SB 3*7 A prevision of the Genus Capsicum with Especial Reference to Garden Vsrietie H. C. Irish UC-NRLF 71 Sfll 806l'l2 "A 'N ' A REVISION OF THE GENUS CAPSICUM WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO GARDEN VARIETIES. BY H. C. IRISH. A revision of the genus Capsicum * from an agricultural rather than a strictly botanical standpoint, was first sug- gested by Dr. E. Lewis Sturtevant,f who afterwardhimself selected the subject for special study and began collecting and cultivating a large number of kinds, at the same time recording complete descriptions from living plants. In 1892 all of his material bearing upon the subject, includ- ing many herbarium specimens, drawings, colored plates and notes was given to the Missouri Botanical Garden J on condition that the genus should receive study with a view to the ultimate publication of the results in monographic form. All garden varieties which were procurable, together with numerous so-called species, have been cultivated at the Garden for four years, furnishing valuable material in the prosecution of the work. In beginning operations, Mr. F. * Tournef. Inst. 152. 1700. Linn. Gen. PI. 195. 1742. Jussieu, Gen. PI. 126. 1789. Linn. Syst. PI. 1: 1050. 1797 [ed. Willd.]. Miller, Card. Diet. 1797 [ed. Martyn]. Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 237. 1809. Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. PI. 3: 48. 1818. Fingerh. Monogr. Gen. Capsici. 1832. Nees von Esenb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 17 : 62. 1832. Meisner, PI. Gen. 277. 1836-43. Don, Hist. Dich. PL 4: 444. 1838. Endlicher, Gen. PI. 665. 1840 [no. 3854]. Sendt. in Martins, Fl. Bras. 10: 142. 1846. Dunal in DC. Prodr. IS 1 : 411. 1852. Miquel, Fl. Ned. Ind. 2:657. 1856. Benth. & Hooker, Gen. PI. 2: 892. 1876. Nicholson, Diet. Gard. 1884. Baillon, Hist. PL 9: 331. 1888. Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. <4 3b : 20. 1891. Kuntze, Eevis. Gen. PL 447. 1891. English, Red Pepper t Guinea Pepper. French, Piment, Poivre d'Inde ou de Guinea. German, Spanischer Pfeffer. Italian, Peperone. Mexi- can, Chilli. Hindostan, Tschili. Hungarian, Paprika. Spanish, Pimiento. Portuguese, Pimento, Pimentas. f American Naturalist 25 : 550. 1885. I Kept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 15. 1893. (53) 46381 i MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. W. Dewart, at that time Botanical Assistant at the Garden, made numerous observations, especially noting structural characters. Later Mr. J. G. Smith continued the work, following much the same plan. My own study of this genus began in the spring of 1896 with bringing together the material left by others, recording observations on the growing plants of that year, and comparing them with previous notes. In addition to the work of the gentlemen named, I am especially indebted to Professor William Tre- lease for valuable assistance and suggestions in all parts of the work. Concerning the early history of Capsicum, there is abundant evidence that the entire genus had its origin in the American tropics, though numerous so-called species have been attributed to Southern Asia. It seems to have been first mentioned by Peter Martyn in an epistle dated September 1493, in which he says Columbus brought home " pepper more pungent than that from Caucasus/ 7 * De Candolle advances the opinion that a plant so easily grown and so agreeable to the tastes of inhabitants of warm countries would probably have been known previous to the discovery of America, whereas no ancient Sanskrit or Chinese name for the genus is known, neither were the Greeks, Romans, nor even Hebrews acquainted with it.f The rapidity with which the plants spread in tropical countries, together with the increased commercial trade im- mediately following the discovery of America, probably caused a rapid dissemination through the Old World tropics, where the plants were afterwards found by later botanists, many of whom supposed them to be indigenous. The opinion of different authorities seems to vary greatly concerning the number of species and varieties. Three varieties were figured by Fuchsius in 1542, thirteen by Gregorius in 1611, twenty by Parkinson in 1640. Thirty- five were mentioned by Morison in 1699, twenty-seven by * Sturtevant, American Naturalist 24: 151. 1890. f De Candolle, Origin of Cultivated Plants 288. 1882. A KEVISION OF THE GENUS CAPSICUM. 55 Tournefort in 1700, eighteen by Miller in 1731, though in 1771, after the binomial system had come into use, he gave but ten specific names. Linnaeus in the first edition of his Species Plantarum (1753) records two species, and in his Mantissa (1767) recognizes two additional ones. In the fourteenth edition of his Systema Vegetabilium, edited by Murray (1789), one new species is given, and in the Willdenow edition of the Species Plantarum (1797) still another is added. Romer and Schultes, in their edition of the Systema Vegetabilium (1819), add what they consider fifteen good and three doubtful species to those already de- scribed since the time of Linnaeus. Of these fifteen, only one was given for the first time by them, all of the others having been previously named by various botanists since Willdenow's edition. In 1832 Fingerhuth recognized twenty-five accepted species, together with seven requiring further examination, and twenty-eight botanical varieties, three of the species and most of the varieties being named by him. In 1846 Sen dtner recorded ten species and numer- ous varieties as occurring in Brazil alone, he having named seven of the species. In 1852,Dunal recorded fifty accepted species, of which eleven were described for the first time, together with many varieties, and eleven species requiring further examination, besides three doubtful ones. This was the last revision of the genus, and but three new species have since been described. Altogether about ninety specific names have been given, of which the Index Kewensis recognizes fifty -four as good. Notwithstanding this large number, modern authorities generally believe that there are only a few. Professor Asa Gray, in a letter to Dr. Sturtevant under date of Nov. 2, 1887, expresses a fancy that there are only two species in the genus.* Dr. Sturtevant, who had already made a considerable study of the genus, expressed the opinion that the published species in a majority of cases were only forms, and that when these were reduced to synonyms * Agricultural Science 2: 1. 1883. 56 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. the number of species that would be accepted by botanists would be very small.* Dr. H. H. Rusby wrote Dr. Sturtevant, April 9th, 1888, saying: " I have seen a good deal of the genus in South America and have observed a great tendency to variation. I have seen but few well dis- tinguished forms and about these are grouped hosts, pre- senting every shade of variation in size, color, form, and surface-planes of fruit. There are corresponding differ- ences in pungency and flavor, in detecting which the natives are very expert. Each man will have some cherished plant that to him is very distinct, and far superior to anything that his neighbors can boast." In regard to the great variability of Capsicum, Professor G. S. Jenman, of the Government Botanist's Office at Georgetown, British Guiana, wrote Mr. Dewart, August 24, 1892, that the genus there presents an infinite variety, and where several kinds are grown together the fruit of par- ticular forms is often much modified by cross-fertilization, though this apparently does not apply to all varieties. Professor J. H. Hart, Superintendent of the Botanical Department of the Royal Botanical Gardens at Trinidad, during the same year wrote Mr. Dewart as follows ; " We do not make any specific distinction between the Capsicums from here for the simple reason that they degenerate so quickly to a simple form under cultivation that we cannot refer them to more than a single species. Some of the finest will in four or five generations be nothing more than ' Bird-pepper ' of which the forms are as many as the days of the year." My work mainly adds strong testimony to the observa- tions of these gentlemen. A number of well-marked types have been preserved for centuries, and within them various forms have constantly appeared. Upon these forms, in my opinion, a large number of the so-called species have been based. I have therefore separated them into two species and preserved the well-fixed types as botanical * Agricultural Science 2: 1. 