^•IIBRARYQ^ ^o-y-;^^ ^ILIBRARYQ^ "^m nv3- jO>^ \o^ iivD- jo>^ ^ ,^WEUNIVER% \WEUNIVER5'/A o %a3AINn-3WV^ .v^lLIBRARYQ^ "^(f/OdlWDJO^ ^WEUNIVERi"//, - ^iVlJDNVSm^'^ "^/^ ^OFCALIF0%, ^OFCALIFO/?^ 4s: ,^WEUNIVER^/A >^ i? ^UIBRARYQr^ ^^lllBRARYOc^ ^WEUNIVERV/i ^TO nv3- jo-^ ^(tfoj nv3- jo^ ^OFCAIIFO/?^ > v/ _ ;^ "^Aa^AiNa^uv ^^Aavya^•T^'^ -vAUIBRARYQ^^ -W^lLIBRARYQ/r ^(f/OdllVDJO^ \0:inV3JO>^ .^WEUNIVERi-ZA #^ ^.QFCALI F0/?;|^ ^OFCALI FO/?^ . \WE UNIVER5-/A 4*' K O uL NORTHERN GERMANY AS FAR AS THE BAVARIAN AND AUSTRIAN FRONTIERS, MONEY-TABLE. (Comp. p. xiii.) Approximate Equivalents. American French German Austrian Money { English Money Money Money Money Doll. Cts. L. S. D. Fr. Cent. Jl Pf- Fl. Kr. — 1^4 — - ^l8 - 6l|4 — 5 — 21 !2 — 21i2 — — l'|4 — 12i|. — 10 — 5 — 5 _ — 2'l2 _ 25 — 20 _ 10 _ 10 _ _ 5 _ 50 — 40 _ 20 — r2i|. — — 6 — G2i|2 — 50 — 25 — 20 _ — 10 1 — _ 80 — 40 _ 25 _ 1 — 1 25 1 _ _ 50 _ 50 _ 2 — 2 50 2 1 — — 75 _ 3 - 3 75 3 _ 1 50 1 _ 4 — 5 — 4 _ 2 — 1 25 _ 5 — G 25 5 _ 2 50 1 50 _ G — 7 50 G _ 3 1 - 1 75 _ 7 — 8 75 7 _ 3 ! 50 2 — 8 — 10 _ S _ 4 — 2 25 — 9 - 11 25 9 — 4 50 2 50 — 10 — 12 50 10 _ 5 _ 3 — 12 — 15 _ 12 6 _ 4 — — IG — 20 — IG _ 8 — 5 — 1 — — 25 — 20 _ 10 _ 25 — 5 — — 125 _ 100 _ 50 _ 125 — 25 — — G25 — 500 — 250 — NORTHERN GERMANY. HANDBOOK FOR TRAVELLERS BY K. BAEDEKER. With 32 Maps and 42 Plans. NINTH EDITION, REVISED AND AUGMENTED. LEIPSIC: KARL BAEDEKER. LONDON: DULAU AND CO., 37 SOHO SQUARE, W. 1886. All rights reserved. "Go, little book, God send thee good passage, And specially let this be thy prayere Unto them all that thee will read or hear, Where thou art wrong, after their help to call, Thee to correct in any part or all." Chaucer. STACK AfmW 16 PKEFACE. ^^^ llie cliief object of the Handbook for Northern Ger- many, which is now issued for the ninth time and cor- responds with the twenty-first German edition, is to assist the traveller in planning his tour and disposing of his time to the best advantage, and thus to enable him the more thoroughly to enjoy and appreciate the objects of interest he meets with. The Handbook is based almost entirely upon the per- sonal observation of the Editor, and the country described has been repeatedly explored by him with a view to pro- cure the latest possible information ; but, as many of the data in the Handbook refer to matters which are con- stantly undergoing alteration, he will highly appreciate any corrections or suggestions with Avhich travellers may favour him. Those already received, which in many in- stances have proved most useful, he gratefully acknow- ledges. The Maps and Plans, on which special care has been bestowed, will often render material service to the tra- veller, and enable him at a glance to ascertain his bear- ings and select the best routes. The Plan of Berlin is divided into three sections, with a view to obviate the ne- cessity of unfolding a large sheet of paper at every con- sultation, and is placed, along with a small clue-plan, in a separate cover at the end of the volume. 943; ' VI PREFACE. Time Tables. luformation regarding traiDS, steam- boats , and diligences is most trustworthy when obtained from local sources. The best German publications of the kind are the 'KurshucK (2 marks) , published at Berlin, and issued eight times a year, and ^Hendschels TelegrapK (2 marks) , published at Frankfort on the Main , and issued monthly during the summer season. Heights are given in English feet (1 Engl. ft. = 0, 3048 metre = 0,938 Parisian ft. = 0,971 Prussian ft.) , Distances in English miles (except in the case of moun- tain excursions, where the time they occupy is given as more convenient), and the Populations in accordance with the latest census. A kilometre is approximately =^ Vs Engl, mile; 8 kil. = 5 M. Hotels. The Editor has endeavoured to enumerate not only the first-class hotels, but also others of more modest pretensions, which may be safely selected by the 'voyageur en gar^on', with little sacrifice of comfort and considerable saving of expenditure. Although changes frequently take place, and prices generally have an up- ward tendency, the average charges stated in the Hand- book will enable the traveller to form a fair estimate of his probable expenditure. The value of the asterisks, which are used as marks of commendation, is relative only ; those prefixed to town hotels and village inns signi- fying respectively that the houses are good of their kind. To hotel-proprietors, tradesmen, and others the Edi- tor begs to intimate that a character for fair dealing and courtesy towards travellers forms the sole passport to his commendation, and that advertisements of every kind are strictly excluded from his Handbooks. CONTENTS. Page. I. Language xiii II. Money. Travelling Expenses xiii III. Passports xiv IV. Railways. Diligences xiv V. Excursions on Foot xv VI. Hotels XV Nortli German Art xvii Route. 1. Berlin 1 a. I'nter den Linden. Platz am Opernhaus '20 h. The Schloss-Brucke and Schloss 25 c. The Royal Museums. The National Gallery 29 d. Friedrich-Strasse. Gensdarmen-Markt. Wilhelm -Strasse. Leipziger-Stra«ise. Friedrichstadt. Belle-Alliance-Platz . . 52 e. Bau-Academie. Ravene's Picture Gallery. Luisenstadt . . 62 f. Kurfursten-Briicke. Rathhaus. Stralau Quarter. Konig-Stadt 64 g. Exchange. Monbijou. Synagogue 08 h. N. Friedrich-Strasse. Oranienhurg. Luisen-Strasse. Moabit 70 i. Konigs-Platz. Thiergarten. Zoological Garden. Charlotten- burg 72 k. Environs of Berlin 76 2. Potsdam and Environs 77 3. From Cologne to Hanover, and to Berlin by Stendal or Magdeburg 85 1. From Dortmund to Diisseldorf 87 2. From Herford to Detmold and Bergheim. Grotenburg. Externsteine 88 3. The Paschenburg 91 4. Tangermiinde. From Stendal to Bremen 92 0. From Schonhausen to Jerichow 92 4. From Cologne to Berlin by Soest and Magdeburg .... 94 1. From Elberfeld to Diisseldorf 94 2. From Soest to Hamm 96 3. From Paderborn to Lippspringe 97 4. Corvey. Valley of the Weser" 98 5. From Duisburg to Hagen and Siegen by Langendreer . 103 1. The Westphalian Coal Measures 103 2. From Steele to Herdecke. Hohen-Syburg 104, 105 3. From Letmathe to Iserlohn. Dcchenhohle. Klusenstein 105.106 6. P'rom Cologne to Cassel via Arnsberg 106 1. From Frondenberg to Menden and Plemer 106 2. The Kahle Astenberg 107 3. From Scherfede to Holzminden. Arolsen 108 4. From Hiimme to Carlshafen 108 7. From Cassel to Hanover 118 1. From Miinden to Hameln 119 2. From Gottingen to Eichenberg 120 3. From Northeim to Herzl)erg 120 4. From Salzderholden to Dassel 120 8. From Rotterdam to Hanover by Salzbergen 121 9. Hanover 122 10. Hildesheim 129 viii CONTENTS. Route. Page. 11. Brunswick 132 12. From Hanover to Altenbeken 141 From Hameln to Lohne 142 13. From Hamm to Miinster and Emden 143 From Emden to Jever 147 14. From Hanover to Bremen 147 Geestemiinde. Bremerhaven 153 15. From Cologne to Bremen and Hamburg by Miinster . . 154 From Jliinster to (a'onau. Tecklenburg. Iburg .... 154 16. The East-Frisian Islands. Norderney. Borkum. Wangeroog 155 17. From Bremen to Leer and Emden 158 From Oldenburg to Wilhelmsliaven and to Osnabriick 159, 160 18. From Hanover to Hamburg 161 From Liineburg to Biiclien 162 19. Hamburg 162 Environs of Hamburg. Altona 172, 173 20. Heligoland 174 21. From Hamburg to Kiel 177 1. From Elmsborn to Gliickstadt, Itzehoe, and Heide . . . 177 2. From Xeumiinster to Oldesloe 177 8. From Kiel to Flensburg 180 22. From Hamburg (Altona) to Flensburg and Vamdrup . . 180 1. The Dannevirke . 180 2. From Schleswig to Kappeln and Eckernforde 181 3. Flensburg Fjord 182 23. The N. Frisian Islands Fohr and Sylt. W. Schleswig . . 183 From Husum to Tonning. Heide 183, 184 24. From Hamburg to Liibeck and to Stettin 186 1. From Kleinen to Wismar 186 2. From Biitzow to Rostock. Warnemiinde. Doberan . 190-192 25. From Berlin to Liibeck and Kiel 193 1. Travemiinde 20) 2. Environs of Eutin 200 3. From Eutin to Oldenburg. Eastorf 201 26. From N. Germany to Copenhagen 201 a. From Hamburg by Schleswig, Jutland, and the Danish Islands 201 b. From Kiel to Copenhagen by Korsor 202 c. From Liibeck to Copenhagen 2C!3 d. From Eostock to Copenhagen by IS'ykjobing 203 e. From Stralsund to Copenhagen "by Malmo 203 f. From Stettin to Copenhagen 204 27. Copenhagen 204 1. Environs of Copenhagen 216 2. X.E. Zealand. Elsinore 218 28. From Hamburg to Berlin 220 1. From Ludwigslust to Parchim 220 2. From Parchim to Neu-Brandenburg 220 3. From Paulinenaue to Xeu-Ruppin 221 29. From Berlin to Stralsund via Angermiinde 221 From Wolgast to Zinnowitz. Greifswalder Bodden . . 222 30. The Island of Riigen 224 31. From Berlin to Dantsic by Stettin 229 1. From Eberswalde to Freienwalde 229 2. Fi-om Ansermiinde to Schwedt and to Frankfort . . . 230 CONTENTS. ix Route. Page. 3. Environs of Stettin. Swinemiinde. Ileringsdorf. Misdroy 232 4. From Stettin to Wollin, Cammin, and Dievenow . . . 233 5. From Stettin to Breslau 233 6. From Altdamm to Colberg 233 7. From Stargard to Posen 234 8. From Belgard to Colberg 234 32. From Berlin to Dantsic by Dirschau 234 1. From Ciistrin to Stargard and to Frankfort 235 2. From Bromberg to Thorn and Insterburg 236 3. From Thorn to Marienburg 237 4. Environs of Dantsic 243 33. From Dirschau (Berlin) to Konigsberg 244 1. From Braunsberg to Frauenburg 246 2. From Konigsberg to Pillau and to Memel. Samland . 250, 251 3. From Konigsberg to Grajewo 252 34. From Berlin to Frankfort on the Oder and Posen .... 252 1. From Frankfort to Cottbus and Grossenhain 253 2. From Reppen to Breslau via Glogau 253 3. From Posen to Bromberg and Thorn and to Breslau . . 253 35. From Berlin to Breslau by Frankfort and Kohlfurt . . . 256 1. From Guben to Bentschen (Posen) 256 2. From Sommerfeld to Arnsdorf 256 3. From Kohlfurt to Gorlitz and to Rosslau 257 36. Breslau 258 37. From Berlin to Gorlitz (Zittau) and Keichenberg .... 265 1. The Spreewald. Muskau 265, 266 2. Environs of Gorlitz 268 38. From Kohlfurt to Glatz 269 1. Flinsbers. Iserkamm 270 2. Bolgenhain 270 39. The Giant Mountains 271 a. Hirschberg, Schmiedeberg, and Warmbrunn .... 273 b. The Hochgebirge. Schneekoppe 277 c. Rocks of Adersbach and Weckelsdorf 282 40. From Zittau to Trautenau by Keichenberg 283 1. Ovbin. Lausche. Hochwald 280, 281 2. From Pelsdorf to Hohenelbe 285 3. From Trautenau to Johannisbad 285 41. From Breslau to Liebau and Koniggriit/. 286 Griissau 286 42. From Breslau to Braunau and Chotzen by Salzbrunn . . 287 1. The Zobten. Schloss Fiirstenstein 287 2. Weckersdorf Rocks 289 3. From Braunau to Nachod. Heuscheuer 289, 290 43. From Breslau to Glatz and Mittelwalde 291 1. The Glatzcr Gebirge 292 2. From Glatz to Bad Reiner z and Xachod 293 44. From Liegnitz to Konigszelt, Neisse, and Cosel .... 293 1. Eulen-ebirge. Silberberg 294, 295 2. Leobschiitz. Griifenberg 296 45. From Breslau to Oderberg (Vienna) 296 1. From Cosel-Kandrzin to Cracow 297 2. From Breslau to Bcuthen 297 4(). From Breslau to Dresden 298 1. From Lobau to Zittau, Herrnhut. The Czerueboh . . 298 X CONTENTS. Route. Page. 2. From Bischofswerda to Zittau 299 3. From Arnsdorf to Liibbenau and to Pirna. Kamenz . 299, 300 47. From Berlin to Dresden 300 a. Direct, ty the Berlin-Dresden Railway 300 b. By Jiiterbog-Roderan : Berlin-Antialt Railway . . . 300 48. Dresden 301 Environs of Dresden 326 49. From Dresden to Bodenbach (for Prague) and Tetsclien (for Vienna) 327 1. Lockwitzer Grund. Miiglitzthal. Weesenstein .... 327 2. From Pirna to BerggiesshiiLel. Gottleuba 327 3. Lilienstein. Bielagrund. Schneeberg. Tyssaer Wande . 328 4. From Bodenbacb to the Schneeberg and to Warnsdorf . 329 50. Saxon Switzerland 329 51. From Dresden by Chemnitz and Zwickau to Reichenbach 333 1. From Chemnitz to Leipsic and to Rosswein 336 2. From Glauchau to Gossnitz . . • 337 52. The Erzgebirge 338 a. Eastern Part 338 1. From Dresden to Teplitz 338 2. From Freiberg to Briix 339 b. Central Part 340 1. From Chemnitz to Komotau by Reitzenhain 340 2. From Chemnitz to Komotau by Annaberg 341 c. West Part 342 1. From Zwickau to Carlsbad A"ia Schwarzenberg .... 342 2. From Chemnitz to Adorf 344 53. From Dresden to Leipsic 345 a. By Riesa 345 1. From Radebeul to Radeburg 345 2. From Riesa to Chemnitz 345 3. From PJesa to Freiberg 345 b. By Dobeln 346 From Grossbothen to Glauchau 348 54. Leipsic 349 55. From Berlin to Leipsic 356 56. From Hamburg to Leipsic via Magdeburg 358 a. By Magdeburg. Cothen, and Halle 358 1. From Schonebeck to Stassfurt and Glisten 358 2. From Ciitben to Aschersleben 359 3. Environs of Halle 361 4. From Halle to Cottbus and Guben 361 b. By Magdeburg, Zerbst, and Bitterfeld 362 1. Environs of Dessau. Slosigkau. Wiirlitz 364 2. From Dessau to Cothen 365 57. From Leipsic to Nuremberg via Hof 365 1. Greiz. Oelsnitz. Schleiz. Lobenstein 366, 367 2. From Hof to Lobenstein 367 58. From Leipsic to Bebra (Frankfort on the Main) and Cassel. Thuringian Railway 368 1. From Leipsic to Eichicht. Zeitz. Gera. Saalfeld . . . 368 2. Battle-fields of Rossbach and Liitzen. Merseburg ... 369 3. Freiburg on the Unstrut 370 4. From Weimar to Gera 371 CONTENTS. xi Route. Page. 5. From Gotha to Obrdruf 371 6. From Frottstedt to Friedrichroda 372 7. From Wutha to Ruhla 372 59. From Gross-Heringen to Jena and Saalfeld 373 Environs and Battle-field of .Jena 3T4 Environs of Rudolsfadt 375 60. Weimar 375 61. Erfurt 379 62. From Erfurt to Ritschenhausen (Meinimjen, Ki:iedrich-Str. 236; M. Recke, In den Zelten 18: Frau Beta, Koniggriitzer-Str. 20, near the Potsdam Station ; Frau Sachs. Markgrafen-Str. 48 a, at the corner of the Gensdarmen-Markt; Frau Silber^ch/nidt^ Liitzow Ufer 19 b; Frau Benas, Mittel-Str. 57; Frau Dr. Bernin., Xeue Wilhelm- Str. 2; Frau Herzberg, Bendler-Str. 20; Frau Fdchter, Koniggratzer-Str. 124; Frdulein Heinritz., Markgrafen-Str. 49. — Lodgings at moderate rates may he obtained at the Vereinshaus (Evangelical Union), Oranieu-Str. 105, 106. Restaurants. The following, at which wine is drunk, are all of the first class, with corresponding charges (D. 4m. and upwards), and may be visited by ladies. S. side of the Linden: '^Restaurant de VFurojie, No. 33, at the corner of the Charlotten-Str. ; Vier Jahreszeiten, Xo. 27; ^Julitz, Xo. 14, with garden; -Hotel Royal, Xo. 3; -Lauglet, Xo. 2. X. side of the Linden: ''Hotel de Rome, Xo. 39; Victoria Hotel, Xo. 46; 'Dressel, Xo. 50; "Hiller, Xo. 62. — Russischer Keller, in the Hotel de Russie (p. 3), Schinkel-Platz ; -Ewest, Behren-Str. 26 a: -^(>rc7iar(i<, Franzosische-Str. 48; "Dedel, Leipziger-Str. 85; Wine Saloon in the Kaiserhof (p. 2), Maurer- Str. 56 58. At these restaurants one may dine either a la carte or d prix fi.te (4 m. and upwards). The waiters expect a fee of 25-50 pf. from each person. Bavakian Beek {Bairisch Bier), at 25-30 pf. per glass, is chiefly drunk at the following, which may also be visited by ladies, though smoking is generally permitted. A dinner of 4-5 courses is obtainable at most of them, between 1 and 5 o'clock, for 1V2-2 m. ; waiter's fee 10-20 pf. Ix the Lin- den (S. side): Kaiserhallen (comp. p. 21), Xo. 27, D. Iiy2-2m.; Grand Res- taurant, Xo. 18: Reimann, Xo. 13; "Aimi, Xo. 16, these two with gardens; Fart/t, Xo. 4 a. To THE S. OF THE LisDEN : Zum Landsknecht, Jiiger-Str. 13, fitted up in the old-German style; Berliner Hofhrduhaus, Tauben-Str. 34, elegantly fitted up. with ladies' room upstairs; Reimann (with garden, D. 1 m.), Grasshoff', Zennig, Leipziger Garten (opposite the Reichstag) . Schaper, all these in the Leipziger-Str. (Xos. 14, 94, 111, 132, 136); -Schiitz, Friedrich- Str. 231, with shady garden ; Lanzsch, Theater Restaurant, Busse, Charlot- ten-Str. (Xos. 56, 58,65): Btiggenhagen, Oranien-Str. 147; Waldschlosschen, Bessel-Str. 21, with garden. To THE X. OF THE LiXDEX : Stolzeiiburg, Stadt-Park , Karl-Str. 27 and 29, both with gardens; "Topfer, a capital luncheon -room, Dorotheen-Str. 81. Ix THE OldTowx: ''Helms, Schlossfreiheit 10, D. l'/2 ni.: Borsen-Res- taurant, Xeue Friedrich-Str. 50, opposite the Exchange : '^ Kur/iirstenkeller, Post-Str. 5, adorned with frescoes by Burger; "Alfe Post, Burg-Str. 7, corner of the Kcinig-Str., first floor; Restaurants in the Grand Hoi el (p. 2) and at the Sedan Panorama (p. 14), both in the Alexander-Platz : Zum Prdlaten, in one of the arches of the Stadtbahn, Alexander-Platz. Outside the Potsdam Gate: Bellevue, Bellevue-Str. 1, at the Pots- damer-Platz , with garden, D. 2 m.; Schultz, Potsdamer-Str. 20; 'Grosser Kurfiirst, Potsdamer-Str. 124, at the Potsdamer Briicke, I). IV2 m. ; Des- sauer Garten, Dessauer-Str. 3, near the Potsdam Station; Belvedere, Konig- griitzer-Str. 70, at the Halle Gate, with garden. — Restaurant in the Zoo- logical Garden, see p. 74. Eestaukaxts foe Ladies only: Ze/^e/ia^/s, Koniggratzer-Str. 90, moder- ate; Dainen-Restaurant, Alte Leipziger-Str. 1. Vegetakiax Eatixg-Hol\se : Schwarz, Griin-Str. 17. Wine Houses, with dining-rooms : *^ijnu-Platz and through the Oranienburger-Str. to "the Neue Thor (PI. h; G, H, 4) and then past tlie Hamburg Station to Moabit (p. 71). Fare for the whole way 25 pf., shorter distances 10, 15, or 20 pf. Boards and lamps red and ichite. 7. From the Hackesche Markt (PI. r; K, 1), every 6 min., through the Schonhauser-Str. and Schijnhauser-Allee to the Pappel-Allee (PI. b; M, 1), and thence, every 12 min., to Pankoio. Fare 25 pf., shorter distances 10, 15, or 20 pf. Lamps and boards to the Pappel-Allee red. to Pankow green. 8. From the Weidendammer-Briicke (PI. r; J, 1), every 5 min., by the Fricdrich- and Cliaussee-Str. to the Wedding-Platz (PL b; F, 1), and thence, everv 20 min., to the Tegeler Chaussee, and every hour to the villatre of Tege'l (p. 77). Fare 40 pf., shorter distances 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 pf. Lamps and boards as far as the Wedding-Platz green, to the Tegeler Chaussee green and red. to Tegel red. 9. From the Tegeler Chauss^ee, every hour, to DaKdor/ (L\inatic Asylum). Fare lO pf. Boards and lamps white. 10. From the Wedding-Platz (PI. b; F. 1), every 6 min., across the Monbijou-Platz, the Spandauer Briicke, and the Molkenmarkt, and through the Stralauer-Str. to the Ilolzmavkt - Strasse (PI. r; N, 3). Fares 10, 15, 20 pf. Boards and lamps white. 11. From the Schloss-Platz (PI. r; K, L, 2), every 6 min., through the Kronen-, Charlotten-, Koch-, and Anhalter-Str. to the Haf en- Platz (PI. g; G, 1). Fares 10, 15 pf. Boards and lamps white. 12. From the Donhoff-Platz (PI. r; K, 4), every 6 min., through the .Je- rusalemer- and Linden-Str. and the Belle-Alliance-Platz to the Krevzberg (PI. g ; H, J, 4), and thence, every 24 min., to Tempelhof. To the Kreuzl)erg 10 pf. (red boards and lamps) , to Tempelhof 25 , from the Halle Gate to Tempelhof 20 pf. (wJiite boards, etc.). 13. From the DiJnhoff-Platz (PI. r; K, 4), everv 12 min., to the Halle Gate (PI. g; J, 2), and by the Hascnheide (PL ^;'M, N, 4) to Pdxdorf (25, 20, 15, 10 pf.). Lamps and boards gree7i. 14. From the Siritlelmarkt (Seydel-Str. ; PL r; L, 3), every 10 min., through the Alte and Neue Jacob-Str. and the Kijpenicker-Str. to the Si- l('., 25 pf. Boards and lamps wliite with ti green stripe. 8 Route 1. BERLIN. Tramways. 19. From the Spittelmarkt (PI. r; L, 3), every 8 min., thi-nugb the Leipziger- and Potsdam er-Str. and past the Botanic Garden (p. 56), to the church of Schoneberg. Fares 10, 15, 20, 25 pf. Boards and lamps white. 20. From the Halle Gate (PI. g; J, 2), every 10 min., through the Gitschiner-, Skalitzer-, and Eisenbahn-Str. to the Kopenicker-Str. (PI. g; P, 1). Fares 10, 15 pf. Boards and lamps yellow. 21. From the Moritz-Platz (PI. g ; M, 1), every 8 min., through the Oranien-, Koch-, and Anhaltische-Str., across the Ascanischev Platz (PI. g; H, 1), and through the Schoneberger-, Liitznw-, and Kurt'iirsten-Str., to the Zoological Garden (PI. g; C, 1). Fares 10, 15, 20, 25 pf. Boards and lamps red. 22. From the Holzmarkt-Strasse (PI. r; N, 3), every 6 min., through the Leipziger-, Potsdamer-, Liitzow-, and Kurfiirsten-Str. to the Zoological Garden (PI. g; C, 1). Fares 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 pf. Lamps and boards green. 23. From the Silesian Gate (PL g; Q., 2), every 8 min., tlirough the Kiipenicker-, Neue and Alte .Jacob-, and Seydel-Str., across the SpiUelmarkl (PL r; L, 3), and through the Leipziger- and Potsdamer-Str. to the Billow- Str. (PL g; E, F, 2). Fares 10, 15, 2(J, 25, 30 pf. Boards and lamps red and green. 24. From the Silesian Gate (PL g; Q, 2), as above to the Spittelmavkt, and thence to the corner of the Behren-Str. and Kanonier-Slr. (PL r; H, .7, 2, 3). Fares 10, 15, 20, 25 pf. Boards and lamps green and white. 25. From the Kollnischer Fischmarkt (PL r ; L, 3), every 6 rain., through the Breite-Str. , across the Werderscher Markt, and through the Franzii- sische-, Kanonier-, Leipziger-. and Potsdamer-Str., to the Biilow-Str. (PL g; E, F, 2). Fares 10, 15, 20 pf. Boards and lamps red. 26. From the Sjnttelmarkt (PL r; L, 3), every 6 min., through the Kommandanten-, Oranien-, and Dresdener-Str. and along the Cottbuser Damm to Rixdorf (p. 2). Fares 10, 15 pf. Boards and lamps white. 27. From the Knpfe.rgrahen {'P\. r ; K, 2), every 7-8 min., through the Dorotheen-Str. to the Brandenburg Gate (PL r; G, 2) , and through the Thiergarten (by the high-road) to Charlottenburg (p. 74). Fares 10, 20, 25 pf. Boards and lamps white. 28. From the Kiipfergraben ^ every V2 lir. , to the Brandenburg Gatf^ along the high-road to Charlottenburg to the Grosse Stern, then to the left through the Faxanerie Alice to the Lichtenstein-Briicke by the Zoological Garden (PL r; C, 4). Fares 10, 20, 25 pf. Boards and lamps yellow. 29. From Charlottenburg (p. 74), everv 12 min., through the Harden- berg-Str. to the Zoological Garden (PL g; "C, 1). Fares 10, 15, 20 pf. Boards and lamps green. 30. From the Charlottenburg Station (p. 1), every 20 min., to Westend (p. 76) and the Spandaiier-Berg. Fares 10 or 15 pf. Boards and lamps white. 31. From the Bathhaus (PL r,- L, 2), every 12 min., through the Konig-Str., across the Alexander- Platz , and through the IJeue Kdnig-Str. and the Greifswalder-Str. to the Weissensee Station of the Ringbahn (PL h; P, 1) and to the village of Weissensee. Fares 10, 15, 20, 25 pf. Boards and lamps white. 32. From the Molkenmarkt (PL r; L, 2), every 10 min., through the Spandauer- and Konig-Str., across the Alexander-Platz, and through the Alexander-, Kaiser-, and Grosse Frankfurter-Str. and the Frankfurter-Allee to Lichtenberg (PL r; R,2,3). Fares 10-25 pf. Boards and lamps green. 33. From the Bathhans (PL r; L, 2), every 7 min., through the Konig- Str., across the Alexandcr-Platz, and through the Kaiser-, Kleine Frank- furter-, and Landsberger-Str. to the Landsberger Allee., at the corner of the Petersburger-Str. (PL 6; «j. 4). Fares 10, 15 pf. Boards and lamps yellow. 34. From the Bathhans (PL r; L, 2), every 28 min., as above to the Landsberger Allee and then through the Petersburger-, Thaer-, and Eldenaer Str. to the Ce7itral Cattle Market (p. 67). Fares 10, 16, 20 pf. Boards and lamps yelloic and red. 35. From the Molkenmarkt (PL r; L. 2), every 10 min., through the Kaiser- and Grosse Frankfurter-Str., the Frankfurter Allee, Thaer-Str., etc., to the Central Cattle Market (p. 67). Fares 10, 15, 20 pf. Boards and lamps red. Steamboats. BERLIN. 1. Route. 9 After 11 p.m. the fares are doubled. The halting-places of the tram- ways are denoted by tablets. Passengers arc required to enter and qnit the cars on the right side. In the Ti'cumcaij Plan of Berlin^ in the Appx., the tramway-lines are coloured to correspond with the lamps and name-boards. 'White' is re- presented in the plan by 'blue''; dotted lines signify 'red and white', 'green and wliite', and so on. Omnibuses traverse the city in every direction, but are rarely of much service to the visitor. Steamboats on the Spree. From the Jannowitz Bridge (PI. r; N, 3) to the Upper Spree (Stralmi, Treptow, Eierhduschen, Never Krug, Sedan, Sa- flowa, Kopenirk) every hour or two ; oftener on Sundays and in fine weather (fares 25-70 pf.). Excursionists should not delay their return till the last boat. — From KiJpenick thrice weekly, starting in the afternoon, to lYierl- riehshftgen and the Milfjgelsee; also thrice weekly by the Wendisclie Spree or Dalime to Griinan and the Langeiuee. — From the Kronprinzenbriicke (PI. r; (t, 1) down the Lower Spree to Spandau and thence by the Havel to Valentinsicerder, Saatn-inkel ^ and Tegel every Sun. forcnf)on (fares 3/4-I ra.; circular ticket, steamer to Tegel and Spandau, and back by rail- way IV2 m., 11/4 m.). Passengers mny also book direct to Tegel, etc., at the Lchrte Station, joining the steamer at Spandau. — From Spandau a steamer plies to Potsdam on Sun. forenoon (fare 1 m., return-ticket IV2 m.). Goods Agents : Brasch d- Rothenstein, Friedrich-Str. 78, with railway, booking, and luggage offices for all parts of the world ; Warmuth^ Friedrich- Str. 94; also at the American Exchange (p. 11). Post Offices. The Central- Post gehdnde (PL r; J, 4), or office of the chief postal authorities of the German empire, with whom of course the public does not come into direct contact, is at Leipzigcr-Str. 15 (see p. 55). The Central Post Office {Ilanptpostgebdude ; PI. r; L, 2), for the public service, with a telegraph-station, is at Kiinig-Str. 60 and Spandauer-Str. 19-22 (p. 65). Enquiries in case of doubt should be addressed to the porter (principal entrance from the Kcinig-Str.). The Poste Restante and Money Order Office are both in the first court. Letters for Berlin (10 pf.) reach their destination in a few hours. The Parcel Post Office (Pacletposfamt; PI. b; .T, 4 and r; J, 1) is at Oranienburger-Str. 70, corner of the Artillerie-Str. Letters, books , and parcels are received , and money-orders issued , at all of the 100 branch-offices (e.g. in the Kaiserhof ; in the Central Hotel; Dorotheen- Str. 28, near the Neustadtische Kirch-Str. ; Behren-Str. 52, in the Kaiser- galerie; Jager-Str. 22; Tauben-Str. 17; and at all the railway-stations). The offices are open from 7 (in winter from 8) a. m. to 8 p.m. ; closed on Sundays and holidays from 9 to 5 o'clock. — A system of Pneumatic Tubes has recently been instituted for the rapid transmission of tele- grams, letters, and post-cards from one part of Berlin to another (including Charlottenburg). Letters or post-cards intended for transmission by this service must be marked 'Rohrposf in the upper left hand corner of the address, and must not exceed 5 in. in length by 3 in. in breadth, or Vs oz. in weight. Letters must not be sealed. Tlie postage for letters is 30 pf., for post-cards 25 pf. The 'trains' are dispatched every '/4 hr. from 7 (or 8) a.m. to 9 p.m. Pneumatic post offices are distinguished by a red lamp; among the most important are those at Unter den Linden 5; Ober- wall-Str. 4a; Maucr-Str. 74; Leipziger- Platz 20; Zimmer-Str. 26; the Exchange; Spandauer-Str. 19; Oranienburger-Str. 35. Telegraph Offices. Central office, Franzosische-Str. 33bc (PI. r ; K, 3), open day and night, and 45 branch- offices (e.g. at the Exchange, in the Central Hotel, in the Kaiserhof, at the Potsdam and Brandenburg gates, in the Industrie-Gebaude, Koinmandanten-Str. 77, and at all the railway stations), open from 7 or 8 a.m. to 9 p.m. Telephone Offices at the Central Post Office, and at the post-offices Leipziger-Str. 20, Artillerie-Str. 4a, KCpenickor-Str. 122, Halle Gate, Unter den Linden 5, and the Central Cattle Market. At these offices anyone can be put in telophdnic communication with every person connected with the system (fee50pf.). Lists of those connected" with the 'Telephonic Ex- change' are provided. 10 Route 7. BERLIN. Shops. Baths. "Admii'alsgai'ten-Bad, Friedrich-Str. 102, close to tlie Weiden- dammer-Briicke ; Central -Bad, Xeue Friedricli-Str. 29; Kaiser Wilhelms- Bad, Liitzow-Str. 90 ; Victoria-Bad, Xeuenburger-Str. 15 (at these four Turk- ish and vapour baths); "Hotel de Rome, see p. 3; Hotel de V Europe, see p. 3; Diunabad, Franzosische-Str. 18, near the Friedrich-Str.; Aacanisches ^a(i, Koniggriitzer-Str. 19, near the Potsdam Gate ; Augusta-Bad, Ki\-pe,n\c^Qv- Str. 60; iichonhauser - Bad , Schonhauser Allee 182 (medicinal baths). — RivEK Baths in the Spree: Berliner Schwimmschule (PI. g; K, 2), Vor dem Stralauer Thor 27; Sachse'sches M'ellenlKid (PL g ; R, 2), outside the Schle- sische Thor; Haherlandt, An der Stralauer Briicke 2; PfueVsche Schwimm- anstalt, Kopenicker-Str. 11. These baths are conveniently reached bj' steamboat. Shops. The best are in the Linden, the Leipziger-Str., the Friedi'ich-, Jerusalenier-, Charlotten-, Markgrafen-, Jiiger-Str. (E. end), etc. Special attention should be paid to the products of the artistic handicrafts, many of which are now^ practised at Berlin with marked success. Thus the gas-fittings, porcelain, earthenware, furniture, jewellery, etc., often display great taste both in design and execution. A good general survey of these Art Industries may be obtained by visiting the Bau- und -Kunstgewekbe-Aus- STELLUNG of the Architects' Union (see pp. 13, 60), Wilhelm-Str. 92, the Magazin fur Berliner Kunstgewerbe, Unter den Linden 54, 55 (free), the Deutsche Kunstgewerbehalle (see below), or Busch''s, Friedrich-Str. 71. A few of the most noted firms in the different branches are mentioned below. Amber Wares : Rosenstiel, Linden 48. — Art, Works of: Sachse db Co., Koch-Str. 59; Lepke, Linden 4a; ^msZer ,- H, 4. and r; H, 1), for classical pieces; l)est boxes, orchestra-boxes, and 1st balcony 7'/-2 m.; 1st balcony boxes 6; parquet 41/2; 2nd balcony 3; gallery 1 m. Booking fee 50 pf. Often crowded. 4. Wallner Theatre (PI. r; N, 2,3), for comedies and popular farces : best boxes 6 m. : 1st balcony 3V2; parquet 3 m. On Sundays the theatre is generally crowded. 5. Victoria Theatre (PI. b; M, 4), Miinz-Str. 20, comprising a winter and summer theatre , handsomely fitted up , for pantomimes and dramas : best boxes 6 m. : 1st balcony 4: parquet 3 m. 6. Residenz-Theater (PI. r; N, 2), Blumen-Str. 9, for modern dramas and comedies (mostly from the French) ; boxes 5-6 : first balcony 4 ; par- quet 3 m. 7. Friedrich-Wilhelmstadt Theatre (PI. b; H, 3), Chaussce-Str. 25, outside the Oranienburg Gate, for operettas : best boxes 5-6; parquet-fauteuil 4 ; parquet 3 m. 8. Walhalla Theatre (PI. g; J, 1), Charlotten-Str. 90, for operettas; best boxes 5-6; 1st balcony 4; parquet 3 m. 9. Krolls Theatre, see below. — 10. Belle Alliance Theatre (PI. g; J, 3), Belle-Alliance-Str. 8. — U. Ostexd Theatre (PI. r; P, 2), Grosse Frankfurter-Str. 130, for dramas and comedies. — The Luisenstadt Theatre (PI. r; M, 4) and the Koxigstadt Theatre, Alexander-Str. 40 (Alexander- Platz), are for operettas and farces ; the Central Theatre , Alte Jacob- Str. 40, for farces ; and the Reichshallen, Leipziger-Str. and the Concordia Theatre, Friedrich-Str. 218, for vaudevilles, gymnastics, etc. — Theatre Amkricain (PI. r; M, 4), Dresdener-Str. 55, for farces, burlesques, and performances in the cafe-chantant style (suitable for gentlemen only). Ticl-ets for most of these theatres, at a slightly increased charge (2() pf.), are sold at the 'Invalidendank' (see above), week-davs 9-4, Sundavs and holidavs 9-2. Circus (Rem) in the Markthallen-Gebaude (p. 70; PI. r; II, J, 1) in the Karl-Str. See the advertisements in the daily papers. Panoramas, see p. 14. Popular Resorts. '' Kroll (PI. r; F, 2), a vast establishment, hand- somely fitted up, the principal hall 125 yds. in length, 33 yds. in width ; good concert and theatricals every evening; in winter usually farces of local interest ; in summer frequently operas. Admission to the garden and theatre 1 m. (subscribers 75 pf.), seats IV2 m. — ''Zoological Garden (p. 74), concerts in summer on Sun., Tues., and Sat. afternoons (from 4 p.m.), in winter Sun. only (adm. 1 m.. Sun. and holidays 50 pf., on the first Sun. of each month 25 pf.). — The ^Flora Garden in Charlottenburg (p. 76). — Exhibition Park ( Ausstellungsparl-), near the Lehrte station (p. 71). — Win- ter Garden at the Central Hotel (p. 2), concerts every evening. — Garden of the Belle Alliance Theatre (see above). — Large Popular Gatherings take place in summer (generally on Thurs.) at Sterneckei'"': Neue Welt. Hasenhcide 36c, and also at Weissensee (p. 2), but it is hardly advisable for ladies to encounter the crowd on these occasions. Collections and other Objects of Interest. As the hours of admission sometimes vai'y the daily 'Berliner Fremdenblatt' should be consulted. Academies of Science and Art, see p. 22. '^Aquarium (p. 21), daily from 9 a.m. to 8 p.m., no admission after 7 p.m.; ser- pents fed at 5p.m. on Wed., fi.sh at 5 p.m. on Sat.; adm. Im., Sun. 50pf., last Sun. of each month 25 pf. Collections. BERLIN. 1. Route. 13 Architectural and Industrial L'x/iibition (p. GO), Wilhelm-Str. 92, 93, daily 9-4, Sun. 10-2; 50 pf. 'Arsenal (p. 24), daily, except Sat. and holidays, 10-2, Sun. 12-3. Bethanien (p. 64), daily 1-4, except Sundays; box at the entrance tor contributions. Borse, or Exchange (p. 68), daily 12-2. Entrance for visitors in the Neue Friedrich-Str., close to the corner; tickets of admission (30 pf.) obtained at the 'Borsen-Registratur'. Borsig's Faliii and Hot-houses at Moabit (p. 72), Tues. and Frid., by per- mission from the owner. — The Manufactory (p. 70), on week-days 8-12 and 2-6, on application at the oflice. ''Botanical Garden (p. 56), daily (except Sun. and holidays) 8-7, in winter till dusk. Castan''s Panopiicum (wax-works) in the Kaisergallerie (p. 21), daily from 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. (50 pf.). ; 'Chamber of Horrors^ 30 pf. extra. Cattle Market and Hkntghter-Hoiises (p. 67), busiest on ])Ionday morning ; apply at the superintendent's oflice. Chamber of Deputies {j^. 62): cards of admission to the meetings arc issued on the previous evenings, 5-7 o'clock, in the office at the entrance. Charite (p. 71), daily 9-1, on application at the office. •Charlottenburg (Mausoleum, p. 75), daily, fee according to discretion. On 10th Mar., 7th June, 19th July, and 3rd Aug. the Mausoleum is not open till after the visits of the royal family. Deutsche Kuiistgewerbehalle, in the 'Ruthe Schloss' (PI. r; K, 2, 3; entr. from the Schleuse), dailv 9-7, in December 9-10, on Sundays and holi- days 10-3 (50 pf.). fire Station^ Chief Linden-Str. 41, on application; exercise- drills on Mon., Tues., and Wed. 7-10. *Flora (p. 76), daily (1 m.). Return-tickets between Bei-lin (Brandenburg Gate or Monbijou- Platz) and Charlottenburg, including admission to the gardens, may be obtained for 1 m. from the conductors on the tram- way-cars of Lines 1, 4, and 6 (pp. 6, 7). Guard- Mounting^ at the Konigswache (p. 24), daily, 12.45 p.m. Gymnasium, /*;eror (p. 22), shown during the absence of the emperor only, on application to theHaushofmeister. — Palace of the Grown Prince (p. 24), shown during the absence of the family, on application to the castellan. Panorama of the Sturm of Plevna (p. 73), Herwarth-Str. 4, near KrolTs, daily from 9 a.m. till dusk (1 m.). — Panorama of the Battle of Sedan (p. 67), Alexander-Platz, 9-11, electric light after dusk (1 m.). — Pa7io- rama of the German Colonies (p. 53), Friedrich-Str. 236, O-il, electric light after du.sk (1 m., children 50 pf.). — Kaiser- Panorama (sterco- scopicjviews), in the Passage (p. 21), 9-10 (20 pf.). Picture Galleries (public). Exhibition of Art in the Academi/, in Sept. and Oct., see p. 22. — Berliner Kiinstler- Verein and Verein der Kunst- freunde im Pretissischen Staate (p. 63) , daily 10-4 , Sun. and holidays 11-2, admission 50 pf. — Preussischer Kunst- Verein, Koch-Str. 54a, daily 11-3 , Sun. 11-1 , gratis. — '^National Gallery of Modern Pictures (p. 46), daily (except on high festivals) , Sun. 12-3 , 3Ion. 1-3, other days 10-3. — Old Museum, see Museums, Royal. Piclure Galleries (private) : "Ravenes (p. 63), Tues! and Frid. 10-2; strangers admitted at other limes on application at the oflice. — Count Redern's (p. 21), daily 11-2, on previous application. — Count Raczi/nskfs Col- lection is now in the National Gallery (p. 51). Police Court, in the Criminal-Justiz-Amt (p. 72), Alt-Moabit 11, public sit- tings almost every day (adm. by tickets). Porcelain Manufactory, Royal, (p, 74), Wegely-Str., Charlottenburg, daily, except Mon. and Sat., 10-12. '^Potsdam (p. 78). The palace of Sanssouci is open daily, except Sunday, 9-11 a.m. ; in winter apply to the castellan, who lives on the E. ram- part near the guard-house. The fountains of Sanssouci usually play on Sun. in summer and on the birthdays of the royal family from noon till dusk ; on Tues. and Thurs. the great fountain plays after 3 p.m. Printing Office, Government (p. 64), Oranien-Str. 94, daily (except Sun. and holidays) 9-5, to parties of at least 3 persons; fee discretionary. ^Rathhaus (p. 65), daily (except Thurs. and Frid.) 11-3, gratis ; ascent of the tower, daily in summer (except. Thiirs and Frid.) 11-5, 50 pf. Reichstag Building (p. 55), or Hall of the Imperial Diet, may be inspected daily, 9-3, except when the Diet is sitting. Cards of admission to the meetings are obtained at the office, to the left in the inner court, on the evening before the sitting, 5-7 o'clock, after previous written appli- cation (addressed to the 'Bureau des Deutschen Reichstags"). Sanssouci, see Potsdam, above. Stables, Royal (p. 64), Breite-Str. 37, near the palace, daily 12-272, on ap- plication (office to the left). Stained Glass Institution, RovaL Berliner-Str. 9, Charlottenburg, week-davs 10-3 (free). '''Synagogue, New (p. 69), daily (except Saturdays and festivals), 11-2. Strangers admitted to all services, except those on New Year's Day and the Feast of Atonement, for which tickets must be procured from the custodian ; service on Frid. evening after sunset. Technical Academy (p. 74), closed for the re-arrangement of the collections. Waterworks (p. 67), outside the Stralau Gate (PI. r; R, 1), daily. ''Zoological Garden (p. 74) daily, in summer (May to Oct.) from 6 a.m. to 9. 30 p.m., in winter from 8 a.m. till dusk; adm. Im., Sun. and holi- days 50 pf., 1st Sun. of each month 25 pf. (overcrowded). Diary (fuller particulars, see above ; consult also the daily newspapers) : Daily. "Royal Museums (p. 29 ; Mon. and high festivals excepted) 10-3 or 10-4, Sun. and holidavs 12-3. — -National Gallery of Modern Pic- tures (p. 46; high festivals excepted) 10-3, Sun. 12-3, Mon. 12.30-3. — "Royctl Palace (p. 23: high festivals excepted) ' 10-1 , Sun. and holidays 11-1. — 'Bofienzollern Museum (p. 68) 10-3, Sun. and holidays 12-3. — Royal Library Diary. BERLIN. 1. Route. 15 (p. 23 i Sun, and festivals excepted) 10 a.m. — University Library (p. 22; Sun. excepted) 9-2, Sat. 9-1. — "^ Industrial Muxenm (p. 56; Mon. excepted) 10-3, Sun. 12-3. — 'Olympian Excavations (p. 29) 10-8. — Count Redeni's Picture Gallery (p. 21) 11-2. — Mining Musemn (p. 71) 12-2. — Agricultural Museum (p. 71), except Wed. and Sun., 10-3. — Rathhaus (p. 65), except Thurs. and Frid., 11-3; tower 11-5. — Ranch Museum (p. 66; except on Sun. and on festivals) 10-3. — Exhibition of the Berliner Kiinstler- Verein (p. 63) 10-4, Sun. and festivals 11-2. — Exhibition of the Preussischer Kunstverein (p. 63) 11-3, Sun. 11-1. — -Aquarium (p. 21) 9-7. — -Zoological Garden (p. 74) 6-9V2 (in winter 8 till dusk). — -Botanical Garden (p. 56) 8-7 (Sun. and ho- lidays excepted). — -Mausoleum at Charlottenburg (p. 75), daily till dusk. — New Synagogue (p. 69), daily, except during service on Sat. and on fes- tivals, 8-5 (in winter 9-4). — Porcelain Manufactory (p. 74) 10-12 (Mon. and Sat. excepted). — Architectural Exhibition (p. 60) 10-4, Sun. 10-2. — Betha- nien (p. 64), Sun. excepted, 104. — Charife (p. 71) 9-1. — Stained Glass In- stitution (p. 14), Sun. excepted , 10-3. — Exchange (p. 68) 12-2. — -Flora (p. 76). — Royal Stables (p. 64) 12-2'/'2. — Palaces of the Emperor (p. 22) and Crown Prince (p. 24). — Building of the Diet (p. 55), when the house is not sitting. — Imperial Printing Office (p. 64), week-days 9-5. — -Palace of Sanssouci (p. 81), Sun. forenoon (9-11) excepted. — Arsenal (p. 24) 10-2 (Sat. excepted). Sun. 12-3. — Borsig^s Manufactory (p. 70), week-days, 8-12 and 2-6. — Deutsche Kunstgewerbe-Halle (p. 13) 9-T, Sun. 10-3. — Gttard- Mounting (p. 13) 12.45p.m. — Public Gymnasium (see p. 64), except Sunday. Sundays. -Sanssouci (p. 81), fountains from 12 till dusk. — -Rath- haus (p. 65) 11-3 (tower 1-5). — Mdrkisches Provimial Museum (p. 64) 11-2. Mondays. -Rathhaus (p. 65) 11-3 (tower 11-5). — Mdrkisches Provimial Museum (p. 64) 12-2. — National Gallery (p. 46) 12.30-3, free. Other Royal Museums closed, except when Monday is a public holiday. — Cattle Market and Slaughter Houses (p. 67), forenoon. — Post Office Museum (p. 55) 11-1. — Botanical Museum (p. 56) 2-6. Tuesdays. "Ravenc's Picture Gallerv (p. 63) 10-2. — Borsig^s Hothouses (p. 72) till' dusk. — Zoological Museum (p. 22) 12-2. — -Rathhaus (p. 65) 11-3 (tower 11-5). — Sanssouci (p. 81), great fountain after 3 p.m. Wednesdays. Observatory (p. 60) 9-11 a.m. — Christian Museum (p. 22) 12- 1. — Cabinet of Minerals (p. 22) 2-4. — Mineralogical Mtiseum (p. 75) 12-2. — ""Rathhaus (p. 65) 11-3 (tower 11-5). Thursdaj's. -Sanssouci (p. 81), great fountain in the afternoon. — Mdrkisches Provimial Museum (p. (U) 12-2. — Post Office Museum (p. 55) 11-1. - - Botanical Museum (p. 56) 2-6. Fridays. ■^Ravene\s Picture Gallery (p. 63) 10-2. — Borsig'^s Hothouses (p. 72) till dusk. — Zoological Museum (p. 22) 12-2. — Divine service by gas-light in the evening at the Neic Synagogue (p. 69). Saturdays. Observatory (p. CO) 9-il. — Cab. of Minerals (p. 22) 2-4. — Mineralogical Museum (p. 75) 12-2. — -Rathhatis (p. 65) 11-3 (tower 11-5). — Christian Museum (p. 22) 12-1. Chief Sights, when time is limited: Walk through the Linden from the Hrandt'nl)urger Thor, past the Mimument of Frederick the Great ; cross the Sclilussliriiokc to the Palace and the Museums; see monuments of Frederick William III. (p. 26) and the Great Elector (p. G4) ; Gensdarmen- Markt, with the theatre (p. 53); Wilhelm-Strasse (p. 54) ; Leipziger- Strassc (p. 55); Thicrgarten, Kiinigsplatz, with the Monument of Victory (pp. 72-74); the Old and New Museums (p. 29); National Gallery (p. 46); the Arsenal (p. 24). Embassies and Consulates. English Ambassador, Sir Edward Malet^ Wilhelm-Str. 70; Consul-Gcnera), G. von Bleichroder, Esq., Kehren-Str. 63. — American Ambassador, Hon. George Pendleton., Mohren-Str. 66; Oonsul- General, F. Raine, Esq., Friedrich-Str. 72; Vice-Consul-General , G. H. Smith, Esq. American Dentists, Dr. Abbot, Hausvoigtei-Platz 2; Dr. Sylvester, Som- mer-Str. English Church (St. George's) in the garden of the Palace of Mon- bijou (p. 68); services at 11 a.m. (with H. C.) and 7 p.m. Chaplain, Rev. 16 Route 1. BERLIN. Quarters of the town. B. B. Earie^ Steglitzer-Str. 2^. — American Chajiel, 5 Juuker-Straf^se; vice at 11.30 a.m. Pastur, Eev. Dr. Stiickenberg. Berlin (110 ft. above the sea-level), the capital of Prussia, resi- dence of the Emperor of Germany, and seat of the imperial gov- ernment, as well as of the highest Prussian authorities, contains 1, 300,000 inhab. , including the garrison of 20,000 soldiers, and thus occupies the third place-among the cities of Europe. Its situation, in the midst of an extensive sandy plain on the Spree, has often been spoken of disparagingly, but is in fact very favourable and one of the chief causes of the town's prosperity. Lying about halfway between the S.W, and N.E. extremities of the Empire (465 M. from Mulhausen in Alsace , and 405 M. from Memel), equidistant from the German mountains and the sea, and con- nected with N.E. Germany and Poland by the navigable Spree, it is at the same time an important centre of the railway-system of Germany, one of the foremost seats of commerce in the country, and perhaps the greatest manufacturing town in continental Europe. The staple commodities of its trade are cattle , grain, spirits, and wool; the principal branches of industry are engine -building, brewing, dyeing, the artistic handicrafts, and the manufacture of chemicals, woollen and silk goods, and fancy articles. The money- market of Berlin is also of great importance. The traffic on the Spree and its canals is even busier than that on the Rhine. The boundaries of the city now enclose an area of about 25 sq. M. The buildings have filled up the whole of the Spree valley, which here averages about 3 M. in breadth and is intersected by numerous water-courses, and are beginning to encroach on the surrounding plain, raised some 30 or 40 ft. higher. The city con- sists of twenty different quarters, divided into 326 municipal and 71 police districts. The oldest quarters are Alt-Berlin (on the right bank of the Spree, bounded by the Ringbahn). Alt-Kolln (on an island in the river), anii. Friedrichswerder and S'eu-Kolln am Wasser (on the left bank of the Spree, bounded by the Griinegraben). These form the heart of the city, and were originally enclosed by fortifications. Beyond them is a second zone, the external bound- ary of which is formed by the ring of streets occupying the site of the old town-walls of the 18th century. It embraces the districts of Dorotheenstadt, Friedrichstadt, and Luisenstadt on the left bank of the Spree, and Friedrich-Wilhelntstadt, the Spandau Quarter, Koniystadt, and the Stralau Quarter on the right bank. The two last-named districts encroach upon the outermost zone, or suburbs, which include on the left bank the Outer Friedrichstadt, the Schone- herg Quarter, and the Tempelhof Quarter , and on the right bank Moabit, Wedding, and the Outer Spandau Quarter. In external appearance Berlin is somewhat deficient in interest; its situation is unpicturesque, and it lacks the charm of mediaeval History. BERLIN. 1. Route. 17 and historical edifices. There is, however, no want of architectural display, the last ten years in particular having witnessed the erec- tion of many handsome buildings in every part of the city. Those erected by private enterprise often present considerable individual- ity of style and taste. For many years back Berlin has been undergoing an extensive series of alterations and improvements, the favourable results of which are now evident. The removal of the town-walls in 1804-66 and the rapid extension of the tramway-system gave a great im- pulse to the city's prosperity , and diverted the current of traffic into many new channels; while the intramural railway (see p. 1), opened in 1882 and intersecting the city from E. to W., is at least of equal importance. The system of water-courses and drains has been improved and most of the principal thoroughfares have been laid with asphalt. The cleaning and lighting of the city are also carried out in a most admirable manner , and altogether Berlin is now little inferior to the older capitals of Europe in the comfort and completeness of its public works. History. Berlin first appears in history in tlie early part of the 13th cent., when it was already a double town of some importance (Berlin and Kolln). In all probability the original Wendish settlements had been taken possession of by German colonists at the end of the preceding cen- tury. The name of Kolln is mentioned for the first time in a document of 1238, and that of Berlin in 1244, after which the town soon began to be regarded as one of the most considerable in the Mark, next to Brandenburg, the residence of the Margraves. The two towns were united in 1307, and by their prudent policy during the troublous times of the 14th cent., under the Bavarian and Luxemburg princes , raised themselves to a position of great importance. About 1340 Berlin-Kolln became a member of the Han- seatic League, as representative of a confederation of towns of the Mark. Such a position, however, almost amounting to the independence of an im- perial town, could not be maintained against the might of the Hohemollern family, who became masters of the Mark in 1415. In consequence of its unsuccessful opposition to Frederick '■with the Iron Tooth'' (1440-70) , the second Elector, the town was deprived of its privileges (1442, 1448), and a fortified castle was erected to keep it in check. John Cicero (1486-1499) made Berlin-Kolln his permanent abode, and since that period the for- tunes of the town have been interwoven with those of the Hohenzollern family and their other dominions. In 1539 the townspeople and the Elector Joachim II. (1535-71) embraced the Reformed faith. This splendour-loving prince and his successor John George (1571-98) undertook the alteration of the palace in the Renaissance style, but the reverses of the Thirty Years' War prevented the execution of their plans, and reduced the population of the town from 12,000 to 6000. To Frederick -WilUam, the 'Great Elector' (1640-88), the founder of the Prussian monarchy, Berlin is chiefiy indebted for its modern importance. He accorded municipal privileges to the Friedrichswerder, and founded the new town, which he named Dorotheenstadt in honour of his wife. The forest which extended on this side of the town nearly a.s far as the Spree was now removed, and on its site was planted the Linden-Allee, or double avenue of lime-trees, on each side of which gradually sprang up the hand- some modern street of that name. Owing to the introduction of foreign settlers, and particularly French Protestant refugees Rafter the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685), the population of the town increased to 20,000. Its commerce now nourished to an extent hitherto unprecedented, while the court actively promoted artistic enterprise and strove to em- Bakokkhr's N. Germany. 9th Edit. 2 18 Route 1. BERLIN. History. bellisli the town, chiefly with the aid of Dutch architects. The nucleus of the royal library and art-collections was also formed at this period. Fredenck III. (1688-1713), who became King Frederick I. in 1701, erected the Friedricfisiadt, constituted Berlin a royal residence, and united the administration of the five quarters of the city. In 1699 he founded the Academy of Art, and in 1700 that of Science, the first president of the latter being the celebrated Leibnitz; while in the province of architecture he was fortunate in obtaining the services of one of the greatest geniuses of his age, whose works were destined entirely to eclipse those of his predecessors. This was Andreas Sc/iliiter (b. at Hamburg in 1664, d. at St. Petersburg in 1714). He was first employed as a sculptor in the embellishment of the Lange Briicke , in the Schloss, and in the Arsenal begun by Nehring (d. 1695). He then erected the Chateau of Charlotten- burg, and his successful completion of that edifice next led to his being engaged as the architect of the imposing new Palace of Berlin, which he began in 1699, but which was not completed until long after his death. He has also left a monument of his talent as a sculptor in the Equestrian Statue of the Great Elector, 1703. The other works of the reign of the first king of Prussia include the Academy , several churches , two town- halls, and numerous palatial private residences, but after the time of Schlii- ter the architecture of Berlin shows a great falling off. In 1710 the town possessed ten printing-offices, and the population, which had been steadily augmented by French and Walloon immigrants, was 61,000. Under the patriarchal government of Frederick William I. (1713-40) the city made no less substantial, though less striking progress. This monarch enlarged the Friedrichstadt and the Dorotheenstadt, devoted the space occupied by the fortifications to building purposes, and added the N. and E. suburbs to the town. He also completed the royal palace , and erected the Supreme Court of Justice and several churches. All these operations, however, were conducted in so economical a spirit, that the buildings are generally insignificant in appearance. During this reign the administration of justice was reformed, the municipal guilds re-organised, and the Charite Hospital founded. In 1740 the population had increased to 91,000, including 2000 Bohemian Protestants. Frederick the Great (1740-86), who possessed more taste for building than any of the other Prussian sovereigns, was unwearied in his efforts to extend and embellish his capital, though he seldom made it his residence. In Knobelsdorff (b. 1699, d. 1753) he found an architect who was capable of executing his plans in a tasteful style. Thus in 1743 he completed the Opera House in a noble , almost classical style, which presented a marked contrast to the capricious and degraded taste of the age, and which, although since extended, and adorned with a decorative addition at the back, is externally but little altered. As the great mon- arch, however, had a strong predilection for designing his new buildings in person, and for materially altering the designs submitted to him, he found the less independent successors of Knobelsdorff more subservient to his wishes. The University (formerly the palace of Prince Henry) , the Cathedral, the Hedwigskirche, the Konigs-Colonnaden, the Library, and the Dome-Towers in the Gensdarmen-Markt are the principal edifices of this period. In a spirit very different from that of his frugal father, Frederick also presented his citizens and officials with several hundred palatial dwelling-houses, which gave the town a handsome and imposing appear- ance. Commerce and industry were fostered ; the academy of sciences, under the auspices of French "savants, awoke to new life; and the collec- tions of art were materially increased. At the same time a new intellec- tual era began to dawn, and to this period belong the authors Lessing, Moses Mendelssohn, and Nicolai, and the artist Chodowiecki. Although Berlin suffered severely during the Seven Years' War, having been twice occupied by foreign troops, the population had increased by the end of Frederick's reign to 145,aX). Under Frederick William II. (1786-97), Frederick's successor, the pop- ulation increased much more rapidly, and in the year 1800 it amounted to no fewer than 172,(XX) inhabitants. Considerable progress was also made nistory. BERLIN. 1 . Route. 19 in the province of art. In 1793 C. G. Langhans (b. 1733, d. 18()8), following the example of KnobelsdorfF, erected the Brandenburger Thor in the classical style, while G. Schadow^s Quadriga with which it was adorned formed a new triumph in the province of sculpture. The architects Gentz^ the builder of the Old Mint, and Gillij also adopted the classical style, while Carstens, a native of Schleswig, and a teacher at the Berlin Academy, in- augurated the revival of classical taste in painting. The theatre, formerly devoted to French plays , was now dedicated to the national German drama, which was zealously cultivated under Inland's auspices. The Napoleonic disasters by which Berlin was overtaken during the reign of Frederick William III. (1797-1840) presented only a temporary obstacle to the progress of the city. The battles of .Jena and Auerstadt, and the occupation of Berlin by the French in 1806, produced a depressing effect, but this was in some degree compensated by the foundation of the University in 1808; and on the occasion of the general rising against the French in 1813 the citizens of Berlin, whose 'Landwehr' was chiefly instrumental in gaining the victory of Grossbecren, set a noble example of patriotic zeal. After the establishment of peace in 1815, art, science, and commerce began to flourish anew. The University now took the highest rank among the institutions of learning in Germany, William and Alexander von Humboldt, Ritter, Hegel, Schleiermacher, Bockh., and many other famous men now lived and worked at Berlin; and at the same time the drama attained its highest pitch of excellence. Of this period the most distinguished architect was Schinkel (b. 1781, d. 1841), who was equally capable as a painter, as his sketches for the frescoes of the hall of the old museum testify, and by this great master were erected many ad- mirable buildings, both in the classical and Gothic style, in Berlin and the environs. He was the architect of the Konigswache, the Schauspielhans, the Schlossbriicke^ the Old Museum.^ the Werder''sche Kirche^ the Bati-Academie^ the Monument on the Kreuzberg, and the Palace of Count Redern at Berlin, and of the Palace of Babelsberg, Glienicke, Charlottenhof, and the Nicolai- kirche at Potsdam, while his numerous designs exercised no inconsider- able influence on the architecture of other countries. — As Schinkel reigned supreme at Berlin in the province of architecture, so did Chris- tian Rauch (1777-1857) in that of sculpture, eclipsing his senior, G. Scha- dow, and still more so his contemporary, Fr. Tieck. In him the hero- worship of the period of the wars of independence found an admirable illustrator, and portrait-sculpture now received a new impulse. Very in- ferior to these architects and sculptoi'S were the painters of this period (Wach, K. Begas, Hensel^ Klober^ and Kriiger)., whose names are hardly known out of their native place. — The long years of peace in the latter part of this reign contributed materially to the external prosperity of Berlin. Commerce and industry, the latter stimulated by the exertions of Beuthi were greatly benefited by the construction of high-roads, the foundation of the Zollverein, and the abolition of the monopoly of the guilds ; and the city now bei^an to lose the official and garrison-like air with which it had hitherto been pervaded. In 1838 the railway to Pots- dam was opened. From 201,000 in 1819 the population had in 1840 in- creased to 329,000. During the following reign, that of Frederick William IV. (1840-61), the cultivation of art seemed likely to progress far more rapidly. The favour- able conditions of that monarch's reign were enhanced by the enthusiasm and refined artistic taste of the king himself, who often acted as his own architect. The prospect, however, was not entirely realised. The building of a cathedral, the king's favourite project, was never carried out; and although the architecture of the city was enriched by the completion of the New Museum, the dome of the palace, and numerous other edifices, most of them lack the imposing grandeur of Schinkels creations. The leading architects of this period were F. A. Stiller (d. 1865). to whom most of the government -buildings were entrusted, Knoblauch (d. 1865), Hitziij (d. 1881), Soller (d. 1853; St, Michael's church), C. F. Langhans (d. 1869; Opera), and Strack (d. 1880 ; St. Peters). — In the department of painting also the revival which had been anticipated from the presence of Cornelius 2* 20 Route 1. BERLIN. Vnter den Linden. ^ (from 1841 ; d, 1867) and Kaulbach (d. 1874 ; p. 42) was never realised ; while the originality of Ad. Menzel (b. 1815) was not duly appreciated. To the labours of Ranch., on the other hand, whose masterpiece, the statue of Frederick the Great, is justly admired, and to those of his nume- rous pupils {Drake., Blaser, A. Wolff, Kiss., etc.), the art of sculpture was indebted for its high repute during this reign. — Since the introduction of railways Berlin has increased rapidly in importance as a manufactur- ing and industrial centre. In 1849 the population was 424,000, and in 1860 it had increased to 496,000. During the reign of the Emperor William (who became Prince Regent in 1858 , and acceded to the throne of Prussia in 1861) the prosperity of Berlin, now one of the great capitals of the world , has made still more rapid strides. The population has been nearlv trebled, rising to 702,000 in 1867, to 968,000 in 1875, to 1,122,330 in 1880, and to 1,300,000 in 1885. Six new lines of railway have been opened, and ti-ade has been greatly extended, — Art also has revived, especially in the department of archi- tecture. The Rathhaus, the Exchange, and the Synagogue, all begun in 1859, were the first of a long series of imposing edifices, in which a com- plete revolution in taste manifests itself. The prevailing tendency is to substitute the Renaissance style for the more sober classical forms of Schinkel , to attach more importance to solidity of material and the artistic ornamentation of the interior, and to use colour more freely. Many private buildings rival the public edifices, and indeed often surpass them internally. Among the chief architects of the period have been Struck, Hitzig (see above), Adler, Lucae (d. 1877), Orth, Ende d: Bockmann, Qropius d- Schmieden, Hude d; Ilenicke , Kyllmann d- Ileyden , and Kayser d- Grossheim. Painting and sculpture have also made marked progress, the prevalent tendency being towards a realistic style. The most eminent paint- ers are Ad. Menzel, L. Knaus, A. von Werner, G. Becker, and P. Meyerheim, while A. Wolff, Reinhold Begas , Siemering , Schaper , Encke, Calandrelli, Eberlein, and Geyer are the most successful sculptors. a. Unter den Linden. Platz am Opernhaus. The handsomest and busiest part of Berlin, which likewise com- prises the most interesting historical associations, is the long line of streets extending from the Brandenburg Gate to tlie Royal Palace, consisting of *TJnter den Linden (PI. r; H, J, 2), the Plaiz am Opernhaus, and the Lustgarten. The Linden, a street 196 ft. in width, deriving its name from the avenues of lime-trees (interspersed with chestnuts) with which it is planted, resembles the Boulevards of Paris, although inferior in length, and is flanked with handsome palaces, spacious hotels, and attractive shops, between which the long vistas of a number of side-streets are visible at intervals. The length of the street from the Brandenburg Gate to the Monument of Frederick the Great is about 2^3 M., to the palace-gate about 1 M. The *Brandenburg Gate (PI. r; G, 2), at the W. end of the Linden, forms the entrance to the town from the Thiergarten. It was erected in 1789-93 by C. O. Langhans in imitation of the Propylcea at Athens (85 ft. in height, including the figure, and 205 ft. in width), and has five different passages (that in the centre reserved for royal carriages), separated by massive Doric columns. The material is sandstone. The structure is surmounted by a Quadriga of Victoria , in copper , by Schadow, taken to Paris by the French in 1807, but restored in 1814. Adjoining the gate on Unter den Linden. BERLIN. 1. Route. 21 the side next the town are two wings resembling Grecian temples, of which that on the right or N. side contains a Telegraph Office and a Pneumatic Post Office, while that on the left (S.) is the Guard House. On the outside are handsome open Colonnades for foot-passengers; the statue of Mars in that to the S. is'hy Schadow. Between the gate and the beginning of the Linden lies the Pariskr Platz, so named after the victories of 1814. The build- ings adjoining the gate are by Stiller. On the S. side of the square are Prince Bliicher's Palace (No. 2), now occupied by the Austrian Embassy, the Officers' Casino (No. 3), by Stralendorff, and the handsome palace of Count Arnim-Boitzenburg(l^o. 4), by Knoblauch. No. 5, on the opposite side, is the palace of the French Embassy. UntbrdbnLinbkn, No. 1 (S. side), at the corner of the Pariser- Platz, is the Palace of Count Redern, erected by Schinkel in 1833 in the Florentine style, containing a picture-gallery of considerable merit (works by Netherlands masters, and by Gallait, Hiklebrandt, etc.), and several sculptures by Ranch, Schwanthaler, E.Wolff, and Kiimmel (admission, see p. 14). The effect of the building is marred by the execution of its fat^ade in plaster instead of in stone. On the right, beyond it, is the handsome Wilhelm-Strasse (p. 54). No. 4, farther on, is the residence of the Minister of Religion and Edu- cation; No. 7 is the palace of the Russian Embassy, erected by Knoblauch in 1841. No. 73 on the opposite side is that of the Minister of the Interior, completed by Emmerich in 1877, with an imposing sandstone facade, in the Greek Renaissance style. The building No. 68a, on the left, at the corner of the Scliadow- 8tr., contains the *Aquarium (PI. r; H, 2), well stocked with salt and fresh-water fish, besides which there is a collection of birds, amphibious animals, apes, etc. The interior, with its grottoes and imitations of various natural objects, has becM skilfully fitted up by Liier (adm., see p. 12; catalogue 50 pf.). In the Scliadow-Str. (Xos. 6, 7) are the new buildings of the Union Cliih and of the Ressource, a society established in 1794. — In the vicinity, between the Dorotheen-Str. and Mittel-Str., is situated the Dokotheenstadt Church (PI. r; H, 2), founded in 1678, and entirely remodelled in 1860-62, containing the monument of Count von der Mark , a natural son of Fre- derick William II., Schadow\^ first important work, executed in 1790. Sa- cristan, IMittel-Str. 28. Farther along the S. side of the Lindi'ii (Nos. 22, 23), near the Friedrich-8tr., is the Passage, or*Kaisergallerie(Pl. r; J, 2), which leads to the corner of the Friedrich-and Bt'hren-Strasse. It was erect- ed by Kyllmann and Heyden in 1869-73, and, though not one of the largest, is one of the handsomest and busiest arcades in Europe. The facades both within and without are finished with terracotta in a rich Renaissance style. The arcade contains shops, restaurants, a cafe, the Kaiser- Panorama (p. 14), and the Panopticxim (p. 13). Between the Friedrich-Str. and Charlotten-Str., Linden 26, is the Cafe. Bauer, the handsomest in Berlin, tastefully adorned with mural paintings by Werner. Next door are the Kaiserhallen, re- 22 Route 1 . BERLIN. Statue of Frederick II. ccntly rebuilt by Heiui, with a restaurant in the style of an Arabian court, adorned with majolica. No. 34 is a palatial structure occu- pied by the Central-Bodencredit-Gesellschaft. At the E. end of the Linden rises the **Statue of Frederick the Great (PI. r; J, 2), in bronze, an impressive and masterly work by Ranch, erected in 1851, and probably the grandest monument of its kind in Europe (44 ft. in height). The great king is represented on horseback with his coronation-robes and his walking-stick. The pedestal is divided into three sections. The upper section contains allegorical figures and scenes from Frederick's edu- cation and domestic life . and his apotheosis , with figures of 3Ioderation, Justice, Wisdom, and Strength at the corners. At the corners of the cen- tral section are four equestrian figures, Prince Henry of Prussia and Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick on the E., and Generals Zieten and Seydlitz on theW., between which are placed spirited groups of other contemporaries and officers of the king (thus on the E. side Prince Augustus William and Keith, on the N. side Kleist, Winterfeldt, and Tauenzien, on the S. side Leopold of Dessau and Schwerin , on the W. side Lessing and Kant, all life-size). The lower section contains names of other distinguished men, chiefly soldiers of the time of Frederick. The pedestal is of polished gra- nite. The foundation-stone was laid on 31st May, 1840, the hundredth anniversary of the accession of Frederick to the throne of Prussia, and the monument was completed and inaugurated in 1S51. To the right of the statue rises the Palace of the Emperor William (PI. r; J, 2; adm., see p. 14), erected by C. F. Langhans in 1834-36. The building extends behind the Royal Library towards the Behren-Str., and is connected by a covered passage with the adjoining building, which was formerly the palace of the Dutch princes in Berlin. The Emperor's apartments are on the ground- floor on the side next the Opera House ; and a flag is hoisted when he resides here. Opposite the palace is the Academy Building, erected in 1690 and remodelled in 1749, containing the Academy of Art and the Academy of Science, founded in 1699 and 1700 respectively by Frederick I. in accordance with plans by Leibnitz. The clock above the gateway is one of the standard time-keepers of Berlin. The University Buildings (PI. r; J, 2), formerly the palace of Prince Henry, brother of Frederick II., erected in 1754-64, and fitted up in 1809 for the then recently-founded university, contain some of the lecture-rooms and scientific collections (5300 students). The garden in front is adorned with statues of William and Alexan- der von Humboldt, the former by M. P. Otto, the latter by R. Begas. Besides the aula and the lecture-rooms the university contains several interesting collections (adm. , see p. 13j. In the left wing (second lloor) is the Zoological Museum, one of the most valuable in Europe, containing a remarkably fine collection of birds. On the first lloor (entr. by the main doorway) is the Mineral Cabinet, the most extensive collection of the kind on tlie continent. The objects brought by Humboldt from South- ern and Central America are among the most interesting in both these collections. — The Cliristian Museum, in the left wing, contains original and copied Christian inscriptions and monuments of art; the casts, arranged in chronological order, illustrate the whole Christian period down to the present day. To the University belong also the following buildings: the Library, Do- Royal Library BERLIN. 1. Route. 23 iDtbeen-Str. 9 (p. 24); the Dissecting Room (Ana'.oinie)^ in the garden of the Veterinary College (p. 71); the Chemical Laboratory , Georgen-Str. 34-36 {p. 24); the new Physiological .ind Physical Institutes^ Neuc Wilhelm-Str. 15, 16 (p. 24); the Institute for Pathological Anatomy, at the Charite (p. 71); the Midwifery Institute^ Artillerie- Str. 13-16 (p. 70); and the Surgical Operating Room, Ziegel-Str. 6 (p. 70). The Royal Library (PI. r; J, 2), in the Opern-Platz, adjoin- ing the Palace, erected in 1774-80, was bnilt in imitation of tlie Koyal Winter Riding School at Vienna , and is one of the most effective rococo structures in Berlin, though sometimes likened to a chest of drawers. The motto below the cornice, 'nutrimentiim spi- ritus', was selected by Frederick the Great. Since the extensive alterations made in 1884 the groundfloor has been devoted to offices, while the library (shown daily at 10 a.m. ) is upstairs. The new reading-room (adm., see p. 13) is in the centre of the second floor. The maps, newspapers, and music have been transferred to the back-rooms of the old Dutch palace (comp. p. 22), in the Beh- ren-Str. The Library, which was founded in 1661, now contains about 1,000,000 vols, and 15,000 MSS., among which may be mentioned the MS. and lir.st impressions of Luther's translation of the Bible, Mtlanchthon's report of the Diet of Worms, Gutenberg's Bible on parchment, of 1460, the first book printed with movable types, the Codex Wittekindi, a MS. of the Gospels of the 8th cent. , said to have been presented by Charlemagne to the Saxon duke Wittekind, miniatures by Lucas Cranach, 36 vols, of portraits and autographs of celebrated characters, Chinese books, a small octagonal Koran, important musical works, the air-pump and hemispheres with which Otto von Guei'icke (p. 100) made his first experiments, etc. Some of the older pieces of music are of great historical interest. — Part of the MSS. from the celebrated collection of the Duke of Hamilton has also been deposited in this library (comp. p. 45). Opposite the Library is the Opera House (PI. r; K , 2), with a portico of six Corinthian columns, erected hy Knobelsdorff in 1741- 43, with seats for 1800 spectators. The interior was fitted up anew by C. G. Langhans in 1787, and after a fire in 1843 the whole edi- fice was restored in the original style by C. F. Langhans. The tym- panum contains an admirable *Group in zinc, designed by Rietschei: in the centre the muse of music; on the right the tragic and comic muse with the bantering satyr, the dramatic poet with the arts of painting and sculpture ; on the left a dancing group with the Three Graces. The corridors and ante-rooms are sadly out of proportion to the spacious and effective interior. Performances, see p. 11. — 111 winter symphony-concerts are given fortnightly in the concert- room; sec p. 11. At the back of the Opera House is the Roman Catholic Church of St. Hedwig (PI. r; K, 2), erected by Frederick the Great in 1747-73, a plain imitation of the Pantheon at Rome. Opposite the oh\irch, towards the E., is the Prussian Bodencredit-Actien-Bank, erected in 1871-73 by Ende and Bockmann. Five * Statues by Rauch , over life-size , embellish the Opern- Platz. Between the palace of the crown-prince and the Opera House is that of BlUcher (d. 1819), erected in 1820 ; at his right hand 24 Route 1. BERLIN. Arsenal. Gneisenau (d. 1831), at his left York (d. 1830), both erected iu 1855 ; all three in bronze. In front of the guard-house Billow (d. 1816) and Scharnhorst (d. 1813), in marble, erected in 1822. The pedestals are adorned with reliefs referring to the events of 1813-15. The Royal Guard House {Kunigswache, PI. r; K, 2), opposite the Opera, was constructed by 5c/imfceMn the Doric style in 1816- 18 in the form of a Roman fortified gate, such as the Porta Nigra at Treves. Adjoining it are three large cannon ; the central onc('Vale'rie') was brought from Fort Mont Valerien at Paris in 1871. Military music here in summer daily at 12.45 p.m. at the guard-mounting. At the back of the guard-house is the residence of the Minister of Finance (_P1. r; K, 2). To the left of this, and farther back, is the Singing Academy [PI. r; K, 2), founded by Fasch in 1791, and now under the management of Prof. />iumncr (adm., see p. 11 ). A colossal Bust of Hegel, by G. Blaeser, was erected in 1871 in the Dorotheen-Str. , beyond the 'Chestnut Grove". Farther to the W. in the same street (No. 9), on the right, is the Univeysify Library (PI. r; I, 2; ( coinp. pp. 13, 23), a tasteful brick building, erected by Spieker in 1871-73 ; the reading-room is adorned with paintings by Knille. The Friedrich- Werder''sc/ie Gymnasium^ a brick building, with terracotta embellishments, by Blankenstein, is also in this street. The Dorotheenstadt Industrial Sc/iool, the Chemical Laboratory in the Georgen-Str., which runs parallel with the Dorotheen-Str. on the N. , the Military Academy , and the Physiological, Physical , and Pharmacological Institutes, at tlie intersection of the Doro- theen-Str. and Neue Wilhelm-Str. (PI. r; H, 2), are buildings in a similar style. Opposite the Dorotheenstadt church is a handsome Masonic Lodge ('iloyal York"), built by Ende and Buckmann in 1883. On the other side of the XeustJidtische-Kirch-Str. is the new Hotel Continental (p. 2) , by Heim. Adjacent, to the W., is a large new Market Hall. The Palace of the Crown Prince (PI. r; K, 2; adm., p. 14), adjacent to the Opera, owes its present form to the alterations made by Strack in 1857 on an earlier palace, occupied from 1780 to 1840 by Frederick William III. The arch over the Oberwall-Strasse leads to the so-called Palace of the Princesses, which contains the inter- esting art- collection of the Crown-Princess. — To the E. of the Crown Prince's Palace is the Residence of the Commandant, which adjoins tlie Schinkel-Platz, with the Bau-Academie (p. 62). The *Arsenal (PL r; K, 2), one of the best buildings in Berlin, is a square structure , each side of which is 295 ft. in length, en- closing a quadrangle 125 ft. square. It was begun by Nehring in 1695 (perhaps from a design by the French &Tchitect Blondel) and was carried to completion in 1706 by Griinberg, Schliiter (1698-99), and De Bodt. Above the principal portal is a bust of Frederick I., in whose reign the building was erected. The exterior is richly adorned with fine sculptures by Schliiter , among which the *Heads of Ex- piring Warriors on the keystones of the window-arches in the court are especially remarkable for the vigour of their expression. In 1877-80 the interior underwent a thorough alteration under the superintendence of Hitzig (d. 1881), and in 1883 it was re-opened as a Military Museum and ^HalL of Fame' (adm., see p. 13)-, offi- cial handbook 50 pf.). Anenal. BERLIN. 1. Route. 25 We enter by the main portnl in the middle of the S. facade and find ourselves in a vestibule, separated from the other rooms on the Ground- floor by handsome iron railings and adorned with mural paintings in grisaille (siege operations) by Burger. The rooms to the right (E.) con- tain the Collection of Ordnance., which is more remarkable for its historical completeness than for specimens of fine workmanship. Many of the pieces are spoils of war. — The rooms to the W. (left) of the vestibule are de- voted to the Collection of Engineering Apparatus and Models., which in- cludes sapping , mining, and other cnjiineering implements, models of old French fortresses brought from Paris in 1S14, plans of the storming of Diippel and the battle of Kiiniggratz, the keys of several captured fortress- es, and a few pictures of historical interest (portraits of the gigantic gre- nadiers of Fred. William I., etc.). Most of the fiags on the pillars were also brought from Paris in 1814. <»pposite the vestibule is the entrance to the glass-roofed Court, round which are ranged groups of French cannon , overhung by French flags, both captured in the war of 1870-71. The centre is occupied by a colossal marble figure of Borussia, by R. Begas. — From the back of the court two flights of steps, adorned with sculptures, ascend to the Hall of Fame, which occupies the N. wing of the Upper Story and consists of three sections — the 'Herrscherhalle' in the middle and the two 'Feldherrn- hallen' at the sides. All three are at present heing adorned with sculptures and historical frescoes and are therefore only partly open to the public. The 'Hall of the Rulers' is 70 ft. square and a1)out the same in height and is lighted l>y a cupola. The ^Triumphal Procession on the dome and the large painting of the -Resuscitation of the German Empire on the wall opposite the doorway, both by Geselscltap ., are considered the finest specimens of monumental painting in Berlin. The following are the paintings in the side-niches: Homage of the Silesian Estates in 1741, by Vamjihansen ; Assembling of the Volunteers at Breslau in 1813, by Bleibtreu; Coronation at KiJnigsberg in 1701, by A. von Werner; and the Proclamation of the German Empire at Versailles in 1871 , also by Werner. The principal field on the right wall is to be filled with a representation of Peace and War by Ge.sel.scfiap , and the corresponding space on the left wall with a representation of Valhalla by the same artist. The completed sculptures include a marble Victory by Scfiaper (in the central recess, opposite the entrance) and eight bronze statues of Prussian rulers from the Great Elector to the Emperor William, by Enckc, Brunow, Hilgers, Hundrieser., and Schuler (in front of the pilasters). The 'Halls of the Generals' are to be adorned with twelve mural paintings of battles, six of which, three in each room, have been finished. Those in the hall to the left are the Battle of Turin, by Knackfuss ; the Passage of the Kurische Hafi' by the Great ?^lector, by Simler; and the Battle of Fehrbellin, by Janasen. Those in the hall to the right, are the Capitu- lation at Sedan, by Steffeck; the Storm of St. Privat, by Bleibtreu; and the Meeting of King William and the Grown Prince at Kiiniggratz, by Steffeck. The plastic ornamentation includes colossal busts of 32 eminent leaders of the Prussian army and four allegorical figures in marble, two by Begas (to the left; models only) and two by Schaper (to the right). The W., N., and E. wings of the \ipper floor contain the Collection of Weapons, which is divided into three sections, the Oriental, the Mediaeval., and the Modern. The last two are arranged in historical order. The collection is inferior to those of Madrid, Turin, Vienna, and Dresden, but has recently been improved by the purchase of valuable specimens from the armoury of Prince Charles (d. 1881). At present access to these rooms is afforded by the staircase in the N.E. corner of the court-yard. b. The Schloss-Briicke and Schloss. Tn a straight line with the E. prolongation of the Linden is the * Schloss-Briicke (palace-bridge), lOG ft. in width, constructed in 182'2-'24 from designs by Schinkei, and crossing the arm of the 26 Route 1 BERLIN. Royal Palace. Spree wMcli separates Alt- Kolln from the Friedrichs-Werder. It was adorned by Frederick William IV. \^itli eight groups iu marble, over life-size, illustrative of the life of a warrior. On the S.: 1. Victory teaches the boy the history of the heroes, by £. Wolff; 2. Minerva instructs the youth in the use of weapons, by Schie- velbein ; 3. Slinerva presents the combatant with arms, by Moller; *4. Vic- tory crowns the conqueror, by Brake. On the X.: 5. Victory raises the wounded warrior, by Wichmann; ^^6. Minerva protecting and aiding a com- batant, hj Bldser; 7. Minerva inciting him to a new contest, by ^. Wolff; 8. Iris conducts the victorious fallen warrior to Olympus, by Wredow. — The handsome parapet also merits attention. To the left , beyond the bridge , extends the Lustgartex (PI r; K, 2), a square 247 yds. in length, and 220 yds. in Avidth, originally a garden belonging to the palace, and afterwards converted into a drilling-ground by Frederick William I. It is now planted with trees and is enclosed by the Royal Palace (S.), the Cathedral (E.), and the Old Museum (N. ; p. 29). In the centre , on a pe- destal of granite 20 ft. in height, rises the equestrian *Statiie of Frederick William III., by A. Wolff, inaugurated on 16th June, 1871, during the festival in celebration of the victories over the French. The pedestal is adorned with allegorical figures of Clio (in the front), Borussia with the Rhine and Memel on the right, Science with Industry and Art on the left, and Religion at the back. Beyond the statue , in front of the steps of the old Museum , is a huge Granite Basin, 22 ft. in diameter, and 75 tons in weight, hewn out of a solid erratic block of ten times the weight. The * Royal Palace (PI. r; K, L, 2} is in the form of a rectangle 650 ft. in length and 380 ft. iu depth , enclosing two larger and two smaller courts. It rises in four stories to the height of 100 ft., while the dome above it is 230 ft. high. The original building was a castle erected by Elector Frederick II. on the Spree in 1451. In 1538 Joachim II. added a wing by Caspar Theiss, facing the Schloss-Platz, the whole forming a handsome example of the German Renaissance, highly praised by contemporary critics. Elector John George finished the enclosure of the E. court in 1580-95 and began another one to the W. Under the Great Elector, who at first directed his energies to laying out the Lustgarten, Nehring erected the Throne Room in 1681, and the round-arched gallery on the Spree in 1685. The Elector's suc- cessor, Frederick I., the first King of Prussia, determined to replace the irregular pile of buildings that had now arisen by a uniform structure of massive and imposing proportions, and confided the execution of this task to the architect Schliiter, who began his work in 1699. The gigantic scheme of alteration thus projected has, however, never been fully carried out, the part of the building on the Spree still retaining its original form. Schluter was succeeded by Eosander (v. Goethe), to whom is due the archi- tecture of the largest court and of the facade towards the Schlossfreiheit. In 1716 the process of alteration was brought by Biihme to a conclusion for the nonce, and during the reigns of Frederick William II. compara- tively trifling additions only were made. The spacious chapel in the W. wing, with its vast dome, was constructed in the reign of Frederick Wil- liam IV. by Staler and iSchadow (1845-48), and greatly enhances the efiect of the exterior. From that time to the present the exterior and interior alike have been undergoing a gradual process of renovation. — In the time of Frederick the Great the palace served as a residence for almost all the members of the royal family, contained all the royal collections, and Royal Palace. BEKLIIS. 1. Route. 27 was the seat of several governmcnt-oflicials. Nowadays it is mainly de- voted to reception-rooms , rooms for royal guests, and the dwellings of a few officials. The exterior of the palace is in general efifect massive and im- posing. It has, however, received but little of the intended plastic embellishment. The two principal facades, both by Schliiter, display a pleasing diversity of style, that to the S. being distinguished by monumental severity, while that to the N. is enlivened with light and elegant details. The portal in the W. fa^^ade , by Eosander, is an imitation of the triumphal arch of Septimius Severus. The best example of Schliiter's work is seen in the * Inner Court, which is surrounded with arcades on three sides. The block of buildings that separates this from the Outer Courts belongs to the edifice of 1580, but its ornamental details are modern. The S. portion of the water-front, next the Kurfiirsten-Briicke , which is well seen from the Burg-Str., formed part of the castle of Joachim II. ; the adjoining, projecting portion, with the turret, was built early in tlie 17th century. Next to the latter is the gallery, built by Nehring in 1685, with High Renaissance details. In the Lustgarten , ad- joining the Schloss, is the Schloss-Apotheke, built in 1595. At the portal towards the Lustgarten are the Horse-Tamers, two large groups in bronze, by Baron Clodt of St. Petersburg, presented by the Emp. Nicholas in 1842. The first court is adorned with St. George and the dragon, a group in bronze by Kiss, erected in 1865. ■Interior. Admission, see p. 14. Visitors apply to the castellan in the inner court, cm the groundfloor to the left , and are conducted through the state-rooms in parties every half-hour. They enter the palace hy the large portal on the E. side of the quadrangle. The building contains about 600 apartments. The lirst room shown is the Schwkizer-Saal, or old guard-room. Next to it come two Ante-Chambers, one of which contains portraits of the mother, sister, brother, and wife of Frederick the Great, by Pesne ; in the other are two portraits of the Great Elector as crown-prince by Pesne and portraits of Peter the Great and Catharine II. of Russia by Leviizki. The Koxigszisimer, which we next enter, lies in the N. wing of the palace, and derives its name from the portraits it contains of all the Prussian monarchs and their consorts down to Frede- rick William IV. The Konigszimmer is adjoined on the right or Spree side by the so-called Old Reception Rooms (Alte Paradekammern) ■, the handsome floors and other rich decorations of which date from the early part of the reign of Elector Frederick III. (1688-1713). The lirst of these is the \V.\i:iscoT¥A> Gallery (Boisirte Galle?-ie), with portraits of the Great Elector, his two wives, his parents, his children, and other relatives. The Kukfukstenzimmer contains portraits of all the Hohenzollern Electors, and is supplemented by an ante-room devoted to the old Counts of Zol- lern and Kurggraves of Nuremberg. We next traverse Frederick III."s Oratory, the Kron-Kabinet, in which the crown-jewels used to be kept, and the Bridal Chamber, still used for the royal marriages. To the W. of the Konigszimmer is a series of Reception Rooms by Schliiter, all somewhat overladen with ornament. The Rothe Drap d"OR Kammer, which we first enter, contains a handsome silver memorial of the creation of the Order of the Iron Cross in 1813, and also a large picture by Campliaiisen representing Emperor William at Gravelotte. The Rothe Adler Kammer is adorned with C(t)uphaHgen''s picture of the Great Elector and his generals. In the Ritter-Saal, or Old Throne Room, the gorgeous rococo decoration reaches its culmination. The well-designed allegorical Groups of the four quarters of the globe , above the side- 28 Route 1 . BERLIN. Royal Palace. doors, are among the best eflorts of Sc/iliitev. The beautiful carving of the large central door also deserves notice. The gallery above it was formerly of solid silver. Among the gold and silver plate on the handsome side- board, mostly dating from the time of the first two Prussian kings, are two tankards by Jamnitzer. Above the massive silver thrones is a large silver shield presented by the town of Berlin to Frederick William IV. In front of the window is a massive silver column 8 ft. in height, presented to the present emperor by the officers of the army and navy in 1867 on the 60th anniversary of his admission to the military service. The Schwarze Adler Saal contains a large picture by Camphausen.^ representing Frederick the Great surrounded by his generals. In the Red Velvet Room are good portraits of the Great Elector, of Frederick I., and of Sophia Charlotte, wife of the latter, all in handsome old frames. The old Chapel has latelv been restored in the original style and fitted up for the meetings of tlie Order of the Black Eagle. The Picture Gallery, 196 ft. in length, contains numerous portraits and scenes from recent Prussian history. Above the entrance-door, Peter the Great; adjacent. Sultan Solymanll., by Livens; above the other doors, Gustavus Adolphus and Maria Theresa. Among the portraits of other foreign monarchs the most interesting are: Charles I. of England and his queen, by Van Duck; Catharine II., by Eriksen; K^apoleon crossing the St. Bernhard, by David, brought from P'aris by Bliicher. The portraits of Prussian monarchs include the Emperor William and Empress Augusta by Winterhalter, a large equestrian portrait of Fred. William III. by Kriiger, and a fine portrait of Fred. William I. Among the historical pictures are: Stefeck, King William at the Battle of Sadowa. or Koniggrat/,, in 1866; Kril- (jei\ The Estates doing homage to Fred. William IV. in 1840-, Cainj>haustn^ Emp. William entering Berlin in 1871; A. v. Werne>\ King William pro- claimed Emperor at Versailles in 1871, presented by the German princes. We next enter the Koxigin-Zimmer, containing portraits of queens, and then the White Saloon, a large hall in the wing on the Schlossfreiheit, 105 ft. in length, 50 ft. in width, and 40 ft. high, completed by Staler in 1857. The marble statues of the twelve Electors of Brandenburg were executed in the reign of the Great Elector. The Victory, in a sitting posture, is by Ranch. In the vaulting are allegorical figures and paint- ings referring to the eight original Prussian provinces. — The ad- joining Staircase is embellished with marble statues and reliefs. — The ''' Palace Chapel , an octagonal edifice , 113 ft. in height , and 68-75 ft. in diameter, is lined and paved with marble of different colours, and adorned with frescoes on a gold ground. The altar with its four columns is of yellow Egyptian marble, the pulpit and candelabra of Car- rara marble. The acoustic properties of the chapel are very poor. The chapel terminates the series of rooms shown to the general public, but the attractions of the palace are by no means exhausted by the fore- going inspection, and a small party will generally gain permission to visit some of the other parts of the building. The most interesting of the remaining rooms on the second floor are the Xeue Gallerie, the *Beunswick Apartments, the Thurmzimmer in the 'Griine Hut", adorned with views of the palace in the time of the Electors by C. and P. Graeb., the adjoining Kapellexzimmer, the Kleist Apartments, in the German Renaissance style, the Elisabeth-Kammeen, and lastly the Apartments oe Princess Elizabeth, in one of which Frederick the Great was born on 24th Jan., 1712. On the first floor are the rooms of Frederick William II., and also those once occupied by Frederick the Great , and afterwards converted into a =-'Suite for Fred. William IV. and his queen. The rooms of Fred. William I. on the groundfloor of the N.W. wing, afterwards known as the 'Petits Appartements' of Fred. William II., are main- tained in the taste of last century. Tliey contain Schadoii>''s beautiful group in marble of Queen Louise and her sister. Distributed throughout these apartments are a number of paintings of the French school of the 18th cent., principally by Watteau and his followers, and many of great excellence. The best of the larger works of Watteau, the 'Departure for Cythera' and the 'Arrival at Cythera", two Old Museum. BERLIN. 1. Route. 29 other pictures by him of scenes at a Parisian art-dealer's, and the finest portraits by Pesne are all in the Elisabeth-Kammern. The Hohenzollern- Kammern also contain several works by Watleau, including the 'Swing'. The White Lady ^ a spectre which traditionally haunts the palaces of Baireuth and Berlin, and periodically appears to portend the death of a member of the royal house of Hohenzollern, is said to be the ghost of the Countess Agnes of Orlamiinde, who murdered her two children in order that she might be enabled to marry the Burggrave Albert of Nuremberg, ancestor of the Electors of Brandenburg. On the E. side of the Lustgarten , between the palace and the Museum , is situated the insignificant Cathedral {Domlcirche ; PL r; K, 2), erected in 1747 and restored in 1817. It contains a monument to the Electors John Cicero (d. 1499) and Joachim I. (d. 1535), cast by Johann Vischer of Nuremberg in 1540, and the handsome sarcophagi of the Great Elector (d. 1688) and King Frederick I. (d. 1713). Beneath the church are the burial-vaults of the royal family. The sacristan lives to the left of the cathedral. Service on Sun. at 10 a.m.; music, see p. 11. Fred. William IV. undertook the erection of a new cathedral more worthy of the great capital , but did not complete more than the foundations and part of a burial-hall for the royal family (^Campo Santo), for which the distinguished painter Cornelius designed his spirited compositions illustrative of the Christian doctrines regard- ing Sin, Death, and the Redemption (p. 51). — The Campo Santo temporarily contains a series of casts of the statues and reliefs found at Olympia, in the course of the excavations carried on there in 1875-81 at the expense of the German government. The finest are the two pediments of the Temple of Zeus, the *Nike of Paionios, and the **Hermes of Praxiteles. Adm., see p. 13; visitors ring the bell at the entrance. A new street, named the Kaiser- Wilhelm-Strasse , begins be- tween the Cathedral and the Schloss-Apotheke, crosses the Spree by a massive bridge, and leads through the Altstadt to the Victoria Theatre. c. T/ie Royal Museums. The National Gallery. The **01d Museum [PI. r; K, 2), on the N. side of the Lust- garten, an admirable building in the Greek style, the finest in Ber- lin, with an Ionic portico of eighteen columns, and approached by a broad flight of steps , was erected by Schinkel in 1824-28 (length 284 ft., depth 175 ft., height 62 ft.). The central part of fhe structure, rising above the rest of the building and corresponding with the rotunda in the interior , is adorned at the corners with four colossal groups in bronze : in front, the Horse Tamers of the Monte Cavallo at Rome, a copy by Tieck\ at the back, Pegasus re- freshed and caressed by the Hor.-e, by Schievelhein and Hagen. The steps are adorned with two large groups in bronze : right, *Ania/.on on horseback, defending herself against a tiger, by Kiss\ left, Lion combat, by .4. Wolff. 30 Route 7. BERLIN. Old Museum. The Vestibuli^ contains marble statues of Schinkel (d. 1841) by Tieck, Ottfr. MiUler [d. 1840) by Tondeur, *Rauch [d. 1857) by Drake, Winckelmann(d. 1768}by Wichmann, G. Schadow (^i. iSbO') by Hagen, and Cornelius (d. 1867) by A. Calandrelli. The *Frescoes, designed by Schinkel, and executed under the direction of Corne- lius, represent in an antique style (on tlie left) the development of the world from chaos, and (on the right) the progress of human culture. (SchinkeVs original designs, in the Schinkel Museum, p. 75, with a key attached, afford more satisfaction than the fres- coes themselves.) Short Wall to the left: Uranus surrounded by the Constellations. — Long Wcdl to the left: Saturn and the Titans conquered by Jupiter. The Dioscuri, the first distributors of light, precede him; Prometheus steals the fire from him. Selene (Luna) drives her chariot to illumine the night, which conceals numerous figures, including art, love, and war, in her outspread mantle. Maternal love is developed; a child waters the earth with fruitful rain. A cock proclaims the dawn; Venus and Cupid arise; the god of the sun rises from the ocean amidst the music of harps ; the Graces soar upwards. Long Wall to the right: Spring, 3Iorning, the Infancy of nations. Pastoral life. Hunting, Prize contests. The Muses and Psyche and the Genius of poetry minister to the poet. A youth traces the outline of the form of his mistress; art begins. — Summer, Noon, the Youth of nations. Harvest, Music. Beneath the hoofs of Pegasus, whom the nymphs caress, springs Hippocrene, the fountain of inspired imagination. In the grotto of the spring cower the Fates. — Festive joy. Evening and Autumn of life, Vintage. Sculpture (with SchinkeFs portrait) , Architecture (invention of the Corinthian capital by Callimachus). Victorious return. Vintage festival, Dance of the Muses, Astronomy, Navigation. — Night and Winter; Luna descends into the sea. — Short Wall to the right: Mourning at the tomb. Beneath these are smaller mural paintings: on the left the myth of Hercules, on the right that of Theseus. The Upper Vestibule, to which a double staircase ascends, is adorned with a copy of the celebrated ancient Warwick Vase in England. The Frescoes , also designed by Schinkel, represent the struggle of civilised mankind against barbarians and the elements. On tlie left, wild horses penetrating into a shepherd's dwelling ; on the right , the distress of an inundation. On the lateral walls , the peaceful avocations of a civilised people : on the left, the domestic hearth, on the right, summer in the open air. A fine view of the Lustgarten with its fountains, the Schloss, etc., is obtained hence from between the columns. — The door leads into the gallery encircling the rotunda (see p. 34). At the back of the Old Museum, to the N. W. , and connected with it by a short passage crossing the street (p. 34), is situated the *New Museum (PL r; K, 1), erected by Stiller in the Renaissance style in 1843-55 (length 344 ft., depth 130 ft. ; height of the cen- tral part, with the principal portal and the grand staircase, 102 ft.). The exterior of this edifice is comparatively insignificant, its chief attraction consisting in the rich and artistic internal deco- rations. These perhaps are almost too elaborate, as their tendency- is to throw the contents of the Museum into the shade. The Entrance (adm., p. 13) to the Old Museum is in the vestibule, Old Museum. BERLIN. 1. Route. 31 which is reached by a broad flight of steps from the Lustgarten (comp. Plan, p. 32). Passing through a massive bronze folding door, the visitor first enters the Rotunda, where some of the Pergavienian Sculptures are at present exhibited. ISeyond the Rotunda is the Hall of the Heroes (see below), adjoined by the Greek and Assyrian Sculptirres on the right, and by the Roman Hall and Mediaeval and Renaissance Sculptures (p. 33) on the left. From the Hall of the Heroes, opposite the entrance to the Rotunda, a staircase descends to the groundfloor, where the Cabinet of Coins (p. 33) is situated, while a double staircase ascends to the passage (p. 34) which leads to the JVew Museum (p. 41) in one direction, or, in the opposite direction, a few steps higher, to the Picture Gallery (p. 34). — There is a second Entrance to the New Museum on the N.E. side, opposite the National Gallery, leading directly to the Egyptian and Ethnographical Collections. The Director General of the Museums is Dr. Richard Schoene. — Dr. Julius Meyer is Director of the Picture Gallery, Dr. Conze of the Collec- tion of Antiquities, Dr. Lippmann of the Cabinet of Engravings , Prof. Ernest Curtius of the Antiquarium, Dr. Bode of the Collection of Christian Sculptures, Prof. v. Sallet of the Collection of Coins, and Prof. Bastian of the Ethnographical Section, while Prof. Ermaii is at the head of the Egyptian Department. The following pages contain a short notice of the principal treasures of the Museums. Details will be found in the excellent official catalogue (50 pf.). The catalogues offered for sale outside the Museums are dear and untrustworthy. 1. Collections in the Old Museum. The *Gallery of Antiquities is chiefly indebted for its origin to Frederick the Great, who purchased at Rome the collection of Cardinal Polignac. Until quite recently most of its contents were of mediocre merit, belonging to the later Roman Empire, and freely restored, but the acquisition of the Pergamenian sculptures in 1879 and the purchase of the Saburow collection of Attic sculptures in 1884 has placed the gallery upon quite a different footing. Brass tablets bearing numbers are attached to the different objects. The arrangement begins with the 'Rotunda, a large circular hall, covered with glass , and producing an impression of great spaciousness (entr., see above). Between the columns supporting the gallery are several ancient statues, the best of which are: — *13a. Amazon; 14. Juno. Above is the Raphael tapestry (p. 34). This room also contains at present the two '"'Friezes of the Altar of Zeus on the Acropolis of Pergamus, discovered by the engineer Herr Hu- mann, and excavated by him in 1879-80 under the direction of Dr. Conze. These exquisite reliefs 'formed the artistic decoration of a huge altar to Zeus, probably erected by Eumenes II. about the year B.C. 180 in honour of his decisive victory over the Gauls before the gates of Pergamus. The larger frieze, the figiires in which are of colossal size, adorned the exterior of the altar, and represents the triumph of the Gods, led by Zeus and Athene, over the Giants. About two-thirds of it have been found. The smaller and more pleasing reliefs from the interior consist of scenes from the history of Telephus, the local hero of Pergamus. These sculptures are not conceived in the chaste and monumental style of the Parthenon reliefs, but are full of that strong dramatic feeling which was fostered by the protracted wars of Alexander and his generals. They also reveal a know- ledge of the human foi-m, a richness of fancy, and a mastery of execution, such as are possessed by no other antique remains on so large a scale. — The other fragments of the frieze are (temporarily) exhibited in the room adjoining the Hall of the Heroes on the E. (conip. Plan). From the Rotunda we enter the — Hall of the Heroes, in eleven 'compartments'' divided by columns, chicfiy containing marble statues. CoMi'. XXI: * 140. Boy praying, a Greek 32 Route 1. BERLIN. Old Museum. bronze, probably of tbe 3rd or 2nd cent, B.C. , purchased by Frederick the Great for 10,000 Thlr., and long the finest work in the collection i it underwent restoration in France in the 17th cent, and it is therefore uncer- tain whether the present 'intention' is the same as the original. 112. Apollo Citharcedus; 111. Polyhymnia-, 80. Euterpe; 106. Calliope; 79. Urania. — CoMP. XX: 217. Niobide (after Scopas)!; '^SSa. Dancing Girl, a fine Greek work of the time of the Diadochi, or successors of Alexander. — Comp. XIX: 59, 60. Greek portrait-heads; *755b. Dancing Satyr, torso of i\ia time of the Diadochi. — Comp. XVIII : 74. Girl playing with astragali. — Comp. XIII: 140a. Statue of a boy, in bron/e, found in the Rhine, near Xanten ; '475. Torso of Venus, an admirable Greek work. — Comp. XII : Plan of the First Floor op the Old Museum. (Gallery of Original Sculptures.) New I Museum. I Connecting -;-i^ Office. Office. Hall of the Heroes. 11 . 10 . 9 • 8 • 7 • 6 • 5 • 4 • 3 . 2 • 1 Portico. E^Q No number, -Torso of a draped female ligure in bronze, found at Cyzicus (4th cent.). — Comp. XI : 156a. Head of Antinous, recently found in the Nile; **Bronze torso of an Ephebos, found in the sea near Salamis. an admirable work of the best Greek period (4th cent.); * Two large Attic tomb- reliefs, in excellent preservation (4th cent.); fragments of similar reliefs, chiefly belonging to the Saburow collection. Etruscan Cabinet. In the centre, 542. Sarcophagus. In the left cor- ner, 539. Urn in the shape of a house ; 519. Sarcophagus in clay, with the recumbent figures of a man and woman on the lid; 566. Proserpine en- throned. Greek Cabinet. In the centre, *146. Torso of a young man. On the left, 25. Bacchus leaning on a satyr, a fragment ; without a number, *Head of a girl, a Greek work of the 4th century. On the right, 773. Torso of a colossal ligure with classical drapery (4th cent.); *219. Youth, in the heroic style, by Antiphanes of Paros , according to the inscription ; 488. Torso of Marsyas. Several archaic reliefs and Greek tombstones. To the left, * Figures of two maid-servants, in a sitting posture, from an Attic tomb (Saburow collection; 4th cent. B.C.). Old Museum. BERLIN. 1 . Route 33 Roman Saloon, containing statues and busts of the latter period of the Republic and of the Empire. Comp. X : no number, Alto-relief of the siege of a seaport-town, a fine early-Roman work: 407a. Old Roman, in nummulite limestone; '410a. Scipio Africanus, in alabaster. — In the centre: 295. .Tulius Csesar, draped statue; 291. .Julius Caesar, in basalt. — Comp. IX: 339 a. Bust of Hadrian, in bronze; 411. Head of a Barbarian; 318, 319. Busts of two young brothers. — Comp. VII: In the centre, the well-known Statue of the Emp. Augustus, from the Pnurlales collection (freely restored). We now reach the **Medi8eval and Renaissance Sculptures. The collection of works of the Italian Renaissance in marble, hronze, terracotta, and painted stucco is now unequalled out of Italy save at the South Kensington Museum and the Louvre. Comp. VI. '1039. Donatella . Statue of John the Baptist, in bronze; '1050. Mino da Fiesole, Bust of Xiccolo Strozzi (dated 1454) ; -*1043. Desi- derio da Stttignano, Bust of Marietta Strozzi : * 1084. M. Montantz^ Mater Dolorosa, a painted wooden bust, of startling realism (ca. 1620); 1044. jB«raede«o o?a J/cyaHO, Terracotta bust, painted; '1036. Benedetto da Majano, Painted terracotta bust of Filippo Strozzi; =^1040, '1041. Bronze busts of aged generals by a Florentine Master of the end of the 15th cent.; '667. Desiderio da SettignanOy Bust in marble of a Florentine girl ; -Bronze bust of Pope Gregory XIII. Terracotta reliefs by Luca delta Rubbia, A. Rossellino, and others. — The cases by the window contain a collection of Ivory Carvings of the 3rd-8th cent., and also a collection of small Bronze Reliefs. In the large cabinet against the wall are the Smaller Italian and German Sculptures. Comp. V. 705, 706. A. Leopaj-di, Shield -bearers from the tomb of Vendramin (1478); 669a. Pigalle , Statue of Mercury (1748); 'Patroclus Casket', a silver reliquary of the 2nd half of the 14th cent, (rescued from the melting-pot of the Mint in 1S48). CoMP. IV. -1070. Michael Angelo^ .John the Baptist when a bov, an early masterpiece, bought in 1879 for 10i i- >^£ >5 The pictures are arranged in strict historical order, interrupted here and there only by newly-acquired works, the Germanic schools occupying the E. half of the building (to the left), the Roman- esque schools the W. half (to the right). Extensive alterations 35 Route 1. BERLIN. Old Museum. "were made in the building in 1884. and the present arrangements leave little to be desired in showing off the pictures to advantage. We begin our enumeration of the most important works with the small Vestibule, entered from the landing at the top of the double staircase [see p. 34). — Catalogue, with facsimiles of the signa- tures, 4m. Each picture is inscribed with the name of the painter and the date of his birth and death. The Vestibule contains *Choir Stalls, with intarsia adornments by Panta^eone de MarcMs (ca. 1495) and a few decorative paintings by Paoto Veronese, Fogolino^ and Bonificio. — We then turn to the left and begin our inspection of the Germanic Masters. Saloon I. (lighted from the roof). Early German Schools of the r2-16th centuries. I'207-12i0. yuremherg Mas'er (ca.. 1400), Madonna and saints; 556. Christ. Anibergev. Emp. Charles V. (1532); ~596a. Hans von Kulmbach, Adoration of the Magi, one of the painters masterpieces (loll) : "618. L. Cranach, Patrician of Wittenberg, formerly erroneoiisly described as Lu- ther disguised as 'Junker Jorg' (dated 152S') ; 589. Cranach the Elder, Car- dinal Albert of Brandenburg (1527); 593. Cranach the Elder, The Foun- tain of Youth ('Jungbrunnen''). — *535. Roger van der Weyden, Winged altarpiece , ^ith the Adoration of the Holy Child , the Tiburtine Sibyl before Augustus, and the Star in the East; a masterpiece, 'remarkable for the finish of the parts, the delicacy of the touch, and the glcss of the colours'. — Dierick Bouts, ''533. Elijah' in the desert: *539. Feast of the Passover. Saloon II. (lighted from the roof). Dutch Schools of the 15-16th centu- ries. Petrus Cristus, 529a. Annunciation and Adoration; 529b. Last Judg- ment (dated 1452) 573. Ger. David, Crucifixion; *561. Quinien Masses, Virgin and Child, a masterpiece of luminous colouring, excellently pre- served; 644. Schoreel , Cornelius Aerntsz; '5S5a. Ant. Mora (Sir Anthony More), Two canons of Utrecht (dated 1544; one of his earliest works, be- fore the period of Italian iutluence) ; 794. A. van Duck, Pentecost; 878. Snyders, Cock-fight (brilliantly coloured ; 1615) ; 790." A. van Duck, Child- ren of Charles I.: 798h. liiibens , St. Sebastian, an interesting youthful work, painted at Rome ; 859. D. Teniers, Temptation of St. Anthony. Pai- bens, no number, *Andromeda; *785. Perseus and Andromeda; **781. He- lena Fourment as St. Cecilia, a masterpiece of his later period. 832. Corn, de Vos, His daughters ; '776a. Rubens, Keptune and Amphitrite. Saloon II. is adjoined by a small Cabinet, containing works of the early-Flemish school. "525a. Jan van Eiick. Man with carnations, a fine work , showing on a smaller scale much of the finished execution and powerful general eflect of the Ghent altarpiece ; 525c. J. von Eyck, Virgin at church; 545. Roger van der Weyden, Charles the Bold; 1202. Schoreel, Anna van Schonhove, the painter's mistress. From Room II. we enter a Corridor containing the Flemish and Dutch Masters of the 17th cent, (see p. 39), on the other side of which is a row of cabinets , with the masterpieces of the German and Netherlandish Schools. Cabinet 1. (behind Cab. 2). '^512-517. Altarpiece of the Lamb, by Hubert and Jan Van Eyck, the first picture ever painted in oils, the masterpiece of the early-Netherlandish school. It was begun by Hubert for a Ghent patrician named Jodocus Vydts , and was finished by Jan after his brother's death (1426-32). The central portion of the altarpiece. representing the Adora- tion of the BIystic Lamb , surmounted by figures of God the Father, the Virgin 3Iary, and John the Baptist, is still in the Chapel of St. Bavon at Ghent; two other panels (Adam and Eve) are in the Museum at Brussels. The remaining panels, six in number, were purchased by Mr. Solly for AOOOl., and were afterwards secured for the Berlin Museum along with the rest of that gentleman's collection. The four lower panels (512, 513, 516, 517) depict knights, crusaders, hermits, and pilgrims moving in procession Old Museum. BERLIN. 1 . Route. 39 to the Fountain of Life (central panel, see copy by Coxie, Ko. 524); the two upper (514, 515) represent respectively a group of singing angels, and St. Cecilia attended by angels with musical instruments. The back of the panels (in Cabinet 2.J bears the Annunciation , portraits of Jodocus Vydts and his wife, St. John the Evangelist, and John the Baptist. -There is" not to be found', say Crowe and Cavalcaselle, 'in the whole Flemish school a picture in which human tigures are grouped, designed, or painted with so much perfection as in this of the mystic Lamlj. Nor is it pos- sible to find a more complete or better distributed composition, more natural attitudes, or more dignified expressitm". The visitor is charmed both by the naive and careful realism and by the brilliancy of the colouring. — ^5.34. Ho'jer van der Weuden, Winged altarpiece, with the Xativity, Pieta, and Resurrection; ' 63S &' Altdoi-fer , Rest on the Flight into Egypt, re- sembling Diirer (1510) ; *583. Ambevger, Seb. Miinster, the geographer, Am- berger's best work. *586. Hans Holbein t/ie Younger., Jdrg Gisze, a Bale merchant in the Steelyard at London (1532): the simplicity and truthful- ■ness of the conception, the careful handling of texture, and the luxurious surroundings of the apartment, which heighten rather than detract from the importance of the figure , form a conjunction scarcely paralleled in any other of Holbein's works. — 586b, 586c. Holbein the rowMg-er, Portraits. Cabinet 2. 518-523. Hubert and Jan van Eyclc, Back of the Ghent altar- piece (see above). — A. Diirer. *.o57d. Portrait of Senator 3Iuffel of Nurem- berg, dated 1576 (acquired in 1883); *'557e. Ilieronymus Holzschuher, pa- trician and senator of Nuremberg , painted in 1526 (bought from Holz- achuher's descendants in 1884: formerly exhibited in the Germanic Mu- seum at Nuremberg). '534b. Roger v. d. Weyden, Winged altarpiece with scenes from the life of John the Baptist (small replica at Frankfort on the 3Iain). Cabinet 3. 688a. Jan Brueghel, Flowers ; '788. Van Di/cl; Prince Tho- mas of Carignano (1634); *763. Eubens, Head; '856. Te«zer5, Backgammon ; '828h. Rembrandt. Joseph and Potiphar (1655), bought for 12,000;.; with- out number, V. van Ruysdael, Landscape after rain. Cabinet 4. ■ *820b. P. de Hooch , Dutch interior, a masterpiece ; 808, 810. Rembrandt. Portraits of himself; 842, 842a, 8;2d. A. van der Neer, Moonlight scenes; 805. ReinbranJt, Wife of Tobias with the goat; "='828e. Rembrandt, Susanna at the bath, one of the great master's finest efforts (1647): '75i ^ J ^ ^ V \ v^ -^ ^ 1 ^ = ^- \ I 1 XI ^ ivj II i XII . 1 1 1 i ■ X. Cupola Saloox (adjoining the passage connecting the new with the old museum). Roman historical statues and three large stereo- chromatic Mural Paintings: Consecration of the Church of St. Sophia by Justinian, by Schrader; Subjugation of Wittekind by Charlemagne, de- signed by Kaulbach , executed by Graf; Christianity adopted as the reli- gion of the state, by Sdlke. XI. Medieval Saloox. Casts of Romanesque and Gothic s culptures in German, French, and English churches. Equestrian statues of Colleoni by Verrocchio (d. I488j and of Gattamelata by Donatello (d. 1466j. XII. Rexaissan'ce Saloox. Renaissance works, from those of Ghiberti down to those of 3Iichael Angelo. Ill the staircase (PL II) , as already meutioued . a flight of steps descends to the Ground Floor of the New Museum, which contains the collection of Northern Antiquities, the Ethnographical Collection, and the Greek Court, on the right , and the Egyptian Museum on the left. [The Northern Antiquities and the Ethnographical Collection are soon to be transferred to the new Ethnographical Museum (p. 56); and the space which they at present occupy will be devoted to Egyptian antiquities , Assyrian sculptures , and newly- acquired sculptures of the early-Christian period.] The Northern Antiquities, arranged in twelve cabinets and along the walls, consist of various kinds of weapons, household utensils, cinerary urns, gold and silver trinkets, &c., provided with the names of the places where they were found. Most of them were found in tumuli, and belong to various periods, ranging from the flint to the bronze and the Roman. The stereochromatic Moral Paixtisgs, by Bellermann, Miiller, Heidei' i\'ich, and Riditi'r, illustrate the mythology of" the Korth. W.Wall, beginning 44 Route 1. BERLIJ^. Xew Museum. opposite the entrance: 1st window: Hertha, the Ceres, and Odin, the Ju- piter of the North ; above them day and night. 2nd window : Baldur, the northern Apollo, and Hulda, the goddess of domestic life. 3rd window: Freyr. god of spring, and Freya, his sister, goddess of love; above them, Ground Floor of the New ;3IrsEUM. Hall of I ITZI Tombs. , Mythol. Hall. Vestibule. Colonnade Hypostyle. j Court. Northern Antiquities. Historical Hall. Greek Court. Ethnograph. Museum. dwarf ship - builders. 4th window : Odur and Freya on the battle - field, marking with blood the dead who are worthy of Valhalla (paradise of the heroes) ; in the centre Valkyries conducting the dead to Valhalla ; right, Tyr, god of war. — Above the door : Odin , the universal father, left, the" Valhalla, right. Helheim , the abode of those who have died a natural death. — E. Wall: wicked deities. By the first window left, Hel ^ right, Loki ; by the 2nd window Nomas (fates) ; by the 3rd window water- sprites, the griffin, and contest of the giants with the dragon ^ by the 4th window Titania and elves ; Thor, god of thunder, in a chariot drawn by mountain-goats. We next enter a room containing the extensive and instructive *Etlinographical Collection, arranged geographically, and consist- ing of numerous costumes, weapons, and other ohjects from foreign countries, models of dwellings, etc., all provided with labels. Ca- talogue, 25 pf. (This collection is to be removed; see above.) The most interesting sections are those devoted to Central and South America, Africa, and the Asiatic islands, the contents of which have been enriched by the collections of Nachtigal . Schwein/urih, Richthofen, and other eminent travellers. Dv. Bastion^ the director of the Ethnographical Department, has greatly improved the collection by numerous judicious purchases. The Indian Collection of Dr. Jagor is in the old Mining Academy. On leaving the Ethnographical Museum we pass through a door to the right leading to a passage with Egyptian casts. On the right is the so-called Greek Court. The *Egyptian Museum, one of the most important collections of the kind, founded by Passalacqua, and greatly extended by Lep- sius in 1845, is arranged in five saloons, the artistic embellishment of which contributes materially to explain the nature of the different objects. Instructive catalogue by Lepsius, 25 pf. I. The Mythological Saloon is chiefly occupied by sarcophagi and mummies. The most valuable of the former, placed under glass in the centre, was found at Thebes. The mural paintings afford a survey of the principal forms of the Egyptian gods. New Museum. BERLIN. 1. Route. 45 II. Saloon of the Tombs. The ' Tomb CUambers here , entirely ■covered internally and externally with hieroglyphics , were brought in. fragments from the Necropolis at Blemphis by Professor Lepsius, and re- constructed in their original forms. They all belong to the ancient Egyptian kingdom, dating from between 3000 and 2000 years before Christ. III. Htpostyle. On the walls between the columns are papyrus MSS. preserved under glass. A niche in the background contains the colossal statue of King Horus. IV. The Passage Room to the historical saloon also contains papy- rus rolls, as well as tiles of the clay of the Kile. V. The HiSTOKicAL Saloon contains figures of gods , kings , priests, and dignitaries of the kingdom, monuments, altars, inscriptions, mural paintings, &c. , chiefly of the later kingdom, B.C. 1650-525. The glass cabinets contain various smaller objects of a religious and domestic nature, utensils, heads of mummies, mummies of sacred animals, cats, fish, croco- diles, frogs, ibises, grasshoppers, amulets, cut stones, trinkets, coins, fruit. The mural paintings beginning on the E. side, and continuing towards the left, present a chronological review of the difl'erent periods of the history of Egypt: 1-17. The old kingdom, 18-40. The later kingdom. VI. The Colonnade Court, together with the contiguous hypostyle and the niches terminating the latter, the central of which is occupied by the colossal figure of King Horus, represents the main features of an Egyp- tian temple. In the centre of the entrance-court stands an altar. In front of the hypostyle are two colossal figures of kings in a sitting posture , in porphyry; to "the left Ramses II., called Sesostris by the Greeks, entirely- uninjured; to the right Usortesen I. (B.C. 2000), consisting chiefly of frag- ments reunited and supplemented. In the centre two ram-sphynxes in granite (that on the right a cast) , and two smaller ones in limestone. The hieroglyphics on the ental)lature record that these monuments were arranged here in 1848 by order of Frederick William IV. The mural paintings by ScJiirme)\ Pape, and others, represent Egyptian landscapes. On the highest landing of the staircase (comp. p. 41), to the left, is the entrance to the *Cabinet of Engravings, open to the puhlic on Sundays, and on other days to students only. The collection, which is one of the most extensive in Europe, em- braces engravings and wood-cuts by masters of the 15-19th cent., draw- ings by artists who died before 1800. miniature-paintings from the 10th to the 16th cent., and early illustrated books. The drawings and engravings by German and Dutch masters are especially numerous. In 1877 an im- portant collection of the engravings and wood-cuts of Diivev was pur- chased, along with 40 of bis drawings. In 1882 the German Government bought the celebrated Manuscript Collection of the Duke of Hamilton, con- taining nearly 700 MSS. The MSS. of purely scientific or literary value were deposited in the Royal Library (p. 23), while those interesting from their artistic merit were placed in the Cabinet of Engravings. The gem of the collection is a unique copy of Dante, with 84 illustrations by Sandro Botticelli. New acquisitions of importance are exhibited for some time in frames or cases, and some of the most valuable drawings are hung on the wall -5. — The other engravings and drawings are preserved in portfolios, which are exhibited to students only. Opposite the Collection of Engravings is the entrance to the rooms that now contain the *Antiquariuni. Room I. In front arc the Bronzes, among which are several beauti- fully chased "Toilet Caskets, from Prreneste, near Rome (under glass); then, *Group of Theseus and the Minotaur, a fine work of the Alexan- drian period, found in Asia Minor, and interesting as being a small re- plica of a celebrated group at Athens which is otherwise known only by a relief on a coin. Works in iron and lead , 'Etruscan mirrors in metal, mosaics, mural paintings, weapons, trinkets, domestic utensils, etc., afford- ing an insight into the public and domestic life of the Greeks and Ro- 46 Route 1. BERLIN. National Gallery. mans. — Fr.rtlier on are the 'Terracottas, the finest of which are Greek. Those fonnd at Tanagra in BcEOtia. to judge from the pleasing movement, drapery, and delicate colouring of the groups and figures, date from the 3rd and 4th cent. B.C. 3Jany of them are highly humorous in conception. The gilded terracotta groups of the Eape of Proserpine and Theseus carry- ing off Helen, from the pediment of a wooden sarcophagus, are unique of their kind. IN^Timerous terracottas from Asia Minor have lately been added to the collection. Rooms II : y = ^ 1 1 1 1 I I r -iuill !!' ;ICO;: 48 Route 1 . BERLIN. National Gallery, Room IV. 505. Janssen, Field-Marshal Herwarth von Bittenfeld: =155. Jordan, The widow's consolation ; 'Bocklin, The hermit; bOk:. Kolitz. Gen- eral von Werder; 352. Steffeck, Dogs at play; 274. Riedel, Girls bathing; 10. Ahlhorn, Florence: 86. Gcmermaiin, Fountain in Tyrol; 186. Ki'ockow, Wild boars; 42. Brendel, Return to the village: 9. Ahlborn, Wernigerode (in the Harz) ; 85. Gauermann, Village smithy in the Alps. Vestibule of the Apse. 16. Emil TFo/^," Judith ; 26. Canova, Hebe; -40. Caue>\ The witch; *208. Lessing, Hussite sermon; 461. Schobelt, Yenxis and Bellona. The Apse contains five cabinets, in which the pictures are hung on folding screens. Cab. 1. (to the right). 157. Kalckreuth^ Lac de Gaube in the Pyrenees ; 479. Kolitz^ Engagement at Vendome (187()) ; 465. Eschke, Lighthouse; 159. De Keysei\ The Giaour; 158. Kalckreuth, Canigai Valley in the Pyrenees ; 167. Klober, Cupid and Psyche ; 398. Grab, Mill in Thuriniiia; '490. Menzel, King William setting out" to join the army (July 31st, 1870): 328. Schroder, Charles I. taking leave of his familv ; '433. Max Schmidt, Scene on the Spree. Cab. 2. Gleichen, Idyl; 28i. Rottmann, TheAmmersee; 408. Gentz, The Crown Prince of Prussia entering Jerusalem in 1869 ; "418. Schuch , Hard times; '1. A. Achenbach, Forest-scene in autumn; 88. Gebler, Stable critics; 355. Stilke, The Duke of Gloucester (Richard III.) separating the sons of Edward IV. from their mother: 239. Pape, Erl Glacier at Handeck. Cab. 3. 152. R. Jordan, Death of the pilot; 310-315a. Schirmer, Six Biblical landscapes; *130. A. von Heyden, Morning of a festival; *51. Camp- hausen, CromwelFs Ironsides; 23. 0. Begas, A quiet chat; 370. Wach, Ma- donna enthroned; '=448. L. Richier, Scene in the Giant Mts. Cab. 4. *3. A. Achenbach, Scheveningen ; '285. SaUntin, Pilgrims at a chapel; Bendemann , Droysen . the historian; 459. liodde , A lonely vallev; 196. Kuntz, Cattle; '135. Ed. Hildebrandt, Evening on the beach; 385. K. Werner, Zisa Palace at Palermo; 436. Malchin, North German landscape, with sheep; 91. Grab, Rood-loft in the cathedral of Halberstadt ; 329. Schraier, Esther and Ahasuerus : 502. Val. Ruths. Baltic coast. Cab. 5. *203. Lessing, Scene in the Eifel; 137. Th. Hildebraud, The warrior and his child; 471. Angeli, Field-Marshal von Manteutiel ; 97. Glide and Tidemand. Norwegian coast; 21. Biermann, The Wetterhorn ; 133. Th. Hildebrand, The robber; 439. Sturm, Baltic Sea; 28. Biermann, Finster- miinz Pass; 346. K. Sohn. Lute-player; '344. Sell. Beginning of the pursuit at Kijniggratz: 229. Monten, Prussian artillery; 440. Sturm, Mediterranean Sea; 29. Biermann, Burgeis in Tyrol; -270. A. Rethel, St. Boniface. We now reach the rooms on the left or W. side of the building. — Room V. 515. G. Richter, General von Blumenthal (left unfinished by the artist, who died in 1884); 519. Oesterley, Lodenvand in Norway; 437. Anna Peters, Roses and grapes; 516. Giinther , In prison; 512. Lugo, Autumn in the Black Forest; 520. Becker, Doge of Venice celebrating the Carnival: 508. Baisch, Ebb at Dordrecht; 511. Zw^^o. Morning in the Black Forest; 380. Weitsck, Alex, von Humboldt. The two following rooms contain Sculptukes. Room VI. '34. Ed. Miiller , Prometheus and the Oceanides ; Volk- mann. Polychrome bust of a girl; 17. iJ. Begas, Bust of Wichmann, the sculptor ; 19. WicMnann, Bust ; 43. Heidel, Orestes recognized by Iphigenia : 30. Kalide, Bacchante on a panther. Room Vn. '=28. Hahnel, Raphael; Schliiter, Bast: 11. Ranch, Bust of Frederick Tieck ; 5. Gramzow, Genius of Peace ; 85. Toberenlz, Shepherd resting; 32. Moller , Boy and dog; Schweidnitz, Cupid in danger; '31. Schliiter, Roman herd-boy; =^=4. Echtermeyer , Bacchante; ^Romer, Kixie (polychrome); '23. iJawcA, Bust ; ''3. Echtermeyer, Dancing faun; 14. Wittig, Hagar and Ishmael ; '41. Rauch . Bust; 29. Eerier, Alexander at rest; Kiss, 10. The sculptor himself, 8, 9. Hunt. Returning to the Vestibule by the transverse corridor, and ascending the staircase, we come to the Second Floor. — In the staircase is a frieze in stucco by Otto Geyer, representing the growth of German civilisation from the time of Arminius the Cheruscan down to the Franco-Prussian war. On the walls are hung: 452. A. Feuerbach, Plato's banquet; 351. National Gallery. BERLIN. 1. Route. 49 ateffeck., Albert Achilles of Brandenburg's war with Xuremberg (1450). — We then pass through an ante-room, containing a bronze statue by Kruse (*44. Messenger bringing news of the victory of Marathon) and other works by Feuerbach (475. Concert; *473. Medea; *474. Battle of Amazons), and enter the — Cupola Saloon, in which are exhibited the portraits of the Em- peror and the Empress, by Plockhorst. The frieze in the vaulting , by A. V. Hey den .^ represents the signs of the zodiac; the four lunettes above the door, scenes from the history of German art, are by the same artist : Emp. Henry II. laying the foundation-stone of the cathedral of Bamberg; Diirer painting a portrait of Emp. Maximilian , while Kunz von der Rosen entertains the emperor with a song; contest of the singers on the Wartburg; Adam Kraft in his workshop. — The visitor had bet- ter now traverse the lateral sa- loons and cabinets, and visit the Cornelius Saloons last; or he may prefer to devote a special visit to the latter. The contrast between the usual pictorial style and the Cartoons of Cornelius is so great, that a sudden transition from one to the other can hardly fail to be prejudicial to their due apprecia- tion. We begin , as on the ground- floor, to the right. Room I. *220. Menzel, Modern Cyclopes; ''118. Henneieyg, Pursuit of pleasure ; 146. Julius Huhnei\ Naomi and Ruth ; '14. Aininillei\ Westminster Abbev ; 144. Hiihner., Holy Child; *422. Scherres, Inun- dation in E. Prussia ; ^S.Henneberg, The Wild Huntsman; Schrodter, '334. Don Quixote, 335. Scene from Shakespeare's Henry V.; *435. Liei\ Evening scene on the Isar; 409. Gronland, Fruit. CoERiDOK (to the right of the first Cornelius Saloon, see below), with drawings and water-colours. 123. Werner , Interior of S. Maria in Via Lata, at Rome ; 87. Steinle., 'As You Like It' ; 92. Baw\ Christ as judge of the world ; 84. Ph. Veit, Awaiting the judgment; '90. Car- sient , Priam and Achilles; Kaul- hach., T2. Death of 3Iary Stuart, ' ' 73. Death of the Marquess of Posa (from Schiller's 'Dun Carlos'); '117. Overbed-, 'Gerusalemme Liberata" ; -86. Genelli, Rape of Europa; 83. Steinle , In expectation of the Last Judgment ; -89. Carstens, The Greek leaders in the tent of Achilles; 170. Lessint/, Monk by the coffin of Emp. Henry IV. ; *74. Passim', Canons in a church; 124. Skarbina, A confidential chat; 125. E. Meyer, Bavarian landscape. Room II. "272. Gust. Richter, .Tairus's daughter ; 407. Franz Debet, Au- tumn morning among the Sabine Mts. ; 419. Seel, Arabian court in Cairo; '491. Oeder , November day; *420. Spangenberg, The procession of death; 476. Bellermann , Cave of Guacharo , in Venezuela ; 148. Hunin , Reading the will; 347. A'. Sohn, Rape of Hylas ; '266. Rahl , Persecution of the Baedeker's N. Germany. 