White, 1881. " The River Plate as a Field for Emigration." Latzina, 1883. " Eight Months in the Granchaco of the Argentine Republic." G. Pelleschi, 1886. "The Naturalist in La Plata." W. H. Hudson, 1892. " Argentina and the Argentines." T. A. Turner, 1892. Paraguay. — " Paraguay in 1893." G. Lennox. Patagonia " At Home with the Patagonians." G. C. Muster, 1871. " Across Patagonia." Lady Florence Dixie. " Cruise of the Alert." R. W. Coppinc-er, 1883. " Idle Days in Patagonia." W. H. Hudson, 1893. "Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries visited during the Voyage round the World of H.M.S. ' Beagle."' Charles Darwin, 1890. Chili— "Chili and the River Plate in 1891." G. C. MORANT. "The South American Pilot." Staff-Com. J. Penn, 1872. It being felt that a short history of the pioneer and still leading Company to the Pacific would be of interest to the travelling public, and would form a suitable introduction to this work, the same has been made the subject of Chapter I, R.M.S. "ORUBA," 5552 TONS. CHAPTER I. THE pacific pleam plavigatsioi] Companj. Cfjy* the \~tJi February, 1840, just about the time that transatlantic navigation was an assured success, a charter was obtained " under letters patent " for the establishment of this Company, with a small subsidy for the conveyance of the British Mails along the shores of the Pacific. The capital of the Company was at first limited to £250,000 in shares of £50 each, the whole of which was subscribed for, but only an amount was called up sufficient at the time to enable the Directors to provide two boats — the "Chile" and "Peru" — which were dispatched to commence operations towards the close of 1840. These vessels were wooden paddle wheel steamers, sister ships, of 700 tons register, with engines of about 150 horse-power ; their extreme length being 198 feet, and extreme breadth 50 feet. They were at that time considered fine vessels, and on their arrival at Valparaiso the)- were received with great rejoicings and with salvos of artillery — -everybody IO wishing to visit them ; the President of the Chilian Republic, with his Ministers, being the first to welcome the steam- ships to the shores of the Pacific. From this small beginning was developed the vast trade that now exists between South America and Great Britain. The Company in its early days had many difficulties to overcome, the scarcity of fuel being one of the greatest ; and during the first five years the steamers were worked at a loss. Notwithstanding this, the shareholders resolved to persevere, and the fleet was gradually augmented. In 1852 four new steamers, viz., the "Lima," "Santiago," "Quito," and "Bogota," of about 1100 tons and 450 horse-power each, were added to the line, to be employed in a bi-monthly service between Valparaiso and Panama. From that time the trade in the Pacific rapidly developed, new and hitherto unthought of branches of commerce were opened up, and the success of the Company was assured. Till "LIMA," "SANTIAGO," "QUITO," AND "BOGOTA." II The Directors commenced to apply the compound engine to their steamships in 1856, thus effecting consider- able economy in the matter of coal consumption ; and it is worthy of record that the Company were not only the first to adopt compound engines for ocean-going steamers, but were almost singular in this respect for upwards of 14 years. In 1865 the chartered powers of the Company were extended to the establishment of lines " between the West Coast of South America and the River Plate, including the Falkland Islands and such other ports or places in North and South America, and other foreign ports, as the said Company shall deem expedient." In December, 1867, at a special meeting of the shareholders, it was determined to add to the operations of the Company a monthly line from Liverpool to the West Coast of South America, via the Straits of Magellan. This entirely new and important, though hazardous branch of the service, necessitated an increase of the capital of the Company to ,£2,000,000. In May, 1868, the paddle-wheeler " Pacific," of 1630 tons and 450 horse-power, was despatched from Valparaiso to Liverpool, as the pioneer of the new mail line. The project was successful, and in 1870 it was determined to extend the voyages beyond Valparaiso, making the terminal port Callao, and to increase the number to three a month. 12 In January, 1872, the capital was increased to ^3,000,000 in order to enable the Company to establish a weekly line from Liverpool to Callao — a distance of 1 1,000 miles — and on the 8/// of January, 1873, the steamship " Sorata," 4038 tons, and 4000 horse-power, sailed from Liverpool as the first vessel under the new contract with Her Majesty's Government for a regular weekly service to and from Callao, with calls at Bordeaux, Spanish Ports, Lisbon, Rio de Janeiro, Monte Video, and Sand)' Point in the Straits of Magellan. To carry out and maintain this service efficiently, and in order to provide also for the increasing demands for additional tonnage on the West Coast of South America, it became necessary to considerably augment the fleet, and by 1874 the Company had no fewer than 54 steamers in commission, with an aggregate tonnage of 120,000, and of an aggregate horse-power (nominal) of 21,395. These were probably the finest and best appointed vessels in the mercantile marine of an)- nation. The promises of a lucrative traffic were eventually, however, not fulfilled ; the trade with South America fell off; and an extraordinary increase in the price of coal and other necessaries added so much to the cost of working the line that the weekly sailings had to be abandoned, and the fortnightly service, which is now in force, reverted to. Employment had then to be found for the steamers -• jfi i * J ■■ « in O H O > o o — 4— +o - *o 20 4-0 eo Pacific Line Steamers. Track Chart to South America & Australia. 15 which were not required for the West Coast business ; and an opportunity was soon afforded by the establishment of the Orient Line from London to Australia, which was commenced with the steamship a Lusitania " early in 1877, and monthly sailings were maintained with five of the Company's steamers, until January, 1880, when, under an arrangement with the Orient Steam Navigation Company, the fortnightly line to Australia was established. Four of the finest vessels of the Company, viz., " Orizaba," "Oroya," " Oruba," and " Orotava," are now engaged in that trade. The Capital is now reduced to £1477,125. The fleet of the Company at present consists of the following screw steamships : — Tons Gross Reg. Orizaba 6077 Oroya 6057 Orotava 5552 ° lub * 5552 Oropcsa (twin screw) 5317 Orissa n « 53 1 7 Orcllana.., 4821 Orcana 4803 Iberia 4661 Liguria 4648 Potosi 4230 Galicia 3835 Sarmicnto 3603 Inca 3593 Magellan 359o Antisana 35S4 Areejuipa 2952 Santiago 2952 H.P. Effec. 7000 7000 7000 7000 50OO 50OO 4500 4500 4500 4500 4OOO 4OOO 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 Tons Gross Reg. Araucania 28S4 Puno 2398 Serena 2394 Pizarro 2 1 60 Mendoza 2160 Bolivia 1925 Ayacucho 1916 Coquimbo 1821 Arica 1771 Ecuador 1768 Quito Manavi Arauco Chala Casma Osorno (twin screw) Assistance Morro (twin screw) 1089 1041 801 598 592 532 200 170 H.P. Effec. 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 1500 1500 1500 1250 1250 IOOO IOOO 500 300 300 300 120 IOO 15 which were not required for the West Coast business ; and an opportunity was soon afforded by the establishment of the Orient Line from London to Australia, which was commenced with the steamship " Lusitania " early in 1877, and monthly sailings were maintained with five of the Company's steamers, until January, 1880, when, under an arrangement with the Orient Steam Navigation Company, the fortnightly line to Australia was established. Four of the finest vessels of the Company, viz., " Orizaba," " Oroya," " Oruba," and " Orotava," are now engaged in that trade. The Capital is now reduced to £"1,477,125. The fleet of the Company at present consists of the following screw steamships : — Tons H.P. Gross Reg. Effec. 7000 7000 7000 7000 5000 5000 4500 4500 4500 Orizaba 6077 Oroya 6057 Orotava 5552 Oruba 5552 Oropesa (twin screw) 5317 Orissa " » 53 • 7 Orellana 4821 Orcana 4803 Iberia 4661 Liguria 4648 4500 Potosi 4230 4000 Quito 1089 Tons H.P. Gross Reg. Effec. Araucania 2884 2000 Puno 2398 2000 Serena 2394 2000 Pizarro 2 1 60 2000 Mendoza 2160 2000 Bolivia 1925 Ayacucho 1916 Coquimbo 1821 Arica 1 77 1 Ecuador 1768 Galicia 3835 4000 Sarmiento 3603 3000 Inca 3593 3000 Magellan 3590 3000 Antisana 3584 3000 Arequipa 2952 3000 Santiago 2952 3000 Manavi Arauco Chala .. Casma.. 1041 Sol 598 592 Osorno (twin screw) 532 Assistance 200 Morro (twin screw) 170 1500 1500 1500 1250 1250 1000 1000 500 300 300 300 120 100 \6 We describe fully, further on, the twin screw steamer " Oropesa," — which vessel and her sister ship the " Orissa " form the latest additions to the fleet, — as a fair specimen of the Company's steamers in the Pacific Line to Valparaiso, all of which are provided with spacious cabins and saloons, and are fitted throughout with every modern convenience and accommodation for large numbers of passengers. The " Oropesa " and " Orissa " have already made a good reputation for speed and comfort in the trade to the East and West Coasts of South America. The remaining ships of the fleet are employed in the Straits of Magellan Lines of Mail and Cargo Steamers, and on the West Coast of South America. The West Coast Line connects via Panama with the various Atlantic Lines to Europe, and steamers to Central America and New York. We now proceed to describe the general construction and passenger accommodation of the " Oropesa." She was built by Messrs. Harland and Wolff, Limited, Belfast, in the same yard in which the " Orellana " and " Orcana " were built one year previously. Her measurements are : — length 420 feet between perpendiculars, beam 48 feet 6 inches, and depth 36 feet to spar-deck. Her net registered tonnage is 3318 tons and gross 5317. She has four laid decks, besides a spacious promenade and boat-deck, extending the full length of the amidship houses, which serves as a shade for the upper-deck. Her hull is built of steel of ample thickness, and she is divided ■J. z X 19 into watertight compartments, adding" materially to the safety of the ship. In addition to the ordinary keel, she has two twelve-inch bilge keels, which materially assist in steadying the vessel in a heavy sea-way, while evidently in nowise checking speed. She is built with a double bottom — an additional clement of safety — and between the two there arc water-ballast tanks capable of holding S50 tons of water. Her engines, which are on the " triple expansion " principle, are of a very powerful description, and were also built by Messrs. Harland and Wolff, Limited. The dimensions of the cylinders are 23^, 38^ and 64 inches, and the stroke 48 inches. Aspinall's patent governors are fitted to the engines. Steam is supplied to the engines by four steel boilers, two double and two single-ended, which work at a pressure of 180 lbs. to the square inch. A donkey boiler, 10 feet 3 inches by 8 feet 6 inches, supplies the necessary steam for working the ship in port. These boilers have been tested up to 360 lbs., and have altogether a heating surface of 12,300 square feet. The auxiliaries arc Quiggin's (Liverpool) feed heaters, evaporator and fresh water condensers, Harris's feed-water filter, two of G. Weir's feed pumps and one auxiliary pump, Harland and Wolff's own patent centrifugal circulating pumps and duplex ballast pumping gear, Carruther's duplex donkey pump for fresh water service throughout the ship, surface condenser for all waste steam of winches, heating, &c. Two single dynamo engines are supplied by Messrs. W. II. 20 Allen, Son & Co., London, who have fitted the electric lighting plant, no fewer than 457 lamps being in use. The refrigerating plant is very complete, a 20,000 cubic feet machine having been provided by The Haslam Foundry and Engineering Co., Derby. This machine is for the use of the ship's provisions only. The deck, mooring, cargo, and other appliances are very substantial, and are fitted with special regard to the requirements of the trade. The windlass is one of Messrs. Clarke, Chapman & Co.'s, and the six deck winches are by Messrs. J. H. Wilson & Co., Liverpool, the side hatches peculiar to this fleet being perpetuated. A complete set of telegraphs has been furnished by Messrs. J. \V. Ray & Co., Liverpool, and are fitted on the forecastle, in the crow's nest, and in the whcelhousc aft and into the engine-room, where that firm's patent direct engine tell-tale indicators arc fitted. She is fitted with Lord Kelvin's patent compasses and sounding machine. The steam steering gear is Messrs. Wilson and Pirrie's ; the leading features being the facility with which it can be disconnected and the hand gear coupled, and the compression of both springs when any undue strain is put upon the rudder. The forward " between decks " is arranged for fitting portable berths, and the total number of steerage passengers that can be berthed is 582. The saloon is on the main deck, 23 and is provided with seating accommodation for 70 first- class passengers. The panelling and pilasters all round, which are of oak, are handsomely carved in heavy relief, while the side port embayment, and the furniture, arc in walnut. The ceiling is very prettily panelled in white and gold, and the apartment, which extends across the ship, has a rich and substantial appearance. The drawing-room opens off the staircase, and is elaborately decorated. The upper portion is in artistically panelled and carved sycamore, relieved by richly-carved walnut pilasters, and the lower is in walnut. The ceiling of this room is very pretty. Writing tables and bookcases are to match, and the easy chairs, lounges, and side settees are suitably upholstered in flowered peacock blue cloth, and bordered with old gold plush. A rich velvet pile carpet, and very fine dome skylight, which also serves the saloon, completes as charming a room as the most fastidious passenger might desire. Abaft the drawing- room, but opening on the same (upper; deck, is a most delightful first-class smoke-room, laid out in a very novel and luxurious style. The panelling is of oak of the mould- ing pattern, and carved on top. The furniture and lower wainscoting are of walnut. At each side of the four corners of the room squares have been formed, which afford convenient " locales " for card parties, &c. Other tables are placed in different positions as required. The chairs and other seats, which are of walnut, are upholstered in dark- 2 4 coloured leather. The floor is covered with Harland's patent rubber tiles. Abaft, on the same deck, arc the surgery, officers' and doctor's rooms, office, ( ockspur Street, S.W. Plymouth J. Pengelly & Co. Manchester A. W. Wilson, 67 Piccadilly. Birmingham Reynold Rogers, 27 Cambridge Street. Bradford Robert Johnston, 45 Brook Street. Dundee David Bruce & Co., 3 Royal Exchange Place. Glasgow J. Dunn & Sons. 107 Si. Vincent Street. Belfast Thomson & Co., 25 Victoria Street. Hamburg Ernst Niebuhr, Jun. Antwerp Auo. Schmitz & Co. Havre The Cunard Steamship Company, Limited. !The Cunard Steamship Company, Limited, 38 Avenue de I'Opera. Laurette & Ambroise. „ j Victor Sauvaigue. Genoa If.Scerni. Marseilles F. Puthet & Co. Santander Dorioa k hijos v Botin. Corunna Sobrinos de Jose Pastor. Carril and Yigo Barcena v Franco. MADRID Lespes v Esna«m ,\. LISBON E. Pinto Basto & Co. Oporto H. Kendall & Co. Madeira Blandy Brothers & Co. SantaCruz (Teneriffe) Hamilton cV Co. St. Yincent Wilson, Sons & Co., Limited. EAST COAST. Pernambuco Wilson, Sons & Co., Limited. Bahia Wilson, Sons & C<>., Limited. Rio Janeiro Wilson, Sons & Co., Limited. Monte Yideo Wilson, Sons & Co., Limited. Buenos Ayres ... Wilson, Sons & Co., Limited. Sandy Point R. Stubenrauch. Falkland Islands (Stanley) A. E. Baillon. ^OyiENERALLY Thomas Cook & Son. «§5' V 3 2*9 1 1091 2S*l Z-b-bl M-t-f 8*21 0921 2911 27 PRINCIPAL AGENTS AND CORRESPONDENTS. EUROPE. rn«nA« | Anderson, Anderson \ Co., 5 Kenchurch Avenue, LONDON \ .... , ., ,. , ... , • .-'..- ( E.C. and 16 Cockspur Street, S.W. Plymouth J. Pengelly & Co. Manchester \. W. Wilson, 67 Piccadilly. Birmingham Reynold Rogers, 27 Cambridge Street. Bradford Robert Johnston, 45 Brook Street. Dundee David Bruce & Co., .5 Royal Exchange Place. Glasgow J. Dunn & Sons, 107 St. Vincent Sheet. Belfast Thomson & Co., 25 Victoria Street. Hamburg Erns'J Niebuhr, Jun. Antwerp Aug. Schmitz & Co. Havre The Cunard Steamship Company, Limited. !The Cunard Steamship Company, Limited, 38 Avenue de l'Opera. Laurette & Ambroise. „ l Victor Sauvaigue. Gen0a JF. SCERNI. Marseilles F. Puthet & Co. Santander Dokiga e hijos y Botin. Corunna Sobbings de Jose Pastor. Carril and Yigo Barcena y Franco. MADRID Lespes y Esnaola. LISBON E. Pinto Basto & Co. Oporto H. Kendall & Co. Madeira Blandy Brothers «.v Co. SantaCruz (Teneriffe) Hamilton cV Co. St. Yincent Wilson, Sons & Co., Limited. EAST COAST. Pernambuco Wilson, Sons ,*c Co., Limited. Bahia Wilson, Sons & Co., Limited. Rio Janeiro Wilson, Sons & Co., Limited. Monte Yideo Wilson, Sons & Co., Limited. Buenos Ayres Wilson, Sons & Co., Limited. Sandy Point R. Stubenrauch. Falkland Islands (Stanley) A. E. Baillon. GENERALLY Thomas Cook & Son. 28 WEST COAST Punta Arenas (Costa Rica) Rohrmosbr & Co Pedregal Lastra Hermanos Sona M.J. GRAJALES. Agua Dulce S. Sucre, J. Buenaventura R. G. de Paredes. Tumaco Gaminara & Leeder. Esmeraldas Servat & Dumarest. Bahia (Ecuador) Cia. de Agencias. Manta R. Delgado. Cayo Sax Lucas v Ca. Ballenita Pedro Infante. Guayaquil Geo. Chambers & Co. Payta F. P. Lopez & Co. Pimentel William V. Fry. Eten Suit, del Ferro-carril. Pacasmayo Kauffmann & Co. Malabrigo Do. Huanchaco E.Gottfried e Hermanos. SalaYerry ... Do. Santa Agustin Aste. Chimbote G. Valdeavellano. Samanco Guillermo Gaymer. Casma E. Farromeque e Hijos Huarmey Servat Hermanos. Supe Thomas Valega. Huacho Pedro McGregor. Chancay F. Garmendia. Cerro Azul - Henry Swayne. Tambo de Mora Luis Dagnino. Pisco J. J- Venn. Lomas Andres Casalino. Chala C. E. Bush. Mollendo James Golding. Ho Gambetta Her.mano> y Ca. Arica Viuda de Nugent y Ca. Pisagua Watters Brothers. junin Richardson & Co. Caleta Buena Agua Santa Nitrate & Railway Co. 29 Iquique North & Jewell. Huanillos Vdministrador del Carguio dp: Huano. Tocopilla W, II. Williams. Cobija Artola Hekmanos. Antofogasta Barnett & Co. Paposo Flavio Zuleta. Taltal Schjolberg & Co. Chanaral James C Sheriff. Caldera H. R. Beazley. Carrizal Bajo Diaz & Co. Huasco Craig & Sons. Pena Blanca Totoralillo J. v P. V. Munoz. Coquimbo ) Guayacan / Tongoy F. A. Rkdwell. Los Vilos Jose M. del Rio. Santiago Swinburn & Co. Tome Henry A. Ward. Penco Talcahuano 1 „ T ^ ~ Concepcion [Williamson, Balfour & Co. Coronel A.J- Franklin. Lota Lea & Co. Lebu J. E. Robinson. Corral and Yaldiyia G. Roepke Hermanos. Ancud Juax Rurr. Calbuco Thos. Pigott. Port Montt Enrique Braemer. UNITED STATES. New York J. Bruce Ismay. San Francisco Pacific Mail S.S. Co 30 SHIPS' WATCHES & BELLS. The twenty four hours are divided on board ship into seven parts, and the crew is divided into two parts or watches, designated Port and Starboard Watches. Bach watch is on duty four hours, excepting between 4 and 8 p.m., when the time is divided into two watches of two hours each, called I )og Watches, by means of which the watches are changed every day, and each watch gets a turn of eight hours' rest at night. First Watch, 8 p.m. to midnight; Middle Watch, midnight to 4 a.m.: Morning Watch, 4 to 8 a.m. ; Forenoon Watch, 8 a.m. to noon ; Afternoon Watch, noon to 4 p.m. ; First Dog Watch, 4 to 6 p.m. : Second Dog Watch, 6 to 8 p.m. The Watches of the Senior Officers in charge of the Steamer's bridge are each of two hours' duration, giving every Officer two hours on duty and four hours off. 1 2 4 5 6 7 S 1 2 •I j 4 Bell . Hells. Bell . Hells. _> Hells. 3 '- ■ 4 11 . 5 " • 6 11 . 7 '• 8 „ . .12 . 1. . 1. . 2. 2. ■ 3- • 3" • 4- • 4- • 5- • 5- . 6. . 6. • 7. • 7- . 8. . S. ■ 9- • 9- .10. . 10. 11. 1 1. 