1888. A REVISION OF THE GENUS CAPSICUM. 57 varieties. Most of the modern garden varieties easily find classification within the types of the annual species, some of them almost exactly corresponding with the wood cuts and descriptions of some very old forms. Many of the varieties from South America and Mexico present, to my mind, sufficiently distinct characters in habit of growth and in the woodiness of the plants to justify their treat- ment as representatives of two species. Primarily, the classification of the types is based on the shape of the fruit and the calyx characters, as the most closely related ones can thus be brought together. The erect and pendent fruit, the primary characters of Finger- huth and Dunal, are equally constant, but cannot be em- ployed primarily in this classification, as both characters appear in all but two of the types here given as botanical varieties, and hence can only be used in separating the forms within these types. In citing prelinnean authorities* I have included only the descriptions which have been carefully studied and about which I had no doubt as to the type or form intended. The descriptions of a number are so brief and incomplete that they could not be definitely located, hence it seemed wise to omit them entirely. Most of the modern works to which I have had access and which give fairly complete descriptions are referred to unless some doubt exists as to the intention of the author. In the selection of names for the garden varieties, the principles for the nomenclature of cultivated plants adopted by the Vegetable Committee of Experiment Station Horti- culturists f and the Madison Botanical Congress J have been followed. In the citation of varietal synonyms reference is made to the earliest and most complete descriptions in * For the full titles of works published prior to 1753, reference should be made to the catalogue of the Sturtevant Prelinnean Library. Kept. Mo. Dot. Gard. 7 : 123-209. 1896. t Bailey, Annals of Horticulture 106-107. 1889. I Proceedings of the Madison Botanical Congress 41. 27 Aug. 1893. 58 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. such seed catalogues as I have seen, except where equally satisfactory accounts were found in other publications. The economic value of the fruit has long been known. The southern natives used it as much in ancient times as they do at present. Oviedo, who reached tropical America from Spain in 1514, particularly mentions its uses.* Chanca, physician to the fleet of Columbus in his second voyage to the West Indies, in a letter written to the Chap- ter of Seville in 1494, alludes to it as a condiment. f Its use for this purpose is also mentioned by subsequent writ- ers. In Spain and India as early as the sixteenth century the fruit was employed in dressing meats and was supposed by some to be valuable for dyeing. Medicinally the red pepper was known to assist in the digestion of meats, and when mixed with honey and applied externally was a remedy for quinsy. Mention is also made of its removing freckles from the skin.J It was given for dropsy, colic, ague, toothache, and other ailments. The fruit was given to horses and mules for " dry gripes " brought on by rank and sour grass. If Later, a preparation of Capsicum was given in case of black vomit, and various tropical fevers, || and has been recommended for atonic gout, dyspepsia accompanied by flatulence, tympanitis, paralysis, cynanche maligna and scarlatina maligna.** At the present time Capsicum is employed in medicine mainly as an astringent in the form of a tincture. The ground fruit is used in combination with quinine for malarial fever. When mixed with turmeric and some spice, it forms Curry Powder. The pungency ft is due to an active principle called " cap- * Sturtevant, American Naturalist 19: 544. 1885. t ITuckiger & Hanbury, Pharmacography 453. 1879 [Engl. ed.]. J Gerarde, Herball 293. 1597. Parkinson, Theat. Bot. 359. 1640. t Miller, Gard. Diet. 1797 [ed. Martyn]. || Phillips, Cult. Veg. 1: 118. 1822. ** Lindley, Veg. Kingdom 621. 1853. ft The burning sensation occasioned by eating the pungent varieties may be checked by drinking milk. A REVISION OF THE GENUS CAPSICUM. 59 saicin " which occurs mainly in the placenta and seed and which is volatile when exposed to the air. In its effects Capsicum is a stimulant, stomachic, and a rubefacient.* Commercially the red pepper is employed more as a condiment than for any other purpose, and it is used as a seasoning in almost every dish by the inhabitants of warm climates. Cayenne Pepper is one of the important prod- ucts, consisting mainly of the fruit of the small pungent varieties reduced to a fine powder. It is sometimes pre- pared by mixing wheat flour with the dried fruit and making into cakes with yeast. After baking until quite hard and brittle these are reduced to powder and sifted. When prepared in this manner it has been known under the name Cayenne Pepper Pot^ and when simply dried, powdered, and mixed with a little salt, it has been known as Cay an Butter. t According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, Mandram is a West Indian stomachic prepared by mashing a few pods of bird pepper and mixing them with sliced cucumbers and shallots to which have been added a little lime-juice and Madeira wine. There are various brands of pepper sauce, which consist chiefly of the unground fruit of the pungent varieties preserved in brine or strong vinegar. Tabasco Pepper Sauce or liquid pepper is said to be the pulp of the ripe fruit of the Tabasco variety extracted by pressure and so handled as to retain all flavor, strength, aroma and color of the ripe fruit. Tabasco Catchup is made from the same variety. Paprika is a well-known Hungarian condiment made from the fruit which is ground after the seeds have been removed, and is, therefore, much less pungent than the Tabasco sauce. Chilli con came consists of the small pungent peppers finely ground and mixed with meat. It is much used in the Southern United States. In Mexico the fruit forms a very essential ingredient in the tamales so * Waggaman, Bot. Mat. Med. 228. 1895. f Phillips, Cult. Veg. 1 : 123. 1822. I Miller, Gard. Diet. 1797 [ed. Martyn]. 