9th Edit, 4 lliil _ III 1 II. Cornelius Saloon II e "1 I. Cornelius Saloon o 1 I ji 1 ^ 1 !'!l IP m -:= ==l =^l iiiiii "£ i !ii 1 llllillll! ! 1 ill 1 50 Route 1. BERLIN. Xaticnal Gallery. Christians; 399. 0. Achenhach. Market-place of Amalfi :, 100. Gilnther^ The widower; 359. Ph. Veit, The Maries at the Sepulchre; 26. De Biefve, Com- promise of the Netherlandish nobles in 1566 ; 395. Datge^ Invention of painting; 301. Ahlhorn (after ScJankeJ}, Mountain tarn; 283. Eustige, Prayer during a thunder-storm; 304. AJdborn (cot^j of ScJii)ii:el}^ Gothic cathedral. The Apse on this floor contains five cabinets similar to those below. Cab. 1. *470. JDielmann, Peasant farm in the Khineland; '332. Schrodlei; Testing Ehine wine; 15. Ammiller , Byzantine church; '275. Eiefstahl, Open-air worship among the shepherds of the Passeyr ; 391. Otto, Kiss, the sculptor; 278. L. Robert, Robber asleep; Ainmiller, 13. Poets' Corner in "Westminster Abbey, 11. Room in Hohen-Salzburg Castle; 416. Fr. Prelle); Norw^egian coast; 109. Hasenclever , Reading-room; 489. W. Diez, Forest merry-making; ''410. Harrer, Theatre of Marcellus at Rome; 12. Ainmiller, Cloisters ; '417. Preller, Styrian landscape ; *108. Hasenclever, Trying the wine; Schinkel., 305. Park, 302. Chateau by the sea. Cab. 2. 361. Verboeckhoven, Unpleasant neighbours; *59. Daege, The verger; 17. K. Becker, Emp. Charles V. visiting the banker Fugger: 92. Graf, Patriotism in 1813; '120. Hertel ,_ Young Germany; 336. Schrodter, Forge in the forest; 356. Tischhein. Lessing as a youth; 425. Magnus, Jenny Lind; *413. /. A. Koch, Convent of S. Francesco di Civitella in the Sabine Mts. ; 210. Leys, Dutch society in the 17th cent. ; 224. Ed. Meyerheim, 'King of the marksmen"; 426. Burger. Wendish funeral in the Spreewald ; 428. Fries, Heidelberg. Cab. 3. 462. Hosemann, Carting sand in Brandenburg; 79. Fries, Italian landscape; IIZ. Koekkoek, Winter scene; 463. Bokelmann, Opening the will; 464. Kameke, The St. Gotthard Pass; "204. Lessitig, Chapel in a wood; 501. Wilberg, Villa Mondragone at Frascati ; ^455. Laibach, Field-Marshal von Moltke; 282. Rottivann, Marathon (sketch); 230. Monten, 'Finis Polo- nise" ; 367. Voltz. Slenagerie; 89. Gierymski, Hunt; 457. Meyerheim, Xi \'he bleaching-groimd ; 41. Brandt, Village in Podolia ; 259. Dom. Quaglio, Fish- market at Antwerp ; *115. Heine , Prisoners in church ; 316. Schirmer, Tasso's house at Sorrento. Cab. 4. 333. Schrodter, Rhenish tavern ; *358. Vautier, The first dan- cing-lesson; *169. Knaus, 'As the old have sung, so chirrup the young'; ''343. M. von Schwind, 'The Rose"; 56. Cornelius, Hagen plunging the Xibe- lungen treasure in the Rhine; 493. Flamm , View of Cumse; 480. Leon Pohle, Portrait of Ludwig Richter; 303. Schinkel, Ideal town and landscape. Cab. 5. 123. P. Hess, Festival of St. Leonard in Bavaria; *412. Irmer, Dieksee in Holstein; 411. Hofmann, Christ preaching on the shore of the Lake of Galilee; 223. Meyer von Bremen, A little housekeeper; 151. Jordan, Proposal of marriage in Heligoland; 193. Eugelgen, Ariadne; 307. Schinkel, Italian scene; ''318. Schleich , Evening scene; 194. Kiigelgen. Andromeda; '48. Biirkel, Scene near Velletri; 5. A. Adam, Stable. Room III. ("W. side). *469. Lessing, Convent cemetery in winter; 156. Jttenbach, Flight into Egypt ; 466. Schturehherg, The Lord's Day; 280. RoU- mann, Mountain scene in Bavaria; 84. G^a/Zai^ (Belgian), Egmonfs last mo- ments ; K. Hiibner , 143. Stool of repentance, 145. The guardian angel; 96. Gvde, Xorwegian coast; 485. Gebhardt, Ascension; ' 23i. Miicke, St. Ca- tharine of Alexandria ; 306. Schinkel, Harvest; 383. BUrkel , *46. Pedlar resting, 47. Fair in Tyrol ; '87. Gebhardt, The Last Supper. Corridor (to the left of the first Cornelius Saloon), with drawings and water-colours. 94-100. Overbeck, The Seven Sacraments ; 101-116. Fr. Prel- ler. Illustrations of the Odyssey (cartoons for the frescoes, somewhat al- tered, at "Weimar); 118. Pfannschmidt, Scenes from the story of Daniel. Room IV. 170. Knille , Tannhauser and Venus; '506. A. Achenhach, Ostende; 147. /. Hiibner, The Golden Age; ^37. XerJy, SS. Giovanni e Paolo in Venice; 294. Schinkel, Italian landscape; 225. Paid Meyerheim, An Amsterdam antiquary ; Calome, ''49. Lake of Lucerne, 50. Ravine; *2f'5. Lessing, Scene on the Havel; 363. H. Vernet, Slave-market: 133. Ed. Hilde- brandt, Norman coast; 2^3.' Schinkel, Rocky gorge; 19. -4. Begas , 3Iother and child; 180. A. Kopisch, Pontine Marshes. We finally regain the Cupola Saloon, and proceed through the central door to the — National Gallery. BERLIN. 1. Route. 51 I. CoKNELius Saloon, which is tastefully decorated. The paintings of the tipper part of the walls were designed by Ed. Bendemann, who has endeavoured to illustrate the composition of a work of art by a series of allegorical figures (beginning with the wall on the left of the cupola-saloon: Grace. Peace, Poetry. Investigation. Humility, Enthusiasm, Strength, Joy). This saloon chiefly contains the **Cartoons for the Campo Santo in Berlin (p. 29j. Soon after his removal to Berlin (1841) Cornelius commenced this work . and he was engaged upon it down to the day of his death (1867). These scenes were intended to extend over the four walls of the Campo Santo , and to represent in close con- nection with the Apocalypse, the Redemption of Man, the Appearance of Christ on Earth, the Sway of the Church, and the Last Judgment. Above each painting is a semicircular lunette, and below is a narrow painting in which the chief subject is illustrated and explained by ingenious allusions, whilst between the principal paintings were to be placed eight groups, embodying the Beatitudes of the Sermon on the Mount. The finest of these principal paintings are the Descent of the Holy Ghost (17), the Resurrection (9). and the Apocalyptical Riders (6). While in these we admire the richness of conception, the dramatic life, and the boldness of the drawing, the groups of the Beatitudes (14, 15) appeal to us by the beauty and compactness of their outlines, no less than by the expressiveness of their figures (comp. the one executed in colours, Raczynski Gal., Xo. 97, R. III., p. 52). — Of less importance are the cartoons of the frescoes in the Lddwigskirche at Munich (1834-40), representing Evangelists, Prophets, and (left side-wall), the Last Judgment. — Older cartoons are preserved in the — II. Cornelius Saloon, the painting of which (Myth of Prometheus) was executed by P. Janssen of Diisseldorf. This saloon contains the cartoons of the frescoes in the Gltptothek at Munich (Hall of the Gods and Heroes'), with which Cornelius began his monumental compositions in Germany (1819). The leading ideas of the representation in the Hall of the Gods are partly borrowed from Hesiod , and are embodied by the artist in ceiling and mural - paintings : the former are emblematic of the Sway of Cupid, and the Seasons and Hours; while three semicircular pic- tures represent the three kingdoms of the gods, Olympus, the Ocean, and the Infernal Regions. — In the Hall of the Heroes in the Glyptothek the Myth of Troy is illustrated . the cartoon of the Destruction of Troy (side- wall to the left. No. 51) being considered the most important. — In front of the colossal bust of Cornelius by Wittig, is a reproduction of the 'Shield of Faith', executed by Fischer in silver from designs by Cor- nelius. In a niche behind the bust is placed the design for a picture intended for the Cathedral at Berlin, representing the Expectation of the Day of Judgment. A marble staircase ascends to the — Third Floor. On the walls of the staircase : 460. Schlcisser, Pandora, Prometheus, and Epimetheus ; *482. Brozik, The ambassadors of Ladislaus, King of Hungary and Bohemia, at the French court, soliciting the hand of the daughter of Charles VII. for their sovereign; 81. Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Siegfried's return from the Saxon war (cartoon) ; 450. Deutsch, Rape of Helen ; ~443. Makart, Venice doing homage to Catherine Cornaro ; '82. Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Burial of the dead in Et/.eFs (Attila's) palace, another scene from the Niebelungenlied (cartoon). — The Ante -room at the top of the staircase contains pictures of the seasons by Wislicenus (401-404), above which are good mural paintings by Paul Meyerheini, representing Nature at the different seasons. — The Central Room, opposite the staircase, contains the Collection of Drawings . consisting of about 7000 sketches and water-colours by German artists of the present century (Bellermann, Henneberg, Ed. Hildebrandt, Kriiger, Schnorr, etc.). The five cartoons for RetheVs scenes from the life of Charlemagne, in the Rathhaus at Aix-la-Chapelle. are also exhibited here. Visitors are admitted on Tues., Wed., and Sat. on application to the attendants. The Rooms to the right of the ante-room contain the choice Picture Gallery of Count Raczynski, which has been lent to the government for public exhibition. It is especially rich in modern works , but also con- tains a fev,- valuable old Italian and Spani«li paintings. 4* 52 Route 1. BERLIN. Friedrich-Strasse. Room I. 1. Francesco Francia, Madonna and Child, with St. Anthony ^ 2. A. Bronzino, Cosimo de" Medici (replica of the portrait in the Uffizi) ; 3. Jua7i Careno , Assumption : ' 5. Girolamo Siciolanie da Sermoneta, Descent from the Cross; *8. Zurbaran , ]iIadonna adored by monks; 10. Mazzolino , Christ and the Pharisees; 12. Garofalo ^ Jupiter and lo; 14. Sofonishe Anguissola, A game at chess (dated 1560). Room U. 19. Mazzuola. Head of Christ ; 20. Innocenzo da Imola, Holy Family; 22, 23. Portuguese School (16th cent.), SS. Apollonia, Agnes", Catharine, and Barbara; 24. Cornelius, Christ in Hades, the only large oil-painting by this master ; *28. Portuguese Master (16th cent.). Winged altarpiece •" '31. After the Master of the Death of the Virgin, Madonna; ''33. Castilian School (i6th cent.), Crucifixion. — 194. Thorvaldsen, Ganymede. Room HI. 44. Fiihrich, Triumph of Christ; *47. Overbeck, Marriage of the Virgin: '4S. Bijcklin, Mary 3Iagdalene ; 51. Steinle, Salutation; *53. Schnorr, Introduction to the yibelungeulied ; 54. Lessing, Forest scene; ^^58. Schwi/id, Father Rhine ; *59. Deger, Adam and Eve; 61. Hiibner, Melu- sina ; 63. Le Poittevin, Pirates on shore ; 71. Rottmann, Landscape ; 82. Riedel, Xurse and child; '84. Menzel. Frederick the Great and Gen. Fouquet; ■*87. Makart , Queen of the elves; •*89. L. Robert, Reapers; -90. Preller, Ulysses and Xausicaa ; 91. Stilke , Pilgrims in the desert; 92. Kaulbach, Allegorical figure of Tradition ; "93. Delaroche, Pilgrims in Rome ; 94. Let- sing, Confession in the forest ; *96. Th. Hildebrandt, The sons of Edward IV.; 97. Cornelius. Allegorical group ('Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst'); ''101. A. Achenbach , Norwegian scene; 102. Begas , Thorvaldsen (said to have been painted in one day). Room IV. '109. Verboeckhoven, Ox in a landscape ; -110. Ary Scheffer, Gotz von Berlichingen and his wife; 114. Preyer , Still-life; 146. Cretins, Cromwell ; -148. Schadow, The daughter of Herodias. RoomV. iiib. Schnetz, Pope SixtusV. as a shepherd-boy; '^166. Canaletto, Election of King Stanislaus Poniatowski ; 167. Bassano, Forge of Vulcan ; "172. Gillot, Feast of Bacchus; 173. ra?iZoo, Vtnus and Cupid: 177. Snyders, Boar-hunt; ''187. Bourguignon, Battle; 189. Strozzi, Rape of Europa. The N. side of the Museum-island is occupied by the so-called Packhof and by the temporary building of the Exhibitions of the Academy of Art. Both these are, however, to be removed to make way for additions to the Museums. d. Friedrich-Strasse. Gensdarmen-Marht. Wilhelm- Strasse. Leipzig er-Strasse. Aeussere Friedrichstadt. Belle- Alliance-Platz . To the S. of the Linden begins the Friedrich-Stadt (p. 16], the most regularly built quarter of Berlin, founded by Frederick I. and Frederick William I. It was formerly a dull part of the town, but the N. part of it next the Linden is now the great centre of business and the principal rendezvous of travellers. The most im- portant streets intersecting it are the Friedrich-Str. from N. to S.. the Wilhelm-Str. to the W. (p. 54), and the Charlotten- and Mark- grafen-Str. to the E. The principal cross-streets are the busy Leipzig er-Str. [p. 55) and the Behren-Str. , the latter containing several of the chief banks of Berlin (No. 2, the Credit Bank, built by Ende & Bockmann) and many other handsome new buildings. The Friedrich-Strasse, which runs nearly due N. and S.. is the longest street in the inner town, measuring (with its prolon- gation to the N. of the Linden, p. 70) 2 M. from the (former) Ora- Schauspielhaus. BERLIN. 1. Route 53 nienburg to the (former) Halle Gate, and 1' 4 M. from the Linden to the Halle Gate. The busiest parts of it are between the Linden and the Leipziger-Str. (p. 55). and between the Linden and the Georgen-Strasse. Many of the business-houses in this street are built in a most substantial and handsome manner, and the older and less imposing structures are daily giving place to more elaborate successors. Near the S. end of the street (No. 236) is the Panorama of the German Colonies (Panorama Deutscher Kolonien), with re- presentations of the exploits of the German fleet at the Cameroons, painted by Prof. Braun and H. Petersen (adm.. see p. 14 ; entr. also from Wilhelm-Str. 10). In the N. part of the Friedrich-Stadt, a few paces from tlie square by the Opera House (p. 21) and the Linden, is situated the *Gensdarinen-Markt (PI. r; J, 3). the central part of which is now officially called the -Schiller-Platz'. with the Schauspiel- Haus, the French Church, the New Church, and several handsome private edifices of last century. The three buildings just named form the finest architectural group in Berlin ; their outline Is very effective by moonlight. The * Schauspielhaus , or Theatre (PI. r; J, 3), 84 yds. long, 55 yds. in depth, and 125 ft. in height, was erected by Schinkel in 1819-21, to replace the original building which was burned down in 1817. The skilful application of Greek forms to a modern edifice of several stories and the vigorous articulation render it one of Schinkel's finest works ; some defects (such as the entrance) are due to the cramping nature of his instructions and to the necessity of using the old walls. The principal facade towards the E. is em- bellished with an Ionic portico, approached by a prominent flight of steps, under which are the entrances for the spectators. At the sides of the steps are two groups in bronze by F. Tieck, genii rid- ing on a panther and a lion. The tympanum of the portico con- tains a group of the Children of Niobe in sandstone, by the same sculptor. The summit of the principal part of the building is crowned with an Apollo in a chariot drawn by two griffins, a group in bronze by Ranch and Tieck , in the tympanum beneath which are Melpomene and Polyhymnia. On the W. summit of the buiM- ing, corresponding to the Apollo, is a Pegasus in copper. The large N. tympanum contains the *Triumphal Procession of Bacchus with Ariadne; in the S. tympanum, Orpheus bringing back Eurydice, both by F. Tieck, and probably his finest works. Besides the theatre, with seats for 1500 spectators, the building contains a large *Concert Room , accommodating 1200 persons. This finely-pro- portioned hall, richly adorned with paintings and sculptures, and probably the best of Schiukers interiors, has been restored. In front of the steps of the theatre stands the Monument of Schiller. 19 ft. in height, in marble, by Begas. The figure of the poet, 9 ft. in height, stands on a pedestal originally destined to 54 Route 1. BERLIN. Wilhelm-Strasse. serve as a fountain . and adorned at the corners with allegorical Ijgures of lyric and dramatic poetry, historical composition and phil- osophy. The effect of this fine monument is unfortunately much impaired by its unavoidable coating of smoke and dust. To the N. of the theatre is the French Church, to the S. the New Church, or German Cathedral, both dating from the beginning of last century. The former still retains its original insignificant ap- pearance, but the latter, with its pentagonal ground-plan, has been cleverly remodelled by Von tier Hude. The handsome detached towers covered with domes (230 ft. in height) were added by Gon- tard in the reign of Frederick the Great. The *Wilhelm-Strasse (PL r; H, 3, 4. and j^; J. 1, 2). which forms the W. boundary of the Friedrich-Stadt, diverges from the Linden near the Pariser-Platz towards the S.E., and like the Frie- drich-Strasse terminates in the Belle-Alliance-Platz (p. 60). The N. half of this street is considered the most aristocratic quarter of the city. No. 70, on the right, close to the Linden, is the Eng- lish Embassy. No. 72, on the right, is the Palace of Princes Alexan- der and George of Prussia. Opposite, to the left, No. 67, is Hr. Pringsheirri s House, built by Ebe & Benda in 1873, with a poly- chrome facade, and a mosaic frieze executed ^iy Salviati from designs by Anton von Werner. No. 73, on the right, is the house of the Minister of the Household; No. 74 is the office of the Chancellor of the Empire. No. 65, opposite, to the left, is the residence of the Minister of Justice ; No. 63 is the Palace of Count Stolherg- Wernigerode. Then on the right, No. 76, part of the foreign office. No. 77 is the Residence of the Chancellor of the Empire, the meeting- place of the Congress of European Powers for the settlement of the Eastern Question (13th June to 13th July, 1878) and also of the Congo Conference (winter of 1884-1885). No. 78 is the new palace of the Prince of Pless, designed by the French architect Destailleurs. in the style of the period of Louis XIII. Visitors are admitted to most of these palaces . during the absence of the owners , after previous application to the house-steward. On the opposite side of the street is the Wilhelms-Platz (PL r; H, 3), adorned with flower-beds and with Statues of six heroes of the three Silesian wars of Frederick the Great : Schwerin, who fell at Prague in 1757: Winter feldt. Frederick's favourite, who fell at Moys, near Gorlitz, in 1757; Seydlitz. the hero of Rossbach, who died in 1773: Keith, who fell at Hochkirch in 1758; the gallant *Zieten, who died in 1786; and Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau, the victor at Kesselsdorf, who died in 1747. The marble statues ■with which the Platz was formerly embellished were replaced by bronze statues in 1862, Schwerin and Winterfeldt having been newly designed by Kiss, and the others copied from the original figures (now at the Cadet School in Lichterfelde. p. 77). of which Zieten and Leopold of Dessau are by Schadow. Leipziyer-Strasse. BERLIN. 1. Route. 55 Oh the N. side of the Wilhelms-Platz is the Palace of Prince Leopold (PL r; H, 3), erected in 1737 and reniDdelled by Schinkel in 1827-28. To the E. of the square lies the Kaiserhof (jp. 2). built in 1873-75, with its principal facade towards the Zieten-Platz. Close by is the Church of the Trinity [PI. r; 1,3), of which Schleier- macher, the eminent preacher and philosopher, was pastor from 1809 until his death in 1834. On the S. side of the Wilhelms-Platz rises the Imperial Trea- sury, erected by W. von Morner in 1873-76 for the Foreign Office. The new Yoss-Strassb, leading to the Koniggratzer-Str. , here diverges to the right. At the corner (No. 1) stands the new Palace of Herr Borsig by Lucae^ a noble structure in the Italian Renaissance style, with sculptural decoration by Begas, Encke, Hundrieser, and Leasing. No. 35. at the opposite corner, is the residence of the Minister of Public Works, the staircase of which is adorned with paint- ings by Meurer and Geselschap. No. 4 is the Ministry of Justice. The street also contains numerous handsome private dwellings. A few paces to the S. of the Wilhelms-Platz we reach the busy *Leipziger - Strasse (PL r; H, J, K, 4), about 1 M. in length, running parallel with the Linden, and leading to the Potsdamer- Platz. The half of the street to the W. of the Friedrich- Strasse is lighted with the electric light. It contains many handsome buildings of the 18th and 19th centuries. To the E. of the Wilhelm-Str., Leipziger- Strasse No. 15, is the Central - Postgebdude ('Reichs- Postamt'), built by Schwatlo in 1871-73; it contains the Post Office Museum (p. 13), a collection of models and drawings of the postal and other conveyances of different epochs and nations, new telegraphic apparatus, telephones, phonographs, etc. — No. 5, to the W. of the Wilhelm-Strasse , is the War Office, another hand- some edifice , restored in 1847, according to plans by Stuler. The four figures in terracotta at the portals represent a hussar, a gunner, a grenadier, and a cuirassier. No. 4, adjacent, is the temi^oxAxy Reichstags-Gebdude. or Hall of the Imperial Diet (PL r; J, 4), hastily erected in 1871 on the site of the old porcelain manufactory. The entrance to the assembly- hall is by the central door (adm., see p. 14); that of the galleries is reached by passing through the gateway on the left and crossing the court. In the latter is situated the office where cards of ad- mission to the sittings may be obtained. Adjoining the Hall of the Diet is the Herrenhaus , or Upper Chamber (PL r,- H, 4), in a house that formerly belonged to the Mendelssohn family. A little farther on the Leipziger-Str. expands into the octagonal Lbipziger-Platz (PL r; G, H, 4), adorned with gardens. At the N.W. corner of the street is the attractive depot of the Royal Porcelain Manufactory (No. 137). On the S. side of the Platz are the Governor's Residence (No. 10) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Domains, and Forests (Nos. 8, 9): No. 13 56 Eoutel. BERLIN. Botanical Garden. on the N. side is the Admiralty. On the right side of the street that intersects the Platz rises the bronze statue of the Prussian general and premier Count Brandenburg (d. 1850). by Prof. Hagen. Adjacent is a statue of Field-Marshal Wrangel (d. 1877), by Keil, placed here in 1880. The Aeussere Friedrichstadt, outside the Potsdam Gate [PI. r; G, 4), one of the finest quarters of Berlin, is the residence of the wealthier members of the community. The Ts . half, lying between the canal and the Thiergarten . and also the Kurfiirsten - Str. to the ,S."W.. are chiefly noticeable for their handsome detached villas, surrounded with gardens, which are perhaps the most pleasing efforts of modern Berlin architecture. Nearly all the streets are planted with rows of trees. This quarter contains few public buildings. In the Potsdamer Platz stands the handsome Potsdam Station, built in 1870-72. The Konig-Wilhelm- Gymnasium. Bellevue-Str. 15 (court), was erected by Lohse in 1862-65. To the N. of the canal is the church of St. Matthew^ by Stiiler (1846); to the S. that of the Twelve Apostles, by Blankenstein (1874). The Office of the Engineers^ Kur- fiirsten-Str. No. 70, is a dome-covered edifice built by Godeking in 1876. In the Liitzow-Str. , Nos. 24-26, is the Elisabeth Hospital; between the Liitzow-Str. and the Steglitz-Str. are two large schools. A large Market Hall has been erected in the Magdeburger-Platz. The *Botanical Garden (adm., p. 13/ reached by tramway- line No. 19). situated at the village of Schoneberg , 1 M. beyond the Potsdam Gate, is one of the most extensive in Europe , and contains 20,000 species of plants. The palms and cacti are parti- cularly fine. The extensive Palm House was built in 1858, and the Victoria Begia House in 1882. On the S. side of the garden, In Grunewald-Str., is the new Botanical Museum and Herbarium (adm. , see p. 13). — In the same neighbourhood is St. Matthew's Cemetery (Pi. g; F, 4), containing the graves of Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm (d. 1863 and 1859) and numerous handsome monuments. From the Koniggratzer-Strasse, which leads to the S. E. from the Potsdamer-Platz, a new street has been carried halfway through to the Zimmer-Strasse. At the corner is the imposing new building of the Ethnographical Museum, adjoining which is the Industrial Museum (see below). The Ethnographical Museum (Museum fiir Volkerkunde; PL r; H. 4), a massive Renaissance structure by Ende, is to be opened towards the end of 1886 ; the chief external feature is the huge circular vestibule (diameter 100 ft.) at the corner. From this vesti- bule we enter a handsome hall, surrounded by the exhibition rooms. On the groundfloor are the prehistoric and anthropological collections (including the Trojan remains discovered by Schliemann) and upstairs are the ethnological collections. The *Industrial Museum (PL r; H, 4), founded in 1867, Industrial Museum. BERLIN. 1. Route. 57 and rapidly extended by purchases at the recent great indus- trial exhibitions and elsewhere , is now a very extensive and valuable collection of the products of many different countries, both ancient and modern (adm., see p, 13). The new and imposing building which now contains it, opened in 1881, was designed in the Hellenic Renaissance style by Gropius S. Side to the First Floor, which is devoted to objects in the manufacture of which fire is necessary, Industrial Museum. BERLIN, 1. Route. 59 including pottery, glass, and metal-work, and also contains the collection of textile fabrics. Section XXV. (25) of the G.\llekt contains the Oriental pottery, chiefly consisting of Persian tiles and vessels of the 13-18th centuries. Adjacent are Spanish tiles of the 15-17th cent., many nf them with Oriental patterns. — R. XXVIII.. with an elaborately adorned ceiling in the Italian majolica style, contains the ''Collection of Italian Majolica, one of the most extensive of the kind in the world. The art of majolica-painting reached its highest development in 1480-1540 , ami also flourished at Urbino in the reign of Duke Guidobald(j II. (1538-1574). Engravings of works by Raphael were the favourite patterns of tho j>ainters. The chief manufactories were at Florence (Cab. 217). Faenz; (Cabs. 221, 222, 216), -Gubbio (celebrated for its gold and rubv tints; Cab. 220), and Urbino (212-214, 219, 223, 225). At a later period majolica was also made at Castelli (Cabs. 218, 223). The Hispano-Moorish majolicji is adorned with gilding (Cab. 227), that of Deruta resembles mother-of-pearl (Cab. 226). — We now pass to the left into R. XXVII., containing common pottery and earthenware, in which the old forms and types have generally been adhered to. — Retracing our steps through the majolica room, we next enter R. XXIX, containing fayence of the 17-18th cent, from Holland (Delft), Germany, Sweden, and France. — R. XXX. German stoneware from Siegburg (*Cab. 251), Nassau, Raeren, Frechen, Franconia, etc. Moulds and stamps for earthenware, found in old potters' workshops. Wedgwood pottery. So-called 'Bottger' porcelain. -Tapestry and stained glass. — R. XXXI. German and foreign porcelain. Berlin porcelain is well re- presented C'Cabs. 260, 262. 263): among the Dresden china (Cabs. 258, 259, 261) are some pieces of the celebrated "Swan Service of Count Briihl. Fine ''Collection of Chinese and Japanese porcelain, affording a complete survey of the development of the ceramic art in these countries. — At the exit leading to the main staircase are specimens of modern porcelain. Section XXIV. of the Gallery contains stoves, models of stoves, Dutch tiles, and flooring tiles of the 14-17th centuries. — R. XXXII. Collection of glass, one of the most complete departments in the museum. The Venetian glass is particularly good: Cab. 324. *Tvvo enamelled glas.ses of the end of the 15th cent. , extremely rare. Among the German glass may be specified the so-called *'"Schaper Glass' in Cab. 316. The Bohem- ian' cut glass also deserves notice. Cabinets 306, 318, and 319 contain an almost unique collection of ^Chinese glass. The walls are covered with Oriental hangings. — R. XXXIII. Works in copper, tin, and brass. — R. XXXIV. Works in bronze. Ecclesiastical utensils of the middle ages. Instruments of precision. Italian *Dnor-knockers. In Cab. 355, Mediseval enamels from Limoges and the Rhine. — R. XXXV., with an elaborate painted ceiling, contains objects in the precious metals. Cab. 377. ''Liino- burger Rathssilberzeug\ a fine service of plate of the 15-lSth cent., for- merly belonging to the town of Liineburg and bought in 1874 for 33,0001. Cabs. 372 and 373 contain "German silverware of the Renaissance, includ- ing specimens of the celebrated goldsmiths Jamnitzer, J. Silber, and P. Gdttich. Cabs. 375 and 378 contain Italian and German church ser- vices, mostlj' mediaeval and some of them enamelled. The *'Pommer3che Kunstscbrank'' is an exquisite cabinet madf in 1617 for Philip II., Duke of Pomerania. Its contents are in Cab. 382, and the whole forms a splen- did testimonv to the skill of the goldsuiiths of Augsburg (comp. the 'Official Handbook"). In Cabs. 367-369. 374, and 376 are painted enamels from Limoges (15-1 (th cent.), including several specimens of great beauty and rarity. The earliest and rarest pieces are in Cab. 368. Cab. 380 con- tains Venetian enamels. Objects in the less valuable precious stones (agates, jasper, and the like). The windows contain 'Stained Glass from Switzerland. — R. XXXVI. Oriental works in metal from China, Japan, Persia, and India. 'Chinese and Japanese enamels. Persian works in brass, (tn the walls are Chinese ami Tibetan hangings. We now return through R. XXXV. to the Gallery , to inspect the collection of ornamental objects, arranged in topographical and chrono- logical order. The cases between the pilasters contain small articles of domestic use, such as knives, forks, spoons, combs, fans, and the like. 60 Route 1. BERLIN. Ascanlscher Platz. many of them elaborately carved and ornamented. Sections XXII and XXII contain a selection of woven fabrics and embroideries. The main collection of "'Textile Fabric is, however, in E. XXVI (E. side) and is not shown to the general public. Visitors who are making a special study of this branch of industrial art will obtain admittance by ringing the bell at the door. The collection of Avoven fabrics is the largest in the world and the rare textile productions of the middle ages can nowhere else be studied to so great advantage. This room also contains needlework, of the most various styles, origin, and periods, carpets, and other similar objects. The Museum possesses a valuable Lilrciry (adm. see p. 13). The district between the Potsdamer-Platz and the Ascanischbr- Platz (PL g ; H, 1), dating from about 1845-50, is still sometimes flailed the 'Privy Councillor Quarter' ('Geheimrathsviertel'), though the W. suburb, near the Liitzow-Platz, is now the fashionable re- sidence of government-officials. In the Ascanischer-Platz is the extensive *Anlialt Station, the finest in Berlin, erected by Schwech- ten, and handsomely embellished in terracotta. The departure-pa- vilion. 200 ft. in breadth, is the largest on the continent. The Church of St. Luke, in the Bernburger-Str., -was built by Mollerin 1862. No. 22a. in the same street is the Philharmonie (p. 11). A little farther to the S., on the bank of the canal (Hallesches Ufer 29-31), is a handsome new District Court (PI. g; H, 2), built by Kieschke. The S. Half of the Friedrichstaut is comparatively dull and uninteresting. In the Wilhelm-Str., Nos. 92, 93, is the Architects' Union (PI. r,- H, 4), opened in 1876, containing an extensive Architectural and Decorative Exhibition (adm., see p. 13) of ornaments used in building, stained glass, stoves, furniture, etc. (frequently changed). The rooms are adorned with frescoes by Prell, representing the his- tory of architecture. — In the same street, No. 102, opposite the Koch-Str., is the Palace of Prince Albert (PI. r, g; H), erected in 1737, and remodelled by Schinkel in 1833. The entrance-court is separated from the street by a colonnade. At the other end of the Koch-Str., at the point where the Linden-Str., Jerusalemer-Str., and Oranien-Str. diverge, stands the Jerusalems-Kirchb (PI. r; K, 4), a handsome edifice with terracotta details, recently rebuilt by Knoblauch. Between Mauer-Str. and Zimmer-Str., and between Friedrich-Str. andCharlotten-Str. are two extensive new Markets, opened in 1886. In the Encke-Platz, at the end of the Charlotten-Str., is situated the Observatory (PI. g; J, 1) erected by Schinkel in 1835 (adm., p. 13; entrance, Linden-Str. 91). Near it, Linden-Str. 14, is the Kammergericht (P\. g ; K, 1), built by Gerlach in 1734, the court of which contains a marble statue of the chancellor Cocceji (d. 1755). The Wilhelm-Str., Friedrich-Str., and Linden-Str. converge in the circular Belle- Alliance-Platz (PL gr,- J, 2), which is laid out as a garden. In the centre rises the Friedens-Sdule, or Column Column of Peace. BERLIN. 1. Route. 61 of Peace, 60ft. in height, erected in 1840 to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the peace of 1815. It consists of a column of granite with a marble capital, placed on a lofty pedestal, and is crowned with a Victory by Ranch, holding a twig of palm in her left hand, and presenting the victor's wreath to the city with the right. Four groups in marble, representing the four principal powers that took part in the battle of Waterloo (England, Prussia, the Nether- lands, and Hanover), designed by Prof. Fischer, and executed by Professors Franz and Walger, surround the column. On the S. side of the Platz is a flight of steps ascending from the street, the sides of which are adorned with two allegorical figures in white marble by Wolff and Hartzer. Opposite the top of this staircase is the Halle Gate, a monumental edifice by Struck, embellished with figures of the Seasons by L. Drake and Pohlmann. Beyond it the canal is crossed by a vaulted bridge, 110ft. wide, on the buttresses ofwhich stand marble groups of Navigation, Fishing, Industry, and Trade. On the other side of the bridge are the Tempelhof and Schone- berg Quarters , both rapidly increasing in size and population. In the Belle-Alliance-Str. , which diverges to the right, stand the Barracks of the 1st Dragoon Guards; in the AVartenburg-Str. is the new building of the St. Gertraudt-Stiftung , by Koch. — About 3/4 M. from the gate (tramways Nos. 12, 15, 16, see p. 7) is the *Kreuzberg (213 ft. above the sea-level), a sand-hill rising about 100 ft. above the city, of which, being the only eminence in the environs, it affords a fine survey. On the top rises a Gothic Obelisk in iron, 62 ft. in height, dedicated by Frederick William III. to his people, and inaugurated in 1821. The basement, 26 ft. high, was added in 1878. The obelisk was designed by Schinkel; the statues and reliefs by Ranch , Dieck , and Wichmann. — The extensive Tivoli brewery is situated to the S. of the Kreuzberg; to the E. is the group of villas called Wilhelmshohe , to the W. the barracks of the Railway Service Corps. In the Tempelhof er Feld , an open piece of ground extending south- wards from the Kreuzberg to the village of Tempelliof , the annual manoeuvres and reviews of the Berlin garrison have taken place since the days of Frederick the Great. The Pionier-Str., containing the handsome new Gothic Church of the Holij Rood (PI. g; K, 3) and the barracks of the Second Dragoon Guards and the Emperor Franz Grenadiers, leads E. (left) from the Halle Gate to the Hasenheide (PI. g ; 31, 4; tramway-line iS'o. 13, p. 7), on which are the infantry rifle-ranges and a large gymnastic ground, with a statue of F. L. Jahn (d. 1852), the German 'TurnVater' (father of gymnastics), erected in 1872. To the W. lie the Military Cemetery and the isolated and singular- looking Mohammedan Burial-Ground. On the outskirts of the wood are the 'Neue Welt' (p. 12) and other places of popular resort. — In the Ur- ban is the Institution for Deserted Children. Outside the Halle Gate lie several large Cemeteries (comp. Plan) : the Jerusalemer Kirchhof (PI. g; L, 4) contains the graves of Ifl'land (d. 1S14) and Chamisso (d. 1838), the Alte Dreifultigkeits- Kirchhof those of Mendels- sohn (d. 1847) and Varnhagen von Ense (d. 1858) , and the Xeue Dreiful- tigkeits- Kirchhof (PI. g: K, 4) those of Schleiermacher (d. 1884) and Tieck (d. 1853). 62 Route 1. BERLIN. Bau-Academie. e. Bau-Academie. Ravenes Picture Gallery. Luisenstadt. To the S. of the Schlossbriioke (p. 25) rises the old *Baii-Aca- demie, or Academy of Architecture (PL r; K. 2), a lofty square edifice erected by Schinkel in 1831-34, each side measuring 150 ft. in length. The successful union of mediseval structural forms with Greek details in the brick and terracotta fa(;ades stamps this as one of Schinkel's most masterly creations. Since the removal of the Technical Academy to Charlottenburg (p. 74), the original purpose of this building has been given up and it is at present used by the pupils of the Academy of Art. The Schinkel-Platz. on the N. side of the Bau-Academie, is adorned with three statues inbronze. In the centre that of * Schinkel (d. 1841), by Drake; on the right that of Thaer (d. 1828), the agriculturist, Rauch"s last work , completed by Hagen ; on the left that of Beuth (d. 1853), to whose efforts Prussia has been much in- debted for her advance in industrial pursuits , designed by Kiss, with reliefs by Drake. In the Werder Market, near the Academy, is the Werder Church (PI. r; K. 2). a brick and terracotta structure erected by Schinkel in 1824-30. The exterior, in modified Gothic, is not happy, but the vaulted interior is more pleasing. The altarpiece is a Resurrection by Begas ; at the sides Four Evangelists by W. Schadow. On the front of the organ -choir, *Faith, Hope, and Charity, by Wach. Sacristan, Oberwall-Str. 21. AtUnterwasser-Str. 2 is the New Mint (PI. r,- K. 3 ; adm., see p. 18). Its fine sandstone frieze, designed by F. Gilly and exe- cuted by Schadow, representing the processes of obtaining and treating the metals, was brought from the Old Mint in the "Werder Market, now pulled down. In the vicinity , at the corner of the Franzosische-Str. and Oberwall-Str., is the large Telegraph Office (PI. r; K. 3), with a facade in the Venetian style turned towards the Jager-Str. In the Jager-Str., between the Oberwall- and Kur-Str. rises the *Deutsche Reichsbank (PI. r; K, 3), a noble Renaissance edifice, built by Hitzig in 1869-76. and an admirable example of the fine effects of colouring that can be produced by a judicious mingling of sandstone and brick. The sculptures, representing Germania as patroness of Commerce, Navigation . Cattle-rearing, and Industry, were executed by Professor Franz. The richly-adorned interior is also worthy of inspection. From the adjacent Hausvogtei-Platz we may now proceed by the Jerusalemer-Str. to the Dunhoff - Platz (PL r; K, 3, 4), where the Abgeordneten - Haus . or Chamber of the Prussian De- puties (Leipziger-Str. 75), is situated (adm., p. 13). Opposite to it rises a monument to the Prussian Minister, Baron vom Stein (b. 1757, d. 1831 1, inaugurated in 1875; the statue of the great maiu Ravenes Picture Gallery. BERLIN. 1. Route. 63 •who laid the foundation for Prussia's subsequent development, is 11Y.2 ft. high; on the pedestal are allegorical reliefs and figures representing Patriotism, Energy, Truthfulness, and Piety, and a frieze in relief with scenes from his life. The design and part of the execution are by Schievelbein, after whose death (1863) Hngen completed the work. — No. 77 Leipziger-Str., also in the Donhoff- Platz , is the Reichshallen. and No. 48 is the Concerthaus(ip. 11). Many of the new business-houses in the Leipziger-Strasse and the adjoining streets are handsome and substantial buildings, adorned within and without with rich artistic embellishments. No. 77-79 in the Kommandanten-Strasse, which diverges from the Donhoff-Platz to the S. E., on the left side, opposite the Lin- den-Str., is Geber's extensive 'Industrie-Gebaude' (PI. r; K, L, 4), one large saloon in which contains the * Picture Gallery of the ^Verein der Berliner Kunstler\ or Artists' Association, and another (opposite) that of the Kunstfreunde im Preussischen Staat (entrance by the 2nd portal; adm., p. 14). A little to the W., at Nos. 92, 93 Wall-Strasse, is *E,avene's Picture Gallery (PI. r; L , 3) , a choice collection of about 160 works by modern German and French masters, and admirably lighted (adm., see p. 14). Entrance by No. 93; visitors ring on the upper floor. Catalogues for consultation. Large Room. Long wall on tlie right : 60. Eiibner, Game Law ; 9. Begas, Moor -washing; 67. Knaus, Peasant girl gathering flowers; 128. Stevens^ Visit of condolence; *22. Gallait , Lost in pain; *131. Tidemand, Norwegian funeral-scene; 111. Ritter, The drowned fisher -boy; 46. Hildebrandi, Winter-landscape; 134. Troiion , Pasture; 3. A. Achenbacli, Pier in a storm; 25. Grab, Interior of the cathedral at Halberstadt ; 17. T. Conture, Falconer; ii. Biavd, Smuggling; 185. Troyon, Leash of hounds. — 2nd Wall (short side of the room): 66. Knctus, Girl playing with two cats; 137. H. Vernet, Zouave acting as a nurse; 142. E. Fleuri/, Massacre of the .Jews in London on the coronation-day of Edward II. ; 45, 42, 41. E. Hildebrandt, Scenes from Lyons, Rouen, and S. Gloria (near Rio Ja- neiro). — 3rd Wall (long side'of the room): 14. A. Bonheur, Pasture; 1. A. Achenbach , Norwegian coast; 122. Schmitson , Hungarian horses (un- completed) ; 89. Metizel, Frederick the Great travelling ; 69. Koekkoelc, Forest landscape; 10. Bvendel , Sheep leaving their pen; 80. Lessing, Landscape; 63. H. ten Kate. Genre-piece; 125. Schreyiv, Prussian hussars attacking artillery; 47. E. Hildebrandt, Boa Viagem, near Rio Janeiro; 62. yorcioH, Funeral of a child in Heligoland; Hasenclever, *37. .lobs (a dunce) as a school-master, 32. Scene in a cellar, 35. Portrait of himself, 36. Portrait of Preyer, 33. Jobs as a night-watchman, 31. Jobs undergoing examina- tion ; 94. Meyerheim, Old woman going to church. — 4th Wall (short side, by the entrance): 130. Tidemand, The wolf-hunter's tale; 120. W. A. Schmidt, Charles V. receiving the sacrament at St. Just. — In the adjoin- ing Cabinets are smaller pictures: 102, 104. Preyer, Sparrows' breakfast; 90. Meissonier, Man reading; 123, 124. Schrader. Bacchanalian scenes. On quitting the gallery we may proceed to the N. by the Griin- strassen-Briicke , the Petri-Platz, and the Briider-Strasse to the Schloss-Platz (see p. 26 and below). [Or we may make a short detour by the Gertraudten-Str. , the Kolln Fish Market, and the Breite-Str.] In the Petri-Platz is situated the Gothic Church of St. Peter (PI. r; L, 3), erected from designs by 5/rarA: in 1846-o0. 64 Route. 1 . BERLIN. Church of St. Thomas. The slender tower, 315 ft. in height, is the loftiest in Berlin. In the Breite-Str. , No. 37, are the Royal Stables (adm. , see p. 14), below which is a private house dating from 1624. In the Kollnische Fischmarkt stands the Kolln Rathhaus (with an unfinished tower), on the first floor of which is the Markisches Provinzial-Museum, containing an extensive collection of antiquities illustrating the historical progress of the Mark of Brandenburg. Adm., see p. 13. The collections include prehistoric antiquities in flint , bronze , and iron from lake-dwellings, tumuli, etc.; weapons, armour, and instruments of torture : ecclesiastical antiquities ; coins and medals : implements of the chase; articles in gla,ss and porcelain, ornaments, clothing: views of Berlin in the 18th cent., etc. The LuiSEXsTADT , extending to the S. of the Wall-Strasse , a manufacturing district that has chiefly sprung up since 1855 , is now the largest and most populous, but least interesting quarter of Berlin. At the Engel Becken, formed by the branch-canal that in- tersects the district, rises the Romanesque *Church of St. Michael (PI. r; N. 4) . designed by Soller, and erected in 1853-6 as a Ro- man Catholic garrison-church. Farther to the S.E. is the *Ch.urch of St. Thomas (PI. g ; , 1) . built by Adler in 1864-69. Both churches are among the most successful modern buildings in Ber- lin, exhibiting a happy combination of Romanesque plans with Re- naissance details ; the former is most remarkable for its exterior, the latter for its interior. — Near the church of St. Thomas, in the Mariannen-Platz. rises the large and gloomy building of the Beth.a- nien (PI. g ; N, 1). an admirably-organised hospital with 350 beds, managed by Protestant sisters of charity (adm., see p. 13). In front of the hospital is a monument to the celebrated surgeon Wilms (d. 1880). The JacoUkirche (PI. g ; L, 1), Oranien-Str. Xo. 133, by Stiller, com- pleted in 1845, is a brick edifice in the early-Christian basilica style. The Government Printing Office (p. 14) is in the same street (Xo. 90). In the Prinzen-Str. rises the spacious Turnhalle. or gymnastic establishment (adm., see p. 13). — On the S.E. verge of this quarter lie the Gorlitz Railway Station (PI. g; P, Q, 2, 3; tramway -line 17, p. 7) and the Barracks of the 3rd Foot Guards. f. Knrfilrsten-BrucJce. Rathhaus. Stra an Quarter. Konig-Stadt. From the Schlgss-Platz (p. 26), to the S.W. of the Palace, the Lange . or Kurfursten-Brucke (/. e. Bridge of the Elector; PL t; L, 2) leads to the old town of Berlin. The bridge is adorned with an equestrian *Statueof the Great Elector (d. 1688) in bronze, designed by Schliiter and erected in 1703. This clever and artistic group is one of the few really good works of a period when art was generally in a very debased condition. In spite of the outlandish Roman costume , the figure is remarkable for its air of majestic repose, which is heightened by contrast with the movements of the four slaves round the pedestal. — Looking Rathhaus. BERLIN. 1. Route. 65 from the bridge to the right, up the river, we see the Konigliche Muhlen, or Royal Mills, erected by Strack in 1846. The Konig-Strasse, which begins beyond the bridge, and inter- sects the Old Town, is a great artery of traffic , presenting almost as busy a scene as the Leipziger-Strasse. No. 60 in this street is the extensive Central Post Office (PI. r; L, 2; comp. p. 91, lately rebuilt from plans by Tuckermann. The street also contains sev- eral effective private houses of the 18th century. To the S., in the Post-Str., is the Church of St. Nicholas (PL r; L, 1), the old- est church in Berlin, lately restored by Blankenstein, who added the second tower, forming part of the original design, though hith- erto left unexecuted. The basements of the towers, consisting of square blocks of granite, date from the beginning of the 13th cent., the nave and choir from the 14th and 15th centuries. The '' Interiok (sacristan. Probst-Str. 14-16, 2nd fl.) deserves a visit for the sake of its picturesque general effect, and also for the numerous tablets, screens, etc., restored in their original form and colouring. Every kind of artistic style, from the end of the Gothic period down to the rococo, is here represented, in some cases by works of great merit. The church contains the tomb of Piifendorf (d. 1690), the celebrated jurist; and on the outside is the monument of Philip J. Spener (d. 1705). The Kurfi'irstenhaus , or House of the Electors, Post-Str. 5, a building of the 15th cent., was recently restored by Schwatlo. To the N., in the Neue Markt , rises the Marienkirche (PI. r; L, 1), the second parish-church of Old Berlin, restored in the 14th century. The spire of the tower (295 ft.), in a very peculiar Gothic style, was added by Langhans in 1790. In front of the principal entrance is the cross of the Abbot of Bernau, the emblem of old Berlin. In the hall below the tower is a Dance of Death, a mural painting of the end of the 15th cent., with naive rhymes in Low German ; it was executed to commemorate the plague of 1460. The interior contains the tombstone of Count Sparr, a field- marshal under the Great Elector, a pulpit by Sehluter, and a bronze font of 1437. On the N. side of the Neue Markt, which is skirted by the new Kaiser- Wilhelm-Strasse, a monument to Luther is to be erected. Farther on in the Konig-Strasse is the * Rathhaus (PI. r; L, 2), an imposing brick edifice with tasteful terracotta embellish- ments and granite facings. Like many of the other modern build- ings of Berlin it exhibits a union of a medieval structural system (round-arched) with Renaissance details, and resembles the edi- fices of North Italy. The principal entrance is in the tower, which rises to a height of 243 ft. (to the top of the flag-staff 318 ft.). The dial-plates of the clock measure 15 ft. across , and are illumi- nated after dusk. The reliefs on the front of the balcony, repre- senting scenes in old and new Berlin, are by Calandrelli , Schiceinitz, Geyer, and Brodxcolf. The bronze statues in the niches by the portal, representing Emperor William and Elector Frederick I., are executed by Keil and Encke. Baedekers N. Germany. 9th Edit. 5 66 Route 1. BERLIN. Ktosterkirche. ^Interior (admission, see p. 14). We enter by the Principal Portal and ascend the main staircase to the Passage, with its star- vaulting and stained-glass windows bearing the arms of 84 Prussian towns. To- wards the right is the Library , a spacious saloon with vaulted ceiling. The doors of the book-cases are adorned with medallion -portraits of celebrated men connected with the books within, by Zurstrassen. The paintings are by E. Eicald. Beyond the small Reading Room, the ceiling of which is adorned with ^Figures from German legends by Burger, and which contains busts of Bismarck and Moltke by Drake^ we reach the handsome ='F£Stsaal, with its fine coff"ered ceiling, massive candelabra, and beautifully -carved oaken doors. Pictures in the lunettes by Begas. Statues of Frederick the Great and Fred. William III. by Sussmann-Hellborn. This hall also contains the well-known picture of the Berlin Congress of 1878, by Werner (comp. p. 5i). — Adjacent is the Town Council Chamber, with panelled walls and appropriate paintings by Burger. — On the other side of the passage (to the left at the top of the staircase) is the Magistrates" Saloon, with fine panelling and full-length portraits of the Great Elector and the seven kings of Prussia. The architectural ''Decoration of these handsome apartments is by Waesemann and his assistant Kolscher. — The walls of the Staircase leading to the upper floor, and the gallery of the Magistrates' Saloon are to be adorned with frescoes. The Sunken Floor contains the Rathskeller (p. 5), a popular place of refreshment, the central room of which is adorned with paintings by Aug. V. Heyden and contains a copy of the column in the Gerichtslaube (p. 84). The Tower commands an admirable *View of Berlin (adm., see p. 14). To the E. of the Rathhaus. at the corner of the Jiiden-Strasse, is one oiih.Q District Courts of Berlin. — At Nos. 35 and 36Kloster-Str. [the next cross-street; to the right) is the building formerly occu- pied hy the Industrial Academy (PI. r ; M , 2), which now forms part of the Technical High School and has been transferred, like the Bau-Academie, to Charlotteuburg (p. 74). Opposite the Academy is the Lagerhaus (PL r; M, 2). on the site of the old palace of the Markgraves. Behind are the State Ar- chives. To the right, opposite, is the new School of Art, by Gro- pius and Schmieden, containing the studios of several sculptors. Beyond this , in rooms once used by Ranch as a studio , is the "^Rauch Museum (p. 13). a collection of casts and models of the works of that distinguished master, the originals of most of which are in Berlin. Adjoining the School of Art in the Kloster-Strasse is the Gym- nasium zum Grauen Kloster . founded in 1574, and containing some of the convent and chapter-rooms of the old monastery in good preservation. The Gothic Klosterkirche (PI. r; M, 2), erected at the end of the 13th cent, by the Franciscans, is the finest and best-preserved mediaeval building at Berlin. The choir dates from 1345, the choir-stalls from 1383. The interior contains a painting in memory of a Count Hohenlohe (d. 1412) , and the tombs of several princes of the 14th century. The church was restored in 1840-46 , when the incongruous vestibule , towers , and belfry were added. — Beyond it is the Parochial Church (PI. r; M, 2), erected by Tsehring in 1695-1703: the tower, containing a peal of bells, was added by Gerlach in 17J3. At the E. end of the Konigstrasse is an elegant colonnade, built Panorama. BERLIN. 1. Route. 67 by Gontard in 1777. and adjacent is the Alexander-Platz Station of the Stadtbahn. a tasteful structure by Jacobsthal. Adjoining the station is the *Panorama (PI. r,- M, 1) of the Battle of Sedan, by A. von Werner and Bracht (adm., see p. 14). On one side is repre- sented the valley of the Meuse, from which the Prussian troops are ascending the plateau of Illy-Floing ; on the other side are depicted the vain attempts of the French cavalry to break the German lines. Three dioramic views represent the Negotiations between the French and German leaders; the Emp. William receiving the Emp. Napoleon's letter of surrender ; and the Meeting of Napoleon and Bis- marck. To the N. of the Panorama is the new Central Market (PI. r ; L, 1), opened in 1886. To the E. of the station, on the other side of the irregularly-shaped Alexaxdee-Platz is the Grand Hotel (p. 2 ), a large building in the Renaissance style. The new Police Head- quarters are to be erected on the S. side of the square. — Another colonnade , begun by Nehring in 1687 and enlarged by Stiller, masks the '' Milhlendamnx (PI. r; L, 2, 3), which connects Berlin with Kolln and is the chief seat of the small Jewish dealers. At the end of the colonnade, which will have to be removed in the course of the alterations in the channel of the Spree, is the Mol- kbn-Markt (PI. r; L, 2), the oldest square in Berlin, contain- ing the Principal Police Court and the Criminal Court. To the S.E. of the old town of Berlin, on the right bank of the Spree, and reached by the Stralau Bridge^ lies the Stralau Quarter, another modern part of the town , with numerous factories , where the Wallner Theatre (PI. r; X, 3; p. 12) is situated. In the N. part, known as the 'Weavers" Quarter', near the Grosse Frankfurter-Str., rises the Church of St. Mark (PI. /•; O. 1, 2), built by Staler in 1848-55. To the S.E. are the Church of St. Andrew (PI. r; O, 4). in the Stralauer-Platz, erected by Struck in 1853-56, the Silesian Railway Station (PI. r; P, 3. 4) by Romer (now used by the "Stadtbahn"), and the East Railicay Station (PI. r; Q, 3; disused) by Lohse. — Beyond the Stralau Gate, on the bank of the Spree, are the Old Berlin Water Works. To the K.E. of Old Berlin lies the Koxigstadt, which contains the handsome Victoria Theatre (PI. h ; M, 4 ; p. 12), situated at the E. end of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Strasse. On a height to the right, near the old Kdnigs-Thor, stands the Gothic Church of St. Bartholomew (PI. h; N, 4), with a tower 210 ft. in height, erected by Staler in 1854-58. Outside the Kdnigs-Thor, to the right, and towards the S.E. as far as the Landsberg Gate (PI. r; P, 1) extends the Friedrichshain, a pleasant park affording good views of the town , laid out in 1845 (reached by tramway-line Ko. 1, 'Ringbahn"). — At the entrance is a monument by Calan- drelli. erected in memory of the soldiers of the E. districts of Berlin who fell in 1870-71. The highest point in the park is adorned with a bust of Frederick the Great. — The large Stddtische KvanJcenhaus (Hospital; PI. l; P, 4) with 600 beds, was completed in 1874, on the 'pavilion' system, by Gropius and Schmieden. — The neighbouring Cemetery of St. Peter con- tains the handsome mortuarv chapel of Herr Waeener, erected bv Lucae in 1869. ■ b , . To the extreme E. , outside the old Frankfurter-Thor and to the N. of Friedrichsherg (p. 2), lie the new Cattle JIarket and Slaughter Houses, opened in 18S1 and among the largest establishments of the kind in exist- ence (tramway-lines Nos. 3i, 35: p. 8). The busiest time is on Mondav forenoon. 6* 68 Route 1. BERLIN. Exchange. g. Exchange. Mo7ibiJoti. Synagogue. Opposite the Museums (p. 29), on the other side of the Spree^ rises the imposing Borse , or Exchange (PL t; K, 1), erected in 1859-63 by Hitzig, and the first modern building of Berlin executed in stone instead of brick. The chief facade towards the Spree is embellished with a double colonnade, above which, in the centre, is a group in sandstone by R. Begas, representing Borussia as the protectress of agriculture and commerce ; on the wings are smaller emblematic groups and figures. Entering from the Burg-Strasse, we pass through the Axte-Chamber, adorned with a statue of the present emperor by Siemering^ to the Great Hall, the largest in Berlin. 330 ft. in length, 88 ft. in width, and 66 ft. in height. It is lined with imitation marble and divided by arcades into three parts, adorned with appropriate frescoes by Klober. More than 4000 people congregate here daily. During the business-hours, 12-2, the gallery affords the best survey of the busy scene. — A separate building, on the other side of the Conrad-Str., is the Corn and Provision Dealers" Exchange. Behind the Exchange is the small Heiliggeist-Kirche (PL r ; L, 1), built at the end of the 13th century. Adjacent, in the Neue Friedrich-Strasse, between Nos. 45 and 46, is the Garrison Church (PL r; L, 1), built at the beginning of last century. The interior, which contains pictures by Rohde andK. Begas, was altered to its present appearance in 1816. To the N.W. of the new Exchange is the tasteful little station of the Stadtbahn (Borse), beyond which we pass under the railway •viaduct and reach the royal chateau of Monbijou (PL r; K, 1), standing in the midst of an old garden. The nucleus of the edifice consists of a villa erected by Eosander (v. Goethe) in 1708 for Count- ess Wartenberg, which was afterwards enlarged as a residence for Queen Sophia Dorothea, wife of Frederick William I. The two detached buildings facing the Monbijou-Platz were added by TJnger in 1788 for Queen Frederica Louisa, wife of Fred. William II. In the Monbijou garden is the tasteful little English Church (St. Georges)., erected in 1881-85 from the designs of J. C. Rasch- dorif (services, see p. 15). The rooms of the Monbijou chateau on the side next the garden contain the *Hohenzollern Museum, which consists of personal reminiscences of the Prussian rulers from the time of the Great Elector down to the present day. It includes a large number of objects of genuine artistic interest, and affords a good survey of the progress of the last two centuries. Admission, see p. 13 (fee 25 pf.). The two rooms first visited are de- voted to the Emperor William and the Empress Augusta. Among the contents are the table at which Xapoleon III. signed the declaration of war at St. Cloud in 1870, and various addresses received by the German Emperor at important epochs of his life. The rooms of Frederick William IV. and Queen Elizabeth contain por- traits of contemporary artists and savants (brought from Potsdam), copies of drawings by the king, and a collection of the seals of Prussian mon- archs. — The room of Queen Louise is adorned with 15 portraits and a bust of the queen, and contains the cradle of Emp. William. — The room HohenzoUern Museum. BERLIN, 1. Route. 69 of Frederick William II. contains portraits of that monarch's generals. — The most striking object in the section devoted to Frederick William II. and Qrieen Frederica Louisa is a magnificent cabinet made at Neuwied, em- bellished with paintings and marquetry. We now traverse a room decorated with Porcelain., and reach the three rooms assigned to Frederick the Great, which are the most interesting in the palace. Wax models of Fredericks face after death; his clothes from childhood to death; sketch of Sanssouci Palace: musical compo- sitions; his horse Conde in its state-trappings. The room of Queen Sophia Dorothea, mother of Frederick the Great, contains interesting furniture and several views of old Berlin. "Sexi ■comes a Gallery containing busts of members of the royal family, chietly by Schadow and Ranch. The Palace Chajyel is adorned with a panelled ceil- ing, and contains plaster casts of Ranch's monuments of Frederick William II. and Queen Louise, and other sc^ilptures. — Adjacent are the apart- ments of Queen Elisabeth Christine, consort of Frederick the Great, and another Gallery, with busts of eminent personages, chiefly from the time of Frederick William III. We next pass through a room containing the table-services of the various kings, and a collection of early glass and tankards, dating in part from the days of the Electors. Then comes the room of Frederick William I., containing portraits of his whole family, his turning- lathe, the sandstone trough from Schloss Wusterhausen which he used as a basin, the table and chairs of his 'Tobacco College', etc. — The last and largest room is chiefly devoted to reminiscences of Frederick I. and the Great Elector. Fine old Berlin tapestry ; several admirable "Works hy Schliiter; state-sledges, cabinets, caskets, etc.; portrait-figures in wax w'ith the costumes of the originals: hat, boots, and sword worn by the Great Elector at the battle of Fehrbellin; etc. — The visit is brought to a close by the inspection of a small collection of older pictures and cur- iosities, some of which date from the loth century. The other rooms of the palace are also being gradually incorporated with the museum. One of ttiem is titled up as an exact reproduction of the room at Konigsberg in which King Frederick I. was born. To the N. of the Monbijou-Platz rises the Sophienkirche (PI. b; K, 4), with an effective rococo spire, 230 ft. high, added by Orael in 1732-34. — Opposite, in the court of the house No. 10 Orosse Haniburger-Str. , is St. Hedwig's Hospital, a Gothic brick building by Statz, built In 1855. and recently enlarged. The in- teresting old Jewish Cemetery in the same street (No. 26) contains the grave of Moses Mendelssohn (d. 1786). In the Oranienburger- Str.. which bounds theMonbijou Park on the N.. is the Bomcandi- daten-Stift (No. 76a), a theological seminary, with a chapel by Stiller. Farther to the N.W., Oranienburger-Str. No. 30. rises the *New Synagogue (PI. b; J, K, 4), one of the finest modern buildings in Berlin, begun in 1859 in a modified Oriental style from designs by Knoblauch . and completed in 1866 under the su- perintendence of Stiller. The facade, which is constructed of brick with details in granite and sandstone, is very effective in spite of its lack of width. The gilded dome attains a height of 158 ft. The 'Interior, which is most sumptuously decorated with painting and sculpture , is entered by three bronze doors separated by columns of green granite. A vestibule leads to the Small Synagogue , in which minor religious rites are performed, beyond which is the magnificent Principal Synagogue . containing seats for 3(XX) persons , and measuring 130 ft. in length exclusive of the apse. The curious vaulted ceiling, with 70 Route 1. BERLIN. Borsig's Factory. its iron tie-beams and cramps, is supported by slender iron columns. The most ricMy decorated part is the apse. During the evening-service (Fridays at'dusk) the 'dim religious light' from the stained glass and the cupolas produces a remarkably fine effect. Admission (see p. 14) on appli- cation to the sacristan, who lives in the building. No. 67 Oranienburger-Str., to the left, farther on, indicated by a granite slab, is the house which Alexander v. Humboldt occupied from 1842 to 1859. At the corner of the Artillerie-Str. (Nos. 35, 36) is the Parcel Post Office, a handsome new building. To the ]S'.", beyond the Rosenthal Gate, is the '' ZionsMrdie (PI. h; L, 2). erected by Orth in 1866-73, a handsome structure in brick, resembl- ing the churches of St. 3Iichael and St. Thomas (p. 64) ; the tower is 216 ft. high. — Between Brunnen-Str. and Wiesen-Str. is the Hnmholdt- hain (PI. I; H, J, 1). In the Wedding-Platz (PI. h; F, 1), outside the Oeanienbukger Thok, stands the Kazarethkirche or Dcmkeskirche, erected, from designs by Orth, to commemorate the Emperor's escape from assassination in 1878. h. Nordliche Fnechich-Sty'asse . Oranienhirg Suburb, Luisen-Strasse. Moabit. The Feiedrich - Strasse (p. 52) runs in a straight direction towards the N. from the Linden to the old Oranienburg Gate. Between the Dorotheen-Str. and the Georgen-Str. , next to the Bahnhof Friedrichstrasse, the main station of the Stadtbahn. rises the new Central Hotel [p. 2), built by Hude & Heniiicke. It con- tains an immense banqueting-hall and a winter-garden measuring 250 ft. in length by 75 ft. in breadth (concerts every evening, see p. 2). From the Weidendamm Bridge (PL r ; J, 1), we see to the right, on the opposite bank of the Spree, the new Clinical Institute in the Ziegel-Str. and the Midxcifery Institute in the Artillerie-Str. , both built by Gropius & Schmieden; on the left, to the S. of the Carl-Strasse, is the Market Hall, built in 1867, a spacious structure of glass and iron, at present used as a circus (p. 12). Outside the OEAXiEXBrRG Gate , which now exists in name only, to the right in the Chaussee-Strasse, is Borsig's Engine Factory (adm., p. 13), a vast establishment where 160 locomotives are manufactured annually. The architect was Stvack. (Borsig's other establishments and hot-houses , see p. 72.) Opposite the factory are the French Cemetery, where Devrient (d. 1832). the actor, and Ravene (p. 63), the wealthy merchant and patron of art, are interred (sarcophagus and life-size figure), and the Old Dorotheenstadt Ce- metery with the graves of Schinkel, the architect (d. 1841), Schadow (d. 1850) and Ranch (d. 1857). the sculptors, Hegel (d. 1831) and Fichte (d. 1814), the philosophers, and Staler, the architect (d. 18(55). In the new Roman Ca- tholic Cemetery, more to the 1^., is the tomb of the eminent painter Cornelius (d. 1867). — In the Invaliden-Str. is the Stetiin Railway Station (PI. h; H, 3). The N. prolongation of the Wilhelm- Strasse (p. 54), running parallel with the Friedrich - Strasse , intersects the Friedrich- WiLHELM - Stadt , and leads to the New Gate (PL & ,• G, H, 4). As far as the Marschalls - Briicke (PL r; H, 2) it is called the Xeiie Wilhelm - Strasse , and beyond it the Luisen-Strasse. This neighbourhood is the 'Quartier Latin' of Berlin, and contains several Invaliden-Park. BERLIN. 1. Route. 71 institutes connected with the medical faculty of the university. To the N. is the Veterinary College (PI, b; H, 4), erected by Hesse in 1840. adjacent to which is the Anatomie, or dissecting-room, built by Cremer in 1863-65. Opposite the Veterinary College is the Royal Charite (PI. b ,• G, 4), a hospital founded in 1710, with accommodation for 1500-1800 patients; united with it is the Pa- thological Institute. A handsome monument to Prof, von Grdfe, the oculist (d. 1870), by Siemering, was erected at the S. end of the garden in 1882. To the right, outside the New Gate, are the handsome new buildings of the Mining and Geological Institute and the Agricul- tural Museum and Academy (PL b ; G, H, 3), each of which pos- sesses a fine interior court used for exhibitions. The intervening building, set a little back from the street, is the new Museum of Natural History. The Mining Institute contains the Mining Museum (see p. 13). — The Agricultural Museum (adm., see p. 13) includes a collection of agricultural implement^, mineralogical, geological, botanical, and zoological cabinets, and an interesting collection of hunting and fishing apparatiis. The pretty Invaliden-Park , to the left, contains an obelisk commemorating the loss of the corvette Amazone in 1861. and the Warriors' Monument, a Corinthian column of iron erected in 1854 to the memory of soldiers who fell in 1848-49 (view from the top). The Invalidenhaus (¥1. b; G, 3), erected by Frederick the Great in 1748 'laeso et Invicto militi', is devoid of architectural interest. The adjoining Invaliden-Kirchhof (PI. 6,- F, G, 3) is the burial-place of many distinguished officers, including Scharnfiorst (d. 1813), over whose grave a marble monument 18 ft. in height, designed by Schinkel, crowned with a recumbent lion in iron , was erected in 1826 'by his comrades of 1813\ — A little farther on is the Konigin Augusta Hospital, erected for those who were wounded in the wars of 1866 and 1870-71, and the '■Cen- tral Turn-AnstaU\ for training teachers of gymnastics for the army. To the W. of the Invalidenhaus, beyond the Berlin and Spandau Ca- nal, which is crossed by the Invaliden-Strasse and is connected with the Spree by means of the Humboldt- Haf en, is situated the old Hamburg Stati07i (PI. b; G, 4). Beyond it is the Zellengefdngniss, or Prison (PI. b; F, 4), a model establishment for the reception of 565 inmates, consisting of a cen- tral structure with wings radiating from it in the form of a star. Ad- jacent are the handsome Barracks of the 2nd UJilans, and at the opposite end of the adjoining drilling-ground those of the 1st Artillery. The space between the barracks was occupied in 1879 by an In- dustrial Exhibition, in 1883 by the Hygienic Exhibition, and in 188'6 by the Jubilee Exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts. The tlxhibition Build- ing, which is a structure of glass and iron, somewhat in the style of the Crystal Palace, is to be left standing and used for annual exhibitions of a similar nature. Among the permanent attractions are reconstructions of the chief facade of the Temple of .Jupiter at Olympia and of the Altar of Pergamus ; a panorama of Pergamus ; and an Kgyptian temple con- taining a panorama of Kgyptian scenes. — Concerts are given on summer- evenings in the Exhibition Park (Ausstellungs-Fark ; comp. p. 12). Several of the last-named buildings belong to the suburb of Moabit, which extends along the right bank of the Spree to a point opposite Charlottenburg (p. 74 ). It was so named by French immigrants, chietly gardeners, who on account of the sandy and sterile nature of the soil styled the country 'Pays de Moab\ It formerly consisted mainly of manufactories 72 Route 1. BERLIN. Monument of Victory. and places of recreation for the lower classes, but has lately been much improved (tramway-lines ^'os. 4 & 6). Two of the principal buildings are the Criminal Courts (adm., see p. 14), and the Johanniskirche (PL b; D, 4), erected by Schinkel in 1834. Among the manufactories is that of Borsig, with the Villa Borsig and its interesting * Hot-houses and Palm-houses (adm.. p. 13). Opposite is the Kleine TMergarten, with a war-monument by Neumann. — To the K. of Moabit, near the Flotzensee, is the Penitent- iary (PI. &,- A, 1), a model establishment for 1200 prisoners. i. Knnigs-Plaiz. Thiergarten. Zoological Garden. Charlottenhurg Outside tlie Brandenburg Gate (p. 20) tte Friedens-Allee leads to the right to the *K6nigs-Pi,atz (PI. r; G, 2), which with its environs forms one of the most imposing parts of the city. The Platz is embellished with flower-beds and two fountains. The *M:onument of Victory (PL r; G, 2) in the centre, 200 ft. in height, designed by Strack, and inaugurated on 2nd Sept., 1873. stands on a circular terrace approached by eight steps of granite. The massive square pedestal is adorned with reliefs in bronze, commemorating the great victories of 1870-71 and others of earlier campaigns. On the E. side is the Danish War of 1864, by A. Ca- landrelli. which is probably the finest composition ; on the N. the Battle of Koniggratz. 1866, by M. Schultz; on the AV. the Battle of Sedan, 1870, by K. Keil; on the S. the return of the troops, 1871. by A. Wolff. The base of the column is surrounded by an open colonnade , and embellished with Venetian *Mosaics designed by Anton von Werner and executed at Venice by Salviati, illustrating, in figures partly allegorical, partly historical, the war of 1870 and the restoration of the German empire. Below are the names of the battles and the generals. Above, in the flutings of the column, which consists of yellowish grey sandstone, are placed three rows of captured Danish, Austrian, and French cannon (60 in all). The summit consists of a capital formed of eagles, crowned with a Bo- russia. 48 ft. in height, by Drake. (Fine view from the capital, 152 ft. high ; tickets obtained at the entrance, 50 pf.) The E. side of the Konigs-Platz has been chosen as the site for the nev^ Reichstags- Gebdude , which is now being built from the designs of Paul Wallot and promises to be the most imposing build- ing in Berlin. Formerly this spot was occupied by the Raczynski Palace (PL r; G, 2), the residence of the owner of the fine col- lection of paintings in the National Gallery (p. 51). To the N. of the Konigs-Platz lies the Alsen-Platz. adorned with fountains, flower-beds, and four groups of sculpture represent- ing scenes from military life (Setting out for the campaign, by Wit- tig; the Battle, by Schweinitz: the Hospital, byBrodwolf; and the Return, by Calandrelli). Beyond the Alsen-Platz stretches a new and handsome quarter, intersected by the Alsen-Strasse^ and con- sisting almost wholly of fine modern mansions. The Alsen-Str. Thiergarten. BERLIN. 1. Route. 73 ends to the N. in the AUen-Brllcke. In the Moltke-Strasse are situated the extensive premises of the General Staff, the two differ- ent portions of which were built in 1871 and 1877. To the W., in the Herwarth-Str., is a Panorama, containing a representation of the Siege of Plevna by Philippoteaux (adm., see p. 14). There is also a dioramic view of the Russians crossing the Balkans. The Moltke-Briicke unites this suburb with Moabit (p- 71). On the ^V. side of the Konigs-Platz is KrolVs Establishment (p. 12), beyond which, on the Spree, are the popular places of re- creation known as the Zelte {i. e. Tents, from their original con- struction). These are simply -al fresco' restaurants and beer-gardens, Zelt No. 2 is the most frequented. Farther to the W. is the royal chateau of Bellevue (PI. r; D, 2). To the N. of the Bellevue park, on the bank of the Spree, is the Bellevue station of the Stadtbahn. The Stadtbahn then bends to the left and passes the Thiergarten station (PL r : B. 3) at its intersection with the Charlotten-Strasse. The new quarter between these two stations is handsomely laid out. The hroad Sieges- Allee, or Avenue of Victory, which leads S. from the Konigs-Platz through the Thiergarten, is one of the most fashionable promenades of the Berliners, especially in spring. At the S. end of the avenue, where it meets the Thiergarten-Str., Lenne-Str., Belle vue-AUee, Bellevue-Str., and Yictoria-Str., stands the Wrangel Fountain (PI. r; G, 3), cast in bronze from designs by Hagen. The roads skirting the Thiergarten (see below) on the E. and S. are also favourite drives. The *Thiergarten, the largest and most attractive park near the town, lies to the "W. of the Brandenburg Gate, and is bounded on the N. by the Spree, and on the S. by the Aeussere Friedrichstadt (p. 56). It is about 2 M. in length and 3/^ M. in breadth, and covers upwards of 600 acres of ground. It is enlivened by several sheets of water, and combines the character of a natural forest with the trimmer beauties of a public park. The pleasantest parts are the Seepark on the W. side, and the neighbourhood of the Rousseau Island, where numerous skaters display their skill in winter. The finest statue in the Thiergarten is the marble * Monument of Fred- erick William III. (PL r; F, 3), admirably executed by Drake in 1849, the pedestal of which, 18 ft. in height, is adorned with *Re- liefs representing the blessings of peace. The corresponding Statue of Queen Louise (PL r; F, 3. 4), by Encke, was erected in March, 1880 ; the reliefs on the pedestal represent woman's work. The *Monument to Goethe . by Schaper, facing the Koniggriitzer-Str. (PL r; G, 3), was unveiled in June. 1880; on the pedestal are allegorical figures of Lyric Poetry, Tragic Poetry, and Science. These three monuments are covered in winter. Near the Bellevue- Allee stands a Vine-dresser by Drake, and in the avenue diverging to the left from the Brandenburg Gate is a group of lions hy Wolff. In the so-called 'Grossfursten-Platz". near the Spree, are sandstone 74 Route 1. BERLIN. Zoological Garden. groups representing the chief rivers of Prussia. There are also a few zinc casts from the antique. Opposite the Seepark. on the S. hank of the canal, lies the *Zoological Garden (PL r; B, C, 4; adm., p. 14; tramways Nos. 28. 21, 22), founded in 1844 and recently greatly extended. It now contains one of the finest collections of animals in the world. The extensive, well laid-out grounds attract numerous visitors, and con- certs are frequently given in the afternoon [see p. 12; guide by the late director, Dr. Bodinus, 50 pf.). The present director is Dr. Schmidt. The houses and sheds for the animals were executed from appropriate designs hy Ende & Bockmann; the most striking are the Antelope House, in an Arabian style, and the Elephant House, a gaily-coloured structure resembling an Indian pagoda. There is a second entrance to the gardens at the corner of the Kurfiirsten- Str. and the Kurfiirstendamm, and a third on the W. side, opposite the station of the Stadtbahn (p. 1). Adjoining the gardens on the N.'S\'. lies the Hippodrome, beyond which rises the Artillery and Engineering School. To the S. is the Joachimsthal Gymnasium (PL g; A, 2). The Chablottexbuiig Road leads from the Brandenburg Gate across the Thiergarten, which it divides into two unequal parts, to (3 M.) Charlottenburg : tramway every 7-8 min. (No. 27; see p. 8), also via Moabit (No. 5); cab to the Charlottenburg Bridge (PL r; A, B, 3). 1st class 1-2 pers. i^/o m.. 2nd class 1 m. ; see p. 6. As soon as we quit the Thiergarten we reach the beginning of Charlottenburg, a dull town with 30,500 inhab., which is now practically part of Berlin , though it still retains an independent municipality. It lies on the site formerly occupied by the village ofLietzow, where Sophia Charlotte, wife of Frederick I. , founded a country residence at the end of the 17th century. Its present size and prosperity is entirely owing to the recent rapid advance of its large neighbour. There are several cafes and beer-gardens along the tramway-route. At the end of the Thiergarten. to the right of the high-road, stands the Royal Porcelain Factory (PL r: B. 2, 3), under the artistic management of Prof. Sussmann-Hellborn. Adm., see p. 14 ; see also p. 10. The Porcelain 3Ianufactory was founded in 1761 by a merchant named Gotzkowsky, and was acquired for the state by Frederick the Great two years later. It soon employed 500 workmen, and its wares were at one time preferred even to those of Meissen. The artistic style impressed upon it by the taste of subsequent monarch? did not usually commend itself to the public, though the ware was always in demand for chemical and industrial vessels on account of it> hardness and capacity of resisting heat. Latterly, however, the director has been more successful in meeting the popular taste, and the manufacture has been largely increased. The show rooms of the factory contain about 2000 models. Beyond the canal-bridge, to the left, rises the new *Technical High School (PL r; A, 3), a building of imposing style and dimen- CharLottenburg. BERLIN. 1. Route. 75 sions, designed by Lucae and Hitzig, constructed under the super- intendence of the latter and Raschdorff, and completed in 1884. The main building, 750 ft. long and 295 ft. deep, is surmounted by a series of allegorical groups representing the various branches of studies prosecuted in the institution. In front of the attic story are realistic figures of the technical handiworks, between which are bas-reliefs of processes used in the technical arts and industries. The balustrade in front of the atala is adorned with bronze busts (by K. Begcn) of Gauss, Eytelwcin, Schinkel , Redtenbacher, and Liebig, selected as typical representatives of the five departments of the academy. The niches in the projecting wings and in the central structure are filled with statues of six celebrated architects and engineers: Erwin von Steinbach and Bramante, hy Encke ; Andreas Schliiter and Leonardo da Vinci by Hundrieser ; Stephenson and Watt by Keil. The main building encloses five courts, the most central of which, covered with a glazed roof and surrounded by arcades witb granite columns, has been fitted up as the public examination and exhi- bition room. It contains a bronze statue of Frederick William III. in clas- sical costume by Kiss, the bronzed models of the Beuth Jlonument (p. 62) and SchinkeFs monument at Keu-Ruppin , and marble busts and me- dallions of eminent teachers. A room adjoining the vestibule contains a collection of Plaster Casts^ and in the corresponding room on the other side is the Technological Museum. The building also contains the Beuth- Schinkel Muxeum. a Kinematic Collecticn, a Mineral Cabinet (ddm., see p. 13), and a Librartj. The Aula contains a statue of the Emp. William by Hundrieser and is adorned with mural paintings by Spangenberg, Korner, and Jacob. — To the left of the main strvicture is the Chemical Laboratory., and the large garden (ISOO acres) also contains the Mechano- Technical Experimenting Room and the Testing Room for Building Materials. — The institution is at present attended by 900 students and has accommodation for 2000. To the right, nearly opposite the Technical High School, diverges the Sophien-Str., containing March's Pottery Works, an extensive and well-known establishment, with interesting show-rooms. The Royal Palace consists of a large group of adjoining build- ings , of a total length of ooO yds. The central portion, erected by Schliiter in 1699, was enlarged by Eosander (von Goethe) in 1706, and provided with its effective dome. The right wing was added by Knohelsdorff in 1742, while the theatre at the end of the left wing and the belvedere in the park were erected by Langhans in 1788. The palace, which was for some years untenanted after the death of the Dowager Queen Elizabeth in 1873, is now occupied by the Crown-Prince of Meiningen. The rococo decorations in the interior of the old central portion and in the apartments once occupied by Frederick the Great, and also the wain- scoted rooms of Queen Louise in the 'Xeue Schloss', fitted up in the style of the period of Louis XVI.. are well worthy of inspection. For admission apply to the castellan in the right wing of the front court. Between the two barracks opposite the palace are two groups in bronze representing soldiers of the Gardes du Corps, by Kiss. The entrance to the pleasant Palace Garden, laid out by the eminent French landscape-gardener Le Notre , is near the small guard-room , adjoining the W. wing. Crossing the orangery to the right, turning to the left and skirting it on the farther side , and then following an avenue of pines to the right, we reach [in 10 min. from the entrance) the *MausoIeum, erected by Gentz in the Dorio 76 Route 1. BERLIN. Charlottenhurg. style, where Qaeen Louise (d. 1810) and her husband Frederick William in. (d. 1840) repose. One of the servants from the palace shows the tomb (fee usual, al- though officially prohibited; comp. pp. 13, 78), the arrangement and de- coration of which were designed by Fred. William IV. The recumbent figures of the illustrious pair, executed in marble by Ranch' s masterly hand, are strikingly impressive. The beautiful figure of the queen, executed at Carrara and Rome in 1812-13, was placed here in 1815 and at once established the sculptor's fame. At the sides are beau- tiful candelabra, that on the right with the three Fates by Rauch^ that on the left with the three Horee by Tieck ; the crucifix by Achtermann of Rome. Above the crucifix is a fresco by P/annschmidt, representing Christ in benediction, with kneeling figures of the king and queen. The heart of Frederick William IV. is placed at the feet of his parents in a marble casket. The anniversaries of the deaths of the king (7th June) and queen (19th July) are observed by a private service in the mausoleum for the members of the royal family. At the upper end of Charlottenhurg are the garden and park of the *Flora society, containing a large *Palm-house, a winter-garden, and a spacious concert-room, which attract numerous visitors (adm., see p. 13). The tasteful brick and timber building containing the concert-room was erected by Stier in 1873. — The Liitzow-Platz is embellished with a simple but pleasing War Monument. On an eminence on the Spandau road, beyond Charlottenhurg, lies "Westend, a number of villas which have sprung up within the last few years (station of the Stadtbahn). On the left stands the huge but aban- doned reservoir of the projected Westend water-works , and to the right is one of the reservoirs of the new Berlin water-works, which derive their supply from springs near the Tegeler-See fsee below). The Spanclmier Bock, ^A M. farther (tramway from Charlottenhurg), is a popular beer-garden commanding a view towards Spandau. Pleasant walk hence to (IV2 M.) Pichelsberg, situated among woods on a bay of the Havel, opposite the island of Pichelsicerdev (ferry 5 pf.)- The shooting -lodge of Grunewald, situated on the lake and in the forest of that name, 31/2 M. to the S.W. of Charlottenhurg, is another favourite point; it may be reached either by the 'Ringbahn' (passing Ealensee, a popular resort, also reached by a steam-tramway starting near the Zoological Garden) or the Stadtbahn. — The next station in the direction of Potsdam (comp. p. 77) is Wannsee (Kaiser Pavilion Restau- rant), on the lake of that name, a group of picturesque villas in the midst of a characteristic K. German landscape of wood and water. Near the station is the grave of the poet Heinrich von Kleist, who shot himself here in 1811. — A shady forest-path leads hence to (1 hr.) Glienicke (p. 84). k. Environs of Berlin. 3Iost of the pleasantest points have already been mentioned, viz. the TMergarten (p. 73), Charlottenhurg (p. 74), the Zoological Garden (p. 74), 8ch6neberg and the Botanical Garden (p. 56), Moabit (p. 71), Pichelsberg (see above), the Kreuzberg and Tempelhof (p. 61). A pleasant excursion may be made by the Spree (steamers . see p. 9) to Stralau, Treptow, and Kopenick (1 hr.20 min.). — Stralau (Tiibbecke's Restaurant) contains a picturesque old church and a naval school. The 'Stralauer Fischzug", a popular festival on Aug. 24th, attracts numerous visitors from Berlin. — Treptow (Zenner; Sperl), on the left bank, consists mainly of villas belonging to Berlin merchants (tramway Iso. 14, p. 7). Farther on the steamer passes several pleasant garden-restaurants on the banks of the river. — Kopenick, see p. 252. From Kopenick we may either return to Berlin by train (comp. p. 9) ^y,.-..w|;r|P&'i ^ ^-/-rlf^ POTSDAM. 2. Route. 77 or go r.n by train to Friedrichshagen on the Miiggelsee and to (15 31. from Berlin) Erkner (p. 25'2), whence a steamer plies to Riidersdorf (see p. 235). Steamers also ply from Kopenick thrice weekly to Friedrichs- hagen (see above) and twice weekly to Griinau on the Lange See , two favourite points for rowing and sailing regattas. From Griinau a pleasant walk leads through the woods to the Miiggehherge. To the X. of Berlin, 1' 2 M. beyond the Rosenthal Gate, is the Gestind- hninnen, with a park and restaurants. About 3 il. from the Schonhausen Gate are situated Pankow and the chateau of Schonhausen with its park, both connected by tramway with Berlin (]So. 7, p. 7). — The principal Berlin Race Meetings take place in spring and autumn at Hoppegarten^ a station on the Ostbahn. To the S.W. is Lichterfelde, a group of villas, with stations on the An- halt and Potsdam railways (see below and pp. 300, 404). The principal Ger- man Cadet School was transferred hither from Berlin in 1878, and occupies a large building surmounted by a dome 200 ft. high, and containing accom- modation for 880 pupils. In the vestibule are the marble statues formerly in the Wilhelms-Platz at Berlin (p. 54). The Protestant and Roman Ca- tholic chapels are both richly decorated. The 'Field Marshal HalF con- tains the portrait? of upwards of GO Prussian marshals, and a frieze by Pfuhl representing the campaign of 1870-71, the training of the cadets in the old school, and the opening of the new building. The 'Flensburg Lion'' stands in front of the commandant's house (comp. p. 182). The school is connected with the station of the Anhalt line (p. 300) by an electric rail- way. Horse-races are held at Lichterfelde also. Pleasant excursion by tramway (No. 8, p. 7) or steamer (from Spand- au) to (9 M.) Tegel, formerly the residence of the Humboldt family. The chateau, originally a hunting-lodge of the Great Elector, was altered by Schinkel in 1822 in imitation of a Roman villa. The interior is decoi-ated with valuable works of art and casts. The park contains the burial-place of William (d. 1835) and Alexander (d. 1859) v. Humboldt, marked by a granite column with a statue of Hope by Thorvaldsen. The traveller whose stay at Berlin is short will hardly be repaid by a visit to any of these points, but he should not omit to devote a day to Potsdam with its environs (see R. 2). — Freienwalde , see p. 230*, Buckow, see p. 235; Spandait, see p. 92; Spreewald, see p. 265. 2. Potsdam and Environs. Railway from Berlin to Potsdam, 16 M., in 25-45 min., '25 trains daily (fares 2 m. lOpf,, 1 m. 60, 1 m. 5 pf.); to Neu-Babels- berg, same fares; to the Wildpark, 2 m. 40, 1 m. 80, 1 m, 20 pf. Return-tickets at reduced rates. The stations were formerly bleak and unattractive places , but are gradually becoming enlivened -v\ith country-houses. 3 M. Friedenau; 4'/.2 M. Steglitz ; b^o^^- Lichterfelde, with the Cadet School (see above ; 1 M. distant) and race-course. (From Lichterfelde a visit may be paid to the extensive fields near Osdorf, where the experiment of utilising the Berlin sewage as manure is being tried.) — 7i/2 ^I- Zehlendorf. The trains on the main-line do not stop at Neu-Babelsberg (see below). 16 M. Potsdam. 18^2 M. Wildpark, 1/2 ^I- t'^om the New Palace (p. 82). A short branch-line leads from Zehlendorf to Potsdam via Schlachtensee . Wannsee (p. 76), and Neu-Babelsberg (2 M. from the chateau, p. 84; steamer in summer on the Griebnitzsee to Glienicke, p. 84). l-2pers.i 3 pers. 4-5pers. - 50 ! — 75 1 25 - 75 ^ 1 — 1 50 1 - 1 25 ! 1 75 i 50 1 75 I 2 25 - 50 i — 75 I 1 — ; I - 75 , 1 - ' 1 25 1 _ i 1 50 ■ 1 75 1 50 I 1 75 ! 2 — 78 Route 2. POTSDAM. Cabs. Trains for Potsdam also start from the five chief stations of the Stadtbahn (see p. 1), but take I-IV4 hr. to reach their destination. After passing Grunetcald the line unites at ^Vannsee with that above described. Potsdam. — Hotels. ^Eisenbahx Hotel, at the railway-station, with a restaurant and a garden on the Havel, R. from 2 m.: Einsiedler, Schloss- Str. 8; Deutsches Haus, Schloss-Str. 6. good wine; Stadt Konigsberg, Brauer-Str. 1, with a veranda on the Havel, good cuisine. Restaurants. Railway Restaurant. — In the Town: Besides the above- mentioned hotels: Schirmer, Kreuz-Str. 16; Niedt, Wilhelms-Platz 10; Hor- mess., Wilhelms-Platz (for luncheon). — In the Environs : Cafi Sanssouci, outside the Brandenburg Gate; Wackermann's Hohe, on the Brauhausberg, with fine view : Wildpark Station (see p. 77) ; Bluhme, near the Orangery ; Hagei\ at Glienicke, near the Berlin high-road. Gabs. First class (for 1-2 persons only) : per drive within the town 75 pf.; outside the town per V4 hr. 75 pf., 1 2 hr. IV4 m., V* l^r. IV2, 1 hr. 2 m., for each additional ^ 1 hr. 50 pf. more, a whole day 12 m. Second 'class : for 1 4 hr 1/2 hr 3 '4 hr 1 hr Luggage 25 pf. To the Berlin Station , Nei.ie Garten . or Miihlenherg Ruinenberg , Sanssouci Mill, and to the en- trance of the Orangery Wildpark, Neue Palais, Klein-Glienicke . . Bahelsherg by Klein-Glienicke or by Nowaicts Fares by time: 6 hrs. 12 m., 12 hrs. 15 m., without regard to the number of persons. Double fares at night. Steamboats in summer. From the Lange Briicke (p. 79) to Glienicke (p. 84), Sacrow (p. 85), and the P/aueninsel (p. 84) several times every afternoon, a pleasant trip. On Mon. a trip is generally made round the 'Island of Potsdam". In summer there is also steamboat communication between Potsdam and Spandau (p. 92). Tramways. From the Lange Briicke: 1. To Glienicke (p. 84); 2. To the Brandenburger T/tor (near Sanssouci) and the Fictoria-Strasse, near the Charlottenhof (p. 82): 3. To the Russian Colony (p. 83), near the Xew Oarden (p. 83). — 4. From the Victoria-Str. to Glienicke. Flan of Excursion. After a glance at the town, visit the "Friedens- kirche , ''Sanssouci , the so-called '-Orangery , the Sicilian Garden, the Ja- panese House, Charlottenhof, the ''New Palace, and then return to the town. Drive by the "Pfingstberg to the ""Marble Palace, and by Glienicke to ""Ba- belsberg ; then to the railway-station, from which a visit may be paid to the Brauhausberg, an admirable point of view, especially by evening-light. It is possible to visit all these points by carriage in one day, but very fatiguing. — Smoking is prohibited in the royal gardens, except at Ba- helsherg. The Fountains of Sanssouci usually play in summer on Sundays, from noon till dusk. The great fountain also plays on Tuesday and Thursday afternoons (see p. 14). Fees to the attendants at the diQ'erent palaces, although strictly speaking prohibited: 1 pers. 1 m., a party 3 m. : comp. p. 76. Admission to the Kew Palace is granted by ticket (25 pf. for each pers. : no fee). Potsdam (48,500 inhab., garrison 7000), the seat of government for the province of Brandenburg, is charmingly situated on the Potsdamer Werder, an island in the Havel, which here expands into a series of lakes and is bounded by wooded hills. The town is of ancient Slavonic origin, but was a place of no importance until the 'Great Elector founded his palace and park in the neighbourhood. Palace. POTSDAM. 2, Route. 79 It is indebted for its modern splendour to Frederick tlie Great, who generally resided at Potsdam , and in whose reign the palace of Sanssouci, the New Palace, and a number of handsome private resi- dences were erected, and the grounds greatly extended. Crossing the Lange Brilcke. which leads from the station to the town , we perceive the Royal Palace opposite to us. On the right stands the lime-tree (protected by a metal covering) where petitioners used to station themselves to attract the attention of Frederick the Great. To the S. of the palace, enclosed by two rows of columns, extends the Lustgarten, in which there are bronze busts of York , Bliicher , and twelve other celebrated personages, by Ranch, and a series of statues and groups, executed at the be- ginning of the last century, of little artistic value. A bronze statue of Frederick William I. by Hilgers (a replica of that in the Berlin Arsenal) was erected here in 1885 on the side next the parade ground , where he used to drill his gigantic grenadiers. The adjoining Palace (castellan in the court to the left), erected in 1660-1701, but dating in its present form from 1750. is inter- esting for the reminiscences it contains of Frederick the Great. His rooms , adorned with pictures by ^yatteau, Lancret, and Pesne, have been preserved in their original condition. His ink-stained writing- table, music-stand, autograph notes, travelling-cup, etc., are shown here. Adjoining the Librai'y, which is separated from the Bedroom by a massive silver balustrade only, is a Cabinet with double doors, from which the dining-table could be let down by means of a trap-door, and where the king occasionally dined with his friends without risk of being overheard by his attendants. — The Stud// of FredericJc WiHiarn I. contains a few pic- tures painted by that monarch 'in tormentis' {i.e. during an attack of gout), and also a large equestrian portrait ot him by Camphausen. The Apartments of Frederick William II., with wainscoting in the Louis XVI. style , and those of Frederick William III. and his consort Queen Louise are also preserved unaltered. Those occupied by the late King Fre- derick William IV. are adorned with a number of good modern pictures. The Oranienkammern contain some old tapestry. — The upper tloor of the wing next the parade ground is the winter residence of Prince William. The * Church of St. Nicholas, to the N. of the palace, erected in 1830-37 from a plan by Schinkel, a lofty edifice of cubical form, with a dome added in 1842-50, contains a large fresco in the apse, of Christ with the apostles and evangelists, designed by Schinkel. and four prophets by Cornelius in the angles of the vaulting under the dome. The tympanum of the entrance-portico contains a relief of the Sermon on the Mount, by Kiss, from designs by Schinkel. Fine view from the open colonnade of the dome. (Sacristan at the parsonage, adjoining the church on the right.) The neighbouring Kathhaus. the gable of which is adorned with a gilded figure of Atlas bearing the globe, was built in 1754. The Obeliskin front of it, 75 ft. in height, is embellished with medallion- busts of the Great Elector and the first three kings of Prussia. Ad- joining the royal palace is the Barberini Palace, erected by Frede- rick the Great in imitation of the palace of that name at Rome but 80 Route 2. POTSDAM. FriedemMrche. practically rebuilt in 1850-52, containing large assembly-rooms for scientific and other societies. A vault under the pulpit of the Garrison Church, more to the W., contains the remains of Frederick the Great and of his father Frederick William I., the founder of the church. A number of flags, chiefly French, captured in 1813-15 and in 1870-71, are suspended on each side of the pulpit. Sacristan, Kiez-Str. 24. The Wilhelms-Platz is adorned ^ith a Statue of Frederick Wil- liam III., designed by Kiss. The Military and the Civil Orphan Asylums , the Casino, the French Church, built in 1752, the District Courts, in the Maurer- Str. , the Theatre, the Hussars' Barracks, the new Roman Catholic Church, in the Bassin-Platz, and the Uhlan Barracks are also hand- some buildings. The Weinbergthor, in the N.W. part of the town, was designed by Hesse in the style of the Arcus Argentarius at Rome, and is adorned with terracotta reliefs by Schievelbein and Blaser, representing the return of the Crown Prince of Prussia (the present Emperor) from the campaign against Baden. Outside the (W.) Brandenburg Gate , erected in the form of a Roman triumphal arch by I'nger in 1770, with a handsome new allegorical fountain-group of five figures near it, an avenue to the right leads to the Park of Sanssoucl. At the entrance to the park, 11/2 M. from the station, rises the '^riedenskirche , or 'Church of Peace', in the early-Christian basilica style, designed by Persius, and completed in 1850, the favourite building of Fred. William IV. We first enter a Qr adrangle , enclosed by arcades, adjoining which rises the clock-tower, 130 ft. in height, with openings adorned with minia- ture columns. In the cloisters, at the foot of the tower, are some inter- esting Romanesque Italian sculptures. Beyond the cloisters, the entrance to which from the park is formed by a modern Romanesque portal in ter- racotta, we enter the somewhat smaller Atrium (the 'paradise' of the an- cient basilicas) , where to the left stands RietscheVs *Pieta (the Saviour's body and the weeping mother) ; opposite to it RaucK's *Group of Moses (Moses, supported by Aaron and Hur. praying for victory); and in the centre a copy of Thovvaldsen''s Risen Christ. The somewhat bare Inter- ior of the basilica, borne by sixteen Ionic columns in black marble, con- tains, in front of the chancel, the burial-vaults of Frederick William IV. (d. 1861) and of his Queen Elizabeth (d. 1S73) ; the angel in Carrara marble is by Tenerani of Rome. To the right of the angel is a lofty marble candelabrum by Steinhauser. The apse is adorned with an old Venetian mosaic from S. Cipriano di Malamocco, representing Christ, Mary, and Pe- ter on the right, and John the Baptist and St. Cyprian on the left. Entering the *Park of Sanssouci and bearing to the right, we soon reach the Great Fountain (p. 78), the water of which rises to a height of 112 ft., and several others near it. Of the twelve figures surrounding the basin (18th cent.), the Venus by Pigalle alone merits inspection. The equestrian Statue of Frederick the Great in Carrara marble, to the S. of the Great Fountain, is freely copied from Ranch's celebrated work (p. 22), and the reliefs on the neighbouring bronze vase are repetitions of those on the pedestal of the monument of Fred. William III. in the Thiergarten (p. 73). Sanssouci. POTSDAM. 2. Route. SI A broad flight of steps. 66 ft. in lieight. intersected by six Ter- races^ ascends from the great fountain to the palace. Frederick the Great's greyhounds and chargers are buried at the E. end of the highest terrace. This was once a favourite resort of the king, who expressed a wish to be buried at the foot of the statue of Flora here ('Quand je serai la, je serai sans souci"). The Palace of Sanssouci, a building of one story, erected by Knobelsdorff for Frederick the Great in 1745-47, and that mon- arch's almost constant residence, stands on an eminence above the town. His rooms are still preserved almost unaltered. It was after- wards occupied by Frederick William IV., who died here in 1861. The castellan lives in the building to the E. of the palace. The main interest of the palace consists in the numerous reminiscences it contains of its illustrious founder. A clock, which he was in the habit of winding up, is said to have stopped at the precise moment of his death (2.20 p.m., 17th Aug., 1786). His portrait (in his o6th year) by Pesne is said to be the only likeness for which he ever sat. The walls are hung with pictures by Pesne, Lancvet, Watteau , and others. The library con- tains a few ancient busts , the best of which is one of 'Homer. In the dining-room stands a bronze bvist of Charles XII. of Sweden. The W. wing contains the room in which Frederick William IV. died (kept un- altered) and also that once occupied by Voltaire. In the latter are some wood-carvings and embroidery. The Picture Gallery, in a separate building, has yielded up its finest works to the Museum at Berlin. Those remaining are chiefly old copies of Rubens and Van Dyck (ascribed here to these masters themselves) or works by their pupils and imitators. The bronze *Bust of Sixtus Y. (d. 1590) is very fine. A small room at the back contains several works by the Van der Werffs, some good examples of Jan Brueghel, and paintings bv Molenaer and other Dutch masters. The building cost Fredericik 160,000 thalers (24,000^.). and the interior is lavishly adorned with stucco and Italian marbles. From Sanssouci a path leads in 1/4 hr. to the Rvinenherg (see Plan), an eminence with artificial ruins, beneath which is the reservoir for the fountains of Sanssouci. The water is pumped into it from the Havel by moans of steam-engines. The tower (129 steps: fee 30 pf.) commands a beautiful and extensive prospect. The way to the Orangery leads past the famous Windr)nll, the owner of which is said to have refused to sell it to Frederick the Great (now royal property), and through the Northern Garden or ^Pinetum' . The *Orangery, an extensive structure in the Florentine style, 330 yds. in length, was completed in 1856 from plans by Hesse. On the terrace are two columns with statues of Ceres and Flora, and a copy of the Farnese Bull. Below are two ancient sarcophagi. \ised as fountain-troughs. The long facade is adorned with numer- ous statues: the Seasons and the Months executed by Stiitzel, from the designs of Schievelbein, Wittig. E. Mayer, and Franz; in the centre Agriculture, Architecture, Industry, and Science by A. Wolff and E. Mayer. In front of the building is a statue of Fred. Wil- liam IV., by Blaeser. Baedekers' K. Germany. 9th Edit, 6 82 Route 2. POTSDAM. Xew Palace. The Central Saloon on tlie gvoundfloor contains forty-nine Copies from Raphael and numerous original sculptures. Among these are : Stcinfiauser, Gii'l listening with a shell; Trosc^e?, Spinner asleep ; Imho/\ Miriam; Voss, Hebe giving water to the eagle, and Cupid warding off the eagle. — Xext Saloon: Fvanz , Butterfly-catcher: Wittzach, Ball-player (in bronze). — 3IALACHITE Saloon : Troschel, Sleeping Faun, and the infant Bacchus in a basket; Thorvaldsen , Head of Adonis, and Head of a sleeper: Hase)ip/?tig, Cupid and Psyche. Paintings: Stange, Palace of the Doges (funeral of the last doge at night): 0. Achenbacfi, Park near Frascati; Hagen, Wieland at the court of Weimar; Oec, Frederick the Great in a boat, playing. — In the Loggia are statues in marble : Tvoschel , Woman spreading flax: E. Maijev^ Girl putting on ear-rings ; Steinhause)-, Boy playing at ball. — Next Rooms : ~Raucf), Danaide ; E. Bildebrandt, Bethesda, Nazareth. Bethlehem, and Jerusalem from the Mt. of Olives. The Orangery also contains some good Berlin and Dresden china. The upper terrace (door to the left in the court) commands a magnificent *Paxoe,ama of the country round Sanssouci , Pots- dam, the Havel, and the neighbouring hills. From the Cavalier Wing we now proceed to the Paradeisgartlj ■which contains a charming Atrium in the Greek style. The Bel- vedere at the N.W. end of the garden, beyond the Paradeisgartl, commands a pleasing view. From the Orangery we proceed to the S. through the 'Sicilian Garden', containing tropical plants , fountains, and statues (*Girl drawing water, in marble , by E. Wolff ^, and then between the Sea-horse Fountain, by Kiss, and the Japanese House (called the 'ape-saloon' by Frederick the Great from the figures with which it is decorated) to (1 M.) the Charlottenhof. Before reaching the cha- teau we pass on the left the Roman Bath-house, containing a valu- able bath of jasper, a fine group of Ganymede and Hebe in marble by Hentschel, and some old engravings. The *Charlottenhof, originally an unpretending country-house, was tastefully transformed by Schinkel in 1826 into an Italian villa. The vestibule contains a bust of Schinkel by Ranch, and two vases of jasper from the Ural. In one of the rooms is a chair of steel and silver , made by Peter the Great. In the dining-room, Ganymede by Wredow, and David by E. Wolff. (Castellan on the sunk floor.) To the E. of the park of Sanssouci, 1 M, from the Orangery and about the same distance from the Charlottenhof, rises the *New Palace, founded by Frederick the Great in 1763, after the termina- tion of the Seven Years' War, and completed by him in 1769 at a expense of about 450,000Z. Visitors enter from the back, opposite the ■C'ommuns\ or old servants' offices, now barracks for a battalion of infantry composed of members of all the different regiments, trained here to ensure uniformity of drill throughout the army. The fagade is 375 ft. long. Many of the 200 apartments are richly deco- rated. Those once occupied by the founder are preserved unaltered. Part of the upper floor is fitted up as a summer -residence for the Crown Prince and his family. Visitors are admitted to the greater part of the palace even when the royal family are at home, but in this case they must approach from the Marble Palace. POTSDAM. 2. Route. S3 Wildpark station , and wait at the bridge. The hours of admission are 12-2 and 3-7 : fee 25 pf. The Vestibule contains a large porcelain vase, presented by the Emp. Nicholas. The *Grotto Saloox is inlaid with shells, the friezes with minerals and precious stones. The upper rooms contain several large deco- rative paintings, erroneously ascribed to the great masters. The Apartments OF Frederick the Great contain relics of that monarch and a porti-ait of Voltaire drawn by him. In the private rooms of the Crown Prince are good French works by Watteaii. Lancret , and Paler. The Theatre has seats for 600 persons. In the Coxcert and Ball Room: G. Reni, Lucretia, Diogenes; L. Giordano, .Judgment of Paris. Rape of the Sabines ; Vanloo, Sacrifice of Ipliigenia. The handsome Marble Saloon is 100 ft. long. The castellan of the New Palace also keeps the key of the Antique Temple or Mausoleum, containing an admirable marble "'Statue of Queen Louise by Jiauch , somewhat more realistic than that at Charlottenburg (p. 76). Opposite to it is the elegant Temple of Friendship , erected by Gontard by order of Frederick the Great to the memory of his sister the Margravine of Baireuth, and containing her bust. To the W. of the New Palace, in the direction of the village of Eiche, a new park is now being laid out. The Wildpark, to the S. affords numerous pleasant strolls. The Wildpark Station (p. 77) is V2 M. to the S. of the New Palace. To the N. of Potsdam, about 1/2 ^- from the Naueuer Thor, is the Russian colony of Alexandrowka , consisting of eleven houses and a Greek chapel, founded in 1826 by Fred. William III. for the accommodation of the Russian singers who were at that time attached to the 1st Regiment of Guards. To the E, of the Russian colony lies the *Nbue Gabten, or New Garden, laid out by Fred. William II.. and containing a fine rosary. At the N. corner of the garden is the Meierei (^Restaurant, unpre- tending") or dairy, prettily situated on the Jungfernsee (boats to Glienicke. etc). In the E. part of the garden, on the Heiligen-See, rises the Marble Palace, erected in 1786-96 by Fred. William II., who died here in 1797, and completed by Fred. William IV. in 1845. It contains some good sculptures and pictures. In summer the palace is occupied by Prince William, and not open to visitors. In the Court, in front of the palace, Prometheus, by E. Wolff. In the Arcades, rich ornamentation by Kolbe and Hesse. Marble sculptures. The interior contains marble sculptures \)y Ranch ., Tieck . Canova . and Scfiadow, pictures by Hockert, Frey, Liitke, Kretscfimer, and others, valuable clocks and furniture, and elaborate ceiling and mural decorations. The Kitchen, which externally looks like a temple sunk in the lake, is connected with the palace by a subterranean passage 50 paces long. On the * Pfingstberg , which rises in the vicinity , stands a handsome ornamental building , part of a projected villa, designed by Hesse , the towers of which (152 steps) afford an extensive view of the environs, with Berlin, Spandau, Nauen, and Branden- burg in the distance , most striking by evening-light. A carriage- road ascends to the summit of the hill. The castellan lives in the N. W. tower. At the base on the S. side lies the extensive Drill Ground (Bornstadter Feld). 6* 84 Route 2. POTSDAM. Bahelsherg. At Glienicke (Hager's Restaurant) on the Berlin road (tramway, see p. 78), on the left bank of the Havel, is situated a Chateau of Princess Frederick Charles, widow of Prince Frederick Charles (d. 18S5), with a garden and large * Park , which is sometimes closed after 4 p.m. If, from the entrance next to the fountains near the road, we follow the first road leading: to the right, we reach the so-called Roman Bench, on the banks of a small artificial lake and waterfall. On a slight eminence above lies the ''Weisse Bank, affording a capital survey of the whole basin of the Havel : we then follow the road and come to the Victoria Bank, whence v^'e enjoy an extensive view of the other side of the river. "We now return to the Chateac. The • Xeugievde . or entrance-court, and the '■Casino'' contain a number of antique sculptures, paintings, and inscriptions; the latter also commands a beautiful view. To the X.W. of the palace is a Testoration" of the court of an old monastery, the older parts of which came from Padua (admission on application to the porter). The reserved park is noted for its well-kept turf; admission on application to the Inspector, who lives close by. On the other side of the road rises the Bottchers-Berg . surmounted hy a Loggia, commanding a fine *Panorama. At the foot of the hill is an old Hunting-Lodge of the Great Elector, whose bust is placed above one of the gates , in the rococo style . restored as a residence for the late Prince Frederick Charles. In the vicinity (3/4 M.) is the entrance to the park and the palace of Babelsberg. the property of the Emp. William and open to the public in his absence. The porter at the gate provides a guide through the park, if required ( V2-I ^•)- — Those who wish to visit Babelsberg first leave the railway at Neu-Babelsberg station (p. 77). The picturesque chateau of '^Babelsberg was erected in the English Gothic style hy Schinkel in 1835, and extended in 1848. It r^tands in a beautiful park, laid out by Prince Piickler. The *IxTERioR of the chateau is tastefully decorated, and contains numerous works of art. Pictures: 'Wiitich, Page; ~Th. Ilildehrand, Othello; Meyer of Bremen, Mother giving her child to a kneeling girl; Ragn, Conversation ; C. Becker, The young recruit : Spangenherg, Sleeping forester; Dannhanser, Scene from the Danish war; '-Bleibtreu, At Koniggratz ; land- scapes by Diige, Hummel, Harrach, and others. Also memorials of the campaigns of 1864, 1866, and 1870-71. Charming Views through the dense foliage, of Potsdam, Sanssouci , the Pfingstberg, the Marble Palace, Glienicke , the broad expanse of the Havel , and the wooded hills. The water of the fountains in front of the palace is forced to the height of 100 ft. from the Havel by means of a steam-engine. On the E. side of the palace is a monument with the Archangel 3Iichael, by Kiss. The adjacent Gothic building to the right is the kitchen. On the neighbouring Lenne-Hohe stands the so-called Gerichts- laube . a Gothic portico , which was detached from the old Rath- haus in Berlin in 1871, and re-erected here. Extensive view. — To the S. rises the Flatower Thurm, a copy of the Eschenheimer-Thor Thurm at Frankfort, erected in 1856 and commanding a fine view. The Pfaueninsel, 3 M. to the N.E. of Potsdam, once a favourite resort of Frederick William III., converted by him into a park, and abounding in beautiful oaks, is now rarely visited. The Chateau is in the form of a ruined Roman villa with two round towers connected by a bridge, and the Farm at the extremitv of the island in that of a G-othic ruin. The OBERHAUSEN. 3. Route. 8o Cavalierhaus was built with the stones of Count Schlieii'en's old house at Dantsic. Steamer to the Pfaueninsel, see p. 78 ; the road leads along the Havel, passing the forestry of Moorlake (restaurant), and reaches the ferry at the church of Nikolskoe. — Between Glienicke and the Pfauen- insel, on the right bank of the Havel, lies Sacrow (Restaurant on the riverj, with the Church of Our Saviour, a basilica built by Persius for Frederick William IV. A pleasant walk may be taken through the wood from here to the Romerschame, opposite the village of Nedlitz. The *Brauhausberg (-Rcs!• Miilheim, on the Rhine; 8 M. Schlebusch ; IOV2 M. Opladen (branch-line to Burscheid, Born, and Lennep, see below) ; 13 M. Leichlingen. From (17 M.j Ohligs-Wald a branch-line di- verges to (4 M.) Solingen (Bairischer Hof), one of the chief seats of the German steel manufacture, especially of sword-blades, bayonets, and cutlery. — 21 M. Haan; 22i 9 M. Vohwinkel, junction of the line to Steele, an important coal-railway; 25^2 M. Sonnhom. The line now crosses the Wupper, and reaches — 28 m, "EVaQrUldi (Hotel BloenxzumWeidenhof; Victoria ; Post ; Mainzer Hof: Rheinischer Hop and (30 M.) Barmen (*H6tel Vo- geler; Prinz Wilhelm von Preussen ; Vereinshaus, all at the station; Zur Pfalz: Schiitzenhaus) , which form an uninterrupted succes- sion of manufactories and dwelling-houses, about 5 M. in length. The sister towns, which have risen to importance since the middle of last century , now contain 209,200 inhab. (Elberfeld 106,300 ; Barmen 102,900), and rank among the richest manufacturing towns on the continent. The chief products of their very numerous and extensive factories are cotton, calico, silk, ribbons, Turkey-red dyed goods, soap, candles, and chemicals. The value of the cotton and silk manufactures is now 130 million marks annually. For a description of the towns, see Baedeker's Rhine. Branch Eailw^at from Barmen to the manufacturing places Lennep, Remscheicl. Hiickeswagen, and Wipperfilrth. Fkom Elberfeld to Di^sseldorf by railway in 1 hr. (fares 2 m. 40, 1 m. SO, 1 m. 20 pf.). Stations Sonnborn, Vohwmkel, Hnan (see above), Hoch- dahl, Erkvath^ Gerresheim, Diisseldorf; comp.p. 87, and see Baedeker^s Rhine. The line skirts the E. side of the valley of the Wupper. 30 M. Rittershausen. It then crosses the Wupper , quits the Duchy of Berg, and enters the County of Mark. The river anciently formed the boundary between Franconia and Saxony, and now separates the Rhine-land from AVestphalia. ti Pi fi ci ri e^i ci B" p a R fc pi^jijqia uoA. TTBii u3puaTia;iSTim us-p tte 9 sniTfosirY to Berlin. SOEST. 4. Route. 95 35 M. Scliwelm (Rosenkranz), a town with 12,227 inhabitants. 371/2 M. Milspe. Pleasing view up the valley of the Ennepe, which the train crosses by embankments and a viaduct, 100 ft. in height, to (39 M.) Gevelsberg, a town consisting of a long row of detached houses. The stream turns the machinery of numerous small iron-works. At (42 M.) Haspe are extensive puddling-works and rolling-mills. 44 M. Hagen (^■Li'tnenschloss, at the station ; *Kaiserhof, Glitz, Voss , in the town) , a flourishing manufacturing town with 29,426 inhab., is the junction of several railways, which diverge in all directions to the industrial valleys of the Ennepe, Volme, Lenne, and Ruhr. Kailway to Siegen, see pp. 105. 106; to Witten and Dortmund, see p. 105. The train crosses the Ruhr just below its confluence with the Lenne; to the left rises an abrupt hill with the tower of Hohensy- burg, once a stronghold of AVittekind (p. 88). 50 M. Westhofen. 521; 2 ]\j^ Schwerte (Sternberg)^ a small town with 6057 inhab. and an extensive iron-foundry. The Eomanesque church, altered in the early-Gothic period, contains a carved altar of 1523, and stained- glass windows of the 14th and 15th centuries. Schwerte is the junction for the line to Arnsberg, Scherfede, and Cassel (R. 6). From (58 M.) Holzwickede a branch diverges to Horde and Dortmund (p. 86). 63 M. TJnna (Deutscher Kaiser), a town of 7690 inhab., with salt-works, the junction for Hamm and Dort- mund (R. 3). Konigsborn, 3/^ M. to the N., is visited for its salt- springs (lodgings at the Kurhaus). — 68 M. Hemmerde ; 721/2 M. Werl, a resort of pilgrims; 77 M. Ostonnen. 81 M. Soest (^'Overweg ; Voswinkel), an old town with 13,985 inhab., in the fertile Soester Bbrde , lies on a road that was once the great commercial route between Saxony, Westphalia , and the Lower Rhine. It is mentioned in documents as early as the 9th cent., and afterwards became a fortified Hanseatic town of such importance that in 1447 it successfully repelled an attack by the Archbishop of Cologne with 60,000 men. It once possessed the most ancient and excellent municipal code in Germany (termed the 'Schraa'), which served in the 12th cent. , as a model to Liibeck and many other towns. The town is still surrounded by broad walls ; the moats have been converted into promenades. Of the an- cient gates the Osthofenthor alone is preserved. The Romanesque Cathedral, founded by Bruno, brother of Otho the Great , in the 10th cent., dates in its present form from the 12th cent. ; the mural paintings in the choir were executed about 1100, the stained glass about 1200. The Petrikirche contains paintings ascribed to Hein- rich Aldegrever, and several Gothic chalices. The finest church, however, is the Gothic ^Wiesenkirche ('St. Mary of the Meadow'), founded in 1314, completed in the following century, and restored in 1850-82. The picturesque apse should be observed. The N. aisle contains a fine altarpiece of 1473, with wings, and a mrious em- 96 Route i. PADERBORN. From Cologne broidereil altar-cloth of the beginning of the i4th century with a border of the 15th. The stained glass in the window (loth cent.) over the N. side-entrance represents the Last Supper , at which the Westphalian ham, the staple dish of the country, takes the place of the Paschal lamb. Driiggelte, on the road to Arnsberg (p. 107), 4V2 M. to the S. of Soest, possesses a curious twelve-sided chapel of the middle of the 12t.h century. The road then traverses the pleasant Arnsherger Wald. From Soest to Arnsberg, 15 M., diligence twice daily. From Soest to Hamm, 15 IM. , railway in 35-40 minutes. This line forms part of the direct route from Cassel'to :Wiinster and Emden (R. 13). From Soest via Dortmund and Essen to Dvsseldorf, see p. 87. 84 M. Sassendorf, with salt-works; 87 M. Horn; 891/2 M. Beninghausen. — 94 M. Lippstadt (Koppelmann), a town with 9349 inhab., on the Lippe , which here becomes navigable. The extensive Marienkirche , built in 1189 and 1*290, contains fine carved choir-stalls. A branch -line diverges here to (19 M.) Warstein. — 9872 M. Ehringenhausen ; 101 M. Oeseke ; lOS'/o M. Sahkotten. 121 M. Paderborn (^Vere ins- Hotel , Lohmann, at the station; Loffelmann, Preussischer Hof, Westfdlischer Hof. in the town), an ancient town with 14,689 inhab. , where Charlemagne held a diet in 777, has been an episcopal see since 795 and a town since 1000. The Cathedral, in the transition - style , has been repeatedly ravaged by fire; the W. part, with the handsome tower and the crypt, dates from about 1143, the E. portions from about 1263. The principal *Portal, on the S. side, is adorned with reliefs of the Crucifixion, the Virgin Mary, and saints. The other sculptures on the same side of the church consist of New Testament subjects and of a frieze with scenes from the old German bestiaries. Interior. In the N. transept stands a finely-carved, late-Gothic altar of the 15th century. The choir contains the monuments and brasses of several bishops. In the treasury is the silver Reliquary of St. Liborius, a substitute for one carried off by Duke Christian of Brunswick in 1622, of the silver of which he caused dollars to be coined, bearing the inscription, 'Gottes Freundt, der Pfaffen Feindt' (God's friend, the priests' foe). Other valuable objects of art are a portable altar of 1100, two silver chalices of the 12th and 15th cent., and silver statues of SS. Kilian and Liborius, executed in the 14th century. The Cloisters contain numerous tombstones. Above the central window is a curious sculpture represeuting three hares with three ears only, but so placed that each appears to possess two. The old and externally insignificant Chapel of St. Bartholomew in the vicinity, erected in 1017 by Italian builders, restored in 1852, contains dome-like vaulting, borne by slender columns. Be- neath the cathedral and on its N. side the Pader takes its rise from 198 springs, which are so copious as to turn seven mills within 200 yards of their source. Hence the name of the town, Pader-Born, or 'source of the Pader'. The water is cold in summer, but in winter so warm as to give off steam. — The Busdorfkirche was originally erected on the model of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem; the present edifice dates from the 14th century. The to Berlin. ^ DRIBURG. 4. Route. 97 choir contains a large Romanesque candelabrum, with seven branches. — The Jesuits' Church was built in the 17th century. — The Rath- haus, of 1473 and 1616, has recently been well restored. The Inselbad (Curhaus) , with mineral springs , used for vapour and other baths, is ^/\ 31. from the Paderborn station. At the confluence of the Pader and Alme with the Lippe., 3 m. to the X. W. of Paderborn (omn. twice daily), is the village of Neuhaus^ with an old chateau of the prince-bishops of Paderborn, now used as hussar barracks. From Paderborn a diligence runs several times daily in summer fin winter once daily) to Lippspringe (384 ft. ; Old and Xew Curhaus; Concordia, open in summer only; Hotel Wegener^ R. <& E. 21/2 m., well spoken of; Krieger; Brackmann; Hath; Trentmann), situated 5' '2 M. to the X.E.. which has i-ecently become a frequented watering-place. It possesses a thermal spring (70° Fahr.), containing Glauber's salts, discovered in 1832, which is beneficial in the case of chest complaints, and attracts upwards of 2000 visitors annually. The waters are used for baths, as well as drinking; there are also rooms for inhaling the steam , a whey-cure establishment , and pleasant grounds. Lippspringe is mentioned in history as the seat of three diets in the reign of Charlemagne (776, 880, 882). The sources of the Lippe burst copiously from the earth here at two places ; one of these, 1/2 M. to the N. of the Curhaus, was called the Jordan, in commemoration of the baptism of Charlemagne's Saxon converts; the other rises near the mineral spring, below the lofty ruins of the old castle, which was founded before 1310 by the Paderborn Chapter. — From Lippspringe by Schlangen to the Externsteine (p. 89) . 9 M. ; from Schlangen the old high-road leads through fine avenues of oaks to Detmold (p. 88). 122^/2 M. Neuenbeken. The railway now crosses the Dune Viaduct, 237 yds. long and 84 ft. high, immediately beyond which is another, 528 yds. long and 114 ft. high, crossing the Beeke Valley. Near the railway is the Bullerborn, a spring, formerly inter- mittent, at which the exhausted soldiers of Charlemagne quenched their thirst in 772. 124 M. Altenbeken, the junction for Pyrmont and Hanover ( R. 12) and for Warburg and Cassel (R. 6). 130 M. Driburg (Brackmann; Englischer Hof). About 1/2 M- to the E. (omn. from the station 50 pf.) lies Bad Driburg, a water- ing-place which has attracted visitors for the last two centuries, in a healthy situation among wooded hills , with powerful chalybeate springs and good baths (lodgings at the baths; visitors' tax 12 m,, two pers. 18 m., each addit. pers. 4 m.). The chateau of Count Sierstorpff, the lord of the manor, contains a collection of pictures. Excursions may be made to (I'^M.) the Iburg, (4 M.) Neuenheerse with an old abbey-church, etc. 187'/.2 M. Brakel (Robrecht; Meyer), a very ancient little town, with a Roland's column (p. 150). On a hill in the distance stands Schloss Hinnenburg, at the foot of which rises the Brakel mineral spring. From (144 M.) Ottbergen a branch-line diverges to Carls- hafen (p. 108) and Northeim (p. 120). 146 M. Godelheim. 150 M. Hoxter {*Schwiete; Goldschmidt, well spoken of), a venerable place , once a free imperial town and a member of the Hanseatic League, with 5186 inhabitants. The Protestant Church of St. Kilian , with two towers and a rectilineal choir , was con- Baedeker's X. Germany. 9th Edit. 7 98 Route 4. HOLZMINDEN. From Cologne secrated in 1075, rebuilt in the Romanesque style in 1391, and restored in 1882. It contains a pulpit of 1592 and a font of 1631 (by Berent Kraft). Adjacent is the Minoritenkirche, also Protestant, but at present unused, a line Gothic edifice of ca. 1400 , with one low aisle (on the S. side ; apply to the verger of St. Kilian's). The Rathhaus , built in 1466, owes its present appearance to a recon- struction in 1613. The Roman Catholic Nicolaikirche, in the market- place , contains a lectionary with an ornamental metal cover of the 12th century. Hoxter also contains several Renaissance timber- buildings, among the most interesting of which are the (restored) Tilly House and others in the Heisterhof , lying a little way back from the "Westerbach-Strasse. — Hoxter - Fiirstenb erg (p. 108), on the Holzminden and Scherfede railway, lies 11/2 J^l- from Hoxter, on the right bank of the Weser. Steamers ply on the Weser from Hoxter to Miinden and Hameln (p. 141). An avenue of lime-trees, passing the station, leads from Hoxter to (1 31.) Corvey (Inn), once the most celebrated Benedictine abbey in N. Germany, founded by Louis the Pious in 816 and transferred to its present site in 822. The abbots were of princely rank. In 1791 it was created a bishopric, but it was suppressed in 1803, and now belongs to the Duke of Eatibor, Prince of Corvey. The castellated building, with its numerous towers, farm offices, and church, encloses several courts. In the upper cloisters are portraits of all the abbots. The chateau con- tains a fine library of 100,0(X) vols., of which Ho/mann von Fallersleben, who is buried behind the church, was custodian from 1860 to 1874. The first six books of the Annals of Tacitus, which had been believed to be lost, were found here in 1514. A pleasant walk may be taken from Hoxter via the 0/4 hr.) Felsen- keller and the (1/2 hr.) VTilhelmshdhe to the(V2hr.) '^Ziegenherg, which rises to a height of 530 ft. above the valley of the Weser. — Farther on is the 1 ii/4 hr.) Bosseborner Warfthurm, the view from which includes the Her- mann Monument near Detmold (p. 89). Hence we may proceed to the S., skirting the edge of the wood, to (^4 hr.) the Brunsherg. at the base of which Charlemagne defeated the Saxons in 775. There are some scanty traces of old fortifications. From the Brunsberg we may return to Hoxter direct in IV2 hr. The train now crosses the Weser ; on the left bank lies Cor- vey (see above). 152 M. Liichtringen. 155M, JLolzmmdien (*Buntrock ; TJhde), a Brunswick town with 7800 inhab.. possesses a famous old grammar-school, and a modern school of engineering, with a monument to Haarmann, its founder. — Railway to Scherfede, see p. 108. Beyond Holzminden we have a passing glimpse of the vale of the Ihne, vnth the old Cistercian convent of Amelunxborn. 164 M. Stadt-Oldendorf ■ 168 M. Vorwohle. Beyond (176 M.) Naensen the Leine is crossed. 182 M. Kreiensen (Railway Restaurant. D. 2 m. ; Hotel Mai- gatter, at the station), the junction of the Hanover and Cassel line (R. 7). — 186 M. Gandersheim (Weisses Ross), an old town, formerly the seat of a nunnery founded about 844. Romanesque abbey-church, dating from 1172. lo Berlin. MAGDEBURG. 4. Route. 99 195 M. Seesen (*Kronprinz; WilhelmsbadJ, one of the oldest places on the margin of the Harz Mts., founded in 974 by Emp. Otho II. and presented to the nunnery of Gandersheim. Railway to Nordhausen via Herzberg, see p. 372. — 199^/2 ^- ^euekrug. the junction of a branch -line to Grauhof (p. 375) and Vieuenburg (p. 371). — 2031/2 >I- Lutter. At Lutter am Barenberge, 2/4 M. to the E. , Tilly gained a victory over Christian lY. of Denmark on 27th Aug. 1626. 