TWO OTHER BOOKS BY DR. TAYLOR, EDITOR OF " SCIENCE-GOSSIP." \Crtnvn 8vo, cloth extra, -js. 6d. each. THE SAGACITY AND MORALITY OF PLANTS: A SKETCH OF THE LIFE AND CONDUCT OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. With Coloured Frontispiece and 100 Illustrations. '"The Sagacity and Morality of Plants' is a delightful book, as readable as Grant Allen at his best. It contains all the cream of Kerner and Wallace and Muller ; and, wonderful as is the story which it tells, it asserts nothing for which there is not the guarantee of some careful observer. We heartily recommend the book." The Graf hie. " This fascinating volume may be described as botany vivified. Dr. Taylor has provided us with a book which combines entertainment and instruction in an unusual degree. It is popularly written, so that no scientific knowledge is requisite to its enjoyment, and those who have the opportunity of reading it will not be likely to begin the volume and not to finish it." The Christian World. OUR COMMON BRITISH FOSSILS, AND WHERE TO FIND THEM. A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS. With 331 Illustrations. " Dr. Taylor ,has laid geologists, both young and old, under a great obligation." Leeds Mercury. " Careful and systematic, the result of much observation and thought, while at the same time written in a popular and fascinating style. . . . The book deserves to be commended to the attention of all youthful students of geology." British Quarterly Review. "A pleasant, as well as pretty full and trustworthy, guide to the collector on such points as the strata and localities in which the inver- tebrate fossils of the United Kingdom are to be found, and the best methods of search, preparation, identification, and classification of the specimens." Scots-man. " It ought to be in the hands of every practical student of geology. It provides a thorough knowledge of the subject with which it deals, and is made both more useful and more interesting by upwards of 300 capital illustrations." Manchester Examiner. LONDON: CHATTO & WINDUS, PICCADILLY. STONE-CHATS. THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST BY DR. J. E. TAYLOR, F.L.S. AUTHOR OF ' OUR COMMON BRITISH FOSSILS," " THE SAGACITY AND MORALITY OF PLANTS," ETC. AND EDITOR OF "SCIENCE-GOSSIP" WITH 366 ILLUSTRATIONS ILontion CHATTO & WINDUS, PICCADILLY 1889 [All rights rftervetf] LONDON : PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHAKING CROSS. PREFACE. THE writer of this book has a liking for intelligent English lads, just as some people have for blue china and etchings. He ventures to think the former are even more interesting objects. And, as the writer was once a boy himself, and vividly remembers the never-to-be-forgotten rambles and observations of the objects in the country ; and, moreover, as he treasures up such reminiscences as the most pleasant and innocent of an active man's life, he thought he could not do better than enlist this younger generation in the same loves and the same pleasures. He has endeavoured to do his best for his human hobbies, and hopes their lives may be richer and sweeter and more manly, for what he has introduced them to in the following pages. IPSWICH, December 17, iSSS. 2091 2O7 CONTENTS. CHAPTER PAGK LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ... ... ... x i I. OUR NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY ... ... i II. FIRST AWAKENINGS ... ... ... ... 9 III. AMONG THE BIRDS ... ... ... 20 IV. NlMRODS AMONG THE L.EPIDOPTERA ... ... 50 V. HOLIDAY RAMBLES AND ADVENTURES ... 83 VI. LAND SHELLS ... ... ... ... 124 VIL "THEY GO A-FISHING" ... ... ... 141 VIII. A NEW HUNTING-GROUND: AMONG THE MITES 163 IX. TOADS, FROGS, NEWTS, AND REPTILES ... 179 X. SMALL FRY ... ... ... ... ... 201 XL INVISIBLE LIFE ... ... ... ... 234 XII. MICROSCOPIC PLANTS ... ... ... ... 251 INDEX ... ... ... ... , 283 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Achorutes purpurescens (magnified), 118 Actinophrys aculeata, 243 eichornii, 249 sol, 242 Amoeba villosa, with compound pseudopodia, 240 Anatomy of a caterpillar, 104 Antennae of fresh-water shrimp, 151 Anthomyra pluvialis, 96 Anurea leptodra (magnified), 229 Aphis, winged, 107 , wingless, 107 Arrenurus, female, 169 atax, 178 buccinator, 171, 177 (under side), 171 ellipticus, male (upper side), 172 frondator, female, 174 globator, female, 176 , male, 1 76 integrator, 175 perforatus, male, 170 ; male (under side), 171 rutilator, 174. , female, 1 74 tricuspidator, male, 173 truncatellus, 175 Asellus aquaticus, 152 Asilus crabroniformis, female, 93 B Bedstraw hawk moth, 70 Blackcap warbler, 43 Black-headed bunting, 36 Black-vein moth, 79 Blind worm, 195 Blowpipe for eggs, 47 Bombylius medius, 95 Bordered white moth, 79 Bramble-leaf brand, 253 Brindle white-shot moth, 77 Bucentes geniculatus, 92 Button galls on oak-leaf, 88 Cabinet drawer for eggs, 48 Candle-snuff fungus, 257 Case of caddis-worm, 151 Limnephilus flavicornis, 151 Caterpillar of emperor moth, 68 , cocoon, and imago of small eggar moth, 69 of puss moth, 71 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Chalk carpet moth, 79 Chrysalis of house-fly, 99 Closterium striolatum, 263 Leibleinii, 263 Cocoon of hydrophilus, 147 water-spider, 114 Collecting-bottle, 258 for diatoms, 260 Colurus deflexus, 231 uncinatus, 230 Common house-fly (enlarged), 97 Conops ralipes, male, 91 Corethra plumiformis, 154 Cosmarium margaritiferum, 266 , empty fronds, 266 Cream-spotted tiger moth, 78 Cristatella mucedo, 219 enlarged, showing polypes, 220 Cuckoo, 21 Daphnia pulex, 204 , male, 205 , female, 205 reticulata, male, 206 , female, 206 Degeeria cincta (magnified), Il8 Diagram of larva of gnat, 157 Diphthera orion, 74 Dipper, the, 41 Drills for eggs, 47 Duck-weed, 210 Early thorn moth, 76 Egg baj of common gnat, 155 drills, 47 of buff tip, 58 Egg of cabbage moth, 59 of common magpie moth, 59 of house-fly, 98 of meadow brown butterfly, 58 of Pieris brassier, 58 of Polyommatus corydon, 59 of small copper, 39 of stone-mite, 165 of Vanessa atalanta, 58 Eggs of gnat in various stages, 1 56 newt wrapped in leaves, show- ing development, 185 ranatra deposited on leaves of frog-bit, 150 Emperor moth, 67 End of frond of Closterium lunula (magnified), 264 End of hair-worm, 153 Euastrum didalta, 267 margaritiferum, 267 oblongatum, 267 (front view), 266 (side view), 266 Euchlanis (retracted), 229 (exserted), 231 Eyes of spider, 1 10 water-flea, 208 First stage in development of hydra, 212 Floxularia cornuta, 228 Foot of Asilus crabroniformis (mag- nified), 94 Four-spotted footman moth (male), 77 , female, 76 Fresh- water polyzoon, 217 shrimp, 151 Frog-spawn in situ, 184 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xiii Frog, showing stages of develop- ment, 186, 187 Frog-stages of tadpoles, 189 Gall insects, 86, 87 Galls on oak-leaf, 88 Garden spider, in General form of main track of Hylo- nomus, 109 Glass tube for sucking eggs, 47 Glow-worm, male, 106 , female, 106 Goat moth, 64 sucker, 44 Golden-eyed gadfly, 91 Gold-shot moth, 79 Great green grasshopper, 117 Group of British lizards, 195 Plumatella (enlarged), 223 H Hair-tailed millipede (magnified), "5 Hairs of Dermestes, 116 or feathers of Polyxenes, 115 of tail of Polyxenes, 115 Hair-worm, 153 Head of common snake, 196 moth, showing eyes, antennae, and proboscis (magnified), 106 viper, 196 Helix aculeata, 132 arbustorum, 130 aspersa, 129 cantiana, 131 caperata, 131 carthusiana, 132 Helix ericetorum, 129 hispida, 131 hortensis, 130 Jamellata, 132 lapicidia, 131 nemoralis, 129 pigmaea, 132 pomatia, 128 pulchella, 131 rotundata, 131 rufescens, 132 virgata, 130 Herald moth, 77 Hipparchia janira, 57 Hyalotheca dissiliens, 268 Hydra viridis, 21 1 (magnified), 213 attacking water-flea, 214 Hydrophilus piceus depositing its eggs, 148 Hyria auroraria, 74 Imago of Hylonomous fraxini, 109 (magnified), 109 Improvised live-box, 1 88 zoophite-trough, 202 Infusorial parasite of hydra, 239 Jaws of Helix nemoralis (magni- fied), 135-137 Jay, the, 23 Jelly animalcules, 241 Kerona polyporium, 243 Kingfisher, 25 xiv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Lady-bird beetle, larva, and pupa, 1 06 Lancet of wasp-sting, 103 Lantern and net, 74 Lapwing, 31 Large emerald moth, 77 Larva of beetle covered with com- pound hairs, 116 caddis- worm fly, 150 Dytiscus marginalis, 145 goat moth, 63 Hylonomous fraxini, 109 Micropteryx subpurpurella, 62 Nepticula durella, 62 Leaf-cutter bee cutting piece out of leaf, 90 Lepisma (magnified), 122 Leptogaster cylindricus, 95 Liparogyra dentreteres, 273 Lithosia quadra, 75 Long-tailed tit, 27 M Maggot of house-fly, 98 Maple blight, 254 Mastigocerca bicristata (magnified), 232 Meadow-sweet brand, 252 Melicerta ringens, 224 Micrasterias rotata, 265 Mined bramble-leaf, 61 oak-leaf, 61 Mite from Gamasus of humble-bee, 167 Myopa testacea, 92 N Narrow-bordered clear-wing, 53 Natterjack toad, 194 Navicula didyma, 279 Nest of dipper, 41 reed-bunting, 37 spider, 112 Nitzschia vivax, 274 Nuthatch, 42 Nymph of gnat, 157 Oak hook-tip moth, male and female, 76 Orthosira Dressaeri, 274 Ovarium of fresh-water sponge, 248 Pale oak beauty moth, 76 Paludicella sultana, 221 (enlarged), 222 , showing polypes. 222 Parasite of Dytiscus, 146 Philophofa plumigera, 78 Phyllactidium pulchellum, 271 Pennularia borealis, 275 major, 278 Pleurasigma formosum, 279 Podura without scales, 119 Pupa of goat moth, 64 Ranatra linearis, 149 catching its prey, 149 Red-belted clear-wing, 55 Rose-leaf cut by leaf-cutter bee, 90 Rotate or wheel-shaped spiculae, 249 Rotifer vulgaris (magnified), 229 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, Sand-lizard, 199 Scale of black Podura, 120 bleak, 12 bream, 14 carp, 1 6 chub, 1 1 dace, 13 eel, 12 grayling, 1 8 gudgeon, 14 Hipparchia janira, 57 loach, 15 minnow, 15 perch, 16 Pieris brassicse, 56, 57 pike, 17 Polyommatus alexis, 56 roach, 13 speckled Podura, 120 Vanessa urticse, 55 Scarlet tiger moth, 75 Section of button gall (magnified), 89 diatom commencing deduplica- tion, 276 spangle (magnified), 89 sycamore-leaf, 255 viper's head, 197 Sedge-warbler, 35 Selidosema plumaria, 75, 79 Setting-board for Lepidoptera, So out Lepidoptera, 80-82 Side view of zoophyte-trough, 202 Single eggs and young of Ranatra, '5 Small black arches moth, 74 emerald moth, 79 Smooth newt, female, 191 , male, 192 Smynthurus niger (magnified), 122 Spangles on oak-leaf, 88 Speckled Podura, 121 Spinneret of garden spider, 1 1 1 gossamer spider, 112 Spirogyra in different stages, 270 Spores and cells of "witches' butter," 256 Stages in development of Epistylis, 247 Euglena viridis, 244 fresh-water snail, 139 Stephenoceros, 225-227 of metamorphosis of Pieris brassicse, 65, 66 Star-spored brand, 252 Statoblasts of Plumatella develop- ing, 219 Staurastrum dejectum, 267 alternaus, 267 gracile, 268 spongium, 268 Stauroneis phoenicenteron, 278 Stictodiscus Californicus, 277 gracile, 268 Sting, lancet, and poison-bag of wasp, 102 , poison-bag, and poison-gland of humble-bee, 100 Slings of hydra, 215 Sycamore - leaf with Melasmia agerina, 255 Synchseta longipes (magnified), 230 Tadpole of frog, 188 Teeth of blow-fly (magnified), 105 Tegenaria atrica, no Terminal spiracle of Dytiscus mar- ginalis, 146 Tetranychus lapidus, 165 populi, 1 66 xvi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Tetranychus salicis, 165 telarius, 164 tiliaris, 164 ulmi, 165 urticse, 167 viburni, 166 Theridion riparium, male and female, 1 10 "Thousand legs," 108 Thyatira batis, 76 Toad, the, 190 Tongue and lancet of common flea, 103 Track of Hylonomus fraxini be- neath the bark of a tree, 109 Transparent burnet moth, 55 Tunic of dead polyp filled with stato-blasts, 218 Ulothrix, 269 Umbrella net, 63 Vaginicola before and after fission 238 Vapourer moth, female, 72 , male, 72 Volvox globator, 271 stellatum, 272 Vorticella nebulifera, 246 W Water beetle, male and female, 144 flea, female, 203 spider, male, 113 , female, 1 14 Wheatears, 33 Winged aphis, 107 Wingless aphis, 107 "Witches' butter," 256 Young hydra, 215 of Synchasta longipes, 230 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. CHAPTER I. OUR NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. JACK HAMPSON was a capital sample of the best traditions of Mugby School. A lad of fourteen, with well-knit limbs, brave, honest-looking, bluish- grey eyes, a good cricketer and swimmer, and not bad at a high jump. He could no more do a mean thing than he could tell a lie ; and he could give or take a thrashing if absolutely necessary, although he would be in no hurry for either. Mugby School has kept the lead in modern educational progress which a former distinguished master introduced many years ago. That master was not content that boys should learn Latin and Greek. He was more anxious they should learn to be Christian gentlemen ; to fear and eschew an untruth as they would poison ; to be brave and yet gentle ; tender towards the weak, not defiant even B 2 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. to the strong. The boys at Mugby School were well acquainted with the lives of the best men of all ages and of all nations, as well as with the most stirring deeds of valour, self-denial, and manly bravery. The noblest thoughts of the wisest men were drawn freely upon for their benefit. Much of this " new education " was thought an innovation at first ; but never before were English lads turned out of school in such high-toned, manly form, or so well able to hold their own at the universities, or in the bigger world outside. As may be imagined, the wonders of science had not been ignored in such a school. One can hardly believe that modern science is almost in- cluded within the present century. All before then, except astronomy, was more or less speculation. Nobody would call Linnaeus's system of botany a science, although it was very useful and intro- ductory ; nor was geology, zoology, nor chemistry. Scientists had only been playing, like children, in the vestibule of the great temple. It may be that we ourselves have not advanced far within the precincts at least, those who study these subjects a hundred years hence may think so. But, at any rate, the amount of knowledge extant concerning the world in which we live, and its ancient and OUR NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 3 modern inhabitants, is vast compared with what it was when the present century commenced. At Mugby School, science was an important and also a welcome subject How welcome it was is best indicated by the fact that the boys got up a Natural History Society among themselves. This was really a self-imposed task, done out of school-hours. Some of the principal teachers en- couraged the lads by becoming members; not that they knew much of natural history or scientific subjects (some of them, indeed, knew nothing at all, and actually learned a good deal from the boys themselves). Of course, the Society was founded on the best models. It was not a bit behind the famous " Royal Society of London " in its equipment. It had its president and vice-president, and its committee were called " the council." It also published, for the world's benefit, abstracts of the short papers the boys read the abstracts being nearly as long as the papers. Although its members were not numerous, they felt they bore the weight of the dignity of the Society on their shoulders ; and, as they were too boyish-manly to be priggish, the training did them no harm. Well, the Society was divided into sections. 4 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. One section was appointed to collect the plants of the neighbourhood that is, those obtainable during the school half-holidays ; another to collect butter- flies and moths ; a third, beetles ; a fourth, birds ; a fifth, fossils, etc. They were to publish lists of the plants, birds, insects, and fossils of the district in the " Society's Proceedings ; " for, of course, the latter was the name given to the abstracted papers. The Society had only been founded the year before Jack Hampson was sent to Mugby School ; so it was in the first zeal and freshness of its youth. Jack didn't like science it was nothing but a lot of hard, jaw-breaking names, he said, and what was the good of them ? He and others had enough of hard words in their daily Latin and Greek tasks. Jack rather snubbed the fellows who volunteered to learn more hard words than were required he couldn't understand it. What was the good of calling a buttercup Ranunculus, and a white stone quarts ? It was all sham and show ! Now, Jack was a born hunter. He was ardently fond of fishing, and not a bad shot, considering he had been mistrusted, instead of trusted, with a gun. I dare say his skill with the latter would have astonished his father ; and I have no doubt a good many ounces of 'bacca found their way into the OUR NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 5 keeper's pocket before he became so creditable a shot. But there was not much fishing about Mugby ; or, rather, they were such little things that Jack felt ashamed of pulling them out, and so he slipped them in again, although they never seemed to grow any bigger. This was a wise act on their part, if they had only known the unconscious chivalry of Jack's nature, which hated taking advantage of a weak thing. Then as to shooting first, he hadn't a gun, and if he had possessed one, the rules of the school would have precluded his using it. Next, what was there to shoot ? The small birds in the hedges ? Any cad could do that ! Sneak after the poor beggars behind hedges, and then bang at a robin, a wren, a yellow-hammer, .or a tit, and perhaps blow it to pieces ! That was not good enough. Partridge and pheasant shooting, Jack thought, are hardly much better sport, only you can eat them. Of course, there was the excitement of cricket and football, hare - and - hounds, paper-chases, hurdle-racing, jumping not only not bad, but altogether good and brave and manly sports. But, somehow, a lad of superior mental abilities wants something else. 6 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. Now, the scientist is also a hunter. He traces his descent from Nimrod he is a hunter before the Lord. He roams through the stellar universe for his prey hunts for stars, comets, planets. He is not daunted because he did not live on the world when it was young, millions of years ago ; for he makes up for it by hunting the remains of the animals and plants that lived during countless ages, and which have long been buried in the rocks of the earth's crust as fossils. He hunts for flowering plants and animals in all parts of the earth ; braves heat and cold, hunger and thirst, wounds and death, in his ardent search for them. The structures of rocks do not escape his mineralogical hunting, nor the composition of any sort of substance, organic or inorganic, his chemical analysis. He hunts down stars thousands of millions of miles away with his telescope, and creatures less than the fifteenth-thousand part of an inch long with his microscope. Was there ever such a great hunter ? This hunting instinct began scores of thousands of years ago, when the hairy, naked Palaeolithic men hunted extinct hairy elephants and rhinoceroses. It has been developed until it has assumed the high intellectual pleasure of roaming through God's great creation, and of OUR NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. J confirming the ancient writer's conclusion " Lo, there is no end to it ! " Of all these things Jack Hampson had never heard a word. Perhaps he had occasionally listened to a few joking remarks about Darwin and our "being descended from monkeys " at his father's dinner- table. But his father (who was anything but a wealthy man these hard agricultural times, although he farmed his own estate) had not much time for considering the discoveries of modern science. Their echoes faintly reached him occasionally, but never touched him seriously. Not only were the times bad, but his family was large, and it was not without a stretch that Jack was sent to Mugby School, rather more than twenty miles off. His brother (Jack's uncle) was better off, because he had no family ; and the uncle also had more leisure, and, what is more, was really a man of a literary and scientific turn of mind. All schoolboys make friends at school. No- body has ever analyzed the process of friend- making among boys. It is as mysterious as genuine love-making. Friendships at least, boys' friend- ships are also made "at first sight." Live in a public school a few years, and you will find it out. You might just as well tell a boy to make friends 8 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. with a certain other boy, as order him to make love a few years later with your female selection ! And yet what issues of life depend on those boyish friendships made at school! They are often more durable than marriages. They survive success, disaster, and disease. Not unfrequently, they are prolonged to the second and third generation. If there is one thing more difficult to explain concerning instincts than another, it is the instinct of boys' friendships. How Jack Hampson big-limbed, broad-backed Jack came to take up, the very day he arrived at Mugby, with little Willie Ransome, I cannot tell. There is something in the doctrine of contrasts ; doubtless Willie was as great a contrast to Jack as you would have found in the whole school rather undersized, weakly, but nevertheless a brave and truthful boy. He was fond of books a trifle too fond, for it would have done him good to have got away from them a little. The chief feature about Willie was his large, bright, inquiring eyes, and his altogether affectionate disposition. He took to Jack at once, and Jack to him. Never before was there a better illustration of " friendship at first sight," ( 9 ) CHAPTER II. FIRST AWAKENINGS. IT was at the commencement of the Spring Term that the friends came to Mugby School. Without knowing it, but fortunately for them and for the whole school, a fine enthusiastic young fellow had been appointed "science teacher." The term sounds vague, but so do all terms if too strictly analyzed. The boys dubbed him "professor," and thereby unconsciously gave him higher rank than his confreres, who were only " teachers." It would have been impossible for a young man to have been selected better fitted for such a post. Nothing gets hold of boys sooner than enthusiasm. Boys are naturally enthusiastic. There is no better proof of vitality even in an old man, than that he con- tinues to be enthusiastic about anything intellectual. Willie Ransome's father was a village doctor, and it was hoped Willie would some day help hj father in his increasingly larger, but not TO THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. increasingly profitable, rounds. Willie entered the science class the first term. His father was a man of scientific tastes, with little leisure to indulge them. But he had already inoculated his only son with a love for such subjects. Willie, however, had never before been drawn within the magic circle of en- thusiasm for them, and his highly sensitive tempera- ment was fixed by the professor's descriptions and demonstrations immediately. Before the term was half over, he was a member of the Society, and doing his best to " collect " for the Society's museum. Jack had many a hearty laugh over this dis- position to hoard up a lot of old stones and things, and give them hard names. More than once he was asked to attend a Society's meeting for each member had the privilege of introducing a friend but he always shirked it. " No," he said ; " they are not my sort." One wet evening, however, Willie Ransome got Jack to go, just because there was nothing else to do. There was a short paper being read on " Fish Scales," and a number of them were mounted for microscopical examination, of course with a low power, say inch and half-inch. Anything relating to fish or fishing was certain to gain Jack's atten- tion, therefore a better subject could not have been FIRST AirAfCE.VLVGS, II selected to engage his notice. Besides, Jack had never yet even looked through a microscope! He felt a bit ashamed of this now ; but there were a couple of microscopes present, and Jack determined to have a good look through them. The scales of Fig. I. Scale of chub. different sorts of British fishes were on view. Of course, fish-scales are common enough ; but who would think that each kind has its own pattern of scale, and that you could tell a species of fish by its scales ? The paper showed that the scales of fishes were 12 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. composed of the same material, c/iitine, as the feathers of birds, or the hair and nails of animals Fig. 2. Scale of bleak. a kind of substance only found in the animal king- dom, and never in the vegetable ; that these scales Fig. 3. Scale of eel. are developed in little pockets in the fish's skin, you can plainly see for yourself when a FIRST AWAKENINGS. 1$ herring is scaled. They are arranged all over Fig. 4. Scale of roach. Fig. 5. Scale of dace. the fish's body like the tiles covering a roof, partly THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. Fig. 6. Scale of gudgeon. Fig. 7. Scale of bream. FIRST AWAKENINGS. 1 5 overlapping each other, as is seen by one part of the scale being often different from the other. Fig. 8. Scale of loach. Fig. 9 Scale of minnow. Jack looked through the microscope, and was delighted. He was always a reverent-minded boy, THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. Fig. 10. Scale of perch. Fig. n. Scale of common carp. FIRST AWAKRNJNGS. and the sight broke on his mind like a new revela- tion. How exquisitely chaste and beautiful were the markings, lines, dots, and other peculiarities ! Then the scales which run along the middle line Fig. 12. Scale of pike, of the fish were shown him, and the ducts per- forating them, out of which the mucus flows to anoint the fish's body, and thus reduce the friction C 1 8 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. of its rapid movement through the water. The lad was half bewildered at the possibility of the new knowledge. " Could anybody get to know about these things ? " he asked Willie, who told him of course he could, if he ould only take a little trouble. " But," said his young friend, " I would advise Fig. 13. Scale of grayling. you to get a pocket-magnifier first, and begin to examine with that. Some fellows begin right off with a powerful microscope they get their governors to buy them, and they work it like mad for a month or two, and then get tired of it. Fact is, they never learned the art of observing." FIRST A WAKENINGS. 19 " What do you mean by that ? " said Jack. "Why, getting into the habit of looking about you, keeping your eyes open, and quickly spot- ting anything unusual. Fancy a fellow begin- ning to use magnifying glasses of thousands of times before he has begun to use his own eyes ! Use your own eyes first, then get a little extra help in the shape of a shilling pocket-lens, and by-and- by you will be able to use a real microscope, and enjoy using it too." This was rather a long lecture for Willie to give, or for Jack to listen to. He wouldn't have listened if it had not been for what he had just seen. He said nothing, but he made up his mind he would get one of these useful shilling magnifiers. Willie usually had a country walk during the school half-holiday, and Jack had often been invited to accompany him ; but he didn't care to go " hum- bugging after grubs and weeds," he said. Now, however, he invited himself, and somewhat surprised his friend by stating he wanted to go with him. 20 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. CHAPTER III. AMONG THE BIRDS. IT was a bright afternoon in early summer. The hedges and woods were full of bird-music. You couldn't see many birds, for the luxuriant foliage screened them, but there they were ; a hundred pairs of bright birds' eyes watched the young friends as they sauntered along the shadow-flecked roads. Overhead the lark was raining down its melody. That " wandering voice," the cuckoo the Bohemian among British birds was heard, in the first fresh- ness of its call-note; for, as the proverb goes in Suffolk " In May he sing all day ; In June he change his tune." Whether it be true or not that the female cuckoo has the power of changing the colour-tone of her eggs, and adapting them, as a sort of mimicry, to the colour of the eggs in the nest into which she surreptitiously slips her own, has been a disputed point. But one thing is certain the cuckoo has a marvellous AMONG THE BIRDS. 