60 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. common in that country and quite well known in the Southern United States. Many of the kinds of Capsicum are more or less em- ployed either in pickles or in the raw or cooked state, the milder sorts being much preferred by northern con- sumers and the more pungent ones by the southern people. They are sliced and either mixed with salads or served like tomatoes with vinegar and salt. The thick-fleshed bell- shaped and squash varieties are much used as mangoes. These are made by cutting the fruit down one side, remov- ing the seed, and filling with chow-chow pickles. The parts are then tied together and the whole placed in jars or cans containing vinegar where it remains until wanted. Some of the medium-sized pungent varieties are eaten by native Mexicans in the raw state, the same as radishes, i am told by a reliable firm, who manufacture pepper sauce, that in Spain some of the large sweet varieties, which with us are often stuffed and baked, are canned after being cooked in olive oil, and are then eaten with French salad dressing without further cooking. In this condition, too, the fruit is often employed in stuffing pitted olives. Aside from its value as a food and a medicine, Capsicum has been recommended as an insecticide when used in con- nection with tobacco-paper,* but inasmuch as the operation was not a success without the latter it is probable that tobacco was the essential ingredient. The seed is consid- ered a very healthful bird food, and is used to some extent for that purpose. In Europe, some varieties, such as Little Gem and Prince of Wales, are grown considerably for decorative purposes, especially in pots, under glass. The culture of the pepper is comparatively simple. It does not require special care and yet quickly responds to any particular attention which may be given it. A warm and moderately light soil that does not quickly dry out appears to be the best. The seed generally requires from * Gard. Chron. 150. 1852. A REVISION OF THE GENUS CAPSICUM. 61 twelve to twenty days to germinate, the exact time depend- ing upon its age. The plants are usually started under glass in February or March and transplanted into pots or fiats when large enough to handle. After all danger of frost is past, they are moved to the field and planted one or two feet apart. The ground around the plants is thoroughly cultivated during the growing season, and in case of extreme drouth artificial irrigation is sometimes resorted to. Its culture does not appear to be especially confined to any particular locality but is generally distributed through- out temperate and tropical regions for the supply of local markets. Capsicum frutescens is confined mostly to Southern Asia, Africa, Mexico, and South and Central America. The large Sweet Spanish variety is largely culti- vated in Spain, and various varieties for the manufacture of Paprika are extensively grown in Hungary. The Tabasco variety is almost exclusively confined to one locality in Louisiana. There is considerable local demand, as pickles, mangoes and pepper sauces are quite extensively manufactured in St. Louis, and the supply for them is largely grown in this vicinity. Fortunately peppers are not subject to attack by insects. Red spider and greenfly (Aphis) are the only known Arthropod enemies, and their depredations are confined mainly to plants grown under glass. The red spider may be kept in check by repeatedly syringing with water, and the greenfly may be killed by fumigating with tobacco. There are two fungus diseases which frequently occur, especially upon the larger thick-fleshed varieties. One of them Dr. Halsted * calls an anthracnose of the pink sort, due to Gloeosporium piperotum E. & E., which causes the fruit to rot about the time it is maturing. The other disease is a dark anthracnose, due to Colletotrichum nigrum . f * Kept. N. J. Exp. Sta. 326. 1892. t Halsted, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 18: 15. 1891. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. ARTIFICIAL KEY TO GARDEN PEPPERS. * Peduncles straight; fruit erect or spreading. +- Calyx embracing base of fruit, the latter much longer than broad. M- Fruit short, usually less than 1 in. long; peduncles nearly as long or longer. Plant 2 ft. or more high, maturing slowly and rarely ripen- ing fruit except in extreme south. C. frutescena. Plant ripening its fruit earlier, usually not over li ft. high except for the first variety. C. annuum conoides. Fruit usually compressed at the base by the calyx; plant at least 2 ft. high. TABASCO. Fruit not compressed at the base by the calyx. Dark red. Oblong fusiform. CORAL GEM. Conical or ovate obtuse. CAYENNE. Orange red. ORANGE-BED CLUSTER. M- +* Fruit usually more than lfe in. long, slender, largest diameter usually less than i in.; peduncles shorter; flesh very thin (about aV in ). Plant about 1 ft. high ; leaves and fruit fascicled. C. annuum fasciculatum. Fruit red. RED CLUSTER. Fruit yellow. YELLOW CLUSTER. Plant larger; leaves and fruit not fascicled. C. annuum acuminatum* Fruit red. CHILLI. Fruit yellow. YELLOW CHILLI. *- *- Calyx not usually embracing base of fruit, or only obscurely so j fruit usually more than li in. long, largest diameter usually more than 4 in. ; flesh somewhat thicker. C. annuum longum. Petals more or less purple ; fruit black at first, becoming orange-red. BLACK NUBIAN. Petals white ; fruit green, becoming red when ripe. LONG RED. --- Calyx not embracing base of fruit, the latter slightly longer than broad, subconical, ovate, or oblong, usually | in. to 2 in. long. C. annuum abbrematum. Fruit bright red when ripe. Changing from green to light yellow or straw color before ripening, subrugose, not turbinate. Usually mucronate, oval. KALEIDOSCOPE. Not mucronate, subconical. CELESTIAL. Not changing to light yellow. Very rugose, often turbinate. RED WRINKLED. Neither rugose nor turbinate. ETNA. A REVISION OF THE GENUS CAPSICUM. 63 Fruit yellow when ripe. With longitudinal furrows, rarely turbinate. PRINCESS OF WALES. Not furrowed, usually very rugose and turbinate. YELLOW WRINKLED. l Calyx not embracing base of fruit, the latter spherical or heart- shaped, smooth. C. annuum cerasiforme. Fruit usually less than in. in diameter. Red. LITTLE GEM. Yellow. PRINCE OF WALES. Fruit usually in. to 1 in. in diameter. Round or cherry shaped. Red. CHERRY. Yellow. YELLOW CHERRY. Heart-shaped. Red. OXHEART. Yellow. YELLOW OXHEART. :Jl-i-Calyx not embracing base of fruit, usually seated in a basal de- pression. C. annuum grossum. Fruit red, subconical or prismatic. BRAZILIAN UPRIGHT. Fruit yellow. GOLDEN UPRIGHT. **Peduncles curved or recurved ; fruit pendent. f- Calyx embracing base of fruit, the latter much longer than broad, w- Fruit very slender, usually less than i in. in diameter; flesh very thin (about -fa in-)- G. annuum acuminatum. | to li in. long. Red. NEPAL CHILLI. Yellow. YELLOW NEPAL CHILLI. li to 4 in. long. Red. LONG CAYENNE. Yellow. LONG YELLOW CAYENNE. M- -M- Fruit stouter ; flesh thicker, often furrowed longitudinally. IVORY TUSK. - -i- Calyx not embracing base of fruit, the latter much longer than broad, mostly stout, tapering. C. annuum longum. Petals purple; fruit black at first, becoming orange-red. BLACK NUBIAN. Petals white; fruit red or yellow. Calyx usually not entirely covering the flat base of fruit. Flesh about | in. thick, only slightly pungent. COUNTY FAIR. Flesh thinner, very acrid pungent ; fruit slender for the group. LONG RED. Calyx usually covering the base, but at most obscurely embracing it. Fruit red. CARDINAL. Fruit yellow. LONG YELLOW. Calyx usually seated in a basal depression. Apex distinctly 3 to 4 lobed. ELEPHANT'S TRUNK. Apex pointed or obscurely lobed. PROCOPP'S GIANT. 