2071/2 M. Ringelheim, junction of a branch-line to Vienenburg and Hildesheim (p. 129). 210 M. Salzgitter, with saline springs. 219'/2 M. Borssum {^Eail. Restaurant, D. 2 m.), the junction of the Brunswick and Harzburg line (p. 371). 229 M. MattierzoU ; 2341/9 M. Jerxheim , the junction of the line from Oschersleben (p.37~o) to Wolfenbiittel (p. 371); 237 1., M. SoUingen ; 241 1 M. Schoningen; 244 M. Offleben ; 247 M. Volpke. At [252 M.) Eils- leben our line unites with that from Hanover and Brunswick(p. 94). 266 >I. Niederndodeleben. Then (269 M.) Sudenburg . a suburb of Magdeburg. 271 M. Magdeburg. — Hotels. Xear the station: *Wescues Hotel (PL d; A, 3), R., L., & A. from 2V'2 m., B. 1 m. : *Centkal Hotel, R. from 2 m. ; Hotel Fijkst Bismarck (PI. h : A, 4), second class, these three op- posite the station; MiJLLER (PI. i: A, 4), Kronprinz-8tr. 9. — In the town: Weisser Schwan (PI. h; B, 3), Breite Weg; Stadt Prag (PI. e; B, 4), Bar-Str. , with restaurant, R., L., & A. 2, B. 1 m. ; Stadt Braun- schweig (PI. c; B. 2), Breite Weg ; Kaiserhof (PI. a; B, 3), Kutscher- Str. 10; Grutzmacher (PI. g; C, 3), Fiirsten-Str. 27. Restaurants. Wine: Riegel, Kaiser-Str. 92 : *'Ftthrmann, Himmelreich- Str. ; "Dankicarth d- Richters ^ Breite Weg: '^Ratlnkellevei . Altenmarkt ; Schmanns , Pralaten-Str. 1. — Beer: Goxtkoirski, Breite Weg 197; Frankl, Schoneeck-Str. ; Reinecke., Altenmarkti &riitzmachei% Fiirsten-Str.; Reicha- halle, Kaiser-Str. : Klausert, Kcinigshof ('Weissbier'' saloon). — Confectioners. ■'Caf^ Doni, Oranien-Str., near the cathedral; '-Salis, Breite Weg 168; SachtlebfTi, Breite Weg 165; Offenhammer, opposite the station: Solle, Wilhelm-Str. 12. Baths in the Fiirsten-Str., well fitted up ; Lossier''s Baths, FuTstenwsAl. Theatres, see the Plan (Nos. 23, 24, 25); Summer Theatre in the Tiara Park, outside the Ulrichs-Thor. Concert Rooms. Fiirstenhof, Kaiser-Str. ; Tivoli, Kaiser-Str., with garden: Theater-Garten, at the Stadt-Theater. Cabs. Per drive within the town, for 1-2 pers. 50 pf., 3 pers. 75 pf., A pers. 1 m. — By time: 1,2 hour, for 1-2 pers. 75 pf., for 3-4 pers. 1 m. Tramway every 8 min. in the forenoon and every 4 min. in the after- noon from Neustadt and Buckait along the Breite Weg to Sudenburg; also from the Ulrichs-Thor across the Altenmarkt and over the Elbe bridges to the Friedrichstadt and Herrenkrug. Magdeburg (165 ft.), the capital and seat of government of the Prussian province of Saxony, the headquarters of the 4th Corps of the army, and a fortress of the first rank, with (1885) 114,000 (includ. suburbs 157,000) inhab., is chiefly situated on the left bank of the Elbe, which is here divided into three arms. It consists of the town proper and the four suburbs of Sudenburg and Buckau to the S., Neustadt to the N., and Friedrichstadt to the E., on the right bank of the so-called Alte Elbe. Between the town and the last- 7* 100 Routed. MAGDEBURG. From Cologne named suburb lies the Werder. an island occupied by the Citadel^ and connected with both banks by bridges. Since 1866 the town has been fortified with a series of advanced bastions instead of the old fortifications , and has thus obtained space for extending its formerly very narrow limits. Handsome new quarters have accord- ingly sprung up to the W. and S. of the old town, containing the Theatre (PI. 23; A, 4) by Lucse, the Commercial and Industrial School {m. 20; A, 3), the School of Art (PL 14; A. 3; with the Industrial Museum), and the Central Railivay Station (PI. A, 3, 4). The citadel is also to be removed and its site used for buildings connected with the traffic on the river. The construction of a new line of streets from the Rathhaus (see below) to the Jacobikirche (PI. 7; C, 1) has been a great boon to the old town. Magdeburg, one of the most important commercial towns in N. Ger- many, is conveniently situated at the junction of numerous railways (to Berlin, Hamburg, Bremen, Hanover, Brunswick, and LeipsicJ. It is the headquarters of the German sugar industry, and the cultiva- tion of the beetroot from which the sugar is obtained is carried on very extensively in the neighbourhood. It also possesses numerous wool, cotton, spirit, tobacco, chocolate, chicory, and other manufactories. Magdeburg, wMch was founded as a commercial settlement at the be- ginning of the 9th cent. . is chiefly indebted for its early prosperity to Emp. Otho the Great (936-973) and his consort Editha (p. lOi) who founded a Benedictine monastery here in 937. In 967 the town was raised to the rank of an archiepiscopal see, to which an ample jxirisdiction and the primacy of Germany were annexed. In the i8th-15th cent. 3Iagdeburg was a flourishing and powerful commercial place , with supremacy over an extensive territory, and a member of the Hanseatic League. The tur- bulent citizens gradually threw off the archiepiscopal yoke , and towards the close of the 15th cent, compelled the prelates generally to reside else- where. As early as 1524 they eagerly espoused the cause of the Reformation. During the Thirty Years' War 3Iagdeburg suffered terribly. In 1629 it successfully resisted the attacks of Wallenstein during seven months , but was taken by storm by Tilly in 1631, and almost wholly destroyed. Otto von Guericke, the inventor of the air-pump, was at that period the bur- gomaster of the town. After the Reformation the see was presided over by three Protestant archbishops , and at length in 1680 became incorpo- rated with the Mark of Brandenburg. The Breitb Weg, the principal business-street of Magdeburg, intersects the town from N. to S. , from the Krokenthor to the Sudenburger Thor, and contains numerous handsome shops. The houses in it date mostly from the 17th century. The inscription on No. 146. ^Gedenke des 10. Mai 163l\ is a reminiscence of the capture of the town by Tilly. — The sculptures in the pediment of the handsome Reichs-Bank, in the Grosse Miinz-Str. (PL B, 3), were taken from the old house of Otto von Guericke (d. 1686 ; see above). The ^Cathedral (PL 6; B, C, 5), or Church of SS. Maurice and Catharine , a noble and massive structure , was erected in 1208-1363 on the site of the ancient Benedictine church, which had been burned down. The towers were completed about 1520, and the whole edifice restored under Frederick William III. The mmmwu^Qj. D e nk m ale r. li'.KimstscJailB A.3. 1 . Otto der Crosse C.3. 1 !> . Oberl/nidc,? - Gtirickb ('.4-. 2. A. W, Fra/L^e-. . r.3. 16 . Ober-Pi^ae.'ddhmt r. + . 3 . Dom - Gvjnnasiujn B.5. ll.Odemi D.E.l. \^ . Hcaqptwachii . . r.2. \%.?ost . B 4 Kircken. X^.RaOihaus C.3. . Deuf.sch -Kcformirtc B.4. 2^.Rjiial-&- Gewcrb exclude A. 3. 6 . Dom B.C. 5. 2 1 . Reqieruiufi - Gebdude r.4'.'5. 7 . Jakobxkirdw r.i. 22 . Sckiitzenhxms D.6.7. 8 , Johaniu-tkirclu- ('.:}. Tke ater . 9 . Kathariiwjilcirrhe B.2. 2'i.StadMeater . A. 4-. \Q.¥arien -od. Ziebfraw^ikireh <' C.4^. Z i- . WUhebntheater . C.3. \\.r,^7cu'cTie C.2. 2 5 . Victoria - ( Sommer >T}ietLta-Y..2. n.riricL,kxrche B.3. l^.Tochtcrschule (jieue hdhere ) . B.5.- 13 . M^aUonenkirohc < refoiTii . ' C.l. ^ I o^<*pL All -yt alt ..1-. 1 Xilomet 15X^ tD«-T>ra le^xig ^^.-:- x/>XiXX ., I IRANDENeURG I l: 18.200 \.Jm^a&iifU C.3. Jmcdlai-K. A.3. l-GeriSttsTiazisfaifesJ Bui. l.Pau2i-E. C.4;. Z.Gmmasiuni C.3. Tetri-E. 3).2. '^.iaseme R2. ^.Synoffoge C.3. Kirchen: ^.Mrui/xnTuzus B.2. ^oOT-X D.2. lD./bjif CD.3.B.2. Gothards-K. B\.\LProFianl-Jjm C.i o.Johanms-X. B.2J SMer -Ahademie D.L2. Zaffuzrmen-X. ^.H.VL.SaMarCsdu^ealn/v.'Z.'L ^Ihjffidlis, foun- dries, etc., is conveyed in diflerent directions by numerous railways, form- ing a dense network without parallel in Germany. Comp. the Map, p. 94. Duisburg , see p. 85. — 5 M. Miilheim an der Ruhr (Hotel Middendorf). a prettily - situated town with 24,520 inhab., the junction of several railways. 104 Routed. ESSEN. From Duishurg As Essen is approached we gain a view to the left of Krupp's Cast Steel Works, a vast establishment of world-wide celebrity, covering an area of 63 acres. The tallest (220 ft.") of the numerous chimneys belongs to a huge steam-hammer. 50 tons in weight. The factory, to which visitors are not admitted, employs 11.000 workmen and supplies many railway and steamboat-companies in Europe and other parts of the world with rails, wheels, etc.. and several of the great powers of Europe with iron and steel guns. 12 M. Essen (Essener Hof; Berliner Hof; Holtgen; Deutscher Hof ; Rhein. Hof), a town with 65,000 inhab., founded at the end of the 9th century. Being the central point of a great coal-mining district, where about six million tons of coals are raised annually, it has increased rapidly within the last few years (in 1854 there were 10,488 inhab. only), and is surrounded by lofty chimneys in every direction. An extensive and rapidly increasing iron-industry has sprung up in consequence of the abundant supply of fuel. The *Munsterkirche, founded by Bishop Alfred of Hildesheim. and consecrated in 873, is one of the most ancient churches in Germany. The W. choir, with an octagon resembling that of the cathedral of Aix-la-Chapelle, dates from the 10th cent. ; the nave was completed in 1316 , the E. choir in 1445. The interior was restored in 1855 , and the exterior more recently. The treasury contains several curious Romanesque works of art of the 10th cen- tury. The handsome cloisters date from the 11th and 12th centuries. The Roman Catholic Gertrudiskirche and the Protestant Pau^u5- kirche are two handsome modern edifices in the Gothic style. Essen is also a station on the Rhenish Railway from Diisseldorf to Dortmund (p. 87). and on the Cologne-Minden Railway (Alten- essen; see p. 86). 15 M. Steele (Badenherg ; Kiumbeck), an old town on the Ruhr, is surrounded by coal-works (pop. 7214). The station is at Konigs- teele (Lindemann), 1 M. from the town. Branch-railway toVohwinkel, see p. 94. From Steele to Hekdecke, 22 M., railway in 1 lir. (fares 2 m. 70, 2 m., 1 m. 40 pf.). — The line ascends the picturesque and winding valley of the Euhr. crossing the stream frequently. 21,2 M. Dahlhausen. — 51/2 M. Hattingen (Wesifcilischer Hof), a prettily-situated old town, once fortified. View from the Isenberg (V2 hr.). — 10 M. Blankenstein (Petring) , one of the finest points in the valley; pleasing view from the Gethmann'sche Garten (open ta the public; entrance by Petring's Inn). Farther on, the ruined Hav- denstein lies to the right o'f the line. — 18V 2 M. Volmrtntem (Wehberg), on a wooded height on the left bank, commanding a splendid view, with a ruined castle. Opposite lies Wetter. — 22 31. Herdecle, see next page. 22 M. Bochum C^Mettegang ; Xeubauer ,• Hemmer), an increasing place with 40,600 inhab., possesses very extensive cast-steelworks and several large factories and foundries, 251/2 M. Langendreer. where the line diverges from that to Mar- ten and Dortmund (p. 87). 29 M. Witten (*Kdnig von Preussen, with a garden ; Diinne- to Hay en. HERDECKE. 5. Route. 105 backe , near the station) . an industrial town with 23,647 inhab., pleasantly situated on the Ruhr. The train ascends the valley on the right bank, and Volmarstein (see above) is seen opposite. 34 M. Wetter, picturesquely situated on a height, with a ruined castle and a belvedere. The train crosses the river and skirts the Kaisberg, where Charlemagne is said to have ome encamped ; the tower on the top was erected in 1869 as a monument to the minister Baron Stein. 361,2 M. Herdecke (Zweibrucker Hof; *RaiL. Restaurant), a town with 3790 inhab., opposite the influx of the Volme into the Ruhr. From the station, which commands a good view of the Kaisberg (see above) and the valley of the Ruhr, we may ascend through pleasure grounds to the Milhlsteinkopf ('Kaiserhalle'). The valley is here crossed by the imposing viaduct of the Rhenish line from Diisseldorf to Dortmund (p. 87). About 4 M. to the N. of Herdecke rises the '^Hohen-Syburg, one of the Ardey Mts., with a tower 90 ft. in height, erected in 1857 in memory of Baron Vincke, President of Westphalia (d. 1841). The hill is said to have once been a stronghold of the Saxon duke Wittekind and to have been captured by Charlemagne; and there is an unfounded tradition that Witte- kind was baptised in the Petersbrunnen on its slope (comp. p. 90; the baptism really took place at Attigny in France). The ruined castle is of later mediaeval origin. The Hohen-Syburg may also be reached from Loltringliausen, Kabel (see below), or TVesfhofen in 3/^ hx-. The train now crosses the valley by a viaduct, 345 yds. long and 100 ft. high, and ascends first along the left bank of theVolme and then along the left bank of its affluent the Ennepe. 39 M. Hagen, the junction of several railways; see p. 95. The Ruhr-Siegbahn from Hagen to Siegen connects the busy and picturesque valley of the Lenne with the coal-measures of the Ruhr. — 44 M. Kabel; 46 M. Halden. 50 M. Hohenlimburg ('^Bentheimer Hof ; Post), a small town with 5267 inhab., is commanded by the chateau of Prince Bentheim on a precipitous wooded height. *View from the top. 52 M. Letmathe (Titz; Rail. Restaurant), with 4028 inhabi- tants. Large zinc-foundry near the station. From Letmathe to Iseklohn and FkOndenbekg, I01/2 M., branch-line in 2 hrs. — I'/a M. Dechenhohle, see below. 31/4 M. Iserlohn (Sander; Post), with 18,611 inhab. (5990 Rom. Cath.), is one of the most important manufacturing places in Westphalia, the chief products being iron and brass wares, needles, and wire. Extensive trade. The picturesque environs are crowded with factories of every kind. The adjacent cudmia mines are also of some importance. Ifear the station is the Alexanderhdhe , a place of popular resort, whence a pleasant walk, commanding admirable views, may be taken along the Culturweg. — Beyond Iserlohn the line proceeds to (S'/> M.) Iletner, a thriving; industrial place, (L2V2 M.) 3rendeu (Beiderlinden), and (15'/.; 31.) Frondenherg (p. 106). At the Griine (Inn), part of the valley of the Lenne between Iserlohn and Letmathe, rise two detached rocks styled the 'Pater" and the 'Nonne", near which is the Griinnannshohle, a cavern containing numerous fossil bones. On the railway (sec above), 10 min. to the E. of the Griine, is situated the highly-interesting *Dechenhbhle, a stalactite cavern discovered in 186S 106 Route 5. ALTENA. (tickets of admission, 75 pf. eacli, at the station), lighted with gas, and extending about 300 yds. into the hill. Pleasant route from Iserlohn to 3Ienden (10 M.. see below), or to Arns- berg (21 31.). The road leads to the E. to (3i,2il.) Sundwig (Weber's Inn), with an interesting stalactite grotto, in which bones of antediluvian animals have been found. On the hill (10 min.) is the Felsetnneer. a basin containing groxips of rocks interspersed with trees. From Sundwig we proceed either by the high-road or by a footpath to the (3 31.) Klusenstein, a very picturesque ruin, with farm-buildings, rising precipitously above the wild valley of the Eonne. From this point down the valley of the Honne to Menden (rail. stat. , p. 105) , 1 hr. , passing the Schiebelquelle , a clear and copious spring on the left. Or we may follow the high-road in the valley from Klusenstein to (3 31.) Sanssouci, a good inn, where the Honne is quitted (about li 2 31. farther is the Balver Hohle , a large cave with numerous fossils). Thence over the hill to (6 31.) Hachen on the Rohr, from which a path (suide necessarv) crosses the hills to Arnshevg in 2 hrs. (p. 107). 55 M. Einsal. — 58 M. Altena (Klincke ; Quitmann) is a picturesquely-situated little town, with the ancestral Schloss of the Counts von der Mark, which commands a good prospect. Pop. 8787. The grounds on the hills to the S. of the Schloss afford beautiful views, — 64 M. Werdohl ; 69 M. Plettenberg ; 77 M. Finnentrop, whence a branch-line diverges to the small town of Olpe (Deutscher Kaiser), with iron-foundries, and to Rothemiihle. — 81 M. Grevenbrilck ; 85 M. Altenhundem (*Pliicker), with blast-furnaces. At (92 M.) Welschen-Ennest the watershed of the Rahrbacher Hblie (1312 ft.) is penetrated by means of a tunnel, beyond which the train passes Crombach, Creuzthal. Geisiceid, and Haardt, and reaches — 105 M. Siegen (*Goldner Lowe, B... A.. & B. 3 m. ; ^Deutscher Kaiser), a busy old mining town (15,000 inhab.), with two castles of the Princes of Nassau-Siegen who became extinct in 1743. Rubens was born here (1577, d. 1640) while his parents were living in exile from Antwerp, their native place. Comp. also Baedeker s Rhine. At Betzdorf, IOV2 M- beyond Siegen, the line unites with the Cologne and Giessen railway (see Baedeker's Rhine). 6. From Cologne to Cassel via Arnsberg. 171 31. Railway in 63,4-81/4 hrs. (22 m. 50, 16 m. 95. 11 m. 20 pf.). Journey to (521/2 M.) Schu-erte. the junction for Soest and Al- tenbeken. see R. 4. Then (59 M.) Langschede. — 62 M. Fronden- berg, with an abbey-church of Cistercian nuns, begun in 1230, con- taining monuments of 1293 and 1308 (branch-line to Menden and Iserlchn. see p. 105). 66 M. Wickede, with iron-works ; 74 M. Neheim-Hiisten, where the Mohne falls into the Ruhr. Schloss Herdringen, 2/4 M. to the W., erected by Zwirner, the late talented architect of the Cathe- dral of Cologne, is the seat of Count Fiirstenberg , the owner of some exquisite goldsmith's work by Meister Anton Eisenhoidt of Warburg (1585-1618). Near Arnsberg the train passes through a tunnel below the Schlossberg. ARNSBERG. 6. Route, 107 791/2 ^^- Arnsberg (*Husemann ; Weipert ; Fries, at the station, 1 M. from the tov?n) , once the capital of the ancient Duchy of Westphalia, with 6131 inhab., is prettily situated on a height skirt- ed by the Ruhr. The hill, crowned with the ruins of a castle which fell to decay after the Seven Years' War, commands a charming prospect. Another excellent point of view is the Eichholz, a beau- tiful park on the S. side of the town. At the foot of the hill is the former Praemonstratensian abbey of Weddinghausen. The winding river is crossed five times between Arnsberg and Meschede. 81 M. Oeventrop ; Sb^/-2^i. Wennemen. Then two tunnels. 92 M. Meschede (Schaffer; Gerken), an ancient town with 2861 inhab., prettily situated on the Ruhr, was once the seat of a nun- nery founded in the 9th cent., with a late-Gothic church. On the left is Schloss Laer, the property of Count W^estfalen, above which rises a wooded hill crowned with a belvedere. On the hill to the left of (95 M.) Eversberg are the village and ruin of that name. To the S. of (97 M.) Bestwig-NutUar opens the wooded valley of Ramsbeck, containing lead and silver mines. — 102 M. OLsberg. From Olsberg a pleasant excursion may be made to the Astenbekg. We follow the road through the upper valley of the Rvhr via Assingr- hausen (to the left, on the Iste7iberg , are the gigantic Bruchhauser Sieine), yiedersfeld, and the Ruhrkopf (to the left, with the source of the Ruhr) to the mining town of Winlerherg (Braun ; Engemann). From here we ascend in 1 hr. to the top of the 'Kahle Astenberg (2760 ft.), the highest point in the Sauerland , commanding an extensive view. The Lenne rises on this hill. The return may be varied by going on to (li 4 M.) Aliasten- berg and (3 M.) Xordmau (with a ruined" castle), and then through the valley of the Lenne to (10 31.) Schmallenlerg (Stormann), whence a dili- gence runs thrice daily to (11 31.) AUtnlnmdem (p. 106). Beyond Olsberg, to the right, are the Bruchhauser Steine. The train now quits the Ruhr and penetrates the watershed between the Rhine and Weser by a long tunnel. 107 M. Stat. Brilon is 41/2 M. from the town of that name (Lohmann; TeutoJ, one of the most ancient in Germany, mentioned as early as the year 973. It possesses a large Romanesque church with a late-Gothic choir and a huge tower; the sculptures on the N. portal are Romanesque (1150). The line then descends the narrow and picturesque Hoppeke- Thal. Beyond (1121/2 ^1-) Messinghausen it passes through the Be- ringhauser Tunnel. At (1171/0 M.) Bredelar , which is prettily situated, are extensive iron-works, established in an old Cistercian monastery. Below Bredelar the Hoppeke falls into the Diemel, a tributary of the Weser, and the train now descends the Diemel- thal. 1221/2 M. Meder-Marsberg or Stadtberge (Post; Klocke), with a large lunatic asylum and important copper-works, lies at the foot of a hill, on which is situated the old town of Ober-Marsberg, once a strong fortress, but destroyed during the Thirty Years' War. This was the site of the ancient Saxon fortress Eresburg, near which stood 108 Routed. CASSEL. From Cologne the most celebrated of the 'Irminsaulerr. or columns dedicated to the Germanic deity Irmin. The fort and colnmn were destroyed by Charlemagne in 772. That emperor also founded here the first Saxon church. The abbey-church of St. Peter dates in its present form from the IQth and 13th centuries. In front of it stands a Ro- land's Column (p. 150). The large church of St. Nicholas is an interesting early-Gothic structure. 125V-2 M. Westheim. — 132 '/o M. Scherfede (Railway Restau- rant, D. 2 m.), the junction of the railway to Holzminden. From Scherfede to Holzminden, 30 31.. railway in I'A hr. (fares 4 m., 3 m., 2 m.). 7 M. Eissen ; r2V2 M. Borgholz; 18V'2 M. Bevei-ungen. Near (22 M.) Wehrden, with an old chateau of Baron Wolf-Mettemich, the train crosses the Weser. 2b^/2 M. Hoxter-Filrstenberg, the station for Hoxtev. on the left bank of the Weser (p. 97) and for (2 M.) Fiirsfenberg (p. 98). — 30 M. Holzminden, see p. 98. 1381/0 M. Warburg (Hotel zum Desenherge ; Todt), an ancient and once powerful Hanseatic town (4592 inhab.) , picturesquely situated on an eminence on the Diemel. Several interesting Gothic churches. To the left rises a conical hill, surmounted by the ruins of the Desenberg, which has belonged to the Spiegel family since 1310. Diligence from Warburg (15 M.) twice daily, from Scherfede (see above ; 131/2 M.)''once daily, and from Nieder-3Iarsberg (p. 107; I2V2 31.) once daily to Arolsen ( Waldecker Hof). with 2477 inhab., charmingly situated, the seat of Prince Waldeck, father-in-law of the late Prince Leopold of England (Duke of Albany), with a valuable collection of antiquities from Hercu- laneum and Pompeii. Ranch (1777-1857), the celebrated sculptor, and Kaul- bach (1805-74), the no less distinguished painter, were both born at Arolsen. The Church contains three statuettes in marble by the former. Beyond Warburg we obtain a view to the right of the pleasant valley of the Diemel. 1431/2 M. Liebenau. — 151 M. Humme. From Humme to Carlshafen, 10^/2 M., branch-railway towards the N. in 3/4-lhr. (fares 1 m. 30, 1 m., 60 pf.). — 2V2 M. Trendelburg, on the Diemel, 41/2 M. from which is the chateau of Sabahurg, a shooting residence with a deer-park. 8 M. Helmarshausen, commanded by the ruins of the Kru- kenhurg. — IOV2 M. Carlshafen (Brandes; Scfncan) , a small town prettily situated at the influx of the Diemel into the Weser. It was founded in 1704 by the Landgrave Karl , in order to provide his dominions with a harbour on the Weser. Fine view from the (10 min.) Jvlhishdhe (tavern). — Steamboats from Carlshafen to Hameln (p. 141) and Miinden (p. 118) in summer. Carlshafen is also a station on the line from Kortheim tu Ottbergen (p. 106). 155 M. Hofgeismar (Schwarzer Adler; Deutscher Kaiser), a small watering-place with a mineral spring. — 159 M. Grehenstein, with ancient watch-towers and a ruin on the Burgberg. To the S. in the background rise the Dornberg and Wilhelmshohe. 161 1/2 M. Immenhausen. I641/2 M. Monchehof; i'^/i^^- to the W., in a beau- tiful park, lies Wilhelmsthal. formerly a chateau of the Elector of Hessen. built in 1760. containing handsome rococo decorations and several pictures by Tischbein. 171 M. Cassel. — Hotels. Mar the Station: 'Hotel du Noed (PI. b; C, 2), R., L.. & A. from 2, D. 3, B. 1 m. ; -Hotel Rotal (PI. a:, C, 2), R., L., & A. from 2 m., with restaurant, both opposite the station: *Prinz Friedkich Wilhelm (PI. c ; C, 2), with garden-restaurant, in the Friedr. , ^-tiift^N^s. d" . . . o. ts w ■^ »"' 0.;m .^^''^'^^ giirJmstuM^ J^^/ >»"* I r-a ■>^* Xaflh J. A. Kauperfs Orlg'iiialplaiL " D V ' *' f ' I ■v4. Maassslab 1:18.000 -'•^\. C«o|ra.ph Anstilt Ton TTnfunzatiftxSm in ^n.^. Warner i. Babes Leijiig to Cassel. CASSEL. 6. Route. 109 AVilhelms-Platz, R. f.. return-tickets 70, 50, 30 pf.); thence to the entrance of the park nearly 1 M. (tramway). Donkeys may be hired at the tramway-terminus, at the Pensionshaus, at the Hotel Schombardt, and on the Lfiwcnburg. From the tramway to the hotel 25 pf., to the Liiwenburg 70 pf.. to the Cascades Im., to the Hercules 1^ ;> m.. to the Elf Buchen li 2 m. Ponies about 25 per cent, more. The drivers must show a printed tariff and give check-tickets. Payment is made in advance. Guides (unnecessary except to .'sav^ time), per hr. 75 pf. and fee (to be found at the hotel). Hotels. '^Schomb.^rdt's Hotel, in the park, R. 3 m. and upwards; 'pension' in April and 3Iay 36 m. a week, from June to September 42 m. Just outside the park, below the Grosse Lac, is the Pensiosshaus Wil- helmshohe, R. 10-25 m. a week, 'pension' 3 m. a day; also suitable for passing travellers, R., L., & A. 2i 2in., D. 2 m. — A little farther on, near the Lowenburg, are several villas (Dr. Wiederhold's, etc.), in which apart- ments (with or withoiit board) may be obtained for a longer stay. — Near the tramway-terminus : Bad Wilhelmshohe, a hydropathic, R. from 1>, 2, 'pens.' from"3 m. — At the foot of the hill : Hotel-Pexsion Wilhelmshoher HoF, on the tramway-line, 'pens.' 33-35 m per week. Restaurants at the Octagon and at the foot of the Cascades. The Fountains play from the beginning of May till October (the 'Cas- cades' and the 'Xew Waterfall' on Sun. only) on Sun. at 3 and on Wed. at 3.30 p.m. The visitor is recommended to be at the foot of the Cascades in good time (thence to the Teufelsbriicke. Aqueduct. Great Fountain, and 2vew Waterfall) . as the supply of water is limited and the exhibition therefore of brief duration. From the Wilhelmslioher Thor (PI. B, C, 4) a tine avenue of limes, flanked with handsome new houses in the villa style (to the right the Barracks and an Institute of Deaconesses . to the left a Prison\ leads by the village ofWahlershausen to (4 M.")*Wilhelms- hohe, formerly the summer-residence of the Electors of Hessen. and celebrated for its park and fountains. The beautiful grounds, partly laid out at the beginning of the 17th cent., are chiefly indebted to the Landgrave Carl (d. 1730) and the Elector William I. (d. 18'21) for their present extent. The Schloss, erected since 1798, and occupied by Napoleon 111. when a prisoner during the latter part of the Franco-Prussian war in 1870-71, is a somewhat heavy building, the body and wings of which are disposed in the form of a semicircle. The interior is sumptuously fitted up. The castellan lives on the groundfloor, close to the entrance. Near the Schloss are the Guard-house, the Marstall, or stables, which have been converted into a hussar- barrack, and Schombardt's Hotel. A visit to the finest points in the *Park, which requires about 4 hrs.. may be made in the following order (^compare Plan). From the Hotel Schombardt winding paths lead to the .Veir Water- fall, 130 ft. in height. We ascend thence to the left to the Temple of Mercury, and proceed by wood-paths to the Riesenschloss, or Oc- tagon, the highest point in the grounds, 1300 ft. above the Fulda, 118 liout&G. CASSEL. WUhelmshdhe. a bold structure consisting of three vaulted stories, the highest of which is borne by 192 clustered columns 48 ft. in height. The plat- form, which is easily ascended, and commands a beautiful *Panorama, bears an obelisk, 98 ft. in height, surmounted by a colossal statue of the Farnese Hercules in copper (33 ft. in height ; room in the club for 8 pers.; fee 50 pf.: when the fountains are playing, free). The Grotto in front of the Octagon, to the right, contains a water- puzzle. — The Eleven Beeches, i'^/o M. to the N. of the Octagon, command a line view (tower); the route to them passes the restau- rant and crosses the plateau of the Habichtswald. The Cascades descending from the Octagon are 300 yds. inlength. with large basins at intervals of 50 yds. On each side are long flights of steps (842 steps in all). Pleasant walks descend to the right , passing the Steinhofersche Wasserfall , to the Lowenburg, a modern imitation of an ancient castle. The view from the platform of the tower is the chief attraction here (fee). To the W. of the Schloss is the *Great Fountain, one of the highest in Europe . and the chief boast of "Wilhelmshohe , which sends up a jet of water 1 ft. in thickness and 200 ft. in height. Near it. to the left, is the Teufelsbriicke ; to the right the Aqueduct. with a fine waterfall. The Grosse Lac, another large pond to the E. of the chateau . near the road to Cassel. is one of the finest points. The Fiirsten-Allee or Rasen-Allee leads from WiHielmsliiilie to (5 M.) Wilhelmsthal, see p. 108. 7. From Cassel to Hanover. 103 31. Railway in 31/2-5 hrs. (express fares iom. 10, 11 m. 20, 7 m. SOpf. ; ordinary 13 m. 40, 10 m. 10, 6 m. 70 pf.). The train crosses the Fulda at (6V2 M.) Kragenhof, by a bridge 130 ft. high; and for a long distance skirts the picturesque banks of the stream. 15 M. Miinden (^Hessischer Hof, near the station ; Goldner Lowe, Lange-Str. ; '-^Andree's Hotel, D. 2 m.. with 'pension'. 1 M. from the station), charmingly situated on a tongue of land at the junc- tion of the Fulda and Werra, the united waters of which form the Weser, is a pleasant, old-fashioned little town. Pop. 6354. In the promenade, between the station and the town, is a War Monument in commemoration of the campaign of 1870-71. The Church of St. Blasius is of the 14th century. The only two wings now re- maining of the extensive Schloss, built by Duke Erich IT. of Bruns- wick -Liineburg in 1571 , are uninhabited. Near the Schloss is the Forst-Academie, founded in 1869. Picturesque views are ob- tained from Andree's Berggarten (10 min.) beyond the suburb of Blume, on the other side of the Werra ; from the Tivoli (Restau- rant), near the station: and from the new Watch Tower, among the woods on the left bank of the Fulda. about 3 M. from the town. GOTTIXGEX. 7. Route. 119 P'kom Mlnden to Hamelx. A steamboat descends the Weser from Miinden to Hameln thrice weekly in summer (to Carlshafen 4 time.sj in 9'/.; hrs. (fares 6 m. 50, 4 m. 40 pf.) • returning (against the stream) in 15^ 2 hr-. This is the pleasantest way of visiting the pretty Valley of the Weser. Immediately after starting we enjoy a fine retrospect of Miinden and the valleys of its two rivers. Then (1/2 hr.). to the left. Hiltcartshansen, with an ancient nunnery (founded in 960 by Otho the Great), now the property of the crown. — 1. (1/2 hr.) Veckerhagen (station), a manufacturing village ; r. (1/4 hr.) Buvsfelde , at the mouth of the Nieme , with a famous Bene- dictine uKmastery (1093-1542), now suppressed. — r. ('/i hr.) Oedelsheim (station). — r. (',4 hr.) Bod en/eld e , also a station on the Ottbergen-Xort- heim railway (p. 97) — 1. (1 hr.) CavUhafen (p. 108), also a station on the railway. — 1. (1/4 hr.) Herstelle , where Charlemagne constructed a fortified camp in 797 ; above the village rises the ruined Krukeiihuvg. — 1. (',2 hr.) Beverungen^ on the Holzminden and Scherfede railway (p. 108); opposite (r.) is Louenfiivde, a station on the Ottbergen-Xortheim railway. The imposing chateau of Wehrden (p. 108) now rises on the left; in front of it the Ottbergen-Northeim railway crosses the river. On the right bank the elevated village of Fiirstenherg (Xahter's Inn), with its old porcelain -factory, is conspicuous, IV2 M. from the Hoxter-Fiirstenberg station on the Holzminden and Scherfede railway (p. 108). The mountains seen to the E. are the isolated Sollinger Wald. The steamer now shoots the bridge of the above-mentioned railway, passes the Brvnsberg (p. 98) on the left, and reaches (I/2 hr. from Beverungen) Hoxter (see p. 97). — In 1/4 lir. more we pass under the Westphalian railway bridge and reach 0) Corvey (p. 98) , and in another 1/2 hr. we reach the station of Holz- minden (p. 98). — 1. (34 hr.) Polle (*Konig von Hannover), with a ruined castle : just beyond is the Teufelstnilhle, at the foot of the clift". — 1. (40 min.) Bodetiwerder, the residence of Baron Miinchhausen , famous for his mar- vellous adventures; \. Kem}iade, with an ancient abbey-church. Ai Hehlen (1/4 hr. ; 1.) rises the imposing chateau (I6th cent.) of the c.r^ ^.V-^^'C^I Af^i^H'S'^ XX/^NJ^ >"^^J *"• K\ 11(11 T f ' :2rf=° — C ''.^^ "v ~ "3-^^^%-^^ / . i ^ftSie?ADpb?^^^^ l.Aipiariiim E.5. 2.Mta>k D.4. ■i.FiNiothel; B.5. Deakinaler ■^Bodc'ker r.5. i. Ernst Aiuiti.st DJ;.4. 5. General Graf Alien B..5. 6. Leibnitz B.',. 1 . Jtco'schner J).5. %. Schiller D.5. 9 . M'atcrloo-Sduli' B.5. Xft.Freunaarerlvife D.3. lOfirOT-jeT" WThjebu Gvirniasium-tSemniar EA. Kiirhen: n.Aeifidiai-K. C.5. 12. diristus-X. C.2. iS.EathoUsche K BA l^J^niz-K. C 4. 15.J!rCT/-«-^. Co. \7.SLVicolai-Kap. D.3. 20 Jfilitatr-Jlati/uiUti/f 2L3hiseum 22. AltPS Palais ( Oberprcisidiunt 22.Palai^ Eriisi Augicsl 2\Tolizei 2o.'Siduiis(9lP Hochschnlr 26J'osta7nt 21.AltesRatkhaus 2^.JeuesJUtthhaii.t • 29. Sckloss,Kdniff I 30 -S^Tiaffoqe 3l.Tkeater\ 32.J7derarznecschide ■■i^.TiroU Casthofe . a jr<:teZ /fojaZ ^.Gfiuid Motel c. InioJt &.Rheinisdier Sof e. ffij^cZ rfr Russie f. British Eotd ^.Xastens h. Victor ia i.RudolpHs kJTotel du Sard \ .BonLemaniis Sotel VL.'Kotelde I'Europe TL^ata-isclier Eof O. Spaniers Hotel 1 85 000 B.5. 5 4-5. C.l C.5. C.5. C.5. B*. D.5. E.5. E.5. ]).4. B.i. D.4. D.4. 1).5. D.5. T).5. D.+. D.i. DAS. D.4. B.C.*. Cabs. HANOVER. 9. Route. 123 with restaurant; ^Rudolph (PI. i; I), 5), Georg-Str. 26. with pension and restaurant; 'Victoria Hotel (PI. h; D. 5), Georg-Str. 19. R.. L., d: A. 2V2, D. 2V2m.. B. 90 pf.: Hotel de rEuROPE (PI. m ; D, 5), Lui.sen-Str. 4; Bairischer Hof (PI. n ; D. 4), Luisen-Str. 10, with restaurant ; Bornemann'.s Hotel (PI. 1; D. 4), Am Bahnhof 2; Hotel du I^ord (PI. k; I), 4). No. 3 in the same street; ''Hotel de Hanovke, Kalenberger-Str. 32, commercial, with good cuisine; Spaxier's Hotel (PI. o: B, C, 4), in the same street, 33; *Bennemann, iEgidienthor-Platz 2 : Stadt Bracnschweig, Schmiede-Str. 15, vinpretending. — Pensions: Frati Majorin Tschensc/nier, Heinrich-Str. 27; Mrs. Constable, Misburger Damm 16; Baronin Miincfihausen., SchilY-Graben20. Restaurants. Besides those mentioned above : Miinchener Bie7'haUe, Luisen-Str. 5, D. 11/4 m.; * Union-Halle , Ernst-August-Platz : 'Babe, Marien- Str. 42; -Daseking, Theater-Str. 14; Knickmei/er, Theater-Pl'atz 14. — Wine- Rooms : ''Michaelis, Windmiihlen-Str. 5; Zu den drei Mcinnern. Luisen-Str. 10b; Vater Rliein , Schiller-Str. 31, all near the station; Fey, Sophien- Str. 6 (Rhine and 3Ioselle wines); Rathskeller (p. 125), below the Rathhaus. Cafes and Confectioners. "Robby, at the pavilion in the Theater-Platz ; Wiener Cafe, Georg-Str. 28: Robby, Theater-PIatz 12, and A'rei^e, Bahnhof- Str. 12, confectioners only. Amusements. In the town: ^Rdpke''s Tivoli . Konig-Str. 2a (PI. 33: E. 5), a large concert-garden, with restaurant (D. I1/2 and 21/2 m.) and hall accommodating 5000 people; concerts in summer every evening, with brilliant illumination (adm. 1 m.). '-'Palmengarten , Goethe-Str. IT , with grottoes and waterfalls (open in winter only; adm. by day 30 pf . . in the ■evening 50 pf.); adjacent, Concerthavs , with large hall; Bella Vista (PI. B, 6) , near the Neuenthor. similar; Odeon, Xicolai-Str. 10, admission 75 pf. — Outside the town: Zoological Garden (p. 12S); Parkhaus , neaj." Herrenhausen; Eilenriede (p. 128), and many others. Theatres. ~ Royal Theatre (closed in June, July, and Aug.) ; parqviet (stalls) 3i/._,-4i/.2 m.. dress-circle 31/2-5 m: concerts in winter. — Residenz- Theater, Markt-Str. 47 (closed from April to Aug.), comedies and operettas, reserved seat 1' 2 m. — Stadt- Theater, Reuter-Str. 10, gymnastic performances, etc., in winter only. Baths. Hannover''sche Badehalle, Friedrich-Str. IS, near the Waterloo- Platz, with Turkish, Rxissian. and swimming-baths for ladies and gentlemen; Ltiisenbad, Luisen-Str. 5, near the station; Goethebad, Goethe-Str. 9. Cabs. Per drive in the interior of the town : 1 pers. 50 pf., 2 pers. 60, 3-4 pers. 70 pf. (from the station 10 pf. more): small articles free, each box 25 pf. — Outer quarters of the town, and to the Zoological Garden : 1-2 pers. 75 pf.. 3-4 pers. 1 m. — After 10.30 p.m. double fares. — By time: V4 hr. 1-2 pers. 50, 3-4 pers. 75 pf. : 1 hr., li 2 or 2 m. Tramways. From the .^Egidien-Platz (PI. D , 6) to Herrenhausen (p. 128); to the Dohrener Thurm; to the Pferdethunn (p. 128); to Linden: to the Zoological Garden (p. 128) via Prinzen-Str. and Konig-Str. (on Sun. during the whole day, on week-days after 1 p. m.). — From the Steinthor via the Celler-Str. to the Lisfer-Thurm (Eilenriede), and via Georg-Str., Theater-Str., and Konig-Str. \o \\\& Zoological Garden. — From the fla)i»//o/- Str. (PI. 1). 4) to Hninholz and Vahrenicald (with the royal riding-schooi). Post and Telegraph Office (PI. 26; 1), E, 4), in the Ernst- August-Platz, near the station. English Church, in the Xicolai-Capelle (PI. 17; D. 3) : serv ices at 11 a.m. and 6 p.m. Chaplain, Rev. X. G. Wilkins, M. A., ^JTfirffHv. 93. American Vice-Consul: Mr. Alexander Simon, Schiller-Str. 22a. Hanover {'256 ft.), formerly the capital of the kingdom of Hano- ver, and now that of the Prussian province of that name, and the headquarters of the 10th Corps d'Arme'e. with 163. 4*23 inhab. (including the suburb of Linden), is situated in a well-cultivated plain on both banks of the Leine. which here becomes navigable, just above the influx of its small tributary the Ihme. The to%vn has rapidly increased during the last fifty years (population in 1837 only 124 Route 9. HANOVER. Museum. 27,500); and in consequence of its advantageous situation at the junction of several important railways it has lately become a thriv- ing manufacturing place. The irregularly-built old town still con- tains a number of antiquated houses of the 15th-17th cent., while handsome new quarters have arisen to the N. and E. In contrast to the older stucco fronts, most of the modern buildings are constructed of plain sandstone or brick, an improvement mainly due to the ar- chitect K. W. Hase (;b. 1818). In the spacious Ernst- August-Platz (PI. D, E, 4) in front of the *Central Railway Station (^built in 1876-80 by H. Stier), which is one of the most imposing erections of the kind in Germany, rises an ^Equestrian Statue of Ernest Augustus (PL 4), in bronze, designed by A. Wolff, the king (d. 1851) being represented in the uniform of a hussar. — Adjacent ( Ernst- August-Platz 25) is the Post and Telegraph Office (PI. 26), a Renaissance edifice with a dome (1881 ). In the Theater-Platz (PI. D, 5) rises the *Theatre(Pl. 31), one of the finest in Germany, with seats for 1800 spectators. The prin- cipal facade towards the Georg-Strasse is adorned with a hand- some portico , under which there is a broad carriage-approach. On the balcony above are placed statues of twelve celebrated poets and composers. In front of the building rises a *Monument (PI. 7; D, 5 ; designed by Hartzer of Celle) erected in 1877 to the composer Marschner (d. 1861), who, till within a few years of his death, was conductor of the royal orchestra. The 'Platz' is also embel- lished with a monument in white marble to the famous surgeon Stromeyer (d. 1876), and with a bronze statue of the technologist Karmarsch (d. 1879), the founder and director of the Polytechnic Academy at Hanover. Both statues are by Rassau of Dresden. — In the Georgs-Platz, to the S. of the Theater-Platz, is the Lyceum and Real- Gymnasium (PI. 19; D, 5). built in 1854; on the groundfloor is the Municipal Library (open in summer 11-12, in winter 12-1). In front of the Lyceum rises a colossal bronze Statue of Schiller (PL 8 ). by Engelhard, erected in 1863. The Museum of Art and Science (PL 21 ; D, 5), Sophien-Str. 2, is a Romanesque edifice by Hase, completed in 1855. In the niches are statues of Leibnitz, Humboldt, Diirer, and Peter Vischer; in front of the entrance two fine lions in the Egyptian style by Engelhard and Dopmeyer. The Museum contains the apartments of the Artists' Club and the Architects^ Club on the groundfloor, and the Hanoverian Provincial Museum (open 10-1 daily, adm. 50 pf . ; Sun. 11-2. and Wed. 2-4. gratis). The Natural History Collections on the first and second floors of the principal building are chietlv remarkable for the minerals, birds, and butterfiie?. The Historical Collections on the groundfloor and second floor are rich in ante-Christian antiquities. The Art Collection on the groundfloor and first floor consists of casts from the antique, sculptures by Bandel, Engelhard., Henschel. Dopmeyer, etc. Picture Gallery. HANOVER. 9. Route. 125 and of models and sculpture? by Kiimmel (d. 1855). — Picture Galleky on the first floor : Horetnans, Violin-player ; A. Achenbach , Coast ; Becker, Belisarius; 'Fliiggen, Legacy - hunter ; Geyev , Genre picture; Hiibner, Soldier relating his adventures; Jordun , Burial; Kanlbach , Portraits; Knille. Immuring of a nun; Koken, Landscapes; Kreling, Erwin of Stein- bach; ^Lessing, Four drawings; Oppenheim, Mignon and the Harper; ~ Pilot 1/ , Death of Caesar; ScMvmev , Two landscapes; Voltz, Two cattle- pieces; ''Cornelius , Joseph interpreting Pharoah's dreams (cartoon); '■'Northen . Three battle-pieces; Baisch , Cattle; Werner Scfiiic/i , Quack. Landscape; Waldmiiller. Evening-prayer in a peasant family; 'Seel, Monks; L' Allemand . Four chalk-drawings and portraits: "Ko'scJi, Landscapes; jBoleZm'^^wM, Arrest; *C. Oes/er?ey /«/?.. Norwegian landscape; Spangenberg, Vandals; Busse, Landscapes; 'f. A. Eaulbach, Group of children. An addition to the Museum (entrance . Prinzen-Str. 4) has lately been built by Gotze and contains a *Gallery of Pictures, brought from different chateaux of George V., and from the Welfen Museum (^p. 128). and also a few sculptures. Modern 3Iasteks : Achenbach, Dutch landscape ; Adam, Napoleon at the battle of Ratisbon; Becker, Norwegian landscape ; Begas, Lorelei; Bergmann, Emp. Charles V. and Rembrandt: Blanc, Going to church; Bleibtreu, Battle of the Katzbach; Camphausen,'P\iv\t&ns \ Hiibner, The deserted bride, Return of the sons ; Knille , Dead Cid ; Kohler , Semiramis , Exposure of Moses ; Kretzschmer, Storm in the desert; Lessing, Emp. Henry V. at the monastery of Priifening ; Metz , Scene from the Peasants" War ; Morgenstern , Valley of the Isar ; Northen , Napoleon retreating , La Haye Sainte ; Oesterley, Leonora, Jephthah ; RoUmann, Sicyon ; Schirmer, Forest. Ancient Masters : 'Holbein the Younger, Prince Edward, Melanchthon ^medallion); Mierevelt , Portrait?; Panini, Piazza Navona , St. Peter's at Rome; Rubens, R&T^Q ofDejanira; Snyders, Bear; Snyders and Rubens, Man cutting up a deer; Ruiisdael, Ruins. This building also contains the *Hausmann Gallery, bought by George V. and containing good examples of the Netherlandish , Italian, and early-German schools. The collection of Ancient and SIodern Sculptures include works by Ranch, Kiimmel, and Hesemann, and 14 bronze busts of Roman emperors. In the centre of the Altstaut is the market-place with the MarktkirclierPl. 15: C. 5). of the 14th century. On the outside are several tombstones of the IBth century. The interior, restored in 1855, contains fine modern stained glass and a modern altar carved in oak. In the chapel under the tower are the banners of the Anglo- German Legion of 1803-15. Tower 295 ft. high. —The *01d Kath- haus (PL 27; C, 5), opposite the church, erected in the late-Gothi<- style in 1439-55, has a modern wing facing theKobelinger-Strasse ; the building was restored by Hase in 1878-79. The large recep- tion-hall and the Rathskeller (p. 123) are decorated with fres- coes by Schaper. In front of the Rathhaus is a Gothic Fountain^ in bronze, designed by Hase and erected in 1881. The Markt-Strasse and Kobelinger-Strasse running to the S. from the market-place, and the Knochenhauer-Strasse and Schmiede- Strasse to the N., contain a number of picturesque late-Gothic brick buildings with lofty gables, of the 15th and 16th centuries. In the last-named street, near the Marktkirche, is a Statue of Pastor Bo- deker, erected in 1880. No. 10 in the same street, at the corner of the Kaiser-Strasse , was once ^Leibiiitzs House (PL 18; C, 4), a Renaissance building in stone, of 1652, with an oriel adorned with 126 Route 9. HANOYER. Palace. sixteen reliefs from Scripture. — The neighbouring Kreuzkirche (PL 14; C, 4) contains a good altarpiece by Gonne from Schnorr's designs. The Palace (PI. 29; C, 5), an edifice of considerable extent, with its back to the Leine , is situated in the Lein-Strasse, to the S.AV'. of the market-place. It was built in the 17th cent., and altered in 1817. The interior (accessible daily 9-5 o'clock; en- trance by Portal No. 2) has been fitted up anew, and is at present occupied by Prince Albert of Prussia. The chapel contains an altar- piece by L. Cranach, representing the Crucifixion, and frescoes of the Ascension by Oesterley. Opposite the palace is the Alte Palais (PI. 22; C. 5), formerly the residence of King Ernest Augustus , and now the seat of the Oberpraesidium (government). Duke Charles of Mecklenburg- Strelitz, the father of Queen Louise of Prussia and Queen Frederica of Hanover, who was Governor of Hanover in 1774-85. resided in it for some time. ■ — Close by, at Lein-Str. 11, is the Kestner Mu- seum, presented to the town by Herr Hermann Kestner, grandson /of Charlotte Kestner, the original of Lotte in Goethe's 'Werther', whose tombstone is in the Garden Cemetery (Marien-Str., PL D, E, 6). It contains a collection of Egyptian . Greek, Etruscan, and Roman antiquities , paintings, and engravings, and a library of 10,000 volumes. Herr Kestner also gave a sum of money for the erection of a suitable building, which is now in progress in the grounds on the Friedrichs-"Wall. — At the corner of the Friedrich- Str. is the old palace of George V. (d. 1878), now the Rathhaus (PL 28; C, 5). At the back of the Palace flows the Leine, beyond whirh ex- tends a spacious drilling-ground called the Waterloo-Platz (PL B, 5), at the farther end of which rises the Waterloo- Column, 154 ft. in height, erected in 1826-32 'by the grateful Fatherland' to about 800 Hanoverians who fell at the battle of ^Vaterloo. Good survey of the town from the top (188 steps ; key at the barracks to the right, fee ). On each side are barracks, and to the left are also the spa- cious Arsenal built in 1846 (adm. to the 'Fahnenhalle' on Wed. and Sat. 11-12.45, gratis ; other days 12-2, 50pf.) and the Military School. At the N. end is the Statue of Count Alten (^i. 1840; PL 5), the Han- overian general at Waterloo, and commander of the Foreign Le- gion in Spain. In the grounds between this and the barracks is a small temple (PL 6) with a bust oi Leibnitz (d. 1716), by the Irish sculptor Hewetson. Leibnitz is interred in the neighbouring Neustiidter Kirche (PL 16; B, 4). His grave is marked by a marble slab with the words 'Ossa Leibnitii. At the back of General Alten's monument is the Royal Library (PL 3: B, 5), containing 175,000 vols, and 3000 MSS., comprising those left by Leibnitz and several valuable incunabula (open on week-days, 11-1). Christuskirche. HANOVER. 9. Route. 127 The Ernst August Palais, in the Adolf-Str. (No. 2), to the N. of the Waterloo-Platz , now contains the military headquarters of the province. The Poor House in the Neue-Strasse (PI. B, C, 4} bears an in- scription to the effect that the Duke of Brunswick dined here (the house being then an inn) when on his expedition from the Krz- gebirge to the North Sea. — In the vicinity is the Synagogue (PI. 30; B, 4), built in a mediaeval style by Oppler (1870). Herr Culemann. Oster-Str. 54, possesses a collection of mediae- val works of art, autographs, early typography, etc., to which con- noisseurs are readily admitted. The Aquarium (PI. 1; E, 5; adm. 50, Sun. 25 pf.) , No. 16 Hiniiber-Str. , near the Tivoli, is worthy of a visit. The neighbouring streets, Konig - Strasse and Am Schiffgraben (PI. E, F, 5), leading towards the Eilenriede (p. 128), are flank- ed with handsome new buildings in the villa style. The *House of the Provincial Estates , Schiffgraben 6 , in the Italian Renais- sance style , was designed by Wallbrecht (1880). The circular space at the end of the Konig-Str., outside the Eilenriede, is em- bellished with a *War Monument by Volz. erected in 1884. The handsome pedestal of Swedish granite supports a colossal figure of Germania crowned with the imperial diadem by two genii, and is adorned with several reliefs of trophies ; in front is a mourning figure of Hanover, with two lions. Both reliefs and figures are in bronze. The Gewerhe-Aussteliung, or Industrial Exhibition. Briihl-Str. 1 (PI. C, 3), consisting of machinery, manufactures, industrial models, etc., is open daily 11-3 (adm. 25 pf.), and on Sun. 11-2 (10 pf.). Opposite is the Veterinary School. No. 1 in the Lange Laube is the^ so-called Haus der Vdter (PI. C, 3), of 1619. The * Christuskirche (PI. 12; C, 2), a handsome modern Gothic church (1864), with good stained glass, is worthy of a visit (sacristan Ober-Strasse 1). — The Nicolai Chapel (PI. 17 ; D. 3), in the adja- cent Nicolai Cemetery (disused) , is now the English Church (ser- vices, see p. 123). The Prison (PL E , 4) was built by Schuster in 1865-75. Adjacent are the new Law Courts, a group of new Schools, and two new Gothic churches , the Apostelkirche and the Dreifaltigkeits- kirche. In the Vahrenwalder- Strasse is the Military Riding Institute (PI. 20 ; F, 1), for providing a uniform training for the riding and fencing-masters of the army. An * Avenue of Limes, II/4 M. long and 120 yds. wide, laid out in 1726, leads on the N.W. side of the town to Schloss Herren- hausen. On the E. side of it, not far from the town, is the imposing Welfenschloss, or Palace of the Guelphs (PL C, 1), in the 128 Route 9. HANOVER. Herrenhausen. Romanesque style, with five towers, fitted up in 1878-80 as a Poly- teclinic School. Above the portal are statues of Henry the Lion, Ernest the Confessor, the Elector Ernest Augustus, and KingErnest Augustus ; the corridor is adorned with a frieze by Engelhard, re- presenting scenes of Northern Mythology. The collections it con- tains may be inspected on application to the castellan. In the square in front is a colossal figure of the Saxon Horse. Close to it is the so-called Prinzenhaus (formerly on the Reitwall), where Queen Louise of Prussia is said to have been born, 10th March, 1776 (p. 126). On the other side of the avenue is the Georgen- Park (with a cafe'), which extends to Herrenhausen and contains a royal Palace. ScMoss Herrenhausen, at the farther end of the avenue, was the favourite residence of George I. (_d. 1727), George II. (d. 1766), and George Y. (d. 1878). The *Garden, 120 acres in area, laid out in the old French style, contains statues copied from antiques, an open-air theatre, monuments of Hanoverian princes, fountains, and hot-houses. The colossal statue of the Electress Sophia, by Engel- hard, stands on the spot where she expired in 1714. The fountains play every Wed. and Sat. in June (after Ascension Day) from 5 to 7 p.m., July 5.30 to 7.30, Aug. 5-7, Sept. 3-5. The waters of the great fountain rise to the unusual height of 222 ft. — Adjoining the chateau is the FiiRsxEXHAus, built in 1691, with a Portrait Gallery (shown by the castellan on week-days, in summer 9-6, winter 10-4). In the vicinity is the beautiful *Berggarten, containing a fine collection of palms (two between 65 and 80 ft. high) , and orchid and Victoria Regia houses. One large green-house is devot- ed to plants from Australia and the Cape Colony. (Ring at the large palm-house.) — At the end of the garden is the ^Mausoleum, containing the monuments of King Ernest Augustus (d. 1851) and his Queen Frederica (d. 1841) by Ranch (adm. from April to Sept. 9-6, Oct. to March 10-4; apply to the castellan at the Schloss). — The house formerly occupied by the superintendent of the gardens now contains the *Welfen-Musei;m , where national antiquities are preserved (open at the same hours as the Mausoleum: apply to the castellan at the Pagenhaus). — Adjacent are the Royal Stables, with some of the famous Hanoverian cream-coloured horses (fee). To the E. of Hanover, adjoining the most fashionable quarter of the town (see p. 124), extends the *Eilenriede, a wood belong- ing to the town, affording beautiful walks (several cafe's, etc.). On the S. side of it, 1^2 M. from the town (comp. PI. F, 5), is situated the Zoological Garden, with well-kept grounds (adm. 50 pf., Frid. 75 pf., first Sun. of each month from April to Oct. 30 pf, ; concerts four times a week). About 3/4M, to the S.E.. on the way to the Pferdethurm (tram- way, see p. 123), are the large new Cattle Market and Slaughter House. Hhtory. HILDESHEIM. 10. Route. 129 Visitors are admitted on week-days to the Municipal Waterworks on the Lindener Berg by tickets obtained at the 'Stadtbauamt', in the old Eathhaus (p. 125). Fine view. The Deer Park at Kirchrode (railway 25 pf. ; carr. 4, through the Eilenriede 4V2 m.), which contains tame deer, is much visited. Refresh- ments at the forester's house. 10. Hildesheim. Hotels. HoTKL d'Angleteree (PI. a; C, 3), Hohenweg, R. 2'/4m. ; Wiener Hof (PI. b ; C, 3) , Friesen-Str. ; Baierisc'her Hof , Alms-Str. 49 (PI. C, 2). K., L., & A. i>;2 m. Restaurants. 'Railway Restavrant; TFe^pez-H, in the old Paulinerkirche (PL 11: C, 4); Basse, Markt-Str. \ Knaup''s Loyensaal. An der Zingel (concert or dramatic performance nearly every day): Georgen-Park . at the Damm- thor (military music thrice weekly). — Wine. 'Domschenke. at the E. cor- ner of the Domhof; Rathskeller, under the Rathhaus. Railway Station (PI. C, 1), on the N. side of the town. — Railway to Lehrte, see p. 91; to Nordstemmen, see p. 120; to Ringelheim, see p. 99. Hildesheim, an ancient town with 28,826 inhab. (V3 Rom. Cath.), situated on the Innerste, has retained many mediaeval char- acteristics. It became an episcopal see in 815, and attained its greatest prosperity in the 13th-14th centuries. After the inhabitants had succeeded in shaking off the supremacy of the bishops it be- came a member of the Hanseatic League, and was a free town of the Empire down to 1803. For centuries the town was divided into the three parishes of the Altstadt, Xeustadt. and Domfreiheit. a di- vision that still leaves its mark. At a very early period Hildesheim attained great importance as a cradle of art, chiefly owing to the exertions oi Bishop Bermcard (993-1022). According to tradition, the bishop himself was a practical worker in several branches of art, and it is at least well authenticated that he patronised all alike and that he personally supei-intended the various studios founded by him. A number of buildings were erected by him; and in particular several line specimens of Bronze Workmanship , such as the cathedral doors , the Bernward Column, and the candelabrum and chalice in the cathedral - treasury, were executed under his auspices. Under the fostering care of Bernward and his successor Godehard . and that of bishops 5e/-«/iorcf a.nA. Adelog in the 12th cent., Hildesheim became one of the most important seats of Romanesque Art in Germany, isor is the interest attaching to this venerable town confined to its mediseval art, for one of its most attractive and characteristic features consists of its timber-architecture in the German Renaissance style. In several of the buildings the traveller will observe traces of the obstinate resistance oQ'ered by the Gothic forms to the more modern ideas , the full sway of which was not established till the middle of the 16th century. The richly- decorated facades, executed by wood-Cfirvers and sculptors, bear abundant testimony to' the taste, the humour, and the enterprise of the burghers of that period. Entering the town from the station, we reach the *Altstadter Markt, a tine mediaeval square surrounded by several interesting buildings. Th.Q Rathhaus (Vl. 16; C, 3), with its arcades, erected in 1443, contains the valuable archives. The TempleT-Haus{?\. 22). built in the late-Gothic style, has a handsome oriel and two round corner-turrets; it has recently been disfigured by the opening of a shop in the middle of the facade. The *Knochenhauer-Amihau$ Baedeker's N. Germany. 9th Edit. 9 130 Route 10. HILDESHEIM. St. Michael's Church. (PI. 19). or guild-house of the butchers, built in 15'29, is probably, though injured by fire in 1884. the finest timber building in Ger- many, and is adorned with admirable carving. The M^edekind House (PI. 24], dating from 1598, is also adorned vrith carving. The Rolandstift , with gables, etc. The Roland Fountain in the middle of the Platz was erected in 1540. The Kaiserhaus, Langer Hagen No. 1836, is a Renaissance edifice of the 16th cent., adorned with medallion-reliefs and statues of Roman emperors. Near the market-place is the Axdeeas-Platz . with the Pro- testant Andreaskirche (PI. 2; C, 3), the tower of which was added in 1886. Opposite is the Annencapelle, with restored frescoes, *St. Michael's Church (PI. 10; A, 3 ; the sacristan lives at the red house to the E. of the church, No. 1579), formerly belonging to the Benedictines, founded by Bishop Bernward, and consecrated in 1033, was afterwards injured by a fire, but was restored in the 12th and 13th centuries. It is one of the finest Romanesque churches in Germany, and possesses aisles , a double transept, and E. and W. choir, the latter considerably elevated, with a crypt beneath it. which was consecrated in 1015. The Inteeioe is borne by pillars and columns alternately, two of tlie latter being placed between two of the former : this arrangement dates from the time of Bernward. The pillars are the original ones, and two of the old columns (last section to the X.E.) are preserved. The interesting ■Taintikgs on the flat wooden ceiling of the nave (genealogy of Christ up to Jesse, prophets, fathers, Christ as Judge, on a deep blue ground) date from the close of the l'2th cent., and are the only ancient works of the kind on this side of the Alps. In the X. transept are the Eight Beatitudes, curious stucco figures of the 11th or 12th century. — The Ceypt, resting on 10 pillars and 8 columns, contains the monument of St. Bernward, of the 13th cent., surrounded by a spring (key kept by the sacristan of St. Mag- dalene's Church). The adjacent abbey-buildings* are now used as a lunatic asylum. The cloisters , to which visitors are admitted on application at the gate, are in the late-Romanesque style, but with pointed vaulting. St. Magdalene's Church (PI. 8; A, 3; sacristan. No. 1406, op- posite the church, to the S.W.J contains several interesting works from the studio of Bishop Bernward, and a fine late-Gothic chalice and candelabrum. The famous Bernward''s Cross (994) is a reliquary containing a piece of the True Cross, richly encrusted with gems. — In the nave stands the old Gotzensaide. or 'Idols' Column", overthrown by Emp. Otho I. and pre- sented to Bernward by Bishop Benno. St. Martin's Church (PI. 9 ; B, 4 , the custodian Kves at the back of the church, No. 1340), . now fitted up as a Museum, con- tains some interesting mediaeval antiquities ; also a library chiefly relating to the town and principality of Hildesheim. and a natural history collection, in which the geological section is especially rich. The *Cathedral (PL 1 ; B, 4), in the Romanesque style, erected >in 1055-61 on the site of an earlier church, with a late-Gothic S. aisle and N. transept subsequently added (1412), was entirely dis- figured in the interior in 1730 (sacristan, Kleine Domhof 1198). The brazen Doors which separate the "^A"". vestibule from the nave, exe- cuted by Bishop Bernward in 1015, are adorned with sixteen reliefs (the St. Godehard's Church. mLDE^UEUl. 10. Route. 131 Fall and Redemption) of considerable merit. The brazen Font of the 13th cent., with reliefs, in the first chapel on the left, and the large -Cande- labrum in the nave, presented by Bishop Hezilo (d. 1079), are also worthy of notice. A small polished column of calc-sinter near the choir is erro- neously said to have been an Irmensaule (p. 108). The Rood-loft is a fine Renaissance sculpture in stone, executed in 1546. On the right and left of the high-altar are the gilded Sarcophagus of St. 6'o(^e/*■. Hals CO, Portrait; '514. Moeyaert, Calling of St. Matthew; 344. Johann Raphon (d. 1528), Condemnation and mocking of Christ, a triptych from the cathedral ; 348. Cranach the Elder, Hercules andOmphale; 351. Y'ranach the Younger, Preaching in the wildernesSj^ with portraits of Melanchthon and other contemporaries of the artist (1549). A gallery facing the court leads to another series of rooms, fitted up in 1878. I. EooM. Engravings, changed periodically. Cartoons by R. Henneberg. II. Room. Ivory Carvings, including some of great artistic merit. Enamels from Limoges, the home of the art of enamelling, by far the finest public collection in Germany. Antique and modern Bronzes: Drunken Silenus : Italian powder-horn in embossed copper, 16th century. Antique Vases, Porcelain, Chinese and Japanese Pottery, etc. III. Room. Germanic Antiquities, chiefly from the collection of Dr. Thiele. The Neustadt-Rathhaus (PL 34; C, 4), a late-GotMc edifice, sadly- disfigured in the 18tli cent., a little farther to the W.. contains the Town Archives, the Town Library (14,000 vols.; Mou. and Frid,. 10-1), and the Stadtische Museum, a collection of old German ec- clesiastical and national antiquities, coins, dies, plans, casts, etc. (open on Sun. 11-1, and in summer also Thurs. 3-5). The coun- cil-chamber contains some fine panelling of 1573. The neighhouring Hagexmarkt (PI. D, 4) is embellished with a Fountain Statue of Henry the Lion (PI. 9) by A. Breymann, exe- cuted in bronze by Howaldt, with an early-Gothic pedestal by L. Winter. — Opposite to it rises the Church of St. Catharine (PL 19, D 4; the sacristan lives at No. 3, to the S.), a handsome edifice, containing numerous tombstones of the 16th-18th cent., the finest being that of Count von der Schulenburg, of 1619. The building was begun by Henry the Lion in 1172, and continued in 1252 ; the early-Gothic S. aisle dates from 1379, the choir from about 1500. — There are several handsome buildings in the neighbouring Wenden-Str. (thus No. 6, of 1512), in the Fallersleber Str. (No. 6), and in the S. Wilhelm-Str. (No. 95, of 1619. now a school). *St. Andrew's (PL 17; C, 3) was begun in the transition-style Brudernkirche. BRUNSWICK. 11. Route. 139 about the year 1200, but the greater part was erected in the late-Gothic style in 1360-1420; the S. tower, "built in 1518-32, destroyed by lightning and rebuilt in 1740. is 300 ft. high. The gable of the 5. aisle is adorned with curious sculptures of 1401 , representing the Annunciation and the Magi, the Flight into Egypt, and Christ on a throne, on the steps of which cripples of every description are standing. This is an allusion to the tradition that the church was founded by wealthy cripples. The adjoining street still bears the name of Krijppel-Strasse. The chapel-like edifice here was erected in 1418 as the library of St. Andrew's. Karl Lachmann, the philolo- gist, was born in 1793 in the house (No. 9) at the corner of the Reichen-Strasse. — '£\\e*AlteWaage (PL 43), opposite the church, to the S.E., is a handsome late-Gothic timber structure of 1534. restored in 1856. Among the old private houses in this neighbour- hood are No. 3 Reichen-Str. (PL C, 3, 4), a Renaissance structure of 1630. and *No. 9 Langen-Str. (PL C, 4), dating from 1536. with fine wood-carving. The house Backerklint No. 11 (PL E, 4) is said to have been the scene of one of Till EulenspiegeTs pranks. The Briidernkirche (PL 18; C, 4), a large Gothic edifice, com- pleted in 1450, and restored in 1865, contains a late-Gothic font in copper of 1450, with reliefs, borne by four standing figures, and an admirable Gothic winged altarpiece with numerous gilded and painted figures, dating from the close of the 14th century. Fine stained glass and choir-stalls. Late-Gothic cloisters. Opposite the church is the Commercial School (PL 14), in a Gothic style. The ancient fortifications of the town were levelled in 1797. and their site has since been converted into beautiful *Promenades. They are adjoined by private gardens and modern dwelling-houses, and bounded by the old moat ('Umfluthgraben'). In the midst of those on the S. side of the town is the Railway Station (PL C, 6, 7). ill the Renaissance style, designed by Th. Ottmer ; to the E. of which are the Waterworks, with a tower commanding a good view. — In the Sieges-Platz rises the *National Monument of Victory in mem- ory of the campaign of 1870-71 , designed by Breymann (d. 1878) and Diez , and consisting of a colossal Germania on an obelisk adorned with reliefs in bronze. To the right is the Hollandt' sche Garten, to which visitors are admitted. — To the N. of the Sieges- Platz is the Lessing-Platz, with a *Statue of Lessing (PL 10: D. 6, 7), in bronze, erected in 1853, and designed by Rietschel, who has judiciously represented "the great thinker and author' in the costume of his time. — In the vicinity is the EgydienhalleiPl. 16), an old Gothic church of the 13-14th cent. , now employed for exhibitions of art and industry. Lessing died at No. 12 Egydien- markt on 15th Feb., 1781. L. Spohr . the composer (p. 110). was born in 1784 in the house (marked by a tablet) at the corner of the Egydienkirchhof (PL T). 7) and the Monch-Str. The prettiest part of the Promenades is that between the 140 Route 11. BRUNSWICK. Cemeteries. Augustus- Thor and the theatre. Near the Aiigustus-Thor rises the * Wiyidmuhlenberg , which commands an admirahle view of the town. The Monuments-Platz (PL E, 6) is adorned with an iron Obelisk, 40 ft. in height, erected in 1822 to the memory of dukes Charles William Ferdinand and Frederick William, the heroes of Jena and Quatrebras. At the N. end of the Platz are the Hussars'" Bar- racks. The space between the Steinthor and the Fallersleber Thor is occupied by the Ducal Park (open to the public). In the park . on the Steinweg , rises the handsome *Theatre (PL E, 4), in the Romanesque style, opened in 1861 on the thou- sandth anniversary of the foundation of the town. Outside the Fal- lersleber Thor are the handsome Infantry Barracks (PL F, 3), in the Florentine style. Opposite is the Botanical Garden (PL E. F, 2. 3), open the whole day except 12-2, closed on Sundays and festivals. — Further on, towards the Wendenthor, in the New Promenade, stands the "^^Ducal Polyteclinicum (PL E, 2), a college founded in 1745, and converted into a technical school in 1862. The present building, a Renaissance edifice with a frontage of 330 ft., was com- pleted in 1877 from the designs of Vhde and Kbrner. Interior. The vestibule contains two groups by Echtermeyer, represent- ing Art and Science. The staircase is adorned with two ceiling-paintings hxGroll of Vienna. — The groundfloor is occupied by extensive collections illustrative of ArcJiifecture, Engineering^ Mechanics, and Physics (with Gue- ricke's air-pump and other historical relics), and by a Cabinet of Minerals. — The X. staircase ascends to the "-'Natural History Collection (Sun. 11-1, TVed. & Sat. 2-4). the ornithological section of which is particularly fine. The Ducal Hospital (PL 27; D , 2) , by the Wenden-Thor, founded in 1764 and extended in 1876, contains a good Anatomical Museum. Outside the gate is the Municipal Slaughter House, built by Winter in 1879. — Pjeyond the Gaussberg or Anatomieberg (PL D. 2) rises a *Statue of Gauss (1777-1855), the great mathemati- cian, by Schaper. Gauss was born at No. 30 in the adjacent N, Wil- helm-Str. Between the Gaussberg and the Petri-Thor is the Ram- melsburger Teich (PI. P, 2. 3), a pretty little artificial lake. An oak enclosed by a railing, near the Petri-Thor (PI. A, 3). and an iron obelisk at the village of Oelper. fi 2 M. farther, are memorials of the spirited march from the Erzgebirge to the Baltic Sea accomplished by Duke Frederick William of Brunswick in 1809. — Between the Petri-Thor and the Hafen-Thor stands the Municipal Hospital (PI. A, 4), erected in the Gothic style in 1879. Outside the Steinthor (PL F, 5), Helmstedter-Str. 7 , is the bronze foundry of Prof. Hoivaldt, in which almost all the bronze monuments of Brunswick have been cast. A column in the neigh- bouring Exercier-Platz is to the memory of Gen. Olfermann , the com- mander of the Brunswickers at Waterloo after the death of the Duke. To the right of the Helmstedter-Str. lie the Cemeteries (PL F, 7) of the Domgemeinde and Magnigemeinde [i.e. of the Cathedral and St. Magnus parishes). Lessing's grave in the latter is marked by a monument with a relief by Th. Striimpel. At the S.E. corner of the St. Leonhard's Platz, bounded by the HAMELX. 1-J. Route. 141 cemeteries on one side and the quarter of St. Leonhard on the other, about 3/4 M. from the Steinthor(comp. PI. F,7,8). rises the Monument of Schill, erected in 1837 to that officer and the fourteen sergeants of his corps, who after a brave, but ill-concerted rising against the French were taken prisoners at Stralsimd in 1809 and shot on this spot, where their remains are interred (see p. 224). The small Chapel adjoining the custodian's house contains memorials of Schill and his period (1809), 'a year full of glory and disaster', as it is termed by the inscription; they consist of his bust, executed by Stigl- mayr in 1839 from the cast taken from his face after death ; his sword, pistols, cartridge-case, waistcoat, purse, and his pocket-book, containing the words, written by Queen Louise herself: "To the brave Herr von Schill. Konigsberg. 21. May. 1808. Louise." The chapel also contains por- traits of Archduke Charles, Hofer, and the Duke of Brunswick-Uels. Vieweg's Garten (PI. F, 8), in the Campe-Str., contains the grave of Joachim Campe (d. 1818), the author. About 1 M. beyond the Augustus-Thor (PI. D, 7) are situated the chateau of Alt-Richmond, erected in 1768, and the villa Neu-Richmond, a Norman-Gothic edifice of 1830, with beautiful grounds, both now belonging to the Duke of Cumberland. To the E. of Brunswick, 8 M. from the Steinthnr, lies Riddagshausen, with a line church in the transition-style, once belonging to a Cistercian monastery, and consecrated in 1278. Handsome W. portal. 12. From Hanover to Altenbeken. 68 31. Railwat in 8-3i/4 hrs. ; fares 8 m. 90, 6 m. 70, 4 m. 40 pf. Hanover, see p. 122. The train crosses the Leine. 41/2 M. Linden, the S.W. suburb of Hanover. 7^2^. Ronnenberg. At(10M.) Weetzen a branch-line diverges to Haste (p. 91). 15 M. Bennigsen ; I8V2 ^I- Eldagsen. 4 M. from the little town of that name. In the foreground rise the wooded Deister Hills. — 21 M. Springe, with a shooting-box and large deer-park belonging to the emperor. (3n the hill to the right is the Deisterpforte (Restaurant), a tower com- manding a fine view. — 26 M. MUnder ; 281 '-2 yi Hasperde. 33 M. Hameln (^Thiemann, Oster-Str., close to the railway- station; ^Dose. on the Weser, near the suspension-bridge: Sonne; Stadt Bremen), a town with 10.924 inhab. , is pleasantly situated on the right bank of the Weser. which is crossed here by a suspen- sion-bridge , below the influx of the Hamel. The salmon-fishery here is important. The handsome Miinster. near the bridge, dedi- cated to St. Boniface, was founded in the 11th cent., rebuilt after a fire in the 14th cent. , and thoroughly restored in 1870-75. The town also contains a large number of Renaissance buildings, of which the Rattenfdngerhaus (1642) and the Hochzeitshaus (1610). both in the Oster-Str. , are the finest. The former is on the left, at the end of the street next the railway-station : the latter at the other end, to the right. An old legend (tailed the 'Rat-catcher of Hameln'. made familiar to English readers by Browning's ballad, has been explained in various ways. One of the latest theories is based on the alleged fact that some of the youth of Hameln were seized in 1284 with the 'dancing mania' (■choreomania'), left the town, and never returned : but it is equally 142 Route 12. PYRMONT. probable that it is a distorted recollection of the Childreirs Crusade of 1211 . An inscription on the Rattenfangerhaus records the legend. The Post Office and the Marktkirche are also imposing buildings. The Kliif. a hill on the left bank near the town, once fortified, is a good point of view and a favourite resort (cafes, etc.). Farther up lies Ohr. with a chateau and park. Steamboat in summer from Hameln to Carlshafen (p. 108) and Miinden^ see p. 119. Fbom Hameln to Lohne, 32 M. , branch-line in 1 V4 hr. . descending the beautiful valley of the Weser (from Hameln upwards to Elze^ see p. 120). 41/2 M. Fischbeck. 71/2 ^M- Hessisch-Oldendorf ; 5 M. to the ]!^. rises the PascAen- hurg (p. 91), 41 '2 M. to the E. the precipitous Eohenstein (1100 ft.). 15 M. 'Rinteln C Stadt Bremen; Stadt Cassel). formerly the capital of the County of Scbaumburg, with a stone bridge across the Weser. was the seat of a university from 1619 to 1809. The Paschenburg (p. 91) is situated 6 M.. and the Papenhvink (p. 91) 41/2 31. to the IN. — A shadeless road leads from Rinteln via MoUenbeck , with an ancient Gothic church , to (5 M.) Varenfiolz, with a chateau of 1595. About 3 M. to the X. lies Siein- bergen (Inn) . whence a walk may be taken to (6 min.) the Arnsburg (p. 91) and (V2 hr.) the Luhdener Elippen (view). 18:!il. Eubergen. 25 31. r?oitants. The Landschaftssanl and the governor's house contain portraits of the former princes of the country. Handsome chateau. — 20 :>!. THoTien ( Dippel ; Deutsche^ Haus). an industrial town of 6617 inhab., with a pretty church of 1445. To ?sorder- ney, see below. — 38 M. Eseus (Wessel's Inn, R. 2 m.), chief town of a marshy but fertile district called the Harlingerland. From Esens to Langeoog and Spiekeroog. see -p. 156. —46 M. WiUmitnd (Finkenburg Hotel, well spoken of j ; to Wangeroog, see p. 155. — 51 M. Jever (Hofvon Olden- burg, R., L., I, from its influx into the German Ocean. On the right bank is the Altstadt, formerly enclosed by ramparts, round which the Suburbs are situated, and on the left bank the Xeustadt, to which the suburb outside the Biinte Thor has been recently added. Many well-preserved old buildings testify to the mediaeval importance of the place, while the numerous handsome edifices erected within the last twenty or thirty years, entitle it to a respectable rank among the modern cities of Europe. The Bishopric of Bremen was founded in 788 by Charlemagne. In the iOth cent, the town , in consequence of certain privileges accorded to it by the archbishops , began to flourish as a seaport and a commercial place; but in the 13-14th cent, the citizens contrived gradually to shake otT the archiepiscopal yoke. They joined the Hanseatic League (p. 194), but for a long time kept aloof from its proceedings. In 128o they were formally excluded from it, and. although admitted again in 1358. they were afterwards repeatedly expelled. In 15'2'2 Bi-emen embraced the Re- formation, and in 1547 gallantly repelled an attack by the Imperial army. The citizens bravely defended themselves against the Swedes also , who had obtained possession of the episcopal see by the Peace of Westphalia, and stoutly maintained the position of Bremen as a free city of the Em- pire. The town is now chiefly indebted for its importance to its seaport, Bremerhaven (p. 154), which is entered yearly by upwards of 3000 sea- going vessels. The value of the imports in 1884 amounted to 510 million, of the exports to 501 million marks. The staple commodities are tobacco, petroleum, rice, grain, wool, and cotton. In 1884 the merchants of Bre- men possessed 364 sea-going vessels, including 112 steamers. Bremen is one of the principal starting-points of German emigrants to America, many thousands of whom quit their Fatherland bv this port everv vear (in the years 183Q-S1: 1.680,000; in 1883: 111.295). The * Promenades, or Wall-Anlagen . laid out hy Altmann on the old ramparts , and separating the old town from the suburbs, constitute the principal ornament of the city. A bust of Altmann has been erected on a bastion near the Doven-Thor (PI. C, 3). The moat is crossed by six bridges, named after the old gates. Near- est the station is the Heerden-Thor (PI. E. 41, and farther W. the Ansgarii-Thor (PI. D. 4). To the E. of the Heerden-Thor is the Bischofs-Thor (PL F, 5), near which is the Theatre (PI. 23), built in 1843 and renovated in 1863. In the promenades, not far from the Heerden-Thor, is a Marble Vase with reliefs bv Steinhauser, re- 150 Route U. BREMEN. Rathhaus. presenting the so-called ■Klosteroclisenzug',vMcli formerly took place here annually. — Near the Ansgarii-Thor is a '^Monument (PL D, 3) to the natives of Bremen who fell in 1870-71. On a round granite pedestal, bearing the names (58 in all), rises an admirahly-conceived bronze figure of a victorious young warrior ; the bronze relief repre- sents the battle of Sedan. — The Kaiser-Strasse, constructed in 1874, leads from the Ansgarii-Thor to the Kaiserbriicke (p. 153). The principal business part of Bremen consists of the three squares, the Domshof , Domsheide, and the Market, situated near each other In the Altstadt ; from the market diverge also the two principal streets, the Langen-Str., containing several buildings of the 16th cent., and the Obern-Str. In the *Market-Place (PI. D, 5) are the Rathhaus, the Ex- change, the 'Schiitting', and several handsome old dwelling-houses. The * Rathhaus (PL 19), in its main features a Gothic build- ing, was erected in 1405-10; at a late period of the Renaissance a new facade was added, resting on twelve Doric columns, and remark- able for its richly -decorated bow-window and handsome gable. The sixteen statues between the Avindows are mediseval, those to- wards the market represent the Emperor and the seven Electors. Traversing the lower corridor, we ascend a winding wooden stair- case to the Great Hall, which is always open to the public (about 49 yds. long , 15 yds. vs^ide , and recently handsomely restored). On the ceiling are medallion -portraits of German emperors from Charlemagne to Sigis- mund. The stained -glass windows contain names and armorial bearings of counsellors of Bremen. In a corner of the hall stands a '-Statue of Smidt (d. 1857), Burgomaster of Bremen, in Carrara marble, by Steinhauser. The Giildenkammer, where the women formerly assembled on the occasion of grand processions, is approached by a finely-carved old staircase. On the W. side is the entrance to the celebrated 'Rathskeller, lately considerably enlarged and adorned with admirable 'Frescoes by Fitger. The cellar, which contains Rhine and Moselle wines exclusively, is open daily till 11 p.m. (on Sundays not before 3 p.m.). Wine may be pur- chased by the glass or bottle; oysters and various cold viands are also supplied." The oldest casks are" the 'Rose' (dating from 1653) and the 'Twelve Apostles', which are kept in another part of the cellar, and are shown to the curious. The 'Rose" derives its name from a large rose painted on the ceiling, beneath which the magistrates are said in ancient times to have held their most important meetings, such deliberations '■sttb rosa' being kept profoundly secret. Travellers versed in German literature will recognise several" of the 'dramatis personse' in Hauff's 'Phantasien im Bremer Rathskeller", to which .;.E. Bremerliaven is adjoined by Lehe. a small town of 9092 inhab.. connected with Bremerhaven and Geestemiinde by tramway. 15. From Cologne to Bremen and Hamburg by Miinster, Railway to (101 31.) Miinster in 31/4-512 hrs. (fares 13 m. 20, 9 m. 20, 6 m. TO pf. ; express 14 m. 70. 11 m.. 7 m. 60 pf.) ; to (207 M) Bremen in 53/4- 12 hrs. (fares 26 m. 40, 19 m. 80, 13 m. 30 pf. : express 30 m. 10, 22 m. 40, 15 m. 60 pf.): to (277 M.) Hamburg, express in 8V2-9 hrs. (fares 41 m. 50,^ 30 m. 90. 21 lii. 50 pf.). From Cologne to (44 M.) Oberhausen and (59 M.) Wanne , see R. 3. The Hamburg line here diverges to the N. from the Minden railway. Beyond (66 M.) Recklinghausen the train crosses the Lippe, 75 M. Haltern is the junction for the Hamburg and Flushing line. Farther on we obtain a view of the chateau of Sythen. near which Pepin the Short defeated the Saxons in 758. 82 M. Diilmen , the junction for the Dortmund, Gronau, and Enschede line. 101 M. Miinster, see p. 143. From 3Icnstee to Geonau, 35 M.. railway in I3/4-2V2 hrs. (fares 4 m. 50, 3 m. 40. 2 m. 30 pf.). The most important intermediate station is (20 M.) Burgsteinfurt (Sonne; Eegelich) . with a chiUeau of Prince Bentheim- Steinfurt and a fine *Park called the 'Bagno\ At Burgsteinfurt the line intersects that from Quakenbriick to Duisbnrg (p. 85). — 35 M. Gronav, a small Dutch- speaking town on the liiniel , with a chateau of Prince Bentheim-Tecklenburg. From Gronau to Zvcolle, see Baedeker's Belgium d- Holland. From iliinster to Hamm and Emden. see R. 18. The train crosses the Ems. 108 M. Westhevern ; 116 M. Katten- venne; 120 M. Lengerich, on the N.W. spurs of the Osning. Tunnel, 820 yds. long. Diligence from Lengerich twice daily to (4 M.) Tecklenburg (Steinert; 'Rest. Felsengrotte), a small town with a ruined chateau. — Iburg ('Inn), 6 M. to the E. of Tecklenburg and 91.2 M. to the S. of Osnabriick, is another favourite resort of the Osnabrvckers. It possesses an old episco- •^-ci^, 1 5 ill '- i i'^ J cil ^j^ i TWISTRINGEN. 15. Route. 155 ' pal chateau and Benedictine abbey. Fine view from the neighbouring Dijrenherg. 126 M. Hassbergen^ whence a short branch diverges to the Geory- Marien-Hi'dte. 130 M. Osnabruck, see p. 121. The line here crosses the Ha- nover and Rheine line (p. 121). 1841/2 M. Belm; 137 M. Vehrte; 141 M. Ostercappeln; 146 M. Bohmte. — About 3 M. to the S. of Bohmte are the small saline baths of Essen ( Siek ), lying amid the woods at the base of the low Siintel Hills. Hence to Ostemcalde (p. 122j. 9 M. 153 M. Lemforde-Dielingen, to the W. of which lies the Dummer See, abounding in fish. 165 M. Diepholz, situated on the Hunte. with an old chateau; 1691/0 M. Drebber ; 174 M. Barnstorf ; 182 M. Twistringen. a straw-plaiting place, with a new Gothic church; 187 M. JFiassum, with an abbey-church of the 14th cent., restored in 1866; 192 M. Syke; 197 M. Kirchiceyhe. The train now crosses the Weser by a handsome iron bridge. 203 M. Hemelinyen (for Sebaldsbriick. p. 148). 207 M. Bremen, see p. 148. 214 M. Oberneuland: 218 M. Sagehorn; 223 M. Ottersberg ; 228 M. Sottrum; 2331 .7 \i Rotenburg, at the confluence of the Rodau and the Wumme, with a large chateau of the former bishops of Verden; 2391 2 M. Scheessel ; 251 M. Tostedt. At (258 M.) Buchholz a branch diverges to Liineburg (24 M. ; p. 161). 265 M. Hitlfild. 270 M. Harburg, see p. 162. — 277 31. Hamburg, see p. 162. 16. The East-Frisian Islands. Norderney. Borkum. Wangeroog. Comp. Map^ p. 137 . ToXoKDERNET. From (7ees<(^m«nc?e (Bremerhaven) to Xorderney steamer in summer daily, except Sun., in 4-5 hrs. (fare lUm.. return-ticket 15 m.). — From Heligolund steamer twice weekly (Mon. and Frid.), in connection with the steamer from Hamburg to Heligoland (faro from Hamburg 18 m., re- turn-ticket 30 m.i. — From Emden steamer daily in 4-5 hrs. (fare 7 m., return 10 m.). — From Leer steamer daily, except Sun., in 41,2-0 hrs. (fare 8 m., return-ticket 12 m.). — From yorden by omnibus to Xorddeich (p. 1561 in 1,0 hr. (50 pf.), and thence to Xorderney by steamboat in 3/,, br. (fare l-2V2m.. return -ticket, available for five' days, 3-4 m.) or by ferry-boat (fare 1 m.). To BoEKUM. From Emden steamer daily in S-S'/z hrs. (fare 6 m., return-ticket 9 m.) ; ferry-boat once or twice weekly in 4-6 hrs. (fares 2 m., i m. 25 pf.). — From Leer steamer daily , except Sun. , in 3V2-4 hrs. (fare 8 m., return-ticket 12 m.). To Wangeuoog. From Jever (p. 147) and WHIimind (p. 147) diligence twice daily in 2V4 and 2 hrs. to Carollnensitl ; thence steamer to Borkum daily till 15th Sept. (fare 2 m. 50 pf.); after 15th Sept. ferry-boat once or twice weekly (fare 1 m.). From the steamer to the village by boat and carriage, 1 m. 50 pf. To JuiST. From Xorddeich (p. 156) ferry-boat thrice weekly (1 m.). 156 Route 16. NORDERNEY. To Lan'geoog. From. Eseas (p. 147) daily connection with Bensevsiel, in correspondence with the ferry-boat (1 m.). To Spiekeroog. From Esens (p. 147) diligence (60 pf.) daily in summer to (iiJ4 hr.) NeuharlingersieJ; thence ferry-boat to Spiekeroog in '/4-11 4 lir. (fare 1 m) ; carriage to the village 1 m. From Geestemuxdb to Norderxey. The steamboat-pier is on the Geeste. V2 ^I- f^om the railway-station (comp. Map, p. 155). It is advisable, before sending luggage from the station to the steamer, to see it labelled at the custom-house. The steamer passes the mouth of the Jade and steers through the Watt, a strait with numerous sand-banks, which separates the E. Frisian islands from the mainland, and is passable for carriages at low tide at the S.E. end. It then passes the islands of Wangeroog, Spiekeroog, Langeoog, and Baltrum, all frequented for sea-bathing. Wangeroog i^Kur- haus, R. 21 2- "ps^s." 6 m.; Stiilcke, less pretentious, 'pens.' 4 m. : Private Apartments 9-15 m. a week: Visitors' Tax 2 m.) is the most popular, being visited by about 1000 sea-bathers annually. — Spiekeroog (^Gunsel, Janssen, 'pens.' 28-38 m. a week, D. 2 m. ; Private Apartments 71/2-I2 m. a week; Visitors' Tax 2 m.) is less expensive. From Emdex to Norderxey (see above). The steamer de- scribes a long curve towards the S., and then steers towards the N.W. through the Dollart, a bay 120 sq. M. in extent, formed by an inundation of the Ems in 1277, which occasioned the destruction of a town and numerous villages (comp. Map, p. 155). From Norden to Norderxey. Omnibus in 1/2 ^^- from Norden (see above") to the Norddeich. whence a steamboat crosses once or twice daily to Norderney at high tide in 3,4 hr. A tramway from Norden railway-station to Norddeich is projected. Norderney. — Arrival. Carriages are in waiting at the pier (96 yards long) to convey travellers to the Conversationshaus (40 pf. each person). The services of a commissionnaire may then be engaged to facilitate the search for apartments ; or temporary accommodation in the Bazaar may be obtained on application at the bath-office. Luggage is conveyed from the steamer to the luggage-sheds at the entrance of the village (for which 60 pf. per o51bs. is charged), where it is afterwards claimed by its owners. Hotels and Restaurants. *Bellevue, R., L., & A. 3 m., B. 80 pf., D. 21/2 m. ^ *ScHucHARDT ; Kaiserhof ; Dectsches Hacs , Well spoken of; Meyer's, small, wdth good restaurant; -Simmering, D. 1' 2 ni. ; Exge- hausen's Fajiilt Hotel, D. 13/4 m. — At the *Conveesatioxshaus and the ='Stran-d-Etablissement , table d'hote daily at 1 and 3, and at 2 and 3^/2 o'clock respectively, at 2i 4-4 m. ; suppers a la carte. Apartments are not let at these establishments. — " Oterendovp's Restaurant (wine), good cuisine; Borg's Old German Wine Rooms; Restaurant in the Bremen Buildings, well spoken of; Hogel, confectioner; Winkler, unpretending. Private Apartments. The best are those in the Grosse Logirhaus and in the new buildings in the Kaiser-, Bismarck-, Moltke-, and Friedrich- Str., near the beach. Room with sea-view 40-50 m. per week, suite of rooms for a family 100 m. ; table-d'hote 2' 4 m. Rooms of modest pretensions, but clean, may be hired in most of the streets. A bedroom with one or two beds from 12 m. a week upwards : a suite of 4-6 rooms, kitchen, and servants' accommodation. 80-150 m. per week. In most of these apartments breakfast and supper may be had at a moderate charge. NOKDERNEY. 16. Route, 157 Visitors' Tax 10 m.. 2 pers. 15, 3-4 pers. 20 m. (children and domestics free), on payment of which tickets are obtainable at the bath -office (8-12 a.m. and 3-6 p.m.), admitting the holder to the reading-room, the concerts, and the reunions. Bath Tickets (1 m. 20 pf., including towels) issued at the bath-office. Bathing hours from 5 a.m. to 2 p.m. (tide -tables at the Bazaar, 50 pf.). — The various rules, formalities, and petty payments will probably seem irksome and ridiculous to the vigorous and practised bather, but it must be borne in mind that the visitors are numerous, the space limited, and most of the bathers inexperienced. — At the Wannbadehaus fresh- water, shower, and other baths may be had. Tickets at the bath-office. Phtsioiaxs. Dr. Fromm; Dr.' Thalheim; Dr. Kruse ; Dr. Rohden (Children's Hospital). Post and Telegraph Office in the Strand-Str. Bath^ Police^ and En- quiry Offices at the old Conversationshaus. Bath Ticket Office beside the Conversationshaus. Norderney, i. e. 'northern island', with (1880] 2114 inhab., about 8M. long, and i^/oM. broad, is the largest and the most popu- lous of the East Frisian islands, and like the rest of the group is sandy and almost entirely destitute of vegetation. The village, which is at present the most popular German sea-bathing plare (12,000 visitors yearly), lies at the S.W. angle of the island. It is also frequented as a -winter -residence by persons with delicate chests, and a large institution has been built for scrofulous children. At the S. end of the village is the Conversationshaus^ surrounded by grounds. Near it are the Bazaar with its shops, the old and new Warmbadehaus, and the Grosse Logirhaus. — From the Conversa- tionshaus towards the E. runs the Marien-Strasse, commanding a view of the opposite coast and of the 'Wattenmeer', or shallow sea between the island and the mainland. Along the downs towards the N.W. extends the new Victoria-Strasse, facing the sea. At the end of it is the Strand-Etablissement, with a glazed veranda on the side next the sea. Close by is the Marienhohe, with a pavilion { Cafe', at the back of the hill) , and farther on is the Victor iahalle (Restau- rant). In the Kaiser- Strasse , which also looks towards the sea, are the houses erected by the Bremer Baugesellschaft , or building society, and several other substantial buildings. The Beach to the N. of the village is the principal rendezvous of the visitors. The N.W. part, adjoining the Victoriahalle, is the Damenstrand (from which gentlemen are excluded till 2p.m.); the N. part is the Herrenstrand (Giftbude Restaurant), near which is the Georgshohe, commanding a pleasant view. The island is bounded on three sides hy Diinen, or sand-hills, 30-50 ft. in height, formed by the action of the wind , partly overgrown with the peculiar '■Htlin grass , and presenting a barrier to the encroachments of the sea. The island, however, has frequently suti'ered seriously from storms , and bulwarks of masonry have therefore been constructed for its additional protection. At the E. end of the Marien-Str. is the Schanze , an intrenchment thrown up by the French in 1811 , now converted into pleasure-grounds, which are much frequented in hot weather. The '^Ruppertsburger Kamp\ a small grove of alders, encircling an eminence, 3 4 M. farther to the E., may also be visited (> 2 M. farther a small inn). — About 2 M. farther E. is the Lighthouse., 196 ft. high, erected in 1873 and commanding a line pano- 158 Route 17. OLDENBURG. From Bremen rama (adm. from 10 to i 2 lir. before sunset; tickets at the bath-office 1 m.). At the E. end of the island is the Weisse Diine^ a hill of white sand, affording an extensive pi-ospect. Pleasure-boats may be hired in the afternoon on the Damenstrand at 50 pf. for each person," or 3 m. per hour. From Emuen (p. 147) or Leer (p. 147) to Borktjm. Steamer, see p. 155. Compare the Map. p. 155. On the S. and E. coast of the island, passengers are lauded by small boats and carriages. Borktuu, situated at the mouth of the Ems, 9 M. from the Dutch coast and between the channels called the Ooster Ems and Wester Ems, is the westernmost of the E. Frisian islands. It is 5 M. long and 2^/2 M. broad, and consists of the Ostland and West- land. It possesses pleasant green pastures, which support an ex- cellent breed of milch cattle. The island is visited by about 2000 sea-bathers annually. Tolerable apartments may be procured for 6-18 m, per week, and there are several inns (Bakker Senior; Bdkker Junior ; Kohler, with the post and telegraph office : Kbhler Junior; Kaiserhof) and an 'Old German' wine-room and restaurant. Excel- lent beach for bathing, 34 M. from the village, but suitable at high tide only. There is also an establishment with warm baths. In the village is an old lighthouse, 153 ft. in height, and near it a new one, 40 ft. higher. — The E. side of Borkum and the Dutch is- land of Rottum are the haunts of thousands of sea-fowl , which breed there. 17. From Bremen to Leer and Emden. 77 M. Eailwat from Bremen to Leer in 23/4-3 hrs. (fares 6 m., 4 m. 50 pf., 3 m.); from Leer to Emdefi in V2-V4 hr. (fares 2 m. 10, 1 m. 60, 1 m. 10 pf.). Bremen, see p. 148. The train crosses the Weser by the rail- way-bridge mentioned at p. 155, and halts at Bremen-Neustadt. 3'/2 M. HucMingen; 9 M. Delmenhorst , in the grand -duchy of Oldenburg, on the Delme, with an old castle; 16 M. Hude, with a picturesque ruined monastery, dating from 1236. Branch-line to (27 M.) Nordenhamm, whence there is a steam-ferry to Geeste- miinde (p. 153). 221/9 M. Wiisting. 27 M. Oldenburg (;^H6tel de Russie, R. & L. 2, A. 1/2, B- 1, D. 2^'-2m..\ ^Erbgrossherzog ; Neues Haus:, Butjadinger Hof, D. 11/2 M. ; Kronprinz, near the station, unpretending; Thalen's Re- staurant, Theaterwall; Eilers Restaurant, Wall-Str. 11), the capital of the grand-duchy of that name , is a quiet and pleasant town on the Hunte , with 18,416 inhab. , surrounded by handsome avenues and modern dwelling-houses, which have superseded the old ram- parts. The old Rathhaus, in the market-place, dating from 1635, is about to be superseded by a new erection. Near the centre of the town is the grand-ducal Residenzschloss, occupied by the crown-prince and erected in the 17th and 18th cent. ; it contains some modern pictures (by WilLers, Tischbein, Riedel, Kretzschmer, Lot, Rahl, Preller, Verboeckhoven, etc.), a to Emden. OLDENBURG. 17. Route. 159 few sculptures, a library (open daily, 10-12.30), and a consider- able collection of engravings and coins. Opposite the palace are the Ducal Stables. — To the E., between the Hunte and the Garten- Strasse, lies the Palace Garden. In the vicinity is a line park named the Everstenholz. Crossing the Hunte and pursuing a straight direction, we observe the Palais, the residence of the Grand Duke, on the left, which also contains a number of good modern pictures and a few sculptures. — A few hundred paces farther, to the S., we reach the Public Library, containing about 100,000 vols, and MSS. (adm. 10-1.30). On the groundfloor are the grand-ducal archives. Adjacent is the new Museum, a Renaissance edifice , containing extensive collec- tions of Germanic and other antiquities, and also of objects of nat- ural history (adm. on Sun. and Mon. i'2-'2, Wed. 1-4 ; at other times on application ; fee). To the right of the Palais, in the Elisabeth-Strasse, rises the *AuGusTEUM, a handsome edifice in the late-Renaissance style (1866), containing the valuable grand-ducal picture-gallery of old masters (adm. daily 11-2, Sun. 12-2). The nucleus of the gallery, which now consists of about 350 works , was a collection of 86 pictures purchased from Tischbein the painter in 1804-. Good catalogue. The staircase is adorned with frescoes by Gviepenkerl . representing the development of art in antiquity, the middle ages, the Renaissance, and modern times. Section I. (by the entrance-door): *3S. Boltraffo , Head of a girl; *30. Solario, Herodias ; 32, 33. Gaud. Ferrari, 34. Borgognone , 55. Franc. Francia, Madonnas; *31. Lombard School, John the Baptist; 4. Garofalo, St. Catharine ; 7. Fra Angelica, Madonna. — We now turn to the right and enter Section V. : 130. 131. Teniers, Peasants ; 109. Rubens, St. Francis of Assisi ; 108. Ruben.f , Head of a man. — Section VI. : 122. Snuders, Poultry : 123. Nieulant, Feathered son<_'sters ; 100. Poi/rbiis the Younger, Half-length portrait of a knight; 90. Mabii.'^e, Madonna; 155. Wouverman. Alms; Reinbrandt, "169. Landscape, 167. Portrait of a man, -166. The artist's mother reading (1632), 170. Old man; 171, 172. F. Bol , Man and woman; 161-164. Ruvs- dael , Landscapes. 1S2. Jan Livens, Old man. — Section YIL : 93. Lucas van Ley den. Count Etzard L of E. Friesland; 141. Mierevelt, Half-length of a woman; 203. Jan Steen , Party; *196. Bakhuisen, Sea-piece ; 185. Van der Heist, Portrait of a man; 205. Hondecoeter , Unbidden guests ; 106. Rubens, Prometheus. — Returning to the entrance, we now proceed to the left to Section II. (unimportant). — Section HI.: 69. Cariani, Jealousy; 82. P. Veronese, Venus with Cupid; *78. P. Bordone, Venetian ladv; 71. Moretto, Ivoble of Bergamo; 68. >Seb. del Piombo, Body of Christ with angels; IS. Al. Allori, Bianca Cappello ; ~70. Lor. Lotto , Cavalier. — Section IV. : Works by Tischbein and other painters of last century, ;:nd several early German pictures. — An adjoining cabinet contains Plaster Casts, Lithographs, and a few Bronzes. Among the finest new buildings in Oldenburg are the Theatre (in the Italian Renaissance style, opened in IB'^l), the RaiUray Sta- tion, the Gymnasium, and the Commercial School, in front of which last is a bust of Herbart the philosopher (b. at Oldenburg in 1776). In the Friedens-Platz is a monument in memory of the war of 1870-71. FromOldenborgto Wilhelmshaven, 32V2M., railway in 11/4-2 hrs. (fares 3 m. 20, 2 m. 40, 1 m. 60 pf.). S M. Rastede, once a large Benedictine abbey, founded in 1121, was converted into a chateau in 1550, and is now a sum- 160 Route 17. WILHELMSHAVEN. mer-residence of the Grand Duke of Oldenburg ; fine park in the English stvle. — 101/2 31. Eahn; 14 M. Jaderhevg. — 20 31. Varel C'HOtel EboU ; Miiller; Victoria Hotel; Butjadinger Hof)^ a cheerful little town amid pretty scenery (favourite walks to the Eochwald and Miihlenteich, with restaurants). At the W. angle of the Jade-Busen, 3 M. to the X., is Dfoigast. a sea-bathing place with pleasant grounds (300 visitors annually). From (241/2 31.) Ellenser- Damm a pleasant drive may be taken to the -Neuenburg Urwald' (dili- gence to Neitenhitrg^ 7 31., daily, in ii/2 hr.). — 28 M. Sonde, the junction of the railway to Jever (p. 147) and Emden (p. 147). 321/2 31. Wilhelmshaven ("Hempel, Eoon-Str. ; 'Prim Heinrich, Kron- prinzen-Str. ; Kronprinz, Konig-Str. : £urg Hohemollern, near the station, Bot. Oldenicurtel , Bismarck-Str. ; Berliner Hof , 3Ianteuffel-Str. , the last three unpretending; Rathe Schloss Restavrant^ lioon-Str.), the second war- harbour of Germany and chief naval-station on the X. Sea , constructed by the Prusians in' 1855-69, on the N.W. side of the Jade-Busen. This basin, formed in 1528 by an inundation, is upwards of 60 sq. M. in area, and is connected with the N. Sea by the Jade., a channel 3 M. wide. Wilhelmshaven, which in 1880 contained 12,592 inhab., is a pleasant-look- ing town, laid out on an ample scale, with wide streets shaded by trees. Near the station is a bronze statue of Admiral Prince Adalbert of Prussia (d. 1873), erected in 1882. The Entrance to the harbour, protected by piers 120 yds. long, is separated by a huge dock-gate from the Outer Harbour; a second gate and a canal then lead to the Inner Harbour (400 yds. by 240 yds.). Connected with the latter are three dry docks and two slips for the construction of vessels of all kinds. The dockyard, which is enclosed by a lofty wall, is not shown with- out a ticket of admission from the naval office (50 pf.). In the inner harbour lie all the vessels on the Xorth Sea station which are not on ser- vice, chiefly large iron-clads. — Another entrance to the harbour from the S., a torpedo harbour, a commercial harbour, and a canal connecting the Ems and the .Jade, are nearly completed. Strong fortifications have been erected at different points for the protection of the whole establish- ment. — To the X.E. of the town, between two large barracks, is the Observatory .1 with a time-ball. A good panorama is obtained from the 'Wasserthurm' in the park (adm. by ticket obtained in the Park Restau- rant, 25 pf.). Feoji Oldenbukg to Osnabeuck, 691,2 31.. railway in 41 2 hrs. (fares 8 m. 50, 5 m. 10, 3 m. 40 pf.). Tnimportant stations. From (39 31.) Quaken- hriick (Rothes Haus). an industrious little town on the Haase, possessing an old abbey-church, a line diverges to (107 M.) Duisburg, passing Rheine, Burgsteinfurt, and C'oesfeld. — 57i/2 31. Bramsche. On the left is seen the Wiehengebirge , where some authorities are inclined to identify the scene of the defeat of Varus (comp. p. 89) with a spot near £'«^^e)' (3'/2 M. to the E. of Bramsche) and Kalkriese , called variously Witte/eld. Wyksfeld, and Ahrensfeld (i. e. kings"', dukes', or eagles' field). Osnabriick, see p. 121. 31 M. Bloh. — 37 M. Zwischenahn (Curhaus ; Rober), pleasantly situated on a lake and visited as a summer-resort. A small steamer plies on the lake. — From (4'2 M.J Ocholt a branch -line runs to Westerstede. The line intersects the extensive Hochmoor (p. 147). 39'/2 M. Apen. Beyond Augustveen, with large iron-works, the train crosses the Prussian frontier. — 52V2 ^- Stickhausen ; 56 M. Nortmoor. 6IV2 ^J- I-eer, and thence to (17 M.) Emden, see p. 147. 161 18. From Hanover to Hamburg. 112 M. Railway. Express in 3',4 hrs. (fares 17 m. 50, 13 m. 10, 9 m. 10 pf.); ordinary trains in 41/2 hrs. (fares 15 m. 60, 11 m. 70, 7 m. 90 pf,). Hanover, see p. 122. — 10 M. Lehrte, the junction of the Ber- lin-Hanover-Cologne (p. 91), Brunswick-Magdeburg (p. 93), and Ilildesheim (p. 129) lines. 15 M. Burgdorf; 20'/2 M. Ehlershausen. 26'/) M. Celle (Bockstuvers Hotel; Hottl de Hanovre; SasseJ, on the AUer , the chief town of the district, with 18,800 inhab., is the seat of the higher provincial tribunal of Hanover. The old Schloss, formerly the residence of the Dukes of Brunswick-Liiue- burg, is partly late-Gothic in style, and was partly erected in the Renaissance style at the end of the 17th century. The altarpiece of the interesting Chapel is by Martin de Vos of Antwerp (lo69). The old Parish Church contains the ducal burial-vaults, and that of the Danish queen Caroline Matilda (p. 219). In the 'French Gar- den', outside the town, rises a monument to Queen Caroline Ma- tilda, and in the grounds of the 'Trift is another to A. Thaer, the agriculturist, born at Celle in 1752 (ji. 1828). Stations Eschede, Unterlilss, Suderburg. — 60 M. Uelzen, junc- tion for the Stendal and Bremen line (p. 92). Beyond (68 M.j Be- vensen the dreary Lilneburger Haide is traversed. 81 M. Liineburg (*Wellenkamp's Hotel; *Deutsches HausJ, an old town wUh 19,034 inhab., on the navigable Ilmenau, possess- ing salt-works which have long been of some importance, was a prominent member of the Hansa in the middle ages. A number of public, and many handsome private buildings, in the late-Gothic and Renaissance styles, are memorials of the town's prosperity in the 14th-16th centuries. On quitting the station, which lies to the E. of the town, and crossing the Ilmenau, we may reach the market either by the Altenbriicker-Thor to the left, or by the Lilner-Thor to the right. By the former route we pass the church of *St. John, a Gothic edifice with double aisles, dating from the middle of the 14th cent., with subsequent additions (sacristan, Johanniskirchhof 25). If we choose the other way we pass the church of '^St. Nicholas, with a lofty nave and double aisles , dating from 1409 and con- taining some good paintings and valuable old embroidered vest- ments. In the Market Place, which is adorned with a fountain of 1530 with a modern basin, rises the Rathhaus, a pile of various buildings dating from the 13th down to the 18th century (custo- dian, Lirhte, in the Marien-Platz). The most remarkable part is the so-called '*Laube', of the 14th cent., with beautiful stained- glass windows, cabinets, and interesting mural decorations (about 1525, lately restored). Adjoining this is the ^Kor-Gemnch', for the election of the mayor, dating from the end of the 15th century. The FUrstensaal, dating from the 16th cent., contains electroplate copies of the Liineburg silver service now in Berlin (p. 59) ; the Baedeker's N. Germany. 9tb Edit. H 162 Route 19. HAMBURG. *Rathsstube, of 1566-83, contains admirable carved work by Albert von Soest, an elaborate gate by H. Ruge of 1576, and other inter- esting objects. The W. part of the Rathhaus, called the Kdmmerei- gebdude, contains a beautifully carved wooden door and a line panelled and carved room of the end of the 16th cent, (first floor). The Town Library possesses 31,000 vols, and several MSS. with beautiful miniatures of the 15th cent. (Thurs., 11-1). The Gym- nasium contains natural history and other collections (adm. 50 pf.). On the N.W. side of the town stands the church of St. Michael^ with a crypt, erected in 1376-1418; it contains the burial-vault of the Guelph-Billung princes. The Kalkberg^ a little to the W. of the town, is a good point of view. — About V2 M. to the N.E. of the Liiner Thor is the Bene- dictine nunnery of Lilne, founded in 1172, a brick building dating from the end of the l4th cent. . with many additions of the 18th. In the church is an early-Gothic *Altar-Antependium, with paint- ings of the 13th century. Fine cloisters. Feoji Luxeburg to Buchex, I8V2 ^i-, railway in 3J4-I hr. (fares 3 m. 30, 2 m. 50. 1 m. 80 pf.J. — 11 M. Lauenburg, a small town witli 4762 inhab., tbe capital of tbe old duchy of Lauenburg , now incorporated with the province of Schleswig-Holstein. — 18' 2 M. Biichen. on the Berlin and Ham- burg railway (p. 220) ; thence to Liibeck, see R. 25. From Liineburg to Wittenherge and Buchholz (Bremen)^ see pp. 220, 155. Beyond Liineburg the train passes Bardowiek, once the chief commercial town of N. Germany. It was destroyed by Henry the Lion in 1189, and fragments of the vast cathedral now alone remain, in- corporated with a Gothic church (date about 1400). Pop. 1700. 105 M. Harburg (*Schwan ; Konig von Schweden ; *Stadt Liine- burg, second-class), an increasing town with 22,000 inhab., and a busy seaport, junction for the Bremen and Cuxhaven lines (pp. 155, 174). Beyond Harburg the line crosses the Siider-Elbe by an iron bridge, 680 yds. long, traverses the fertile island of Wilhelmsburg, (comp. Map, p. 176), crosses the Norder-Elbe hy a-nother bridge, 448 yds. long, and enters the handsome 'Yenlo Station' (PL F, G, 6) at Hamburg. 112 M. Hamburg (see below). 19. Hamburg. Railway Stations. There are three main railwav-stations in Hamburg: 1. Berlin Station (PI. G, 5), for Berlin (R. 28j •, 2. Venlo or Paris Station (PI. G. (■;, 7), for Bremen, Cologne, Venlo, and Paris-, 3. Liibeck Station (PI. I, 4). for Liibeck and Mecklenburg. The Kiel Station is in Altona (see PI. at p. 173, A. 6). — Besides these there are the stations on the .Tdnction Railwat ('Verbindungsbahn) between the Berlin Station in Ham- burg and the Kiel Station in Altona: viz. Klosterthor (PL G, 4), Dammthor (PL D, 1). SiernscTimize, and Schulterhlatt (comp. the Map, p. 176). The Junction Railway is 4'/2 M. long (25 min. ; fares 50, 35, 25 pf.). Hotels. The" best are on the Alster-Bassin : *Hamburger Hof (PL h ; D, 3), Jungfernstieg 13-17, a large edifice in the Renaissance style, with elevators and baths, D. at 5 o'clock S'/a m. — '=Hotel ue l'Europe (PL Hotels. HAMBURG. 19. Route. 163 a; E, 3), Alsterdamm 39; •Stkeit's Hotel (PI. b; D, 3), Jungfernstieg 19; 'Victoria (PI. c; D, 3), good cuisine. Jungfernstieg 10; 'Hotel St. Petebs- BDRG (PI. d; D, 3), Jungfernstieg 1; Kkonpkinz (PI. f; I), 3), Jungfern- stieg 8. Charges at these: R. from 21/2 m., D., generally at 4 p.m., 3 m., B. 1-11/4 m., A. 75-90 pf., L. V2-I m. — 'Belvedere (PL e ; E, 3), Alsterdamm 40, R., L., fs, Lejpiig' Binnen-Alster. HAMBURG. 19. Route. 169 the principal market-place at Hamburg. — St. Catharine's Church (PI. D, 5), to the S.E, of St. Nicholas, on the opposite side of the broad canal, escaped destruction in 1842. It contains some old German paintings, Renaissance tombstones, a marble pulpit of 1630, and a fine organ. — The Museum Godeffroy^ AVandrahm 29 (PI. F, 5), contains a good ethnographical and natural history col- lection (adm. Sun. and holidays, 11-2, 30 pf. 5 other days, 9-5, 50 pf.). Near the Exchange, to the N.E., rises *St. Peter's Church (PI. E, 4), which was burned down in 1842, and has since been erected in the Gothic style of the 14th century. The chief objects of interest are the ring on the door of the tower, of 1342; the canopy over the pulpit, of the 14th cent. ; the granite columns of the old cathe- dral, which was taken down in 1806 ; the new stained-glass win- dows by Kellner of Nuremberg , and to the left in the altar-niche a tine relief, representing the Entombment, by H. Schubert. To the S.E., opposite the church, is the Johanneum (PI. E, 4), erected in 1834, and containing the college of that name founded in 1529. The S. wing contains the Citp Library, consisting of about 300,000 vols, and 5(XX) MSS., and comprising many rare works, particularly in early theolojiical literature (open on week-days , 1-4). Among the most valuable contents are the collections of Bibles, hymns, mediaeval theology, and oriental manuscripts. — On the groundfloor is the Natural History Museum (Sun. 11-12, Mon., Tues., Wed., and Frid. 11-1, gratis; Thurs. 60 pf.), containing numerous skeletons and a valuable collection of conchylia. Here also is the Museum of Hamburg Antiquities., where among other curio- sities is preserved an old tombstone representing an ass blowing the bag- pipe, with the quaint inscription, 'De Welt heft zik ummekert, darume zo hebbe ik arme eezel pipen ghelert". In the Pferdemarkt is the Thalia-Theatre (PL E, 3, 4 ; p. 164), a tasteful Renaissance edifice erected in 1842, with seats for -1800 spectators. — Near it is the Jacobikirche (PL F, 4), which with a number of the surrounding houses survived the fire of 1842. The *Binnen-Alster, usually called the Alster-Bassin {¥1. D, E, 2, 3; comp p. 16')), and its environs, are unquestionably Ham- burg's greatest attraction. This sheet of water, of an irregular quad- rilateral form, and upwards of 1 M. in circumference, is bounded on three sides by quays planted with trees and flanked with palatial hotels and handsome private dwellings , named respectively the Alte and Neue Jungfernstieg, and the Alsterdamrt}, while the fourth side towards the Aussen-Alster is laid out in promenades connected by means of the Lombardsbriicke. The surface of the water is en- livened with steam-launches (p. 164), rowing-boats, and groups of swans, and the banks are a favourite promenade, especially on fine summer-evenings, when they present a picturesque appearance by gas-light. The Alte Jungfernstieg, where the Alster- Pavilion (p. 163) is situated, is the scene of the busiest traffic. Adjoining the Alte Jungfernstieg on the S.E. are the Alster Arcades with attractive shops, which run parallel with the easternmost of the two arms of 170 Route 19. HAMBURG. Kunsthalle. the Alster issuing from the 'Bassin', and extend from the Reesen- dammbriicke to the Schleusenbriicke. The ramparts near the Lombard shrucke command an admirable view of the expansive Aiissen-Alster to the N. , with its banks studded with villas, and the Binnen-Alster to the S. with the towers of the city in the background. On the E. rampart rises a bronze Statue of Schiller (PL F^ 2} by Lippelt, erected in 1866. On the Alsterhohe, to the E. of these monuments, rises the Kunsthalle (PL F, 2; open daily, except Mon., in summer 10-5, winter 11-4). erected in 1867-69 in the early-Italian Renaissance style. The niches and medallions of the exterior contain statues and reliefs of eminent artists. The establishment owes its existence mainly to private contributions and legacies. Catalogue 50 pf. The Kunsthalle is at present undergoing the alterations required to fit it for the accommodation of a fine collection of modern paintings, chiefly by English artists, recently presented by Herr Schwabe, a native of Hamburg residing in London. The only rooms on the Ground Floor at present accessible are those containing the Plaster Casts and the valuable ''Collection of Drawings and Engravings, which is especially rich in early Italian and German examples. Only a limited and varying selection of the latter are exhibited (students admitted daily; the public on Tues. and Frid., 11-1). The staircase is adorned with representations of the seasons (to the right) and the four quarters of the day (to the left) by Valentine Ruths; the paintings over the doors are by Gusiav Spangenberg. The First Floor accommodates the municipal Picture Gallery. Directly in front of us, in the large hall, is MakarVs huge picture of Charles V.'s Triumphal Entry into Antwerp. To the right : 624. Lenbach, Prince Bis- marck; then, 508. Piahl, Persecution of the" Christians ; 300. Camphausen, Battle of yasebv: 284. Braith , Drove of oxen ; 257. Asher . King Lear; 307. Hausmann, Galileo before the Council in 1633; 5l0a. Reiff, A victim of delusion; 540. Spangenberg. Walpurgis Kight; 302. Conrcider, Tilly in the grave-digger's hut on the night before the battle of Breitenfeld (16th Sept., 1631) : 503. Schonleber, Lagoon at Venice ; 562. Troi/on, Cattle ; 544. Schlosser, Peleus and Thetis; 506. Ruths., Evening among the Sabine Mts.; 264. Bisschop, Church-going in Friesland; 309. Defregger, Poachers in a chalet; 289. Calame, Waterfall of Handeck ; 286. Burnitr. Forest-path with cattle; 427. Langko, Heath in Upper Bavaria; 434. Lessing, Evening scene. On the other side of the door: 563. Vautier. Toasting the bride; 596a. A. v. Werner, Count Moltke: 325. Feuerbach, Gipsies dancing; 419. Isabey, Storm on the coast of l^ormandy ; 444. Gabriel Max, The nun; 23^. A. Aciienbach , Mill in Westphalia ; 373. Eeilbuth, Luca Signorelli, the Florentine painter, by the side of his dead son ; 376. Wraske, Xiobe and her children ; 0. Achen- hach, 240. Beach at Is^aples, 241. Castel Gandolfo ; 491. Munthe, Winter; 457. P. Meyerheim, Charcoal heaps in the mountains; 341. Gebhardt, Crucifixion; 342. K. Gebhard, Hero and Leander; 554. Schuch, Highwaymen on a heath; 308. Decaisne, Caritas. — I. Cabinet: 560. Tidemand . Wolf- hunter; 543. Schlesinger, Church-going in Holstein; 429. ff. Kauffmann, Village-scene. — II. Cabinet: H. Kauffmann, 426. Snowy landscape. 422. Mountaineers of LTpper Bavaria resting, 423. Midday rest; 248. 0. Achen- bach. Monastery garden at Pollazuoli; 418. .STwaws,' Topers ; 507. Ruths, Harvest-wain. — III. Cabinet: 311. P. Delaroche, Oliver Cromwell by the body of Charles I ; 448. Meissonier, Cavalier resting, time of Louis XIII. ; 552. Schrddter, Miinchhausen; 282, 283. Braekeleer, Interiors with figures; 339. Franquelin, Mother at the cradle of her sick child. — IV. Cabinet: 297. Bui-nitz, Morning on the Seine at Fontainebleau : 497. 49S. Ortmans, Heathy landscapes. — The V. Cabinet and the adjoining Long Room con- tain pictures by Old Masters, with many good examples of the Nether- lands school. Among these are specimens of /. van Ruysdael (8 landscapes), Zoolog. Garden. HAMBURG. 19. Route. 171 Ilohhema (No. 76), Everdingen (56), Wouverman (207, 209), Paul Potter (136, 137), Van Dyck (52), Ruhens (82), Teniers (176), Em. de Witte (204), and Ahr. van den Tempel (174). — The last large room contains modern por- traits, chiefly by Hamburg artists, and other pictures, including 470. Melbye^ Ocean solitude; 511. Riedel, Albanian women-, 506. PiUth.-, Mts. of the Ro- man Campagna; 290. Camphausen, Puritans; 269. Karl Becker, Siesta; 336a. A. Feuerbach, Judgment of Paris; 287. Brendel, Sheep-fold. The *Anlagen, or public promenades, laid out on the old forti- cations , and extending round the interior of the city from the Elbhohe (p. 167) to the Berlin Railway Station, also afford pleasant walks. Near the Kunsthalle, to the E., is an iron Monument(Pl. G, 3) to the memory of Adolph IV., Count of Ilolstein (l'224-39), the founder of the liberties of the city (p. 165). — Another favourite walk is afforded by the new Pleasure Grounds (PI. F, 2 to H, 1), which extend along the Aussen-Alster to the Uhlenhorst (p. 172). To the N.E. , in the St. Geoege Quarter, between the Stein- thor and the Klosterthor, are the Gewerbe-Schule and the Real- Schule, with the interesting '^Industrial and Ethnological Museums (adm. daily except Mon., in summer 10-5, winter 10-4). The industrial museum, which contains an unrivalled collection of Japa- nese metal-work, is second only to that of Berlin among museums of the kind in Germany. The building also contains collections of Prehistoric Antiquities, Fruit, Seaweeds, and Fungi. — The Hansa Fountain, in the Hansa-Platz (PL H, 2, 3), 65 ft. in height, was erected in 1878 from a design by E. Peiffer. The extensive Hospital (PI. J, 1) is an admirable institution ; the chapel contains a good picture by Overbeck. Near the Lombardsbriicke, Avhich affords a fine view of the Al- ster, is an Obelisk, erected in memory of J. 6^. Biisch (d. 1800), the political economist. A little farther on, at the beginning of the Esplanade (PI. D, 2), a handsome street with a double avenue of trees , rises a *Monument to the Hamburgers who fell in the war of 1870-71, designed by Professor Schilling of Dresden. — Near it, in the Dammthor-Str., is the Stadt-Theater (PI. C, 2; p. 164), with seats for 2500 spectators. — In the Gansemarkt, to the S., is a Statue of Lessing (Pi. C, 2), by Schaper, unveiled in 1881 ; on the pedestal are medallions of Ekhof and Reimarus. On the left, immediately outside the Dammthor, lies the Botani- cal Garden (PI. B, C, 1 ; open daily), with its Victoria Regia house. A little beyond it are a Panorama (PI. B, G, 1) of the Battle of AVorth, by Faber du Faur (adm. 1, Sun. V-i^i^O) ^"*^ *^^*^ ^Zoological Garden (PI. A, B,l; adm. 1 m., on Sun. in summer alternately 5i> and 30 pf.; *Restaurant'), one of the most extensive and best organised in Germany, The arrangement of the animals was superintended by Brehm , and the grounds were laid out by the landscape-gardener Jilrgens of Ottensen. The most interesting points are the elephant- house, the dens of the beasts of prey, the Eulenburg (view) with the bears' den , the cascade grotto, the *Aquarium , the terrarium, and the Ernst-Merck-Halle , containing a concert-room and winter- 172 Route 19. HAMBURG. Environs. garden, with the bust of the founder of the gardens. — The large iron and glass structure (seriously damaged by fire in May, 1885), with a dome, in the adjacent Moorweide, is the exhibition-building of the Horticultural Society. Here also is the Wilhelms- Gymnasium. The Cemeteries, laid out as gardens, adjoin the Zoological Garden on the S.W. On the N. side, opposite the Petrikirchhof, is a sarcophagus commemorating the fate of 1138 citizens of Hamburg, 'who, having been banished by Marshal Davoust, together with many thousands of their fellow-citizens during the severe winter of 1813-14, fell victims to grief, starvation, and disease'. The finest part of the Promenades is that between the Damm- thor and the Holstenthor (PL A, 2), laid out in 1881. Outside the Holstenthor is the new Palace of Justice, designed by Zimmerraann, beyond which is the extensive Prison. About 11/9 M- from the Deichthor (PL G, 5) are the extensive Waterivorks, which supply the whole city. *View. Tramway to Rothenburgsort. — Opposite to Rothenburgsort is the end of a large cutting constructed by Dalmann in 1873-77, at an outlay of 4,000,000 m., to regulate the amount of water in the N. Elbe. The *Environs of Hamburg (comp. Map) , which are sprinkled with country-houses, gardens, and parks in almost every direction, especially near the Aussen-Alster and near the Elbe between Altona and Blankenese (p. 174), afford some pleasant excursions. The banks of the *Aussen-Alster are most conveniently visited by means of the steam-launches (p. 164) which ply daily at frequent inter- vals between the Jungfernstieg and the N. end of the lake (small boat, see p. 165 : tramway, see p. 164). The favourite points are the Uhlenhorst (*Restaurant Fiihrhaus, concerts several times a week), which is reached by steamer from the Jungfernstieg in 20 min. (passengers should alight at Rabenstrasse and walk to the ferry, V2 M., and there cross to the Fahr- haus); Harvestelntde^ with a handsome new church, and the lime-tree of the poet Hagedorn (d. 1754) on the Licentiatenberg; and ^'/j^endor/ (Restau- rant Miihlenkamp, between Uhlenhorst and Eppendorf). Persons interested in missionary-establishments should visit the Rauhe Haus at Horn, 3 M. to the E. of Hamburg, on the road to Bergedorf (tram- way, see p. 164; cab 2 m. 40 pf.). — The annual Hamburg Horse Races take place on a common at Horn. Wandsbeck (railway, p. 186; steam-tramway, p. 164; cab 2 m. 40 pf.; Altes Postliaus Hotel; Tivoli), a town in Holstein, with 16,138 inhab., about 8 M. to the N.E., was once the residence of the famous Matthias Claudius (d. 1815), the 'Wandsbecker Bote', who, with his wife, is buried in the churchyard here. A simple monument has been erected to his memory in the neighbouring Wandsbeck wood , consisting of a block of granite, bearing his name, Ms hat, wallet, and staff. A double avenue leads from the Millern-Thor at Hamburg (PL of St. Pauli, C, 4) through the suburb of St. Pauli (p. 167) to the Nobisthor of Altona (with the inscription, 'Nobis bene, nemini male'); cab IY2 m.; tramway and railway, see pp. 164, 162; also omnibus and steamboat. Altona. — Hotels. KoNiGLicHEE HoF, opposite the station, R. eer). — Bellevue. with garden, in Ottensen. River Baths in the 3) and his two wives are interred. Their grave is shaded by an old lime, a few paces from the church-door. From Altona to Blankenese, 6 M., railway in 20-25 min. (fares 80, 174 Route 20. HELIGOLAND. 60, 40 pf.) 5 from Hamburg to Altona, and thence to Blankenese, about 1 hr. (fares 1 m. 30, 95, 65 pf.). Stations Bahrenfeld^ Otfimarschen, Flotibeck, Blan- kenese. — As the scenery is pleasing, a drive to Blankenese in an open carriage is far preferable to the railway-journey. Cab from Altona to Klein-Flottbeck, 1-2 pers. 2 m. 40 pf., to !Nienstedten 3 m., to Blankenese 4-6 m. ; omnibus between Altona (starting from the Palmaille, near the theatre) and Blan- kenese several times daily, fare 50 pf. — Even pedestrians will be rewarded by a walk along the bank' of the Elbe to (8 M.) Blankenese, passing numer- ous villas and gardens. — The pleasantest way of making this excursion is to go to Blankenese by the steamboat, which commands fine views of the banks of the river, and return in a carriage, which may be hired at Sagebiel's in Blankenese, or at Jacob's in Nienstedten, 2 M. nearer Altona. At the end of the pleasant village of Neiimiihlen rises a castellated villa belonging to Hr. Donner of Altona. Booth's gardens at Flottbeck and the park of the Jenisch family with their extensive hot-houses merit a visit. Further on is Nienstedten ("Jacobus Restaurant). Then the garden of the Hamburg Senator G. Godeffroy , with a chateau in the R.henish castellated style, situated on the high bank of the Elbe. Ai Docken- huden is the park of C. Godeffroy. The finest view of the Elbe is obtained from the 'Siillberg (250 ft.; '-^Tavern at the top), one of the hills among which lies the fishing-village of Blankenese {''Sagebiel's Restaurant at the Fiihrhaus), 11/2 M. from the railway-station. Baur's garden at Blankenese also affords beautiful views. All these grounds are open to the public. 20. Heligoland. Comp. Maps^ pp. 155^ 176, Steamek from Hamburg to Heligoland daily in summer (8 a. m., Sat. 7 a. m.), in 5-6 hrs. •, fare 12 ni., return-tickets 20 m. (connection twice weekly with Norderney, p. 156, Fohr, p. 184, and Sylt, p. 185). — From Altona to Heligoland three times a week from the beginning of July to 15th Sept., twice a week, during the latter half of June and Sept., and once during the first half of June and in October ; average passage 7-8 hr.s. (fares, 772 and 6 m., return-tickets, available for 3 weeks, 50 per cent less*, landing in Heligoland, 1 m.). — From Geestemiinde (p. 153) to Heligo- land, see the time-tables. — German money alone is current in Heligoland. Visitors to Heligoland mav also proceed by Railway from Hamburg to (73 M.) Cuxhaven (3-3i/2 hrs'. ; fares 9 m. 50, 7 m. 40, 4 m. 90 pf.) and proceed thence to Heligoland by steamer (daily in summer, except Thurs., in connection with the morning express; 3 hrs.; fare, 6 m., return-ticket 10 m. ; landing in Heligoland, 1 m.). The railway runs via Harburg (p. 162), Buxtehude (Peper's Hotel), and Stade (see below). From Hamburg to Hkligoland. A steamboat-trip on tlie Lower Elbe is one of the pleasantest river-excursions in N. Germany. Soon after starting, the vessel commands a fine retrospect of tlie imposing city with its forest of masts, and of Altona (see above). Numerous villas on the hills peep from the midst of parks and pleasure- grounds, which extend for a considerable distance below TJZanfcencse (see above). Inland, to the left, is seen the town of Stade (Birn- baum ; Stubbe ^^ Peters ,■ Norddeutscher Hof), connected with the Elbe by a canal; then, on the right bank, Gluckstadt (p. 177). The banks now recede. On the left, about 41/2 ^L from Cuxhaven, lies the small town of Altenbruch, with a church containing a beauti- fuUy-carved altar. Cuxhaven {^Belvedere, with a pleasant pavilion facing the beach; Bellevue; Glocke, unpretending; Restaurant Seepavillon, ^ell spoken of), a busy and increasing place belonging to Hamburg, HELIGOLAND. 20. Route. 175 and united with the neighbouring Ritzebuttel in 1872, is visited as a sea-bathing place. The chateau, a castellated building of the 14th cent., which is visible from the Elbe, is one of the oldest secular structures in N. Germany. The steamer next passes the island of Neuiverk with its light- house, originally erected in 1290 as a castle for protection against pirates. — At the mouth of the Elbe, the banks of which have been fortified since 1870 , three light -ships, and between them the pilot-ship are passed, beyond which the open sea is reached. The sea-passage occupies 2Y2-3 hrs. only. From Bremerhaven (p. 154) to Heligoland. The steamboat- pier is ^2 M- from the railway-station at Geestemiinde (p. 153). To the right, as the steamer quits the Geeste, lies the district of Wursten, to the left the Butjadinger Land, a peninsula between the estuary of the Weser and the Jade-Busen (p. 160). After 2 hrs. the light-ships are passed. Sea-passage 2-3 hrs. more. Heligoland. — Arrival. Passengers are landed in boats. Luggage is taken to the luggage-shed on the beach , where the traveller sends a porter for it; thence to the Unterland 20 pf., to the Oberland 40 pf. each package. — Comp. Map, p. 137. Hotels. *Stadt London; *Queen of England, both in the Oberland, generally crowded in the height of summer; table d'hote at 3 p.m., 3 m. Table d'hote also in the Conveesationshaus, and at the Peincess Alex- andra on the beach, at 3 p.m., 3 m. (to subscribers cheaper), B. 1 m., board and lodging 6-8 m. per day. Lodgings, where breakfast only is usually supplied, are also easily obtained. The best-situated are on the Falm (p. 176) in the Obei-land, at 15-30 m. per week and upwards, such as the Schiceizerhaus , Jasper Payens, Rickmers^ and Lassen. Those who object to climbing the steps to the Oberland should take rooms in the Unterland, where the Diinen-Strasse commands an unimpeded view of the sea (charges as in the Oberland): '-'Deutsches Hans, ""Mohr^ Liihrs, Block. Those in the back-streets without view are cheaper. Kestaurants. In the Unterland: '^Conversationshaus, with dining and reading-rooms, etc., see above; 'Fremdenwillkomm; ""Deutscher Hof; Prin- cess Alexandra; Diitienpavillon, on the Badeinsel ; Erholung, by the steps to the Oberland. In the Oberland: Janssen, by the church; i/ayer, Leucht- tliurm-Str.; Clausen. — The ''Pavilion on the beach is much visited as a cafe in the afternoon. Rain collected in cisterns is used for drinking-water; good spring- water is obtained at the Brewery (40 pf. weekly). The Bathing Place is on a small sandy island, 1 M. to the S.E. ; ferry there and back (10-20 min.) 60 pf. ; bathing-coach 60 pf. ; towel 25 , sheet 60 pf. (bather's own towels kept and dried for 10, sheets 20 pf. per day) ; bath and ferry-tickets at the bath-house, where warm and other baths are also to be had. The bath-attendant expects a fee (3 m.) when the visitor departs. Visitors' Tax for 4 weeks: 1 pers. 4 m. per week ; families 7 m., of more than 3 pers. 9 m. per week ; after four weeks no charge is made. — During the season, which lasts from 1st June to 15th Oct., Theatre, Concerts, and Balls. Reading-room at the Conversationshaus. Post Office in the Unterland, opposite the Conversationshaus. — Tele- graph Office in the Badehaus. Physicians, Dr. Ziininermann and Dr. Schmidt. Heligoland (i. e. 