21 power of modifying the colour and even markings of her eggs. You can hardly find two eggs of the cuckoo marked and tinted exactly alike. This restless bird appears to have drifted away from its Fig. 14. The cuckoo (Cticulus canorus). oological moorings. The cuckoo is the only British species. North America appears to be its head- quarters. There and elsewhere cuckoos build nests 22 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. like other birds, and have regularly marked eggs. In this country, the female cuckoo is the victim of polyandry she has too many husbands ! They don't give her time to build a nest and attend to her domestic duties, like other birds. So she has become a by-word and a scorn among the chaste avian matrons who may be seen following her any May morning, as if she bore on her breast the " scarlet letter." In that hazel copse on the right, where the nightingale is trying its early notes, you hear the harsh grating cry of the jay. It is getting quite a local bird now, which is the first step towards its becoming a rare one. Our game laws have had an important influence on our native zoology, and even botany. Every creature which an ignorant gamekeeper regards as injurious to the birds and eggs under his charge, is condemned to death. Consequently there are few mammals or birds which he does not regard suspiciously. The game- keeper's idea of the proper fauna to inhabit the earth is first, pheasants, then partridges, next, hares, and (a long way behind) rabbits ! Why Providence created anything else is a mystery to him, and tries his bump of reverence sorely. The sweetly pretty blue which glances in the AMONG THE BIRDS. wing-feathers of the jay has been against its pros- perity. Of course, they were developed to please jays. But in these later times they have pleased human beings of the female gender, and that is a Fig. 15. The jay {Garrnlus glandariits). bad thing for pretty birds. Women, and especially young women, all over the world, labour under the mistaken idea that they arc not good-looking enough that a few pretty feathers torn from the 24 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. wings of pretty birds, shot and maimed and robbed of their brief lives for the purpose, would render them yet more attractive 1 The mistake is un- fortunate for the birds. We have not many birds whose colours attract attention in our sober British Isles. True, the kingfisher is still common among us, thank Heaven! You may yet see it flash past like a sapphire, even in winter. The idiots who can afford to pay the gun-tax, and who have just got sense enough to kill something or hurt something for life, have not yet been able to shoot down the king- fisher. Male and female are almost alike in their rich cerulean, prismatic plumage, thanks to the fact that the female nests in a hole, which thus conceals her lovely colours whilst she is sitting. Mr. A. R. Wallace has shown that in most cases where the female is as brilliantly coloured as the male, the nest is concealed. A brilliantly coloured bird, sitting for two or three weeks, would be a conspicuous mark to her enemies if her nest were an open one. Hence the reason why the female pheasants are so dull-coloured, whilst the males are so brilliant A funny nest is that of the kingfisher, when you find it rather badly built of interlacing fish- AMONG THE BIRDS. 2$ bones instead of grass and hay, or moss ; but not an inartistic structure nevertheless. It seems a strange way of utilizing your waste food to con- struct your lodgings out of it 1 Fig. 16. The kingfisher (Alcedo ispidd). The two lads were more silent than lads usually are on an exuberant morning like this. The fact 26 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. was, both were genuine naturalists without know- ing it. The true naturalist is a true poet. Into his mind the influences of natural scenery, of natural history, unconsciously sink down. There is an unmentionable bliss in the unrecognized sympathy which goeth forth towards all things into which He hath breathed the breath of life. The scents of the opening buds too fragrantly evanescent even for the cleverest parfumeur to fix the hallelujah chorus of summer voices, birds chiefly, but not only, which enter the " Emanuel's gate" of the human ear; the sad, soft sighing of summer winds ; the unobtruding kaleidoscope of floral form and colour, scattered so freely and bountifully ; cannot these get hold of the soul of a man? One feels constrained to adopt the language of the principal talker among the favourite disciples -"Lord, let us build three tabernacles," etc. The disciple was in no hurry to depart. Just after, the boys who had enjoyed each other's speechless company, until they began that pastime common to boys of all characters all over the world, nest-finding happened to stumble across perhaps the most remarkable nest of all our British birds that of the " pudding-poke," or long- tailed tit (Pants longicaudatus}. In the old haw- AMONG THE BIRDS. thorn hedge, covered with grey and yellow lichens, the long purse-like nest was so externally adorned with similar lichens that you could with difficulty tell the nest from the lichen-clad fork in which it Fig. 17. The long-tailed tit (Pants longicaiidatus). was fixed. Never was a cleverer bit of mimicry, or pretending. Lads whose play and pastimes incline them to be Indian chiefs, brigands, pirates, robbers, etc., can appreciate this pretending, or 28 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. mimicry, on the part of birds and insects perhaps better than their elders. They do it every day for sport ; the poor birds and insects do it every day in earnest, for their lives and specific existence depend upon it. But there is a comical side even to the most serious engagement in life, if you care to seek for it Here is the long-tailed tit, for instance what in the world is the good of that long tail to him ? He can't use it ; it isn't an ornament ; and yet he is as proud of it as if it were a peacock's. He goes to the trouble to laboriously construct a long "pudding- poke " nest, simply because he wants room for that useless long tail ! Was there ever anything so absurd ? Some persons imagine that in this world it is only given to men and women to make fools of themselves. The long-tailed tit also gets a chance. But of all the tits, give me the common blue tit. That bird is a source of comfort and delight to me all the winter through. He comes to the bone I hang from the bough of the pear-tree in front, of my dining-room ; and it is capital fun to see him climb down the string, with all the sparrows sitting around on the nearest boughs, wishing they could do the same, and glad to pick up the crumbs which fall from this lucky bird's table. AMONG THE BIRDS. 29 Willie knew all these common birds. Their songs were as familiar to him as his own language, from the melancholy alarm-cry of the nightingale to that of the blackbird. The metallic notes of the chaffinch are heard from every tree. That bird was now in his gayest and neatest plumage, and the male was not at all unwilling to show off his recently acquired plumage. The male yellow-hammer, also, was nearly the same colour as a canary. Before long you hear this bird all along the roads and lanes, uttering that remarkable plaintive cry which has obtained for it in Suffolk (the intonation of whose dialect it somewhat resembles), " A-little-bit-o'-bread-and-;z0- cheese ! " Birds' names are frequently onoma- topoeic, or founded on the cries they utter and the sounds they make. Thus the chaffinch is commonly known by the name of " L spink," because of the flat, metallic note somewhat resembling this sound. There is a bird-language, as true ornithologists are aware a language expressive of joy, as in the song of the ascending lark, and that of the thrush sitting on topmost boughs in the early summer- time ; of alarm ; even of humbug and deceit, as when the lapwing tries to decoy you away from her nest by sham cries of pain. This noble bird was 3O THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. now in view, for the boys had come to a break in the wooded lanes, where a patch of yellow gorse- clad common relieved the pleasant monotony of greenness. It was a glorious sight, that wilderness of gor- geous yellow. The tradition ought to be true, even if it is not, that when Linnaeus first saw the gorse in full flower, he thanked God for allowing him to see a sight so beautiful. I have never beheld, even in the tropics, anything equal to it, much less to excel it. The only approach to it in floral beauty is the wild Australian bush, where the pink epacris take the place assumed by our English gorse. The gorse is also known as " whin " and " furze," according to the locality. Those breezy birds, the whin-chats, were abroad, flitting from gorse-bush to gorse-bush, resting for a few moments on the top- most branches ; then, flicking their tails and uttering their short, sharp notes, they went away a few yards farther. Like the beautiful lapwings, they do this to lure one from their nests. The lapwings were wheeling and crying all over the place. Half a dozen couples made more row now than a flock of hundreds of these birds would have done in winter. Their "pee-weet" cries have obtained for them this additional name. AMONG THE BIRDS. But all their fuss was to lure the lads away, and the Fig. 1 8. The lapwing {Vanellus en status). birds fussed and cried all the more when they found 32 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. their artifices succeeding. Then, when the danger- ous trespassers had wandered a sufficiently safe distance, away flew back the deceitful birds to their nests and young, to practise the same device again when the next trespasser arrived. All this and more Willie pointed out to his friend, who, indeed, was not entirely ignorant of birds and their ways. Few boys who live in the country are. Coming to a kind of gravel and sand pit, they were about to go in, when they saw a couple of wheat- ears frolicking about birds with a remarkable mixture of daring and timidity in their cha- racters. Of course, the face of the sand-cliff was drilled with scores of holes made by the sand- martin (Hirundo riparia), which well deserves its specific zoological name, for these communities are really bird-cities in the sand-bank. Beyond the common, the land sank into a marsh. It was a capital hunting-ground. That queer insectivorous plant, the sun-dew, grew abundantly indeed, the ground was of a brick-red tint in places with its pretty rosette-shaped groups of leaves every leaf an ingenious little fly-trap. The place was pink with the lovely flowers of a plant which deserves a better name than louse-wort AMOXG THE BIRDS. 33 (Pedicular is\ A stream ran through the middle of the little marsh, and rapidly made its way through Fig 19. \Vheatears (Saxicola ananthe,. 34 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. a miniaoire gully it had cut for itself a quarter of a mile further away. Groups of tall trees lined the path of the stream, as it slowly sped through the marshy places ; and here, at night, you could Fig. 20. The sedge-warbler (Ac rocephalus phragmitis}, hear the sedge-warbler (Acrocephalus phragmitis) feebly imitating the nightingale. Indeed, across the sea it is known as the Irish nightingale. It AMONG THE BIRDS, 35 is one of the cleverest of our British mocking-birds, and can imitate the songs of the thrush, lark, and even its fellow-companion in the same habitat, the reed-sparrow, or reed-bunting (Emberiza schceni- culus). The boys soon set to work to hunt for the Fig. 21. Nest of sedge-warbler. nests of these reed-birds. After a good deal of sloppy tumbling about, they found that of the sedge- warbler an exquisitely constructed and ingeniously concealed bit of bird-architecture. It was not long before they saw that of the rccd-bunting, a still 36 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. more remarkable construction. It is now too much sought after by those aesthetic people who have suddenly found out that peacock's feathers and sun- flowers are beautiful objects, and who owe a debt of gratitude to Japanese artists for drawing their Fig. 22. Black -headed bunting (Emberiza mclanocephala). attention to the graceful shapes of reeds and grasses. In the drawing-rooms of such people you will see great pots of bull-rushes, and perhaps a cluster of AMOXG THE BIRDS. 37 water-reeds (Arundo phragniites), with a reed-bunt- ing's nest in the middle. Notice how cleverly as cleverly as the Indian weaver-bird the reed-bunting has twined the grass Fig. 23. Nest of reed -bunting. structure of its nest in and out of the tripod of three strong reed haulms. The wind may rock it to and fro, but the nest is safe enough. No land animals, weasels, cats, etc., can get to it. Then, as 38 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. the boys found out, the nests were always made in the reeds lining the edge of the running water. It 'seemed impossible to get to them except by boat, and there was no boat hereabouts ; even if there had been, I doubt whether it would have been used on that small swampy stream. But the reed-bunting's nest had to be got ; not for any aesthetic purpose, but solely because it seemed impossible to get it. That surely is reason enough for a British youth ! The bunting's nest could be approached within half a dozen yards, but that half-dozen was a Serbonian Bog. The tall reeds whistled like pan-pipes (the Greek god made his musical instrument out of them) ; the sword-like blades of the yellow iris (" Fleur-de-luce " or Louis the charge, or golden lilies, on the white flag of royalist France) were topped by the flower- spikes. A few flowering-rushes (Buiomus um- bellatus) were sprinkled among them. Margining the stream were arrow-heads (Sagittaria), water- plantains (Alisma), and other aquatic plants. But these things were regarded as naught. It was the reed-bunting's nest that was required. Of course, it could have been got at with a long plank, but boys don't carry long planks about with them when they go bird's-nesting. There was a short AMOtfG THE BIRDS. $$ and decisive council of war held ; the result was a stripping of habiliments. Jack was soon in his own skin, plunging cautiously through the swamp; then, as the boggy mass became more watery, lying down on it, wriggling through it like an eel, until at length the reed-bunting's nest was reached. The proud victor over a difficulty returned with his prize, if not a sadder, a differently coloured boy, for the black mud had made him as piebald as a magpie. That, however, was only part of the fun. A few hundred yards lower down, the swamp ended, and the stream flowed rapidly towards its little gorge. The piebald young Briton hastened thither, and plunged into as deep a hole as he could find, to wash off the stains of his recent campaign. In doing so he startled a couple of those remarkable birds, the water-ousels, or dippers (Cinclus aquaticus], a bird which has been much hunted down in salmon and trout streams, on the alleged reason that it destroyed their ova. Nothing of the kind. It simply haunts streams for the sake of caddis- worms and other insects, shell-fish, etc. Perhaps it does vary this monotonous diet by a little fish, very little fish small fry, in short. There was a suspiciousness about the water- 46 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. ousels, when they were startled, which led Willie to Fig. 24. The dipper (Ctnchts aquaticus}. believe they had a nest thereabout. So, as soon AMOXG THE BIRDS. 4! as Jack had got rid of the Ethiopian part of his skin, they set about to look for it. At last it was found, and a pretty, comfortable little dwelling it was. The lads left it, for it was a pity to take such a nice little bird's house. Besides, there was no adventure connected with taking it, which goes for a good deal in a boy's moral code. -r\' Si3rs**fey3bs.,a ^SSS^vScRasBi \-\\ ///// Fig. 25. Nest of water-ousel. The afternoon had well set in now, and the young friends were sharp-set as to their appetites. It would be a grand thing if there could be invented a sort of proventriculum, or paunch, for young lads who wander miles to study natural history and 42 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. procure specimens ; then, if they felt hungry, they could refresh themselves. Nevertheless, as they came to the wooded lanes and roads again, they were not too hungry to fail Fig. 26. The nuthatch (Sitta Europaa). in catching the nuthatch at work small, insignifi- cant-looking bird though it is. The blackcap (Curruca atricapilla) was warbling as 1 verily be- lieve only blackcaps can. " Warbling " is the best AMONG THE BIRDS. 43 word wherewith to designate its song. A cockney authority on music and morals has put it on record that there is no real music in the songs of birds ! It is a pity they cann Dt sue him for libel. Nobody but a cockney would have uttered it. Shakespeare did not think so, nor did Shelley or Wordsworth, Fig. 27. Blackcap warbler (Sylvia atricapilla}. and the world values their opinions almost as much as those of Mr. Haweis. On their way back to school tired, hungry, silent they heard, through the deepening gloaming, the " churring " cry of the goat-sucker (Caprimulgus Europaus], sometimes as close to them as the bats ; 44 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. at others, far away in pursuit of the larger moths or beetles. "That jarring note has procured for this Fig. 28. The goat-sucker ( Caprimulgus Europaa). bird its other name of " night-jar ; " whilst its love for ferny, bracken-clad slopes (especially where AMONG THE BIRDS. 45 pine woods break their monotony with covers) has given it the other British name it bears, especially in the midland counties, of " fern-owl." Is there anything more delightful than the fatigue of a summer afternoon's long ramble after objects one loves ? You are not tired of them, but with them. It is a delicious fatigue. Subsequent years of trouble cannot obliterate the charmed impres- sions. They are the sunniest spots in one's memory. Their recollections come, like angels' visits, to un- consciously relieve us in after-years of many a sad trouble and trial. They should be laid up in store when you are young, so that they can be drawn upon when you are old. Then the sunshine of youth is stored to gild the troubled days of matured manhood and the darker shadows of old age. Next day, the few eggs the boys had collected (and in collecting them they had taken consci- entious care not to interfere with the clutches unless they were full or nearly so, in order not to disturb or interfere with the bird's laying) were all laid out on Willie's little table. He had the handy little volume entitled "Collecting and Preserving Natural History Specimens," and had turned to Mr. Southwell's capital chapter on collecting and 4.6 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. arranging bird's eggs. The young friends read it through together. The delight of hunting was intensified by the joy of possessing. Whatever an ardent young collector may be collecting for the time being is very precious. To be the actual owner of an object he and others have been looking for, is to be wealthy. There is also a peculiar pleasure in being taught what you want to learn. How grateful a man feels then ! The lads learned a great deal from the above- mentioned chapter how to make and use egg- drills for boring the sides of eggs intended for the cabinet ; how to discharge the contents of the eggs by means of the blowpipe ; and how it was best to use a glass bulb-tube for sucking out the contents of the more delicate eggs. Furthermore, they were instructed how to arrange the eggs in the cabinet, and what sort of drawers to make or get made. At their school there was a carpenter's shop, and every boy was a bit of a carpenter as indeed every boy should be, for there is no handi- craft knowledge more useful. So you had only to tell lads like our young friends what to make, and they would certainly manage to make it. Mr. Southwell recommends the plan adopted AMONG THE BIRDS. 47 by Mr. Salvin, the distinguished ornithologist, for Fig. 29. Egg-drills. Fig. 30. Blowpipe Fig. 31. Glass tube and wire. for sucking eggs. arranging birds' eggs. Each drawer in the egg- 4 8 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. cabinet is divided longitudinally by thin slips of wood into three or more parts, about four to six inches across, as may be convenient A number of sliding stages are then constructed of cardboard, by cutting the card half through at exactly the width of the partition, and bending the sides down Fig. 32. Cabinet drawer for eggs. to raise the stage to the required height. A number of oval holes are then cut by hand, and a thin layer of cotton wool gummed on the upper surface of the stage, the holes being suitable to the sizes of the eggs they are intended to receive. AMONG THE BIRDS. 49 Between these stages sliding partitions are placed, made of just sufficient height that the horizontal part may fit closely on the wool. These partitions are made of thin wood for the upright part, along which a horizontal strip of cardboard is fastened with glue : on the latter is placed a label bearing the name of the egg displayed on the stage. By this plan the eggs are well shown, and not likely to fall out of their places. Each drawer is then covered with a sheet of glass, to exclude the dust 5O THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. CHAPTER IV. NIMRODS AMONG THE LEPIDOPTERA. THOSE happy days when the summer is young, and we are as young as the summer ! When the summer-tide and one's life-tide are both flowing ! Happier days still, when the love of Nature has got hold of a youth who, although " Daily further from the East must travel, Still is Nature's priest, and by the vision splendid Is on his way attended ! " The months of May and June were a charmed season to our enthusiastic lads. Every hour they could get away they passed in the woods, lanes, and fields, or else wandered over commons and through miry swamps and marshes. They made collections of all the birds' eggs they could, and studied the nests of the commoner kinds how they were built, and the variations in their structure. The orders of Greek architecture do not vary more than the architectural differences in birds' nests. NIMRODS AMONG THE LEPIDQPTERA. 51 Then the lush foliage and greenery of May and June made bird's-nest hunting all the more delight- ful, because it was more difficult than when there was less greenery about, and when any idiot could find a nest. One of their chief pastimes was that of watching birds to their nests. It requires a good deal of patience and keen observation, but it rewards us in the absolute knowledge one gains by getting a good practical knowledge of the characters of birds. It is a double watching we watch the birds, and they watch us. The urgent affairs of their nests tempt them to all sorts of tricks and artifices to deceive us. But at last the bird takes good heart, and trusts that all will be right. Then it drops into its nest, or enters its hole ; and the young watcher conquers by finding the nest, but generously forbears to meddle with it, the delight of having overcome the cunning of the bird and of finding the nest being victory enough at least, to any boy but a cad. Then the butterflies had come out. Every boy is a born butterfly-hunter. He cannot resist at- tempting to capture one of these fluttering, ani- mated bits of colour. It is like owning a morsel of summer. So away go all sorts of lads after them, with caps and jackets generally. Jackets 52 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. are magnificent hunting-tools with lads. Along comes a butterfly, leisurely stopping at one flower after another, and off goes the boy's jacket. Away he runs after the prey. The sluggish butterfly enjoys being hunted with a boy's jacket quite as much as real red-coated huntsmen say the fox does. But the butterfly generally escapes the jacket. How could our young friends help being tempted aside after the butterflies, or, for the matter of that, after the moths which came out as they returned to school in the gloaming ? As a rule, they were too much interested in other things in the daytime, but in the evening the moths were a sad and almost sole temptation. Of course they were aware that, whilst butterflies are diurnal insects, moths are usually nocturnal. They also knew for the professor had already pointed the fact out that one could always tell a butterfly from a moth by the antennae of the former being clubbed at their ends. He had also drawn their attention to the law of mimicry dis- covered by that prince of entomologists, Mr. Henry Bates. By this law, insects possessing stings or other self-defences, are often marvellously imitated by other insects belonging to orders as far apart from them as the poles. NIMRODS AMONG THE T.RPTDOPTEKA. 53 Now, if you and I pretend to be what we are not, our conduct is called humbugging. If we push it to extremes of deception, it may be de- nominated lying, and we may undergo the risk of Fig. 33. Narrow-bordered clear-wing. imprisonment for living under " false pretences." But when insects, plants, etc., adopt this policy of duplicity, naturalists call it mimicry. There is Fig. 34. Hornet clear-wing. Fig. 35. Currant clear-wing. something in a name, after all, despite the remark of Shakespeare. Look at those British insects called the " clear- wings," for example. They fly in the daytime, 54 TffJS PLAYTIME NATURALIST. and look to all the world like so many hornets, wasps, bumble-frees, ichneumons, and other insects people don't care to make too familiar an aquaint- ance with, on account of their stings. They not Fig. 36. Broad-bordered clear- wing. only marvellously resemble sting-possessing insects, but some of them fly in the same manner. You don't see them fluttering like leaves, after the Fig- 37- Humming-bird hawk moth. manner of butterflies, zigzagging about the road ; they fly straight, and hover over flowers. One nearly allied species to these clear- wings, the hum- ming-bird hawk moth (Macroglossa stdlataruvi), has NIMRODS AMONG THE LEPIDOPTERA. 55 the under-wings somewhat resembling the above- mentioned insects. If you rub off the "dust," as it is called, from the wings of butterflies and moths, you make them "clear-wings " that is, you Fig. 38. Transparent burnet. Fig. 39. Red-belted clear-wine:. get at the transparent membranes over which the " scales '' are arranged like tiles on a housetop. Every species of butterfly and moth has a specific set of scales sometimes two or three patterns in Fig. 40. Scale irom baiwssa urtic< (magnified). ' different parts of the wings. Most of them are very beautiful objects when seen under a micro- scope. The little grains of dust which come off the wings of a captured butterfly so readily, then THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. expand into distinct shapes with characteristic markings. Here are the magnified scales of the smaller tortoiseshell butterfly ( Vanessa urticce) and the white cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicce), etc., for instance, showing the lines or rows of small Fig. 41. Scale from Pieris brassktz. Fig. 42. Battledore scale from Polyommatus alcxis. dots, which are so close together that they look like lines. The more highly you magnify these natural objects, the more beauties do you discover. It is the same with the eggs of insects. Few people are aware of the lovely, ivory-carved -like appearance of the eggs of the bluebottle, or even NIMRODS AMONG THE LEPIDOPTERA, 57 of the common house-fly. The eggs of butterflies and moths, like their scales, are often exquisitely adorned with dots, lines, tubercles, and stipples, which require a good magnifying power properly Fig. 43. Scale from Pieris brassica:. Fig. 44. Scale from hipparchia janira. to behold them. Pick up the eggs of any butter- fly or moth (and I don't see why butterflies' eggs should not be as well known as birds' eggs ; they are certainly quite as beautiful, if they do not 5 8 THE. PLAYTIME NATURALIST. excel them in beauty). It would be a capital thing for one or two young fellows like our friends to begin collecting insects' eggs. F 'g- 45- Egg otPicris brassiccc. Fig. 46. Egg of Vanessa atalanta. Every young naturalist ought to be something of an artist. Drawing ought to be as much resorted Fig. 47. Egg of the buff-tip. Fig. 48. Egg of meadow brown butterfly. to for the expression of certain ideas as writing XIMRODS AMOXG THE LEFIDOFTERA. 59 A naturalist ought to be able to sketch what he describes. " Word-pictures " are all very well, but real pictorial representations are better in natural science. Fig. 49. Egg of the common magpie moth. Fig. 50. Egg of Poly otntnatiis corydon. These highly magnified pictures of the eggs of some of our commoner species of butterflies and moths will give a good idea of what I mean. My Fig. 51. Egg of the cabbage moth. Fig. 52. Egg of the small copper. readers will observe at a glance that each kind is distinguished by a special egg-pattern, just as birds' eggs differ in colour and marking. 60 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. These matters had hardly as yet possessed the minds of our young friends ; but the ardent love of nature possessed by their science-teacher had caused him to hint at them, and suggest many of these thoughts to the boys of his class. As the summer drew on, he went out on the half-holidays with those young fellows whom he had mentally inoculated with his own tastes. What glorious collecting and hunting times those were ! Nothing was left unnoticed, or uncollected. Every commonplace plant, insect, bird, stone, fungus, moss, became a prize. You would have imagined, from the personal pleasure the young professor manifested when some lad brought him one of these things, that it was the very rarest or the most instructive object that could possibly have been brought to him. How happy was the ignorant young lad who had the good fortune to find it, and how zealously he looked about to find something else ! Even if the boys had forgotten every object whose name and character they learned, they would have been great gainers ; they had learned to observe to use their own eyes. Many people think they do, when in reality they are using other folk's, and are simply finding what they are told NIMRODS AMONG THE LEPIDOPTERA. 6 1 to look for, and nothing else. That is not the way for knowledge to increase. What hosts of things there are to be observed in our green lanes ! what hiero- glyphics to be de- ciphered! The leaves of the bramble, haw- jj? thorn, oak, and other shrubs and trees, are Fi e- 53 Mined oak-leaf. marked with zigzag or sinuous markings. They are about the commonest objects to be met with, Fig. 54. Mined bramble-leaf. and we may therefore be sure they did not escape the professor's ardent class. 