12 ,30 a 00 30 00 30 00 30 00 3o 00 30 00 30 00 30 00 30 00 30 00 3° 00 3° OO IK ion. 1 Hell 2 Hells 3 » 4 " z 1 12. ^O p. Ill 1. 00 H 1-3° " 2.00 11 2. ;o .1 6 .1 rOO 11 7 ,1 "I.^O 11 cS , 1 Bell _' Bells 4.00 II 4-3° » 5-°° " . ;. ;o n 4 1 Bell 2 Bells ■3 " 4 1 Bell 2 Hells : 11 6.00 n O.30 „ 7.00 11 7-3° " S.oo n S.30 M 0.30 II A tl IO.OO M 5 " 6 11 I0.30 „ I I. OO II 7 " S .. II.^O II Coats of Arms and Flags, OF THE SEVERAL SOUTH AMERICAN REPUBLICS SERVED BY PACIFIC LINE STEAM ERS. BRAZ. I L.IAN REPUBLIC U RU GUAY ARGE.NTI N El REPUBLIC CO 1-U M Bl A ECUADO R PERU CHILI 3i THE ilagi Coast of ^oufti JSmerica. CHAPTER II. BRAZILIAN PORTS. PERNAMBU(](). Pernambuco, or Recife, as it is called (the latter word meaning reef), is the most important seaport in North Brazil. Its harbour, which can accommodate vessels of the largest tonnage, is formed by the recife, a singular coral reef which borders the shore, more or less from Bahia to Maranham, a distance of nearly a thousand miles. ..-_ ~ , *^3^r < ' r ^ The commercial port of Pernambuco consists of three divisions, named Recife, San Antonio, and Boa Vista, the first two of which are situated on Sand Banks and connected one with the other by magnificent iron bridges. The business portion of the city is situated in the Recife, which is an old Dutch looking quarter, and presents rather 32 a quaint appearance. The principal feature of the Recife is the Lingueta Handing stagej, which faces the open sea. Here are situated all the European houses of business, banks, cable offices, «xc, and a greater part of the business is transacted under the shade of the trees on the front, which, being always cool, is used by the merchants and people as a kind of exchange. In general, the town is well built, and there are man)- lofty houses and comfortable villas constructed with considerable taste, so that Pernam- buco bears the appearance of being a very busy and thriving town. The principal streets are the Rita Imperador, Rua Marquex d'Olinda, Rua Nova, Rua de Cadeia, and Rua de Crespo. There are many fine shops and public buildings, which are well worth a visit, the principal among the latter being the Governor's Residence, the Treasury, the Town Hall, the Arsenal, and several Convents and Churches. There is also a fine theatre, at which Italian Opera Companies frequently give performances. For visitors making a short stay, interesting excursions can be made to Olinda, which is situated on a hill, distant four miles from Pernambuco ; at the sum- mit bcinu a line old Monastery, which is now used as the residence of the Bishop of the Diocese. An extensive view can be obtained here of the surroundings of Pernam- buco. Caxanga, an outlying village from the town, may also be visited. Visitors will find an interest in this journey in seeing fields of sugar canes and pine apples, for the latter 33 of which Pernambuco is so celebrated. The above places can easily be reached by the street railway trains, running every hour. There is also a very good service of trams running to the suburbs, to which a visit would prove of interest. Travellers having plenty of time at their disposal, and desirous of more extensive knowledge of Brazil, and those who are interested in ornithological and botanical subjects, will find that a visit to the interior will give them ample opportunity to pursue their favourite studies. Gar- anhuns, which is about 150 miles from Pernambuco, and situated 2500 feet above the sea level, is well worth a visit, owing to its beautiful cool temperature ; and, besides, it is a great centre for the collection of orchids, of which there are many fine varieties. Coffee is planted freely here, and experts predict a great future for this industry. It is also used as a health resort for people from Pernambuco, and can be reached in eight hours by trains which leave Pernambuco even- day. There are good services cf trains running into the interior, passing many sugar and cotton plantations, and factories, which, during the crop season, arc- well worth a visit. The principal railways of Pernambuco are : — The Recife and Sao Francisco (Pernambuco) Rail- way, running South to Una, from which place there is an extension running to Garanhuns. c 34 From Una, the Sul Pernambuco Railway runs on to Maceio, an important export town for sugar, hides, &c. The Great Western of Brazil Railway, running to Timbauba, passes Pao d'Alho and Nazareth ; all important towns, where the process of drying and preparing skins is carried on to a great extent. From Timbauba the diligence can be taken to Pilar, a station on the Conde D'Eu Railway, which runs to Parahyba. This is the only overland route from Pernambuco to Parahyba, and takes about thirty hours. The principal hotels are : — The Hotel de Caxanga, recently rebuilt and laid out in the latest style. This Hotel is well situated for travellers who wish to get away from the heat of the town. Hotel Casa de Banhos, built on the reef itself, is very handy for travellers having business in tin- town, as the Lingueta can be reached by boat in about five minutes. There are also a few good English Hoarding Houses, full particulars of which can be obtained from the Agents of The Tacific Steam Navigation Co. (Messrs. Wilson, Sons ,v Co. Ltd.) Visitors or tourists for the Amazons will find this a very good central port to start from, there being well regulated lines of National steamers running to Manaos three times a month. The population of Ternambuco is about 150,000. 35 T.AHIA. The Bay of Bahia, or Bay of All Saints, as it is called, was discovered in 1 503 by Americus Vespucius, under the patronage of the King of Portugal, Don Manoel ; and is formed on the west by the Island Itaparica, and on the east by the Peninsula on which stands the City of St. Salvador or Bahia. fN The entrance to the Bay is much wider than that of Rio, though the bays otherwise will not bear comparison for picturesque effect, Rio Bay being infinitely superior. Bahia Bay is, however, far from being devoid of beauty, and the Coast is bordered by low hills, many of which are well covered with trees. 36 The approach to the City, which is well situated, is very interesting. The City consists of an upper and a lower town ; the means of communication being principally by a lift, an inclined plane, and a well-constructed inclined road, supported for most of its length by arches. The principal part of the lower town is used for commercial purposes, and is not remarkable for its cleanliness. The upper town, which is built on the cliffs, contains the residential quarters, hotels, and the better class of shops. The principal hotels are the Hotel Sul Americano (see Advertisement, page 163) Hotel Paris, and Luzo Brazileira. This City is known as the "City of the Blacks," owing to the great preponderance of blacks over whites. Out of a population of 230,000, there are only about 50,000 white people. Lovers of birds can obtain great varieties in the markets, one of the principal of which is directly in front of the landing stage. An interesting trip by tramcar may be made- through the upper town to the suburb of Victoria, from the heights of which a charming and extensive view is obtainable. Another pleasant trip is to the fishing village of Rio Vermelho, situated on the Atlantic side of the Peninsula. The journey is made by tramway from the Praca dc Palacio at top of lift) to Campo Grande, where passengers change to a steam tram, which takes them direct to Rio Vermelho, 37 The return trip can be made by a lower line, which is very picturesque. Passengers, however, should not attempt this excursion unless they have from six to eight hours in port. The Island Itaparica, opposite to Bahia, is enriched by numerous villages delightfully situated. Its chief town, near the north cud, is the general mart of the island, and the rendezvous of all the launches passing through the inlets and creeks of this part of the bay. The island is about [8 miles long and five miles wide on an average. It has a population of about 16,000 souls. RIO DE JANEIRO frtC The City of Rio de Janeiro, which is situated on one of the most beautiful harbours in the world, covers an area of from 8 to 9 square miles, and contains all the buildings and attributes of a large and handsome city. It lies between Castle St. Antonio and Santa Thereza Hills on the South, 38 and St. Bcnto Conceicao and Livramento Hills on the North; and spreads outwards to the West over an extensive low plain. The harbour is justly celebrated as one of the largest and safest in the world, and the coast line is exceedingly irregular on both sides, and picturesquely broken into many smaller lagoon-like bays. The entrance, which is about one mile in width, is from a southerly direction, with the Islands of Pai and Mai on the right and Ilha Raza (with its light- house) and a number of other semi-barren Islands on the left. The editors of the Rio News in their handbook of Rio, which is no doubt the best guide to that city obtain- able, describes the Bay of Rio dc Janeiro as follows: — " A miniature summer sea, sleeping within the embrace of granite mountain chains, upon whose bosom rest a hundred fair)' isles, and around whose shores dimple a hundred tiny bays. A fairer scene eyes 39 never beheld. Near at hand are the bare grey peaks which cluster about the entrance as though to beat back the ocean storms, while in the distance are the ever-green slopes and rugged profile of the far-famed Organ Mountain." "No matter," says Mr. J. VV. Wells, in his j,ooo Miles Through Brazil, " how many times a traveller may approach this shore, it will always impress and delight him ; it is ever changing, always different, for, from varied points of view, the rocky mountains assume different forms; they may be distorted in appearance by the clouds of mist that envelop or hide them in the early mornings; or they may be bare and bright, and glimmer in the tierce light of day ; or become rosy and tinted with manifold colours with the rays of the setting sun." " The Bay of Naples, the Golden Horn of Con stantinople, and the Bay of Rio," to quote from Brazil and 40 the Brazilians, by the Rev. James C. Fletcher and D. P. Kidder, " are always mentioned by the travelled tourist as pre-eminently worthy to be classed together for their extent and for the beauty and sublimity of their scenery. The first two, however, must yield the palm to the last-named magnificent sheet of water, which, in a climate of perpetual summer, is enclosed within the ranges of singularly picturesque mountains, and is dotted with verdure-covered islands of the tropics." One is struck on entering the Bay with the beauty of the mountainous coast line, which, taken en masse, forms a huge resemblance of the human figure, and has thus earned for itself the appellation of the "Sleeping Giant." The most famous of the numerous peaks, is the Sugar Loaf (Pao de Assucar), which rises abruptly from the sea at the entrance to the harbour to a height of 1,363 feet. In the front of the Sugar Loaf, but separated from it, is a fort, perched 011 a large rock rising above the bay. There is a second fort in the centre of the entrance, and a third on the right side. The City of Rio contains quite a number of objects of interest, and there are many excursions which may be conveniently made in a few hours by tram and rail. The public squares and gardens are justly renowned, and are of rare beauty and interest. The most celebrated of these lies upon the water front at the Caes Pharoux landing place, 4i and is surrounded by public buildings. The prettiest garden in the City however is the Passeio Publico, situated on the shore of the bay and facing the entrance to the harbour. The population of the City and municipal district of Rio de Janeiro is at present calculated to be 500,000. In 1754 the first coffee tree was planted in the district, and Coffee is now the chief product of the country, mainly in the provinces of Rio Alinas Geraes and Sao Paulo. The duties on imports are heavy, and trade is much hampered by strict quarantine regulations. The suburbs of Rio are very picturesque, the best perhaps being those which lie to the south-west, namely, Cattete, Larangeiras, Botafogo and Gavea. The suburb of Tijuca is also very beautiful, and should certainly be visited. As respects hotel accommodation, travellers are advised to consult the Agents of The Pacific S. N. Co., Messrs. Wilson, Sons & Co., Limited. The best are 4 2 probably the Grande Hotel Metropole at Larangeiras (see advertisement page 164), Carson's, the Hotel Estrangeiros in the Cattete, Hotel Whyte at Tijuca, and Hotel Inter- nacional at Santa Theresa. The city and suburbs are well supplied with tramway lines, nearly all running from points on or near the Rua do Ouvidor. The following are probably the most interesting trips which travellers having but a short time at their disposal can make, viz. : — I.- — Botanical Gardens (fare each way, Rs. 300), about six miles from the city, are easily reached by tram from the Largo de Carioca. Green trams, marked " Jardim," leave the Largo every 1 5 minutes, and put the passenger down at the gate of the gardens, after a journey of about an hour. 43 The chief attraction is the avenue of Royal Palms, about 350 yards in length. The gardens, which are picturesquely situated, can be thoroughly explored in about three-quarters of an hour. This trip may with advantage be extended to the terminus of the tram line at the Gavea village, which nestles at the foot of the Carioca Mountain range. From the end of the tram line it is about 20 minutes to the top of the hill, from which fine views can be obtained in several directions. -Corcovado Mountain (2,275 ^ eet ) * s easily accessible by tram and train in about three hours. A yellow tram, marked " Larangeiras," leaves the Largo de Carioca every 15 minutes, and passes the railway station, from which the ascent is made by train. Trains leave on week days at 6-30 a.m., 8 a.m., 11 a.m., 2 p.m., 5-15 p.m., and 8 p.m., while on Sundays there are extra trains at 9-30 a.m., 12-30 p.m., and 3-30 p.m. The tram ride occupies about three quarters of an hour, and the ascent by train about one hour and a half. Two-thirds of the way up stands a first-class hotel, where visitors will find excellent accommodation at reasonable rates. The scenery during the ascent is varied, as the train passes through the tropical forest which clothes the sides of the mountain. The view from 44 the top embraces the city and suburbs, the bay and shipping, the open sea, and the wooded slopes of the Tijuca Mountains behind, the panorama being considered one of the finest in the world. The tram fare is Rs. 200 each way, and the railway- ticket (return) costs Rs. 2,000. 3. — Tijuca comprises a village with well-found hotels situated in an upland valley between two ranges of mountains. Beautiful walks and drives are found in every direction, as the surrounding forest is preserved by the Government, and is laid out in fine gravel walks, which wind amongst the mountains in all directions. There are also several waterfalls worth a visit. Tijuca is reached by tram and diligence. Trams leave the Largo de S. Fran- cisco de Paulo even- 15 minutes, the journey to the starting point of the diligence occupying one hour and ten minutes, and the fare being Rs. 300 each way. Diligences leave at 8.10 a.m., 3.10 p.m. and 5.15 p.m. on week days, and at 7.30 a.m., 9.30 a.m., 1 1.30 a.m., 3.30 p.m. and 5.30 p.m. on Sundays, the fare either way being Rs. 1500. The ascent of the principal peak of the range (3,300 feet; can be made in two hours on foot from the village. 4. — Petropolis, the City of Peter — so named because it owes its foundation and development to Emperor 45 Pedro II. — ;i town of about 20,000 inhabitants, and formerly the residence of the Court during the days of the Empire, lies at a level of 2,000 feet above the sea, amongst the Organ Mountains, 45 miles from the city. A screw steamer starts at 4 p.m. on week days, and 7 a.m. on Sundays, carrying passengers to the top of the Bay, where a train awaits them to complete the journey, which occupies altogether about two hours and a half. The fare is Rs. 12,000 return. Passengers cannot return the same day. 5. — Nova Friburgo lies at a height of 3,000 feet above the sea, and is situated in the Organ Mountains, about 70 miles from Rio. It is reached by train starting from the S. Anna terminus of the Leopol- dina Railwav. Trains leave twice a dav, but the return journey cannot be performed on the day of starting. A return ticket available for three days costs Rs. 12,000. 6. — Paqueta : An island lying 7 miles from the city of Rio de Janeiro, and about the middle of the Bay, is a favourite suburban residence. The island can be easily explored in about two hours, and the excursionist will meet with some very pretty nooks. The shore is lined with cocoa-nut palms, and has an ideal tropical appearance. Boats leave Rio at 4 6 9 a.m. and 6 p.m., the fare being Rs. 500 each way on week days, and Rs. 1,000 each way on Sundays. Return boats leave the island at 8 a.m., 1 p.m. and 6.30 p.m. 7. — There are various small gardens about the city of Rio tastefully laid out. The principal are the Passeio Publico, reached by any tram from the Largo de Carioca. This garden has a promenade facing the Bay, and is altogether a shady retreat, where a few hours may be pleasantly whiled away. Jardim da Praca da Acclammacao is reached by any tram from the Largo de S. Francisco de Paulo, but has no special features worthy of mention. 8. — Tram Rides : Besides those mentioned to the Botan- ical Gardens and Tijuca, there is one other specially deserving of mention. The intending passenger takes in the Rua Primeiro de Marco a narrow guage tram marked " Riachuelo," which will set him down at the "Piano Inclinado" or lift, by which the ascent is made to S. Thereza Hill, one of the spurs of the Corcovado Mountain. At the top of the lift a tram waits, which follows a road cut out of the side of the mountain. The terminus of this tram is at Sylvestrc, a station of the Corcovado Railway, at a height of about 600 feet above the sea level. The various views of the city, bay, and 47 surrounding mountains, will amply repay this trip, to say nothing of the wealth of tropical foliage through which the route passes. This trip occupies altogether about four hours. The fare is Rs. ioo in the first tram, while for the lift and second tram a return ticket costing Rs. 800 is taken at the lift station. Trams run at frequent intervals through- out the day. The following list of sailings from Rio will be of service to passengers bound to the Southern Ports of Brazil. NATIONAL LINE OF COASTING STEAMERS. (CompanJiia National de Navegaqdo Cosieira.) This Company possesses a fleet of first-class passenger steamers, which leave Rio de Janeiro every Saturday for Porto Alegre, via Paranagua, Desterro, Rio Grande and Pelotas. r riME Table. 1 Departure. Fares. Destination. Arrival. 15/ Class. $rd Class. Paranagua . . . Desterro Rio Grande... Pelotas Porto Alegre.. Monday Tuesday Thursday .. Friday Saturday . . . Monday . Wednesday . . . Thursday ... Friday . Saturday ... Rs. Rs. 65.000 25.000 75.000 38.000 140.000 50.000 145.000 54.000 165.000 63.000 Return Tickets, valid for three months, are also sold 4 8 for Rio Grande ('240.000;, Pelotas ('250.000), and Porto Alegre (290.000). Passengers for Sao Paulo will see from the following time table of the Brazilian Central Railway (Estrado de Kerro Central) that the trains leave Rio at 6-15 a.m., arriving in Sao Paulo at 8-40 p.m., stopping at the Barra do Pirahy and Taubate, the former for breakfast and the latter for dinner. Twenty minutes are allowed for each meal, but this time generally develops into half an hour. Trains start every day from Rio de Janeiro for Sao Paulo. Time Table. Destination. Arrival. Rio de Janeiro ... Barra do Pirahy 8-45 a.m, Taubate ... 3-401x111, Sao Paulo ... S-40 p.m. Departure 6-15 a.m. *a-05 a.m. +4-00 p.m. Destination. Arrival. Departure Sao Paulo Taubate ...j 9-23 a.m. ;; Barra do I'irahx 4-l8p.n1.")- Rio de Janeiro.. 