'holy land') , which formerly belonged to Sclvleswig, was taken by the English in 1807, though not officially 11 Q Route 20. HELIGOLAND. recognized as English till 1810, and still continues under thoir supremacy. During the blockade of 1812 it was a great resort of smugglers. On three sides the island, vrhich consists of hard red clay and marl, and is ahout i ssq.M. only in area, rises nearly per- pendicularly from the sea to a height of 200 ft., forming a long and narrow triangle called the Oberland. On the S.E. side only a low, flat bank of sand rises from the water, called the Unterland. The island contains 2000 inhab. of Frisian extraction, whose dialect, habits, and costume are in many respects peculiar. The bathing-season and the lobster-fishery are their chief sources of gain. The German language is used in the schools and church. The visitor disembarks on the Unterland, on which are situated a bath-house, a basin used by bathers when prevented by stormy weather from crossing to the 'Diine', the Conversationshaus, the chemist's shop, the theatre, and most of the restaurants. The prin- cipal streets , recently provided with English names, which how- ever have not been adopted by the population, are the Diinen- Strasse, or Gesundheits-Allee, on the N.E. side of the group of houses, and the Bindfaden- Allee , which runs parallel to the cliffs from N.E. to S.W. At the end of the latter is the 'Rothe Meer\ a bathing-place so called from the colour with which the red clay tinges the waves. From the Unterland an easy flight of 190 wooden steps ascends the rock to the Oberland, a plateau planted chiefly with potatoes, and intersected by the Kartoffel-Allee. The pastures support goats and about 300 sheep only. The principal street in the village, called the Falm, skirting the S.E. margin of*the cliff, commands a fine view of the Unterland, the downs, and the sea. The best views of the cliifs are obtained at the Sathurn (South Horn) and Nathurn (North Horn), which last is a favourite point towards sunset. The Lighthouse merits a visit (fee 30 pf.). Opposite the Unterland, and separated from it by a strait 1/2 ^1* in width and 12-16 ft. deep, is the Diine, or Sandinsel (ferry), on the N. (left) side of which is the gentlemen's, and on the S. (right) side the ladies' bathing-place. Between the two is situated the Diinen-Pavillon (p. 175). Boat for the interesting excursion round the island , 1-2 pers. about 3 m., 3-4 pers. 4 m.— An "Illumination of the rocks and grottoes takes place several times during the season, on which occasions the whole of the visitors hire boats in order to witness it to advantage. Many of the rocks have received fanciful names, such as the Nun, 3Ionk, and Pastor. The luminous appearance of the sea at night is more freqxiently ob- served at Heligoland than elsewhere, especially in sultry weather, with a S. wind and a clouded sky. When the water is struck by the hand, each particle resembles a fire-fly or glow-worm. This phenomenon, as is well known, is occasioned by innumerable mollusca, almost invisible to the naked eye, which emit a phosphorescent light when in motion. u.^^m^:^f^-: KIEL u^T, rMGEBUNG. ,,^^51, Maassstalj 1 80 000 graph A-n.stiLit TT n 177 21. From Hamburg to Kiel. Railway from Altona to Kiel (66 M.) in 2-3V4 brs. (fares 8 m. 50, 6 m. 40, 4 m. 30 pf. ; express 9 m. 60, 7 m. 50, 5 m. 30 pf.). From Hambdrg to Altona. Tramwar/, see p. 164. Cab from the Alster-Bassin to the station at Altona IV2 m. ; carpet-bag or hat-box 8 pf., trunk 30 pf. — Junction Railway, see p. 162 (most convenient station at the Dammthor). The train stops for 1/4 hr. at Altona for the custom- house examination (comp. p. 173). Altona, see p. 172. Stations Eidelstedt (branch-line to Kalten- kirchen), Hnlstenbeck, Pinneberg, Tornesch, and (20 M.) Elmshorn (Railway Hotel; Stadt Kiel), -with 8000 inliab., a wealthy town on the Kriickaue. From Elmshorn to Heide, 5472 31., railway in 2'/2-3 hrs. (fares 7 m. 10, 5 m. 30, 3 m. 60 pf.). The line traverses the fertile fen-district of tlie Ditmarsch Peasants, celebrated for their fierce and intrepid opposition to the supremacy of the Dukes of Holstein, who in 1559 at length succeeded in paining the mastery. — 4 M. Siethwende ; 8 M. Ilerzhorn. — lOi ',! >I. Gliick- stadt (Railway Hotel', R. & B. 2 m. 80 pf. ; Groth's Hotel), on the Elbe, a dull place with 5567inhab., fortified bv Christian IV. in 1620, was unsuccess- fully besieged by Tilly in 1628, and by Torstenson in 1643; in 1815 it was dismantled. Then (15 M.) Krempe and 1I8 M.) Kremperheide. 20'/2 M. Itzehoe (Helmitnd's Inn; Diihring), on the Stoer, the most an- cient town in the Duchy (9850 inhab.), founded as early as the 9th cent., was formerly the place of assembly of the Holstein Estates. Church of St. Lawrence of the 12th century. Pleasant excursion of 1 hr. to Breiten- burg on the Stoer, the handsome chateau of Count Rantzau. — Next sta- tions : Wilstev, St. Margarethen, Eddelak, St. Michaelisdonn. — 47 M. Mel- doi'f (Stadt Hamburg), where Carsten Kiebuhr, the traveller, and his son, the historian (b. at Copenhagen in 1776, d. at Bonn in 1831), once resided. There is a small museum of Ditmarsch antiquities here. — 54 M. Heide, see p. 184. 231/2 M. Horst; 321/2 M. Wrist; 371/2 M. BrokstecU. 461/2 M. Neumiinster (Railway Hotel; Struck' s Hotel; Borse), a town with considerable cloth-factories and 11,623 inhab., is the junction of the lines to Tonning via Heide (p. 1841, to Rendsburg (p. 180), to Plon and Eutin via Ascheberg (p. 20l), and to 01- dcsloe (p. 186; see below). From Neumunster to Oldesloe, 28 M., railway in 1V4-1V* br. (fares 3 m. 60, 2 m. 70, 1 m. 80 pf.). The most important station is Segeberg (Lewetz's Hotel), situated between limestone hills and the lake of that name, with a Romanesque church of the 12th century. In the vicinity is Traventhal, once a country-seat of the Dukes of Holstein-Plon, now a royal stud-farm. 54 M. Bordesholm, once a richly-endowed monastery, is prettily situated on the lake of that name. The church contains monuments of Frederick I. of Denmark (d. 1533) and his Queen Anna, and one of Duke Christian Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp , ancestor of the present imperial family of Russia. The country becomes more at- tractive. 59 M. Voorde. Near Kiel the picturesque Eider Valley is traversed, beyond which the harbour and the distant Baltic become visible. 66 M. Kiel. — Hotels. *Germania, opposite the station, R. 2-2V2 m., L. 75 pf., A. 60 pf., B. 1 m., D. 2h'-2 m. ; Zum Kronprinzen, Hafen-Str. ; Hotel ZUR Borse, Holstenbnicke; Stadt Hamburg, Stadt KorENHAGEN, both in the Schumacher-Str. ; Holst's Hotel, Schlossgarten, R., L.,B.,.<.- A. 2^ 2 m.\ Baedeker's X. Germany. 9th Edit. 12 178 Route 21. KIEL. From Hamburg MIdicke's Hotel, opposite the station, with a garden, well spoken of; Mdhl\s Gasthof, Stadt Altona, both near the station and unpretending; Landhaus, Fleethorn. — For a stay of several days the *H6tel Bellevue or *Folker's Hotel, in Diisternbrook, both with salt-water baths (see p. 179), and the Hotel WilhelminenhGhe, in Gaarden (p. 179), may be recom- mended. — Concerts are frequently given in summer at WriedVs Establish- ment, to the S. of the station. Cabs. Per drive in the town for 1 pers. 60-75 pf., each additional per- son 15 pf. ; to the Bellevue, 1 pers. 1 m. 20 pf. ; per hour IV2 m., each ad- ditional person 30 pf. ; each trunk 30 pf. — From 10 to 11 p.m., and 6 to 7 a.m.. a fare and a half; from 11 p.m. to 6 a.m. double fare. Tramways. Various lines through the town, every lOmin. ; to Diistern- brook, every 1/2 hr. Boat per hour, for 1-2 pers. IV2 m. ; ferry to the Wilhelminenhcihe 10 pf. Small Steamers also ply in all directions: from the Station or the Wharf opposite the Schumacher-Str. to Wilhelmmenhohe every 5 min., 5 pf. ; from the Bridges at the Fischer-Str. to Ellerheck, 3-4 times an hr., 10 pf. ; to Neudietrichsdovf and Neumiihltn everv 1-2 hr., 15 pf. ; to the Bathing Place (15 pf.), Bellevue (20 pf.), Altheikendorf (25 pf.), Moltenovt (25 pf.), Friedrichsort (30 pf.), and Laboe (35 pf.), lU-Ti times daily. Kiel, one of the oldest towns in Holstein, with 51,700 inhah., the Baltic headquarters of the German navy, with a naval academy, and a university founded in 1665, is picturesquely situated at the S. end of the Kieler Fbhrde, one of the hest havens in Europe and the chief war-harbour of Germany. Kiel is now a place of com- mercial importance, being a great depot of the trade between the Danish islands and the continent. The 'Kieler Umschlag', a con- siderable fair, has been held here annually in Epiphany week since the 14th century. Extensive harbour - fortifications , quays, and docks have been constructed within the last few years [p. 179). In an open space opposite the station is the new Thaulow Mu- seum (open on Tues. and Frid. 11-2, Sun. 12-4; at other times on application), designed by Moldenschardt and adorned with sculp- tures by Andresen, containing a collection of Schleswig-Holstein wood-carvings , formed by Professor Thaulow (d. 1883) and pre- sented to the province in 1875. This collection, which is unri- valled of its kind , affords conclusive proof that art was cultivated in this part of the country in the 16th and 17th cent, (catalogue 1 m.). Skirting the harbour, or proceeding through the 'Vorstadt', we soon reach the town itself, which lies between the Kleine A'leiandthe harbour. In the centre of it rises the Nicolaikirche, built in 1241 . The Schloss-Strasse leads hence to the N.E. to the Schloss, form- erly the residence of the Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp, restored after a fire in 1838. It is now occupied by Prince Henry of Prussia. At present it also contains the Museum of Art (chiefly casts from the antique; adm. Sun. and Thurs. 11.30-12.30). The interesting Museum of National Antiquities in the old university, in the Katten- Strasse, contains many objects of a prehistoric period , including a boat and a human body found in the Sundewitt Moor (adm. on Sun., Wed. , and Sat. 11-1; at other times on application to the attendant; illustrated catalogue 30 pf.). In the Nene Danische- to Kiel. KIEL. 21. Route. 179 Strasse (No. 44), to the W. of the palace, is the hall of the Kunst- verein, containing a small collection of modern pictures (open on Sun. 11.30-12.30 ; at other times on appliration). The Univeesity. contained in a new building at the N. end of the Schlossgarten, has 53 professors and about 500 students. Adjacent are several institutes in connection with it, including the Library and the Zoological Museum (adm. on Sun. 11-2, Wed. 1-3). — The hall of the Chjmnasium , in the Kleine Kiel , is adorned with frescoes by A. von Werner. * Environs. The harbour is picturesque, and a trip by steamer or small boat as far as Laboe is recommended. On the W. Bank the '*Dusternbrooker Weg, a high-road flanked with pleasant country-houses, leads N. from the University through beautiful beech-woods, and past *Folker's Hotel and the old Imperial Wharf, to the new Sea Baths (*Restaurant) and the (1 i/o^I-) *H6tel Bellevue (board 37 m., R. from 10 m. weekly). The latter (concerts in summer) stands on a hill , and commands a beautiful view over theFohrde. A little inland is the forest-nursery of DUvelsbek. From the Bellevue the traveller may follow the coast by the village of Wik to (I'/.j^l-) JJoltenau, at the mouth of the Schleswig-Holstein Canal, 20M.in length, constructed in 1777-84 for the purpose of connecting the Baltic with the N. sea by means of the Eider, but navigable for vessels of small tonnage only. A beautiful walk hence is by the canal and the Holtenau Lock to the park of (3 M.) Knoop (*lnn at the second lock). In summer a steamer plies several times a week to Kiel Q\U^T.] 70 pf.). — Friedrichsort , a fortress 3 M. farther, with the works on the Brauneberg (now 'Fort Falkenstein') and the opposite batteries of Mbltenort and Laboe ('Fort Stosch') command the entrance to the harbour. Steamers, see p. 178. The ¥.. Bank of the harbour is also attractive. The * Wilhelminen- hohe ( or Sandkrug; Hotel, with garden, seep. 178), opposite the Schu- machcr-Thor (steamers, see p. 178), commands an admirable view of the town and the wooded W. bank. Farther on, to the S., are some ex- tensive private wharves ; to the N. the large Wharves and Dockyard of the German Navy (cards of admittance to be obtained in the police- office at the entrance, 50 pf.; small fee to the attendant who acts as giiide). The village of EUerhek (*Johannisberg Restaurant) is the headquarters of the 'Kieler Sprotte' fishery (sprats). A pleasant footpath leads hence over the Koppeln to Neumiihlen, at the mouth of the Schwentine . with the largest steam and water-mill on the continent, in which 4000 bushels of grain are ground daily, and an extensive ship-building yard. Farther distant is the Schreven- 6orn wood; then, between the villages of ^Z^-ffe/fc^ndor/", Mblten- ort, and Laboe, the 'Griinde', affording charming silvan walks on the slopes of the coast. The fishing-village of Laboe (Stoltenberg's Inn, with garden, and beautiful view) is situated in the Probstei, the property of the nunnery of Preetz (p. 201), an extremely fertile 12* 180 Route 22. RENDSBURG. district, 40 sq. M. in area, where the people are still somewhat primitive in their habits and costumes. Popular festivals take place in summer. To the S. of Kiel is the large lunatic asylum of Hornheim. The neighbouring Viehburger Geholz is noted for its fine beeches. To Copenhagen^ see p. 203. — To Sonderburg (p. 182), steamboat twice weekly in 41/2 lirs. : to Kappeln (p. 181) daily, except Sun., in 3 hrs. \ to Stettin once weekly in 24 hrs., fare 12 m. From Kiel to Flessbdrg, 49 M., railway in 31/4 trs. (fares 4 m. 80, 3 m. 20 pf.). The train crosses the Eider Canal. Unimportant stations. From (16 M.) Eckernforde (Gotze) a diligence plies to (14 31.) Schleswig (in 2^4 hrs. ; see below). We cross a corner of the Bay of Eckernforde, and the broad Schlei, and traverse the district oi Angeln (p. 181). From (25 M.) Siiderbrarup a branch-line runs to Schleswig (see below). 49 M. Flensburg^ see p. 181. — From Kiel to Eutin and Liibeck, see R. 25. 22. From Hamburg (Altona) to Flensburg and Vamdrup. 158 M. Railway to (107 M.) Flensbvrg in 4-5V4 brs. (fares 13 m. 80, 10 m. 40, 6 m. 90 pf. ; express 15 m. 50, 12 m. 10, 8 m. 60 pf.); to Vamdrup in 53/4-S hrs. (fares 19 m. 90, 14 m. 90, 10 m. 10 pf.). From Altona to (46 V2 M.) Neumilnster, see R. 21. 54 M. Nor- torf; 61 y2 ^I- Bokelholm. On the publication of Christian VIII. 's 'open letter' in 1846. large popular meetings were held at Neu- miinster and Nortorf , foreshadowing the events which ultimately separated the Duchies from Denmark. 68 M. Rendsburg (^Stadt Hamburg <^' Liibeck; Deutscher Kai- ser; Railway Hotel), a fortified town with 12,776 inhab., was un- successfully besieged by the Swedish General Wrangel in 1645. The fortress formerly consisted of three works separated by the Eider, the Altstadt on an island, the Neuwerk to the S., and the Kronxverk to the N. — 74^/2 M. Owschlag. As Schleswig is approached a fine view is suddenly disclosed of the broad estuary of the Schlei and the town itself. The Daxeweek (or Dannevirke), an intrenchment which formerly de- fended the Danish frontier, dating from the 11th and 12th cent., and stretching across the level country, was stormed by the Prussians in 1848. The works were subsequently restored, and greatly extended and streng- thened by the Danes, so that in 1864 they constituted a barrier from the mouth of the Schlei to Friedrichsstadt, a distance of 46 M., which might easily have been defended, had the Danish army been sufficiently numer- ous. Their forces were, however, totally unequal to the task, and the re- sult was inevitable. The united troops of Austria and Prussia, notwith- standing the gallant resistance of their enemy, stormed the advanced po- sitions in rapid succession, while a Prussian division proceeded to force the passage of the Schlei, in order to attack the Danes in the rear. The Danish General de Meza , seeing the impossibility of preventing this , at once abandoned his position and retreated rapidly in order to save his army from annihilation. The intrenchments have since been entirely levelled. 821/2 ^l- Schleswig. — Hotels. ' Stadt Hamburg ; 'Raven's Hotel, in the Altstadt; Stehx's Hotel, near the station; Stadt Kiel, small. Omnibus from the station to the town. Schleswig, an ancient town with 15,446 inhab.. charmingly sit- uated, traces it origin to the reign of Charlemagne, and afterwards FLENSBURG. 22. Route. 181 became the residence of the Dukes of Schleswig. It consists of a single street, 31/2 M. in length, extending round the W. end of the arm of the sea named the Schlei, and is divided into the Friedrichs- berg, LoUfuss, Holm, and Altstadt. The tinest *View is commanded by the Erdbeerenberg, on the S.W. side, near the station. At Friedrichsberg, the quarter next to the station, is situ- ated the old ducal Schloss Gottorp, now a barrack, the chapel of which contains an interesting carved priedieu of the 17th century. Behind the Schloss are beautiful oak and beech-woods. Adjacent are tlie new Government Offices. — To the N. of the Friedrichs- berg is Magnussens Wood-Carving School. The Dom in the Altstadt, externally insignificant, erected in the Romanesque style about 1100, was restored in Gothic taste after a fire in 1440. The Interior is open daily 11-12 (free), and at other times on appli- cation to the sacristan (opposite the Romanesque S. portal, No. 6S; fee Im.). — The '-"-Altarpiece, formerly in the monastery of Bordesholm (p. 177), a work executed in carved oak by Briiggemann in 1521, represents the history of the Passion in 20 sections, and is by far the finest work of art in the Duchies. In the choir, to the left, is a font of 148(); on the right the tombstone of King Frederick I. Adjacent is the chapel of the Dukes of Gottorp, and in the nave are those of several noble families. On the N. side of the Altstadt, in the direction of St. Jiirgen, stands a monument to the eminent painter J. A. Carstens (b. at St. Jiirgen in 1734, d. at Rome in 1798), erected in 1865. The 3/oyen6erj^ (sea-gulls' hill), a small island near the town, is densely covered with sea-fowl. Steamboat twice or thrice daily, in 3 hrs., to (21 M.) Zappeln (-Stadt Hamburg), on the picturesque banks of the Schlei, a charming excursion, which may also be made in a rowing-boat. At Missiinde , the narrowest point of the Schlei , then commanded by seven Danish intrenchments , an engagement took place on 2nd Feb. , 1864 , between the Danes and the Prussians, after which the latter efl'ected the passage of the bay at Anns. The result of this was the abandonment of the Danewerk by the Danes (see above). The district of Angeln, a fertile peninsula between the Schlei and the Bay of Flensburg , presents a somewhat English appearance with its high hedges, which are not common on the continent. The finest sur- vey of the district is obtained from the Schiersberg. — From Kappeln to Kiel, steamer in summer daily, in 3 hrs. (fares 3 or 2 m.). Diligence daily in 3 hrs. from Schleswig to (15 ^.) Eckernforde (p. 180). Railway to (14 M.) Siiderbvarup (p. 180) in IV2 hr. ^90 M. Jilbek, the junction for Husum (route to Wyk), Tonning, Heide, and Neumiinster (see p. 177). Then (104 M.) Nordschles- loigsche Weiclie, whence a branch-line conveys the traveller to — 107 M. Flensburg. — Hotels. 'Bahnhofs-Hotel, R., L., & a. 2 m. 80 pf., B. 1, I). 2V-2 m. ; Cextkal-Hotel; Fet"s Hotel, R. 2V2, B. 1, D. 2 m., all in the Rathhaus-Str., Restaurants. At the Hotels; Schwarzer Wallfisch; Centralhalle ; Gno- menkeller. Tramway from one end of the town to the other. Flensburg, a thriving town with 33,100 inhab., is beautifully situated at the S. end of the Flensburg Fjord, one of those deeply- indented bays which form the excellent harbours of Schleswig- Holstein. The most important buildings are the Nicolaikirche, the \S2 Route 22. SQNDERBURG. Marienkirche (both with modern towers) , the Post Office, and the Law Courts (fine view from the terrace ). Near the new barracks is the ruin of Duburg. Fine view from the Bellevue , a cafe on the hill to the W., near the windmills. The *Old Cemetery, prettily situated on the same height, contains a marble sphinx by Thor- valdsen and a number of German and Danish monuments to soldiers who fell in the wars of 1849-50 and 1864. At Oeversee, 6 M. to the S. of Flensburg, on the road to Schleswig, a fierce conflict took place between the rear-guard of the retreating Danish army and the pursuing Austrians in 1864. Further to the S., and 41/2 M. to the N. of Schleswig, is the village of Idstedt , where the Schleswig-Holstein army under General Willisen was defeated by the Danes on 25th July, 1850. To commemorate the victory the Danes erected the 'Lion of Flensburg', now in Lichterfelde (p. 77). The 'Flensburg Fjord is a fine sheet of water enclosed by gentle grassy and wooded slopes, enlivened by the red roofs of scattered farm- houses. Small steamers ply on the fjord. The first stations (not touched at by all the steamboats) are Wassers- leben, Collund, Siiderhaff, and Randershof. Then, on the S. bank, Gliicks- burg (^Strand Hdtel d- Logirhaus, near the pier, R. 21-28 m. per week, board 38V2 m., sea-bath 40 pf., per doz. 4 m. ; "Bellevue, R. 15-2 L, board 30 m, per week; boats for hire), now frequented as a bathing-place by 1500 visitors annually. The village (Sonne), 2/4 M. from the shore, and not visible thence,' possesses a Schloss of the 16th cent., picturesquely situated on a small lake shaded with beeches , and containing the burial-vault of the older Gliicksburg line, which became extinct in 1799. Sandacker, on the N. bank, is the station for the village of Rinkenis. The narrow Eken-Sund forms the entrance to the bay called the Niibel- Noor. Here the steamboat touches at Gravenstein (■'Bade-Hotel, charges as at Gliicksburg), the Schloss of which was the headquarters of Prince Fred. Charles of Prussia during the Dano-Prussian war. The steamboat then returns through the strait. — The traveller is recommended to disembark at Ekensund or at the following station Brunsnis, and to proceed on foot to (7V2 M.) Diippel. The route from Ekensund leads by Schottbull and Schmoi; that from Brunsnis passes Mollmark and Broacker, the chief place in the peninsula, with two church-towers (fine view from the 'Schweden- schanze') , and joins the Ekensund road at Schmoi. The road ascends gradually, passing a number of graves of fallen Danes and Prussians. The village o{ Diippel, or Bi/bbol, lies to the left of the road. On the hill rises a Gothic Obelisk, completed in 1871, commemorating the storming of the intrenchments of Diippel. 'View to the E. of the island of Alsen; to the S., bevond the Wenningbund, lies the peninsula of Broacker; to the W. the fertile hills of the Sundeicitt; and finally to the N. the distant Baltic. A little farther on, the road passes the Intrenchments of Diippel, a con- nected series of bastions forming a semicircle round the point of the Sun- dewitt opposite Sonderburg, and extending from the Alsen-Sund to the Wenningbund. They were taken by the Prussians in 1864 after a siege of two months, and have since been refortified. The road now descends to (1 M.) the narrow Alsen-Sund, which is crossed by a bridge-of-boats to — Sonderburg {^' Holstein sches Bans; -'Siadt Hambitrg, unpretending; Als- sund; Wilhelmsbad and Bellevue, bath and lodging-houses), the pleasant little capital (5860 inhab.) of Alsen , an island 122 sq. M. in area. The old Schloss of the Duke of Augustenburg is now a barrack. Sonderburg is fi-equented as a bathing-place. A walk round the town and to the (IV4 M.) pretty 'Siiderholz' is recommended. — At Arnkiel on the Alsen- Sund, about 4 M. to the N. of Sonderburg, rises a Monument commemor- ating the passage of the Prussians at this spot in 1864. — Towards the E., about 41/2 M. from Sonderburg, lies the watering-place of Augustenburg (Curhaus, 'pens.' 42 m. per week; Franck's Hotel ; private rooms IO1/2 m. per week), prettily situated on the deeplj--indented Augustenburg Fjord. HUSUM. 23. Route. 1 83 Near Adzerballig, 41/2 M. farther, rises the Eiige Berg (243 ft.), which com- mands a survey of the island, the sea, Fiinen, Arroe, ^ , ^7;/! .v^T<> ■'^'^ j:^/ I rr" r#' ).■ 1 : 17.000 jraph-Joiatalt tou- SCHWERIN ; ^*^? to Stettin. SCHWERIN. 24. Route. 189 resse^ Children dancing; *761. A. van Oxfade, Inn; *329. O. Dou, Astrono- mer; 662, 663. Mierevelt, Portraits; 11U5. Weenix, Landscape with sheep; Codde, 146. Musical company, 147. Freebooters examining their plunder; *444, -445, 446. Fr. Hals, Portraits; 459, 460. ffeda. Still-life; 326. G. Dou, Rembrandt's mother; 957. Slingeland, Cobbler; 631. 0. Marseus, Animal- life in the forest; 104. Brekelenkam, Cobbler; *656. Metsu, The widow's mite; 477. B. van der Heist, Portrait; =1086. De Vlierjer, Shipping; 1103. J. B. Weenix, Dutch kitchen; Potter, 838. Cattle, *841. Tavern; 809. Pala- medesz, Portrait of a girl; 1058. Verboom, Landscape with a village. Room VI. (lighted from tlie roof). Modern Masters. 1274. Th. Schlopke, Death of Niclot (see below); 1289. A. Schreijer, Engai,'ement at Wag- hausel ; 1275. Schlopke, Fritz Reuter, the poet; 1239. Melbye , Evening at sea; 1236. C. Malchin, Duck-pond; 1314. Fr. Sturm, Storm'; 1220. Jentzen, Magdeburg Cathedral; 1152. Fr. Paulsen, Snow-balling a chimney-sweep; 1174, 1175. Dorr, Inland scenes; 1235. Malchin, Snow-landscape; 1342. Fr. Volz, Cow-house; 1160. L. Broun, Harvest-wain. We now return through Rooms V., IV., and III. to the vestibule, and enter the 5x11 Cabinet, which also contains modern pictures. Then — Cab. 6. 473. J. ran der Heyde, Mordecai's triumph, the scene laid in a Dutch street; 105. Brekelenkam, Hermit; 934. Schalcken, Boy and girl; 451. Hamilton, Dead fox. Cab. 7. 27. Asch, Forest-scene; 55. Berchem, Pastoral landscape. Cab. 8. 34. Avercamp, Ice-scene; 613. J), van der Lisse, Lot and his daughters; Linr/elbach, 604. Hay-harvest, 603. Rest in the Campagna. ^ Cab. 9-12 contain nothing of special note. Fine view of the lake and chateau on leaving Cab. 9, LowEK Flook. The other collections of the Grand-Duke (Sun. 12-2, Wed. and Frid. 11-2) are on the groundfloor. The central saloon contains the Art Cabinet, a collection of small works of ancient art, and an extensive and valuable collection of Japa- nese articles, in bronze, enamel, pottery, ivory, carved wood, lacquer- work, etc. Then, Cork models of Roman buildings, by C. May; portraits of Luther and Melanchthon carved in wood, by Albert von Soest; antirjue vases, etc. To the right is the Collection of Casts, beyond which is the Cabinet of Engravings. To the left is the Collection of Mecklenburg Antiquities, including the contents of several Roman tombs. The Slnk Floor contains a collection of Mediaeval Ecclesiastical Mon- uments and the Cabinet of Coins. The Anna-Strasse (PI. C, D, 4) leads from tlie Museum to the S.E., along the lake, to the Ducal Stables (PI. D, 3, 4; open daily till 3 p.m.). A bridge adorned with two colossal groups (Obotrites equipping their chargers) crosses to an island lying between the Schweriner See and the Burgsee, on which is situated the grand-ducal *Pa- lace (PL C, D, 4, 5), begun in the early-Renaissance style from designs by Demmler in 1845, and completed by Stuler in 1857. It is an extensive structure, with irregular wings flanked with lofty towers, and encloses a pentagonal court-yard, the whole producing a very picturesque effect. As early as the beginning of the 12th cent, a palace of the princes of Mecklenburg occupied this site. It was rebuilt in the loth and 16th cent., and parts of this medieval edifice have been skilfully incorporated with the modern palace. Above the portal is an equestrian statue of Niolot, the Obotrite chief ( d. 1160). The "Interior, decorated chiefly by Stiller and Strack , is open on Sundays and holidays at noon, on week-days at 10, 1, and 5. 30 (from 1st Sept. to 31st March at 3) o'clock (tickets, im. each, to be obtained from 190 Route 24. ROSTOCK. From Hamburg the porter on the left side of the inner portal). On the groundQoor is the Waffenhalle, with stained-glass portraits of Mecklenburg princes, exe- cuted by Gillmeister from cartoons by Schumacher (comp. p. iSS) ; on the first floor are the spacious Festsaal, the Tfironsaal, and the tasteful Gothic Chapel, built in 1560-63, and afterwards restored. Fine views from the windows. The '-'Burggarten adjoining the Schloss is also worthy of in- spection. The extensive * Schlossgarten (PI. C, D, 5, 6) is reached hence by a bridge. *Walk to (21/2 M.") Zippendor f (comi^. PI. D, 6), and along the bank of the lake to (i^/o M.) the Fdhre (both steamboat stations). At (1/2 M. farther) Rabensteinfeld there are a ducal villa and several favourite resorts in the woods bordering the lake. The Pinnower See lies V2 ^^- thence, surrounded by wooded hills. The Kaninchen- werder (Restaurant ; steamb. stat.), or rabbits' island, is much vis- ited. Schelfwerder, 1V2^^- to the N. of Schwerin, lies amid beauti- ful vs'oods (Picstaurant). Beyond Kleinen (see p. 186) the railway skirts the Lake of Schwerin. 80 M. Ventschow : S7 M. Blankeriberg. 101 M. Butzow (Hotel de Prusse; Erbgrossherzog), a thriving little town, near which is the penitentiary of Dreibergen. Fkom BtJTzow TO Rostock, 19 M., railway in 40-50 min. (fares 2 m. 80, 1 m. 90, 1 m. 40 pf.). The line runs first on the right, then on the left bank of the Warnow. — 8Y2 ^- Schwaan. 19 M. Rostock. — Hotels. -Hotel de Rdssie (PI. a: D, 3), R. & L. 272 m., A. 60 pf., B. 75 pf., D. 21/4 m. ; *Sonke (PI. b; E, 3), R., L., & A. 2 m. 80 pf., both in the Xeue Markt ; Stadt Hamburg, Fischbank 17 (PI. E, 2); *Pohlet''s Hotel. Stein-Str. 7 (PI. D, E, 3) second-class, R., L., & A. 2 m. ; LiN-ow's Hotel, Kropeliner-Str. (PI. C, 2). Restaurants. '^Fricke, Breite-Str. ; Triemann, Friedrich-Franz-Str. 109; Dannien . Lange-Str. 79; Milller , Bliicher-Str. Wine Rooms: '^'Ahrens, Hopfenmarkt 29; -Hdnsch, by the Marienkirche ; 'Bencard^ Vogelsang 15. — Bellevue, Tivoli, Thalia -Theater, &c., are places of popular resort. Post and Telegraph Office (PI. D, 3), in the Promenade. Tramways every 10 min in each direction; fares 10-20 pf. Rostock, with 39,212 inhab., once a prominent member of the Hanseatic League, the most important place in Mecklenburg, and the seat of the supreme law-courts for the two duchies, lies about 6 M. from the Baltic, on the Warnow, which is 550 yds. wide, and deep enough for vessels of moderate tonnage to enter the town. Rostock possesses more merchant vessels (upwards of 370) than any other seaport on the Baltic, and carries on a considerable trade in grain, herrings, petroleum, and coal. — The astronomer Kepler once taught at the University here (founded 1419 ; c. 300 stud.), having been appointed professor by Wallenstein during his brief supremacy in 1629. Like Liibeck, the town still retains a pictur- esque, mediaeval appearance. Besides the handsome churches, the visitor will observe a number of tasteful Gothic dwelling-houses, some of which are adorned with coloured bricks. to Stettin. ROSTOCK. 24. Route. 191 Leaving the station we pass through the Steinthor to the Neue Markt, which contains the Rathhaus (PI. 3), built in 1265 and pro- vided with turrets in 1365-90; the old Gothic farade is concealed by a Renaissance addition. Farther on is the Marienkirche (PI. D, 2), a large and fine edifice erected in the Baltic-Gothic style in 1398-1472, containing numerous tombstones, chiefly of the Meer- heimb family, and a curious old astronomical clock (recently re- stored). A stone in the church marks the spot where the learned Grotius , who died here in 1645 on his way as Swedish ambas- sador to the French Court, was buried; his body was afterwards removed to Delft in Holland. The lofty tower of St. Peter's Church (PI. F, 2), 433 ft. high, dating from about 1400 (spire 1577), serves as a landmark to mariners. The interior has recently been tastefully restored. The Church of St. James (PI. C, 2) dates from the 14th century. The Church of St. Nicholas (PI. F, 3), which was begun in 1250 and restored in 1450 (tower of later date), has a handsome carved altar (1400) and beautifully-carved bunches. From the Neue Markt diverges the Blut-Str.. continued by the long Hopfen-Markt and leading to the Bliicher-Platz (PI. C, D, 3), both containing a number of mediaeval houses. In the middle of the square rises a bronze Statue of Bliicher, who was born in 1742 in the Bliicher-Str. , in the house No. 22, marked by a tablet. The reliefs are in allusion to the marshal's defeat at Ligny and his victory at Waterloo. Gebhard Lebrecht v. Bliicher, first entered the Swedish, then the Prus- sian military service. When captain of cavalry in 1772, in conseqnence of a delay in his promotion , he applied for his discharge , which was granted in the characteristic words of Frederick the Great, 'Der Ritt- meister v. Bliicher soil sich znm Teufel scheeren", i. e. may betake himself to the devil! After Fredericks death he re-entered the service as major in 1787, distinguished himself against the French in 1793, and in 1806 became general of the advanced guard of the army. After the disastrous battle of Jena he retreated to Liibeck , where after a determined resist- ance he was at length compelled to capitulate. In 1813 he was appointed to the command of the Silesian army (40,000 Prussians and Russians), defeated the French at the Katzbach" (p. 293), and paved the way for the victory of Leipsic by the battle of Mockern, on 16th and 18th Oct. On New Yoar\s Day, 1814, he crossed the Rhine at Caub , defeated Na- poleon on 1st Feb. at La Rothiere, and on 31st March took the Mont- martre at Paris by storm. At Paris Bliicher was created marshal and Prince of Wahlstadt by the King of Prussia , and afterwards accompanied him to England, where among other marks of distinction the degree of D.C.L. was conferred on him by the University of Oxford. After Napo- leon's return in 1815 Bliicher commanded the Prussian army of 115,000 men, and was repulsed by the French at Ligny on 16th June. He suc- ceeded, however, in rallying his army with wonderful rapidity, and on the memorable 18th, arriving on the field of Waterloo at 4.30 p. m. , de- cided the victory. On the termination of the war Bliicher retired to his estates in Silesia", where he died on r2th Sept., 1819. On the left (S.) side of the square is the Grand Ducal Palace (PI. 4; C, 3"). Facing us is the new University Building (PI. 14; C, 3), a handsome structure in the Renaissance style, built in 1867-70 from a design by Willebrand, and adorned with statues 192 Route 2d. GUSTROW. and medallion-portraits ; it has a handsome vestibule and 'aula', and contains a library of 150,000 volumes. The old ramparts have been laid out as a Promenade, containing the new Post Office (PI. D, 3) and a War Monument in commem- oration of 1870-71 . A pleasant walk of 3/^ hr. may be taken through the promenade, passing the Hospital (P\. B, 2) and the Anatomical and Physiological Institution (PI. B, 2), and then along the bank of the Warnow. The Steamboat Wharves, on the high-road to Doberan, 3/4 M. from the Kropeliner-Thor, are interesting. The Bamstorf Park with the Kaiser pavilion (restaurant), also outside the Krope- liner Thor, is a favourite resort ; to the S. E. of the town, beyond the Miihlendamm, is the '?fadf-Parft(Schweizerhaus ; tramway to both). Near the Steinthor, Stein-Str. 1, is the Town Museum (PL 7; open on Sun., 11-12). Small steamboats ply every V2 hr- in summer from the Schnickmanns- Thor (PI. C, D, 1) to (5 min.) the Fiihre , on tlie opposite bank of the Warnow •, also every 1/2 br. in the afternoon to Bramow and other villages and popular resorts, commanding a fine view of the town and the Warnow. Small boats (25 pf. perhr., sailing-boats 50 pf., with boatman 1 m.) are to be had at the Schnickmannsthor and Fischerthor. Fkom Rostock to Warxemunde, 8 M., railway in 14-22 min. (fares Im., 80, 60 pf.); steamer in 3/4 hr. (fare 50 pf.). — Warnemiinde {-Hotel Berringer^ Stralendorf, Hiibner, all on the beach, D. IV2-2, 'pens.' from 6 m.; Phoenix, near the beach; Thorinann's and Jungman?i^s Restaurants ; lodgings 12-60 m. per week), a seaport on the Baltic, 8 M. to the N. of Eostock, is entered and quitted by about 700 vessels annually. The sea-bath- ing attracts 5-60()0 visitors. Small steamer several times a day to the Schnatermann and to the Rostockev Heide, with the bathing-place Milintz (Hotel Anastasia) , 9 M. from Warnemiinde (reached from Rostock by carr. in 2-2' 2 hrs.). From Rostock a Diligence runs twice daily in 31/4 hrs. to (17 M.) Ribnitz, whence a steamer plies twice a week in IV4 hr. (fares 50, 30 pf.) to the village of Wustrow, which is frequented for sea-bathing. From Rostock to Wismae. 36V2 ^L, railway in 2^/4 hrs. (fares 4m., 2 m. 70pf. ; no 1st class). — 11 M. Doberan ("" Logirhaus ; Lindenhof), on the Baltic, a sea-bathing place with a chalybeate spring. The Gothic ^Church, com- pleted in 1368, is worth a visit. The bathing-place is at "^ Heiligendamm, 31/2 M. distant (omn.), delightfully situated. — 36V2 M. Wismar, see p. 186. From Rostock to Copenhagen, see p. 203. The Mecklenburg Line proceeds from the Biitzow junction in an easterly direction to (109 M.) Gustrow (^Erbgrossherzog ; *H6tel de Russie), a town of 12,000 inhab., the centre of the Mecklenburg wool-trade, with an old ducal Sehloss and Gothic cathedral. The latter contains sculptures by Philip Brandin of Utrecht, who lived in Mecklenburg from 1563 till 1591. The recently restored parish- church (1505) has a double-winged *Altar-screen of 1522; the wood-carving is by Jan Borman of Brussels, and the oil-paintings by the Flemish court-painter Bernaert van Orley. A branch line di- verges here to (27 M.) Plau. — 121 M. Lalendorf; 127 M. Tete- row (branch-line to Gnoien). 136 M. Malchin (Hotel de Russie), a town with 6075 inhab, and a fine church of the 14th cent., situated in the plain of the RATZEBURG. 25. Route. 193 Peene, bet-ween the Cummerower See and Malchiner See. The en- virons are pretty (the 'Mecklenburg Switzerland'). — Branch-line from Malchin to Basedow and (17 M.) Waren (p. 220). 143 M. Stavenhagen, birthplace of Fritz Renter (1810-74), the Platt-Dentsch poet; 152 M. Kleth; 155 M. MbUn. — 164 M. Neu-Brandenburg (^ii'aj/. Restaurant, D. li/4m.; Goldene Kugel; Ficrstenhof), a busy town of 8400 inhab., situated on the Tollenser See. It possesses a church of the 14th cent., and four *Gothic gates, and carries on a considerable trade in wool. On the lake, V/o M. from the town, is the Belvedere, a chateau of the Grand Duke. — Neu-Brandenburg is the junction for the Berlin Nordbahn (to Stralsund; see p. 221) and for Parchim (p. 220). Branch-line to Friedland. 188 M. Sponholz; 177 M. Oertzenhof ; 185 M. Strasburg in der L'kermark, the first Prussian station; 190 M. Blumenhagen ; 202 M. Pasewalk (p. 221), the junction of the line from Berlin to Stral- sund via Angermiinde ; 208 x\I. Zerrenthin j 213 M. Locknitz; 219 M. Gramhow. 222 M. Stettin, see p. 230. 25. From Berlin to Liibeck and Kiel. Railway from Berlin to Bile hoi , 149 M., in 4-7 hrs. (fares 19 m. 20, 14 m. 40, 10 m. 60; express 22 m. 70, 16 m. 80, 12 m. 20 pf.). From Biichen to Lilieck, 30 M., in l-l'/'.' hr. (fares 3 m. 90, 2 m. 90, 2 m. 10 pf.). Frcm Liibeck to Kiel, 50 31.. in 2' 2-4 hrs. (fares 6 m. 60, 4 m. 90. 3 m. 40 pf.). From Berlin to (149 m!) Biichen, see R. 28. — 160 M. Molln (Stadt Liineburg ; *Stadt Hamburg), a town of 4327 inhab., with numerous mediaeval buildings, pleasantly situated on a lake. The popular German jester, Till Eulenspiegel, is said to have died here in 1350, in proof of which his tombstone, with an owl ('Eule') and mirror (• Spiegel') upon it, and various personal relics are shown to the curious. Attractive excursion hence to the (9^2 ^1-) Schall- See, with its prettily-wooded banks and islands. 166 M. Ratzeburg (Daniel's Hotel), a town with 3931 inhab., formerly a celebrated episcopal see, is charmingly situated on an island in the Ratzeburger See, the banks of which are clothed with fine beech-forests, but is only partly visible from the railway. It belongs lialf to Lauenburg and half to Mecklenburg-Strelitz. The handsome late-Romanesque "'Cathedral, begun in 1164, is said to have been founded by Henry the Lion (Gothic additions). The visi- tor should make a trip by boat to Waldesruh, a pleasant spot amid the woods on the E. bank of the lake (refreshments). 179 M. Liibeck. — Hotels. 'Stadt Hamburg (PI. a; C, 6), on the Klinglierg, R. from 2 m., L. 60, A. 60 pf., B. 1 m.^ -Duffcke's Hotel (PI. b ; D, 5), at the corner of the Menii-Str. and Breite-Str., commercial, similar charges; -Hotel du Nora) (PI. c; D, 4), Breite-Str., 11. 2' •.., L. '/a, A. 1/2, 1). 21/2 ra.; *Brockmuller's Hotel (PL d ; D, 4) , in the Kohlmarkt, commercial, R. i- A. 2 m. ; "Goldener Anker, Marlesgriibe 27. unpretend- ing ; Drei Kronen, Koberji. R. from Vi m. Baedeker's N. Germany. 9th Edit. 13 194 Route 25. LUBECK. History, Restaurants. 'RatJis- Weinkeller, claret and RMne wines ; Fredenhagen's Keller, corner of the Fisch-Str. and the Schiisselbuden (PI. C, 5), ^vine. — Beer: '^Saltier. Obere ^gidien-Str; " Riemann , Weite Krambuden 5; Schiffergesellschaft (p. 199): Deutsche}' Kaiser, corner of the Konig- and Johannig-Str. (PI. D, 5), with garden ; Spethmann, Schiisselbuden 22; Rail- icay Restaurant. Theatres. Town Theatre (PI. 22), in winter only; Tivoli Theatre (PL 24), summer and winter; Victoria Theatre, Colosseum, outside the Miihlen-Thor (PI. D, 8). — Tivoli, a concert-garden , on the Waknitz (concerts on Sat. in summer): Lachswehr, a garden-restaurant on the Trave, IV2 M. from the town. Cabs. Per drive, for 1-2 pers. 60 pf., each additional pers. 15 pf. ; luggage 30 pf. Tramways from the suburb of St. Gertrud, outside the Burg-Thor, through the town to St. .Tiirgen, outside the Miihlen-Thor, every 6 minutes. From the market to the suburb of St. Lorenz , outside the Holstenthor, every 10 minutes. Marzipan (the old English 'marchpane') is a kind of macaroon for which Liibeck is famous; to be had of Prahl, Beckergrube 142; Nieder- egger, Breite-Str. ; Maret, in theMarkt; Meyer, Konig-Str. Photographs of works of art and antiquities in Liibeck at Nohring's, Johannis-Str. 33. Baths :it the Hnxterdamm. Steamboats. Small steamboats ply from the Holstenbriicke (PL B, 5) to Schwarfau (p. 200) on the Lower Trave, and to the Lachswehr (see above) and the Walk-Milhle (p. 200) on the Tpper Trave. Large steamers to Copenhagen (p. 204) and other ports on the Baltic. Liiftccfc, with 55,500 inhab.. the smallest of the three independent Hanseatic towns of the German Empire, was once at the head of the League, and is still a busy commercial place. It lies 10 M. from the Baltic, on the Trave, the channel of which has been deepened, so as to afford access to vessels of 16 ft. draught. Wine, especially claret, and timber are the chief articles of trade at Liibeck. The town still contains reminiscences of its medieval greatness in its lofty towers, its ancient gabled houses in the late-Gothic and Renaissance style, fortified gateways, Gothic churches, and its venerable Rathhaus. Liibeck was founded in 1143 by Count Adolph II. of Holstein, near the site of an earlier town of the Wends (Alt-Liibeck, near Schwartau), and shortly afterwards ceded to Henry the Lion, under whom it prospered so well that it was declared a free town of the Empire in 1220 and invested with important municipal privileges. In 1227 Lubeck in alliance with the Holsteiners signally defeated the Danes at Bornhoved , thus releasing the surrounding country from their yoke, and in 1234 they gained the first German naval victory on record on the Warnoic, which overthrew the naval supremacy of the Danes. Liibeck's enterprising spirit, coupled with the increasing activity of the neighbouring towns (Rostock, ^Yismar, Greifs- wald, Stralsund, Hamburg), gave rise to the foundation of the Hanseatic League (from 'Hansa', i. e. association), an alliance of the great commercial towns of N. Germany, which formed a peace-loving, but powerful bond of union between Western and Eastern Europe. The first alliances were indeed soon dissolved, but in the 14th cent, they were eagerly renewed, in consequence of the Danes having by the conquest of the ancient colony of Wisby in the island of Gothland in 1361 thi-eatened to monopolise the trade of the Baltic. The war resolved on by the general Hanseatic Diet at Cologne in 1367 soon raised the League to the zenith of its power. They conquered S. Sweden (Skane) and Denmark and permanently garrisoned several important places within these countries, and hy ih.e Peace of Stral- sund in 1370 they even became entitled to ratify the election of the next king of Denmark. The League enjoyed marked prosperity for upwards of a centur}', and embraced eighty cities in all, from Reval to Amsterdam, and Rathhaus. LUBECK. 25. Route. 195 from Cologne to Breslau and Cracow, which according to their situation belonged to one of four sections, viz. the Wendish, the Prussian, the West- phalian, and the Gothlandish, and had their factories at Bergen, Novogorod, London, and Bruges. Liibeck at that period is said to have numbered 80-90,000 inhab., and held undisputed precedence over the other members of the League. Towards the close of the 15th cent, the increasing power of the Northern and the Russian empires proved detrimental to the League, and its decline was accelerated by the new commercial relations of Europe with America and India, which were chiefly carried on through the medium of England and Holland. Notwithstanding this, Liibeck again endeavoured to assert her ancient supremacy over the Baltic, and the enterprising burgomaster Jiirgen Wullenwever conceived the bold project of establishing a dominion over the Danish kingdom (1531-35). But these schemes proved abortive, and a war against Sweden in 1563-70, although not unattended with glory, led to no practical result. Liibeck's power thenceforth declined, but she preserved her position as a free city of the Empire, and continued to enjoy considerable commercial prosperity, although her population gradually dwindled down to one-third of its ancient number (23.6G< inhab. in 1815). In the history of MEDi.ffiVAi, Architectuke Liibeck is a place of great importance, owing to the care with which brick building was practised here. This style was probably introduced from Holland in the 12th cent., and was chiefly cultivated during the Gothic period. The Liibeck style of church-architecture, particularly that of the Marien-Kirche, has extended to Mecklenburg, Pomerania, Prussia, Brandenburg, and far to the W. beyond the frontiers of Holstein. The material was unsuitable for rich plastic decoration , and compelled the architects to simplify their forms. Thus the buildings are destitute of foliage ; the capitals are trapezium- shaped instead of cubical, and there are no slender columns; but these peculiarities led to new structural and decorative beauties. Great attention was paid to the vaulting, spacious halls were constructed without diffi- culty, surfaces, otherwise blank, were enlivened by moulded stones, and coloured bricks were introduced for the same purpose. The external architecture of the churches appears plain and clumsy, owing to the sparing use of flying buttresses, but the interiors are generally imposing. Leaving the station (PI. B, 5) we enter tlie town by the inner ^HoUtenihor, a fine specimen of a mediteval gateway, completed in 1477 and restored in 1871. The Holsten-Strasse leads straight to the Makkkt (PI. C, 5), in •which rises the Rathhaus (see below). This square is adorned by a Gothic Fountain, erected in 1873, with statues of Henry the Lion, Adolphll. of Holstein, Emperor Barbarossa, and Frederick IL Here, too, are situated the old Pranger (p. 196) and the new Post Office. The *Eathhaus (PL 20), occupying the N.E. corner of the market-place, a Gothic brick building with huge gables and quaint spires , consists of two buildings adjoining each other at right angles, completed as they now stand in 1442. In 1570 the principal part of the building, adjoining the market, was embellished with an entrance-hall in the Renaissance style, and in 1594 a handsome staircase in the same style was constructed on the side next the Breite-Str. In front of the main entrance in the Breite-Str. are two 'Beischlage' (see p. 239), with metal reliefs of 1452. The Audience Chamber^ with a door dating from 1573 and pictures by Tonelli (18th cent.), and the Kriegsstube ('War Chamber'), with beautiful inlaid and carved -wood door-panelling and a marble mantelpiece (1595) , are worthy of inspection. The ancient Han- id* \9Q Route 25. ^LUBECK. St. Mary's Church. seatic Hall, on the upper floor, in which the diets were held , has been converted into puhlic offices. A side-door leads to the gallery of the Borsensaal. The keeper lives on the groundfloor, beside the staircase in the Breite-Str. (fee 50 pf.). Under the X. wing is the entrance to the Rathskeller (see p. 194), which was completed in 1443, and is remarkable for its fine well-preserved vaulting. The Chimney Piece in the 'Herren-Gemach" bears the quaint inscription, 'Menich 3Ian lude synghet, wen me em de Brut bringet; weste he wat men em brochte , dat he wol wenen mochte' (many a man sings loudly when they bring him his bride; if he knew what they brought him, he might well weep). The Admiral's Table is said to be made of a plank of the last admiral's ship of Liibeck (1570). The Pranger (pillory), or in Low German Kaak (PI. 3), a Gothic structure of brick (c. 1450) , has been converted into market-stalls. Opposite the Rathhaus is the new Post and Telegraph Office. A few paces to the N. of the market rises the *Church of St. Mary (PL 15 ; G, 5), the finest edifice at Liibeck, and one of the most ad- mirable examples of low-German brick architecture, which has served as a model for numerous churches in this part of the country. It was indebted for its origin in 1276-1310 to the ambition of the citi- zens to have their principal church larger than the cathedral of the bishop. The plan is similar to that of the French cathedrals, the aisles being lower than the nave, which is not the case with most of the brick churches. It is 335 ft. long ; transept 162 ft. in height and 186 ft. in width : nave 127 ft. high; spires 407 ft. high. A chime of bells in the small E. tower plays a chorale at the hours and half-hours. Interior (S. door open 10-1 o'clock; the sacristan, who lives at No. 8a in the neighbouring 3Ieng-Str., is generally in the church about noon). On the wall to the left of the door is a fine memorial brass (1518) of the Wigerinck family. Farther to the W. is the ''Briefcapelle' (chapel of letters), so named because letters of indulgence were once sold there, with groined vaulting supported by two slender monoliths ; *Altar with scenes from the life of the Virgin, 1518. — At the W. end of the nave is a Font of 1337. — Beneath the organ is the Chapel of the Bergenfahree, with fine carved stalls and bronze screen (1518). In this chapel, to the left, is the 'Mass of St. Gregory" (in distemper on panel) ; to the right, a diptych, with the Conversion of" St. Olaf . King of Norway, patron -saint of the 'Bergenfahrer" , or mariners of the northern seas (c. 1500). Stained-glass windows. — The Daxce of Death, in a closed chapel on the left, dates from the 15th cent. , but was transferred from panel to canvas in 1701. — In the following chapel the ''Taking leave of the body of the Saviour, painted by F. Overbeck in 1845. — The Sacristy contains some good carv- ing from the old altar, nearly all gilded, representing scenes from the life of Christ (about 1425). The silver statuettes formerly here have been replaced by figures copied from the St. Sebaldus Monument at Nuremberg. — Farther to the E. hangs an admirable old winged picture, the Nativity, Adoration of the Magi, and Flight into Egypt, painted in 1518. ascribed ta Jan Mostaert. Altar-piece with the Crucifixion and the Death of the Virgin (1494). — The Clock at the back of the high -altar, dating from 1561-65, and repaired in 1860, from which at noon the Emperor and Electors step forth , move past the Saviour , and disappear on the other side , always attracts numerous spectators; below it is an astronomical dial, which gives eclipses of the sun and moon and various other data down to the year 1999. To the right and left of the clock are stone-reliefs (1498) of Christ wash- ing his Disciples' feet, the Last Supper (at the foot a black mouse gnawing Cathedral. LUBECK. 25. Route. 197 at the roots of an oak, the ancient emblem of the city), Gethsemane, and the Capture of Christ. — The so-called Beichtcapelle , to the E., at the back of the choir , contains Ovevbeck's Entry of Christ into Jerusalem, painted in 1824. The 'Stained Glass of three of the windows in this chapel was executed about 1400, and removed hither from the old Burgkirche. — Adjacent is a winged altar with paintings by B. van Orley (in the centre Adoration of the Trinity, after Diirer). — High Altar of 1697 , adjoined by the graceful Gothic 'Ciborium of 1479, restored in 1855. — The Choir- ScREEx has some good paintings of 1517. Between two of the adjacent pillars hangs a Danish standard , captured by the Liibeckers in 1427. Some wood-carving on the benches (Magistrates" Pew in the rich Renais- sance style of 1574), several brasses of the 15th and 16th cent., the rococo monuments , the pulpit of 1691 , and the numerous handsome screens are also worthy of notice. — The organ-loft of the largest of the three organs (W. side; 5134 pipes and 81 stops) is in the ornate style of the latest Gothic period (1516-18). The best survey of the church is "obtained from the W. end of the nave, beside the font. To the S.W. , near the market, is the Cliurch of St. Peter (PI. 17; sacristan, Schmiede-Str. 29). a Gothic edifice with double aisles, on the site of a Romanesque church of 1170, erected about the year 1300. Among the objects of interest in the Interior (lately restored and embellished with stained glass) , are the monumental *Brass of Burgo- master Clingenbergh , which was executed in the Xetherlands in 1356; a smaller brass of the Lammeshoft family (15th cent.) with the Cruci- fixion and saints •, an ingenious clock \ a Renaissance organ-case ; and a carved wooden pulpit of 1618 (restored in 1880). We now cross the Klingbbrg (PI. C, 6), where there is a hand- some new Fountain, designed by F. Schmitz of Cologne, and erected as a monument of victory. In front of the Stadt Hamburg Hotel are two colossal lions in cast iron, designed by Ranch. Farther on in the same direction is the ^Cathedral (PI. 12; sac- ristan, Hartengrube 3; in summer generally in the church, 9-11), founded by Henry the Lion in 1173, enlarged in 1276, and com- pleted in 1331 ; towers 394 ft. high. The nave, transept, and one bay of the choir date from the original Romanesque basilica, which was built in the shape of a Latin cross ; but the greater part of the choir and the aisles are Gothic. The *yestibule of the N. aisle, a gem of the Transition style , dates from early in the l3th cent, (partly restored in 1875) ,• the inner portal , with garlands , fan- tastic animals , and polished columns of black slate . is especially worthy of attention. Interior. Font of 1455, in front of the organ. — An elegant railing (1522) around the pulpit is attributed by a tradition to the workmanship of the devil; the pulpit itself dates from 1568. — Choir -screen of the 15th cent. ; in front of it a large crucifix dating from 1477. In the Choik, the recumbent bronze ^Figure of Bishop Bockholt (d. 1341), founder of the choir. Brazen lamp of the 15th century. — High-Altar of 16%. with a Crucifixion, by /. H. Tischhein. The s'edilia to the right, below the choir-stalls, erected by Bishop Bockholt, should be noticed. Farther on. Portrait of Canon v»n Korbrinck, by A"«i7/er (1672). — The Archiepiscopal Chapel, to the left of the choir, contains sarcophagi of the last prince- bishops. — In the next Chapel the -Monument of the bishops von Serken and von Mul , Netherlands workmanship of the 14th cent. ; Madonna of 1509 in coloured stucco. — The altarpiocc in the Grkvekadek-Capelle is a double *Triptych, with more than 200 figures, h\ Memling : on the external shut- 198 Route 25. LUBECK. St. Catharines. ters is represented the Annunciation , in grisaille ; on tlie inner sliutters the life-size figures of SS. Blasius, John the Baptist. Jerome, and ^gidius, the patron-saints of the donor, Canon Adolf Greverade. Memling's style is , perhaps , nowhere seen to better advantage than in these saints, with their rich warm tones. The inner pictures are scenes from the Passion, from the Prayer on the 3It. of Olives to the Ascension; in the foreground are the Bearing of the Cross, the Entombment, and the Resurrection; a Crucifixion (with the date 1491 on the frame) occupies the principal place in the centre. Adjoining the Cathedral on the S., are two interesting old struc- tures, now converted into a hospital, with remains of an old cloister in the Transition style. The yEgidienkirche [PI, 9; D, 6) is a somewhat cumbrous struc- ture of the 14:th century. In the interior are a richly-carved organ- case , and a metal font, with wrought-iron ornamentation. The late-Gothic Convent of St. Anne (1502-10), in the St. Annen-Str., now a penitentiary, has been greatly disfigured by fire ; the inclos- ing wall and the cloisters are still extant. — The eminent painter Friedrich Overbeck [d. at Rome in 1869) was born in 1789 at No. 76 Konig-Strasse. The now disused *Church of St. Catharine (PI. 11 ; D, E, 4; the door in the Glockengiesser-Str. is generally open) is an admir- able Gothic structure of the middle of the 14th cent. , with a lofty nave and an elegant elevated choir borne by columns. To the right of the principal entrance (in the Konig-Str.) is a Raising of Laza- rus by Tintoretto. Below the choir, which is adorned with stained- glass windows , is a monumental brass , with the praying figure of Burgomaster Joh. Lilneburg (d. 1474). The upper choir is occupied by a museum, chiefly of *Ecclesiastical Axtiql'ities (open Sun. 11-1 , at other times on application at Breite-Str. 33, see below; catalogue 30 pf.). Among the numerous carved altar-screens the best are: 1. Screen of St. Anthony (painting retouched) i "4. Miracle of the mass (1496). — 59. Movable Gothic lectern. — ■*79. Pieta, with Gothic canopy of carved wood. — 221. St. George and the dragon. — 1206. Sixteen stone-sculptures with traces of painting (beginning of the 14th cent. ; apostles and saints). — At the sides: 72. Choir-stalls with paintings (Franciscan monks and saints); above, 71. Portraits of 25 town-councillors of Liibeck. The old Minorite Convent , which adjoins the church on the S., has been restored several times since the Reformation , but the former cloisters, the refectory, and the dormitory still remain. The building now contains the Katharineum (a gymnasium and a real- school) and the Public Library, founded in 1620 (open daily, ex- cept Sun., 11-2), with about 110,000 vols., 1000 incunabula, and 800 MSS. One of the rooms contains two cartoons by Overbeck ('Vi- sion of St. Francis of Assisi', and 'Tancred and Clorinda'. from Tasso) and a portrait of Tycho Brahe by Sir Godfrey Kneller. The rooms of the -Society for the Promotion of Useful Industry', Breite-Str. 33, contain a ^Museum (first floor, open Sun. 11-2; at other times apply to the porter on the floor below), with extensive industrial, prehistoric, and ethnographical collections. Burgthor. LUBECK. 25. Route. 199 The Natural History Cabinet, Breite-Str. 16 (open in summer Sun. 11-1, Tues, and Frid. 5-7; at other times on application to the castellan), includes a good collection of gorillas. Herr Harms, Breite-Str. 11, possesses an extensive collection of ancient (chiefly Netherlandish) and modern pictures, to "which visitors interested in art are admitted. The Jacobikirche(Pl. 13 ; sacristan Breite-Str. 1, a corner-house to the S.W. of the church), a Gothic building of the 14th cent., con- tains a fine flight of steps, adorned with carving and intarsia-work, leading below the Gothic organ to the choir. In the Bromsencapelle is a remarkable '^ Altar of the latter part of the loth cent., represent- ing the Crucifixion in relief in the centre (by Jan Borman of Brus- sels), and the family of the donor. Burgomaster Bromse, on the wings. Opposite the W. Portal of the church, Breite-Str. 2, is the hand- some house of the Schiffergesellschaft (PI. 18), with interior little altered, an interesting example of an old guild-house. On the walls are pictures of Scriptural subjects ; models of ships and bronze candelabra hang froom the roof. — The house of the Kaufleute- Compagnie (PI. 8), Breite-Str. 6 , contains some admirable wood- carving, particularly in the old '"^Fredenhagen Room, executed in 1585, and transferred hither (open daily; fee). The Hospital zum Heiligen Geist (PI. 7; E, 4; generally open^^, on the Koberg, is an admirably-organised institution. A fine early- Gothic chapel, dating from the early part of the 13th cent. , and now rarely used for divine service, serves as an entrance-hall. The chapel and its ancient mural-paintings were restored in 1866. — A short distance hence, in the Grosse Burg-Str., is the old Burg- kloster (PI. E, 3), a fine brick edifice of the 13th cent., recently restored, on the site of the old castle (open on Sun., Tues. . and Thurs. 11-1). The 'Herrengemach is paved with tile-mosaic. The remaining rooms on the groundfloor are occupied by an Industrial Exhibition, a Collection of Plaster Casts, and a Commercial Musewn. The *Burgthor (PI. E, 2), the N. gate of the town , is a lofty brick structure of 1444. In the vicinity, on 6th Nov. 1806, several severe engagements took place between Bliicher , with the wreck of the Prussian army which had survived the battle of Jena and retreated to Liibeck, and the pursuing French marshals Bernadotte, Soult , and Murat. A little to the W. of the Burgthor is an archway, with some well- executed grotesque wood-carvings. An avenue of lime-trees leads from the gate to the (3 4M.) Cemetery, with a monument of Geibel, the poet, who was born in Liibeck (Fisch-Str. '25) in 1815 (d. 1884 ). The house No. 298 on the Trave contains a Weinstube , or tap- room, curiously carved in wood in 1644. To the N. of the station is the 'Chimborasso' (PI. 5; B, 3), an eminence commanding a fine *Survey. The harbour and the old ram- parts on the S.W. side of the town also afford pleasant walks. 200 Route 25. EUTIN. From Berlin The Walk-Miihle (Restaurant), 2 M. from the Miihlen-Thor, is a favourite resort of the Liibeckers (steamboat, see p. 194). A railway (I21/2 M in 50 min.; fares 1 m. . 70 pf.) runs from LVibeck past (71/2 M.J Waldhusen to Travemiinde. The "Hun's Grave" discovered in 1843 about 1 M. from Waldhusen (pretty forest path) is one of the largest examples of the kind in Germany. — Travemiinde ("Curhaus; 'Hotel de Russie: restaurant in the Strandpavillon) ^ a sea-bathing place, was the port of Liibeck before the deepening of the river. Pretty walks. From Liibeck to Hamburg and Mecklenburg^ see R. 24. Beyond Liibeck the train follows the left bank of the Trave. 183 M. Sehwartau (Hotel Geertz), a favourite resort from Liibeck. with wooded environs. The train next traverses moorland and brushwood. 187 M. Pansdorf and (192 M. ) Gleschendorf are the stations for several small seaside-resorts. 194 M. Ottendorf. 199 M. Eutin (''Stadt Hamburg, R. & A. 21/2: L- ^ -2: D- '^[■i: B. 1 m., Victoria, both in the Liibecker-Str. : Railway Hotel), pleasantly situated between the Grosse and Kleine Eutiner See, was the seat of a bishop from 1162 to 1535, aud now belongs with its Schloss and pretty grounds to the Duke of Oldenburg (4462 inhab.^. Weber (d. 1826), the composer, was born here, in a house in the Lii- becker-Str.. denoted by an inscription. Count Stolberg, the friend of Goethe, and the poet Voss also resided here last century, and their houses, in the Hinter-Str., are indicated by memorial tablets. Voss's house, formerly the rectory, is now a restaurant, with a garden. The tasteful church was restored in 1878. The market- place contains a column in memory of the war of 1870-71. The ^ExviEoxs of Eutin, as far as Plcin and Preetz towards the W. , and Liitjenburg towards the X.E, . are the most picturesque part of Holstein. Good village inns. About IV4 M. to the oST. of Eutin (omn. from the station or Voss's house. 20 pf.) is the picturesque Kellersee. near which rises '^Bi-uhn''s Koppel or the Sahlkamp (Inn), commanding a beautiful view. A steamer plies on the lake to Sielbek , Krummensee ("Hotel Holsteinische Schweiz , D. with wine 4 m., 'pens.' 8 m.), and Malente (Hotel Kopke, well spoken of). The last, at the W. end of the lake, is the scene of Voss's 'Louise'. The charming * Ukleisee (boats for hire), 7 mill, to the E. of Sielbek, should next be visited^ the walk round it occupies 1 hr. (Inn, unpretending). Footpaths lead from the Uklei Inn towards the X.E. in 2 hrs. to the Bungsberg (538 ft.) , the highest point in the district , the tower on which commands an extensive panorama of land and sea , extending to the Danish islands. Thence 12 M. (or direct from Eutin by the loftily-situated village of Kivchniichel about 18 M.) to Liitjenburg (Stadt Hambui'g), from which ''Hassberg, a charmingly-situated sea-bathing place, is 3 M. distant. From Liitjenburg in 2 hrs. by' the Stbss farm to Panker, seat of the Landgrave of Hessen. Xear it rises "the ==Piels- berg (446ft.) , with the tower of Hessenstein, which commands one of the most extensive prospects in X. Germany. Fkom Eutix to Oldenburg, 24' '2 M- . railwav in 1^/4 hr. (fares 2 m. 40, 1 m. 60 pf.). — 91/2 M. Neustadt (Siadt Hamburg; Deutsches Haus), a seaport with 4119 inhab. (weeklv steamers to Liibeck, Fehmarn. and Kiel). Unimportant stations. Then (241/2 M.) Oldenburg ( Scheibner's Hotel : Stadt Hamburg), an ancient town with 2762 inhab. . not to be confounded with the capital of the duchy of Oldenburg (p. 158). — From Oldenburg a dili- gence plies twice daily to (I'/a hr.) Heiligenhafen. whence a steamer goes twice weekly to (3 hrs.) Kiel and (li 2 hr.) Fehmarn. The scenery between Eutin, Plon. and Ascheberg is very pretty. to Kid. PLON. 25. Route. 201 203 M. Gremsmuhlen r*H6tel Gremsmiihleii), charmingly situated on the Dieksee, with an interesting pisciciiltural establishment. Malente, on the Wellersee (p. 200). lies 3/^ M. to the N. A beautiful footpath leads" hence along the Dieksee to (71/2 M.) Pliin passing the 'Hotel Hrddschloss and traversing the Holm, a fine beech-wood. 208 M. Plon (*Prinz; Stadt Hamburg) is very picturesquely situated between the Grosse and Klelne Planer See. The Prussian military school was once a royal Danish chateau. A pleasant walk of 172"*^ ^^s. may be taken as follows : from the station by the Eu- tin road to (1/4 M.) Mullers Baths ('pens.' 3 m. 60 pf.. with gar- den-restaurant ; steamboat -Stat., boats), on the Grosse See, near which is the Rosenmuhle^ both commanding a fine view. Then to the Steinberg (view), and by the Liitjenburg road round the Schohsee to ihe Parnass { view) and Bi6er/to/ie (Pension), 72^1- ^^om the station. The railway skirts the N. bank of the Grosse Ploner See. 212 M. Aseheberg (Rail. Hotel), near an estate of Count Brockdorf, junction for Neumiinster (p. 177). The Kiel line turns to the >'. and skirts the Lanker See. — 217^ '2 M. Preetz (Stadt Hamburg) possesses a convent for ladies of noble birth, founded as early as 1220. A busy manufacture of shoes is carried on here. A walk of 1 hr. may be taken hence to Kastorf , with a beautiful park in the valley of the Sc/noentine, which forms the outlet of the Ploner See; then in 2 hrs. down the valley by the 'Raslorf Paper-Mill and Op- pendorf to Xeumiihlen (p. 179). 2221/2 M. Raisdorf. — 229 M. Kiel, see p. 177. 26. From N. Germany to Copenhagen. a. Fro7n Hamburg by Schleswig, Jutland, and the Danish Islands. Railway the whole way, with the exception of the short ferries to Fiinen and Zealand. Express in 153,4 hrs. (41 m. 40, 31 m. 30, 20 m. 30 pf.). From Hamburg to Vamdrwp^ the Danish frontier-station (158 M.), see R. 22. (Luggage booked for Copenhagen is not examined till the capital is reached.) 12 M. (from the frontier) Kolding, with the imposing ruin of Koldinghus. 24 M. Fredericia (Railway Restaurant) is an unimportant pla<-e. surrounded by a girdle of decaying fortifications. An interesting bronze *Statue of a soldier here commemorates the victory of the Danes over the Schleswig-Holstein besiegers in 1849. Passengers cross the Little Belt by a steamboat to Fiinen, Dan. Fyen, and land at Strib , near Middelfart (Behrendt's Hotel), a sea-bathing place. Several unimportant stations. 33 M. (from Strib) Odense (Brockmanns Hotel; Hotel St. Knud) , the capital of the island, with 20,800 inhab., the birthplace of Hans Christian An- dersen (p. 215). The Cathedral ofSt.Knut, erected in 1086-1301. contains monuments of the kings John and Christian II. The Fiinen railway terminates at (51^/2 ^I- ) Nyborg. 202 Route 26. ROESKILDE. The steamer (luncheon 1 cr.) departs i/o ^i*- after the arrival of the train, and crosses the Great Belt to Zealand in II/4 hr. The starting-point of the Zealand line is Korsor (*H6tel Store Belt ,• RaiL Restaurant), with 4000 inhabitants. Then stations Slagelse, Soro (on the lake of that name, surrounded by beech and pine-woods ; Cistercian church of the 12th cent.), and Ringsted (with an ancient Benedictine church). 491/2 M. (from Korsor) Roeskilde, pron. Roskille (*H6tel Prind- sen; Frederiksstad ; Rail. Restaurant), an old town on the deeply indented fjord of that name, the capital of the kingdom down to 1443 (comp. p. 207), and the residence of the bishop of Zealand down to the Reformation, once numbered 100,000 inhab., but now contains 5893 only. The only relic of its ancient glory is the fine *Caf/icdrai (sacristan, Danish -Graver', nearly opposite the W. portal, 1-3 pers. 2 croner), consecrated in 1084, restored after a lire in 1282, and at subsequent periods, and finally in 1868. It contains the tombs of the Danish kings, most of whom, from Harold I. (d. 985) down to Frederick VII. (d. 1863) repose here, the earlier in vaults, the more recent in chapels added to the church in 1615-42 and 1772-1825. Some of their monuments are highly worthy of inspection. The small gate opposite the N. side of the church leads to grounds which command a pleasing view of the fjord. — The S. Zealand Railway diverges here (see below). The train runs in 1 hr. from Roeskilde to Copenhagen. Last stat. Frederiksberg (p. 216). — 68 M. Copenhagen, see p. 204. b. From Kiel to Copenhagen hy Korso?'. Steamer to Korsor (see above) at 12.45 a.m. and 11.45 a.m. in 6-7 hrs. (cabin-fare 11 m. 30 pf. ; sleeping-berth 31/2 m. extra). Railway from Korsor to Copenhagen in 31/4 hrs. (see above) ; fare& 8 cr., 6 cr., 3 cr. 70 ore, Dan. currency. c. From Liibeck to Copenhagen. Steamer in summer daily in 16 hrs. (fare 18 m. or 15^/4 m.). — Another steamer runs once a week via Nykjobing (p. 203). The steamer usually starts from Lubeck about 4 p.m. (PL D, 3). The descent of the Trave is uninteresting. In IY2 l^r. Trave- milnde (p. 200) is reached. The Travemunder or Xeustddter Bucht is then traversed. The chalk cliffs of the Danish island of Mden and the coast of Zealand come in sight about 4 a. m. ; then the light- house of Falsterbo on the Swedish coast, opposite which , on the Danish side, is the Kjoge Bugt (p. 203). The vessel steers round the fertile island of Amager, on which the village of Dragor is situated. To the right on the Swedish coast lies Malmo (p. 219). The island of Saltholm is next passed, and the tow- NYKJOBING. ^6. Route. 203 ers of Copenhagen at length become visible. The Lynetten and Tre Kroner batteries, which proved so destructive to the English fleet on 2nd April, 1801, are passed, and about 6 a. m. the Harbour of Copenhagen, defended by the citadel of Frederikshavn, is reached. d. From Rostock to Copenhagen hy Nykjohing. Steamer to Nykjobing in 41/2 trs., daily (except Sun.) in sum- mer and thrice weekly in April, May, and Sept. (fare Ti/o or 41/2 m. ; return-ticket 12 or 7 m. ; from Rostock to Copenhagen 20 m. 55, 17 m. 25, 11 m. 30 pf.). — From Nykjobing to Copen- hagen in 5-51/4 hrs. ; fares 9 cr. 50, 6 cr. 70 0. From Nykjobing, a small seaport, the railway for Copenhagen crosses the W. side of the island of Faister and reaches the Great Kelt at Orehoved. Steamer thence to the small island of Masnedo, whence a railway, crossing an arm of the Belt by a fine bridge, runs to Masnedsund, a small seaport in S. Zealand, and the ter- minus of the S. Zealand railway. The trains run from Masnedsund to Copenhagen in 3-31/2 hrs. — Stations Vordingborg (with a fine ruined castle) , Lundby , Ndstved (with beautiful beech-wood), and Kjoge (Hot. Prindsen) , an ancient town, prettily situated on the Kjoge Bugt, where the Danes under Nils Juel gained a great naval victory over the Swedes in 1677. At Roeskilde (p. 202) the S. and AV. Zealand lines unite. Thence to Copenhagen, see p. 202. e. From Stralsund to Copenhagen hy Mahno. Steamer to Malmo daily in summer in 10 hrs. (fares 18 or 13i/2m.; return-tickets, available for the whole season, 30 or 221/2 m.). As the steamer starts before daybreak , it is advisable to go on board the evening before. Malmo (*Kramer; *Horn), see Baedekers Xoricay and Sweden. Another steamer is here in waiting to convey passengers across the Sound to Copenhagen (in 11/2 hr.; fares I1/2, 1 cr.), where they are 1 aided at the corner of the Havne Gade and Charlottenborg (PI. G, 5). f. Fro7n Stettin to Copenhagen. Steamer in 14-15 hrs. , 4-5 times a week in June, July, and Aug. (fares 18 or 10(2 m- 5 return-tickets 30 or 18 m.). Towards evening the vessel passes Stubbenkammer on the island of Riigen. and on the following morning it steams through the Sound, leaving iJragdr on the island of Amager to the left, and Saltholm to the right. On a voyage of 4-5 hours it is usual to give the steward a fee of 50 pf. or 40 ore Danish, and double that sum for longer voyages ; but more if unusual trouble has been given. — The return-tickets issued by the steam- boat companies considerably reduce the travelling expenses, but they are often hampered by conditions limiting them to particular days and steamers. 204 Route 27. COPENHAGEN. 27. Copenhagen. Language. English is spoken at all the principal hotels and shops. A. brief notice of a few of the peculiarities of the Danish language may, however, prove useful. The pronunciation is more like German than English : « is pronounced like ah , e like a or eh , i like e, act like a long o, (e like a or eh , o and oe almost like oo , «r or o like the German o or French eu , y like the German ii or French u\ d is generally mute after 1, n, r, sk, st, t, and in the terminations ds, dse, e.g. Kilde, a spring, pron. Kille, Plads., a place, pron. Plass ; g is often mute, or pronounced like y, e.g. Pige, a girl , pron. peyah , Segl , a sail , pron. sayel , Fitgl , a bird , pron. fool ; gn has a slightly nasal sound, e.g. Vogn, a carriage, pron. almost like vong, Regn, rain, pron. raing; J is like the English y; J after k is mute, e.g. Kjod, meat, pron. Kod; sj is like the English sh. The Danish article is en for the masculine and feminine, and e( for the neuter, plural 7ie ; when definite it is suffixed, when indefinite prefixed to the substantive, e.g. Fisken, the fish, en Fisk, a fish; Skibet, the ship, et Skib, a ship. But if the sub- stantive be qualified with an adjective, the article is deri (m. and f.) and det (n.) in the .singular, and de in the plural, e.g. den sniukke Pige ., the pretty girl. The plural of substantives is sometimes formed by adding e or er, and sometimes the singixlar remains unaltered. To be, voere; lam, d'C. : jeg (pron. yai-y) er ; du er; han, hun^ det, man er; vi, i, de er. To have, hafve; I have, d:c. : jeg har; du har; han, hun, det, man har; vi, t, de har. The third pers. pi. Be (pron. dee), the dative and accusative of which is Dem, is commonly used instead of the second pers. sing, or pi. (like the German Sie). Cardinal numbers: een or eet, to, tre , fire, fern, sex , syv, otte, ni, ti, ^lleve, tolv , tretten , fjorten , femten , sexten (pron. sayisten), sytten , atten, nitten, tuve , een og (g mute) tyve , &c. , tredive , and so on. The ordinals: den, det forste; den anden , or det andet; den, det tredie; den, det fjerde, femte, sjette, syvende, ottende, niende, tiende, Smor, butter ; Os/, cheese; Middags- mad , dinner; Frokost , breakfast. Hvormeget er jeg Dem ski/ldig? How much do I owe you? Hvormeget koster det? What does this cost? Vdr saa artig (vdr saa god), hvilken Vei forer til Banegaarden'i Pray, which is the way to the station? Ligefrem, straight on; paa venstre, to the left; paa hoire,' to the right ; bag, back. Er det Toget til K. ? Is that the train to K. ? Hvorledes kaldes denne Station (pron. stashoon) ? What is this sta- tion called? Jernlane, railway; Dampskib, steamer; By, town; Gade, street; Torv, market; Nytorv , new market; Gammeltorv , old market; Halmtorv, straw market; Port, gate; 5ro, bridge ; Hoihro, high bridge; .ffoZm, island ; Have, garden; Havn, harbour; Kjobenhavn, Copenhagen, i.e. merchants' harbour; Kong, king; Dronning, queen; stor, great; liden, lille, small; gammel, old ; ny, new. Money. In January, 1875, the monetary system of Xorway, Sweden, and Denmark was assimilated: 1 crown = 100 ore, equal to 1 m. 13 pf. German money (1 s. I1/2 d. Engl.). 3 m. German are exactly = 2 or. 65 o. Danish bank-notes realise the full exchange. Arrival. Porter ('Drager') for carrying luggage under 1 cwt. from the steamboat to the custom-house and thence to a cab, 40 ore. Luggage book- ed through to Copenhagen is reclaimed at the custom-house: porterage thence to the cab, 30-40 o. — Cab from the station or the harbour into the town 70 o., trunk 15 6., small articles free (1 cr. is usually given). Hotels. *H6tel d'Axgleterre (PI. a ; D, 6) , Kongens Nytorv 34, in the centre of the town, R. 3 cr. and upwards. L. 20, A. 50 0, D. 3 cr. ; ■•■PH(EXix (PI. b; E. 5), Bredgade 37; *Koxgex af Daxmark (PI. c; D, 6), at the comer of the Holmens-Canal and the Xiels-Juelsgade , all three with cafes ; charges at these two similar. — ==H6tel de l'Ecbope (PI. 1 ; E, 6), H Q i E M H A ¥ 3. AnOcrcrpoloffisk Museian 2. Athauaim S.4:. ©.6. 2h Wmsta-ieme 26.2Io7t7,-cs Faiais J).7. E.5. 4.5. Ujiirersitetet F.4 B.C6. 3. Bar sat D.7. 27. 2tasikJco7isaTatariitm D.o. 46. Vktrers. BibJiotek C6 * Freda'iks Sospttal 5. Ti-imurerlogen MrKen: 6. Fiederitis iarkc E.F.4!. D.4. E.8. IfiJtpiiai 29. JariffotionssTtole 30. XcxtionalboTtJeen 31. Postkantar E.6. B.O.7. B.6. C.6. 47 Zoologiske Jfuseum B.6. 7. Irelsers Xirke F.7. 32. JoZrt. Loereojtstalt B.6. 8. 7V7te Zo'A-^ .B.6. 33 Frinsms FaJais CJ 9. WeOUjgetstes Mrlic 10. lolvmis Mrke 11 latJiolsl^ Mrke 12. .y.J'aaZj .Erfo 13. i'i'e??'? Zz/>Av C.6. D.7. E.4. E.4. B.6 Antik Samlingm Stnuin'offsk ^isfuin KoiTterstiksoTnUng MoTit- ogMedaiUesamlijigeTL JTardixke Oldsajfer Hotels: a. J(7frf d'AngMen-p b. ^(7&Z Fhemia: D.6. E.5. 14 Jiefarmert Mrke C.5. ^.MaadJnis B.C.6. c. JijfeZ Zmgm ofBcmmark D.6. 15. ,i7<9t .E7';,p (•.6. Zo.FosenboTg Slot C.4 A. Bitter sBotel B.7. 16. frinitaWi Sb-Ize Co. 36. ^luidetaam Co. e. Jemiaru Bote! B.6. 17. Sna-cjisl: Akadani E.-t. 37 S»mdct Akmlani E.4. f . Skanduiarisk Botel D.5. IS. Kanijl . JBibtiolfJ; 19. „ Milerisamliitffen 20. ^OTjr Ji-admii D.7. D.7. £.6. 38. .9rnagoge Teatre 39. lolketeatret C.5. B.5. g. Grand Botd i. JKfeZ lottmherg E.6. B.7. D.6. 21 Landcadet Akadani E.4. 10. Kaszno E.5. k. Victoria Mul E.5. 22. Meteorologist JnstiOit 23. 2Ietra^joUtcaisl;dlm 2 !■ 2Itravloij"ik Jfcteii/t ^F.l-. C.6. B6 41. JationalteatgriKonal ^.Telecfrafen 43 ThoTvaldscns Mtscttm / 1).6. C.6. C67 1. ffiyCsZ JTiwape JSiMtel BelleriLe E.6. B.6. F5 : ^ ^tarijAgy 3ipjffsn p-^' VjiSilceoa?!^' jPOiiaph Ansl J* vrii ^rasne- t Dcbpb Lpipjng Hotels. COPENHAGEN. 27. Route. 205 Holbergsgade 2, E. 2 cr., B. 85, A. 35 o. — Hotel Dagbiab, Halmtorv, 12 (PI. B, 7), near the Daamar Theatre, with cafe-restaurant, well spokon of; Jeenbane Hotel (PI. e; B, 6), Halmtorv 43, at the entrance to the town, near the station; Skandinavisk (PI. f; !>, 5), Gothersgade 4, in the Kongens Xytorv ; K.jobenhavn (PI. h; B, 7), Jernbanegade 7: Hotel Xa- TiONAL, Jernbanegade 9 & Vesterbrogade 2e (PI. A, 7), behind the Etablis- sement National (p. 206); Tottenberg (PI. i; D, 6). Vingaardsstrsede 1. — ^ear the Harbovr: ^Victoria, Store Strandsfraede 20, second class; Krox- PRixs Fredekik, Nyhavn ; Grand Hotel (PI. g; E. 6), at the corner of the Holbergsgade and the Peter-Skramsgade : 'Union (PI. n; E. .5). St. Anna-- plads, R. from li,2 cr. ; Linnemann, Peter-Skramsgade ; -'Alexandra, Havne- gade 49, opposite the steamboat-quay. — German is spoken at all these houses, and English at the largest. — For a stay of a fortnight or upwards: Clausen's H6tel Garni, Hovedvagtsgade 6. Restaurants. ' .Hotel d''Angleterre, see above ; "Hdtel National, see above ; "Wittmack d- Fiiise, on the Holmens-Canal , next door to the King of Den- mark Hotel, dinners at a fixed charge of 2V 2 cr. and upwards; Restaurant du Palais, Bredgade 28. dej. 75 o., D. 3 cr. ; ^ Simon, Kongens Nytorv 21, first floor; Neiiendam's Restaurant Frangais , Kongens Nytorv 17, first floor; Kiicker^s Restaurant Frangais, Hovedvagtsgade 8; Rydberg^s Keller, ()ster- gade 13, good cuisine; Chrisfensen , Vimmelskaftet 35: National Tunnel. under the Hotel National (see above), opposite the Tivoli (p. 206), dinners 1-6 cr. — Beer. Baiersk Olhalle (Ginderiip), Vimmelskaftet 88; Rydberg's Keller, see above; Cafe-Restaurant, Nnrrefarimagsgade 11, near the Klampen- borg Station; National Tunnel, see above; Vaults at the Hotel Phoenix, see above (at the last three Bavarian beer). Cafes and Confectioners. (Cup of tea or coffee 20 6., chocolate 35 o. ; also beer, milk, eggs. Snwrrebrod, or sandwiches, etc.). ''Cafe of the Hdtel d'Angleterre. see above; ~A Porta, Kongens Nytorv 17, newspapers and ladies' rooms ; Nielsen, Kongens Nytorv 23 ; Bronnnm, Tordenskjoldsgade 1, corner of the Kongens Nytorv; Schiicani d- A Porta, Store Kjobmagergade 18. — Strawberries and Cream (Jordbser med Flode, 50 (i.) at Andersen''s Jord- barkja-lder. Amagertorv 27, opposite the Hellig-Aants-Kirke. Cigars: Hirschsprung. Ostergade 6 ; ^?ex. Rasmussen , Frederiksberg- gade 38. Cabs. Per drive within the municipal district (including the station, harbour, and Christianshavn) 70 6.. beyond the boundary 30 o. more. Per hour (-timeviis') IV2 cr. ; beyond the municipal limits 2 cr. ; each 1/4 hr. additional. 40 o. Double fares from midnight to 6 a.m. Trunk 15 6.. small articles free. Tramways (Sporveie; cars, Sporvogne). The central station is in the Kongens Ni/torv (PI. D, 5, 6; p. 2()8), whence the following lines diverge (comp. the' Plan ; fares 5. 10, 20 o. and upwards): 1. To the W., past the Tivoli, to the entrance of the Frederiksberg-Have (p. 216), in Vj br.; 2. To theW., to the Rai lie a// Station ; 3. To the S., to Christianshavn and. Amager (PI. F, 8); 4. To the N., to the Triangel (PI. C, 1); 5. To the N.W., to the suburb oi Norrebro. — A line also runs from the Halmtorv (PI. B, 7) to the Triangel (PI. C. 1). — Other lines unite the various suburbs. — From the Triangel a Steam Tramwav plies to Klampenborg (p. 217). Baths. Turkish Baths. Tordenskjoldsgade 10, beyond the National Theatre (warm bath 75 6.. Turkish bath 1 cr. 80 6.); Russensteen, by the Langebro (PI. C, 8), all kinds of baths, including Russian and Turkish. — The Sea Baths near the Lange Linie (PI. F, 2, 1 ; bath 20 6., towel 8 6.) are too near the outlets of several sewers to be strongly recommended ; those at Winter's Baths, Charlottenlund and Klampenborg (p. 217) are preferable. Post Office. Store Kjobmagergade 33; poste-restante to the right. Postage for a letter within Denmark, 8 6., within the town 4 6.. to England 20 o. — Telegraph Office. Store Kj6bmagergade 33. entrance from the Walken- dorfsgade. Shops. Beautiful copies of Thorvaldsen's Sculptures at the Royal Porcelain Factory, Amagertorv 10: Ring, Amagertorv 8; Brir, Nygade 2. — Terracottas (statuettes, etc.): Jpsens Enke, Bredgade 31: Wendrich. Kongens Nytorv, N. side. — Photographs: Tryde, Ustergade 1; Berg- 206 Route 27. COPENHAGEN. Steamboats. mann tt Hansens, Kongens ^ytorv 34 ; Salmonsen, Holborgsgade 2 (in tlie Hotel de TEurope). "— .Tewelrt : V. Christesen , Ostergade 8 (filigree work) , Michelsen , Kongens Nytorv 12. — Danish Gloves . good and not expensive: in the shops in the Ostergade and Kjobmagergade (Larsens Sdnner, in the latter street). Booksellers. G. C. Ursin. Kiobmagergade 8 ; Klein, Pilestrjede 40. Theatres. National Theatre (PI. 41; D,"6; p. 209). from 1st Sept. to 3ist May, good acting and ballet. Charges (sometimes doubled): front stalls 3'^ 2, 41 2, or 7 or., second stalls 23/4-5'/2 cr., pit 2-4 or., dress-circle 3-6 or. — Casino Theatre (PI. 40, E,5), Amaliegade 10. much frequented. — Folke-Teatre (PI. 39; B. 5). Xorregade 31. — Dagmar Theatre, Jernbanegade. — Morskabs- Teafre, in Frederiksberg. — Re7iz"s Circus, opposite the Railway Station. Panorama, .Ternbanegade 4, near the Dagmar Theatre. — Panopticum, Vesterbrogade 3, near the Tivoli. *Tivoli (PI. B, 7: admission 50 0. (on special occasions 75 o.), programme 10 0. ; change not given at the door, but may be obtained before payment in the Byttecontor to the left), outside the Vester-Port, is a very extensive and interesting establishment, comprising all kinds of amusements , con- certs , theatre, panorama, fire-works, restaurants, etc. The performances generally begin at 6 and end about 10 or 11 p.m. — The ''Etahlissement National (adm. 50 5.) opposite the Tivoli, the Sommerlysi, and numerous other cafes in the Frederiksberg Allee, are similar places of recreation. Steamboats (see also the 'Reiseliste for KongerigetDanemark', published twice monthly, 20 o.) to Helsingor and Helsingborg^ see p. 218. To Malmo (p. 220) live times daily in IV2 hr. (fares li '2 cr. , 1 cr.) ; to Bellevue. near Klampenborg (p. 217), several times daily in 3/4 hr. (fare 40 o.). These steamers all start from the corner of Havne-Gade and Xyhavn (PI. E. 6). — To Kiel, Liibeck , Stralsund , and Stettin, see R. 26. — To London, Hull, and Leith generallv once weeklv. The larger vessels start from the Toldbod (PI. 44; F, 4). Railway. The station (Dan. Banegaard, PI. C, 5) lies outside the Vester- Port, near the Tivoli: to Korsor, see p. 202; to Xykjohing, see p. 208; to Helsingor, see p. 218: to Klampenborg, see p. 217. Comp. the •Reiseliste". Legations and Consulates. English Minister. Sir Edmund J. Monson, Bredgade 26: American Charge' d'Aft'aires. R. B. Andersen , Esq., Store Kongensgade 68. English Consul, /. W. Harris, Esq., St. Annse-Plads 8; American Consul, H. B. Ryder. Esq., Holbergsgade 26. English Church Service, Stormgade 21; services at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. Rev. C. A. Moore, M. A., B. C. L.. chaplain to the Legation. Lille Strand- vei 1, Hellerup A church is being built (see p. 216). Physician (English-speaking) : Lr. Holger Mygind, Xan^ensgade 49. Diary (comp. the 'Erindringsliste' in the Berlingske Tidende or any other newspaper, as the hours are frequently changed). -Antiquities, Northern (p. 212). from ist 3Iav to 30th Sept. dailv, except Sun., 2-4; from 1st Oct. to 30th April, Sun. and Thurs. 12-2". Antiquities, Royal Collection of (p. 213), Tuesdays 12-2. Arsenal (p. 209) , Wed. 1-3 : admittance in summer only, till 1st Sept. Botanical Garden (p. 215) daily from 1 till dusk ; palm-house, daily, 3-6, except Sat.; hot-houses, Wed. and Frid. 2-4, Sun. 3-6. Coins and Medals, Royal Collection 0/ (p. 213), from 1st May to 31st Oct., Mon. 12-2; open to scientific visitors on Wed. and Frid. also, 12-3. Engravings, Royal Collection o/(p. 213), Tues. and Frid. 11-2. Catalogue 50 o. "Ethnographical Museum (p. 213). from 1st Mav to 30th Sept.. dailv. except Sun., 10-12; from 1st Oct. to 30th April," Sun. 12-2, Wed. 10-12. Truekirke (Church of Our Lady, p. 213). daily 9-11; fee. Library, Royal (p. 209), week-days 11-2, reading-room 10-3, closed from 26th June to 22nd July or from 23rd Julv to 22nd Aug. '"'Picture Gallery, Roi/al (p. 208). from ls"t Aug. to 28th Feb., dailv, except Mon., 11-2. -Picture Gallery, Moltke's (p. 215), Wed. 12-2. Strangers are also admitted at other times on application one day in advance at the Moltke Palace. 'Rosenborg, Palace o/(p. 214), daily, on application made a day or two before ; fee 6cr. for 12 persons. Tickets obtained at the lodge between the pal- Diary. COPENHAGEN. 27. Route. 20 7 ace and the entrance in the Korrevolds Boulevard. In the touri3t-sea30n parties are conducted through the palace every hour, the time being marked on the tickets. A single person may join a party, either at his hotel or through one of the tobacconists in' the Ostergade (Xo8. 59, 61). Mound Tower (p. 214), open daily 12-2 ; Wed. and Sat. free , other days 10 6. At other times the keeper may be summoned by knocking at the door (increased fee). *''-' Thorvaldsen Museum (p. 210) from 1st May to 30th Sept., Sun. 11-2, Tues., Wed., and Frid. 11-3. free; other days, in winter 12-3, summer 11-3, 50 o. i sticks and umbrellas left at the entrance, 4 o. Zoological Garden (p. 217), daily, 40 o. Zoological Museum (p. 214), Sun. and Wed. 12-2. Principal Attractions. Fruekirke (p. 213) ; Thorvaldsen Museum (p. 210); IsTorthern Antiquities (p. 212); Ethnographical Museum (p. 213); view from one of the towers mentioned at pp. 210, 214; walk along the Lange Linie (p. 216); an evening at the Tivoli (p. 206); and if possible an ex- cursion to Helsingor (p. 219). Copenhagen, Dan. Kjobenhavn or Kobenhavn, the capital of the kingdom of Denmark and the residence of the king, lies on both sides of the Kallebostrom . a narrow and deep strait of the Sound which separates Zealand from the small island of Amager. The population, including the suburbs, is 315.000. nearly all Protes- tants. The N. and broader part of the strait forms the excellent Harbour, to which the city was indebted for its early commercial prosperity. Copenhagen was founded in the 12th cent, by Axel, Bishop of Roe-*- kilde, on the site of a fishing-village (whence its original name Axelfms)., and increased so rapidly in consequence of its trade that King Christian III. made it his capital and residence in 1443. Christian IV. (158*^-1648), the most popular of the Danish kings, renowned not only as a warrior, but also as a wise ruler and a zealous patron of industry and commerce, greatly extended the town, chiefly by the foundation of the C/irisiiansJiavn quarter on the island of Amager. The interesting Palace of Rosenborg, built in this reign, is a good example of the severe Renaissance style known in Denmark as that of Christian IV. In the 17th and 18th cent, the city steadily increased, notwithstanding the numerous reverses it sustained in the wars with the Hanseatic League, 5sorway, Sweden, Eng- land, and Holland. Copenhagen suffered severely fi-om two well-known events at the beginning of the present century, the naval battle of 2nd April, 1801, and the bombardment of the city and capture of the fleet by the English. 2nd-5th Sept., 1807. The occasion of the former was the alliance concluded by Denmark with Sweden and Russia, of the latter the necessity of preventing the Danish fleet from falling into the hands of the French. The business of the place has long since recovered from these shocks and has increased considerably of late. In 1883 it possessed 457 ships (157 steamers) with an aggregate burden of 94,130 tons. In 1880 32,929 vessels with a burden oY 1,234,505 tons cleared the port. The imports in that year weighed 882,440 tons, and the exports 234,730 tons. The staple commodities are grain, leather, wool, train oil, butter, etc. The commercial harbour, situated on the Zealand side, is sepa- rated from the war-harbour by a barrier across the Kallebostrom. The warehouses and magazines line both sides of the harbour. The Orlogshavn , or war -harbour, adjoins the small islands of Nyholm, Frederiksholm , Arsertalo , and Christiansholm , on which the naval depots are situated. The fortifications of the town on the land- side were removed in 1870, but those towards the sea, the citadel Frederikshavn. the advanced batteries of Trekroner 20S Route -27. COPENHAGEN. Royal Picture Gallery. and Lynetten. and the batteries Sextus and Quintus in Amager still exist. Near the centre of the city, and forming the houndary between the business quarters on the S.W. and the fashionable quarters to the N.E.. lies the Kongexs Nttort (king's new market. PL D. E, 5. 6). a large circular space, from which thirteen streets radiate, the busiest being the Ostergade (with handsome shops, and its con- tinuation the Amagertorv and Vimmelskaft'). the Gothersgade, Store Kongensgade, Bredgade (p. 215), the Xyhavn, and the Torden- skjoldsgade. In the centre rises the Equestrian Statue of ChristianV . (d. 1699), cast in lead. On the W. side is the palace of Charlotten- horg, the seat of the Eoyal Academy of Art (PL 20 : D. E, 6) since 1754. Behind the Academy is the new Art Hall [' Kunstudstillings- hygning : entr. from the Nyhavn Canal) , in which the *Royal Picture Gallery (Kongelige Maleri-Samling) has been accom- modated since the Christiansborg Palace was burned down (see p. 209). As. however, the building is used for annual exhibitions of art from March 1st to July 31st, the royal gallery is accessible in the remaining part of the year only (Aug. -Feb.). Adm., see p. 206 ; Danish catalogue 25 6. Owing to the limited space and annual removal, the arrangement of the pictures varies. The Copenhagen Gallery, which now contains about 760 works, ranks with the Brunswick Gallery and other German collections of the second cla.«s. More than half of the pictures are by old masters. A great part of them belong to the Netherlandish Schools, the Dutch masters of the 17th cent, being particularly well represented. The works of the Italian School, though less numerous, include some of the gems of the collection , such as Caravaggio's Gamblers (Xo. 59 ) . the Meeting of SS. .Toachim and Anna by Filippino Lippi (Xo. 182), Mantegna's Pieta (Xo. 201), and the portrait of Lorenzo Cybo by Fr. Mazzuola (Parmeggianino). — The only examples of the Early Xetheelandish Masters deserving no- tice are a portrait ascribed to Memling (injured) , and a small picture by Stuevbout inserted in the middle of a larger one by Van Dyck (Xo. 92). — The German School is best represented by two worthy and genuine ex- amples of Cranach, the Judgment of Paris (70) and Venus and Cupid (69). — Among the few works of the Flemish School, two by Rubens are by far the best: viz. the .Judgment of Solomon (288) and the masterly por- trait of Matthew Irselius''(289). — The collection of Dutch 3Iasters^ though consisting of several hundred works , contains few historical and still fewer genre paintings. On the other hand there are few large gal- leries that can boast of so full a representation of the school of Rem- brandt. That master himself is illustrated bv the Disciples at Emmaus (.272) and two admirable portraits (273, 274); and G. I)ou (88, 89). Poorter (264, 265), the two Be Wets (380, 381), Gov. Flinck (103, 104), Sal. Koninck (178, 174) , Bol (47, 48. 49) , Eeckhovt (93) , B. Fabritius (101) , Victors (366- 369), Ovens (255.256), and A. de Gelder (107) are all seen here at their best. Xearly half of the Dutch works consist of landscapes. A few masters of the first rank, such as Jacob rem Ruysdael (294-298) and A. van Everdingen (96-100) , are well represented , both in number and quality, while no other gallery contains such abundant material for the study of the Dutch landscape-painters of the second class , who clustered round Ruysdael or drew their inspiration and training from Italy. In proof of this it is sufficient to call attention to the examples of Asselyn (7-9), Jon Both (50, 51), Decker (78), Dubbels (SO), ffackaert (117, 118), Joris van der Hagen (119-122). Looten (185. 186j, Pynacker (259), Roghman (279), Swane- velt (339). and Verboom (36Ci, 361). National Theatre. COPENHAGEN. 27. Route. 209 The Danish Section of the gallery contains nearly all the modern pictures, which aflord a good survey of modern Danish art. The Danes distinguish an earlier, classical tendency, of which i\^ A. Ahildgaard (d. 1809) and /. ^4. Carstens (1754-98) are the chief representatives, and a modern school, headed by C. W. Eckerslerg (1783-18o3). Among the most noted modern painters are Marstrand , Block, and Sonne (^enre), Liindbye &nA Skovgaard (landscape), A. Melbye, Sorensen. and yeitmann (sea-pieces), Hansen (architectural), Bache (animals), Mde. Jerichau-Baumann, wife of the sculptor .Terichau (portraits), and Vermehren (portraits and genre). To the S. rises the * National Theatre (PI. 41; D, E, 6), a handsome Renaissance structure by Petersen and Dahlerup, with accommodation for 1700 auditors. To the right and left of the en- trance are bronze statues of the Danish poets, Holberg (1684-1754), by Th. Stein, and Oe/i^€nsc/i%er (1779-1850), by Bissen. The district between the theatre and the harbour is one of the chief commercial quarters of the town. Passing the theatre and following the tramway-line, we reach the new National Bank (PL 30 ; D, 6) , and beyond it the Palace Bridge, opposite the fa(;ade of the palace of Christiansborg. Oppo- site the Hotel de TEurope and the Hotel Kongen af Danmark is the statue of Niels Juel (d. 1697; p. 203), by Stein, and near the Palace Bridge is that of Peter Tordenskjold (d. 1720), by Bissen. The tombs of both these Danish naval heroes, of no artistic impor- tance , are in the neighbouring Holmenskirke (PI. 10 ; D, 7), built early in the 17th cent, and recently restored. High mass on Sunday forenoons. The castellan ('kirkebud') lives at Laxengade 16, corner of the Holmensgade. The Christiansborg Palace (PI. C, D, 7) , situated on an is- land, which was fortified by Bishop Axel (p. 207) in 1168, the site of the ancient Axelhus (p. 207), occupies with its numerous dependencies a small quarter of its own. The present building, de- signed by J^ansen, and completed in 1828, replaces one erected in 1740 and burned down in 1794, and was itself almost entirely destroyed by fire in October. 1884. It is intended to rebuild it in an altered form. The fagade looks towards the Slots-Plads, which is embellished with an Equestrian Statue of Frederick VII. , the founder of the constitution (1848-63), in bronze, designed by Bissen, and erected in 1873. The Upper and Lower Chambers, which used to meet in the left wing of the palace, have taken up their quarters provisionally in the Cadet Academy. The Supreme Law Courts (Hoieste Ret), expelled by the lire from the right wing of the palace, sit for the present in a palace belong- ing to the King of Greece, in the Bredgade (p. 215). In a wing which escaped the tlames are the Royal Stables; and, on the N. side, the Court Chapel (PI. 15 ; C, 6). Another wing contains the Koyal Library (entrance from the Tiiihusgade; adm., see p. '206), founded by Christian III. about the middle of the 16th cent., and containing 550,000 vols and upwards of 20,0C0 MSS. The Arsenal, containing a historical collec- tion of weapons (adm.. see p. 206). may also be visited. On the quay, on the E. side of the Christiansborg, is situated the Exchange (PL 3; D, 7), erected in 1619-40 in the Dutch Re- Baedeker"s N. Germany. 9th Edit. 14 210 Route 27. COPENHAGEN. Thorvaldsen Museum. naissance style, with a tower 150 ft. in height, the summit of which consists of four dragons with entwined tails. The hall, immediately opposite the entrance, contains a statue of Christian IV. in bronze, by Thorvaldsen. The lower part of the building is occupied by ware- houses, the upper by offices. Business hour 1.30 to 2.30 p.m. daily (adm. after 2 p.m.. 20 6.). — To the N. of the Cfcristiansborg rises the lofty Nicolai Tower, occupied by the fire-brigade, and bearing the date 1591 on its W. side. The Knippelsbro at the back of the Exchange crosses the harbour to the Christianshavn quarter (p. 207 : tramway), where the singu- lar tower of Vor Frelsers Kirke (^Church of Our Redeemer, PI. 7), erected in 1749, rises conspicuously (286 ft. in height). A wind- ing staircase on the exterior ascends to the summit, which is crowned with a figure of the Redeemer. Extensive *View. including the coast of Sweden in the distance. The 'Graver', or sacristan, is to be found at St. Anuaegade 32; fee for 1-12 pers, 2 cr. On theN.W. side of the palace stands the **Thorvaldsen Museum (PI. 43; C. 6. 7), a somewhat gloomy edifice erected in 1839-48 in the style of the Pompeian and Etruscan tombs. Over the pedi- ment of the facade is a goddess of victory in a quadriga, in bronze, designed by Thorvaldsen and executed by Bissen. The other three sides of the building are adorned with a series of scenes in plaster, representing the reception of the illustrious master at Copenhagen on his return in 1838 after an absence of eighteen years. Visitors (adm. see p. 207) usually enter by the small door opposite the palace. The Museum contains not only a very extensive collection of the works (originals in marble, plaster models, designs) of the greatest artist of the North . but also his grave . which occupies the inner quadrangle. The connection is suggestive, for never were the life and work of a creative genius more closely interwoven than in the case of Thorvaldsen. It is only when we have traced his personal development that we can understand how it was possible for him to devote himself so completely to the ancient style of art. without allowing himself to be diverted by modern culture; while his works, on the other hand, bear the unmistakable impress of his native simplicity and freedom from affectation. It is to these character- istics that his creations owe their greatest charm, and at the same time they enabled him to appropriate the motives of ancient art without allowing them to fossilise into academic rules. Albert or Bertel Thorvaldsen was born on 19th November, 1770. His father, who claimed direct descent from the ancient Kings of Ice- land, settled at Copenhagen as a ship's carpenter and carver of figure- heads, so that the boy was from his earliest days familiar with some of the tools of his future profession, and was likely to acquire freedom of touch by first approaching his work on its practical side. He entered the Academy of Art at the age of eleven, and in 1793 gained the grand prize, which carried along with it the privilege of a residence in Italy for the purpose of study. He did not set sail, however, till 1796, employing the three intervening years in producing busts and reliefs. He arrived at Rome Thorvaldsen Museum. COPEfsEAGE^. 27. Route. 211 on 8th Marcli, 1797, and entered upon a long period of obscure and patient labour, during which even his friends began to feel doubtful of his gifts. Rome, robbed of most of her treasures of art after the Peace of Tolentino, could scarcely be called the most fitting school for the study of sculpture ; but Thorvaldsen persevered, studying the works of Carstens, copying an- tique busts, and lending an attentive ear to the advice of his distinguished countryman, Zoega the archaeologist. The first model of his statue of Jason , prepared in clay as he could not afford to buy plaster of Paris, broke in pieces, and the second, though greatly admired, failed to find a purchaser. He was at last on the point of returning to Copenhagen, when he received from Thomas Hope, the wealthy English banker, an order for its reproduction in marble (1803). The tide had now turned, and thence- forward his career was happy and prosperous. He remained in Rome, and did not revisit his native country till 1819, when he had become the most famous sculptor in Europe. This latter part of Thorvaldsen's first resi- dence in Rome, 1803-1819, was undoubtedly the most important period in his career. It was then that he thoroughly mastered the grounds on which antique sculpture may still serve as a model to the modern artist. He was no mere imitator of the antique, like so many of his predecessors: Ms very soul was imbued with its spirit. Like \\'inckelmann, he seemed to possess an intuitive knowledge of the laws of Greek art while still al- most a stranger to its products. He gave back to statuary the dignified repose which the exaggerated unrest of rococo sculpture had destroyed, and at the same time skilfully avoided the risk of insipidity. He restored the degraded art of relief to its pristine purity, rejecting all elements of a pictorial character, with the result that what was lost in perspective and realism was more than compensated for by pure ideality. He distin- guished with unerring penetration between those of the antique ideals that had merely a temporary value, or for the embodiment of which we now lack strength and insight, and those that possessed true immortality and were adapted to every age. Love-scenes, in particular, formed one of his favourite themes, and he strove to realise in sculpture the images of the Anacreontic muse. Plastic Genre, if the expression is allowable, was infinitely enriched by the quaint fancy of his works. His genius was characterised by a marvellous facility of production and by a power of utilising the most momentary observations for the purposes of his art. Numerous anecdotes are related of the speed of his modelling and of the tact with which he induced his living models to assume unconsciously the favourable attitudes that he desired. Slasterpiece followed masterpiece in uninterrupted succession during the whole of this period. His finest statues were Bacchus. Ganymede flSOd), ffebe, Psvche (1806). Cupid (1807), Adonis (180S). the Shepherd Boy (1817), Mercury (1818). and the Graces (1819). The Procession of Alexander the Great, executed by order of Napo- leon for the decoration of the Quirinal in 1811, is the most important of the basreliefs, and in no other work has Thorvaldsen made a closer ap- proximation to Greek art. The reliefs of Day, Night, and the Seasons are probably the most widely known of all modern sculptures. The sculptor's skill in depicting the youthful god of love did not desert him even in his old age. The Ages of Love (1824) so delighted the Pope . when visiting the sculptor's studio, and so absorbed him in contemplation, that he forgot to bestow on the master the customary apostolic benediction His visit to Copenhagen formed an important epoch in Thorvaldsen's career. Thenceforth he devoted himself chiefly to themes from the Christian sphere: but these works, beautiful and dignified as they are, lack the fire of his youthful productions. He was now recognised as the first of living sculptors, and was in request for almost every important monument that was erected in Europe ; but his strength did not lie in portraiture, where the difficulties of modern costume proved almost insurmountable. His studio was thronged by pupils of almost every civilised nation. He produced in all about oOO works, but many of the latest are practically school-pieces and lack the direct impress of personal genius. In 1820 he returned to Rome, where he remained nineteen years more. In 1838 he abandoned the active practice of his profession and returned 14* 212 Route 27. COPENHAGEN. Prindsens-Falais . to Denmark to spend the evening of his life, revisiting Rome, however, in 1842. On 24th March, 1844, he died peacefully while attending the theatre at Copenhagen. Catalogue 45 6., sold at the entrance. The greater part of Thorvaldsen's work? are arranged on the Ground Floor, the rooms in which are numhered on the Plan in Roman numerals. Among the most famous works here are the following : Cab. I. : 40, 42. Gany- mede. Cab. II. : 27. Ci- pid and Psyche; 426. Ages of Love. Cab. I V. : 410-414. The Seasons. Cab. F..- 51. Jason. Cab. VI. : Hebe (1816). Cab. VIII.: 367, 368. Day and Xight. Cab. X. : Mercurv as the slayer of Argiis. Cab. XIV. : 44. Ganymede and the eagle (1817) ; several eroups of Cupids. Cab. XF/. .- 377-380. Love as the ruler of the ele- ments. Cab. XVII.: b3. Adonis. Cab. XIX. : 176.Shepherd-bov;638- 641, The four Ages. The rooms on the Tipper Floor are distin- guished on the Plan by Arabic numerals. The CoERiDOK contains Alexander's entrv into Babylon (Xo. 508), and models of the Bacchus and Hebe (Xos. 2, 7; 1805, 1808). This floor also contains Thorvaldsen's collection of pictures , antiquities , reminiscences of the great sculp- tor, etc. On the Frederikholms-Canal, to the S.W. of the Christianshorg, beyond the bridges, is situated the Prindsens-Palais (PI. 33 ; C, 7), once an occasional residence of the Danish crown-princes, and now containing several interesting collections. 1. The * Museum of Northerx Antiquities {''Nordiske Old- sag er ; adm., see p. 206) was founded in 1807 at the instigation of Prof. Nyerup, greatly extended between 1815 and 1865 under the care of C. J. Thomsen, and re-arranged in 1866-69 by the late direc- tor Worsaae (d. 1885). It is one of the finest of its kind in existence, being rivalled only by the museum at Stockholm, and is invaluable to the historian of early civilisation, especially in Scandinavia. The objects it contains, 40,000 in number, consist of weapons, tools, implements, domestic utensils, hunting gear, wooden coffins, cinerary urns, musical instruments, trinkets, Runic inscriptions, ecclesiastical vessels, armour, tombstones, etc., all admirably arranged in chrono- logical order. Illustrated catalogue in French or German, 1 cr. There sre five leading departments. 1st. The Flint Period (Rooms 1-3; XI. 32. 1 XI] . Christ Saloon. XXI. XX. 42. X. 31. 33. 34. XIX. 41. IX. 30. XVI1I.40. VIII. 29. S IS c o Tomb. D c o -t 1 XVII. 39. VII. 28. XVI. 38. XV. 37. VI. 27. V. 26. XIV. 36. IV. 25. XIII. 35. III. 24. Stair. n. 23. 1.22. Corridor. 1 '=1 Entrance Hall. I.— XXI. Ground Floor. 22.-42. First Floor Fruekirke. COPENHAGEN. 27. Route. 213 down to B.C. 1500j, consisting mainly of objects from the 'Kjokkenmod- dinger' or 'kitchen-middens', as the "prehistoric mounds of bones, shells, table-refuse, etc., found on the Danish coast, are termed. — 2nd. The Bronze Period (Rooms 4 and 5; down to A.D. 250j, principally weapons and ornaments, showing: a well-developed art of casting, probably acquired from the South. — 3rd. The Iron Period (Rooms 6-9), consisting'mainly of articles found in peat-moors. By the 3rd cent, of our era iron had com- pletely superseded bronze as the material for weapons and cutting tools. The objects show a new and curious style of art, and are often inscribed with written chnracters (Runes). Silver, ivory, and glass, hitherto unknown, are now occasionally met with. Roman coins (down to A.D. 217). Roman vases, etc., indicate the increasing intercourse with southern nations. Rich golden ornaments occur. — 4th. Mediaeval Christian Period (Rooms 10-15 ; from about 1030 to 1536): weapons, ecclesiastical objects, etc. — 5th. Mod- ern Period (Rooms 16-19; down to about 1660). The two last departments are on the first floor. 2. The * Ethnographical Museum (p. 206; entrance to the left in the court), which is also one of the most extensive in Europe, occupies 35 rooms. German catalogue, 1 cr. The two chief departments are : 1st. Ancient Titnes^ comprising Euro- pean antiqtiities (except those of the Xorth), Asiatic, African, and Ameri- can; 2nd. Modern Times, comprising objects from primitive or barbarous non-European nations, illustrative of their arts of war and peace (Green- land and India are particularly well represented). 3. The Royal Collection of Antiquities (admission see p. 206) contains Egyptian. Assyrian. Phoenician. Etruscan. Greek, and Roman antiquities, of no great value, 4. The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals (admission, see p. 206) contains 30,000 specimens. 5. The Royal Collection of Engravings (admission, see p. 206) consists of upwards of 80,000 plates, the most valuable of which are those by Dilrer^ presented to Christian II. by the artist himself in 1521. The old drawings are insignificant. At No. 2 Nyvestergade, near the Prindseus-Palais, is a fine Ce- ramic Collection, belonging to Mr. Frohne (generally open on appli- cation). From the Prindsens-Palais the Raadhusstraede leads N.W. to the Nytorv og Gammeltorv ('new and old market"; PL B, C, 6). To the left in the Nytorv is the Town Hall (PI. 34). erected in 1815, with a portico ; in the tympanum are the words with which the Jut- land Code of 1240 begins : 'Med Lov skal man Land bygge' ( 'with law one must establish the land"). The busy Xygade. and beyond it the Vimmelskaft and the Ostergade, lead hence to the Kongens Nytorv, and form one of the busiest arteries of traffic in the city. Passing the fountain in the Gammeltorv we soon reach the Pro- testant *Fruekirke ('Church of Our Lady"; PL 8; B, C. 6). the me- tropolitan church of the Danish dominions, a simple but impressive structure in the so-called Greek Renaissance style, replacing one which was destroyed by the bombardment in 1807. On the right and left of the entrance are statues of Moses and David, by Bissen and Jerichau. The tympanum contains a group of John the Baptist preaching in the wilderness, in marble ; over the entrance-door, Christ's Entry into Jerusalem, a bas-relief, both by T/iorvaldsen. 214 Route 27. COPENHAGEN. Rosenborg. '^ Interior (open daily. 9-11: fee 25 5.: at other times apply to the sa- cristan, Vendersgade 10). The sole ornament consists of exquisite "^^Jlarble Statuary, designed and partly executed by Thortaldsen: a Risen Christ and the Twelve Apostles, over life-size; a Kneeling Angel of striking beauty, with a shell as a font; relief of the Bearing of the Cross, over the altar; in the two chapels, reliefs of the Baptism and Last Supper; above the alms- basins the Guardian Angel and Charity. St. Paul (who is substituted for Judas), with the sword, entirely executed by the great master himself, is probably the finest of the apostles; SS. John, James, Matthew, and the pensive Thomas are the next in point of excellence. The tower (25 o. ; party of 12 pers. 1 cr.) commands a view similar to that from the Round Tower (see below). Those who wish to ascend beyond the gallery must apply to the bell-ringer, Studiestreede 5. In the Frue-Plads, to the N. of the church, are monuments to the naturalist Schouw (d. 1852), the organist Weyse (d. 1842)^ Bishop Mynster (d. 1854), and the theologian H. y. Clausen (d. 1877). The N. side of the square is bounded hy the University (PL 45 j B, C, 6"), founded in 1479, burned down in 1807, and rebuilt in 1831-36. It is attended by 1200 students, more than half of whom study theology. In the vestibule , by the entrance , Apollo and Minerva in marble by Bissen ; above, frescoes by Hansen. In the N.E. angle of the square is the Uxitersity Library (PL 46), with 200,000 vols, and 4000 MSS.. comprising many early Persian and Indian (reading-room open 11-3). Adjacent rises the Poly- technic IxsTiTUTiON (PL 32; Studiestraede 6). Behind the Univer- sity is the extensive Zoological Museum (PL 47), containing a sep- arate department for whales (entrance in the Krystalgade ; adm., see p. 207). Adjacent is the Mixeralogical Museum (PL 24; Frid. 12-2). The Krystalgade leads hence to the N.E. to the Church of the Trinity (PL 16), with its *Eound Tower {Det runde Taarn, PL 36; adm.. see p. 207), 116 ft. in height, built as well as the church itself in the reign of Christian IV., and commanding an admirable view of the city and environs. The tower is ascended by means of a broad and winding brick-causeway. To the S. of the church is a monument to the poets Ewald (d. 1781) and Wessel (d. 1785). — The busy Store Kjobmagergade, with its numerous shops, leads hence S.E. to the Amagertorv. The wide Voldgade, to the W.. separates the old town from the new quarters that have sprung up on the site of the former fortifi- cations. In this street is situated the entrance to the royal palace of — *Rosenborg (PL 35 ; C, 4), a simple but imposing Renaissance structure, begun by Christian IV. in 1604, and adorned with pedi- ments and several towers, of which the loftiest is 328 ft. in height. It was the favourite residence of its founder, and from his death down to the middle of the 18th cent, was frequently occupied by the Danish monarchs , who fitted up suites of rooms in the styles of their different epochs and here deposited their jewels, state-wea- pons, coronation robes, uniforms, and valuable curiosities. More Picture Gallery. COPENHAGEN. 27. Route. 215 recently the collection was supplemented by similar articles from the other royal palaces, and arranged in chronological order down to 1863. It now affords an admirable historical survey of the advance of art and culture in Denmark. Adm., seep. 206. Good illustrated catalogue in German 2 cr., abridgment 60 o. — The garden adjoining the palace is adorned with a Statue of Christian IV. . by Thorvaldsen. On the E. side of the palace lies the Rosenborg-Have (PI. B, C, 4), a pleasant park, originally laid out in the French style but afterwards altered in accordance with English taste. It contains two cafe's, a pavilion for the sale of mineral waters, etc., and is a great resort of nurses and children. Entrances in the Ostervold- gade and the Kronprindsessegade. On the N. side is a Statue of Hans Christian Andersen, the author (d. 1875), by Saabye. On an eminence to the W. of the Ostervoldgade , formerly the Rosenborg Bastion, stands the Observatory (PL C, 4), in front of which rises a statue of the Danish astronomer Tycho Brake (1546-1601), by Bissen. The adjacent Botanic Garden (PI. B, C, 4), laid out on the old fortifications , contains numerous pleasant walks. Entrance at the corner of the Voldgade and the Gothersgade (adm., see p. 206). Farther to the W. rises the extensive Hospital. Several new streets have been formed in this neighbourhood. To the S. is the Orsted Park, embellished with a statue of Orsted, the naturalist (d. 1850; PI. B, 5, 6). The Aristocratic Quarter of Copenhagen lies to the N. E. of the Kongens Nytorv. and consists of the Bredgade (PI. E, 5, 4), the St. Annae-PladSj and the Amalie-Gade. At No. 2 Dronningens Tvaergade, corner of the Bredgade, is the *Picture Gallery of Count Moltke (PI. 26; adm., p. 206), consisting of about 150 works by Dutch painters of the 17th cent, and the other Netherlandish masters. It includes several fine works by masters of the first rank, such as Rubens, Rembrandt, Hobbema, and Ruysdael. Further on, to the left, is the Marble Church, ot Frederiks- kirke (PI. E, 4, 5), begun in 1749, but only now approaching com- pletion at the expense of the banker Tietgen. Adjacent is a small Greek Chapel, in the Russian style, with three characteristic towers ; it contains some good paintings by Russian artists. The Anthropological Museum (PI. 1 ; E,4), Bredgade 46, is open from May to September on Sat. , 9-11 . Adjacent is the Surgeons' Hall (PI. 17), near which are the Roman Catholic Chapel (PI. 11), and the Frederiks-Hospital (PI. 4; E, F, 4). — The N.W. corner of the town is formed by a series of parallel streets of one-storied houses, occupied chiefly by sea-faring men and their families, erected at the beginning of the 17th cent, under Christian IV., and extended by Christian VII. during last century. In the midst of them rises the Church of St. Paul (PI. 12; E, 4). 216 Route 27. COPENHAGEN. Frederiksberg. The Amaliegade (PI. E. 5. F. 4) is broken by the octagonalFred- eriks-Plads . which is embellished with an equestrian ^Monument of Frederick V. (d. 1766) in bronze, erected in 1771 by the Asiatic Tradinir Company, and designed by Saly, a French sculptor. The four uniform rococo buildings enclosing the Plads together form the Amalieborg (PI. E, F, 5). which is now occupied by the reign- ing monarch Christian IX., the Crown Prince, and the minister of the exterior. Walks. Besides the Rosenborg Garden (p. 216) may be men- tioned the ^ Groningeri' esplanade, between the citadel and the town^ and its continuation on the side next the sea, called the * Lange Linie (PI. F, 2, 3). affording a pleasant promenade, with a view of the sea. At the S. end of the Lange Linie are the Toldbod (PI. 44 ; F, 4), or custom-house, the Meteorological Institute (PL 22; F, 4), and a new English Church, which is now approaching com- pletion. Towards the end of the Esplanade next the Bredgade is a cafe, and in the Lange Linie, at the end of the harbour, is the Lange Linies Pavilion, a cafe-restaurant. At the end of the quay is a Monument by Ring, commemorating the naval contest against the Swedes in the Kogebugt in 1710 and the heroic conduct of Ivar Hvittfeldt, a Danish commodore , who sank with his vessel during the battle. To the N. of the Lange Linie are several Sea-bathing Establish- ments, the shortest way to which is by the street leading through the citadel. A little to the E. of the baths is a large Blind Asylum (PL E. 2) and a Deaf and Dumb Asylum. The adjacent Garrison Cemetery (Fl. D, 2) and the Holmens Cemetery (PL C, D. 2. 3) con- tain numerous military monuments. The ^Environs of Copenhagen, as well as the whole of the N.E. part of Zealand, are very attractive. The rich corn-iields, green pastures, and fine beech-forests . contrasting with the blue-green water of the Sound, are enlivened with numerous chateaux . coun- try-houses, and villages. To the W., and immediately contiguous to the city, lies the suburb of Frederiksberg, with 26,150 inhab. , and the palace of the same name (IV2 ^- from the Yesterport, reached by tramway or omnibus). Outside the Yesterport . to the left, rises the new Exhibition Building for Northern Industry, with stalls for the sale of all kinds of commodities. Farther on . at the entrance to the Tivoli (p. 206), rises the Friheds-Stotten , or Column of Liberty (PL A, 7), an obelisk of sandstone erected in 1778 to commemorate the abolition of serfdom. The road then leads through the Fre- deriksberg- Allee, with its numerous pleasure-gardens (p. 206). At the entrance to the Frederiksberg-Have, or palace-garden, rises a Statue of Frederick VI. (d. 1839) by Bissen. The Frederiksberg Palace, erected in the Italian style under Frederick lY. (d. 1730), Wii^ncr tOebes.leipBig jjlb oaiiiis , Kulleit ijEngeltolm Ceogra-fi^i Ar.si:altTx.rL Dyrehave. COPENHAGEX. . 27. Route. 2\1 now a military school, lies conspicuously on an eminence. The chief attraction is the tine view from the shady terrace in front of the Palace. — Farther to the W. lies the Zoological Garden ( adni. 40 0.). To the S. of the road to Roeskilde, which passes this point, is the beautiful shady park of SiJndermarken, containing the large reservoir of the Copenhagen waterworks. Comp. the Map, p. 216. — In the Nycarlsberg, to the S. of this point, is the Sculpture Gallery ("Glyptotheket' ) of Mr. C. Jacob sen, containing works of modern masters (open on Sun. 1-3. and for strangers at any time, adm. 25 o., catalogue 20 o.). The Klampbnborg Railway, a short branch of the N. Zealand line [p. 218). connects Copenhagen with the most frequented of the environs towards the N. The Klampenhoyg Station (PI. A, 6) lies a few paces to the N. of the jirincipal station. Trains in summer at half-past every hour on week- days, and every half-hour or oftener on Sundays (returning from Klampen- borg at 1/4 past each hour on week-days, and at 1/4 past and * 4_to each hour on Sundays). The journey occupies 25 min. ; fares 60, 40, 25 o. : stations Lygtevei (Norrbro), Hellevup (p. 218), Charlottenlund , Klampenhorg (see below). Carriage to Klampenborg5, there and back 8 cr., more on Sundays. Steam Tramway from the Triangel to Klampenhorg, see p. 205. About 41 2 M. to the N. of Copenhagen, in the midst of a beau- tiful park, is situated the royal chateau of Charlottenlund, generally occupied by the crown-prince in summer. It may be reached by the Klampenhorg railway, or by steam-tramway along the 'Strandvei'. At Charlottenlund is the Restaurant Constantia, and at the entrance to the woods, near the crown-prince's stables, is another cafe'-restau- rant. On the shore are the Charlottenlund Baths. About V 2 M. farther to the N. is the Hotel Skovshoved, which is I74M. from the Hotel Bellevue at Klampenhorg (^see below). A tine avenue leads from Charlottenlund to the N.W. to (I1/2 M.) the chateau of Berns- torff, the summer residence of the royal family, also situated in a park, and the hamlet of Jdgersborg (Inn). A very favourite excursion from Copenhagen is to the '^Dyrehave [usually called Skoven, or the forest; comp. Plan, p. 184), or deer- park, a beautiful forest of oaks and beeches. At the entrance, 2 M. to the N. of Charlottenlund. is the Bellevue Hotel, the landing-place of the steamers (p. 206). In the vicinity (1/4 M.) is the water-cure and sea-bathing establishment of Klampenhorg, w hich attracts nu- merous visitors in summer (Hotel and restaurant, tine view). Most of the numerous villas on the beach are let as summer-quarters. On a height, a little inland from Torbak [ox Taarb(fk\ stands the Eremitage (Restaurant), a shooting-lodge built by Christian VI. in 1736, near which groups of stags and deer are frequently observed (especially in the evening). A pleasant path leads hence via Eaa- vad (Restaurant) and Godthaab and through the tine wood of Jdgersborg to Skodsborg (*Bad€-Anstalt, R. & A. 3, 'pens'. 4 cr. ; dresund), another favourite bathing-place and the most beautiful spot on the Sound. — The Dyrehaves Bakken (^-deer-park hill), on 218 Route 27. FREDERIKSBORG. Environs the S. side of the park, is a favourite resort of the lower classes in summer. The costumes of the peasant women are often very be- coming. Near the spring called the Kirsten-Piils Kilde are clusters of booths and popular shows of all kinds, which with the beauti- ful neighbouring woods afford a pleasant picture of humble life 'al fresco'. The forester's house of Fortunen, in the S.W. corner of the Dyrehave , with a garden-cafe' , 2\/^ M. from the Klampen- borg station, commands an admirable view. N.E. Zealand. Feom Copenhagen to Helsingor, 37 M., by railway in 2 hrs. ; fares 3 cr., 2 cr., IV2 cr. ; 5 trains daily. By steamer in 21/2 hrs., twice daily from tlie pier at the corner of the Havne Gade and Nyhavn (PI. E, 6) ; fares 1 or. 50 0. and 1 cr. ; pleasure-trips ('Lystture') on Sundays at a re- duced rate ('tur og retur', i. e. return-tickets). If time permit, an excursion to Helsingor is best arranged thus (two days): railway to Klampenhorg^ see p. 217; open omnibus thence to (I/2M.) Torbiek, see above; (2V2 M.) Skodsborg, see above; (2 M.) Vedbcek, p. 219; (!• 4 M.) Smidstrtip ; (IV4 M.) Rungsted; and thence by steamer to Hel- singor. — Return-route: by railway to Fredensborg^ carriage to Frederiks- borg, train to Copenhagen. The Railway describes a wide curve through the district of Frederiksborg. 4 M. Hellerup, junction for Klampenborg (p. 217); 6 M. Gjentofte (chateau of Bernstorff, see p. 217); 8 M. Lyngby, near which are the villas of Sorgenfri, the residence of the Queen Dowager, with a beautiful rose-garden, and Frederiksdal. 11 M. Holte , also with pleasant environs , comprising the Dronn- inggaard on the Fur-So; 14 M. Birkerbd ; 17 M. Lillerod. 221/2 ^1- Hillerod {^Hotel Leidersdorff, opposite the palace ; Kjobenhavn. in the town; omnibus from the station 25 0., carr. to Fredensborg 6 cr. and fee), the principal town in the district of Frederiksborg, lies at the S. end of the Frederiksborg-So . On three small islands, near the W. bank of the lake , rises the handsome palace of *rrederiksborg, reached from the station in 1/4 hr. by turning to the right and then, in the town, to the left. The impos- ing, four-storied building, in the Renaissance style (p. 207), with towers and pediments, was erected by Christian lY. in 1602-20 on the site of an earlier palace of Frederick II. The building was renewed without and within after a lire in 1859. This palace is regarded as a national monument ; and part of it is to be devoted to a national historical museum. The palace-church, in which the Danish kings were once crowned, is worthy of a visit. The richly- adorned chapel contains fine modern pictures by Bloch (tickets issued by the intendant , in the picturesque inner court ; open daily, Sun. and holidays from 11.30 a.m. till an hour before sun- set, on week-days 9.30-11 and 1-4; fee 30 0.; at other times on week-days, 1-12 pers., 4 cr.). A carriage-road leads to the N.E. from Frederiksborg through beautiful oak and beech-woods to the (5 M.) Fredensborg, another favourite summer-seat of the royal family , near the picturesque of Copenhagen. HELSINGOR. 27 . Route. 219 EsTom-Sd, a fine view of which is enjoyed on the way. (Pedestrians, after inspecting the Frederiksborg Palace, should turn to the right in the middle court and quit the building by the gate to the right.) This chateau, erected in 1720 in commemoration of the peace ('Fre- den') which had just been concluded between Denmark and Swe- den, now contains a few old pictures. The village of Fredenshorg (*Store Krog Restaurant, with garden ; *Hansen's, near the station) is also a railway-station (28 M. from Copenhagen). The next stations are (32 M.) Kvistgaard and (37 M.) Helsingor (see below). The railway-station is on the E. side of the town. Carriage to the harbour 1 cr. The * Steamboat Jourxey to Helsingor (in 272 trs. ; p. 206) is preferable to the railway-route, as it affords a view of the pictur- esque coast of Zealand. The vessel touches at Bellevue (p. 217), Torhak (p. 217), Skodsborg (p. 217), and Vedbcek, with the beau- tiful park of Count Danneskjold-Samsoe (open); then, leaving the Swedish island of Hven to the right, at Rungsted, on which rises a monument to the Danish poet Ewald (d. 1791), at Humlebcpk, and at Snekkersten. Helsingor, or Elsinore (Hotel Oresund ; Rail. Restaurant), a small and very ancient commercial town with 9000 inhab., lies on the narrowest part of the Sound, which separates Zealand from the Swedish province of Skaane. The Gothic Raadhus in the principal street is a modern building. The *Kronborg, a picturesque fortress rising conspicuously on the N.E. side of the town, was constructed in 1577-85, and surrounded with ramparts and broad moats. After the fall of the Hanseatic League the Danish government assumed a right to levy toll here on all vessels passing through the Sound, but in 1857 agreed to a commutation of the obnoxious dues for a payment of 31/2 million pounds sterling by the commercial nations chiefly in- terested. The Danish batteries w^ere moreover unable without co- operation from the Swedish side, effectually to prevent the passage of vessels , as was proved on two different occasions by the English fleet (p. 207). The Flag Battery, where the Dannebrog, or national banner, is planted (open to the public; turn to the left on entering the fortress by the W. gate) , commands a beautiful view of the Sound, to inspect which a telescope may be borrowed of the guard. This battery is said to be the -platfoim of the castle of Elsinore' where the ghost tappeared to Hamlet. The Kronborg is also the scene of other intei-esting legends connected with Denmark. Thus the tutelary genius of the country. HoJger Danske, who is familiar to the reader of Andersen's fairy tales, is said to repose beneath the castle, ready to arise when Denmark is in danger. — The pulpit and choir-stalls in the castle chapel were carved by German masters, and restored in 1843. A room is shown in which Queen Caroline Matilda, wife of Christian VII., was once imprisoned. The rooms occupied by the royal family contain a number of pictures by Danish masters. The "flat roof "of the S.