62 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. They learned that certain very small grubs, the larvae of one of the smallest moths, in order to be secure, mined beneath the upper and the under skins or surfaces of these leaves, thus getting both food and protection. Holly leaves are favourite ones for another species of moth. If the leaf is still green, probably you will find the minute Fig. 55. Larva of Microptery*. Fig. 56. Larva of Neptimla subpurpurclla (enlarged), the duretta, the miner of the caterpillar which mines the bramble-leaf (magnified), oak-leaf. caterpillar housed inside. Then you can magnify it, and take as many observations of it under the microscope as you like. Many of the boys had rigged up butterfly-nets out of a walking-stick, with a bag mounted as you XIMKODS AMOXG THE LEPIDOPTERA. see beneath ; others had the usual regulation equipment But the professor was not so anxious to collect as to ob- serve, although he well knew that if the boys did not capture something, they would lose interest. For instance, on their leisurely ram- ble they came across a tree whose trunk had been bored and drilled very recent- ly, as Could be told Fi S- 5 7- Umbrella net. by the little pile of sawdust at the base. He pointed out that this was the work of that big fat grub which, Fig. 58. Larva of goat-moth. it is said, the ancient Romans regarded as a bonne 6 4 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. bonche, the caterpillar of the goat-moth (Cossus ligni- perdd]. They were not long before they dislodged the creature. It was dropped alive into a larva-box, for further 4 ' ' 2 ' observation in the in- Figr 59. Boxes for larvse. sectanum, where it was subsequently seen to cover itself with a layer of Fig. 60. Pupa of goat-moth. sawdust as a cocoon, beneath which it underwent Fig. 6 1. The goat- moth. that marvellous physiological transformation which NIMRODS AMOXG THE LEP1DOFTERA. changes both interior and exterior of a grub into a butterfly or moth. The beginning of this change, however, had already commenced when the cater- pillar entered the pupal state. In that apparently resting stage, the materials ela- borated by the greedy and fast- growing grub are worked up into additional tissues, muscles, and organs of locomotion. The manner in which the various members of the Lepi- doptera instinctively prepare for these several changes was pointed out some days after- wards, in the case of the white cabbage butterfly (Pieris bras- sica). When it is commencing to form the silk cord which will support the future chrysalis, it bends back its head to the fourth segment of the body, and then turns its head downwards on the right side, so as to bring its mouth to the point marked a (Fig. 62). There it fixes its first line of silk ; then it carries its head over to the left side, spinning a silk line all the time, and after- F 66 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. wards fastening it down on the left side again bringing the silk line to the right side, and fasten- ing it down. The caterpillar repeats this process about forty times, until as many silk lines have Fig. 63. Another stage in meta- morphosis of Pieris brassica. Fig. 64. Chrysalis of P. brassier. bound it to the spot it has elected to pass the chrysalis stage in. The silk is drawn so tightly that the creature appears as if its body would be severed in twain. Then comes the task of releasing NIMRODS AMONG THE LEPIDOTTERA. 67 the head from this bent-back and tied-down con- dition ; but the caterpillar takes advantage of the elasticity of the freshly made silk, and is then in the position shown at b (Fig. 63), where it rests until the chrysalis is formed. Then the old cater- pillar skin is thrown off from under the silken cords, and the true chrysalis is seen (Fig. 64). The professor talked a good deal about eater- Fig. 65. The emperor moth. pillars and chrysalids. It is astonishing how much can be said about them. He showed that the hairy kinds are never eaten by birds, and that green caterpillars were seldom hairy. This was because their green colour screened and protected them by causing them to resemble the foliage on which they feed. Even fish will not eat the hairy caterpillars only the green or naked kinds. Consequently the hairy species rejoice. They 68 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. seem to know they are safe. Many of them can roll themselves into a ball, like that of Arctia caja, and then they are about as edible as a live hedgehog would be to a hungry man ! These hairy caterpillars are often brilliantly coloured and prominently marked, as if they invited notice in- stead of concealment ; and as if they knew they could say to the birds, " Here we are ; eat us if you dare ! " Fig. 66. Caterpillar of emperor moth. Some of the commonest of these protected cater- pillars are those of the little eggar moth (Eriogaster lanestris}. Indeed, this species is doubly pro- tected, for not only are the bodies of the cater- pillars more or less hairy, but they have the power of spinning a strong silken tent or web, beneath which they safely consume the leaves of the plants on which they feed. They live in social colonies, and this habit must be of great service to them. In dry, hot summers, the hedgerows are not N1MRODS AMONG THE LEPIDOPTERA. 69 un frequently festooned with the webs for yards in length, and the leaves are stripped off as if a fire had passed over them. Then as to the origin and meaning of many of the dots and markings on caterpillars. Look at those on the Sphinx family, for instance. The caterpillars moult a good many A Fig. 67. Caterpillar, cocoon, and imago of small eggar moth (Eriogastcr lanestris). times in the process of growth. Every time the body is differently marked, although it is the last set of markings which arc usually recognized as distinctive. The caterpillars of different species of Sphinx moths are known by their different mark- ings ; and the professor showed his attentive 70 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. students ho\v, in perhaps the most abundantly and prominently marked species, the markings on each moult more or less resemble those of each of the various species of the group. In other words, that a single caterpillar repeats, in the development of its own individual life-history, the changes which have caused the development of species. The manner in which caterpillars fed furnished Fig. 68. Bedstraw hawk moth. another theme for description and discussion. It arose one day from one of the boys being almost startled at finding that buffoon of the caterpillar world, the larva of the puss moth (Fig. 69).. There it was, sitting like a dowager, on the edge of a leaf, comfortably cutting and coming again as its voracious appetite dictated, and pretending to look fierce, like a Japanese warrior. Now, pretence XIMKODS AMONG THE LEriDOFTERA, Jl is like advertising it's no good unless you do it well, and be earnest in doing it. So the cater- 72 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. pillar of Vinula has succeeded, as its portrait shows. The resemblances borne by many of the uiicro- Lepidoptera, that is, the minute moths (gnats, ignorant people call them), to other objects, for protective purposes such, for instance, as their resemblance even to the droppings of birds on leaves ; their green, brown, and lichen tints, all more or less protective were discussed. These Fig. 70. Vapourer moth, Fig. 71. Ditto, male. female. discussions gave quite a zest to the discovery of specimens confirmatory of the theory. Then it was shown how the females of certain moths were wingless how, in one species, they practically never advanced beyond the caterpillar stage ; in another, hardly beyond the pupa stage, and so on ; how, for protective purposes, one wingless female had six long legs, and resembled a spider so much that you would hardly have known the difference without counting the legs NIMRODS AMONG THE LEPIDOPTEKA. 73 first, which is a thing few birds do. In all these species the male is fully winged as usual. As the summer drew on, and the holidays approached, you may be sure that not only our two friends, but nearly the whole class, determined to indulge to the full in the newly discovered pleasure of observing and collecting. They were put up to all kinds of dodges how to proceed, what to look for, how to preserve it, etc. One lad had a fad for beetles, another for shells, and several of them for anything and everything they could get. Butterfly and moth collecting, how- ever, are nearly always the first subjects boys take to who have a natural-history turn of mind. Their teacher was perfectly aware of this, and therefore encouraged them. He knew that many such collectors would proceed to other studies, and would collect other objects ; but he was aware that the habit engendered by butterfly and moth hunting would abide in any other pursuit. So he initiated them into the mysteries of beat- ing and hunting willows, brambles, heather, etc., after dark, with a lantern and net ; also in " sugar- ing" which is about as interesting a pursuit as a romantic lad could be introduced to. The results of sugaring can only be known after 74 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. dark, and the young collector feels something brigandish or poacher-like as he goes about with his dark lantern, examining the tree-trunks which have been smeared with a beery mixture of sugar and treacle and a little rum, etc. The smearing is generally done just before dusk, id the baited spots are visited when dark- Fig. 72.-- Lantern and net. ness has set in. Then it is astonishing what a number, of guests have invited themselves to the spread. The only circular issued to them was the smell of rum, Fig. 74. Small black arches. Fig. "ft.Dlphthera Orion. Fig. 75. Hyria auroraria. or aniseed, or whatever else had been put in the sugaring mixture. Insects have an almost phe- nomenal development of the sense of smell. It is N1MRODS AMOXG THE LEFIDOPTERA. 75 so keen that if you carry some species of im- prisoned virgin females you have reared yourself (although, perhaps, of a rarish kind) in a perforated Fig. 76. Clouded buff moth (female). Fig. 77. Selidosema phunaria (male). box, all the male insects for miles round will come trooping to her, like so many mediaeval brave knights serenading o o an imprisoned dam- sel ! Our own sense of smell, although it beats the spectro- scope for keenness Fig. 78. Lithosia quaJra. of detection, is dull and sluggish when compared with that possessed by many insects. Fig. 79. Scarlet tiger moth. 7 6 We ought to be thankful such is the case. Flowers would never have possessed perfumes if flower-hunting in- sects had not been gifted with a keen sense of smell. Per- haps that sense and Fig. 80. Early thorn moth. the perfumes have originated side by side, and helped to develop each other. Fig. 8l. Thyatira batis. Fig. 82. Male and female of oak hook-tip moth. Those charming sultry summer evenings with Fig. 83. Pale oak beauty. MMKODS AMOXG THE LEP1DOFTERA. 77 the sugaring-pot, the collecting-net, and the dark lantern ! They leave too delightfully and en- Fig. 84. The large emerald moth, duringly keen a sense of pleasure for all the years Fig. 85. The brindle white- Fig. 86. The herald moth, shot moth. of after- memory to be able even to obliterate them. Fig. 87. Female of four-spotted footman. Of course, a large number of the butterflies 78 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. caught in the daytime, and of moths captured at night, were common species. But that is nothing Fi^. 88. Male of four-spotted footman. Fig. 89. Pliilophora tlutirieera. at first, to the young collector, to whom the joy of possession counts for a good deal. Fig. 91. Cream-spotted tiger moth. But as our friends varied their evening walks, NIMRODS AMONG THE LEFIDOPTERA. 79 sometimes in the woods, at others in the green lanes, or over the heath, or down by the marsh, Fig. 92. The gold-shot moth. Fig. 93. The black-vein moth. they found that different species of moths were peculiar to these various habitats, or localities. Fig. 94. The bordered white moth. Fig. 9$.Selidosema fliiinaria (female). Perhaps it was because each place is so physically different, and therefore different flowering plants Fig. 90. The chalk carpet- moth. Fig. 97. The small emerald moth. grow in each. Moreover they soon learned that -soils and rocks regulated the distribution of species. 8o THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. You find one kind only on light lands, another only on heavy. Species are only met with pecu- liar to limey or chalky strata, and others where sandstone, shale, or other rocks prevail. It is, Fig. 98. Setting-board for Lepidoptera. perhaps, this wonderful physical and geological differentiation of the* earth's terrestrial surface ig. 99. Front view of properly pinned-out insect. Fig. IOO. Side view of pro- perly pinned-out insect. which has largely assisted in developing species of flowering plants, and, through them, of many kinds of insects. NIMRODS AMONG THE LEPIDOTTERA. Si The use of the cyanide-bottle for instantly kill- ing specimens, and how to set them out and properly strap and pin them down afterwards, Fig. ror. Mode of setting out Lepidoptera on level board. were all carefully explained to the young natu- ralists. There is no part of any of these mechanical apparatuses which any ingenious youth cannot make or rig up for himself. Fig. 102. Moth set out on cork saddle. In addition to the long, flat, grooved setting- board above shown, a grooved cork saddle is fre- quently used, and the accompanying side and G 82 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. front views of the insects when pinned down, will give a clear idea of how they are arranged. The use of thin but stiff paper straps for holding down the wings, antennae, etc., and arranging them in the freshly set-out butterflies or moths until they Fig. 103. Example of four-strap setting. have assumed the rigidity desired in the cabinet, will also be made evident by our illustrations. At any rate, our professor did his best to start the lads, to whom he was much attached, to observe, collect, and arrange for themselves. If they failed to take advantage of his experience and ready help, it was their own fault. CHAPTER V. HOLIDAY RAMBLES AND ADVENTURES. MUGBY SCHOOL broke up for the holidays earlier in the summer than others. Jack Hampson went home with a limited but enthusiastic stock of knowledge concerning common natural history objects. If he did not know much, at any rate he had learned to make a country walk more en- joyable than he had thought such perambulations could turn out He was not long in displaying his newly obtained knowledge ; and even if he were a little proud of it, and rather paraded it a trifle, it was pardonable. But he was not a prig, so there was little of either brag or show in his ready dis- play of what so much interested him. Rather, it was the zeal of a proselyte. He wanted others to enjoy his own new-born pleasure. He could not keep it to himself; it bubbled over irresistibly. Now, that is the sort of human being lad or man to make converts 1 You cannot quarrel with 84 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. him. You may pretend to laugh at him, or poke fun at his notions ; but, if he has any " go," it is ten to one the enthusiast will convert you. The first convert Jack made was his eldest sister a strong, active lassie between eleven and twelve years old. His younger brother was also bitten, but not so rabidly, for younger brothers don't like their elder brothers to see they can do . what they like with them, and cram any notions they please down their throats. Then there were a couple of cousins, fine lads, from another school, who presently joined the Hampson party, and they fell victims to the mania for collecting and preserving. The time for birds'-nesting was, un- fortunately, nearly over ; but moths and Butterflies were to be had for the hunting, and the delights of chasing them in the daytime and of sugaring for them in the evening, were duly indulged in. I have said that the young professor knew that an energetic boy like Jack would soon extend his observations further afield ; that presently he would have captured nearly all the common species of Lepidoptera in his neighbourhood, and would be sighing for something else to conquer. So he told him to collect anything he saw in his rambles anything, he said, except tombstones 1 HOLIDAY RAMBLES AND ADVENTURES. 85 One cannot take a walk a hundred yards in the country without seeing plenty of natural objects of which we are in perfect ignorance. We don't know even their names, to say nothing about the structures, life-histories, and general habits. Nowadays, a grown-up man or woman is ashamed of being unable to read. Yet how many millions of people are not ashamed of being unable to read this great Book of Nature, written within and without like the prophet's scroll, by the finger of the Almighty Father Himself? Jack was to send all such general objects as he was not acquainted with to the teacher, who had promised to name them. Willie and he were to write to each other, and duly report progress as to their several finds. To add to their zeal (should there be any danger of its flagging), Jack's uncle had promised him what he now desired to possess more than anything in the whole world, a student's microscope. His birthday was only three weeks off, and the present was expected to crown that auspicious occasion. As a matter of fact, it did so. The young students begged and procured a room over the stables, where they could keep their treasures without littering up the house, or frighten- 86 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. ing the servant-maids with their nasty things. That was a grand room on wet days, especially after the precious microscope had arrived. Several packages of unknown odds and ends, chiefly insects other than butterflies and moths, had been sent to the professor, who seldom lost much time in telling them what they were for, after all, they were among the common objects ; few rare ones appeared. Fig. 104. Gall insect (Cynips kollaj-i\ nat. size and enlarged. Among these were the numerous galls on plants, shrubs, and trees of all kinds, made by certain kinds of insects, so as not only to conceal their young from enemies, but place them in the midst of plenty of food. Some of these gall insects attack the unde- veloped leaf-buds of oaks, preventing the leaves HOLIDAY RAMBLES AND ADVENTURES. 87 developing, or the branch from growing, and causing them to assume the appearance which has given them the name of artichoke galls. Then there are the various oak-apples, button-galls, oak- spangles, some of which are often thought by young naturalists to be a kind of parasitic fungus. They occur usually on the under - surfaces of Fig. 105. Insect of the button gall (enlarged). oak-leaves, as the illustrations indicate. The minute dipterous insects whose venom and irrita- tion set up the vegetable inflammations which Fig. 106. Gall insect (nat. size and enlarged). result in these curious growths, were sketched, both natural size and enlarged. Galls were found in 88 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. many flowering plants, such as the seed-vessels of the pretty germander speedwell. The lovely "robin- redbreast's cushion," on the branches of the wild roses, is one of the best known. So are the oval, reddish, wart-like lumps on the leaves of willows, and the swellings on the stems of the ragwort. They bulge out certain of / theseed-vesselsofumbel- liferous plants, and cause the thread-like leaves of the common yarrow to develop into vase-like cups. The stem of the thistle often expands into large oval shapes, and if you cut one open, you find it divided into compartments, in each of , n - which is lodged a fat grub. Fig. 107. Galls on oak-leaf. The upper portion is crowded with -p[ lc upper sur f ace o f the galls called "spangles; the lower, with " button galls." leaves of the ground ivy are often covered with little hairy galls, in each of HOLIDAY RAMBLES AXD ADVENTURES. 89 which is the larva of another gall-fly, or Cecidomya. Even the stings of the nettle do not debar another species from making galls, both on leaf, flower- stalk, and leaf-stalk. You find them in abundance on the ends of elm twigs, as well as on the leaves ; on the birch leaves, one species occurs on the upper surface, and another on the lower. The oak is the favourite tree for these insects ; more than thirty different species make galls on it. Per- haps the most noteworthy arc the hard, conical Fig. 108. Section' of " spangle " Fig. 109. Section of gall (magnified). " button gall " (magnified). barnacle galls, which may be found clustering the smaller branches of the oak. The willow is another favourite tree for them. In addition to the oval kinds found on its leaves, you may discover another which clusters along the edges. Two species of galls are not uncommon on poplar leaf-stalks. The boys noticed round pieces cut out of the leaves of the rose-trees in the garden ; and one day they caught the offender right in the act. They watched the creature the leaf-cutter bee {Mcgachilc Willoughbii) turning round on its own 90 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. body as a pivot, cutting the leaf as it rotated ; and they could not help admiring the ingenious way with which it flew off, just when they imagined the bee would come to the same fate as the silly wood- man who sat astride the big bough he was sawing off. But the bee was not such a fool. It flew away with the round bit of leaf just at the precise Fig. no. Rose-leaf cut by leaf-cutter bee. Fig. III. Leaf-cutter bee (Mcgachilc Willoughlrii) cut- ting a piece of leaf for its cell. moment when it was cut, ar.d used it at once to line its cell with. The two-winged, or dipterous, insects are com- mon enough, but, although some of them arc remarkably pretty, adorned with red, blue, and golden metallic tints, the majority are of a dun colour. The coloured Diptera are almost in every case flower-visitors. It is an example of the old HOLIDAY RAMBLES AND ADVENTURES. 91 proverb, that you can tell a man by the company he keeps. So you can a fly, as a rule. The Frj. 112. Conops ratifies^ male. Fig. 113. Golden-eyed gadfly. colours of flowers are associated in insects' minds with the pleasure derived from finding their food 9 2 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. there. A colour-sense is thus developed. Colours produce pleasant associations. Those insects which Fig. 114. Myopa tesfacea, male. are themselves coloured become all the more ac- ceptable to their mates. Hence the colouration of butterflies, and of fruit-eating and flower-visiting F!g. 1 15. Bucentes geniculatus. birds, like the trogons, macaws, parrots, sun-birds, and humming-birds. HOLIDAY RAMBLES A\'D ADVENTURES. 93 Then, again, in such flies as Bombylius we have the same kind of mimicry as in the clear-wing moths. There are several species of this fly, all of which more or less resemble bumble-bees, both in their mode of flight, shape, and even the sounds they make. As you see them flitting from one flower to another, and hovering and creeping about Fig. Il6. Asilus Crabroniformis, female. them, if you were not an entomologist, you would be certain it was some sort of a bee, and ot course had a sting. It has nothing of the kind ; it only pretends to have one. These two-winged, flower-haunting flies are very fond of visiting the numerous species of flowers belonging to the natural orders Composite and Umbelliferee. Indeed, they are among the chief 94 7 HE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. agents in cross-fertilizing such flowers. It is there you will probably find the Conops shown in our illustration, trying to make birds believe it is some kind of wasp. One species, Conops quadri- Fig. 117. Foot of Asilus Crabroniformis (magnified). fasdata, has almost exactly the same colours as a wasp. Some of the species of the Syrphidae are similarly marked, and actually go by the name of " wasp-flies " on that account. HOLIDAY RAMBLES AXD ADVENTURES. 95 Myopa tcstacea suggests the ludicrous, on account of its general gouty appearance. Bucentcs geni- culatus is abundant everywhere during the whole summer and autumn. It is nearly as large as a house-fly. Asilus crabronijormis is perhaps the largest and strongest species of British Diptera, the female being larger than the male, as is usual with most insects. The boys had to go to Fig. 1 1 8. Bombylha mcdus. Fig. 119. Leptogaster cylindricits. the heaths to find this fly, for it is rather singular in its occurrence. Like many of the others, it adopts mimicry, or " false pretences," if not as a profession, as a protection. Hence its popular name of the "great hornet fly." It is rather a fierce-looking creature, although its colouring is rich, and its bronze-green, compound eyes arc 96 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST, lovely objects under the microscope. So also are its feet, with their remarkable pads. On the other hand, quite the opposite of Bombylius, we have Leptogastcr cylindricus, with a long and slender body, giving it a strong resemblance to the smaller dragon-flies. It is one of the commonest of our Diptera, and may frequently be found clinging like a winged sloth to the stems of plants. Its feet are remarkably adapted to this sloth-like habit. Fig. 123. Anthomyia pluvialis. I have given only the pith of the information conveyed in the professor's genial letters to the young collectors, as I thought that was really what my own readers would care about knowing. But the hints and practical knowledge they gleaned therefrom made their pursuits all the more HOLIDAY RAMBLES AND ADVENTURES. 97 interesting. He also gave them a few ideas of what to look for, and especially what to do on wet days when they couldn't get out, for those are terrible times for boys, and especially to impatient boys. "For instance," said he, "there is the common house-fly. Now, who knows anything much about Fig. 121. The common house-fly (enlarged). it, except that it's a nuisance ? Try and find out all you can about it, its eggs, grub, etc. There isn't one person in a thousand knows ariything about these things. They don't know what be- comes of the house-flies in the winter ; they don't know where they come from in summer They II 9 8 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. might be freshly created every season, and rubbed out of existence at the end, for what most people who claim to be intelligent know about them or their habits." Fig. 122. Egg of house-fly (magnified). That is perfectly true. Indeed, the boys had never before given a thought to house-flies, although they had given them a good many whacks or had tried to. Fig. 123. Maggot, or larva (magnified), showing tracheal or breathing system. So now they set to work. A house-fly was soon caught, and examined with a low magnifying power. A few eggs were found on a cold leg of lamb HOLIDA Y RAMBLES AND AD VENTURES. 99 which had been left out, very considerately, by the cook. Their diameter was not more than the thirtieth part of an inch. The day after finding them, and imprisoning them (with a bit of meat to keep them company), the eggs were hatched, and the grubs were lively. Beneath the microscope, the nearly transparent skin allowed the air-breath- ing and circulatory system to appear. The weather was hot, and the meat "high," so the Fig. 124. Chrysalis of maggot fed well, and proceeded house-fly (enlarged). to the chrysalis stage ; thence to emerge, in about eight or ten days from rinding the egg, to the fully developed house-fly. " Wet Days with the Microscope " would not be a bad title for a book. Nor would a small micro- scope be a bad companion at the seaside or in the country on such occasions. It would be infinitely better than flattening your noses against the window-panes, and grumbling because it was raining. So there was always material enough for such inauspicious occasions ; and the change of occupation made the sunny days, when collecting was possible, all the more enjoyable. Moreover, Jack had been taught the rudiments of pinning IOO THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. HOLIDAY RAMBLES AND ADVENTURES. IOI down and dissecting, with needles, such objects as worms, caterpillars, etc., and also what to look out for in their anatomy. So the stings of bees, wasps, etc., were dissected out, and mounted on glass slides for microscopic examination ; and then all the lookers-on were surprised and delighted at the subtle mechanism they beheld. Fig. 126. Lancet of sting of humble-bee. That highly domesticated insect, the flea (Pitlex irriians), came in handy, in lieu of outdoor ento- mological spoil. The wonderful anatomy of a common caterpillar (one of the easiest objects to dissect) was carefully made out. The compound eyes thousands in number, all clustered together of a moth, and the proboscis of the same HOLIDAY RAMBLES AND ADVENTURES. IO3 H od Fig. 129. Lancet of wasp-sting. 104 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. creature, were studied, the latter being really two long lips articulated together into a sucking-tube. It was like a natural-history panorama. You could vary the scene as frequently as you liked by putting a differ- ent object under the micro- scope, or even examining a different part of the body of the object. The teeth of the blowfly and house - fly caused much surprise. Jack soon drilled his brothers, sister, and cousins into his service. They were told to bring to him all the " nasty things " they could find. The lads brought them in abund- ance, thinking to chaff him and disgust him. The tables were turned when they found that anything and everything was welcome grubs, flies, worms, thousand-legs, plant- lice, spiders anything. " What a rum chap he is ! " said his cousins. Fig. 130. Anatomy of a caterpillar. A, Digestive apparatus ; B, trachea or breathing-tubes ; c, silk- gland ; D, liver ; E, salivary gland. HOLIDAY RAMBLES AXD ADVENTURES. lOj But they all learned a great deal about these " nasty " things how the glow-worm was a wing- Fig. 131. Teeth of the blowfly (highly magnified). less beetle, the male beetle being able to fly ; how the plant-lice (aphides) were able to secrete the io5 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. sweet fluid called " honey-dew," of which ants arc so fond that some species actually keep flocks of Fig. 132. Head of moth, showing compound eyes, antennae, and coiled proboscis (magnified). Fig. 133. Glow-worm, male. Fig 134. Glow-worm, female. Fig. 135. Lady-bird beetle and its larva and pupa. HOLIDAY RAMBLES AND ADVENTURES. IO/ aphides as we do milch kine, and regularly milk them ! How the lady-birds (Coccinella) are car- Fig. 136. Winged aphis (magnified). Fig- 137. Wingless aphis (magnified). nivorous beetles, and do as much harm to these flocks of aphides as wolves would among a flock 108 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. of untended sheep ; how the larvae of lady-birds are as unlike their parents as caterpillars are un- like butterflies and moths, etc. Fig. 138. " Thousand legs" (Jtilus terrestris}. Spiders, again, were caught and examined. Their eyes, eight in number, big and little, caused much admiration. The big eyes looked like the " cat's eyes " or noble opals set in rings, and their bodies seemed as covered with hair as a leopard's. The spinnerets, by means of which they make those wonderful stranded ropes we call "spider's threads" (some of which are made up of hundreds of twisted lines), were also Fig. 139. Ditto, coiled up. examined under the microscope. Talking of spiders reminds one of their nests and homes, as well as their webs. Here is the nest of Theridion riparium, for instance, formed of pellets of earth made to hold together, and slung like a HOLIDAY RAMBLES AXD ADVENTURES. 