7-00 p.m. 5-00 a.m. 9-42 a.m. 4-35 P-m- 20 minutes for Breakfast. f 20 minutes for 1 Hnner. Fares to Sao Paulo. \st Class. Rs. 29.620 2nd Class. Rs. 15.600 j 57 Class Return Ticket. Rs. 44.600 49 CHAPTER III. THE RIVEB PLATE MONTE VIDEO, URUGUAY, ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, PARAGUAY. The River Plate, so called on account of its passing in its course the territories from which the Indians derived their supplies of silver, can scarcely be designated a river, it being, more properly speaking, the broad estuary formed by the waters of the Rivers Parana and Uruguay. The width of the estuary from Monte Video to Point las Piedras, on the Argentine coast, is 53 miles, whilst ;it its mouth, say from Cape St. Mary, in Uruguay, to Cape St. Anthony, in the province of Buenos Ayres, the width is 1 50 miles. On entering the bay, which is very much exposed, a splendid view is obtained of the " glistening domes, cupolas, and spires of Monte Video." D 5o MONTE VIDEO, This City, which was officially created in 1724, is the seat of government and capital of the Republic of Uruguay, and was originally built at the narrow end of a small peninsula at the mouth of the Plate. The town, however. mo/teVj-ue-o. • Vi.'''n "'•iMtfiii • Z - " . ' — ■m^Wfl"'* has of late years rapidly increased, and now extends to the mainland. The population of the City is about 180,000. The City is named after the " Cerro " or mount, which is the most prominent object on entering the bay. Part of the shore of the bay has been enclosed by an embankment, which forms an excellent promenade. The City possesses many objects of interest to the traveller, and the several public resorts arc readily reached by means of tramways. 5i with which the City is intersected. The Cathedral should be visited. At night time the leading streets arc lighted by electricity, and are particularly brilliant and interesting. The principal exports are hides, horns, tallow, and wool, and the chief industry is cattle rearing. In the neighbourhood of Monte Video, and on the River Uruguay, there are a number of saladeros, including in the latter vicinity the establishment belonging to the Liebig Extract of Meat Company at Fray Bentos. This employs a very large number of men, and loads at its own wharves 80 to 100 vessels a year with its own produce for Europe. We learn from the statistics published by the Uruguayan Consul that the number of cattle killed at the saladeros each year often exceeds 600,000, of which nearly 150,000 are used for Liebig's Extract ; and, in addition, a large number of sheep, and 60,000 to «So,ooo mares are killed annually. URUGUAY, officially known as the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay, is familiarly termed the " Banda Oriental," from its geographical position on the left bank of the River Uruguay. The area of the Republic is 186,920 square kilometres, and the population about 700,000. The climate of the Republic is proverbial, not only on account of the mildness of the air, but also for its salubrity. The Consul- General, London, has issued an excellent pamphlet on the resources of the Republic, which may be had "gratis" on 52 written application to any of the Consulates of the Republic in Great Britain, Ireland, and the British Possessions. The towns of Paysandu and Salto, which are situated on the river Uruguay, can be reached by steamers sailing at 6 p.m. from Monte Video almost every evening ; or by train leaving at 8.50 p.m. on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. The scenery up the river Uruguay is very beautiful in some parts. The best hotels in Monte Video are the " Hotel Oriental" (see Advertisement) and the "Hotel des Pyra- mides ;" and the Restaurant Charpcntier is justly famed for its excellent cuisine. JUJKNOR AYKES. Pas^engcr^ for Buenos Ayres are conveyed from Monte Video by the steamers of the La Platense Company. These steamers are luxuriously fitted, and form an excellent service. The)- sail from Monte Video at 5 to 6 p.m., according to the season of the year, and arrive at Buenos Ayres at 5 to 6 a.m. the following day. The city of Buenos Ayres — which aspires to the title of the •' Athens of South America " —extends for a distance of four miles along the right bank of the La Plata, and S3 covers an area of about six square miles, population of 600,000 inhabitants. It has a The best hotels are the Royal, the Grand, and the Britannia ; the last-named under English management, all being recommended. The Royal Hotel is considered the most comfortable, and the Britannia the most economical. Visitors to Buenos Ayres, however, can arrange to stay in furnished houses (casas amuebladasj, in which comfortable rooms may be obtained at reasonable prices, the occupants being left to make their own arrangements as to food. There are a large number of such houses, the addresses of which can be obtained from the Pacific Company's agents. There are many spacious and imposing buildings in this city and its suburbs, and also numerous places of 54 amusement. The city is well lighted, and looks extremely pretty. There are a number of outdoor recreation grounds, and probably Palermo Park — which contains a zoological collection — will be found the most interesting. In summer it is very popular as the fashionable drive or Rotten Row of Buenos Ayres. Calle Florida is known as the street of Buenos Ayres, but this honour is now being disputed by the new Avenida de Mayo, which intersects the city from - i M 1. ; :>' ' " south to north. For the favourite holiday resorts on the numerous fertile islands formed by the River Parana at Tigre, numerous steam launches and rowing boats are available. The suburbs of Adrogue, Temperley and Flores are pretty, and have a large population of English residents. Belgrano, nearer the city, is much preferred by English and 55 Germans. At Adrogue a very good hotel is established, and is favourably spoken of. Railway communication with the various Provinces is general and the tariffs are moderate. Luxurious sleeping and dining cars arc attached to all trains going long distances. The principal railway lines fall of which are under English management) are as follows : — The " Great Southern " runs from Buenos Ayres away to the South as far as BAHIA BLANCA, a rapidly- advancing port, and Mar del Plata, the popular Argentine Brighton, where excellent bathing and good hotel accom- modation are to be had. Tandil is a point of interest on this line from the noted immense rocking stone in its vicinity. Fares: Bahia Blanca, £i i$s od ; Mar del Plata, £1 $s od. The " Buenos Ayres and Rosario Railway," as its name implies, connects the capital with the Port of Rosario, the second of importance in the Republic, and from which the bulk of the wheat grown in the Colonies of Santa Fe is shipped. The journey to Rosario occupies about nine hours, and is made comfortably in luxurious trains fitted with dining and sleeping cars ; the fare is about £\. This Railway service extends over a large tract of country connecting with the immense plantations of sugar cane in Tucuman and the Northern Provinces. 56 The "Central Argentine Railway" competes with the Rosario Railway Company for the traffic between Buenos Ayres and Rosario ; this competition has the effect of providing two excellent services, both highly recom- mended. The terminus of this Company is the city of Cordova, a distance of about 257 miles from Rosario, and reached in about 15 hours. The fare from Rosario is about £5. Cosquin, a village in the mountains near Cordova, is a favourite resort of the Argentine holiday seeker, and is recommended for its health}' climate. The "Buenos Ayres and Pacific Railway," in connection with the Argentine Gtvat Western and Trans- Andine Lines, is that by which travellers are conveyed overland to Valparaiso. The terminus of these lines, Mendoza, nestling at the foot of the Andes, is well worth a visit, and its climate is recommended by the faculty for consumptives and sufferers from other lung complaints. The Province of Mendoza is the vineyard of the country. A very enjoyable trip can be made from Buenos Ayres to Asuncion, the capital of the Republic of Paraguay, in five to six days by the steamers of the Platense Flotilla Company, Limited, at a cost of about £14, return. The river service is an excellent one, the steamers being well provided with all modern conveniences and an 57 excellent tabic ; while the views on the voyage cannot be excelled, the river Parana being one of the finest waterways in the world. Paraguay, the land of oranges, is particularly interesting to the traveller; the customs of the Paraguayans being decidedly primitive, and the vegetation tropical. At San Bernardino, two hours from Asuncion, there is a German Colony with excellent country hotels at very moderate prices — prices considerably lower than in Europe. Indeed, living in Paraguay is very cheap, the paper currency there being at a discount of 600 per cent. as compared with gold ; the sovereign thus being worth 30 dollars. Even Argentine paper enjoys a premium of 90 per cent. 58 CHAPTER IV. STRAITS OF MAGELLAN After three and a half to four days' run from Monte Video we enter the famous Straits, discovered by the great navigator Magellan in 1520. When approaching the Straits, and at a distance of about 20 miles from Cape Virgins, what appears to be a double horizon is seen, the phenomenon being, no doubt, due to the level character of the land. Cape Virgins (135 feet high) commands the North-Eastern entrance to the Straits, and is visible at a distance of from 20 to 25 miles. The South-Eastern point is named Cape Espiritu Santo, the distance between the two Capes being about 22 miles. Cape Virgins and Cape Espiritu Santo have certain points of resemblance, both being marked with white cliffs, and both having low shingle points connected with them, which reduce the width of the entrance to 14 miles from point to point. Espiritu Santo is 190 feet high, and is the seaward termination of a range of hills, varying from 200 to a little over 900 feet in height, which extends N.E. and S.W. at the back of the promontories which form the Narrows, as far as Cape Boqueron, opposite Port Famine. The highest part of this range terminates in Gap Peak, which rises 925 / TRACK CHART ■« OF TH E - I^ed and difficult, the highest pass being about 8000 feet. 8 4 The intermediate coasting steamers of The Pacific Steam Navigation Company (Panama-Guayaquil Line; call at Buenaventura, each way, once a fortnight. The Telegraph Cable Company has a station at the port with a land line on to Bogota. TUMACO. — A port of Colombia about 40 miles north of the boundary line with Ecuador, and 400 miles south of Panama, with a population of 1,500. The principal exports arc gold dust, rubber, ivory nuts, cocoa, coffee, and lumber. '1 here is no railway at Tumaco, communication with the interior being carried on by horses or mules. Two small river steamers ply between Tumaco and Barbacoas, .1 town ol 4,000 inhabitants, distant two days journey, and 85 the centre of the gold mining district. Fare $15 currency. From Barbacoas there is a mule road passing through Tuquerros (population 7,000) and Thiales (population 5,000) to Pasto (population 19,000), the principal town of the interior, and distant five days journey from Barbacoas. Hotel accommodation is scarce, and not to be relied upon. This port is served by the Pacific Company's inter- mediate steamers calling once a week. 86 CHAPTER VI. ECUADOR ESMERALDAS is the most northern port of Ecuador. It is picturesquely situated close to the mouth of the Ksmeraldas River, and bordered by a well watered and richly fertile country. The town has some 4,000 inhabitants ; and exports largely tobacco, coffee, cocoa, rubber, cocoanut oil, balsams, and sarsaparilla, as well as gold dust, which is supposed to exist in considerable quantities in the neighbouring districts of Cachavi, Santiago and Cayapas. A company has recently been formed in the United States for the exploitation of these deposits on an extensive scale. In the vicinity several emerald mines were formerly worked, and from these the town took its name ; they have, however, long since been abandoned or are worked only on a reduced scale. This port is served by the intermediate coasting steamers. BAHIA, 137 miles south of Ksmeraldas, is situated a! the mouth of the Caracas River. The port is difficult of access, but is largely visited by small sailing vessels on 87 account of its extensive cocoa exportation, this forming the principal industry of the surrounding country. A railway from Bahia to Quito is in project, which, if built, will greatly enhance the importance of the town ; in the meantime a good n>ad is being made. The intermediate steamers call here once a fortnight. MANTA, }i miles south of Bahia, is chiefly devoted to trade in straw plait hats, hammocks, &c.) manufactured in the neighbouring inland towns ; it also exports ivory nuts, rubber, cocoanut oil, vanilla, &c. This part of the coast formerly possessed important pearl fisheries, but they arc now almost abandoned. The principal towns in the vicinity are Portoviejo, the capital of the province, 40 miles distant ; Montecristi, 9 miles distant, Jipijapa and Santa Ana, almost entirely occupied in the straw plait industry. Six miles north of Montecristi, at Cerro de Iloja, is a curious Indian relic, consisting of a table and a number of carved chairs hewn from solid blocks of stone and placed in a circle on the summit of a flat-topped hill. The table is said to weigh about 40 tons. This is supposed to have been the place of council for the dignitaries of the Cara tribe of Indians, which in bygone days held sway over the\>e regions The Pacific Steam Navigation Company's inter- mediate steamers call at this port once a month each way. 88 BALLENITA, at the entrance to the Gulf of Guaya- quil, is the sea port for the town of Santa Elena, some two miles inland. There arc various salt mines in the vicinity, and the export of this article forms the principal trade of the port. The straw plait industry is carried on in the neighbourhood, and large quantities of straw for the making of hats, &c, are exported along the coast. The Telegraph Cable Company have a station lure, this being the junction for their Guayaquil branch line. The steamers call once a month. GUAYAQUIL, the principal port of Ecuador, is one of the most important cities of this part of the Pacific (oast. It is situated on the left bank of the Guavas River, WjCl^fc some 40 miles from the mouth, .it the foot of three remark- able hills known as the Cerros de la Cruz. The port is 8 9 ■2' 4 miles Ion-, with a fine stretch of quays extending for over i ' L . miles ; and from the river has an imposing appear- ance, especially at night when the town is lit up. The houses are of wood and cane — large, commodious and brightly decorated. Guayaquil boasts of a cathedral, several churches, two banks, a theatre, several hotels, a racecourse, and a small shipyard ; also sea baths. The latter, about a mile and a half to the back of the town, are supplied from the sea by a natural canal running parallel with the river : a tram- way connects the baths with the city. Guayaquil, being the only outlet for the populous and important provinces of the interior, has a flourishing commerce, exporting cocoa, coffee, sugar, bark, hides and fruit to the value of a million sterling annually. The population is about 45,000. The Guayas River is the largest watercourse on the coast, and is navigable for a distance of 200 miles. A number of steamers are employed in local traffic, giving communication, by means of the various tributaries, to a vast tract of most fertile country. Off the town the river is over a mile wide, and is rapid and muddy from its mouth to within sight of Guayaquil, the banks being lined with dense Mangrove swamps, but higher up well-cultivated plantations of cocoa, coffee and tropical fruits are to be met with. 90 There arc two routes from Guayaquil to Quito (the capital one by river to Bodegas 60 miles), thence by mule road through Guaranda, Ambato and Latacunga population 1 5,000), a journey of about five days ; the other by the railroad in course of construction, at present reaching from Duran (in front of Guayaquil) to Chimbo, a distance of 52 miles, and passing through the towns of Yaguachi, Milagro and Naranjito ; thence by mule road through the towns of Sibambe, Alansi, Riobamba (an important town, oi 18,000 inhabitants) to Ambato, where it joins the road, already referred to, from Bodegas. The first of these reaches an altitude of 15,000 feet, passing by the side of the famous Chimborazo (21,424 feet) and near to the volcanoes Cotopaxi (18,880 feet) and Tunguragua (16,800 feet;. The cost for the entire journey from Guayaquil to Quito would be about £20 ; the hotel expenses en route being from $2 to $3 per day. Mules are readily obtainable at Bodegas or Chimbo. Guayaquil is called at by the through Mail steamers once a week each way, is the terminus of the intermediate coast service from Panama, ami has sailings fortnightly for the majority of the Ecuadorian and Colombian minor ports. The Telegraph Cable also touches there. QUITO, the capital of the Republic, is a city of some merit, situated in a ravine at the foot of the volcano 9' Pichincha (16,500 feet), and at an altitude of 9,543 feet above the sea level, the population being about 70,000. It possesses several handsome squares, in one of which is the cathedral, town hall, palaces of the president and arch- bishop, and a fine bronze fountain. Among the other buildings of note are several churches and convents, the university, hospital, &c. ; there is also liberal hotel ac- commodation in the city. From Quito eleven snow-capped peaks are visible; argong which are Cayambi (19,600 feel , Antisana (19,137 feet , and Sancholagiia (17,500 feet). '1 he principal towns readily accessible from Guayaquil are : — Bodegas, with extensive coffee and cocoa estates ; Daule, devoted to the cultivation of sugar and fruit ; Santa Rosa (in the Gulf of Guayaquil) ; Machala, Balao,ancl Naranjal — the latter bein^ the port for Cuenca population 30,000) — one of the largest towns of the Republic. In the vicinity of Cuenca are various productive mines of gold, silver and quicksilver ; and the locality is rich in specimens of Inca architecture. The island of Puna, at the mouth of the Guayas River, is the seaside resort of the people of Guayaquil during the rainy season ; at other times it is sparsely inhabited, though under the Inca rule it was a populous and important place. It is some 29 miles long by 13 wide, and is the largest of the various islands in the Gulf. 92 Some 600 miles off the coast, and extending 90 miles on each side of the Equator, are the Galapagos Islands, so named from the quantity of turtle caught there — -formerly the principal production. The islands arc- now but thinly populated, and serve only as a station for the whalers cruising about the fishing grounds off the Ecuadorian Coast. The group is of volcanic origin, and is said to have over 2000 craters. Albemarle, the largest island, is 72 miles long, reaching an altitude of 4700 feet in some parts. The current coin in Ecuador is the Sucre, value about 24c/. 93 CHAPTER VII. PERU. TUMBES is a smalltown of 1800 inhabitants, on the Tnmbes River, and situated on the boundary line between Peru and Ecuador. It has in the neighbourhood some extensive petroleum deposits, which are now being rapidly developed. At Zorritos, close by, an important refinery has been successfully worked for many years past. It was near to Tumbes that Pizarro first landed, at a spot known as Comendador Creek, 25 miles south. Tumbes was then a flourishing town, and the ruins of a once-famous temple are still to be seen in the vicinity. PAYTA population about 2000 i is 1 20 miles south ^.^n^' :.*■"*. AJL^mJUSstf ■ "■ jw«w me* ». •.wA ukm ->*—.