\V. tower commands an extensive inland view (ascent of tower, chapel, pictures 30 o., cbapel alone 20 o. 5 the guide expects a small fee in addition). 220 Routers. LUDWIGSLUST. Marielyst, a sea-bathing place, lies 3/^ M. to the N.W. of the Kxonborg. The chateau of that name . situated on a hill . is now a 'Curhaus'. A small column near it, without inscription, is said to mark Hamlefs grave (reached through the Curhaus , fee 65 5.). Nearer the beach is the Badehotel (warm baths), with garden, con- cert-room, cafe, and restaurant. — Pleasant walk hence along the ■wooded coast to (31/2^0 Hellebsek, another sea-bathing place. On the opposite Swedish coast the red chateau of Sofiero and the coal mines of Hogands [see below) are conspicuous. The Odinshoi, 11/2 M. farther, also commands a fine view. A pleasant excursion may be easily made from Copenhagen to Ilel- singborg , Ifalmo , and other places on the Swedish coast (see Baedekers Noricay and Sweden). 28. From Hamburg to Berlin. 178 31. Railway in 5V4-9 hrs. (express fares 27 m.. 20 m. 10, 14 m. 30 pf.- ordinary 23 m., 17 m. 20, 12 m. 50 pf.). Hamburg, p. 162. Custom-house formalities at the Hamburg station. 10 M. Bergedorf, where peasant-women wearing a peculiar and picturesque costume offer fruit and flowers for sale, belongs to Hamburg, Reinbeck and Friedrichsruh, in the Sachsenivald with its fine beeches, belonging to Prince Bismarck, are favourite resorts of the Hamburgers. At (22 Vo M.) Sckwarzenbeck the wood is quit- ted. 29 M. Buchen is the junction of the Liibeck-Liineburg line (see p. 162). Several chateaux and parks with deer are passed. Stations Boitzenburg. Brahlstorf, Pritzier, (59 M.) Hagenow (junc- tion for Schwerin and Rostock, R. 24), and Jasnitz. 72 M. Ludwigslust (Hotel de Weimar) is an occasional re- sidence of the Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, with a chateau and park. In front of the chateau is a bronze statue of Grand Duke Frederick Francis I. (d. 1837), by Albert Wolff. At WobbeUn, 472 M. to the X. of Ludwigslust, is the grave of the poet Theo. Korner, who fell in battle in 1813 at Gadebusch, 9 M. from Schwerin. From LuowiosLrsT to Paechim, 16 M., railway in 1 hr. (fares 2 m. 20, 1 m. 50 ■pf.). — Parchim {'Wall-IIdtel ; Hdtel deRussie), a small town with 9063 inhab., on the navigable Elde, is the birthplace of the famous Prussian field-marshal Count Moltke (b. 1800), to whom a monument by Brunow has been erected here. [From Parchim to Keu-Brandenbueg. 73 M.. railway in 7 hrs. (fares 8 m. 80, 5 m. 90 pf.). — 8'|2 M. Liibz, on the Elde.' — 211/2 M. Karow is the junction of the Giistrow-Plau line (p. 192). Numerous lakes and ponds. — 30 M. MalchoiD , on a lake of the same name, with a nunnery. — 431/2 M. Waren (Hotel du Nord ; Stadt Hamburg), a small town of 6389 in- hab. , carrying on an active grain-trade, is picturesquely situated on the Miiritz, the largest lake in Mecklenburg (50 sq. M. in area). Steamboats to Robel (li/ohr., fare 1 1/2 m.) and to Plan (p. 192) via Malchow (see above). Branch-railway to Malchin, see p. 192. — 73 M. Neu-Brandenb^trg , see p. 198.] 77 M. Grabow ; 82 M. Wendisch-Warnow \ 87^2 M. Karstddt. 99 M. Wittenberge (*Rail. Restaurant), on the Elbe, is the junction for Magdeburg (p. 99) via Stendal, and of branch-lines to Perleberg and Bicchholz (p. 155). PKENZLAU. 29. Route 221 108 M. Wilsnack possesses the most ancient chur'-h in this district. Stations Gloven, Zernitz (station for Kyritz and Wittstock), Xeustadt (where the Dosse is crossed). — 147 M. PauUnenaue. From Paulinenale to Nel-Rlppin , 17 M. , railway in V/i hr. (2 m. 40, 1 m. 80, 1 m. 20 pf.). — The train crosses the Havelldndische Luch and the Ehin-Luch , two extensive, partly-drained swamps. 10 M. Fe/trbellin, where the Great Elector of Brandenburg with 5000 cavalry defeated 11.000 Swedes in 16T5: a monument was erected on the field in 1879. — 17 M. Neu-Ruppin (Deutsches Haus), a town with 13. 985 inhab.. on the Ruppinev- See. After a destructive fire in 1787 the town was rebuilt, chielly at the cost of Fred. William II., who is commemorated by a monument, designed by Schinkel. A bronze statue of Schinkel, who was a native of Xeu-Ruppin, has also been erected (1883). The Abbey Church, a Gothic brick structure of the 13th cent., was restored by Fred. William III. Pleasant walk along the lake on the Ramparts, a remnant of the old fortifications. About 121/2 M. to the N.E. of Xeu-huppin lies Rheinsberg, a town of 2241 inhab., with the chateau where Frederick the Great lived when crown- prince from 1736 to 1740. Various reminiscences of this period are to be seen in the chateau and park. 156 M. Nauen; 165 M. Seegefeld. — 173 M. Spandau, see p. 92. The train now crosses the Havel and the Spree. 178 M. Berlin, see p. 1 ; some of the trains go on by the Stadt- bahii to (182 M.) the Silesian Station (p. 1). 29. From Berlin to Stralsund via Angermiinde. 149 31. Railway in 6 hr.^^. (fares 18 m.. 13 m. 50 pf., 9m.); express in 4V4 hrs. (in summer only). — To Swinemunde (125 M.) in 6'/4 hrs. (fares 17 m. 60, 13 m. 20, 8 m. 80 pf.). The most direct route from Berlin to Stralsund is via yen-Branden- burg (p. 193; 139 M. in 43 4-7 hrs.; express fares 20 m. 30, 15 m, 10, 10 m. 60 pf., ordinary, 18 m., 13m.50pf., 9 m.), besides which Oranienburg and Xeu-Htrelitz are the only important stations. From Berlin to (45 M.) Angermiinde. see R. 31. 50 M. Greif- fenherg ; 52 M. Wilmersdorf, situated amid beautiful woods ; 60 M. Seehausen. To the left the Uckersee. 68 M. Prenzlau [^Hotel de Prusse. R.. L.. cC- A. 2 m., B. 75 pf.; *Deutsches Haus ; Hotel du Nordj *Schu'arz€r Adler, unpretending), on the L'cker. the ancient capital of the L'ckermark. with 16.933 inhab., lies at the N. end of the lower Uckersee. The Gothic t'/iwrc/t of St. Mary, dating from 1340 and recently restored, is one of the finest brick structures in this district. Handsome town-gates, and fragments of the old town-walls. The best view of the lake, on which steamers ply in summer, is obtained from the Yolksgarten. 72 M. Bauer; 75 V2 -^1- Xechlin. 83 M. Pasewalk (Stuthmann's Hotel), the junction of the lines to Stettin, Schweriu, and Hamburg (R. 24). — Stations Jatznick (branch to Uckermiinde), Borckenfriede, (97 M.) Ducherow. Branch-Lixe in 50 min. to (24 M.) Stcineniiinde (p. 232), in the island of I'sedom. on the right bank of the narrow Peene. the W. branch of the Oder. 110 M. Anclam (Traube; Hotel du Nord), with 12,361 inhab., on the Peene, which is here navigable for small sea-vessels , and was formerly the frontier between Prussia and Sweden, contains 222 Route 29. STRALSUND. several picturesque old houses. The tower of the Steinthor is par- ticularly fine. The Hohe Stein, an ancient watch-tower 2 M. from the gate , was erected to protect the town against the Counts of Schwerin. Anclam is the seat of a military academy. 1'20 M. Zussow is the junction for Wolgast (11 M.), a busy commercial town on the Peene. and the ancestral seat of the Dukes of Pomerania. From Wolgast a diligence plies twice daily in summer to (5 M.) Zinnowitz (Belvedere, 'pens.' from 41/2 m.; Kagemann). a rising watering-place in the is- land of Usedom. Attractive walk to (5 M.) Cosero'c and the Streckelbevg Tp. 233). 131 M. Greifswald (*Deutsches Haus, R., L., & A. 21/2 m., B. 80 pf.; *H6tel de Prusse), a town with 21,333 inhab., possesses a university founded in 1456 (900 students), and several picturesque late-Gothic gabled houses , especially in the market. The Church of St. Nicholas, with a fine tower, was built in 1300-26 ; St. James's and St. Mary's are of earlier date : the last has a handsome carved altar. The Monument in the Rubenow-Platz, opposite the University, commemorates the 400th anniversary of the foundation of the latter. A little to the W. of the town are some Salt Springs, with a bath- house. — Steamboat to ^ugren, seep. 224; the steamer landing- place is about 1 M. from the railway-station. The small river Rvck connects Greifswald with the Greifswalder Bod- den, a broad arm of the Baltic, 2 M. distant. At Eldena, near the mouth of the river, are the ruins of the Cistercian monastery o{ Hilda, destroyed by the Swedes. Concerts in summer at the adjacent Elisenhain, with its fine beeches. Opposite Eldena is the fishing-village of Wieck. Steamers from Greifswald, 20 pf. From (140 M.) Miltzow a diligence runs daily to Garz and Putbus, in the island of Riigen ; see p. 225. — 143 M. Wilstenfelde. 149 M. Stralsund. — Hotels. *H6tel de Brandeboceg (PI. a ; B, 4), Monch-Str. 50. R., L., & A. 3, D. 2 m.; -Goldener Lowe (PI. b; C, 8), Alter 3Iarkt 2, 3; Schroder's Hotel (PL c; B. 5), Neuer Markt 3; Hotel Bismarck (PL d; B, 3), Miihlen-Str. 20, R., L.', & A. from l>/2 m., with a restaurant, commanding a fine view from the terrace; 'Hotel Fahr- HAUs, at the harbour, unpretending. Restaurants. Volksgarten, near the station; Amtsberg, Heilgeist-Str. 87; Rathhauskeller ; Friedi'ich, Baden-Str. 44; Wullfcrona, HeilgeistStr. —Con- fectioner. Thensen, Alter Markt 9. Summer Theatre in the Elysium. Sea Baths at Schmietendorff^s, Strand-Str. 1 (above PL B, 1). Cabs. Drive within the town, 50 pf., to one of the surburbs or to the station 75 pf.. with trunk 1 m. Post and Telegraph Office (PL 10; B, 3), Miihlen-Str. 42. Steamboat to Malmo and Copenhagen, seep. 203; to Riigen, see p. 225. Stralsund, the capital of a district, with 28,725 inhab., lies on the Strelasund, a strait 2 M. wide, which separates Riigen from the mainland. The town is entirely surrounded by water, being connected with the mainland by three moles only. The lofty gabled houses, the towers, and the Gothic churches of brick resem- ble those of Rostock and Liibeck. The fortifications are being removed. Stralsund was founded in 1209, and soon attained to such prosperity that in the 14th cent, it was second in importance, among the Hanseatic towns on the Baltic, to Liibeck alone. The citizens adopted the reformed faith at an early period, and were therefore on the side of Sweden during STRALSUND. 29. Route. 223 the Thirty Years' War. In 1628, aided by Danish and Swedish vessels, they gallantly defended their town against Wallenstein, who had sworn to take it, 'though it had been chained to heaven", but was compelled to abandon the siege after losing 12,000 men. By the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 the town, together with the province of Vor-Pommern and the island of Riigen, was ceded to Sweden, to which, notwithstanding its capture by the Great Elector in 1678, and by the Prussians, Danes, and Saxons in 1715, it con- tinued to belong down to 1815, when it became Prussian. On leaving the station, we pass through theXribseer Thor and reach the Neue Markt [Fl. B, 5) in a straight direction. The Marienkirche, situated here (PI, 6; open daily in summer, 11-12 a.m. and 3-4 p.m.), erected in 1416-73, is a vast brick structure with a transept, aisles, and a series of chapels between the flying buttresses. Two modern stained-glass windows were presented by Frederick William IV. The tower affords a fine survey of the peculiar, insulated position of Stralsund, and part of the island of Riigen. (Sacristan at the back of the church, Marien-Str. 10.) Opposite the Marienkirche, to theN., a broad street leads to the left to the Alte Markt (PI. B, C. 3), a fine mediaeval Platz. The handsome Rathhaus (PI. 11) dates partly from the 13th century. The two rich facades fronting the market, built in the loth and modernised in the 18th cent., have been recently restored in the original style. The large Council Chamber contains portraits of Swedish and Prussian kings, and one of the ante-chambers those of Stralsund Burgomasters. — The Xeu-Voepommer''sche Provin-zial-Mcseum . in the upper floor, con- tains an important Collection of Xorthern Antiquities, mediaeval ornaments (golden ornaments from Hiddensue, of the 10th or lith cent.), weapons, coins and objects of historical interest connected with Stralsund and Rugen (open daily from May till Sept., 11-1; at other times on application to the castellan of the Rathhaus). — The Municipal Library was founded in 1709. Beyond the Rathhaus rises the Nicolaikirche, (PI. 7), a noble edifice begun in 1311, resembling theMarienkirche. The high-altar, carved in wood in the 15th cent, and restored in 1856, represents the Passion ; fine bronze slab dating from 1357 ; carved altarpieces ; brazen candelabra and sconces ; remains of a Gothic ciborium of wood ; benches of the 16th cent. ; at the entrance to those of the Kramer, or merchants, is the polite intimation : 'Dat ken kramer ist de blief da buten, oder ick schla em up de schnuten' (literally. 'He that's no merchant stay without , else I shall strike him on the snout !'). The sacristan lives opposite the S.W. tower. To the S. stands the Jacobikirche (PI. 4). a Gothic building with nave and aisles of different heights, terminating at tlie E, end in a straight wall. The W. facade is surmounted by a slender and richly-decorated tower. In the interior are a fine carved altar and a font of the 13th (?) century. From the Alte Markt the Fdhrstrasse (PI. C, 3) descends to the Fiihrthor, outside which is the steamboat-quay. A steamer plies tonxly to Alte f ah r (p. 2'2b: train to Bergen, see p. '229), whence an admirable *View of Stralsund is obtained. 224 RrAiteSO. RUGEN. The handsome new barracks (PL D. 5) near the Frankenthor are occupied by infantry. In the Strelasund. to the S.E. of the Franken- thor, is the small fortified island of Ddnholm. In the Frankenvor- stadt is the large fish-breeding establishment of Andershof. In 1809, when the war between France and Austria broke out, Major Ferdinand v. Schill, a distinguished Prussian officer of hussars, quitted Ber- lin with his regiment without the knowledge of the king, with a view to eil'ect a patriotic rising against the French in X. Germany. His noble effort was, however, premature, and met with little response, and he and his corps were eventually driven back to Stralsund by the Westphalian and Dutch allies of the French. The town was taken by storm, and after a heroic defence Schill and most of his corps were killed in the streets. Eleven captured officers were afterwards shot at ^Yesel by order of Xapo- leon. The spot where Schill fell is indicated by an inscription in the pavement of the Fahrstrasse (opposite the house Xo. 21). His head was preserved in spirit at Leyden till 1837, when it was finally interred at Brunswick (p. 141). His body reposes in the Knieper Cemetery. 3 4 ;jf. from the gate of that name. The grave, in the X.E. angle, was originally marked by a simple iron slab without a name, bearing the inscription, partly from Virgil (.^n. ii. 557): — Magna voluisse magnum. Occubvit fato: '■Jacet ingens litore truncus^ Avolsumque caput: tamen hand sine nomine corpus." The house in the Fahr-Str. in which the chemist Seheele (1742-86), the discoverer of oxygen gas, was born, is marked by a tablet. 30. The Island of Riigen. Plan of Excursion. Steamboat in the afternoon from Greifswald to Lauterbach. walk or drive to Putbus, and spend the 'night there. 1st Day. Drive in I1/2, or walk in 2V'2 hrs., to the Jagdschloss; walk in 1,2 hr. to Bim ; row or sail thence to Sassnitz in _2V2 hrs. . and walk to Stubben- kammer in 3 hrs. — 2nd Day. Walk in 2^ 2, or drive in 1' '2 hr.. to Sagard, and return thence to Stralsund . either by steamboat via Polchow ., or by carriage to Bergen and thence by train. — If the traveller have three days at his disposal , he may drive on the second by the Schaabe to Arcana in 7 hrs. (or walk to Lohme and row or sail thence), and return to Stralsund on the third from Breege (by steamboat, at 7.30 a.m.), or by Vieregge and Bergen (see p. 229). Arcona', however, is inferior to Stubbenkammer, and should either be seen first (in which case, take steamboat to Breege, walk in 21,4 hrs. to Arcona, and sail next morning, weather permitting, to Lohme, and walk thence to Stubbenkammer), or entirely omitted. The above mode of exploring the island is the pleasantest, and aflfords considerable variety, but a carriage may be hired for the whole excursion at Putbus. Bergen, Polchow, or Sagard. The deep-blue water of the bays and the magnificent green beeches are the attractive features of Riigen scenery, but a great part of the island is flat, sandy, and uninteresting. Putbus. Lauterbach. Sassnitz. and^mz (less pretentious) are the pleasant- est places for a prolonged stay. Carriages with two horses may be hired at Putbus, Bergen, Altefahr, Sassnitz, Mariendorf. Binz, and Seedorf, and at Polchow and Stubben- kammer if ordered previously. Usual charges from Putbus: to the pier at Lauterbach. i-2 pers. I1/2 m.", more than 2 pers. 2 m.: to Lauterbach and back 2'/2 m.: Friedrich-Wilhelmsbad 272 m. : per hour 2 m.; to the Glewitz Ferry 71 2 m. : Garz or Bergen and back 6V2 m.: Jagdschloss and back in 1,2 day 8 m.: to Altefahr 13i 2 m., to Stubbenkammer and back in one day 21 m. . or by the Jagdschloss and Sassnitz and back by Bergen or the Schmale Heide in two days 27 m. ; to Sassnitz 12 m. — One-horse carriage one-third less. STRALSUf*©) l: 12.500 1 ^mmasiom B4' 8.E77mna7uUmtur C3 2 Bafenhmaau DJ-j dZogen B.*.B.5 3 FauptzoUa/fU QZ^^Tostu Telegraph. B.3. Kirdien: niJlaOJuuis B 3. ^ JciLobLkirche Ci.\\i2££ffi£r'ung C.4. ^Kiithol K V.akzSjnagoge B a*— >. r>JIaru7ik,f(Ji<' B.5. liTTte^iteT- B.Ca "^f 1 ytco7aikirch£ C.3jm.Zaui7iaits B*. ^>' graph Jtostalt von Wa^iiOT- 1 Delj e s ,Leipng. is s e^lroTaj»eTli?T.ck. V -^i -^i- \: -^^.-^-Di ^'*l-^" :> I 11 luiaeiia »ieogr apii. Aristaii -■ Rugen. PUTBUS. 30. Route. 225 Sailing Bdats. (As there is no fixed tariflf, an arrangement in advance is desirable.) From Lauterbach to the island of Vilm, with stay, 2-3 m,, to Mtinchgut 8-10 m.; from Binz to GiJhren 5, to Sassnitz 10, to Stubbcn- kammer 14 m. ; from Sassnitz to Stubbenkammer 4-6 m. ; from Lohme to Arcona 12-14 m. ; from Glowe to Arcona 10-12 m. ; from Vitte to Lohnae 12-15, sometimes 18 m. As the wind is very variable no very definite duration can be assigned for any of these excursions. Diligence between Samtens, Garz , Putbus, and Bergen twice daily; between Miltzow fp. 222), Garz, and Putbus once daily; between Bergen and Putbus, and between Bergen and Sagard once daily. In summer a post- omnibus also runs between Putbus and several diflerent places on the island. Steamboat from Greifsicald to Lauterbach (Putbus) in 2 hrs., in summer daily, except Sun., starting about 2.30 p.m.-, fares 3 and 2 m., return 472 and 3 m.; omnibus from Lauterbach to Putbus 50 pf. From Lauterbach the steamer goes on to Mai-iendorf, in the peninsula of Monchgut. — From Stral- suiid to Lauterbach (3 hrs.), Seedorf (4 hrs. ; station for Binz, etc.), and Zicker (Gohren) thrice weekly (Mon., Wed., Frid.). — From Stralsund daily in summer (except Sun.) at 3 p.m. to Hiddensoe, Wittower Fdhre, Vier- egge, uni Breege (station for Arcona) in 31/2 hrs. (fares 2^4, IV2 m.), and to Polchow (for Stubbenkammer and Sassnitz) in 4 hrs. (3V4 or 2 m.). On Wed. and Sat. the steamer goes on from Polchow to Ralswiek, 3 M. from. Bergen, in 1 hr. more (fares 81/4 or 2 m.). Conveyances from Breege to Arcona, Polchow to Sassnitz, etc., may be ordered through the captain. — From Stettin (p. 230) to Sassnitz and Crampas via Swinemiinde and Heringsdorf (p. 232), daily, except Sun., in 7-8 hrs. (4 hrs. open sea), fare 10or7',2m. — Before the middle of May and after the middle of August the trips are less numerous, while in the height of summer the regular lines are sup- plemented by numerous excursion steamers. Comp. Berndfs Verkehrs- Ilandbuch fiir Neuvorpommern und Riigen (20 pf.). Railway from Stralsund to Bergen, see p. 229. Steam Ferry hourly between Stralsund and Altefahr in 10 min (fare 30 pf.), leaving Stralsund at the half-hours and Altefahr at the hours. Riigen, the largest island belonging to Germany (377 sq. M. ; 371/2 ^^- long, and 25 M. wide), with 46,115 inhab., is separated from the mainland on the S.W. by the Strelasund (p. 222), which at the narrowest part is l^/o M- in breadth. The deep bays by which the Island is indented in every direction form a number of peninsulas, connected with it by narrow strips of land only. The most im- portant of these are Wittoio and Jasmund on the N. and Monchgut on the S. side of the island. Rugen, which was originally inhabited by the Germanic Rugii, was afterwards occupied by a Slavonic race , who resisted the influences of Christianity and civilisation down to the middle of the 14th century. In 1478, after the native princes had become extinct, the island was annexed to W. Pomer- ania, the fortunes of which it thenceforward shared (comp. p. 223). Putbus. — FuKSTENHOF, in the Promenade, pleasantly situated, R., L., & A. 2 m., D. IV2 m. well spoken of: Bellevue, in the Circus, well spoken of; Adler, unpretending, R. i^j-z m. ; Deutsches Hals, in the market; Dorschlag's Hotel, Louisen-Str. — At Lauterbach, the -Victoria Hotel, and near it the *Badehaus, both suited for a prolonged stay. — Carriages^ see p. 224. Putbus, the principal place in the island, and residence of the Prince of Putbus, whose estates are 129 sq. M. in area and contain 16,000 inhab., lies about 2 M. from the sea. The cheerful little town consists chiefly of the Promenade and the Circus ; the latter is adorned with a monument to the founder. Baedeker's N. Germany. 9th Edit. i5 226 Route 30. PUTBUS. Riigen. The Palace, in the park, in the late-Renaissance style, com- pleted in 1872, stands on the site of an older building, which was burned down in 1865. The facade is adorned with six lofty Ionic columns, and there is a handsome terrace at the back. The palace contains some valuable works of art , including marble statues by Ranch and Thorvaldsen, and several good pictures. In front of it rises a Statue of the late prince (d. 1854), by Drake, %vlth reliefs on the pedestal. The park, which affords beautiful walks, contains the Mausoleum of the princely family. The bathing-places are IY2 M. distant, near Lauterbach (hotels, see above), which is charmingly situated on the Riigen scheBodden. Omnibus thither 5-6 times daily (30 pf.). Behind the bath-house is a fine beech-wood called the 6oor. The beautiful island of Vilm (boat, see p. 225) contains magnificent oaks and beeches. ITear Neuencamp, on a small peninsula, 3 M. to tlie S. of Putbus, is a Monument to the ^Great Elector\ on the spot where he landed with his army in 1678 for the purpose of wresting the island from the Swedes. To THE Jagdschloss, l^j-^ M., a good and well-shaded road, on which lies (IV2 ^^O Vilmnitz, with a church containing the burial- place of the Counts and Princes of Putbus. At Gross-Stresow, to the right near the coast, there is a monument to Fred. William I. of Prus- sia. The Granitz, a beautiful deer-park in which the Jagdschloss (or 'hunting chateau') is situated, is entered by a gate (carr. 25 pf.). The Jagdschloss , erected from designs by Schinkel in 1835- 46, and situated on an eminence , contains several good modern pictures by Kolbe and Eibel, and a collection of Riigen antiquities. The platform, to which an iron staircase ascends, commands a line *View (fee 75 pf., for a party 2-3 m.). The forester keeps a small Inn at the foot of the hill. The Kiekdver and other points in the park are worth visiting. The rugged peninsula of Monchgut is best visited from Lauterbach (steamer, see p. 225). View from the *Grosse Peerd, the E. extremity of the peninsula, 7 M. from the Jagdschloss : also from the Bakenberg in Gross- Zicker, whence the indentations of Monchgut are best observed, and from TMessow. at the S. extremity. Gohren (Hotel Brandenburg; *Wendt's Hotel, unpretending), with an excellent beach, and other places in Monch- gut are frequented for sea-bathing. The primitive customs and peculiar costume of the natives are interesting. From the Jagdschloss a road descends to the N. (right) to the (2 M.) hamlet of Binz (*Kliinder's Inn, R. i^/om. ; Strand Hotel), which is frequented as a bathing-place. The beach is the best in Riigen. The road next passes the picturesque Schmachter See, bounded on theW. by wooded hills, traverses the isthmus called the Schmale Heide , and then unites with the road from Putbus to Sa- gard, not far from the (3 M.) forester's house of Prora. A slight digression may be made to the Schanzenherg , near (1 hr.) Lubkoic, an open eminence in the midst of the woods, commanding an ex- tensive view. Immediately beyond the Schmachter See we follow the road to the left to Dollakn and Luhicoic, turn to the right from the latter on the Putbus and Sagard road for 3/4 M. , then ascend to the left by an oak, to (5 min.) the top of the hill. — Prora (see above) is V2 M. beyond this point. Rilyen. STUBBENKAMMER. 30. Route. 227 Neu-Mucran [poor inn), 41/2 M. from tte forester's house, is next reached. The road divides here. That to the left goes to (31/2 M.") Sagard (see p. 229). — That to the right leads to Mucran, to the N. of which lies the Dwarsied, an extensive wood on the steep sea-shore , with the country-seat of Herr von Hansemann (park open to strangers). From Mucran the road leads by the estate of Lanken to the thriving little bathing -places of Cram-pas (Gasthaus zum Wall- lisch, with a terrace), and Sassnitz (*^o To the N. of Sagard and E. of Quoltitz is a so- called 'Opferstein', or altar, resembling those already mentioned (p. 228). To the S. of Sagard, immediately to the left of the Bergen road, is the Dubberworth, the largest tumulus, or 'giant's grave', in liugen. The road from Sagard to (IOY2 ^0 Bergen crosses the narrow passage between the Grosse and Kleine Jasmunder Bodden by a bridge and an embankment at the Lietzow Ferry (Inn). Bergen {*Prinz von Preussen; ^Rathskeller, R., L., & A. I^j-im. ; Ooldner Adler , unpretending), a town with 3662 inhab., is the official capital of Riigen and the neighbouring islands. The conspicuous Church with its lofty tower is in the late-Romanesque style and dates from the 12th century. The Rathhaus contains a small collection of Riigen antiquities. — To the N.E., ^/i^ix. from the town, rises the Rugard (321 ft.), crowned by an intrenchment, the remains of a stronghold which was destroyed in 1316, and with a tower to the memory of Arndt, the poet (adm. 20 pf. ; Restaurant). The *View is very extensive and picturesque, especially by evening-light. Bergen is now connected with Stralsund by a Railway, 18 M. long, opened in 1883 (2\'4 hrs. ; fares 1 m. 90, 1 m. 25 pf.). The intermediate stations are: 3 M. Teschenhagen ; 7 M. Samtens (see below); 101/2 M. Rambin; 14 M. Altefahr (Hotel Putbus; Goldner Adler; Giitschow, unpretending), a bathing -resort (see p. 225); 16 M. Stralsund Harbour. — Stralsund, see p. 222. From Samtetis (see above) a diligence runs once daily in I3/4 Lr. to (91/2 M.) Putljus. On the road, 4 M. from Samtens, lies G-arz (Hotel du Nord), the ancient Carenza, formerly the capital of the island, destroyed by the Danes in 1168. A well-preserved circular wall here is a relic of heathen times. Schoritz, 2 M. to the S., was the birthplace of the poet Arndt (b. 1769 ; d. 1860 at Bonn). 31. From Berlin to Dantsic by Stettin. 312 M. Railway to Stettin, S3 M., in 2V2-3V'2 hrs. (express fares 13 m. 50 pf., 10 m.; ordinary 12. 9, 6 m.). From Stettin to Dantsic, 229 M., in 81/4-101,2 hrs. (fares 29 m. 90, 22 m. 40 pf., 15 m.). '^Berlin, see p. 1. — I-A'/q M. Bernau, a small town, was gal- lantly defended by its inhabitants against the Hussites in 1432. Armour, said to have been captured on that occasion, and other antiquities are shown in the mediaeval tower of the Berliner Thor (adm. 50 pf.). — 20 1/2 -^l- Biesenthal. a small place with mineral baths. 28 M. Eberswalde (*Deutsches Haus ; Pommersches Haus; *RaiL Restaurant), a busy town with 11,524 iuhab. on the Finoia Canal, has lately been frequented by the Berliners as a summer-resort. The large Foresters' Academy contains appropriate collections. On the way to the Gesundbrunnen is a bust of O. F. von Hagen (d. 1880), an authority on forestry, erected in 1884. Branch Railway to Fkkienwalde (12 M.) in 35 min. (fares 1 m. 70, 1 m. 30, 60 pf.). — 6M. Mederjinow; 8 31. Falkenberg, near which is Ilerr 2^0 Route 31. STETTIN. From Berlin von Jena's fine park of Kothen. — 12 M. Freienwalde (Schertz; Drei Kronen ; Poy; Kurhaus) is a small watering-place, with several weak chaljbeate springs , in the prettiest part of the Mark of Brandenburg ; pleasant ex- cursions to the Baa-See (3 hrs.), the Alexandrinen-Bad, Ednigshohe, Kothen, Schiceizerhaus, Hammei'thal, and Falkenherg. Beyond Eberswalde the Finow Canal is crossed. 31 M. Britz. To the right, near (36 M.) Chorin, the picturesquely-situated old monastery of that name soon becomes visible. The fine early-Gothic abbey-church, the burial-place of the Margraves of Brandenburg, is now in a ruinous condition. The line skirts the Paarsteiner See. 45 M. Angermiiiide (Wegner, R., L., & A. 2 m., D. 13/^ m. ; Railway Restaurant), an ancient town with a lofty Gothic church of the 14th and 15th centuries. About 3 M. to the N. lies Count Redern's chateau of Goerldorf, with a deer-park. — From Anger- miinde to Stralsund, see R. 29. Branch-Line to Schwedt (Radloff) on the Oder (I41/2 M., in 3/4 hr.; fares 2 m. 10, 1 m. 60 pf., 1 m.). The chateau here was once the seat of the Margraves of Brandenburg-Schwedt, descendants of the 'Great Elector', who became extinct in 1788. From Angermunde to Frankfort on the Oder, 60 M., railway in 5 hrs. (fares 8 m. 70, 6 m. 50, 4 m. 30 pf.). — I8V2 31. Freienwalde (see above), where the line unites with that from Eberswalde. 25V2 M. Wriezen (Goldener Lowe; Prinz von Prenssen), a small town on the Alte Oder. At (42 M.) Werbig (p. 285) the line intersects the railway from Berlin to Dantsic via Dirschau (R. 32). — 60 M. Frankfort on the Oder, see p. 252. The line traverses the valleys of the Randow and Welse, and the Pominerenzdorfer Wiesengrund. 55 M. Passow ; 69 M. Tantow. Views of the large Damm'sche See are obtained to the right. 83 M. Stettin. — Arrival. Stettin possesses two railway- stations, that of the Berlin-Stettin Railway (PL C, 5, 6), and that of the Breslau- Freiburg Railway (p. 232), IV4 M. to the W., on an island in the Oder. Hotels. ""Hotel de Prusse, Luisen-Str., R. 2' '2, L. 1/2 A. V25 B. 1 m. ; *H6tel DU NoRD, =''Drei Kronen, and *Deutsches Haus, in the Breite-Str. ; Kaiserhof, Bollwerk 37; Bode's Hotel, Konig-Str. 8, l^oth near the sta- tion; Gdtke's Hotel Garni, Griine Schanze4. The hotel-charges are much raised at the time of the wool-market (19th-20th June). Restaurants. Tessendorf, Rossmarkt-Str. 14 (oysters); Kroher, Schuh- Str. 12; Aux Caves de France, Kleine Uom-Str. 5. — Beer. '-Webersberger, Parade-Platz 9; ''Concerthaus, at the Konigs-Thor-, Zutn Franziskaner^ Gr. Wollweber-Str. 19; Luisengurten, belonging to the Hotel de Prusse, — Jenny, confectioner, with garden, Kleine Dom-Str. 20. Tramways. 1. From Bellevue. at the S. end of the town, through the Friedrichs-Str. (PL B, 5) and Linden-Str. (PL B, 5) and over the Ross- markt (PL C, 3, 4) to the Konigs-Thor (PL C, 3) and on to Grabow-Frauen- dorf. 2. From Westend via the Rossmarkt (PL C, 8, 4) and the Politzer- Str. (PL B, C, 1, 2) to Griinhof. Steamboats. To Copenhagen, see p. 204; to Rilgen, p. 225. To DaiHsic (24 hrs.), every 6-7 d;.ys ; Elbing (35 hrs.), once a week ; Konigsberg (8'-5 hrs.), twice weekly; Kiel (24 hrs.), once weekly; Flenshurg (24 hrs.), every S- 10 days. Post Office, Griine Schanze 20. Telegraph Offices , at the Post Office , the Railway Station , and the Exchange in the Heumarkt. Baths. Pioneer Swimming Bath near the Parnitz-Thor ; in the Neustadt: Victoria-Bad, Wilhelm-Str. 20. Cab, per drive for 1-2 pers. 60 pf. United States Consul, Mr. H. Kiefer. Stettin, the capital of the Province of Pomerania, and the head- quarters of the 2nd Corps d'Arme'e , with 99,457 inhab. and a li! W^u~ 7^^r: v; v$^ I ..M 1 _JU. /^^ STETTIN. }• Jo/iajimskLTche C 4- • W 1 S'Pp/e? uJPcalilireht. C 3 _ (• ^etsqeiicM B 5 e 7 Post C o S 'BaiOuitLS D 4- I ^rWois D 3 10 StandbtM Fncdr d Gr ^ £ 3 i 11 iwedr vak m C 3 12 Tlieata C 3 DIE IXSELX iz U SEDOM k WOLLIN \ *^' ^ ^ 1 800 000 -\ McrruHcr -V, ^» c//. ^'""'^^ S-eogra-yj.. ATiRtah. Ttm. toDantsic. STETTIN. 31. Route. 231 garrison of 6000 soldiers, originally belonged to the Dukes of Pomerania, who became extinct in 1637, then to Sweden from 1648 to 1720, and has since been Prussian. It is a commercial and manu- facturing town of great importance, situated on both banks of the Oder, the principal part being on the left bank, while on the right bank lie the quarters which were formerly the suburbs of Lastadie i^i. e. 'wharf^ and Silberwiese, connected with the left bank by four bridges, including a handsome railway swing-bridge. The Quay, extending from the station to the steamboat-pier, is the scene of brisk traffic, the water being sufficiently deep (16 ft.) for vessels of considerable size. Stettin possesses 125 sea-going craft, of which 56 are steamboats. The chief exports are corn and spirits ; and the chief imports petroleum, train-oil, French wines, and her- rings. Stettin is also the most important manufacturing place in Pomerania, the staple industries being sugar-refining, ship-build- ing, machine-making, and the manufacture of chemicals. The town contains little to interest the traveller. It was con- siderably extended about thirty years ago by the addition of the 'Neustadt' (PI. B, 4, 5, 6"), which possesses a number of hand- some buildings. Among these are the Hauptwache (PI. 2; B, 4), the Offkers' Casino, the Residence of the Commandant, and the Ber- lin and Stettin Railway Offices. The Kirch-Platz (PL B, 5) com- mands a fine view of the town. The Stadt-Museum, Elisabeth-Str. 10, contains a few modern pictures (open Sun. and Wed. 10-2). Opposite the Post Office is the new Rathhaus (PI. B, 5). The Berliner Thor and the Konigs-Thor (PI. A, 4; B, 3) are handsome structures of the time of Fred. William I. ; outside them a number of new buildings are rapidly springing up on the site of the old fortifications, the demolition of which was begun in 1874. Outside the Konigs-Thor is the new Concert-Haus. The Konigs-Platz is adorned with a copy in bronze of a Statue of Frederick the Great (PI. 10; C, 3") by Schadow, erected in 1793. The original, an admirable work in marble, now unfortunately much injured, is in the Landhaus , at the corner of the Luisen-Str. In front of the new Theatre (PI. 12), also situated in this Platz, stands a marble Statue of Frederick William III. (PI. 11), by Drake. The conspicuous old Schloss(¥l. 9; D,3)was begun in 1503, the N. and W. wings were completed in 1577 , and the building was altered in the 18th cent, and again recently. It was formerly the seat of the Dukes of Pomerania, and is now occupied by courts of justice and government-offices. It also possesses a collection of Pomeranian antiquities (open in summer on Sun., 11-1 ; at other times on application). The court is adorned with a bust of the Great Elector, in bronze, by Wichmann. The church contains the burial-vault of the dukes. The grotesque face of the clock in the tower of the S. wing may also be noticed. The tower commands a fine view of the town and environs. 22,2 Route 31. SWINEMUNDE. From Berlin The Exchange (PI. 1 ; D, 4) is situated in tlie Heumarkt. Near the Parnitz-Thor(Pl. E, 5) is the conspicuous new Railway Station for the line to Breslau (p. 233). The Church of St. James (PL 3) is an important-looking build- ing on an eminence in the centre of the town. The oldest part dates from the 13th cent. , and the whole was remodelled after the siege of 1677. — SS. Peter and Paul (PI. 5~), the most ancient church in Pomerania , was founded in 1124, and after various vicissitudes restored in 1816-17. The modern stained glass was presented by Frederick William IV. and Emperor Vr'illiam. Environs. The forest and river scenery around Stettin is attractive, particularly on the left bank of the Oder, below the town (see below). Kear Damm, about 7 M. to the S.E., lies Hokendorf, a favourite resort, in the midst of wood. Railway to Finkenwalde; thence to Hokendorf a walk of 11/4 M. — Steamers ply every 1/2 hr. to Frauendorf (tramway, p. 230) and Gotzlow (see below). From Stettin to Swinemdnde (railway via Pasewalk in SVa hrs., see p. 221) a steamer daily (Sundays and holidays excepted) in summer at noon, in 4 hrs. (fares 4 m., 3 m.j. Immediately after starting, we obtain a fine view of the busy town. To the left lie the villages of Grabow and BredoiD^ the latter containing the extensive workshops of the Vulcan ship- building company and that of Moller & Holberg. Then Zullchow, with several large factories. Frauendorf, with the Elisenhohe, is visible among the trees on the slope to the left. Gotzlow, with the wood-clad Julo, is a favourite popular resort. The boat next passes the Damm'sche See (to the left the small town of Politz), and enters the broader Papenwasser, where the little town of Stepeniiz is seen on the right. Two hours after start- ing the steamer reaches the Stettiner Huff, a fresh-water basin 62 M. in cir- cumference, divided into the Grosse and Kleine Haff, from which the Oder empties itself into the Baltic by means of three channels, the Peene, the Swine , and the Dievenow , thus forming the two large islands of Usedom and Wollin. The long windings of the Swine are avoided by means of the Kaiserfahrt , a canal which is protected against silting up by large moles and is deep enough for the passage of the largest ships. The steam- boat enters the canal. To the right in the distance rise the wooded Leb- biner Sandberge. The Friedrichsthaler Forst, which is here intersected by the canal, extends as far as Swinemiinde. Swinemiinde {Hotel de Prusse; Drei Kronen, good cuisine; "Hotel du Nord, unpretending, R., L., /4-12i 2 lirs. (fares 27 m. 80, 20 m. 90, 13 m. 90 pf.^ express 31 m. 20, 23 m. 20, i6 m. 30 pf.). — 12\-2 M. Schulitz. Beyond (31 M.) Thorn station, the train crosses the Vistula by a massive iron bridge to (32 31.) the town of Thorn. Thorn C Hotel Sanssouci; Drei Kronen; 'Victoria, R., L., & A. 27-2 m., B. 75 pf. ; Schicarzer Adler ; Schiitzenhaus Restaurant, with garden), with 23,914 inhab., is an old fortified town of some importance, on the Vistula. It was founded by the Knights of the Teutonic Order in 1231, and passed to Poland in 1454 and to Prussia in 1793. The handsome Rathhans of the 14th and 16th cent, contains a small museum (open daily 12-1) on the first floor ('Restaurant in the massive vaulted Rathskeller). On 7th Dec, 1724, the burgomaster Rosner and nine Protestant citizens were beheaded in front of the Rathhaus by order of the Polish government, in conse- quence of religious disturbances in the town, an incident known as the 'Blood Bath of Thorn' (-Thorner Blutbad"). The new Post Office, oppo- site the Rathhaus, is built in the same style as the latter. At the corner of the market-place is a bronze statue (by Tieck) of Copernicus (d. 1543), who was born at Thorn in 1473 (his grave is at Frauenburg, see p. 246). The Schiefe Thurm {i. e. leaning tower) and the old Schloss (erected in 1260, destroyed by the townspeople in 1420) also deserve inspection. The adjacent Junkerhof is being restored. The Church of St. John, an imposing edifice founded in 1231, possesses nave and aisles of equal height and an unusually low choir; the 1st chapel to the right contains a mon- ument to Copernicus, and an antique brazen font, with an illegible in- scription; in the choir is the fine monumental brass (1360) of Burgomaster Johann von Soest and his wife (sacristan, Johannis-Str. 99). The Marien- kirche, founded seven years later, is a building of the same description, but its eflect is somewhat marred by the addition of a gallery, with chapels beneath, in the left aisle. The pulpit, organ, and choir-stalls are good specimens of wood -carving. In a recess to the left of the high- altar is the tomb (sarcophagus with recumbent figure) of a Swedish prin- cess, who died in Thorn (sacristan in the court). The War Monument, outside the inner Culmer Thor, is a peculiar structure of coloured bricks and terracotta. Thorn is famous for its 'Pfefterkuchen", a kind of ginger- bread (sold by Weese, Elisabeth-Str.). — From Thorn to Warsaw, express in 71/4 hrs. ; to Posen.^see p. 256; to Marienhurg, see p. 237. 55 M. Bnesen; 67 M. Jablonowo (junction for Graudenz, see below); to Dantsic. DANTSIC. 32. Route. 237 79 M. Bischofswerder ; 89 M. Deutsch-Eplau, junction of the line from Srarien- burg to Warsaw (p. 246); 107 M. Osterode. From (132 M.) Allenstein, on the Alle^ branch-lines diverge to Johannisburg and Lyck (p. 251), Giilden- boden (p. 246). and Kobbelbude (p. 246). — 174 M. Korschen, junction of the line from Konigsberg to Lyck and Brest (p. 252). — 218 M. Insterburg^ see p. 251. From Thokn to Mariexburg, 85 M., railway in 8'/2hr3. (fares 8 m. 30, 5 m. 60 pf.); only one through-train daily. Several insignificant stations. From (23 M.) Kornatowo a branch-line diverges to (IQi/.'M.) Culm (Scfiwarzer Adler) , an ancient stronghold of the Teutonic Order (p. 245), on the lofty right bank of the Vistula. — 3772 M. Graudenz ( Schwarzer Adler ; Trettin; Gold. Lowe), with 17,321 inhab. , a strong fortress, picturesquely situated on the right bank of the Vistula, which successfully resisted the French in 1807. The commandant. Von Courbiere, when summoned to surrender, with the announcement that the kingdom of Prussia had ceased to exist, replied: 'Then I am king of Graudenz". Branch-lines to (14 M.) Laskowitz (see below) and (18V'2 M.) Jablonowo. — 60 M. Marienwerder (Hetzner. I'., L., om, fortified with towers and walls, externally a fine Gothic edifice of brick of the 14th cent. , is decorated in the interior in the bad taste of the 17th and 18th centuries. The celebrated Copernicus (p. 236), who died here as a canon in 1543, is said to have erected the tower containing the machinery for supplying the cathedral and vicinity with water. 70 M. Heiligenbeil ; 75 M. Hoppenbruch ; 78 M. WolittnicTc; 83 M. Ludu-igsort ; 90i/o M. Kobbelbude (branch to AUenstein, see p. 237); 94 M. Seepothen. 101 M. Konigsberg. — Hotels. *Dedtsches Hads (PI- a; D, 3), Theater-Str., R. 3, L. 1 m., A. 80 pf., D. 21/2 m., B. 1 m.; 'Hotel de Peusse (PI. b; C, 4), Kneiphofsche Langgasse 60, E. 21/2, L. 1 m., A. 60 pf., D 2V2 m.5 *K6xiGLicHER Hof (PI. c; C, 4), Kneiphofsche Langgasse 25 Hotel de Berlin (PI. d; C, 2). Steindamm 70; Hotel du Xoed (PI. e C. 2, 3), Steindamm 117, R. & A. 21/2, B. 3/^, D. l^/i m. ; -Schwan (PI. g E, 3). Mittelanger 28-, Hotel de Russie (PI. f; C, 2), Steindamm 124 Kronprinz von Preussen (PI. h ; 0, 4) ; Sanssodci, near the stations. Restaurants. -'CentralhalU, in front of the theatre ^ Felsenkeller, Miinz- Str. 14; '■ Gerstenmeyer, Parade-Platz ; Borsen Restaurant, in the Exchange (p. 250); Bellevue, on the Schlossteich, with garden.. — Wine. Spriegel, w I ^s,^J^f-^ 'JVZr ^Obcr^exG r>'~^/'r. ■^ ^'t 3)--" -'?'.'"■*"- i-/4*^"/r:<. / ^ W" ^ »^.t.i»....i...p.if , to Konigsberg. KONIGSBERG. 33. Route. 247 Kneiphofschc Langgasse 4-, Ehlers, Altsfadtische-Kirchen-Str. 2: Skibbe, Knciphofschc Langgasse 16; Blut-Geric/it, in the Schlosshof (p. 248), good wines. — Cafe. ''Bnuer^ Theater-Str. — Confectioners. "Steinev^ Junker-Str. \ ''Buccella , Pust-Str. 3, sells the best 'marchpane', a speciality of Konigs- berg : Zapp((, Franzcisischc-Str. 14. Cabs: 1 pcrs. 60 pf., 2 pers. 70, 3 pers. 80 pf., 4 pers. 1 m. per drive. Tramways traverse the streets in various directions ; fares 10 and 20 pf. Steamboats : to Elbing, via Pillau, twice weekly in 8 hrs. (fares 3, 2 m.)j to 3/em<;l, via Tapiau. Labiau, and Schwarzort, twice weekly in 14 hrs. (fares 4V-', 3 m.) ; to Tilsit, thrice weekly in 12 hrs. (fares 41/2, 3 m.); to Dantsic, etc. Exhibitions of Paintings, Hiibner d- Malz, Parade-Platz 5; Bon, Junker-Str. 7. Amber Wares. Liedtke, Prinzessin-Str. 2. Chief Attractions. Palace, Monuments of Kant and Frederick William III., ^"cw University, Stadt-Museum, Cathedral, New Exchange. Konigsberg, the second capital of Prussia, the seat of the provin- cial government and headquarters of the 1st Corps d'Armee , with 150,691 inhab. and a garrison of 6680 men, lies on undulating ground on the Pregel, A^/2 M. from its influx into the Frische Haff. The city consists of three quarters, which were anciently indepen- dent of each other: the Aitstadt (on the W. side, between the Schlossteich and Pregel), the Kneiphof (an island in the Pregel), and the Lobenicht (on the E. side, between the Schlossteich and the new Pregel). Konigsberg is now an important fortress; its exten- sive fortifications, including a girdle of twelve outlying forts, were commenced in 1843. The trade of the place is improving, and extensive goods-stations have been built to the W., on the Pregel. The shipping business is also increasing, but small vessels only can enter the Haff, the larger being obliged to unload at Pillau. The traffic with the corn-growing districts of the interior is carried on by means of numerous barges ; the other important commodities are flax, hemp, and brandy. Konigsberg was originally a fortress of the knights of the Teutonic Order, and was named after their ally King Ottocar of Bohetuia (1255). After the fall of the 3Iarienburg (p. 245) the town became the residence of the Orand Master, and afterwards (1525-1618) that of the Dukes of Prvssin. The Elector Frederick III. of Brandenburg assumed the title of King of Prussia here in 1701 , and after the disasters of 1806 Frederick William III. and his court retired to Konigsberg, where schemes for the salvation of the tottering kingdom where zealously canvassed by Baron Stein , W. v. Hum- boldt, York, and other illustrious men of the period. Konigsberg is also celebrated as the scene of the labours of the philosopher Kant (1724-1804), Herder, Hnnann, and other distinguished scholars. The Palace (PI. D, 3"), an extensive building, enclosing a large quadrangle, with a lofty Gothic tower, situated nearly in the centre of the city, was formerly the seat of the Teutonic Order. It was restored in 1532-54, and frequently altered in the 18thcentury. It now contains the apartments of the royal family and those of the president of the province, government-offices, the Archives (open daily 9-1), and a commercial school. The W. wing contains the Schlusskirche, where Frederick I. of Prussia was crowned in 1701, and William I. in 1861. The Province of Prussia is the cradl* of the 'Landwehr' , the names of numerous members of 218 Route 33. KONIGSBERG. From Dirschau which, who fell in 1813, are recorded on the walls of the church. Above the church is the spacious Moscowitek-Saal, employed for festivals, ex- hibitions of art, etc. (custodian in the E. wing, opposite). It was built by the Russians, at the time of the Seven Years' War, during their occupation of the town in 1758-62, and is one of the largest halls in Germany. The Tower, the summit of which is 330 ft. above the Pregel, commands an extensive prospect (custodian in the S.W. corner of the court). — The Blutgericht, in the N. wing, formerly the torture-chamber of the Schloss, is now a wine-room (p. 247). Immediately adjacent is the Prussian Museum of prehistoric antiquities, belonging to the 'Prussia' antiquarian society (open Sun. 11.30-1.30; custodian, Weissgerberquer-Str. 3). The Statue of Frederick I. (PI. 1), in front of the E. portal of the palace, by Jacobi and Schluter, was erected in 1801. The Post Office (PI. C, 3) is situated a few paces to the W., and adjoining it is the modern Altstddtische Kirche (PL 13), originally designed by Schinkel , whose plans, however, were much reduced and modified. In the vicinity is the Parade-Platz (military music on Thurs. afternoons) and Konigs-Gartkn (PI. D,2) bounded on the N.E. by the Theatre (PL 18; F, 3), and on the N.W. by the New University, and embellished with an equestrian *Statue of Frederick "William III. (PL 5) by Kiss, erected in 1851. Reliefs. 1. Domestic life of the king at Konigsberg in 1807-9; 2. The king delivers to Hardenberg the new laws enacted during these years, Scharnhorst and Stein approving; 3. Foundation of the Landwehr in 1813; York between Counts Alexander and Lewis Dohna gives a musket to a student; Bardeleben leaning on his sword; to the right in the corner the burgomaster in the Landwehr uniform; to the left a soldier of the national cavalry regiment. The 4th (Hans von Auerswald returning from the campaign clasps the hand of Bessel, the astronomer) and 5th scenes represent the blessings of peace. To the S.W. in the same Platz is the * Monument of Kant (PL 3), in bronze, by Rauch, completed in 1864, representing the philosopher in his 30th year. The modest house in Prinzessen-Str. (PL D, 3) in which Kant lived from 1793 till 1801 is marked by an inscription above the door. For a description of Kant's grave, see p. 250. The new *TTniversity, completed in 1862, is a fine Renaissance structure by Stuler. The facade is adorned with an equestrian figure in relief of Duke Albert of Prussia, the founder of the University in 1544. Below are niches containing statues of Luther and Melanch- thon ; above, medallion-portraits of celebrated Konigsberg professors. The university is attended by about 1000 students. Interior. Handsome staircase, borne by marble columns. The Senate Hall contains a portrait of the Crown Prince as rector, by Lauchert , and a bust of Kant in his 80th year, by Hagemann and Schadow. The ad- jacent *Adla is adorned with admirable frescoes, representing the diflt'erent branches of art and science, and pleasing allegories in the arches above. The carved chairs are also worthy of notice. The Schlossteichgasse leads from the Konigsgarten to the E. to the Schlossteich (PL D, E, 3-1), a sheet of water which intersects half the town from S. to N. , and is a great ornament to the town, being surrounded by public and private gardens. The bridge across to Konigsberg. KONIGSBERG. 33, Route. 249 it, commanding a pretty view, is for foot-passengers only. Ferry 15pf.; boat per Y2^i^- forl-2 pers. 25pf., each additional pers. 10 pf. Traversing the Weissgerbergasse and crossing the Rossgart'sche Markt, the traveller enters the long Konigs-Strassb (PI. E, F, G, 3), where a column rises to the memory of the Prussian minister V. Schbn (PI. 4). No. 57, near the monument, is the Maler-Acad- emie, containing the — *Stadt-Museum (PI. E, 3), a choice collection of 300 pictures, chiefly modern (Sun. 11-2, Wed. 11-1; at other times fee 1 m. ; custodian Landhofmeister-Str. 2, left side , a street nearly opposite the museum). Catalogue 25 pf. The Collection is on the upper floor; it contains 52 works by old Italian masters, including FiYt Filippo Lippi^ Dom. G/nrlandaJo, Lorenzo di Ci-edi, Innocenzo da Imola, Garo/alo, Guido Reni, Giov. Bellini^ and Cima da Cone- gliano^ but the genuineness of some of the works may be doubted. There are also early Netherlands masters: 57. Jan Steen, 59. Jan van Goyen, etc.; then a number of portraits of famous citizens of Konigsberg, and more than 200 Paintings of Modern Masters, which form the most important part of the collection: 150. A. Adam, Horses; 167. C. W. Hiibner, The distraint ; 173. Kohler, Finding of Moses; 174. Kolbe, Battle of the Lechfeld; E. Pis- toru/s, -181. Village-fiddler, 224. Cellarman bv a cask; 182. E. Le Poittevin, The Bay of Naples ; 189. Schotel,V^vec\<. ; 191. A. Schrodter, TillEulenspiegel ; 198. H. Stilke, Emigration of Syrian Christians after the destruction of Pto- lemais, 1291; -210. P. Delaroche, Night of St. Bartholomew ; 215-218. Gudin, Sea-pieces; 235. Anj Sc/iefer, Mourning mother and two children ; 238. Jul. Schradet% The daughter of Jephtha; 240. E. Verboeckhoven, Man with a calf; 248. C. Girardet, 'Souvenir de Suisse^ -249. X. i?ose7?/e?der, Taking of the Marienburg by mercenaries of the Teutonic Order, 1457; *252. Kalckreuih, Lake in the Pyrenees; *253. K. F. Lessing, Monk praving at the coffin of Henry IV.; *254. Brendel, Sheep; 255. W. SoJm, Gipsy; 258. A. Achenhach, Near Scheveningen ; ■262. W. Camphausen, Bliicher und "Wellington after the Battle of Waterloo; *264. A. Tidemand, Administration of the Sacra- ment in a Norwegian cottage; *267. L. Knaus, Gipsies resting; 273. Piloti/, The Abbess of the nunnery of Chiemsee protecting it against plundering soldiers; 278. Afax Schmidt. Forest-scene; 279. W. Lindenschmitt, Sir Wal- ter Raleigh in the Tower visited by his relatives; 283. Crofts, Retreat of the French at Gravelotte; *284. Franz Defregger, Poaching scene; *285. Brandt, Cossacks of the Ukraine; 286. Berninger, The banks of the Thames; 290. Scherres, Cottages on a moor: *291. Defregger, Andreas Hofer on the way to execution. — The wings contain a Collection of Casts. No. 65 in the same street is fheVniversity Library (PL F, 3), con- taining 220,000 vols. andMSS. of Luther, etc. (Tues., Thurs., and Frid. 11-4, Wed. 2-4> Farther on is the Konigs-Thor (PI. G, 3, 4), with the statues of Ottocar of Bohemia, Duke Albert of Prussia, and King Frederick I. In the quarter called the Kneiphof, on an island in the Pregel, rises the Gothic Cathedral (PL D , 4), begun in 1333 , but not completed till the middle of the 16th cent, (sacristan Dom-Str, 15, S. of the church). One of the W. towers is unfinished. The Choir, now disused, contains ancient monuments in the Re- naissance style , the chief of which is that of Albert I. , Duke of Prussia (d. 1568), the founder of the university, and a most important personage in the annals of the city. On the N. side the tomb of the Chancellor Kospoth. A number of Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order and Prussian princes arc interred in the vaults. The ^Stoa Kantiand' adjoining the cathedral, on the N. side of 250 Route 33. KONIGSBERG. the choir, contains the grave of the illustrious thinker Immanuel Kant (d. 1804). Keeper in the Kneiphof Gymnasium (see below). Tlie bones of the 'Sage of Ktinigsberg' rest under a stone with an ap- propriate inscription, above which, en a marble pedestal, is a repetition iu Carrara marble of the bust mentioned at p. 248. On the wall behind is a ccipy of Raphael's School of Athens , painted in grisaille by JS'eide. On the opposite wall are the words "Der bestirnte Himmel iiber mir, das moralische Gesetz in mir' ('The Starry Heavens above me, the Moral Law within me'), from Kanfs 'Kritik der praktischen Vernunft'. The Old University (PI. 23) and the Kneiphof Gymnasium adjoin the cathedral. A cube of polished granite in the Altstadtischer Kirchenplatz (PL C, D. 3) marks the site of the altar of the former Altsfadter church and the grave of Hans Luther (d. 1575), the eldest son of the Reformer. On the left bank of thePregel, between the bridges (Griine and Kottel-Briicke) crossing from the Kneiphof , rises the Exchange (PL C. 4), a handsome building designed by Muller of Bremen and completed in 1875. The principal facade is to the W. ; the allegorical figures of the four quarters of the globe are by Hund- rieser of Konigsberg. Business hours 12-2 ; at other times the in- terior is shown by the custodian. The Observatory (PL B, 2), on an old bastion to the W. of the city, built in 1811-13, was fitted up by the astronomer Bessel (d. 1846). Near it are the Botanical Garden, Butterberg Nos. 2-3, the valuable Zoological Museum (PL 24), Sternwart-Str. 5-6, the Chemical Laboratory , and several institutions belonging to the medical faculty of the university. The hilly ground between the observatory and the fortress is occupied by the Volksgarten (PL A, B, 2), with a Monument for 1870-71, In the Mitteltragheim (PL D , 1) is the Office of the Provin- cial Authorities, in the Italian Renaissance style, finished in 1882. Outside the Steindammer Thor (PL B, C, 1), which is embel- lished with a Statue of Frederick William IV., lie the *Hiifeii (tram- way), a pretty promenade with pleasure-grounds, villas, and several popular resorts, such as the FZora, with its palm-house, and the Summer Theatre. To the left, in the Luisenwahl, at the end of the Hufen, is a medallion of Queen Louise. To the right, opposite, in the middle of a garden, is the house occupied by the present em- peror of Germany during the time of Napoleon's domination. From Konigsberg to Pillau . 29 M., railwav in P/i hr. (fares 3m. 70, 2m. SO, Im. 90pf.). Stations: Jvditte?i, the birthplace ofGottsched, with a pretty park; 51/2 M. Metgethen; to the left the Eaporn'sche Ifeide, an ex- tensive forest , in the centre of which rises the Vierbriidersaule. 13 M. Powayen., whence the Galtgarben is visited (see below). From (20 31.) Fisch- havsen a branch diverges to ill'^l2M.') Palmnicken. the centre of the amber- collecting industry (comp. p. 251). About IV2 M. to the S. of Fischhausen is Lochstedt , an ancient castle of the Teutonic Order. The train crosses the old outlet of the Frische Haff, now choked with sand, passes Neuhduser (Hotel), a bathing-place surrounded by woods, and reaches Pillau, a fort- ress at the present mouth of the Frische Haff, with a harbour and light- house (3225 inhab.). — Steamboat, see p. 247. SAMLAND. 33. Route. 251 Samland is a fertile and partly-wooded district, with several lakes, ly- ing to the y. of Kiinigsberg. The highest point is the Galtgarben (365 ft.), reached in 2 hrs. from stat. Powayen via Medenau (Stern ; carriages 9 m. per day), the top of which is crowned with a large iron cross in commem- oration of the War of Independence. Most of the villages on the N. coast are frequented as bathing-places. Cranzkuren or Cranz, the chief of these, lies 20 M. to the N. of Konigsberg (omnibus twice daily in 3^/i hrs.), at the S. end of the Kurische JVe/irung , a sandy tongue of land running N. to Memel, a distance of 71 M. The sand-hills of the Xehrung, attaining a height of 200 ft. , are sometimes visited. The steamboat is taken from Crambeck to Nidden ( Leuchtthurm) and the excursion is con- tinued thence on foot to (T M.) Pilkoppen and (6'2M.| Rossitten (Inn). A boat to meet the steamer at bidden or Rossitten should be ordered by telegram from Konigsberg or Cranz. Schwarzort, a bathing-place on the Nehrung, 14 M. from Memel, is chiefly remarkable for its amber-dredg- ing. To the W. of Cranz lie Neiikuren, Georgenswalde, and Rauschen (Pen- sions Liedtke, Bufsin, Boppe, 'pens.' 3-4 m. per day), a bathing-place with a good beach, situated on the wooded banks of a small lake. 1/2 M. from the sea (omnibus from Cranz 3 m.). A pretty Footpatli leads along the wooded and precipitous cast to (71/2 M.) Warniken^ the environs of which vie in grandeur with Stubbenkammer (p. 227). Amber of remarkable purity and solidity is found at Briisterort^ at the N.W. angle of Samland, where divers and dredging are employed in the search. The whole of the W. coast of Samland has for more than a thousand years been celebrated as the '■Amber Coast'. The vield is most abundant after storms. In 1862 about 4a)0 lbs. , valued at "ISOOL , were collected near Pulmnicken and Nodems in a single morning. It is usually found among the seaweed, and also dug up on the coast, sometimes at a consid- erable distance from the sea. The most important amber-pits are at Palm- nicken. Fragments 1/2 oz. in weight are valued at \s. Qd. to 2 s. , those of lib. at ibl. and upwards. The milky amber is most esteemed. Dantsic is now the principal depot of this highly-prized antediluvian gum. It is exported to the East for pipe-mouthpieces, as well as to America, Africa, etc. The right to collect amber, formerly a privilege of the Teutonic Grand Master, and subsequently a royal monopoly, protected by severe laws, is now farmed to private individuals. From Konigsberg to 3Iemel, 147 M. Railwav to Insterburg (57 M.) in 13/4-2V4 hrs. (fares 7 m. 20, 5 m. 40, 3 m. 60 pf. • express 8 m. 10, 6 m., 4 m. 20 pf ); from Insterburg to Memel (90 M.) in 33/4-53/4 hrs. (fares 8 m. 90, 5 m. 90 pf. ; no first class). [Steamer twice weekly, via Tapiau, Labiau ^ and Schwarzort (see above), in 14 hrs. (fares 41/2 or 3 m.).] — The first stations are Gutenfeld , Lowenhagen ^ Gross- Lindenau ., Tapiau, WeJdaii (where the train crosses the Alle)^ Puschdorf^ and jS'orkitten. 57 M. Insterburg (Rheinisdier Hof; Deutsches Haus; 'Kronprinz von Preiissen, with restaurant), an industrial town with 20,545 inhab. , on the Pregel, where the line to Tilsit turns to the K. — From Insterburg to (39 M.) Eydtkuhnen (Welter, R. 2 m.; Hotel de Russie), the Prussian frontier-station, by railway in 1/4-2 hrs.; thence by Kowno and Diina- burg to (557 31.) St. Petersburg by express in 24 hrs. — From Inster- burg to Lyck.. 74 M., railway in 51/2 hrs. — From Insterburg to T/iorn, see pp. 236, 237. 90 M. TUsit ("Boiel de Russie; PrinzWilhelm), a town with 22,950 inhab., on the Memel. On a raft anchored below the bridge-of-boats the peace of 1807 was concluded between Napoleon, Alexander, and Frederick Wil- liam III., by which Prussia was deprived of one-half of her dominions. The train crosses the valley of the Memel (which is here 2V/2 M. wide) by means of three imposing bridges , designed and erected in 1872-75 by the architect Suche, and now securing a permanent communi- cation with the N.E. extremity of the German Empire. — Numerous un- important stations. 147 M. Memel (British Hotel; Victoria Hotel, R. I1/2, D. 13|4 m., L. 60, A. 50 pf. ; Weisser Schtccm), a seaport with 19,660 inhab., at the entrance to the Kurische Haff, the northernmost town in Prussia, and the central point 252 Route 34. FRANKFORT. From Berlin 3f the Baltic timber-trade. There is an English church here , of which the Rev. W. Price is the incumbent (service at 11 a.m.)- Feom KoNiGSBERG TO Gkajewo, 125 M., railway in 7-8 hrs. (fares 16 m. 10, 12 m. 10, 8 m. 10 pf.). Several insignificant stations. Then (23 M.) Preussisch-Eylau, with a monument in memory of the battle of 7th Feb., 1807, the first defeat that Napoleon experienced. — 50 M. Korschen (p. 237). — 82 M. Lotzen, with a chateau dating from 1285, situated on the Lowentiii-See, in the 'Masurian Switzerland'. — 112 M. Li/ck (p. 251) ; 122 M. Pvostken^ the last Prussian station. 125 M. Gvajeioo^ the Russian frontier- station. 34. From Berlin to Frankfort on the Oder and Posen. 158 M. Railway to Frankfort in 11/2-3 hrs. (fares 6 m. 60, 5 m., 3 m. 30 pf. ; express 7 m. 40, 5 m. 50, 3 m. 90 pf.). From Frankfort to Posen in 31/2-43/4 hrs. (fares 13 m. 80, 10 m. 40 pf. , 6 m. 90 pf. ; express 15 m. 70, 11 m. 70, 8 m. 20 pf.). — Express from Berlin to Posen in 6 hrs. (fares 23 m. 10, 17 m. 20, 12 m. 10 pf.). Berlin, seep. 1. Scenery unattractive, i'^j^^l. Stralau-Rummels- burg (p. 2); 5V2 M. Sadowa; 7 M. Kopenick , with an old chateau (now a teachers' seminary), where Frederick the Great was tried by court-martial when crown-prince; 15 M. Erkner [to the S. rise the Miiggelsberge'). — 29 M. Fiirstenwalde (11,000 inhab.), an ancient town dating from 945, with extensive breweries, was for a time the seat of the bishops of Lebus (comp. p. 235). — 39 M. Briesen. 50 M. Frankfort on the Oder. — Hotels. Dedtsches Haus (P1. a 5 B, 3, 4), Wilhelms-Platz 1, R., L., & A. 3, B. 1 m.; Goldner Adlee, Bischofs- Str. 21: Peixz vox Preussen (PI. b; B, 4). Wilhelms-Platz. Restaurants. "Reimann, Richt-Str. 60; Rathskeller^ below the Rath- haus : Victoria-Garten^ Wilhelms-Platz. 'W'ine, ai Schaffr art's., Richt-Str. 51. — Confectioner. Ealem., Oder-Str. Frankfort on the Oder., the capital of the district of that name, with 54,487 inhab., and the largest town in the Province of Bran- denburg after Berlin and Potsdam, was founded by the Wends, an- nexed to Brandenburg in 1250, and notwithstanding its repeated captures during the Hussite, the Thirty Years', and the Seven Years' wars was always an important station on the commercial route to Poland. The Reminiscere, Margaretha, and Martini fairs are stiU much frequented. The streets are broad and well built. Leaving the station , we proceed by the Bahnhof-Str. to the Fiirstenwalder-Strasse (PI. A, B, 3, 4), turn to the right, and cross the Wilhelms-Platz (PI. B , 3 , 4 ) , planted with trees , where the Theatre is situated. Straight in front of us are the large Barracks, while the Regierungs-Strasse, a little to the left, leads to the Oberkirche (PI. 5; C, 3), or Church of St. Mary, a spacious brick structure of the 14th cent., with double aisles added subsequently. Wood-carving over the altar , richly gilded, dating from 1717; old stained glass ; candelabrum with seven branches, adorned with reliefs of the 14th century. — The handsome *Rathhaus (PL 10 ; C, 3) in the market-place, to the N. of the Oberkirche, was erected in 1607, and was recently restored. On the S. gable is seen the device of the Hanseatic League, an oblique iron rod, supported by a shorter one. to Posen. GLOGAU. 3d. Route. 253 Proceeding to the N. from the market we reach a large square with the recently restored Reformed Church (PI. 6), built in 125B , and the Vnterklrche, dating from 1525, formerly belonging to a Francis- can monastery. The Promenade on the W. side of the town is well laid out and affords a pleasant walk. To the N. of the Wilhelms-Platz it is em- bellished with a small War Monument [PL 9 ; B, 3), and to the S, it contains a larger War Monument ^ unveiled in 1882, and a monu- ment to the poet Ewald von Kleist , who died here of wounds re- ceived at the battle of Kunersdorf in 1759 (see below). Near the last is a monument to the philosopher and jurist J. G. Buries (1714-91), professor in the former university of Frankfort, which was founded in 1506 and suppressed in 1811. Farther to the S. is the extensive 'Anger', on which stands the Gertraudklrche (PI. 4), built in 1875-79 , and containing a painting of the Tribute Money by A. von Werner. At the end of the Anger is the Carthhaus-Bad, 21/2 M. beyond which is the Buschrnuhle (rail, stat.), a favourite place of recreation. Along the right bank of the Oder, to the N. of the wooden bridge, runs the Oderdamm, on which is the Monument of Leopold, Duke of Brunswick (PL C, 2), who was drowned by an inundation of the river in 1785. From Frankfort to Breslau, see R. 35 5 to Angermilnde, s. p. 230; to Cii- strin, see p. 235. From Frankfort to Grossenhain, 95 M., railway in 41/2 hrs. (fares 12 m. 20, 9 m. 15, 6 m. 10 pf.). — SV2 M. MUUrose; 15 M. Griinow , station for (5 M.) Beeskow (4323 inhab.) on the Spree. — 261/2 M. Jamlitz , 3 M. from Lieberose., with a chateau of Graf von der Schulenburg. — At (36 M.) Peitz the line joins that from Cottbus to Guben (p. 361). — 45V2M. Cottbus, see p. 266. — We then pass the railway-junctions of Senftenherg s.nA. Ruh- land (branch to Lauchhammer, 5 31., with large iron-works). — 95 M. Grossen- hain, on the Berlin and Dresden railway (p. 300) is connected by a branch- line with Priestewitz on the Leipsic and Dresden line (see p. 345). The Posen line crosses the Oder. At Kunersdorf, near (56 M.) Blankensee, Frederick the Great suffered a defeat in 1759 from the combined Russian and Austrian armies. 63 M. Reppen, junction for the line from Stettin to Glogau and Breslau via Ciistrin. From Reppen to Breslau, 137 M., railway in b-Q^j2 hrs. (fares 17 m. 70, 13 m. 30, 8 m. 90 pf. ; express 19 m. 20, 14 m. 70, 10 m. 30 pf.) ; from Berlin to Breslau via Reppen 8V4 hrs.; from Stettin to Breslau, 220 M., in 8V2-II hrs. — 35 M. Rothenburg is the junction for Guben (see p. 256) and Posen (viii Bentschen; see p. 256); 43i,2 M. Griinberg (Schwarzer Adler), prettily situated, where sparkling wine is largely manufactured. — 78 31. Glogau C'Deutsches Haus ; ~Spielhagen's Hotel; Scher/ke's Restaurant), a fortress on the Oder, with 20,033 inhab., the junction of the line from Hansdorf (p. 257) to Lissa (p. 256). — 90 31. Raudten, junction for Liegnitz (p. 257). — 137 31. Breslau (Freiburg Station), see p. 258. 80 M. Neu- Kunersdorf; 841/2 ^^- Topper, with a chateau and park of the late Marshal Manteuffel (d. 1885); 97 M. Schwiebus (Hotel Haensgen), a town of 8300 inhab.; 112 M. Bentschen, junction for the branch -line to Guben (see p. 256); 1221/2 M. 254 Route 3d. POSEN. Neutomischel ; 1341/2 ^I- Opalenitza, iunction of a brancli-line to Grdtz (large breweries). — Several small stations. 158 M. Posen. — Hotels. *H6tel de Dresde (PI. b), Wilhelm-Str. 21 ; -De l'Kukope (PI. d), Wilhelm-Str. 1 ■, *De I!ome (PL a), Wilhelm=-Flatz 1, with restaurant, R.. L., & A. 4, B. 1, D. 21/2 m. ; De I-rance (PI. c), Wil- lielm-Str. 15, frequented by Poles; De Berlin (PI. ej , Wilhelm-Srr. 3; TiLSNEK^s Hotel Garxi (PI. g), Fnedricb-Str. 30; Bazar (PI. f), Neue- Str. 5a, frequented by Poles; Bellevde (PL h), ftluhlen-Str. 26; Arndt's Hotel (PL i), Sapieha-Platz 5, unpretending. Wine (generally good HungarianJ. Andersch, Goldenring. Kempnet\ all in the Markt; Xurnatotcxli, Berliner-Str. IT. — Beer. *Duntke. Wilhelms- Platz 18; Schicersenz^ Kanonen-Platz, next door to tlie Ho el de TEurope ; Lambert^ Backer-Str. 13. — Cafes. Wolkowitz, Wilhelms-Platz 12 : 'Beeli/, Wil- helms-Str. 5, both with gardens; Sobeski, Wilhelm-Str. 10; Pfifzner, Markt6. Tramways. From the Central Station across the Wilhelms-PJatz fo the Cathedral (comp. the Plan). Cabs. Within the fortifications: 1 pers. 50, 2 pers. 60, 3 pers. 70, 4 pers. 80 pf ; to the ( entral Railway Station and Zoological Garden, 70 pf., 1 m., 1 m. 20. 1 m. 50 pf. ; to Fort" Winiarv, 1 m., 1 m. 20 pf. ; to Eich- wald, 1 m. 70 pf., 2 m., 2 m. 30, 2 m. 50 pf. Theatres. Siadt-Theater (Pi. 25), Wilhelnas-Platz, plays and operas; Victoria (PL 26), Neustadter ilarkt, in summer only: Volksgarten^ Konig- Str.. concerts, ai robatic performances, etc.; Polish Theatre, Berliner-Str., in winter only. Pleasure Resorts. Schilling's, on the Warthe. outside the Schillings- Thor; Zoological Garden and Feldsclloss Garlen. beyond the Berliner Thor ; Reich s gar ten ^ outside the K6nig«-Thor: Schwezerhof, Victoria-Park , Eich- wald (3 M.), outside the Eichwald-Thor ; the latter may also be reached by railway. Posen, Polish Pozncm, the capital of the province of that name, the headquarters of the 5th Corps d" Armee, and a fortress of the first rank, with 68,177 inhah. (more than 1/.; German, and ^ 4 Jews), and a garrison of 7000 men, lies at the confluence of the Cybina and Warthe. It is one of the most ancient Polish towns, having been the residence of the kings of Poland down to 1296. It was also important as a great depot of the trade between Germany and the East, and was a member of the Hanseatic League in the middle ages. The new part of the town, forming a striking contrast with the older and poorer quarters, has been erected since it came into the possession of Prussia in 1815. In entering the town from the Central Station (PI. A. 5) we obtain a view of the imposing fortifications, which include inner and outer circles of forts (12 in each). Following either the Miihlen-Str. and the Berliner-Str., in the latter of which are the Polish Theatre and the Police Office (Pi. 21), or the St. Martin-Str. and the Grosse Ritter-Str.. we reach the spacious and handsome Wilhelms-Platz (Pl.B. 3), which is bounded on the E. by the Stadt- Theater (PI. 25). In front of the theatre is a Monument to the sol- diers of the 5th Corps d'Arme'e, who fell at Nachod in 1866. At the corner of the Wilhelm-Str. is the Raczynski Library (PI. 22), a building adorned with 24 Corinthian iron columns, and contain- ing 30,000 vols, presented to the town by Count Raczynski (open daily, 5-8). In the same building is the Chamber of Commerce. At -$■ \ i* 1 imtsqeiuht C 2 J ( efnru/nisv B 2 i ( \ mnnsiuni B 4- hi r (lien ^iTfrt/auilAjchf Bi 3 <^Z»«r/ i/-rAr T 3 QRrforniutek B2 7 ^ rite/ nirche B 2 Xlristdenkmal C 4. Q.Ejiegerdenkmal B.-t. lO.P.athJuws C.3. Ji.. Rcffianmg r.3. 12 . Scmunertheater XB. 2 . Vi.StadtSieaier B.3. 'Kbtt"biis Breslaii.Posen. J> GeograpluAnst vVagner tDebesleipzE POSEN. 34. Route. 255 right angles to the Wilhelms-Platz runs the broad Wilhklms- Strassb (PI. B, 2, 3) , one of the principal thoroughfares of the town. Among the principal buildings in it are the Chamber of' the Provincial Estates (PI. 20), the Post Office (PI. 19), and the District Court (PI. 28). On the N. it ends at the Kanonen-Platz, with the Garrison Church (PI. 11), which is adjoined by the Sapieha-Platz with the Upper Provincial Court (PI. 1). Farther to the S. is the Schlossberg, with the Royal Palace, now containing the Municipal Archives (PI. 29). At the S. end of the Wilhelm-Str., in the churchyard of St. Martins Church (PL 15), is a monument to the Polish poet Mickieivicz (d. 1855). To the E. of tt)e Wilhelms-Platz, with which it is united by the Neue-Str., is the Altb Markt (PI. C, 3). The Rathhans (PI. 23) was built in 1508 and restored in 1535 by Giovan P.attista de Quadro , an Italian architect, who added the loggia. The tower (214 ft. high), which is in the Baroque style, commands an exten- sive view (keeper to the left of the entrance). On the vaulting of the loggia are painted reliefs of the signs of the zodiac. — The quarter to the N. E, of the Rathhaus is mainly inhabited by Jews. — A little to the S. of the market-place is the Church of the Magdalene, a showy edifice of 1651-1705 in the Jesuit style. The suburb of Posen on the right bank of the Warthe is called the Wallischei (in Polish, Chwaliszewo), and is inhabited mainly by Poles of the poorer classes. Beyond it, to the N. E., is the quiet and spacious square Am Dom (PI. F, 1), in which stand the Cathe- dral and the Marienkirche (PI. 14), the latter a small Gothic build- ing of the 15th cent., and the oldest ecclesiastical edifice in Posen. The Cathedral (PL 8) , erected in its present form in 1775 , is architecturally uninteresting, but it contains several treasures of art (sacristan to the right, at the corner of the chief facade). On six pillars are six ''Brasses of the 15th cent., including that of the woywoda, or governor, Gurka (d. 1475). Monuments of hUhops. Sumptuous "Golden C/iapel^ erected in 1842 by a society of Polish nobles, in the Byzan- tine style, adorned with paintings and mosaics. Fine gilded bronze group of the two first Christian Polish Kings, by Ranch (their remains are in the sarcophagus oppusite). Several other interesting tombs and monuments. The Museum of Count Mielzynski and the collections of the Verein der Freunde der Wissenschaften, a Polish society , occupy the same building (Miihlen-Str. 35); they include paintings (of little value and doubtful authenticity), a library, coins, and pre- historic antiquities (open daily 12-5, Im., Sun. 10 pf. ; catalogue and inscriptions exclusively Polish). The Protestant Pauli-Kirche (PL 15a), close by, was built in 1867-1869. — *Fort Winiary affords the best survey of the environs (tickets at the commandant's office, Wilhelms-8tr. 16 ; 50 pf.). From Posen to Stettin, see R. 31; to Schneidemiihl, see p. 235. Fkom Posen tu Brombekg (94i ■> M.) or to Thorn (87' 2 M.), bv rail- way in 2> 2-4 hrs. (fares 12 m. 20, 9 m. 2U, 6 m. lU pf. ,' and 11 in. 40, 8 m. GO, 5 m. 70 pf.). — Principal station (31 M.) Gnesen, Pol. Gniezno (Stahii's Hotels tolerable, R., L., & A. 2i/'jm., B. 60 pf. ; Uoiel de V Europe)^ the 256 Route 35. GUBEN. most ancient place in Poland, prettily situated among hills and lakes. Pop. 13,826. Among the ten churches is the interesting Cathedral of the 10th cent., with the tomb of St. Adalbert, the first preacher of the Gospel in Prussia and Poland. The town has been the seat of an archbishop since the year 1000, and the kings of Poland were crowned here down to 1B20. It is the junction for a line to Oels and Breslau (p. 297), — We then pass several small stations and cross the Xetze. The lines to Brom- berg and Thorn diverge from each other at (66 M.) Inowrozlaw (Basfs Hotel), a town with 11,5SS inhab., extensive salt-works, and a brisk trade. Bromberg and Thorn, see p. 236. Fkom Posen to Beeslau, 102 M., in 81/2-41/4 hrs. (13 m. 20, 9 m. 90, 6 m. 60 pf.), uninteresting. From (47 M.) Lissa, 'Polish. Leszna. a manufacturing town with 11.758 inhab., a branch-line diverges to Glogau (p. 253; 1 hr.). Breslau, p. 258. 35. From Berlin to Breslau by Frankfort on the Oder and Kohlfurt. 223 31. Eailwat in 71/4-II hrs. (express fares 29 m. 70, 22 m., 15 m. 50 pf.; ordinary 26 m., 19 m. 60, 13 m. 10 pf.). From Frankfort to Breslau, 173 M., railwav in 5i;2-SV2 hrs. (express fares 22 m. 30, lU m. 50, 11 m. 60 pf.; ordinary 19 m. 40, 14 m. 60, 9 m. 80 pf.). (From Berlin to Breslau via Reppen, see Pt. 34; via Gorlitz, see E. 37.) From Berlin to (50 M. ) Frankfort on the Oder ^ see R. 34. — 521/2 M. Buschmiihle. At (57 M.) Finkenheerd the train crosses the Mullroser Canal, which unites the Spree and Oder. 65 M. Fiirsten- herg-, 68 M. Neuzelle; 76 M. Coschen. 81 M. Guhen (Liehr's Hotel; Prinz Carl), with 26,900 inhab., cloth- factories, orchards, and vineyards. Feom Gcbex to Bextschex (for Posen), 61 M., railway in 2-2V2 hrs. (fares 9 m., 6 m. 60, 4 m. 60 pf., or 7 m. 90, 5 m. 90 pf., 4 m.). — 11 M. Merziciese. — ISM. Crossen, a small manufacturing town at the confluence of the Bober and Oder, the capital of an ancient duchy of that name which was annexed to Brandenburg in 1538. — 32 M. Rothen'burg, and thence to Reppen, Glogau, and Breslau, see p. 253. — 431/2 M. Ziillichau; 54 M. Bornst. — 61 31. Benlscher. From Bentschen to Po.en, see pp. 253, 254. From Guben to Cottbus, see p. 361. Beyond Guben the line crosses the Neisse. 90 M. Jessnitz; 95 M. Merke. 98 M. Sommerfeld, a cloth-manufacturing tovrn, with 11,073 inhabitants. Fkom Sommerfeld to Aexsdoef, 61 31., railway in 21/2-4 hrs, (fares 7 m. 90, 5 m. 90 pf., 4 m.). This line shortens the distance to Breslau by 19 31., but is not traversed bv express trains. (From Berlin to Breslau via Sa- gan, 204 M., railway in 73/4-I2 hrs.; fares 26 m., 19 m. 60. 13 m. 10 pf.) — 4 M. Gassen; IO1/2M. Benau; 16 M.Wellersdorf. — 201/2 31. Sagan (Weisser Lowe; Deutsches Sous), a busy little town with 11.373 inhab., the capital of the principality of the same name. The Chateau of the Duke of Sagan and Valencay contains a few pictures and sculptures; from 1627 to 1634 it was in the possession of the famous Wallenstein. The line here inter- sects the railway from Sorau (see below) to Glogau (p. 253). — 28 M. Mall- mitz; 52 31. Reisicht. — 61 31. Arnsdorf, see p. 257. 101 M. Gassen. At (110 M.) Schonwalde the line intersects the railway from Cottbus via Sorau to Sagan (see below). — 114 M. Sorau (Ldngnefs Hotel; Finke's Hotel), a manufacturing place (13,900 inhab.}, with a royal Schloss, the junction of the lines to Halle and Leipzig, via Cottbus (p. 266), and to Sagan (see above). LIEGNITZ. 35. Route. 257 117 M. Kunzendorf ; 121 M. Hansdorf, also connected with Sagaii by a branch-line. The line intersects the extensive woods of Gorlitz. 124 M. Halbau; 130 M. Rauscha ; 133 '/2 M. Neuhammer. i:]9 M. KoMfurt {*RaiL Restaurant^ D. U/o m.), junction of several lines. Fkum Kohlfurt to Gorlitz, 17 M., railway in 3/4 hr. (fares 2 m. 40, 1 m. 8U, 1 m. 20 pf.). - 8i/-2 M. i'emig. — I6V2 M. Moys (p. 26^), the junction of the Lauban and Gorlitz (p. 269) railway. Viaduct over the Keisse. 17 31. Gorlitz, see p. 266. Fkom Kohlfukt to Rosslad, 1441/2 M., railwav in 61/2-71/2 hrs. (fares 18 m. 90, 14 m. 2'), 9 m. 60 pf.). — 14 M. iTorAa, 'junction of the Berlin and Gorlitz line (U. 37). — 17 M. Niesky is a Moravian settlement, founded in 1742. — 45 ^I. Hoyer.SeZ6.sitz (40 I'f., there and back 60 pf.). Breslau(391 ft.), the second city in Prussia, the capital of Silesia and seat of government for the province , the headquarters of the Gth Corps d'Arm^e, and the residence of a Roman Catholic prince-bishop, with 298,893 inhab. (105,000 Rom. Cath., 20,000 17* 260 Route 36. BRESLAU, Promenades. Jews, 8000 soldiers), lies in a fertile plain on both banks of the Oder^ at the influx of the Ohlau. The islands formed here by the Oder are connected with the banks by numerous bridges. The city consists of the Altstadt, Neustadt, and live suburbs. The latter are continually increasing; the Schweidnitzer Vorstadt , to the S., is particularly well built, and contains a number of handsome dwelling-houses. Breslau, Lat. Wratislavia ., Pol. Wracluw^ a town and episcopal see as early as the year 1000, is of Slavonic origin, and with Silesia belonged to Poland down to 1163, after which it became the capital of the indepen- dent Duchy of Silesia. In 1261 Duke Heinrich III. introduced the then famous municipal law of Magdeburg. On the extinction of the dukes in 1335 it was annexed to Bohemia and became subject to the emperors of the Luxemburg family, who took the city under their special protection, so that, in spite of the storms of the Hussite wars and of the following centuries , an independent German element was strongly developed. At this period also Breslau received its architectural character. The latest style of Gothic architecture, and that of the earliest Renaissance, were zealously cultivated here. The finest Gothic church is the elegant Elisabethen-Kirche, and the handsomest secular building in that style is the Rathhaus. Here, as in all Slavonic and semi-Slavonic countries, the Renaissance gained ground at a remarkably early period. The new style appears to have been applied to portals and to monuments, the finest of which are to be seen in the Elisabethen-Kirche (p. 262). "Works of greater magnitude, however, were unfortunately never attempted, as in 1523 the citizens embraced the Reformation, and having fallen under the Austrian supremacy in 1527, they were compelled to defend their privileges and to abandon the cultivation of art. To the Jesuit style, however, the town is indebted for its imposing University. In 1741 Frederick the Great marched into Silesia and took Breslau by surprise. In 1757 the town was again occupied by the Austrians, but was re-captured by Frederick after the battle of Leuthen (p. 258). In 1760 Tauentzien (p. 264) repelled an attack by Laudon. In 1806-7 the town was besieged by Vandamme, who took it and levelled the fortifications. In March, 1813, Breslau was the scene of an enthusiastic rising against the French, on which occasion Frederick William III. issued his famous appeal 'An mein Volk\ Since then the city has rapidly increased. Breslau is now one of the most important commercial and industrial places in Germany. The principal manufactures are steam-engines, rail- way - carriages , liqueurs , and spirits. The staple commodities , chiefly the produce of Silesia and Poland, are wool, grain, metal, cloth, and timber. The great wool-markets take place in June and October. *Promenades on the site of the fortifications, skirting the broad moat, which is enlivened with swans , now enclose the greater part of the inner city. The finest parts of these are the Zwingergarten (PL D, 6), at the end of the Schweidnitzer-Str., with a handsome club-house, and, farther to the E., the modern belvedere called the *Liebichshdhe (PI. E, 6), on the old Taschenbastei, which is crowned with a Victory by Ranch, and commmds an admirable survey of the town and its environs. At the foot of it is a monument to Schleiermacher (jp. 55], who was born at Breslau in 1768. — The Ziegelbastion (PI. F, 4), at the N.E. corner of the Promenades, af- fords a view of the busy Oder and the N. suburbs with their hand- some churches; it contains a bust of Karl von Holtei (d. 1880"), the poet. On the opposite bank are the Gardens of the Episcopal Palace (PI. F, 3, 4), extending down to the river. In the Les-ing-Platz, to the E. of the Ziegelbastion, rise the new Government Offices (P1.F,4). Rathhaus. BRESLAU. 38. Route. 261 To the W. is the Kaiserix-Augusta-Platz fPl. F, 4), with the School of Art, a Real- Gymnasium^ ^nda * War Monument commem- orating the events of 1870-71. Near the rentre of the town is the Ghosse Ring (PL C, D, 4, 5), originally the market-place. On the N. side of it, called the Naschmarkt, is the Schwedenhalle (No. 47"), with stucco-reliefs of 1633. representing scenes from the wars of Gustavus Adolphus. The W. side, which is named the Siebenkurfiirstenseite ('Side of the Seven Electors'), contains the house (No. 8) once occupied by the Bohemian kings, built about 1500; the frescoes, represent- ing the Emperor and the seven Electors, were restored in 1866. The S. side is named the Goldene Becherseite. On the fourth side, or Grime Rohrseite^ is the Old Rathhaus (No. 30"), where the Kings of Poland and Saxony used to be lodged, with ornamented doorways. Opposite the S. side rises the * Rathhaus (visitors apply at the custodian's room in the passage below^. a noble monument of the prosperous age of Charles IV. and the other Luxemburg mon- archs. The florid enrichments of the oriel windows and gables, and the rich decorations of the interior belong, however, to the late-Gothic period (end of 15th and beginning of 16th cent.). The restoration of the exterior of the Rathhaus after the original plans is contemplated. The finest apartment is the *Furstensaal (once the chapel), with handsome vaulting, where from the 15th cent, downwards meetings of the Silesian princes and estates were gen- erally held. The last of these was in 1741 . when homage was done to Frederick the Great as conqueror of Silesia. The council- hall has been appropriately restored and adorned with portraits of princes and biirgom asters, A large picture in the Burgomaster's office represents a Sitting of Magistrates in the 16th century. — Below the Rathhaus is the Schweidnitzer Bierkeller (see p. 259; entered from the S. side), with remarkably fine vaulting. The Staupsdule (or pillory), erected in 1492, on the E. side of the Rathhaus, is a monument of the severe laws of ancient times, while the extensive range of buildings around the Rathhaus is a memorial of the Slavonic custom of erecting booths and stalls ad- jacent to public buildings. In the W. part of the Grosse Ring rise the equestrian *Statue of Frederick the Great (PI. D, 4), in bronze, erected in 1842, and the equestrian Statue of Frederick William III. (PI. D, 5), erected in 1861, both by Kiss, a pupil of Ranch, and a Silesian by birth. The Stadthaus (adm. daily. 10-2), adjoining the Rathhaus, de- signed by Stiller, was completed in 1863, and occupies the site of the Linendrapers' Hall. On the groundfloor are the municipal offices. The handsome apartments of the first floor contain the Town Library, comprising 200,000 vols, and over 2500 MSS. (open 10-2), the Civic Archives , and a. Cabinet of Coins. The Council Chamber is in the upper story. 262 Route 36. BRESLAU. Statue of Bliicher . The Ring forms the centre of traffic , the main arteries of which are the handsome Schweidnitzer-Strasse and the Ohlauer-Strasse. The neighbouring Bliicher-Platz is embellished with a *Statue of Bliicher [PI. C, 5), designed by Rauch. On the S. side of the Platz is the handsome Alte Borse, the property of a private club. The Protestant *Church of St. Elizabeth (PL C, D, 4), to the N.W. of the Ring , erected in 1253-57, and restored in 1857-59, has a tower 335 ft. in height (1452-56), and three choirs. (Sacristan, An der Elisabethkirche, No. 2.) Interior. To the right and left of the high-altar are portraits of Luther and Melanchthon by Cranach. Font cast in bronze (i5th cent.?); fine late-Gothic tabernacle of 1455, and late-Gothic carved choir-stalls. The stained-glass windows were presented by Frederick William IV. Some of the chapels contain good wood-carving and winged altars. The finest of the interesting old tombstones are those of the 'Kentmeister' Eybisch (d. 1544) in the K. aisle, and of the physican Crato von Craftheim (d."l585), with a fine alabaster relief, in the S. aisle. The two small tombstones on a pillar, one gilded and richly chased, the other with antique enamels, are noteworthy. The Protestant Mary Magdalene Church (PL D, 5), to the E. of the Ring, with two towers connected by an arch, dates from the same early period. In the S. tower is a bell cast in 1868. (Sacristan, Prediger-Gasse 1.) The Interior has parted with some of its most valuable treasures to the Museum of Silesian Antiquities (p. 264). The marble pulpit dates from 1581; the font, with an artistic iron railing, from 1576. A good carving in a chapel in the N. aisle represents St. Luke painting the Madonna (end of the 15th cent). In the sacristy are a small brazen lustre and an aquamanile of the 14th century. To the left of the high-altar is a portrait of John Hess . a Lutheran divine called hither from Nuremberg in 1523 and interred here in front of the high-altar. The stained glass was the gift of Fred. William IV. — The late-Romanesque S. portal, now sadly dilapi- dated , dates from the end of the 12th cent, and is one of the most interesting monuments of art in the town. Opposite the S.E. side of the church is the parsonage, a new building containing an oriel window of 1496 from the old parson- age. Below, at the corner of the building, is the Dompnig Column, with sculptures of 1491. erected to Burgomaster Heinz Dompnig, who was executed in 1490. The adjacent Church of St. Christopher (PL E, 5) contains a pulpit dating from the end of the 16th cent., carved wood of the 16th cent., etc. At the end of the Schtoeidnitzer-Strasse (PL D, C, 5, 6) are the Theatre{Vl. C, D, 6), re-erected after a fire in 1865, and again after another in 1871, and the Government Buildings (PL C, D, 6). The adjoining Exereier-Platz (PL C, 5, 6 ; parade at noon) is bounded on the N. by the Roijal Palace (PL C, 5), the S. wing of which was built by Stiller in 1846, and on the W. by the Standehaus{Fl. C, 5), or Hall of the Estates. To the N. of the latter is the Impe- rial Bank. Beyond the Standehaus , at the corner of the Graupen-Str. and the Promenade , rises the Neue Borse (PL C , 5) , or New Ex- Silesian Museum. BRESLAU. 36. Route. 263 change, an imposing modern Gothic edifice (1864-67). The facade opposite the Standehaus is adorned with stone statues representing a merchant, a farmer, a sailor, and a shepherd; and the S. fa(^ade, opposite the promenade, with the city arms and figures representing a miner and a mechanic (restaurant on the groundfloorj. The spacious hall is handsomely decorated (open daily. 10-1). Beyond the Stadtgraben rises the large Synagogue (PI. C, 6) , a brick building in the Oriental style by Oppler. To the S. of it extends the Eichbornsche Garten. A little to the W. is the Museums-Str. , leading to the Silesian Museum of Art (PL C, 6) , a brick building with an Ionic portico and a lofty dome, begun in 1875 from a design by Rathey . and finished in 1879. Below the cornice is a frieze with medallions of Michael Angelo, Diirer, Raphael, and Holbein. The pediments are embellished with allegorical statues of Sculpture , Ceramic Art (to the S.), Painting, and Architecture (N.), the first two by Hdrtel, the others by Michaelis. Adm. daily, except Mon. and holidays, 10-2, Sun. 11-1. First Floor. To the left of the vestibule is the Collection of Casts (explanatory labels), to the right that of Engravings, consisting of 30,000 plates. The Aet Industrial Collection and the Library are also on this floor. The handsome stairca.se, above which rises the dome, decorated by Schaller with scenes from the legend of Prometheus, ascends hence to the — Second Floor, which is devoted to the Picture Gallery (MS. catalogue in each roum). The works of the old masters, most of them duplicates from the Berlin Museum, include paintings ascribed (but without critical authority) to Filippo Lippi ^ Titian., Paolo Veronese, Guido Reni , Rubens, Van Dyck, Tenters, Snyders, Rembrandt, Poussin, and others. Among the modern pictures may be mentioned the following: A. v. Werner, Sketch for the mosaic-paintings on the Column of Victory at Berlin (p. 72) and the Emp. William in the mausoleum at Charlottenburg; Angeli, Count Moltke; Ad. Menzel , The Silesian Estates vowing fealty on the sword of Frederick the Great; Camphausen , Silesian army crossing the Pihine at Caub in 1814; Scholtz, Formation of the Liitzow volunteers in 1813; Har- rach , Luther's capture on his way home from Worms . Judas's Denial ; Gust. Richter,V\\\.\\3.val.; Dressier, Silesian mountains; Kalkreuih, Tinster- aarhorn ; Bocklin , Sanctuary of Hercules; 0. Achenbach, Palace of Queen Johanna of Naples ; Oesterley, Eaftsund, in Norway ; E. Begas, Betrayal of Christ; 0. Begas, Frederick the Great in the palace-chapel of Charlotten- burg. — Lichtenberg's Exhibition, see p. 259 (adm. 50 pf.) The E. wing of the Ground Floor, entered from the Museums-Str., contains a 'Collection of Silesian Antiquities (Wed., Sat., &. Sun. 11-1, adm. 50 pf. ; at other times, 1 m. ; illustrated guide 50 pf.). The rooms to the right of the entrance contain the prehistoric section (objects found in graves, etc.), and the highly interesting ecclesiastical antiquities (pictures , sculptures , vessels). The rooms to the left of the entrance contain the section for chivalry and war (weapons of war and sport, uni- forms) and a large collection of civil and domestic antiquities (art-in- dustrial objects, costumes, musical instruments, legal antiquities, etc.). One of the rooms is fitted up in the Renaissance style and two in the Baroque style. The court contains architectural fragments and sculptures of the 13-18th centuries ; in the centre a large Romanesciue gate. A section for seals, coins, plates, and documents is being formed. The Freiburger-Strasse leads hence to the handsome stations of the Freiburg, the Niederschlesisch-Markisch, and the Right Bank of 264 Route 36. BRESLAU. Cathedral. the Oder Railways (PI. B, A, 5; comp. p. 258). The last, howeyer, is at present disused. The continuation of the Schweidnitzer-Str. to the S. , beyond the moat, leads to the Tauentzien-Platz (PI. C, D, 6), which con- tains iheTauentzien Monument, designed hy Langhans, the medallion by Schadow, and erected to the general of that name (d. 17911, the gallant defender of Breslau in 1760 (p. 260). To the S.E. are the Cen- tral Railway Station (PL D, E, 7) and the Provincial Record Office. A memorial tablet on the house No. 22 in the Schmiedebriicke, a street running to the N. of the Ring, records that Baron vom Stein, perhaps the greatest forerunner of Prince Bismarck in the resusci- tation of German unity, resided here at one of the most eventful epochs in the history of Prussia (Feb. and March, 1813). Farther on in the same direction is the "University (PI. D, 3, 4), which contains valuable zoological collections (open Wed. 11-1). It was transferred from Frankfort on the Oder to Breslau in 1811 , and united with a Jesuit school, the buildings of which it now occupies (1500 students). The large Aula, with room for 1200 people, and the small Aula, used for concerts and other entertainments , are lavishly adorned with stucco and gilding in the taste of last century. — The University Library, comprising 380,000 vols., 2900 vols, of MSS. , specimens of the earliest typography, etc., is established in an old Augustine Abbey (PI. E , 3) on the Sandinsel (adm. on week-days, 9-3). The same building contains the Archaeological Museum (adm. in summer, daily 11-1, and also on Sun. 4-6 and Mon. 5-7; in winter. Sun. 11-1 and 2-4, Mon. and Thurs. 11-1.) The adjoining Sandkirche (PI. E, 3), or Church of our Lady on the Sand, erected in the middle of the 14th cent., is a well proportioned structure with polygonal apse and fine star-vaulting. Above the door of the sacristy (right aisle) is a relief of the 12th cent, (one of the oldest in the town), representing the foimdation of the original church by Mary, wife of Duke Peter Wlast, and her son Swentoslaus. (Sacristan, Sand-Str. 6.) TheKreuzkirche(Pl. F, 3; sacristan, Dom-Str. 21), on the right bank of the Oder, a handsome brick edifice consecrated in 1295, con- tains a large crypt, and the *Tomb of Duke Henry IV. of Breslau (d. 1290), in painted sandstone , in front of the high-altar. In front of the church is a monument to St. John Nepomuk. The ^Cathedral of St. John the Baptist (PL F, 3; sacristan, Dom-Str. 9), begun in 1170 and completed in the 14th cent., is flanked with two series of chapels. The interior was tastefully restored in 1875. Interior. At the end of the S. aisle is the sumptuously-decorated chapel of Cardinal Frederick, Landgrave of Hessen , with the tomb of the founder and a statue of St. Elizabeth, executed by Floretti of Rome in the middle of the 17th century. The adjacent Chapel of the Virgin contains the *Monnment of Bi.< mumUUmknuiJ B 3 1 Eionholdtdrnkmal f i •t. Kiaiancnd£nianal . B h.m-iefler.'i-Platz (PI. B, 3), with the Theatre (PI. 20) and the '^■Kaisertrutz{V\. 10), a massive bastion of 1490, now used as a guard-house and arsenal. Opposite is the building of the Industrial Society, adjoining the old Reichenbach Tower. Adjacent, in the pleasure-grounds, is a War Monument, consisting of a copy in terracotta of a frieze executed by Siemering for the triumphal entry of the troops into Berlin in 1871, and a pedestal bearing the first cannon captured from the French in 1870, which was taken at Weissenburg by soldiers of Gorlitz. To the E. of the Demiani-Platz is the small Maribn-Platz, adorned with a Statue of the Burgomaster Demiani (d. 1846). The neighbouring Frauenihurm, with the arms of the town, dates from the end of the loth century. The wide Elisabeth-Strasse leads hence to the E. Opposite the tower are the Annenkapelle, built in 1508-12 and now used as a school, and the *Museum of Natural History (PI. 21 ; B, 3), containing extensive collections in ornitho- logy, conchology. and mineralogy (adm. on Wed., 2-4, free; at other times on application to the custodian on the groundfloor). — In the Obbrmarkt (PL B, 3) is situated the Trinity, or Abbey Church (PL 11), of 1245 ; the W. part was consecrated in 1385 and restored in 1868; it contains a handsome carved altar of 1383. Beyond the church is the modern Gothic Gymnasium (PL 9), occupying the site of the old abbey. The valuable Milich Library, belonging to the Gymnasium, is accommodated in a school (f]lisabeth-Str. 13). A short distance hence, in the Untermarkt, which is partly en- closed by arcades, rises the *Rathhaus (PL 19 ; C, 2), of the beginning of the 14th cent, (recently restored), at the corner of the Briider-Str. The tower, with the armorial bearings of Matthew Corvinus, King of Hungary, under whose protection the town had placed itself, was erected in 1509-13. The flight of steps in the angle of the tower, with a statue of Justice on a richly-sculptured column, the portal, and the adjacent balcony of the year 1537 are fine speci- mens of the German Renaissance style , and were probably con- structed under the influence of the fajnous Prague architects of that period. In the interior is a panelled room with a fine wooden 268 Route 37. GORLITZ. From Berlin ceiling. The Rathskeller (restaurant) is much frequented. — In the Neiss-Str., TvMch leads to the N.E. from this point, are the prem- ises of the Upper Lusatian. Scientific Society , with an important library (open Thur. 11-1, Sat. 10-12). To the N. is the — ■■^Church of St. Peter and St. Paul (PI. 17; C, 2). erected in 1423-97, partly rebuilt after a fire in 1691-96, with earlier W. portal and crypt, one of the finest Gothic edifices in E. Germany. Interior, with double aisles, borne by 24 slender palm-like pillars. The sacristy contains a number of ecclesiastical antiquities. Ser- vice is celebrated once a year (St. George's Day. 23rd April) in the crypt, the sacristy of which also contains some interesting objects. The wooden bridge over the Neisse, to the E. of the church, com- mands a good survey of the old town. To the S. lies the Wilhelms-Platz (PI. B, 4), with pleasure- grounds and a fountain. On its N. side is the Public School for Girls. At the Sepulchral Church of the Holy Rood (PI. 14; A, 2), to the N.W. of the town, is an imitation of the 'Holy Sepulchre', con- structed in 1476 by Burgomaster Emmerich, after repeated pilgrim- ages to the Holy Land. The Cemetery, to the N.E., contains the grave of the mystic Jacob Bbhme (1575-1624), a native of the district. To the S.W. of this point is the modern Roman Catholic Church (PL 15; C. 3), in the Romanesque style. The well-kept *Town Park (PL C, D, 3, 4) contains monuments to Humboldt and others, several fountains, a botanical garden, and the concert-hall of the Silesian Musical Society. An avenue of linden-trees leads from the Porticus (PL C, 4), an imitation of the Brauderburg Gate in Berlin, to the new Stdndehms (PL C, 4), in the Renaissance style , and past the Tivoli to the Blockhaus (PL C, 6 ; Restaurant), a favourite afternoon-resort. Fine *View from this point of the Neisse Viaduct (see below) and of the Iser and Giant Mts. Close by is a Monument to Schiller. Promenades lead hence along both banks of the Neisse, extending below the rail- way-viaduct (see below) to the pretty Jdgerwdldchen (PL C, 6; Restaurant) on the right bank, and past the Brewery and Eiskeller (Restaurant) on the left bank. Excursions. The -Landskrone (1407 ft.), a basaltic hill 5 M. to the S.W., with a castellated inn and belvedere on the top occupying the site of an ancient robbers' stronghold, commands a fine view. — About 1 M. farther on are the Jauerniker Berge. — To the Cistercian nunnery of St. Ma- rienthal in the prettv vallev of the Neisse, near Ostritz (see below), halfway to Zittau (p. 2^3). "oi'o hrs. — At Moijs. Q'A M. to the S.W. of Gorlitz, General v. Winterfeldt. the favourite of Frederick the Great, fell in 1757 in a battle against the Anstrians. Gorlitz is the junction for Kohlfurt (p. 257) and Dresden (p. 301), for the 'Silesian Mountain Railway', and for the lines to Zittau and Reicheuberg. The^ Kohlfurt and Silesian lines cross the Neissethal by an imposing * Viaduct of 34 arches, 1/4 ^- i" length to Reichenherg. FRIEDLAND. 37. Route. 269 and 110 ft. in height. At Mays (see above"), just beyond the viaduct, the Siksian Railway diverges to the left, leading by Hermsdorf, Niklausdorf, and Lichtenau to Lauban (see below). The Zittau and Reichenberg lines diverge from each other at Xikrisch, the former leading to (20 M.) Zittau (p. 283j, via Ostritz (to Marienthal, see above 1, Russdorf, Rosenthal, Rohnau, and Hirschfelde. The Ri^iCHENBRRG Line reaches the Prussian frontier at(14:0M.) Seidenberg , where a custom-house examination takes place. The first Austrian stations are (142 M.) Tschernhausen and (1441/2 M.) Weigsdorf. 150 M. Friedland [Adler, Weisses Ross, both in the Markt), a Bohemian town, commanded by the imposing old Schloss, 200 ft. above it, begun in the 11th and 12th cent., and completed in 1551. The tower was erected as early as 1014; the basaltic rock on which it stands is exposed to view in the courtyard. After various vicissi- tudes, the castle was purchased in 1622 by Wallenstein, whose por- trait here is said to be a faithful likeness. The family-portraits with which the walls are hung belong to the present proprietor, the Count of Clam-Gallas. Weapons used in the Thirty Years' War are also shown. Fine view (custodian 1 m.). The line now traverses the spurs of the Iser Mts. 153 M. Raspenau, a village with several manufactories, is the station f 01 Liebwerda (Helm; Adler; Curhaus), a small watering- place to the E., charmingly situated in the narrow valley of the Wlttig, at the foot of the Tafelfichte, with a chateau of Count Clam- Gallas. (Flinsberg, 10 M. from Liebwerda, see below.) 164 M. Habendorf. 166 M. Reichenberg, see p. 284. For the line from Zittau to Trautenau via Reichenberg and Turnau , see R. 40; from Turnau to Prague, see Baedeker's Southern Germany. 38. From Kohlfurt to Glatz. 107 M. Railway in 51/2-674 hrs. (fares 13 m. 80, 10 m. 40, G m. 9() pf.). This is the most direct route from Berlin to the Giant Mts. Kohlfurt, see p. 257. — Beyond (6 M.) Heide-Gersdorf the train reaches the Queis. 14 M. Lauban {Bar ; Hirsch, both unpretending), junction for the line to Gorlitz (see above). Lauban, formerly one of the six allied towns of Lusatia (p. 266), has a modern Roman Catholic Church and a Rathhaus of 1543. Pop. 10,775. The Steinberg (Res- taurant), on which is a War Monument commemorating the camp- aigns of 1870-71, commands a fine view of the Iser and Giant Mts. — 181/2 M. Langenols. 221/2 M. Greiffenberg (KriegeVs Hotel), a town of 2974 inhab., at one time actively engaged in the linen-trade. About 17-2 ^I- *o the S. rises the ruin of Greiffenstein (1390 ft.), on a wooded hill, a fine point of view. 270 Route 38. FLINSBERG. Railway from Greiffenberg, in 1/2 lir., via Neundorf and Birkicht to (5'/2 M.) the small town of FHedeberg (Adler), on the Queis. Diligences ply hence (thrice daily in summer, in IV4 hr.) to (5 M.) — Flinsberg (1725 ft.-, JVeues Brunnenhaus; Grosser's Gasthof, R. 5-27 m. weekly; Dtutscher Kaiser; also lodgings; visitors' tax 21 m.), a long vil- lage in the Qtieisthal, with mineral baths and a bath-house built in 1839. The oldest spring, discovered in 1572, is called the 'Heilige Brunnen". The Geiersteitt (2830 ft.), 1 hr. to the E. , is a fine point of view. To the S. rises the Iserkamm, of which the highest points are the Heufuder (3772 ft.) and the TcifelficMe (3778 ft.), reached in 21/2 and 3 hrs. respectively from Flinsberg. At the foot of the latter lies Bad Schwarzhach , 1 hr. from Flinsberg. The Hochstein (p. 276) may be reached hence in 4 hrs. by as- cending the wooded Queisthal , with a guide. — A footpath leads from Flinsberg to the W. in 3V2 hrs. to the small baths of Liebwerda (see above). A view of the Giant Mts. to the right is gradually disclosed. 30 M. Rahishau- 35 M. Alt-Kemnitz. From (39 M.) Reibnitz an omnibus and a diligence run several times daily in summer to Warm- brunn, 4 M. [see p. 274); 3 M. off are the baths of Berthelsdorf (Deutscher Kaiser), pleasantly situated in the Kremnitz-Thal. — The Bober is crossed twice, and a succession of views is enjoyed. 46 M. Hirschberg, see p. 273. Omnibuses several times daily to Warmbrunn (p. 274); railway to Schmiedeberg (p. 274). The most picturesque part of the journey is between Hirschberg and Merzdorf, beyond which the views are concealed from the rail- way traveller (seats should be taken to the right). 49 M. Schildau, with a chateau of Prince Albert of Prussia; 51 M. Jannowitz (Kindler's Inn), a summer-resort (direct route to the Bolzenschloss, 1 V2 lir- , see p. 274). 58 M. Merzdorf. From Merzdorf a diligence plies daily in 1^/4 hr. to (8 M.) the inter- esting mountain-town of Bolgenhain , with its arcaded streets. Adjacent is the ruined Bolkohurg , built about 1292 and destroyed in the Thirty Years' War. About 2 M. farther on is the ruin of ''Schweinhaus, an inter- esting building of the early Renaissance. Beyond Merzdorf the Bober is crossed several times. — 63 M. Kuhbank, the junction for the line to Liebau and Koniggratz (R. 41). Our line ascends the valley of the Ldssig. 66 M. Wittgendorf; 71 M. Gottesberg (1758 ft.), the highest point of the railway. — 72 M. Fellhammer ; passengers for Salzbrunn or Schlesisch-Friedland (p. 289) change carriages here. — Tunnel. 75 M. Dittersbach (Burg), junction for the line to Waldenburg, Altwasser, and Sorgau (p. 286). Fine view from the station. To Gbrbersdorf {^. 289), via Lang w alter sdorf, a drive of i^j-i hr. A pleasant Walk leads through the woods of the Schwavze Griind (to the left the Ochxenkopf, 1/2 ^i- to the right the ruin oi Neuhaus) in 1V2-2 hrs. to Charlottenbrunn (see below), via liesselgrund, Lehmwasser (inn), and the Karlsfiain. The train then passes the ruin of Neuhaus , penetrates the Ochsenkopfby a tunnel 1 M. long, and traverses the N.- slope of the Schwarze Berg. 79 M. Charlottenbrunn (Curhaus ; Deutsches Haus ; Friedens- hoffnung ; Grundhof ; Preussische Krone ; visitors' tax 15 m., each additional pers. 5 m.), a watering-place situated IV2 M. from the GIANT MOUNTAINS. 39. Route. 271 station (omn. 30 pf.), in a depression of the Weistritzthal , with two weak alkaline springs. The Karlshain. Bismarck- Anlagen, and Engel'sche Anlagen are well-kept promenades. Excursion to Kynau and the Schlesierthal, see p. 294. The train now passes through the Reimsbacher Tunnel , and reaches (81^2 M.) Wiiste-Giersdorf (Sonne), a long village in the valley of the Weistritz, A pleasant walk may be taken from Nieder-Wiiste-Giersdorf to Ober- Tannhausen and Do/inerau, and through the depression between the Langen- berg (wide panorama from the trigonometrical survey station) and the IJornberg to the (iV^ hr.) 'Horn^chloss^ a robbers' keep, destroyed in 1497, whence an extensive view is enjoyed. 82 M. Oher-Wuste-Giersdorf;^i^l2^.Kbnigswalde. The train threads a tunnel, skirts the E, slopeof the Spitzberg, and crosses the Hausdorfer and the Galgengrund Viaduct. 89 M. Ludwigsdorf. 93 M. Neurode (Deutsches Haus ; Wiidenhof) , a small town with 6900 inhab., in the valley of the Walditz. partly burned down in 1884. Coal-mines in the vicinity. The St. Anna Capelle [1000 ft.] Restaurant), on a hill to the S. of the town, commands a beautiful view. At Scharfeneck, 4 M. farther on, the Walditz falls into the Steine. The train follows the valley of the Walditz. 98 M. Mittelsteine, on the bank of the Steine. 102 M. Mohlten. The train now tra- verses the Steinethal. To Wiinscheburg and the Heuscheuer, see p. 290. Beyond (102 M.) Mohlten and [104 M.) Birgwitz the train crosses the Glatzer Neisse, and reaches (107 M.) Glatz, see p. 291. 39. The Giant Mountains. (Riesengehirge. ) Plan. The most interesting points among the Giant Mts. may be visited in five or six days. Hirschberg (see p. 273) is the most convenient starting-point. 1st Day. Hirschberg and environs (Cavalierberg, Kreuzberg, Helikon, etc.) 4 hrs. ; train in the afternoon to Erdmannsdorf in Vz hr., walk by the Heinrichsburg and Weihrichsberg to Warmbrunn 2^2 hrs., in all 7 hrs. — 2nd Day. Hermsdorf 3 ^ hr., Kynast 3/^^ across the Herdberg to Agnetendorf 1, to Bismarck-Hohe 2/4 hr., and thence either to Petersdorf 3/4 hr., Schreiborhau (with digression to the Kochelfall), and Josephinenhiitte 3^/2 hrs. ; or direct to Schreiberhau (with digression to Kochelfall) and Jo- sephinenhiitte 3 hrs., in all 71/2 or 6V4 hrs. — 3rd Day. Zackelfall and Neue Schlesische Baude 13,4, Elbfall IV2, Schneegrubenbaude 34, Peterbaude I1/2, Riesenbaude 3, Koppe ''2 hr., in all about 9 hrs. This third day's walk, how- ever, should not be attempted except by tried pedestrians, and even they would do well to endeavour to reach Hermsdorf on the first day, and the Neue Schlesische Baude or even the Elbfall on the second. Those whose time permits should devote two days to this part of the journey, spending the night in the Peterbaude. — 4th or 5th Day. Descend to the Hampclbaude IV2, Kirche Wang IV2, Krabersteine 1, Arnsdorf 1/2, Schmiedeberg i hr. — 5th or 6th Day. Friesensteine IV2, Fischbach 1, Falkenstein or Forstberg 1, Jannowitz 1 hr. — The Bohemian side may be included by the follow- ing arrangement: 3rd Day. From the Xeue Schlesische Baude direct tu the Schneegrubenbaude IV2, descend thence to the Elbfall 34, along the j;ibseifen to Spimlelmiihl 2, and ascend either to the Peterbaude IV2, or by the Leierbaude to the Spindlerbaude I1/2 hr. — 4th Day. To the Koppe 272 Route 39. GIANT MOUNTAINS. 3^4 or 31/4 trs. ; descend in the afternoon through the Eiesengrund and the Aupathal to Johannisbad 5 hrs. (carriages may be hireu at Petzer- kretscham). — 5th Day. Keturn to the Kreu/.schenkf and ;.scei.d the valley of the Kleine Aupa to Kieinaupa (carriage in 2 hrs.j, Gienzbautien ii/2, and Kirchc "Wang 1 hr. — bih Day. Via Arntdorf to Schmie-ieberg 21/2, to Jannowitz (see above) 41/2 hrs. — A visit from Schmiedeberg to the Adersbach and Weckelsdorf rocks (see p. 282J may be combined with the above tours. Inks generally good, except at the smaller villages. Those among the mountains, called 'Bauden', are constructed of wood. Charges at the best inns: R., L.. d; A. 21,2 m. and more, B. 75 pt., D. 2-2f2m. At the inferior: E.,L., (kA. l-lV2m., B. 50-60 pf. In the height of jummer, when crowded, charges are raised. Wine on the Austrian side generally good, on the Prussian inferior and dearer. — The habit uf plajing wretched music, and sometimes of dancing well into the night, which prevails at most ot the 'Bauden\ does not conduce to the comfort or repose uf travellers. Guides are found at all the prii.cipal starting-places, and although seldom absolutely necessary, are of.tn found useiul in the stormy or foggy weather which is frequently encountered among the Giant Mts. Their charge is 5 m. per day and 2V2 m. per half aay, noi exceeding 6 hours, for which fees ihey are bounu to provice thei ov\n food, though it is usual for travellers to pay also for their humble fare. — chaik- PoETEES, 6 m. per day. Caekiages. With one horse, half-day 5, whole day 10 m, \ with two horses, half-day 8, whole day 15 m. — Hoeses (tu be obtained at Schmiede- berg, Seidorf, Hermsdorf, Josephinenhutte, etc.) with aitenuant, 9 m. per day and fee , with allowance for return journey if dismissed at a dis- tance from home. The Paths are constantly undergoing repair or improvement, so that most of them are mure like garden- walks ihan mountidn-tracks. The '■Eiesengebirgsverein, which maintains enquiry stulions at the principal vil- lages, has provided the paths on both the Bohemian and Prussian sides of the mountains with fmger-posts. The Wateefalls are often disappointitigly scanty in dry seasons, but this natural deficiency is in most cases overcome by temporarily damming the water. A fee of 15 pf. is demanded for opening the sluices. The same charge, huwever, is also made even when uatare requires no such artificial embelli-hment, and, in general, the .■similar demands on the purse uf the traveller are so numerous that he will do well to provide himself at the outset with a considerable supply of .small coins. It is sometimes difficult to obtain change at the 'Bauden'. German money circulates freely on the Austrian side. The Giant Mountains form part of the great mountain-chain called the Sudeten , which extends from the sources of the Oder and the Car- pathians towards the IN'.W. for a distance of 140 M. The Riesenkancm ^ or Giant Range, strictly so called, which rises somewhat abruptly on the Silesian, and gradually on the Bohemian side, stretching from the sources of the Bober on the E. to those of the Quels and Zacken on the W., is 23 M. in length , and attains an average height of 400U ft. The principal heights are the Schneekoi^pe (5262 ft.), the Brunnberg (511S ft.), the Hohe Bad (4941 ft.), the Silberkumm (4810 ft.), the Grouse and Kleine Sturmhaube (4731 and 4672 ft.), the Schworze Koppe (4629 ft.), the Kesselkoppe (4705 ft.), the Krkonosch (4623 ft.), and the Reiftrager (4458 ft.). The geological for- mation of the Giant Mts. consists mainly of granite, but in the S. part of the range gneiss and slate enter largely into its composition. The lower slopes are clothed with silver firs, pines, larches, and beeches, but at a height of about 8500 ft. the forest zone of the Giant 3Its. terminates, and the region of the dwarf pine (pinus pumilio) begins. This in its turn soon gives place to gentians, hawkweed (liieracium). Icelandic moss, 'devils beard' (anemone alpina), violet-moss (byssus jolithus), and other Alpine plants. Alpine roses and Edelweiss have been planted on the Schnee- koppe, and promise to flourish in their new habitat. !N'one of the other mountainous regions in Germany are so Alpine in character as the Riesen- Giant Mts. HIRSCHBERG. 39. Route. 273 gebirge. — Several places in the Riesengebirge are much frequented as summer-resorts, such as Fischbach, Hermsdor/^ Spindelmuftl, St. Peter, S'llz- brunn, Warmbi'unn, Schmiedeberg, etc. a. Hii'schberg, Schmiedeherg , and Warmbrunii. Distances. From Hirschberg to Schmiedeberg 9 M. , Hirschberg to Warmbrunn 4 M., Warmbrunn to Hermsdorf 2^'\ M., ascent of the Kynast 3 4 hr., Hermsdorf to the Josephinenhiitte V'Z M., Hermsdorf to Schmiedeber% 9 M., Warmbrunn to Schmiedeberg 9 M. Hirschberg. — Hotels. 'Peeussiscuek Hof, Thamm's Hotel, both in the Anlayien ; 'Drei Bekge, in the Haupt-Str., R., L., d: A. 2V4, B. '|2 m. ; Weisses Koss, Deutsches Haus, in the market-place; Heerde's. in the Anlagen; 'Deutscuer Hof, at the station; Bellevce, between the station and town-, Goldenes Schwert, in the market-place; Schwan , near the station, unpretending. — Heerde's Concert Garden; Schurds Bierhalle, Bahnhof-Str. Hirschberg (1122 ft.), a station on the 'Schlesische Gebirgs- Bahn' (p. 268), picturesquely situated at the confluence of the Bober and Zacken, is an old town with 14,388 inhab., still partly surrounded by walls, and the principal commercial place in the Si- lesian Mts. Near the station is the Protestant Church, covered with a large dome , one of the six churches for which Charles XII. of Sweden stipulated with Emp. Joseph I. at the Altranstadt Con- vention in 1707; it enjoys a reputation for its admirable acoustic properties. The Roman Catholic Church dates from the 14th cen- tury. The Ring, or market, is enclosed by arcades. To the S. of the town are pretty Anlagen, or promenades, extending to the *Cavalierberg (Felsenkeller; Waldschlosschen). To the K.W. of the town, at the confluence of the Bober and the Zacken, rises the 'Hausberg (Restaurant), a line point of view. At the foot of it is the Railway Viaduct over the Bober. To the 'N. of the Haus- berg rises the '•'Helikon (view), crowned with a small Doric temple. — The Kreuzherg, IV 2 M. to the S.E., with the country-seat and *Park of Hr. R. Kramsta of Freiburg, aflfords an extensive view. A walk up the wild Boberthal, or Saltier Ravine, on the left bank, will repay the traveller. In the first part of the valley are a number of new factories. After I'/a M. a path ascends to the left to the Helikon. The 'Mirakelbrunnen' is next passed. The finest point, about 3 M. from Hirschberg, is styled Ber Welt E»de, where the path is compelled to quit the stream and ascend to the left. On the opposite bank are the Rai/b- schloss and the T/iurmstein , a huge mass of rock. We may now return by the Mirakelbrunnen and the Helikon (see above). From Hirschberg to Schmiedeberg, 9 M., railway in 1 hr. (fares 1 m. 20, 90, 60 pf.). The first station is (4 M.) Lomnitz, beyond which we obtain magnificent views of the mountains. — 6 M. Mittel-Zillerthal (*Hotel zum Zillerthal), forming with the neighbouring Hohen- and Nieder-ZiUerthal a single community, was founded in 1837 by Protestant emigrants from the Zillerthal in Tyrol. It contains large flax-spinning works belonging to gov- ernment. Mittel-Zillerthal is the station for Erdmannsdorf (1263 ft.; 'Zum Schweizerhaus; Scfnnidt; Deutsche Reichshalle), a village 1 M. to the N., with a royal chateau and park, formerly belonging to General Gneisenau. Baedeker's >'. Germany. 9th Edit. 18 274 Route 39. SCHMIEDEBERG. Giant Mts In the park is the Russian Pavilion from the Vienna Exhibition, brought hither in 1875. Church designed by Schinkel. The direct route from Erdmannsdorf to Schmiedeberg leads to the S.E. via Buchwald (see below). A detour maj'. however, be made by the long village of (3 M.) Fischbach ("'Zur Forelle; Hiihner). with a fine old chateau, founded in the 14th cent., completed in the 16th, and subsequently restored and embellished by Prince William of Prussia (d. 1851). The interior con- tains some objects of art, and several family pictures (fee 1 m.). Hence to Schmiedeberg \}\i hr. To the N. of Fischbach rise the Falkenberge, of which both the most southerly, the Falkenstein (2126 ft.; reached in 1 hr. from Fischbach). and the slightly higher Forstberg^ to the X. (first made accessible in l884), are excellent points of view. To the S.E. of Fischbach rises the (l^'z hr.) Mariannenfels, a huge group of rocks on the summit of the Fischbacher Oebirge, commanding a fine panorama. On the S. side of the rocks is a gigantic lion in iron, after Eauch. From Fischbach a road leads via Xiederrohrbach and Neu-Jannoicits (or direct from the Mariannenfels) to the " Bolzenschloss (Inn at the for- esters! ^ the imposing ruins of the old castle, destroyed by the Swedes in 1643, command an admirable *View of the Katzbach Mts., Jannowitz (p. 270), and the little town of Kupferberg, picturesquely perched on the top of a hill. 9 M. Schmiedeberg (1470 ft. ; *Preussischer Hof, with garden commanding a fine view, R., L., & A. l^/^ m., B. 60 pf. ; *Goldner Stern; Schwarzes Ross; Goldener Lou-e; Deutsches i?eic/i, unpretend- ing), an old town with 4347 inhab., stretching for a considerable distance up the steep valley of the Eglitz. Down to the 16th cent, it was an important mining place, and it was afterwards the centre of the Silesian linen manufacture. Mining for magnetic iron-ore has recently been again carried on, and there are manufactories of carpets, wax-cloth, and ether articles. Picturesque environs, with a number of villas and chateaux. Sleighs may be obtained here at the Preussischer Hof for the favourite winter-pastime of sleighing to and from the Grenzbauden (ascent 2 hrs., descent 10-20 min.),. a species of 'tobogganing' or 'coasting' on a large scale. At Buchwald (Brewery), 2 M. to the N., on the road from Schmiede- berg, or from Erdmannsdorf, to Fischbach, there is a chateau with a beautiful park; the 'Warte' commands a fine view (key kept by gardener). An admirable prospect is obtained from the '■Biiche (Restaurant), IV2 M. to the N.E. of Schmiedeberg, on the old road to Landeshut. A path diverging to the left from this road, ^A 31. farther on, leads to (2V2 M. the Friesensteine (3261 ft ), which also command a fine view. On the second group of rocks is a circular hollow, once perhaps used for pagan sacri- ficial rites. From Hirschberg to Warmbrunn , 4 M. ; omnibus , starting from the station and the market-place, almost hourly in summer (40 pf. ; to Hermsdorf 70 pf.). The road on the right bank of the Zacken ascends the industrious Hirschberg Valley, inhabited chiefly by weavers, and passes through Kunersdorf and Herischdorf. "Warmbrunn. — Hotels. '-Hotel de Pkusse ; -Schwakzer Adler ; ScHNEEKOPPE, D. 1 m. 25 pf. ; Bkeslauer Hof; Schwarzes Ross; Rosen GARTEN: Victoria: Stadt London; 'Preussische Krone (hotel garni). Also numerous Lodging Houses ^Lsinges Haus , R. 9-24 m. per week; For- tuna. R. from 5 m.). Private Lodgings 6-30 m. per week and upwards. Restaurants (beer). Ktirsaol, table-d"hote 1 m. 75 pf. ; Rosengarten, Giant Mts. HERMSDORF. 39. Rome. 275 in the Schloss-Platz; Warnibrunner Brauerei, on the road to Hermsdorf. — Cafe at the confectioner's in the Kursaal, with reading-room. Carriages: To Agnetendorf. with one horse 5, with two 6m. ; to Buch- wald, 6 or 9ni.; Erdmannsdorf, 4 or 6m. ; Fischbach, 6 or 9ni. ; Hermsdorf 21/2-31,2 m.; Hirschberg Rail. Stat., 3 or 5 m.-, Josephinen-Hiitte, 6 or 9 m.; Krummhiibel 6 or 9 : Stonsdorf 3 or 5; Seidorf 4 or 6; Schreiberhau 472 or 6; Schmiedeberg 6 or 9 m. ; somewhat more if any stay is made. Warmbrunn ( ii2S {t.\ a pleasant watering-place, visited by 2000 patients annually, lies in a fertile district on both banks of the Zacken, near the N. slopes of the Giant Mts. The thermal springs (86-104° Fahr.}, used both for drinking and bathing, and bene- ficial in cases of gout and skin disease, have been known since the end of the 12th century. Since 1401 the place has been the pro- perty of the Counts Schaflfgotsch , whose handsome Sehloss was erected in 1784-89. The Prohstei contains their library of 60,000 vols, and a fine collection of coins, weapons, and minerals (open daily, ex- cept Sun., 9-11 and 3-5). The Schloss-Park is open on Tues. and Frid. , 2-7 o'clock. The beautiful Promenades extend as far as Herischdorf, 1/3 M. distant, and are flanked with the Theatre, the Cursaal, the 'Gallerie\ and numerous shops, in which cut glass and polished stones are the most attractive wares. The Weihrichs- berg (1161 ft.), 1/4 ^r. to the S.W., and the *Scholzenberg (_13r36ft. ), 1/4 hr. to the E., are two of the finest points of view (Restaurants). To Reibnitz (p. 270) post-omnibus twice daily in 3/4 l»r. From Warmbrunn the omnibus usually goes on to (2 M.) — Hermsdorf. — Hotels. *Tietze's Hotel, R., L., & A. 2V2m., B; 70 pf. ; 'Vekein. whence the omnibuses start, R. IV2 m. ; Dectsche Krone - Weisser Lowe; Zcm Ktxast; 'Goldexer Stern, unpretending; Schna. bel's ; Peschke's ; all generally crowded in the height of summer. — Private apartments also to be had. Guide to the Kynast IV2 m. , to the Bismarckshdhe 2V2 "i.; for a' chair, each porter 2 m. and 3 m. Hermsdorf {i'dil ft.}, 2 M. to the S.W. of Warmbrunn, a beauti- fully-situated village with a chateau of Count Schaffgotsch, is an admirable starting-point for excursions. On a wooded height above it rises the w^ell-preserved ruin of *Kynast (2028 ft.), founded in 1292, and destroyed by lightning in 167.0. A legend attaching to the castle forms the subject of a ballad of Korner. The beautiful but heartless Kunigunde vowed to marry none but the knight who should first ride round the parapet of the castle. Many made the attempt, but were precipitated into the abyss below. At last one with whom she herself fell in love succeeded in his daring feat, but in- stead of claiming his prize, he administered astern reproof and departed. Beautiful view of the Hirschberg valley from the tower (10 pf.). As the carriage-road (1 hr.) is destitute of shade, the ascent to the castle is best made by the path which leads to the left from the upper part of the village and mounts on the N. side of the hill (3/4 hr. ; guide unnecessary; Restaurant at the inner gate of the castle). We descend to the HiJllengrund , which separates the Kynast from the Heerdberg (2165 ft. ; ascent •'^/4hr.) towards the S. A plea- 18* 276 Route 39. SCHREIBERHAU. Giant Mts. saut path leads tlirougli the woods round the Heerdberg to Agneten- dorf [see below) in 34 hr. Near Wernersdorf (Zum freundlichen Hain), 33/4 M. to the W. of Warm- brunn, and 3 M. from Hermsdorf, are the Bibersteine, an imposing group of rocks. Fine view from the Grosse Biberstein (125 ft. : evening-light best). Guide from Petersdorf (see below) to the Bibersteine lV2m. From Agnetendorf CDeutscher Kaiser; Beuer), situated in a pleasant valley, 21/4 M. to the S. of Hermsdorf, the -Bismarckshbhe (2231 ft. ; Inn), an excellent point of view, may be reached in 3/4 hr., or from Hermsdorf direct in IV4 br. — ISTear it is" the Sdbrich ^ another fine point. — The Schneegrubeni Thunnstein, Peterbavde, etc., see p. 278. — From the Bis- marckshohe a good road (the beginning of which we must have pointed out to us) leads in 2 hrs. to Schveibevhau (see below). After about 33/4 M. a path diverges on the right at a finger-post to (i^/z M.) the Kochelfall (see below), whence we may either return by the same way or strike the (1 2 M.) high-road between Petersdorf and Sehreiberhau and follow it (see below). A path leaving Petersdorf (see below) at the Kochelfall Inn leads N.W. to the (3'4 hr.) Molikefelsen (1800 ft. ; Restaurant), which command a beauti- ful view in the direction of Hermsdorf. From Hermsdorf the post-road (diligence twice daily) ascends the picturesque valley of theZacken to (2^/-2 M.) Petersdorf [Kron- prinz ; Preusslers; Wittwer's; *Goldener Stern, with a garden and baths; *Zum Kochelfall. at the end of the village), with glass- polishing and glass-staining works. At the ' Trinkhalle' , 1 M. above the Kochelfall Inn, a path to the left leads through a pretty, wooded valley to the (10 min.) Kochelfall, a cascade 39 ft. in height (comp. p. 272; a walk of 2 hrs. from Hermsdorf). The road then leads through the straggling village of Sehreiberhau, the 3600 inhab. of which maintain themselves by linen-weaving and glass- polishing. Numerous inns and lodging-houses on the road-side : among them the Gasthof zum Zackelfall(20bO ft.'), with post-office ; the Marienthal Inn ; beyond it, ^Kbnig's Hotel , the Weissbachhof (with baths), and the Gasthof zum Waldschlosschen, with a pretty view, on the way to the Hochstein (see below). The Gasthaus zur Josephinenhiitte (2428 ft.), on the road, 3/^ M. beyond Konigs Hotel and about 12 M. from Hermsdorf, is the headquarters of guides and porters for the Koppe. The Josephinenhiitte , the largest of the glass-houses of Sehreiberhau, belongs to Count Schaffgotsch (open 9-12 and 3-6). Near it rises the Rabenstein, a lofty rock. The *Zackelfall, a fall of the Zackerle, 80 ft. in height, framed in beautiful forest scenery. 