1 09 hammock from some twig. But for exquisite beauty and admirable suitability for such extra- 6- i Fig. 141. Imago of Hylonom us fraxini. Fig. 142. Ditto (magnified). Fig. 143. Larva of ditto. Fig. 140. Track of ffylonomns fraxini on the wood beneath the bark of a tree. Fig. 144. General form of main track or channel. 110 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. Fig. 145. Theridion riparium t male and female. Fig. 146. Eyes of spider. Fig. 147. Tegenaria atrica. HOLIDAY RAMBLES AND ADVENTURES. Ill ordinary conditions, look at the water-spider (Argyroncta aqitatica), a spider which breathes air Fig. 148. Garden spider (Efeira diademd). Fig. 149. Spinneret of garden spider (magnified 100 times). a, Tubes ; b, hairs ; f, sac. and yet lives at the bottom of ponds and rivers, where it makes its closely woven silken tent like a 112 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. Fig. 150. Spinneret of gossamer spider (magnified IOO times). a, Tubes ; l>, hairs ; c t sac. Fig. 151. Nest of spider (Theridion riparhim) HOLIDAY RAMBLES AND ADVENTURES. 113 diving-bell, and fills it with air from above. You can see its body in the aquarium, looking as if coated with quicksilver. That is the film of air it purposely entangled up above, and has thus con- 114 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. veniently brought down to fill its aquatic tent with. Fig. 153. Water-spider, female. "! The boys soon learned what a capital hunting- ground lay beneath the looseish bark of any old Fig. 154. Cocoon of water-spider. tree. One day, Jack's cousin found a prize a singular-looking creature, looking like an ani- mated microscopic - scaled feather. Examined HOLIDAY RAMBLES AND ADVENTURES. 115 with a two-inch power, the exquisite beauty of the object produced vocal outbursts of admiration. The surface and margin of its body were adorned ' 1 S- I 5S- Hare-tailed milli- pe, head of female. the egg, swims actively and curiously about some- thing like a Corethra, and eventually passes into the nymph stage the equivalent to the chrysalis of a butterfly; The hardened skin becomes a kind " THEY GO A-F2SIllNG. n 159 of "boat cradle," although not of bulrushes, to float the fully developed insect to the surface, whence it may take wing. But, as a faithful chronicler of young naturalists than whom there are no people more joyous and optimistic I cannot stop to mention the great army of commonplace things they collected. " All was fish which came to their net " that ought to be the motto of every young naturalist. You may be devoted to certain things now may even regard the collectors and observers of certain other things you don't care for as absurd and even stupid (they perhaps do the same as regards you) ; but by-and- by, when you grow older, your sympathies will extend, and a fuller and richer life will be the result 160 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. CHAPTER VIII. A NEW HUNTING-GROUND : AMONG THE MITES. ONE fine, half-sultry, half-foggy morning, just before breakfast, one of the boys rushed into the room with a piece of bark, on which hosts of creep- ing things were swarming. " Look here," said he ; " here's a lot of woodlice." Willie looked at them through his pocket-lens, and saw that all had eight legs. Now, legs as a rule can hardly be used as a means of classifica- tion, unless for wooden tables. Still, their number is not without value. Thus, if a creature has six legs, you know it is an insect ; if eight legs, that it belongs to the spider family (Arachnida) ; if ten legs, to that represented by shrimps, lobsters, crabs, etc. (Crustacea). Now, a real woodlouse (Oniscus) is a crustacean, and has ten legs, all of equal length. Willie's glass told him at once the division of the animal kingdom to which the little objects belonged. A NEW HUNTING-GROUND. l6l " No," said he, " they are not woodlice ; they are, mites." "Mites? What! cheese- mites ?" " No," he replied. " Cheese-mites are not the only kind in the world. You have no idea of the number of kinds of mites there arc. They can be found almost everywhere, feeding on decaying substances ; nearly every kind of plant is haunted by them. They are very common under the. bark of trees and shrubs, under stones, and so on. You find them on animals, especially birds, where they devour the waste scurf and feathers, so they are really so many barbers and plumassiers, or feather-cleaners. They may be found in nearly every pond, where they are fitted to an aquatic life, and go by the name of water-mites." That was a long speech for my young friend to make. But it contained news for most of his audience ; and, what was more important, it suggested an additional happy hunting-ground. w I say," eagerly remarked Jack, " let's go mite- hunting to-day." No sooner said than agreed upon for boyhood allows no procrastination in the indulgence of its whims. But, as many of the objects they determined to M l62 7 HE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. hunt are so small that the prick of a pin on paper would about represent their natural size (except the water-mites), they required a good deal of looking for. I doubt whether they would have found some kinds at ail, if it had not been for their living together in great numbers (social mites), so that they presented the appearance of animated dust. Under the microscope, however, not only could the different species be easily made out, but the males and females of each distin- guished the latter often differing more in appear- ance from each other than one species does from another. It is astonishing, after one has commenced a special study of natural objects, how common we find them, although, perhaps, we had hardly suspected their existence before. The scales are removed from our eyes. You soon find out objects when you have learned to take an interest in them. Indeed, the art of " taking an interest " in anything is half the battle. Thus Jack had heard the gardener talk about " them darned red spiders," but he neither asked what they were nor took the trouble even to look at them, until after that eventful morning when the boys went mite-hunting. Then he found A NEW HUNTING-GROUND. 163 that the gardener's " red spiders " were in reality mites. So away the boys strolled, their pockets crammed with pill-boxes and sandwiches. One of the party got nearly thrown down by a gorse-bush when crossing the common, and this led him to see that the cobwebs entangled in the furze were crowded with a dense red powder. " Here you are ! " he cried. So the powder was pill-boxed, although, somehow or another, it all seemed to run together into a ball. The individual mites were afterwards found to be Tetranychus telarius. It seemed that the web was their own, not a spider's. They had somehow spun it for mutual protection or defence against the rain, just as the social caterpillars of the little eggar-moth do, which one sees so abundantly on the hawthorn hedges during a hot and droughty summer. Many cobwebs are attributed to spiders which, maybe, are the work of these social mites. Now, a spider's web is in reality a trap. Mites' cob- webs are houses, barracks, castles. You will find the lime trees, late in August or early in Sep- tember, with their trunks and branches often half covered with lovely and delicate webs, on which you see a special kind of mite (Tetra* 1 64 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. nychus tiliarins) moving about. These webs often look more like a layer of varnish than anything else ; but the reddish-coloured powder on them represents the inhabitants of this wonderful Lilipu- tian city. Fig. 218. Tetranychus telaritts. (The spot within the circle represents the natural size as nearly as possible. ) Fig. 219. Tetratiyclnts tiliarius. The stone-mite (Tetranychus lapidus) was found in great numbers. It so happened that this had been a favourite object with Willie's father as a microscopical mount, on account of the singular beauty of its eggs. He told Willie that when he was a student at the Paris hospitals, he had frequently seen many of the stones in the pro- menades there covered with them. The eggs are white, although the mite is red. A NEW HUNTING-GROUND. I6 5 But eventually, as regards land-mites, the old garden at the back of the house proved to be the best hunting-ground. This was fortunate, because Fig. 221. Eggs of stone- mite ( 7\ lapidus). Fig. 220. Tetraiiychtts lapidus. Fig. 222. Tetranychus tilmi. Fig. 223. Tetranychus salicis. on wet days they could make a rush (after they had learned what to rush out for), and " collar " one or two different kinds. Of course, I don't know 1 66 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. what the word "collar" means, but my young friends seemed to. In this way they got the plum-tree mite (T. prunicolor\ the elm-tree mite (T. utmi), the willow mite (T. salicis}, the poplar mite (T. populi\ the guelder-rose mite (T. viburni\ etc. In their rambles Fig. 225. TTutranycus viburni. Fig. 224. Tetranychus popiili. they found that even the stinging-nettle marvel- lously protected though it be is attacked by a special species of mite (T. urticce]. Do we really understand what is meant by the word " life " ? If its importance is to be measured by the mass of flesh in which the subtle spirit is incarnated, then the Greenland whale and the elephant should be placed at the very highest summit of the zoological ladder. It can be im- prisoned within, and direct the motions of, a A NEW HUXTIXG-GROUND. 167 microscopic body as easily and marvellously as those of a macroscopic body. " As true, as perfect, in a hair as heart." Life may even be "pill-boxed" within life, the animal within the vegetable, the vegetable within the animal not parasitically, and therefore de- s ?' I Fig. 226. Tetranychus tirtica. Fig. 227. Mite from Gamasus of humble-bee. structively, merely, but with mutual co-operation and advantage (symbiosis}. This wonderful chain of life, of which Pope, with genuine poetic insight, said " In Nature's chain, whichever link you strike, Tenth or ten thousandth, breaks the chain alike," and to which the great Darwin devoted a noble life for the purpose of making out its interdependence and absoluteness, and therefore justifying "the 1 68 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. ways of God to man," loses none of its wonder, nor even of its mystery, as we know more of it. "The greater the circle of our knowledge, the greater the periphery of the external darkness." Lord Lytton's aphorism holds especially good of all genuine scientific research. Swift was thought to be only using poetical licence when he said " For bigger fleas have little fleas Upon their backs to bite 'em, And little fleas have lesser fleas, And so ad infinitum." Here is a humble-bee, one of the very com- monest of objects. Most of them are attacked on the under part of the body by minute, shiny, brown beetles called Gamasus. The belly of the bee sometimes swarms with them. Well, on this parasite is another a mite (Fig. 227). Sometimes a Gamasus will have six or seven mites living upon it. They possess special kinds of claws for cling- ing to the Gamasus with, and a special kind of mouth. But of all the various species of the family of mites, perhaps none are so beautiful or interesting as the water-mites. When our young naturalists set about mite-collecting, Willie remembered that in the volumes of Science Gossip for 1882, 1883, A NEW HUNTING-GROUND. 169 and 1884, there were some capital illustrated articles on the subject by Mr. C. F. George ; so they had recourse to them to make out their finds. These water-mites belong to special groups known as Hygrobatidse and Hydrachnidse. They have generally from two to four eyes. When under- going their insect-like changes, or metamorphoses, Fig. 228. Female of Arremirus. a very significant fact occurs. Many naturalists now regard the different progressive stages through which an individual passes before it becomes adult, as more or less representative of the evolutionary changes through which the species itself has passed I/O THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. during the long period of time in which it has been developing. For instance, when a water-mite is in its larval stage, it has only six legs. Therefore at that period, so far as the number of legs is concerned, it is an insect. In its adult stage it has eight legs. So the water-mites, in this respect, connect the two great classes of In- secta and Arachnida. These two kinds of water-mites are sepa- rated into distinct di- Fig. 229. Arrtnurus perforates, visions, one possessing male. two eyes only, the other four. ' The former go by the scientific name of Hygrobatidae, and the latter of Hydrachnidae. Our little party were successful in capturing several species of these creatures. Some seemed to prefer the clear, moving water, others the swampy or boggy places ; some of them were of a green colour, like Arrenurus viridis, the males of which can be distinguished by their comparatively long tails. The genus Arrenurus includes several A NEW HUNTING-GROUND. \>jl British species, nearly all of which are brightly and beautifully coloured green, blue, red, yellow, it> Fig. 230. Under side of Arrenurus perjoratus, male. Fig. 231. Arrenurns buc- cinator. Fig. 232. Arnnurus bite- cinatjr (under side). etc. Nor do these colours fade after the objects have been killed and mounted for microscopical 172 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. examination. Some are distinguished by having a hard or chitinous skin, others by possessing a soft one. The chitinous kind, however, is the more numerous. The hard plates fit almost like Fig. 233. Arrenunis ellipticus, male (upper side). those of the carapace, or shell, of a crab. Males and females of each kind are remarkable for their non-resemblance to each other. The eyes of nearly all are very beautiful objects when seen under a microscope. A NEW HUNTING-GROUND. 173 Mr. George tells us that when they are confined in a glass vessel of water, the females lay their eggs on the glass. The eggs are generally of a pinkish colour, surrounded with a whitish opaque Fig. 234. Arrenurus triatspiJator, male. substance, which seems to be the material used in cementing the eggs to the glass. When the eggs hatch, a minute larva is produced, possessing six 174 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. legs. From their appearance, Mr. George thinks they must be parasitic on some other kind creature ; but he never could find out which. So here is another riddle still left unanswered for such students as my young friends. Among the captures were A rrenurus sinu- a'or, whose short tail is of a bright yellow colour, Fig. 235. Arremirus frondator, female (upper side). and the part where the body and tail are joined together, a beautiful blue; A. albator, of a light Fig. 236. Arremirus rutilator. Fig. 237. Arrenurus rutilator t female (upper side). body colour, and having a differently shaped tail ; A. Crassicandatus ; A. perforatus, one of the most A NEW JWNTING- GROUND. 1/5 Fig. 238. Arrcintms integrator. Fig. 239. Arrentirns truntatellus. THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. beautiful of all our British water-mites ; A. buc- cinator ; A. ellipticus ; A. tricuspidator, etc. Fig. 240. Arrcnitnts glolatoi: Fig. 241. Arremirns globator, male. A NEW HUNTING-GROUND. 177 The female water-mites are not only more numerous than the males, but of larger size. Among the soft skinned water-mites, the com- monest are A. frondator, A. rutilator, etc., all very small, and of a globular shape, but hardly less brightly coloured than those above mentioned. Fig. 242. Arrtnurns buccinator. Arrenurus tricnspidator, A. integrator, and A. truncatellus are less common forms ; the latter is an exquisitely lovely object, green, with vermilion eyes. A. integrator is of a lovely blue, and A. tricuspidator of an equally attractive red. All the puncturings and other markings came out N 178 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. splendidly when these lovely creatures were put under the microscope, and examined as opaque objects. Jack's father was quite interested by Fig. 243. Arrcnurus atax. their beauty ; and as for Jack's sister why, she made a mental vow she would never marry a man who was not a naturalist ! CHAPTER IX. TOADS, FROGS, NEWTS, AND REPTILES. I FORGOT to mention that, earlier in the summer, the two lads had done the usual preliminary aqua- rium-keeping. That is to say, they had got up a structure with glass sides which leaked horribly, and had crammed it with all sorts of water-weeds and water-creatures molluscs, fishes, frogs, newts, water-beetles, etc. There was terrible murder and massacre for a day or two; splendid eating and drinking for a few ; and suffering and dying for the many. Nature will forgive almost any crime ex cept that of overcrowding ! Her punishments for this offence are unappealable. The eager young naturalists soon recognized this important fact. They had put into their leaky old tank all the things they had found, from humane motives, not cruel ones. There was, of course, the desire of possession, and the joy of conquest. But neither of the lads would have 1 80 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. caused the slightest suffering if he could have helped it. And as they fished out the dead bodies of their previous day's hunting, both of them said, " Poor beggars ! " That was their Burial Service. Then, like brave and sensible lads, they recognized the fact that failure is only the stepping-stone to success that a boy (as well as a man) may indeed learn more from a single failure than a single success ; that is, if he.has got any grit in him. If he hasn't, why, it doesn't matter much, either way. The microscope had come to the ardent young fellows like a quiet revelation. It had made every living fact worth observing, all the more observable. Consequently, after the coup dttat of their aquarium, the aquatic government of that colony had settled down into a little better order. There were fewer living creatures in it, and consequently fewer rows. Some people wonder why Europe should be practically an "armed tamp." They forget that its population has doubled, and, therefore, we have double as many people to quarrel among themselves now than there were in the days of Napoleon Bonaparte. It is not countries which go to war ; it is nations is, populations. t Germany and France do TOADS, FXOGS, A'EU'TS, AXD REPTILES. iSl not hate each other, or despise each other, more than the dwellers in the East and West Ends of overpopulatcd London. Overcrowding means mur- murings, grumblings, wrestlings. Overcrowding is punished by Nature after her own stern manner. Rachel weeps for her children in vain, and re- fuses to be comforted, when the germs of typhoid and cholera attack overcrowded and therefore un- cleanly cities. Farmers grumble, and pray, and starve, when they overcrowd their corn-fields ; and moulds, rusts, and mildews visit them in con- sequence. There is just another point worth mentioning in this sermon of mine. The higher the zoological rank of organisms, the more their requirements. But I am not going to stop my narrative for a series of copy-book moralities ; so the end of my sermon has come, and its application, which is if you rig up an aquarium, don't put too much into it. When Nature first rigged up our planet with life, she began with small and feeble things. That enabled her to get on, to add to her stock, to introduce more highly organized breeds, until at length earth became the Chief Nursery for Heaven. My young friends had collected " a lot of spawn." That comprehensive boyish term included the eggs 1 82 TffE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. of newts, frogs, and toads. Of course, people will persist in calling these objects reptiles, whereas they a.re actually more nearly related to fishes than to reptiles. They are (< nasty slimy things " to most people ; to others who are in the secret, they are the degenerate descendants of a race of primary vertebrates which once held the same relative position among the existing tribes of the earth as you and I do to-day. There were once English frogs as big as High- land oxen, and marine newts as large as ordi- nary crocodiles. In Cheshire (about Storeton and Liverpool generally) you find their footprints, bigger than the impressions made by human hands. The huge Japanese salamander in the Zoological Gardens (three feet long) is the last giant representative of a race which flourished at its best many millions of years ago. No wonder, instinctively feeling the superiority of its genea- logical position, that it snaps so fiercely at the umbrellas and sticks which " 'Any and 'Arriet " poke into its face, when it is trying to get a siesta. Take the spawn of toads, frogs, and newts, for instance. There are no commoner objects any- where. This so-called " spawn " is merely the TOADS, FROGS, NEWTS, AND REPTILES. 183 eggs of those creatures. All true amphibians resort to the water to deposit their eggs therein ; whereas reptiles avoid the water for that purpose. Even such thoroughly aquatic reptiles as turtles will swim hundreds of miles to deposit their eggs on the land. And then, the young of all amphi- bians live and swim in the water, and are pos- sessed of special swimming and breathing organs for the purpose, except in those easily explained exceptions (such as the European salamander) in which the larval stages are accelerated to avoid such a necessity. The gathering together of frogs and toads in the ponds and marshes in the early summer, and their gratified calls to each other (" croaking," the uninitiated call such noises), is heard all over the world. It is as common in Australia as in England even commoner. The wide geographical distri- bution of these creatures is a proof of their high geological antiquity. When my young friends first went out to seek the spawn of these much-despised but tho- roughly harmless creatures, they half shared the usual dislike universally manifested for them. Whereas it is a pleasure to find and to handle birds' eggs, it is with much overcoming of prq- 184 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. judice only that people can be brought to handle the eggs of toads and frogs. Nevertheless, the examination and observation of the latter objects are even more interesting than birds' eggs. In the latter, the opaque egg-shell hides all observa- tion of the marvellous transformations which take place whilst the germ-spot of the yolk is converted into a bright, feathered, attractive bird. In amphi- Fig. 244. Frog-spawn in situ. bian eggs, with low microscopic magnification, you witness every stage in the wonderful series of changes, until the larvae, or " tadpoles," are hatched out. Even then the half-transparent tail and gills enable you plainly to see the circulation of blood. The young collectors were not long before they could distinguish between the spawn of toads and TOADS, FROGS, XEW7~S, A. YD AEPT7LES. 185 frogs. That of the former is in long strings, like so many necklaces ; that of the latter, in dense irregular masses. The newts take more trouble, and wrap each individual egg in the leaf of a submerged aquatic plant, such as the leaves of the star-wort (Callitriche i'erna\ for instance. I* Fig. 245. Single eggs of newt wrapped in leaves, showing development. The boys kept the frog-spawn in a shallow vessel, which they covered with glass, to exclude the dust. Into this vessel was placed a supply of small aquatic plants, so that when the tadpoles hatched out they would find a plentiful supply of infusoria on which to exist after absorbing and devouring the gelatinous masses of their eggs. There are no better scavengers, removers of decay- 1 86 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. ing material, in the world than tadpoles. This glass vessel was placed in a window having a north-east aspect. The spring was late this year, so the observations on the spawn were carried on right into April. The eggs, as a rule, do not Fig. 246. Small ova of frog. Fig. 247. Cleavage or segmen- tation of eggs (sixth day). change much until the fifth day, although their integuments thicken and get rather tough. Then a segmentation is observable, which becomes opaque and more distinct every day. On the ninth day a striking change takes place, and the tadpole Fig. 248. Ditto, another stage. Fig. 249. Ditto, advanced sta pigment; og, optic ganglion ; cl, lenses ; oc, simple eye ; ir, inferior muscle ; cs represents aqueous humour. SMALL FRY. 2OQ one is inclined to call her forehead. Behind her she trails two crowded egg-bags, one on each side resembling in shape the long silk purses our grandfathers used to carry. It is on account of the round cluster of eyes that these creatures have been called cyclops, after the fabulous one- eyed monster of Greek mythology. Fig. 273. Cyclops qnadricornis. a, Young. The recently hatched cyclops is a comical little fellow. At first it has only three pairs of legs, and it moves about with a series of cranky jerks, first on one side and then the other, as if aware it has not yet got all the legs which pro- perly belong to its class. If its motions had been specially designed to afford laughter, they could not be more successful. You may be sure p 2IO THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. my young friends used to make the most of this pantomime. After a short time of feeding, however, the young cyclops moulted, and assumed another shape. A few more months, and it resembled its parent, male or female, as the case may be. The male can always be distinguished by the absence of the two egg-bags. What tribes of creatures carry on their lives in these quiet ponds ! Thousands of mil- lions of ardentlycom- peting, voiceless crea- tures are thrown into each other's pany. Our Fig. 274. Duck-weed (Lemna com- over- populated European cities are as barren places in comparison with the closely packed fauna of a single standing pool. 1 Even the " green scum " which mantles its sur- face has a special character and history of its own. Look at these brilliant green duck-weeds (Lemna), for instance. They are real flowering-plants, although they are so small, and all the mineral matter they require is derived by the absorbent SMALL PRY. 211 action of that comparatively long, thread-like root hanging down, and which is provided with a spongy tip for the purpose. Similar duck-weeds were covering the surfaces of extinct American lakes before the Eocene period, for they have been fossilized in the Dacotah beds of that country, formed in the long interval between the chalk strata and the London clay. Consequently, this Fig- 275. Hydra viridis, attached to duck-weed rootlets. common class of the simplest structured of all flowering-plants must have been continuously in existence for several millions of years at the least. The duck-weed root-threads are capital con- veniences for many kinds of fresh-water micro- scopic animals. You will find colonies of Vorti- 212 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. cella attached to them, or one or two species of hydra hanging from them. The latter are among the most interesting of all fresh-water objects ; perhaps they represent the ancestral types of those common seaside objects, the corallines, sea-firs, etc., and even some of the branched limey corals of tropical regions. The commonest species is Hydra vulgaris. An- other, Hydra viridis, wants some looking for, as its green colour conceals it from view among the Fig. 276. First stage in development of hydra. water-weeds. It varies from one-eighth to a quarter of an inch in length. Perhaps you may get a compound specimen, as shown in Fig. 276, where the young hydrae have attained the size when they become detached from the parent body ; or the parent body will be roughened with wart- like prominences, and even knobs. You may even be fortunate enough to catch one of these knobs budding with four tentacles, and watch it SMALL /A'K 213 thenceforward until it sets up an independent Fig. 277. Hydra (magnified), showing prominences. a, b. Eruptions. 2I 4 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. existence for itself. Even then your observations are not over. You behold the number of tentacles increasing ; you even witness the strange and almost magical manner in which the hydra a Fig. 278. Hydra attacking a water-flea. creature of lower organization benumbs and secures such complexer and nimbler creatures as water-fleas (Fig. 278). The secret of this benumb- SMALL FRY. 215 ing power is shown in Fig. 279, where the arrow- headed stings, or " urticating threads," are seen. These stinging threads are like those possessed by near relatives of the hydras, the stinging marine jelly-fishes. f -- Fig. 280. Young hydra a few days after leavin g the ova. V-/ J v x^c ^> - -*>^ jo *?