- -*-. ■ 94 of Tumbcs, and in point of commerce is the third largest port of Peru. It possesses an hotel, a theatre, churches, &c. ; and there is a railway to Piura, the capital of the depart- ment, some 60 miles (by rail) inland. Piura is the most important town in the north, and is the centre of the cotton-growing industry of Peru. It has some 8,000 inhabitants, a branch of the Bank of Callao, Chamber of Commerce, and other public buildings, and possesses a very dry and salubrious climate ; on this latter account it is much visited by persons suffering from rheumatism and similar ailments, the method of cure resorted to there having proved very beneficial. There are several very extensive cotton estates traversed by the railway, which, to those interested in cotton culture, would well repay a visit. Trains run daily. There is also an extension of the line from Piura to Catacaos — 6 miles distant, and one of the most important centre^ of the straw hat industry. To the north of Payta and 55 miles distant, is the small port of Talara, remarkable for the extensive petroleum deposits in its vicinity. Several large and important refineries and pumping stations have during the last few years been established in the immediate neighbour- hood, and it is believed that the industry is capable of very great development. Special tank steamers arc already employed distributing the oil along the coast. 95 The through steamers of the Pacific Company from and to Panama call at Payta, and the Telegraph Cable Company has also a station there. PlMENTEL is 152 miles south of Payta. It has a railway serving the inland towns of Chiclayo and Lam- bayeque, ten and nine miles distant respectively. There is considerable rivalry existing between Pimentcl and Kten (the next port), the railways from both towns running through the same districts. About 50 miles out from the port of Pimentel are the Islands of Lobos de Afuera, well known for their extensive guano deposits, and now in the possession of Chile. Pimentel is the northern terminus of the Pacific Steam Navigation Company's fortnightly intermediate Chilian and Peruvian Coast Line. ETEN. — This port is situated 9 miles south of Pimentel and 166 miles (direct) from Payta. It has a fine iron pier 2,000 feet long, the railway running out to the pierhead ; but the roadstead is exposed, and has a very heavy surf. The valley inside of PLten is well populated and richly fertile, producing sugar, rice, tobacco, &c, in considerable quantities. There is a railway (broad gauge) from Eten to Patapo (30 miles), passing most of the principal towns and estates. 9 6 The village of Etcn, three miles from the port, is one of the principal centres of the straw plait industry. The hats (Panama straw), cigar cases, &c, made here are much esteemed for their fineness of texture and excellent workmanship, and command very high prices. The towns of Chiclayo (population 13,000), 12 miles from Etcn, Lambayeque (population 6,250), capital of the province and 29 miles distant, and Ferrenafe, 29 miles from Etcn, arc important commercial centres ; in the vicinity arc the estates of Cayalti, Patapo, Pucala, Almendral, Tuman, and Pomalca. which produce together some 8,000 tons of sugar and 2,000 tons of rice annually, the total production of rice for the Department being about 10,000 tons per year. Near to Pucala are the ruins of a notable Inca fortress. Eten is served by the through Panama-Callao steamers, and also by the intermediate Coast Line. There is a land telegraph line communicating with Callao. PACASMAYO is 34 miles south of Eten; population 2,000. There is a fair commercial movement consider- ing the size of the town. The port is good, and possesses a fine pier, 1,000 yards long. The chief exports are sugar, rice and cattle, products of the fertile regions in the vicinity. 97 There is a railway from Pacasmayo connecting the port with the principal towns of the interior. Trains rim to Guadalupe daily, and to the Sierra every Monday, upon the following itinerary : S an Pedro ... distance s miles. ( alasnique (Junction 10 ,, San fose ... distan ce 1 1 miles Tecape distano 1 2 miles Chafan tt i5 " Tolon a 25 „ Talambo ... n 20 " Monte ( Irande ... n 35 " i !hepen ... " 22 " Tembladera 39 " ( riiadalupe . ... f 27 ■■ Vonan /■ 40 » The principal towns of the interior are :— Cajamarca, capital of the department of that name, built at the foot of Mount Cumbe ( 16,000 feet), with a population of 15,000. Cajamarca figures largely in the history of the Conquest, and it was here that Atahualpa was captured by Pizarro and held prisoner. San Pedro de Lloc, a small town of some 5,000 inhabitants. A tramway unites the town with the railway station, a mile and a-quarter distant. Chepen, population about 5,000 ; a centre of com- merce w ith the interior. Near here is the extensive sugar estate of Lurifico. Guadalupe, population 4,000. An agricultural fair of considerable importance is held here annually, at the commencement of December. The town is also surrounded by several estates of importance. G 9 8 Pacasmayo is also called at by the through Panama- Callao steamers, as well as by the intermediate Coast boats. SALAVERRY, 66 miles from Pacasmayo and 256 miles from Callao, is an active commercial seaport, with a population of about 1 500. The principal exports are sugar, rice and alcohol, from the neighbouring valleys of Chicama and Chimu ; also moderate quantities of metals. It is connected by rail with the town of Trujillo, as well as with various other places of importance in the interior, the following being the principal stations : — Trujillo distance 12 miles. Chicamn n 30 » Mocollope 11 33 n Chocope 1 36 n Tanque n 41 n Facala n 44 n Ascope n 47 n Trujillo, the Capital of the Department, is one of the most important commercial places of the North. It is a well-built city, with a population of 10,000 ; is a Bishop's Sec, and possesses a branch of the Bank of Callao, Chamber of Commerce, Cathedral, and several other buildings of note. This was one of the first towns founded by Pizarro ; and the visitor will therefore find much to interest him from an historical point of view. Some two miles distant are the ruins of an ancient city called Chan Chan, founded by the Chimu tribe of Indians, and which gives evidence of an 99 advanced state of civilization in its inhabitants. There are also, near by, the remains of an Indian Temple to the Sun. The towns of note inland are: — Chicama, Chocope and Ascope, the latter being the terminus of the railway, and carrying on a fair trade with the interior. All of these towns arc, however, chiefly devoted to Agriculture, and in the vicinity there are some extensive sugar estates, such as : — Laredo 6 miles from Trujillo. Galindo 12 n n m Chiquitoy between .Salaverry and Iluanchaco. Casa Grande near Tanque. Facala n Ascope. Sausal 11 11 Cartavio n Trujillo. Salaverry is served by the through Panama-Callao steamers, and by the intermediate Coast line ; the steamers of the latter also sometimes call at Huanchaco, a small port 13 miles to the Xorth, and dependent upon Salaverry Custom House. SALAVERRY to CALLAO.— The minor ports from Salaverry to Callao arc served by The Pacific Steam Navigation Company's Coast line, running fortnightly between Callao and Pimentel. The principal of these ports are — Chi m bote, a small town 61 miles to the South of Salaverry, situated in an extensive and well-sheltered Bay, considered by many the finest on the Coast. Inland of the IOO town is a very fertile valley enclosing various extensive sugar estates, such as : — Puente Cor Palo Seco) 9 miles from Chimbote. Rinconada 14 ,, m n Vinzos 20 n M n Mount Hermoso 21 n h n Suchiman 25 .. m n These are passed by the railway which at present runs from Chimbote to Suchiman only, but which it is the intention to carry on to the southern extremity of the valley of Huaylas. There are in the interior various silver mines of importance being worked. Samanco and Casma are small seaport towns, shipping metals from the mining districts in the interior, and also small quantities of sugar. Huarmey, 43 miles south of Casma. The Ticapampa Mining Co. have extensive silver producing establishments inland from this port. Supe and Huacho, 90 and 70 miles from Callao respectively, export sugar and cotton from some fairly important estates in the vicinity, as well as metals from the interior. Inside of Huacho is a very fertile valley, from which Lima and Callao draw large supplies of agricultural produce and fruit. At all of the above ports there is a land telegraph line communicating with Callao and Lima. IOI CALLAO, the principal port of Peru, has a good harbour, a very fine dock and breakwater. The hotel accommodation is fair. The population (now about 20,000 ) has fallen off considerably since the war with Chile. At La 1'unta, about two miles to the south of Callao 102 there are several good hotels and excellent bathing. This place being at the extremity of the neck of land separating Callao Bay from Chorrillos Bay, and exposed to the sea breezes from the south and north, enjoys a bracing and healthy climate, and is much esteemed by invalids on this account. There is a railroad between La Punta and Callao. The hotel rates arc moderate, from $2 to $3 per day. The Pacific Steam Navigation Company have an Office and extensive Factories and Depots at Callao. LlMA, the capital, is about eight miles inland from Callao, and is connected therewith by two railways, that of the English Railway Co. and the Ferro-Carril Central del Peru. Lima is the second largest city of the South Pacific, and possesses man)' fine squares and churches, a prettily arranged park, a public library and other buildings, which merit a visit. The city is built on the banks of the river Rimac, some 500 feet above the sea level, and possesses a very equable and agreeable climate. It has a population, according to the last census (1891), of 103,956. Lima will, however, perhaps be found of still greater interest from an historical point of view; as, being the first and last of the Spanish Colonies on this coast, it 103 still retains many indications of the conquest and colonis- ation. The cathedral is a fine and extensive building', and, like most of the churches in Lima, dates from the days of the Spaniards ; the architecture in all being of the simple and heavy style common to that period. The remains of Pizarro, founder of Lima, which were formerly preserved in the cathedral, have now been removed to a specially erected chapel in the presidential palace. There are still a few private houses dating from the colonisation in existence, and some of these are remarkable for the richness of the carving", &c, of the facades. In the summer the river is of considerable pro- portions, but in the winter it is only an insignificant mountain stream ; it is, however, crossed by three fine bridges, one of stone built by the Spaniards, and the others of iron, of recent structure and considerable merit. The city is covered by a very complete system of tramways, and the principal streets are lighted by electricity. Hotels are numerous and good, and the tariffs moderate. In the vicinity of Lima, and connected therewith by direct lines of rail, are the seaside resorts of Ancon, Magdalena, Miraflores, Barranco and Chorrillos, much frequented during the summer by the people of Lima and Callao. io4 The only means of communication between Lima and the mountain regions is by. the Oroya Railroad (Ferro-Carril Central del Peru). This railroad is justly considered one of the most prominent features of interest on the coast, not only as being a fine specimen of modern engineering, but also for the grandeur and originality of the scenery brought before the traveller. Some of the tunnelling and bridge work is very remarkable and will well repay inspection, especially the second Verrugas Bridge, which has been recently built to supply the place of a former structure destroyed by floods in 1888. It is on the cantilever principle, with one centre span 235 feet long, in the clear, and two shore spans of 140 feet each; and is 2^,~ feet from the bottom of the ravine it crosses. The grade for the line is 4 per cent A general idea of the road may be gathered from the following table of altitudes, roya Elevation abi >\ e sea level, I Ingli >li fi 1 1 4.622.6 t.959-4 5,839. 1 6,001. 1 0,060.9 7,5"-M 7,788.8 8,054.1 8,706.5 9,472.6 9,826.9 10,094.5 10,534.1 10,910.0 11,033.1 11,506.4 11,638.8 12,215.5 12,607. 1 13,840.0 15,665.0 i7,575-i 13,420.8 12,178.7 $2.95 $3.80 s4.Sn s6. 00 so. So At present, how ever, the line extends only as far as Casapalca; though the continuation to the village of Oroya, 011 the other side of the Cordilleras, and on the river of that name, is well in hand. Government engineers are now engaged in laying out a new and intended important town in the vicinity of the present village of Oroya. \ io6 There arc fairly good hotels at Chosica, Matucana and Chicla. Though the coast of Peru is, for the most part, arid and unattractive, the interior is richly luxuriant and fertile, yielding in abundance many descriptions of produce, as well as barks and medicinal herbs of much esteem. In fact, the mineral and vegetable products of the country would be a source of immense wealth, were it not for the very indifferent means of communication between the interior and the coast, and the consequent scant}' population ; thousands of square miles of land being as yet totally unexplored. The towns on the east of the Cordilleras are, with but few exceptions, little more than villages, inhabited mostly by Indians and half-breeds. Those worthy of note are : — Cerro de Pasco, 12,000 inhabitants, one of the richest mining districts in the country. It is situated at an altitude of 16,500 feet, and about 100 miles north of Oroya. A line of rail connecting this town with Oroya is shortly to be built. Tarma, a thriving commercial town some 15 miles to the east of Oroya. It has a population of about 9,000, and is well spoken of on account of its dry and temperate climate. Jauja, at an altitude of 11,150 feet, is the chief resort of consumptives and persons suffering from bronchial 107 affections, its climate being peculiarly beneficial in such cases. Apart from its high standing as a health resort, Jauja is not a town of much importance, though under the Inca rule it was a flourishing and populous city. The population of the town and its suburbs is said to be 21,000. It is situated about 30 miles to the south of Tarma and 50 miles south of Oroya. There are also the towns of Concepcion and Huancayo to the south, and Chanchamayo to the east of Tarma, and distant about two days' mule ride ; and Huanuco a similar distance to the north of Cerro de Pasco. Under the Contract with the Bond-holders, the following extensions of the Oroya Railroad are to be made : — Oroya to Tanna, Concepcion ami Huancayo. ( huya to Cerro de Pasco. Cerro de Pasco to Mairo (near to the German Colony of Pozuzo 011 the banks of the River Pozuzo, and some 200 miles inland from Oroya), Tarma to the River Ucayali (the principal navigable tributary of the Amazon). The latter is an undertaking of considerable im- portance, as it will establish, by rail and river, direct communication across the centre of the Continent between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, and will also accelerate the much needed colonization of the wealthiest regions of Peru. The Pacific Steam Navigation Company's steamers leave Callao both for the south and north at frequent io8 intervals, itineraries and tariffs being obtainable at any of the Company's Agencies. The current coin in Peru is the silver "sol," worth from 341a? to 37*/, according to the rate of exchange. There is cable communication from Callao with all parts of the world. Postage for letters, via Panama, is i 1 cents per 15 grammes, and 10 cents for the same weight via the Straits of Magellan. CERRO AZUL, 72 miles south of Callao, is a surf port, dependent upon the Callao Custom House. It exports fair quantities of sugar from the adjacent valley of Cariete. •si The chief town of the district, Canete, is about five miles inland. The Pacific Company's steamers call at Cerro A/ul once a fortnight each way. TAMBO DE MORA is a minor port, 105 miles south of Callao, and 14 miles north of Pisco ; chiefly occupied in the export of wine, cotton, sugar and agricultural produce, from the rich valley of Chincha, the estimated produce of which is 224,000 gallons of aguardiente (brandy), 12,500 gallons wine, 1,200 barrels rum and 15,000 quintals of cotton per year. The town of Chincha is situated six miles from the port of Tambo de Mora. The steamers call here twice a week each way. 109 PISCO, 116 miles south of Callao, serves as the outlet for a rich and fertile valley covering an extensive area. Though chiefly devoted to the culture of the vine and cotton, for which its climate is particularly suitable, it exports in large quantities all kinds of agricultural produce. The town of Pisco contains about 4000 inhabitants ; it possesses a tramway, and a fine pier 600 yards long ; also a railway to Tea, the capital of the department, 46 miles distant. ICA has a population of 10,000, devoted to wine and cotton production, and commerce with the interior. It is a neatly built and well-situated town; and in the immediate vicinity arc several small medicinal lakes, highly recom- mended for diseases of the skin and stomach, and for rheumatism. The province of lea is said to produce 700,000 gallons wine, 90,000 gallons spirits, and 40,000 quintals cotton annually. The principal towns in the interior are : — Huancavelica, population 9000, 120 miles from lea. Close to this town is the famous quicksilver mine of Santa Barbara. Ayacucho, population 10,000, 182 miles from lea. Remarkable filagree work, and other specimens of the silversmith's art are produced here. Castrovireyna, some 100 miles from lea, a mining district of considerable note. w I IO lea is the highway to all of these places. Ten miles out from Pisco arc the Chincha Islands, once famous for their guano deposits, from which Peru obtained an immense revenue. Steamers call at Pisco twice a week in both directions. There is a land telegraph line from Lima to Pisco and lea. LOMAS, 152 miles from Pisco and 201 miles from Mollendo. CHALA, 200 miles from Pisco and 159 miles from Mollendo. Both of these places arc but of minor importance, the staple productions of the surrounding country being cattle, which are shipped along the Coast in large quantities, minerals, wool and cotton. There are various silver and copper mines being worked in the interior. The only town of consideration in the neighbourhood is Coracora. About 30 miles to the north-cast of Chala is the volcano Achataihua, 13,800 feet high. Steamers call at Lomas and Chala, alternately, once ,1 week each way. MOLLENDO, the second port of the Republic, is a town of 5000 inhabitants It possesses two hotels, and is of considerable importance commercially; as, being the port for 1 1 1 Arequipa, Cuzco, &c, as well as for the interior towns of Bolivia, it ships large quantities of alpaca and sheep's wool, skins, coca leaves, bark, silver, tin and copper ores, to the JvJoLLIjn'do value of about £400,000 annually. It is the western terminus of the railway to Santa Rosa (Cuzco), Puno and La Paz (Bolivia). AREQUIPA, the capital of the department, is a city of about 30,000 inhabitants, built at the foot of the extinct volcano Misti (18,650 feet high), and at an altitude of 7550 feet above the sea level. It is an important commercial city, and not without interest to the visitor ; is well built (the houses being constructed generally of blocks of lava) ; has a cathedral, a bank, chamber of commerce, theatre, and some good hotels, as well as a club. There are several thermal baths in the immediate neighbourhood, and on account of its altitude the town enjoys a pleasant and health)- climate. 