3/^ M. to the S. of the Josephinenhiitte, is reached by a good road. The best view of the fall, which is one of the finest in the Giant Mts., is obtained from beneath (Restau- rant, with beds). Route to the Neue Schlesische Baude, see p. 277. To the "N.W. of the Josephinenhutte rises the Hochstein (3543 ft.), ascended in 1 hr., an excellent point of view (rustic inn). Guide 2 m.; chair, for each porter 3\2 ni. — Ascent from Hermsdorf direct, 4 hrs. The road beyond the Josephinenhutte ascends to a height of 2460 ft., crosses the Austrian frontier, and leads by Newcelt (8 M. from Sehreiber- hau ; Gasthof Rubezahl), and (10 M.) Taimwald to (15V2 M.) Reichenberg (p. 284). — A pleasant walk through wood leads from Neuwelt to the (31/2-4 hrs.) Elbfallbaude (p. 278) via the Mummel and Pantsche Falls (p. 278). Giant Mts. STONSDORF. 39. Route. 277 Stonsdorf (1247 ft.), 21/4 M. to the S.E. of Warmbrunn, a village with a chateau and brewery of Prince Reuss, lies at the base of the granite Pn^deZfeergr (1535 ft.), which maybe ascended in 20 minutes. On the Stangenberg (1591 ft.), a pine-dad hill, 3/^ hr. to the S.W. of Stonsdorf , rises the ^Heinrichshurg , a tower commanding an admirable view. At the foot of the Stangenberg on the W. lies the hamlet of Merzdorf. 3 M. from Warmbrunn. Near Merzdorf, to the S.W., lies Giersdorf (Zwm Hohlen Stein, in the upper part of the village; *Rufjf€r, Ramsch, Breioery, in the lower), 2 M. from Warmbrunn ; and almost adjoining it is the straggling village of Hain. The picturesque *Hainfall in the valley of the Mittelwasser is l^/o M. above Hain. Near it a fine point of view and a restaurant. Higher up are some remarkable rock-forma- tions, called the Semmeljunge (view), the Thump sahiitte, etc. Seidorf (1197 ft.; *Zur Schneekoppe ; Brewery'), where the roads from Warmbrunn and Hermsdorf unite, 3^/4 M. from each of these places, and 51/4 M. from Schmiedeberg, lies to the S. of Merz- dorf, and is one of the starting-points for the Koppe (p. 279 ; guide to the Anna-Capelle 1^2 ^-i to Kirche Wang 3 m."). From Sei- dorf we reach the Anna-Capelle. {^0S3 ft.), built in 1481, in 1 o ^^r- (service on the Sun. after St. Ann's Day, July 26th); near it are a Curhaus for consumptives, erected in 1884, and a forester's house affording refreshments. Just beyond the latter is a narrow forest- path, leading to the (1 M.) *Krdbersteine, on the N.W. slope of the Krdberberg ; the last rock, the top of which is made accessible by steps, commands a picturesque view. From Seidorf the road leads to the E. to Arnsdorf{Ende's Gast- hof; Scholtz's Restaurant; Brewery), with a ruined castle and a rhateau of the 17th cent., prettily situated on the Lomnitz; then to Steinseiffen and to Schmiedeberg, see p. 274. b. The Hochgebirge. Distances. From the Josephinenhiitte to the Schneegrubenbaude 3 hrs., Riesenbaude 4^2 hrs., Koppe 3/4 hr. ; from Agnetendorf to the Schneegruben- baude 4 hrs. ; from Seidorf to the Riesenbaude 6 hrs. : from Schmiede- herg to Krummhiibel lV2hr. , thence to the Riesenbaude 3 hrs.; from Schmiedeberg direct to the Koppe 4 hrs. ; from Johannisbad to the Koppe 6-7 hrs. ; from Hohenelbe to the Koppe 71/2-8 hrs. ; from the Josephinen- hiitte to Hohenelbe 6V2-7 hrs. From the Josf.phixexhutte to the Koppe, 9 hours. The path ascends by the (3/4 hr.) Zackelfall (p. 276), crosses a bridge (2336 ft.), and ascends the new and excellent path to the (1 hr.) Xeue Schlesische Baude (3976 ft. ; a small inn, poorl. From the Pferde- kopfsteine, ^/^ M. farther on (easy path), a good view is obtained. Leaving the Reiftrdger (4459 ft.) to the left , the path then as- cends past some curious groups of rock, called the (25 min.) Sau- steine fright), and (10 min.) Kdssteine or Quarksteine (left), crosses the path from the Alt-Schlesische Baude to Ober-Rochlitz, and then 278 Route 39. PETERBAUDE. Giant Mt$. skirts the S. side of the Spitzherg . After 25 miii. more (finger-post) we may quit the straight path leading to the right of the Veilchen- koppe (also called Veilchenspitze or Veigelstein) to the {J-jo hr.) Schneegrubenbaude, and diverge to the right to the (1/4 hr.) ELb- hrunnen. one of the sources of the Elbe, and thence towards the S. to the (1/4 hr.) *Elbfall, 145 ft. in height (good accommodation in the Elbfallbaude). About ^l^hr. farther is the Pantsche Fall, which descends in several leaps from a height of 800 ft.. and 2hrs. beyond it Spindelmuhl, see p. '281. From the Elbbninnen we may proceed direct, with a guide, to the Pantscfie Fall, and thence to the Elbfall. By this route we come suddenly upon a striking view of the 'Siehen Griinde" (p. 281), which by the other route are disclosed gradually. From the Elbfall we ascend the left bank of the brook by an excellent new path (the older path is shorter but very bad) to the (35 min. 1 ^Schneegrubenbaude (4888 ft. ; a fair inn), lying on the brink of the Grosse and Kleine Schneegrube, two rocky gullies up- wards of 1000 ft. in depth. View of the Hirschberg Yalley. beyond the abyss, and of Silesia as far as the Zobten near Breslaii : still finer view from Rubezahls Kanzel ("Number Xip"s Pulpit"), a lofty rock close behind the Baude. From the Schneegrubenbaude we proceed to the left, passing the Grosse Schneegrube, to the (20 min.) Hohe Bad (4941 ft.), commanding a fine *View. Steep descent on the E. side by a good new path in 20 min. (ascent ^2 hi.). The path then follows the crest of the mountains, leaving the Grosse Sturmhaube (^4672 ft.) on the left, and passing the Mannstein, the Mddelsteine, and the Vogelsteine, and in li/o^r. reaches the *Peterbaude (4100 ft.; tele- graph-office), a mountain -inn , commanding an extensive view towards Bohemia. (Descent from the Peterbaude to the left to Ag- netendorf, or to the right to Spindelmiihl. li o^ii^-) It then descends to the left into the Mddeliviese, a marshy hollow, and reaches the (25 min. ; ascent 40 min.) *Spindlerbaude (3937 jft.), an inn (good Hungarian wine) on the "W. slope of the Kleine Sturmhaube (4731 ft.). [Descent hence to Spindelmiihl IV4 hr.]. The path on the N, side of the latter leads to the (IV4 l^r.) Mittagstein. a granite rock about 40 ft. in height, on the N. slope of the Ldhnberg, or Silber- fcamm (4810 ft.), commanding a fine view towards Silesia. We next pass the deeply imbedded Grosse Teich, and the Kleine Teich, in which trout abound (leaving the Wiesenbaude to the right) , and traverse the Koppenplan , clothed with the dwarf pine , to the (174hr.) Riesenbaude (4563 ft.), a small inn (bed 1 m., shakedown 50 pf.) at the foot of the barren summit of the Koppe. A new path, protected by walls, at the beginning of which a magnificent view is obtained of the Melzergrund to the left and the Riesen- grund (p. 281) to the right, ascends hence in numerous windings to the summit (1 2 hr,, descent 20 min.). From Agnetendoef (p. 276) to the Koppe, 5-6 hours. We may eithet follow the telegraph-wires to (2V2 hrs.) the Peterbaude and take the path Giant Mts. KRUMxMHUBEL. 39. Route. 279 ascending thence (see above); or, at a point Valir. beyond Agnetendorf, where the just-named path ascends to the right, we keep straight on through the woods to (2 hrs.) Haiti (p. 277), take a guide thence to the Brotbaud>^, and then ascend by Kirche Wang and Schlingelbaude ^ skirting the right side of the Grosse Teich (21/2 hrs. j. — Another picturesque, but Linger and more fatiguing route (8-9 hrs.) ascends the Tiefe Grahen^ the wooded valley of a brook rising in the Agnetendorfer Sclineogr\ibe, passes the Thurmstein (2165 ft.), and then the (2 hrs.) Korallensteine (2756 ft.), a wild group of rocks on the K. slope of the Kleinc Stuvmhaube. The Agnetendorfer^ or Schicarze Schneegviihe is next passed, and in IV2 hr. the above-described path to the Riesenkamm is reached. Thence to the Koppe, see above. From Seiuorf (p. 277) to the Koppe, 6 hours. To the Aiina- Capelle and the Krabersteine (p. 277), 3/4 hr. From the latter we return to the finger-post, and then skirt the hill-side till we reach the main path, which ascends direct from the chapel. In ^j^ hr. more we reach the Brotbaude (refreshments), at the junction of the paths from Arnsdorf and from Schmiedeberg by Krummhiibel. The path then leads to the right to (10 min.) *Kirche Wang (2903 ft,), the parish-church of the straggling village of Briicken- berg (*ZumDeutschen Kaiser, near the parsonage, R., L., & A. 1 m.). a good example of the curious Norwegian 'Stavekirken', or timber- churches, purchased by Frederick William IV. in 1844, and trans- ferred hither from its original site in Thelemarken in Norway (^sacri- stan 50 pf.). Tower, school, and parsonage new. The churchyard, the inn, and the Katzenstein, ^4 M. above Wang, afford fine views. By the entrance to the parsonage the path ascends in 40 min., past Rubezafd's Kegelbahn ('Number Nip"s Skittle Alley'), where it joins the direct path from Seidorf, to the Schlingelbaude {S-ilS ft.), another small inn (poor). A little to the right are the Drei Steine. rocky pinnacles on the top of the mountain. Then (10 min.) two bridges over the outlets of the Grosse and Kleine Teich, whence the (1/.2 hr.) Hampelbaude (4117 ft.; well spoken of) is visible on its green plateau. From the Hampelbaude we ascend for 25 min. on the Stirndl to the Koppenplan, on which, 25 min. farther, is the Riesenbaude, at the base of the Koppe (see p. 280). From Schmiedeberg (p. 274) to the Koppe by Krummhubel, 5 hours. A broad road leads from Schmiedeberg to the S.W. by Steinseiffen in IV2 ^r. to Krummhubel (*Zum Goldenen Frieden; Zur Schneekoppe ; Gerichtskretscham ; * Zum Waldhaus . on the road to Kirche Wang), a favourite summer-resort, formerly the prin- cipal seat of the 'Laboranten', or herb and medicine vendors of the Giant Mts., who trace their descent from two fugitive medical students from Prague. ('Pudel' is an aromatic liqueur manufactured here.) In a ravine below the village is t\ie*Alexandrinen-Bad. Excursions may be made from Krummhubel to the romantic Melzergrund (there and back 4 hrs.), the Anna-Capelle and the Krabersteine (^2( 9-3 hrs.), Kirche Wang (2 hrs.), and the Eulengrund (2'/-2-3 hrs.). — The Koppe may be ascended from Krummhubel in S-S*/.) hrs., by the Gthange {somewhat steep) and the Hampelbaude (see above); or by the 280 Route 39. SCHNEEKOPPE. Giant Mts. Eulengrund and the Schwarze Koppe (81/2 l^rs.); or by Wolfshau (Gasthaus Mariensruh) to the Forstbauden (refreshments) and the *Tabaksn-€g (4 hrs.) ,• or, lastly, by Wang and the Schlingelbaude (see above), in 81/2 ^s- (guide unnecessary ; numerous finger- posts^. From Schmiedeberg direct to the Koppe by the Schmiedeberger Kamm, with guide, 4 hours. (The construction of a mountain railway is contemplated.) The path ascends to Ober-Schmiedeberg and Arnsberg, passes the Anna-Capelle (p. 277) on a hill to the right, then turns to the right, and ascends the Mordhohe and the slopes of the Forstkamm, chiefly through wood, to (2 hrs.) the Grenz- 6aMc/cn(3432ft.; ^Hiibner; *Goder), 2 hrs. below the summit (good Hungarian wine). The vegetation becomes scantier as the summit is approached. Steep ascent to the Schwarze Koppe (4629 ft.), then an almost level stretch for 1/2 l^'v a-^d finally another steep ascent of 1/4 hr. to the summit. From Johanxisbad (p. 285) to the summit we have a choice of two pontes. By the first (6-7 hrs.) we ascend the X. slope of the valley, past the finger-post, to the Waldhaus (p. 285). and then follow the valley of the Aupa to (4 M.) Marschendorf (Zum Platz ; Schremmers Restaurant) , the first houses of which almost adjoin Freiheit (p. 285). Count Aichelburg possesses a chateau here. Post-conveyance from Freiheit to Marschendorf daily. The valley contracts, and at the entrance to the village of (li 2 M.) Ditnkel- thal (Brauhof) forks, the right branch leading to Albendovf and the Grem- bauden. Our road leads to the left, passing a large glass-house, and enters a more sombre part of the valley (to the S. the Aic/ielburg, a small tower built in 1861). IV2 M. Kreuzschenke (route to Klein-Aupa, see below). The road to the left is continued to Gross-Aiipa C'Post), a village consisting of huts scattered over the hill-side. In V2 hr. more we reach Petzer, the highest part of Gross-A\ipa, where the road terminates (carr. to this point 4-5 m.). Refreshments and chair-porters at the Petzerkretscham. (A little above diverges the road leading across the Geiergucke to Spindelmiihl; see p. 281). Then a steep ascent leads to the right through the grand "Riesen- grund, or Aiipagriind (Gasthof zur Bergschmiede, at the foot of the hill), which descends abruptly from the Schneekoppe. The path passes between the remains of two large landslips caused by a rain-spout on July ITth, 1882. The Aupa, pouring over the clitf to the X. in divided and scanty runlets , here forms the so-called Aupa Fall. In 2 hrs. from Petzer we reach the Riesenbaude (4568 ft.); thence to the Koppe, see p. 279. [At the Kreuzschenke (see above) a road diverges to the right and leads through the pretty valley of the Kleine Aupa to Klein-Aupa (Zur Slohren- miihle, unpretending; carr. to this point in 2 hrs., 5 m. and fee) and (IV4 hr.) the Grenzbauden (see above).] The second route (7 hrs.) ascends the (2i/2 hrs.) ^Schwarze Berg (4130 ft.) with the Schwavzschlagbaude , commanding fine views of the mountains and the Bohemian plain. We then descend to the Bohnenwiesbaude, pass the Topferbaude and the Fuchsbaude , and follow the long ridge of the ■Fuchsberg^ which aff"ords an admirable view of the Riesengrund and the precipitous S.W. side of the Koppe. Thence by the ''Geiergucke (descent through the Lange Grund to Spindelmiihl^ see p. 281) and the Brunnenberg to fheWiesenhaude and the Riesenbaude (4 hrs.); thence to the top. see p. 279. The ^Schneekoppe , or Riesenkoppe (5262 ft.), the highest mountain in N. or Central Germany, is a blunted cone of granite, covered with fragments of gneiss and mica-slate. The chapel on the summit, erected at the end of the 17th cent., stands on the frontier of Bohemia and Silesia. Divine service performed here once a year Giant Mis. SPINDELMUHL. 39. Route. 281 (10th Aug.). Close to the chapel is the *Koppenhaus (bed 2, shake- down 1 m. ; travellers are awakened to view the sunrise, which, how- ever, is seldom clear) , with post and telegraph office ; a second Inn. built on the Bohemian side of the Koppe, belongs to the same landlord. View extensive and picturesque : to the N. the entire Hirsch- berg Valley; E. Schweidnitz , Zobten , Breslau , Eule , Silberberg, Schneeberg, Heuscheuer; S.W, the Weisse Berg near Prague; W. the Millesrhauer near Teplitz ; N.W. the Landskrone near Gorlitz. To the S.W. we obtain a most imposing view of the Aupagrund or Eiesengrund, descending 2000 ft. almost perpendicularly (see above); to theN. the Melzergrund. Fields of snow are often seen on the mountain in spring. From the .Tusephinexhutte by Spindelmchl to the WiESEysAUDE 6 hrs., and to Hohenelbe 7 hrs. (from 8pindelmuhl to Hohen.elbe route practicable for carriages). — To the Elbfall 3 hrs., see p. 278o A good new path leads to the right from the Elbfallbaude along the si pe of the Krkonosch (4623 ft.) into the ' Elhgrund : on the right rises the Kesselkoppe (4705 ft.). It then turns to the left, skirting the Riesenkamm, which is rent and lissured by the Sieben Griinde^ and follows the course of the Elb- seiffen. Xear the confluence of this stream with the Weissicasser, a brook descendins from the Sieben Griinde, the path unites with that coming from the Peterbaude (p. 278) and turns towards the S.W. At (3/4 31.) the MadeUiegbdudc is a toll-gate (each pers. 4 pf.); then 3/4 M. farther — Spindelmiihl (2657 ft. ; '^Ric/iier's Inn. near the church, fine view ; Zur Spindelmil/ile, with baths, same proprietor; Villa Marienicarte, with garden, below; ElleybncJis Inn; Wiesenhaus; Deutscher Eaiser, Sonne^ Ilarrachscher Gasthof, the last three on the right bank of the Elbe), a favourite summer- resort. At the S. end of the village the Elbe is joined by the St. Peterseifftn. on which. 34 -jj. farther up, lies the village of St. Peter. The route now ascends the S. slope of the Ziegenriicken. to the right of the IIeuschobe>\ and atfords a picturesque view of the W. valleys of the Bvunnberg (5118 ft.). After 3 hrs. we reach the Wiesenbaude (4ol(' ft. ; Inn), whence we follow the stakes to the (i 4 hr.) path on the mountain crest leading in V* ^r. more to the Riesenbaude (see p. 280). — Another route from Spindelmiihl ascends by the Elbe to the point where the imited waters of the Sieben Griinde force their way through the ridge, crosses the bridge to the right, and follows the right bank of the Weisswasser. A few hundred feet above us, 34 hr. from Spindelmiihl, is the lonely but magnificently situated Leierbaude (good accommodation at moderate charges); steep ascent hence in I hr. to the Spindlerbaude (see p. 278.) After 1/2 br. we ascend steeply to the left to the Tei/felswiese^ above which we obtain the finest view of the surrounding mountains, and proceed thence via the Scharfenbaude to the Riesenbaude (4 hrs.). Practised walkers taking the above-mentioned path to the left may proceed by a fatiguing but interesting route along the bank of the Weissicasser to the ^Yiesenbaade. Those who wish to go direct from Spindelmiihl to the Aupa-Thal (5 hrs.) follow the road that diverges above Richter\s Inn and leads to St. Peter. Beyond this village the route gently ascends the wild and romantic Lange Orund to the (2 hrs.) crest of the N. spur of the Brunnherg (see above), which forms the watershed between the Aupa and the tributaries of the Elbe. The Geiergucke. at the top, commands a charming view of the Aupa- Thal. The Zehgrund now remains on the right, while the path follows the slopes on the left to the Richterbauden, the (l',2 br.) Petzerkretscham, and ('/2 hr.) the Post Inn at Gross-Aiipa (p. 280). By following the course of the Elbe to the S. from Spindelmiihl we reach Ilackelsdorf^ Oberhohenelbe, and (3 hrs.) Hohenelbe (p. 285). 282 Route 39. ADERSBACH ROCKS. Giant Mts. c. Rocks of Adershach and Weckehdorf. From Schmiedeberg (p. 274), carriage and pair in 6-7 hrs. (15 m. and fee). A good new road leads via the Landeshuter Kamm (fine retrospects) to (10 M) Landeshut (p. 286); thence to (1 hr.) Grilssau (p. 286) and (1 hr. more) >Sc/;om&e7V (r>eutscher Kaiser ; Brewery, in the market-place), where the road from Liebau (see below) joins our route. Crossing the Bohemian frontier, we next reach (3/4 hr.) Liebenau. (Pedestrians save an hour by taking the path to the right beside the tavern at the beginning of the village.) Beyond the (3/4 hr.) straggling village of MerTcelsdorf the road divide.*, the right branch leading to (^ 4 hr.) Adersbach, the left to Buch- loaldsdorf and (V4 hr.) Weckelsdorf. Adersbach is 3 M. from Weckelsdorf, which lies IV2 M. from the station of the same name. Diligence, see below. From Liebau (p. 286) to Schomberg, 41/2 M., diligence twice daily in 11/4 hr.-, from Schomberg on, see above. From Friedland (p. 289). The road crosses the Bohemian frontier immediately beyond the town, and unites with that from Schomberg at (31/2 M.) Merkelsdorf (see above). From Trautexad (p. 285), diligence once daily in 51/4 hrs. (fare 1 fl. 70 kr.) by (6V2 M.) Qualisch and Adersbach to (iS BI.) Weckelsdorf and (I6V2 M.) the station of that name (p. 290). *Adersbach Rocks. — Zur Felsenstadt, at the entrance to the rocks, tolerable, E., L., & A. I1/2 m., B. 35 pf. ; Kasper's Hotel. — Admission 1 m. or 50 kr. each person ; guide, without whom no one is permitted to enter. 50 kr. for one person, parties in proportion. Several small fees are expected at various points among the rocks, so that the traveller should be provided with 10 and 20 pf. pieces. — The temperature among the rocks is much lower than outside. The Adersbach JSocfcs, resembling those in Saxon Switzerland, are very curious. They once formed a solid mountain of green sandstone, the softer parts and clefts of which have been worn away and widened by the action of water, leaving the more indestructible portions standing. These rocks, thousands in number, several of them 180 ft. high, often assume grotesque shapes, and many of them have been named in accordance with some fanciful resemblance (sugar- loaf, burgomaster, drummer, etc.). The path is often so narrow that visitors must walk in single file. A silvery brook traverses this lab- yrinth , issuing in a waterfall 40 ft. high from a little lake, to -which a flight of steps ascends. Part of the exploration, which occupies about 2 hrs. in all, is carried out by boat. At the egress an echo is awakened by triumpet-blasts and shots (1 m. or 60 pf.). — Near Radowenz, 7 M. to the S.W. of Adersbach, is a 'Fossil Forest' discovered by Prof. Goppert of Breslau. The *Weckelsdorf Rocks (Zwm Eisenhammer, fair, R., L., & A. 11/201.; Zur Felsenstadt, well spoken of), adjoining those of Aders- bach on the E. (2^4 M. from the Adersbach inn), are still more im- posing. Fees for admission, etc., the same as at the Adersbach Rocks. Here , too, various parts of the chaotic scene have their specific names (cathedral, burial-vault, etc.). The finest point is the grand 'Cathedral', resembling a Gothic structure. Visitors gen- erally return through the Neue Felsenstadt , with the 'Amphi- theatre', the 'Valley of Jehoshaphat' (or 'Annathal'), and 'Siberia'. A visit to these rocks occupies 2-27-2 hrs. — Weckelsdorf has a = 'I i:5.s 1^ L ^ II. M'U s-i. \-^W w: f M\^ I . "■■ /^ I f 9||| t te aU a / ;; „ ' f Jl 1 P "^ - // = s ZITTAU. 40. Route. 2S3 station (Restaurant) on the Chot/.en. Nacliod, and Braunau railway (p. 290), 21/2 M. distant (omn.). The Heuxcheuei-, see p. 290; carriage from Weckelsdorf to the foot of the Maria Stern in 2-2i,2 hrs., fare 8-10 m.: carriage from Adersbach to Carlsberg (p. 290) in 6-7 hrs., fare 20 m. 40. From Zittau to Trautenau by Reichenberg. 9(j :M. Railway. T.p Reichenberg in 1 hr. (fares 2 m. 70, 2 m.. I m. 30 pf.); from Reichenberg to Alt-Puka in 23/4 br-s. (fares 3 fl. 67, 2 fl. 75, 1 fl. 83 kr.); thence to Trautenau- Parschnitz in I3/4 hr. (fares 2 fl. 89, 2 fl. 16, 1 fl. 45 kr., Austrian currency). Zittau. — Hotels. 'Sonne, R. IV2 m., A. 40 pf., D. I3/4 m.; "Engel, both in the market-place ; *SIchsischer Hof \ Huttek's Hotel, near the station; Weintraube, Bahnhof-Str. Restaurants. Rathskeller, in the Rathhaus (wine); Braidiaits. Bahnhof- Str.. with garden. Cab from the station to the town for 1 pers. 50 pf., 2 pers. 75 pf., 3-4 pers. 1 m. ; box 20 pf. — One-horse carr. to the Oybin 0^/2 m. for V2 day; S m. for a whole day; two-hor^e carr. 9 or 12 m. ; to the Oybin, Jonsdorf, and the Lausche 9 m. or 13V2 ui. Zittau (800 ft.), a manufacturing town with 23,170 inhab., one of the principal cotton-spinning places in Saxony, is situated in a fertile district on the bank of the Mandau, near its confluence with the Neisse. In 1757, after the battle of Kollin, the town was occu- pied by the Prussians, and was almost entirely reduced to ashes in consequence of the bombardment by the Austrians under Prince Charles of Lorraine. The large reservoir of the town water- works is conspicuous as we quit the station. Handsome Rathhaus, erected in 1844. The Church of St. John, near the market-place, was re-erected in 1834-37 ; view from the tower. Part of the church of 55. Peter and Paul (slender tower), restored in 1882, is fitted up as a Museum of Antiquities (^adm. Wed. & Sat., 2-4). The Joanneum, with a good fresco by Dietrich, contains the gymnasium and the commercial school (adm. 30 pf., 2-5 pers. 50 pf., 6-10 pers. 1 m. ). Opposite is the new Post Office^ behind which is the Stadt- bad. The Cemetery, to the S.E. of the town, affords a good survey of the Neisse Viaduct (see below). About 6 M. to the S. of Zittau rises the Oybin (comp. Map, p. 329), the road to which traverses the long village of Olberador/, passing the ■ Wittigschenke , a clean inn at its upper end. Beyond this point we may quit the road and follow a footpath to the right, which leads through the wood, passing the Hungerbrunnen and crossing the P/erdeberg, to the Oy- bin ; or we may keep to the road for a short distance farther, and turn to the right into the cool and picturesque Hausgrund, whence easy paths with .steps lead up to the Oybin. Fine view of the hill as we approach. The ■Oybin (1680 ft.) is a wooded sandstone rock, in shape resembling a bee-hive, and crowned with the highly-picturesque ruins of a monastery and a castle, curiously combined. The castle, a robbers" stronghold, was destroyed by Emp. Charles IV., who founded the monastery on its site in 1369. The latter was deserted in 1545 by the Celestine monks who occupied it, and was destroyed by fire in 1577 and 1681. A small Museum of Oybin anti- quities occupies the former hall of the castle, to the left, a little below the summit (open daily 9-7 . Sun. 8-7.30: 25 pf.). The church of 1384, with its lofty Gothic arches, some of which show remains of beautiful 284 Route 40. REICHENBERG. From Zittau tracery, is the best preserved part of the monastery. The tower affords a picturesque view. Ancient tombstones in the churchyard. ''Inn adjacent. At the base of the hill is the scattered village of Oi/bin (Kretscham ; Diirrling), with a number of villas of Zittau manufacturers. Opposite the Oybin, to the E., rises the (3/4 hr.) Tqp/er (1870 ft. ; Bar's Restaurant, rustic), another height with grotesque sandstone rocks. The direct route to it from Zittau diverges from the road to the left, Vz hr. be- fore the Oybin is reached. The -Lausche (2595 ft), 2 hrs. to the W. of the Oybin, 3 hrs. from Zittau (guide advisable, l-li/2m.), is the highest point of the range of hills which separates Upper Lusatia from Bohemia. It commands an extensive and magnificent prospect, embracing the whole of Lusatia and the Saxon Switzerland, the Teplitz and Bohemian Mts. (as far as Prague), the Iser- kamm , the Tafelfichte , and the Giant Mts. The *Inn at the top stands half in Saxony, half in Bohemia. The Hochwald (2455 ft), 1 hr. to the S. of the Oybin, a height easily ascended, is another good point of view (*Inn at the top; guide 1-11/2 na.). A picturesque path leads from the Hochwald through the Nonnenklunzen (refreshments), a labyrinth of rocks, to the Lausche. Bohmisch-Friedland, 14 M. to theE. of Zittau (diligence daily), see p. 269. Branch-railway from Zittau to the manufacturing villages of (TV2 M.) Reichenau and (8 il.) Markersdorf. Passengers' luggage is examined by Austrian custom -house officers at Zittau. The train now crosses the great *Neisse Viaduct, Y2 M. in length, supported by 34 arches, 72 ft. above the stream. The pleasant valley of the Neisse is then ascended. 4 M. Grottau; 10 M. Kratzau ; to the right a view of the Jeschken (3173 ft.). 17M. Reichenberg (Rail. Restaurant ; *GoldenerLdwe; Union), the largest town in Bohemia after Prague, is a cloth-making place,^ with 28,090 inhabitants. The Kreuzkirche contains an old altar- piece, Mary and the Child (Diirer?). Schloss smd Rathhaus of the 16th century. New Protestant Church. A new German Theatre was opened here in 1883. *Excursion to the Jeschken (see above) and back, half-a-day. — Railway to Gbrlitz, see R. 37. The line ascends in windings, and at stat. Langenbruck reaches the watershed between the Neisse and Iser. It then turns to the W. and descends to (27 M.) Reichenau (p. 285) and (31 M.) Liebenau, two glass-making places. It next descends the Mohelka Thai and crosses it, affording picturesque glimpses of *Schloss Sichrow, the seat of Prince Rohan, built in the English Gothic style, and sur- rounded by extensive grounds. Beyond stat. Sichrow is a tunnel 690 yds. long. 39 M. Turnau [Rail. Restaurant ; Sparcassa ; Krone , in the town), a town with 4900 inhab., lies on an eminence on the left bank of the Iser, Y2^- from the railway. The jnodexn Marienkirche is a fine Gothic edifice. The hydropathic establishment of Warten- berg lies II/2 M. to the S. 5 about 3 M. to the S.E. are situated the ruin of Waldstein, the ancestral seat of the celebrated Wallen- stein , and the mediaeval chateau of Gross - Skal (view from the tower). Farther distant is the ruin of Trosky, on two conspicuous rocks. — From Turnau to Prague, 4 hrs.. see Baedeker's Southern Germany. to Trautenau. TRAUTENAU. 40. Route. 285 The scenery between Turnau and Eisenbrod is the finest on the line. The train intersects beautiful rock and forest landscapes, at the foot of which flows the impetuous Iser. From stat. Klein- Skal, which is grandly situated, an interesting route leads past the castle of that name (among the ruins of which there is a 'Rock Pantheon', with reminiscences of Austrian celebrities), by the ruin of Friedstein, and the Kopainberg (2161 ft.; *View), direct to (2hrs.) Reichenau (see p. 284 J. To the left is the chateau of Dalimeric, with its double tower. The train continues to follow the picturesque valley of the Iser. 49 M. Eisenbrod, beyond which four tunnels are traversed; 53 M. Semil , with an old chateau of Prince Rohan , now occupied by the district-authorities. — 63 M. Alt-Paka (Rail. Restaurant), a junc- tion, where passengers for Trautenau change carriages. The line to the S.W. leads to Josefstadt (p. 287). 75 M. Starkenbach , a small manufacturing town with an old Schloss. The church contains a font of 1545. 80' o M. Pelsdorf. Branch Railway from Pelsdorf in 14 min. to Hohenelbe (1477 ft. ; Hotel Softener; Schican; Mohv)., a small town pleasantly situated on both banks of the Elbe, on the spurs of the Giant Mts. The small houses with their lofty gables are flanked with arcades borne by wooden columns. The Schloss is surrounded by a fine park. Linen is the staple commodity here. The Heidelberg (3120 ft.), which rises above the town, commands a fine view. From Hohenelbe to the Schneekoppe, see p. 281. 86 M. Arnau; 88 M. Kottwitz; 91 M. Pilnikau. 96 M. Trautenau (Union, at the station; * Weisses Ross, in the market-place, R., L., & A. 80 kr. : Hotel Stark), a town with 9536 inhab., on the Aupa, almost entirely rebuilt after the great tire of 1861 , is the centre of the Bohemian linen industry. The handsome church, founded in 1283, was rebuilt in the middle of last century. New Synagogue. The Prussians gained a victory over the Austrians in the vicinity in 1866. Several monuments to the slain have been erected on the Johannisberg, or Capellenberg, 3/4 M. to the S. of the town, where the battle raged most fiercely; fine view towards the Giant Mts. The Gablenzhohe, ^2 ^- distant, is crowned with an iron obelisk. From Trautenau to Adersbach and Weckelsdorf, see p. 282. From Trautenau to Johannisbad. Eailway'to Freiheit (9 M. ; fares 55, 41, 28 kr.), ascending the populous and industrious valley of the Aupa. Diligence thence to (IV2 M.) the pleasant little Johannisbad (2065 ft. ; ''Curhaus; Preussiscfier Hof; Johannhbad, R.. L., d: A. 2 H.; Deutsches Haus, E., L., & A. 1 tl. 30 kr. ; Stadt Breslau; Goldener Stern; numerous lodg- ing-houses ; Freundschaftssaal Restaurant^, which is visited by about 2(XX) guests annually. The alkaline chalybeate spring is beneficiai in cases of rheumatism and nervous complaints. The Ladig, the Schubertsmiihle, the wild ravine of the Klause, the Waldhaux, and the Blai/steiu are the prettiest points in the pleasant environs, all within an hour's walk-, while the Giaul Mts. atford opportunities for longer excursions (comp. esp. p. 80). From Trautenau to (3 M.) Parschnitz (p. 287), 3 M., railway in 10 minutes. 286 41. From Breslau to Liebau and Koniggratz. 122 M. Railway to Aliuasser in 2^ 4 lirs. (fares 5 m. 60. 4 m. 20. 2 in. SO pf.) ; from Altwasser to Liebau in 13 4 lirs. (fares 3 m. 70. 2 m. 80, 1 m. 80 pf.); from Liebau to Koniggriitz in 3V2-4 hrs. (fares 4 tl., 3fl.. 2 fl.). — Route via Salzbrunn., 118 31., see R. 42. From Breslau to(_30M.) Zon/gf5seZI. Altwasser (1190 ft.; Villa Nova; Seifert's'), with 8087 inhab., possesses extensive 'brown-coal mines, porcelain and mirror manufactories, and engine-works. The chalybeate springs, which once made it a popular resort, have been almost entirely exhausted by the mining operations. — Route by Wilhelmshohe to Salzbrunn, 11/2 tr. , see p. 289. — The train now passes above the scattered village of Hermsdorf by means of a viaduct, and reaches — 461/2^- Waldenburg [1385 ft.; '^SchicarzesRoss; GelberLowe),. a manufacturing town with 12,063 inhab., situated on the Polsnitz^ the centre of a coal-mining district in the principality of Schweid- nitz. Near the station is a large porcelain-manufactory; there are also considerable flax-mills and linen-factories in the vicinity. Ex- cursion to Salzbrunn (p. 288) via the Wetterthiirm, 1 hr. — The line now ascends in a wide curve. At (49 M.) Dittersbach (p. 270) our line joins the Kohlfurt and Glatz railway (R. 38j, with which it coincides as far as (6II/2 M.) Rvhbank (p. 270). It then turns to the S. and ascends the valley of the Bober, which it repeatedly crosses. 65 M. Landeshut (*Rabe; Brei Berge, both in the Ring; Drei Kronen), with 6700 inhab., who are occupied in flax-spinning and weaving, lies on the Bober. The Protestant church is one of the six 'Gnadenkirchen' [p. 273). In the Ring rises a statue of Count Stol- berg [d. 1872], once Governor of Silesia, by Pfuhl. In 1760 a body of 10,000 Prussians under Fouque were defeated here by 31,000 Austrians under Laudon. — Route to Schmiedeberg. see p. 282; to Adersbach, see p. 282. At Griissau, 3 31. to the S.E., are the extensive buildings of a Cistercian abbey, founded in 1290, suppressed in 1810, and now used as a parsonage and school. The large Marienkirche. completed in 1727-35 in the style of the period, contains some interesting ceiling-paintings (especially in the dome), line carved choir-stalls, and an organ by Engel of Breslau (1737). The Fiirstencapelle, behind the high-altar, contains the tombs of Bolko I (founder of the abbey) and Bolko II. of Schweidnitz. The smaller Church of St. Joseph, near the Marienkirche, is also worth a visit. 71 M. Liebau (Schmidt's Hotel; Kyffhduser; Gohler; *BaiL Restaurant), with the Austrian custom-house, is a town of 4911 inhab., engaged in weaving and spinning. — From Liebau to Aders- bach, see p. 282. The line follows a defile through which the Prussian army in- vaded the Austrian dominions in 1866, and soon enters Bohemia. It ascends slightly, crossing the watershed between the Oder and the Elbe, and then descends. 74 M. Konigshan (branch to Schatzlar), KONIGSZELT. 4i>. Route. 287 81 1/2 ^^- Porschnitz (*Rail. Restaurant), on the Aupa, the junc- tion for Trautenau, Reichenberg, and Zittau (R. 40). — The train passes through a long tunnel. 89 M. Schivadowitz. 991/2 ^1- Starkotsch (branch-line to Wenzelsbery , 2 M. distant, on the Halbstadt-Chotzen line, p. 290). The line traverses the battle-field of Nachod, where the Austrians under Ramming and Archduke Leopold were defeated in several engagements by the Prussians under Steinmetz in 18G6. Numerous monuments have been erected to the fallen. The contest was terminated by the cap- ture of (103 M.) Skalitz, the station of which was bravely defended by Austrian riflemen. Ill M. Josefstadt (Wessely's Hotel), a town and fortress on the Elbe, erected in 1781-87, 3/^ M. from the station. 122 M. Koniggratz (Lamm; Ross), a fortress on the Elbe, rendered famous by the battle of 3rd July, 1866, which was fought to theW. of the town (see Baedeker's S. Germany and Austria'). 42. From Breslau to Braunau and Chotzen by Salzbrunn. 118 M. Eailwat. To Halbstadt in 3-31/2 hrs. (fares 8 m., 6 m., 4 m.; express 8 m. 70, 6 m. 70, 4 m. 70 pf.)-, from Halbstadt to Chotzen in 23/4-4 hrs. (fares 4 fl. 41, 3 fl. 31, 2 tl. 21 kr.). — As far ;;s Friedk-.nd the finest views are generally to tlie left, bevond it to the right. Breslau, see p. 258. — 7 M. S'chmolz; 121/2 M. Canth. At Kryhlowitz, 3 M. to the S.E., there is a monument to Field-Marshal Bliicher, who died here in 1819 at the age of 77. 181,2 M. Mettkau . the station for the Zobten, which has for some time been visible on the left. To the right the chateau of Borganie, seat of Count Pinto. From Mettkau diligence twice daily in 2 hrs. to (8 M.) Zobten am Serge (Hirsch) , at the base of the Zobten. Xear it are Gorkau (Inn), prettily situated, with granite quarries, and the small ""Rosalienthal (Inn). A road destitute of shade , and a pleasant , shadv , but somewhat steep path lead from Zobten to the (IV2 hr.) summit of the 'Zobten (2215 ft.), the finest point of view in Silesia , with a few fragments of an old castle, destroyed in 1471. Down to 1810 the hill belonged to an Augustine mon- astery" founded here in 1108, of which the chapel still remains. Best view from an open space about 300 paces from the chapel. Stations Ingramsdorf and Saarau. 30 M. Konigszelt (Rail. Restaurant), the junction for the Lieg- nitz- Frankenstein railway (R. 44), derives its name (king's tent) from the fact that Frederick the Great occupied a fortified camp near it, at Bunzehcitz, in 1761, during the Seven Years' War. 35 M. Freiburg (906 ft.; Schwarzer Adler ; *Burgi Schwarzer Bar), a small town (8348 inhab.) with several linen factories , is prettily situated on the hill-side. On the opposite bank of the Pols- nitz lies the straggling village of Polsnitz. Comp. the Map, p. 270. Pleasant ^Excursion to Scni.oss FCrstenstein. We follow the road through Polsnitz and past the (2 M.) Conrudmiihle, and 1-2 M. farther on, at the cross-roads, ascend to the left to the (20 min.) Schloss. Another route leads by the above-mentioned village of Polsnitz and its prolong- 288 Route 42, SALZBRUNN. From Breslau ations Hellabach and Salzahach to the (3 M.) Inn zur Neuen Schweizerei, a few hundred paces beyond which is the ''Alte Schweizerei Restaurant^ both close to the Schloss. — (From Sorgau to Fiirstenstein, see below.) 'Schloss Fiirstenstein , the residence of the Prince of Pless, charm- ingly situated on the E. side of the valley of the Hellabach or Polsnitz, and surrounded by extensive groimds , is one of the most attractive spots in Silesia. The chateau, erected in the Kenaissance style in the ITth cent., has been entirely altered and sumptuously fitted up by the present proprietor (adm. by application at the superintendent's office in Walden- burg). The tower commands a fine view. A *Walk through the valley and a visit to the two castles may be accomplished in 2-3 hrs. as follows (or in the reverse direction , starting from the Schweizerei). Beyond the above-named cross-roads we turn to the left (S.), on coming in sight of the Schloss , and then take the first footpath to the right, which leads to the Schutzensitz (view of Salzbrunn), whence a digression may be made to the right to the (5 min.) Riesengrah {'-View). We then return to the road and follow a track indicated by stone way-posts, which leads to the ''Luisenplatz, where a beautiful view of the chateau, the Alte Burg, and the wooded Fiirstensteiner Grund is enjoyed. Descend hence into the valley , 300 ft. in depth , cross the Hellabach, and ascend to the Alte Burg , a small imitation of a mediaeval castle. A kind of tournament was held here in 1800 in honour of Frederick William III. , on which occasion the prizes were distributed by Queen Louise (castellan 1 m.). Return by the same route into the beautiful valley, and descend the left bank of the Hellabach to (50 min.) the Alte and Neiie Schweizerei, or to (20 min.) ^ieder-Salzbrunn (see below) and (20 min. more) the station of Sorgau (see below). The line ascends in a wide circuit. 41 M. Sorgau ; hence to Altwasser, etc., see R. 41. The route from Sorgau to Schloss Fiirstenstein is slightly shorter than that from Freiburg. The Waldenburg road is followed to (IV2 M.) the Fiirstensteiner G-rund, and then the route above described is traversed in the reverse direction. — Halfway between Sorgau and the Fiirstensteiner Grund opens the Salzgrund^ a parallel valley. The Schneekoppe is visible to the right in clear weather. The train is carried over Nieder-Salzbrunn by a viaduct; Ober-Salz- brunn lies to the left. Fine view. 431/2 M. Bad Salzbrunn. — Hotels. Peeussische Krone, table d'hote IV2-2 m. , less to subscribers; Elisexhof; Sonne; Curhads; Adlee; all with restaurants. Numerous Lodging Houses. Baths 60 pf. - i m. — Visitors' Tax 21 m., members of a family cheaper. — The station is 1 M. from the Bad (omn. 30 pf.). Salzbrunn [1270 ft.) consists of a number of villages stretching along the valley of the Salzbach for nearly 41/2 -^1- Bad Salzbrunn, the watering-place proper, lies quite at the upper end, about 3 M. from the first house. Its saline-alkaline waters were famed as early as 1316 for their efficacy in pulmonary and bowel complaints, but fell into disuse during the wars of the following centuries. Their virtues were again brought into notice about sixty years ago , and Salzbrunn is now the most fashionable watering - place in Silesia (^3000 patients annually). The principal drinking- spring is the Oberbrunnen , which is enclosed by the Elisenhalle , in the pretty promenades of Ober-Salzbrunn [1400 ft. ; 250,000 bottles exported annually). A few paces lower down rises the Miihlbrunnen, another drinking-spring , while the Baths are supplied by the Heilbrunnen and Wiesenbrunne7i. The Annenthurm and the *Richthofenhdhe, both to Braunau. BRAUNAU. Route 42. 289 in the promenades, afford pleasant views of the environs. The (1 M.) Schweizerei (Restaurant), the (1 1/2^1-) Friedrichfiruhe [Cafe'J, and the (2'/2 M.) Antonscapelle are fine points in the vicinity. At the upper end of Salzbrnnn, near the entrance to the village of Hartau, the road to Altwasser diverges to the left (E.). !^edes- trians are recommended to take the route by the * Wilhelmshdhe (1690 ft.) , to which an avenue ascends from the promenades in 1/2 hour. Inn at the top commanding a fine view. — Descent on the E. side to Altwasser (p. 286) in 20 minutes. The Zeiskenschloss, or Czeschhatis, IV2 hr. to the N.W. of Salzbrunn, destroyed in the Thirty Years' War, lies picturesquely in the valley of the Zeis. The road to it leads throufih the estate and village of Adelsbach. — The summit of the Sattelwald (2552 ft.), commanding an admirable view of the Silesian Mts., may be reached in 3 hrs. The ascent of the Hochwald (2736 ft.) is fatiguing. The continuation of the line affords numerous beautiful views. Beyond (47 M.) Conradsthal it describes a curve which brings it back to the vicinity of Ober-Sahbrunn. 52 M. Fellhammer is the junction for the railway from Kohl- furt to Glatz (li. 38), the first station on which, Gottesberg (p. 270), is visible on the right. — Farther on, the line commands a suc- cession of splendid views. Tunnel. 58 M. Schlesisch-Friedland (Weisses Ross), a well-built little town on the Steine, with weaving and other factories. To Adersbach, see p. 253. Diligence hence twice daily (in 2/4 hr. ; 60 pf.) to (3 M.) Gorbersdorf (1740 ft.; Preussische Krone), situated in a sheltered valley, and freiiuented by consumptive patients {Dr. Brehmer's Estahlishment, 'pension' from 3G m. per week; Dr. Rompler''s, 34-49 m. per week). The Austrian frontier is now crossed. At (62 M.) Halbstadt (*Rail. Restaurant) baggage is examined by the custom-house officers. Branch Railway from Halbstadt to Braunau in 25-40 min. (fares 44, 33, 22 kr.) — 31/2 M. Hermsdorf-Oehlberg. 51/2 M. Braunau ('■^JaroscKs; *Oesterreich. Adler ; *Traube) , a small town in an open valley , with a handsome Benedictine abbey. The church, built in 1683 and dedicated to St. Adalbert, contains nu- merous frescoes and a few good altar-pieces. Near it is a small mu- seum of natural history. About 11/2 31. to the W. are the Weckersdorf Rocks, a 'Felsenstadt' resembling those of Adersbach and Weckelsdorf, and much visited from Bad Charlottenbrunn (p. 270), 12 BI. to the N. A visit (with guide) to this labyrinth occupies nearly 2 hrs. ; fine view from the Elisabetlihiihe^ the highest of the hills. In 1/2 hr. more we reach the Marien-Capelle on the Stern, another fine point of view with a chapel and an *Inn. The Ileu- scheuer is often visited from Weckersdorf, the route leading from the Stern via Ovoss-Ladney(20■^\\r\.),D^rrengrlmd{}/^\i.r.^,Bilay{}^^\xT.),Melden{,'^^\\iT.^, Nausenei (i/2hr.), /*<(S5e»dor/ (Vz hr.), and the Schweizerhaus (see below; V2 hr.), in all 3 hrs. ; or better from Nausenei to (1 hr.) Carlsberg (see below). From Bkaunau to Nacuod, a drive of 6 hrs. (carriage with one horse to Carlsberg about 12, to Cudowa about 18 m.; carriages are not always to be had at Carlsberg). The road passes Miirzdorf and Barzdorf, crosses Baedkckek's N. Germany. 9th Edit. 19 290 Route 42. WECKELSDORF. the Prussian frontier near Scheibau , and soon reaches "Wunschelburg ( Schwarzer Adler; Nitzsche)^ a small town with 2044 inhab. on the Kalt- wasser, near Albendorf ^ a resort of pilgrims. [Diligence from Wiinschel- burg twice daily in I1/4 hr. to (01/2 M.) MitteUteine (p. 271), passing Rathen^ with a chateau belonging to Herr von Johnston.] The road to the Heu- scheuer turns off to theW. near Wiinschelburg, skirts the mountain to the right (extensive view to the left) , and gradually ascends to (2 hrs.) Carlsberg (Stiebler; Hauck), on the S. side of the Grosse Heuschener (thence to the top Vz-V* hr.). Pedestrians effect a considerable saving of time by following the 'Gebirgvereinsweg'', a footpath diverging to the right from the high-road, some distance before Carlsberg. The *Heuscheuer {^'Schweizerhaus; comp. Map, p. 262) rises about 500 ft. above the lofty plain of the Leierberg. The grotesque rock-formations here have various whimsical names (walk through them, with guide, without whom visitors are not allowed to enter, 1/2-I hr. ; fee, 1st hour 1-2 pers. 50 pf., 3-20 pers. 1 m. ; each additional hr. or fraction of an hr. 50 pf. more; 35 lbs. of luggage 50 pf., more 1 m. : chaise-a-porteurs about 41/2 m.). The highest point is the Grossvaterstuhl (2920 ft.), a seat hollowed out in a small rocking stone. The *View commanded from this somewhat in- secure point of vantage is enjoyed more comfortably and quite as perfectly from the adjacent belvedere. [The Wilde Locher, a wild labyrinth of rocks hollowed out by the action of water, near the village of Bukowine (Inn), 3 M. from Carlsberg, are reached from the latter by a picturesque path (guide from Carlsberg necessary).] Bevond Carlsberg the road descends rapidlv to (71/2 M?) Cudowa (1273 ff.; Cur-Hotel, 'pens.' 5-10 m. : Bellewe, E., L.,&A. 2 m. ; Goldener Stern; visitors' tax G m. per week, less for a long stay and other members of the family), a pretty and well-equipped little Spa (1500 visitors), with strong alkaline springs, used principally for bathing ('champagne baths') but also for drinking. There are several good points of view in the vicinity. Longer excursions may be made to the Hem^cheuer (see above; carr. in 2 hrs.) or Reinerz (p. 293; carr. with one horse, in 2 hrs., 6 m. and fee; diligence twite daily in summer). To Skalitz (p. 207), omnibus in 3 hours. There is frequent communication in summer between Cudowa and (41/2 31.) Nachod (see below). The road joins that from Glatz to Nachod (p.' 293) at (3/4 M.) the village of Sac/ciscfi. The first station "beyond Halbstadt on the railway to Chotzen is (671/9 M.) Weckelsdorf (*Rail. Restaurant), 2^/2 M. from the little town of that name (omn. ; seep. 283). 73 M. Poitfz (^Schwan); route hence via Machau, Melden , and Nansenei to (3 hrs.) Carls- herg, see ahove. 77 M. Hronoxo. 81 M. Nachod (Lamm) , with a chateau of the Wallenstein family, commanding a fine view. From Nachod to Leicin, Reinerz, and Glatz, see p. 293; to Cudowa, see ahove ; to Skalitz, see above. 85 M. Wenzelsberg ; the Wenzelcapelle near the station contains an Austrian military monument (branch -line to Starkotsch, see p. 287). 88 m. Neustadt an der Mettau ; 9O1/2 M. Bohuslavitz ; 94 M. Opotschno, with a chateau of Count Colloredo-Mansfeld; fine view of the Schueelioppe. 104 M. Tynist, where several railways intersect; 1081/2 M. Borohradek. 118 M. Chotzen (Rail. Restaurant), see Baedekers Southern Oexmany. 291 43. From Breslau to Glatz and Mittelwalde. Railwat to Glatz, 58 M., in 2V2 hrs. (fares 7 m. 60, 5 m. 70, 3 m. 80 pf.); to Mittelwalde, 81 M., in 33/4 hrs. (10 m. 40, 7 m. 80, 5 m, 20 pf.). Breslau^ see p. 258. Country at first fertile, but uninteresting. On the right rises the Zobten fp- 287). 9 M. Rothsurben; 13 M. Wamjern ; 16 M. WiUdchen ; 23 M. Strehlen, with 7261 inhab., on the Ohlau (branch-line to Nimptsch). The train then ascends by this stream to (27 M.J Steinkirche, (32 M.) Heinrichau^ and (35 M.) Munsterherg. 45 M. Camenz (Adler), on the Neisse, the junction for the line to Konigszelt and Neisse (R. 44). Camenz once possessed a Cistercian abbey, founded in 1249, and suppressed in 1810. An inscription in the choir of the church records that Frederick the Great escaped being captured by the hostile Croatians here in 1745 by assuming the garb of a monk. On the neighbouring Hartaberg rises the imposing modern Gothic chateau of Prince Albert of Prussia; in the park behind it fountains play on Sun. and Thurs. from 3 to 6 p.m. — A picturesque road leads from Camenz to (7 31.) Reicfienstein, with its arsenic mines, and (12 M.) Landeck (see below). Pedestrians should choose the route through the Schlacken- tkal and past the Rosenkranz Chapel (Tavern), a walk of 5 hrs. 51 M. Wartha (Lowe), a small town. A steep path ascends to the Chapel of St. Anna on the Warthaberg (1838 ft."), which attracts 40,000 pilgrims annually (*View). Other good points of view are the Konigshainer Spitzberg, the Bergsturz, and the Grafensitz. Near the town the Neisse forces its passage through a rocky pass, formed by the spurs of the Schneeberg and Eulen-Gebirge. Tunnel. 58 M. Glatz (Stadt Rom, R., L., & A. I3/4, B. 1/2 m., I). 1 m. 80 pf., unpretending; Weisses Lamm, well spoken of ; Neu-Bres- laa; Weisses Ross); a strongly-fortified town on the Neisse, with 13,307 inhab., is commanded by the conspicuous keep of the old castle , 300 ft. above it f tickets of admission at the commandant's office, in the Ring, 50 pf. ; small fee to soldier who acts as guide), opposite to which is the modern fortress. Pleasant walks to the Konigshainer Spitzberg (see above), the RotheBerg, and the Sophien- fels. — Excursion in the Glatzer Gebirge, see below. — From Glatz to Kohlfiirt, see R. 38. 63 M. Rengersdorf. Good points of view in the neighbourhood are the Bittnerkoppe, the Hutstein, and the Pilz. 70 M. Habelschwerdt (*/))•€/ TiTarp/en; Deutsches Haus , with restaurant), a district-town with 5550 inhab., pleasantly situated on the Neisse. The Chapel of St. Florian, 2/4 M. distant, affords a fine *View ; another admirable point of view is the *Dohlenberg, 4 M. to the W., beyond the Weistritz and the (2 'A M.l Wiistung (Inn). A good road runs from Habelschwerdt to (IS'/aM.) Reinerz (p. 293) via Alt-Lomnitz and Alt-Heide (p. 293), where it joins the road from (Uatz to Nacliod (p. 293). Walkers sLould follow the pleasanter route by the Brandy Lantjenbriick, Kronsiadt (Inn), Kaiser.ncalde, Hohe Mense (p. 293), and the See/tlder, a high-lying moor (2470 ft.), the streams draining which descend to the Elbe and tlie Oder. 19* 292 Route 43. BATHS OF LANDECK. From Breslau 74 M. Langenau, 3/^ M. from the pleasant little Bad Langenau (1171 ft. ; Curhaus ; Annahof ; Jdgerhof)^ witli chalybeate and mud baths. There are several good points of view in the neighbourhood. Next Stat. Ebersdorf. Then (81 M.) Mittelwalde (1312 ft. ; Stern; Sterngarten Restaurant'), the Prussian frontier-station, pic- turesquely situated. The Austrian N.W. Railway runs hence to (56 M. ; in 4hrs.) Kbniggrdtz, etc. Pleasant excursions may be taken to *Burg Littitz, Pottenstein, Grulich, the Schwedenschanze, etc. The Glatzer Gebirge. The finest points among the Glatzer Gebikge, or Glatz Mts., may all be visited from Glatz within two days. 1st Day. By diligence or carriage to Landeck and Seiienberg ; walk through the Klessengrund and ascend the Schneeherg , spending the night at the Schweizerei. 2nd Day. Walk to the WolfeUfall, ascend the Sjyitziger Berg^ and walk thence via WolfeUdorf to Hahelschwerdt or Bad Langenau. — Diligence from Glatz to Bad Landeck 6 times daily in summer in 3^/2 hrs. ; from Landeck to Seitenherg twice daily in 1 hr. Carriage and pair from Glatz to Bad Landeck about 7, to Seitenherg about 10 m. — Guides may be dispensed with. Porter 3-4 m. per day, or 2 m. and food. Information upon all points connected with the Glatzer Gebirge is courteously afforded to travellers by Herr Schirmer. printer in Glatz (in the Rathhaus) and by Herr Hirche, druggist, in Landeck. The road is at first uninteresting. — 10 M. VUersdorf (inn), with a chateau of Count Magnis and a large flax-spinning factory. Beside the road is a cast-iron obelisk, 82 ft. high, erected to Queen Louise in 1802. — 121/2 M. Kunzendorf (Inn ', Brewery), with a handsome chateau. — 171/2 M. Landeck (1482 ft. ; Blauer Hirsch; Deutscher Kaiser'), a small town on the Biele. About 1/2 M. to the N. is the hydropathic establishment of T/iaWteim, and about the same distance to the S.E. lie the Baths of Landeck (1532 ft.; Schlossel; Duppler Hof; Mercur; Weisser Loioe ; Luisenhof), with warm sulphureous springs (68-84°), known as early as the 13th cent., and used both internally and externally. The baths are visited by about 3000 patients yearly, besides tourists (visitors' tax 9 m. per week, patients more). Beautiful shady grounds. Among the walks may be mentioned the Waldtempel (10 min.), amidst beautiful pines (Restaurant); 1/2 l>r- to the S. the Sch ollen stein ; farther o(F, the HohenzoUev (1 hr.), with fine view; still more extensive from the Dvei- ecker (IV4 hr.), stretching to the Lusatian Mts.; the ruin of Karpenstein^ not far distant; view of Landeck from the Galgenberg (1/4 hr.), and still finer from the Ueberschaar, a basaltic rock, 1 hr. to the 'S.B. A pleasant drive from Landeck by Seitenberg and the Puhu on the Schwarzenberg to the Wolfelsgrund (see below) in 4 hrs. (carr. with two horses 15 m.), with fine view from the pass. The road ascends the Biele Valley to (3 M.) Seitenherg (Nassauer Hof), with a fish-breeding establishment (visitors admitted). We then walk to (1/2 hr.) the marble-quarries on the Kreuzberg, de- scend into the ('/o hr.) Klessengrund, traverse the straggling village of that name to the forester's house (no refreshm.) , and ascend through magnificent pine-forests to (2 hrs.) a finger-post, 1/4 hr. beyond which we reach the chalet (*Inn) near the top of the — rrei>>ur g to Qlatz. WOLFELSGRUND. 43. Route. 293 Schneeberg (carriagc-road to this point througli the Wolfels- grnnd, see below). The summit (4658 ft. ; 656 ft. above the chalet), which is attained in V2 "ir., presents no comprehensive point of view ; we must therefore walk round the margin of the bleak table- land, in order to survey successively the basin of Glatz, the Silesian plain, the Altvater-Gebirge (to the E.), and the wild valleys of the March and its affluents which rise here towards the S. The rugged paths descending to the S. and S.W. to the sources of the March and the Neisse, present no attractions. From the above-mentioned finger-post we descend in 1/2 ^r« to the W. to the upper Wolfelsgrund ; 1/2 li^"- farther down, the valley is joined by another valley lying more to the N. ; I'/o hr. (from the chalet) the picturesque *Wdlfelsfall (*Inn zur guten Laune, with steps descending to the fall ; Zum Wolfelsfall. opposite the fall), which is precipitated from a height of 80 ft. into a narrow rocky basin, whence it escapes through a deep gorge into the plain. We may now drive in IV2 ^r. by Wolfelsdorf to Habelschwerdt (p. 291); pedestrians, however, should make a short circuit to the N., in order to visit the conspicuous pilgrimage-chapel of * Maria Schnee, or 'Spitziger Berg' (2460 ft.; Inn), situated on a sharp ridge , and commanding a magnificent prospect. Extensive pano- rama from the 'Belvedere' above the chapel (key kept at the chapel). From the chapel to Habelschwerdt 2^/o hrs. , to Langenau (p. 292) 3 hrs. ; the keeper of the chapel acts as guide if desired. From Glatz to Xachod (28^; 2 BI.). Diligence from Glatz railway-station to (IC) M.) Stadt Reinerz twice daily, to (IT'/zM.) Bad Reinerz in summer 6 times daily, in 31/4 hrs. (also omnibus) ■, to ('21 M.) Lewin twice daily in summer in 41/2 hrs. ; from Lewin to (7V2 M.) Nachod once daily in I1/2 hr. — The road runs past Schicedeldoff, Alt-Heide (Badehaus ; Griiner Wald), a small watering-place with chalybeate springs, and Riickers^ to — 16 M. Reinerz (Schwarzer Bar ; Deuisches Haus), a small town of 3326 inhabitants. The Roman Catholic church contains a curious pulpit, re- presenting the whale that swallowed Jonah. Reinerz is connected by an avenue as well as by the road with — 171/2 M. Bad Reinerz (1823 ft.-, Bade-Eoiel Germania. D. 2 m; numer- ous lodging-houses; Restaurants, Badehaus^ Victoria^ Daheim\ Cafe' at the Villa Drescher, in the avenue) , a favourite watering-place (3000 visitors), with alkaline springs, which are efficacious in nervous disorders, poverty of blood, and the like. Visitors' tax 25 m., 3 m. for each additional patient in a family ; visitors, not patients, 12 m. after the first week. Charming environs. The Hohe Mense (2868 ft.), 21/2 hrs. to the S., commands an extensive view towards Bohemia. From Stadt Reinerz we go on to (21 M.) Lewin (1381 ft.; Schmidt's Hotel ; Deutscher Adler), the Prussian frontier-town. Farther on we cross the Austrian border and reach — 28V2 M. Nachod, see p. 290. 44. From Liegnitz to Konigszelt, Neisse, and Oosel. 136 M. Railway in 6-8 hrs. (fares 17 m. 60, 13 m. 20, 8 m. SO pf.). Liegnitz, see p. 257. The line crosses the Katzbach, and between (4 M.) iVe«dor/"and (10 M.) Brechelshof intersects the field of the Battle of the Katzbach, in which, on 26th Aug., 1813, Bliicher signally 294 Route 44. SCHWEIDNITZ. From Liegnitz defeated the French under Macdonald and took 100 pieces of cannon and 18,000 prisoners. A monument in memory of the victory has been erected 2i/2 M. to the N.W. of Brechelshof. Near this spot Duke Henry of Liegnitz defeated the heathen Mongolians in 1241, but fell in the battle. His mother St. Hedwig erected a chapel here, on which the monastery of Wahlstatt, now a military school, was afterwards founded. 14 M. Jauer, noted for its sausages. 19 M. Grossrosen. 25 M. Striegau , famous for the victory gained by Frederick the Great over the united armies of the Austrians and Saxons, commanded by Prince Charles of Lorraine, in 1745; the battle, however, is better known as that of Hohenfriedberg ^ where the Austrians were stationed. A tower to commemorate the victory has been erected on the 'Siegeshohe', whence an extensive view is obtained. 29 M. Konigszelt, see p. 287. The train skirts the village of Bunzelwitz (p. 287} and crosses a long viaduct. 35 M. Schweidnitz {Krone. Scepter^ both in the market-place ; Stadt Berlin; Goldner Lowe ; *Deutsches Haus, second class ; Birke, at the station), a town with 23,775 inhab., formerly the capital of a principality of the name (1283-1368 independent, 1368-1741 Bohemian, since 1741 Prussian), is prettily situated on the left bank of the Weistritz. In the Wilhelms-Platz, near the station, are the handsome new Law Courts. Rathhaus in the market-place, with tower 170 ft. high. The lofty tower (328 ft.) of the Roman Catholic Church commands an admirable prospect. The old forti- fications were removed in 1862 and partly converted into handsome promenades. The beer of the place (fBierhille, with garden, in the Wilhelms-Platz) is famous, especially the 'Schwarze Schops' (in autumn only), which was largely exported in the 16th century. A pleasant excursion may be taken from Schweidnitz to Jacobsdorf (see below), and then by the high-road to Weistritz and cB'/'j M.) Bveiten- hain. Pedestrians should now quit the road, which leads on to (IV2 M.) Kynau.^ cross the bridge to the left, and follow the pleasant wooded valley of the Weistritz, here called the -Schlesierthal. At the Thalmiihle, about 1 M. from the bridge, the Miihlbachthal. another picturesque dale, opens to the left, while the 'Karetenweg' ascends to the right to the extensive and well-preserved ruin of Kynsburg, near Kynau. From Kynau to Charlotten- hrunn (p. 270), 5 31., high-road. 37 M. Jacobsdorf. To the left rise the hills of the Peile. The red chapel close to the railway , among the foliage , is the last resting-place of the wife of Field-Marshal Moltke , who owns the chateau of Kreisau beyond it. 42 M. Faulbriick. 47 M. Reichenbach (Schwarzer Adler ; Krone), a town of 7255 inhab. , is historically interesting as the scene of a victory gained by Frederick the Great over Laudon in 1762. The Convention of Reichenbach in 1790, guaranteeing the subsistence of the Turkish Empire, and a treaty between the Allies and Austria, which was ratified at Prague in 1813, were also concluded here. The Eulengebirge , a picturesque mountain-district, may be visited from Reichenbach as follows: by omnibus to (6 M.) Peterswuldau (Zimmer's to Cosel. NEISSE. 44. Route. 295 Restaurant), with a chateau of Count Stolberg; walk to (I1/2 31.) Stein- seifersdorf (Inn zur Ulbrichshohe), and through the Schmiedegrund to (41/2 31.) the Gasthof zu den sieben Kurfiirsten, at the highest point (2460 ft.) of the road. We then follow a clearly marked path to the left, pa.st the Eohe Eule (3325 ft.), the culminating point of the group, to the trigonomet- rical survey station on the Eleine Eule (31SS ft; *View) , and de.=;cend in 1/2 hr. to the manufacturing village of Wiiste-Waltersdorf (Malzer's Inn), 31/2 M. from Wiiste-Giersdorf (p. 271 ; high-road or forest-path). For Neurodk we proceed by Pelerswaldau (see above) to (2 M.) Stein- kumertdorf ('Inn), and (with guide, 1 m.) to the Kreuz, Reimskoppe, Sonnen- koppe^ Ascherkoppe, and the forester's house in the Trdnkegrund. Thence to Neurode (p. 271) in IV4 hr. The road from Reichenbach to Silbebbebg Comnibus 4 times daily in 11(4 hr.) passes (3 M.) Langenhielau (Preussischer Hof; Schwert), the largest village in Silesia (13,539 inhab.). The train next passes (55 M.) Gnadenfrei, a Moravian colony. 61 M. Frankenstein (Scholz ; Kehr) , a small town with 7861 inhab., situated in the most fertile district in Silesia, was rebuilt after a fire in 1858. The Schlossberg , which is crowned with an extensive ruin , commands a beautiful view of the Eulengebirge and Silberberg. From Frankenstein a diligence runs twice daily, in 13J4 hr., to (71/2 M.) Silberberg C^Prinz von Preussen; Scliicarzer Adler), a small town fortified by Frederick the Great. The works are partly hewn in the solid rock- Fine view from the keep, — From Silberberg to Reichenbach , see above. 66 M. Camenz, the junction for the Breslau and Glatz railway (R, 43), — The train follows the course of the Neisse, and crosses it near (73 M.) Patschkau. 79 M. Ottmachau; 84 M. Giessmannsdorf. 89 m, Neisse (Liebig's Hotel; Kaiserhof; Urban' s Hotel, well spoken of; Stern), a pleasant town and fortress on the Neisse with 20,507 inhab., in a pretty district. In the Ring, or market-place, rise the Gothic Rathhaus, with a tower 240 ft. in height, and the new Stadthaus. The Roman Catholic Parish Church, completed in 1430, was restored after a fire in 1542. The Kreuzkirche, distinguished by its two towers and ornamented with frescoes, dates from 1715. The poet Joseph von Eichendorff died here in 1857 [house in the Eichen- dorfi-Platz, with a tablet), and is buried in the JerusalemerKirchhof. Pleasant promenades, particularly the Neissedamm, with the Military Academy, and the Rochus-Allee, where there are several public gardens. On the Capellenberg is a Monument in memory of the events of 1813, and on the road to Ottmachau is another, com- memorating the wars of 1866 and 1870-71. Near the latter, II/2 M. to theW, of the town, is the *Sellerie, affording a picturesque view of the Mahrische Gesenke (see below), — Branch-line to Brieg (29M.,in lV4hrO. see R. 45. 97 M. Deutsch- Wette, where a branch-line diverges to Ziegenhals (for Jiigemdorf, Troppau, and Olmiitz; see Baedeker's Southern Germany'). 1031/2 M, Schnelleiualde. — 107 M, Neustadt, a manufacturing town with 14,292 inhab., destroyed by the Austrians in 1779 and rebiiilt by Frederick the Great. — 116 M, Deutsch- Kassekcitz. 29G Route 45. BRIEG. From Deutsch-Rasselwitz to Leobschutz, 9V2 M., railway in 3/4 lir. (i m. 30, 1 m., TO pf.). The only intermediate station is Steubendorf. — Leobschiitz (Deutsches Hems; Post; Weisses Ross), an industrial town with 12,018 inhab., was originally a Slavonic settlement and was colonised by the Germans in the 13th century. It passed from Bohemia to Prussia in 1741. The Gothic parish-church dates from the 13th century. — From Leobschutz to Eoiibor, see p. 297; to Jdgerndorf, see Baedeker's Southern Germany. The train crosses the Hotzenplotz near [121 M.} Ober-Glogau (Gruner Kranz), a town of 5138 inhab., with the chateau of Count Oppersdorfif, built in the 13th cent, and containing interesting works of art and antiquities. — I26V2 ^1- Twardawa. 133 M. Cosel (Kronprinz), a town with 5030 inhab , on the left bank of the Oder, formerly the capital of a duchy and fortified down to 1874. Monument in memory of the defence of the town against the French in 1807. Government stud. Promenades on the site of the old fortifications. We now cross the Oder. — 136 M. Cosel-Kandrzin, the junction of the Breslau and Oderberg railway (see p. 266). On Austrian teritory, 19 M. to the S. of Neisse, in the Mdhrische Ge- senke , a district of the Sudetengebirge , is situated Grafenberg , with a celebrated hydropathic establishment founded by Priessnitz (d. 1851), the inventor of the system. Excursions may also be made to Ziegenhals (see below) with the Holzberg, to Zuckmantel, a resort of pilgrims, and the Bisc/io/skop2^e, and to the small baths of Karlsbrunn at the foot of the Alt- vater, all situated in the same district. The line goes on to Ziegenhals^ where it joins the Troppau- Olmiitz line (see Baedeker's Southern Germany and Austria'). 45. From Breslau to Oderberg (Vien7ia).\ 112 M. Railwat. To Oderbers in 33/4-5 hrs. (fares 14 m. 70, 11 m. 10, 7 m. 40 pf. ; express 16 m. 50, 12 m. 30, 8 m. 60 pf.), to Vienna in 10 hrs. (fares 45 m., 33 m.^60 pf.). Breslau, p. 258. The first part of the journey is uninteresting. 6 M. Kattern; 11 1/2 Leisewitz. 16 M. Ohlau (Adler), a small town on the Oder, with extensive tobacco fields. To the right, near Brieg, rises the church of Mollwitz , where the Austrians were defeated by Frederick the Great in 1741. 251/2 ^1- Brieg (Lamm; Kreuz; Deutsches Haus), the capital of a district, on the Oder, with 17,508 inhabitants. The old Schloss of the princes of Brieg was begun under Duke Frederick II. in 1547, and completed by Italian workmen in the most tasteful Renaissance style. The finest part of the building is the portal, constructed in sand- stone and covered with figures and rich ornamentation. The car- riage-approach and the court-yard are highly interesting in point of architecture , in spite of their sad dilapidation. The plain yet picturesque Rathhaus and the Gymnasium also date from the 16th century. The most noteworthy churches are the Prot. Nicolaikirche, and the Roman Catholic Hedwigskirche. Monument in memory of the battle of Mollwitz. — Branch-line to Neisse (p. 295). 311 2 M. Lessen; 35 M. Lbwen; 43 M. Dambrau. The Oder is crossed at (51 M.) Oppein (Form's Hotel; Schwarzer Adler), the RATIBOR. 45. Route. 297 seat of government for Upper Silesia, with 14,447 inhabitants. The only relic of the old Chateau of the Dukes of Silesia is a tower incorporated with the gymnasium. The New Chateau, on an island in the Oder, was founded in the 14th cent., and is now a magazine. The Adalbertcapelle is said to have been founded by Adalbert, Bishop of Prague. We are now in Polish-speaking territory. — Branch- line to Vossowska (see below; 1 hr.) and Beuthen (see below; 21/2 hrs.). The main line next skirts the Annaherg (with a celebrated pilgrimage -church). 52 M. Groschowitz ; 63 M. Gogolin ; 70 M. Leschnitz. 76 M. Cosel-Kandrzin ("^Restaurant) , the junction of the Cosel and Liegnitz line (R. 44). From Cosel-Kandrzin to Cracow, 100 M., railway in 5 hrs. — 23 M. Gleiwitz (Deutsches Haiis)^ an old town with lo,077 inhab., and a fine church. A busy mining and manufacturing district is now traversed. 32 M. Morgen- roth is the junction for Tarnoicitz, and Kattowitz (Welt's Hotel) the junction for Nendza. Beyond Mysloicitz the train enters a district which was form- erly the free state of Cracow (comp. Baedeker''s S. Germany and Austria). The Vienna train continues its route towards the S. — 80 M. Birawa. 87 M. Hammer stands at the head of the navigable portion of the Oder. Alluvial deposits have here raised the bed of the river so considerably that inundations are of very frequent occurrence. — 9OY2 M- Nendza; railway to Kattowitz, see above. — The train crosses to the left bank of the Oder. 96M.Ratibor C^Wedekindt's Hotel, R., L.. i. Scheibe. — 21 M. Zittau, see p. 283. From Liibau to Ehershuch, see p. 299. About 3/4 M. to the S. of (122 M.) Pornmritz lies the village of Hochkirch, memorable as the scene of one of the bloodiest and most disastrous battles fought by Frederick the Great (14th Oct. 1758). Marshal Keith, Frederick's well-known general, fell in this battle. He was the son of Lord Keith, and an adherent oi the Pretender. After the battle of Sheriffmuir he was branded as a Jacobite, and obliged to quit the country. He afterwards entered the Russian service, in which he greatly distinguished himself, and attained the rank of field-marshal. Having re- signed his appointment he repaired to Berlin, where Frederick the Great nomi- nated him a Prussian marshal and governor of Berlin. In 1776 Sir Robert Keith, British ambassador at Vienna, erected a monument in the church at Hochkirch to the memory of his kinsman , whose remains had been transferred to the garrison church at Berlin in 175.). A favourite point of view is the *Czerneboh {i.e. black God 5 1764 ft.), a summit in the range which stretches to the S. of Hochkirch, 41/2 M. to the S.W, of Pornmritz (carr. to Wuischke , then on foot in 3/4 hr.). At the top are a tower and inn. At the foot of the tower lies a huge block of granite, said to be an altar of the ancient heathen Wends. The prospect is very fine, embracing the vast and fertile plain of Upper Lu- satia ; E. the Landskrone , near Gorlitz , and the Giant Mts. ; S. the Bo- hemian Mts. ; S.W. those of Saxon Switzerland, among which the Lilien- stein and Konigstein are most conspicuous. 125 M. Kubschutz. — 129 M. Bautzen [Goldne Weintraube; *Goldne Krone ; Weisses Ross ; Stern ; Lamm ; Rathskeller Restaurant, in the Gewandhaus ; Restaurant Thiermann, by the Lauenthurm, fine view) , the handsome and busy capital of Saxon Upper Lusatia (17,509 inhab.), formerly one of the six allied towns, and still surrounded by picturesque waUs and watch-towers , is situated on BAUTZEN. 4ff. Route. 299 a height above the Spree. The Church of St. Peter, in the Fleisch- markt, founded in 1213, has been used since 1635 by the Roman Catholics and Protestants in common. In front of the church is a monument to Elector John George I. Schloss Ortenburg (1635), situated on an eminence on the .Spree at the W. end of the town, now contains government-offices. On the tower is a life-sized figure of Matthew Corvinus of Hungary, commemorating the restoration of the castle by that monarch in 1483. The chamber of the District Court is embellished with a fine stucco ceiling, with srenes from Lusatian history. On the slope of the Schlossberg are the ruins of the old Monchskirche. The Kathhaus , containing portraits of the burgomasters of the last 400 years, the Gymnasium, the Barracks, the Wendish Church, the Military Church, and the Landhaus , or Hall of the Estates, may also be noticed. The handsome new Ge- wandhaus, or Clothmakers'Hall, in the market-place (entrance from the Innere Lauen-Str.), contains the Pa6iicL?6rarj/, the Loan Office., and the Stieber Museum, with antiquities and pictures (Wed. 2-4, 20 pf. ; at other times on application at Weller's, the bookseller; catalogue 20 pf.). The stone head on the Nicolaipforte is said to be a portrait of a town-clerk who tried to betray the town to the Hus- sites in 1429 and was condemned to be drawn and quartered. By the Reichenthurm is the Monument of Emp. Rudolf II. , erected in 1611. On the left bank of the Spree lies the Protschenberg , a good point of view, where a popular festival is celebrated at Easter. On 20th and 21st May , 1813, the Russians and Prussians under Blii- cher were repulsed by Napoleon in this neighbourhood. — From Bautzen to Schandau, see p. 332. The valley of the Spree is now crossed by a long viaduct, which affords a fine retrospect of Bautzen. 142 M. Bischofswerda. About 3M. to the N. lies Rummenau, the birthplace of J. G. Fichte (in 1762), with a monument to his memory. Fkom Bischofswerda to Zittau , 40 M., railway in 2V2 brs. (by another route 4G'/2 M. in 3 hrs.). — 5V'2 M. Niedevneukirch ^ 8 31. Oberneu- kirch, 12 M. Wilthen, all on the Schandau and Bautzen railway (p. 332). From (24 M.) Ebevsbach the Bohemian N. Railway goes on to Rumbuvg, Schonlinde, and (IIV2 M.) Kreibitz , the junction of the line from Tetscheu, (p. 328); while a branch-line diverges to Diirrheiuiei'sdorf a.ni (DM.) Libau (p. 298). — 26 M. Gersdorf. At (2Si 2 M.) Eibati the shorter and longer routes to Zittau separate. The former leads by Oberdorf , (32 M.) Oberoderwitz, also on the Liibau and Zittau line, Mitteloderwitz , and (30 31.) Scheibe to (40 31.) Zittau. The latter runs via. Leutersdorf. Seif/iennersdorf, Allwinis- dorf, Warnsdorf (junction of the line from Bidenbach, p. 329), Gross- Sc/ionau (witli silk and damask factories), and Huineuxtlde, and unites with the first-mcnliuned at (421/2 M.) Scheibe. — 46V2 31. Zittau, see p. 283. 151 M. Arnsdorf. Fkom Arnsdorf to Lijbbenau, 59 31., railway in 4 hr. (fares 7 m. 80, 5 m. 90, 3 m. 90 pf.). — 5 31. Grossro/irsdorf; 8 31. Piilsnitz, birthplace of Rietschel, the sculptor. — 15' 2 31. Kamenz (Goldner Hirsch), with 6812 inhab., was the birthplace of Lessing (in 1729), to whom a colossal bust was erected near the Wendish church in 1863. The house of his parents is denoted by an inscription. View from the tower on the Huthberg, ^'\ 31. from the town. About 6 31. to the S.E. of Kamenz is the Cistercian monastery of 300 Route 47. JUTERBOG. Marienstern , founded in 1264, with late-Gotliic cloisters and old stained glass. — From Kamenz the train runs on to Hohenbocka, Senftenberg, Kalau, and (59 M.) Liibbenau (p. 265). Fbom Aessdokf to Piexa, 13 il., railway in 40 min. (fares 1 m. 70, 1 m. 30, 90 pf.). Stations Dittersbach, Durrrohrsdovf (branch to Ifeustadt, p. 832), Lohmen, and Pima (p. 320- 154 M. Kadeberg^ a small town with an old chateau, and iron and glass-works, II/2 M- 'to the N. of which, in the midst of fragrant pine-woods, lies the small Augustusbad , with a chalybeate spring. 164 M. Dresden, see p. 301. 47. From Berlin to Dresden. a. Direct. 108 M. Express in 3 hrs. (fares 15 m. 70, 11m. 70, 8 m. 20 pf.); ordi- nary trains in 4 hrs. (fares 14, IOV2, 7 m.). Berlin, see p. 1. Departure from the Anhalt Station. — Un- important stations. 20 M. Zossen, whence a short branch-line runs to the artillery -ranges. 461/2^1- Uckro , the station for Luckau, 41/2 ^- to the E. (omn.), the chief place in Lower Lusatia. with 4684 inhab. , and a pretty Gothic brick church of the 14th cent., frequently restored. — At (64 M.) Kirchhain-Dobrllugk, the train crosses the Halle-Cottbus-Guben line (p. 361), and at (76 M.) Elsterwerda the Kohlfurt-Rosslau line (p. 361). A branch-line also runs from Elsterwerda to Riesa (p. 345). — 88M. Grossenhain, with important cloth-factories, the junction for Frankfort on the Oder (p. 252), and Priestewitz (p. 345). — 108 M. Dresden (p. 301), Friedrichsstadt station ; the trains then go on to the Bohemian station, corresponding with the trains to Bodenbach (R. 49). b. By JiJTERBOG-RoDBRAU. 116 M. Express in 31/4 hrs. (fares 15 m. 70, 11 m. 70, 8 m. 20 pf.); ordinary trains in 5 hrs. (fares 14, IO1/2, 7 m.). Berlin, see p. 1. Departure from the Anhalt Station. — At (51/2 M.) Lichterfelde, the extensive red buildings of the Cadet School (p. 77) are conspicuous to the right. 11 M. Gross-Beeren, where, on 23rd Aug. 1813, the Prussians under Billow defeated a French corps, consisting principally of Saxons, under Oudinot. A small church and an iron monument mark the battle-field. 161/2 M. Ludxvigsfelde ; 21 M. Trebbin; 31 M. Luckenwalde, with 14,706 inhabitants, on the Nuthe ; 361/2 M. Griina. 39 M, Jiiterbog (Simon ; Stolle), a district-town with 6955 in- habitants. The Church of St. Nicholas dates from the end of the 14th cent., the pretty New Sacristy from 1417, and the towers, which are connected near the top, were finished in the 16th century. In the interior is still shown one of the indulgences of Tetzel, who was carrying on his infamous trade here, when Luther denounced him at Wittenberg. The Old Sacristy is adorned with ceiling- paintings. The Rathhaus, completed in 1506, contains a room with handsome star-vaulting. The Abbot's House, which formerly be- jc>T>Ti]ar>Tj!^L^ a anijsr ^^ V AX 'Si *^^?. "^■'1 / ■l_'^ .^ •1^_ Cb hati r ^Jii^.ff^.^^i ,jJ^/f^4^\ Hotels. DRESDEN. 47. Route 301 loiigedrto the abbey of Zinna, the Tetzel Chapel, now a Roman Ca- tholic oratory, and the three old gates of the town also merit in- spection. The line to Halle and Leipsic diverges here (p. 356). The Cistercian abbey of Zinna, 3 M. to the N.W. of Jiitcrbog (carr. with two horses 3, with one horse 2 m.), was founded in 1170 and secu- larised in 1547. The church, a handsome granite edifice dating from about 1216, contains brick v, ulting of the 15th cent., a beautiful tabernacle in sandstone of the end of the 14th, stained glass of the end of the 15th, and the remains of choir-stalls of the beginning of the 15th century. The circular apses of the choir and the four chapels at the E. end of the tran- sept arc polygonal on the exterior. The secular buildings of the abbey are also interesting; the larger dates from the 15th, the smaller from the 14th century. The town of Zinna, containing 1680 inhab., was founded in 1764-77 by Frederick the Great, whose statue adorns the market-place. Deimewitz ^ 2 M. to the S.W. of Jiitcrbog, was the scene of a great victory gained by the Prussians under Biilow, on 6th Sept., 1813, over Ney and Oudinot, who lost 15,000 men and 80 cannon. Berlin itself was thus saved from imminent danger. Monument in memory of the victory. 44 M. Oehna; 46 M. Lindn. Beyond (54 M.) Holzdorf the train crosses the Schwarze Elster. 63 M. Herzberg] 69'/2 M- Falkenberg, the junction of the Halle, Cottbns, and Guben line (p. 361). 78 M. BuTxdorf; 84 M. Jacobsthal. 88 M. Roderau (line to Riesa, see p. 345) ; OOy.j M. Langen- berg ^ the junction of this line with the Leipsic and Dresden Rail- way (p. 345). The train stops at (116 M.) Neustadt-Dresden, 1 M. from the hotels of the Altstadt ; see below. 48. Dresden. Arrival. Cab-tickets are handed to travellers on their arrival, as at Berlin (p. 1). Cub into the town from any of the stations, for 1 pers. 60, 2 pers. 70, 3 pers. 90 pf., 4 pers. 1 m. ; small articles free; box 20 pf. (.if ex- ceeding 56 lbs., 40 pf.); at night double fares (see next page). There are four railway -stations at Dresden: 1. Bohemian Station (PI. D, 7), for the trains to the Saxon Switzerland, Bodenbach , and Prague, and for Tharandt, Freiberg, and Chemnitz; 2. Berlin Station (PI. A, 3) for the direct trains to Berlin ; 3. Leipsic Station (PI. E, 1), for Leipsic and Berlin; 4. Silesian Station (PI. E, F, 1), for Gcirlitz and Bres- lau. The first two are in the Altstadt, the last two in the Neustadt. Some of the trains stop at the Leipsic station in the Xeustadt and also at the Bohemian station in the Altstadt. — Fares on the loop-line crossing the Marienbriicke and uniting the different stations, 60, 40, 30 pf. ; comp. the 'Dresdener Anzeiger", a daily paper. Hotels. In the Altstadt: *Bellevue , beautifully situated near the bridge (PI. E, 3), R. from 3 m., D. 4 m., B. 1 m. 25 pf. ; 'Victoria, Waisen- haus-Str. and Johannes-Allee (Pi. E, 5), R. from 3 m. . L. 1 m. 20, A. 80, B. 1 m. 25 pf.. D. 4 m.; 'Hotel de Saxe , Xeumarkt 9 (PL E, F, 4), B. 1 m. 25 pf., D. at 4.30 p.m. 3m.; 'Grand Union Hotel, Bismarck-Platz (PL D, E, 7), at the Bohemian station, R. from 3 m. , L. 80, A. 60 pf., B. 1 ra. ; all these arc of the first class. — 'Weber's , Ostra-Allee , near the Zwinger (PL D, 4), R. 2, L. V2, B. 3/4, I>- ^ m- ; 'Stadt Berlin, R. A: L. 3 m., A. 3/4, B. IV4 ni., and 'Ro.me, R., L., & A. 4, B. 1 m., both in the TSTeumarkt (PL E, F, 4) ; *Blciiek, Sidonien-Str. 3, near the Bohemian station, R. from IV2 na., L. 40 pf., B. 1, D. 3 m. ; Hotel dd Nord , Mosczinsky- Str. lb, well spoken of; 'Rheinischer Hof , See-Strasse 15 (PL E, 5), no table d'hote; 'Stadt Gotha, Schloss-Strasse 8 (PL E, 4); Stadt Moskau, Christian-Str. 5 (V\. E, 6), well spoken of, R. A' A. 3 m. ; Rossiger, Waisen- haus-Str. 35 (PL E, 5), R., L.. & A, 2'/2 m. , B. 80 pf. , well spoken of; Hotel de France, Wilsdruffer-Str. 10, 11 (PL E, 4, 5), R. 2 m., A. 50, 302 Route 48. DRESDEN, Cabs. L. 80 pf.. D. 2V'2m.: Goldnek Engel, Wilsdruflfer-Str. 4-6 (PI. E, 4, 5), R. from IV2 m., L. 80 pf., A. 60 pf., B. 1, D. 21/2 m., well spoken of; Deut- scHES Hacs. R. & A. 2 m., L. 60. B. 80 pf.. well spoken of; Preussischee HoF, R. IV2-2. B. 3 '4, D. 2 m. ; Kleines Rauchhaus, unpretending, these three in the ScheflFel-Str. (PL E, 5); Beitish Hotel, Landhaus- Str.:22 (PL F, 4, 5) ; Stadt Weimae, Pfarrgasse 2 (PL E, 5), and Zwei Schwaeze Adlee, Zahnsgasse 1 (PL E, 5), both unpretending, R. IV2, D. IV2 m- ; Brack's Hotel. Pirnaische-Str. 16 (PL F, G, 5); Ccelandee Haus, Dip- poldiswaldaer Platz 6 (PL D, E, 5, 6), R. &i A. IV2-2, D. IV2 m., B. 85, L. 50 pf., well spoken of; Trompeteeschlosschen, in the same square, un- pretending, R. , L., e- 1 Ne- Span.lther-I ther- H I K Neap, lands lands M S^etherl. c Ital. L Vetherl. =1111 Ante-Room. South ily; 150. Dosso Dossi, The Fathers of The Church; *56. And. del Sarto, Abraham's Sacrifice; 161. Garofalo, Madonna and saints (1530) ; "330. Paolo Veronese, Finding of Moses , distinguished from the other masterpieces of Veronese in the gallery by its perfect preservation. — Entrance Wall: *97. Bagnacavallo, Madonna with saints; '313. Tintoretto, Man and youth. Hall E. Entrance Wall: *249. Titian, Madonna with four saints, an early work; 316. Tintoretto, Fall of the angels; *340. Paolo Veronese, Por- trait of Daniele Barbaro ; '262. Giorgione, Venus. — To the left: Paolo Veronese, "326. The wedding at Cana ; ""325. Adoration of the Magi, two priceless companion-pieces from the gallery of Modena. — Exit Wall: '240. Palma Vecchio, Jacob and Rachel, erroneously assigned to Giorgione; '332. PaoloVeronese, The Good Samaritan, with a charming landscape; ~2d'2. Hans von CalcarO), Portrait, erroneously assigned to Morone; '254. Titian, Portrait of a Venetian, formerly supposed to be Aretino , dated 1561; 256. Titian, Portrait of a lady in a green dress , resembling the Lavinia. — To the right: **269. Palma Vecchio, \enus resting, in a hilly landscape; '255. Titian, Portrait of his daughter Lavinia; 317. Tintoretto, Parnassus; *-'327. P. Vero- nese, Madonna adored by a Venetian family; "328. P. Veronese, Bearing of the Cross; *319. Tintoretto, The woman taken in adultery. — From Hall E a side-door leads to Rooms XLIV-XLVI, containing the French paint- ings, the best of which is the Realm of Flora by Mcolas Potissin (No. 717, in R. XLV). Hall F. Entrance Wall : *199. Lanfranco , Peter's repentance ; *550. Domenichino, Caritas. — To the left: *329. P. Veronese, Christ and the Centurion of Capernaum; School of Caravaggio, 195. Fortune-teller, 194. Card-players. — Exit Wall: "390. Franc. Trevisani, Rest on the Flight into Egypt, in a genre-like style. — To the right: Ann. Carracci, 520. St. Rochus giving alms ; "519. Madonna and saini<5, painted under Correggio's inlluence. "193. Caravaggio, The card-sharpers , a vigorous and masterly wt)rk. Returning to Hall E., we next enter the Cabinets 1-5, contain- ing the Smaller Italian Pictures. 1st Cabinet. To the right : "503. Francesco Francia , Adoration of the Magi. — End Wall: Frcole Grandi, "163. Christ led to be crucified, *164. Christ taken captive on the Mt. of Olives , two spirited compositions in the style of Mantegna; 54. Francesco Ubertini, auTnamed Bacchiacca, Mar- tyrdom of SS. 31ark and Marcellinus (V); "53. Francia Bigio, Bathsheba at 316 Route 48. DRESDEN. Picture Gallery. tlie bath, dated 1523, in tlie style of his friend Andrea del Sarto ; 145. Maz- zolino^ Christ before Pilate. — To the left: *39. Lorenzo di Ored/, Madonna, an early and highly-finished work, wrongly assigned to Da Vinci. 2nd Cah. To the left: "'ITU. Early Copy after Correggio, Repentant Magdalene; 173. Correggio (1)^ The so-called Physician of Correggio, prob- ably a Venetian work. 3rd Cab. To the right: 523. Ann. Carracci^ Portrait of Giov. Gabrielle, the comedian. — End Wall: *565. Franc. Albani. Landscape with Venus, Vulcan, and Cupids. — To the left : 542, 543, -547; Guido Reni, Ecce Homo ; '64. Angelo Bronzino. Vife of Cosimo I., Grand Duke of Tuscany; "226. Andrea Mantegna, Holy Family. 4th Cab. To the right: "268. Palma Vecchio, The 'Graces', an early work. 'These three young women are grouped with pleasing variety and artifice in front of a very pretty landscape. There is hardly a single pe- culiarity in the master remaining unrepresented; his melting shapes, his fair, almost waxen, complexions, his fine chiselled features, small hands, brocades and slashes, his draperies without depth , flow, or winding con- tour" (Crowe and Cavalcaselle). — *270. Palma Vecchio, Madonna and Child with John the Baptist and St. Catherine, also an early work. 'There is so much loveliness in the serene rapture of St. Catherine, such spright- liness in the Child, nestling at its mother's throat, so much tender inquiry in the Virgin's eye, and a meaning so earnest in the glance of the Baptist, that we dwell with pleasurable sensation on each figure of the group and wonder at the harmony which it creates' (C. d- C). — *271. Bonifacio the Elder, Madonna and saints in a landscape; ascribed by the catalogue to Palma. — '"'248. Titian, The tribute-money, painted about 1514. 'Simple as the subject is, the thought which it embodies is very subtle . . . The contrast is sublime between the majestic calm and elevation , and what Quandt calls the 'Godlike beauty" of Christ, and the low cunning and coarse air of the Pharisee .... The form of Christ was never conceived by any of the Venetians of such ideal beauty as this. Nor has Titian ever done better .... Nothing can exceed the brightness and sheen or the transparent delicacy of the colours .... The most perfect easel- picture of which Venice ever witnessed the production, this is also the most polished work of Titian' (C. <& C). 5th Cab. Late Venetian pictures, by Sebastian Ricci, Nogari^ etc. The next Cabinet contains works of the French School. 6th Cab. To the right: "726. Claude Lorrain , Coast-scene with Acis and Galatea. — End Wall: *759, *760. Watteau, Fetes champetres, two works marked by gay colouring and easy touch ; also other examples of the French pastoral-genre school of the 18th cent. {Lancret, Pater, etc.). — To the left : *728. Millet, Roman Campagna , a characteristic masterpiece, erroneously ascribed to Dughet ; **725. Claude. Landscape, with the flight of the Holy Family, a masterpiece of atmospheric effect , in perfect pre- servation. Cabinets 7-21 are devoted to the Smaller Works of the Nether- landish and German Schools. 7th Cab. End Wall : 1387. Adrian van Ostade, Tavern, dated 1679. — To the left : '1558. Jacob v. Ruysdael, Forest-scene, an early and vigorous work. 8th Cab. To the right: ''12o0. Jan D. de Heem\ Fruit. Wouverman, 1455. Fishers; *1456. Smithy. — To the left: irowrermaw, '1460. Starting for the chase ; *1461. Return from the chase. Btli Cab. End Wall : Wouverman, '1478. Stag-hunt, a highly-finished work of a silvery tone; '1437. Stag-hunt, early work, in glowing evening- light; 1479. Camp. — To the left: *i476, 1458. Wouvemian, Horse-pieces. 10th Cab. To the left: Old-fashioned landscapes by Roelant Savery. — End Wall : 1576, *1571. K. du Jardin, Landscapes with cattle ; -1523. N. Ber- chem. Flock of sheep in a mountainous landscape. — To the right : Al- lart van Everdingen, '150S. Norwegian water-fall ; *''1506. Norwegian moun- tain-lake, with accessories bv Berchem. 11th Cab. To the left: Jac. v. Ruysdael, **1557. The Chateau of Bent- heim, an early masterpiece: '1546. The chase, with accessories hy A.van Picture Gallery. DRESDEN. 48. Route. 317 deVelde; *2365. Path by a brook. — End Wall: Ruysdael, *1549. Forest- path; *1554. The Heath. On the same wall arc three good examples ot Aart van der Neer, the best of which is ''ISTO. Evening. — To the right: Ruys- dael, *154T. The Jewish Cemetery, of imposing sombre effect; '1553. The monastery. 12th 'Cab. End Wall: *1514. Beycftem, Eocky landscape; *1371. Jan Both, Italian landscape by evening-light ; *1519. Berchem, Evening. — To the left : Josse de Hamper. *9S0. Alpine scene, and several other pictures. 13th Cab. To the right: -1641. A. van de Velde. Itiiins (1665)-, *1975. iV. Kmip/er, Family of the painter; several pleasing little works by Cor. Poelenburg. — End" wall: A. van de Velde, 1643. Cattle (1659); "'1640. Landscape with cattle. — To the left: A. van de Velde, *1639. Woman drinking (1661), in the style of Metsu; -*1642. Scene on the ice (1665). *1268. JanWynants, Dutch landscape, with accessories by A. van de Velde, very delicate in workmanship; *1669. Arie de Vols, Shepherdess. ' 14th Cab. To the right: 1212-1214. H. van Steenwijk, Architectural interi- ors; 1056-64. L. van Uden, Flemish landscapes; 'li36. P. Neefs the Elder, Church-interior. — End Wall: 1630. Jan van der He>ide. The monastery; 1340. Terbuvg, Music-lesson. — To the left: 1338. Tei-burg, The letter; 1601, *1602. Buck; Portraits, in the style of Frans Hals ; '1529, *1530. Paul Potter, Cattle (1652); -1827. Jan van Huysum. Flowers; ''1341. Terburg, Lady in a white satin dress, a study for the 'Paternal Admonition' at Berlin and Amsterdam ; '1339. Terburg. Young lady washing her hands. loth Cab. To the right: "994, *995. Teniers the Younger, Bleaching-green, Country-fair, the two best works of this master in the gallery, wrongly assigned to his father. — End Wall : '1108. Gonzales Coques. Family-group upon a terrace, a vigorous example of this rare master; *1675. Berckheyde, Town Hall at Amsterdam. — To the left: ^^'997. Teniers (he Younger, Vil- lage festival (1641), an early work. 16th Cab. To the right: *1525. Romeyn, Italian scene; *1013. Teniers, Country festival. — Back Wall: Wouverman, *1445. Leaving the inn (1649), *1436. John the Baptist preaching, works of his early period; *1463, *1462. Suttler\s tent, '1472. Waterfall, -1464. Hunting-party, 1489. Stable, all charac- teristic examples of his best period. — To the left: ™1413. Gabriel Metsu, The lace-maker, a highly-finished and fascinating work ; *1409-11. Metsu, Game-dealers, carefully executed, but somewhat cold in colouring; *1655. Slingeland. The music-lesson interrupted. Metsu. '1412. By the fireside, a fine effect of light; '"140S. Champagne luncheon (1661), after Rembrandt's famous masterpiece (No. 1321) , and perhaps also portraits of the artist and his wife. 17th Cab. To the right: *1251. /. de Heem, Fruit; *1802. Ochtervelt, Lap-dog. — Back Wall: 1342 et seq. Sachtleven, Views of the Rhine, a series of charming little pictures. — To the left: Works by A. van der Werff, once considered worth their weight in gold, including such well- known masterpieces as the Expulsion of Hagar (1764) , the Judgment of Paris (1760), and the Magdalene (1759). 18th Cab. To the right: '1676. Berckheyde, Interior of the principal church at Haarlem (1665); numerous mannerist works by Pieter van der Werff, Willem Mieri-^, and other followers of A. van der Werff. — Back Wall: Several small pictures by Sachtleven. Also Wouvennaii , "1466. Alms-giving at the monastery, an early masterpiece; *1467. The 'Milk-can' ; *146S. Attack on a village, a highly-dramatic performance; "1449. The horse-fair. — To the left: Frans Mieris the Elder, **1593. The connois- seur's visit; ''1592. The artist painting his wife. '1302, *1303. Adr. Brouwer, Caricature heads, two very clever sketches. 19th Cab. To the right: A. van Ostade, "1384. The painter's studio (1663) ; *"1383. Peasants drinking (1663). "1390. Isaac van Ostade, Merry- making on the ice: 1020, 1021. Fr. Hals the Elder, Portraits. A. van Ostade, 1385. Peasants eating (1663); '1386. Peasants in an arbour (1664). — ?:nd Wall : Wouverman , '"1471. Stable ; *1470. Combat by the wind-mill ; *1439. Landscape with horsemen. — To the left: Gerard Don, 1239. 12i2, 1243. Portraits, youthful works; *1235. Hermit; *1231. Girl at a window; *1232. The artist playing the violin (1665). 318 Route 48. DRESDEN. Picture Gallery. 20th Cab. To the right: Several landscapes hj * Jan Brueghel the Elder, marked by flower-like colouring and delicate execution. — End Wall : Wouverman, '1495. Heron-hawking-, 1493. Return from the chase; also several indiflerent works of his later period. — To the left : *1652. Caspar JVetscher, Woman spinning; '1651. Netscher. Lady at her toilette; *130o. A. Broincer . The brawl, a masterpiece of colour. Netscher. '1645. Music- lesson (1660); 1643. Duet; '1647. The physicians visit (1664); -1646. The letter-writer (1665), of high finish. *149T. C. Bega. Peasants dancing ; '1300. Brouwer, Brawl. 21st Cab. To the right: *1889. Hans Holbein the Younger, Sir Thomas Godsalve and his brother John, an admirable work of the first period of Holbein's sojourn in England (1627); '1174. A. Mora (Sir A. More), Portrait. — End Wall : Elsheimer, '1968. Joseph lowered into the pit by his breth- ren ; '1969. Jupiter and Mercurv at the house of Philemon. 1S52. Lucas van Leyden, Temptation of St. Anthony. — To the left: '1846, 1848. Master of the Death of the Virgin., Adoration of the Magi (wrongly ascribed to Jan ilabuse); '1859. A. Diirer, Bernhard van Ressen, painted at Antwerp in 1521. Halls N, M, L, K. and J contain the Larger Netherlandish and also a few German Paintings. Hall N. *1885. Old Xetherlandish copy (about 1600) of the picture at Darmstadt by Holbein the Younger, representing the Virgin and Child, with Jacob Meyer, the burgomaster of Basel, and his family at their feet (regarded as genuine down to the Holbein Exhibition in 1871). 'The Virgin here appeai-p, not in a vision as in the Sistine Madonna, but in bodily form and in her capacity as a mother, not only of the Holy Child, but of all who kneel at her feet. And therefore it is that she seems so near akin to us in spite of the golden crown shining on her long fair hair. The Child presses himself closely and affectionately to his mother, who on her part caresses him with a warmth and absorption that makes her quite forgetful of self. The donor and his family kneel below, fully conscious of the grace that has been vouchsafed them'" (-Holbein", by Prof. Woltmann). *'1886. Holbein, Thomas Morett, goldsmith of Henry VIII. of England, one of the most perfect of Holbein's works (see p. 313); on the adjacent wall, to the right, hangs the original drawing for this portrait (Xo. 1811). — "1836. J. van Eyck, Madonna with SS. Catharine and Michael and the donor, a triptych. 'This picture is painted with a profusion of colour, is perfectly hai-monious, and shows no trace of the hand .... Through a window behind St. Catherine is one of Van Eyck's marvellous miniature landscapes' (G. d: C). — ''1857. A. Diirer, Crucifixion, with evening- light (1506), a small work of intense feeling and expression, showing the influence of Giov. Bellini. — "1860. Diirer, Large altarpiece, painted under the influence of Mantegna. Hall M. To the left: *930. Rubens, Head of an old man, of his late period ; ="1078. A. van Dyck, 'Old Purr' at the age of 150 (?). — To the right : -1081, *1077. Van Dyck, Portraits; 917. Rubens. Judgment of Paris, a dimin- ished replica of the work in the London iN^ational Gallery ; 918. School Copy after Rubens , Garden of Love , original at Madrid ; *919. Rubens, Mercury about to slay Argus, a work of his latest period ; *935. School of Rubens (J. B. Franken f). Portrait of a ladv. Hall L. To the left: '1418. G. Flinck', Old man (1639); *1193. Heda, Luncheon, one of his masterpieces (1631); *1505. Caesar van Everdingen, Flora and other divinities ; *' 1541. Jan van der Meer van Delft, Girl read- ing a letter at a window, one of the largest and finest works of this rare follower of Rembrandt. — To the right : '1310. Rembrandt, Saskia van Uilenburg, the artist's bride (1633); Rembrandt, 1317. Weighing gold; '1323. Portrait of an old man, a highlv-finished work of his late period; 1311. Portrait (1633). A short corridor leads hence to a series of rooms containing the less important works of the German and Flemish schools, many of which, however, are of considerable historical interest, — We now retrace our steps through Hall L to reach — Picture Gallery. DRESDEN. 48. Route. 319 Hall K. Entrance Wall: Rembrandt, 1320. Entombment, a school- piece touched up bv the master in 1655 •, 1322. Portrait of himself draw- ing (1657); 1327. Portrait (about 1656); 1328 (V), Mountainous landscape, probalily by a pupil. "979. Jan Wildens^ Huntsmen and hounds (1624). — To theleft: *-diQ. Rubens, P.oar-huiit, a very spirited work (.ibout 1014); id: Antique va^ses, both of the earlier and later style (black figures upon a red ground, and red figures upon a black ground), chiefly from the collection of Prince Emil of Saj'n-Wittgenstein, purchased in 1873; terracottas from Tanagra (comp. p. 46), and bronzes. — 3rd: By the windows: Bronze statuettes of Venus and Serapis ; large archaic bronze vase. The cases contain small bronzes. Mosaic pavement with Bacchus and masks. 15. Head of Niobe ; 17. Silenus. — 4th : Torso of Cupid, found at Rome in 1875 ; 42. Torso of Minerva Promache ; 43. Cast of the last (restored); 54. Tomb-relief; 66. Amazon; 68. Girl playing with astragali. — 5th: 288. Diadumenos; 87. Nymph of a fountain ; *106. Trilateral candelabrum-pedestal of marble, on which are represented the theft of the sacred tripod by Hercules, its re-consecration, and the consecration of a torch in the archaic style; Young athlete; Young Hermes; Y'oung satyr; 102. Cupid and Psyche; 100. Venus, Cupid, and Psyche; 101. Cupid playing with a lion; 114,' 115. Satyrs; 116. Athlete ; 117. Doryphoros. — 6th : Busts of emperors ; 149. Sarcophagus with Bacchanalian procession ; *162, 164. Girls from Herculaneum; *163. Woman from Herculaneum; the last three are admirable draped statues, found in 1715, and in almost perfect preservation; 161. Dancing satyr. — 7th: 208. Fragment of a recumbent figure ; 209, 210. Satyr and nymph", Faun and her- maphrodite ; 211. Child of Iviobe; 181. Pugilist, in polished grey marble; 38. Vestal virgin. — 8th: 219. Sarcophagus with hiinting-scenes ; 231. Ca- racalla; 241. Muse; 258, 259. Gladiators. — dlh: 286. Antoninus Pius; 40. Artemis; 291. Athlete; 292. Antinous (or Bacchus); 293. Ariadne; "290. Venus; 274. Sarcophagus with Bacchanalian procession. — lOih: Three lions of Egyptian syenite ; Assyrian reliefs from Xineveh ; cinerary urns in niches in the style of the Roman columbaria. — lUh: Small modern bronzes, chiefly copies of ancient and Renaissance sculptures. — Indian antiquities. The 'Royal Library (adm. , see p. 304) on the two upper floors, found- ed by Elector Augustus (d. 1586) , now comprises 275,000 vols. , 2000 in- cunabula or specimens of early typography, 4000 MSS. , and 30,000 maps. Historical works and modern literature form the most valuable part of the collection. The First Room contains a cast of Gellert's features after death. In the Great Hall are busts of Goethe and Tieck, executed by Da- vid d"Angers. The following curiosities among others are preserved in Glass Cases : The Atlas Royal, a collection in 19 folio vols, of portraits of princes and princesses of the 17th cent., with maps, plans, etc. (three cop- ies only of the work were made at Amsterdam in 1707; one is now at Grosse Garten. DRESDEN. 48. Route. 325 the Hague, another at Copenhagen); Mexican hieroglj'phic codex, 12 ft. long, written on both sides; fragment of the Zend-Avesta of Zoroaster, a MS. of the 15th cent.; octagonal Koran, of the size of a crown-piece; Ko- ran of Sultan Bajazet II.; Persian Ful Naineh (treasure -casket) with nu- merous drawings; Runic calendars on boxwood of the 12th and 13th cent. ; Valttirius '■de re militarr, a parchment MS. of the 15th cent., with illustra- tions ; tournament-books with plates, among them that of King Rend of Anjou of the 15th cent., once the property of Charles the Bold; Petrarch 'de remediis utriusque fortunae\ MS. of the 15th cent, with drawings; brev- iaries with miniatures; an illustrated MS. of the 'Sachsenspieger, 1386; MSS. of Luther and Melanchthon; *Diirer"s Treatise on the proportions of the body, with original drawings; Seb. Brant's 'Narrenschifl"' with 117 miniatures, printed at Paris in 1497; German edition of the same work, with 114 miniatures, printed in 1494; Volume with 56 miniatures of the eminent men of the 15-16th cent., probably by Cranach the Younger. The Japanese Garden, or Palaisg art en, behind the palace, which is open to the public, affords a pleasant view. Marble tablets and medallions on No. 4 Komer-Str. (PI. E, 3) mark the house once occupied by Councillor Korner, where Schiller resided in 1784-86, and where Theodore Korner was born in 1791. It contains the Korner Museum, founded by Dr. Peschel , with many memorials of the poet of the 'Lyre and Sword' and of the wars of liberation at the beginning of the century (adm., see p. 304). From the Marktplatz (p. 323) the broad Haupt-Strasse, which is embellished with rows of trees, leads towards the N.E. On the left rises the Dreikonigskirche (PL F, 2), with its lofty tower adorned with seven statues by HiihneL Farther on, to the right, is the Roman Catholic Pfarrkirche (PL F, 2), built in 1853 by Bothen, with an elaborately-decorated interior. Above the portal is a figure of Christ by Hahnel. The Haupt-Strasse ends at the Albert -Platz (PL F, G, 2), with its two handsome fountains. The Albert Theatre (p. 303) here is adorned with sculptures by Menzel and Henze and sgrafitto paintings by Dietrich. The large buildings on the N.E. side of the town are barracks, arsenals, and other military establishments. The Grosse Garten (PL G, H, J, 7, 8; cafe's and restaurant), outside the Pirnn Gate, to the S.E. of the town, a royal park laid out at the end of the 17th cent, and subsequently improved, covers an area of about 300 acres. In 1813 it was the scene of several sharp engagements between the French and Prussians. The park is intersected by two broad avenues at right angles to each other, con- verging towards the Lustschloss (PL I, 7, 8; l^/o ^I- from the old bridge), a chateau built in the centre of the park in 1680, where the royal Museum of Antiquities and the Rietschel Museum are now established. (Entrance from the side next the pond.) The Museum of Antiquities (adm., see p. 304) on the groundfloor consists chiefly of ecclesiastical object*: of medieeval origin, removed from the churches of Saxony in consequence of the Reformation, and collected here in 1841. It contains about 3000 objects in all. The Rietschel Museum (adm., see p. 304), on the first floor of the 326 Route 48. DRESDEN. Environs. chateau, contains an almost complete collection of casts and models of the works of the talented sculptor of that name (d. 1861). The Zoological Garden (PL G, H, 7, 8; adm., see p. 304) con- tains a number of line specimens of animals. Good restaurant. Cemeteries. In the Old Neustddter Kirchhof^ 3/4 31. to the N. of the Si- lesian Station, rises an obelisk to the memory of soldiers who fell during the revolution of 1849. The wall of the cemetery is adorned with a Dance of Death, consisting of 27 figures in relief, executed in 1534. — In the Kew Neustddter Kirchhof , 1 ^I. farther , are buried numerous victims of the wars of 1866 and 1870-71. — Weber (d. 1826) and Friedrich Schlegel (d. 1829) are interred in the Roman Catholic Cemetery (PI. B, 2), and Rietschel (d. 1861), the sculptor , in the Trinitatis Kirchhof on the Blasewitz road. The ^Environs of Dresden afford many pleasant excursions (comp. Map, p. 298, and RR. 50, 51). The Bergstrasse (PI. D, 8) leads to the village of Racknitz, IV2 M. to the S. of the town, just beyond which is situated MoreaiCs Monument^ sur- rounded by three oaks, erected on the spot where the general was mor- tallv wounded, 27th Aug. 1813. An extensive prospect is enjoved from ih.& Goldene Hohe (1140 ft.), 41.2M. farther to the S. To the S.W. is the (2 M.) pretty -Plauensche Grund (p. 333; tram- way, p. 303), now somewhat marred by factories. A pleasant drive may be taken along the slopes of the vine-clad hills on the right bank of the Elbe, passing numerous villas and the Schiller- schlosschen , Waldschliisschen (II/2 M. ; tramway, see p. 303), and Salopjie (view) beer-gardens. — Xear the Waldschlosschen is the turreted build- ing of the Dresden water-works. The Albrechtsberg, 3/^ M. from the Waldschlosschen, with two hand- some modern chateaux (accessible daily in summer. Sun. excepted, 1-3 o'clock), the property of Prince Albert of Saxe-Altenburg, is the finest point of view. A little farther down the river is the Villa Stockhavsen^ and a little higher up is the villa of Herr Souchay^ in the English style, with three towers. Pleasant silvan walks hence to the WolfshUgel. The Weisse Eirsch. farther on, is a favourite summer-resort of the Dresdeners. Farther on lies Loschwitz (Restaurant Vicioria-Mohe), in which there is a small summer-house in a vineyard where Schiller wrote his Don Carlos in 1785-87. A small monument has been erected here to Ludwig Richter (d. 1884), the painter. Opposite Loschwitz, on the left bank, lies Blasewitz {Park Hotel; Schillergavten ^ with view). At Ober- Blasewitz is Dr. Schaufuss's museum, containing natural history specimens and pictures. Also on the left bank, on the road to Pillnitz (see below) , is Laitbegast , with a monument to Caroline Keuber, the actress, who died here in 1760. At Wacnwitz^ 11/2 M. to the S.E. of Loschwitz, is situated the Royal Vineyard, with a chateau and grounds, the property of Prince Frederick Augustus of Saxony (fine view from the Plantagengut Eestaurant). At Hosterwitz , halfway between this and (3 M.) Pillnitz, Weber composed his 'Freischiitz' and '"Oberon\ Pillnitz (374 ft. ; Restaurant), on the right bank of the Elbe, 7 M. above Dresden and 21/4 M. from the railway-station of Niedersedlitz (p. 327), is a chateau of the king, with pleasant grounds and a botanical garden. The chapel and the dining-room are adorned with good frescoes by Vogel. In an old part of the chateau , since then burned down , an alliance between Emp. Leopold II. and King Frederick William it. of Prussia was entered into in 1791 with a view to oppose the advance of the French revolution. An artificial ruin at the back of the village of Pillnitz , on the route to the Porsberg, commands a pleasing view, which is finer and much more extensive from the 'Porsberg (1184 ft.) itself, 1 hr. to the E. of Pillnitz. At the top is a small "Inn. — From Pillnitz we may now proceed to (41/2 M.) Lohmen (p. 300) direct or through the pretty Liebethaler Grund; from Lohmen a picturesque route leads by Utteicald and through the Uttewalder Grund to the Bastei (21/2 hrs.); comp. p. 330, and Map. 327 49. From Dresden to Bodenbach (for Prague j and Tetschen (for Vienna). 39 M. Railwat. To Bodenbach in 11/4-2 hrs. (fares 5 m., 3 m. 80, 2 m. 50 pf. ; express 6 m. 20, 4 m. 70, 3 m. 10 pf.); express from Dresden to Prague in 33/^ hrs. (fares 18 m. 70, 14 m. 10, 9 m. 40 pf.). Fares to Tet- schen, 5 m. 10, 3 m. 80, 2 m. 50 pf. ; express from Dresden to Vienna in 12 hrs. (fares 52 m. 80, 39 ra. 80 pf.). — Nearly all the trains start from the Xeustadt station, cross the Elbe, and stop again in the Altstadt. Dresden, see p. 301. The train gradually approaches the Elbe. 5 M. Niedersedlitz. On the right hank of the Elbe, 2i/4 M. to the W. of Niedersedlitz, lies Pillnitz (p. 326). — A pleasant excursion may be taken through the Lockwitzer Grund to (41/2 M.) Kveyscha. Then to the S.E. by (3 M.) Maxen, and the romantic Kiiglitzthal , to the royal chateau of (3 M.) Weesen- stein, and down the valley to the N. to the ancient little town of Dohna, and (3 M.) stat. Miigeln, whence Dresden is reached by train in 1/2 houi. The construction of Weesenstein is very curious, the chateau being partlj hewn out of the rock on which it is situated. The stables are on the 3rd', the ice-cellar and chapel on the 5th floor. — From Weesenstein we may extend the excursion up the valley via (6 M.) Glasshiitfe, a watch-making village, (4'/2 M.) Barensiein, and" (V/2 M.) Lauenstein to the (41/2 M.) Miickenberg (p. 339). 7 M. Miigeln. About 1 >I. to the S. of (91/2 M.) Heidenau is the royal chateau of Gross-Sedlitz, with a park laid out in the style of that at Versailles. The train reaches the river here, and then follows its windings through the Saxon Switzerland (p. 329). Finest views to the left. 10^/2 M. Pima (385 ft.; Schwarzer Adler ; Weisser Schwan ; Sdchsischer Hof, at the station ; Rail. Restaurant), a town with 11,680 inhab., on the left bank of the Elbe, is commanded by the Sonnenstein, an old fortress converted into a lunatic asylum. The town was taken in 1639 by the Swedes, and in 1758 by the Prus- sians , who levelled the fortifications. Above the town , on both banks of the Elbe, are quarries which yield excellent sandstone for building purposes,, but do not add to the beauty of the landscape. Fkom Pirna to Berggieshubel, 91/2 31., railway in 1 hr. (90, 60 pf.). The train calls at Pima and ascends the picturesque and narrow valley of the Gottleuba. 4 M. RotUcerndorf, with a chateau built by Elector Chris- tian II. (1591-lBll). — 91/2M. Berggiesshiibel ( ScicJisisches Hatis ; Stern; Rail. Restaurant) is a small town with mineral baths, mines, and foimdries. — A pleasant walk (omn.) may be taken hence via the Poelengnng and Gief en- stein to (21/2 BI.) Gottleuba (Kronprinz ; Schiitzenhaus Restanrant). prettily situated in a deep valley. The Panorama-Hohe and Augustus'>erg are two good points of view in the vicinity. From Pima to Armdorf, see p. 300. 14 M. Obervogelyesang. — 16 M. Potzscha, opposite Wehlcn, the usual starting-point for a visit to Saxon Switzerland (corap. p. 329). To the left rise the lofty rocks of the Bastei. 18 M. Rathen, see p. 331. 22 M. Konigstein (Stadt London; Blauer Stern; Kronprinz ; Rail. Restaurant) is a small town [3788 inhab. 1 commanded by the imposing fortress of that name. From the station we proceed to the right through the town, cross (5 min.) the Biela by a stone bridge, 328 Route 49. BODENBACH. From Dresden and ascend by the second paved lane to the left ('Fussweg nach der Festung'; ^/^hr.'). The carriage road, which is somewhat longer, turns to the right 1^4 M. farther on. Tickets are procured at the gate of the fortress (4 m. for 1-8 pers.). The * Fortress of Konig stein (1178 ft. above the sea. 816 ft. above the Elbe), originally a castle of the Counts of Dohna (down to 1401), and afterwards a monastery, was again fortified in 1540. The ramparts command charming views. In time of war the treasures and archives of Saxony have usually been deposited here, and the fortress is now used as a state-prison. The fortress-well is 620 ft. deep and contains 65 ft. of water. Refresh- ments in the fortress and at the iVeue Schenke, near the gate. The excursion (l^/o hrs. to the top and back) amply repays the fatigue. On the opposite bank of the river rises the Lilienstein (1325 ft.). In 1756, at the beginning of the Seven Years' War, the Saxon army of 14,000 men was surrounded at the foot of this hill by the Prussians under Fred- erick the Great and compelled by hunger to surrender. The view from the summit is more extensive than that from the Konigstein, and is very picturesque, especially looking up the river. The traveller crosses the Elbe to the village of Ilalbestadt , opposite the Konigstein station, and proceeds thence through the E. end of the village of Ebenheii direct to the foot of the Lilienstein. Ascent, partly by steps, somewhat steep, 1 hr. Restaurant at the top. — The "Pabststein (p. 332) and the Bdrensteine (as- cended in 1 hr. from Potzscha. p. 327) are other points of view near Konigstein. About IV2 M. to the S. of Konigstein is situated the water-cure estab- lishment of Konigsbrunn, on the BielabacJ), at the entrance to the Biela- grund, an interesting ravine with the most fantastic rock-formations. Plea- sant walk up this valley to the (2 hrs.) Scliweizermiihle (1150 ft.), where there is another water-cure (* Restaurant); then, 20 min. beyond it, we turn to the left by a finger-post, and walk in IY2 hr. more to the summit of the •"■'Schneeherg (2255 ft.), where a tower commanding a fine view and a small *Inn (R. 1 fl.. B. 40 kr.) are situated. At the foot of the mountain lies the village of Schneeberg (Werner's Inn). From Schneeberg to Boden- bach 6M., see p. 329. About 3 M. to the "W. of Schneeberg (guide necessary) are situated the Tyssaer Wande, a curious labyrinth of chasms and grotesque rock-form- ations. Fine view from the plateau. 25 M. Schandau (*Rail. Restaurant); the town lies on the right bank, and is reached in summer by a small steamboat (10 pf.). The branch-line from Schandau to Bautzen (p. 332) crosses the river by a bridge. 251,2 M. Krippen, opposite Schandau. 30 M. Schona (Railway Hotel), the station for Herrnskretschen (p. 333) on the opposite bank (ferry 8 pf.). — The line now crosses the Austrian frontier, passes (32 M.) Niedergrund (branch-line to Tetschen, see below), penetrates the Schdferwand (690 ft.) by two tunnels, and reaches — 38 M. Bodenbach (442 ft. ; Hotel Vmlauft, at the station, R. & L. 1 fl., A. 20 kr. , well spoken of; *Post; *Bad-H6tel, 1/2 M. from the station, recommended for a prolonged stay; Rail. Restaur- ant , dear), a village with 2480 inhab., with the Austrian custom- house. A suspension-bridge here crosses the river toTetschen('*Z7fi- rich, prettily situated 1 M. from the stations, R., L., & A. 3m.; *Silbern€r Stern; Stadt Prag ; Krone; *Dampfschiff-H6tel, at the pier, ^?/l^/l '^^Sf^ fe_ /T"^ 'V^/^ *^ \ ^^*^^>§i ^^Xi^ lite*^ / '1 '^i^ ,^-l_ ^ C^ \ /^^^-^ 2^®^ F'^^v^ ^"Ti ^\|, /Si\ ^ * ( 3n ' "^ '^t »R, S: / //M 2 ( fi'^ \ •- |f^s~"A^f^ ^ ??\l lil '^ySr" -'\ ^,*='''°^^^' /^ ■^\ ^S' \^05^ Itirf^'^'^^^X*^ » 1 i^ iK| fiffi^ ^ ^^^^ "^Jo^^ to Prague. TETSCHEN. 49. Route. 329 R. & A. 2 m. 60 pf. ; good Bohemian wine at Stangler's Weinhaus), perhaps the pleasantest point in the valley of the Elbe, noramanded by the handsome chateau of Count Thun , the beautiful garden, library, and armoury of which are open to the public daily 12-4 and 6-8, on Sun. and holidays the whole day. From Te^schen a pleasant walk may be taken to the Quaderberg^ with the 'Kaiser-Aussicht' (to the S. •, Inn, open in summer) and the 'Leopolds- hohe' (to the X.). From the latter we may proceed through the Lauben- schlucht to Lavbe and thence back along the Elbe to Tetschen. Feom Bodenbach to the Schneeberg (21/2 hrs.)- The traveller di- verges from the Teplitz road to the right, either after V4 M- »-* the inn Zum Rot/ten Kreiiz (path indicated by white marks on the trees, and easily traced), or after I1/2 M. at the inn Zur Griinen Wiese. After 7 min. the latter route crosses the valley to the left and leads to the village of Schneeberg. A more direct route to the summit diverges from the latter path at a clear- ing in the wood , but is not easily found without a guide. Those who prefer driving the greater part of the way follow the Schneeberg road, which leads to the left below the suspension-bridge, or take the Bodenbach and Dux railway (see below) as far as Eulau. From Bodenbach to Dux, railway in 2V2 hrs., through the Boden- bachthal, see Baedeker''s Soutfiern Germany and Austria. From Rodexbach to Warn'sdorf, 38 M., railwav in 2V2-3 hr.s. (fares 2 fl. 96, 2 fl. 22, 1 fl. 48 kr.). — 2V2 M. Tetschen, see above; V/2 M. Be?isen, with a chateau of the 16th cent.; IO1/2 M. Ebersdorf-Markersdorf; 13 M. Rabstfin: 15^2 M. Bohmisch - Kamnitz- Steinschonau (to Dittersbach , see p. 333); 20 31. Falkenau:1bM. Tannenherg ; 29 M. Schon/eld ; 3i "SI. Kreibitz, the junction for the line to Lobau (p. 299); 36 ^M. Grund-Georgen'.hal; 36 M. Xiedergrund {7.?i.hfiY). 38 M. Trrtr7i5c?or/(Stadt Wien; Endler). — At Warns- dorf the line join's the Saxon railway to Zittau (p. 299). From Bodenbach to Prague and from Tetschen to Vienna, see Baedeker's Southern Germany and Austria. 50. Saxon Switzerland. Plan. Two days at least are requi'jite for a visit to this interesting district. 1st. Railway to Potzscha (p. 327) in V-» hr. , ferry to Wehlen-, walk or ride through the Wehlener Grund and Zscherregrund to the Bastei in IV2 hr. ; through the Amselgrund to the Hockstein 2 hrs.; by the Brand to Schandau 3 hrs. — 2nd. Drive in 3/4 hr., or walk in 2 hrs., to the Lichtenhain Fall, walk or ride to the Kuhstall V2 hr. , Grosse Winterberg IV2 hr., Prebi«chthor 1 hr., Herrnskretschen IV2 hr. ; steamboat in 1 hr. or railway in 1/2 hr, to Konigstein (p. 327), visit the fortress, 2i|2 hrs.; return to Dresden by railway. — The Schneeberg and Biela- grund, see p. 328. Guides (4-5 m. per day, 2m. per half-day) are to be found at the most fre- quented places, and though seldom necessary, are sometimes desirable. As they are generally in league with the innkeepers, their recommen- dations of inns are seldom trustworthy. — Horse generally 2 m. per hour (comp. p. 332). — Chair-Forters from Wehlen to the Bastei 6 m., or by the rttewalder Grund 7'/2 m. ; from Rathen to the Bastei 4 m. — Steam- boats on the Elbe, see p. 803. — During Whitsuntide the Saxon Switzer- land is apt to be over-crowded with holiday-makers. The hotel -charges at the most frequented places are as high as in towns. The Meissener Hochland. a very picturesque district, remarkable for its sinu'ular njck-formations, known for the last century as the *Saxon Switzerland, extends from Liebethal to the Bohemian frontier, a distance of 23 M., and from the Falkenberg to the Schneeberg, about the same distance. It is intersected by the Elbe, the most picturesque part of the river being between Leitmeritz and Pirna. The sandstone of which the mountains consist often assumes the most grotesque shapes. Some of the 330 Route 50. BASTEI. Saxon rocky columns formed by the disintegration of the softer strata are so lofty and slender that their upright position appears extremely precarious. At Stat. Potzscha (p. 32v) we quit the railway and cross the Elbe to the village of Wehlen (^Sdchs. Schweiz; Freyer, well spoken of; Elh-Terrasse; Deutsches Reich, on the Elbe; Stadt Wehlen, station of the guides) , with a handsome new church , from which we ascend on the left bank of the brook , leaving the path along the Elbe to our right. After a few minutes' walk the paved track ascending to the right is to be avoided , and the path to the left in the Wehler Grund followed. The valley, which is enclosed by rocky and wooded heights , gradually contracts , and 1 M. from Wehlen divides. After 7 min. more a finger-post to the left indicates the route to the Uttewalder Grund , and to the right to the Zscherre- Grund. The * TJtte-walder Grund is one of the finest rocky gorges in Saxon Switzerland. The sides are so lofty and close together that some parts of the ravine are never reached by the sun's rays. About 10 min. from the above-mentioned finger-post is a restaurant; "the path passes the Teufels- kiiche (devirs kitchen), a grotto resembling an open fire-place. At the narrowest part, called the Felsent/ior, 5 min. above the restaurant, the path is carried over the brook by means of a stone causeway. At the upper end of the valley steps ascend to Uttewald (p. 326). Those who visit the Uttewalder Grund from the above-mentioned finger-post usually pro- ceed as far as the Felsenthor only. The route hence to the Bastei can hardly be mistaken. The broad path ascends through the *Zsc/ierre-Grwnd, a wild and narrow wooded ravine IY2 ^I- in length, bounded by lofty and grotesque rocks which are partly clothed with moss and fern. A pine-wood is next traversed. At the top of the hill the high-road (flnger-post) is crossed, the Steinerne Tisch (Refreshments ; direction-post) pass- ed , and the Bastei reached in 25 min. more. A rocky plateau, 50 paces to the left of the path , immediately before the Bastei is attained, commands a fine survey of the rocks of the Wehlener Grund. The **Bastei (875 ft. above the sea-level , and about 605 ft. above the Elbe ; *Inn on the summit ; admission to the tower 20 pf.), a rock with several peaks, rising precipitously from the Elbe, is the finest point in Saxon Switzerland. The view is magnificent and ex- tensive, affording an admirable survey of the wooded gorges and of the abrupt peaks resembling gigantic castles that surround us on all sides: to the N. Rathewalde and Hohnsteiu; E. the Brand, Rosenberg (in Bohemia), Kleine and Grosse Winterberg, Zirkel- steine, and Kaiserkrone ; S. the Pabststein andGohrischstein, in the foreground Lilienstein andKonigstein ; S.W. the Rauhstein and Bar- enstein ; far below the Elbe, visible from Wehlen to above Rathen. From the inn the traveller descends in 5 min. to the *Bastei- briicke, a stone bridge of seven arches constructed in 1851 , con- necting the rocky pinnacles that here rise from the valley. (To the left before the bridge is reached a path diverges to the Ferdinand- stein, which affords a good survey of the environs and of the bridge itself.) A projecting platform affords a magnificent *View of the Switzerland. SCHANDAU. 50. Route. 331 profound rocky and pine-clad gorge, Abont 14 min. from the bridge the path emerges from the wood and divides. The branch to the left, skirting the wood, leads to the Amselgrund (see below^; that in a straight direction leads to (5 min.) Bathen (Erbgericht, on the river, well spoken of; Bohme's Restaurant , well spoken of), a village on the Elbe with a ruined castle , and a steamboat and railway-station (the latter on the opposite bank; see p. 327). The ascent of the Bastei from Ratheu occupies about 1 hr. ; that of the Lilienstein (p. 328) 2 hrs. The above-mentioned path to the left, 20 min. below the Bastei, ascends the Amselgrund , passes a small waterfall , and leads in 11/4 hr. to Ratheicalde (Erbgericht; Mittag). The traveller should here enquire the way to the Hockstein, a rock 360 ft. in height (1040 ft. above the sea), rising abruptly from the green Polenz- grund. (The most direct route, indicated by sign-posts, diverges to the right at the entrance of the Amselgrund , and leads through the woods of the Nasse Grund to the Hockstein , a walk of about 1 hr.) The Hockstein affords a line view of the little town of Hohn- stein (Hirsch ; Sachs. Schweiz), on the opposite side of the valley, commanded by an oM castle now used as a house of correction. We then descend through the Wolfsschlucht to the cool *Polenzthal (Restaurant), and follow the course of the brook for about 2/4 hr., until the first house, the Walter sdorfer MUhle (Pension, with baths), becomes visible. Crossing a bridge, we now ascend the hill to the right. "Where the paths divide , we follow that to the right until it joins the carriage-road on the hill, which leads to the right in 5 min. more to the *Brand (905 ft. ; small 7nn), commanding a magnificent view. From right to left (8.W. to S. E.): Bastei, Barensteiue, Konigstein, Lilienstein, Pfaffenstein, Gohrischstein, Pabststein, etc., and to the extreme left the Grosse Winterberg. About 100 paces from the finger-post on the carriage - road a footpath diverges from the broad path to the left to a singular group of rocks somewhat resembling corn-sacks, 100 paces distant. The main path then descends rapidly through the Tiefe Grund, passing under a curious overhanging rock, to the (Y2 hr.) Hohnstein and Schandau road, which leads to the (21/4 M.) Elbe at Wendisch-Fahre, a station on the railway from Schandau to Bautzen (see p. 332). The line crosses the Elbe here. Above the bridge is the Hotel Wilhelmshohe. The town of Schandau lies on the right bank, 1 M. farther on. Schandau. — Hotels. *8endig's Hotels & Pensioks Fokstiiaus (R., L., & A. 3 m.), Deutsches Haus , Villa Quisisana, and Villa Konigin Ca- ROLA, on the Elbe, above the town, with gardens, 'pension' in summer for a week or more from 7 m. per day, in spring and autumn 6 m. ; CuR- HAUS and Badehads, see below: *Dampfschiff (R. & L. 21/4 m., A. 30 pf.), *Bahr's Hotel, Stadt Berlin, Engel, and Elb-Pavillon, also on the river; Anker, in the market, unpretending; Stadt Teplitz, well spoken of. — Private apartments abundant. Guides, see p. 329. — Carriage (no legal tariff) to the waterfall 6 m., there and back 9m., with gratuity; to the Brand by Hohnstein 12m.; to 332 Route 50. KUHSTALL. Saxon the Bastei by the Brand and Hohnstein 18 m. — Chair-Porters from the waterfall to the Kuhstall 2 m., from the Kuhstall to the Klcine Winter- berg 31/2 m., thence to the Grosse Winterberg 2 m., to the Prebischthor 2V4 ni- more, thence to Herrnskretschen 4 m. — Mule from Schandau to the waterfall 4 m., thence to the Kuhstall IV4 m., Kleine Winterberg 2^/2 m., Grosse Winterberg 2 m. , Prebischthor 2 m., Herrnskretschen 2'/2 na. — Tramway to the waterfall in progress. Steamboat, see p. 303. Railway, see p. 328. An Omnibus runs from the railway-station to Sendig's Hotels (50 pf.). The small town of Schandau (413 ft.) is prettily situated on the right bank of the Elbe, at the mouth of the Kirnitzschbach. In the valley of the latter, 1/2 M. above the town, is a small Chalybeate Bath (Curhaus , see above), with pleasant grounds and walks. Schandau is the central point of Saxon Switzerland, and is much frequented in summer. Walks. In the Kirnitzschthal , see above; to the Ostrau - Scheibe , to the Schlossberg, the Friedensplatz, the ScMllerhohe, the Schiitzenhaits ; farther distant to the Hohe Liebe (view now blocked by the trees) 1 hr. ; to the Schrammsteine IV2 hr. ; to the Hochbuschkuj^pe 3 hrs. A very pleasant excursion may be made from the railway-station, past the station of Krippen and Klein- Hennersdorf (returning through the Rietschgrvnd)^ to (IV4 hr.) the top of the *Pabststein (1476 ft. ; small ''Inn at the top, bed IV4 m.). The view embraces the entire district of Saxon Switzerland. The most conspicuous points are N.W. the Lilienstein and Konigstein, E. the Grosse Winterberg and the Kleis rising like a tower, S.E. the basaltic Rosenberg (1770 ft.), the highest peak in the district. A mere speck only of the Elbe is visible at Schandau. — From the Pabst- stein a good path "leads to the K.W. by Gohrisch (Anna's Hof, with baths, R. & board 33 m. per week) to Konigstein in 1 hr. (in the reverse direction lV2hr.). Small boat from Konigstein to Eathen (see p. 331) in 40min., 31/2 m. From Schandau to Bactzen, 40 M., railwaj^ in 2V2-3V4 hrs. (fares 5 m. 20, 3 m. 90, 2 m. 60 pf.). Stat. Schandau, see p'. 328. The train crosses the 'E\\)& to Wendisch-Fdhre {cova-p. p. 331), passes through a tunnel, and ascends the Sebnitzthal. Beyond (3 M.) Kohlmithle the train quits the sandstone and enters a granite district. Two tunnels. 6 M. Ulhersdorf. The Sebnitz is crossed several times. Four tunnels. — 9 M. Sebnitz (1020 ft. ; Stadt Dresden; ''Scichsischer Bof), a manufacturing town with 6676 inhabitants. An excursion for one day (fatiguing) may be made hence by proceeding through Hertigswalde and Thomasdorf to the Wacheberg (Restaurant), and then descending to !• ^aundorf. 20 M. Schmiedeberg (1410 ft.), at the mouth of the Pobelbach. Pleasant walks may be taken hence to the (1 hr.) Tellkoppe (2470 ft.) and the (1^2 hr.) Friedrichshohe (2425 ft.). Beyond Schmiedeberg the train runs through the picturesque 'Lange Grund' to (21 M.) Buschmuhle , and (221 9 m.) Kipsdorf, the present terminus. From Kipsdorf to Teplitz via Niklasberg . 6-7 hrs. — AVe proceed via Bdrenfels, Schellerhau, and the Pobelknochen (2760 ft.) to (1 hr.) Rehefeld-Zaunhaus, with a shooting-box of the King of Saxony, close to the Austrian frontier. Thence in 11/4 hr. to the foresters house of Kalkofen and in 1/2 ^^- J^ore to the ancient little OeogTJpK. AiuiUdt: vo» Tfigncj- t Debes LMpxitf s&it2 , XeuschUnefeld , Connewitz, Plagwiiz , Lindenau, Oohlis, and Eutritzsch. Fares 10, 15, 20, 25 pf. Post and Telegraph Office (PL 36; E, 4), in the Augustus-Platz. 350 Route 5i. LEIPSIC. History. Theatres, yew Tlieatre (PI. 44; p. 351), performances daily: central balcony 3-5 ni., side-balcony 4, parquet 3. first boxes 2' 2 m. — Old Tlieatre (PI. 45; p. 352). performances several times weekly, daily during the fairs. — Carola Theatre (PI. 46; D, 7), Sopliien-Str. — Krvstall-Palast, see p. S49. ^Concerts in the New Gewandhaus (p. 353), celebrated (conducted by Mendelssohn in 1835-41), every Thursday in winter ; general rehearsal on Wed. forenoon (adm. 2 m.). Director Prof. C. Reinecke. — Motette^ sxmg by the boys of the Thomas-Schule. in the Thomaskirche, every Sat., 1.30 to 2 p.m. Panorama (PI. D. 5: Battle of 3Iars la Tour, by L. Braiin), in the Eoss-Platz, open all day, electric light in the evening; adm. 1 m. Picture Gallery at the Museum (p. 351). — Del Vecchio's Exhibition of Art (PL 7), Markt 9, 2nd floor; week-days 9-5, Sun. 10-3; adm. 50 pf. English Consul, Baron Tavchnitz , Grimma'scher Steinweg 9 (oflice- hour 11-12). — American Consul, Mr. Millar. Briihl 7 (office-hours 10-1) ; Deptity Consul. Mr. Frederick Nachod. American Dentist, Mr. Ellery C. Young, Dorotheen-Str. 4. English Church (All Saints), at the corner of the Sebastian-Bach-Str. and Schreber-Str. (PI. A, 4). Services at 10. 