&= ^ ^ p * Fig. 279. Arrow-headed stings of hydra, a, Expanded ; b t at rest (highly magnified). Hydrae also reproduce their kind by means of eggs, which, when fertilized by spermatozoa, sink to the bottom of the pond. There they hatch, and 2l6 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. the first appearance of a young hydra hatched from the egg is shown in Fig. 280. It was usual during their dredging excursions to put the " best finds " in special bottles. The lads always took care, if there was anything attached to a leaf or stem, to snip the latter off without disturbing the creature, and drop it into the collecting-bottle. It was in this way they found that exceedingly lovely and not uncommon object, the fresh-water polyzoon Plumatella. This colony of relatively highly organized animals bear the same relation to the sea-mats (Flustra, Mem- branipora, etc.), of our seaside that the hydra does to the sea-firs (Sertularia). Their name of polyzoa, or " many-creatured," is in allusion to their habit of living together in colonies. The Plumatella is not the only group of its kind. There are also the equally lovely genera, Fredericella, Cristatella, Paludicella, etc. All of them possess nervous structures and an elaborate and specialized mouth-apparatus for creating currents in the water producing microscopical whirlpools, in short the centre of which leads into the mouth, and sweeps all the living prey directly into it. Fig. 281 shows a group of several of these associated animals, some with the SMALL FRY. 217 highly elaborated tentacles thrust forth, others as they appear when withdrawn into the body- Fig. 281. Fresh-wate waicr puiyzouu \ Lophopus crystalling magnified. 2l8 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. mass all have in common. The latter is so trans- parent that you can behold the entire physiological structure and economical arrangement of the colony. When half a score of these creatures have put out their crescent-shaped " lophophores," the sight is like that of some fairy flower-garden. Fig. 282. The tunic of dead polyp filled with statoblasts, or winter eggs. These fresh-water Polyzoa have three methods of reproduction by eggs, buds, and statoblasts. The latter are " ivinter eggs," and they are usually secreted within the body of the polypes. The polypes die, and for a time act as a shelter for these winter eggs. The heat of the returning spring decomposes the body, sets the winter eggs SMALL free, and by-and-by hatches them. Each polyzoan colony, therefore, begins with a single individual hatched from the egg. Fig. 283. Statoblasts, or winter eggs, of Plumatella developing. How my young friends worked during those summer holidays ! Only it was not "*^ ^" ~"" r called work. It is calling any Fig> ^cristatelia mu- occupation by that name, and ' " do < natural size)> 220 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. making people ivork at it a fixed number of hours a day, which disgusts them. Call any real hard work sport, or recreation, or anything of that sort, SMALL FRY. 221 and all of us are ready to stick to it till we nearly drop that is, if we like it. So, although I am trying to lump each lot of their " finds " separately, just for order's sake, and to act generally as a recording scribe and scientific secretary for my young friends, I find it difficult not to get things a little mixed. For, when the lads were getting Polyzoa, they were also netting Fig. 286. Pahidicella sultana (natural size). water-worms, larvae of aquatic insects, and vast numbers of those singular creatures known as the " wheel animalcules," or Rotifers. The latter were everywhere, voracious and active, roaming about like microscopic lions seeking what they could devour. All of them are nearly quite transparent, but some just faintly tinted with pink, or opal blue, or white. As busy as bees, or rather ants, every- where. Most of them swam so rapidly that they 222 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. came and went before you got the note of admira- tion out of your mouth ! Then an individual would Fig. 287. Palitdicella sultana enlarged, showing polypes. SMALL FRY. 223 Fig. 288. -Group of Plumatella (enlarged) 224 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. boldly crawl or slowly swim right up to the inner surface of the glass trough, as if it were looking through one end of the microscope at you, whilst you were gazing through the other end at it. Fig. 289. Melicerta ringens (magnified). You could plainly see the "whorls" round the mouth seeming to rotate like so many cogged wheels. This rotation is only apparent, not real. It is caused by each of the hairs or cilia bend- ing or moving rapidly in succession. Why, our SMALL FRY. 225 own eyelids would appear to rotate if each of the eyelashes of the opened eyelids, upper and lower, behaved in the same way. But many kinds of rotifers were observed to be Fig. 290. Stephanoceros just emerged. Fig. 291. First formation of tube. stationary. They were fixed to weeds, or bits of fine withered stems, or something of that kind. Not a few of them had a sort of sheath into which they could retreat when danger threatened ; and Fig. 292. Resting period. Fig. 293. Appearance later on. at least one kind, and that one of the very loveliest, made a tube of round pellets out of its own rejected food-materials! I allude to Melicerta ringens. 226 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. Stephanoceros eicJiornii is one of the commonest of these sessile and tubed wheel-animalcules. Recently its history has been written and published in Science-Gossip by Mr. W. H. Harris, from the egg stage to that of the tubed or enthroned and Fig. 294. Stephanoceros eichornii after fifty-six hours' hatching. Fig. 295. Later development. dignified adult. I give illustrations of these several stages of development from the egg. At first, the young Stephanoceros is a free swimmer, from which it appears the sessile state is an advance Fig. 296. Suspected male, a, Pear-shaped cavity. Scale =1000 inch Qn the locomotive or free-swimming state. From the time when a young Stephanoceros eicJiornii animalcule is born, until the time when it acquires SMALL FRY. 227 the dignity and importance of parenthood itself, ranges from five to nine days, evidently varying Fig. 297. -Stephnnoceros eichornii (magnified) 228 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. Fig. 298. Floscularia cornnta (magnified). SMALL FRY. 229 with the heat an average of six and one-third days. You will see by the picture that possibly only the female rotifers are sessile. The males are free ; perhaps they prefer it ! But, at any rate, Fig. 299. Rotifer vulgaris (magni- fied). Fig. 300. Euchlanis (animal retracted). Fig. 301. Anunra Icp- todon (magnified). their wives can upbraid them when they come home with the fact that they belong to a lower stage of rotifer-life, and not a higher. Perhaps this pleases both sexes. The males remain content 230 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. to wander fancy free, and the females to enjoy their superior position. Who knows ? Fig. 302. Colurus uneinattis (magnified), a, Dorsal view ; />, side view, animal swimming ; c, side view, cilia retracted ; $.Synch(Eta longipes (magnified). SMALL fRY. 231 Fig. 305. Euchlanis (exserted). Fig. 306. Colorus deflexus. a, Side view ; t> t dorsal view. 232 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. Among the most queenly looking of these sessile rotifers is the crown animalcule (Stephanoceros), Fig. 307. Mastigocerca bicristata (magnified). with its transparent glass-like sheath, through which you can clearly trace her majesty even when SMALL FRY. 233 she has retired from public view ; the " Floscule " (Floscularia cornnta) ; and others. Among the commonest of the " free rovers " and never-settlers- dovvn, here, there, everywhere, making every zoophyte-trough as lively as a ballroom with their goings-on, are the common rotifer (Rotifer iml- garis\ Synchaeta, Euchlanis, Colorus, Mastigocerca, and others. In most instances it was observed that the males and females possessed distinctive characters, and that the females seemed to out- number the males. Indeed, in the case of many common female rotifers, we don't know who their husbands are, or what they are like, 234 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. CHAPTER XI. INVISIBLE LIFE. " I SAY," said Jack Hampson to his friends, "suppose those wild rotifer beggars were really as big as they looked in the microscope, wouldn't people be frightened ? " " You should see them living in a thin zoophyte- trough and magnified, and their images thrown on a screen, like the pictures in a magic lantern ! You've no idea how horrid they look. I've heard elderly gentlemen say they would never drink water any more, when they saw them," said Willie. " Perhaps they didn't drink much before," re- marked his friend. But there remained over for observation a vast, unnamed, and unrecognized army of living beings, fellow-creatures, sitters-down at the same wonder- ful providential table as ourselves, remaining to be recognized and identified ; not a few perhaps most of them the Lazaruses which devour the INVISIBLE LIFE. 23$ crumbs that fall from Dives' tables, and so keep the floors of the houses in which the latter dwell, all the cleaner. One evening they were examining under the microscope a hydra they had found that morning. They were not thinking of anything but the hydra, and were looking at it in turns, when Jack suddenly said " What are these little brutes running all over its body ? They look like new telegraph messengers who don't know where to deliver their telegrams." Willie rushed to the instrument at once. There was a half-inch objective on, rather high for a hydra. After a minute or two's careful examina- tion, Willie said, " Oh, it's an infusorian ! " " What's an ' infusorian ' ?" said one of the group " You speak as if you knew the whole family. Did they come over with William the Conqueror?" Willie was not a jokist, so he said, " No ; they were here before William the Conqueror's time." " Then tell us all about them, or, at least, all you know about them." " Well," said the earnest lad and truthful, " that isn't much ; but, at any rate, I'll tell you all I've known and heard about them from dad." So he proceeded to relate how the Infusoria, 236 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. were a class of the lowest organized of living creatures, and probably the very oldest in the world, only, having no shells or other solid parts, they were not geologically represented in the oldest strata, although some very nearly allied relatives of theirs were, which happened to be possessed of such things the Foraminifera, to wit. But even as regards them, the Amoebae were more nearly related, he said. " What are the Amcebae ? Are they girls ? It sounds like a girl's name," remarked one of the newly arrived and irreverent cousins. " They are girls and boys both," replied the youthful savant, " for they are neither male nor female." " Why can't you call these things by names that people understand, instead of using such jaw- breaking names as Infusoria ? What are they ? " "You ask me two different questions at once, but I think I can put you right. ' Infusoria ' is an old word really, given to all sorts of exceedingly minute living objects found in water. It was discovered that when there was an infusion of any organic matter, such as decomposing vegetation, the nasty water soon swarmed with myriads of these objects. People used to believe they were bred by INVISIBLE LIFE. 237 the stagnation, and that they were spontaneous or self-created generations. They were only found abundantly where such decaying substances were mixed with water in infusions. So they came to be called Infusoria. The decaying materials are their food ; you couldn't keep them in absolutely pure water, for there would be nothing in it for them to live on, and they would die of starvation." "Then, do you mean to say these things ^a/- the water ? " " If it were not for their clearing the water by devouring the amazing quantities of decaying animal and vegetable substances it contained, the world would soon be unfit for larger and much more highly organized creatures to live in it, that's all. These minute living things are the scavengers of the Almighty ! " Then it was explained how, half a century ago, when any minute thing was seen moving or wriggling in water under microscopical exami- nation, it was set down as an animalcule, for people then regarded locomotion as an essentially animal function. How, for this reason, in such books as Pritchard's "History of British Infu- soria," the zoospores of sea-weeds, and similar structures connected with mosses, ferns, etc., were 2 3 8 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. put down as " infusorial animalculae," because they could swim and move about. Of course, this is all set right now. Fig. 308. Vaginicola extended and withdrawn (magnified). Fig. 309. Vaginicola after fission (magnified). But the remarkable fact remains that very prob- ably every animal organism, not excepting man, INVISIBLE LIFE. 239 That is the begins life in an infusorial stage. " narrow wicket-gate." The hydras were the subject of amusing obser- vation in the evenings on account of the pecu- liar movements of their snake-like tentacles, and the rapid skating over the surfaces of their bodies Fig. 311. Infusorial parasite of hydra. Fig. 310. Amoeba villosa. by the aforesaid animalcules, or "parasites." It was seen that the organs of locomotion possessed by the latter were eyelash-like hairs (cilia), or prolongations of the transparent body-substance drawn out into short short sensitive threads. "Well," remarked one of the sceptics, "I've heard of a fellow ' hanging on by his eyelids,' but never of his walking on them before, much less 240 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. swimming with them. But, according to your tale, that is what they do with their cilia, and cilia means ' eyelashes.' " Somebody remarked that it was just possible there were several other things the gentle youth i>a 7 ^6^ l^f&w ;' ; ' ;: -. r /''-'o-' .' :'^' II '% s \ Fig. 312. Amoeba with compound pseudopodia. had never heard of before, which he probably would hear of before he was as old again that is, if he kept his ears open. The amoeba seemed to be the chief favourite. Willie repeated the speculations he had heard when his father had one or two savans to supper INVISIBLE LIFE. 2 4 I how probable it was that the amoeba really repre- sents the first animals that came into this world. Fig. 313. Jelly animalcules (Ophyridium versatile), i, Group in gelatinous envelope ; 2, 3, 4, separate individuals in different conditions ; 5, 6, head magnified ; 7, young animalcule produced by gemmation ; 9, swimming animalcule. How the Foraminifera, which had formed lime- R 242 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. stone and chalk strata thousands of feet in thick- ness, were in reality only amoebae with limey skins ; how the white corpuscles in the blood of man and other animals could hardly be distinguished from them ; and how many of the fungi (Myxomycetes) began life practically as amoebae ; indeed, how this lowly organized stage of structure was so common in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, that the word " amoeboid " had been coined and was in constant use, to express the fact. I-'ig. 314. Actinophrys sol. These amcebae were everywhere, said the books they referred to. But it was a long time before they found one ; afterwards they found any quantity. Jack and Will were dreadfully anxious to discover these abounding amoebae, and could not find one which, of course, made them all the more eager in hunting. Still, they failed to find an amoeba. The fact was, they didn't know what to look for.. So they INVISIBLE LIFE. 243 wrote to their old (or rather young) professor, as they always did when they came to a sudden stop. He replied that the amoebae looked more like minute irregular splashes of transparent water, spilled on the outside of the glass trough, than anything else. They were merely specks of trans- parent, living jelly almost exactly like the raw Fig. 316. Kerona polyponim. Fig- 3!5- Aclinophrys cunlcata. white of egg ; only they could move about as they liked, and a speck of white of egg could not. The best plan for catching amoebae, he said, was to lower a zoophyte-trough down into the aquarium at night. Then haul it up next morning; they would find plenty of amoebae in it The boys did so, and were delighted in " spotting " their first amoebae. After that they found them everywhere " all over the shop," Jack said. They watched them slowly moving towards a decom- 244 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. posing bit of animal or vegetable matter ; then pouring themselves over it as if they were merely animated gum, until the dainty morsel was inside the amoeba which is where food ought to be. So, if these singular animals have neither mouths nor stomachs to introduce their food into, they manage Fig. 3 J 7' Various stages in the development of Euglena viridis. to put themselves outside their food and I believe that is the chief end of animal life. Then there were the Infusoria to be caught and watched. They soon learned that the discoloration of any pond- water, or even of lake and sea -water INVISIBLE LIFE. 24$ was due to them. They cause the summer phos- phorescence of the sea, and the remarkable green, brown, and reddish tints seen in most natural waters at times. They found the water of one pool quite brown, and a microscopical examination proved that it was entirely due to swarms of a special kind of infusorian known as Peridinium. Another pond possessed a vivid green-coloured water, and this they soon proved was owing to the countless numbers of Euglena viridis in it a pretty green infusorian, with a brilliant red "eye-spot" (Fig. 317). Further, they speedily discovered that the In- fusoria, like the Rotifera, could be separated into " free-swimming " and " sessile," and that the earliest life-stages of the latter resembled the former. They found out the exquisitely shaped " Greek vases" of the Vaginicola, more transparent than any glass, into which the dainty microscopical marvels withdrew themselves at will. They dis- covered the still more beautiful clusters and colonies of Vorticellae, like bunches of lilies, and watched their sensitive stalks twist and untwist like living corkscrews. They knew now what those strange tufts were on the heads of the 246 THE PL A V TIME NATURALIST. water-fleas (Daphnia), and that they were stalked infusorians allied to the Vorticellse, called Epistylis. Vorticella nebulifera, showing development of individual stages A to F (E and F free). INVISIBLE LIFE. 247 They even made out the different stages of develop- ment of many of these lowly organized objects F'g- 3 '9- Various stages in development of Epistylis, semi-parasitic on water-fleas. their larval, resting, and adult conditions in many cases differing so much from one another 248 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. that they have been figured and described as distinct species, and as altogether different creatures. What a host of things of this kind there are ! Sluggish Actinophrys, or " sun - animalcules " (difficult to be distinguished from the resting stages of other infusoria), clusters and crowds of Fig. 320. Ovarium of fresh-water sponge, e, Growth of spicutoe ; f, sarcode festoons on ditto ; g, mouth ; //, incurrent pores. certain kinds which seem to be born, or rather to be reared, together microscopical "baby-farming;" fresh-water sponges (JSpongilla fluviatilis], dredged up from the bed of the river, clinging to and covering up dead twigs with their greenish gela- tinous matter. The ovaries, or egg-bearing chambers, of the latter were found ; also the re- INVISIBLE LIFE. 249 markably beautiful spicules which encase them. The young of these fresh-water sponges were Fig. 321. Rotate or wheel-shaped spiculce. b support the outer membrane ; c, inner ditto. obtained and reared, and a good deal of the life- history of this interesting and instructive animal, or rather colony of animals, was made out in the course of obser- vation and investiga- tion. Don't suppose for one moment that all p . g ^_ Aetinophr these discoveries were made by my young friends without ex- ternal help. On the contrary, they had plenty of assistance ; as every young naturalist will find 25O THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. he can get, if he is only in earnest. For there is a brotherhood among naturalists like that among artists, but without anything of its jealousy. The boys got letters from Willie's dad, from the professor, from the editor of Science- Gossip (to whom they consigned loads of specimens), and others. It was awfully jolly while it lasted. CHAPTER XII. MICROSCOPIC PLANTS. THE longest of summer holidays comes to an end. Ours were now over, and the boys had returned to school. Willie left a week before Jack, to spend the rest of his time at home. You may depend upon it, there was much comparison of captures and notes, and much examination of specimens. The science-classes at the school had never been so popular before. The Natural History Society resumed its meetings, and fresh papers were read, some of them dealing with the captures of the holiday-time. Among others was an impprtant paper on those singular and beautiful microscopical plants, the Desmids and Diatoms. As the autumn was not too far advanced, the afternoon holiday rambles were in force, and plenty of new "finds" made. They could hardly wander a yard into the country without finding something they had never seen or 252 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. known before perhaps the dense brownish-black fungus covering the under surfaces of the thistle- Fig. 323. Meadow-sweet brand. Fig. 324. Star-spored brand. MICROSCOPIC PLANTS. 253 leaves in the pastures ; or that other equally common but different kind which attacks the leaves of the mallow, and drills them full of round holes. There were also the pretty fungus, or " brand," of the meadow-sweet ; the star-shaped fungus found on dead twigs (Asterosporium) ; the Fig. 325. Bramble-leaf brand. exquisitely pretty bramble-leaf brand ; the maple- blight, etc. Among other objects which could not fail to attract their attention were the numerous glossy black spots on the leaves of the sycamore. These were formerly believed to have been caused by drops of water acting as lenses for the sun's 254 TfIE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. heat, and, by focussing the heat, burning and blistering the leaves. But the professor showed that this fanciful notion was altogether wrong, and that the black spots were due to a peculiar fungus called Melasmia, whose structure and character Fig. 326. Maple blight. could be made out by cutting a section of sycamore- leaf across one of the black spots. Even more funny as an explanation than the above is the assumed origin of the gelatinous masses found on the gravel walks in our gardens on September mornings (Nostoc commune}. They MICOSCOPIC PLANTS, 255 Fig. 327. Sycamore-leaf with black spots of Mdasmia agcrina. Fig. 328. Section through leaf, showing position of the fungus, c. 256 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. have actually been set down as "shooting-stars" which had fallen to the earth during the night ! A microscopical examination however, shows their Fig. 329. \Vitches' butter (A T ostoc commune). neck-beadlike arrangement of cells, and establishes their fungoid structure. Some of the boys had taken up with the larger ccoo oo<- Fi S- 330. Spores and cells of ditto (magnified). funguses, and were collecting them and getting them named. They got Mr. English's book, which told them how to preserve these objects hitherto MICROSCOPIC PLANTS. 257 so exceedingly difficult to preserve so as to keep their shapes and colours, and altogether form pretty ornaments, when under glass shades, for rooms. A large number of specimens were got, which I cannot stay to describe ; nor is it necessary, for the professor had in his study those two mounted Fig. 331. Candle-snuff fungus (Xylaria hypoxylon}. and coloured sheets of " Edible " and " Poisonous " fungi by Mr. Worthington G. Smith, which show all common kinds at a glance. One kind, however, interested them much the "candle-snuff" fungus (Xylaria hypoxylon). Plenty of it was found in s 258 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. the damp hedge- backings, and its microscopical structure afforded a pleasant evening's intellectual pastime. But the main objects of the rambles in Sep- tember were to collect desmids before the season had advanced too far. It was determined to collect the diatoms as well, for both occur in the same tarns and ponds, only you can collect the latter at any time of the year, and this is hardly possible with the desmids in the winter months. As the party walked on their way, the professor explained the structure of the collecting- bottle he carried with him. It was merely a wide-mouthed, one-ounce bottle, provided with a turn-back rim. Around the latter was a strong india-rubber band. He showed them he had only to double the clastic round the end of his walking-stick, and he was able to push it anywhere along the margin of the pond. He had several others, all provided with close-fitting corks, for specially keeping good things in until he could further examine them. For collecting diatoms he was provided with a Fig- 332. Collecting- bottle. MICROSCOPIC PLANTS. .more elaborate apparatus, but the cleanliness and freedom from impurities with which diatoms could be collected by it, he said, made it the best thing of its kind out ; and everybody could make one now that Mr. Rcdmayne had shown them how. This diatom collecting-bottle is constructed as follows : A cork must be provided which fits tightly to the collecting-bottle ; this is to be bored with two holes. In each is fitted a glass tube, as seen in the diagram, one (a) having a slight curve, the other () bent at right angles an inch from the end ; this can easily be done with the aid of a spirit- lamp. To tube b is attached a piece of elastic tubing, about the length of the collecting-stick, and the free end (c] may be held to the stick with an elastic band, and the apparatus is complete. It is especially useful in collecting the very thin films of diatoms from the surfaces of mud and sand, so difficult to raise to the surface of the water in the ordinary way with the spoon or bottle. To use the apparatus, the thumb of the right hand must press the tube firmly against the stick at c t and the bottle be lowered until the mouth of the tube () is within a quarter of an inch from the surface of the diatoms ; the thumb is then 26o THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. raised, and if the water is deep the bottle fills by atmospheric pressure, carrying the diatoms in at the same time. In shallow water, suction will be necessary to exhaust the air in the bottle ; in Fig. 333. Diatom collecting-bottle. that case, a ball pipette (B) will be useful as a mouthpiece. The gathering can be further cleaned by placing it in a glass bottle in the sun for a few hours. Cover the lower part of the bottle with black paper ; the free diatoms will then separate them- selves from the mud, and rest on the surface. MICROSCOPIC PLANTS. 26 1 To collect desmids, it would be best perhaps to use the first-mentioned collecting-bottle. Our boys easily learned to detect the appearance of the vivid green desmids from the olive-brown appearance of the diatoms. Further, the desmids love the surface of the water where the sun can get to them ; whilst most of the diatoms prefer the shady bottoms. Desmids were quickly found the common species in abundance. What pretty little plants they are, as green as spring grass, and possessing a transparent greenness you will not find in any other kind of vegetation ! They prefer clean, sweet water. A mountain tarn is a place they love best. I have seen forty distinct species collected from one such spot in North Wales, and you may guess the smallness of these plants when I tell you that all were mounted within the ordinary half-inch circle of a slide. My " show " pictures indicate the mag- nifications of each kind, and will also give an idea of their minuteness. Each desmid possesses a transparent case, usually free ; but also not unfrequcntly attached. This case contains the green colouring matter, exactly as the cell of a green leaf does. Desmids, therefore, represent single free cells. Their mode 262 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. of propagation is by fission that is, each desmid splits into two, the two originate four, four eight and so on. If these " cells " cohered together, the result would be a leaf or some other vegetable structure ; but as each is " free," no coherence ot that kind takes place, and therefore no " growth " or increase in bulk. You can hardly pick the wrong place for desmids, in spite of their preference for clean water ponds, ditches, rivulets, even the miniature tarns made by footprints of cattle in marshy places ; anywhere except salt water (for they are purely fresh-water plants, whereas diatoms live in the sea, and in brackish water, as well as under the same fresh-water conditions as the desmids). One might almost declare the desmids are the food-stock of all fresh-water animalculae. They furnish an abundant foraging and hunting ground to myriads of infusoria, rotiferae, aquatic worms, larvae, etc. Among the commonest, but not the least beauti- ful forms are Closterium, Euastrum, Cosmarium, and Micrasterias. There are about forty British species of Closterium alone. If the end of the frond be highly magnified, the green granules are seen circulating at the end, In this genus there. MICROSCOPIC PLANTS. 263 is a double and perhaps a treble method of repro- duction by self-division (fission), conjugation, etc. Fig. 335. Closterium Lcibleinii. Fig. 334. Closterium striotalutii (magnified). In every frond of Closterium you observe a central clear space dividing it into two segments. 