1 12 Between Arequipa and Puno various silver mines arc being profitably worked on a large scale. From Arequipa the line extends to Puno, a neatly- built city of some 6,600 inhabitants, on the shores of Lake Titicaca. Puno is at present the eastern terminus of the railway into Bolivia, though the line is about to be continued to La Paz direct. The remarkable Lake Titicaca lies across the boundary line between Peru and Bolivia ; it is situated at an altitude of 12,500 feet above the sea level, and has an area of over 5000 square miles. Two fairly commodious steamers ply on the lake regularly in connection with the arrival of the trains at Puno, and convey passengers across to Chililaya (Bolivia), a distance of 90 miles. From Chililaya there is a coach service to La Paz, seven hours distant. The journey from Mollendo to La Paz is made up as follows : — Mollendo to Arequipa 107 miles Arequipa to Puno 218 n Puno to Chililaya 90 ■> Chililaya to I. a Paz 7 hours La Paz is now the capital of Bolivia, and almost all the commerce with the interior is carried on through that town. It contains some 26,000 inhabitants, and being situated at a considerable altitude enjoys an agreeable climate, though the surrounding country is barren and poor. There are five fairly good hotels in La Paz. Sucre, the former capital, is some 70 miles to the south, and is a fairly extensive city, with a population of I [3 about 40,000. Near to Sucre is the town of Potosi, renowned for its rich silver mines. These mines are said to be inexhaustible, and it is calculated that, since they were first systematically worked in 1545, they have produced metal to the value of many hundreds of millions sterling. Potosi is said to have once contained as many as 160,000 inhabitants ; it has now about 40,000. The town has an altitude of 1 1,000 feet above the sea level. Mr. F. Suarez, Consul-Genera] of Bolivia, wrote to the Times on the wth July, [895, as follows : — " I think it right in the interests of humanity, and especially on behalf of the numerous persons in these islands who suffer so terribly from consumption, to draw attention to the great benefit such sufferers would derive if they would undertake the journey to Bolivia. The air in the regions of ' La Paz,' Sucre, and Oruro is so highly rarefied and dry that it kills the bacilli, the length of time required depending upon the stage the disease has attained ; patients in the first or second stage would be completely cured after a short sojourn, but those in the third stage would probably have to remain a few years. No doctors or medicine arc required, the air being all that is necessary, although an almost complete abstinence from alcoholic drinks is essential. If persons in the earlier stage of the complaint would go without delay, they would after a few months be able to return completely restored to health. Numerous persons suffering from consumption are annually sent to Italy, &c, where a cure is generally hopeless. H ii4 whereas, if they would only undertake the longer journey to Bolivia, they would in most cases regain their health." Cochabamba, capital of the department of the same name, is 270 miles from La Paz ; it is about the only other town of any importance in Bolivia. The population is said to be 50,000, mostly Indians. It is situated at an altitude of 8,370 feet above the sea level. Cochabamba is a Bishop's See. The Cuzco branch of the line is now being extended to Sicuani, within three days' mule ride from Cuzco, and is expected to give a decided impetus to traffic in this direction and to open up the surrounding richly fertile districts. Sicuani is at an altitude of 12,000 feet above the sea level ; it is not a large town, but there is one hotel with fair accommodation. The distance thence to Cuzco is So miles, but the roads are good, and mules are easily obtainable ; the rates arc $10 for each passenger mule and $6 each for baggage — each animal carrying about 300 lbs. The lare from Mollcndo to Sicuani is $2j. Passengers have to remain one night at the junction town Juliaca, where, however, good hotel accommodation is obtainable. The city of Cuzco is supposed to have been founded by Manco Capac, the first Inca, in 1043, and it was taken by Pizarro in 1 543. The population is about iX,5oo. Visitors to this interesting locality will find much to attract their attention, as, being the ancient capital of us the Incas, it still possesses many remarkable relics of their empire, particularly the great Temple of the Sun, which furnished such prodigious wealth to the Spanish invaders, the palaces of Manco Capac and his successors, the Inca canal, etc. The ruins of the famous Inca fortress of Saxihuaman attract visitors from all parts of the world. The more modern constructions of note are the cathedral, one of the finest and most remarkable buildings of the kind in the country, the university, museum, cloth factory, and several other buildings. The city is situated at an altitude of 1 1,000 feet above the sea level. Cuzco exports large quantities of cocoa, chocolate, coffee, vanilla, coca, indigo, sarsaparilla, quinine and other medicinal barks and herbs, all of which are abundantly pro- duced in the neighbourhood. Considerable quantities of gold are also yearly exported from the Carabaya district in the vicinity; and engineers have been sent out from Europe to survey this with a view to a systematic exploitation of its hidden wealth. Hotel accommodation in Cuzco is limited, there being only one establishment worth consideration ; but visitors not caring to avail themselves of this will find quite a remarkable hospitality in private houses. Fifteen miles from Cuzco is the valley of Urubamba, the summer resort of the people of Cuzco, 9,000 feet above the sea level. The celebrated ruins of Ollanta and Tambo, ancient fortifications of the Incas, are situated in this valley. u6 The train service from Mollendo is arranged as follows : — To BOLIVIA. Leave Mollendo Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Saturday. » Arequipa Wednesday, Sunday. » Puno for Chililaya, steamer... Thursday, Monday. a Chililaya, return Saturday, Tuesday. /- Puno Monday, Thursday. a Arequipa Monday, Tuesday. Wednesday, Friday. To CUZCO. Leave Arequipa Sunday. Leave Santa Rosa ...Wednesday. a Juliaca Monday. Puno Thursday. Arrive Santa Rosa Monday. Arrive Arequipa Thursday. The following table of altitudes and distances of the line will be of interest to the visitor : — Dist'nce English .Miles. Stations. Altitude English Feet. Di-t'nce English Miles. 68 Stations. Altitude English Feet. — Mollendo 6 Sumbay I3,6l8 9k Mejia IO 72 Sumbay Bridge 13.413 '3l Ensenada 32 96 Vincocaya 14,360 '9 Tambo 1,000 118 Crucero Alio [4,666 •'5 Posco 1 830 127 Lagunillas 14,250 J<>; ; ( lahuintala 2,493 1411 Saracocha 13,940 34* ( !achendo 3 2 5 u 14S Santa Lucia 13,250 4! 1 [uagri 3.. : 4o 155* Maravillas 13.000 54 La Joya 4.14] i6Sj Cabanillas 12.75" '•!■'■ San Jose 4,850 I So fuliaca 12.550 7"! Vitor 5-35o 2lS Puno 12,540 84 Quishuarani 6,125 From Juuaca. 94* Uchumayo 6,450 14 Calapuja 12,565 100 Tiabaya 6.750 21 Nicacio 12,652 105 Tingo 7,275 25 Laro 12,727 107 Arequipa 7.55o 35 Pucara [2,738 From Arequipa. 42 Tirapata •2,73' iS Yuia 8,450 5* Ayaviri 12,807 26 Aguas Calientes 9,500 66 Chuquibamhilla 12,832 44 Puente de A rrieros 12,300 82 Santa Rosa 13.100 SH < 'anaguas 13.3S0 Sicuani [2,1 "7 Some notable peaks are visible on the way, such as : — Urbinas (volcano).. .. i().ooo feet About 50 miles South of Arequipa. Charchani 19,000 n To the North of the Misti. Pichupichu 17.800 ■■ To the East of the Misii. Coropuna 22,000 .1 Visible from P. de Arrieros Station. Apucuncarani 17.500 « Close to Santa Rosa. Vilcanota J 7? 55° " Between Santa Rosa and Sicuani. Sorata 21,286 M East shore of Lake Titicaca. llliinani 21,148 •■ South- East of La Paz. The Lakes of Saraeocha and Cachipascana are also in close proximity to the line, at an altitude of 13,500 feet above the sea level ; but the bordering country all along the route will be found to be barren and rugged in the extreme, presenting" a most inhospitable aspect. The regular through steamers call at Mollendo, north-bound, every Sunday and Wednesday ; going south, calls are made every Tuesday and Saturday. There is a telegraph cable station there, and land lines communicate with Arequipa, Cuzco and La Paz. lLO is a minor port about half way between Mollendo and Arica. Its chief trade is the export of wines, spirits and olives, for which the surrounding districts have a high reputation. MOQUEGUA, the capital of the province of the same name, is about 55 miles inland. A railway formerly existed to Ilo, but this was destroyed during the war with Chile, and has not since been rebuilt. The town has about 3500 inhabitants. n8 CHAPTER VIII. CHILE. ARICA is at present the northernmost port held by Chile, the two provinces of Tacna and Arica having been taken possession of by that country at the close of the late war with Peru. The town is small (population about 3000), clean and regularly built ; it possesses a magnificent bay with a good iron pier, and carries on an active 119 commerce with the interior, exporting wool, hides and metals in considerable quantities. It is almost enclosed by sand hills, and is built at the foot of a steep and remarkable mount, some 500 feet high, called the Morro, which, during the late war, was the scene of a fierce and memorable struggle between the contending parties. TACNA, the capital, some 89 miles distant, is separ- ated from Arica by a stretch of desert, where at times the mirage is to be seen to perfection ; there is, however, railway communication between the two towns, trains running daily each way. It has a population of about Sooo, and though surrounded for the most part by sandy hills and plains, is one of the most pleasing and neatly arranged of the Coast towns. The hotel accommodation is ample and good. Tacna is almost entirely occupied in traffic with T20 Bolivia ; at present, however, the means of communication is by mule tracks, but there is a telegraph line, and a rail- way is in project. There is a road to Oruro, the Southern province of Bolivia, and another to La Paz, a distance of 240 miles — about 8 days' ride. The snow-capped peak of Tacora (15,000 feet) is visible from Tacna, and in the vicinity of the routes to La Paz and Oruro are the Volcano Gualatieri (22,500 feet , and the peaks Parinacoto (22,600 feet), Pomarapc (22,450 feet), Sahama (22,350 feet), Kenuta (19,200 feet ), Pettagua ( 17,700 feet), Chipicani (16,000 feet), and Cancana 1 15,500 feet . There is Telephonic communication between Arica and Tacna, and the Telegraph Cable Company also has a station at the port. Steamers from the North call at Arica every Sunday and Wednesday, and from the South on Tuesdays and Saturdays. PlSAGUA is situated 70 miles South of Arica, and is a port of some consideration on account of its proximity to the Nitrate fields. It is built on the water's edge at the foot of a semi-circular range of hills, 1 200 feet high, entirely shutting it in on the land side. The town itself does not call for any special mention, but the climate is salubrious. The population is about 5000. 'The railway from Pisagua to the Nitrate fields is an important feature of the port ; it is cut into the sides of the 121 hills at the hack of the town, and ascends by a scries of zigzags, till it reaches a stretch of table-land or pampa at the top, this it crosses to where a second range, at a distance of some [6 miles from the Toast., rises to a height of 3600 feet, capped by another pampa of vast proportions reaching to the foot of the main chain of the Andes, and here- are situated the principal Nitrate establishments. Trains for the Pampa leave Pisagua three times a week, returning on alternate days, and the line is in direct communication with [quique. There are hotels at some of the Stations, but visitors can almost count upon ample hospitality at any of the Nitrate establishments, as well as facilities for inspecting the works, 6cc. The through steamers call at Pisasrua from the north everv Sunday and Wednesday, and from the south every Tuesday and Saturday. There is also cable communication via Iquique. IQUIQUE. — This port, well known for its nitrate trade, is built on a sand)' plain entirely shut in landwards by a semi-circular range of hills some 2000 feet high. It is a well built city for a coast town ; the streets are wide, air)' and regular ; the houses, built of timber for the most part, and arranged in rectangular blocks, are gaily coloured ; and the town altogether presents a lively appearance. It has the customary " plaza " or central square adorned with a 122 monument to the naval hero Arthur Prat ; also a cathedral and various churches, several banks, a public library. numerous well-found hotels, three clubs, the Government Houses, a High Court of Appeal, theatre, racecourse, cricket ground, tramways, electric light, telephones, and in fact almost every convenience to be found in a modern European town. The population is about 20,000. The principal business of Iquique is the shipment of nitrate of soda and iodine sent down from the Pampas, but there arc also a number of wealthy gold and silver mines in the locality, particularly lluantajaya, Descubridora, Constantia, Paquanta, Colorada; all notable for their rich productions. Communication with the nitrate fields is carried on 123 by means of a broad gauge railway (4 ft. 8| in.), from the port, traversing the Pampa and terminating at the Lagunas, a distance of 239^ miles. This passes through the principal nitrate producing districts, serving the large number of " Oficinas " in the vicinity by means of a series of short branches and offshoots. A journey over this road will be found most instructive to those interested in this class of industry, or who may wish to obtain a fair idea of the peculiarities of life and work on the Pampa; as the majority t IQtUvtS.. of the principal establishments are situated in close proximity to the line. Apart from the factories and the sparse habita- tions of the native labourers, the Pampa is a barren desert devoid of either life or vegetation, in fact more resembling the bed of a vast inland sea than anything else. Darwin decribes it as follows : — " The appearance of the country was remarkable from being covered with a thick crust of common I2 4 salt and of a stratified salifcrous alluvium, which seems to have been deposited as the land rose slowly above the sea. The appearance of this superficial mass very closely re- sembled that of a country after snow, before the last dirty patches are thawed." At the Central Station (3220 feet above the sea level) the Trunk Line from Iquique joins that from Pisagua and thence strikes east and south, with various minor branches to the neighbouring " Oficinas." The export of nitrate (hiring 1K94 from the four ports oi Tarapaca, between Iquique and Pisagua inclusivc.was 890,816 tons, the principal producing establishments being:— " Rosario de Huara," "Ramirez" or the Liverpool Nitrate, "San Jorge," "La Palma" and "La Patria," "Agua Santa," " Lagunas," " La Paccha " and " Jaz Pampa," and " Buena Ventura." There are two Telegraph (able Stations at Iquique, and land wires serve all the coast towns. Steamers call Southbound on Mondays and Thursdays, and Northbound on same days; the Intermediate Steamers from Valparaiso also make regular calls at the port. Twenty miles north of Iquique is the minor port of Caleta Buena, serving as port of shipment for the extensive Nitrate establishment of "Agua Santa," which is 21 miles inland. From the top of the hill to the beach, the railway cars are let down by a cable, but from the top of the hill the railway to the interior is a 2 ft. 6 in. narrow gauge line, worked by ordinary locomotives. 125 Some 10 miles north of Caleta Buena is the small Nitrate port of Junin. The " Ja/. Pampa" Oficina, as well as others, ships from here TOCOPILLA, II" miles south of Iquique, formerly a Holi\*ian port, was taken possession of by Chile in 1879 It is a sheltered port, and, after Valparaiso, has the finest iron pier (fitted with hydraulic cranes, &c. , on the (oast. The principal industry of the place is copper mining", which has, however, somewhat fallen off of late ; nitrate of soda is also a leading article of export. The Anglo-Chilian and Nitrate Railway runs from the port to Toco, the centre of the nitrate district, 50 miles inland, where there is a large virgin extent of Nitrate grounds, in which the Railway Company is interested. The railway runs up 5000 feet in the first 30 miles, then 126 clown [ 500 feet to Toco. Near to that town there are also considerable deposits of borax, though up to the present these have not been worked to any extent. The population of Tocopilla is small ; the climate is warm and dry, and is considered very healthy. There is a fairly good hotel in the port, and the steamers call there once a week each wav. COBIJA, a minor port 31 miles South of Tocopilla, is small and sparsely populated, and its existence is solely dependent upon the mining industry of the vicinity. It exports good quantities of ores; copper, tin and some silver. The steamers call at Cobija once a week each way. ANTOFAGASTA is a rising port situated on the border of the great desert of Atacama, 232 miles south of 127 Iquique. It was formerly the chief port of Bolivia, but at the termination of the late war was ceded to Chile. The population now numbers about 9,000, and is on the increase, and as the rich mineral districts of the in- terior arc being rapidly opened up, and the resources of the country developed, a good future may be expected for the port. At present there are several smelting establish- ments in full operation, and the quantity of metals — gold, silver, and copper — as well as of nitrate of soda and borate of lime, exported is very considerable ; in fact, the deposit of borate near Ascotan, which is now being actively worked, is one of the most extensive known, and the calcining of this material forms an important industry of the town. Antofagasta is the port for the famous silver mines of 1 Iuanchaca, as well as for the southern departments of Bolivia, and a narrow gauge (2 ft. 6 in.) railway runs from the port to Oruro, a distance of 570 miles. To those interested in mining operations, or who may wish to obtain a good idea of the country, this journey will be particularly attractive, as the visitor will find the various industries displayed to him in a large number of their different phases. For instance, he will traverse the nitrate fields, pass the silver mines of Caracoles, Inca, Loa, San Cristobal, Potosi, Huanchaca, and Colquechaca ; the copper mines of Lomas, Bayos, Conchicul, and Aralar ; the valley of the Loa, with its interesting mineralogical and archaeological remains ; the active volcanoes of San Pedro, San Pablo, and Ollagua ; [28 the elevated tableland lakes of Ascotan and Carcot, the sulphur mines and borate deposits of Ascotan, the tin mines of Oruro, and the bismuth mines of Lipez; all of which are served by the line. From Oruro there is a coach service through Sucre and the famous mining district of Colquechaca to La Paz — a four days' journey. Huanchaca is one of the most renowned and best producing silver districts in the world ; its export in I S90 amounting- to 5,608,376 ounces of fine silver, in addition to large quantities coined and distributed in Bolivia and the Argentine Republic. It is owned by a Bolivian Company, and the smelting works the}- are now having erected in Antofagasta promise to be the most extensive and complete establishments of the kind in South America. There are two comfortable hotels in Antofagasta pension X4 currency per day), and good accommodation is to be found all along the route ; most of the hotels belonging to the railway company. Trains leave Anto- fagasta for the interior three times a week, returning the following day ; and sleeping cars are provided on all. The following is a table of fares and distances on the line : — Miles. Fares. — Antofagasta 51 Cuevitas ... ... .. ... ... S4.00 So Salinas ... ... ... ... 6.00 106 S. Gorda ... ... ... ... ... 7.^0 Chilian Currency. 149 Calama ... io.bo 187 Conchi ... ... ... 14.00 225 Ascotan [6.80 272 1 Magna ... ... ... ... ... [9.60 129 Miles. Fares. 322 [ulaca ... ... .. . . ... ... 4.ocn it • 11 v \ o I Bolivianos at 381 Uyum Huancnaca) S.00 - r\ I ■Xl(/ per dollar. 