30 a. m. and 6 p. m. Chaplain, Rev. L. R. Tuttiett, Plagwitzer-Str. 36. — American Service in the Erste Btirgerschule (PI. D, 4). at 5 p.m. Leipsic, Ger, Leipzig (387 ft.), one of the most important commercial towns in (Germany, with 170,076 inhab. (in 1885), and the centre of the German book-trade, is the seat of the supreme law-courts of the German Empire, and of one of the most ancient and important universities in Europe. The city lies in an exten- sive plain, near the confluence of the Elster, the Pleisse, and the Parthe. The interior of the city consists of lofty and closely-built houses, dating chiefly from the 17th and 18th cent., and is sur- rounded by five handsome suburbs, beyond which are a series of villages almost adjacent to the town. Leipsic is said to have been originally a Slavonic settlement, called Lipzk, or 'the town of the lime-trees". It is mentioned in history for the first time at the beginning of the 11th cent., and was soon afterwards for- tified. About the year 1170 it was endowed with extensive privileges by Otho the Rich, Margrave of Meissen, and thenceforward increased ra- pidly. As earl3- as 1180 markets were held here biennially at 'Jubilate' and Michaelmas, and in the 15th cent, attained to great importance. In 1458 a iS'ew Year's Fair was added to the number, and in 1497 and 1507 the Emp. Maximilian confirmed the privileges of the town by prohibiting markets to be held at any town within a wide circle around, and by guaranteeing a safe -conduct to all the frequenters of the Leipsic fairs. The trade of Leipsic was somewhat depressed by the various wars of the 17th and 18th cent., but after 1833, when Saxony joined the 'Zollverein'' or German customs-union, it assumed most important dimensions. The Jubilate (Easter) and Michaelmas Fairs are still attended by a vast concourse of merchants, but the Xew Year's Fair has considerably fallen ofl'. On these occasions the town is thronged by from 30,000 to 40,000 traders from all parts of Europe, especially from the E., and by Jews, Greeks, Bulgarians, Armenians, and Turks. The most important of the staple commodities at The fairs are furs , of which nearly one million pounds' worth change hands annually; next in value are' leather, cloth, woollen wares, glass, and linen. The total value of the sales averages 10,000,000?. per annum. Leipsic is still more important as the centre of the Book Trade of Germany, a position which it has occupied since the end of the 18th century. There are about 3(X) booksellers' shops and 80 printing-offices in the town, and publishers in other parts of Germany almost invariably have depots of their books at Leipsic, whence they are' sent to all parts of Europe and more distant coimtries. Many hundred booksellers congregate here at the Jubilate, and transact business at their own Biirse, or Exchange. Museum. LEIPSIC. 54. Route. 351 Pleasant Promenades on the site of the old fortifications sepa- rate the inner town from the suburbs. On the S. side they are interrupted by the spacious Augustus-Platz (PI. E, 4), which is enclosed by the New Theatre , the Museum , the Augusteum , the Post-Offlce, and several private houses. The *New Theatre (PI. 44 • E, 3), a handsome edifice in the Re- naissance style, designed by C. F. Langhans of Berlin, was completed in 1867. The principal facade is adorned with a Corinthian portico, the tympanum of which contains an allegorical group by Prof. Ha- gen; the Apollo, with Clio and Calliope, forming the 'acroterion', are by the same sculptor ; the groups in the tympana of the w ings are by Liirssen, Wittich. and Schiele. The back of the building, with its semicircular projecting terrace, is turned towards the most attractive part of the promenades, and adjoins the Schwanenteich, a miniature lake . where on Sundays and holidays a fountain rises to a height of 66 ft., producing a very picturesque effect. The in- terior is also worthy of a visit (open daily, 2-4 p.m. ; 50 pf.). The chief attraction of the *Museuin (PI. 31 ; E, 4). a building opposite the theatre, erected from designs by Prof. L. Lange in 1858 and extensively altered and enlarged by Lieht in 1883-86, is its collection of modern pictures (closed at present). This gallery was instituted in 1837 by the Leipsic Kunstverein, and since then has been considerably increased by purchase, and by the presentation of the Schletter Collection, which consists chiiefly of French pictures. Among the older masters represented are Burgkmair, Cranach, Diirer, Schdufelein, Botticelli, Rent, Rihera, Vasari, Murillo, Brue- ghel, Rembrandt, Teniers, and Wouverman. Among the modern works are some fine landscapes by Calame ; Napoleon at Fontainebleau by Delaroche; the designs for Preller's frescoes at Weimar; and speci- mens of De/regr^er, Knaus, Leasing, Overbeck, Richter, Rottmann, Schwind, and other German artists. The museum also contains an extensive collection of engravings and drawings. Most of the sculp- tures are plaster-casts, but there are good original works by Thor- valdsen, Hdhnel, Schilling, Kopf. and Hildebrand. — A handsome monumental Fountain is being erected in front of the Museum. The Augusteum (PI. 2; D, 4), on the W. side of the Augustus- Platz, erected in 1836 from designs by Schinkel , is the seat of the University, founded in 1408 and now attended by 3500 students, and contains several of its collections and most of the lecture-rooms. (Medical faculty, see p. 354). The library numbers 350,000 vols, and 4000 MSS. (open on Mon., Wed., & Sat. 11-1, Tues. and Fred. 3-5 in summer, 2-4 in winter). The Aula contains a monument to students who fell in the war of 1870-71, a number of busts and statues by Knaur and Rietschel, and twelve * Reliefs by the latter, illustrative of the development of civilisation (placed too high). — The adjacent Paulinerkirche (PI. 26 ; entr. from Grimmaische-Str.), restored in 1544 (the choir demolished during the re-fortification of 352 Route 54. LEIPSIC. Conservatorium. the town in 1546), contains a monument by Rietschel to Margrave Dietzmann of Meissen, assassinated in St. Thomas's in 1307. To the S.W. of the Museum, near the Biirgerschule. rises a Statue of Thaer fPl. 19 ; D, 4), the agriculturist [d. 1828). by Riet- schel; and close by is a memorial stone with a medallion-portrait of Robert Schumann (PI. 17), who lived in Leipsic for many years. The Post Office (PI. 36 ; E, 4), provided with a new fagade in 1883, is adorned with a row of statues representing Telegraphy, Science, Industry, Commerce, Art, and Postal Communication. The busy Grimma'sche Stkasse (PI. D , 3) , which contains several handsome old houses, particularly No. 30. the Fiirstenhaus completed about 1575, at the corner of Universitats-Str., leads from the Augustus-Platz towards the W. An inscription in the court of the house 'Zur grossen Feuer- kugel', Universitats-Str. 8, at the back of the university, indicates the room which Goethe is said to have occupied when a student here in 1767-68. — The Gewandhaus. or old Drapers' Hall. Univer- sitats-Str. 16, contains the .UunicipaiLiftrari/ (open Mon.. Wed.. Sat. 3-5, in winter 2-4), consisting of 100,000 vols, and 1500 MSS. The Conservatorium of Music , in an adjoining building, is one of the most famous in Europe , and was attended in 1886 by about 500 pupils. A new Conservatorium is being erected near the New Gewandhaus (p. 353). — A few paces to the N. of the Fiirstenhaus is the Nicolaikirche (PL 25; D, 3), a building of 1525 , with some of the cannon-balls of 1813 built into the walls by the windows, and a stone pulpit, from which Luther is said once to have preached, in a vaulted receptacle by the S. entrance. In the Ritter- Strasse, opposite, is the Booksellers' Exchange (comp. p. 350; new one in progress in the Hospital-Strasse, PL G, 5). The Grimmaische-Str. next passes the small Naschmarkt , with the Old Exchange, erected in 1683. Opposite its S. end is Auer- bach's Keller (p. 349), celebrated as the scene of a part of Goethe's Faust, with curious mural paintings of the 16th cent, (restored in 1863) , representing the tradition on which the play was based. Farther on the street debouches on the Markt-Platz (PL D, 3), situated nearly in the centre of the city, and bounded on three sides by lofty and antiquated houses , some of them in the Renaissance style , while the fourth side is occupied by the Eathhaus (PL 38), built by Hieronymus hotter in 1556. To the N.W. runs the Hain-Strasse, at No. 51 in which Schiller resided in 1785 and 1789 , leading to the Theater-Platz. in which stands the Old Theatre (PL 45: C. 2), near which is a monument (PL 12) to Hahnemann (d. 1843), the father of homoeopathy. A small monument at the end of the Ranstiidter Steinweg (PI. B, C, 2) commemorates the premature blowing up of the bridge by the French on 19th Oct., 1813, which proved so fatal to their rear-guard. The spot where Prince Poniatowski was drowned in the Elster on that occasion is indicated by a monument with the Polish eagle (PI. IG : Lessing-Str., at New Gewandhaus. LEIPSIC. 54. Route. 353 the S. end of the Bezirks-Schnle), but the ground has been entirely altered since then. Following the Promenade to the S. from Hahnemann's monu- ment, we pass on the left the Matthaikirche (PL 24; C, 3), and beyond it, also to the left, the Church of St. Thomas (PL 29; C, 4), with its lofty and conspicuous roof, consecrated in 1496. Both churches have lately been restored. Concerts of sacred music, at which Bach's compositions are chiefly performed, are often given in St. Thomas's in winter ('Motette', see p. 350). Bach was orga- nist at the adjacent Thomas-Schule from 1723 down to his death in 1750. On the S. side of the church is a bronze Statue of Leib- nitz (1646-1716), a native of Leipzig, by Hdhnel, erected in 1883. The Art - Industrial Museum, Thomaskirchhof 25, near the Thomaskirche, is rapidly growing in importance (open, on Sun. 10.30-1, Mon., Wed., & Frid.10-1 ; handbook 20 pf.). We begin with the room farthest to the right of the entrance. Rooms I. and II. : Furniture and works in wood. In R. II. a Persian carpet dating from about 1400. — RR. III. , IV. : Tapestry and Textile Fabrics. In R. IV. a line .specimen of tapestry made in Leipsic about the middle of the 14th century. — RE. V., VI.: Metal- work. The double case numbered 23 and 24 in II. VI. contains gold and silver plate and enamels, some of which belongs to the town of Leipsic. — R. VII. (entrance-room): Earthenware and Glass. — E. VIII.: Fayence, Japanned Articles, Ivory, Carvings-, French Tapestry of the 18th century. — R. IX. Specimens of the Graphic Arts and Book-Binding. — E. X. : Articles in plaster, coarser Earthenware, Marbles, etc. The Synagoge (PL 42), built in 1855, is situated in Central- Str., a little to the W. In the Promenade, farther to theS., are two modest monuments to J. A. Hitler (d. 1804) and Joh. Seb. Bach (see above), both organists in the Thomas-Schule. The latter was erected by Mendels- sohn. The S.W. corner of the inner town is occupied by the Pleissen- burg (PL C, D, 4), formerly the citadel, now containing barracks. Opposite it, to the W., is the Roman Catholic Church (PL 23 I. Still farther to the W. lies the Johanna Park (PL B, 5), near which are the picturesque Lutherkirche (PL B, 4) and the new English Church (PL A, B, 4; see^p. 350). The Koxigs-Platz, with a poor marble Statue of King Frederick Augustus (PI. 9) by Oeser, lies to the S. of the Pleissenburg. Close to the Platz, at No. 15 Peters-Steinweg (PL 39; D, 5), is the so- called RoMiscHE Haus, built from designs by Hermann in 1833, and containing some good frescoes by Wislicenus , Preller, and Genelli (public not admitted). Opposite are the District Courts (PL C, 5), a large and imposing building, extending westwards to the Harkort- Str. Farther to the W., on the other side of the Pleisse. is the *New Gewandhaus (PI. C, 6), designed by Gropius & Schmieden. The sculptures in the pediment, by Schilling, represent Apollo and the Shepherds (interior shewn daily, adm. 1 m.). The space op- posite is reserved for the new building of the Supreme Courts (comp. p. 354). To the N.W. is the nevi. Corner vatorium (p. 352). Baedeker's X. Germany. 9th Edit. 23 354 Route 54, LEIPSIC. Reformation Monument. — To the S.E., in the Schletter-Platz. is the imposing wq^ Peter s- kirche (PI. 27; D, 6), with a lofty crocketed spire. Since 1867 a range of new buildings for the medical faculty of the University has been erected in the Lieblg-Str.. to the E. of the Peterskirche, including the Anatomie (PI. 1 ; E, 6 ) . the Eye Dis- pensary (PI. E, 6), the Physiological Institute (PI. 34), the Chemical Laboratory {Fl. 5), the Deaf and Dumb Asylum (PI. E, 5, 6; with a monument of its founder, Samuel Heinicke , d. 1790, PI. 18), the Zoological and Agricultural Institutes (PI. 49), the Physical Laboratory, the Mineralogical Institute (Pi. 35), the extensive Municipal Hospital, the Pathological Inst itute(P\. 33), the Veterinary Hospital (PI. 48), and the Hospital for Mental Diseases (PL F, 7). Near the last are the Botanical Garden (PI. F, G, 6, 7), the ex- tensive New Cemetery (PI. G, 6, 7), and the J ohannis - Hospital (PL G, 5). The Hospital-Strasse leads from the last , past the tasteful Parcel Post Office (PL F, 4, 5). to the Church of St. John (PL 22; F, 4), in front of which is the Keformation Monument, erected on Nov. 10th, 1883 (the 400th anniversary of Luther's birth), with bronze statues of Luther and Melauchthon by Schilling. To the E, of the choir is the tomb of Gellert (d. 1769), the poet, who was a professor at the university of Leipsic, On the outside of the S. wall is an inscription to the effect that Bach (d. 17r.O) was buried in this part of the cemetery. The old Cemetery of St. John has been partly laid out as pleasure-grounds. ■ — A monument at the corner of the Salomons-Str. and Dresdener-Str. (PL 10 ; F, 4) marks the s-po fwhere Major Fr ice ius stormed the Grimma'sche Thor on 19th Oct., 1813, after the battle of Leipsic. Near the 'Milch- inseV (PL F, 3), the first position within the town gained by the Allies on that day, is the Kugel-Denkmal (PL 14), or 'Ball Mon- ument', with projectiles found in the city and environs. On the first floor of Johannis-Platz 8, obliquely opposite to the Friccius monument, is the co\\e.tt\onoit\\Q Leipsic Historical Society (open on Sun., 10.30 to 12.30), containing a few reminiscences of the great battle. On the second floor is the *Ethnographical Museum (PI. 32; Sun., Tues., Thurs. 11-1, 50 pf. : at other times 1 m. ; closed in winter"), one of the best collections of the kind in Germany, though unfortunately cramped for room. The Goethe-Stbassb (PL E, 3) leads to the N. from the Augustus- Platz (p. 351). At the corner of this street and Kitter-Str. is the unpretending iJoyai Poiace, next to which, between Ritter-Str. , Goethe-Str., and the Briihl, is the building temporarily occupied by the Supreme Courts of the German Empire (PL 39). The Bruhl, which here leads to the left, is a great resort of the Jewish fre- quenters of the fairs, and contains the offices of many wholesale dealers in furs and other wares. Richard Wagner (1813-1883), the composer , was born at No. 3 in this street (now pulled down). — Farther on in the Goethe-Str. , in the gardens near the Magde- Rosenthal. LEIPSIC. 54. Route. 355 burg and Dresden Stations (PI. E, 2), is an Obelisk (PI. 8) com- memorating the construction of the Leipsic and Dresden liailway, which was the ttrst of any importance in Germany (opened in 1837). A marble bust to 6'. Harkort{Ji. 1865; PI. 13), the chief promoter of the railway, stands on the Promenade, opposite the Dresden Station. Proceeding from this point to the W. along the Promenade we pass tlie Thuringinn Railway Station (PI. E, 1,2) and the new Exchange (PL 3 ; D, 2 ; comp. p. 3f)2), and arrive at the Old Theatre (p. 350). The llosenthal-Gasse and the Lortzing-Strasse lead hence to the Rosenthal. The ^Rosenthal (PI. A, B, 1), with its pleasant meadows and fine woods, is embellished with a marble statue of Gellert (PI. 11) and a bust of the composer Zbllner (PI. 20). Concerts are frequently given here at Bonorand's Garden-Cafe' (see p. 349). Near the cafe is the Zoological Garden, with a skating-rink. — To the N. of the Rosenthal is the village of Gohlis , where an inscription on one of the houses records that Schiller there composed his 'Ode to Joy'. Farther distant is Eutritzsch, where 'Gose', a favourite kind of beer, may be tasted at the Gosenschenke. The '^Collection of Baron Speck at Liitzschena (5V2 to the N.W. ; reached by the Halle railway in 20iiiin., p. 361) comprises several good works by old masters of the Dutch, German, and Italian schools (open on Sat. in summer: at other times, except Sun., on previous application). The Battle of Leipsic, which lasted four days, 16th-19th Oct., 1813, is the most prolongcIain is crossed. Near (159 M.l Hochstadt the Rodach falls into the Main. 165 M. Lichtenfels (Anker ; Moulin; Krone) is the junction of the Werra line (to Coburg and Eisenach, see R. 64). On a hill to the right are the extensive buildings of the celebrated old Benedictine 368 Route 58. GERA. From Leipsic atbey of Banz. On the hill opposite Banz, rises the richly-decorated ahbey-church of Vierzehnheiligen, the most frequented pilgrimage- shrine in Franconia, with frescoes hy A. Palme. To the S., farther on, rise the precipitous limestone rocks of the Staffelberg , beyond ■which, on the opposite side, is the Veitsberg, with a chapel and ruined castle commanding a beautiful view. 184 M. Bamberg, and thence to Nuremberg, see Baedeker s Southern Germany. 58. From Leipsic to Bebra (Franhfort on the Main) and Cassel. Thuringian Railway. 172 M. Railway. Express in 6 hrs. (fares 25 m. 10, 18 m. 70, 13 m 10 pf.). Dinner-cars (D. 2i 2 m.; accompany the trains on this line. — By Halle and Nordhausen^ see R. 68. This line traverses one of the most picturesque districts in Cen- tral Germany. 4 M. Barneck, the junction for Zeitz, Gera, Saalfeld, and Eichicht. From Leipsic to Eichicht, 93 M.. railwav in 53/4 hrs. (fares 12 m. 90, 9 m. 70, 6 m. 60 pf.). The train follows the direction of the Elster. 271/231. Zeitz (Lowe; Kronprinz; Berold), an old town with cloth and other manufactories, situated on an eminence on the Weisse Elster, and an episcopal see from 968 to 1029. Pop. 18,265. The Moritzhuvg, erected in 1654 by the Dukes of Sachsen-Zeitz on the site of the old episcopal palace, is now a reformatory and poor-house. Gothic Abbey Church of the 15th cent, with Romanesque crypt of the 12th century. The Stiftsschule (Gym- nasium) has a library with a number of MSS. dating from the time of the Reformation. In the market-place is a Monument commemorating the war of 1870-71. The cemeterv contains a monument erected bv Fred. Wil- liam IV. to his teacher Delbriick (d. 1830). About IV2 M. to the S. of Zeitz lies Posa, formerly a Benedictine abbey, with ruins of the church, which was built in 1168. — Zeitz is the junction of a line to Weissen/els (p. 369*, 20 M., in 52 min.), traversing a district rich in brown coal. Then through the Elsterthal to Wetierzeiibe , Crossen (branch-line to Eisenberg), Kostritz (famous for its beer and flowers : near it Bad KostHtz, with warm sand and salt-baths), and — 45 M. Gera ( Victoria; Frommater ; Stadt Dresden), the capital of the prin- cipality of Reuss-jiingerer-Linie, a busy manufacturing town with 34,014 in- hab., on the Weisse Elster. The Johannis-Platz is adorned with a modern statue of Count Heinrich Posthumus (d. 1635). On the Hainberg, opposite the town, rises the chateau of Osterstein, the residence of the prince. — Railways to Gossnitz (p. 366), via Ronnebvrg, in 1-1 1/2 hr., and to Jena and Weimar (p. 375) in 2-21/2 hrs. Beyond (49 M.) Wolfsgefarth, junction for the line to Greiz and Plauen (p. 366), the Elster is quitted. 53 M. Weida (Ring), in the duchy of Wei- mar, is 1/2 M. from the railway; the Osterburg is an old Schloss to the N.W. of the town (branch-line to Werdau, p. 366, in I1/2 hr.). Stations Niederpollnitz, Triptis. 67 M. Neustadt on the Orla (Gold. Lowe), a manufacturing town in the duchy of Weimar, with a handsome late-Gothic Rathhaus. About 41/2 M. distant is the Frohliche Wiederkunft, a shooting-lodge of the Duke of Alten- burg ; and 6 M. from Xeustadt is Hummelsliain, also with a ducal chateau and deer-park. Diligence thrice daily from Neustadt to (I2V2 M.) Schleiz (p. 367). 72 M. Oppitrg, with a chateau of Prince Hohenlohe. 76 M. Posneck (Ritter; Hirsch), a town in the duchy of Meiningen, with porcelain, flannel, and other manufactories; diligence once daily to Ziegenriick (Preuss. Hof), 11 M., and thence to Lobenstein (p. 367). To the left rises the pictur- to Cassel. MERSEBURG. 58. Route. 369 esque castle of Ranis. 81 M. Konitz, with a chateau of the 16th cent, j 8'i\'2 M. Unter-Wellenborn^ with large iron-works. 85 M. Saalfeld (Birsch; PreussischerHof; MeiningerHo/)^ an old town, with 7458 inhab., on the N.E. boundary of the Thuringian forest, pictur- esquely situated on the Saale, possessing sewing-machine and other manu- factories. Ralhhuus in the market-place in the latest Gothic style, 1533-37. Gothic Johanniskirche of the 14th cent, with good stained gla>s9 of 1514 in the choir. In the suburb is the Schloss of the extinct dukes of Saalfeld, erected in 1679. In the S.E. part of the town are the Kitzerstein, a chateau of the 16th cent., and the ruins of the Sorbenbui-g, which is said to have been erected by Charlemagne for protection against the pagan Slavs. The termination of many of the names of places on the right bank of the Saale in itz indicate their Slavonic origin. — Railway from Saalfeld to RudoUtadt and Jena^ see R. 59. Diligence from Saalfeld to Sonneberg (p. my) daily. 93 M. Eichicht, a small village prettily situated at the confluence of the Loquitz and Saale . is a great depot of the slate-quarries in the neighbour- hood, and is at present the terminus of the railway. It is connected by an iron bridge with Cauhdorf^ on the other bank of the Saale. — Dili- gence twice daily to (4 M.) Leutenberg, and once daily thence to (14 M.) Lobenstein (p. 367). Diligence from Leutenberg to (9 31. J Lehesten (Goldener Panzer), the centre of an important slate-quarrying district. 9 M. Markranstedt ; 14 M. Kbtschau. The salt-works of (16 M.) Diirrenberg are passed, and the Saale crossed. 19 M. Corbetha is the junction for Halle (see below). Battle Fields. Three celebrated battles have been fought near Corbetha. At Rossbach, 5 M. to the W. , Frederick the Great with 22,000 Prussians signally defeated 60,000 French and their German allies under Soubise, on 0th "Xov., 1757. — Near Liitzen ., 5 M. to the E. , two battles were fought. In the first of these, on 6th Nov., 1632, Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, was mortally wounded, after having defeated the Impe- rial troops. A block of granite with a Gothic roof marks the spot. At Gross-Goj-schen, a little to the S. of Liitzen, a fierce but undecisive en- gagement was fought on 2nd May, 1813, by the allied Russians and Prus- sians against the French, in which the Prussian Gen. Scharnhorst waa mortally wounded. On the previous day the French Marshal Bessieres had been killed in a skirmish near Liitzen. — The Keuschberg., a little to the N.N.E., is generally but incorrectly regarded as the scene of the great victory gained by Emp. Henry I. over the Hungarians in 933; the real battle-lield must have been more to the W., perhaps at Rossbach (see above). Merseburgf 5 ?. o aV hxeicir- 21 SikUi ]^ok'xh ■lb w lee &AzZ7«rf _J28 66dws0artm.it , Oartaihecus B 5 I DenkmolfirlStatnenl 28. .^rcZW-j 31 fftdands 32 TaiqtJkezmhaas C5 Jo Jamgtl Kuaie, Ci 35 BmmsAesBaiLsCSi&i l._ _A Gecgraph Anstall ■TOJ^ B4^?,t ;^tt ^.i^^V B*^r;^^:4,\ ^ Bi rr.rM>^\ ^^7 \ ^ "WS^nSr^JTe WEIMAR. 60. Route. 375 once the seat of the powerful counts of that name. The well-known spectre of the White Lady, which is said to appear at the palace of Berlin as the harbinger of the death of the king, is supposed to have been a Countess of Orlamiinde fcomp. p. 29). — 35 M. Uhlstddt. 40 M. B.udLolsta.dti* Bitter, K., L., & A. 21/2 m. ; *-Lowe; *Deut- scher Kaiser, unpretending; Thilrinyer Hof; Adler ; Rddtke, 1/4 M. from the town, with a garden and baths ; *Rudolsbad, see below), the capital of the principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, is charm- ingly situated on the Saale. Pop. 8747. On a height (200 ft.) rises the castle of Heideckshurg, the residence of the prince, con- taining a handsome rococo hall and several pictures. Pretty views from theW. portal and the garden; picturesque walks in the J?am, a wood above the town , near the castle. The Ludwigsburg in the town contains a cabinet of natural history, including a valuable collection of shells. Schiller's visit to Rudolstadt in 1788 is commem- orated by tablets in the Schlossweg and the Neue Strasse. The Anger, near the station, is a favourite resort on fine summer-even- ings (band 2-3 times weekly). Large quantities of porcelain are made in the town and district. About 41/2 M. to the W. of Rudolstadt is the famous school of Keil- hau, founded by Frobel in 1817. The Baropthtirm, 1 M. to the W., built in 1878, commands an admirable view (key kept at Keilhau). On the high-road, IV2 M. above Rudolstadt, lies Volkstedt , in one of the first houses of which Schiller resided in 1788 (with a tablet; visitors admitted to a room with Schiller's writing-table and chair). The ScJiillerhohe on the opposite bank of the Saale, adorned with a copy of his bust by Dannecker, commands a fine view ; still finer from the "Justinshohe, between Rudol- stadt and Volkstedt. At the foot of the Justinshohe, near Richter's large chemical factory, is the ' Rudolshad, with baths, restaurant, and lodgings (R. 2-4 m., 'pens', from 5 m.). 43 M. Schwarza , the station for visitors to the Schwarzathal (p. 394; branch-railway to Blankenburg, see p. 394). The Schweden- schanze, near the station, is a fine point of view (*Inn). Beyond Schwarza the train crosses the Saale. To the left is the battle-field of 10th Oct. 1806, where Lannes and Augereau with 30,000 men defeated 11,000 Prussians and Saxons under Prince Lewis Ferdinand of Prussia. P.etween Saalfeld and Schwarza , a monument has been erected to the prince on the spot where he fell. 47 M. Saalfeld, where the line joins the Leipsic and Eichicht railway, see p. 369. 60. Weimar. Hotels. Erbprinz (PI. 1; B, C, 4), R., L., & A. 21/2. B. 1, D. 21/2 m. ; Hotel Ciiemnitius, corner of the Karls-Platz, near the theatre; Russischeu Hof (PI. 2; A, 4), R., L., & A. 21/2, B. 1, D. 2V2 m.; Seeberg's Hotel zlm Elephant (PI. 3; B, 4), R., L., A' A. 2i'2 m. ; Sonne (PI. 5; B, 4), R. & B. 21/4, 1). 11/2 m., well spoken of; Adleu (PI. 4; B, 4); Derpsch, at the station. — Rooms may also be obtained at the station. Restaurants. Stadtliaus. in the market-place; * TFer^Tier, Theater-Platz. — Confectioners. "^Eammer, Windischengasse 1; Bauer^ Grosse Markt 4, opposite the Schloss; Alhrecht, Kauf-Str. ; Grenzdorfer, Karls-Platz. — Wine at Freund's, corner of the Schiller-Str. and Frauenthor-Str. 376 Route 60. WEIMAR. Museum. Conveyances. Omnibus to the town (centre of the town 1 M. from the station) 25 pf. ; cab for 1 pers. 50 pf., 2 pars. 1 m., 3 pers. II/2 m. Drive through the Schloss Park to Belvedere and Tiefiirt, 9 m., with fee and tolls. Diligence to Berka, Blankenhain. Kranichfeld. etc. Theatre. Operas on Sun. and Thurs. -, plays on Wed. and Sat. Exhibition of Art and Art-Industry, Karls-Platz 9(10-4; adm. 50 pf.). English Church in the Biirger-Schule ; service at 11.30 a.m. and 3.30 p.m. Weimar (670 ft.~), the capital of the grand-duchy of Saxe-Wei- mar, with 21, '21 3 inhab., an irregularly-built old town with modern suburbs , pleasantly situated on the Ilm . derives its principal in- terest from the literary associations connected with it. By the in- vitation of Duke Charles Augustus [d. 1828), a liberal patron of literature , Goethe resided here in an official capacity (latterly as minister) during 56 years till his death in 1832. His contemporaries Herder and Wieland also held appointments here under the Duke, during whose reign Weimar was visited by many other celebrated men of letters. In 1789 Schiller, at Goethe's request, was appoint- ed a professor at the neighbouring university of Jena, but he re- signed in 1801 and retired to Weimar, where he died in 1805. — Weimar is now the seat of a school of art, founded in 1860, of which the most prominent members have been Genelli (d. 1868), Preller (d. 1877^), Pauwels, Verlat, and Kalckreuth. The wide Sophien-Strasse leads from the station into the town, 1/2 M. distant. On the right, about halfway, stand a War Monument, by Hartel. The *Museum {JPl. 15; B, 2), a conspicuous red and yellow sandstone edifice in the Renaissance style . at the beginning of the town, is adorned with fourteen figures on the chief facade, emblem- atical of the different branches of ancient and modern art (open from May to Sept. daily, except Mon., 10-4; on Sun. and holidays 11-4; from Oct. to April on Sun., Wed., and Thurs. 11-3; on Sun. and Wed. free, at other times 50 pf.). Gbocnd Flooe. Sculptures, chiefly casts from antique and Renaissance works. Frieze in relief in three sections by Hartel of Dresden, represent- ing the Education of the youth of Germany', the Battle of Arminius, and the Walhalla. Smaller objects of art, carvings in ivory, glass vessels, Ja- panese lacquer-work. A niche in the staircase contains Steinhduser's co- lossal group of Goethe and Psyche in marble. First Floor. The W. saloon, lighted from above, and the three smaller rooms adjoining it contain oil-paintings of no great value, with the excep- tion of Xos. 62-67. by Lucas Cranach ^ a portrait by Van der Heist ^ a landscape by Ruysdael, and three sea-pieces by Van de Velde. Portraits of Liszt and Preller by Verlat. — The X. (or Preller) Gallery contains a cycle of **Mural Paintings from the Odyssey by Preller (d. 1877), representing the fortunes of Odysseus from his departure from Troy till his return to Ithaca. The large landscape- paintings depict the most important events in bis wanderings and return -, the pictures on the base (red figures on a black ground, like those on Greek vases) represent scenes at Ithaca before and after his return. They are painted in wax-colours, and rank among the best modern works of art, while their arrangement is very skilfully adapted to the architectural construction of the room. — The E. saloon, lighted from above, with the rooms adjoining it, contains celebrated modern drawings by Carstens, Cornelius, Genelli, Schwind, and others. The cycle of water-colour drawings, illustrating the 'Fable of Stadt-Kirche. WEIMAR. 60. Route. 377 the Seven Ravens', painted in 1857, is also by Schwind. — The S. gallery contains engravings, etchings, wood-cuts, models, and a small library; the walls are hung with cartoons by Neher^ Carracci, and Gvido Rent. In the centre of the town, in an open square called the BLbrdbe- Platz, rises the Stadt-Kirche. built in 1440 (PI. 19^ B, 4). It possesses one of Crauach's Jartcest and finest pictures, a 'Crucifixion, cont.iining portraits of Luther and Jlelanchthon. and the artist and his family. Herder (d. 1803) reposes in the nave of this church, beneath a simple slab, bearing his motto '■Lic/H, Liebe, Leben\ The life-size stone figure of L. Cranach (d. 1553). '■pictoris celeberrimV. was brought here from the churchyard of St. James and has been recently restored. The brass which marks the grave of Dvke Bernard (see below) is the most interest- ing of the numerous monuments to princes of Weimar interred here. In front of the church, to theS., stands a Bronze Statue of Herder (PI. 29), designed by Schaller and erected in 1850 by 'Germans from all countries'; the inscription, 'Licht, Liebe, Leben', was the poet's favourite motto. Behind the church is the Parsonage (PI. 24), occupied by Herder from 1776 till his death. To the E. of the Stadtkirche rises the grand -ducal *Palace (PI. 6), erected on the foundation of an older edifice in 1790-1803, partly under Goethe's superintendence. The IsTEEioE (intendant in the court-yard, to the left; fee 1 m.) is decorated with Frescoes: in the 'Herderzimmee' symbolical figures of that scholar's various spheres of activity, by Jdger; in the Schillerzimmee scenes from Fiesco, Don Carlos, Wallenstein, Mary Stuart, etc.. by Neher ; in the Goethezimmee scenes from Egmont, Faust, Hei-mann and Dorothea, etc. , by Neher; in the *Wielandzimmer Oberon, etc., by Preller. The Apaetmext of the Geand-Duchess is accessible in her absence only. The cartoons here of the heads of Apostles in Leonardo da VincVs Last Supper, at one time believed to be by the master himself, are now recognized as studies by another hand (original studies by Leonardo in the royal library at Windsor Castle). The Grand-Dcke's Room is adorned with modern pictures hy Arp Schejfer, Wislici^nt/s. etc.; in the Drawing Rooms are land- scapes bv Preller; the Bernhaeds-Zimmee contains the armour of Duke Bernhard (d. 1639), the hero of the Thirty Years' War. An equestrian statue of Charles Augustus , designed by Donn- dorf of Weimar, was unveiled in the neighbouring Furstbx-Platz (PI. C. 4), in 1875; it represents the Grand Duke in the general's uniform of his time, crowned with a wreath of laurels. The grand-ducal *Lihrary (PL 12), in the 'Griine Schloss' ad- jacent to the Fiirstenhaus (PI. 9), is open daily 9-12 and 2-4, ex- cept in June, and the Christmas and Easter vacations (fee 1 m.). It contains 170,000 vols, and 8000 maps, amongst which are two of the most celebrated old mnps of the 16th cent., drawn on a large scale upon parchment, and 4-500 old genenlogical works. — The principal room is decorated with a number of interesting busts and portraits of celebrated men and women, most of whom have resided at Weimar, in- cluding portraits of members of the grand-ducal family, such as the Duchess Anna Atnalia (d. 1807). portrait and bust of her son Charles Augustus, and several of Goethe; marble bust of Goethe over life-size by David d'Angers (1831), another marble *Bust by Trippel of 1788, representing his Apollo- like head; bust of Srhiller by Dannecker. that of Herder by Trippel, also those of Tieck, Wieland, Winckelmann, Gluck, etc. — Luther's monastic gown, the doublet of Gustarus Adolphus, Goethe''s court-uniform and dress- ing-gown, a cup with a beautiful miniature of Goethe, and other histori- cal and literary curiosities are also shown. The Cabinet of Coins and 378 Route 60. WEIMAR. Cemetery. Medals is a valuable collection. — The spiral staircase of 64 steps in the tower was constructed by a prisoner in 1671 out of the stem of a gigantic oak. In the market-place is the handsome modern Gothic Rathliaus (PI. 11; B, 4), which contains busts of Schiller, Goethe, Wieland, and Herder, and a statue of Goethe by Hiitter. The opposite house, now a bookseller's shop, was once occupied by the painter Lucas Cranach, as his device (winged serpent with crown) still indicates. Schiller's House (PI. 26 ; B, 4) in the Schiller-Strasse, which has been purchased by the town, contains a few reminiscences of the poet (shown daily, 8-12 and 2-6 ; fee). In front of the Theatre (PI. B, 4) rises the *Goetlie - Schiller Monument (PL 30), erected in 1857, in bronze, designed by Riet- sohel. The illustrious pair are united in a happily-conceived group. — To the N.W., in the same Platz, is WielancVs House (PI. 25). Goethe's House (PI. 27; B, 5) in the Goethe-Platz , in the S. quarter of the town , opposite the fountain, was acquired by the town on the death of the poet's last grandson in 1883. At present the collections are shown on Fridays in summer, 9-12 o'clock. Farther on, near the former Frauenthor, is Wieland' s Monument (PI. 31 ; B, 5), by Gasser, erected in 1857. The new Cemetery (PI. B, 6), on the S. side of the town, con- tains the Grand Ducal Vault (PI. 22; open in summer daily 11-12 and 3-5; the custodian lives at Mostgasse 7 ; feelm.), in which Schiller (d. 1805) and Goethe (d. 1832) are interred in coffins of oak covered with laurel wreaths, beside the ancestors of the reign- ing Duke, beginning with Duke William (d. 1662). Dukes Charles Augustus (d. 1828) and Charles Frederick (d. 1853) and their con- sorts also repose here. By the W. wall, near the ducal vault, are memorial-stones to the eminent composer Hummel (d. 1837) and the philanthropist and satirist Johannes Falk (d. 1826). Adjoining the ducal vault is the small , but richly-decorated Russian-Greek Chapel (PI. 23), beneath which the grand-duchess Maria Paulowna (d. 1859) is interred. To the left of the cemetery is the Grand-Ducal School of Art (Kunstschule, PI. 16; p. 376). Dr. Schwabe, Wilhelms-AUee B 120, possesses a collection of Early German and Mediaeval Antiquities, ethnographical curiosities, etc., to which visitors are kindlv admitted. The *Park (PI. C, D, 5, 6) lies to the S. E. , on the charming banks of the Ilm, where Goethe once occupied a modest summer-abode, called the Garten Haus (PI. 28; fee). On the w^ay to the Roinische Haus (PI. 35 ; fee) , an occasional summer-residence of Charles Augustus, we pass a pavilion called the Tempelherrenhaus (PI. 32). At the extremity of the park is the village of Ober- Weimar. On an eminence beyond rises the Belvedere chateau (PI. B, C, 6), built in 1724-32, with hothouses and pleasure-grounds, connected with Weimar by a fine old avenue (Restaurant and pretty view). The chateau and park of Tiefurt, on the Ilm, 2 M. to the E. of Wei- mar, are also pleasantly situated. At the village of Ossmannstedt on the Casflioge Ti.^her 3)5 ysHrrmJiaKer T) S TmsAcrSir/' f ft DS 2 - FcukhoI'mU-KMibluiiiiek: Ti.ZeugTums i28Ti>;eu-Dietendorf to Elgersburg 2 m. 80, 2 m. 20, 1 m. 50 pf., to Ilmenau 3 m. 5't, 2 m. 60. 1 m. 80 pf.). — The train crosses the vallev of the Gera by a lofty viaduct. 71/2 M. Elgersburg, see p. 397. — 12 M. Ilmenau, see p. 396. From Ilmenau to Paulinzelle and Schwarzburg, see pp. 395, 396. — The train now descends the valley of the Ilm to (13 Jf.) Grenzhammer and (14 31.) Langeiciesen., then quits the stream and turns to the S.E. — luV-.' M. Gehren (Hir.^ch), and a little farther on Bahnhof Gehren. The present terminus of the line is (23V'i 31.) Gross-Breitenbach^ a large village with porcelain-manufactures. The line beyond Plaue, one of the boldest examples of modern railway engineering, traverses the romantically picturesque valley of the Wilde Gera. — 221/2 M. Grdfenroda, IV2 ^^- to the E. of the village of that name. The valley contracts. Beyond a gorge known as the 'Zwang', where a short tunnel is threaded, the line ascends through the Gehlberger Grand in a succession of steep curves (grad- ient 1 : 50). Farther on the train runs between steep porphyry cliffs, which it finally pierces by means of the Brandleite Tunnel, the third longest tunnel in Germany (2 M.; 7 min. transit), and the highest 382 Route 63, GOTHA. point of the line. Just beyond the tunnel is (32 M.) the station of Oberhof, 2 M. from the -village of Oberhof (p. 372), which lies on the crest of the hill to the right. 351 2 M. Zella-Mehlis^ the common station for the contiguous manufacturing towns of Zella St. Blasii (Stadt Gotha) and Mehlis (Stadt Wien ; Thilringer HofJ, with numerous iron-works. Pretty view of the Lerchenberg valley, with its parks. Beyond another tunnel (740 yds.) the train crosses the boundary between Gotha and Prussia, and stops at — 301/2 ^^^- Suhl (*Deutsclies Haus ; Krone), the largest town (9937 inhab.) in the Prussian part of the County of Henneberg, which has been famous for several centuries for its manufacture of fire- arms. The town lies picturesquely in the valley of the Lauter at the base of the Domberg, and is shaded by the precipitous porphyry cliff of the Ottilienstein, which commands a fine view (Cafe on the top). At the foot of the Domberg is a mineral spring, used both for drinking and bathing. Diligence once daily in summer in A^/^ hrs. to (I8V2 M.) Ilmenau (p. 396). Schleusingen (Gruner Baum), 9 M. to the S. of Suhl (diligence twice daily in 1^/4 hr.), was once the residence of the Counts of Henneberg, who became extinct in 1583. and whose ancestral seat was the ancient Bertholdsburg. A chapel by the Church contains monuments of the counts, fine knightly figures of the 15th and IGth cent., one of which is pierced with a bullet in memory of a count who fell at the storming of Tirasca in Piedmont in 15S7. The golden hen on the fountain in the market- place belonged to the armorial bearings of the counts. The Sc/iloss is occupied by the district-authorities. Monuments for 1866 and 1870-71. Pine- cone baths are used here for rheumatism and paralysis. — Diligence from Schleusingen twice dailv to (20 M.) Ilmenau (p. 396) and (7 M.) Themar (p. 390); and daily to (Si/j M.^ Hildburghausen (p. 390). The railway now descends the valley of the Hasel. 43 '/2 M^« Dietzhausen. At (41 1/2 ^I-) Rohr, the seat of a suppressed monastery, the Hasel is joined on the right by the Schwarza. — 52 M. Grimmen- thal, junction of the Werra railway (p. 390). Branch-line to (41/0 M) Meiningen. — The train now crosses the Valley of Ihe Werra. 54 M. Ritschenhausen, also a station on the line from Mein- ingen to Kissingen and Schweinfurt (p. 390). — Kissingen , see Baedeker s Southern Germany. 63. Gotha. Hotels. -Deutscher Hof (PI. b ; C, 3), R. 2 m., D. 2 m., L. 50, A. 50, omn. 60 pf. ; *Wijxschek"s Hotel (PI. a; C, 3j, Xeumarkt, with garden; *Stadt Coburg (PI. c: D, 4), also a pension; Prophet (PL e; B, C, 3), unpretending; Thuringer Hof; Lange, at the station, second-class. Restaurants. '^ Rail. Restaurant ; Cafi Xational^ Carolinen-Platz ; Konigs- saal, Bnihli Parkpavillo?!, Parkallee. Wine: Gams; Eidam; Ha/ermann. Cab from the station to the town, each pers. 50 pf., at night 1 m. ; box 20 pf. — Hotel-omnibuses at the station. Theatre. Performances during the lirst four months of the year only. Summer Theatre in the Steinmiihle (comp. PI. D, 3, 4). Gotha (961 ft.), the second residence of the Duke of Saxe- Coburg-Gotha , with 28,100 inhab. , is a pleasant place with attrac- GOTHA. 63. Route. 383 tive environs. It is one of the busiest mercantile places in Thn- ringia , containing several banks and the well-known geographical institution of Justus Perthes, founded in 1786. On the way from the station into the town we pass several handsome new buildings : on the right a bank , and on the left a fire-insurance office^ on the left the Life Insurance Office (PI. 14) and the Ducal Stables (PI. 15); on the right the Ducal Palace (PI. 29), containing several good modern pictures. Farther on is the Palais Friedrichsthal (PI. 5) on the right, and opposite to it the Orangen- Garten with its extensive hot-houses ; then (r.) the new Masonic Lodge and the Post Office, formerly a fire-insurance office (PI. 4), and (1.) the Privatbank and the Theatre (PI. 27), the last three built by Eberhard. Opposite the theatre, to the right, rises a sandstone obelisk to the memory of natives of the duchy who fell in 1870-71. Adjoining the theatre is a monument (PI. 1; C, 3) to Arnoldi (d. 1841), the founder of the large insurance-offices of Gotha. The Abbey Church (PI. 9 ; B, 4) contains a large Crucifixion by Jacobs, a native of Gotha (1802-66), to whom a monument has been erected in the Berg-x\llee. The Tochterschule (PI. 28), or girls' school , at the corner of the market-place (No. 17), was once the property of the painter Lucas Cranach, and still bears his device, a winged serpent with a crown. On a slight eminence rises the extensive Friedenstein Palace (PL 22; B, G, 4), with the ducal Library and Cabinet of Coins. The Library, open daily 11-1, contains 200,000 vols., numerous Incuna- bula, MSS., miniatures, and autographs (letter of Henry VIII. of England against Luther). — The Cabinet of Coins, 75,000 in number, is well pro- vided with Greek specimens. On the terrace to the S. rises the new *Museum (PL C, 5), butlt in 1879 by Neumann of Vienna, which contains the collections formerly in the Friedenstein Palace. Open from 1st April to 31st Oct. on Mon. , Tues., Frid., and Sat. 10-1, 50 pf. ; Sun., first floor, 8-10, and second floor, 10-1, gratis; Wed., 9-1, first floor, free, and second floor, 1 m. ; on week-days, 2-6, 1-4 pers., 5 m. ; in winter, Wed. and Sat. 10-1, 50 pf. Ground Floor. To the left is the Collection of Casts of ancient and modern sculptures; to the right the Mineral Cabinet, with numerous fossils. First Floor. The Natural History Cabinet on this floor includes valu- able collections of shells (17,500 varieties; and butterflies. Second Floor. The four inner rooms are devoted to the *Pictdke Gallery. — Room I. : Netherlandish Masters. 22. Van Dyck, Lady and child; 3. Early Netherlandish School, Philip the Good of Burgundy; 24. J. Brueghel, Landscape; 34. Van der Heist, Portrait; 50. Van Dyck (?), Isabella Brant , Rubens's first wife ; 55. .4. Cuyp , View of Nymwegen ; 64. Rembrandt, Abraham's sacrifice; 61, 71. Rembrandt, Portrait, Study of a head (1629); 83-86. Rubens, Four saints, coloured sketches for ceiling- paintings; 95. Van Dyck, Portrait of himself; 81, 94. Fr. Hals, Portraits; 110, 111. Wouverman, Coast-scone, Hunting-scene; 135. P. Potter, Cattle. — Room II.: ^Netherlandish School. 175, 17G. Jan van Goyen, Views of Fort Lillo at Antwerp and of Nvmwegen; 208. A. van Ostade , Tavern; 221. De Heem, Still-life; 246. Th.' de Keyser, Family scene; 248. De Hulst, 384 Route 63, GOTHA. Coast-scene; 265. Fr, Mieris^ Girl with fruit; 257. Jan Steen, Inn; 261. Get: Dou ^ Woman spinning; 271. Huclitenburgh ^ The Pont Neuf in Paris; 272. Terburg , Genre-scene; 284. A. v. d. Near ^ Evening-scene; 292. Le Ducq, A soldier's life ; 155. Van Os. Still-life. — Room 111. : German School. Large screen with scenes from the 'Sew Testament, by a German master of the 16th cent.; 323, 324. B. Denner, Two heads; 326. Elsheimev, (ienre- scene ; 328. Portrait of Countess Agnes von Manusfcld, wile of Gebhavd of Cologne; 330. H. Hofmann (after Diiver), Portrait of H. Holzschuher; 320. H. Holbein (V), Portrait of Hieronymus Sulzer; 317, 318. B. de Bvuyn, Portraits; 316. G. Pencz^ Portrait; numerous works by Cranach, who long resided at Gotha, and of his school; 421. Tischbein, Conradin of Swabia hearing his sentence of death while playing chess with Frederick of Austria; 437. Graff, Portrait of Ekhof. — Room IV.: French and Italian Masters. 497. Tintoretto, Josias vonWaldeck; 5U0. Velazquez, Portrait; 5'Jl. Florentine Master (drawing by 3Iichael Angeloj, Holy Family; 539. Baldncci, Madonna and two saints; 532. Andrea del Surto, Study of "two heads; 545. /. Vernet^ Landscape ; 584. Liotard. Prince Frederick of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (crayon). — Sculptures in marble by E. MUller. The outer rooms contain the Cabinet of Engravings (50,000), com- prising a number of the oldest Italian and German specimens. Among the Drawings is a Madonna by Correggio. On the 1^. and W. sides is the Cabinet of Art and Antiquities. — Room I. Egyptian antiquities. — R. II. Small but instructive collection of Greeco-ltalian vases and terracottas; Roman busts; landscapes by Voogd and Reinhardt. — R. 111. Germanic and Scandinavian antiquities; Koman works in bronze and marble; view of the Nemi-See, by Von Roden. — R. IV. Objects in gold, silver, enamel, and precious stones, cups, and dishes of the 16-18th cent. ; baptismal basin and ewer (if the German Renaissance; field service of Peter the Great; landscapes by Herzog and Leu; Venus, by E. Jacobs. — V. Bijoux of all kinds, including a costly breviary and a necklace of the 16th cent.; filigree work; miniatures of Spinoza, Raphael Mengs, Marie Antoinette, and others. By the window is a rich collection of antique and modern gems, the finest of which are an oriental garnet with a portrait of the Sassanide emperor Shapoor I., and an antique onyx-cameo with Jupiter and Ceres. Landscapes by Hackert. Grassi , Portrait of Lindenau; Feuerbach, Portrait of himself. The cases in the loggia contain the ducal silver plate. — R. VI. Bottger's porcelain (see p. 348), Italian majolica, German earthenware, Meissen and Sevres china, German and Venetian glass; in the middle. Limoges and other enamel; the Wild Huntsman, after Spangenberg. — R. VII. Mediseval carvings in ivory (hunting-horn and casket of the 14th cent.), wood (Adam and Eve, by Diirer; draught-board of Charles V.), and metal; Gospels of the 10th cent, with portraits of Otho II. and Empress Theo- phano; garments of 13th and 15th centuries; reminiscences of Napoleon, Marie Antoinette, etc. On the E. and S. sides are Weapons and Clothing ofAsiatic and Poly- nesian Nations, and a rich collection of Chinese and Japanese Articles. On the W., S., and E. sides of the palace are extensive Prome- nades. In a grove on the E. side is the Thee- S chid sschen, resembling a chapel, and beyond the ducal stables is a statue of Blumenbach the naturalist, a native of Gotha (1752-1840). To the 8. of the palace , beyond the terrace of the Museum , is the *Park, with a pond, on an island in which is an old ducal burial-place. The Leina Canal, which intersects the park and supplies the town with water from the Thuringian Forest, was constructed in the 15th cent, by the Landgrave Balthasar. In the vicinity is the Observatory (PI. 24), The New Cemetery, 1 M. to the N. of the town, contains a cremation- hall with a 'Columbarium' (admission on application to the keeper). A good panoramic view may be obtained from the Seeberg, IV2 M. AmoUiltenlmal ISaJmJu/f (ascrrte ^aierrersiHiermigsbankj TrletJrlAtthrd- e-rui'Ctii-tt,- (K--iter (Zehn^- -Sivnbi tjjmnusawv Ernjcstinum. Kirchen. 10 JUrJioUiehjiXuiielJit 11 S'JUa-jar.rAen.lE:. l>-6 B LujuLtchafithatis OrantjiTugartai/ EMiniftcriunv ( M r.-rthari, p«»&if,**r5rrot«?. . C.4.! SJ^^^MSSf^^^ sc^^ ~t^ GOtHA , /^l^tnXfe^s. Salmhof ^ pn.. Aristalt, 3"' ' V -Keter V^^Tver * Befces. ?:,-ii- ug jEreuzburg Englisli iSle EISENACH. 64. Route. 385 distant from the town (RestaurantJ. — The "Arnoldithurm in the Berggarten (Restaurant), another point of view to the N. W. (i^'-> 31.), affords an excellent survey of the whole range of the Thuringian Mts., and of the town. The tower contains relics of Arnoldi and his family (p. 383). 64. Eisenach and Environs. Hotels. 'Grosshekzog von Sachskx, opposite the station, R. from 2 m., A. 50 pf . , B. 1 m., D. 2 m.; 'Raltenkkanz and *Halber Mono in the town , with similar charges : 'Thuringer Hof, not far from the station, R. from 1' 2 m., unpretending; Kkoxprinz, near the station; Deutsches Haus, moderate; JIohren*; Krbprinz, R., L... A., & B. 2m., well spoken of; Zusi Reichskanzlek, Carlsplatz ; 'Goldeneu Lowe, at the Frauenthor (at the entrance to the JIarienthal, on the road to the Wartburg), good beer. — Inn at the Wartburg, see p. 386. Restaurants. Wolfsschlucht, Quergasse; Goldener Lowe, see above; Tivoli. — Outside the town, in the Marienthal: Elisabethenruhe, hotel and pension with good view, 'pens". 5-6 m., Liliengrund , Phaniasie , 'Bdtel Sophienau, all beer-gardens, and some of them lodging-houses , suita1)le for a prolonged stay ; Zum Junker Jiirg. on the way to the Wartburg, with rooms to let. — Wine: -Ddche, Unter-Str. ; Pflug. Goldschmidten-Str. — Confectioners: Schmitz, Carl-Str. ; Pieisch, in the market. Cab to or from the station, each pers. 40, at night 50 pf. ; each heavy package 10 pf. ; to Fischbach . Phantasie , Eichels Villa in the Graben- thal, 11/2 m., each additional person 50 pf. ; bargain necessary for excur- .sions. The usual charge per hour is li,2-2 m.; one-horse carr. to the Wartbtn-g, with stay of IV2 hr., 6 m.; the Wartburg, Annathal, and Hohe- sonne and back, with stay of IV2 hr., 9-10 m. ; the same, including Wil- ttelmsthal and 2 hrs. waiting, 12-14 m. • for each additional V2 br. of wait- ing 50 pf. : tolls and driver's fe,e.?, not included. — Two - horse carr. to Ruhla , Altenstein, and Liebenxtein in 3 hrs. (R. 65) 15-20 m. Guides are hardly necessary for the environs of Eisenach. For the first hour 50 pf., for each additional hour 30 pf. ; for a whole day 2',2 m.; with night spent out of Eisenach 3 m. The guides carry light articles of luggage, and show their tariff when required. — The small map of the Thiiringer Wald-Verein (price 20 pf.) gives a key to the marks on the trees in the various paths in the vicinity. Donkey to the Wartburg II/2 m., there and back 3V2m.; to the Wart- burg, Annathal, and back 4 m. ; to the Wartburg, Annathal, Hohesonne, W^ilhelmsthal, and back, 71/2 m. ; per hour 2 m., per day 10\/2 m., includ- ing gratuity. Eisenach, a pleasant town with 19.916 inhab., once the residence of the dukes of Saxe-Eisenach , who became extinct in 1741 , now belongs to Weimar, The tower of St. Nicholas , at the entrance to the town from the station , is a line Romanesque structure in good preservation. The Palace in the market-place was erected by Duke Ernest Augustus of Weimar in 1742: in front of it rises a large fountain, with a gilt statue of St. George. A bronze statue oiJohann Sebastian Bach , after a design by Donndorf , was erected in 1^84 in front of the Marktkirche or Georgskirche . opposite the palace. A memorial tablet in the Frauenplan marks the house (^N. 21, opposite the end of the Fleischgasse) where the great composer was born in 1685. At the back of the church is a monument in memory of 1870-71. Further on, in the Lutherplatz , at the S.E. end of the church, is the Lutherhaus , where Luther is said to have lived with Frau Ursula Cotta when attending school here in 1498. . Friedrich Baedeker's X. Germany. 0th Edit. 25 386 Route 64. EISENACH. Warthurg. Preller, the painter (b. 1804; see p. 376), was born in a house at the corner of the Carl-Str. and the market , denoted by a memorial tablet. — Beyond the station, to the N. of the town, lies the New Cemetery , with the grave of Fritz Renter , the Low-German poet, (d. 1874; bust, by Aflnger, in the corner to the right"); fine viev/. The situation and environs of Eisenach, the finest point in the Thuringian Forest, are very picturesque. The ^Garden and Park of Herr v. Eichel [entrance near the Nicolaithor, not far from the sta- tion) are well laid out and command charming views (open on Thursdays only, after 1 p.m.). Outside the Frauenthor and to the left of the Coburg road, leading past Marienburg , lies the grand- ducal *Karthausgarten, commanding a pleasing view of the Wart- burg, and always open to the public. — The Marienthal is studded with pretty villas and gardens on each side of the road. At the entrance , to the right, is a country-house once occupied by Fritz Reuter ; further on are the beer-gardens and lodging-houses men- tioned at p. 385. A pleasant walk skirts the Prinzenteich , ^/s M. from the gate. To the Annathal, IV2 ^l-> see p. 387. Fkom Eisenach to the Wartbukg there are several routes (guide unnecessary). The shortest way (35-40 min.) is a footpath, the first part of which is somewhat steep, ascending by the donkey- stand to the W. of the 'Half Moon', and past the burial-ground ; it then traverses wood, passing a small white house, and leads round the Mddelstein , affording a charming view. A more picturesque footpath and the carriage-road diverge to the right from the Coburg road beyond the Frauenthor, opposite the entrance to the Karthaus- garten, pass the viUa formerly occupied by Fritz Reuter (see above), and ascend past the villa Hainstein. Farther on , the path crosses the road twice. Near the castle is a Statue of Junker Georg (p. 387). The *Wartburg (1290 ft. above the sea-level, 565 ft. above Eisenach), founded by Lewis the Springer in 1070, was occupied by the Landgraves of Thuringia down to the extinction of the family in 1247, and is now the occasional residence of the Grand-Duke of Weimar. It is one of the finest existing secular buildings in the Romanesque style, and since 1847 has been restored in its original shape and appropriately decorated by the architect Hr. v. Ritgen. — At the entrance is an Inn (R., L., & A. 21/2, B- ^/4ni.), built in the mediaeval style, where tickets of admission to the castle are obtained (50 pf.). The castle consists of the Vorburg, with the Gateway^ the RitterhauSy and some stables, and the Hofburg , with the so-called Dirnitz (fitted up for a winter residence), the Kemenate (apartments of the Landgravinesj, the Bergfried (oldest tower of defence, lately rebuilt), the Landgrafen- haus or Palace^ the Marstall or stables, and tlie S. Tower of Defence. The object of the restoration has been to present to us 'a faithful picture of the condition of the castle in the 12th cent., its most glorious era, when it was occupied by the art -loving Landgraves and was the scene of the contests of the greatest medifeval German poets ; where , too, Martin Lu- ther, at the beginning of the 16th cent., found an asylum, and where the mighty struggle for religious liberty took its rise". Wartbury. EISENACH. 6i. Route. 387 Interesting reminiscences of the Reformer, who was intercepted on his return from Worms and conducted hither by his friend the Elector Frederick the Wise, are still preserved in the RiTTEKHACS in the Vorburg. A room, which has undergone little alteration , is shown here, containing Luther's table, drinking -vessel, armour as 'Junker Georg", book-case . letters, portrait, and other memorials , where the great Reformer zealouslv worked at his translation of the Bible from 4th 3Iay, 1521, to 6th March, 1522. The greatest splendour of the castle as it existed in the 12th cent, is exhibited in the Hof- burg. In the Landgkafenhaus here we first visit the Landgrafenzimmer , embellished with seven *Frescoes by Moritz v. Schwind (1856), re- presenting scenes from the history of the first Landgraves. The Sdngersaal , in which the traditional 'Sangerkrieg', or contest between the great rival minstrels of Germany, is said to have taken place, contains a mural painting hy ScJncind representing that event (portraits of Wagner, Kaulbach, Schwind, Liszt, etc.), while the raised platform is adorned with arabesques and figures of the minstrels , with quotations from their ballads, by Ritgen and Hofmann of Darmstadt. It is an undoubted historical fact that Walther von der Vogelweide, Wolfram von Eschenbach, and other famous minstrels visited the court of Landgrave Hermann I. (1190-1217), but the other contents of the -Kriec von Wartburg" (contest at the Wartburg), a poem dating from about 1300, are mere fable. — The Elizabeth Gallery^ adorned with frescoes by Schwind from the life of St. Elizabeth (1207-1231), daughter of Andreas II. of Hungary, and wife of the Landgrave Louis the Clement of Thuringia, and with the Seven Works of 3Iercy, next leads us to the Chapel, with ancient mural paintings and stained glass. — On the third floor is the spacious Fest- vnd Waffensaal. rising to the height of the roof, with rich symbolical ornamentation, and painted by Welter of Cologne. The Kemexate , fitted up for the use of the grand-ducal family, is seldom shown to visitors. The Reformation Rooms contain 18 pictures of scenes from Luther's life, by Pauwels. Thymann, Linnig, and Strt/i/s. The DiRNiTz contains a large Riistkammer or armoury, with weapons and armour of the 12-17th cent., the 16th being admirably represented. The Bergfried is rarely shown, but the South Tower commands a beautiful -View of the dark, forest-clad mountains of Thuringia and the charming valley of Eisenach. The Wartbiirg is also locally famous as the scene of the 'Burschen- fest' of 18th Oct., 1817, an enthusiastic festival celebrated by students from every part of Germany. A visit to the Annathal may conveniently be combined with the excursion to the Wartburg. Path easily found , but guide not unacceptable. It descends under the castle-bridge; after 4min., to the right round the rocks; 8 min., to the left through an opening in the rock; 3 min., straight on, not to the left ; 5 min., the Waid- mannsruh, a resting-place; 8 min., a stone seat, where the wood is quitted; 3 min., the Sdngerbank , on a projecting rock; then de- scend by steps round the rock ; 5 min., the high-road (^Eisenach to Coburg); follow this road and (3 min. I enter the valley by the path passing the pond on the right. 25* 3S8 Route 65. SALZUNGEN. From Eisenach The *Annatlial, near the Coburg road, 2 M. to the S. of Eisen- ach, is a very picturesque wooded ravine. The narrowest part, 8 min. from the entrance, is called the DrachenscJducht (150 yds. long, 3 ft. wide), the precipitous sides of which are luxuriantly clothed with moss and ferns, and moistened with trickling water. We may now either return from this point, or proceed through the valley to the [1 M.) Hohe So7ine (1400 ft.), the highest point on the road , whence a picturesque glimpse of the Wartburg is obtained. The forester's house is also an inn. A path to the left near the entrance to the Annathal leads into the *Landgrafensch.lucht, a picturesque ravine considerably wider than the Annathal , which leads to the *Drachenstein (1518 ft.) , where a fine view is enjoyed. On the road to the right, 3/^ M. farther, is the Hohe Sonne forester's house above mentioned. To the Hirsch- stein, Wachstein, and thence to Ruhla, an attractive walk of 3V> trs. (see p. 402). 65. From Eisenach to Coburg and Lichtenfels. 95 M. Railwat in 4 hrs. (fares 13 in. 80, 9 m. 20. 7 m. 70 pf.) ; to Coburg 31 2 hrs. (fares 11 m. 80. 7 m. 90, 6 m. 60 pf.). Soon after quitting the station the train penetrates the N.W. slopes of the Thiiringer Wald by a tunnel 1/3 M. in length. Fine retrospect of the Wartburg. Beyond (9 M.) Marksuhl it enters the valley of the Werra; 5 M. to the S.W. lies the small watering-place of Frauensee, on the bank of a lake. 171/2 M. Salzungen (Curhaus; Sachs. Hof : Krone; Appold; Starke) possesses salt-springs, baths, and establishments for the in- halation of the vapour : near it is a small lake with a chateau at the S. end and a park at the other. Branch-railway from Salzungen to Dorndorf, Stadtlengs/eld, Dermbach, and Kalteii-jVordheim, 241/2 ^i-; tickets from the conductor. The village of Mohru. 41 2 M. to the !N., was the home of the parents of Luther, to whom a monument, by Miiller, was erected here in 1861. 20 M. Immelborn is the station for the baths of Liebenstein (p. 401), 41/2 M. to the E. (diligence and omnibus to meet each train, 70 pf.). On the way lies Barchfeld, with a chateau of the Landgrave of Hessen-Philippsthal-Barchfeld. 26 M. Wernshauseyi is the junction of a branch-line to (41/2 ^I-) Schmalkalden. ( Deutsches Haus ; Krone), an old town, with 6452 Inhab., which, however, has lost nearly all visible traces of anti- quity. In the market-place are a late-Gothic Church and a monu- ment to Karl Wilhelm (^1815-1873), the composer of the -Wacht am Rhein\ who was a native of the place. In the 'Krone' the Pro- testant League of Schmalkalden , so important to the cause of the Reformation, was concluded in 1531. The articles were drawn up by Luther, Melanchthon, and other reformers in a house on the Schloss- berg near the market, indicated by a golden swan. Both buildings bear appropriate inscriptions, but they have been completely altered to Licfdenfels. MEIXINGEN. 65. Route. 389 since these events. The old Wilhelmshurg rises above the town. Valuable iron-mines in the vicinity. Near the station are the Salt Baths, with two thermal springs of GG*^ Fahr. Steinbach-Hallenberg (Zur HaUenburg). a small town with iron manu- factories (nut-crackers, smoothing-irons, etc.), lies 7', 2 31. to the E. of Schmalkalden (diligence once a davj. Pleasant walk thence to Ohevhof (p. 398) or Fnednchroda (p. 399; also diligence). 31 M. Wasungen, an industrial town on the "NVerra, with an old chateau. 35 M. Walldorf. As Meiningen is approached , the ducal chateau of ''Landsberg looks down from an eminence on the right; it contains some good modern stained glass from Munich and numerous mediaeval curiosities; fine view of the Thiiringer Wald and the Rhcingebirge. Visitors admitted to the rooms not occupied by the ducal family. The chateau may also be visited from Meiningen, either by the direct route (3 M.), or by the 'Marienweg', which leads through pleasant wood , passing the ruins of Habichtsburg and several good points of view. 39 M. Meiningen (857 ft.; '^Sachs. Hof, R., L., & A. 2« 2-3, B. 1 m. ; Erhprinz; Hirsch ; Post, moderate; Deutches Haus ; *Eailway Restaurant . with rooms to let), a well-built town with 11, 227 inhab., on the Werra, surrounded by wooded heights, is the capital of the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen. One third of the town was destroyed by a tire in 1874, and has been rebuilt in a better style. The greatest ornament of the town is the ^English Garden, or park, opposite the station, containing the ducal mortuary chapel, a monument in memory of the war of 1870-71, and a bust of Jean Paul Richter, who resided at Meiningen from 1801 to 1803. In the Bernhard-Str., beyond the pond, is the Ducal Theatre, famed for its admirable performances of classical pieces. Farther on, oppo- site the Palace of the Duchess Doxcager , is the so-called Kleine Palais. We then pass the Arsenal, the Gymnasium, and the Riding School, and reach the — Herzogliche Schloss , or Ducal Palace , of which the left wing, recently restored, dates from the 16th cent., while the rest was almost entirely completed in 1682. The Interior contains the grand-ducal Pictlre Gallekt, consisting of about 200 works, chiefly Netherlandish. Among the best are: "A. v. d. JV'eer, Moonlight : */. van Ostade. Market; J. v. d. Meer van Harlem, Distant land- scape; JS. Koninck, Old woman: /. Ruysdael, Dutch landscape; "Sal. llnys- dael. View of a village; G. Coques, Portrait (ascribed to Van Dyck). The palace also contains an extensive collection of Engravings and a Libkart. The private apartments of the duke are adorned with a number of choice paintings by old Italian masters (Palmezzano, Filippino Lippi, Gavofalo. etc.). rXo the S. of the palace lie the Stables and Park. The Rath- haus (with a collection of antiquities) and the Stadtkirche (now undergoing restoration) are both in the market-place, which is adorned with a statue of the Emperor Henry II. The small capital also contains several other buildings of considerable importance. The Grosse Dolmar (2405 ft. : refreshments at the top), to which a road leads from Meiningen by Helba and Kiihndovf in 2^/4 hrs., commands a beautiful view of the Thuringian Forest. — ' Schiller resided at the village of Bauerbach. 6 31. to the S. of Meiningen, in 1782-83. From Meiningen to Kissingen (461/2 M.) and Schweinfurt (50' 2 M ), 390 Route 65. HILDBURGHAUSEN by railway in 2' '2-23 4 iirg. — The line skirts the E. slope of tlie Rkon- gebirge. 16 M. Mellrichstadt, a Bavarian district-town on the Streu, in the valley of which the train descends (excursions in the Rhongebirge . see p. 435). — 25 M. Neustadt C'Goldener Mann) , on the Saale, an industrial town , prettily situated at the foot of the ruins of the Salzburg , which dates from the time of Charlemagne; fine view. Pleasant walk down the valley of the Saale to Kissingen (3 hrs.); diligence to Bischofsheim and Gers/eld, see p. 435. — Stat. Milmierstadt, Ebenhausen-^ihence to Kissingen and Schweinfurt, see Baedeker's S. Germany. 43 M. Grimmenthal, a station on the railway from Erfurt to Ritschenhausen (R. 61). From (51 M.) Themar a diligence runs daily to ScMeusingen (7 M. ; p. 382) and Ilmenau (p. 396; 20 M. farther). To the W. rise the Gleichberge [2224 and 2100 ft.), two oasaltic hills with curious rock-formations. 59 M. Hildburghausen [1175 ft.; *Englischer Hof; Rauten- kranz), a pleasant town on the right bank of the Werra, the residence of the dukes of Saxe-Hildburghausen down to 1826, now belongs to Meiningen. Pop. 5453. The Schloss, now a barrack, was erected in 1685-95. The Schlossgarten , adjoining it on the S., contains a monument to Queen Louise of Prussia. The mediaeval Rathhaus Avith its two towers was begun in 1395. The large Lunatic Asy- lum is common to the Thuringian principalities. At the base of the Kleine Gleichen, 10 M. to the ;N,W. of Hildburg- hausen, lies Romhild, formerly the capital of the county of Henneberg. The Schloss was converted into a military orphanage in 1884. The late- Gothic church contains the monuments of several Counts of Henneberg, including two bv Peter Fwc/ier of Nuremberg: Count Otto IV. (d. 1502) and 'Count Hermann YIII. (d. 1531) and his wife (cast of the latter in South Kensington Museum). 68 M. Eisfeld [*Deutsches Haus). a small town (3203 inhab.) on the Werra. The Stadtkirche [tower begun in 1488, the rectilineal choir in 1505) contains the cenotaph of Dr. Justus Jonas, Luther's friend and ally, who died as senior pastor of the town in 1555 ; his grave adjoins the cemetery chapel. Diligence daily to Schwarzburg [26 M. ; p. 395) and Saalfeld [39 M.; p. 369), also via Neuhaus to Saalfeld(31 M.J. — The train now quits the Werra. 82 M. Coburg, see p. 391. Branch-line from Coburg (i2',2 M., in 50 min.) to Sonneberg (-AVf/gr's Hotel, R. & A. 212 m., B. 85 pf. ; ZoM^e ; Electric and Hydropathic Establish- ment of Dr. Richter), with 8660 inhab., a busy place where toys are ex- tensively manufactured. The town (1320 ft. above the sea-level) is sur- rounded by woods and hills , and has become of late years a favourite summer-resort. The chief ornament of the place is the handsome Gothic church, with its wooden vaiilting and stained glass, erected in 1845. Modern chateau on a hill above the town. From Sonneberg to Saalfeld (p. 369), 331/2 M., diligence twice daily; to Sc/twarzburg, see p. 395. About 6 M. to the X. of Sonneberg. and 9 M. to the W. of Eisfeld (see above), is Meschenbach (Inn), near which is the Zinselho/ile , a cavern recently made accessible to visitors. Pleasant excursion by Forschenge- reuth, Mengersgereutfi , a,nd. Rebendiissig to Meschenbach , and thence by Limbach (Inn) to Eisfeld, about 15 M. in all. The Werra Railway now traverses the Itzgrund , passes stations Niederfullbach and Ebersdorf, and reaches — 95 M. Lichtenfels, a station on the Bavarian N. Railway (p. 367). 391 66. Coburg. Hotels. *HoTEL Leutiiauser, Spitalgasse, R. 2-3 m.; 'Gruner Eaum, in the market; =^'Goldene Traube, near the station, with restaurant and garden, R. , L., & A. 2, B. 1, D. 2 nti. ; Victoria, in the Steinweg. — Anker. Hirsch, Thuringer Hop, less pretentious. Restaurants. ''Herold, Theater-Platz ; Bellevue, Schloss-Platz ; Schaff- ner , Auf der Mauer; '-^ Kauffmann ^ Steinweg; Zollhof^ in the Rathhaus. Beer (generally goodl: Sturm; Vereinshrauerei; Zur Capelle (view from the Platte, near the last, hindered by the foliage). Post and Telegraph Office, in the Allee, a Gothic edifice by Martinet. Theatre. Performances on Sun., Tues., and Frid., from Easter to ^Vhitsunday, and from Sept. to December. Carriage to the Castle and Callenberg 10 m. Coburg (990 ft.), one of the residences of the Duke of Saxe- €oburg-Gotha, the most important town in the Franconian portion of the Saxon duchies, with 15,791 inhab. , is prettily situated in the valley of the /fz, a tributary of the Main , and boasts of a num- ber of handsome buildings , especially in the neighbourhood of the market and Schloss-Platz. Around the town a girdle of villas with gardens has gradually sprung up on the site of the old fortifications. The Markkt-Place (PI. B, C, 3) in the centre of the town is embellished with a Statue of Prince Albert [d. 1861) by Theed, in- augurated in the presence of Queen Victoria on 26th Aug. , 1865. The Rathhaus (PI, 3) and Government Buildings (PI. 4) in this Platz, as well as the neighbouring Arsenal (PI. 5) which contains the li- brary, were erected by Duke John Casimir (d. 1633). The spacious Moritzkirche (PL C, 3) of the loth cent., built in the late-Gothic style, with Kenaissance additions, and a lofty tower (334 ft.), contains a monument of Duke John Frederick II., erected in 1598 on the site of the high-altar. Near it the finely- executed brasses of John Casimir (d. 163.3), John Ernest (d. 1521), John Frederick V. (d. 1595), and his wife Elizabeth (d. 1594) are built into the wall. — Opposite the church is the Gymnasium, found- ed in 1604 by John Casimir, whose statue is seen at the corner. In the Schloss-Platz (PI. C, 2, 3). which is partly enclosed by colonnades, are situated the Ducal Palace , with its stables and riding-school, the Theatre (PI. C, 2), the Guard House (PI. 2), the Palace of the Duke of Edinburgh (PI. 1), heir-presumptive to Duke Ernest II., and other handsome buildings. In front of the palace rises a bronze Statue of Duke Ernest I. (d. 1844), by Schwanthaler. On a height behind the Duke of Edinburgh's palace stands the new Roman Catholic Church, a Gothic edifice with stained-glass windows. The Palace (PI. C, 3), or Ehrenburg, a handsome winged edifice in the English-Gothic style, was converted from a monastery of the Recollets into a ducal residence in 1549 , and was altered and ex- tended by Ernest I. (visitors apply to the castellan). Interior (bell in the second court; fee). Family portraits of Duke Ernest I., Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, King Leopold and his queen, etc. ; and several other modern and ancient pictures, one of them by Van Duck; handsome apartment with Gobelins tapestry and stucco mouldings-, grand hall with caryatides as light-beai-ers. 392 Bouie 66. COBURG. Castle. A house in the Riickert-Strasse, with a medallion-portrait, was occupied by the poet of that name in 1820. In the Ernst-Platz (PL B, 3) is a War Monument by Scheler, commemorating the events of 1870-71. A flight of steps on one side of the palace (by the guard-house, in the arcades] and a steep footpath on the other ascend to the beau- tiful Hofgarten (PL D. E, 2, 3), extending for 84 M. along the steep slope of the hill, which is crowned by the castle. The road passing the Roman Catholic Church also ascends, more gradually, to the garden. The garden contains the Kleine Palais, built in 1868 in the English Gothic style ; the Mausoleum of Duke Francis (d. 1806) and Duchess Augusta Caroline (d. 1831) ; and a pavilion with a cast of the Prometheus group by Miiller (p. 48; adm. daily in summer 3-5, Wed. and Sun. free, at other times by tickets obtained from the head-gardener. 10 pf.). The ancient *Castle of Cohurg (1520 ft. ; Pl.F, 1), 530 ft. above the town , to which a path ascends from the palace in 1/2 ^r. , com- mands the entire district. It was the residence of the Counts of Henneberg and the Saxon dukes , until John Ernest transferred his seat to theEhrenburg (p. 391) in 1549. About the time of the Diet of Augsburg (1530) Luther resided here for three months , translated the prophets and psalms, and wrote numerous letters. In 1632 the fortress was occupied by the Swedes and besieged in vain by Wallen- stein. It is a late-Gothic structure of the close of the 15th century. The S.W. wing with its projecting corner-turrets was formerly the Arsenal; and the large building on theN. side is called the Fiirsten- hau. The castle has recently been restored and tastefully fitted up as a *Miiseum, under the able superintendence of Hr. Rothbart. The castle is entered on the S. side. The entrance to the col- lections is under the open wooden staircase in the Gothic style in the first court; visitors ring at a door to the left (adm. 1-2 pers. 50 pf., a party 20 pf. each). Restaurant in the Schlosshof. The wall of the staircase is adorned with *Frescoes by Schneider and Rothbart (1838-55) , representing the nuptials of Duke John Casimir with the Princess Anna of Saxony (1585). We next enter the Caeriage- RooM , containing curious old state-coaches , sledges , saddles , etc. — The Vestibule of the armoury contains a fresco by Schneider (1841), representing two bears breaking into the ducal dining -hall. Luthek^s Room contains relics of the period of his residence here and a collection of his writings. The spacious Armoury contains a large iron stove, cast in 1430, adorned with coats-of-arms and figures of saints*, also armour, shields, helmets, coats-of-mail, etc. Upper Floor and Hall. Hunting apparatus and weapons. The Fire -Arms Room contains a number of valuable specimens of the earliest descriptions (ancient breech-loader). Most of the portraits here are rnodern. The Rosette Room , the ceiling of which is adorned with 365 rosettes of difterent forms, with portraits of the Landgraves of Thuringia, contains a number of goblets, among them one presented by Gustavus Adolphus. The Betsaal contains sculptures in wood from the life of the Virgin, from designs by Martin Schon, a Bible by Hans Luft, printed in 1550 and furnished with coloured wood-cuts by Burgkmair, another printed at Frankfort in 1572, a parchment MS. of the 11th cent., with finely-carved 4: i^^>^/ 5-^^Lr Hit^ztnTirea * PWsi:i-7iJaqami0S' Rosenau. COBURG. 60. Route. 393 ivory binding. The Reformation Roosi contains a copy of an old piciure in the Moritzkirche, representing the Diet of Augsburg; portraits of Luther, his wife, Melanchthon, Bugenhagen, and other eminent reformers. On a column are the arms of the sixteen German towns that first embraced the reformed faith. The Horn Room, a masterpiece of the Renaissance period, is adorned with mosaics in wood representing hunting-scenes during the reign of John Casiinir, executed about the year 1600. The S.W. wing contains the apartments of the architect Herr Roth- bart , opposite to which , on the other side of the court, is the valuable 'Natural History Cabinet, founded by Prince Albert and the reigning Duke of Coburg (adm. 2-4, free). The y. wing contains a collection of Engravings and Drawings, including fine early-German specimens ; also Coins and Autographs. 'Views. The adjoining X.E. Hohe Bastei commands one of the most extensive and pictiiresque views in Germany. The N.W. Bdrenbastei commands the finest view to the W., over the town itself (seldom open to visitors). The Schlosshof-Halle contains the figure-head of a Danish man-of- war, captured in 1849, and other trophies. The Eckartsberg , a hill to the S. of the castle, and of about the same height, is crowned by a lofty tower bnilt by the duke, commanding a beautiful panorama. A pleasant path leads hence via Lohleinstein to the castle in 3 ^ hr. — The Hohe Fichte^ near Ahorn, 21/4 M. from Coburg. is another good point of view. Rosenau (Restaurant), -i^/o^^- to the N.E. of Coburg [station Oeslau), and Callenberg. S^/o^i- totheN.W. (carriage, see p. 391), are country-seats of the duke, tastefully fitted up and picturesquely situated (shewn only in the absence of the duke). Rosenau was the birthplace (_'26th Aug.. 1819) of Prince Albert (of Saxe-Coburg- Gotha ; d. 1-ith Dec. , 1861), brother of the present Duke Ernest II. , and Queen Victoria spent eleven days here in 1845. Below Callen- berg are a model farm and a good restaurant ; in the wood, farther down, the Fasanerie (adm. 10 pf.). Near £'/c/i/io/", 21/4M. to the W. of Coburg, is the Ernstfarm. another model farm. Not far from the latter, on the road, 172^1- to the N. of Coburg, is the village of Neuses, with the house of thepoeti?McA;erf (d. 1866) adjoining the church. The garden contains a colossal bust in marble to his memory. On a wooded slope on the opposite bank of the Sulz rises an obelisk over the tomb of the poet Thummel (d. 1817). Above stands the (.bateau of Falkeneck. The handsome Schloss on the right bank of the Itz, opposite Coburg, was erected by Duke Ernest of Wurtemberg in 1838. The Cemetery on the E. side of the town contains the modern Mauso- leum of the ducal family, and the burial-vault of Baron Stockmar (d. 1863) , embellished at the expense of the English and Belgian reigning families in honour of their old counsellor. — On the way to the cemetery we pass the new Ernest Albert Seminaru and the Ernestinum (a school), both on the Glockenberg. 67. The Thuringian Forest. The "Forest of Thuringia, or Tfiiiringer Wahl . a mountainous dis- trict 95 31. in length and S-'22 in breadth, bounded on the W. by the Werra and on the S.E. by Franconia, is full of interest for the pedestrian. The tour may conveniently be divided into two parts, the Eastern ^ beginning 394 Route 67. BLANKENBURG. The Thurinyian at Schwarza , and the Western , beginning at Eisenach. This is also a ecological division , clay-slate occurring towards the S.E. , as far as the Erzgebirge, and porphyry to the Is.W. as far as Eisenach. The boundary between these formations is near Ilmenau. The watering-places on the X. slope, such as Blankenhurg. Ilmeitau^ Friedrichroda, Euhla, etc., are the most frequented and most expensive. Pleasant though more modest quarters for a prolonged stay may also be obtained at Schmalkalden, Schleiisingen^ and other places to the S. I7ins fair, but on the whole inferior to those in the Harz (p. 412), especially in sleeping-accommodation. Those at the most frequented places are often crowded in summer, and then very expensive. Guides are only occasionally necessary. They all have tariffs which they are bound toshow. The average charge is 2 m. for half-a-day, 4 m. for a whole day. Carriages with one horse 10-15 m., with two horses 15-20 m. per day. . Plan. 1st Dat. By train to Blankenhurg (or on foot from Rudolstadt via Zeigerheim and the Greifenstein) ; walk in 2-2i 2 hrs. to Schwarzbiirg. — 2nd Dat. On foot by the Trijipstein to Paulinzelle and Ilmenau. (This excursion may be added to the first day by driving from Schwarzburg.) — 3rd Dat. Kic'kelhahn, Manebach, Scf)miicke,'ScJmeekopf, Oberhof. — jlth Dat. From Oberhof through the Schmahcassergrund to Tambach. — 5th Dat. To Friedrichroda and Pi.einhardshrunn; ascend the Inselsherg. — 6th Dat. Through the Trusenthal by Brotterode to Liehenstein, AUenstein, &ia.A. Rithla. — 7th Day. By Wachstein and the Holie Sonne to Eisenach. — The W. portion of the district, between Friedrichroda and Eisenach, is the most picturesque. a. Schwarzburg, Paulinzelle. Ilmenau. Elgersburg. Schwarza. see p. 375. The railway througli the valley of the Schwarza leads to — 21 2 M. Blankenhurg ( Schellhom's Hotel, ^/^M. from the station, 'pension' from 25 m. per week ; Lowe, 1/2 M. from the station ; Ross ; diligence to Schwarzhurg , Konigsee , and Gehren : omnihus from the station to Schwarzburg, twice daily. 1 m.), with several pretty country-houses, lies at the entrance to the narrower part of the Schwarzathal. Above the town [20 min.) rise the ruins of Greifen- stein (poor restaurant) . the ancient castle of the German Emp. Giinther of Schwarzburg. In the Schwarzathal, 1 M. from the station (shady path along the river) . are the Gasthof zum Chryso- pras and the restaurant Losche's Hall (with rooms to let). The Waidmann s Heil. another inn, is 1/0 ^I- farther on. A good point of view near Blankenhurg is the Georgsthurm, reached in iy^ hr. The * Schwarzathal , especially between Blankenhurg and Schwarzburg (61/9 M.), is one of the most picturesque and beauti- fully-wooded valleys in Thuringia. At the beginning of the valley, on the Griesbach-Felsen, is the inscription: 'Salus intrantihus'. The top of the Griesbach Felsen , reached from Blankenhurg or the Chrysopras Inn in 1/2 hr., commands a tine and very characteristic view of the Thuringian Forest. On the one side we see the rounded and dark wooded summits and narrow valleys of the slate formation, and on the other the light-coloured limestone peaks with wide, flat valleys between them. — From the Griesbach Felsen we may go on to the O/4 lir.) Teiifels- ireppe, another point of view, and thence via Bohlscheiben to (IV2 hr.) the Trippsiein (see below). A little farther on, to the left, is the Eberstein, a shooting-lodge of the prince. Wild boars are often visible in the park. A pleasant Forest. SCHWARZBURG. 67. Route. 395 walk may be taken to the Eberstein. by crossing the bridge to the right bank of the Schwarza (opposite the Waidmann's Hell), whence a path through the woods leads to the top. At the third bend of the road the Kirch felsen. so called from its supposed re- semblance to a church, rises on the right. From the (41/4M.) chalet of Oppelei (Refreshments) a direct path may be taken to the Tripp- stein ( see below) . with the aid of a guide. High above the road, on the opposite side of the valley, is the Di'irre Schilcl pavilion. About 11/4 M. farther. 1/0 M. from the village of Schwarzburg. is a memorial tablet on the right side of the road, whence a zigzag path ascends in ^2 ^^- to the Trippstein (see below"), and where a view of the Schwarzburg is obtained. *Schloss Schwarzburg, Q^/oyi. from Blankenburg, the ancestral castle of the counts and princes of Rudolstadt since the r2th cent., charmingly situated on an eminence (^256 ft.), dates in its present form from 17'26. when the older building was burned down (shewn in the absence of the family). It contains an interesting armoury and some line antlers. The Kaisersaal. which escaped the Are, has recently been adorned with frescoes by R. Oppenheim., and contains some fine majolica. At the foot of the castle-hill lies the village of Thal-Schwarzburg . Hotels. *Wexs3er Hiesch, with veranda and fine view towards the Tliiergarten, R. from 2 ra., D. 21/2 m., -pens.' from 4V2 m. ; Macheleidt's LoGiRHAUs is a 'dependance' of the Hirsch ; Villa Sigismlnd; Thurixger HoF, well spoken of, 'pens', from 4V2 m. : Schwarzbueger Hof, in the village, well spoken of, R. & L. IV2 m. Lodgings also obtainable. — Diligence to Blankenburg twice, and to Konigsee and Gehren, once daily. Omnibus to Blankenburg 1 m. — Carriage with two horses to Rudolstadt 12-14 m., to Ilmenau by Paulinzelle 20 m., with one horse to Ilmenau by Gehren 12 m.. exclusive of tolls and gratuities. A previous bargain should be made in each case. From Schwarzbceg to Sonneberg, 30 M., diligence daily in 7 hours. The road quits the Schwarzathal at the foundry, and leads through the Unely-wooded Licfitegrund to Untericeissbach und. Oberweissbach (Koch's Inn); the -herb-sellers' ('Balsammanner') of this neighbourhood drive a brisk trade in their home-made drugs and decoctions. The road then passes the Cursdorfer Kuppe (see below : ascended from Oberweissbach in 3/4 hr.) and reaches Xeuhaus (26(>4 ft.; Griiner Baum ; Post), a village famed for its glass and painted china. The contiguous Igelshieh (2742 ft.) is the highest village in Thuringia. The road then descends through pleasant wooded valleys to Lauscha (glass-works), Steinach, and Sonneberg (p. 390: railway from Lauscha to Sonneberg in progress). — An interesting circuit may be made by returning from Neuhaus via Wallendorf and the Lichtegrund to Unterweissbach (3i'2hrs.)- From Schwakzbueg to Eisfeld, 26 M., diligence daily in 6 hours. The upper part of the Schwarza-Thal, though less known, is scarcely inferior to the lower. The road follows the valley of the Schwarza, and leads via Sitzendoi'f (Inn) and Glasbach to (6 M.) ' Mellenhach (with an old church) and Bliimenau (two inns), two industrial villages, separated by the Schwarza. Pleasant environs. The conspicuous Cursdorfer Kuppe (25(X^ ft.) may be ascended from Mellenbach in H 4 hr., and the descent may be made by Meuselbach to Katzhiitte in 2' 2 hrs. Beyond Blumenau we ascend the valley to the (7 31.) Cirkel., where the road forks, the right branch leading by the Laugeberg to Gehren (p. 381), the left across the bridge to the Burg, a good point of view. At the Scfncarzmiihle, a little farther on, we cross the Schtcarza. 1131. Katzhiitte (Wurzelberg ; Rosenbaum)., a village with iron 396 Route 67. ILMENAU. The Thuringian works and potteries, at the junction of the Koize and the Schwarza. AboTit 5 M. to the S. of this point rises the Wttvzelberg , with a shooting-lodge, near which is a plantation of magnificent pines, several hundred years old. Immediately below the crest, to the left of the Eisfeld road, lies Scheibe, 1' 2 ^i- from the source of the Schwarza. [Ilmenau may be reached from the upper Schwarza-Thal by leaving the Eisfeld road at Oehe, IV2 31. be- yond Katzhvitte, and turning to the right after passing (41/2 ^i.) the railway station of Oross-Breitenbach (p. 381).] — Eisfeld (rail, station), see p. 380" An easier route than the ahove-mentioned footpath is the car- riage-road that ascends from the toll and post-house through the woods to the (S/^hr.'j "^Trippstein (^1530 ft.), a beautiful open space with a summer-house (open to the public), commanding a striking view of the Schwarzburg (best by evening-light). The view from the Kienbergshduschen, 20 min. farther to the N., has been almost entirely destroyed by the growth of the trees. On the carriage-road , 1 M. to the W. of the Trippstein. lies the Fasanerie, a shooting-lodge containing furniture made of antlers and surrounded by a park. — The footpath from Schwarzburg to Konigsee (see below) passes this lodge . while that to Paulinzelle crosses the road between the Trippstein and the Fasanerie. From the Kienherg we may now (guide 1 m. '20 pf. ) retrace our steps for 5 min.. descend by the first well-defined cart-road to the right to (IV2 ^^-^ Bechstedt, and proceed by a road to the right across an uninteresting tract to (2V4 M.) Ober - Rottenbach , from which a good carriage-road to the left leads to (3^/4 M.) Paulinzelle. Another route is from Schwarzburg to Allendorf and (6 M.) L'nter- Koditz. [The direct route to Ilmenau follows the road from Unter- Koditz to (2V2 M.) the old town of Konigsee (Lowe), whence a diligence plies thrice daily in IVihr. to (5 M.) Gehren . on the railway from Plane to Ilmenau (p. 381)]. Above Unter-Koditz a good footpath towards the N. W. leads in 1 hr. to * Paulinzelle (Mengers Inn), a ruined abbey with the beautiful remains of a Romanesque church, erected in 1114 by Pauline, daughter of the knight Moricho. The abbey was suppressed in 1534 in consequence of the Reformation. — The *Singerberg. near the village ofSingen, 11 liJ". to the N.W. of Paulinzelle, commands a beautiful panorama. Several routes lead from Paulixzellb to Ilmexau. The direct footpath leads through pine- wood via Angstedt (Wilder Mann) and Wiimbach (about 10 M.). Another footpath leads to the S. through wood to the Galgenberg and (3 M.) Konigsee (see above), and thence to Ilmenau. The high-road (I2V2 ^^O leads by Gossel- born, at the foot of the Singerberg (see ahove; ascent ^ ohr.), Gries- heim, and Bilcheloh. Ilmenau. — Hotels. *Lowe, B. 2, D. 2 m., B. 75 pf. (in room Ko. 1 Goethe spent his last birthday, 28th Aug.. 1831): ' Tanne , well-situated, with a garden; CcRHArs: Sonne; Schwan: Abler; Deutscher Kaiser, at the station. — At JS'euhaus (see below): Gruxer Baoi, with restaurant and baths. — Ditimar, confectioner. Visitors' Tax : 8-12 m. Diligence dailv to (I81 2 31.) Suhl (p. 382) via Schmiedefeld. and to (201 2 31. J ScMeusingen (p. 382). Forest. ELGERSBURG. 6T. Route. 397 Ilmenau (1565 ft. ) is a small town with 4593 iiihab. in the duchy of Weimar, on the Ilm, and possesses manganese and other mines. River-baths and a fine view at Xeuhaus , ^/^ M. to the E. The hydropathic establishments of Dr. Preller and Dr. Korb are much frequented. Pretty walk through the wood to the Wenzelsberg, -and to the Schwalbenstein, farther on. About 4*2 ^1- to the X.W. of Ilmenau. andlalso a station on the railway from Plane to Gross-Breitenbach, mentioned at p. 381, lies Elgersburg [Curhaus. board '22'V4 m. per week, R. ^ 4-41/2 m- per day, Hirsch ; visitors' tax 6-10 m.), a village belonging to Gotha, with a hydropathic establishment and a porcelain manu- factory. On a lofty porphyry rock above the village rises an old ducal castle , now private property and used as an annexe to the hydropathic establishment. There are several mines in the en- virons. A pleasant walk may be taken to the ('4 hr.) Goethefelsen, in the valley of the Kornbach. b. Schmiicke. Oberhof. Tambach. Friedrichroda. Fkom Ilmexau to the Schmucke, a walk of 41/2 hours. We cross the bridge and ascend about 2V2 M. on the old Schleusingen road, and then diverge by a road to the right, leading in a few min- utes to the * Jdgerhaus , generally called Gabelbach. or. to distin- guish it from the shooting -lodge (see below). Kleine Gabelbach [ Refreshments^. The forester keeps the key of the tower, where he is generally to be found in tine weather , provided with a good tele- scope. The path from the Jagerhaus to the ('20 min.~) summit traverses the wood, and leads past the grand-ducal shooting-lodge of Gabelbach (2536 ft.; no adm.~) to a clearing in the wood, whence a path to the right ascends in a curve to the summit of the *Kickel- hahn (2828 ft.), one of the highest points in the Thuringian Forest , surmounted by a tower which commands a very extensive prospect. About 20) paces to the X.W. formerly stood a small wooden Shooting Box, wliere Goethe frequently spent the night, and on the wall of which he wrote his exquisite lines "Ueber alien Gipfeln ist Ruh\ on 7th Sept., 1783. It was burned down in 1870, and was replaced by a similar hut in 1S74. We descend hence to the right to the (Y2 ^r-) Hermannstein, a moss-clad, basaltic rock : and after 25 min. more, to the left to Cammerberg (*Inn and baths) and Manebach (1650 ft.: Inn) in the Manebacher Grund, two villages separated by the Ilm, equally distant (3 M.) from Ilmenau and Elgersburg, and frequently visited by the summer-residents at these baths. A rough cart-track ascends from Manebach. generally through wood, to the (1 hr.) carriage-road leading from Elgersburg and Ilmenau to the Schmiicke, which Ave follow to the left. Or we may prefer the winding and picturesque road on the left bank of the Ilm, which joins the just-mentioned road farther on. By each route we take 2 hrs. to reach the Schmiicke, 398 Route 67. SCHNEEKOPF. The Thuringian From Elgersbieg to the Schmvcke, a walk of 3-3i o lirs. Of the two routes by wMch tliis excursion may be made , the first leads by the Alexandrinenhohe (2240 ft.: view), the PiuttifeU (view of the Kbrnhachgrund') . and the Schloss quelle^ where we turn to the right and join the high-road. (From the 'Salzmann's Umsicht', at the second bend, a path leads in 10 mln. to the Hohmcartskopf, a hill 2493 ft. high, with a good view.) AVe then follow the road to MiJnchshof (Inn), where we join the road from Ilmenau (the numerous paths diverging to the right are short-cuts). — The second route passes (IV2 ^^O the prettily situated village of Arlesberg and ascends the valley of the Gera to (2 hrs.) Gehlberg , beyond which we follow the picturesque high-road to the (3 M.) Schmiicke. The Schmucke (2992 ft.), originally a farm-house, and now a much-frequented inn, is prettily situated amidst woods and meadows. The *Adlerberg , 21/2 hrs. to the S., is an excellent point of view. About 1/2 ^J- from the Schmiicke, on the road to Oberhof, stands a finger-post, indicating the path to the right to the (20 min.) — *Schneekopf (3210 ft.), the tower on which (adm. 15 pf. , tick- ets at the Schmiicke) commands a magnificent survey of the plains of Thuringia, as far as the Brocken and Kyfifhauser, S. the Franconian and Rhon Mts. , the Gleichberge near Romhild, etc. (The summit may also be reached by a path ascending directly from the inn.) We now return by the same path to the road. To (6 M.) Oberhof we may follow either the higb-road or the Rennsteig or Renniceg, a very ancient frontier road leading from the Werra to the Saale across the Thuringian Mts. , and separating Thuringia from Franconia. The former skirts the N. , the latter the S. side of the Beerberg (3238 ft.), and both command picturesque views. From the point where the Rennsteig crosses the road a path descends to Goldlauter , whence we may go on through the Lauter- grund to (2 hrs.) Suhl (p. 382). Farther on, at Pldnkners Aussicht, a fine view is obtained of Suhl , the Dolmar (p. 389) , the Gleich- berge (p. 390), and the Rhon. At the Rondel, 1 M. from Oberhof, where several roads meet , a stone pillar commemorates their con- struction in 1830-32 by Duke Ernst of Saxe-Coburg. 20^/2 M. Oberhof C^Zur Bomdne; Thuringer Hof; Thuringtr Wald, simple) is a poor village inhabited by wood-cutters , with a ducal shooting-lodge. Oats thrive here in warm seasons only, and potatoes grow but scantily. Fine view from the*Lwisewiwsi(2590ft.\ at the foot of the Schlossbergkopf, 5 min. to the N. Railway station, see p. 381. Beautiful walks may be taken from Oberhof to the Gebrannte Stein (view), the Hohe Most (with guide), and the 'Avsgelrannte Stein\ 2 M. to the E. — A longer walk, but quite repaying the fatigue, is through the Kanzlergrund. by Oher- and Unter-Schonau to Steinhach- Hallenberg (p. 389), about 3 hrs. to the W. of Oberhof (the way back somewhat longer, as it ascends). The formation and the outlines of the peaks to the S. of the valley (Gebrannter Stein, Btippberg, Gr. Hermcmnsherg) are very striking and peculiar to this part of the Thuringian Forest. Forest GEORGENTHAL. 67. Route. 399 From Oberhof to Ohrdruf, see p. 371. Another pleasant route is by the carriage-road via Lmse''s Rithe, a fine point of view, and Friedrichs- anfaug, a distance of about 10 M., nearly all through veood. From Oberhof to Friedrichroda , 221/2 M. The road diver- ges to the left of the high-road about V/2 M. from Oberhof and enters the Kanzlergrund (p. 398). [The Rennsteig, which also crosses the road at this point, oflers an alternative route, which we may follow for about 2 M. , rejoining the high-road, near the marshy Teufelsbad. by a road to the right.] At a point 3 M. farther on , where the road divides into three brandies . we choose the middle one, which leads to (21/4 M.J Falkenstein , at the beginning of the *Dietharzer or Schmalwasser Grund, one of the loveliest val- leys of Thuringia. Through the fine woods and picturesque rocks of this valley our route lies for the next 41/2 M. Near Dietharz a footpath diverges to the right to the rocky cavern known as the Hiiloch. The hamlet of Dietharz is separated by a brook from the village of Tambach (Falkenstein; Lamm), a favourite summer- resort, with many picturesque spots in the neighbourhood (*Spitt€r- grund, with a waterfall 65 ft. high; there and back about 3 hrs.). The most direct route from Tambach to Friedrichroda (6 M.J leads by the Vierpfennighaics, a forester's cottage at the junction of several roads, whence we may either proceed to the left by Finster- bergen, or to the right by Engeisbach. The longer way by Georgen- thal, through the pleasant Apfelstddter Grund, with its numerous mills, is however, preferable (9-10 M. ; omnibus to Georgenthal twice daily in summer in 1 hr.J. Georgenthal ('S'c/i^enfc's Inn, in the village; Thilringer Wald. rustic ; Zur Aue , at the station , 1 M. from the village ; Schiitzen- hof Restaurant , with viewj, a village belonging to Gotha, is much frequented in summer (bathsj. The Schloss is now the post-offlce. It possesses the ruins of a Benedictine abbey of the r2th cent., destroyed in 1525. — Routes to Ohrdruf a-nd Gotha, see p. 371. Our road leads to the W. from Georgenthal. On the right is the village of Catterfeld; on the left the Immanuelkirche and above it the 'Candelabrum' (see below). Altenbergen (IV2 ^^■) is said to be the most ancient village in Thuringia. About 1 M. above it stands a stone monument, 30 ft. high, in the shape of a church candlestick (hence known as the 'Candelabrum'), erected in 1811 on the site of the Church of St. John , which according to an erroneous legend was founded in 724 by St. Boniface as the first Christian church in Thuringia. Returning to the road at Altenbergen , we continue our route to Engeisbach. The Philosophenweg. which diverges to the left a little beyond the village, leads along the edge of the woods to Friedrich- roda; while the footpath, farther on to the right, also leads thither, skirting the Dachsberg, and passing the Damm-Miihle (^Restaurant). Friedrichroda. — Arrival. The station is 1 2M. from the town, on the way to Reinhard«brunn. Cabs await the arrival of the trains. 400 Route 67. FRIEDRICHRODA. 27te Thuringian Hotels. *Waldhaus, K. l^ 2-2 m. per day, 9-27 m. per week, B. 80 pf., D. 1^4, 'pension"' 41/2-0 m. per day. with baths ; 'Schauexbckg, R., L., (fe A. 2V2 m., *Wagexer, R. & A. 2V4 m. ; -Heezog Ersst; 'BEKLiyER Hof, 'pens". m.; "Bellevce; *Heebst, 'pens". 5V2ni.: Lange ; Daniel's Hotel Gakxi; Stern : Putsch, 'pens'. 4 m.; Gerth, R., L., & A. 112 m., B. 65 pf. — Lodgings in the town 10-18, on the hills 15-36 m. per week. Restaurants. Curhaus; Rathskeller. Baths. Besler's; Schreiher''s, with all kinds of baths. Visitors' Tax, 4-8 m. per month. Diligence to Schmalkalden (p. 388), 13 31., once daily. — Omnibus to the Inselsberg (IV2 m.) dailv in summer, returning bv Tabarz; to Taharz, thrice daily (60 pf.). Fried richroda (13'20-1430 ft. above the sea), a small town with 3147 inhal)., pleasantly situated among meadows and pine- clad hills, is a favourite summer-retreat. In the pretty promenades is a monument to FriedricJi Perthes (d. 1843; see p. 383). The environs afford many pleasant excursions. About 3/4 M. to the N. of the town (I/4 M. from the station, to the left : then to the riglit at the crossing) is the ducal chateau of Reinhardsbrunn, formerly a Benedictine monastery, and converted in 1827-35 into a chateau in a highly-ornate mixed style of archi- tecture (circular and pointed). The extensive W. facade is entirely modern. The charming park is open to the public in the absence of the Duke. About 1 M. to the VT. , on the way to the L'ngeheure Grund , is the cottage at the entrance to the Jlarienglashohle, a large double grotto: the walls of the inner chamber are covered with crystals, which produce a dazzling effect when illuminated with Bengal fire (fee 50 pf.). ''Walk of 4-5 hrs. : from Friedrichroda by the 'Burgweg' to the Tat}z- buche (2320 ft.) and the ducal hunting-lodge' of /crg'eriTO/; ,• then through the Felsenthal to the Thorstein (see below), and back by Tahcwz and Rein- hardsbrunn. Or by the Gottlob ., the '■ Spiessberg (tavern), commanding a fine view, the Tanzhuche., and through the Ungeheitre Grvnd, or over the Abtsberg (view similar to that from the Uebelberg), to Reinhardsbrunn. From Friedrichroda to Frottstddt (Gotha, Eisenach), see p. 372. About 2 il. to the X.W. of Friedrichroda, and as far from Walters- hausen railway-station (p. 372), in a hill-girt plain, watered by the Laucha and Miihlbacfi , lie Gross-Tabarz (*Schiesshaus ; Thorstein; Waldhiitte), Klein-Tabarz (.Jagdhaus), and Kabarz , generally included under the one name of Tabarz and frequented by numerous summer-visitors. About 3 M. to the W. of Kabarz lies Winters'ein (Adler : Hirsch) , whence a visit may be paid to the picturesque ^Sembachthal. From Winterstein to the Inselsberg V/2 hr. Road to Altenstein, see p. 402. c. Inselsberg. Liebenstein. Altenstein. Ruhla. From Friedrichroda to the Inselsberg (3-4 hrs.) there are several different routes. One Road leads by the Spiessbergshaus, Heubergshaus. and Jagdberg ; another, shorter, reaches the Heuberg- liaus via the Schilficassergrund. and a third, traversing the I'n- geheure Grund, joins the others beyond the Tanzbuche. A fourth, by Tabarz and through the Lauchagrund, is also pleasant. The most frequented of the Footpaths passes the Marienglas- hohle (see above) and the Tabarzer Schiesshaus (see above), and leads through the * Lauchagrund. To the right is Bad Laucha. After about 2 M,, near a prettily-situated mill, the picturesque Felsenthal LlEaEH^TEIH una irNigMUHG 1 35 OOP ^z^.-.-.-.- . ^— ^-g. — T. :^^^:^ l3ulinuj?rer Forest. INSELSBERG. 67. Route. 401 (the shortest but not the least fatiguing way to the Inselsberg) opens to the right. Immediately beyond the bridge over the Strenye^ which flows through the Felsenthal, a finger-post indicates the path (to the right) to the Thorstein. Good view of the valley as we ascend. Beyond the opening of the Thorstein we reach a small mountain- meadow, whence the Inselsberghaus is seen to the right. We con- tinue to ascend by the broad path, keeping to the right where it divides ('/2 M.), cross two arms of the Wilde Graben, and (still to the rightj follow the path skirting the Rabelsherg till we strike the high-road from Kabarz. Here we proceed to the left for a short dis- tance and then take the new path on the right to the summit. [Or, after the double crossing of the Wilde Graben, we may ascend the stream for a few minutes to the left, then turn to the right through fine pine-woods to the high-road, cross the latter, and. traverse a beech-wood to a bench, whence a steep path to the right, known as the Gemsenslieg, leads to the summit, before reaching which it crosses the high-road once more.] A somewhat longer but scarcely less interesting route passes the JIarienglashohle and enters the Ungeheure Grund (see above) , turning off immediately (finger-post) to (ii)2 M.) the Kickelhahn$prung. From this point we retrace our steps for some distance, turn to the left, and in 10 min. reach a road, which in 10 min. more brings us to a finger-post indicating the path to the (10 min.) summit of the *Uebelberg ('2332 ft.). View to the N. similar to that from the Inselsberg (though le-s extensive and now marred by the growth of the trees), with a more picturesque foreground. We again retrace our steps, turn to the right, and reach the (25 min.) Aschenbergstei?i, which affords a picturesque view of the sombre defiles, and through the rocky valley to the N. as far as the plain. We next descend to the Lauchagrund and (ii|2 M.) the Thorstein. Thence as above. The *Grosse Inselsberg (3000 ft. ; two *Inns), the summit of which consists of granite, commands an extensive panorama, espec- ially towards the N. , resembling the view from the Schneekopf (p. 398), but unfortunately too often obscured by clouds and fog. From the Inselsberg to Liebenstbin. The shortest way (9 M.) leads through \\iQ*ThiXringeT Thai (guide, p. 394, or good map neces- sary). A guide is also required for the route via the Hohe Klinge, an admirable point of view , 3 M. to the E. of Liebenstein. The ordinary route (12 M.), however, is also attractive and can be found without assistance. We pass the view-tower and the end of a path on the left, leading to Brotterode , and follow the Rennsteig for about 1 M. W^e then take the footpath on the left and reach (2V4 M.) the large village of Brotterode (Inselsberger Hof ; interesting excur- sion hence to the Mommelstein, 3 M. to the S.). Beyond the village we follow the high-road, skirting the Inselsbergsgraben, to the *Tru- senthal, a picturesque rocky ravine, with an artificial waterfall (Inn). At the point where the ravine expands lies the village of Herges (Zum Truseiithal), separated by the Truse or Druse from Auwdllen- burg, a village with a ruin (view). [Picturesque path from Ilerges to Schmalkalden (p. 388), 6 M.] We now^ follow the high-road to — Baedeker's N. Germany. 9th Edit. 26 402 Route 67. LIEBENSTEIN. The Thuringian Liebenstein. -Bellevce, well fitted up-, 'Curhaus, with hydropathic and whey-cure establishment, rather less expensive; *Mullee"s Hotel, R. & L. 21/2, D. 2 ni., A. 30, B. 85 pf. ; Ascheemann, Kiechsee, in the Trink-Allee ; Lowe , in the lower part of the village. Dr. Eesse's Hydro- pathic Estahlishment. — Private apartments , from 10 m. per week , are easily obtained. Visitors" Tax.^ after the first week, 10-20 m. Carriages^ according to tarifi". Theatre, during the season. — Music 7-9 a. m. and 4-6 p. m. Liehenstein, a village in the duchy of Meiningen , 12 M. to the S. of Eisenach , and 41/2 M. to the E. of stat. Jmmelborn [where a diligence meets each train, p. SSS], is a heautifully-situated and favourite watering-place , possessing chalybeate and other springs. On the slope at the back of the Curhaus is the Italian Garden, tastefully laid out. Adjoining it stands the simple villa of the Duke of Meiningen. The Erdfall near the Curhaus is a kind of open grotto, fringed with wood. Paths lead hence to the Helle Blick and the Bernhards - Platz , and the new Promenadenweg leads to the Werner s Platz, all fine points of view. The path to the (20-25 min.) extensive ruins of the *Burg Stein ascends in zigzags through the Italian Garden. The castle was restored in 1534, but it was deserted at the close of the 17th cent., and has since fallen to decay. The ^Yiew embraces the entire chain of the Rhongebirge and the W. spurs of the Thuringian Forest from the Dolmar to the Ochsenkopf; then the broad valley of the Werra with its numerous villages, from Gumpelstadt towards the N. as far as Breitungen to the S. On the outskirts of the wood near the ruin is a monument to the Duchess Ida of Saxe-Weimar. In the wood, 1 4 hr. to the X.E., is a small open space enclosed by rocks on three sides, called the Felsentheater. From Liebe>-stein to Axtenstein (2 M.), a good road. For footpaths, see the Map, p. 401. At Gliicksbrunn (Wangemanns- burg), half-way, is the Altensteiner HoJde , a limestone cavern 250 yds. in length, easily accessible, with a subterranean lake. Il- lumination in summer, generally on Sundays 11-12 [adm. IY2 na-j children 75 pf. ; at other times 75 pf.). *Schloss Altenstein, a summer residence of the Duke of Saxe- Meiningen, standing on a rocky height on the S.W. slope of the Thuringian Forest, is itself uninteresting, but the park and grounds extending along the precipitous limestone rocks afford beautiful walks. Inn in the court-yard of the chateau. From Altenstein to Ruhla (41/2 M.), a good road, through wood. After a short distance a broad road diverges on the right to (1/4 M.) the Luther Monument, erected in 1857, on the spot where Luther's Beech , destroyed by lightning in 1841 , formerly stood. Here the Reformer on his return from Worms was subjected to a pretended arrest by his friend the Elector of Saxony [p. 387). A poor footpath runs hence to the Gerher stein (2307 ft.), a steep hill covered with large blocks of granite. The view is hindered by the foliage. A broad path leads from this point to the road to Winter- Forest RUHLA. 67. Route. 403 stein (p. 400). Turning to the left along the latter we soon regain the main road at a point about 2 M. from Rahla. Kuhla. — Hotels. CuRHAUS, with reading-room; Bellevde , in an elevated position, with view; Engelmann , with garden: Schlokfel; Tkaube; ScnwAN; Sachsischee Hof; Rose, R. 2 M. Magdeburg, see p. 99. Branch-line to Blankenburg (p. 419), 12 31., in 1 hr. (fares 1 m. 60, 1 m. 20, 80 pf.). Stations Spiegelsberge, Langenstein (branch to Derenburg^, and (9 31.) Bornecke. Beyond Halberstadt the train commands views of the slopes of the Harz to the left. From (91 M.) Heudeber-Dannstedt a branch- line leads to (57-2 ^1-) Wemigerode (jp. 425) and (11 '/2 M.) Jlsen^ burg (p. 425). From (9G M.) Wasserleben a branch-line runs to (3 M.) Osterwieck. 99 M. Vienenburg, the junction of lines to Borssum and Hano- ver (see p. 408), to liingelheim, Hildesheim, and Brunswick (see p. 99), and to several places in the Harz (see below). 1. To Oker (p. 423) and (8 M.) Goslar (p. 421) in IV2 ^r- 2. To (5 M.) Harzburg (p. 423) in 20 minutes. 3. To (27 M.) CLausthal (p. 428) in 21/2 hrs. At (8M.) Grauhof the Clausthal line and a branch-line to Goslar (11 M.) diverge from the main-line to Ringelheim and Hildesheim (p. 99). At 4\2 Route 71. THE HARZ MOUNTAINS. The Harz (12 M.) Langelsheim another brancli to Goslar and one to Seesen (p. 991 diverge from the line to Clausthal. The train now ascends the valley of the Jnnerste to (I8V2 M.) Lautenthal (Zum Rathhaus ; Schiitzenhans ; Prinzess Caroline) , a summer-resort , -with baths, silver-mines, and smelting- "works. 23 M. Wildemann , a summer- resort; 26 M. Silberhiltte, with silver smelting- works. — 27 M. Clausthal, see p. 428. 71. The Harz Mountains. Flan. About ten or twelve days are required to explore the finest scenery of the Harz, which is now rendered accessible by a network of railways in every direction. The usual starting-points are Thale, Quedlin- burg, BallenstedL Blankenburg, Wernigerode, Jlsenburg, Goslar, or Harzburg on the X., and Nordhausen., Elh-ich^ Herzberg, or Osterode on the S. side. The following plan, which embraces the most interesting points, may easily be extended or abridged at pleasure, and may be begun or terminated at almost any one of these railway-stations. 1st Day. Ballenstedt , Selke- thal, Alexisbad; 2nd. Gernrode, Suderode, Hexentanzplatz ; 3rd. Weisser Hirsch, Treseburg, Bodethal, Rosstrappe; Mh. Blankenburg, Riibeland, Wernigerode; 5th. Steinerne Renne, Brocken; 6th. Ilsethal , Ilsenburg, Burgberg near Harzburg; 7th. Environs of Harzburg, Okerthal, Goslar. — The finest points in the Ober-Harz and S. Harz, may next be visited as follows: 8th Day. Diligence to Clausthal, walk to Andreasberg; 9th. Lauterberg, Ravenskopf, Walkenried, Ellrich ; 10th. Hfeld, Neustadt un- ter'm Hohnstein, Eichenforst, Stolberg; 11th. By diligence towards the S. to Kelbra (KyfThauser, see p. 406). Carriages. Two-horse about 18 m. per day; tolls extra; fee 2-3 m. per day. One-horse 10-12 m. In many places there is a tariff fixed by the authorities, but in every case a bargain should be made beforehand. Guides, unnecessary except on the less-frequented routes, 3 m., or with- out food 4 m. per day, and 75 pf. per Germ. M. (about 15 pf. per Engl. M.) for return-fee. Inns tolerable , but charges have risen very considerably of late : R. 2-3 m., A. 50 pf., B. 1 m., D. 2-3 m., wine IV4-IV2 m. per 1/2 bottle. The inferior and less-frequented inns are cheaper. The Harz, the most northern mountain -chain in Germany, 56 M. in length, and 18 M. in width, is an entirely-isolated range, rising abruptly from the plain on every side, especially towards the X.W. and K.E. It is divided into the Oberharz, Untevharz", and Vorharz. The first of these embraces the W. region, with the towns of Lautenthal, Clausthal, and An- dreasberg. The N. W. and S. W. slopes, with Goslar, Seesen, and Herz- berg, are called the Vorharz, while the district to the E. of Wernige- rode and Ellrich belong to the Unterharz. The Brocken is situated on the boundary between the Ober- and Unter-Harz. The Oberharz is furrow- ed by numerous dark, wooded ravines. The Unterharz affords a greater variety of picturesque scenery. The principal rock-formation is granite, overlying which are the more recent grauwacke and clay-slate. The climate of the Harz resembles that of Central Norway. The mean annual temperature is 41° Fahr. The climate of the plateau of the Ober- harz is apt to be somewhat inclement, even in summer. In the places along the N. base of the mountains the summer heat is pleasantly tem- pered by the N.W. wind from the Baltic Sea; and the S. Harz also enjoys an agreeable climate. I. The Eastern Harz Mts. a. Quedlinhurg. Railway from Halle (Leipsic, Berlin) via Wegeleben to Quedlinhurg and Thale, and via Frose to Ballenstedt and Quedlinburg, see R. 70. i rt ^ -'^^ rc^-' ~~i 1 Mountains. QUEDLINBURG. 71. Route. 413 Quedlinburg (463 ft. above the sea-level ; *Bdr, in the Markt- Platz, K., L., & A. 21/2, B. ^/4m. ; Goldner Ring, Lamrn, well spo- ken of), an old agricultural town with 18,437 inhab. , recently in- creased by the foundation of the suburb of Suderstadt , lies on the Bode, 3 M. to the N.W. of the Harz Mts. It was founded by Henry the Fowler in 929, and became a favourite residence of the German emperors of the Saxon line. Down to 1477 it was a fortified Hanse- atic town , and from 1477 to 1698 it was under the protection of Saxony , passing into the possession of the Electors of Brandenburg at the latter date. It is still an important-looking place with walls, towers, and moats, and is commanded on the W. by the old Schloss and the abbey-church. The Rathhaus in the market, in front of which rises a stone figure of Roland (p. 150"), is a very ancient building with Gothic additions, and alterations in the Renaissance style. The Interior contains an interesting collection of utensils in flint and bronze, weapons, instruments of torture, parchment records (e.g. copy of the Sachsenspiegel, and imperial charters of 1038 and 1134). seals, por- traits, etc., and a kind of wooden cage in which the townspeople incar- cerated Count Albert of Regenstein during 20 months (1336-38) for having infringed their municipal privileges. The church of St. Aegidius contains some good old oil-paint- ings. The modern Gymnasium, or grammar-school , possesses a valuable library of 8000 vols. Following the street in the corner of the market-place, obliquely opposite the Bar Hotel and the Rath- haus, and afterwards turning to the left, we cross the Finkenheerd, a small Platz where Henry the Fowler is said to have received the deputation announcing his election to the imperial dignity, and reach the Schloss-Platz, near the Schlossberg. The house in which Klopstock was born (in 1724), in this Platz, has a jutting story sup- ported by two wooden columns. To the right is the dwelling of the sacristan of the Schlosskirche, to whom application may now be made. The Schloss, situated on a lofty sandstone rock , was once the seat of the abbesses of the secular and independent convent of Quedlinburg , which was founded by Otho the Great in 936 and afterwards attained to great prosperity, but declined in importance after it embraced the Reformation in 1539, and was at length sup- pressed in 1803. Countess Aurora of Konigsmark , the mistress of Augustus the Strong of Saxony, and mother of Marshal Saxe, was abbess of Quedlinburg in 1704-18, and on her death in 1728 was interred in the abbey-church. Adjacent to the Schloss is the — *Abbey Church, or Schlosskirche, an edifice of great importance in the history of art. The body of the church was erected in 1021, the choir was altered in the 14th cent., and the whole restored in 1862. The Crtpt, which was the original church, founded in the 10th cent., and built over an ancient mortuary chapel, contains the tombs of Henry I. (d. 936), his wife Matilda, and his grand-daughter Matilda, the first ab- bess. The treasury contains objects of artistic and historical value, chiefly of the 10th cent., such as reliquaries, books of the Gospels, an episcopal crozier, the beard-comb of Henry I. and one of the 'water-pots of Cana\ A] A Route 71. BALLENSTEDT. The Harz — The vault, whicli is built of sandstone, possesses the property of preserv- ing bodies from decay. Fine view of the town and environs from the terrace, which is shown by the castellan. Opposite the Schlossberg rises the Miinzenberg , with the ruins of the convent of St. Mary (Coenobium ad Montem Zionis, of which Miinzenberg is said to be a corruption). — The Briihl, a pleasant park to the S.W. of the town, not far from the Schlossberg, con- tains monuments to Klopstock and the geographer Ritter (^born here in 1779). — At a neighbouring farm is the ancient church of Wi- pertus (now an inn), a basilica with a well-preserved crypt, which perhaps originally belonged to the palace of Henry I., and is the most ancient relic of Christian architecture in Saxony. Quedlinburg is noted for its nurseries and cloth-factories. Railway from Quedlinburg to BaUenstedt, see p. 410. b. Selkethal. Mdgdesprung. Alexisbad. Victor shohe. Gernrode. Suderode. Laiienburg. Two Baps. 1st. From Ballenstedt to the Falken Inn IV4 hr. , visit to the Falkenstein IV2, to the Selkemiihle 22/4, Magdesprung IV2, Alexisbad 1 hr. — 2nd. To the Victorshohe IV2, Gernrode I'/z, Suderode 1/4, Lauen- burg 1, Is'^einstedt 1/2, Thale or Hexentanzplatz I-IV2 hr. DiLiGExcE daily from Gernrode to Magdesprung, Alexisbad, Stolberg., and Nordhausen. Ballenstedt (689 ft. above the sea-level ; *Grosser Gasthof, at the entrance to the Schlossgarten ; *Stadt Bernburg, in the AUee ; Weisser Schwan, Germania, Moskopf's Hotel, in the town), the ter- minus of the railway in this direction (p. 410; railway to Qued- linburg, p. 410), a prettily-situated town with 4764 inhab., was formerly the residence of the Duke of Anhalt-Bernburg. A long avenue leads to the Schloss (generally closed) on a hill. Beautiful Schlosspark, with line views of the mountains ; also a deer-park containing stags and wild boars. On the N. side are the Gegen- steine, a fragment of the 'Devil's Wall'. A finger-post at the S. end of the town indicates the route to the right to the Selkemiihle (see below), and that to the left to Opperode and Meisdorf. The latter is the high-road to the Selkethal , but pedestrians follow it as far only as (1/4 M.) the first road diverging to the right, on which, a little way farther, is a direction-post on the left indicating the way to the (1/2 hr.) forester's house of Kohlenschacht (Inn). The same road next leads through the wood to the (1/2 br.) inn -^'Zum Falken (706 ft.) in the Selkethal, at the foot of the Falkenstein. To the left, a little above the inn, a footpath to the left ascends to *Scliloss Falkenstein (1083 ft.), situated on a lofty rock. The castle, which is well preserved and partly restored, contains old weapons, curiosities, etc. ; fine view from the tower. A knight of Falkenstein plays a part in Burger's ballad of 'the pastor's daughter of Taubenheim'. We now return to the valley by the same path. Mountains. GERNRODE. 71. Route. 415 A good road ascends the picturesque *Selkethal to the (5 M.^ Selkemuhle (Zur Burg Anhalt , unpretending but dear) , "where it unites with the above-mentioned direct road from IJallenstedt, On the hill, 1/2 hr. to the S., are the scanty ruins of the Burg Anhalt. The road next leads to (J:^/2 M.) Magdesprung; but a slight digression to the '^'Meiseberg, with a forester's house (Restau- rant) and fine view, 1/2 hr. from the Selkemiihle, is recommended 5 thence to Magdesprung 11/4 hr. The foundries of Magdesprung (968 ft. ; *Inn, R. & A. 2 m.) are picturesquely placed at the junction of the Selkethal road with that from Ballenstedt to Stolberg. An obelisk on an eminence is to the memory of a Prince of Anhalt who founded the iron-works. Tasteful articles in cast iron may be purchased at the foundries. The place owes its name ('the maiden's leap') to the tradition that a giantess once sprang across the valley here, leaving her foot- prints, the Mdgdetrappe, on the height behind the inn. An iron cross in the vicinity is to the memory of Duke Alexius (d. 1834). — Gernrode (see below) is 41/2 M. distant. About 2 M. farther up the attractive Selkethal lies the chaly- beate Alexisbad (1034 ft.; Curhaus Alexisbad ; GoldeneRose; Hotel- Pens. zurKlostermuhle, 'pens'. 4-6 m. ; lodgings 6-60 m. per week ; visitors' tax 3-12 m.), surrounded with pleasure-grounds. The direct road from Alexisbad to (12 M.) Stolberg (p. 420) is by Strassberg and the Josephshohe (p. 421). The high-road leads by Earzge- rode (Stadt Bernburg), a small town with an old Schloss, on the hill, 2 M. to the E. of Alexisbad. (The diligence may be taken as far as the turn- pike at the Auerberg, and then the Josephshohe crossed on foot.) The path to the Yictorshohe quits the road to the left, a few min. below the baths, and leads through wood to the (IY4 hr.) Giintersberge and Gernrode road , which we follow for Y4 ^- *0" wards the right, and then quit by a path leading to the left to the (1/4 hr.) *Victorsli6he (1952 ft.), the summit of the Ramberg, near which are several huge blocks of granite called the Teufelsmiihle. (Inn at the forester's house.) Extensive prospect from the wooden tower, more picturesque than from the Brocken. A stone post by the Teufelsmiihle indicates the descent to the right to Friedrichsbrunnen, Alexisbad, Tanzplatz, Treseburg, and Thale ; to the left to the Sternhaus , Magdesprung, and Gern- rode, The latter leads in 5 min. to the above-mentioned road from Giintersberge , which leads past the Stubenberg (see below) to (41/2 M.) Gernrode (railway-station, see p. 410). Gernrode (729 ft.; *Jnn on the Stubenberg, R. 2 m. ; Deut- sches Haus , Deutscher Kaiser , in the town ; private apartments easily procurable), a town with 2444 inhab., charmingly situated on the slope of the Stubenberg, 41/2 M. from Quedlinburg, and 33/4 M. from Ballenstedt, attracts numerous visitors in summer. The Romanesque *Abbey Church of the 10th cent. , with its two round W. towers, recently restored, is a picturesque feature in the 416 Route 71. THALE. The Harz landscape. The tomb of the founder , Margrave Gero of Lusatia, was restored in 1519. Romanesque cloisters on the S. side of the church partly preserved. The *Stubenberg , or Stufenberg (922 ft.; Inn at the top), which rises above the town and may be ascended in 1/4 hr. , affords one of the most picturesque views on this side of the Harz Mts. In the Hagenthal beneath is the 'Haus Hagenthal', a pension. A few hundred yards to the W. of Gernrode lies — Suderode (493 ft. ; Heenes Curhaus, at the end of the village next to Gernrode, R. & B. 2'/4, D. 2, B. 3/^ m., L. 30 pf. ; *Micha€- lis; Mohr; Belvedere), formerly an insignificant village, which has recently become a favourite watering-place on account of its salt- springs and its sheltered situation, and extends with its villas (in most of which apartments are let) and gardens for upwards of a mile along the wooded slope of the hill (railway-station, see p. 410). Pretty walks to the Preussen-Platz , the Salsteine, the Beringer Quelle, and the Tempel at the W. end of the village. Several routes lead hence to Stecklenberg and the Lauenburg. Pedestrians may ascend the pretty forest-path by the Hotel Michae- lis, which leads via the Neue Schenke, a forester's house, direct to the Lauenburg in 1 hr., or they may take that which passes the Schulzenamt at Suderode, skirts the wood to the left (view of Qued- linburg to the right), crosses the Quedlinburg road after 10 min. , and then re-enters the wood. At the entrance to the village of (V2 b""-) Stecklenberg (Palm's Inn), a stone post indicates the ascent to the left, -passing the Stecklenburg, to the(25min.)*Laueiiburg(1149ft.), a ruined castle with a tower commanding a fine view (*irj«, il. 1^/2^x1.). A good road to the N. leads from Stecklenberg to (iV2 M.) Neinstedt (p. 410). — To Thale (see below), 3'/2M. ; finger-posts. The route by the Georgshdhe (p. 41S) to the Bexentanzplatz (p. 418) is picturesque. c. Bodethal. Rosstrappe. Bexentanzplatz . Treseburg. One Day. From Thale in the Bodethal ascend to the Teufelsbriicke, 1/2 hr. ; ascend the Rosstrappe 20 min. ; inn, 10 min.: by the Herzogshohe and Wilhelmsblick to Treseburg 1^/4 hr. ; by the We'isse Hirsch to the Hexentanzplatz 2V2 hrs. ; back to the station 3/4 hr. — Or from the sta- tion to the Tanzplatz IV4 br., Weisse Hirsch and Treseburg 13/4 br. (Wil- helmsblick and back 3/4-I hr.), through the Bodethal to the Jungfernbriicke 2 hrs.; then retrace steps for a few min. and ascend the Rosstrappe, V2 hr. ; to the station 40 minutes. — Guide unnecessary, but desirable from Treseburg to the Weisse Hirsch and Tanzplatz (I-IV2 m.). — Comp. the marginal map on the Map at p. 412. The rocky *Valley of the Bode, the finest point in the Harz Mts., presents a strikingly wild and picturesque scene, to which if pos- sible more than a single day should be devoted. At the entrance to the valley lies Bahnhof Thale (633 ft.), near which a number of modern villas have sprung up. To the right rise the precipitous rocks of the Rosstrappe (p. 418) ; to the left is the Hexentanzplatz (p. 418). — Hotels. *Zehnpfund, a large house opposite the station, R,, L., & A. 1-4 m., meals paid for as received; *Waldkateb, pleasantly situated in the Mountains. TRESEBURG. 71. Route. 417 Bodethal, VzM, from the station 5 *Hubertdsbad, a salt-bath with pension, on an island in the Bode, 1/4 M. from the station, 'pension' 4-5 m. a day for a long stay; Forsthaus, in the village; Zur Konigskuhe, V2 M. above the Waldkater; the last two unpretending. — Inns on the liosstrappe and Ilexentanzplatz, see p. 418. Restaurants at the hotels; at the Aciienbrauerei ^ V* M. from the sta- tion (good beer); Railway Restaurant. Baths below the Blechhiitte. Fkom Thale to Treseburg through the Bodethal. A few paces to the right of the station at Thale lies the Blechhutte, a foun- dry on the right bank of the Bode. The road to the left leads past the Actienbrauerei to the (^/4 M.) Waldkater Inn (606 ft.), which may also be reached by a pleasant path from the Hubertusbad on the left bank. We then follow the road through the picturesque Bodethal to the (7-2 M.) Jungfernbriicke, whence a new and shady path ascends to the left, via the Hirschgrund and the Lavieres- Hohe, to the (8/4 hr. J Hexentanzplatz (the former steep path is now closed). On the left bank is the prettily-situated inn Zur Konigsruhe, beyond which the road is carried round the foot of the cliffs by two wooden galleries. Beyond the second is the Schurre, a steep stony slope over which a zigzag path ascends to the (I/2 hr.) Rosstrappe, with its inn. A few paces farther on in the valley is the Teufelsbrucke at the entrance to the *Bodekessel , a wild basin of granite rocks through which the stream is precipitated. The road theji leads through beautiful woods to — Tresehurg (916 ft.; *Weisser Hirsch, Wilhelmsblick, belonging to the same owner, R. 2 m., A. 50 pf. ; Deutsches Halts; Haber- land, well spoken of), a village 71/2 M. from Thale, beautifully situated at the confluence of the Bode and the Lupbode, on a rocky eminence on which the castle of that name formerly stood. A road between the inns leads to the (IV2 ^O Wilhelmsblick (view of the Bodethal), and through a short tunnel to the high-road which leads to the N. to Blankenburg, and to the E. to the Rosstrappe. — An eminence opposite Treseburg, called the *W€isse Hirsch, commands a charming view of the village and environs. A steep footpath to it ascends to the left , a short way beyond the bridge ; a longer route through the Tiefenbachthal quits the road farther on (comp. p. 418). A pretty footpath ascends the Bodethal from Treseburg to (2V4 M.) Altenbrack (■ TFewses iioss, unpretending), a mining-village with a small sulphureous spring. From Treseburg to Blankenbcrg, 71/2 M. The road diverges to the left, 11/2 M. from the tunnel above mentioned, from that to the Ross- trappe, and leads pa.st Wienrode and Cattenstddt (Inn). To the right rise the huge sandstone masses of the Heidelberg (or 'devil's wair, with view from the Grossvater; Inn at the foot). Pedestrians may turn to the left at the first bend in the road beyond the tunnel and proceed through the wood by the (3/4 hr.) forester's house of Todtenrode (refreshments) to (1 hr.) Wienrode. From Treseburg to Hasselfelde, 7V2 M. The footpath turns to the right immediately beyond the bridge over the Bode, passes (5 min.) a deer-fence, and leads through beautiful beech-woods. In about 1 hr. we reach a stone finger-post, indicating the way to Stiege on the loft and Hassel- Baedekers N. Germany. 