264 THE PL Ay 7 1MB NATURALIST. Here a gradual separation takes place, occupying some hours before it is completed. The separated halves then each commence to grow independently, till ultimately a copy of the parent form is assumed. This is an outline of self-division. Conjugation is a different process. Two individuals approach each other and come into contact. They inter- mingle their green contents, and a curious globular body is formed, called a sporangium, .,_ which is believed in due time ff:M Bl to produce a multitude of in- * " dividual spores, which ultimate- ly grow into Closteria. The operation of forming a sporan- eium is said *> be very rapid, (highly magnified). on i v occupying a few minutes. A writer in Science-Gossip for 1866 says, "The other evening I saw the end of a bright green Closterium seized by a large animalcule, Notom- mata myrmeleo, and subjected to the action of the teeth. Soon I found that the particles of chlorophyll were leaving the desmid and passing down the gullet of the animalcule, evidently by suction, and I watched them with great interest first, because I never before saw a rotifer taking a MICROSCOPIC PLANTS. 26$ salad in so civilized a manner (they generally take their vegetable diet into their crops by a rapid jerk, particularly when it is small enough to go down whole) ; and, secondly, because apertures at the ends of the fronds are not generally believed in. When the animalcule had finished its supper that is to say, when every part of nutriment was gone it cast the empty frond among others that were strewed about, and I could not detect the slightest rupture in the delicate transparent case, which a few minutes be- Fig. 337. Micrasterias fore was so full of green rotata. contents. There may have been one, nevertheless." " It is astonishing how long you can keep these desmids," said the professor. " I've kept them for six months even in closed bottles, in the sun- light, or daylight at least ; and it is equally astonishing how rapidly they increase." One of the " sweetest " of these microscopical gems is Micrasterias rotata a flat, almost oval- shaped object, with a delicate transparent frill surrounding the disk of bright green. Some of the desmids affect a social life, such 266 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. as Hyalotheca rightly named so, for the packed green desmids look as if they were enveloped in Fig. 338. Euastrum oblongum (front view, X 250). Fig. 339. Euastrum oblongum (side view). Fig. 340. Cosmarium margaritifenim. Fig. 341. Ditto (empty frond, X 250). a sheath of glass. Then, through such freshwater conferva? as TJlothrix to be gathered everywhere MICROSCOPIC PLANTS. 267 and the exquisitely lovely Volvox globator (a perfect vegetable marvel, cell within cell, like Mr. Boy's electrical soap-bubbles), Spirogyra, and other Fig. 342. Etiastrum oblonsruin. Fig. 343. Eiiastrtim margaritiferum. Fig. 344. Euastrum didalta. Fig. 345. Staurastrum dejectum. Fig. 346. Staurastrum altentaus. fresh-water algae, we ascend to those complexer vegetable forms which are complexer because the cells they produce cohere together, cause increase 268 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. of bulk, division of labour, specialization of function, and all that constitutes higher organization. In the Ulothrix my young friends soon learned to see that the cells were in reality social desmids, and that some of these were allowed to go forth Fig. 347. Staurastrum spongium. Fig. 348. Staurastrum gracile. free at certain times, and return to the habits of their ancestors, for reasons which were of benefit to the colony viz. reproduction. In Spirogyra (almost like Hyalotheca) there is Fig. 349. Hyalotheca dissiliens. a very pretty arrangement of green chlorophyll, but in bands of spiral filaments, all enclosed in a similar transparent sheath. The cells of some of the bands bud forth, and manage to form a junc- tion, and to interchange their cell-contents. When MICROSCOPIC PLANTS. 269 this is complete, the combined contents of the two cells become an oval spore, from which a new plant Fig. 350. Ulothrix. a, Young filament ; g, ciliated zoospores ; k, one day's growth 5 /, two days' ditto. THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. Fig. 351. Spirogyra in different stages of growth and reproduction (magnified). MICROSCOPIC PLANTS. 2? I will subsequently spring. The transparent wall allows of the movements of certain brown bodies to be visible (probably zoospores). The contents of Fig. 352. Volvox globator. Fig. 353. PhyRactidium pulchellum, the cells are also seen to change into green zoo- spores, which escape from the ruptured cell. A singular and very pretty vegetable form, known 272 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. as PJiyllactidiumpulcJiellum, is often found associated with Volvox in the same pond. In short, it seems to do duty in winter for the absence of Volvox which is then in the resting stage. It is a discoid water-weed, which only requires to be carefully looked for to find it much more abundantly than has been the case. Volvox globator is sometimes Fig. 354. Volvox stellatitm. found enclosing another species called Volvox stellatum (Fig. 354). The latter is believed to be a form of "alternation of generation," not un- common among the lower groups of life. The Diatomaceae have long been special favour- ites with people who possessed good microscopes. And no wonder. It is a strange sight to see minute canoe-shaped objects like Navicula (real " little ships," as the word means), and Stauroneis MICROSCOPIC PLANTS. 273 moving slowly, sometimes jerkily, amid the micro- scopic jungle to be seen in any gathering. First they move this way, then that ; and to this very day the actual secret of their power of locomotion has not been satisfactorily made out. This ghostly method of locomotion caused the diatoms to be formerly included among Animalculae. You can hardly go to the wrong place for them, if it is only very damp. Squeeze a handful of moss out of a Fig. 355. Liparogyra dentrcteres. a, Arcuate frond ; b, straight filament ; c, valve. hedge-bank, and the drop of water will be almost certain to contain species of diatoms. The same with the Sphagnum, or bog-moss of our mountains, or even the damp walls of caves, etc. Our ardent band of collectors heard the above remarks (or some of them) as they walked to and from their happy hunting-grounds. It whiled away the time, and made the journeys seem comparatively short, although many miles had been done. After- T 274 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. wards they had found several curious diatoms .such as Liparogyra dentata, Orthosira Dickii, Nitzschia vivax, Pinmdaria borealis, etc., by merely washing the specimens of bog-moss out. Not only in their ability to live in salt and brackish water (as well as in fresh) do the diatoms Fig. 356. Orthosira Dressczri. differ from the desmids, but still more importantly in their structure ; nevertheless, the diatoms are only single-celled plants like their confreres. But they possess a siliceous frustule that is, a skin of natural glass, which remains behind long after the Fig. 357. Nitzschia vivax. organic matter of the plants is dead. Indeed, it is these accumulated, indestructible frustules or valves which help very largely to form the accu- mulating black muds of our tidal rivers and estuaries, as well as that along the bottoms of lakes and ponds. The finest " diatomaceous MICROSCOPIC PLANTS, 2?$ earth" (kieselguhr), when saturated with nitro- glycerine, becomes the explosive dynamite. When the dcsmids die there is an end to them ; they leave no trace behind. Not so with the diatoms ; their glassy frustules are nearly inde- structible. You have only to get a thimbleful of black mud, and place it in a wine-glass ; then add a strong solution of sulphuric acid. A very strong smell will be given off, and much effer- X\\^tUMHTX vescence visible. That is a sign the ^""""'"^ acid is removing the organic matter. Fig. 358. Pin- nularia borealis. Then the mud ought to be washed, and the settlings filtered ; then treated with nitric acid, washed again, and so on, until only a little grey powder remains behind. That grey powder will be found to consist chiefly of the flinty shells of diatoms. Many years ago, M. Deby, the distinguished Belgian microscopist, published a very minute account of how a diatom was constructed, how it managed to secrete its glassy shell, how it split itself so as to form two living individual diatoms where there had previously been only one. " You will find the entire paper in Science-Gossip for 1878," said the professor, "translated by Mr. Fred Kitton, who is the best authority on the subject in the world." 2/6 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. How beautifully striated, dotted, ornamented are these microscopical glass cases, intended, somehow, for the use and service of the very lowest orders of plants ! For years they have been crucial tests of the best lenses, and many a long and windy article, and many a keen discussion too, has taken Fig. 359. Section of a diatom commencing deduplication. A, Nucleus and nucleolus ; B, protoplasm ; cc, endochrome ; FF, valves (highly magnified). place as to whether the " lines " on certain diatoms were rows of dots or continuous ridges. Even scientific people quarrelled over their differences as political people now do on Home Rule ! It will be a long time before the world gets rid of, sloughs off, its inheritance of folly. Three or four years ago Mr. F. H. Lang drew attention. to the exquisitely lovely markings on one diatom, known as Stictodiscus Californicus (Fig. MICROSCOPIC PLANTS. 277 360), found in a deposit in the country to which the specific name alludes. But many of our com- mon and easily found British species are quite as beautifully adorned. Every ornamental pattern is the " Broad-arrow of the Great King, stamped on all the stores of his arsenal." One can hardly wonder that our distant fore- Fig. 360. Stictodiscus Californicus. fathers associated exquisite loveliness with minute objects. The diminutive fairies were always beau- tiful, whilst the giants were always ugly at least, in the story-books. The grace of God ornaments the invisible flinty valve of a diatom or the limey shell of a foraminifer, as it does the possession of a meek and quiet spirit ! THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. Just now there is somewhat of a " rush " against teleology the 'matter-of-fact, hard, cut-and-dried (and very presumptive) theology of our grand- fathers. Let us not condemn them, although the Fig. 361. Pinnularia Fig. 362. Stauroneis major. Phanicenleron. dreadfully conservative spirit of theology has a tendency to glorify that which science condemns. Our forefathers did their best, as honest men, to understand God and His ways. If they did not succeed to our mind, probably they did in spirit. He must be worshipped in spirit and in truth. MICROSCOPIC PLANTS. 279 They endeavoured to worship Him so, according to their lights. Now that science comes to the help of a reverent man's heart, let him not scorn the Fig. 363. Navicula didyma. Fig. 364. Pleurasigma formosum. day of smaller and feebler and even more bitter things. The older teleology is gone, practically dead, and 280 THE PLAYTIME NATURALIST. almost buried. It was too presumptive. It failed because the child wanted to lay down the rules of government, and dictate to its Wise Father, and teach Him how to rule His own world, although it knew nothing of the infinite battalions of suns and planets. Science doesn't know everything, even now. Indeed, the fear is lest modern academic science should usurp the theological chair, and prove doubly dogmatic. There are men who would dethrone St Paul, and put up St. Darwin in the vacant seat. Neither St. Darwin nor St. Paul would assent to the change. The truest teleology is that of trying to " seek out God, if haply we may find Him ! " in His works, His Word, His people. Who dares say where God is not to be found, when we see He does not think it beneath Him to ornament the frustule of a diatom the five-hundredth part of an inch in length so beautifully that, when the modern " children of Israel " behold it through the microscope for the first time, they immediately think how capitally the ornamentation might be applied to a new kind of jewellery ! Of course, all my young readers know now that I have been employing Jack and Willie and the MICROSCOPIC PLANTS. 28 1 professor, and the rest of the lot, as conscientious candidates do their "friends" at a parliamentary election for what use they can make of them. I've now done with Jack and Willie and the pro- fessor, and even Jack's sister and cousins ; they were only my wax-works ! But possibly my young readers may have learned something more than they knew before, because of my batch of hypothetical friends. If so, what do they want more ? If they have eyes, pocket-lenses, microscopes, the same stock of common objects are available to them. Common only to the multitude who regard them not ; un- common to those who see in every living object, animal or vegetable, macroscopic or microscopic, additional evidences of the Fatherhood of a com- mon God ! Verily, the life we live and lead here becomes then only the ante-chamber of the life to come. Its lessons and illustrations are so many side-lights of the lessons we shall learn there. If there has been an unbroken continuity on our planet in geological times from animalcule to man, from the Archaean period up to now, where is the bold sceptic who will declare that the stream of that vital tide shall henceforth be arrested ? Who will deny the possibility, at least, of its flowing 282 Tff PLAYTIME NATV&AL1ST. to a higher level yet through the golden gates beyond ? or who will deny that the total sum of the life of the world, terrestrial and celestial, may be but the wonderful development of a Divine idea, as continuous in its unbroken evolution as that of a bird from the egg ? INDEX. A Amoeba, 242 Antennae, 52 Aphides, 105 Arrenurus integrator, 177 sinuator, 1 74 tricuspidator, 1 77 truncatellus, 177 Asilus crabroniformis, 95 Asterosporium, 253 B Bee, leaf-cutter, 89 Birds- Blackcap, 42 Blue tit, 28 Chaffinch, 29 Cuckoo, 20 Dipper, 39 Goat-sucker, 43 Jay, 22 Kingfisher, 24 Lapwing, 30 Long-tailed tit, 26 Reed-bunting, 35 Sand-martin, 32 Sedge-warbler, 34 Whinchat, 30 Yellow-hammer, 29 Birds' eggs, 46 , arrangement of, 48 , preparing, for cabinet, 46 Blackcap, 42 Bluebottles' eggs, 56 Blue tit, 28 Bombylius, 93 Bramble, brand of, 253 Brands of meadow-sweet, bramble, etc., 253 Brown lizard, 199 Bucentes geniculatus, 95 Bulimus acutus, 130 obscurus, 129 Butterflies, 51, 52 , eggs of, 56 , killing, 8 1 , preparing, for cabinet, 81 , scales of, 55 , white cabbage, 65 Caterpillar of small eggar moth, 68 puss moth, 70 sphinx moth, 69 white cabbage butterfly, 65 Caterpillars, 67 , miner, 62 Chaffinch, 29 284 INDEX. Chitine, 12 Chitinous, 136 Chrysalis of white butterfly, 67 of house-fly, 99 Cilia, 140 Clear-wings, 53 Closterium, 262 Collecting-bottle, 258 for diatoms, 259 Composite, 93 Conops, 94 Corethra plumiformis 155 Crown animalcule, 233 Cuckoo, 20 Cyclops, 207 D Dermestes, 116 Desmids, 261 Diatoms, 272 , collecting-bottle for, 259 Dipper, 39 Diptera, 90 Dissecting beetles, 146 molluscs, 137 Dredging, 141-159 Duck-weed, 210 Dytiscus marginalis, 145 , parasite of, 147 , preparing trachea of, for the microscope, 145 E Eggar moth, small, 68 Eggs, birds', 46-48 of bluebottle, 56 of butterfly, 57 of house-fly, 57, 98 Eggs of moth, 57 of Ranatra linearis, 148 Enomostracans, 204 Ephemera, larva of, 150 Epistylis, 246 Euglena viridis, 245 Fish moths, 120 scales, 11-19 " Fleur-de-luce," 38 Floscule, 233 Flowering rushes, 38 Fresh- water polyzoon, 216 sponge, 248 , ovaries of, 248 Frog-spawn, 185 Gall insects, 86 Glow-worms, 105 Gnat, common, 155 , eggs of, 156 Goat moth, 63 sucker, 43 Grasshopper, great green, 117 H Habitats of insects and plants, 79, 126 Hair-tailed millipede, 115 Hair-worms, 153 Helix caperata, 130 nemoralis, 139 Holiday rambles, 83-123 INDEX. 285 Honeydew, 106 House-fly, 197 , chrysalis of, 99 , eggs of, 57, 98 , larva of, 93 Humming-bird hawk moth, 54 Hyalinity, 155 Hyalotheca, 266 Hydrachnidae, 170 Hydra viridis, 212 , stings of, 215 Hydrophilus piceus, 145, 147 Hygrobatidce, 170 Improvised live-box, 188 zoophyte-trough, 202 Infusoria, 235 Insects, habitats of, 79, 126 Jay, 22 Kingfisher, 24 K Land-shells, 124, 140 Lapwing, 30 Leaf-cutter bee, 89 Lepidoptera, 50-82 Leptogaster cylindricus, 96 Limncea, 140 Live box, improvised, 188 cell, 202 Lizard, common brown, 199 , sand, 199 Lizards, 198 Long-tailed tit, 26 , nest of, 26 Louse-wort, 32 M Melasmia, 254 Micrasterias rotata, 265 Micro-Lepidoptera, 72 Microscopic plants, 251-282 Millipede, hair-tailed, 115 Mimicry in nature, 52, 72, 93, 95, 117 Miner caterpillars, 62 Mites, among the, 160-178 Moth, clear-wing, 53 , goat, 63 -, humming-bird hawk, 54 , puss, caterpillar of, 70 , sphinx, 69 , wingless, 72 Moths, killing and preparing, for cabinet, 81 , scales of, 55 , sugaring for, 73 Myopa testacea, 95 N Natterjack toad, 193 Natural History Society, our, 3 Nest of kingfisher, 24 long-tailed tit, 26 reed-bunting, 35 sedge-warbler, 35 spider, 1 1 1 water-ousel, 41 286 INDEX. Newt, crested, 190 , spawn of, 185, 191 , tadpoles of, 191 Odontophores, 135 , dissecting, 137 Our Natural History Society, 3 Paludina, 140 Peewit, 30 Peridinium, 245 Phyllactidium pulchellum, 272 Plant-lice, 105 Plants, habitats of, 79, 126 Plumatella, 216 Podura, 120-122 , scales of, 121 Polyzoon, freshwater, 216 Puddingpoke, 26 R Ranatra linearis, 148 , eggs of, 148 Reed-bunting, 35 Robin-redbreast cushion, 88 Rotifers, 221 Sand lizard, 199 martin, 32 Scales, butterfly, 55 , fish, 11-19 , moth, 55 ^ , Podura, 121 Sedge-warbler, 34 Shells, land, 124, 140 , preparing, for cabinet, 132 Sigillaria, 126 Smell, sense of, in insects, 75 Snails, 125 , jaws of, 135 , larva of, 140 , odontophores of, 135 , preparing, for the cabinet, 133 Spawn, 182 of frogs, 185 of newts, 185 of toads, 185 Spiders, 108 , nest of, 1 08 , spinnerets of, 108 , water, in Spirogyra, 268 Sponge, fresh-water, 248 , ovaries of, 248 Statoblasts, 218 Stephanoceros eichornii, 226 Stings of hydra, 215 Symbiosis, 167 Tadpole of frog, 187 of toad, 1 88 Tetranychus lapidus, 164 telarius, 163 tiliarius, 164 Toad, natterjack, 193 , spawn of, 185 , tadpole of, 188 Trilobites, 152 U Ulothrix, 268 Umbelliferse, 93 INDEX. 287 Vaginicola, 245 Viper, 196 Volvox globator, 272 stellatum, 272 Vorticella, 245 W Water-fleas, 204-207 Water mites, 168 ousel, 39 Whin, 30 White cabbage butterfly, 65 caterpillar of, 65 chrysalis of, 67 Whinchat, 30 Wingless moths, 72 " Witches' butter," 254 THE END. LONDON : PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS. [Sept. 1896, LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO WINDUS no&^m ST. MARTIN'S LANE, LONDON, W.C. About (Edmond). The Fellah: An Egyptian Novel. Translated by Sir RANDAL ROBERTS. Post 8vo, illustrated boards, is. Adams (W. Davenport), Works by. A Dictionary of the Drama : being a comprehensive Guide to the Plays. Playwrights. Players, and Playhouses of the United Kingdom and America, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Crown 8vo. half-bound. i2f. bd. [Preparing Quips and Quiddities. Selected by W. DAVENPORT ADAMS. Post 8vo, cloth limp, ft. 6/. Agony Column (The) of * The Times,' from 1800 to 1870. Edited, with an Introduction, by ALICE CLAY. Post Svo, cloth limp, is. 6d. Aide (Hamilton), Novels by. Carr of Carrlyon. Post 8vo, illustrated boards, as. each. I Confidences. Albert (Mary). Brooke Finchley's Daughter. Post 8vo, picture boards, as. ; cloth limp. ax. 6rf, _ Alden (W. L.). A Lost Soul : Being the Confession and Defence of Charles Lindsay. Fcap. 8vo. cloth boards, it. 64. _ _ Alexander (Mrs.), Novels by. Post 8vo, illustrated boards, zs. each. Maid. Wife, or Widow? _ I Valeria's Fate. __ Allen (F. M.). Green as Grass. cloth, y. Srf. ' With a Frontispiece. Crown Svo, AllenC rant), Works by. The Evolutionist at Large. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 6r. Post-Prandial Philosophy. Crown 8vo. art linen, y. 6J. moorland Idylls. Crown Svo, cloth decorated, to. Crown 8vo, cloth e Phillstia. v. Babylon, is Illustrations. Strange Stories. 1-ruiuis. The Beckoning Hand. For Malrnle's Sake. xtra, y. M. each ; post Svo, illustrate In all Shades. The Devil's Die. This Mortal Coll. The Tents of Shorn, Frontis. The Great Taboo. d boards. 3f. eacn. Dumaresq's Daughter. The Duchess of Powysland Blood Royal. Ivan Creel's Masterpiece. The Scallywag. 24 UWi. At Warket Value. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, y. 6J. each. | Under Sealed Orders. Dr. Palliser's Patient, reap. Svo. cloth boads. u. Anderson (Mary). Othello's Occupation: A Novel. Crown 8vo. <.\Mh. ^. 6V. . Arnold (Edwin Lester), Stories by. The Wonderful Adventures of Phra the Phoenician. Crown SVo, cloth extra, with 11 Illustrations by II. M. I'AC.I i . V - <*/. : post Svo. illustrated boards, or. _ The Constable of St. Nicholas. Wish l-V.nt-j,ic< hv S. I.. Woun. CromiSvu. i!,.tv Artemus Ward's Works. \Vitli Portrait and l-'acsiinilc. Crown Svo, -. cloth extra. 7j-.0./.Alsoa I'tu ri AK I'lirii..-. The Genial Showman: 1'hr lid- niul A ! VA..y, Ly LUWARD F lli.Nob l UN. . With a l-routispiece. Civwn vu, clotli extra, i. u4 a CHAtTO & VVlNDUS, no A in St. Martin's Lane, London, W.6. Ashton (John), Works by. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, ys. 6d. each. History of the Chap-Books of the 18th Century. With 334 Illustrations. Social Life In the Reign of Queen Anne. With ^s Illustrations. Humour, Wit, and Satire of the Seventeenth Century. With Si Illustrations. English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon the First. With 115 Illustrations. Modern Street Ballads. With 57 Illustrations. Bacteria, Yeast Fungi, and Allied Species, A Synopsis of. By W. B. GROVE. B A. With 87 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, y. 6d. _. . Bardsley (Rev. C. Wareing, M.A.), Works by. English Surnames: Their Sources and Significations. Crown 8vo, cloth, 7*. Gd. Curiosities of Puritan Nomenclature. Crown 8vo. cloth extra. 6r. . Baring Gould (Sabine, Author of 'John Herring,' &c ), Novels by. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, y. 6d. each ; post 8ro, illustrated boards, is. each. Red Spider. I Eve. Barr (Robert: Luke Sharp), Stories by. Cr. 8vo, cl., 35. 6d. each. In a Steamer Chair. With Frontispiece and Vignette by DEMAIN HAMMOND. From Whose Bourne, &c, With 47 Illustrations by HAL HURST and others. A Woman Intervenes. With 8 Illustrations by HAL HURST. Crown Rvo, cloth extra, 6s. Revenge ! With 12 Illustrations by LANCELOT SPEED, &c. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6s. Barrett (Frank), Novels by. Post 8vo, illustrated boards, as. each ; cloth, a*. 6d. each. Fettered for Life. The Sin of Olga Zassoulich. Between Life and Death. Folly Morrison. | Honest Davle. A Prodigal's Progress. John Ford; and His Helpmate. A Recoiling Vengeance. Lieut. Barnabas. | Found Guilty. For Love and Honour Folly Morrison. | Little Lady Lin ton. ^ * v* **\t ^ m>u *uu%uc-. The Woman of the Iron Bracelets. Cr. 8vo. cloth, y. 6d. ; post 8vo, boards, is.; cl. limp, is. (c'. The Harding Scandal. Crown vo. cloth. 3*. M. [Arril. 1897. Barrett (Joan). Monte Carlo Stories. Fcap. 8vo. cloth. is.6d. Beaconsfield, Lord. By T. F Q'CONNOK, M.P. Cr. 8vo. cloth. 55. Beauchamp (Shelsley). Qrantley Grange. Post 8vo, boards. 25. Beautiful Pictures by British Artists : A Gathering ot Favourites from the Picture Galleries, engraved on Steel. Imperial 4to, cloth extra, gilt edges, us. Besant (Sir Walter) and James Rice, Novels by. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 3*. 6d. each ; post 8vo. illustrated boards, is. each ; cloth limn, is. 6d. each. Ready-Money Mortlboy. My Little Girl. With Harp and Crown. This Son of Vulcan. The Golden Butterfly. The Monks of Thelema. By Celia's Arbour. The Chaplain of the Fleet. The Seamy Side. The Case of Mr. Lacraft, &c. 'Twas in Trafalgar's Bay, &c. The Ten Years' Tenant. <~ *** There is also a LIBRARY EDITION of the above Twelve Volumes, handsomely set in new type on a large crown 8vo page, and bound In cloth extra, 6s. each; and a POPULAR EDITION of The Golden Butterfly, medium 8vo, 6rf. ; cloth, is. NEW EDITIONS, printed in large type on crown 8vo laid paper. bound in figured cloth, y. 6rf. each, are also in course of publication. Besant (Sir Walter), Novels by. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, w. orf. each : post 8vo, illustrated boards, as. each ; cloth limp, is. 6d. each. All Sorts and Conditions of Men. With 12 Illustrations by FRED. BARNARD The Captains' Room, &c. With Frontispiece by E. J. WHEELER. All In a Garden Fair. With 6 Illustrations by HARRY FURNISS. Dorothy Forster. With Frontispiece by CHARLES GREEN. Uncle Ja< k and other Stories. | Children of Gibeon. The Word Went Very Well Then. With iz Illustrations by A. FoRKSTIER. Herr Paulas: His Rise, his Greatness, and his Fall. | The Bell Of St. Paul's. For Faith and Freedom. With Illustrations by A. FORESTIER and F. WADDY. To Call Her Mine, &c. With 9 Illustrations by A. FORESTIER. The Holy Rose, &c. With Frontispiece by F. BARNARD. Armorel of Lyonesse : A Romance of To-day. With 12 Illustrations by F. BARNARD. St. Katherlne's by the Tower. With 12 Illustrations by C. GREEN. Verbena Camellia StephanotlS, &c. With a Frontispiece by GORDON BROWNE. The Ivory Gate. | The Rebel Queen. Beyond the Dreams of Avarice. With 12 IllustsTby W. H. HYDE. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, y. 6J. In Deacon's Orders, &c. With Frontispiece by A. FORESTIER. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6s. The Master Craftsman. Crown bvo, cloth, 31. 6d. [May, 1897 The City of Refuge. 3 vols., crown 8vo, 15*. net. [Oct The Charm, and other Drawing-room Plays. By Sir WALTER BFSANTand WALTER H. POLLOC1C With 50 Illustrations by CHRIS HAMMOND and A. IDLE GOODMAN. Crown 8vo, cloth elegant gilt edges, 6s. [Shortly Fifty Years Ago. With 144 Plates and Woodcuts. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, ST. The Eulogy of Richard Jefferies. With Portrait. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, fir. London. With 125 Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth extra, 7s. 6d. Westminster. With Etched Frontispiece by F. S. WALKER, R.P.E., and 130 Illustrations by WILLIAM PATTEN and others. Demy 8vo, cloth, iRr. Blr Richard Whlttlngton. With Frontispiece. Crown 8vo, art linen, y. 64. Caspard ae Collgny, With Portrait. Crown 8vo, art linen, y. 64. CHATTO & WINDU5, no & in St. Martin's Lane, London, W.C. 3 Bechstein (Ludwig). As Pretty as Seven, and other German Stories. With Additional Talcs by the Brothers GRIMM, and 98 Illustrations by RICHTER. Square 8vo, cloth extra, 6j. 6rf. gilt edges, ?j. 6rf. Beerbohm (Julius). Wanderings in Patagonia; or, Life among the Ostrich-Hunters. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, y. 6tf. Bellow (Frank). The Art of Amusing: A Collection of Graceful Arts, Games, Tricks, Puzzles, and Charades. With 300 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 4*. 6rf. Bennett (W. C., LL. P.). Songs for Sailors. Post 8vo. cl. limp. 25. Bewick (Thomas) and his Pupils. By AUSTIN DOBSON. With 95 Illustrations. Square 8vo, cloth extra, t>s. Bierce (Ambrose). In the Midst of Life: Tales of Soldiers and Civilians. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 6s. ; post 8vo, illustrated boards, 21. BilFNye's History oTthe Tlnited States. With 146 Illustrations by F. OPPP-R. Crown 8vo. clnth extra, v. 6ft. ^^^^_^ Bir6 (Edmond). Diary of a Citizen of Paris during 'The Terror. 1 Translated and Edited by JOHN DE VlLLIERS. With a Photogravure Portraits. Two Vols.. demy 8vo, cloth, 3is. [S/iort!j>. Blackburn's (Henry) Art Handbooks. Academy Notes. 1875,1877-86. 1889, Grosvenor Notes. Vol. II., 1883-87. With 300 Illustrations. Demv 8vo, cloth, 6_. Orosvenor Notes. Vol. III., 1888-BO. With 230 Illustrations. Demy 8vo cloth, jr. 6rf. The New Gallery, 1888-1895. With nu- merous Illustrations, each is. The New Gallery, Vol. I., 1888-1892. With 2> Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth, 6s. English Pictures at the National Gallery. With 114 Illustrations, is. Old Masters at the National Gallery. With 128 Illustrations, is. 6,1. Illustrated Catalogue to the National Gallery. With 242 Illusts. Demy 8vo, cloth, y. 189O, 1892-1895, Illustrated, each Academy Notes, 1898. is. Academy Notes. 1875-79. Complete in One Vol., with 600 Illustrations. Cloth, 6s. Academy Notes. 1B8O-84. Complete in One Vol., with 700 Illustrations. Cloth, f>s. Academy Notes, 1890-94. Complete in One Vol., with 00 Illustrations. Cloth, js. 6d. Grosvenor Notes, 1877. 6J. Grosvenor Notes, separate years from 1878-1890, each is. Grosvenor Notes, Vol. I., 1877-82. With 300 Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth, 6s. The Illustrated Catalogue of the Paris Salon, 1898. With 300 Facsimile Sketches. 3*. Blind (Mathilde), Poems by. The Ascent of Man. Crown 8vo, cloth, cr. Dramas In Miniature. With a Frontispiece by F. MADOX BROWN. Crown 8vo, cloth, 51. Songs and Sonnets. Fcap. 8vo, vellum and gold. 51. Birds of Passage ; Songs of the Orient and Occident. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, linen, 6j. net. Bourget (Paul). A Living Lie. Translated by JOHN DE VILLIERS. With special Preface for the English Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, y. 6J. ^^ Bourne (H. R. Fox), Books by. English Merchants Memoirs in Illustration of the Progress of British Commerce. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, is. orf. English Newspapers : Chapters in the History ofTournalism. Two Vols., demy 8vo, cloth, iy. The Other Side of the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition. Crown 8vo, cloth, fs. Bowers (George). Leaves from a Hunting Journal. Coloured Plates. Oblong folio, half-bound, 2ix. Boyle (Frederick), Works by. Post 8vo, illustrated bds. , 2$. each. Chronicles of No-Man's Land. | Camp Notes. I Savage Life. Brand (John). Observations on Popular Antiquities; chiefly illustrating the Origin of our Vulgar Customs, Ceremonies, and Superstitions. With the Additions of Sit HENRY ELLIS, and numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth extra. 