570 Oruro... ... ... ... ... ... — J J ' Steamers call at Antofagasta, southbound, on Satur- days and Tuesdays ; northbound on Sundays and Wed- nesdays. The telegraph cable touches at the port, and there is also telegraphic communication by land wires with all the Chilian ports. TALTAL, [3] Miles south of Antofagasta, derives its importance solely from the mining and nitrate industries of the surrounding country. It has a popula- tion of 5,000, but, like most of the North Chilian coast towns, is bare of all vegetation, and its water supply- has for the greater part of the year to be condensed. The bay is good, there are two piers, and a consider- able number of vessels visit the port. There are in the neighbourhood extensive nitrate and borax deposits, as well as some very productive gold, silver, and copper mines. The Taltal Railway Company has a line from the port to Cachinal 93 miles long, passing through several nitrate grounds, and close to the Guanaco gold mining district, with various branches running into the principal nitrate " oficinas." Taltal possesses several smelting establishments with fair output. The hotel accommodation at the port L passable. I I }0 There is a land telegraph line connecting the port with the coast ; Steamers call there twice a week each way. CHANARAL is a port of 3000 inhabitants on the edge of the Desert of Atacama, 46 miles north of Caldera and 67 miles south of Taltal. It is one of the principal centres of the copper industry in Chile ; and has also a large number of gold, silver, nickel, and cobalt mines, as well as nitrate and borax fields, in the vicinity. The port is connected by two lines of railway with the mining villages and districts of Las Animas and Saiado; the former 22, and the latter 24 miles distant. The bay is large and well sheltered, and the climate is cool, dry, and healthy ; strong westerly winds prevailing during the day, and cold land breezes at night. There is no vegetation in or near the town, and the drinking water is condensed. Beyond the smelting works and the mines, there is nothing here t<> interest the visitor. There are two hotels. Steamers touch at Chanaral in each direction once a week. CALDERA (108 miles south of Taltal) is the prin- cipal port of the province of Atacama, and the outlet for an extensive and wealthy mineral district producing largely gold, silver, and copper in bar and ore. The town is small, but it has a magnificent bay and a fine pier The population is 2,100. 13' A railway runs from ( laldera to Copiapo,the chief town of the province, whence there are branches to the mining districts of Chanarcillo and San Antonio, distant about 60 miles to the south, as well as to Puquios, 40 miles to the north. From the latter point an extension is in project to Tinogasta on the Argentine side, crossing the Cordilleras at an altitude of 16,000 feet, and then joining the trunk line from Rosario, and passing through some of the most fertile districts of the Argentine Republic. Copiapo is a neatly-arranged town of 10,000 inhabitants, situated in a fertile valley 50 miles inland of Caldera. It is one of the chief mining centres of Chile, and owns some important smelting establishments and gold mills. The climate is dry and healthy, and both in Caldera and Copiapo there are fair hotels (pension about S2.50 per day). Passable accommodation is also to be found at the various termini of the line. Trains run daily to Copiapo, and every other day to the interior. Steamers call at the port, southbound, on Sundays and Thursdays ; northbound, on Saturdays and Mondays. The Telegraph Cable Co. has also a station at the port. CARRIZAL BAJO is a small port 72 miles South of Caldera. the outlet for the productive mineral districts of the interior. It is connected by rail with Carrizal Alto, 23 miles distant, the principal town in the vicinity and formerly a 132 flourishing centre of the copper mining industry. These mines are now, however, almost worked out, and the neigh- bourhood has, in consequence, fallen off considerably in population and importance. There are also branches of the line to Cerro Blanco Copper Mines, distant 62 miles ; to Jarillas Copper Alines, distant 58 miles ; and one in course of construction to the Manganese Mines, distant 38 miles. The principal exports are Copper and Manganese ores — from 2,000 to 3,000 tons of the latter being produced monthly. Trains run daily to the interior, and there is passable hotel accommodation both in Alto and Bajo Carrizal. Steamers call at the port once a week each way. HUASCO, a small and desolate looking port about half way between Caldcra and Coquimbo, is situated at the mouth of the Huasco River, and in a very fertile valley, yielding all kinds of agricultural produce. Excellent wine is produced in the neighbourhood, and the raisins of 1 kiasco arc considered by many equal to those of Malaga. The interior is fairly rich in mines of gold, silver, copper, cobalt and manganese ; and the port possesses a smelting establishment with a good output. The population is about 1,200. A railway is in course of construction up the valley to Freirina and Yallcnar, the two principal towns inland. FREIRINA, 15 miles from the port, has a population of 13,000. The locality is rich in gold, copper and manganese, 133 VALLENAR, 45 miles from Huasco, with a population of 17.000, produces copper, gold, silver and manganese. Near here is the well-known silver mine of Agua Amarga. Both of these towns arc on the River Huasco. Steamers call at Huasco once a week in both directions. COQUIMBO is the chief port of an extensive province bearing the same name, and is situated in a fine and well-sheltered bay 200 miles North of Valparaiso. It is a Naval Station of the British Fleet on the Pacific Coast, and, on account of the fine situation of the harbour, is frequently visited by war vessels. The town has some 6,000 inhabitants, chiefly occupied in the smelting of copper and the export of metals — gold, silver, copper, cobalt, quicksilver, argentiferous lead, manganese, lead and iron being abundantly produced in the surrounding districts. Large quantities of skins and agricultural produce are also exported annually. SERENA, the capital of the province, is 9 miles distant on the opposite side of the Bay. It is a fine and well- planned city of some 20,000 inhabitants, enjoying a very temperate and agreeable climate, and it lays claim to a certain amount of architectural, grandeur, though the original city, founded in 1 544, has been partly destroyed by fire and earthquakes on various occasions. It has still several buildings of note, a stately cathedral, several '34 banks, and a fine central square and avenues ; Serena is also one of the principal Bishop's Sees of Chile. Some two miles out of the town are the well-known copper mines of Brillador, together with the seigneurial estate of the proprietor. A railway connects the town with Coquimbo, trains running each way three times daily. From Coquimbo there is an extension of the line to Olivo about 80 miles South, with a branch to the well-known copper mines of Panulcillo. The present terminus of the line is 12 miles from the capital town of Ovalle, whence a railway is under construction to the port of Tongoy, 2j miles South of Coquimbo. There is also a line running from Serena some 50 miles into the interior, up the Elqui valley. Hotel accommodation both in Coquimbo and Serena is ample and rates are moderate. The principal towns dependent on Coquimbo are: — GUAYACAN, a small port about a mile distant from Coquimbo by land. The largest and best-found copper smelting establishment in Chile is situated here, and there are also extensive shops and brick factories. The output of bar copper is about 1,200 tons per month, in addition U> considerable quantities of sulphate of copper. TONGOY, a minor port 27 miles South, is also devoted to the copper industry, its smelting furnaces pro- ducing some 300 tons monthly. 135 OVALLE, chief town of the department of the same name, and situated in the valley of the Limari, is chiefly associated with the mining industry, though the vicinity is rich in agricultural products. Its population is about 16,000. VICUNA, chief town of the department of Rlqui, has a population of 3,000 ; and is noted for its delightful climate, as well as for the wines, spirits, raisins and dried peaches produced in its vicinity. ANDACOLLO, a village of some 400 inhabitants, distant about 30 miles, is remarkable for its rich deposits of gold and copper; as also for a very curious and time-honoured festival held there annually, in honour of the " Virgin of the Rosary," which brings together many thousands of persons from all parts of the Republic, as well as from the Argen- tine. The soil in this locality is said to be wonderfully rich in the precious metals, and promises lucrative results if systematically exploited — the washing process at present in use by the natives being of the most primitive description. The interior valleys of the province of Coquimbo display a remarkable fertility and mineral wealth — from the coast to die Cordillera the country is traversed by rich veins of metals ; cereals of all classes grow in abundance through- out the valleys, and the grape and other fruits are to be found in perfection. The communication with the interior is however bad, and the development which the province is 136 capable of is much retarded in consequence. In most of the inland towns there is fair hotel accommodation. Coquimbo possesses a telegraph cable station, and there is land wire communication with all the Chilian coast towns. Steamers southbound call every Monday and Friday ; northbound, on Thursday and Sunday. VALPARAISO is the chief port of Chile, and by far the most important maritime town on the coast. It has a population of about 100,000, a lively commerce, and an extensive though not always secure bay, which is visited by over a million tons of shipping annually. There is a tine esplanade running partly round the harbour for some 2y 2 miles, and a commodious iron pier provided with all modern appliances for working cargo. The town is picturesquely situated at the foot of a range of steep hills, on a narrow stretch of land which from time to time has been reclaimed from the sea. In the business portion the streets are wide and regular, the houses and public edifices for the most part being well built and sightly. There are good services of tramways, telephones and electric light, several neatly arranged public gardens and squares, a stately opera house (the property of the town) ; some noble monuments, and various public buildings worth} - of a visit. The upper or suburban part of the town is built m •»• j i o w a. i't A I til m I ift'i 139 on a succession of terraces, or ledges, leading up the face of the hills— and at some parts almost overhanging the lower town —as well as on the hill-top, and stretching away to the higher ranges in the background. These terraces are reached by a service of elevators, and by stairways and winding paths leading up the several ravines or chines in the hills. The climate of Valparaiso is health}- and bracing; particularly in the upper town, from which a commanding" view is obtained. Hotel accommodation is ample and good, and at rates ranging from $3 currency per day. Several notable peaks are visible from the bay, among which is Aconcagua, 22,420 feet. SANTIAGO, the capital of the Republic, is plea- santly situated in the valley of the Mapocho, 1 1 5 miles by rail to the south-east of Valparaiso. Since the war with Peru, Santiago has considerably increased in im- portance as well as in beauty ; and it now ranks as the finest city on the South Pacific Coast, comparing well with many European town's of greater pretensions. The population is about 200,000. The streets are wide, regular, and evenly arranged ; the houses, laid out in square blocks, are well and solidly built, and of an architecture superior to that noticeable in other Coast towns. The public edifices are handsome and stately, 140 the House of Representatives particularly being a very tine structure ; whilst the San Carlos Gallerv, President's Palace, Opera House, Alhambra, Cathedral, many of the churches, the Alameda, Cousino Park, Municipal Gardens, and the many fine monuments of which the city boasts, may well be considered as of interest to the visitor. A fine view of Santiago and the surrounding country is to be obtained from the hill of Santa Lucia, which is situated almost in the centre of the city, and, being prettily laid out with winding pathways to the summit— where a restaurant and theatre are installed — is a popular pleasure resort. In the time of the conquest Santa Lucia was the Spanish stronghold, and the first settlers were held in siege there for over six months. Santiago possesses a very complete system of tramways, electric light, telephones, and the most modern conveniences of civilisation. The hotel accommodation is all that could be desired, the principal establishments being — Hotel Oddo pension $4 to #5 per day. France] Milan „ $3, $4 & s; DonayJ Trains run between Valparaiso and Santiago twice a day each way ; fare $6 currency, journey 5 hours. The railways in this part of Chile arc owned and worked by the State ; considerable extensions are in project, 141 though even now the system is the most complete on the coast. The trunk line, starting from Valparaiso, runs direct south from Santiago for some 400 miles, tapping the principal agricultural districts of this region — the inland towns of importance, as well as the principal coast ports, being in direct communication with the capital by means of branches connecting with the main line. It is the in- tention to continue this latter to Yaldivia, an important agricultural centre, and the outlet for the extensive emigrant colonies of the province. A line is also in course of con- struction from Los Andes (90 miles east of Valparaiso) to Mendoza (Argentine Republic) — a direct transandine railroad from Valparaiso to Buenos Ayres. This line is, however, not likely to be completed for some years to come. At present the route is only practicable by mule- tracks tluring the summer months, and even then is inclement and dangerous. The principal places of interest in the vicinity of Valparaiso and Santiago arc : — Vina Del Mar, a bathing station a few miles out of Valparaiso, much favoured by the people of the capital. Limache, 28 miles from Valparaiso, on the line to Santiago ; a prettily situated town and popular resort. Qui I Iota, the ancient capital of Chile, 40 miles inland of Valparaiso; population 5,000. The neighbourhood is famous for its fruits and vines. •4 -i San Felipe, about 90 miles from Valpariso, the capital of the department of Aconcagua ; a neat and well- arranged town of 12,000 inhabitants. The surrounding country is rich in mineral and agricultural products. Cauquenes Springs, a much frequented watering- place 55 miles south of Santiago. The hydropathic establishment there is fairly-well installed, and the waters are held in high esteem. Steamers leave Valparaiso for the north ever)' Wednesday and Saturday ; for the south once a week, and the P.S.N.C. Straits steamers sail fortnightly for the East Coast and Europe. CONSTITUCION is a thriving town about a mile up the river Maule. It is well built, and surrounded by a remarkably fertile country ; but, owing to the difficulties in navigation of the river, its progress is greatly retarded : the present population is about S,ooo. The principal exports are wine, wheat and other agricultural produce. There is a branch railway, 54 miles in extent, from Talca to ( 'onstitucion, on the main southern line from Santiago. Talca, the chief town of the department, contains about 20,000 inhabitants, and carries on a considerable trade in agricultural products, wines, &c. There are some important flour mills in the town. •43 The Pacific Co. have a small steamer specially con- structed for the traffic between Valparaiso and Constitution, making trips at intervals of about five days. TOME, a small and prettily situated port on the bay of Concepcion, of some 4,000 inhabitants, is chiefly remarkable for the large quantities of excellent wine exported from the surrounding districts. It has no railway communication, but is only a few miles distant from Constitucion. The through mail, as well as the intermediate coast steamers, call at Tome at frequent intervals. TALCAHUANO is a rising port, situated in a fine and well sheltered bay, 240 miles south of Valparaiso. Population about 8000. The Chilian Government is now building at Talca- huano extensive dry docks and breakwaters; and as it is intended to make a naval station there, it may be expected to become a place of considerable importance in course of time. At present it has a brisk commercial movement, is the principal port of shipment for the Southern wheat provinces, owns some large flour mills, and is in close proximity to the important town of Concepcion, to which it also serves as port. It is in direct rail wax- communication with the capital and interior towns. 144 Concepcion, a few miles inland from Talcahuano, is the capital of Southern Chile. It is surrounded by some of the most fertile regions of the country, is a well arranged and pleasantly situated town of some 20,000 inhabitants, principally engaged in trade with the interior and the production of wines and preserved fruits. There arc several large Hour mills, and an important Government engineering establishment. To the north of Concepcion, on the main line to Santiago, is the town of Chilian (T6,ooo inhabitants), which carries on a thriving trade in wine, cereals, and other agricultural produce. At Penco, on the bay of Concepcion, and nine miles from the town, an important sugar refinery has been established. This small port is built on the site of the original city of Concepcion, destroyed in the great earth - (]iiakc of [835. There is a railway from Concepcion to Penco. The P.S.N.C. Straits steamers call regularly at Talcahuano, both on the outward and homeward voyages. The through coast mail steamers, as well as those of the South Chilian coast line, also call regularly each way, and at frequent intervals. There is telegraphic communication with all the coast and inland towns. CORONEL is essentially an industrial town, owing its present commercial status to the extensive coal deposits ( I 145 in the vicinity, the opening up of which, on a large scale, I late years has brought the place to a position of con- siderable importance among the Chilian coast towns. It is well situated in a dee]) and sheltered bay 40 miles south of Talcahuano, has ample mole accommodation, and, being the principal coaling station on the coast, is largely visited by shipping. The town itself is substantial in structure, and pleasing in appearance, having a population of 4000. Up to within a recent date the principal coal workings have been along the sea shore, owing to the difficulty of transit from the interior; and some of these are still being exploited, producing coal of good quality, though having to be got from veins deep under the bay. The extended railway communication, however, now permits of the opening up, ami profitable working, of vast tracts ol almost virgin country, extremely rich both in coal and timber -particularly the Colico district — and it is considered that a great future is in store for the Arauco coalfields and this region in general. The annual output of the various workings may be roughly put down as follows : — The Arauco Company, 300,000 tons. The Lota Company, 200,000 tons. Messrs. Schwager and Company, i*>« >,<>« >*> tons. Messrs. Rojas, 75,01 »> tons. The Arauco Coal and Railway Company have a line from In 146 Concepcion through Coronel, Lota, Colico, and all the principal coal districts, to Curanilahue, a distance of 62 miles. This line includes a remarkable bridge, 1,889 metres long, over the River Bio Bio, near Concepcion. There is also a narrow gauge line from Laraquete (a small coaling port four miles south of Lota) to the Carampangue mines. Coronel possesses several engineering shops, and some large brick factories ; the quality of the bricks and fire clay produced being much esteemed along the coast. Considerable quantities of copper are also exported yearly from the Lota Company's mines. The port of Lota, five miles to the south of Coronel, is a small town of 5,000 inhabitants, chiefly engaged in the working and shipping of coal and copper. The gardens of Lota — a charmingly laid-out park, with mansion, the pro- perty of Mdme. Cousino — are an interesting feature of the place. The P.S.N. C. Straits steamers call regularly at ( Oronel both ways, as do also the through Panama- Valparaiso and the South Chilian Coast steamers ; the two latter lines also touch at Lota regularly. There is telegraph communi- cation from Coronel with all parts. LEBU is a port of some consideration, 55 miles to the south ol Coronel. It has risen in importance of late 1 47 years, chiefly owing to the opening up of the extensive coal mines in the vicinity of the port, though the surrounding country is also rich in agricultural products. Large quan- tities of bark for tanning purposes are exported regularly. The town of Lebu is in close proximity to the port, and at the mouth of the Lebu River. It has a population of 7,000, and is the capital of the province. The steamers on the South Chilian coast line call at this port once a week each way. VALDIVIA, on the river of the same name and four miles from its mouth, though but a small town of some 7,000 inhabitants, may be considered as a fairly important commercial centre, possessing several breweries and tanneries, the products of which are exported in considerable quantities. The province of Valdivia has been set apart for the German and Swiss emigrant colonies, and its population is said to be over 40,000. So far this region has not made the progress it is capable of, owing to the want of railway communication, which, however, it is intended to establish in the near future. There is fair hotel accom- modation in Valdivia at from $2.50 to $3 per day. Corral, the seaport of Valdivia, is situated at the mouth of the river. Traffic between Corral and Valdivia is carried on by a service of small river steamers. 