64 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. : *- Calyx not embracing base of fruit, usually seated in a basal depression; fruit swollen, angular. C. annuum grossum. Fruit subconical, decidedly tapering. EMPEROR. Fruit prismatic or subconical, slightly tapering to a 3 to 4 lobed apex. Subconical. MONSTROUS. Prismatic. SWEET SPANISH. Fruit squarish, subtruncate, about as long as broad. Apical end usually much contorted, often larger than base ; fruit 2 to 3 in. in diameter. BELL. Apical end not usually contorted, but quite uniformly lobed ; fruit larger than last. Red. SWEET MOUNTAIN. Yellow. GOLDEN DAWN. Fruit squarish, subtruncate, longer than broad, deeply fur- rowed and lobed, 5 to 7 in. long, 8 to 4 in. in diameter. Red. RUBY KINO, Yellow. GOLDEN KING. Fruit 2 to 3 in. broad, very oblate. Red. SQUASH, Yellow. YELLOW SQUASH. : Calyx not embracing base of fruit, the latter slightly longer than broad, subconical, ovate, or oblong, usually | in. to 2 in. long. C. annuum abbreviation. Fruit bright red when ripe. Changing from green to bright yellow or straw color be- fore ripening, subrugose, not turbinate. Oval, usually mucronate. KALEIDOSCOPE. Not changing to light yellow, very rugose, often turbinate. RED WRINKLED. Fruit yellow when ripe. Longitudinally furrowed, rarely turbinate. PRINCESS OF WALES. Not usually furrowed, very rugose, turbinate. YELLOW WRINKLED. : : *- Calyx not embracing base of fruit, the latter spherical or heartshaped, smooth, usually in. to 1^ in. in diameter. C. annuum cerasiforme. About g in. in diameter, yellow. PRINCE OF WALES. Round or cherry shaped, & to 1^ in. in diameter. Red. CHERRY. Yellow. YELLOW CHERRY. Heartshaped. Red. OXHEART. Yellow. YELLOW OXIIEART. A REVISION OF THE GENUS CAPSICUM. 65 SYNOPSIS. A Herbaceous or suffrutescent, annual or biennial. C. ANNUUM L. Capsicum annuum Linn. Hort. Cliff. 59. 1737. Herbaceous or suffrutescent plants usually growing two or three feet high, sometimes four or five, rarely only a foot, with numerous erect angular branches usually rising from near the ground, generally smooth, sometimes sparsely pubescent. Leaves medium small to very large, ovate acuminate to oblong elliptical; petioles smooth or sparingly hairy. Peduncles solitary, sometimes in twos, usually smooth. Corolla white or dingy white, except in one variety when it is more or less blotched with purple. Fruits variable in size, color and form. This species furnishes all the leading commercial varieties now in cultivation. In temperate latitudes they are treated as annuals, while in tropical countries some varieties are biennial or perennial. a Fruit oblong linear. * Calyx usually embracing base of fruit. *- Fruit usually less than 1 in. long; peduncles about as long or longer. C. annuum conoides (Miller). Capsicum conoides Miller, Gard. Diet. 1771 [no. 8. ed. 6]. Linn. Syst. 4: 662. 1819 [ed. Rom. et Schult.]. Fingerh. Monogr. Gen. Cap- Bici 14. t. 3. f. b. 1832. Don, Hist. Dich. PI. 4 : 446. 1838. Rich. Fl. Abyss. 2 : 96. 1851. Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13 1 : 414. 1852. See- mann, Bot. Herald 402. 1852-57. Miquel, Fl. Ned. Ind. 2 : 659. 1856. Capsicum conoides sulcatum Fingerh. Monogr. 15. t. 3. f. c. 1832. Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13 1 : 415. 1852. Capsicum conoides chordale Fingerh. 1. c./. d. Dunal, 1. c. Capsicum conoides oblong o-conicum Dunal, 1. c. Piper oblongum, exiguum erectum pyramidale. Greg, de Reg. in Clus. Cur. Post. 97, /. 4, 98. 1611. Jonstonus, Dendrog. t. 56. 1662. Raius, Hist. PI. 1 : 677. 1686. Piper Indicum siliquis surrectis & oblongis diff. 3. majus et minus (excl. majus). Bauhin. Pinax 103. 1623. Capsicum exiguum erectum pyramidale. Parkinson, Theat. Bot. 367. /. 6. 1640. 66 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. Capsicum minus fructu parvo pyramidal! erecto. Sloane, Cat. PI. Jam. 112. 1696. Capsicum sive Piper Indicum oblongum minus. Morison, Hist. PL Oxon. 3:529. 1699. Capsicum siliquis surrectis & oblongis, exiguus. Tournef. Inst. 152. 1700. Piper Indicum minimum erectum. [Beslerus], Hort. Eyst. 1. Autumn. Ord. 1:8./. 1. 1713. Solanum mordens minus erectum. Weinmann. Phyt. Iconog. 4 : 349. pi. 930. f. b. 1745. Negro-pepper. Hughes, Hist. Barb. 213. 1750. Fide Maycock, Fl. Barb. 104. 1830. Capsicum fructu minimo conico rubro. Browne, Hist. Jam. 176. 1756. Plants stiff rutescent, 1-2^ ft. high, diffusely spreading l-2 ft. Stem and lower branches striate, green, spar- ingly corky. Branches short between the nodes, often sub- pubescent. Leaves numerous, ovate lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent on midvein below, sparsely pubescent above, 2-3 in. long, J-2 in. wide, rarely larger, quite erect, smooth or subscabrous, usually rather dark green; petioles f- f- in. long, rather slender, pubescent or subglabrous. Peduncles solitary or often in twos, usually slender, stiff, straight, erect, slightly enlarged toward the calyx end. Calyx obconical or cup-shaped, usually embracing base of fruit; teeth obscure. Corolla greenish white, small, spreading |-f in. Fruit erect, subconical or oblong cylindrical, acu- minate or obtuse, usually shorter than the peduncles, f-l^ in. long, -} J- in. diam., 2-3 celled, red or yellow, some- times blotched with purple before ripening, mostly borne above the leaves; flesh about -fa in. thick, extremely pungent. CORAL GEM.* The habit of growth of this variety is, apparently, subject to extreme variation in different locali- ties, the plant in some places making a tender growth of not more than a foot, while in other places it attains a height of 2 ft. In the former case the branches are light green, quite flexible, frequently decumbent with numerous upright middle shoots, forming a rosette-like mass, and * Vaughan, Cat. 1889. A REVISION OF THE GENUS CAPSICUM. 67 the leaves but slightly darker on the upper surface than below. The larger growing plants are stouter and more branchy. Fruit usually slender, fusiform, smooth, ex- tremely pungent, red, sometimes blotched with brown before ripening, usually scattered so thickly over the plant as to give the appearance of a bouquet of corals. Plate 9, f . 2. TABASCO.* Plant usually about 2^ ft. high, with an erect spreading habit. Leaves often 4 in. long by 2^- in. wide, dark green, usually distinctly pubescent along the veins. Fruit oblong cylindrical, obtuse or acute, usually compressed at the base by the calyx, deep red when ripe, the unripe ones often drying to an orange color, more fre- quently borne in twos than in other varieties of this group. CAYENNE. f Plant more woody than others. Branches fewer but more erect, and quite rigid. Leaves deep green on upper surface, decidedly paler below. Calyx occasionally seated on base of fruit. Fruit usually as long as or slightly longer than the penduncles, subconical or ovate, obtuse, about 1 in. long, -J- in. diam., at first green, changing to blackish, then yellowish-red, finally red. ORANGE-RED CLUSTER. J Plants usually with a flattish top. Branches slender but rigid, purple striate, and de- cidedly purple at nodes. Leaves smooth, quite erect, very dark green on upper surface, much paler below. Fruit 1-1-J- in. long, about as long as or longer than peduncles, very rigidly erect, standing prominently above the leaves, of a beautiful orange-red color. The great number of fruits equally distributed over the symmetrical plant make it one of the most ornamental varieties. Plate 9, f. 3 * Described from Dr. Sturtevant's notes and herbarium specimens. Seed received by him from Mcllhenny of New Iberia, La., 1888. f Hovey, Seed Cat. 1888. Described from Dr. Sturtevant's notes and herbarium specimens. Seed received by him from Livingston, Columbus, O., 1888, who listed it as Cayenne of Commerce, in contrast with the Long Cayenne. J Listed in Haage & Schmidt, Seed Cat. 15, 1893, under the German name Orangerother Trauben-Pfeffer. 68 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. -H- Fruit usually more than 1& in. long; peduncles shorter. w Leaves and fruit fascicled ; fruit erect. C. amiuum fasciculatuni (Sturt.). Capsicum fasciculatum Sturtevant, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 133. 