7*. bJ. Brewer (Rev. Dr.), Works by. The Reader's Handbook of Allusions, References, Plots, and Stories. Eighteenth Thousand. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, js. orf. Authors and their Works, with the Dates: Beinff the Appendices to ' The Reader's Hand- book,' separately printed. Crown 8vo, cloth limp, is. A Dictionary of Miracles. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, is. 6d. Brewster (SlrlDavid), Works by. Post 8vo, cloth, 45. td. each. More Worlds than One I Creed of the Philosopher and Hope of the Christian. With Plates. The Martyrs of Science: GALILEO, TYCHO BRAHK. and KEPLEK. With Portraits. Letters on Natural Magic. With numerous Illustrations. Briliat-Savarin. Gastronomy as a Fine Art. Translated by K. E. ANDERSON. M.A. Post 8vo, half-bound. 31. Brydges (Harold). Uncle Sam at Home. With 91 Illustrations! i'ubt gvo, illustrated boards, is. ; doth limp, as. (xt. 4 CHATTO & W1NDUS, no & in St. Martin's Lane. London, W.C. Buchanan (Robert), Novels, &c. f by. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, jr. 6d. each ; pos 8vo, illustrated boards, zj. each. The Shadow of the Sword. A Child of Nature. With Frontispiece. Cod and the Man. With n Illustrations by FRED. BARNARD. The Martyrdom of Madeline. With Love Me for Ever. With l ; rontijplece. Annan Water. I Foxglove Manor. The New Abelard. Matt: A Story of a Caravan. With Frontispiece, The Master of the Mine. With Frontispiece. The Heir of JLlnne. I Woman and the Man. Frontispiece by A. W. COOPER. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, y. 6d. each. Red and White Heather. | Rachel Pane. Lady Kllpatrlck. Crown 8vo, cloth extra. 6s. The Wandering Jew : a Christmas Carol. Crown 8vo, cloth. 6s. The Charlatan. By ROBERT BUCHANAN and HENRY MURRAY. With a Frontispiece by T. H. ROBINSON. Crown 8vo, cloth, 31. 6d. Burton (Richard F.). The Book of the Sword. With over 400 Illustrations. Demy 410, cloth extra, 331. Burton (Robert). The Anatomy of Melancholy. With Transla- tions of the Quotations. Demy 8vo, cloth extra, js. 6d. Melancholy Anatomised: An Abridgment of BURTON'S ANATOMY. PostSvo, half-bd., u. erf. Caine (T. Hall), Novels by. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 35. 6d. each. ; post 8vo, illustrated boards, as. each ; cloth limp, is. (xi. each. The Shadow of a Crime. I A Son of Hagar. I The Deemster. Also a LIBRARY EDITION f The Deemster, set in new type, crown 8vo, cloth decorated, 6s. Cameron (Commander V. Lovett). The Cruise of the Black Prince ' Privateer. Post 8vo, picture boards, as. Cameron (Mrs. H. Lovett), Novels by. Post 8vo, illust. bds. zs. ea. Juliet's Guardian. I Deceivers Ever. Carlyle (Jane Welsh), Life of. By Mrs. ALEXANDER IRELAND. With Portrait and Facsimile Letter. Small demy 8vo, cloth extra, js. 6d. Carlyle (Thomas). On the Choice of Books. Post 8vo. cl., is. 6d. Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and R. W. Emerson, 1834-1872. Edited by C. E. NORTON. With Portraits. Two Vols., crown 8vo, cloth, 245. Carruth (Hayden). The Adventures of Jones. With 17 Illustra- tions. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, aj. Chambers (Robert W.), Stories of Paris Life by. Long fcap. 8vo, cloth, as. 6d. each. The King In Yqllow. 1 In the Quarter. Chapman's (George), Works. Vol. I., Plays Complete, including the Doubtful Ones. VoL II., Poems and Minor Translations, with Essay by A. C. SWINBURNE. Vol. III., Translations of the Iliad and Odyssey. Three Vols., crown 8vo, cloth, 6s. each. Chappie (J. Mitchell). The Minor Chord: The Story of a Prima Donna. Crown 8vo, cloth, y. M. Chatto (W. A.) and J. Jackson. A Treatise on Wood Engraving, Historical and Practical. With Chapter by H. G. BOHN. and 450 fine Illusts. Large 4to. half-leather. 8j. Chaucer for Children : A Golden Key. By Mrs. H. R. HAWEIS. With 8 Coloured Plates and 30 Woodcuts. Crown M Cornwall. C..II.Ttwi by KOIIERT HUNT, F.K.S. With two Steel Plates by (JEORGK CKrikSH\NK. Crown Svo, cloth, js. 6rf. Cotes (V. Cecil). Two (iirls on a Barge. With 44 Illustrations by K H. TOWNSEND. Post Svo, cloth, ?s. M. 6 CHATTO & WINDUS. no & ill St. Martin's Lane, London, W.C. Craddock (C. Egbert), Stories by. The Prophet of the Great Smoky mountains. Post 8vo, illustrated boards, at. His Vanished Star. Crown 8vo. cloth extra. 3*. M. _ _____ Cram (Ralph Adams). Black Spirits and White. Fcap. Svo, cloth is. 6af. _ Crellin (H. N.) Books by. Romances of the Old Seraglio. With 28 Illustrations by S. L. WOOD. Crown 8vo, cloth, 31. 6J. Tales of the Caliph. Crown Svo, cloth, ys. The Nazarenes : A Drama. Crown Svo, it. _ Crim (Matt.). Adventures of a Fair Rebel. Crown Svo, cloth extra, with a Frontispiece by DAN. BEARD, y. 6d. ; post Svo, illustrated boards, gj. _ Crockett (S. R.) and others. Tales of Our Coast. By S. R. CROCKETT, GILBERT PAKKER, HAROLD FREDERIC, 'Q.,'and W. CLARK RUSSELL. With _ Illustrations by FRANK BRANGWYN. Crown Svo, cloth, y. bd. _ Croker (Mrs. B. M.), Novels by. Crown Svo, cloth extra, y. 6d. each ; post Svo, illustrated boards 2J. each ; cloth limp, 2j. 6rf. each. Pretty Miss Neville. I Diana Harrington. I A Family Likeness. A Bird of Passage. Proper Pride. To Let.' Village Tales and Jungle Tragedies. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 31. 6rf. each. Two Masters. I Mr. Jeryls. I The Real Lady Hilda. Married or Single? _ [Nov. \ In the Kingdom of Kerry. _ [Short??. Cruikshank's Comic Almanack. Complete in Two SERIES : The FIRS'', from 18^53 to 1841 ; the SECOND, from 1844 to 1855. A Gatherns of the Best Humour of THACKERAY, iloon, MAYHEW, ALBERT SMITH, A'BKCKETT, ROHRRT BROUGH, &c. With numerous Steel F.nffravings and Woodcuts by GEORGE CRU1KSHANK, HlNE, LANDELLS, &c. Two Vols., crown 8vo, cloth g\\t, ^s. 6d. each. The Life of George Crulkshank. By BLANCHARD JERKOLD. With 84 Illustrations and a Bibliography. Crown Svo, cloth extra, 6s. Cummins: (C. F. Gordon), Works by. Demy Svo, cl. ex., 8s. 6d. ea. In the Hebrides. With an Autotype Frontispiece and 27 Illustrations. In the Himalayas. and on the Indian Plains. With 42 Illustrations. Two Happy Years in Ceylon. With 2 J Illustrations. _ Via Cornwall to Egypt. With a Photogravure Frontispiece. Demy 8vo. cloth, fs. 6d. Cussans (John E.). A Handbook of Heraldry; with Instructions for Tracing Pedigrees and Deciphering Ancient MSS., &c. Fourth Edition, revised, with 408 Woodcuts and 2 Coloured Plates. Crown Svo, cloth extra. 6s. _ Cyples (W.). Hearts of Gold. Cr. 8vo, cl., 35. 6d. ; post Svo. bds. . 25. Daniel (George). Merrie England in the Olden Time. With Illustrations by ROBERT CRUIKSHANK. Crown Svo, cloth extra, js. 6d. Daudet (Alphonse). The Evangelist; or, Port Salvation. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, y. 6d. ; post Svo. illustrated boards, at. Davenant (Francis, M.A.). Hints for Parents on the Choice of a Profession for their Sons when Starting In Life. Crown Svo, it. : cloth, i.r. 6rl. _ __ Davidson (Hugh Coleman). Mr. Sadler's Daughters. With ^ Frontispiece by STANLEY WOOD. Crown Svo, cloth extra, sj. 6d. _ Davies (Dr. N. E. Yorke-), Works by. Cr. Svo, is. ea.; cl., is.6d. eaT One Thousand Medical Maxims and Surgical Hints. Nursery Hints : A Mother's Guide in Health and Disease. Foods for the Fat : A Treatise on Corpulency, and a Dietary for its Cure. Aids to Long Life. Crown Svo. gj. ; cloth limp. 2s.6d. _ Davies' (Sir John) Complete Poetical Works. Collected and Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by Rev. A. B. GROSART, P.P. Two Vols.. crown Svo, cloth, iis. Dawson (Erasmus, M.B.). The Fountain of Youth. Crown Svo, cloth extra, with Two Illustrations by HUME NlSBET, y. 6d. ; post Svo, illustrated boards, 25. De Guerin (Maurice), The Journal of. Edited by G. STTREBUTIEN. With a Memoir by SAINTE-BEUVE. Translated from the soth French Edition by JESSIE P. FROTH 1NGHAM. _ Fcap^Svo, half-bound, gj. 6d. _ ' ~ ~ _ _ be~Maistre (Xavier). A~Journey Round my Room. Translated by Sir HENRY ATTWELL. Post Svo, cloth limp, zs. M. _ De Mille (James). A Castle in Spain. Crown Svo, cloth extra, with a Frontispiece, 3?. 6d. ; post Svo, illustrated boards, zs. Derby r (The)7~ThFBl ue RibboTTof the Turf. With Brief Accounts ofTliSOAKS. Ey LOUIS HENRY CURZON. Crown Svo, doth limp, as. 64. CHATTO & WINDUS, HO & in St. Martin's Lane, London, W.C. Derwent (Leith), Novels by. Cr. 8vo, cl., 31. 6d. ea. ; post 8vo, 25. ea. Our Lady of Tears. I Circe's Lovers. Dewar (T. R.). A Ramble Round the Globe. With 220 Illustra- tions. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 7*. 6d. Dickens (Charles), Novels by. Post 8vo, illustrated boards, zs. each. Sketches by Boz. | Nicholas Nickleby. I Oliver Twist. About England with Dickens. By ALFRED RIMMER. With 57 Illustrations by C. A. VANDE*. HUOF. ALhREU RIMMER. and others. Square 8vo, cloth extra, is. 6/. Dictionaries. A Dictionary of Miracles: Imitative, Realistic, and Dogmatic. By the Rev. E. C. BREWER, L.L..D. Crown 8vo. cloth extra, 7*. 6d. The Reader's Handbook of Allusions, References. Plots, and Stories. By the Rer. E. C. BREWER, LL.D. With an ENGLISH BIBLIOGRAPHY. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, -js. 64. Authors and their Works, with the Dates. Crown 8vo, cloth limn, -is. Familiar Short Sayings of Great Men. With Historical and Explanatory Notes by SAMUBL A. BENT. A.M. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 7J. 6J. The Slang Dictionary : Etymological, Historical, and Anecdotal. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6s. 6rf. Words, Facts, and Phrases: A Dictionary of Curious, Quaint, and Out-of-the-Way Matters. By ELIEZER EDWARDS. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, ?s. dd. Diderot. The Paradox of Acting. Translated, with Notes, by WALTER HERRIES POLLOCK. With Preface by Sir HENRY IRVING. Crown 8vo. parchment, 4s. (J. Dobson (Austin), Works by. Thomas Bewick and his Pupils. With 95 Illustrations. Square Svo, cloth, 6s. Four Frenchwomen. With Four Portraits. Crown Svo, buckram, gilt top 6s. Eighteenth Century Vignettes. Two SERIES. Crown Svo, buckram, 6s. each. A THIRD SERIES is nearly ready. Dobson (W. T.). Poetical Ingenuities and Eccentricities. Post 8vo, cloth limp, ar. 6a. Donovan (Dick), Detective Stories by. Post 8vo, illustrated boards, ar. each ; cloth limp, 2s. 6d. each. The Man-Hunter. I Wanted! I A Detective's Triumphs. Caught at Last. -j In the Crip of the Law. Tracked and Taken. From Information Received. Who Poisoned Hetty Duncan ? Link by Link, j Dark Deeds. Suspicion Aroused. I Riddles Read. Crown Svo, cloth extra, v. 6tf. each ; post Svo, illustrated boards, 21. each ; cloth, as. 6d. each. The Man from Manchester. With 23 Illustrations. Tracked to Doom. With Six full-page Illustrations by GORDON BROWNB. The Mystery of Jamaica Terrace. Crown Svo, cloth, y. 6d. Doyle (A. Conan). The Firm of Oirdlestone. Cr. 8vo, cl.. 35. 6d. Dramatists, The Old. Crown 8vo, cl. ex., with Portraits, 65. per Vol.' Ben Jonson's Works. With Notes, Critical and Explanatory, and a Biographical Memoir by WILLIAM GlFFORD. Edited by Colonel CUNNINGHAM. Three Vols. Chapman's Works. Three Vols. Vol. I. contains the Plays complete ; Vol. II., Poems and Minor Translations, with an Essay by A. C. SWINBURNE: Vol. III., Translations of the Iliad and Odyssey. Marlowe's Works. Edited, with Notes, by Colonel CUNNINGHAM. One Vol. Masslnger's Plays. From GlFFORD'S Text. Edited by Colonel CUNNINGHAM. One Vol. Duncan (Sara Jeannette: Mrs. EVERARD COTES), Works by. Crown Svo, cloth extra, js. td. each. A Social Departure. With TII Illustrations by F. H. TOWNSEND. An American Girl In London. With 80 Illustrations by F. H. TOWNSEND. The Simple Adventures of a Memsahib. With 37 Illustrations by F. H. TOWNSEND. Crown Svo, cloth extra, y. (*{. each. A Daughter of To-Day. I Vernon's Aunt. With 47 Illustrations by HAL HURST. Dyer (T. F. Thlselton). The Folk- Lore of Plants. Cr. 8vo. cl.. 65. Early English Poets. Edited, with Introductions and Annotations, by Rer. A. B. GROSART, D.D. Crown Svo. cloth boards, 6s. per Volume. Fletcher's (Giles) Complete Poems. One Vol. Davles' (Sir John) Complete Poetical Works. Two Vols. Herrlck's Robert' Complete Collected Poems. Three Vols. SldneyJs^Slr Phlllpi Complete Poetical Works. Three Vols. Edgcumbe (Sir E. R. Pearce). Zephyrus: A Holiday in Brazil and on the River Plate. With 41 Illustrations. Crown 8ro, cloth extra, y. Edison, The Life and Inventions of Thomas A. By W. K. L. and ANTONIA DICKSON. With zoo Illustrations by R. F. OUTCALT, &c. Deniy 4to, cloth gilt, iti. 8 CHATTO & WINDUS, no & in St. Martin's Lane. London. W.C. Edv/ardes (Mrs. Annie), Novels by. Post 8vo, illustrated boar-Is, ys. each. Archie Lovell. 1 A Pointer Honour. Edwards (Eliezer). Words, Facts, and Phrases: A Dictionary of Curious Quaint, and (Jut-of-thc-Way Matteis. Crown ':\<:. i .loth. 71. 6,/. Edwards (M. Betham-), Novels by. Kitty. Post 8vo. boards, -': < lutli. or. (*(._ | Ffillcln.. r.i-.t "v .. i!!nstr.itr> ,1 Ivnunls. ?s. Egerton (Rev. J. C., M. A.). -Sussex Folk and Sussex Ways. Witli Intro. Gardner (Mrs. Alan). Rifle and Spear with the Rajpoots : Being? the Narrative of a Winter's Travel and Sport in Northern India. With numerous Illustrations by the Author and F. H. TOWNSEND. Demy 4to, half-bound, zis. Garrett (Edward). The Capel Girls: A Novel. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, with two Illustrations, y. 6d. ; post 8vo, illustrated boards, ys.. Gaulot (Paul). The Red Shirts: A Story of the Revolution.. Trans- lated by JOHN DB VlLLIERS. With a Frontispiece by STANLEY WOOD. Crown 8vo, cloth, 31. 6,i. Gentleman's Magazine, The. 15. Monthly. Contains Stories, Articles upon Literature, Science, Biojjraphy, and Art, and Table Talk ' by SVI.VANUS URBAN. ** Kottnd L r t>hius/or recent years kept in strict-, Rf. 6.r". eafh. Cases for bintiiiii;. vs. Gentleman's Annual, The. Published Annually in November, is. That for 1896 is entitled A Minion of tho Moon, by T. W. SPEIGHT. German Popular Stories. Collected by the Brothers GRIMM and Translated by KoAR TAYLOR. With Introduction by JOHN KuSKIN, and 22 Steel Plates after GEORGE CRUIKSHANK. Square 8vo, cloth, oj. 6rf. ; gOtadges, ?J. &/. Gibbon (Chas.), Novels by. Cr. 8vo, cl., 35. 6d. ea.; post Svo, bds., zs. ea. Robin Gray. Frontispiece. | The Golden Shaft. Frontispiece. | Loving a Dream. Post 8vo, illustrated boards, xs. each. The Flower of the Forest. The Dead Heart. For Lack of Gold. What Will the World Say? For the King. I A Hard Knot. ~[Ueen of the Meadow, n Pastures Green. In Love and War. A Heart's Problem. By Mead and Stream. The Braes of Yarrow. Fancy Free. | Of High Degree. In Honour Bound. Heart's Delight. | Blood-Money. ? Gilbert (W. S.), Original Plays by. In Three Series, zs. 6d. each. The FIRST SKKIKS contain*. : Tin- XVI. krd World Pygmalion and Galatea Charity The Princess Tin- I'.il.Ke "f Truth -Tri.il l.v Jury. The Slier >N l> SKKIKS: lirokni Hearts I-:ni;.nr-:il Sweethearts Grctchun Danl Druco Tom t'libli -II. M.S. ' Pinafore 'The Sorc.-rur -Thi- 1'iralrs ,,f P.-II/.L.I. i-. The THIKK SKKIKS : c.inev W. S. r.ii.m-i; r. Contalninir : The Sorcerer H.M S 1 Final. in- 'The Pir.it. .:Iolaiilhe Patience Princess Ida 1 he Mikadu Trial bv Jury. Demy Svo, clolh limp, is. txt. The Gilbert and Sullivan Birthday Book: Quotations (br Every Day in the Year, selected from Plays by W. S. Gn.HKRT set to Music by Sir A. SULLIVAN. Compiled by ALEX. WATSON. Royal i6:ao, Japanese leather, 31. 64, 10 CHATTO & WINDUS, no & ui St. Martin's Lane, London, W.C. Gilbert (William), Novels by. Post 8vo, illustrated bds., 2s. each. Dr. Austin's Guests. I James Duke, Costermonger. The Wizard of the Mountain. | Glanville (Ernest), Novels by. Crown Svo, cloth extra, 3*. (xt. each ; post Svo, illustrated boards, is. each. The Lost Heiress : A Tale of Love. Battle, and Adventure. With Two Illustrations by H. NlSBET. The Fossicker : A Romance of Mashonaland. With Two Illustrations by HUilE NlSBET. A Fair Colonist. With a Frontispiece by STANLEY WOOD. The Golden Rock. With a Frontispiece by STANLEY WOOD. Crown Svo, cloth extra, y. 6J. Kloof Yarns. Crown Svo, picture cover, is. ; cloth, is. fid. Glenny (George). A Year's Work in Garden and Greenhouse: Practical Advice as to the Management of the Flower, Fruit, and Frame Garden. Post Svo, is. ; cloth, i s. &i. Godwin (William). Lives of the Necromancers. Post Svo. cl., 25. Golden Treasury of Thought, The: An Encyclopaedia of QUOTA- TIONS. Edited by THEODORE TAYLOR. Crown Svo, cloth gilt, js. 6d. Gontaut, Memoirs of the Duchesse de (Gouvernante to the Chil- dren of France), 1773-1836. With Two Photogravures. Two Vols., demy Svo. cloth extra, us. Goodman (E. J.). The Fate of Herbert Wayne. Cr. 8vo. 35. 6d. Graham (Leonard). The Professor's Wife: A Story. Fcp. 8vo. is. Greeks and Romans, The Life of the, described from Antique Monuments. By ERNST GUHL and W. KONER. Edited by Dr. F. HUEFKER. With 545 Illustra- tions. Large crown Svo, cloth extra, is. 6J. Greenwood (James), Works by. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 35. >d. each. The Wilds of London. | Low-Life Deeps. Greville (Henry), Novels by. Nikanor. Translated by ELIZA E. CHASE. Post Svo, illustrated boards, is. A Noble Woman. Crown Svo. cloth extra, y. ; post Svo, illustrated boards, is. Griffith (Cecil). Corinthia Marazion : A Novel, Crown 8vo, cloth extra, y. M. ; post Svo, illustrated boards, is. Grundy (Sydney). The Days of his Vanity: A Passage in the Life of a Young Man. Crown Svo. cloth extra, y. 6tt. : post Svo, illustrated boards, is. Habberton (John, Author of ' Helen's Babies '), Novels by. Post Svo, illustrated boards, is. each : cloth limp, is. 6d. each. Brueton's Bayou. I Country Luck. Hair, The : Its Treatment in Health, Weakness, and Disease. Trans- lated from the German of Dr. J. PINCUS. Crown Svo, tr. ; cloth, is. 6d. Hake (Dr. Thomas Gordon), Poems by. Cr. 8vo, cl. ex., 65. each. Mew Symbols. | Legends of the Morrow. | The Serpent Play. Maiden Ecstasy. Small 410, cloth extra, Ss. Halifax (C.). Dr. Rumsey's Patient. By Mrs. L. T. MEADE and CLIFFORD HALIFAX. M.D. Crown Svo. cloth. 6s. Hall (Mrs. S. C.). Sketches of Irish Character. With numerous Illustrations on Steel and Wood by MACLISE, GILBERT, HARVEY, and GEORGE CRUIKSHANK. Small demy Svo. cloth extra, ?s. 6rf. Hall (Owen). The Track of a Storm. Crown Svo. cloth, 6s. Halliday (Andrew). Every-day Papers. Post 8vo. boards, zs. Handwriting, The Philosophy of. "With over 100 Facsimiles and Explanatory Text. By DON FELIX DH SALAMANCA. Post Svo. cloth limp, is. M. Hanky-Panky: Easy and Difficult Tricks, White Magic, Sleight of Hand. &c Edited by W. H. CREMER. With goo Illustrations. Crown Svo. cloth extra. 4J. 6rf. Hardy (Lady Duff us). Paul Wynter's Sacrifice. Post 8vo. bds., 25. Hardy (Thomas). Under the Greenwood Tree. Crown 8vo. cloth extra, with Portrait and 15 Illustrations, y. (xt. ; po't 8vo, illustrated boards, is. cloth limp, is. &f. Harwood (J. Berwick). The Tenth Earl, Post 8vo, boards, ?s. CHATTO & WlNDUS, tio & in St. Martin's Lane. London, W.C. 11 Harte's (Bret) Collected Works. Revised by the Author. LIBRARY EDITION, in Nine Volumes, crown 8vo, cloth extra, 63-. each. Vol. I. COMPLETE POETICAL AND DRAMATIC WORKS. With Steel-plate Portrait. II. THE LUCK OF ROARING CAMP BOHEMIAN PAPERS AMERICAN LEGENDS. in. TALES OF THE ARGONAUTS EASTERN SKETCHES. ., IV. GABRIEL CONROY. | Vol. V. STORIES CONDENSED NOVELS, &c. VI. TALES OF THE PACIFIC SLOPE. VII. TALES OF THE PACIFIC SLOPE II. With Portrait by JOHN PETTIE, R.A, VIII. TALES OF TUP. PINE AND THE CYPRESS. IX. BUCKEYE AND CHAPPAREL. The Select Works of Bret Harte, in Prose and Poetry. With Introductory Essay by J. M. BEI.LEW, Portrait of the A :thor, and 50 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, ^s. 6d. Bret Harte's Poetical Works. Printed on hand-made paper. Crown 8vo. buckram. 4*. 6rf. A New Volume of Poems. Crown 8vo. buckram, jr. (frM. Crmvn s'v<>. < l..;!i rxtra. 6j. . . Hesse- Wartegg (Chevalier Ernst von). Tunis: The Land and the People. With m Illustrations. Crown 8vo. cloth extra, 3.1. (,.t. ' , Hill (Headon). Zambra the Detective. Post 8vo, hds. . 25. ; cl.. zs. 6d. Hill (John), Works by. Treason-Felony. Post 8vo, boards, if. ] The Common Ancestor. Cr. Rvo. cloth, jr. 6rf. Hindley (Charles), Works by. Tavern Anecdotes and Sayings: Including ng- Reminiscences connected with Coffee Houses, Clubs, &c. With Illustrations." Crown 8vo, cloth extra, jr. (xC. The Life and Adventures of a Cheap Jack. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, jr. dt. Hod ges (Sydney). When Leaves were Green. 3vols..i55. net. Hoey (Mrs. Cashel). The Lover's Creed. Post 8vo, boards, zs. Holiday, Where to go for a. By E. P. SHOLL, Sir H. MAXWELL, Bart., M.P.. JOHN WATSON, JANE BARLOW, MARY LOVHTT CAMERON, JUSTIN H. MCCARTHY, PAUL LANGE, J. W. GRAHAM, J. H. SALTER, PHIEHU ALI.I-N, s. J. BKCKK.TT, L. RIVERS VINK, and C. F. GORDON CUMMING. Crown 8vo. ij. ; clnth. u. 6d. Hollingshead (John). Niagara Spray. Crown 8vo. is. Holmes (Gordon, M.D.) The Science of Voice Production and Voice Preservation. Crown 8vo. u. ; cloth, u. 6d. Holmes (Oliver Wendell), Works by. The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table. Illustrated by J. GORDON THOMSON. Post 8vo, cloth limp, is. 6rf. Another Edition, post 8vo, cloth, is. The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table and The Professor at the Breakfast-Table. In One Vol. Post SYO, half-bouml. is. , Hood's~(Thomas)'~Ctiolce Works in Prose and Verse. With Life of the Author. Portrait, and 200 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, js. 6ti. Hood's Whims and Oddities. With 85 Illustrations. Post 8vo. half-bound, is. Hood (Tom). From Nowhere to the North Pole: A Noah's Arkicological Narrative. With 35 Illustrations by W. BRUNTON and E. C. BARNES. Cf. &vo, cloth. 6r. Hook's (Theodore) Choice Humorous Works; including his Ludi- crous Adventures, Bons Mots, Puns, and Hoaxes. With Life of the Author, Portraits, Facsimiles, and Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, ^s. 6d. Hooper (Mrs. Geo.). The House of Raby. Post 8vo, boards, 25. Hopkins (Tighe). "Twixt Love and Duty.* Post 8vo, boards, -zs. Home (R. Hengist). Orion : An Epic Poem. With Photograph Portrait by SUMMERS. Tenth Edition. Crown Bvo, cloth extra, 7*. . Hungerford (Mrs., Author of Molly Bawn '), Novels by. Post 8vo, illustrated boards, zs. each : cloth limp, at. 6rf. each. A Maiden All Forlorn. I In Durance Vile. A Mental Struggle. Marvel. I A Modern Circe. | Crown 8vo, cloth extra, jr. 6d. each ; post 8vo, illustrated boards, zr. each : cloth limp, as. 64. each. Lady Verner's Flight. I The Red-House Mystery. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, jr. 6rf. each. The Three Graces. With 6 Illustraiions. The Professor's Experiment. With Frontispiece by E. J. WHEELER. A Point of Conscience. [Fell. 1897. Hunt's (Leigh) Essays : A Tale for a Chimney Corner, &c. Edited by EDMUND OLLIER. Post 8vo, half-bouml, is. ' ' Hunt (Mrs. Alfred), Novel? by. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, jr. er and cloth, is. 6d. Indoor Paupers. By ONE OP THEM. Crown 8vo, is. ; cloth, is. 6d. Ingelow (Jean). Fated to be Free. Post 8vo, illustrated bds., as. Innkeeper's Handbook (The) and Licensed Victualler's Manual. By J. TREVOR-DAVIES. Crown Svo, is. -. cloth, is. 6tt. Irish Wit and Humour, Songs of. Collected and Edited by A. PERCEVAL GRAVES. Post 8ro, cloth limp, zr. 6d. Irving (Sir Henry) : A Record of over Twenty Years at the Lyceum. By PERCY FITZGERALD. With Portrait. Crown 8vo, IT. ; cloth, is. 6J. James (C. T. C.). A Romance of the Queen's Hounds. Post 8vo, picture cover, it. ; cloth limp, is. 6d. Jameson (William). My Dead Self. Post 8 vo, bds. ,25, ; cl., 2$. 6d. JappJAIex. H., LL.D. ). Dramatic Pictures, &c. Cr. 8vo, cloth. 55 . Jay (Harriett), Novels by. Post 8vo, illustrated hoards. 2$. each. The Dark Colleen. | The Queen of Connaught. Jefferies (Richard), Works by. Post 8vo. cloth limp, 2s. 6d. each. Nature near London. | The Life of the Fields. | The Open Air. *** Also the HAND-MADE PAPER EDITION, crown 8vo, buckram, gilt top, 6s. each. The Eulogy of Richard JefTeries. By Sir WALTER BESANT. With a Photograph Portrait. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, dr. Jennings (Henry J.), Works by. Curiosities of Criticism. Post 8vo, cloth limp, is. 6tf. Lord Tennyson : A Biographical sketch. With Portrait. Post Svo, is. ; cloth, is. 6tt. Jerome (Jerome K.), Books by. Stageland. With 64 Illustrations by J. BERNARD PARTRIDGE. Fcap. t. The Prude's Progress : A Comedy by J. K. jKROMBand EDEN PlllLI.POTTS. Cr.Svo, is. 6et. Jerrold (Douglas). The Barber's Chair; and The Hedgehog Letters. Post 8vo, printed on laid paper and half-bound, at. Jerrold (Tom), Works by. Post 8vo, is. ea. ; cloth limp, is. 6d. each. The Garden that Paid .the Rent. Household Horticulture : A Gossip about Flowers. Illustrated. Jesse (Edward). Scenes and Occupations of a Country Life. Post Svo, cloth limp, is. Jones (William, F.S.A.), Works by. Cr. 8vo, cl. extra. 7$. 6d. each. Finger-Ring Lore: Historical. Legendary, and Anecdotal. With nearly 300 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised and Hnlarnod. Credulities, Past and Present. Including the Sea and Seamen, Miners, Talismans, Word an, I Letter Divination, hxort King ami Blessing of Animals, Hirds, Kir ITS l.uck, &c. Wilh i-'romispide. Crowns and Coronations: A History of Regalia. With iou illustrations. Jonson's (Ben) Works. With Notes Critical and Explanatory, and a Biographical Memoir by WILLIAM GlFFORD. Edited by Colonel CUNNINGHAM. Three Vck. crown Svo, cloth extra, 6s. each. Josephus, The Complete Works of. Translated by WHISTON. Con- tainine ' The Antiquities of the lews' and 'The Wars of the Jews.' With 51 Illustrations and Maps. Two vols.. demy 8ro. half-hound, igf. 64. Kempt (Robert). Pencil and Palette: Chapters on Art and Artists. Post Svo, cloth limp, zr. 6J. Kershaw (Mark). Colonial Facts and Fictions: Humorous Sketches. Post Rvo. illusiratrit boards, ?r. ; cloth, at. 6d. King (R. Ashe), Novels by. Cr. Svo, cl., 3$. 6d. ea.; post Svo.bds., zs. ea. A Drawn Gam*. I 'The Wearing of the Green.' Post 8vo, illustrated boards. 2J. each. Passion's Slav*. I Bell Barry. 14 CHATTO A WlNDCS, Ito & ut St. Martin's Lane, London, W.g. Knight (William, M.R.C.S., and Edward, L.R.C.P.). The Patient's Yade Mecum ; How to Get Most Benefit from Medical Advice. Cr. 8vo. IT. ; cl., if. 64. Knights (The) of the Lion : A Romance of the Thirteenth Century Edited, with an Introduction, by the MARQUESS OF LORNR. K.T. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 61. Lamb's (Charles) Complete Works in Prose and Verse, including Poetry for Children and Prince Dorus.' Edited, with Notes and Introduction, by R. H. SHEP- HERD. With Two Portraits and Facsimile of the Essay on RoastPig.' Crown 8vo, half-bd., ;.r. bd. Tha Essays of Ella. Post 8vo, printed on laid paper and half-bound] is. Little Essays : Sketches and Characters by CHARLES LAMB, selected from his Letters by PERCY FITZGERALD. Post 8vo, cloth limp, is. 6d. The Dramatic Essays of Charles Lamb. With Introduction and Notes by BRANDER MAT- THEWS, and Steel-plate Portrait. Fcap. 8vo, half-bound. is. 6rf. Landor (Walter Savage). Citation and Examination of William Shakspeare, &c.. before Sir Thomas Lucy, touching Deer-stealing, iglh September. 1582. To which is added, A Conference of Master Edmund Spenser with the Earl of Essex, touching the State of Ireland. 1595. Fcap. 8vo, half-Roxburghe. is. 6rf. Lane (Edward William). The Thousand and One Nights, com- monly called in England The Arabian Nights' Entertainments. Translated from the Arabic, with Notes. Illustrated with many hundred Engravings from Designs by HARVEY. Edited by EDWARD STANLEY POOLH. with Preface by STANLEY LANE-I'OOI.E. Three Vols., demy 8vo, cloth, ?j. o./. ea. Larwood (Jacob), Works by. The Story of the London Parks. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, y. 6J, Anecdotes of the Clcrjy. Post 8vo, laid paper, half-bound, 21. Post 8vo, cloth limp, is. 6d. each. Forensic Anecdotes. I Theatrical Anecdotes. Lehmann (R. C.), Works by. Post 8vo, 15. eacb ; cloth, is. 6d. each. Harry Fludyer at Cambridge. Conversational Hints for Young Shooters : A Guide to Polite Talk. Leigh (Henry S.), Works by. Carols of Cockayne. Printed on hanrf-made paper, bound in buckram, gj. Jeux d'Esprlt. Edited by HENRY S. l.KIGH. Post 8vo, cloth limp, is. (*i, Leland (C. Godfrey). A Manual of Mending and Repairing. With Diagrams. Crown 8vc>, cloth. $j. Lepelletier (Edmond). Madame Sans-Gene. Translated from the French by JOHN DE VlLLlERS. Crown 8vo. cloth extra, y. 6d. Leys (John). The Lindsays: A Romance. Post 8vo, illust.bds. , 25. Lindsay (Harry). Rhoda Roberts: A Welsh Mining Story. Crown 8vo, cloth, y. 6d. Linton (E. Lynn), Works by. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, y. 6J. each; post 8vo, illustrated boards, it. each. Patricia Kemball. I lone. Under which Lord ? With 12 Illustrations. The Atonement of Learn Dundas. 'My Love!' j Sowing the WinU. The World Well Lost. With 12 Illusts. Paston Carew. Millionaire and Miser. The One Too Many. Post 8vo, illustrated boards, is. each. ffke Eebel of tha Family. | With a Silken Thread. Post 8vo, cloth limp, is. 6d. each. Witch Stories. | Ourselves: Essays on Women. Freeshootlng: Extracts from the Works of Mrs. LYNN LINTON. Dulcie E verton. a rols., crown 8vo, tot. net. Lucy (Henry W.). Gideon Fleyce: A Novel. Crown 8vo. cloth extra, y. 6J. ; post 8vo, illustrated boards, aj. Macalpine (Avery), Novels by. Teresa Itasca. Crown 8vo. cloth extra, IT. Bt-oken Wings. With Six Illustrations by W. J. HENNESSY. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 6. MacCoII (Hugh), Novels by. Mr. Stranger's Sealed Packet. Post 8vo, Illustrated boards, zr. Ednor Whitlock. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 6s. Macdonell (Agnes). Quaker Cousins. Post 8vo, boards. 