148 The through steamers call at Corral Four limes a month each way, and the intermediate steamers once a week each way. PORT MONTT, the principal port of the Chiloe Archipelago, is a neat and industrious town, with a population of some 3, Quo, enjoying a bracing and healthy climate. It is chiefly occupied in trade with the neighbour- ing islands and in the export of timber, the product of the dense virgin forests with which this part of the coast is covered. Fifteen miles from the port there is a German settlement, on the banks of Lake Llanquihue. There are many interesting places in the neighbourhood for excur- sionists, and horses and coaches are readily obtainable .it moderate prices. There is also a steamboat running on the lake. Hotel accommodation is fair, and at customary rates. Calbuco and Ancud, minor ports in the neigh- bourhood of Port Montt, also export large quantities of timber, and are called at regularly by the Valparaiso Coast steamer. Tort Montt is the southern terminus of the Pacifi< Co.'s Coast Line, and there are sailings from the port every week, There is also a service ol small steamers running between the various islands and die porl 149 CHAPTER IX. Approximate Values of the various South American Currencies. The South .American Republics having mainly a silver standard, it is impossible to give an actual sterling equivalent, owing to the fluctuations from time to time in the value of that metal, and also to the course of exchange. In Brazil especially the fluctuation is frequent and sometimes severe. The gold coinage, where it exists, is of course of full value. For the information of travellers we append a list of the moneys in circulation and the present sterling values : Brazil. Gold : 20 milreis 10 k : J 2s }<■/ per milreis. Silver : 2000 reis 1000 „ 500 „ 200 „ 100 „ 1 1 ,;// 1 >er milreis. Paper of various denominations, per milreis. Uruguay. -This is perhaps the only South ISO American country which maintains the silver coinage at face value, and the variation in exchange is very slight. The money consists of — Silver : Peso. 50 centisimos 4-y 2d per peso. 20 » 10 » 5 n Paper of various denominations, 4s 2d per peso. Argentina. — Gold 5 peso piece (Argentinos), £1. Silver : Peso. 50 centavos 2.v per peso. 20 » 10 » 5 » Chile. — The Government of Chile have this year re-arranged their coinage with the view of establishing a fixed rate of exchange of is 6d per peso. The new gold coins are — Condor, £20 = $os. Doblon, Sio = 1 5 j. Escudo, $5 = 7 s 6d. Silver : Peso. 50 centavos 20 10 5 » is 6d per peso. 1 1 was anticipated that the paper money would maintain a fixed rate of i8<7 per peso, but the present value is slightly under par. The gold ounce is Still in circulation to a small extent — value 16 pesos. '5i Bolivia. —Gold : Ounce 16 pesos, £$ $s od. 4 pesos, 1 5^- cjd. Silver : Peso. I 50 centavos 2s per peso. 20 „ I Peru. — Gold : 20 soles 2s per sol. IO „ 3J 10/ per sol. 5 " J Silver : Sol. 50 centavos 20 10 Ecuador. — Silver : Sucre ) > 2s per sucr. 20 centavos ) r Colombia. — Gold : 10 pesos, y Sd per peso. Silver : Peso \ „ 2s per peso. 50 centavos ) r r Money of all descriptions is received on board the Pacific Co.'s steamers in payment of fares, wine accounts &c, at values which may be ascertained from the pursers. 28/// November, [895. 152 PACIFIC LINE. TO BRAZIL, RIVER PLATE AND ALL PORTS ON THE WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA. Wxt Pacific Steam |latnqation (Ea.s (Steamers Are appointed to sail from LIVERPOOL with Her Majesty's MaiJs -*4 Qvery Alternate Thursday IN- RIO OE JANEIRO, MONTE VIDEO (FOR BUENOS AYRES>, PUNTA ARENAS (STRAITS OF MAGELLAN:, WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA, CALLING TO LAND \X1> EMBARK PASSENGERS \l LA PALLICE (LA ROCHELLE), CORUNNA, VIGO, LEIXOES (OPORTO), and LISBON, EVERY ALTERNATE STEAMER TOUCHING A I Also IY[oi|tt|ly Line of fast Cargo Steamers to East and West Coasts. THROUGH BOOKINGS TO AND FROM THE PACIFIC, Via New York, San Francisco, Colon and Panama, In conjunction with the undermentioned Lines, according to route— WHITE STAR LINE. WEST INDIA & PACIFIC S.S. CO. PACIFIC MAIL LINE. HARRISON LINE. PANAMA STEAM-SHIP CO. CIE CLE TRANSATLANTIQUE. ROYAL MAIL S.S. CO. CIA. TRASATLANTICA do BAR- LA VELOCE NAViGAZIONE CELONA ITALIAN A PRINCE LINE HAMBURG-AMERICAN STEAM PACKET CO. Reduced Fares and Special Terms for Return Tickets and for Families. 153 PACIFIC LINE. 1 1 1 1 1 . . "i ' . ' TOURS « ™e PYRENEES and ou\%. @f ¥mnee.. A Set of Eighteen different Tours have been arranged by The Pacific Steam Navigation Co., ranging in price from £6 6s od to £13 9® ®& 9 The Tares include Maintenance and free table Wine (Claret) on board Steamer. The Tickets for the complete Tour, i.e., using the Company s Steamers out and home, are available for two mouths. Further Particulars may be had on application to any of the Company's Agents, or to the MEAD OFFICE* 3 1 JAMES STREET, LIVERPOOL 154 FORTMI(|HTLY B|AIL PE^KJE BETWEEN ENGLAND *& AUSTRALIA. Tons Reg. H.P. Tons Reg. H.P. AUSTRAL 5,524 7,000 ORIZABA 6,077 7,000 CUZCO 3,898 4,000 ORMUZ 6,031 8,500 LUSITANIA 3,877 4,000 OROTAYA 5,552 7,000 OPHIR 6,910 10,000 OROYA 6,057 7,000 ORIENT 5,365 6,000 ORUBA 5,552 7,000 Calling to land and embark passengers at Gibraltar, Naples, Port Said, Ismailia, Suez, Colombo, Albany, Adelaide, Melbourne, and Sydney. Through Tickets to all other Ports in Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. High-class cuisine, electric lighting, hot and cold baths, good ventilation, and every comfort. FARES TO AUSTRALIA FROM £15 15/- TO £70. Cheap Return Tickets, and for Tours Round the World. ImMfm I F ' GR ™ & C °' ] Fe 1 ChurCh Avenlle > W * I ANDERSON, ANDERSON & CO. I London, E.C. For Passage apply in London to the latter firm at 5 FENCHURCH AYENUE, E.C. Or to the West End Branch Office, 16 COCKSPUR STREET, S.W. In Liverpool to THE PACIFIC STEAM NAYIGATION CO., 31 JAMES STREET. i55 IflTniTE Star Line ROYAI* IVEAir. STEAMERS, LIVERPOOL TO NEW YORK, Calling at QUEENSTOWN for Mails and Passengers. The Magnificent Twin Screw Steamers Majestic and Teutonic, each 10,000 Tons, sail regularly in the itinerary of the Line. SALOON FARES. "MAJESTIC" and "TEUTONIC." Winter Season (From 1st November)... £12, £15, £18, £20 & £25 per berth Summer ,, (From 15th July) £18, £20, £25, £30 & £35 « Deck Rooms from £50 and upwards for Winter Season, and from £80 and upwards for Summer Season, according to schedule. "BRITANNIC," "GERMANIC" and "ADRIATIC." Winter Season (From 1st November) £10 10/-, £12, £15 & £20. Summer ,/ (From 15th July) £12, £15, £20 & £25, according to position of berth and number in State Room, all having equal privileges in the Saloon. Children under Twelve years, Half-Fare. Infants under Two years, Free. RETURN RATES.— Ten per cent off combined Outward and Homeward Fares, according to Season, except at the £12 rate by Majestic and Teutonic, and at £10 10/- by other Steamers. BECOND CABIN, £8 to £10. RETURN, £13 to £18, according to Steamer and Season. WSteerage Passage (including Outfit) to New York, Boston, or Philadelphia at low rates. THROUGH BOOKINGS Between SOUTH AMERICAN PORTS and NEW YORK, via LIVERPOOL, By Pacific Steam Navigation Co.'s and White Star Line Steamers, at Reduced rates. APPLY TO JAMES SCOIT & CO., Queenstown; H. GENESTAL & DELZONS, 1 Ru Scribe, Paris; H. HAITLAND KERSEY, 29 Broadway, New York, or to ISHAY, IMRIE & CO., 34 Leadenhall Street, London, and 10 Water Street, Liverpool. I 5 6 TTHE GRAND ©ENWAl, TRUNK LINE of the ARGENTINE REPUBLIC conn with the ANDINE, G.W. ARG., and other Railways to WEST COAST, and the principal routes to TUCUMAN, SAL JUJUY, and on the North generally. Travellers by this Line pass through the richest Gra and Grain Fields of the Country, and can travel direct the most picturesque sections and popular health resort COSQUIN, CRUZ DEL EJE, ALTA GRACIA, ROSARIO DE j FRONTERA, &c. The Line is fully equipped with all the necessary I latest improvements for the comfort, convenience and saf of Travellers, luxurious Sleeping and Dining Coaches, Smoking Cars, being a prominent feature of the service. Special Booking arrangements have been made with principal Steam=ship Companies, whereby Tourists may obt all needed information and attention previous to landing Buenos Aires or Rosario. Particular information as to Tickets, Routes, Point* Interest, &c, may be obtained at the District Office, 460 & Piedad, Buenos Aires, or at the Office of the Traffic Supei tendent in Rosario. London Offices, 85 Palmerston Buildings, Bishopsgate Strc I " 157 THE t JjVnos ^trw § |(ohHo THE BUENOS AIRES & ROSARIO RAILWAY is the principal line in the Argentine Republic running Northward from Buenos Aires to the important provinces of SANTA FE, CORDOBA, SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO and TUCUMAN, and connecting those districts and the Cities of SALTA and JUJUY (on the Central Northern Line) with the Federal Capital. The Railway, after traversing the maize-growing region of Buenos Aires province, arrives at Rosario, the second largest centre of commerce in the country, where it has goods depots, warehouses, elevators and shoots, sidings, &c, on an elaborate scale, for the purpose of dealing with the enormous traffic which it conveys to that important port on the River Parana. The wheat-producing area of the province of Santa Fe is also served by this Line, as are the sugar plantations and the forests of Tucuman and Santiago, the annual yield of which is rapidly increasing. The comforts of passengers by this Railway have been studied to such an extent that, with its excellent train service, its luxurious dining and smoking saloons, and commodious sleeping cars, as well as its ordinary coaching stock, all of which have been arranged and fitted in the most modern and artistic style, it has attained the celebrity of being the best ordered Line in the country. 158 THOMAS COOK & SON, ©riginatous of the European tourist ant) Excursion System. ESTABLISHED 1841. COOK'S INTERNATIONAL TRAVELLING TICKETS are available for one or more passengers to travel by any trains any day, and do not compel the holders to travel in parties. AMERICAN TOURS.— Messrs. Thomas Cook and Son issue Tickets to all parts of America and Canada. AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND.— Under special arrangements with the Australasian Railway Administrations, Thomas Cook and Son issue Tickets to and through all parts of these countries. EGYPT AND THE HOLY LAND.— Cook's Eastern Tours are the result of many years' study and practical investigation, and are the most popular of all arrange- ments for visiting Bible Lands. HOLLAND, BELGIUM, THE RHINE, GERMANY, AUSTRIA, &c.-Thomas Cook and Son issue their own Tickets for Single or Return Journeys, or Circular Tours, including all places of interest. INDIA, CHINA, &c. — Tickets issued to any point, and through special contracts with the Indian Government, Tourist Tickets can be had for all paris of India. ITALY. — Single Journey and Circular Tickets to and through all parts of Italy. NILE, THE STEAM NAVIGATION OF THE.— Thomas Cook and Son (Egypt), Ltd., are the sole owners of the New Tourist Steamers on the Nile, and Tickets can be had and berths secured at any of their Offices. PARIS. — Cook's Single and Return Tickets by the Mail Route, vid Dover and Calais. Hotel accommodation at cheapest rates. Through Interpreters and Carriage Drives in Paris. SWITZERLAND. — Cook's Swiss Tickets embrace every Railway, Steamer and Diligence Route in the country, and are issued at greatly reduced fares. HOTEL COUPONS.— The system of Hotel Coupons introduced by Thomas Cook and Son reduces the troubles of Continental travel to a minimum. The coupons are issued at a uniform rate, and are accepted at first class hotels in all parts of the World. PERSONALLY CONDUCTED TOURS under efficient management leave London at frequent intervals. For full particulars apply at any of the Tourist Offices. BANKING AND EXCHANGE.— Foreign Money of all denominations bought an sold. Bank Drafts. Circular notes issued and Cable Transfers made, &c. OCEAN PASSAGE TICKETS TO ALL PARTS OF THE GLOBE, by all Lines of Steamers, at lowest rates. THOMAS COOK & SON, Chief Office : Ludgate Circus, LONDON. 159 CAPITAL SUBSCRIBED £2.000,000. CAPITAL PAID UP £200,000. LIMITED. R.ESER\ E-FUKD £450.000. Liverpool NewYork London San -FiftNasco . Manchester^.-;.' UVERP00L& LL)M DON CHAM BERS . (>v».\VALLSTREET ROYAL EXCHANGE HU I LDI HOS. 3QS AUFU '^''.n 1 - BAM K STREETS' Ah MS-S»» V J! VALPARAISO AUSTRALIA - - CALCUTTA & BOMBAY - Agencies : Messrs. COCKBAIN, ROXBURGH & CO. n GIBBS. BRIGHT & CO., Melbourne: &c TURNER, MORRISON & CO. And at the principal Ports of the World. i6o Midland Grand Hotel LONDON, N.W. The Midland Grand is the finest ami largesl Hotelin London. It is within Shilling Cab Pare of nearly all Theatres and Business and West End centres ; close to King's < Jross Metropolitan station. 'Buses to all parts every minute. The Midland Grand hasa large nee area all round it. and being well ventilated (and properly warmed in winter) it is a desirable residence tor Ladies and Families coming to town lor either a long or short visit. LADIES" k FAMILY COFFEE ROOM on First Floor en suite, with Music. Draw- in".. Writing and Reading Rooms. PASSENGEB ELEVATORS. Electric Light Everywhere. REFINEMENT AND COMFORT. BEDROOMS. — For one person from 1/- : for two persons from 5/6. (No charge for Attendance and Electric Light.) BREAKFAST. — Table d'Hote, consisting of Tea, Coffeej or Chocolate, Porridge and Cream, several kinds of Fish and Meat, ('old Viands, kc, served from 8 to 10-30 a.m LUNCHEON. -Table d'Hote Express Luncheon, 1 to -2-30 p.m DINNER. Table d'Hote (high-class French Cuisine), 6-30 to 8 p.m Home Dinner (Five Courses), at 6 p.m.. Sundays 5-30 p.m .-. a. 3 3 5 3 6 THE NEW VENETIAN ROOMS are now available for Wedding Breakfasts, At Homes, Receptions, and other public and private functions. Hotels under same Management- MIDLAND. BRADFORD. (A model Hotel.) Electric Light everywhere, Passengers, Lift. Restaurant, Cafe. MIDLAND. DERBY. For Peak of Derbyshire, Haddon Hall, i ihateworth, «c. QUEEN'S, LEEDS. Adjoins the Midland, North -Eastern, and London and North-Western Stations, in the centre of the town. MIDLAND, MORECAMBE. Convenient for English Lakes. tariffs on Application. Telegraphic Address to each Hotel : " Midotel." WILLIAM TOWLE, Manager. For ADELPH1 HOTEL, LIVERPOOL (under HUM KUMfMMBt) *— •pp*site page. i6i ADELPHI HOTEL, LIVERPOOL (The Hotel de Luxe of the North). The Adelphi Hotel is close to the Central (Midland) Station, and within 15 minutes' walk of the Docks; has undergone an entire reconstruction of internal arrangements, and is now one of the most completely-arranged Hotels in the world. The accommodation includes— Telephones. — Telephone in every Apartment, enabling Visitors to send orders to the respective Departments of the Hotel, or to communicate direct with their friends in other parts of the house. Electric Light.— Electric Light everywhere. Elevators. — Rapid Passenger Lift to each floor. Library. — There is a Library fjr the use of Visitors, without charge. Louis XV. Restaurant.— Visitors will find the Louis XV. Restaurant arranged for the a la Carte service of highest- class French Cuisine. Steam Laundry and Hair-Dressing Saloons. —There is a Steam Laundry in the Hotel, and also Ladies' and (Jentlemen's Hair-Dressing Saloons. Bedroom. — For one person from 4/- ; for two persons from 5/6. No charge for Attendance and Electric Light.) Breakfast. — Tabic d'Hote, consisting of Tea, Coffee, or Chocolate, Porridge and Cream, several kinds of Fish and Meat. Cold Viands, &c, served from 8 to 10-30 a.m., 3/-. Luncheon. — Home Luncheon served from 12 to 3 p.m., 3/-. Dinner. — Table d'Hote (high-class French Cuisine), served from 6 to 8 p.m., 5 -. Dinners a la Carte or at fixed prices, from 3/-. The Adelphi, with its comfort and homeliness and repose to be found there, is a suitable resting place for Transatlantic Travellers on either the homeward or outward journey. TARIFFS ON APPLICATION. Telegraphic Address: " MIDOTEL.* WILLIAM TOWLE, Manager. Chief Office : Midland Grand Hotel, London, N.W. For other MIDLAND RAILWAY HOTELS, see opposite p&tfe. l62 HOTEL ORIENTAL > ♦ < This splendid and commodious Hotel, situated in the Calle Soils, is considered by many Rnglish and A merican travellers to be the finest Hotel in South America. The cuisine is excellent, the general arrangements of the Hotel and the apart- ments are of a first-class order, whilst the charges are moderate. Private Sitting Rooms, if desired, can be obtained for a small extra charge. The Hotel is elegantly furnished, and is replete with every modern comfort and convenience. «► <« HOTEL ORIENTAL MONTE YII>EO. 163 PRA9A CASTRO ALVES, Telegraph Address: "AMERICANO.' Telephone No. 342. This first-class Hotel occupies the finest and most central position in Bahia. It is within five minutes walk of the Theatre. Cars for all parts of the City pass in close proximity. It contains a spacious Drawing Room, Reading Room, Coffee Room and Billiard Room, and is well adapted for Banquets, &c, &c. The Hotel, which was opened in January, 1895, nas been built in accordance with the necessities of the climate of the country, the rooms being large and well ventilated. Bath Rooms, &c. (hot and cold) on every Floor. Prices. — 8$ooo and io$ooo per day. Ereakfast 3$ooo and Dinner 3$5oo. Special arrangements can be made for families. Estabeleciment de primeira classe em toda America do Sul inaugurado em Janeiro 1895. Com edificio construido de accordo com o clima do paiz, collocado no centro da cidade e linha de viagao com toda o conforto para viajantes e familias, tendo boas habitacoes e as melhores condiccoes hygienicas. Saloes para recepgao dos hospedes para banquetes, bilhares e maissallas destinadas a refeigoes. Servigo completo de lavanderia, quartos bem mobilados, barbeiros, e cosinha franceza. Precos — Pensao diaria 8$ooo & io$ooo. Almogo extra 3$ooo. Jantar extra 3^500. Para as familias grandes, e creangas ha abatimento nos pregos. Proprietors: ALYES & IRMAO. Manager: ARLINDO ALVES. 