1888. " Stems smooth, green, round, subverrucose, swollen at the branchings and purple, dichotomous or triehotomous. Branches angular, few, erect- spreading, green, purple at insertion of petioles, subpubescent, bearing the leaves for the most part clustered or bunched at the swollen summits. Leaves spreading, crowded into bunches, nearly of one size, the larger ones 3J in. by 1 in., usually 3 in. by f in., elliptical-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, from the base extending equally into the petiole, deep green above, paler below, the middle nerve distinct; slightly scabrous, entire or subrepand ; borne almost entirely in a confused mass along with the berries at the summit of branches, very rarely lower down. Petioles smooth, nearly as long as, or sometimes even longer than the leaves, slender, margined by the extension of the leaf blade. Peduncles smooth, angular, thickish, erect, enlarging towards calyx end, rather long, 1^ in., grouped in clusters rather confusedly with the leaves, but the tendency of the grouping seeming to be in twos or threes, axillary or extra-axillary. Calyx cyathiform, embracing base of fruit, obscurely ten or twelve-nerved (5 or 6 distinct), subpentagonal, subtruncate, five or six-toothed, the teeth acute, erect, smooth. Corolla white, quite large, about % in. in diameter, the divisions very long and narrow, often twisted. Berry cylindro-con- ical, straight or curved, about 3 in. long, by -J- in. diameter, or smaller, usually rugose, sometimes smooth, at first a shining green, then red; two-celled; the placenta thick at the base ; acrid. " This species differs principally from Capsicum annuum, Fingerhuth, by the round stem; pubescent and dichotom- ous or triehotomous branchings; freedom from lower leaves ; the leaves clustered at summits ; all of one size and A REVISION OF THE GENUS CAPSICUM. 69 nearly or quite lanceolate ; petioles as long as the leaves ; the clustered peduncles ; the white corolla with deep and narrow lacinese, and the shining green of the unripe berry. The aspect of the plant is very distinct, the dark green lanceolate leaves closely clustered and so dense as to over- lap, the low and spreading compact, bush-like appearance, the fruit crowded with the leaves, the bare and knobby- looking stems where exposed to view. As grown by me the plant was 1-1^ ft. high, and ripened its berries in September of the year when sown." * BED CLUSTER.! This variety, and its yellow form, are the only ones included in this group. Professor Bailey alludes to it as one of the most distinct of any he ever grew.J Catalogue descriptions sometimes allude to it as a form, or sport, from Chilli. This is evidently true, as variations toward the Chilli type have often been ob- served. Plate 9, f. 4. YELLOW CLUSTER. Identical with the preceding except that the fruit is of a bright yellow color. ++ ** Leares and fruit not fascicled. O. annuum acuminatum Fingerh. Plants herbaceous or suffrutescent, 1-J 2-J ft. high, spreading 1^2 ft. Branches numerous, erect or spread- ing, bearing a dense mass of foliage. Leaves solitary, sometimes semifascicled, 2-3^ in. long, 1-2 in. wide, avg. about 1-j- by 2*- in., ovate acuminate, deep green on upper surface, much paler below, sparsely pubescent on veins below ; margins subciliate especially on younger leaves ; petioles medium stout, f-1 in. long, generally smooth. Peduncles slender, enlarging toward calyx end. Calyx * Original description of the species fasciculatum. f Burpee, Cat. 1889. Japan Cluster. Dreer, Cat. 1891. French, Piment a bouquet rouge. German, Bother Trauben-Pfeffer. Japanese, Tenjikumamori, according to Stnrtevant, 1. c. t Bull. Mich. Agr. Coll. 31: 38. Nov. 1887. Haage & Schmidt, Cat. 1893. German, Gelber Trauben-Pfeffer. 70 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. usually embracing base of fruit. Corolla medium, spread- ing -J-J in., dingy white. Fruit very slender, -J-4^- in. long, -J | in. diani., smooth or subrugose, usually more or less curved, 2-celled; flesh very thin, about -fa in. thick, extremely pungent, red or yellow. The long fruit of this and the preceding variety is sometimes called finger-pepper. = Fruit erect. CHILLI.* Plants about 2^ ft. high, very branchy. Fruit borne about even with the leaves, at first a shining green afterwards becoming coral red, 2-3 in. long, nearly straight, smooth or subrugose ; base sometimes slightly compressed by the calyx. This differs from Chili as described by Burr f in having shorter and erect fruit. Dr. Sturtevant's notes indicate both pendent and erect forms. Plants grown by us from seed of many sources produced almost * Bed ChiU. Hovey, Cat. 1889. Chili Pepper. Burr, Field & Gard. Veg. 622. 1863. Long Cayenne. Hend. Cat. 1884. ChiU Pepper, or Chillies. Vilmorin-And. Veg. Gard. 151. 1885 [Eng. ed. Robinson]. Chili. Bailey, Bull. Mich. Agr. Col. 31: 38. 1887, French, Piment du Chili. German, Chileniacher scharfer Pfeffer. Capsicum conicum Meyer, Fl. Esseq. 112. 1818. Linn. Syst. 4: 809. 1819 [ed. R6'm. et Schult."]. Fingerh. Monogr. Gen. Capsici 16. 1832. Don, Hist. Dich. PL 4 : 445. 1838 . Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13 1 : 415. 1852. Capsicum annuum acuminatum Fingerh. Monogr. Gen. Capsici 13. t. 2.f. c. 1832. Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13 1 : 412. 1852. Capsicum conicum orientale. Dunal, 1. c. 415. Capsicum Chilense Hort. Vilmorin-And. Fl. Pleinc Terre 886. 1870 [3d ed.]. Piper Indicum surrectis corniculis. Camerar. Hort. Med. 127. 1688. Piper Indicum siliquis surrectis & oblongis. difC. 1. Pyramidale majus. 2. pyramidale minus. Bauhin. Pinax 102. 1623. Capsicum siliquis surrectis & oblongis, brevibus. Tournef . Inst. 162. 1700. Miller, Gard. Diet. 1771 [ed. 6]. Piper Indicum medium longum erectum. Hort. Eyst. 1. Aut. Ord. 1 :11. /. 2. 1713. Capsicum surrectum, medium Styli forma. Tillus, Cat. PI. Pisa. 30. 1723. Solanum mordens fructu longo erecto. Weinmann. Phyt. 349. t. 928. /. e. 1745. t Burr, Field and Gard. Veg. 611. 1866. A REVISION OF THE GENUS CAPSICUM. 71 invariably erect fruit, and the few pendent ones properly belonged to the Long Cayenne variety. Plate 10, f . 1. YELLOW CHILLI.* Fruit usually more pyramidal in shape than the preceding, usually thicker and averaging some- what shorter, otherwise differing only in being of a bright yellow color. Plate 10, f. 2. = = Fruit pendent. LONG CAYENNE.! Plant vigorous, 1-J 2^- ft. high. Branches numerous, medium stout, green, erect or upright. * Seed from Professor L. H. Bailey, Cornell University, 1892. Capsicum pyramidale Miller, Gard. Diet. 1771 [no. 7. ed. 6].- Linn. Syst. 4 : 563. 1819 [ed. Ro'm. et Schult.]. Fingerh. Monogr. 1. c. 15. f. 3. f. e. 1832. Don, Hist. Dich. PL 4: 446. 1838. Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13 1 : 414. 1852. Miquel, PL Ned. Ind. 2: 661. 1856. Capsicum torulosum Hornem. Hort. Hafn. Suppl. 27. 1819. Fide Index Kewensis. Capsicum pyramidale torulosum Fingerh. Monogr. 15. 1832. Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13 1 : 414. 1852. Capsicum pyramidale longicorne Dunal, 1. c. Capsicum minus flavum. Rumph. Herb. Amb. 5: 248. t. 88. f. 3. 1747. Capsicum siliquis surrectis & oblongis brevibus. Miller, Gard. Diet. 1771 [ed. 6]. t Vilmorin-And. Veg. Gard. 151. 1885 [Eng. ed. Robinson]. Cay- enne. Bailey, Bull. Mich. Agr. Col. 31:38. 1887. French, Piment de Cayenne. Capsicum longum DC. ex Fingerh. Monogr. Gen. Capsici 28. t. 6. f. d, 1832. Capsicum longum ceratoides recurvum Dunal in DC. Prodr. 18 1 : 424. 1852. Capsicum longum Cayennense Hort. Vilmorin-And. Fl. Pleine Terre 884. 1870 [3ded.]. Siliquastrum tertium. Fuch. Hist. Stirp. Basil. 733. /. 1542. Capsicum oblongius. Fuch. Hist. Stirp. Basil. 426. /. 1545. Siliquastrum oblongius. Fuch. Hist. Stirp. Lugd. 693. /. 1551. Capsicum recurvis siliquis. Dodon. Hist. Stirp. Pempt. 704. /. 1583; 716. /. 1616. Magnol, Hort. Monsp. 41. 1697. Tournef. Inst. 152. 