9th Edit. "^T 418 Route 71. ROSSTRAPPE. The Harz felde (Konis: von Schweden) on the right. From Hasselfelde through the pleasant BdhrenilKtl to Ilfeld (p. 420), a walk of 12 M. From Thale to the Rosstrappe. The above route from Thale to tlie Rosstrappe by the Bodethal and the Schurre may be taken, or the direct path (Ihr.) may be preferred. In the latter case we pass between the buildings of the Blechhiitte (p. 417) to the bridge across the Bode, beyond which we turn to the right, and then, near a second bridge (5 min.), ascend by a somewhat steep path to the (i/ahr.) Gasthaus zur Rosstrappe (R., L., & A. 21/4111., B. 80 pf.), near which is the Bulowshohe. The *Rosstrappe (1317 ft.), 10 min. from the inn , is a granite rock projecting like a bastion into the valley of the Bode, and rising precipitously to a height of 650 ft. above the stream. It commands an imposing view of the wild Bodethal and the distant plain as far as Quedlinburg. The name ('horse's hoof-print') is derived from an impression in the rock resembling a gigantic hoof, left there by the horse of a princess, who, when pursued by a giant, is said to have leaped across the valley at this point. The men or boys here awaken the echoes of the Bodethal by pistol-shots and the blasts of a trumpet (25 pf.). To the right is the Schurre (p. 417). Proceeding to the X.E. of the Rosstrappe Inn, we max descend in Vi hr. to the high-road from Thale, which leads by the Herzogshohe (view) and the Wilhelmsblick (see above) to (5 M.) Treseburg (see above). From Thale to the Hexexta>'zplatz (1 hr.). We cross the Bodethal road near the brewery (p. 417) and follow a path skirting the wood, and leading in a few minutes to the small bridge over the Steinbach. The path ascending in windings to the Hexentanz- platz diverges to the right before the bridge is reached. The car- riage-road diverges at the top of the hill from the high-road ascend- ing the Steinbachthal to Friedrichsbrunn. The *Hexentanzplatz (1526 ft. ; '^HoteL 'pens'. 5 m.) is a rocky plateau opposite the Rosstrappe, and 210 ft. higher, command- ing a similar, and perhaps still more striking view. To the left in the distance rises the Brocken. In the vicinity are several other fine points of view. Fkom the Hexextanzplatz to Treseburg by the Weisse HirscTi. We follow the path along the slope to the right, pass'through a gate, and turn- ing to the right reach the (10 min.) LaviireshdJie , a point of view oppo- site the Schurre (p. 417). We then turn slightly to the left, and reach the high-road leading to Treseburg. The latter soon passes (Vi hr. from the Tanzplatz) a monument to the forester Pfeil, a recumbent stag sur- rounded by six fine beeches. About 3/4 M. farther on, the road bends to the left and a forest-path leads to the right. In the middle is the path to the (5 min.) Weisse Hirsch (p. 417), whence we reach Treseburg in 10 minutes. From Thale to Suderode (p. 416) and Gernrode (p. 415), 6 M. , a pleasant road, passing (4 M.) Stecklenherg , etc. (comp. p. 416). — The circuit by the Georgshohe, 1 hr. from Thale, and thence to (IV4 hr.) Steck- lenberg is recommended (guide desirable, 1 - IV2 ni.). At the junction of the road from the station with that from the village of Thale a direc- tion-post indicates the forest-path to the *Georgshdhe, the tower on which commands a beautiful survey of the plain. A footpath descends hence through the wood into the valley. After 20 min. we reach a carriage -road; we then pass (1/4 M.) a cross-way with a finger-post near a plaster-mill, Mountains. BLANKENBURG. 71. Route. 419 and reach Stecklenberg 3/4 M. farther on. — From the Hexentanzplatz to the Georgshohe 1 hr. : follow the road descending from the inn to the S.E. to the high-road, cross the latter, and ascend a road to the left. d. Blankenburg. Ruheland. Elbingerode. Blankenburg, Regenstein, and the Zicgenkopf 4-5 hrs., thence to Riibe- land 13/4 hr., Bauinannshohle IV2 hr. ; from Rubeland to Elbingerode 1 hr. — Ascent of the Brocken from Rnthehiitte-Konigshof, see p. 427. Railway from Blankenburg to RothehiiUe-Konigshof^ 15 M., see below (fares to Rubeland 1 m. 70, 1 m. 30. iJO pf. ; to Eltdngerode 2 m. 20, 1 m. 70, 1 m. 10 pf. : to Rothehiitte-K.inigshof 2 m. 90, 2 m. 20, 1 m. 50 pf.). The engineering difficulties of this line have been overcome by an in- genious combination of the ordinary locomotive with the rack-and- pinion (toothed wheel) system. Blankenburg. — Hotels. *Wkisseb Adleb, R. & L. 2, A. J/z, I>- 2, B. 34 m.; ~KuoNE i *Gebikgs-Hot£l ; Engel; Stadt Beadnschweig; Forst- iiAUS, unpretending; Furstenhof. — Inn on the Ziegenkopf, see below. Restaurants. 'Badegarien ; Tyler^s Bo/ie; Richard; Damkuhler ; "Rail- way Restaurant ; Fiirsfenhof. see above. Blankenburg (750 ft.), a town with 6000 inhab. , a favourite summer-resort, and connected with Halberstadt by a branch-railway (p. 411'), is picturesquely situated on the slope of the hills and commanded by the lofty ducal Schloss. The approach to the latter passes the handsome old RathJiaus^ into which live balls are built to commemorate the bombardment by Wallen stein during the Thirty Years' War; it contains a collection of antiquities. The Schloss (1097 ft.), which is occupied by the duke in the shooting-season, contains reminiscences of the empress Maria Theresa, pictures, and various other objects of interest (castellan 1 m. ; admission to the deer-park 50 pf.). On the Schnappelnberg stands a monument to those who fell in 1870-71. To the N. of Blankenburg (3/4 hr.) rises the *Regenstein, or Remstein^ a precipitous sandstone clifl", 240 ft. above the plain, on the E. side of which a castle was erected by Emp. Ileniy the Fowler in 919, and after- wards considerably strengthened. In the Thirty Years' War it was cap- tured by Wallenstein, and in 1670 it was taken possession of by the Elector of Brandenburg as a forfeited tief of Halberstadt. The works were dis- mantled by Frederick the Great. Little of it now remains except the vaults and embrasures hewn in the rocks. Entrance by a rock-hewn gateway on the E. side. Admirable view, especially towards Blankenburg (tavern at the top). — If time permit, the traveller may return by (1/2 hr.) Heimburg (Deutsches Haus) , a village with a castle (view), and the monastery of Michaelstein (Zur Waldmiihle) , 2 M. to the N. of Blankenburg. — The Heidelberg, or TeufeUmauer (p. 417), is l'/2 M. to the S. of Blankenburg. From Blankenburg to the Rosstrappe. The road to Treseburg is followed as far as (2 31.) Wienrode, a little beyond which an enclosure is crossed; at a finger-post the wood is entered to the left, and in I'/i hr. the Rosstrappe (p. 418) is reached. Fkom Blankbxbukg to Rothbhuttb-Konigshof by railway (see above). On leaving Blankenburg the train ascends steeply to the Bast and then passes through a tunnel below the *Ziegenkopf (140S ft. ; Jnn'), an eminence commanding an admirable view of Blankenburg , the Regenstein , the rocky pinnacles of the Teufels- mauer, and the extensive plain. The first stations are Bast-Michael- stein and Braunesumpf , whence we ascend gradually to (6 M.) 27* 420 Route 71. RUBELAND. The Harz Hiittenrode (1598 ft. ; Tanne). The train tlieii descends to the picturesque wooded and rocky valley of the Bode, through which it runs to — 81/2 M. Riibeland (1290 ft. ; Goldner Lowe, well spoken of, R. 1-2 m.; Grune Tanne'), a Brunswick village with foundries, lying in the valley of the Bode. On the left bank of the stream, 150 ft. above it, is the Baumannslidlile (ascent near the two inns), a stalactite cavern which has been knoAvn for centuries. Opposite to it, on the right bank, is the smaller Bielshohle, where the stalactites are finer. A visit to one of these occupies an hour (1 pers. 70, 2 pers. 90 pf., 3 pers. Im. 5pf., each additional person 35 pf. more; Bengal lights 50 pf.). A third cavern, the Sechserlinghohle, was discovered a few years ago. On a precipitous rock opposite the Tanne Inn rises the ruin of Birkenfeld. At Riibeland the train quits the valley of the Bode and ascends a mill-valley with curious rock-formations to (IO7.2 M.") Elbingerode (1536 ft. ; Goldner Adler ; Blauer Engel; Konig's Hotel), an import- ant iron-mining town with 2228 inhabitants. Modern Gothic church. Froji Elbingerode to Wernigerode (p. 425), 6V2 M., diligence twice daily in 1^/4-11/2 lir. Pedestrians should walk over the Biichenberg (p. 426), by a path to the left, diverging 1/2 M. from Elbingerode. 15 M. Rothehutte-Konigshof, the present terminus of the rail- way. Omnibuses run hence in connection with the trains to the top of the Brocken via Elend (Deutsche Eiche) and Schierke (p. 427; fare to Schierke 1 m., to the Brocken 2 m.). e. Ilfeld. Neustadt unterm Hohnstein. Stolberg. Josephshohe. From Nieder-Sachswerfen to Ilfeld 3 M. , Neustadt 31/2 M. , by Eichen- forst to Stolberg 1/2 tir., by the Josephshohe to Alexisbad 4 hrs. From Nordhausen (p. 406) to Stolberg 13 M. (diligence twice daily). The high-road, which at first affords fine views of the Harz on the right and the Goldene Aue and the Kyffhauser on the left, unites near Rottleberode with that from Rossla (p. 405), and then ascends the picturesque Tyrathal towards the N. Pedestrians should proceed from station Nieder-Sachswerfen (p. 409) to (3 M.) Dfeld (837 ft.; '^Tanne; Goldne Krone, unpre- tendingj, a village at the entrance to the romantic Behrethal. The Prsemonstratensian abbey founded here by Count Hohnstein in 1196 was converted in 1544 into a school which still enjoys a high repute. A road to the W. leads hence by Osterode to (3^/2 M.) the village of Neustadt unter'm Hohnstein (860 ft.; Rathskeller; Schmidt's Hotel; Amtsschenke'), overshadowed by the ruins of the castle of Hohnstein (2040 ft.), the seat of the counts of that name, who be- came extinct in 1693. A hydropathic establishment was opened here in 1870. A footpath leads hence (guide necessary) by the lofty ruin of Ebersburg (restaurant) to the (S^/o hrs.) Eichenforst shooting-lodge (view ; refreshments) and (1 hr.) ■ — Stolberg (945 ft. ; *Freitag's Hotel; *Eberhardt, unpretending), Mountains. GOSLAR. 72. Route. 421 a place with many antiquated houses , charmingly situated in the valley of the Tyrabach , and frequently visited as summer-quarters, especially since the opening of the chalybeate baths in 1870. On an eminence rises the Chateau of Count Stolberg, the proprietor of the district, with a valuable library (50,000 vols.") and armoury, sur- rounded with pleasure-grounds. Pleasing view from the Thiergarten. From Stolberg to Harzgkrode and AiiExisBAu, 131/2^^-? diligence daily. Pedestrians should quit the road, 2 M. from Stol- berg, by a path leading to the right to the (1/2 ^r.) summit of the Auerberg , called the *Josephsh6he (1976 ft.; Inn), the wooden tower on which (100 ft. in height) commands a fine panorama. Thence by Strassberg and the Victor - Friedrichs- Silber?iutte ^ and down the Selkethal to (3 hrs.) Alexisbad (p. 415). II. The Western Harz. f. Goslar. Okerthal. Spend half-a-day at Goslar, take the train to Oker, walk through the valley to (2 hrs.) Romkerhalle, and by the Ahrendsberger Klippen to (4 hrs.) Ilavzburg. Goslar. -^ Hotels. *Kaiserwoeth, an old Gothic house in the mar- ket, see below, R. & A. 2, D. 2 m,, B. 80 pf.; Hotel de Hanovre, Gekmaxia, both in the Brcite-Str. ; Paul's Hotel, near the station, with extensive view, R. A' L. 13 4 m., well spoken of; Romischee Kaiser, in the market; Hannibal's Hotel , with restaurant, R. fi '^-1^2 m. — ^Kronprinz Ernst August, in the market, unpretending, R. 3,4-11/2 m. — Pension Schwik- KARD, in an open situation, for a long stay. — Railway, see pp. 411, 412. (j'osiar (844 ft.), an ancient town with 10,791 inhab., lies on the Oose, on the N. side of the Harz , at the foot of the metalliferous Rammelsberg (p. 423). The numerous towers, the partly-preserved ramparts, and the quaint old houses with wood-carving impart an air of importance to the place. Goslar was founded at the beginning of the 10th cent, and soon acquir- ed importance in consequence of the discovery of valuable silver -mines in the vicinity (p. 423). It became a favourite residence of the Saxon and Salic emperors, one of whose most extensive palaces was situated here. The attachment of the citizens to Henry IV., who was born at Goslar in 1050, involved the town in the misfortunes of that monarch. In 1204 the town, which adhered steadfastly to the Hohenstaufen , was taken and destroyed by Otho IV., the rival of Philip. After a slow recovery from this disaster, it became a member of the Hanseatic League, and prospered about the year 1500. In 1802 it lost its independence for the first time and was annexed to Prussia. From 1816 to 1866 it belonged to Hanover. Near the station, to the left, is the handsome Romanesque church of the monastery of yeuiverk, of the close of the 12th cent. ; inter- esting choir; picture of the 13th cent, in the apse. Opposite to it rises the Paiclsthurm, a remnant of the old fortifications. The street between these leads to the antiquated ^Market, with the liath- haus and Kaiserworth , and adorned with a large fountain-basin in metal, said to date from the 12th century. The Rathhaus, a simple Gothic edifice of the loth cent., with au arcade beneath (entrance by the steps, round the corner to the left ; visitors ring in the passage), contains a hall adorned about the year 422 Route 71. GOSLAR. The Harz 1500 with *Paintings by Wohlgemuth. Interesting old books of the Gospels, charters, instruments of torture, and other curiosities are also shown. A small chapel adjacent contains a richly-decorated tankard of 1407, a Gothic goblet of 1519, and other articles in silver. Near the staircase is the 'Beisskatze', a kind of cage in which shrews used to be incarcerated. The Kaiserworth, formerly a guild-house , now an inn , with an arcade below, dates from 1494, and is adorned with statues of eight German emperors. Passing between the Rathhaus and the Kaiser- worth, we reach the Marktkirche, a late- Romanesque church, with Gothic choir and aisle subsequently added. The Brusttuch. opposite the W. portal of the church, a curious old house of the 16th cent., restored in 1870, is adorned with satirical wood-carvings. From the Marktkirche a street leads to the left (S.) to a large open space where some venerable ruins still bear testimony to the ancient grandeur of Goslar. The so-called *DomcapeUe was once the vestibule of the N. por- tal of a celebrated cathedral of St. Simon and St. Jude , which was founded by Henry HI. in 1039, and taken down in 1820. Over the Portal are figures of Emp. Conrad II., liis wife Gisela, and SS, Matthew, Simeon, and Jude. The richly-sculptured column by the portal, executed, according to the inscription, ]>y Hartmann, is worthy of particular notice. The Gorgon"s head on the capital is a reminiscence of the ancient use of such heads to ward off evil influences. In the Inteeior are several interesting relics of the decorations of the ancient cathedral, sculptures, tombstones, including that of the Empress Gisela, and various curiosities, among which may be mentioned the '■Krodo Altar\ an oblong box made of plates of brass, borne by four stooping figures, and containing numerous round apertures. It was formerly sup- posed to be an altar of the idol Krodo, but was probably a reliquary, adorned with precious stones. The chapel is open the whole day in summer. Fee for 1-2 pers. 50, 3-4 pers. 75, 5-6 pers. 1 m. On an eminence to the right rises the *Kaisbrpfalz, the oldest secular edifice in Germany , founded by Henry II. and extended by Henry HI. (1039-56). The palace was burned down in 1289 and afterwards rebuilt, but disfigured by alterations and additions. The exterior was judiciously restored in 1879. The Kaiserhaus consists of the Saalbau and the chapel of St. Ulrich, connected by a wing, and approached by a broad flight of steps. The upper floor of the Saalbau is occupied by the imperial hall (5(3 yds. long, 17 yds. wide, 35 ft. high), which looks towards the Platz , with seven miassive round-arched windows. It is at present being adorned with frescoes by Wislicenus. Those now completed include the large central fresco representing the Proclamation of the new German Empire: to the right, Frederick Barbarossa at the battle of Iconium, 1190; to the left, Henry III. recrossing the Alps with the deposed Pope Benedict IX. after the Synod of Sutri, 1046 •, above the windows, the story of the Sleeping Beauty. Opposite the central window is the ancient imperial throne, which stood in the cathedral till 1820 and then passed into the possession of Prince Charles of Prussia. The ChajJel of St. Ulrich , a double chapel in the form of a Greek cross, dating from the close of the Uth cent., was destined for the domestic worship of the imperial court; in the interior is the painted tomb of Henry III. , containing his heart (brought hither from Hanover in 18S4). ^Vigrnigerodp W^'^ "W^^ %.- I I 55 % A> Mountains. HARZBURG. 71. Route. 423 Proceeding hence to the right through the Klusthor, and skirt- ing the railing, we reach the (I/2 M.) Fetsenkeller , where Goslar 'Gose', a peculiar kind of beer, may be tried. Near the end of the Breiten-Strasse, on the right, is Herr Fenkner's Museum of antiquities and pictures (not at present accessible). The street is terminated by the Breitenthor , an old fortified gate. Hence we follow the ramparts towards the W. to the Zwinger, a round tower, now containing a tavern, and command- ing a fine survey of the town. On the Georgenberg , near the railway-station , are the ruins of a Monastic Church, which was destroyed in 1527 and excavated in 1884. The Farbensiimp/e, ponds fed by streams from the Rammelsberg, yield the ochre dye of this neighbourhood. A grotto and chapel hewn in the Klus, an isolated sandstone rock in the vicinity, are said to have been founded by Agnes (d. 1077), wife of Emp. Henry III. The Rammelsberg (2040 ft. above the sea-level), which rises above the town, l',2 M. to the S., has for eight centuries yielded gold (5-6 lbs. per an- num only), silver (25 cwt. per annum), copper, lead, zinc, sulphur, vitriol, and alum, a variety of minerals seldom found within such narrow limits. The mountain is honey-combed with shafts and galleries in every direc- tion, but the output of the mines is much less considerable than formerly. The mines, which may be explored even by ladies , are shown daily ex- cept Sundays. The whole expedition takes 2^ 2-3 hrs. On the road to Harzburg, 3M. to the W. of Goslar, lies the vil- lage and railway-station of Oker (679 ft. ; Liier's Inn ), which pos- sesses important foundries, belonging half to Brunswick and half to Prussia. It lies at the entrance to the wild *Okerthal, the road ascending which affords picturesque views of the precipitous cliffs. The road crosses the Oker by the (6 M.) Romkerbriicke (*H6tel Rom- kerhalle, R. from 11/2, 'pension' from 4i/2m. ; omnibus from Oker), where there is an artificial waterfall. A pleasant path leads hence via Kastenklippe and Elfenstein fp. 424) to (i0i,2 M.) Harzburg. The high-road goes on to (6 M.) Clausthal (p. 428). A finger-post to the left, 1 M. from the inn, indicates the route across a bridge to the (•Y4 hr.) Ahrendsberger Klippen (p. 424). Beyond Ober- Schulenberg, about 3M. from theRomkerhalle, a forest-path, shorter than the road, diverges on the left to Clausthal. g. Harzburg. Ilsenburg. Wernigerode. Two Days (or, including the Brocken, three days). Harzburg and en- virons 5-6 hrs. ; by the Rabenklippen to Hsenburg S'/a hrs.; Ilsenstein and waterfalls 21/2 hrs. ; by the Plessenburg and through the Steinerne Renne to Wernigerode 3 hrs. ; environs of Wernigerode 3-4 hrs. Harzburg. — Hotels. *Actien-IIotel Harzbui;g, a large establishment on the Schmiilenberg , upwards of 1 M. from the station, commanding a view in every direction; R. from iV2 m., B. 1 m., other meals paid to the waiter, omn. 80 pf. 'Blkgbekg Hotel, on the Burgberg, above the Radau- thal (ll;ig hoisted when rooms still to be had; fine view); 'Belvedere, Eadau Hotel, also in the Radauthal; Lldwigsli'ST, at the Papenb< rg. — Braunschweigek Hof, at the station, R. & A. 2' 4 m., suitable for pas!~ing travellers; *Lindenhof, Stadt Hamburg, second-rate, opposite the station, 1 M. from the foot of the Burgberg. — 'Bellevue ; 'Lohb's Hotel ('pens'. 424 Route 71. HARZBURG. The Harz from 5m.); Asche's Hotel; Rotekberg; Burgkeller; Englischer Hof; Stadt London ; Linde. At the entrance to the Radauthal lie the much frequented salt-baths of *JuLicsHALL, with a hotel (charges according to tarifl"; baths 16V2rQ. per dozen, including fee). The spring rises in a large grotto, at the mouth of which stands a figure of the pagan deity Krodo. — To the W. of the Burgberg is the Curhaus (Restaurant). — Lodgings for the summer are also easily procured. Carriages. From the station to Bad Juliushall, two-horse I'/z m., one- horse 1 m. ; to the Actien-Hotel 2 m. or lV2m., to the Burgberg 6 or 4 m., to the Radaufall 5 or 3 m., Ilsenburg 9 or 6 m., Romkerhalle and back 11 or 7 m., Wernigerode 15 or 10 m., Andreasberg or Clausthal 8 or ll'/z, Brocken 24 or 16 m. ; return-fare one-third or one-half more, 1-2 hrs. wait- ing included; for longer waiting IY2 or 1 m. per hour. Tolls and additional horses (for the Brocken) extra. According to the tariff the driver's gra- tuity is 2-21/2 na. per day. Horses and Mules 41/2 m, per day, attendant's fee 21/4 m. ; to the Brocken 5 m , exclusive of a gratuity of 21/2 m. to the driver and the ammaFs food. Guides 21/2 m. per day, with an allowance of 1 m. for food. Visitors' Tax, 1 pers. 6 m., 2-4 pers. 10 m., more than 4 pers. 12 m.; for a short stay 25 pf. per day. Hnrzburg, or Neustadt-Harzburg (771 ft.}, the terminus of fhe railway (p. 407) in this direction, at the entrance to the Eadauthal, consists of the villages of Neustadt, Biindheim, and Schlewecke, con- nected by numerous villas and gardens, and is a favourite summer- resort, with pleasant promenades which extend far into the Radau- thal and up the adjoining heights. Pop. 4620. The linest point in the environs is the *Burgberg (1556 ft. ; Hotel, see above), crowned with the scanty ruins of the Harzburg, a castle of Emp. Henry IV., which commands an admirable prospect. The '■Canossa Monument' , erected in 1877, consisting of a granite obelisk with a bronze medallion of Prince Bismarck by Engelhard, refers to the humiliation of Emp. Henry IV. before Pope Gre- gory VI. at Canossa in 1077, and to the words used by the German Chancellor in the Reichstag in 1872 ('we won't go to Canossa!'). At the foot of the hill is the new Curhaus (see above). A bridge crosses to the pleasant Eichen (oaks) promenades , which contain a cafe and shopkeepers' stalls (music frequently). The road leads thence to the (1 1/0 M.) Eadaufall (*Restanrant), a fine artificial cascade, whence we may return by a path to the right a little below the fall, crossing the Schmalenberg (views from the Bdrensiein and Wilhelmsblick'). Beautiful walks on the W. side of the valley (with finger-posts) : past the Hotel Ludwigslust to the (1/2 ^r.) Elfenstein (1280 ft. ; route marked E), the Kdstenklippe (marked Ks.), in the Okerthal, ^^hr. farther, and the Silberborn, near the Elfenstein. On the E. side : to the (20 min.) Sennhiitte (whey) on the Mittelberg, the (1 hr.) Molkenhaus (1625 ft.), a chalet and tavern, and the (3/4 hr.) Sachsenberg (see also below). Roads lead from Harzburg to (5 M.) Oker (p. 423) , and to (8V2 M.) Ilsenhuvg (p. 425). Omnibus by Oker to the Romkerhalle twice daily. From Harzburg to the Okerthal by the AJirendsberger Klipjjen, 4-41/2 hrs. — The path ascends the Breitenberg near the Actien-Hotel and is indi- cated by numerous way-posts. Refreshments at the (2V2 hrs.) Ahrends- Mountains. ILSENBURG. 71. Route. 4*25 berger Forsthaiis. The route by tlie Kcistenklippe, mentioned above , is, however, preferable. — Ascent of the Brocken from Harzburg, see p. 427. Froji Hakzbukg to Ilsenbukg by the Eabenklippen, S-S'/a hrs. , guide desirable. A few minutes before the top of the Burgberg is reached, at a stone finger-post, the broad 'Kaiserweg' diverges from the road to the E. (The name is derived from a tradition that Emp. Henry IV. fled in this direction when his castle was captured by the Saxons.) This road leads to the (10 min.) Scipeistelle, a spot with a bench, where direction- posts indicate the way to the left to the Sachsenherg (see above) , to the right to the Molkenhaus and the Brocken, and in a straight direction to the Kuttendse and the (3/4 hr.) Rabenklippen (the path to the latter, marked KR, turning to the right towards the end), where a fine *View of the Eckerthal and the Brucken is enjoyed (restaurant). We then return to the point where the path turned to the right, and descend by a zigzag path towards the N.E. to the (20 min.) Eckerthal, from which a road leads to (IV2 M.) Eckevkrug (Restaurant). Thence by a forest-path to the right (S.E.) to (li 2 31.) Ilsenburg. Ilsenburg (780 ft.; *Rothe Forellen; *Grothey; Deutscher Hof; Stadt Stolbery ; Jlsethal, at the beginning of tlie valley), terminus of the branch-railway mentioned at p. 412, is a busy village of 3034 inhab. at the mouth of the Ilsethal, with Iron Works of Count Stolberg-Wernigerode, where artistic and other objects in cast iron are manufactured. Strangers are no longer admitted to the works ,• depot in the village. It is commanded by the handsome Roman- esque Schlos? of the count, on an eminence to the S.E., originally founded in 398 as a Benedictine abbey. The * Ilsethal, one of the finest valleys in the Ilarz, presents a succession of remarkably picturesque rock and forest scenes, enlivened by a series of miniature cascades, and rendered still more interesting by the numerous romantic legends attaching to it. The valley is traversed by a carriage-road, and also by a footpath (see below). The former leads to the CIV2 M.) foot of the *Ilsenstein, a precipitous buttress of granite, rising to a height of 500 ft. above the valley. From the Prinzess Use tavern at the foot several paths lead to the (Y2 ^r.) summit, where an iron cross has been erected to some of the fallen warriors of 1813-15 (fine view). The best survey of the Ilsenstein itself is obtained from the benches , a few hundred paces above the tavern. The road, which continues to accompany the stream and its pretty * Waterfalls for upwards of 3 M., is recom- mended to the lover of the picturesque, even if the ascent of the Brocken (p. 427) is not contemplated. A footpath direct from Ilsenburg to (*/4 hr.) the top of the Ilsenstein diverges from the road to the left, a few paces beyond the village, and crosses a bridge. In descending from the Ilsenstein a footpath to the right, marked P and PI. , and also a road diverging to the left from the road in the Ilsethal, lead to the (3/4 hr.) Plesseiiburg , a forester's house and a favourite point for picnics. The Karhklippeii , ^/^ M. farther up , command a fine view. Road from thePlessenburg, marked St.R., to the(lV2M.) Wernigerode road, which ascends to the right to (IV2 M.) the Steinerne Renne. — Another road from the Plessenburg to Wernigerode leads by Alttnrode. From iLSBXiiuiiG to Wernigerode, 6 M., railway in 25 min., via (3 M.) Driibeck, with its ancient but much altered Roman- esque church. A26 Route 71. WERNIGERODE. The Harz Wernigerode. — Hotels. *Weisser Hirsch. in the market, R., L., & A. 2'/2ni. ; 'Dectsches Haus, "Kxacf, in theBurg-Strasse; Goldnek Hirsch, Verlangerte Burg-Str. ; -Gothisches Haus, in the market; Precssischer Hop, near the Burgthor; *Weisser Schwan, Breite-Str., unpretending. — '-Lindexberg, on the Lindenberg, near t e town, with view, 'pens.' 5 m., R. lV'2-2 m. — In the Muhlenthal: 3Iuhlenthal; Kuster's Kamp, both also pensions ; Unter den Eichen. — Railic y Restaurarit, good table d'hote 12-2, 11/201. — Beer: Ahvends^ Breite-Str. ; Gesellschaftshai/s, near the Western- Thor, at the beginning of Hasserode, with rooms to let-, Plaisanf, Burg-Str. Carriage to the Steinerne Renne 6 m., Ilsenburg 6. Riibeland IOV2, Regenstein 9 m. ; fee 1-2 m. — Omnibus twice daily in summer to the Brocken, via Schierke, in 41/2 hrs. (fare 1 m., there and back 7 m.). Wernigerode (770 ft.), a station on the branch-line mentioned at p. 412, with a loftily-situated Schloss and a park of the Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode , lies picturesquely on the slopes of the Harz Mts., at the confluence of the Zilligerbach and the Holzemme. Pop. 8274. The *Rathhaus, of the 14th cent., and many of the houses are picturesque old Gothic structures. Near the back of the Eathhaus is a house with an inscription referring to Goethe's visit to the Harz in 1777. The Gymnasium is a modern Gothic structure. The town possesses two war monuments. The Lustgarten (contain- ing the Library, with 75,000 vols, and 1000 MSS., and the Palm- House), the *Thiergarten or park, the Lindenberg (see above), to the S. of the town, the Armenleuteberg, the Harburg (Restaur.), and the Scharfenstein afford beautiful walks. The most attractive excursion from Wernigerode is to the Stei- nerne Renne. The road ascends the valley of the Holzemme , by Friedrichsthal, to (8/4 M. from the station) Hasserode [* Hotel Hohn- stein , R, 2 m. ; Zur Steinernen Renne ^ well spoken of), a village much visited as a summer-resort. At the entrance to the village a finger-post indicates the road to the left to Schierke, Hohnstein, and Hohne, and to the right to the Steinerne Renne. Pedestrians may quit the road a little farther on by a path to the left, past the inn Zur Steinernen Renne. The road now ascends the beautiful, pine- clad valley of the Holzemme, or *Steinerne Kenne, which gradually becomes more imposing, especially when the brook is high. At the farthest bridge, 41/2 M. from Hasserode, there is a small inn. A little beyond it a broad path to the left leads to Hohne (see below), and one to the right to the Plessenburg in 1 hr. (p. 425). From the inn to the Brocken, see below. From the Steinerne Renne Inn we may, with a guide, ascend the (3/4 hr.) Hohenstein (view), and return by the road through the Dumkvhltntlal to Wernigerode; or we may proceed via the forester's house of Hohnt to the Schierke road or the path through the .lacobsbruch to the Brocken. An ascent of the Hohneklippen (2977 ft. ; p. 427) may be combined with the lat- ter route. To Elbingeeode, 7 M. from Wernigerode, diligence once daily, through the suburb of No»cherode and up the valley of the Zilligerboch. About 2V4 M. from Wernigerode is a forester's house, where the road di- verges on the left to the Hartenberg (Restaurant), whence a fc otpath l-ads to Riibeland (p. 42(1). A finger-post, 11/2 M. farther on, indicates a path to the right to the BUchenberg . a fine point of view (inn). Theace to El- bingerode 1/2 lir. (comp. p. 420). Mountains. BROCKEN. 71. Route. 427 h. The Brocken. The Routes to the top of the Brocken are all indicated by white cap- ital letters painted on the trees and rocks. Ascent of the Brocken from Harzburg (p. 423), 3V2-4 hrs. — To the Molkenhaus (1 hr.) , see pp. 424, 425. Ascend thence by the straight path towards the S.; then descend, past the Muxklippe, a projecting rock (on the left) commanding a good view of the Brocken and the Eckerthal , to the (25 min.) Dreiherrnbriicke across the Ecker; then follow the stream to the finger-post indicating the way to the (}U hr.) Scharfensteiner Molkenhaus., beyond which the path skirts the Pesekenkopf; 36 min., the road is crossed, the Pflasterstoss and Kleine Brockenklippen rocks are passed , and the Brockenhftns (see below) soon reached. From Ilsexburg (p. 425), 3V2-4 hrs., by the carriage-road, more pictur- esque than from Harzburg. To the Ilsenstein 2 M. , see p. 425. At a finger-post, 8 M. farther, the route to the Brocken diverges to the right 5 after 3/^ hr. another post indicates two paths to the Brocken. That to the left leads through wood to an open space. Then ascend to the right, skirting the wood for 20 min., and again enter the wood; 3/^ hr., union of the Harzburg and Ilsenburg paths; 12 min., Brockenhaus. From Wernigerode (p. 425), through the Steinerne Renne, 4V2-5 hrs. (carriage-road via the Plessenburg; wire-rope railway in progress). — To the highest bridge in the valley (see above), 2V2 hrs.; thence ascend by the new road, which passes above this bridge, for V-» lir., and turn to the right in V'4 hr. more. Then (guide desirable; one of the charcoal-burners will point out the way in case of doubt) ascend to the (V2 hr.) top of the Renneckenberg (view); 10 min., the Brocken road is reached, and the summit is attained in 1 hr. more. From Rothehutte-Konigshof (p. 420), 2i/2-3'/2 hrs. — We follow the road through the valley of the Kalte Bode to (3 M.) Elend (p. 420), where we diverge to the right from the high-road and ascend to (IV2 M.) Schierke (1850 ft.; Inn), a scattered village, the highest among the Harz Mts. The road crosses the bridge and ascends to the left. The neighbouring rocks derive various whimsical names from their grotesque forms. To the right, above, are the Hohneklippen ; to the left, looking back, we see the Schnar- cher on the opposite Buhrenberg. Occasional short-cuts are indicated by finger-posts. An iron finger-post (3 31.) is reached at the union of this road with that from Ilsenburg. To the top 3 M. more, but the last bend of the road may be cut off by a footpath. From Andreasberg to the Brocken, 5 hrs., see p. 429. The Brocken, or Blocksberg (the latter name unknown to the natives of the Harz), the Mons Bructerus of the Romans, 3417 ft. above the sea-level, forming together with its neighbours the Brocken- gebirge, the nucleus of the Harz, rises to a considerable height above the lofty plateau of the latter , and is the highest mountain in Central Germany. Vegetation becomes very scanty near the summit, and no trees grow within 100 ft. of it. Inn at the top (R. from 11/2 m,, A. 50-75 pf., B. 75 pf., table d'hote 2 m. ; in the height of the season rooms should be engaged in advance). The Tower commands an extensive *View in clear weather, the towers of Magdeburg, Leipsic, Erfurt, Gotha, Cassel, Hanover, and Brunswick being visible, but an \inclouded horizon is rare. The traveller should attain the summit before sunset, in order to have two opportunities of obtaining a view. Although the Brocken attracts numerous visitors, it is by no means one of the finest points of the Harz Mts. ; these are rather to be sought for on the E. and S. slopes. Several grotesque blocks of granite to the S. of the tower have 428 Route 71. CLAUSTHAL. received the names of Devil's Pulpit, Witches' Altar, etc. Tradition points out this spot as the meeting-place of the witches on St. Walpurgis' Night, the eve of May-day. Goethe's use of this tradition in 'Faust' is well known. The Brocken Spectre, an optical phenomenon rarely witnessed, has doubtless contributed to confirm the superstitions attaching to the moun- tain. When the summit is unclouded , and the sun is on one side , and mists rise on the other, the shadows of the mountain and the objects on it are cast in gigantic proportions on the wall of fog, increasing or dimin- ishing according to circumstances. i. Clausthal. Andreasherg . From Vienenhurg to Clausthal, railway in 2V2 hrs., see p. 412. From Goslar to Clausthal 12'/2M., thence to Andreasberg i'S^/^'^l-, from Andreasberg to Elbingerode 18 31. (diligence in each case) ; railway from Andreasberg to (9 M.) Lauterherg. Clausthal (1840 ft. ; '^Goldene Krone, E. 2 m.; Deutscher Kaiser ; Rathhaus ; Stadt London^, the most important place in the Oberharz, and the seat of the mining authorities, with Zellerfeld (*Deutsches Haus), which is separated from it by the Zellbach, forms a single town vdih 13,400 inhab., chiefly miners. Country bleak and sterile. Most of the houses are of wood. The Bergschule , in the market, contains a collection of models and minerals. Mines. The Caroline and Dorothea mines, IV2 M. from Clausthal, are less easy of access than those of the Rammelsberg. Permission from the superintendent necessary. The Georg- Wilhelm mine is 2135 ft. in depth. The mines around Clausthal are drained by means of the Oeorgsstollen, a chan- nel 6 M. long, terminating near Git'.elde (p. 40S). hltendiViC' Rammelsherg , 'pension' 3^ 4m. ; Schiitzenhaus ; Rathhaus), b^/oM. to the IS'.E. of Clausthal, on the road to Oker (p. 423), is a favourite sum- mer-residence. By the footpath it is somewhat nearer. Diligence from Al- tenau to (12>/2 M.)" Oker daily. To OsTERODE, a railway-station, 82/4 31. from Clausthal, a diligence runs twice daily, passing several picturesque points, e.g. the inn at the foot of the (IV4 M.) Heiligenstock. The old road, which is shorter and more interesting for pedestrians, diverges a little beyond the Ziegelhutte pinn), and passes through the village of (41/2 M.) Lerhach (Paickerfs Inn, 'pension' 4 m. ; Schiitzenhaus), a favourite summer-resort. Osterode, see p. 408. From Clausthal to Andreasberg, 13 M. The road crosses the bleak lofty plateau of the Oberharz. The (3 M.) Sperberhaier Damm supplies the mines of Clausthal with water. At the (7 M.) Sonneherger Wegehaus the road turns to the S. , while that in a straight direction leads to Braunlage [see below). Pedestrians may here quit the diligence and follow the latter road to the Oderteich, an artificial reservoir, whence a *Footpath leads to Andreasberg in 11/2 ^r. , skirting a conduit called the Rehberger Graben. Fine view to the left of the rocky bed of the Oder , to the right of the pre- cipitous Rehberger Klippen. The *lnn at the Rehberger Grubenhaus, IY2 ^- from Andreasberg, is a good point for a prolonged stay. Andreasberg [1825 ft. ; Rathskeller ; Schiitzenhaus ; Hotel Busch'), a small town situated in a lofty and bleak region, has recently come into favour as a summer-residence on account of its bracing moun- tain air. Pop. 3262. It possesses important mines. The Samson WILDUNGEN. 72. Route. 429 silver-mine, the deepest in the Harz Mts. (2871 ft.), is easy of access. Specimens of the minerals of the Harz may be purchased at the Neufanyer Zechenhaus. — Diligence by Braunlage to (I8Y2M.) Elbingerode (p. 420) daily. To Herzbeeg (p. 40*^), 9 M., from Andreasberg, a pleasant road leads by (4V2 M) Sieber (Inn) and through the pretty Sieberthal. Railway by Luuterberg to Scharz/eld, see p. 408. To THE Beocken. The road from Andreasberg leads by Braunlage^ Elend, and Schierke (p. 427)-, the footpath, more attractive, by the Rehberger Graben to the (2 hrs.) Oderteich (see above), and then by Oderbriick ("For- ester's Inn) to the (3 hrs.) top (path marked by blocks of granite). 72. From Cassel to Frankfort on the Main. 124 M. Railway. Express in 3Va-4 hrs. (fares 18 m., 13 m. 30 pf.); or- dinary trains in 5^/4 hrs. (fares 16 m., 12 m., 8 m.). — Express from Berlin to Frankfort in lis/^ hrs. (fares 48 m. 40, 35 m. 90 pf. ; comp. RR. 4, 7). Cassel, see p. 108. At (2^/2 M.) Wilhelmshdhe the line crosses the avenue (p. 117). 81/2 ^1- Guntershausen (Bellevue) is the junction of the Eisen- ach line (R. 58). The train now skirts the Fulda and then the Edder. lOi/o M. Grifte , at the confluence of these streams. Near (17 M.) Gensungen the ahvu^t Heiligenberg rises to the left, and the lofty tower of the Felsberg (1375 ft.) to the right; farther on, at the confluence of the Sehwalm and the Edder, stands the Altenburg. To the right in the background is the ruin of Gudensberg. 22 M. Wabern , with a chateau and a beetroot-sugar manufac- tory, is the station for Wildungen. From Wabeex to Wilduxgen, IOV2 M., railway in 1 hr. (fares 1 m. 40, 1 m. 10, TO pf.). The railway ascends the valley of the Edder to (SVs M.) Fritzlar, an old town with 3021 inhab., prettily situated on the left bank of the stream, surrounded by mediaeval watch-towers, and containing several interesting buildings. The "Cathedral, which once belonged to the Benedictine abbey founded by St. Boniface, to whom the town owes its origin, was erected about the year 1200 on the site of an earlier church. It is a Romanesque edifice, with a crypt and two Gothic aisles added on. the S. side in the 14th century. The" S. tower fell in 1869. The monu- ments , choir -stalls, etc., of the 14th cent, and the handsome Gothic cloi.^ters are worthy of inspection. The treasury contains six valuable ecclesiastical vessels. — The 'Church of the Minorites (now Prot.) dates from the l4th century. — At Geismar, situated above Fritzlar, about ^/^'il. to the y.W. , St. Boniface is said to have felled the sacred oak dedi- cated to the god Thor in 732. — Beyond (7 ]*!.) Uiigedatiken, we enter the principality ofWaldeck. Ti/iJ M. Mandern ; SV-' M. Wega. — IOV2 M. Wild- ungen Station , li/.' M. from the town. Hotel omnibuses await the trains. "Wildungen (j-Badelogirhaus and -Europaischer Hoj\ E. 10-40 m. per week, D. 21/4 m. ; -Gocke, by the Curhaus, R. 10-30 m, per week ; Post., R. 6-20 m. •, Zimmermann, R.9-15 m. ; numerous lodging-houses; Visitors'' Tax 12 m. , each addit. pers. 5 m.) is a frequented watering-place, also called Nieder-Wildungen^ to distinguish it from AU-Wildungen., situated to the N. , about 160 ft. higher, with the Schloss Friedrichstein ^ command- ing a survey of the pretty, wooded environs. The Gothic Stadtkirche at Nieder -Wildungen contains the marble monument of Count Josias of Waldeck (died in Candia , 1669) , a formidable antagonist of the Turks, and a good winged altarpiece painted by Conrad von Soest in 1402. — The mineral Springs, which contain iron and nitrogen, and are beneficial in cases of bowel-complaints, diseases of the bladder, etc., 430 Route 72. MARBURG. From Cassel lie a little to the S.W. (3000 patients annually; 520,000 bottles exported). The most important is the Georg-Victor-Quelle, on the road to Hundsdorf, 1/2 M. distant , where there are pleasure-grounds, hotels, and villas (see above). The Cnrhaus, also on the Hundsdorf road , contains a restaurant and reading-room. Dr. Roerig's Bninnen, at the N.E. end of the town, below Schloss Friedrichstein, is another favourite spring. Pleasant walks to the Katzenstein and back in ^li hr. ; to the Zickzackbei-g and the Henrietteii's RuK" above it, 3/4 hr. ; ascent of the Homherg (tower) and back, 2 hrs. — A road diverging to the left from the high-road as we quit the town leads to the (IV4 ^I.) Helen en- Qtielle, the second in importance of the springs (Cafe'). Pleasant walk thence to the Thalhrimnen and the Stafdbrunnen, from which we may return to the town by the high-road (2 hrs.), passing the Georg-Victor-Qnelle. — About 7\'2 M. to the N. of Wildungen is situated the old chateau of Waldeck (Restaurant), which commands an admirable view of the Edder. The Auenberg (2057 ft.), 5 M. to the S,, is also a fine point of view. 27 M. Borken; 30 M. Zimmersrode ; 38 M. Treysa, the junction for the line to Niederhone (p. 434) ; 44 M. Neustadt, with old towers and a tasteful Gothic chapel. On a wooded hill to the left of [55M.) Kirchhain lies the old town of Amoneburg, the venerable church of which was founded hy St. Boniface. The train crosses the Lahn. From (61 2 ^I-) Colbe a hranch-line diverges to (16 M.) Biedenkopf and (221/2 M.; 2-27-2 hrs.) Laasphe, with the chateau of Wittgenstein. 64^2 M. Marburg (Ritter; "^ Hotel Pfeiffer ; Schweinsberg, well spoken of; Hessischer Hof; Rail. Restaurant), a small town with 11,225 inhab., on the Lahn, is charmingly situated in a semicircle round the precipitous Schlossberg. The University, now attended hy 1000 students, was the first founded (by Philip the Generous, in 1527') without papal privileges. The chief hoast of Marhurg is the *Church of St. Elizabeth, erected in 1235-83 in the finest German early-Gothic style, and restored in 1860 , affording in its pure simplicity and noble pro- portions an admirable example of the impressiveness of this style. W. towers 310 ft. high. (Sacristan opposite the church ; ring ; 50pf.). Soon after the death of St. Elizabeth (p. 351 ; d. in 1231 , in her 24th year), the church was erected over her tomb, which attracted multitudes of pilgrims from every part of Europe. The Emp. Frederick II. , one of these devotees , caused a crown of gold to be placed on the head of the saint, whose remains were deposited in a richly -decorated silver -gilt sarcophagus. The Landgrave Philip (founder of the university) , in order to put an end to the pilgrimages, caused the bones to be removed and in- terred in an unknown spot in the church. The sarcophagus is still pre- served in the sacristy near the high-altar. In 1810 the French carried it off to Cassel and despoiled it of its jewels, but it was restored to Marburg in 1814. The mortuary chapel is adorned with a carved representation of the Coronation of the Virgin, and winged pictures by Diirer (?); in the interior the Xativity and Death of Mary ; ancient carving and pictures at the four side-altars. Numerous monuments of Hessian princes and knights of the Teutonic Order dating from the 13th -15th centuries (amongst others the tombstone of Landgrave Conrad von Thiiringen, d. 1243) are preserved in the S. transept. The Lutheran Church, on a terrace commanding a fine view, a finely-proportioned structure of the 15th cent. , contains several large monuments of Landgraves and other princes. The town boasts of a number of interesting old buildings in the to Frankfort. GIESSEN. 72. Route. 43 1 Steiiiweg (Cafe Quentin, with a Renaissance portal"), in theWetter- gasse, in the market-place, in which is situated the i?af/^i/ir/us (1512), in the Ritter-Str. (Zura Hirsch. a timber building of 1576), and in several others. — The Post Office, University, Observatory, Anato- mie, and other academical institutions, chiefly in the Gothic style, are the principal modern buildings. The extensive and well preserved Schloss (876 ft.), to which a steep road ascends from the church of St. Elizabeth in 20 min., was a residence of the princes of Hessen in the 15th and 16th cen- turies, and afterwards a state-prison. It is now judiciously restored, and contains the valuable Hessian archives (formerly in Cassel), and those of Fulda and Hanau. The fine Gothic chapel and the Rittersaal are worthy of inspection. In this chateau the famous disputation between Luther, Zwingli, Melanchthon, and other re- formers took place in 1529. They met, on the invitation of Philip the Generous, with a view to adjust their differences regarding the Eucharist, but the attempt proved abortive owing to Luther's ten- acious adherence to the precise words, 'Hoc est corpus meum', which he wrote in large letters on the table. Beautiful views from the Schloss, and in descending to the town by the other side (1/9 ^^- )• Environs. Good paths, provided with finger-posts, lead to a number of other beautiful points of view. The Spiegelslust (1200 ft.) , a height above the station, is ascended in 40 min.; morning-lights most favourable. From the EUsabethbrininen near the vill.ige of Schi-ock, 4 31. distant, an- other good view, tow.irds Schoneburg , may be obtained; the building covering the spring was built in the Renaissance stvle in 1596. On the left bank of the Lahn are the (1 hr.) Lichte Kiippel (1203 ft.) and the Frauenberg (1240 ft.) with a ruined castle. — On the right bank, above the church of St. Elizabeth, rises the oak-clad Kirckspitze (1050 ft.), from which forest-paths lead to the quarries of Wehrda. From Marburg a diligence runs daily via Miinchhausen to Frankenberg (22'/2M. to the K.W.). The 3Iarienkirche here dates from 1300; on the S.E. side is the beautiful Gothic *Liebfrauen-Capelle (1386). The line follows the fertile valley of the Lahn till Giessen is reached. On a wooded hill to the leit is the chateau of Friedel- hausen. On an eminence beyond (74 M. ) Fronhausen, to the left, rise the ruins of Stauffenherg (a line point of view , 1^4 M. from Lollar). From (78 M.) Lollar a line diverges to DorLar, Kinzen- bach, Gleiberg . Launsbach, and Wetzlar (11 M. in 172^^.). Be- yond Lollar the castle of Gleiberg (see above) is seen to the right; still farther distant, Fetzberg. Beyond Giessen, 2 M. to the S.E. of the town, rises Schloss Schiffenberg, the property of the grand-duke of Hessen, once a lodge of the Teutonic Order (extensive view). 83 M. Giessen (Hail. Restaurant, D, 2 m. ; *Kuhne , near the station; '''Einhorn; Rappe ; Prinz Carl; beer and line view at the Felsenkeller) , on the Lahn, a town chiefly of modern origin , with 16,855 inhab. , is the seat of a university, founded in 1607 (500 stud.). From Giessen TO Fulda, 60M., in 2:V4-3i/2 hrs. (fares 8m. 60, Gm. 45, 4m. 30 pf.), a route of no great interest. 37 M. Alsfeld (Krone), the principal place on this line, and the oldest town in Oberhessen, possesses two fine 432 Route 7^. FRIEDBERG. Gothic churches and several interesting late -Gothic and Renaissance edi- fices of the 15-16th cent., most of which are in the market-place. — 54 M. Salzschlirf is a watering-place with mineral-springs. — Fiddo, see p. 434. Fkom Giessen to Gelxhausex, 44 :3I., railway in 21/2-31/4 hrs. (fares 5 m. 60, 4 m. 20^ 2 m. SO pf.). The most important station is Mdda, near which is the small bath of Salzhausen. Gelnhausen, see p. 435. FfiOM Giessen to Coblexz, railway in 33/4 hrs., see Baedeker's Rhine. 89 M. Langgons. About 3 M. to tlie left of (94 M.) Butzbach, a small town in the fertile Wetterau , rise the extensive ruins of tlie castle of Miinzenberg , destroyed in the Thirty Years' War. The higher (154 ft.) of the two towers commands a fine view. 100 M. Nauheim. — Hotels. 'Bellevue; *Cuesaal: Hotel de l'Eu- ROPE ; Deutschee Hof; Goldexek Engel. — Private Apartments at the Villa Wagner. Villa Langsdorf^ etc. — It is advisable not to arrive late in the evening, as the hotels are often full during the season. Kestaurants. Xeiter Cursaal; Henlcel; Reinhardt; Burk. Visitors' Tax for stay of more than five days, 12 m., 2 pers. 18 m.; each additional member of a family, 3 m. Cabs. One-horse per drive, 1-2 pers. 60 pf., 3-4 pers. 80 pf . ; two-horse, 80 pf. or 1 m. •, per hour 2 m. 60, 3 m. 40, 3 m. 40 pf., 5 m. Nauheim, a town with 2517 inhah., in a healthy situation on the N.E. slopes of the Taunus Mts., possesses warm saline springs, impregnated with carbonic acid gas, which attract upwards of 5000 patients annually. Extensive evaporating houses and salt-pans. The water of the Friedrich- Wilhelms-Sprudel (95° Fahr.), the Grosse Sprudel (90°) and the Kleine Sprudel (84°) are used for the various baths, which are admirably fitted up. The Friedrich-Wilhelms- Sprudel throws up a milky jet of saline water about 50 ft. in height. The springs used for drinking are the Curbrunnen , the Carlsquelle (resembling the Rakoczy of Kissingen), and the Ludwigs- gweiZe (alkaline water). Adjoining the Trinkhalle are several green- houses connected with the pleasure-grounds. At the foot of the Johannisberg, about 1/2 ^1- from the station, is the handsome Con- versationshaus , with elegant rooms and a fine terrace overlooking the extensive grounds. The Teichhaus, at the upper end of the park, is much visited. The Johannisberg., a wooded height, 20 min. to the W. of the Cursaal, com- mands a fine view (two-horse carr., 1-2 pers. 2 m. SO, 3-4 pers. 3 m. 40 pf.). Excursions may also be made to the Stadticald , Eof Hasselheck, Schloss Ziegenherg (I1/2 hr. ; one-horse carr. 7 m. or 8 m. 90, two-horse 11 or 12 m.), the ruin of Jliinzenberg, etc. Walk to Friedberg (see below), 40 min. The train skirts the Gradirhauser (evaporating sheds) , and crosses a lofty viaduct to — 103 M. Tviedherg (* Hotel Trapp, good wine; Eestaurant Felsen- feefier, with view), a Hessian district-town with 4825inhab.. once a free Imperial city, and still retaining traces of its former importance, The Protestant Liebfrauenkirche, a Gothic edifice, was built in 1290-' 1350; the towers date from the 15th cent. ; the interior contains a screen, tabernacle, and tombstones of the 14th and 15th cent., and also Gothic stained glass. The so-called Romerbad or Juden- bad, in the Judengasse, existed in the 14th century. On the N. side rises a fine, well-preserved watch-tower, 165 ft. high, near ESCHWEGE. 73. Route. 433 -which is the beautiful Palace Garden. The old Castle is now a seminary. — About IV2 M. to the N.E. of Friedberg h Schwal- heim, the mineral water of which is largely exported. — Railway to Hanau^ see p. 436. As the train approaches Frankfort^ the Taunus Mts. are seen on the right. — 118 M. Bonames, the station for the baths of Hombury. 124 M. Frankfort, see Baedeker'' s Rhine. 73. From Gottingen to Bebra and Frankfort on the Main. 152 M. Express in 51/2 hrs. (fares 21 m. 20, 15 m. 70, 11 m. 10 pf.). — Express from Berlin to Frankfort, 339 M., in 12 hrs. (fares 49 m. 10, 36 m. 90, 26 m. 40): from Leipsic to Frankfort, 237 M., in 9 hrs. (fares 34 m. 50, 25 m. 70 pf., 18 m.). Gottingen^ see p. 119. — The train ascends the wide Leinethal to (51/2 M. ) Obernjesa and (8 M.) Friedland. 12 M. Juchenberg is the junction of the Nordhausen and Cassel line (p. 407j; at the village, to the W. of the station, is an intermittent spring called the 'Karlsquelle'. A picturesque walk may be taken hence to (1 hr.) the ruins of *//rtn5of 45. Environs 76. Ethnographical Mu- seum 56. Exchange 68. Exhibition Park 71. Exhibitions 14. 63. 71. Fire Station 13. Flora 12. 76. French Church 54. Friedens-Allee 72. Friedenssaule 60. Friedrichsberg 2. 67. Friedrichshain, the 67. Friedrichstadt 52. — , Aeussere 56. Friedrichstrasse , the 52. 70. Friedrich-Werder'sche Gymnasium, the 24. Friedrich-Wilhelm- Stadt 70. Garrison Church 68. General Staff 73. Gensdarmenmarkt 53. Geolog. Institute 71. St. Gertraudt Stiftuug 61. Gesundbrunnen 77. Goods Agents 9. Governor's Residence 55. Guard House, Roval 24. 21. Gymnasium, Friedrich Werder'sche 24. — zum Grauen Klo- ster 66. — , Joachimsthal 74. — , Konig Wilhelm 56. Halle Gate 61. Hasenheide 61. St. Hedwig's Church 23. Hegel, Bust of 24. Heiliggeist-Kirche 68. Herrenhaus 55. Hippodrome 74. INDEX. 439 Berlin : History 17. Hohenzollern Museum 68. Holy Rood Church 61. Hospital, Municipal 67. — , Elisabeth 56. — , St. Hedwig's 69. — , Augusta 71. Hotels 2. Humboldt's House 70. Humboldthafen 71. Humboldthain 70. Industrial Academy 66. Industrial Museum 56. Industriegebiiude 63. Invaliden-Haus 71. Invaliden-Park 71. .Tacobikirche 64. Jerusalem Cemetery 61. — Church 60. Jewish Cemetery 69. St. John 72. Kaiser-Gallerie 21. Kaiserhallen 21. Kaiserhof 2. Kammergericht 60. Klosterkirche 66. Kolln Rathhaus 64. Konigs-Platz 72. Konigstadt 67. Konig-Strasse 65. Kreuzberg, the 61. Kroirs 12. 73. Kunstfreunde, Exhib. of the 63. Kunstverein, Picture Gall. 14. Kiinstler-Verein 63. Kurfiirsten-Briicke 64. Kurfurstenhaus 65. Lagerhaus 66. Leipziger-Platz 55. Leipziger-Strasse 55. Library, Roval 23. — , University 22. 24. Linden, the 20. Luisenstadt 64. St. Luke 60. Lustgarten 26. Marienkirche 65. St. Mark 67. Market Halls 24. 56. 60, 67. Marschalls-Briicke 70. Miirkisches Prov. Mu- seum 64. Masonic Lodge 24. Mausoleum, Royal 75. St. Matthew 56. St. Matt.'s Cemetery 56 St. Michael 64. Berlin: Midwifery Institute 23. 70. Military-Academy 24. Mineral Cabinet 22. Alining Institute 71. — Museum 14. Ministerial Offices 21. 24. 54. 55. Mint, the 62. Moabit 71. Molken-Markt 67. Moltke-Brucke 73. Monbijou 68. Monument of Frede- rick the Great 22. — of Schiller 53. — of Victory 72. — Warriors' 71. — , onthe Kreuzberg 61. Miihlendamm 67. Museum, Xew 30. 41. — , Old 29. 31. — , Provincial 64. Music, Classical 11. National Gallery 46. Natural History Mu- seum 71. Xazarethkirche 70. New Church 54. St. Nicholas 65. Observatory 60. Old Town 64. Olympian Casts 29. Omnibuses 9. Opera House 11. 23. Oranienburg Gate 70. Palace, Royal 26. — of Emperor William 22. — of the Crown-Prince 24. — of Prince Albert 60 — of Princes Alexan der and George 54. — of Prince Leopold 55. — of Count Arnim Boitzenburg 21. — of Prince Bismarck 54. — of Prince Bliicher 21. — of Prince Pless 54. — of the Princesses 24. — of Count Rcdern 21. — of Count Stolberg54. Panopticum 13. 21. Panoramas 14. 21. 53. 67. 73. Parcel Post Oflice 70. Pariser-PIatz 21. Parochial Church 66. Berlin : Passage 21. Pathological Institute 71. Penitentiary 72. St. Peter 63. Physical Laboratory 24. 23. Physiological Institute 24. 23. Picture Gallery, Royal (Old Museum) 34. Plotzensee 72. Pneumatic Post 9. 21. Police Court 67. 14. Porcelain Manufactorj' 74. 55. Post Offices 9. 55. 65. Post Office Museum 55. Potsdam Gate 56. Potsdam Suburb 56. Pringsheim's House54. Printing Office, Gov. 64. Prison 71. Provinzial-Museum 64. Raczynski's Picture Gallery 51. Railway Stations 1. 56. 61 64. etc. Rathhaus 65. Rathskeller 5. 66. Rauch Museum 66. Ravene's Picture Gal- lery 63. Redern's Picture Gal- lery 21. Reichsbank 62. Reichshallen 63.__ Reichs-Postamt 55. Reichstags-Gebiiudo 55. 72. Ressource 21. Restaurants 4. Ringbahn 2. Schauspielhaus 11. 53. Schiller-Platz 53. Schiller's Monument53. Schloss 26. Schlossbriicke 25. Schlossplatz 64. Schcineberg Quarter 61 . Sculptures, Gal. of 33. Shops 10. Sieges-Allee 73. Sieges-Penkmal 72. Singacademie 11. 24. Slaughter-houses 67. Sophienkirche 69. ^ Spandauer Bock 76. Stables, Royal 64. Stadtbahn i. 17. Stained Glass Institu- tion 14. 440 INDEX. Berlin: Statue of Frederick the Great 22. — of Fred. Will. III. 26. 73. — of the Great Elector 64. — of Queen Louise 73. Statues of Bliicher. Gneisenau.York, Bil- low, Scharnhorst 23. 24. — of Sevdlitz, etc. 54. — of Beuth 62. — of Count Branden- burg 56. — of Goethe 73. — of Grafe 71. — of Jahn 61. — of Schiller 53. — of Schinkel 62. — of Stein 62. — of Thaer 62. — of Wrangel 56. Steamboats 9. Stralau Quarter 67. Synagogue 69. Technical Schools 74. 66. Telegraph Offices 9. 21. 62. ' Telephone Offices 9. Tempelhof 61. Theatres 11. 23. 53. 67. Thiergarten 73. St. Thomas 64. Tivoli 61. Town Hall 65. Tramways 6. Treasury 55. Trinity Church 55. Turn-Anstalt, Central 71. Turnhalle 64. 13. University 22. Urban 61. Veterinary College 71. Victory, Mon. of 72. Voss-S'trasse 55. War Office 55. War Monuments 67. 71. 72. Water Works 67. 76. Weapons, Museum of 24. Weidendamm Bridge 70. Werder Church 62. Westend 76. Wilhelm-Strasse 54. WilhelmshOhe 61. Wilhelms-Platz, the 54. Wrangel Fountain 73. Berlin : Zellengefiingniss 71. Zelte, the 73. Zionskirche 70. Zoolog. Garden 12.74, — Museum 22. Berlinchen 235. Bernau 229. Bernburg 359. Bernsen 91. Berste, the 265. Bernstorff 217. Berthelsdorf 270. Bestwig 107. Betzdorf 106. Beutersitz 361. Beuthen 297. Beverungen 108. 119. Biberhohe 201. Bibersteine, the 276. Biedenkopf 430. Biederitz 102. Biela, the 327. 333. Bielagrund. the 328. Biele, the 292. Bielefeld 88. Bielshohle, the 420. Biendorf 359. Bienenmiihle 339. Biesenthal 229. Bilay 289. Bille, the 165. Bilstein 433. Binz 226. Birawa 297. Birgwitz 271. Birkenfeld, ruin 420. Birkerod 218. ' Birkicht 270. Bischofsberg 243. Bischofsheim 435. Biscbofskoppe, the 296. Bischofswerda 299. Bischofswerder 237. Bismarckshohe, the 276. Bismark 358. Bitterfeld 358. Blankenberg (Mecklen- burg) 190. — (Saalthal) 367. Blankenburg (Harz) 419. — (Thuringia) 394. Blankenese 1(4. Blankenhain 379. Blunkensee 253. Blankenstein 367. 104. Blasewitz 326. Blaue Kuppe, the 434. Blauenthal 344. Blechhiitte, the 417. Bleicherode 407. Bleistadt 345. Blocksberg, see Brocken. Bloh 160. Blonsdorf 356. Blumenau 395. Blumenberg 359. 411. Blumenhagen 193. Bober, the 273. 286. 270. Bobitz 186. Bochum 104. Bockau 344. Bode, the 415. 420. Bodenbach 328. Bodenfelde 119. Bodensteiner Klippen 132. Bodenwerder 119. Bohem. Switzerland 333. Bohlscheiben 394. Bohmisch-Kamnitz 329. Bohmte '155. Brihiigen 336. Bohuslavitz 2d'\ Boitzenburg 220. Bokelholm 180. Boldixum 184. Bolgenhain 270. Bolkoburg 270. Boltenhagen 186. Bolzenschloss, the 274. Bomberg, the 143. Bomst 256. Bonames 433. Borckenfriede 221. Bordeshohn 177. Borsanie 287. Bor-holz 108. Boricen 430. Borkum 158. Born 94. Borna 336. Bornecke 411. Bornum 93. Borohradek 290. Borsdorf 346. 348. Biirssum 99. 408. Bosel, the 348. Bovenden 120. Boyneburg 434. Brackwede 87. Brahe, the 236. Brahlstorf 220. Brakel 97. Brambach 366. Bramsche 160. Bramow 192. Brand 265. 331. Brand, the 291. Brandenbuig on the Ha- vel 102. — on the Werra 372. Brandleite Tunnel 381. Branitz 266. Bransrode 433. Brauhausberg, the 85. INDEX. 441 Braunau 358. Braunesumpf 429. Braunlage 429. Braunsbcrg 246. Braunschweig 132. Brechelshof 293. Bredelar 107. Bredow 232. Breege 225. 228. Breitenau 372. Breitenbach 343. Breitenberg, the 424. Breiteiibiirg 177. Breitenfeld 358. Breitenhain 294. Bremen 148. Bremen-Neustadt 158. Bremerhaven 154. Breslaii 258. Brieg 296. Briesen 236. 252. Brilon 1U7. Blitz 230. Broacker 182. Brocken, the 427. Brokstedt 177. Bromberg 236. Brotbaude, the 279. Brotterode 401. Bruchberg 340. Bruchhauser Steinc ll)7. Bruchmvihlen 122. Briiggen 120. Briickenberg 279. Hruhn^s Koppel 201. Bruniui 289. Brunnenberg, 280. 281. Brunsberg, the 98. r.runsnis 182. Brunswick 132. Alte Waage 139. Altstadt-Markt 133. Augustus-Thor 140. Barracks 135. 140. Botanic Garden 140. Bronze Foundry 140. Burgplatz 135. Cemeteries 140. Churches : St. Andrew's 138. Brudernkirche 139. St. Catharine's 138. Cathedral 135. St. Magnus' 136. St. Martin's 134. Commercial School 139. Court House 136. Dankwarderode 135. Egydienhalle 139. Gauss's House 140. Gewandhaus 134. Gymnasium 134. Brunswick : Ilagonmarkt 138. Holland'scher Garten 139. llolstein's House 134. Hospitals 140. Lessing's grave 140. Lion 135. Museum. Ducal 136. — , Municipal 138. — , Anatomical 140. — , Nat. History 140. Obelisk 140. Olfermann's Monu- ment 140. Palace, Ducal 136. Park, Ducal 140. Picture Gallerv 136. Police Office 136. Polvtechnikum 140. Post Oflice 134. 132. Promenades 139. Railway Station 139. Rammelsbursier Teich 140. Rathhaiis-Mtstadt. 134. — , Xeustadt, 138. Richmond, chateaux 141. Schill's monument 141. Slaughter House 140. Spohr's House 139. Statue of Henrv the Lion 138. — of dukes Fred. Will, and Charles Will. Ferd. 136. — of Gauss 140. — of Lessing l39. Synagogue 134. Theatre 140. Town Archives 138. — Library 138. Vieweg's Garden 141. War Monument 139. Waterworks 139. Windmiihlcnberg 140. Briisterort 251. Brii.K 340. Bucheloh 396. Biichen 220. 162. Biichenherg, the 426. 89. Buchfahrt 379. Buchholz 155. 342. Buchwald 274. Buchwaldsdorf 282. Buckau 99. 102. 358. Biickeburg 91. Buckow 235. Bukowine 290. Bullerbcrg 411. Bullerborn, the 97. Biilowshohe, the 418. Biinde 122. Bungsberg, the 200. Bunzelwitz 287. Bunzlau 257. Burg 102. 266. Burgberg, the 424. Biirgel 374. Burgdorf 161. Burghaun 434. Burgk, Schloss 367. Burgkemnitz 358. Burgkunstadt 367. Burg-Lesum 153. Burg-Littitz 292. Burgsberg, the 409. Burgscheidungen 406. Burgsteinfurt 151. Burkhardtsdurf 342. Kursfelde 119. Burscheid 94. Bur.xdorf 301. Buschmuhle253. 256. 266. 338. Buschau 92. Biisum 184. Butjadinger Land 175. Butzbach 432. Biitzow liJO. Buxtehude 174. Cadienen 246. Cainsdorf 343. Calau 361. Calbe 359. 404. Calcum 85. Callenberg 393. Callnberg 337. Camburg 373. Camen 87. Camenz 291. Cammerberg 397. Cammin 228. Camsdorf 374. Canth 287. Caputh 85. Carlsbad 342. Carlsberg 290. — , the 244. Carlsfeld 344. Carlshafen 108. Carolinenhorst 233. Carolinenkoog 184. Candinensiel 155. Carthaus 244. Carwitz 234. Cassel 108. Caslrop 86. Catlent>iirg 120. Cattonstiidt 417. Catterfeld 399. Caulsdorf 369. Colic 161. Charlottenbrunn 270. 442 INDEX, Chariot tenburg 74. Charlottenhof 266. Charlottenlund 217. Chemnitz 335. Chodau 344. Chorin 229. Chotzen 290. Cirkel 395. Clarabad 93. Clausthal 428. Coburg 391. Colbe 43U. Colberg 234, Colditz 348. Collund 182. Connern 410. Couradmiihle 87. Conradsthal 289. Copenhagen 204. Academy of Art 208. Amalieborg 196. Anthropological Mu- seum 215. Antiquities, coll. of 212. 213. Arsenal 208. Arsenalo 207. Art Hall 208, Axelhus 207, Bank 208, Baths 205. 217. Bellevue 217, ^ Bernstorff. chat. 217. Blind Asylum 216. Botanic Garden 215, Bredgade 215, Cemeteries 216. Ceramic coll. 213. Charlottenborg 208. Charlottenlund 217. Christiansborg 208. Christianshavn 210. Christiansholm 207, Coins, coll. of 213. Court Chapel 209. Custom House 216, Dyrehave 217. Engravings, coll. of 213. PZnglish Church 206. 216. Environs 216. Eremitage 217. Esplanade 216. Ethnograph. Museum 203. Exchange 208, Exhibition 216. Fortifications 207. 203. Fortunen 218. Frederiksberg 216. Frederikshavn 2u3. 207. Frederiksholm 207. Frederikskirke 215. Copenhagen : Friheds-Stotten 216. Fruekirke 213. Frue-Plads 214. Gammeltorv 213. Greek Church 215, Groningen 216. Harbour 207, Holmens Kirke 208. Hospitals 215. Industrial Hall 216. Jacobsen's Sculpture Gallerv 217. Kirsten Pills Kilde218. Klampenborg 217. Knippelsbro 210. Kongens Xytorv 208. Lange Linie, the 216. Law Courts 208. Library, Royal 208. Marble Church 215. Meteorolog. Institute 216. Mineralo;r. 3Iuseum 214. ^ Moltkes Picture Gal- lery 215. Naval 3Ionument 216. Nicolai Tower 210. Xvholm 207. Xytorv 213. Observatorv 215. St. Paurs 215. Picture Gallery, Eoval 208. Polytechnic Institution 214. Post Office 205. Prindsens-Palais 212. Eailway Station 206. PLOm.Cath. Chapel 215 Rosenborg 214. 215. Round Tower 214. Sondermarken 216. Stables, Royal 208. Statue of Christian IV, 210. 215. — of Christian V. 208 — of Frederick V, 216, — of Frederick VI, 216. — of Frederick VII, 208. — of Andersen 215. — of Holberg 208. — of Kiels Juel 208. — of Uehlenschlager 208. — of Oersted 215. — ofTordenskjold208, — Tycho Brahe 215. Steamboats 206. Surgeons' Hall 215. Copenhagen : Theatres 206. 208. 209. Thorvaldsen Museum 210. Tivoli 206. 216. Town Hall 213. Trinity Church 214. University 214, — Library 214, Volgade 114. Vor Frelsers Kirke 210. Zoolog. Garden 216. Zoolog. Museum 214. Corbetha 369. Corlin 234. Cornberg 434. Corvev 98. Coschen 256. Cosel 296. 297, Coserow 222. Coslin 234, Cossen 336. Cossmannsdorf 338. Coswig 257. 345. Cothen 359. Cottbus 266, Cottmar, the 298. Courl 87. Crampas 227. Cranz 251. Cranzahl 342, Cranzbeck 251. Cranzkuren 251. Crensitz 361. Creutzthal 106. Crimmitzschau 366. Crcillwitz 361. Crombach 106. Crossen 256. 368, Cudowa 290. Culm 237. Culmbach 367. Cummerower See 193. Cursdorfer Koppe 395. Custrin 235. Cuxhaven 174. Cvbina, the 254. Czerneboh, the 298, Czerwinsk 237, Dachrieden 407, Dachsberg 399, Dagebiill 183. Dahlen 346, Dahlhausen 104. Dahmsdorf 235. Dalherda 435. Dalimeric 285. Dambrau 296. Damm 232. Dammersfeld 435. Dammsche See 230, Danewerk. the 180, INDEX. 443 Dangast 160. Danholm, the 224. Dannstedt 411. Dantsic 237. Dassel 120. Dauer 221. Dechenhohle, the 1U5. Deister Hills 141. Deisterp forte 141. Delitzsch 358. 361. Delme, the 158. Delmenliorst 158. Demker 358. Dennewitz 300. Derenburg 411. Dermbach 388. Derneburg 132. Desenberg 108. Dessau 362. Detmold 88. Deuben 334. Deutsch-Crone 235. Deutschenbora 348. Deutsch-Eylau 237. Deutsch-Rasselwitz 295. Deutsch-Wette 295. Dieksee, the 201. Dielingen 155. Diemel, the 107. Diepholz 155. Dietendorf 371. Dietharz 399. Dietrichsburg, the 122. Dietzhausen 382. Dievenow 233. — , the 232. Dingelstedt 407. Dipperz 435. Dippoldiswalde 338. Dirschau 237. Ditfurth 410. Ditniarschen, the 177. Dittersbach (Siles) 286. 270. — (Bohem.Switz.)333. Dittersdorf 344. Dobeln 348. Doberan 192. Dobrilugk 300. 361. Dockenhuden 174. Dohlenberg, the 291. Diihlau 366. Dohna 327. Diilauer Heide 361. Dolitz 355. Dollahn 226. Dollart, the 156. Dollensradung 235. Dolmar, the 389. Domberg, the 382. Bomina 341. Donndorf 406. Donnerau 271. Dorenberg, the 155. Uorf-Chemnitz 344. Dorlar 431. Diirnberg 342. Durnberg, the llJ8. Dornburg, the 373. Dornbusch 228. Dorndorf 373. 388. Dorrengnind 289. Dortmund 80. Dosse, the 221. Drachenschlucht 38S. Drachenstein 3-^8. Dragor 202. 203. Dransfeld 119. Drebber 155. Dreibergen 190. Dreiecker 292. Drei Gleichen 371. Dreiherrnbriicke 427. Drei-Herrenstein 403. Drei Steine 279. Drensteinfurt 143. Dresden 301. Academy of Art 306. Altmarkt 323. Altstadt 305. American Church 303. 324. Anna Fountain 321. Annenkirche 321. Antiquities, Collection of 324. — , Museum of 325. Barracks 306. Baths 303. Bismarck-Platz 323. Botanic Garden 306. Bridges 306. Briihl Terrace 306. Biirgerwiese 323. Cabinet of Coins 308. Cabs 301. 302. Cemeteries 326. Court Church 306. Drawings, Collect, of 3'20. Dreikiinigskirche 325 English Church 303. 323. Engravings, Collect, of 320. Environs 326. Exhibition 306. Frauenkirche 322. Friedrichsstadt 321. Gallery of Arms 323. Goose - Stealer Foun tain 323. Grosse Garten 325. Green V. ult 307. llauptwache 308. Herzogin Garden 321. Dresden : Hospital 321. Japanese Palace 824. — Garden 325. .liihanneum 322. St. John's Church 306. Kaufmann's Acoustic Cabinet 304. Kiirner 3Iuseum 325. Kreuzkirche 323. Kreuzschule 323. Law Courts 306. Library 324. Lustschloss 3'25. 3Iarcolini Palais 321. Maurice Monument 306. Moreau's Monument 326. Museum 339. — of Casts 320. — , Historical 322. — , Industrial 321, — Johanneum 322. — , Mineral. 321. — , Phvsical - Mathem. 321. ' — , Zoological 320. Xeumarkt 322. :N'eustadt 3e5. 324. Nymph Fountain 323. Oppenheims House 323. Palace 307. Panorama 323. Pfarrkirche 325. Picture Gallery 310. Polytechnic School 323. Porcelain, Collect, of 323. Post Office 303. 321. Prinzen-Palais 321. Railway Stations 301. 321. 323. Rietschel Museum 325. — Monuuxent 306. Russian Chapel 324. Schillerschlosschen 326. Silberkammer 308. Sophienkirche 321. Stallgebaude 308. Statue of Fred. Aug. I. 309. — of Fred. Aug. II. 323. — of Aug. the Strong 324. — of Korner 3'23. — of Weber 3t'9. Steamboats 303. Svnasiosuo 306. Theatres 303. 308. 325. Tramways 303. WaldscliUisschen 326. 444 INDEX. Dresden : War Monument 323. Webers House 323. — Monument 309. Zoolog. Garden 326. , Zwinger 309. Driburg 97. Dronninggaavd 218. Diubeck 425. Driiggelte 96. Druselthal, the 116. Dubber worth 229. Ducherow 221. Duisburg 85. Diilmen 154. Dumkuhlenthal 426. Diimmer See, the 155. Diinaburg 251. Dune, the 97. Dunkelthal 280. Diippel 182. Diiringshof 235. Diirrenberg, the 369. Diirre Schild 395. Diirrhennersdorf "299. Diirrrohrsdorf 300. Diisseldorf 87. Diisternbrook 179. Diivelsbek 179. D.warsied 227. Dybbol 182. Dyrehave, the 217. Ebenhausen 390. Ebenheit 328. Ebersbach 299. Ebersburg 420. Ebersdorf 292. 329. 380. Eberstein, the 394. Ebfirswalde 229. Eckartsberg, the 393. Ecker, the 425. Eckerkrug 425. Eckernforde ISO. Eddelak 177. Edder, the 429. Edle Krone 334. Eger 366. St. Egidien 337. Eglitz, the 274. Ehlershausen 161. Ehrenburg 381. Ehringenhausen 96. Eibau 299. Eibenstock 344. Eiche fSpreewaldJ 266. Eichenberg 433. Eichenforst 420. Eichhof 369. 393. Eichholz 107. Eichicht 369. Eichow 361. Eichwald 340. Eidelstedt 177. Eider, the 177. 180. Eiderstedt 183. Eilenburg 361. Eilenriede, the 128. Eilensen 120. Eilsen 91. Eilsleben 94. 99. Einbeck 120. Einhornhohle, the 480. Einsal 106. Einsiedel 339. 344. Eisbergen 142. Eisenach 385. Eisenberg 345. 407. Eisenbrod 285. Eisfeld 390. Eisleben 405. Kissen 108. Eken Sund, the 182. Elbbrunnen, the 278. Elbe, the 99. 165. 174. 3fJ5. etc. Elberfeld 94. Elbfall, the 278. Elbgrund, the 281. Elbing 246. Elbingerode 420. Elbseitfen, the 281. Eldagsen 246. Elde, the 220. Eldena 222. Elend 420. Elfenstein, the 424. Elgersburg 397. Elisabethbrunnen 431. Ellenser-Damm 160. Ellerbek 179. Ellrich 409. Elm 435. Elmen 359. _ Elmshorn 177. Elsinore 219. Elsnigk 365. Elster 366. — , the 300. 366. Elsterberg 366. Elsterwerda 257. 300. Elterlein 344. Elze 120. Emden 147. Emleben 371. Emmer, the 142. Emmerthal 119. 142. Ems, the 87. 121. 154. etc. Emsdetten 146. Engelsbach 399. Enger 88. Eugter 160. Ennepe, the 95. 105. Enncst 106. Enschede 121. Eppendorf 172. Erbstrom, the 372. Erdmannsdorf 273. 341. Eresburg 107. Erfenschlag 34i. Erfurt 379. Erkner 77. 252. Erkrath 94. Erlau 345. Ermelinghof 143. Ermsleben 410. Ernstthal 337. Erzgebirge, the 338. Eschede 161. Eschwege 433. 407. Esens 147. Esrom So 219. Essen 104. — , baths 155. Ettersberg, the 379. Ettersburg 379. Eube 435. Eulengebirge, the 294. Eulengrund 280. Entin 200. Eutritzsch 355. 349. Eversberg 10 <. Externsteine, the 89. Evdtkuhnen 251. E'vlau 237. Eystrup 148. Fahrbriicke 343. Fiihre 190. 172. Fahrenberg 227. Falkenau 345. 329. 335. Falkenberg 229. 257. 301 . 361. Falkenberge, the 274. Falkeneck 393. Falkenhiihle, the 406. Falkenstein (Harz) 414. — (Saxonv) 366. — (Silesia) 274. — (Thuringia) 399. Fallersleben 91. Falster 203. Falsterbo 202. Farbensiimpfe, the 423. Farnroda 372. Faulbriick 294. Fehrbellin 221. Fehmarn 200. Fellhammer 270. 289. Felsberg 429. Felsenmeer. the 106. Felsenthal, the 4U0. Ferdinandstein, the 330. Ferse, the 237. Fetzberg 431. Fichtelberg, the 342. Fichtelgebirge, the 367. Filehne 235. Finkenheerd 256. INDEX. 445 Finkenwalde 232. 233. Finnentrop 106. Finow-Canal, the 23U. Finsterbergen .399. Fischbach (Silesia) 274. Fischbeck 142. Fischhau.sen 250. Fladungen 435. Flen.sbtirg 181. Flensburg Fjord 182. Flieden 435. Flinsberg 270. Flolia 335. 340, — , the 340. Flottbeck 174. Fohr 184. Forscbengereuth 390. Forstkamm, the 280. Frankenberg 336. 431. Frankeiihausen 406. Frankenstein 295. 335. Frankfort on theOder252. Franzcnsbad 366. Frauenberg 431. 434. 435. Frauenburg 246. Frauendorf 232. Frauensee 388. Frauenstein 339. 408. Frau-Hollen-Teich 433. Freden 120. Fredensborg 218. 219. Fredersdorf 235. Fredericia 201. Frederiksberg 2(V2. 216. Frederiksborg 218. Frederiksdal 218. Frederikshavn 203. Freetz 234. Freiberg 334. Freiburg (Silesia) 287. — on the Unstrut 370. Freienwalde 230. 234. Freiheit 2'^5. Frcllstedt 93. Freschluneberg 153. Freudenthal 243. Friedberg 432. Friedeberg 265. 270. Friedelhausen 431. Friedenau 77. Friedland (Bohem.) 269. — (near Gottingen) 433. — (Silesia) 289. Fricdrichroda 399. Friedrichsanfang 399. Friedrichsbrunn 418. Friedrichshagen 77. Friedrichshohe 338. Friedrichsort 179. Friedrichsruh 220. Friedrichsstadt 183. Friedrichstein 429. Friedrichsthal 426. Friedrichsthalcr Forst the 232. Friedstein 285. Friesenhausen 435. Friesensteine, the 274. Frische Haff 250. Frisian Islands, the 155. 1S3. Fritzlar 429. Frohburg 336. Frohse 358. Frondenberg 106. Fronhausen 431. i Frose 410. Frcittstedt 372. Fuchsberg 280. Fuchsthurm, the 374. Fulda 434. Fulda, the 109. 372. 429, Fiinen 20l. Fure So 218. Fiirstenau 339. Fvirstenberg 98. 108. 119, 256. Fiirstenstein 433. — , Schloss 288._ Fiirstenwalde 25^. Fyen 201. Gabelbach 397. Gablenzhohe, the 285. Galgenberg 132. 292. 396. Galgengrund 243. GJaltgarben, the 251. Gandersheim 98. Gardelegcn 91. Garz 229. Gaschvvitz 365. Gassen 256. Gatersleben 410. Gautzsch 365. Geeste, the 153. 156. Gcestemiinde 153. G change, the 279. Gehlberg 398. Gehlberger Grund 381. Gehren 381. 396. Geiergucke 280. 281. Geierstein, the 270. Geis, the 434. Geising 339. Geismar 407. 429. Geisweid 106. Geithain 336. Gclnhausen 435. Gelubtland 341. Gol.'^onkirchen 86. Gensiingen 429. Genthin 102. Georgenswalde 251. Georgenthal 399. 371. Georg-Marien-Hiitte 155. Georgsheil 147. Georgshohe 418. Gera 368. — , the 379. 381. Gerade Lutterthal 409. Gerberstein. the 402. Gernrode 415. 407. Gerresheim 94. Gersdorf 299. Gersfeld 435. Gerstungen 872. Gertrudenberg 121. Gerwisch 102. Geseke 96. Gesundbrunnen 77. Gevelsberg 95. Giant Mts., the 271. Giebichenstein 361. Giersdorf 277. ('■eierstein 270. Giessen 431. Giessmannsdorf 295. Gifhorn 91. mspersleben 409. Gittelde 408. Gjentofte 218. (Uasbach 395. Glasow 235. Glasshiitte 327. Glatz 291. Glatzer Gebirge, the 292. Glauchau 337. Gleiberg 431. Gleichberge, the 390. Gleichen, the Drei 371. Gleivvitz 297. Gleschendorf 200. Glienicke 84. Glogau 253. Gloven 221. Glowe 228. Gliicksbrunn 402. Gliicksburg 182. Gliickstadt 177. Gnadau 359. Gnadenberg 257. Gnadenfrei 295. Gnesen 255. Onoien 192. Gockels 184. Godelheim 97. Godthaab 217. Goerldorf 230. Gogolin 297. G oh lis 350. 349. Gohrcn 226. hroner Viaduct 336. Gohrisch 332. Golcha-Quelle, the 2*27. Idherg 257. Gdldeno Aue, the 406. Goldene Hcihe, the 326. Guldoner, the 5409. Goldlau-ter 398. 446 INDEX . Goltzschthal, the 366. Golzow 235. Gommern 362. Goor 228. Gorbersdorf 289. Gorkau 287. Gorkau 340. Gorlitz 266. Goschwitz 371. 374. Gose, the 421. Gosek 370. Goslar 421. Gosselborn 396. Gossnitz 337. 366. Gotha 382. Gottesberg 270. Gottesgab 342. Gottesgnaden 404. Gottingen 119. Gottleuba 327. Gottliebethal 367. Gottlob, the 400. Gottorp 181. Gotzlow 232. Grabow 220. 232. Graditz 361. Grafenberg 296. Grafenhainichen 358. Grafenroda 381. Grafenschloss, the 379. Grajewo 252. Grambow 193. Granitz, the 226. Graslitz 344. Griitz 254. Graudenz 236. 237. Grauhof 411. Graupen 339. Gravenstein 182. Grebenstein 108. Greifenstein 344. 394. Greiffenberg 269. 221. Greififenstein 269. Greifswald 222. Greifswalder Bodden 222. Greiz 366. Gremsmiihlen 201. Grenzbauden, the 280. Grenzhammer 381. Greussen 409. Greven 146. Grevenbriick 106. Grevismiihlen 186. Griesbach-Felsen 394. Griesheim 396. Grifte 429. Grimma 348. Grimmenthal 382. 390. Grizehne .359. 404. Grohnde 119. Groitzsch 365. Gronau 154. Groschowitz 297. Gross-Aupa 280. Grossbehnitz 92. Grossbeeren 300. Grossbothen 348. Gross-Breitenbach 381. Grosse Dolmar, the 389. Grosse Knollen. the 409. Grossenbaum 85. Grossengottern 407. Grossenhain 253. 300. Grosse Peerd, the 226. Grosse Teich, the 278. Gross-Gcirschen 369. Gross-Heringen 371. Gross-Ilsede 93. Gross-Kreuz 103. Gross-Ladney 389. Gross-Lindenau 251. Grosspostnitz 332. Gross-Rambin 234. Grossrohrsdorf 299. Grossrosen 294. Gross-Salze 358. Gross-Schonau 299. Gross-Sedlitz 327. Gross-Skal 284. Gross-Steinberg 348. Gross-Steinheim 436. Gross-Stresow 226. Gross-Tabarz 400. Grossvaterstuhl, the 290. Grosswudicke 92. Gross-Zicker 226. Gross-Zschocher 365. Grotenburg, the 89. Grottau 284. Griina 300. 337. Grunau 246. Griinau 265. 77. Grunberg 253. Grund (Harz) 408. Grund-Georgenthal 329. Griine, the 105. Grunewald 78. Griinhain 344. Griinhainichen 340. (^runow 253. Griinthal 340. Griirmannshohle, the 105. Griissau 286. Guben 256. Guckshagen 372. Gudensberg 429. Giildenboden 246. Guntershausen 429. Giisen 102. Gusow 235. Glisten 359. 404. Giistrow 192. Gutenfeld 251. Giitergltick 362. 404. Giitersloh 87. Haan 94. Haardt 106. Haarhausen 381. Haase. the 121. 146. Habelschwert 291. Habendorf 269. Habichtsburg 389. Habichtsgrund , the 332. Hachen 106. Hackelsdorf 281. Hadersleben 183. Haemelschenburg 142. Haft\ the Grosse and Kleine 232. — , the Frische 247. — , the Stettiner 232. Hagelberg 404. Hagelsberg 243. Hagen 95. 105. Hagenburg 148. Hagenohsen 119. Hagenow 220. Hagenthal 416. Hahn 160. Haidemiihle, the 3.32. Hain 277. Hainewalde 299. Hainfall, the 277. Hainichen 336. Hainleite, the 409. Hainsberg 334. Halbau 257. Halbe 265. Halberstadt 410. Halbestadt 328. Halbstadt 289. Halden 105. Halensee 76. Halle 359. Hallige, the 184. Halskuppe 379. Halstenbeck 177. Haltern 154. Hamburg 162. Alster Arcades 169. Alsterbassin 169. Anlagen 171. Antiquities, Collec. of 169. 171. Aussen-Alster 172. Binnen-Alster 169. Botan. Garden 171. St. Catharine 169. Cemeteries 172. Consuls 165. Elbhohe Hj7. English Churches 165. Environs 172. Esplanade 171. Exchange 168. Fleete 166. St. George Quarter 171. Gewerbe-Schule 171. INDEX. 447 Hamburg: Grasbrouk 166. 167. Hagenbeck's Animal Collection 16S. Hamburger Berg 167. Hansa Fountain 171. Harbour 166. Hopfen-Markt 168. Horticultural Societv 172. Hospital 171, .Tacobikirche 169. .lohanneum 169. Justice, Palace of 172. .lungfern-Stieg 169. Kunsthalle 170. Library, City 169. — , Commercial 168. Lombardsbriicke 170. Meteorological Station 167. Monument to Adolph IV. 171. St. Michael 16S. Museum Godeffroy 169. — , Industrial 171. — , Ethnolog. 171. — , Nat. Hist. 169. — , Antiquities 169. St. Nicholas 168. Obelisk 171. Observatory 167. Panoramas 167. 171. Patriotische Gesell- schaft 16S. St. Pauli 167. St. Peter 169. Picture Gallery 170. Prison 172. Promenades 171. Railway Bridge 167. Railway Stations 162. 167. ■ Real-Schule 171. Sandthor-Hafen 166. Seemannshaus 167. Statue of Lessing 171. Schiller 170. Steamboats 164. Steinwiirder 167. Stintfang 167. Theatres 164. 169. 171. Trostbriicke 168. War Monument 171. Waterworks 172. Wilhelms Gymnasium 172. Zoolos. Garden 171. Hame^'^the 141. Hamelerwald 93. Hameln 119. 141. Hamerten 92. Hamm 87. Hammerbriicke 344. Hammergrund 339. Hammermiihle 2.34. Hampelbaude 279. Hanau 436. Hanerau 184. Hanover 122. Apnstelkirche 127. Aquarium 127, Arsenal 126. Artists' Club 124. Berggarten 128. Cattle Market 128. Christuskirche 127. Culemann's Collec. 127 Dreifaltigkeitskirche 127. Eilenriede 128, English Church 127. 123. Georgen-Park 128. Gewerbe-Ausstellung 127. Haus der Yater 127. Herrenhausen 128. House of the Estates 127. Industrial Exhibition 127. Kestner-Museum 126. Kreuzkirche 126. Law Courts 127. Leibnitz's Grave 126. — House 125. — Monument 126. Library, Municipal 124. — , Ruyal 126. Lyceum 124. Marktkirche 125. 3Iai-schner"s Monument 124. jMausoleum 128. Military Riding Insti- tute 127. — School 126. Museum of Art and Science 124. Oberprasidium 126. Palace, Old 126. — , Royal 126. — , of Ernest Augustus 127. Picture Gallery 125. Polytechnic School 128. Poor House 127. Post Office 123. 124, Prinzenhaus 128. Prison 127, Provincial Museum 124, Railway-Station 124. Rathhaus, New 126, — , Old 125, Hanover: Sculptures, Collec. of 125. Stables, Royal 128. Statue of Ernest Au- gustus 124, — of Budeker 125. — of Count Alten 126. — of Karmarsch 124. — of Schiller 124, — of Stromeyer 124. Synagogue 127. Theatre 123. 124. Tivoli 123. Veterinary School 127. War Monument 1*27. Waterworks 129. Waterloo Column 126 Waterloo-Platz 126. Welfen Museum 128. Welfenschloss 127. Zoological Garden 128. Ilansdorf 257. Hanstein 433. Harburg 162. Hardenberg 120. Hardenstein 104. Harlingerland 147. Harra 367. Harrl, the 91. Hartaberg, the 291. Hartau 289. Hartenberg 345. 426. Hartenstein 343. Harvestehude 172. Harz Mts., the 412. Harzburg 433. Harzgerode 415. Hasel 382. Haspe 95. Hasperde 141. Hassberg 200. Hassbergen 155. Hasselfelde 417. Hassenhausen 871. Hasserode 426, Haste 91. Hastedt 148. Hastenbeck 142. Hattingen 104, Hattorf 120. Haun, the 434. Hauneck 434. Hausbcrg 90. — , the Harz, 408. — , (Jena) 374, — , (Silesia) 273. Havel, the 76. 78. 221. HavellandischeLuch 221. Haynau 257. Hedemiiuden 407. Hedwigsburg 408. Heerdberg, the 275. 448 INDEX. Hehlen 119. Heide 177. 184. 269. Heidecksburg 375. Heidelberg , the (Harz) 417. 419. — (near Hobenelbe) 285. Ileidenau 327. Ileiligenbeil 246. Heiligenberg 429. Heiligendamm 192. Heiligenhafen 2uO. Heiligenstadt 407. Heiligenstein 372. Heiligenstock 428. Heimburg 419. Heinrichau 291. Heinricbsburg 277. Heim-icbsruhe 367. Helba 389. Heldrastein, the 433. Heldrungen 405. Heligoland 174. 175. Helikon, the 273. Hellabach 288. HellebjEk 220. Hellerup 218. Helmarshausen 108. Helme, the 405. Helmstedt 93. Ilelsingborg 220. Helsingor 219. Heltorf 85. Hemelingen 155. Hemer 105. Hemme 184. Hemmerde 95. Hengelo 121. Herdecke 105. Herdringen 106. Herford 88. Herges 401. Heringsdorf 232. Herischdorf 274. Herlasgriin 366. Herleshausen 372. Hermannsbad 266. Hermannsdenkmal 89. Hermannsruh 266. Hermannstein 397. Hermesberg 87. Hermsdorf (Silesia) 275. 286. 269. 289. — (Thuringia) 371. Heme 86. Herrenhausen 128. Herrenkrug, the 102. Herrnhut 298. Herrnskretschen" 333. Hersfeld 434. Herstelle 119. Herthaburg 228. Hertha See, the 228. Hertigswalde 332. Herzbcrg (Saxony) 301. — , in the Harz 40S. Herzhorn 177. Herzogshohe, the 418. Hessisch Oldendorf 142. Hetschburg 379. Hettstadt 404. Hetzdorf 335. 340. Heubergshaus 400. Heubude 243. Heudeber 411. Heiifuder, the 270. Heuscheuer. the 290. Heuschober^ the 281. Hever, the 183. Hexen-Tanzplatz 418. Hiddensoe 2'28. Hiddesen 89. Hilda 222. Hildburghausen 390. Hilders 435. Hiidesheim 129. Hillerod 218. Hiltrup 143. Hilwartshausen 119. Himmelfahrt , mine 335. Himmelkron 367. Himmelpfort 103. Himmelreich 409. Hinnenburg 197. Hirschberg (Silesia) 273. — (P>anconia) 367. Hirschenstand 3i4. Hirschfelde 269. Hirschstein 404. Hittfeld 155. Hochdahl 94. Hochhilgord, the 222. Hochkirch 298. Hochmoor, the 147. 160. Hochstadt 367. Hoehstein , the 270. 276. Hochwald, the 284. 289. Hockstein, the 331. Hof 367. Hofgeismar 108. Hoganas 220. Hohe Eule 295. Hohe Fichte, the 393. Hohe Klinge, the 401. Hohe Mense, the 293. Hohenbocka 257. 300. Hohenebra 409. Hoheneck 337. Hoheneiche 434. Hohenelbe 285. Hohenfichte 340. Hohenfriedberg 294. Hohenkrug 233. Hohenleipa 333. Hohenlimburg 105. Hohenstein (Harz) 426. — (Prussia) 237. Hohenstein (Saxony) 337. — on the Weser 142. Hohen-Sybnrg 95. 105. Hohenwestedt 184. Hohenzoller, the 292. Hohe Rad, the 278. Hohe Sonne, the 388. Hohe Stein, the 345. Hohlteich 337. Hohne 426. Hohneklippen 426. 427. Hohnstein (Harz) 420. — (Saxony) 337. Hohnwartskopf 293. Hokendorf 232. Hollengrund, the 275. Hcillenthal, the 433. Holm, the 201. Holte 218. Holtenau 179. Holzdorf 301. Holzemme, the 410. 426. Holzhau 340. Holzminden 98. 119. Holzvvickede 95. Homberg 434. Homburg 433. Honebach 372. Honne. the 106. Hoppegarten 77. 235. Hoppelsberg, the 411. Hoppenbruch 246. Hoppeke, the 107. Horde 96. Horka 257. 266. Horn (near Hamburg)172. — (near Detmold) 89. — (Westphalia)_96. Hornberg. the 2(1. Hoi-nheim 180. Hornschloss, the 271. Hornum 185. Horsel, the 372. Horselbers:, the 372. Horst 177T Horstberge 235. Hcirstel 121. Hosterwitz 326. Hotzenplotz, the 296. Hoxter 97. 108. 119. Hoya 148. Hover 184. Hoverswerda 257. Hronow 290. Hubertusburg 345. Hiickeswagen 94. Hude 158. Huge-Berg, the 183. Hiilfensberg. the 433. Hiiloch 399.' Humlebaek 219. Hiimme 108. Hummelshain 368. INDEX. 449 Hundelshausen 407. Hiinfeld 434. Hungerbrunnen, the 283. Hunte, the 155. 158. Husten 106. Husum 183. Huthberg, the 299. Hiittenrode 420. Hven 219. Ibbenbiiren 121. Iberg, the 418. Ibiirg 154. — , the 97. Idstedt 182. Igelshieb 395. Ihme, the 123. Ihna, the 233. Ihne. the 98. Ihrhove 147. Ilfeld 420. Ilm, the 371. 376. Umenau 376. — , the 161. Use, the 425. Ilsenburg 425. Ilsenstein, the 425. Ilversgehoven 381. Immelborn 38S. Immenhaiisen 108. Ingramsdorf 287. Innerste, the 129. 412. Innien 184. Inowrazlaw 256. Inselbad, the 97. Inselsberg, the 401. Insterburg 251. Isenberg, the 104. Iser. the 284. Iserkamm, the 270. Iserlohn 105. Istenberg 107. Itz, the 390. Itzehoe 177. Jablonowo 236. Jacobsberg, the 90. Jacobsdorf 294, Jacobsthal 301. Jade, the 156. 160. Jaderberg 160. Jagdberg, the 400. .Tagdkopf, the 409. Jiigersborg 211. Jagersgriin 344. Jiigersruh 400. Jamlitz 253. Jannowitz 270. Jjischkenthal 243. Jasnmnd 2*25. 228. Jastrzemb 297. Jatznick 221. Jatznitz 220. .Tauer 294. Jauernicker Berge 268. Jiivenitz 91. Jena 373. Jerichow 92. Jerxheim 99. Jeschken, the 284. Jesewitz 361. Jessnitz 256. 365. Jettenhiihle, the 408. Jever 147. Joachimsthal 342. Johanngeorgenstadt 343 Johannisbad 285. Johannisberg (near Bie lefeld) 88. — (near Trautenau) 285 — (near Nauheim) 432. — (near Dantsic) 243. Johannisburg 236. Johannisthal 265. Johstadt 242. Jonitz 364. Jordan, the 97. Josefstadt 287. Josephshohe,the421.415 Jiibek 181. Juditten 250. Julo, the 232. Juliushohe. the 108. Juliiis-Miihie 120. Jungfernbnicke 417. Justinshohe 375. Jiiterbog 300. Kabarz 400. Kabel 105. Kahla 374. Kahlberg 246. Kaisberg, the 105. Kaiserswalde 291. Kaiserswerth 85. Kalau 300. Kalbe, the 433. Kalkberg, the 162. Kalkriese 160. Kallehne 358. Kaltenkirchen 177. Kalten-Xordheim 388. Kamenz 299. Kamnitz, the 333. Kandrzin 296. 297. Kannow-Miihle 266. Kanzlergrund, the 398. Kapellenberg, the 256. Kapornsche Heide 250. Kappeln 181. Karlsbrunn 296. Karlsklippen 425. Karow 220. Karpenstein 292. Karsdorf 406. Karstadt 220. Baeueker's N. Germany. 9th Edit. Kassteine, the 277. Kastenklippe, the 424. Katharinaberg 340. KattenJise, the 425. Kattenvenne 154. Kattern 296. Kattowitz 297. Katzbach, the 293. 257. Katzhiitte 395. Kaulsdorf 235. Keilbeig, the 338. 342. Keilhau 375. Keitum 185. Kelbra 406. Kellerberg 146. Kellersee, the 200. Kemnade 119. Kernberge, the 374. Kesselkoppe, the 281. Kettwig 87. Keuschberg, the 369. Kickelhahn 397. Kiel 177. Kieler Bach, the 227. Kieritzsch 365. Kietz 235. Kinzenbach 431. Kinzig, the 435. Kipsdorf 338. Kirchberg 343. Kirchfelsen. the 395. Kirchhain 300. 361. 430. Kirchhorsten 91. Kirchlengern 122. Kirchnuchel 200. Kirchrode 129. Kirchspitze, the 431. Kirchweyhe 155. Kirnitzschbach, the 332. Kitzkammer, the 433. Kjiige 203. Kladen 358. Klampenborg 217. Klausberg, the 433. Klein-Aupa 280. Klein-Bremen 91. Kleinburg 265. Kleinen 186. Klein-Fnrra 409. Klein-Hennersdorf 332. Klein-Katz 244. Klein-Schirma 335. Kleinskal 285. Klein-Stoinheim 436. Klein-Tabarz 400. Klemmberg, the 369. Klessengrund, the 292. Kleth 193. Klingenberg 334. Klingenthal 344. Klitzschmar 361. Klosterbuch 348. Klostergrab 339. 29 450 INDEX. Klus, the 423. Kluse-Dorpen 146. Klusenstein 106. Kliit, the 142. Knabenberg, the 371. Knoop 179. Kobbelbude 246. Kochelfall, the 276. Koc^ersdorf 266. Kohlenschacht 414. Kohlfurt 2o7. Kohlmiihle 332. Kohnstein, the 409. Kolding 201. Kolkthurm 361. Komotau 340. Koniggratz 287. Konigsberg 246. — in der Keumark 233. Kdnigsborn 362. 95. Konigsbrunn 328. Konigsdorff 297. Konigsee 396. Konigshan 286. Konigshiitte 408. Konigslutter 93. Ktinigsteele 104. Konigstein (Saxonv) 327. — , the (Harz) 409. Konigsvvalde 271. Konigs-Wusterhausen 265. Konigszelt 287. Konitz 236. Konifz 369. Kopainberg, .. Kopenick 2o2. Koppenplan 278. 279. Korallensteine, the 279. Kornatowo 237. Kornbach, the 397. Korschen 237. Korsiir 202. Kosen 370. Kossern 348. Kostritz 368. Kotschau 369. Kottwitz 280. Kotzschenbroda 345. Koverden 91. Kowno 251. Kraberberg 277. Kriibersteine 277. Kraftsdorf 371. Kragenhof 118. Kratzau 284. Kray 86. Kreibitz 299. 329. Kreiensen 98. 120. Kreisau 294. Kremnitz-Thal 270. Krempe 177. Kremperheide 177. Kreuz 235. Kreuzberg 265. 292. Kreuzburg 273. 297. Kreuzenort 297. Kreuzweg 339. Krevscha 327. Krima-Neudorf 341. 342, Krippen 328. Krkonosch, the 281. Kronborg 2 19. Kronstadt 291. Kriickaue, the 177. Krukenburg, the 108. 119 Krumhermsdorf 332. Krummensee 200. Knimmhiibel 279. Krvblowitz 287. Kubschiitz 298. Kuhberg, the 344. Kiihnau 364. Kiihndorf 389. Kuhstall, the 332. Kiillstedt 407. Kulm, the 233. Kummel, the 408. Kunersdorf 274. 253. Kunitzburg 373. Kunitzer See, the 257. Kunnerstein. the 341. Kunzendorf 292. Kupferberg 342. Kiirbitz 366. Kurische Nehrung 251. Kvistgaard 219. KyfThauser, the 406. Kvnast, the 275. Kynau 294. Kvnsburg, ruin 294. Kyritz 221. Laasphe 430. Laatzig 233. Labes 234. Laboe 179. Laer, chateau 107. Lage 88. Lahn, the 430. Lahnberg, the 278. Lalendorf 192. Lamboiwald, the 436. Landeck 292. Landeshut 286. Landgrafenschlucht 388. Landsberg 235. 358. — , castle 389. Landskrone, the 268. Lange Berg, the 395. Lange Grund 280. 281. Langelsheim 412. Langenau 292. Langenberg 301. -, the 271. Langenbilau 295. Langenbruck 284. 291. Langendreer 87. 104, Langenols 269. Langensalza 407. Langenselbold 436. Langenstein 411. Langeoog 156. Lange See 77. Langewiesen 381. Langfuhr 243. Langgijns 431. Langschede 106. Lang-Waltersdorf 270. Langwedel 92. 148. Langwiese 339. Liingwitz 381. Lanken 227. Lanker See, the 201. Laskowitz 237. Lassig, the 270. Lathen 146. Lauban 269. Laube 329. Laubegast 326. Lauchagrund, the 400. Lauchhammer 253. Lauchstadt 369. Lauenburg (Harz) 162. — on the Elbe 416. — on the Leba 234. Lauenforde 119. Lauenstein 327. Launsbach 431. Lauscha 395. Lausche, the 284. Lautenthal 411. Lauter, the 382. Lauterbach (Riigen) 226. Lauterberg 408. Lautergrund 398. Lauterstein 340. Laviereshohe 418. Lebbiner Sandberge 232. Leba, the 234. Lebus 235. Leda, the 147. Leer 147. Lehe 154. Lehesten 369. Lehnin 103. Lehrte 91. 93. 161. Leichlingen 94. Leichtberg, the 433. Leierbaude 281. Leierberg 290. Leina Canal, the 384. Leine, the 98. 119. 123. Leinefelde 407. Leinhausen 91. Leipe 266. Leipsic 349. Augusteum 352. Augustus-PIatz 351. INDEX. 451 Leipsic : Booksellers'' Exchange 352 Book Trade 350. Briihl 354. Cemetery 354. Churches 350. Concerthaus 352. 353. Concerts 350. Conservatoriuni 352. 353 EnglishChurch 350.353. Exchange 352. 353. Fairs 350. Fiirstenhaus 352. Gellerfs Tomb 354. Gewandhaiis 320. 353. Historical Society 354. Hospitals 354. Kugel-Denkmal 543. Johanna Park 353. St. John's Church 354. Law Courts 353. 354. labrarv 352. Lutherkirche 253. Jlarkt-Platz 352. Mathaikirche 353. Medical Institutions 354. Monuments 352. 353. Museum 351. — , Industrial 353. — , Ethnological 354. Napoleonstein 355. Nicolaikirche 352. Paulinerkirche 351. Peterskirche 354. Pleissenburg 353. Post Office 349. 352. Promenade 351. Rathhaus 352. Reformation Monu- ment 354. RomanCatholicChurch 353. Romische Haus 353. Rosenthal 355. Speck, Collection of Baron 355. Statue of Gellert 355. — of Leibnitz 353. — of Thaer 352. Synagogue 355. Theatres 350. 351. 352. Thomaskirche 353. University 352. Zoological Garden 355. Leisewitz 296. Leisnia; 348. Lemgo^ 88. Lemfiirde 155. Lemnitz, the 367. Lemnitzhammer 367. Lengefeld 340. Lengenfeld 337. 366. Lengerich 154. Lenne, the 95. 107. Lennep 94. Leobschiitz 296. Lerbach 428. Lerchenberg 382. Leschede 146. Leschnitz 297. Lctmathe 105. Leubsdorf 340. Leuchtenburg 374. Leutenberg 369. Leutersdorf 299. Leuthen 258. Leutra, the 373. Lewin 293. Lichtegrund, the 395. Lichte Kiippel, the 431. Lichtenau 269. Lichtenberg 235. 339. Lichtenfels 367. 390. Lichtenhain 374. — Cascade 332. Lichtenstadt 343. Lichtenstein 337. Lichtenvvalde 345. Lichterfelde 77. 300. 404. Liebau 286. 366. Liebenau 108. 283. 284. Liebenstein 402. Lieberose 253. Liebethaler Grund 326. Liebwerda 269. 270. Liegnitz 257. Lietzow 229. Lilienstein, the 328. Lillerod 218. Limbach 336. 390. Linda 300. Linden 141. Lindenau 365. Lindhorst 91. Lingen 146. Lippe, the 87. 97. 154. Lippspringe 97. Lippstadt 96. Lissa 256. — . Polish 258. List 185. Littitz 292. Lobau 298. Lobdaburg, the 374. Lobeda 374. Lobenstein 367. Loccum 148. Lochstedt 250. Locknitz 193. Lockwitzer Grund 337. Lohme 228. Lohmen 300. LOhne 90. 122. Lollar 431. Lommatzsch 345. Lomnitz 273. — , the 277. Lopshorn 89. Loquitz, the 369. Loschwitz 326. Losscn 296. Lossnitz 344. 345. Lottringhausen 105. Lotzen 252. Lowen 296. Lowenhagen 251. Loxstedt l53. Lubberstedt 153. Liibben 265. Lubbenau 265. 300. Liibeck 193. Lubkow 226. Lublinitz 297. Liibz 220. Luchberg 338. Liichtringen 98. Luchwitzthal 338. Luckau 300. Luckenwalde 300. Liidersdorf 186. Ludwissdorf 271. Ludwigsfelde 300. Ludwigslust 220. Ludvvigsort 246. Ludwigsstein 433. Lugau 337. Liigde 142. Luhdener Klippen 142. Luisenlust 398. Luisenthal 371. Luisium 364. Lundbv 203. Liine 162. Liineburg 161. Liineburger Haide 161. Lunzenau 348. Lupbode. the 417. Lusatia 269. Luther\s Beech 402. Liitjenburg 200. Lutter 99. — , the 93. Liitzen 369. Liitzschena 346. Lvck 251. 252. Lyngby 218. Machern 346. MJidelstegbaude 281. Madelstein, the 386. Madelsteine, the 278. Mjidelwiese, the 278. Madii-See, the 233. Magdeburg 99. Magdesprung, the 415. Miigdetrappe, the 415. 29* 452 INDEX. Mahlwinkel 358. Main, the 436. 367. Malchin 192. Malchow 220. Blalente 200. Mallmitz 256. Malmo 203. Malsfeld 372. 434. Malter 338. Maltscli 258. Mandau, the 283. Mandern 429. Manebach 397. Mannstein, the 278. Mansfeld 404. Marburg 430. St. Margarethen 177. Mariannenfels, the 274. Maria-Schnee 293. Mariaspring 120. Marielyst 220. Marienberg 340. Marienburg (Prussia) 294. — (Hanover) 120. Marienbur!:erWerder244. Mariendorf 225. Marienfels 333. Marienglashohle,the 400. Marienlust 185. Marien-Paradies 244. Marienstern 300. Marienthal, the 386. 93. St. Marienthal, nunnery (Silesia) 268. Marienwerder 236. 237. Markersdorf 384. 329. _ Markische Schweiz_235. Markneukirchen 345. Markoldendorf 120. Markranstedt 369. Marksuhl 388. Markt-Schorgast 367. Marschendorf 280. Marten 104. Marzdorf 289. Masnedsimd 203. Mattern 243. Mattierzoll 99. Maxen 327. Medenau 251. Meerane 337. Meerholz 436. Mehltheuer 367. Meinberg 90. Meiningen 389. Meisdorf 414. Meiseberg, the 415. Meisenstein, the 372. Meisner, the 433. Meisse, the 3i6. Meissen 346. Melden 289. Meldorf 177. Melle 122. Mellenbach 395. Mellinsen 371. Mellrichstadt 390. Melsungen 372. Melzergrund, the 281. Memel 251. — , the 251. Memleben 406. Slenden 105. Mengersgereuth 390. Meppen 146. Merke 256. Merkelsdorf 282. Mersch 143. Merseburg 369. Merxleben 407. Merzdorf 270. 277. Merzwiese 2o6. Meschede 107. Meschenbach 390. Messdorf 358. Messinghausen 107. Mesum 146. Metgethen 250. Mettkau 287. Metzdorf 339. Meusdorf 355. Meuselbach 395. Meuselwitz 366. St. Michaelisdonn 177. Michaelstein 419. Middelfart 201. ! Mildenstein 348. ! Milseburg the, 435. I Milspe 95. ! Miltitz 34S. ; Miltzow 222. Minden 90. Minkowsky 297. Misdroy 23'3. Missunde 181. Mittagstein,nhe 278. Mittelsteine 271. Mittelwalde 292. Mitlelwasser, the 277. Mittel-Zillerthal 273. Mittweida 345. Mlawa 246. Moabit 71. Mochbern 258. Mockern 362. iMockrehna 361. j Moen 202. I Mogeltondern 184. \ Mohelka. the 284. iMohlten 271. jMohne, the 106. : Mohra 388. Mohrungen 246. Moldau 340. Mollenbeck 142. Mollmark 182. Molln 193. Mollwitz 296. Moltenort 179. Moltkefelsen, the 276. Mommelstein 401. Monchehof 108. 3Ionch9:ut 225. 226. Monchshof 398. Morgenau 265. Morgenroth 297. Moritzberg 132. Moritzburg 345. Mosel 337. Mosigkau 364. Mottlau, the 243. 238. Movs 257. 268. Miickenberg 339. JIucran 227. Miigeln 327. 346. Miiggelsberge 77.252. 265. Miisgelsee, the 77. 265. Miiglitzthal, the 327. :\Iuhll.achthal 294. Miihlbach 400. Muhlberg, ruin 371. Miihlhausen 407. Miihlheim 436. Mulda 339. 3Iulde, the 334. 337. 344. Muldenhiitten 334. Miilheim on the Rhine 94. — on the Ruhr 103. Miillroser Canal 256. Miincheberg 235. iliinchhausen 431. 3Iunde 234. Miinden 118. Miinder 141. Munkmarsch 185. Miinnerstadt 390. Munster 143. Miinsterberg 291. Miinzenberg, the 414. — . castle 432. Miiritz 192. 220. Muskau 266. Mvlau 366. Myslowitz 297. Nachod 287. 290. Xachterstedt 410. Xaensen 98. Xakel 236.. Xallen 435. Xammen 91. Xamslau 297. Xarsdorf 336. Nasse Grund 331. Xassau 339. Xassow 234. Kastved 203. Nauen 221. INDEX. 453 Naucndorf 410. Nauheim 432. Naumburg 370. IJaundorf 338. 364. Xaunhof 348. Nausenei 289. Nebra 406. Nechlin 221. Nedlitz 85. Neheim 106. Neei-moor 147. Xeinstedt 410. Neisse 295. — , the 283. 284. 266. 295. Nendza 297. Nenndorf 91. Nennhausen 92. Nesselgrund 270. Netze, the 235. isetzschkau 366. Neu-Babelsberg 77. Xeu-Krandenburg 193. Neudek 344. Neu-Uietendorf 371. Xeudorf 293. Neuekrug 99. Neuenbeken 97. Neuenburg 160. Neuencamp 226. Neuenhagen 235. Neuenheerse 97. Neuenkirchen 228. Neuenmarkt 367. Neufahr 243. NeufahrwavSser 243. Neu-Gattersleben 404. Neuharlingersiel 156. Neuhaus 97. 270. 395. 397. Neuhuusen 339. Neiihiiuser 250. Neuhof 435. Neu-Jannowitz 274. Neukirch 258. Neukirchen 434. Neukrug 232. Neu-Kunersdorf 253. Neukuren 251. Neumark 337. 366. Neuraarkt 258. Neu-Mucran 227. Neumiihle 366. Neumiihlen 174. 179. Neumiinster 177. Neurode 271. Neu-Ruppin 221. Neuschanz 147. Neuses 393. Neustadt ontheDo3se221. Harzburg 424. — (Holstein) 200. — (Hcssen) 430. — untor'm Hohntein 420, — ou the Mettau 290. Nciistadton theOrlaSeS. — on the Saale 390. — (Saxon Switz.) 332. (Silesia) 295. Neii-Stettin 334. 235. Neu-Strelitz 221. Neutiimischel 254. Neuwelt 276. Neuwerk, island 175. Neuzelle 2.56. Nickelsdorf 340. St. Nicohii 337. Nidda 432. bidden 251. Nieblum 184. >^iederau 345. Xicder-Bobritzsch 384. Xiederfinow 229. Xieder-Fullbach 390. Niedergrund 328. 329. \iederhone 435. Nieder-Marsberg 107. Xiederndodeleben 94. 99. Niederneukirch 299. 332, Xiederpollnitz 368. Niederrohrbach 274. Niedersachswerfen 409. 420. Niedersfeld 107. >'ieder-Schlema 343. Niedersedlitz 327. Nieder-Wiesa 335. Xiemberg 359. Nieme, the 119. Xiendorf 186. Nienstedten 174. Xieskv 257. Xiklasberg 339. Niklausdorf 269. Nikrisch 269. Ximbschen 348. 346. Ximkau 258. Ximptsch 291. Kipmerow 227. Nodems 251. Nogat, the 244. Norddeich, the 156. Norden 147. Nordenau 107. Nordenhamm 153. Xorderney 156. Nordhastedt 184. Xordhauscn 406. Nordschlcsw.Weiche 181 Nordstemmen 120. Nordstrand 184. Norkittcn 251. Normannstein 433. Nor ten 120. Northeim 120. Nortmoor 160. Nortorf 180. Noschcrode 426. Nossen 345. 348. Xiibel-Noor, the 182. Nuthe 300. Nuttlar 107. Xyborg 201. Nykjobing 203. Obercarsdorf 338. Ober-Cunnersdorf 298. Oberdorf 299. Obergeorgenthal 340. Ober-Glogau 296. Oberhausen 85. Oberhof 398. 371. 382. Oberhohenelbe 281. Oberkotzau 367. Oberleitensdorf 340. Oberlichtenau 345. Ober-Marsberg 107. Oberneukirch 299. 332. Oberneuland 155. Ubernjesa 433. Oberoderwitz 298. 299. Ober-Roblingen 404. Oberrottenbach 396. Ober-Schmiedeberg 280. Ober-Schonau 398. Ober-Schulcnberg 423. Ober-Tannhausen 270. Obervocrelaesang 327. Ober-Weimar 378. Oberweissbach 395. Oberwiesenthal 342. Ocholt 160. Ochsenkopf, the 271. Odense 201. Oder, the 221. , the (Harz) 408. 428. Oderberg 297. Oderbriick 429. Oderfeld 408. Oderteich, the 428. Odinshoi 2'20. Oebisfelde 91. Oedelsheim 119. Ooderan 335. Oehlbers 289. Oehna 300. Oelde 87. Oelheim 93. Oelper 140. Oels 297. Oelsa, the 297. 338. Oelsnitz 337. 366. Oertzenhof 193. Oeventrop 1()7. Oeversee 182. Oevnhausen, Bad 90. OlVonbach 436. Otneben 99. Ohlau 296. — , the 260. Ohligs-^Yald 94. 454 INDEX. Ohr 119. 142. Ohra, tlie 371. Ohrdruf 3T1. Oker 423. — , the 132. 423. Olbernhau 340. Olbersdorf 283. Oldenburg 158. — (Holstein) 200. Oldenbiittel 153. Oldendorf 86. Oldenzaal 121. Oldersum 147. Oldesloe 186. Oldisburg 406. Oliva 243. 234. Olpe 106. Olsberg 107. Opalenitza 254. Opladen 94. Opotschno 290. Oppelei 395. Oppeln 296. Oppendorf 201. Opperode 414. Oppurg 368. Oranienbaum 364. Oranienburg 221. Orehoved 203. Orla, the 374. Orlamunde 374. Orlaa 406. Oschatz 346. Oschersleben 407. 411. Osdorf 77. Oslebshausen 153. Osnabriick 121. Osning 154. Ossegg 339. Ossmanstedt 378. Ostenwalde 122. Osterburg 368. _ Ostercappeln 155. Osterhagen 409. Osterholz - Scharrabeck 158. Osterohrstedt 183. Osterode (Harz) 407. 420. — (Prussia) 237. Osterstein 368. Osterwieck 411. Ostonnen 95. Ostrauer Miihle, the 332. Ostritz 268. Othmarschen 174. Ottbertien 97. Ottendorf 200. 322. Ottensen 173. Ottenstein 343. Ottersberg 143. Ottersteine 435. Ottilienstein, the 382. Ottmachau 295. Oxhofter Spitze 234. 244 Oybin 283. Paarsteiner See, the 230 Pabststein, the 332. Packebusch 358. Pader, the 96. Paderborn 96. Palmnicken 250. Panker 200. Panklau 246. Pankow 77. Pansdorf 200. Pantschefall, the 278. Papenbrink, the 91. 142 Papenburg 147. Papenwasser, the 232. Paradies 374. 345. Parchim 220. Parschnitz 287. Parthe, the 348. 350. Paschenburg 91. 142. Pasewalk 221. 193. Passarge, the 246. Passendorf 289. Passow 230. Patschkau 295. St. Pauli 167. Paulinenaue 221. Paulinzelle 396. Peene, the 221. 232. Peile, the 294. Peine 93. Peissen 361. Peitz 361. 253. Pelplin 237. Pelsdorf 285. Pelworm 184. Penig 348. Penzig 298. Perleberg 220. Persante, the 234. Pesekenkopf, the 427. St. Peter 281. Peterbaude, the 278. Petersberg, the (near Halle) 359. — (near Culnibach) 367. — (near Fulda) 435. Petersbrunnen 105. Petersdorf 276. St. Peterseiflfen, the 281. Peterswaldau 294. Petkum 147. Petzer 280. Petzerkretscham 281. Pfaueninsel 84. Pferdeberg, the 283. Pferdskopf 435. Pfingstberg, the 83. Pflasterstoss 427. Philippsruhe 336. Pichelsberg 76. Pichelswerder, the 76. Pielsberg, the 200. Pilkoppen 251. Pillau 250. Pillnitz 326. Pilnikau 285. Pinneberg 177. Pinnower See, the 190. Pirna 327. Plagwitz 365. Plankner\s Aussicht 398. Plassenburg, the 367. Plathe 233. Platten 343. Plau 192. Plaue 381. Plauen (Dresden) 333. — (Voigtland) 366. Plauensche Grund 326. 333. Plauesche See, the 102. Pleisse, the 350. Plesse, ruin 120. Plessenburg 425. Plettenberg 106. Plon 201. Pobelbach, the 338. Pobelknochen 338. Pockau 340. Pohlberg, the 342. Poissow 228. Polchow 229. Polenzthal, the 331. Politz 290. Politz 232. Polle 119. Polsnitz 287. 286. Pomerania 230. Pommerenzdorf-Wiesen- grund, the 230. Pommritz 298. Pcipelwitz 265. Popperoder Quelle 407. Porsberg, the 326. Porstendorf 373. Porta 90. Porta Westphalica 90. Posa 368. Posen 254. Posneck 368. Possen, the 409. Potschappel 334. Potsdam 77. 78. Potzscha 327. Powaj-en 250. Praust 237. Prebischthor, the 333. Preetz 201. 179. Pregel, the 247. Prenzlau 221. Pressnitz 342. Pretzier 358. Preussisch-Eylau 252. INDEX. 455 Preussisch-Holland 246. Priestewitz 345. Prinzenhohle 343. Pritzier 220. Probstei, the 179. Probsthevda 355. Prodel 362. Prora 226. Prostken 252, Prudelberg, the 277. Puhu, the 292. Pulsnitz 299. Purschenstein 339. Puschdorf 251. Pustleben 407. Putbus 225. Pvrifz 235. Pyrmont 142. auaderber^' 329. (^uakenbriick 160. Qualisch 282. Quarksteine, the 277. Quedlinburg 413. 410. Quels, the 257. Querfurt 405. Quoltitz 229. Raavad 217. Rabelsberg 401. Rabenau 338. Rabenauer Grund 338. Rabenklippen, the 425. Rabenstein, the 276. Rabensteinfeld 190. Rabishau 270. Rabstein 329. Racknitz 326. Rackwitz 358. Radauthal, the 424. Radaune, the 238. Radeberg 3iX3. Radebeul 345. Radeburg 345. Radowenz 282. Rasuhn 365. Rahrbacher Hohe 106. Ramberg, the 415. Rambin 'j29. Rammelsberg, the 423. Rammenau 299. Ramsbeck 107. Randershof 182. Randow, the 230. Ranis 369. Raspenau 269. Rastede 159. Rastorf 201. Rathen 331. 290. Rathenow 92. Rathewalde 331. Rathsfeld 406. Ratibor 297. Ratzeburg 193. Raudtcn 253. Raiienstcin 340. Rauscha 256. Rauschen 251. Rautenkranz 344. Ravenskopf, the 409. Rebeniiussig 390. Rechenberg 340. Recklinghausen 154. Rega, the 233. Regenstein, the 419. Regenwalde 233. Reglitz, the 233. Rehberger Graben 428. — Klippen 428. Rehburg 148. Rehefeld-Zaunhaus 338. Rehfelde 235. Rehine 90. Reibnitz 270. Reiboldsgriin 366. Reichenau 284. Reichenbach (Sax.) 366, — (Silesia) 294. 298. Reichenberg 284. 269. Reichensachseu 434. Reichenstein 291. Reifland 340. Reiftrager, the 277. Reinbeck 220. Reinerz 293. Reinhardsbrunn 400. Reinsberg, the 381. Reinsdorf 406. Reinstedt 410. Reinstein, the 419. Reinwiese 333. Reischdorf 342. Reisicht 256. Reitzenhain 341. Remschcid 94. Rendsburg 180. Rengersdorf 291. Renneckenberg, the 427 Rennsteig 398. I Reppen 253. j Rethen 120, i Reussen 361. Reuth 367, Rheda 87. Rheine 121. 146. Rheinsberg 221. Rhine, the 85. Rhin-Luch 221. Rhongebirge 435. Ribnitz 192. ' Richmond, chateau 141. ' Riddagshausen 141. jRieder 410. Rie.^a 345. Riesenbaude 278. 279. t Riesenberg 339. Riesengebirge 271. Riesengrund, the 280. Riesenkamin, the 272. Riesenkoppe, the 280. Riestedt 404. Rietschgrund, the 332. Ringberg, the 403. Ringelheim 99. Ringsted 202. Rinkenis 182. Rinkerode 143. Rinteln 142. Ritschenhausen 382. Ritterhude 153. Rittershausen 94. Ritzebiittel 175. Rochlitz 348. Rochlitzer Berg, the 348. Rochsburg 348. Roda 371. Rodach 367. Robel 220. Rodau. the 155. Roder 345. Roderau 301. 345. Roeskilde 202. Rogatz 358. Rohla, the 344. Rohnau 269. Rohr, the 106. Roitzschen 348. Rom 135. Romelick 87. Romerstcin 409. Romhild 390. Romkerbriicke, the 423. Rommerser Grund 435. Ronneburg 368. Ronnenberg 141. Rosalienthal, the 287. Rosenau 393. Rosenberg 297. Rosenthal 269. 339. Rossbach 369. Rossitten 251. Rossla 406. Rosslau 257. 262. Rossleben 406. Rosstrappe, the 418. Rosswein 348. Rostock 190. Rostocker Heide 192. Rotenburg 155. 372. Rothemiihle 106. Rothehiitte-Kcinigshof 419. 420. Rothenburg 253. 256. — , the 406. Rothenburgsort 172. Rothenfelde 122. Rothenkrug 183. Rothenstein 374. Rothsiirben 291. 456 INDEX. Rottleben 406. Rottleberode 420. Rottum 158. Rottwerndorf 327. Riibeland 420. Rubezahls Kanzel 278. Ruckers 293. Rudelsburg 371. Riidersdorf 77. 235. Rudolfstein 333. Rudolsbad 375. Rudolstadt 375. Rugard, the 229. Riigen 224. Riigen'scbe Bodden 226. Rugenwalde 234. Ruhbank 270. Ruhla 403. Ruhland 253. 257. R.ubnow 334. Ruhr, tbe 85. 87. 95. 104, Ruhrkopf 107. Rumburg 299. R.uminelsburg 252. Rumpenheim 436. Rungs ted 218. 219. Ruppiner See 221. Russdorf 269. Ryck, the 222. Saale, the 359. Saalburg 367. Saaleck 371. Saalfeld 369. Saarau 287. Sababurg 108. Sabrich, the 276. Sachsa 409. Sachsenberg, the 424. Sachsenburg 345. 406. Sachsenhausen 436. Sachsenwald. the 220, Sackisch 290l Sacrow 85. Sadowa 252. Sagan 256. Sagard 229. Sagehorn 155. Sahlkamp, the 200. Salmiinster 435. Saloppe 326. Saltholm 202. 203. Salzabach 288. Salzbergen 121. 146. Salzbrunn 28S. Salzburg, the 390. Salzderhelden 120. Salzgitter 99. Salzgrund, the 288. Salzhausen 432. Salzkotten 96. Salzschlirf 432. SalzuQen 88. &c. Salzungen 388. Salzwedel 92. Samland, the 251. Samtens 229. Sandacker 182. Sande 160. Sandebeck 143. Sander.sleben 404. 410. Sandkrug, the 179. Sangerhausen 405. Sanssouci (Potsdam) 81. — (Westphalia) 106. Sarstedt 120. Sassendorf 96. Sassnitz 227. Sattelstiidt 372. Sattelwald, the 289. Battler Ravine, the 273. Saupersdorf 343. Saupsdorf 332. Sausteine, the 277. Saxon Switzerland 329. Sayda 339. Schaabe, the 228. Schaferwand, the 328. Schall-See. the 193. Schandau 331. 328. Schandelah 93. Schanzenberg, the 226. Scharfenbaude 281. Scharfenberg 348. Scharfenburg 372. Scharfeneek 271. Scharfenstein 427. Scharzfeld 408. Scharzfels 408. Schatzenstein 344. Schatzlar 286. Schaumburg. the 91. Schedewitz 342. Scheessel 155. Scheibau 290. Scheibe 298. 396. Scheitnig 265. Schelfwerder 190. Schellenberg 841. Schellerhau 338. Scherfede 108. Schidlitz 243. Schiebelquelle, the 106, Schieder 142. Schierke 420. 427. Schiersbera, the 181. Schiffenbefg 431. Schildau 270. Schilfwassergrund 400. Schivelbein 234. Schkeuditz 362. Scblachtensee 77. 404. Schlackenthal 291. Schlackenwerth 342. Schladen 408. Schlangen 97. Schlawe 234. Schlebusch 94. Schlei, the 180. Schleiz 367. Schlesierthal, the 294. Schlesische Baude 277. Schlesisch-Friedland289. Schleswis 180. Schleusingen 382. Schlingelbaude 279. Schlobitten 246. Schliichtern 435. Schmachtersee, the 226. Schmale Heide 226. Schnialenberg. the 424. Schmalkalden 388. Schmallenberg 107. Schmalnau 435. Schmalwassergrund 399. Schmiedeberg (Silesia) 274. (Erzgebirge) 338. 342. Schmiedegrund 295. Schmol 182. Schmolz 287. Schmticke, the 398. Schnarcher, the 427. Schneckenstein 344. Schneeberg (Bohem.) 328. — (Saxonv) 343. — (Silesia) 293. Schneegruben, the 278. Schneekopf, the 398. Schneekoppe, the 280. Schneidemiihl 235. Schnellewalde 295. Schnepfenthal 372. Schohsee, the 201. Schollenstein, the 292. Scholmgraben, the 409. Schomberg 282. Schona 328. Schonau 372. Schonberg (Mecklenburg) 1S6. — (Saxony) 363. — (near Dantsic) 244. Schonberge, the 234. Schonbiirg, ruin 370. Schonebeck 358. Schoneberg 56. Schcineck 344. Schonfeld 329. Schonfels 366. Schonheide 344. Schonhausen 77. 92. Schoningen 99. Schonlanke 235. Schonlind 341. Schonlinde 299. Schonwalde 256. Schoppenstedt 408. Schoritz 229. INDEX. 457 Schottbiill 182. Schreiberhau 276. Schrevenborn 179. Schrijck 431. Schiibben 234. Schulitz 236. Schulpforta370. Schunter, the 94. Schurre, the 417. Schiittorf 121. Schwaan 190. Schwachhausen 153. Schwadowitz 287. Schwalbenstein, the 397. Schwalbenthal 433. Schwalheim 433. Schwalm, the 429. Schwartau 200. Schwarza 375. Schwarzathal, the 394. Schwarzbach 270. Schwarzbiirg 395. Schwarze Berg 280. 270. Schwarze Grund 270. Schwarze Koppe, 280. Schwarzenbach 367. Schwarzenbeck 220. Schwarzenberg 343. 366. — , the 292. Schwarzort 251. Schwarzwald 370. Schwarzwasser 343. 257. Schwebda 407. Schwedeldorf 293. Schwedenschanze 375. Schwedt 230. Schweidnitz 294. Schweinhaus 270. Schweizermiihle 328. Schwelm 95. Schwentine, the 179. 201. Schwerin 186. Schwerte 95. 106. Schwetz 237. Schvviebus 253. Sebaldsbriick 148. Sebastiansberg 341. Sebnitz 332. Sebnitzthal, the 332. Seebach 407. Seeberg, the 384. Seedorf 225. Seefelder, the 291. Sechserlinghohle 420. Seegefeld 221. Seehausen 221. Seelze 91. Seepothen 246. Seerenbach, the 334. Seesen 99. 406. Segeberg 177. Sehma 341. 342. Seidenberg 269. Seidorf 277. Seifersdorf 338. Seiffen 340. Seifhennersdorf 299. Seitenberg 292. Selkethal, the 414. Sembach 400. Seinil 285. Senftenberg 253. 300. Sibvllenort 297. Sichrow 284. Sieben Bruder 170. Siebeneichen 348. Sieben Griinde 282. Sieber 429. Siegen 106. Siegersdorf 257. Sieglitzer Berg, the 364, Siegmar 337. Sielbek 20.). Siethwende 177. Sievershausen 93. Silberberg 295. Silberborn, the 424. Silberhaus 407. Silberhiitte 412. Silberkamm, the 278. Singen 396. Singerberg, the 396. Singwitz 332. Sittendorf 406. Sitzendorf 395. Skalitz 287. Skodsborg 217. Slagelse 202. Sinidstrup 218. Snekkersten 219. Soden 435. Soest 95. Sofiero 220. Sulingen 94. Sollbrvick 183. S.illingen 99. Sullinger Wald 119. Sollstedt 407. Suininerda 405. SommerfeUl 256. Sommerschenburg 94. Sonderbnrg 182. Sondershausen 409. Sonnborn 94. Sonneberg 390. 395. Sonneberger Wegehaus, the 428. Sonnenberg 342. Sonnensfein, the 327. Sonnenwirbel 342. 338. Sonter, the 434. Sontra 434. Sooden 433. Sophienhiihe 374. Sorau 256. Sorgau 288. Sorgenfri 218. Sornewitz 348. Soro 202. Suttrum 155. Sound, the 207. Spandau 92. 221. Spandauer Bock 76. Spangenberg 434, Sparrnberg 367. Spechtritz 338. Sperberhaier Damm 428. Spicgersche Berge 411. Spiegelsberge 411. Spiegelslust 431. Spiekeroog 156. Spiessberg, the 400. Spindelmuhl 281. Spindlerbaude, the 278. Spittelndorf 258. Spitter-^rund 399. Spitzberg, the 278. 271. Sponholz 193. Sprakel 146. Spree, the 16. 221. Spreewald, the 265. Spremberg 266. Sprinse 141. Spvker 228. Stade 174. Stadtbergc 107. Stadtlengsfeld 388. Stadthagen 91. Stadt-Oldendorf 98. Stadtsulza 371. Staffelberg, the 368. Stangenberg, the 277. Stargard 233. Starkenl>ach 285. Starkotsch 287. Stassfurt 359. Stauflenberg 431. Stavenhagen 193. Steben 367. Stecklenberg 416. Stecklenburg, ruin 416. Steele 94. 104. Steglitz 77. Steiger. the 381. Stein, Burg 402. Stein (Saxony) 343. Steinach 395, Steinau 435. Steinbach, the 418. Stoinbach-Hallenberg 389. SteinJ)erg, the 201, Stoinbergen 142. Stoindohra 344. Steine, the 271. Steinerne Renne,['426. Steinerne Tisch'330. Steinheim 142. Steinhuder Meer 148. 458 INDEX. Steinigt, the 366. Steinkirche 291. 408. Steinkunzendorf 295. Steinschonau 329. Steinseifersdorf 295. Steinseiffen 279. Steinwand 435. Stendal 92. Stepenitz 232. Stern, the 289. Stettin 230. Steubendorf 296. Stickhausen 160. Stiege 417. Stirndl, the 279. Stoberhey 409. Stolberg (Harz) 420. Stollberg 337. Stolp 234. Stolpe, the 234. Stolpen 332. Stolpmunde 234. Stolzenburg. ruin 435. Stonsdorf 277. Stoppelberg 434. Stralau 76. 252. Stralsund 222. Strandstadt 234. Strasburg 193. Strassberg 421. 415. Straupitz 266. Strausberg 235. Straussfurt 409. Streckelberg, the 233. Strehlen 291. Strelasund, the 222. Strenge, the 401. Streu. the 390. 435. Strib 201. Striegau 294. Striesis 336. Stubben 153. Stubbenitz, the 228. Stubbenkammer 227. Stubenberg 416. Stumsdorf 359. Sturmhaube, the 278. Stutzhaus 371. Siidenburg 99. Siulerburg 161. Suderbrarup 180. Siiderhaflf 182. Suderode 416. Sudeten, Mts. 272. Suhl 382. Siillberg, the 174. Sulz, the 393. Sundewitt 182. Sundwig 106. Siintel Hills, the 155. SiipplingenbuTii 94. Swine, the 232": Swinemtinde 232. Svke 155. Svlt 185. Svthen 154. Taarbgek 217. Tabarz 400. Tafelfichte, the 270. Tambach 399. Tamsel 235. Tangerhiitte 358. Tangermiinde 92. Tanndorf 348. Tannenberg 329. Tannwald 276. Tantow 230. Tapiau 251. Tarnowitz 297. Taucha 361. Taunus Mts. 432. Tautenburg 373. Tecklenburg 154. Tegel 77. Teicha 410. Tempelhof 1. 61. Templin 85. Tenneberg 372. Teplitz 339. Terespol 237. Teschenhagen 229. Teterow 192. Tetschen 328. Tettenborn 409. Teufelsbad 399. Teufelsbriicke, the 417 Teufelskanzel, the 433 Teufelsmauer 407. 419. Teufelsmiihle, the 415. Teufelsstein, the 435. Teutoburgian Forest, the 89. 121. Teutschenthal 404. Thai 372. Thale 416. Thalheim 292. Thalmiihle 294. Thal-Schwarzburg 395. Tharandt 334. Thekenberse 411. Themar 390. Thiessow 226. Thomasdorf 332. Thonberg 355. Thorn 236. Thorstein, the 401. Thiiringer Thai 401. Thunow 234. Thuringian Forest 393. Thurmstein 273. 279. Tiefe Grand 331. Tiefenbachthal, the 417, Tiefurt 378. Tilleda 406. Tilsit 251. Tingleff 133. Todtenhausen 91. Todtenrode 417. Tollenser See 193. Tondern 184. Tonning 184. Topfer, the 284. Topper 253. TorbPek 219. Torgau 361. Tornesch 177. Tostedt 155. Trampke 234. Trankegrund, the 295. Trautenau 285. Trave, the 194. 200. 202. Travemunde 200. 202. Traventhal 177. Trebbin 300. Trebnitz 235. Treffurt 433. Trendelburg 108. Trent 228. Treptow (near Berlin) 76. — (on the Rega) 233. Treseburg 417. Treuen 366. Trevsa 430. 434. Triebisch, the 346. Triebischthal 348. Triefstein, the 371. Trippstein, the 396. Triptis 368. Troskv 284. Trotha 410. Trubenhausen 407. Trusenthal, the 401. Tschernhausen 269. Tschernowitz 341. Turnau 284. Twardawa 296. Twistringen 155. Tworkau 297. Tynist 290. Tyrathal, the 420. Tyssaer Wande 328. Ucker, the 221. Uckro 300. Uckermiinde 221. Uckersee, the 221. Uebelberg, the 401. Ueberschaar, the 292. Uelzen 92. 161. Uhlenhorst 172. Uhlstadt 375. Uhsmannsdorf 266. Uklei-See, the 200. Ulberndorf 338. Ulbersdorf 292. 332. Ullersdorf 292. Ulster, the 435. Ungedanken 429. Ungeheure Grand 400. INDEX. 459 Unna 95. Unstrut, the 370. 405. Unter-Koditz 396. Unterliiss 161. Unter-Schonau 398. Untersteinach 367. Unterweissbacli 395. Unter-Wellenborn 369. Usedom221. 232. Uttewald 326. Uttewalder Grund 331. Vamdrvip 183. Varel 160. Varenholz 142. Varzin 234. Vechelde 93. Veckerhagen 119. Vedbsek 219. Vegesack 153. Vehrte 155. Veilchenkoppe, the 278. Veitsberg, the 368. Velpe 121. Ventschow 190. Verden 148. Vetschau 266. Victorshijhe 415. Vienenburg 408. 411. Vierpfennighaus 399. Vierzehnheiligen 374. 36S. Vieregge 225. 228. Vieselbach 371. Vietz 235. Vietziger See 233. Vilm, island 226. Vihnnitz 226. Vineta 233. Vinzelberg 91. Vistula, the 236.238.243. Vitte 228. Vitzenburg 406. Vlotho 142. Vockerode 433. 364. Vogelsang 102. 2i6. Vogelsteine, the 273. Vohwinkel 94. Voitersreuth 366. Volksitz 229. Volkstedt 375. Volmarstein 104. Volme, the 95. 105. Vcilpke 99. Voorde 177. Vordingborg 208. Vorsfelde 91. Vorwohle 98. Vossowska 297. Wabern 429. Wacheberg, the 332. Wachsenburg 381. Wachstein, the 403. Wachtersbach 435. Wachvvitz 326. Wahlershausen 117. Wahlstadt 294. Waidmannsruh 367. Waldau 257. Waldchen 291. Waldeck 430. Waldenburg 286. 348. Waldheim 345. Waldhusen 200. Walditz 271. Waldkappel 434. Waldkirchen 341. Waldstein 284. Walkcnried 409. Walldorf 389. Wallendorf 395. Wallhausen 405. Wallwitz 410. Wallwitzberg 364. Wallwitzhafen 362. Waltersdorfer Jlvihle 331 Waltershausen 372. Wandsbeck 172. 186. Wanfried 433. Wang 279. Wangerin 234. Wangern 291. Wangeroog 156. Wanne 86. Wannsee 76. 77. 404. Warburg 108. Waren 220. Warlubien 237. Warmbrunn 274.5^270. Warnemiinde 192. Warniken 251. Warnow 220. — , the 190. Warnsdorf 299. 329. Warstein 96. Wartburg, the 386. Wartenberg 284. Wartha 291. Warthaberg, the 291. Warthe, the 235. 254. Wasserkuppe 435. Wasserleben 411. Wassersleben 182. Wasuugen 389. Watt, the 156. Wechselburg 348. Weckelsdorf 282. 290. Weckersdorf 289. Weddel 93. Weddinghausen 107. Weddinghusen 184. Weddingstedt 184. Weesenstein 327. Weetzen 141. Wega 429. Wegeleben 410. Wehlau 251. Wehlen 330. Wehrda 431. Wehrden 108. 119. Weichselmiinde 243. Weida 368. 366. Weigsdorf 269. Weimar 375. Weintraube 34.5, Weipert 342. Weischlitz 366. Weissand 359. Weisse Hirsch 326. 417. Weissenfels 369. Weisseritz, the 333. 338. Weisswasser 266. — , the 281. Weistritz 294. — , the 258. 271. Weiterhiisen 358. Wellersdurf 256. Welschen-Ennest 106. Welse, the 230. Welsede 142. 91. Wendelstein 406. Wendisch-Fahre 331. 332. Wendisch-Warnow 220. Wendorf 186. Wenigenjena 374. Wennemeu 107. Wenningbund 182. Wenningstedt 185. Wenzelsberg 287. 290. 397 Werbig 230. 235. Werdau 366. Werden 87. Werder 103. Werdohl 106. Werl 95. Werna 409. Wernersdorf 276. Wernigerode 426. Wernshausen 388. Werra, the 119. 372. 382. Werre, the 88. 90. Werse, the 143. Weser, the 119. 90. 108. Weseritzbach, the 342. Weserscharte, the 90. Westbevern 154. Westend 76. Westerland 185. Westerplatte 243. Westerstede 100. Westheim 108. Westhofen 95. Westphalian Coal Mea- sures 103. Wetter 105. 104. Wetterau, the 436. 460 INDEX. Wetterzeube 368. Wetzlar 431. Wickede 106. Wieck 228. Wieda 409. Wiehengebirge 160. Wienrode 417. Wiesebeckerthal 409. Wieselstein 339. Wiesenbad 341. Wiesenbaude 278. 281. Wiesenburg 343. Wik 179. Wildeck 341. Wilde Liicber, the 290. Wildemann 412. Wildenfels 343. Wildenthal 344. Wildflecken 438. Wildpark Stat. 77. 83. Wildungen 429. Wilbelminenhohe 179. Wilhelminenwand 333. Willielmsblick 417. Wilhelmsburg 162. Wilhelmshaven 160. Wilhelmshobe (near Cas- sel) 117. — , (Xordhausen) 407. — (near Salzbrunn) 289. Wilhelmstein 148. Wilhelmsthal 108. 403. Wilkau 343. Wilmersdorf 221. Wilsnack 221. Wilster 177. Wiltben 292. 332. Wilzscbhans 344. Windberg, the 334. Winterberg 107. Winterber2, the Gr. 333. — , Kleine^333. Winterstein 400. 403. Winzenburg 120. Wipertns 414. Wipper. the 234. 409. Wipperfiirth 94. WippershainerHuhe434. Wismar 186. Wissingen 122. Wissower Klinken 227. Wistritzthal 343. Wittefeld 160. Wittekind 361. Wittekindsberg, the 90. Witt en 104. Wittenberg 356. Wittenberge 220. Wittgendorf 270. Wittgensdorf 336. Wittgenstein 430. Wittig, the 269. Wittigsthal 343. Wittmund 147. Wittow 225. 228. Wittow Ferrv 225. Wittstock 221. Witzenhausen 40^ WobbeUn 220. Wohldenberg 132. Wolfelsdorf 293. Wolfelsfall, the 293. Wolfelsgrund, the 293. Wolfenbiittel 407. Wolfling 343. Wolsfanger 116. Wolfssefarth 366. 368. Wolfsgriin 344. Wolfshiigel, the 326. Wolfsschlucht. the 331 Wolgast 222. 233. Wolittnick 246. Wolkenburg 348. Wolkenstein 341. Wolkramshausen 407. 409. Wollin 232. 233. Wollnitz 374. Wolmirstedt 358. Woltorf 93. Worlitz 364. Wovens 183. Wriezen 230. Wrist 177. Wuischke 298. Wiilfel 120. Wiimbach 396. Wumme, the 155. Wiinschelburg 290. Wiinschendorf 366. Wunstorf 91. Wupper, the 94. Wursten 175. Wurzelberg, the 396. Wurzen 346. Wiiste-Oiersdorf 271. Wiistenbrand 337. Wustermark 92. Wusterwitz 102. Wiistenfelde 222. Wiiste-Waltersdorf 295. Wusting 158. Wustrow 192. Wiistuns: 291. Wutha 372. Wyk 184. Yssel, the 121. Zackelfall, the 276. Zacken, the 273. Zackerle, the 276. Zahna 356. Zanow 234. Zapfen^rund. the 372. Zealand 202- '207. 218. Zedlitz 265. J Zehsrund, the 281. \ Zehiendorf 77. 404. ^ Zeis, the 289. ^ Zeiskenschloss 289. *^ Zeitz 368. Zellbach, the 428. ■, Zella-Mehlis 382. i Zella-St. Blasien 382. Zelle 343. Zellerfeld 428. Zerbst 362. Zernitz 221. Zerrenthin 193. Zicker 225. Zieselhiitte 428. 435. Zie'ienberg 98. Ziegenhain 374. 434. Ziegenhals 295. 296. Ziegenkopf, the 419. [ Ziegenriick 368. Ziegenriicken, the 281. Zillerthal 273. Zilligerbach, the 426. Zimmersrode 430. Zinna 300. Zinnowitz 222. Zinnwald 339. Zinselhohle, the;^390.' Zippendorf 190. Zittau 283. Zobten 287. Zoblitz 298. Zoblitz 340. Zollbriick 234. Zollstock 403. Zoppot 244. 234. Zorge, the 406. Zorndorf 235. Zossen 300. Zscherregrund 330. Zschillen 348. Zschopau 336. 341.?? Zschortau 358. Zuckmantel 296. Znllchow 232. Ziillichau 256. Ziissow 222. Zwatzen 373. Zwenkau 365. Zwickau 337. Zwischenahn 160. Zwiinitz 344. Zwota 344. Leipsic: Printed by Breitkopf and Hartel. r" — '^ ^ INDEX OF STREETS AND PLANS OF BERLIN. Contents. 1 . Map of the Environs of Berlin (scale of 1 : 250,000). 2. General Plan of Berlin (scale of 1 : 44,120). 3. Tramway Plan of Berlin (scale of 1 : 44,120). 4. List of the principal streets, public buildings, etc., of Berlin. 5. Large Plan of Berlin, in three sections (scale of 1 : 14,000). This cover may be detached from the rest of the book by severing the yellow thread which will be found between pp. 2 and 3 of the list of streets. — z — r— > — -iT-i — r~] — o — r~ !•: .<^ \ '". y/^ X^ ^ \ ftT't £. 7^, w k 1 ,^-f- '^t u 't^JiA /■^ ^4^-L..^dM ^ SSTSTTT^S; r List of the Principal Streets, Public Buildings, etc. -^ in the Plan of Berlin. The large Plan of Berlin, on the scale of 1 : 14,000, is divided into three sections, of which the uppermost is coloured brown, the central red, and the lowest gray. In the accompauyiiig index the letters &, r, g refer to these sections, while the capital letters and numbers indicate the square of the section in which the place in question is to be found. Thus the Alexander- Platz will be found in the red section, column M, first square from the top. The squares will also be useful for calculating distances, each side of a square being exactly half a kilometre or about ^/iq of a mile, while the diagonals if drawn would be 760 yds. The letters immediately following the names of the streets refer to the Postal Districts (C, central; W, West; 0, Ost, East, etc.). r g Abgeordnetenbaiis (House of Deputies) . Academy Ackerstr. N. Adalbertstr. S.O Adlerstr. C Admiralty Admiralstr. 8.(31-36 S. 0) Albrechishoferbriicke. . Albrecbtstr. N.W. . . . Alexander-Platz. C. . . Alexanderstr. 0.(12-280.) — , Kleine. C Alexandrinenstr. S. (N'os. 102-128 S.W.) . . . . Alsenbriicke Alt-Moabit Alvenslebenstr. W. . . Amalienstr, C Anatomie Andreasstr. Angenniinderstr. N. . . Anbaltstr. S.W Ankhimerstr. N. .... Annenstr. S.O. (Nos. 5- 4i 8.) Apostelkircbe, An der, W. Aquarium Architckten-Vereinshaus (Architects' Union) . . Arcona-Platz. N. ... K3 M4 K2 03 N2 H 1 \i 2 Arsenal Artilleriestr. If Askaniscber-Platz. S W. Augustabriicke Auguststr. If. (Nos. 28- 59 C.) — , Kleine, C Badbriicke Bahnhofstr. S.W. . . . Bandelstr. If.W. . . . . Barnimstr. N.O Barracks: 2. Garde Reg. zu Fuss Kaiser Alexand. Garde- Grenad.-Reg. No. 1 . Kaiser Franz - Garde- Grenad.-Reg. No. 2 . Garde-Fiisilier-Reg. . 3. Garde-Reg. zu Fuss Garde-Schiitzen-Bat. . Gardes du Corps . . . Garde-Giirassier-Keg. . l.Garde-Dragoner-Reg. 2. Garde-Ulanen-Reg. . 2.Garde-Dragoner-Reg. Garde-Feld-Artillerie . Garde-Pionier-Bat. . . Garde-Train - Bataillon Brandenb. Train - Bat. No. 3 .14 HI G 1 M3 II I L;3 P 1 P 1 K2 .13 K4 P 1 02 LIS OF THE PRINCIPAL STREETS Bartelstr. G. ..... . Barutherstr. S.W- . . . Bau-Academie Bauhofstr. N.W. . . . . Behrenstr. W. Belle-Alliance-Briicke . Platz S.W. ... Belle-Alliancestr. >S. W. . Bellevue, Chateau ^Y. W. Bellevuestr. W. . . . . Bendlerstr. W. Berg-Academie Bergmannstr. S.W. (A^'os. 26-75 S.) Bergstr. y Bernauerstr. X. . . . . Bernburgersfr. S. W. . . Besselstr. S.W Bethanien Beuthstr. S.W. Bibliothek ( Royal Li- brary) Birkenstr. N.W. . . . . Biscbofstr. C Blumenstr. Blumenthalstr. W. . . . Blumesbof W Bijckbstr. S.O Borse (Exchange) . . . Borsig's Engine Factory Borsigstr. Jf. Botanic Garden, Royal . Boyenstr. iV. Brandenburger Thor . . Brandenburgstr. S. . . . Brauhausstr. C. . . . . Breitestr. C. Bremerstr. N.W Breslauerstr. Britzerstr. S.O Brombergerstr. 0. . . . Brucken-Allee N.W. . . Briickenstr. S.O Briiderstr. C Brunnenstr. N Bucbenstr. W. . . . , . Bukowerstr. — , Alte. C Lennestr. W Ijibrarv, Roval Lichtenbergerstr. N.O. . Lichtensteinbriicke . . . Lichterfelderstr. S.W. . Liesenstr. N Linden, Unter den (Nos. 1- 37 W., 38-78 N.W.) . . Lindenstr. S.W. . . . . Lindowerstr. iV. . . . . Linienstr. (lYos. 1 - 10a & 241-250 N.O. ,11-105 d- 161-210 C, 106-160 N.) Linkstr. W. Lotbringerstr. N, . . . Lottumstr. N. Luckaxierstr, 8. ■ . . . Luckenwalderstr. S. W. . Liibbenerstr. S.O. . . . Liitzow-Platz. W. . . . Liitzuwstr. W. Liitzow-Ufer. W Luisen-Platz. N.W. . . Liiisenstr. N.W. . . . . Luisen-Ufer. S Lustgarten, Am. C. . . Mnpayinst''. O, , G2 Fl L 4 l'3 L 3 g'4 H4 C J I) H K 1 4 2 4 1 2 Magdeburger-Platz. W. . Magdebnrgerstr. W. . . Manteuffelstr. S.O. . . . Margarethenstr. W. . . Mariannen-Platz. S.O. . Mariannenstr, S.O. . . . Mariendorferstr. S.W. . Marienstr. N.W. ... . Markgrafenstr. S.W. (31- 64 W.) F4 HI J3 M2 HI 02 H2 L 2 f'4 H3 .T 1 Nl N4 Q3 N4 N4 L2 Mark. Pro vinz.- Museum Markthallenslr. N. W. . Markusstr. Warschallsbriicke . Marstall (Royal Stables). Mathieustr. S Matthaikirchstr. W. . . Mauerstr. W. Mehlbriicke Mehnerstr. N.O Melcbiorstr. S.O Memelerstr. Metzerstr. N. Michaelkirch-Platz. S.O Micbaelkircbstr. S.O. . . Military Academy . . . M3 O 2 O 3 H4 Kl G 1 M2 L 1 and ^lining Institute . . Minislerial Offices: Auswiirtigcs Amt (Foreign Office) Finanz (Finance) Cultus (Religion Education) Handel (Trade) . . . des Koniglichenllauses (Royal Household) . des Inncrn (Home Office) Justiz (.Justice) . . . Krieg (War) Marine (Navy) .... Staats-Amt Mint, Roval Mittelstr." N.W. .... Mittenwalderstr. S.W. . Moabit Bridge iMockernbriicke Mikkernstr. S. W. ... Mohrenstr. W Molkenmarkt. C Moltkebriicke Moltkestr. N.W. . . . . Mijou, Palace of . . Montbijou-Platz. N. . . Monuments : Frederick the Great . Frederick William III. , equest. statue Great Elector . . . Generals of Fred, th Great — of 1813-15 .... Beutb, Schinkel, Thaor Schiller Coiint Brandenburg National Mon., 1813-15 — , 1848-49 . Siegesdenkmal(Victory Mon.), 1804-71 Stein FriedenssJiule (Coluuin of Peace) .... Moritzstr. S Miihlendamm. C. Miihlenstr, 0. . . . Mulackstr. C. . . . Miillerstr. N. . . . Miinchebergerstr. Miinze (Royal Mint) Miinzstr. C Museum, New . . . — , Old Muskauerstr. S.O. . K2 H3 K2 H2 H3 U3 H2 H3 H4 H4 H2 K3 H2 Dl K4 J3 L 2 F 1 G 1 K 1 Kl J 2 F 3 K2 L 2 H3 K2 K2 .13 H4 H2 H2 H4 G3 G2 K4 Naunynstr. S.O. National Gallery Neanderstr. S.O. .12 L2 L3 P 4 L 4 P 3 K3 Kl K2 O 1 N 1 Kl M4 LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL STREETS Neuenburgerstr. S. W. . Neue Promenade. C. . . Neuer Markt. G. . . . . Neu-Kolln amWasser. S Neustadt. Kirclistr. iV. TF. Niederlagstr. W. . . Niederwallstr, C. Nostizstr. S.W. . . Oberbaumbriicke . . . . Oberwallstr. W. . . . . Oberwasserstr, C. . . . Observatory Oderbergerstr. N. . . . Oppelnerstr. S.O. . . . O rani enbrii eke Oranienburgerstr. iV. Oranienstr. (l-il d- 165a- 206 S.O. , 42-79 i^=^v) -V O 3> 13 •0/r. ov^ \ L.CJ I I' ^V LIU II |i||P| 3 1158 00486 2008 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FAClLI-^Y 3SANCELfj> i i A 000 361 879 o ^(?Aavyan-^^ CO "^/saiAiNnrnv^ )i ^lOSANCELfj> ^;^iLIBRARY6k %a3AiNn]WV^ .^UIBRARYQ^ ^if/OJTOJO^ so ^lOSANCELfj;> ■^Aa3AINn-3WV^ ^OFCALIFO/?^ ^OPCALIFO/?^ "^^AHvaaii-^^ It/ ^ JO ^vmlidRARYOc. "^ ^(!/0JiTV3JO^ ^\WEUNIVER% ^lOSANGElfj> > ^ -n l-> r«r m } y ^OFCA[IF0% C3 P= ^^WEUNIVER% ^lOSANGElfj;^ g S