1 64 jifyandc ^ofel J}2efropole Sua das Laraageiras N. 181 TELEPHONE 5026. Healthiest Suburb of tl|e city, Bairro saluberrimo. Tlie most comfortable for families mais confortavel para familias aijd travellers. Tram cars at aijy time, Excellent Restaurant. Wines aijd liqueurs of every description. Slower ai|d warm batljs. e viajaijtes. Bo^ds a toda hora. Hestauraijte excellent. Vinljos e licores de todas os qualidades. Banljos frios e quentes. RIO r>E JANEIRO. THE " BRITISH " P.P. PAPER CO. LONDON, ENGLAND. THE LARGEST MANUFACTURERS OF TOILET ROLLS IN THE WORLD. Illu«'ta»m'tecl luimt. osa. application. i6 5 BUNK OF LIVERPOOL LIMITED. ESTABLISHED 1831. Subscribed Capital, £8,000,000 ; of which Reserved, £4,800,000 ; Callable, £2,200,000; Paid Up, £1,000,000; Reserved Surplus Fund, £361,811 3/1. BOARD OF DIRECTORS FOR THE TEAR 1895-96. THOS. BROCKLEBANK, ESQ., J.P., CHAIRMAN. ROBERT D. HOLT, ESQ., W. D. CREWDSON, ESQ.. .1.1'. ARTHUR KARLE. ESQ., J. P. E. H. HARRISON. ESQ., J.P. CHARLES LANCToN. ESQ., J.P. JAMES M. WOOD, Esq. J.P., Deputy Chairman. ALFRED T. PARKER, Esq. HUGH L. SMYTH. ESQ.. LP. W. H. TATE. Esy.. .1 1'. JACOB WAKEFIELD, ESQ., J.P. HEAD OFFICE: 7 WATER STREET, LIVERPOOL. J. HOPE SIMPSON .. GEO. T. ADDIS .. FRANCIS W. CREWDSON . EDWARD W. WAKEFIELD General Manager. Sub-Manager. District General Manager, Kendal. Assistant District Manager, Kendal. 32 BRANCHES AND 15 SUB-BRANCHES. Xondon agents: MESSRS. GLYN, MILLS. CURRIE & CO. MESSRS. BARCLAY, BEVAN & CO. MESSRS. ROBARTS, LUBBOCK & CO. WILLIAMS, DEACON & MANCHESTER AND SALFORD BANK LTD. Current and Deposit Accounts opened for Customers residing at home or abroad. Interest allowed on sums remaining for one month, at the rates for the time being ot the leading London Joint Stock Banks. The Hank acts as Agents for Home and Foreign Banks, and. through its Foreign connections, offers facilities for the transfer of money by cable. Customers going abroad can have dividends received to their credit, and payments attended to, during thi ir absence; and documents of value maybe left with the Bank for safe custody, at the Customer's risk. The Bank has Agents and Correspondents in all the principal towns of Great Britaiji and Ireland, and on the Continent of Europe. A few of its principal Correspondents in other countries are subjoined, tor convenience of reference. CANADA I %*& of Montreal. _ ( Bank of B. N. America. ^28*8*™ 0F N ( S^fcKS* co. ■^ ' I and various Banks througboul the Statei. 4TT ^ Bank Qf New Zealand SOUTH AFRK !A Standard Bank of South Africa Limited. INDIA. CHINA AND THE) ,„ . , „ , ,. T ,. . . .. . _.. E^gT; J- C bartered Bank oi India. Australia and China. f London Bank of Mexico and S. America Limited SOUTH AMERICA - London and River Plate Bank Limited. I Hank of Tarapaca and London Limited. WEST INDIES ColonialBank 1 66 LONDON AND BRAZILIAN BANK, LIMITED. CAPITAL, £1,500,000, in 75,000 SHARES of £20 each. Paid-up Capital, 75,000 Share* at £10 = £750,000. Reserve Fund, £600,000. HEAD OFFICE-8 TOKENHOUSE YARD, LONDON, E.C. DIRECTORS. HON. PASCOE CHARLES GLYN, Chairman. CHARLES EDWARD JOHNSTON, Esq., Deputy-Chairman. WILLIAM DOURO HOARE, Esq. WILLIAM WILTON PHIPPS, Esq. CHARLES DAY ROSE. Esq. JOHN BEATON, Esq., Managing Director. EDWARD LONSDALE BECKWITH, Esq. CHARLES SEYMOUR GRENFELL, Esq. EDMUND D. SCHLUTER, Esq. JOHN GORDON, Esq., Manager. BANKERS. . /BANK OF ENGLAND. London- j Messrs , gLYN, MILLS, CURRIE & CO. Paris-Messrs. MALLET FRERES & CO. /Messrs. SCHRODER & CO. Hamburg-{ Meesrs , JO h. BERENBERG, GOSSLER & CO. BRANCHES : BRAZIL— Rio de Janeiro, Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio Grande do Sul, Para, Santos, San Paulo, Pelotas, Porto Alegre. RIVER PLATE— Monte Video, Buenos Ayres, New York (Agency). Portugal— Lisbon. Oporto. CORRESPONDENTS : BRAZIL— Bage, Campinas, Campos, Ceara, Maceio, Manaos, Maranham, Natal, Parahyba, Santa Catharina, Portugal— Amarante, Braga, Coimbra, Faro, Figueira, Guimaraes, Lagos, Portimao, Setubal, Silves, Sines, Tavira. Vianna, Villa Real. River Plate— Paysandu, Rosario, San Nicolas. THE LONDON k RIVER PLATE BANK, ZLIIMIITEID. ESTABLISHED 1862. Subscribed Capital £1,500,000. Paid up Capital, £900,000. Reserve Fund, £900,000 ♦ i ♦ Branches in — PARIS, BUENOS AYRES, MONTE VIDEO, ROSARIO, RIO DE JANEIRO, PERNAMBUCO & PARA. AQENOIES IN FA/VSA-NIDTJ Sc ITEAAT YORK. Letters of Credit, Drafts, and Cable Transfers issued. Bills negotiated, advanced upon or sent for collection. 7 Princes Street, E.C. January, 1895. 1 67 <* CO ■ a: < oc Ll o H CO < X h X 1- O 2 NGI Q UJ z X o < U. O CO DC UJ 1 o co z E D Q >- UJ hj 2 a 1 Z < H Z pa DC U. h co -1 5 m ■ Q o < Q. O O 5 < (0 (0 < z o 2 H CO UJ G H CO >■ H < DC Q < < o 1- CO u o X < u. o CO -J < 1- < > < z < 5 pq X CO h E -I u X UJ UJ -1 u. X UJ h co o (0 CO m L. < u. DC < Q_ o co o < UJ >- I X CO a. Q. UJ DC D CO Z O X CO X g X O b. 1 68 Winners of ©olo ano otber flMije /iRcoals. Eleven in "Number. BRINTONS, Limited, KIDDERMINSTER, MANUFACTURERS OF BRUSSELS, "WILTON, PATENT TUFTED AXMINSTER, CAIRO SQUARES AND OTHER CARPETS & RUGS. WOOL COMBERS AND WORSTED SPINNERS. Works and Registered Office - KIDDERMINSTER WAREHOUSES- London-61 Holborn Viaduct, E.C. Leicester- Atlas Chambers, Berridge Street. Pa.pls-18 rue des Petites-Ecuries. Berlin 33a Franzosischestrasse I Etage W 56. Canada 162 St. James Street, Montreal. British Coiumbia-T urner Block, Cordova Street, Vancouver. South Africa 31 Castle Street, Cape Town. Australia Mr. A. A. Boyd, Melbourne. R. R. MINTON & CO. CHEAPSIDE PAINT WORKS, LIVERPOOL. — — >~i IVEA.IDTUIF^CTTJIREiR.S OIF 1 PAINTS, COLORS & VARNISHES FOR ALL CLIMATES, OIL BOILERS AND REFINERS, CONTRACTORS TO ADMIRALTY, INDIA OFFICE and CROWN AGENTS TO COLONIES. Branches : MANCHESTER, LEEDS and CARDIFF, \6g Used on RECORD Trips. CRANE'S OILS mi; ENGINES AND CYLINDERS. "Absolutely the BEST," TRADE MARKS Z fe^ d Over Forty Years' Reputation. Used "by The Pacific Steam Navigation Co., The Orient Line, — The Union Line, — The Castle Line, The Compagnie General Trasatlantique The Hamburg' and American Steam Shipping Co., and The Principal Steamship Companies in "World. Direct from the Sole Manufacturers— F. MOIR CRANE & CO. Bank Street, MANCHESTER. Stocks kept for Prompt Delivery at LIVERPOOL 21 Water Street. LONDON 29 Fenchurch Street, E.C. CARDIFF 5 Mount Stuart Square. GLASGOW 17 Oswald Street. M lyo oVjN ENGINEERS, < />> GATESHEAD-ON-TYNE. MAKERS OF ALL CLASSES OF SHIPS' DECK MACHINERY. • ~ a ■■----■ a •'-" ELECTMC INSTALLATIONS BOTH FOR LAND AND SHIP LIGHTING. Qlectric ^Transmission of ^oiOer, MOTORS FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES. Oil* ENGINE'S, Silent, Simple, Economical, Durable, specially adapted for Electric Installations and Agricultural Work. STEAM PUMPING MACHINERY. T*lmoraphl9 Atidr*** " CYCLOPS . GATESHEAD. i;i 172 TO MERCHANTS AND SHIPPERS ONLY. Jackson, If Connan & Temple, LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND, Wjanufacturei^ of flemp Goi'dage of all description^ and sizes, And ^pinner's of Binder Twines. Best White Manila Rope. Best White Sisal Rope. New Zealand Hemp Rope. Coir or Cocoa Rope, made from selected Yarns. Cotton Rope for Machine Driving, &c. White Russian Hemp Rope. Tarred Russian Hemp Cordage. Tarred Russian Hemp Boltrope, Marline, Spunyarn, Houseline and Anther line. Flax, and Hemp Spunyarn for Engineers' use. Manila Binder Twine. Sisal Binder Twine. Manila and Sisal Cords for Hay Banding, &c. ALSO, All descriptions of Log and Deep Sea Lines, and Signal Halyards, plaited and plain. Machine and Hand-picked Oakum. .Ill of the best quality <ajest\> anb 1Ro\>al Jamil^, MAKERS OF THE CELEBRATED ^filbert, YJQhoatGn, >;+ * grcam Qracliers, •>- AND jfcich JffixocL ^isovits, ■\ I - o SCOTCH SHORTBREAD, OATCAKES, Etc., Etc. STAMINA MALT AND GOLF BISCUITS, Latest specialties, with delicious flavour and strengthening and sustaining properties. 177 Telegrams: Telephone " SODIUM.' No. 700. J. H- & S. JOHNSON, 6, 8 & 10 WHITECHAPEL 2 ana 3 LEIGH STREET, LIVERPOOL. Wholesale Druggists, Oil Hercl{aijts, DRYSALTERY, AND PAINT MANUFACTURERS. FINE FBENCH COLZA OIL. CRYSTAL OIL, For burning in Paraffin Lamps. Will give a brilliant flame, free from unpleasant smell, and is quite safe with ordinary care. MARINE ENGINE OILS, MACHINERY OILS Of Every Description. OISINEEOTANTS. CARBOLIC ACID, CHLORIDE OE LIME, CONDY'S FLUID, CARBOLIC POWDER, AND PERMANGANATE OF POTASH. Chemical and Scientific Apparatus. Analytical Balances. Importers of German Glass and Berlin Porcelain Ware, And Graduated Glasses. ESTIMATES given for Fitting up Laboratories to any required exttnt. CORROSIVE ACID PACKED FOR EXPORT. PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMICALS & APPARATUS, For Home use and for Exportation. MEDICINE CHESTS FITTED COMPLETE FOR ALL CLIMATES. 178 Established 1843. PORT GLASGOW & NEWARK = SAILCLOTH CO.= CONTRACTORS TO THE ADMIRALTY. Manufacturers of FLAX & COTTON SAILCLOTH VARIOUS QUALITIES. WATERPROOF CANVAS, TARPAUL1NCS, FILTER CLOTHS AND SHEATH CLOTHS. MACHINE SAIL TWINES, SEAMING AND ROPING TWINES, k WORKS : .»v>. PortGlasgow.Scotland. Ttl.grami:-" NEWARK, PORT GLASGOW." '79 «* QUIGGIN'S * PATENTED SPECIALITIES. Cablegrams -per Scott's Code— "ELIMINATOR, LIVERPOOL." FOR ppUdl} pU(\E W^TEI(, From sea or other impure water, for supplying ternal Heater, pure distilled water for Drinking, Ice-making CONuttneiSK. st iron typz. Hojier.fee^ Factories, Mines, &c. ; and also for concentrating jors. These may be simple or multiple "effect," according to efficiencies uired. Most simple and easy to clean. Any required capacity per 24 hours. FRESH WATER CONDENSERS of any size to produce cold filtered water from steam Simple and sure. FEED-WATER HEATERS )f External or Internal types, made in cast iron or wrought steel, for any pressure or power. Worked either with live or exhaust steam. FEED 'WATER FILTERS of most improved and latest design. Easily cleaned and most effective. These Specialities have been supplied to all the leading Steam-Ship mpanies, including the Pacific Co., Cunard Co., White Star Co , American Line, Lamport & Holt. R. Singlehurst & Co. Harland & Wolff. Dennys Thomsons, Clydebank. Fairfield Co. Laird Bros., &c. &c. ALSO THE English Navy. Argentine n Italian n Indian Marine, &c. &c. EYAPORATOR TYPE B.—Shmrhvj Qoih removed. =& For Prices, «£•<.., apjly to Ttte Liverpool Engineering and Condenser Company, Ltd. SOLE MAKERS, BRASENOSE ROAD, LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND. EYAPORATOR Filled also (0 irerk as Wt>u*h Sxh&vit Cnndenntr. -TYPE A. 1 8< i JOHN A. BREMNER & GO. Albert Street, Manchester, and 79 Mark Lane, Londoi MANUFACTUEEES OF FOR MARINE AND STATIONARY ENCINE! AND A&I, CLASSES OF MACHINERY, SPECIAL CYLINDER I VALVE OIL CARDIFF, 123 BUTE DOCKS. GLASGOW, 5 YORK STREET. LIVERPOOL, a OLD CHURCH YAR1 NEWCASTLE-ON-TYN 41 SANDHILL. The above are largely in use by leading consumers, including— THE PACIFIC STEAM NAVIGATION CO. THE CUNARD CO. LTD. Messrs. PLATT BROS. & CO. LTD., OLDHAM, Messrs. HOWARD & BULLOUGH, LTD., ACCRINGTON And many other well-known firms. CYLINDER OILS as supplied to tip English, Admiralty i Si WEIRS' Boiler Feeding Specialties. Marine Feed-Water Heaters, With Contral Gear for Feed Pumps. Surface Feed -Water Heaters. Largest and Most Efficient Surface in Minimum Space. Direct -Acting Feed Pumps. Latest and Most Approved Design. EVAPORATORS. Capacity from 2 to 50 Toi:s per day. Simplest, Most Efficient and Best in the Market. Combination Feed & Blow-off Cock. Saves Joints and Connections. Hydrokinetexs, for Boiler Circulation. Adopted by the leading Steamship Companies, and by the British, Austro-Hungarian, Chilian, Chinese, Dutch, French, Italian, Japanese, Russian, Turkish and other Navies. Full particulars on Application. .•SEE" G. & J. WEIR, L m '•=; BUILDINGS, C^jJkT'IirCAlt-T GLASGOW." BILLITER ST., %*m^m%,jm*& X , "HYDROKINETER. GLASGOW. L0NDQN '" Benjn. Goodfellow, ENGINEER, SCC. HYDE, near MANCHESTER, REFRIGERATING \\r» ICE MAKING WITH AMMONIA, CARBONIC ACID OR OTHER GAS MACHINERY Chilling and Cooling done on the Dry Air Principle, with Dry Air Machinery when required, also HIGH-CLASS ENGINES FOR ELECTRIC LIGHTING, BLOWING & VENTILATING PURPOSES. 1*3 W REDCROSS STREET, LIVERPOOL, ALBERT ROAD, SOUTHAMPTON. Purveyors to the Royal Mall Steamers. Taleor*vhi* Addms* : " Thiatlo." 1 84 jffineral XD a ^ QTS * -»• ■c* Purveyors by Special Warrant of Appointment to the QUEEN AND PRINCE OF WALES, And (ape Purveyors) to The Pacific Steam Navigation Company. Every Bottle of SCHWEPPE'S SODA WATER, LEMONADE, POTASS, SELTZER, &e., is protected by a Label bearing the "FOUNTAIN" TRADE MARK. HEAD OFFICE SI Berners Street, London. 185 The HASLAH FOUNDRY & ENGINEERING CO. Ld. INCORPORATED WITH PONTIFEX & WOOD L<1. Union Foundry, Derby, & 34 New Bridge St., London, E.C. MANUFACTURERS OF Refrigerating Mafliiis For use on board SHIP and on SHORE ; for the COLD STORAGE of MEAT and all kinds of PERISHABLE FOOD. These Machines are adopted by all the leading SHIPOWNERS and MEAT COMPANIES in all parts of the world. Ijaslam's New Patent Cold Air Blast Maclpes For 1 chilling and freezing Meat. Has tarn's Patent ice Riant. Jffakors of distilling apparatus FOR ALL KINDS OF SPIRITS. BREWING PLANT. MILK CONDENSING PLANT. VINEGAR-MAKING PLANT. Telegrams- "ZERO, DERBY.' N "PONFEX. LONDON. i8f> Gollarfc & Gollarfc METAL FRAME GRAND PIANOS, From Guineas. The New Metal Framed Trichord Grand Pianofortes by COLLARD and COLLARD, recently introduced, are of such compact dimensions as to render them suitable for rooms of Yery moderate dimensions. The most experienced judges are favor- ably attracted by the volume and quality of tone, added to a touch at once easy and responsive. Collar^ & Collars IVI E T A L FRAME \ §f\ rx^ From 45 Guineas. These Pianofortes are not only world - renowned for their rich mellow tone and pure singing quality, but for depth and volume they are unsurpassed. Their capacity for remaining in tune, under trying conditions of climate, is another valuable and important feature. COLLARD &. COLLARD Pianos are displayed in great variety in the Warerooms of Pianoforte Dealers throughout Great Britain and the World. ■^.ESTABLISHED >730.S^- ,8; I First Award, Chicago, 1893. J&W.NlCHOLSON&G. 1 iMITEO ■■■ " J i' lT \ FINEST GIN UNSWEETENED LONDON Gold Medal, Kimberley, 1892. The Finest DRY GIN in the World. J. & W. NICHOLSON 5c CO. Ltd. DISTILLERIES : GLERKENWELL & BROMLEY-BY-BOW, LONDON, ENGLAND. ROCKLIFF BROTHERS Ltd EXPORT AMI manufacturing Stationers, 44 Castle Street, LIVERPOOL. i8S CHAD BURN & SON'S PATENT "DUPLEX GONG" TELEGRAPHS. £WG/W£ TELEGRAPHS. t\ .. i„„ /^^«,/Deep Gong for Ahead. Duplex Gong| Shrill Gon | for Astem Engine Automatic Direction Telltale. Pointer shewing Engines Working Ahead or Astern. Engine Revolution Speed Indicator Shewing at a glance the Number of devolutions per Minute. STEERING TELEGRAPHS. (" Deep Gong for Starboard Duplex Gong •< Orders. ( Shrill Gong for Port ■• "LOOK-OUT" TELEGRAPH. For Signalling between Forecastlehead and Bridge position of an Object Ahead or on Port or Starboard Bow. DOCKING TELEGRAPHS, For Warping Ship in and out of Dock. ALARM GONGS, SINGLE AND DUPLEX. Admiralty Pattern Telegraphs. Fitted with Machine-Cut Bevelled Wheels and Hollow Steel Shafting. TORPEDO BOAT TELEGRAPHS, Specially Constructed. Telegraphs Fitted on Board 5000 Merchant Steamers, 330 Vessels of the British Navy, 350 Vessels of other Navies, including Her Majesty's new Battle Ships, Cruisers and Torpedo Destroyers; R.M.S. "Campania" and "Lucania"; Steamers of the Pacific Steam Navigation Company Peninsular and Oriental. White Star, International, Royal Mail, Union, Donald Currie, North German Lloyds, &c. &c. Steam Yachts, &c. &c. Chadbum's Patent Engine Counters, C. and Son's New Patent "Electric" Telegraphs for Ships. Manvfaeturers and Adjusters of Ships' Compasses. GLASGOW :^69*Ander8ton Quay. NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE: 83 Quayside. LONDON: 105 Fenchurch Street. OFFICE & WCRKS: TELEGRAPH WORKS, 11 Waterloo Road, LIVERPOOL. 189 Senry Wilson & Co., ltp im J^G^^.A tlVESPOOL. MANUFACTURERS AND EXPORTERS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF HARDWARE. SPECIALITY: As supplied to Principal Steamship Lines, including PACIFIC, UNION, WHITE STAR, PENINSULAR & ORIENTAL. CUNARD. HAMBURG-AMERICAN. CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY CO.'S and LEADING ENGLISH RAILWAY CO.'S Steamers. Sole takers of " ARGYRMAUT," tip best White Metal for Ships' Fittings. Telegrams:-" WILSON, CORNHILL, LIVERPOOL." igo MILKMAID CONDENSED MILK The "BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL" of 27th July, 1895, says " According to the Report of our Com- mission, the 'MILKMAID' brand contains 990 PER CENT. MORE BUTTER-FAT than is contained, on an average, in the other brands examined. This is a fact of great importance to the public." CONDENSED MI '•^WlSSCONDENSEDMIlKf 1 iiliV. SWITZERLAND ANGLO-SWISS CONDENSED MILK CO. lO MARK LANE, LONDON, E.C. JOHN BR0ADW00D & SONS, ESTABLISHED 1732, I r» I n. N O F O K T E MAKERS BY APPOINTMENT TO //£A? MAJESTY THE QUEEN and all the ROYAL FAMILY. PIANOS SPECIALLY MANUFACTURED FOR EXTREME CLIMATES. Special Facilities for THE Construction of ; v Elaborately J ^ Decorated Pianos. No. 1- SHORT GRAND (Rosewood or Ebonized) 105 Guineas. 33 GT. PULTENEY ST. (near Piccadilly Circus), LONDON \V. i9i COOK & TOWNSHEND, MANUFACTURERS, Ship i Hotel Furnishers AND UPHOLSTERERS. The Cheapest House for every description of Floor Covering, Furniture, Bedsteads, Bedding, Blankets, and every description of Household and Family Linen. SPECIALITY FOR EXTRA COMFORT AT SEA— DOWN QUILT0, piLLOW0 \ CUgHIOWg. -5— ""•«/ '•»<'"»<''"*«^* Sole Export Bottling Agents for GDILD & CO.'S (Inverness) PALE ALE, ESTABLISHED IN 1834. T97 George Angus & Company, Ltd, Contractors to the Admiralty, Home, Foreign & Colonial Governments, St. John's Works, NEWCASTLE=ON=TYNE SPECIALITIES IN SINGLE AND DOUBLE LEATHER BELTING, SPECIAL LEATHER LINK BELTS, for Main Drives, Dynamos, &c. HELVETIA AND RAW HIDE BELTING. INDIA RUBBER, COTTON AND HAIR BELTING, Endless Belts of all kinds for Agricultural Purposes. LEATHER, RUBBER AND CANVAS FIRE HOSE. FIRE BRIGADE FITTINGS of every description, INDIA RUBBER SHEETS, VALVES, WASHERS, BUFFERS, &c. EVEP^Y DESCRIPTION OF LEATHER yiND INDIJL RUBBER FOR GENERAL MECHANICAL PURPOSES, SPECIAL TEIlMS TO EXPORTERS. WAREHOUSES : PRINCES BUILDINGS, DALE STREET, LIVERPOOL, ALSO AT LONDON, LEEDS, MANCHESTER & CARDIFF. 198 LLOYD 8 LLOYD, Jfffanvfactxirers and patentees of Wrought toon \ j&eel Tube? FOr? ^VT,L PURPOSES. • — *^*- • ■ BOILER TUBES AND ACCESSORIES IN IRON, STEEL AND HOMOGENEOUS METAL. ■ • ^ « Tubes and Fittings for Water, Steam, Gas, Air, Chemicals, &c. Coils. ELECTRICALLY WELDED SPECIALITIES. LAP-WELDED TUBES UP TO FOUR FEET IN DIAMETER. BIRMINGHAM' ALBI0N TUBE W0RK8 I II I VI I I II VJI II /n IVI i COOMBS' WOOD TUBE WORKS, HALE80WEN. L-O IN DO IN , 90 CANNON STREET. E.C. L I V L_ H POO L. 63 PARADISE STREET, MANCHESTER, 42 DE.NSGATE, Sec. 199 PACIFIC LINE. ^he pacific S^ oa7Tl Navigation Qo. issue pickets for the under ~ mentioned ^zours: — Round SOUTH AMERICA, in connection with all Atlantic Lines, both between Europe and North America. To SAN FRANCISCO (via Chile and Peru), Overland from San Francisco to United States and back to Europe by the White Star Line. To SAN FRANCISCO (via Chile and Peru), from San Francisco to Australia and New Zealand and back to Europe from Australia by the Orient Line. To SPAIN. — Outwards to Gibraltar by Orient Line, and home from Lisbon, Vigo, Corunna or La Pallice (La Rochelle). 31 };&MMB WfRMMM'R LIVERPOOL. nH rr- ~" r 4Tj IFORTJT- 200 "THE ACADEMIE DE MEDECINE OF FRANCE HAS PLACED Apollinaris ("THE QUEEN OF TABLE WATERS") At the HEAD of ALL the Waters examined for PURITY & FREEDOM from Disease Germs." SOLE IMPORTERS: THE APOLLINARIS CO, Ltd, 4 STRATFORD PLACE, OXFORD ST., LONDON, W THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL PINE OP 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $I.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. 0C1 —T. -*ST 19 19.11 4h Tf^^ir 270ct'52HD 0CT.U — TTBTTMB~^ ppr'D i n FEB-Tm^^ —Jt LD 21-100Tn-7,'39(4(l2>) U. C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES C0T0 C 13EE4S