1700. Tillus, Cat. PI. Hort. Pisa. 30. 1723. Boerhaave, Index PL Lugd.-Bat. 2: 68. 1727. Miller, Gard. Diet. 1731 [no. 2]. Piper Indicum. Camerar. PI. Epit. 347. /. 1586. Siliquastrum varietas longum. Camerar. PI. Epit. 348. /. 1586. 72 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. Leaves medium, dark green, l|-3 in. long, 1-1^ in. wide; petioles medium, 1-1-} m - long. Peduncles solitary, medium stout, 1-1^ m ' l n g curved or recurved. Corolla white, spreading f-li in. Fruit 3-4 in. long (rarely more), i-f- in. diam., pendent, oblong acuminate, usually sub- rugose and more or less curved, usually transversely fur- rowed; flesh very thin and extremely pungent. Plate 11, f . 3. The earlier catalogue accounts of Cayenne, True Cayenne, or Small Cayenne, refer to another variety, here called Cayenne. Vilmorin mentions Long Cayenne as a sub- variety of Long Eed and belonging to a different botanical species from the True Cayenne. LONG YELLOW CAYENNE.* Identical with the preceding except that the fruit is of a bright yellow color. Plate 12, f. 1. Capsicum siliquis longis recurvis. Bauh. Phyt. 155. 1596. Piper longum minus siliquis recurvis. Greg, de Reg. in Clus. Cur. Post. 101, /. 10, 102. 1611. Jonstonus, Dendrog. t. 56. 1662. Piper Calecuticum, sive Capsicum oblongius. Bauhin. Hist. PI. Ebrod. 2:943. 1651. Chilli, Piper siliquosumMexicanum. Hernand. Nov. Hist. Romae 1 : 135. 1651. Siliquastrum. Pancovius, Herb./. 296. 1678. Piper Capsicum. Chabraeus, Sciag. 297. /. 1677. Solanum Capsicum dictum, propendentibus siliquis oblongis recurvis. Hermann. Hort. Acad. Lugd.-Bat. 576. 1687. Capsicum sive Piper Indicum minus siliquis recurvis. Morison, Hist. PI. Oxon. 3: 529. 1699. Solanum, urens siliqua propendente rubra. Morison, 1. c. Sect. 13. t. 2. f. 1699. Capsicum siliquis recurvis, minus. Tournef. Inst. 152. 1700. Tillus, Cat. PI. Hort. Pisa. 30. 1723. Boerhaave, Index PI. Lugd.-Bat. 2: 68. 1727. Piper Indicum minus recurvis siliquis. Hort. Eyst. 1. Aut. Ord. 1: 6. /. 2. 1713. Solanum mordens siliquis oblongis recurvis. Weinmann. Phyt. 349. J. 927. f.d. 1745. * Henderson, Cat. 1884. Capsicum longum luteum Fingerh. Monogr. t. 7. /. b. 1832. A REVISION OF THE GENUS CAPSICUM. 73 NEPAL CHILLI.* Plants not distinguishable from Long Cayenne, of which it is probably a subvariety. Calyx oc- casionally not embracing base of fruit. Fruit -J-l^- in. long, -J-f in. diam., oblong, cylindrical, or obtusely conical, smooth or often with a transverse depression on one side near the apex. Often varies so as to be almost identical with Long Cayenne. Plate 11, f. 1. YELLOW NEPAL CHILLI. f Identical with the preceding except that the fruit is of a bright yellow color. * * Calyx not usually embracing base of fruit except in the Ivory Tusk variety. . anniium longum Sendt. Capsicum annuum Linn. Fl. Zeyl. 38. 1747; Hort. Upsal. 47. 1748; Sp. PI. 188. 1753. Gouan, Hort. Reg. Monsp. 111. 1762. Miller) Gard. Diet. 1771 [no. Led. 6]. Aublet, Hist. PI. Guiane 1: 219. 1775. Linn. Syst. 226. 1784 [ed. 14. Murray]. Thunb. Fl. Japon. 93. 1784. Loureiro, Fl. Cochin 1: 127. 1790; 1: 157. 1793 [ed. Willd.]. Gaertn. Fruct. et Sem. 2:241. 1791. Lamarck, Enc. Meth. 2: 26. 1793 [no. 2388]. Linn. Sp. PI. 1: 1050. 1797 [ed. Willd.]. Miller, Gard. Diet. 1797 [ed. Martyn]. (In part). Des- font. Fl. Atlant. 1: 196. 1798-1800. Poiret, Enc. Meth. 6: 324. * Seeds of this variety and of the Yellow Nepal Chilli were received from Saharanpur Garden in India in 1895. They are not known in cul- tivation in this country. Capsicum pendulum Willd. Enum. Hort. PI. Reg. Berol. 242. 1809. Hornem. Hort. Hafn. 1 : 224. 1813. Linn. Syst. 4: 562. 1819 [ed. Rom. et Schult.]. Link, Enum. PL Hort. Reg. Berol. 1 : 190. 1821. Fingerh. Monogr. 25. t. 7. f. d. 1832. Don, Hist. Dich. PL 4: 445. 1838. Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13 1 : 425. 1852. Capsicum pendulum minus Fingerh. Monogr. 25. 1832. Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13 1 : 426. 1852. Capsicum pendulum torulosum Fingerh. 1. c. Dunal, 1. c. Capsicum pendulum majus. Dunal, 1. c. t Capsicum Sinense Linn. Syst. 226. 1784 [ed. 14. Murray]. Lam. Enc. Meth. 2: 26. 1793 [no. 2394]. Linn. Sp. PI. 1: 1051 [ed. Willd.]. Miller, Gard. Diet. 1797 [ed. Martyn]. Poiret, Enc. Meth. 6: 326. 1804. Persoon, Syn. PI. 1: 229. 1805. Hornem. Hort. Hafn. 1: 224. 1813. Linn. Syst. 4: 564. 1819 [ed. Rom. et Schult.]. Link, Enum. PI. Hort. Reg. Berol. 1: 190. 1821. Fingerh. Monogr. 26. t. S. f. d. 1832. Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13 1 : 426. 1852. Capsicum curvipes Dunal, 1. c. 423. 74 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. 1804. Persoon, Syn. PL 1 : 229. 1805. Hornem. Hort. Hafn. 1 : 223. 1813. Meyer, Fl. Esseq. 112. 1818. Linn. Syst. 4: 559. 1819 [ed. Rom. et Schult.]. Link, Enum. PL Hort. Keg. Berol. 1 : 190. 1821. Moon, Cat. PL Ceylon 16. 1824. Weyhe & Nees von Esenbeck, PL Offic. 1. pi. 1 90. 1828. Roxb. FL Ind. 1 : 573. 1832. Fingerh. Monogr. Gen. Capsici 12. t. 2.f. a. 1832. Don, Hist. Dich. PI. 4= : 444. 1838. Sendt. in Martius, Fl. Bras. 10 : 147. 1846. Hooker, Niger FL 472. 1849. Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13 1 : 412. 1852. Miquel, Fl. Ned. Ind. 2 : 657. 1856. Drury, Useful PL Ind. 111. 1858. Reichenb. Ic. FL Germ. 20. pi. 13. f. 2. 1862. Miquel, Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 3: 117. 1867. Hemsley, Biol. Cent.-Am. 2 : 423. 1881-2. Capsicum Tournefortii Bess. Cat. Hort. Crem. 27. 1811. Fide Index* Kewensis. Capsicum annuum ovoideum Fingerh. Monogr. Gen. Capsici 14. t.2.f. e. 1832. Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13 1 : 412. 1852. Capsicum annuum subangulosum Fingerh. Monogr. Gen. Capsici 13. t. 2. f. d. 1832. Capsicum annuum longicarpum Don, Hist. Dich. PL 4: 445. 1838. Capsicum annuum longum Sendt. in Martius, Fl. Bras. 10: 147. 1846. Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Plant. 449. 1891. (As to races with refracted fruit.) Capsicum annuum erectum Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Plant. 449. 1891. Siliquastrum majus etminus. Fuch. Hist. Stirp. Basil. 731-732. /. 1542; Hist. Stirp. Lugd. 693. /. 1551. Capsicon rubeum & nigrurn. Fuch. Hist. Stirp. 425. /. 1545. Piper Indicum, sive Siliquastrum. Pinaeus, Hist. PL Lugd. 12. 1561. Piper Indicum. Matth. Comment. 23. /. 1560; 400. /. 1570. Compend. PL Omnib. 322. /. 1571. Matth. Opera 434. /. 1598. Blackw. Herbarium 2. pi. 1 29. 1754. Capsicum, Piper Indicum. Lobel, PL Stirp. Hist. Antv. 172. 1576. Capsicum oblongioribus siliquis. Dodon. Stirp. Hist. Pempt. 704. /. 1583; 716. /. 1616. Siliquastrum. Bassaeus, Eicones PL 859. /. 1590. Tabern. Kreuterbuch 529. /. 1591; Volk. Kreuterbuch 2: 559. /. 1613. Capsicum Actuarij, sive Caninum Zinziber. etc. Lobel. Icones Stirp. 316. 1691. Capsicum. Clus. in Monard. Simplic. Med. 387. 1593. Monardus in Clus. Exot. 340. /. 1605. Capsicum siliquis oblongis. Bauhin. Phytopinax 155. 1596. Capsicum longioribus siliquis. Gerarde, Herball 292. /. 1 . 1597 ; 364. /. 1. 1636. Piper Americanum vulgatior. Greg, de Reg. in Clus. Cur. Post. 103. /. 1611. Piper oblongum recurvis siliquis. Greg, de Reg. in Clus. Cur. Post. 101. /. 9. 1611. Jonstonus, Dendrog. *. 56. 1662. Raius, Hist. PL 1 : 678. 1686. Piper Indicum longum maximum. Hort. Eyst. 1613 [fide Morison, PL Hist. Oxon. 8: 529. 1699]; 1. Aut. Ord. 1: 6./. 2. 1713. A KEVISION OF THE GENUS CAPSICUM. 75 Solanum urens siliqua propendente rubra. Morison, 1. c. Sect. 13. t. 2. f.2. Piper Indicum propendentibus siliquis oblongis recurvis. Bauhin. Pinax 102. 1623. Piper Indicum vulgatissimum. Bauhin. Pinax 102. 1623. Morison, Hist. PL Oxon. 3: 528. 16 6 one-celled cherry pepper, in cross section; 6, two, three, and four-celled forms of the larger peppers, in cross section. Plate 9. 1, Capsicum frutescens; 2, Coral Gem; 3, Orange-red Clus- ter; 4, Red Cluster. Plate 10. 1, Chilli; 2, Yellow Chilli; 8, two forms of Long Cayenne. Plate 11. 1, two forms of Nepal Chilli; 2, Ivory Tusk. Plate 12. 1, Yellow Cayenne; 2, Long Yellow. Plate 13. 1, Cardinal; 2, Elephant's Trunk. Plate 14. 1, County Fair; 2, Procopp's Giant: both reduced. Plate 15. 1, Procopp's Giant; 2, A slightly tapering form of Emperor. Plate 16. Monstrous. Plate 17. Sweet Spanish, natural size and reduced. Plate 18. Oblate forms of Bell. Plate 19. 1, Bell; 2, Sweet Mountain : both reduced. Plate 20. Sweet Mountain. Plate 21. 1, Ruby King; 2, Golden Dawn. Plate 22. 1, Golden King; 2, Golden Upright. Plate 23. Short form of Brazilian Upright with cross and longitudi- nal sections showing position of the seeds. 104 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. Plate 24. Squash, usual and less grooved forms. Plate 25. 1, Squash; 2, Celestial; 3, Kaleidoscope: all reduced. Plate 26. 1, Celestial; 2, Kaleidoscope. Plate 27. 1, Kaleidoscope; 2, Etna; 3, Red Wrinkled; 4, Little Gem. Plate 28. 1, Occasional form of Bed Wrinkled; 2, Cherry; 3, Yellow Cherry; 4, Cranberry, usual, conical, and elongated forms ; 5, Oxheart. i(nm[nni|ii i 2 [ii ii jni iijii 3 4 FOUR INCHES, DIVIDED INTO TWELFTHS. REFT. Mo. EOT. GARD., VOL. 9. PLATE 8. FLOWER AND FRUIT OF CAPSICUM. KEPT. Mo. Box. GARD., VOL. 9. PLATE C. FRUTKSCENS AND 0. ANNUUM, VABS. KEPT. Mo. Box. GARD., VOL. 9. PLATE 10. C. ANNUUM ACUMINATUM. KEPT. Mo. EOT. GARD., VOL. 9. PLATE 11. C. ANNUUM ACUMINATUM AND LONGUM. KEPT. Mo. EOT. GARD., VOL. 9. PLATE 12. C. ANNUUM ACUMINATUM AND LONGUM. KEPT. Mo. EOT. CARD., VOL. 9. PLATE 13. C. ANNUUM LONGUM. REFT. Mo. Box. GARD., VOL. 9. PLATE 14. C. ANNUUM LONGUM. EEPT. Mo. Box. GAUD., VOL. 9. PLATE 15. C. ANNUUM LONGUM AND GROSSUM. KEPT. Mo. BOT. GARD., VOL. 9. PLATE 16. C. ANNUUM GROSSUM. KEPT. Mo. Box. GARD., VOL. 9. PLATE 17. C. ANNUUM GROSSUM. KEPT. Mo. EOT. GARD., VOL. 9. PLATE is. C. ANNUUM GROSSUM. KEPT. Mo. BOT. GAKD., VOL. 9. PLATE 19. C. ANNUUM GROSSUM. REFT. Mo. EOT. GARD., VOL. 9. PLATE 20. 0. ANNUUM GROSSUM. KEPT. Mo. Box. GARD., VOL. 9. C. ANNUUM GROSSUM. KEPT. Mo. BOT. GARD., VOL 9. PLATE 22. C. ANNUUM GROSSUM. KEPT. Mo. BOT. GARD., VOL. 9. PLATE 23. 0. ANNUUM GROSSUM. REPT. Mo. EOT. GARD., VOL. 9. PLATE 24. C. ANNUUM GROSSUM. KEPT. Mo. EOT. GARD., VOL. 9. PLATE 25. 0. ANNUUM GROSSUM AND ABBREVIATUM. KEPT. Mo. BOT. GARD., VOL. 9. PLATE 26. C. ANNUUM ABBREVIATUM. KEPT. Mo. Box. GARD., VOL. 9. PLATE 27. C. ANNUUM ABBREVIATUM AND CERASIFORME. EEPT. Mo. EOT. GARD., VOL. 9. PLATE 28. C. ANNUUM ABBREVIATUM AND CERASIFORME. INDEXES TO NAMES OF CAPSICUMS. POPULAR NAMES. (Synonyms in Parenthetic.) American bonnet pepper, (87). Bell, 84. Bell, Yellow, (85). Bird pepper, 59. Bird 1 s eye, (93). Black fruited Chill, 102. Black Nubian, 70. Black podded, (76). Blue podded, (76). Bonnet pepper, (87). Boston squash. 102. Brazilian sweet upright, New, (86). Brazilian upright, 86. Bull nose, (84). Capo-Malago, (98). Cardinal, 78. Cayenne, 67, (71). Cayenne of Commerce, (67). Cayenne, Long, (70) , 71 . Cayenne, Long yellow, 72. Celestial, 89. Cheese, (102). Cherry, 93. Cherry pepper, Bound or large, (93). Cherry pepper, Yellow fruited, (95). Cherry, Yellow, 95. Childs' Improved Celestial, (89). Chllenlscher scharfer Pfeffer, (70). Chill, (70). Chili de Arvol, 99. "Chili, Black fruited, 102. Chill Mirasol, 99. Chill plco de pijaro, 99. Chill Plquin, 99. Chili Unque, 99. Chilli, 70, (72). Chilli, Nepal, 73. Chilli, Yellow, 71. Chilli, Yellow Nepal, 73. Cluster, Japan, (69). Cluster, Red, 69. Cluster, Yellow, 69. Columbus goldgelber Pfeffer, 102. Columbus rother Pfeffer, 102. Coral, (77). Coral gem, 66. County Fair, 78. Cranberry, (93). Creole, (93). Crimson queen, (83). Dawn, Golden, 85. Dwarf, Golden, 102. Dwarf early red squash, New, (87). Early red squash, New dwarf, (87), Boklger dicker kurzer rother siisser Pfeffer, (85). Elephanten-RUssel, (80). Elephant's trunk, 80. Emperor, 83. Etna, 89. Fancy red wrinkled, Thorburn's, (91). French, Red, (98). Galveston red, 102. Gelber Trauben-Pf offer (69). Gem, Little, 93. Gem, Yellow, 102. Giant, Procopp's, 80. Giant emperor, (83). Golden dawn, 85. Golden dwarf, 102. Golden king, 85. Golden mango, (85). Golden queen, Mammoth, (85). Golden upright, 86. Golden upright sweet mango, (66). Grossum, (83). Imported celestial, Chllds', (89). Ivory Tusk, 80. Japan cluster, (69). Kaleidoscope, 90. King, Golden, 85. (105; 10G MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. King, Ruby, 85. Kirschformiger gelber Pfeffer, (95). Kirschformlger rother Pfeffer, (90- Langer gelber Pfeffer, (79). Langer rother, Pfeffer, (77). Large cherry pepper, (93). Large scarlet, New, (85). Large sweet Spanish, (84) . Liebesapfelfrtichtiger gelber Pfeffer, (88). Llebesapfelfriichtlger rother Pfeffer, (87). Little gem, 60, 93. Long Cayenne, (70), 71. Long red, 77. Long yellow, 79. Long yellow Cayenne, 72. Long yellow French, (79). Maddahml, Scarlet, 102. Mammoth, Orange, (85). Mammoth, Spanish, (84). Mammoth golden queen, (85). Mango, Golden, (85). Mango, Golden dawn, (85). Mango, Golden upright sweet, (86). Mango, Yellow, 102. Miniature Tom Thumb, (93). Monstrous, 83. Mountain, Sweet, 85. Negro pepper, (66). Nepal chilli, 73. Nepal chilli, Yellow, 73. New Brazilian sweet upright, (8(5). New dwarf early red squash, (87). New large scarlet, (85). New sweet Spanish, (84). Nocre, Yellow, (85, 86). Nubian, Black, 76. Orange mammoth, (85). Orange-red cluster, 67. Orangerother Trauben -Pfeffer, (67). Oxheart, 96. Oxheart, Yellow, 97. Pfeffer, Chilenischer scharfer, (70). Columbus, 102. eckiger dicker ktirzer rother slls- ser, (85). Elephanten-Riissel, (80). gelber Trauben-, (69). kirschformiger, (94,95). langer gelber, (79) . langer rother (77). HebesapfelfrUchtiger, (87, 88). orangerother Trauben-, (67). Procopp's rlesen, (80). Pfeffer, rother milder spanlscher, (84). rother Trauben-, (69). runzllger, (91). schwarzer nublscher, (76). sehr grosser milder monstroser,(83). Sirlus, 102. Trauben-, (67, 69). vloletter, 102. welssfrttchtiger, 102. Plment airelle rouge, (93). a bouquet rouge, (69). carr6 doux d'Amrique, (85). carrd Jaune hatif , (85). de Cayenne, (71). cerise, (94). cerise Jaune, (95). du Chill, (70). chlnols, (89). cloche, (84). doux d'Espagne, (84). gros carr donx, (84). Jaune, long, (79). mammoth jaune d'or, (85). monstrueux, (83). noir, (76). rouge, long, (77). tomato, (87). tomate jaune, (88). tomate naln hatif, (87). violet, (76). Pimentas cemerim grande, 99. Chiltepin, 99. Cnmary, 99. dido de dama, 99. Malagueti, 99. Mariana, 99. pltanga, 99. Prince, Red (84) . Prince of Wales, 60, 93. Princess of Wales, 91. Procopp's Giant, 80. Procopp's rlesen Pfeffer, (80). Purple, (76). Queen, Crimson, (83). Queen, Mammoth golden, (85). Quince pepper, (84). QuiyaApua, (101). Red, Galreston, 102. Red, Long, 77. Red cardinal, (78). Red chilli, (70). Red cluster, 69. Red Etna, (89). Red French, (93). Red prince, (84). Red squash, New dwarf early, (87). Red tomato, (87). A REVISION OF THE GENUS CAPSICUM. 107 Red upright, 102. Red wrinkled, 91. Round cherry- pepper, (93). Rother milder apanlscher Pf offer, (84). Rother Trauben-Pf offer, (69). Ruby king, 85. Runzliger gelber Pfeffer, (91). Runzllger rother Pfeffer, (91) . Scarlet, New large, (85) Scarlet Maddalonl, 102. Schwarzer nubischer Pfeffer, (76). Sehr grosser milder monstrftser Pfeffer, (83). Sirius Pfeffer, 102. Sore throat, (76). Spanish, Sweet, 84. Spanish, Yellow, 84. Spanish mammoth, (84). Spanish monstrous, (83). Spur-pepper, (98). Squash, 87. Squash, Boston, 102. Squash, New dwarf early red, (87). Squash, Yellow, 88. Sweet golden dawn, (85) Sweet mango, Golden upright, (86). Sweet mountain, 85. Sweet Spanish, 84. Sweet upright, New Brazilian, (86). Tabasco, 69, 67. Tenjikumamori, (69). Thorburn's fancy red wrinkled, (91). Tom Thumb, 102. Tom Thumb, Miniature, (93). Tomato-shaped, (87). Tomato, Red, (87). Trauben- Pfeffer, (67,69). Trompe d' elephant, (80). Turbilo pepper, (82). Tusk, Ivory, 80. Upright, Brazilian, 86. Upright, Golden, 86. Upright, New Brazilian sweet, (86). Upright, Red, 102. Upright sweet mango, Golden, (86) . Vtoletter Pfeffer, 102. Welssfrttchtiger Pfeffer, 102. Williams' little gem, (93). Wrinkled, Red, 91. Wrinkled, Yellow, 91. Yellow, Long, 79. Yellow bell, (85). Yellow cherry, 95. Yellow chilli, 71. Yellow cluster, 69. Yellow fruited cherry pepper, (95). Yellow gem, 102. Yellow mango, 102. Yellow Nepal chilli, 73. Yellow nocre, (85,86). Yellow oxheart, 97. Yellow Spanish, 84. Yellow squash, 88. Yellow wrinkled, 91. SPECIES AND BOTANICAL VARIETIES. (Synonym* in Parcnthetia.) Abysslnicum, (98). aggregatum, 102. angnlosum, (81). conlcum, (81). macrocarpum, (81). ovale, (81). angustlfolium, (100). annuum,65, (73,94). abbreviatum, 88. acumlnatum, 69, (70). angulosum, (81). cerasiforme, 92. conoides, 65. cordiforme, (96). erectnm, (74). f aiclculatum, 68. frutescens,(98). grossum, 80, (81). annnum, longicarpum, (74). longum, 73, (74). ovoideum, (74). proboscideum, (80). rugosum, (81). rugulosum, (81). subangulosum, (74). tetragonnm, (87). anomalura, 103. Axi, (81). baccatum, (99). Bauhini, 103. blcolor, (76). purpureum, (77). oaerulescens, 102. oampylopodlum, (100). 108 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. cerasiflorum, (94). ceraslforme, (94). cerasiflorum, (94). luteum, (95). maurocarpum, (94). minus, (94). ceratocarpum, (80). cereolum, (98, 102). Chamaecerasus, (81). Chllense, (70). Chinense, 102. chlorocladum, (98). clllare, (100). Comarim, (9S). conicum, (70, 98). orientale, (70). oonoides, (65). chordale, (65). oblongo-conicum, (65). sulcatum, (65) . conoideum, 102. cordlforme, (96). ceraslcarpum, (98). globosum, (97). majus, (96). minus, (98). ollvaeforme, (96). subangulosum, (96). criepum, (98). Piper rabiosum, (98). Oumanense, (100). curvlpes, (73). cydonlaeforme, (87). dlchotomum, 102. dulce. (87). fasclculatum, (68). fastlglatum, (98). flexuosum, (98). Perrottetil, (98). frutescens, 61, 97. baccatum, (99). minus, (98). multllobatum, (98). glandnlosum, (100). globiferum, (100). graclllpes, (loo), grossum, (80). angulosum, (81). blfldum, (81). cerasiformls, (94) cordatum, (81). globosum, (81). lycopersicoldea, (87, 88). monstrosum, (83). ovatum, (81). - pomiferum, (81). Hamlltonll, (77). Havanense, (98). hispidum, (100). glabrlusculum, (100). Hornemannl, 103. inaequale, 102. laurifolium, (100). leucocarpum, (89). longnm, (71, 77). Cayennense, (71). ceratoides recurvum, (71). incrasatnm, (78). luteum, (72,79). rectum, (79). -vlolaceum, (77). luteum, (91). Maxlmowlczll, 103. micranthum, (100). microcarpum, (100) Mllleri, (94). minimum, (98). Narunca, (77, 103). Nepalensls, 103. nigrum, (76). odoratum, (98, 102). odorlferum, (98, 102). ollvaeforme, (92). ovatum, (92). oxycarpum, (92). parvlfollum, (100). pendulum, (73). majus, (73). minus, (73). tomentosum, (78). pomiferum, (81). pubegcens, 102, (103). pulchellum, (100, 102). purpureum, (76). pyramldale, (71). longicorne, (71). torulosum, (71). Qultense, (76, 102). Rabenli, (100). racemigerme, 103. sallcifollnm, (100). Sohottlanum leptophyllum sllvestre, (81). Slnense, (73). sphaericum, (94). strictum, (97). tetragonum, (87). tomatlforme, (87). A REVISION OF THE GENUS CAPSICUM. 109 torulosum, (71,102,103). Tournefortii, (74, 102). toxlcarlum, (98, 102). omblllcatum, (91). ustulatum, 102. villosum, (100). latifolium, (100). muticum, (100). violaceum, (76). Wllldenowii, (100). PRELINNEAN LATIN NAMES. Capsicon latum, 81. - nigrum, 74. - rubeum,74. Capsicum Actnari], 74. - Africanum, 82, 86. - Americanum, 78, 95. -- latifolium, 89. arbor escens, 95. - Barbadlense, 98. - bifurcata siliqua, 82. - Brasillanum, 75, 101. - brevioribus sillqmis, 100. - cor datum, 96. - erectum, 75. -- pyramldale, 90. - exlguum, 65. - fructu aouleato, 90. --- blfldo, 82. -- cordlformi, 97. -- flavescente, 79, 91. -- longo, 82. -- maxlmo, 82. -- minlmo, 66. -- oblongo, 75. -- ollvarlo, 92. - parvo, 101. -- rotundo, 88, 95. -- teretl, 82. - frutescens, 95. - Indicum fructu aouleato, 90. - longum, 82. -- maximum, 82. - > - minimum, 66. - - minus, 72. * - oblongum minus, 66. -- perenne, 92. -- Poml amor is forma, 88. -- propendentlbus slllquis, 95. -- slllqua bifurcata, 86. -- siliqua flava, 79, 93. -- slllqua longa, 82, 98. -- slliquls oblongls, 75. - elllqua rotunda, 95. -- sillquia surrectis, 75. - latifolium, 87, 88. - latls siliquis, 81. - latum, 81. - longloribus siliquia, 74. Capsicum majus, 75. mlnlmls sillquis, 101. minus Brasilianum, 101. flavum, 71. fructu parvo, 66. fructu rotundo, 101. rubrum, 101. oblongloribns slllquls, 74. oblonglus, 71. oblongnm, 75. Piper Indicum, 74, 101. See Piper. recurvls slllquls, 71. rotundlorlbus siliquls, 94. rotundum majus, 86. slllqua flava, 79. slllqnls flavis, 79. slllqua lata, 79, 82. sillquls latls, 96. siliqua latiore, 82. sillquis longls, 72,75, 77. sillquis oblongis, 74. siliqua Olivarla, 92. siliqua Olivae forma, 92. siliqua Propendente aurea, 79. siliqua propendente Ceraslforma, 95. sillqua propendente oblonga & cor- dlformi, 97. siliqua propendente rotunda & cor- dlformi, 96, 97. siliqnls recurvls, 72, 79. siliqua rotunda, 94. sillquis rotundls, 94. siliquis surrectis & oblongis, 66, 70, 71, T5. siliquis surreotls Cerael forma, 95. siliquis surreotls rotundls, 95. surrectnm, 70. Piper Americanum vulgatlor, 74. Barbadiense, 98. Brasilianum, 101. Calecutlcum, 71. Capsicum, 82. cordatum, 96. erectum minus, 89. Indicum, 71, 74, 82, 96. aureum latum, 79. bifurcata eiliqua, 86. 110 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. Piper Indlcum cordatum, 96, 97. frnctu aouleato, 90. fructu dependence, 87. latifolium, 88. longiorlbus slllquls, 75. longnm maximum, 74. longum maximum ventre tu- mldo, 80. maximum, 88. maximum obtusum, 82. maximum rotundum, 86 medium, 75. medium erectum, 70. minimum ereotum, 66. minus, 72. obi on gum, 66. orblculatum, 90. perenne aillqua Ollvae magni- tudlne, 92. Poml amoris forma, 88. propendentlbus sillquls, 75, 79, 92, 94, 95, 96. rotundum aculeatum, 90. rotundum maximum, 88. sillqua blfurcata, 86. slllquls Oerasl forma, 95. eiliqua cordata, 96. sillqua flava, 79. slllqulB flavls, 79. slliqua flava ovall, 93. slliqua longa, 82, 98. slliquls oblongis, 75. slliqua rotunda, 95. slllqnis surrectis & oblongis, 65, 70, 75, 86. slllquis surrectis Cerasl forma, 94. siliquls surrectis rotundla, 86, 94, 96. surrectis cornlculle, 70. Piper Indicum Tulgatlssimum, 75. longum, 72, 75, 79. oblongum crcctum, 89. exlguum erectum, 65. recurvls siliquls, 74. rotundum majus, 86, 95, 66. slllqua flava, 79, 91. cum sillqua lata, 82. cum slllqua ollvarla, 92. cum siliqua rotunda, 94. slllquosum, 72, 101. vnlgatlsslma, 75. Siliquaetrum cordatum, 96. latum, 81. varietas longnm, 71. majus, 74. minus, 74. oblonglus, 71. quartnm, 81. rotundum, 101. varletas rotundum, 94. tertium, 71. Solanum Capsicum, 72, 75, 95. medium, 75. mordens bifurcata sillqua, 82. fructu aureo lato,79. fructu erecto, 97. fructu flavescente, 91. fructu longo erecto, 70. fructu propendente, 78. fructu rotundo, 95. mall Aethloplcl, 87. minus erectum, 66. slliquis flavis, 79. siliquls oblongis, 72. urens fructu aculeato, 90. fructu cordato, 96. slliqua propendente, 72, 75, 92, 95. 7 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED Agric. RdF eircracc This publication is due on the LAST DATE stamped below. 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