25. MacGregor (Robert). Pastimes and Players: Notes on Popular Games. Post 8vo, cloth limp, is. 6d. Mackay (Charles, LL.D.). Interludes and Undertones; or, Music at Twilight. Crgwa 8 Y o, cloth extra, 6t. CHATTO & WINDUS, no & in St. Martin's Lane, London. W.C. 13 McCarthy (Justin, M.P.), Works by. A History of Our Own Times, from the Accession of Queen Victoria to the General Election of 1880. Four Vols., demy vo. cloth extra, its. sach. Also a POPULAR EDITION, in Four Vols.. crown 8vo. cloth extra, dr. each. Audtne JUHILBH EDITION, with an Appendix of Events to the end of iSM. in Two Vols., large crown Svu, cloth extra. TT. M. each. *.* Vol. V., bringing the narrative down to tbe end o! the Sixtieth Year of the Queen s Reign. Is hi preparation. Demy Xvo, cloth, IZT. A Short History of Our Own Time*. One Vol.. crown tfvo. cloth extra, dr. Also a CHEAP POPULAR EDITION, post 8vo, cloth limp. 2*. 5rf. A History of tne Four Georges. Four Vols., demy 8vo. cl. ex.. IM. each. fVols. I. & II. rtaiiy. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, ji. 6.*. eaca ; post ivo, illustrated boards, 21. each ; cloth limp, zr. bd. each. The Waterdale Neighbours. My Enemy's Daughter, A Fair Saxon. Linley Rochford. Dear Lady Disdain. Miss Misanthrope. With 12 Illustration*. Donna Quixote. With 12 Illustrations. The Comet of a Season. Maid of Athens. With 12 Illustrations. Camiola : A c.irl with a Fortune. The Dictator. Red Diamonds. The Riddle Ring. Crown 8vo. cloth, -is. 64. [May, 1897. 4 The Right Honourable.' By JUSTIN MCCARTHY, M. P., and Mrs. CAMPBELL PRAED. Crown cloth extra. 6s. McCarthy (Justin Huntly), Works by. The French Revolution, (Constituent Assembly, 1789-90. Four Vols., demv 8vo. cloth extra, 121. each. Vols. I. & II. ready ; Vols. ill. & IV. in tfu freis. An Outline of the History of Ireland. Crown 8vo, IT. : cloth. IT. M. Ireland Since the Union : Sketches of Irish History. 1798-1886. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6r. Haflz In London : Poems. Small 8vo, gold cloth, y. &/. Our Sensation Novel. Crown 8vo, picture cover, IT. ; cloth limp, IT. 6d. Doom : An Atlantic Episode. Crown 8vo, picture cover, is. Dally : A Sketch. Crown 8vo, picture cover, IT. ; cloth limp, IT. 6d. Lily Lass : A Romance. Crown 8vo, picture cover, IT. ; cloth limp, IT. 6d. The Thousand and One Days. With Two Photogravures. Two Vols., crown Svo. half-bd., IIT. A London Legend. Crown 8vo, cloth, ST. dd. MacDonald (George, LL.D.), Books by. Works of Fancy and Imagination. Ten Vols., i6mo, cloth, gilt edges, In cloth case, 2iT. : or the Volumes may be had separately, in Grolier cloth, at 2r. 6J. each. Vol. I. WITHIN AND WITHOUT. THE HIDDEN LIFE. II. THE DISCIPLE. THE GOSPEL WOMEN. BOOK OF SONNETS. ORGAN SONGS. III. VIOLIN SONGS. SONGS OF THE DAYS AND NIGHTS. A BOOK OF DREAMS. ROADSIDB POEMS. POEMS FOR CHILDREN. IV. PARABLES. BALLADS. SCOTCH SONGS. V. & VI. PHANTASTES : A Faerie Romance. | Vol. VII. THE PORTENT. VIII. THE LIGHT PRINCESS. THE GIANT'S HEART. SHADOWS. IX. CROSS PURPOSES. THE GOLDEN KEY. THE CARASOYN. LITTLE DAYLIGHT. X. THE CRUEL PAINTER. THE wow o' RIVVEN. THE CASTLE. THE BROKEN SWORDS. THE GRAY WOLP. UNCLE CORNELIUS. Poetical Works of George MacDonald. Collected and Arranged by the Author. Two Vols., crown 8vo, buckram, I2T. A Threefold Cord. Edited by GEORGE MACDONALD. Post Svo, cloth, ST. Phantasies : A Faerie Romance, With 25 Illustrations by J. BELL. Crown Svo, cloth extra, jr. 6d. Heather and Snow : A Novel. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, .v. 6s. ; post 8vo, illust. boards, a, Poems. .Small to, parchment. 8s. Is Life Worth Living? Crown 8vo. cloth extra. 6s. Marks (H. S., R.A.), Pen and Pencil Sketches by. With Four Photogravures and 136 Illustrations. Two Vols. demy Svo, cloth, 33*. Marlowe's Works. Including his Translations. Edited, with Notes and Introductions, by Colonel CUNNINGHAM. Crown 8vo. cloth extra. 6s. Marryat (Florence), Novels by. Post 8vo, illust. boards, zs. each. A Harvest ot Wild Oats. I Fighting the Air. Open ! Sesame ! | Written in Fire. Massinger's Plays. From the Text of WILLIAM GIFFORD. Edited by Col. CUNNINGHAM. 'Crown 8vo. cloth extra, 6j. Masterman (J.) Half -a- Dozen Daughters. Post 8vo. boards, 2;. Matthews (Brander). A Secret of the Sea, &c. Post 8vo, illus- . t rated boards. . ; cloth limp. 3S. dd. Mayhew (Henry). London Characters, and the Humorous Side of London Life. With numerous Illustration';. Crown Sv.o, cloth, y. M. Meade (L. T.), Novels by. A Soldier of Fortune. Crown Svo, cloth, -r. Cit. ; post 8ro, illustrated boards, or. Crown 8vo, clnth, $s. 6d each. In an Iron Grip. | The Voice of the Charmer. With 8 Illustrations.[/V. Dr. Rumsey's Patient. By L. T. MEADE and CLIKFOR D HALIFAX. M.D. Crown 8vo. cl. 6s. Merrick (Leonard), Stories by. The Man who was Good. Post Svo, picture boards, at. This Stage of Fools. Crown Svo, cloth, v. 6./. Mexican Mustang (On a), through Texas to the Rio Grande. By A. E. SWEET and J. ARMOY K.NOX With 265 Illustrations. Crown Svo. cloth extra. ?s. 6d. Middlemass (Jean), Novels by.. Post 8vo, illust. boards, 25. each. Touch and Go. ' I Mr. Dorlllion. Miller (Mrs. F. Fenwick). Physiology for the Young; or, The House of Life. With numerous Illustrations. Punt Rvo, doth limp, vs. (xi. Milton (J. L.), Works by. Post 8vo, is. each ; cloth, 15. 6d. each. The Hygiene of the Skin. \Viih Directions for Diet, Soaps, Baths, Wines, &c. The Bath in Diseases of the Skin. The Laws of Life, and their Relation to Diseases of the Skin. Minto (Wm.). Was She Good or Bad? Cr.Svo. is.; cloth, is. 6/1. Mitford (Bertram), Novels by. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 35. 6d. each. The Gun-Runner: A Romance of Znluland. With a Frontispiece by STANLEY ! WOOD. The Luck of Gerard Rldgeley. With a Frontispiece by STANLEY L. WOOD. The King's Assegai. With Six full-patfe Illustrations by STANLEY L. WOOD. Renshaw Farming's Quest. With a Frontispiece by 'STANLEY L. WOOD. Molesworth (Mrs.), Novels by. Hathercourt Rectory. Post Svo, illustrated boards, aj. That Girl In Black. Crown Svo. cloth, u. 6rf. Moncrieff (W. D. Scott-). The Abdication: An Historical Drama, with Seven Etchinfrs by JOHN PKTTIF., w. o. ORCHARDSON, J. MACWHIRTER. COLIN HUNTER. _ K. MACBETH ami TOM GRAHAM. Imperial 410. buckram, au. Moore (Thomas), Works by. The Epicurean ; and Alclpliron. Post Rvo, half-bound, a.r. Prose and Verse; Including 1 Suppressed iMssajyrs from the MEMOIRS OP LORD BYRON. Edited by K. II. SMI I-HI kli. With Portrait. Crown 8v>. clolh extra, ys.Ctf. Muddock (J. E.) Stories by. Crown Svo, cloth extra, v- frf. each. Maid Marian and Robin Hood. With 12 Illustrations by STANLEY WOOD. Basile the Jester. With Frontispiece by STANLEY WOOD. Young Lochlnvar. Post Svo, illustrated boards. 2j. each. The Dead Man's Secret. ! From the Bosom of the Deep, Stories Weird and Wonderful, Post 8vo, illustrated boards, is. ; cic;h., w, W, CHATTO & WINDUS, no & in St. Martin's Lane, London. W.C. 17 Murray (D. Christie), Novels by. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 3*. 6d. Nisbet (Hume), Books by. ' Bail Up." Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 3*. M. : post 8vo. illustrated boards, at. Dr. Bernard St. Vincent. Post Bvo, illustrated boards, zs. Lessons In Art. With 21 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, is. 6d. 'Where Art Begins. With 27 Illustrations. Square 8vo, cloth extra, 7*. 6icce By HELEN PA/I fcRSp.N. y. 6rf, pgst 8vo, illustralgd bonrd.i, v. i8 CHATTO & WINDUS, no & in St. Martin's Lane, London, W.C. Payn (James), Novels by. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, y. 6d. each ; post Svo, illustrated boards, is. each. Lost Sir IHasstngberd. Walter's Word. Less Black than We're Painted. By Proxy. | For Cash Only. High Spirits. Under One Roof. A Confidential Agent. With 12 Illusts. A Grape from a Thorn. With 12 Illusts. Holiday Tasks. The Canon's Ward. With Portrait. The Talk of the Town. With is lllujts. Clour- Worm Tales. The Mystery of Mirbrtdge. The Word and the Will. The Burnt million. Sunny Stories. 1 .ft Trying Patient. Humorous Stories. 1 From Exile. The Foster Brothers. The Family Scapegrace. Married Beneath Him. Bentinck's Tutor, i A County Family. A Perfect Treasure. Like Father, Like Son. A Woman's Vengeance. Carlyon's Year. I Cecil's Tryst. Murphy's Master. | At Her Mercy. Post 8vo. illustrated boards, 2J. each. The Clyffards of Clyffe. Found Dead. I Gwendoline's Harvest* Mirk Abbey. | A Marine Residence. Some Private Views. Not Wooed, But Won. Two Hundred Pounds Reward. The Best of Husbands. Halves. I What He Cost Her. Fallen Fortunes. | Kit : A Memory. A Prince of the Blood. In Peril and Privation. With 17 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth, y. 6d. Notes from the ' News.' Crown 8vo, portrait cover, is. : cloth, is. 6d. _ _^ Payne (Will). Jerry the Dreamer. Crown 8vo, cloth, 35. 6d. Pennell (H. Cholmondeley), Works by. Post 8vo, cloth, 2*. Cxi. ea. Puck on Pegasus. With Illustrations. Pegasus Re-Saddled. With Ten full-pasfe Illustrations bv . Du MAURI The Muses of Mayfalr : Vers de Societe. Selected by H. C. PENNELL. Phelps (E. Stuart), Works by. Post 8vo, is. ea. ; cloth, is. 6d. ea. Beyond the Gates. | An Old Maid's Paradise. | Burglars In Paradise. Jack the Fisherman. Illustrated by C. W. RHRD~Crown gvo. it. ; cloth, is. bd. Phil May's Sketch^Boolci Containing 50 full-page Drawings. Imp. 4to. art canvas, gilt top, lof. 6rf. Phipson (Dr. T. L..). Famous Violinists and Fine Violins: Historical No'es, Anecdotes, and Reminiscences. Crown 8vo, cloth, y. PirkislCTM, NovclFbyT" Trooping with Crows. Fcap. 8vo, picture cover, is. Lady Lovelace. Post 8ro, illustrated boards, is. Planche (J. R.), Works by. The Pursuivant of Arms. With Six Plates and 209 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth, 7^. 6ri. Songs and Poems, 1810-1879. With Introduction bv Mrs. MACKARNESS. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6.r. Plutarch's Lives of Illustrious Men. With Notes and a Life of Plutarch by JOHN and WM. L.ANGHORNE. and Portraits. Two Vols.. demy 8vo, half-bound IQJ. 6rf. Poe's (Edgar Allan) Choice Works in Prose and Poetry. With Intro- duction by CHARLES BAUDELAIRE. Portrait and Facsimiles. Crown 8vo, cloth, 7*. 6d. The Mystery of Marie Roget, &c. Post 8vo. illustrated boards, aj. Pollock (W. H.). The Charm, and other Drawing-room Plays. By Sir WALTER BESANT and WALTER H. POLLOCK. 50 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo. cloth gilt, 6s. [Shortly. Pope's Poetical Works. Post 8vo. cloth limp. 23. Porter (John). Kingsclere. Edited by BYRON WEBBER. With 19 full-page and many smaller Illustrations. Second Edition. Demy 8vo. cloth decorated. i8j. Praed (Mrs. Campbell), Novels by. Post 8vo, illust. bds., 2$. each. The Romance of a Station. I The Soul of Countess Adrian. Crown 8vo, cloth, y. 6d. each : post 8vo, boards, u. each. Outls w and Lawmaker. I Christina Chard. With Frontispiece by W. PACF.T. Mrs. Tregasklss. With 8 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, y. 6rf. {Jan. 189; PriceT(ETc.), Novels!^ Crown 8vo, cloth extra, y. 6d. each : post 8vo, illustrated boards, is. each. Valentlna. I The Foreigners. | Mrs. Lancaster's Rival. Gerald. Post 8vo, Illustrated boards, ar. Princess Olga. Radna; A Novel. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 6s. Proctor (Richard A., B.A.), Works by. Flowers of the Sky With 55 Illustrations. Small crown 8vo. cloth extra, y. 6J. Easy Star Lessons. With Star Maps for every Night in the Year. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6s. Familiar Science Studies. Crown 8vo, cloth ei'ra. 6s. Saturn and Its System. With 13 Steel Plates. Demy 8vo, cloth extra, roj. &f. Mysteries of Time and Space. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, ft/, The Universe of Suns. . clutli c:\lra, 7.1. M. Rowley (Hon. Hugh), Works by. Post Svo, cloth, 2$. 6d. each. Ptinlana: Riddles and Jokes. With numerous Illustrations. More Puniana. Profusely Illustrated. Runciman (James), Stories by. Post 8%'o, bds., 2.?. ea.; cl. , 25. bd. ea. Skippers and Shellbacks. I Grace Balmaign's Sweetheart. Schools and Scholars. I ' Russell (Dora), Novels by. Crown 8vo, cloth, 35. td. each. A Country Sweetheart. I The Drift of Fate. Russell (W. Clark), Novels, &c., by. Crown Svo, cloth extra, jr. (xi. each ; post Svo, illustrated boards, 2.V. each ; cloth limp, is. 6ii. eac!i. Round the Galley-Fire. In the Middle Watch. A Voyage to the Cape. A Book for the Hammock. The Mystery of the 'Ocean Star.' The Romance of Jenny Harlowe. An Ocean Tragedy. My Shipmate Louise. Alone on a Wide Wide Sea. i Svo, cloth, jr. (xi. each. Is He the Man? T/ie Good Ship ' Mohock.' The Phantom Death, &c. With Frontispiece. The Convict Ship. On tha Fo'k'sle Head. Post 8vo. illustrated boards, 2.r. ; cloth limp, ar. I Heart of Oak. The Tale of the Ten. With 12 Illustra- tions by G. MONTBAKU. [Mar. -97. Saint Aubyn (Alan), Novels by. Crown Svo, cloth extra, jr. 6,i. each ; post 8vo, illustrated boards, 2s. each. A Fellow of Trinity. With a Note by OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES and a Frontispiece. The Junior Daan. | The Master of St. Benedict's. | To Ilia Own Master. Orchard Damcrel. Fcap. 3ro, cloth boards, ij. (xi. each. The Old Maid's Sweetheart. I Modest Little Sara. Crown Svo, cloth extra, jr. (xi. each. In the Face of the World. I The Tremlett Diamonds. Sala (George A.). Gaslight and Daylight. Post Svo, boards, 25. Sanson. Seven Generations of Executioners : Memoirs of the Sanson Family (1688 to 1847). Crown Svo, cloth extra, jr. bd. Saunders (John), Novels by. Crown Svo, cloth extra, y. (xi. each ; post Svo, illustrated boards, or. each. Guy Waterman. ] The Lion In the Path. | The Two Dreamers. Bound to the "Wheel. Crown 8vo, cloth extra. 3*. 6d. Saunders (Katharine), Novels by. Crown Svo, cloth extra, jr. (xi. each ; post Svo, illustrated boards, 2j. each. Margaret and Elizabeth. I Heart Salvage. The High Mills. | Sebastian. Joan Merry weather. Post Svo, illustrated boards, is. Gideon's Rock. Crown Svo, cloth extra, jr. 6d. Scotland Yard, Past and Present : Experiences of Thirty-seven Years. By Ex-Chief-Inspector CAVANAGH. Post Svo, illustrated boards, is. ; cloth. 2s. (xi. Secret Out, The: One Thousand Tricks with Cards; with Enter tain- ing Experiments in Drawing-room or' White' Magic. Ey W. H. CREMKtt. With 300 Illustrations. Crown Svo, cloth extra, 4s. 6d. Seguin (L. G.), Works by. The Country of the Passion Play (Oberammergau) and the Highlands of Bavaria. With Map and 37 Illustrations. Crown Svo, cloth extra, 3^. (xi. Walks in Algiers. With Two Maps and 16 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 6s. Senior (Wm.). By Stream and Sea. Post Svo, cloth, 25. 6d. Sergeant (Adeline). Dr. Endicott's Experiment. Cr. 8vo, 35. 6d. Shakespeare for Children: Lamb's Tales from Shakespeare. With Illustrations, coloured and plain, by J. MOYR SMITH. Crown 410, cloth tfilt, jr. 6rf. CHAlTO & WlNDUS, no A in St. Martin's Lane, London, W.C. 31 Sharp (William). Children of To-morrow. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6s. Shelley's (Percy Bysshe) Complete Works In Verse and Prose. Hdited, Prefaced, and Annotated by R. IIliRNK SillU'HHRn. Viyc Vols.. crown 8vo, cloth, y. 6J. each. Poetical Works, in Three Vols. : VoL I. Introduction by the Editor ; Posthumons Fragments of Margaret Nicholson ; Shelley's Corre- spondcnce with Stockdale ; The Wandering Jew ; Queen Mab, with the Notes; AlAstor, and other Poems ; Rosalind and Helen; Prometheus Unbound ; Adonais, Sec. II. Laon and Cythna: The Ccnci ; Julian and Maddalo ; Swellfoot the Tyrant; The Witch of Atlas : F.|.iisychldion ; Hellas. III. Posthumous Poems; The Masque of Anarchy; and other Pieces. Prose Works, in Two Vols. : VoL I. Tlie Two Romances of Zastrozzi rind St. Iryjme : the Dublin and Marlow Pamphlets ; A Refu- tation of Deism : Letters to LeiklU Hunt, and some Minor Writing* and fragments. II. The Kssays ; Letters from Abroad ; Translations and Fragments, edited by Mrs. SUELLEV. With a Biography of Shelley, and an Index of the Prose Works. *** Also a few copies of a T.ARGK-rAPBR EDITION, 5 rols., cloth, 1 \-a. 6J. Sheridan (General P. H.), Personal Memoirs of. With Portraits, Maps, and Facsimiles. Two Vols., demy 8vo, cloth, 34*. Sheridan's (Richard Brinsley) Complete Works, with Life and Anecdotes. Including his Dramatic Writings, his Works in Prose and Poetry, Translations, Speeches, and Jokes. With 10 Illustrations. Crown 8o. half-bound, ^t. 6d. The Rivals, The School for Scandal, and other Plays. Post 8vo, half-bound. 21. Sheridan's Comedies: The Rivals and The School fop Scandal. Hdited. with an Intro- duction and Notes to each Play, and a Biographical Sketch, by UKANIJER MATTHKWS. With Illustrations. Demy 8vo, half-parchment, tar. txi. Sidney's (Sir Philip) Complete Poetical Works, including all those in Arcadia.' With Portrait. Memorial-Introduction. Notes, 4c., by the Rey. A. B. GROSART. D.D. Three Vols., crown Svo. cloth boards, i&t. Signboards : Their History, including Anecdotes of Famous Taverns and Remarkable Characters. Bjr JACOB LARWOOn and JOHN CAMDEK IIOTTEN. Witlr Coloured Frontis- piece and 04 Illustrations. Crown 8ro, cloth <-xtr.<, js. t,.t. Sims (George R.), Works by. Post STO, illustrated boards, at. each ; cloth limp. is. dd. each. Rogues and Vagabonds. The Ring o' Bells. Mary Jane's Memoirs. Mary Jane Married. Tlnkletop's Crime. Zeph I A Circus Story, ic. Tales of To-day. Dramas of Life. With 60 Illustrations. Memoirs of a Landlady. My Two Wives. Scenes from the Show. The Ton Commandments: Stories. Crown 8vo, pkture coyer, it. each ; cloth, IT. 6tl. each. How the Poor Live; and Horrible London. The Dagonet Reciter and Reader: JJuinu Readings and Recitations in Prose and Verse, selected from his own Works \>y ClUjllGE R. SIMS. The Case of George Candlemas. I Dagonet Ditties. (From The Rtferet.\ Dagonet Abroad. Crown 8vo, cloth, y. 6J. Sister Dora: A Biography. By MARGARET LONSDALE. With Four Illustrations. Demy 8vo, picture coyer, 4, or fcap. Svo, qj. Poems and Ballads. SECOND SERIES. Crown 8vo, <)j. Poems & Ballads. THIRD SERIES. Cr.Svo.yj. Songs before Sunrise. Crown 8vo, IQJ. dd. Both well: A Tragedy. Crown Svo, us. 6d. Songs of Two Nations. Crown Svo. 6s. George Chapman. (See Vol. II. of G. CHAP- MAN'S Works.) Crown Svo, 6s. Essays and Studies. Crown Svo. us. Erechtheus : A Tragedy. Crown Svo, 6s. A Note on Charlotte 'Bronte. Cr. Svo. 6s. Songs of the Springtides. Crown Svo. 6t. Studies in Song. Crown Svo, 71. Mary Stuart: A Tragedy. Crown Svo. 8s. Tristram of Lyonesse. Crown Svo, 91. A Century of Roundels. Small 410, Ss. A Midsummer Holiday. Crown Svo. -js. Marino Faliero : A Tragedy. Crown 8vo, 6t. A Study of Victor Hugo. Crown Svo, 6s. Miscellanies. Crown Svo, lu. Locrlne : A Tragedy. Crown Svo, 6s. A Study of Ben Jonson. Crown Svo, ji. The Sisters : A Tragedy. Crown Svo, Os. Astrophel, &c. Crown Svo, 7*. Studies in Prose and Poetry. Cr.Sro, 91. The Tale of Balen. Crown Svo, ^t. Syntax's (Dr.) Three Tours : In Search of the Picturesque, in Search of Consolation, and in Search of a Wife. With ROWLANDSON'S Coloured Illustrations, and Life of the Author by J. C. HOTTEN. Crown Svo, cloth extra, is. 6d. Taine's History of English Literature. Translated by HENRY VAN LAUN. Four Vols., small demy Svo, cloth boards, ya. POPULAR EDITION, Two Vols., large crown 8vo, cloth extra, i>r. Taylor (Bayard). Diversions of the Echo Club: Burlesques of Modern Writers. Post Svo, cloth limp, as. Taylor (Dr. J. E., F.L.S.), Works by. Crown 8vo. cloth, 55. each. The Sagacity and Morality of Plants: A Sketch of the Life and Conduct of tb.- Vegetable Kingdom. With a Coloured Frontispiece and 100 Illustrations. Our Common British Fossils, and Where to Find Them. With 331 Illustrations. The Playtime Naturalist. With 366 Illustrations. Taylor (Tom). Historical Dramas. Containing 'Clancarty,' Jeanne Darc,"Twixt Axe and Crown." The Fool's Revenge,' Arkwright's Wife, 'Anne Boleyn, Plot and Passion.' Crown Svo, cloth extra, -js. 6d. * t * The Plays may also be had separately, at u. each. Tennyson (Lord) : A Biographical Sketch. By H. J. JENNINGS. Post Svo, portrf.it cover, is. ; cloth, is. 6rf. Thackerayana : Notes and Anecdotes. With Coloured Frontispiece and Hundreds of Sketches by WILLIAM MAKEPP.ACE THACKERAY. Crown Svo, cloth extra, ^s. 6rf. Thames, A New Pictorial History of the. By A. S. KRAUSSE. With 340 Illustrations. Post Svo. ij. ; cloth, is. M. Thters (AdoTphe). History of the Consulate and Empire of France under Napoleon. Translated by D. FORBES CAMPBELL and JOHN STUBBING. With 36 Steel Plates. 13 Vols., demy Svo, cloth extra, iis. each. Thomas (Bertha), Novels by. Cr. 8vo, cl., 3*. 6d. ea.; post Svo, 25. ea. The Violin-Player. I Proud M aisle. Cresslda. Post Svo, illustrated boards, is. Thomson's Seasons, and The Castle of Indolence. With Intro- duction by ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, and 48 Illustrations. Post Svo. half-bound, is. Thornbury (Walter), Books by. The Life and Correspondence of J. M. W. Turner. With Illustrations in Colours. Crown 3vo, cloth extra, ^s. 6d. Post Svo, illustrated boards, vs. each. Old Stories JUej-told. I Tales for the Marines. _^ 'I imbs (John), Works by. Crown Svo, cloth extra, 7$. 6d. each. The History of Clubs and Club Life In London: Anecdotes of Its Famous Coffee-houses, Hostelries, and Taverns. With 43 Illustrations. English Eccentrics and Eccentricities: Stories of Delusions, Impostures, Sporting Scenes, Eccentric Artist*. Theatrical Folk. Ac. With 48 Illustrations. Transvaal (The). By JOHN DE VILLIERS. With Map. Crown Svo, is. Trollope (Anthony), Novels by. Crown Svo. cloth entra. jr. 6rf. each ; post Svo, illustrated boards, is. each. The Way We Live Now. I Mr. Scarborough's Family. Frau Frghmann. I The Land-Leaguers. Post Svo, illustrated boards, is. each. Kept In the Dark. I The American Senator. Tnt> Golden Lion of Grander*. J John Caldigate, | Marlon Fay, 34 CHATTO & W1NDUS, no & in St. Martin's Lane, London, W.C. Trollope (Frances E.), Novels by. Crown Svo, cloth extra, jr. 6d. each ; post 8vo, illustrated boards, ys. each. Like Ships Upon the Sea. I Mabel's Progress. I Anne Furncss. Trollope (T. A.). Diamond Cut Diamond. Post 8vo, illust. bds.. 21. Trowbridge (J. T.). FarnelPs Folly. Post 8vo, illust. boards, as. Twain (Mark), Books by. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, js. 6d. each. The Choice Works of Mark Twain. Revised and Corrected throughout by the Author. With Lite, Portrait, and numerous Illustrations. Roughing It ; and The Innocents at Home. With 200 Illustrations by F. A. FRASER. Mark Twain's Library of Humour, with 197 Illustrations. Crown flvo, clolh extra (illustrated), 71. 6ft. each ; post 8vo, illustrated boards, ?s. each. The Innocents Abroad ; or. The New Pilgrim s Progress. With 234 Illustrations. (The Two ShU- lint' Kdition is entitled Mark Twain's Pleasure Trip.) The Gilded Age. lly MARK TWAIN ami C. n. WARNHR. With 312 lUustrations. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. With in Illustrations. A Tramp Abroad. With 314 Illustrations. The Prlnca and the Pauper. With iyi Illustrations. Life on the Mississippi. With 300 Illustrations. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. With 174 Illustrations by E. W. KP.MBLE. A Yankee at tha Court of King Arthur. With 220 Illustrations by DAN BKAKD. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 3*. dd. each. The American Claimant. With 81 Illustrations by HAL H u RST and others. Tom Sawyer Abroad. With 26 Illustrations by DAN. BHARJX Pudd'nhead Wilson. With Portrait and Six Illustrations hy LOUIS LoEB. Tom Sawyer, Detective, &c. With numerous Illustrations. [Shortly. The 1,000,000 Bank-Note. Crown 8vo, cloth, y. bd. ; post 8vo, picture boards as. Post Svo, illustrated boards, is. each. The Stolen White Elephant. I Mark Twain's Sketches. Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc, With Twelve Illustrations by F. V. Du MOND. Crown 8vo. cloth. 6s. Tytler (C. C. Fraser-). Mistress Judith : A Novel. Crown Svo, cloth extra, 31% (>J. ; post 3vo, illustrated boards, as. Tytler (Sarah), Novels by. Crown Svo, cloth extra, 33. 6d. each ; post Svo, illustrated boards, i.r. each. Lady Bell. I _ Burtod_Diamondo.__ I The Blackball Ghosts. Post Svo, illustrated boards. 2s The Huguenot Family. Noblesse Oblige. Beauty and the Beast. Disappeared. 'What She Came Through. Cltoyenne Jacqueline. The Bride's Pass. Saint Mungo's City. The Macdonald Lass. With Frontispiece. Crown Svo. cloth. 3^. M. Upward (Allen), Novels by. The Queen Against Owen. Crown 8vo, cloth, with Frontispiece, jr. 6d. ; post Svo, boards, zs. The Prince of Balkistan. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 31. 6d. A Crown of Straw. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6s. Vashti and Esther. By 'Belle' of The World. Cr. Svo. cloth, 35. 6d7 Villari (Linda). A Double Bond : A Story. Fcap. 8vo. 15. Vizetelly (Ernest A.). The Scorpion: A Romance of Spain. With a Frontispiece. Crown Svo. cloth extra, is. fxi. _________^__^__ Waiford" (Edward, M.A.), Works by. Walford'B County Families of the United Kingdom (1897). Containing; the Descent. liirth, Marriage, lulm lation, ,tc., of 12,000 Heads (A Families, their Heirs. Oftices, Addresses, Clubs *c. Royal Svo. cloth tilt. 501. Walford's Shilling Peerage (1897). Containing a List of the House of Lords. Scotch and Irish Peers. A-c. T.-mo. cloth, is. Walford's Shilling Baronetage (1897). Containing a List of the Baronets of the United Kingdom, Biographical Notices, Addrnw^s. &c. svino, cloth, is. Walford'B Shilling Knightage <1897>. Containing a List of the Knights of the United Kingdom, Biographical Notices, Addresses, 1art|ii*s Lane.' Lond..n. W.C. __aj Waller (S. E.). Sebastiani's Secret. With Twelve full-page Illus- tr.itiuij-, liy the Author. Crown 8vo, cloth, . Walton and Cotton's Complete Angler; or. The Contemplative Man's Kccnvitiim. by IZAAK WAI.ToN; and Instructions How to An;lr. *" -a -Trout-or r.raylinjf in a y Sir llAKKIS NJCULA;., .i.iil 01 I ilustr.itii 11.-.. Crown 8vo. clotli anti<|tic, -js. '-!. Walt Whitman, Poems by. Edited, with Introduction, by WILLIAM M. ROSSKVTI, . W;th Portrait. Crown Ko. hand-made p.1|K-r ami IrtieLmili. 6s. Ward (Herbert), Books by. Five Years with the Congo Cannibals. With 9? HlnstranVvn 1 ;. Royal Sro, cloth, 141. My Life with Stanley's Rear Guard. With Map. Tost v<>. IT. ; cloth, is. &/. Warner (Charles Dudley). A Roundabout Journey. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 6s. Warrant to Execute Charles I. A Facsimile, with the 59 Signatures and Seals. Printed on paper 22 in. by 14 in. is. Warrant to Execute Mary Quoeii of Scots. A Facsimile, including Queen Elizabeth's Sigua- ture and the Great Seal. Washington's (George) Rules of Civility Traced to their Sources and Restored by MONCURE D. CONWAY. Kcap. 8vo, Japanese vciluiu, of. 6d. Wassermann (Lillias), Novels by. The DafTodlls. Crown 8ro, is. ; cloth, is. M. The Marquis of Carabas. By AARON WATSON and I.ILLIAS WASSERMANN. Post 8vo. illustrated boards, 2J. Weather, How to Foretell the, with the Pocket Spectroscope. By F. W. CORY. With Ten Illustrations. Crown 8o. is. ; cloth, is. &/. West all (William), Novels by. Trust-Money. Post 8ro. illustrated boards, IT. ; cloth, as. Grf. Sons of Belial. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, y. se Bourn*. By FRANK BARRETT. The Woman of the Iron Bracelets. The Harding Scandal. By 'BELLE.' Varhtl and Esther. By Sir W. BESANT and J. RICE. Ready MoneyMortiboy. Mv Little Girl. With Harp and Crown. This Son of Vulcan. The Golden Butterfly. The Monks of Thelema. By Sir WALTER BESANT By Cella's Arbour. Chap am of the Fleet. The Seamy Side. The Case of Mr. Lucraft. In Trafalgar s Bay. The Ten Years Tenant. All Boris and Condi tlons of Men. The Captains Room. All in a Garden Fair. Dorothy Forster. Vncle Jack. The World Went Very WM1 Then. Children of Gibeon. Herr Faulus. For Faith and Freedom. To Call Her Mine. By PAUL BOURQET. A Living Lie. By ROBERT BUCHANAN The Bell of St. Paul's. The Holy Rose. Armorel of Lyonesse. 8. Kathertne's bv Tower Verbena Camellia Ete- phanotis. The Ivory Gate. The Rebel Queen. Beyond the Dreams of Avarice. The Master Craftsman. Shadow of the Sword A Child of Nature. God and the Man. Martyrdom of Madeline Love Me for Ever. Annan Water. Foxglove Manor. ROB. BUCHANAN & HY. MURRAY. The Charlatan By J. MITCHELL CHAPPLE. The Minor Chord. The New Abelard. Matt. | Rachel Dene. Master of the Mine. The H*ir of Linne Woman and the Man. Red and White Heather. A Son of Hagar. By MACLAREN COBBAN. The Red Sultan. I Th* Burden of Isabel. By MORT. & FRANCES COLLINS. Transmigration. 1 From Midnight to Mid- Blacksmith & Scholar. I night. The Village Comedy. | You Play me False. By WILKIE COLLINS. The Frozen Deep. The Two Destinies. The Law and the Lady. The Haunted Hotel. The Fallen Leaves. J'zebel s Daughter. The Black Robe. Heart and Science. 1 1 Say No.' Little Novell. The Evil Genius. The Legacy of Cain. A Rogue's Life. Blind Love. Armadale. | After Dark No Name. Antonina. Basil. Hide and Seek. The Dead Secret. Queen of Hearts. My Miscellanies. The Woman in White. The Moonstone. Man and Wife. Poor Miss Finch. Miss or Mrs. T The New Magdalen. By DUTTON COOK. Paul Foster's Daughter. By E. H. COOPER. Geoffory Hamilton. By V. CECIL COTES. Two Girls on a Barge. By C. EGBERT CRADDOCK. His Vanished Star. By H. N. CRELLIN. Romances of the Old Seraglio. By MATT CRIM. The Adventures of a Fatr Rebel. By S. R. CROCKETT and others. Tales of Our Coast. By B. M. CROKER. Diana Barrlngton. Proper Pride. A Family Likeness. Pretty MUs Neville. A Bird of Passage. To Let.' I Mr. J-rvii Village Talei * Jungle Tragedies. The Real Lady Hilda. Married or Single. Two Masters. In thrKlngdom of Kerry Bv WILLIAM CYPLES. Hearts of Gold. By ALPHONSE DAUDET. The Evangelist : or, I'ort Salvat on. By H. COLEMAN DAVIDSON. Mr. Sadler's Dnghteri. By ERASMUS DAWSON. The Fountain ot Youth. By JAMES DE MILLE. A Castle In Spain a8 CHATTO & WINDUS, no & in St. Martin's Lane, London, W.C. THE PICCADILLY (3/6) NOVELS continued. By. J. LE1TH DERWENT. Our Lady of Tears. j Circe's Lovers. By DICK DONOVAN. Tracked to Doom. I The Mystery of Jamaica Man from Manchester. | Terrace. By A. CONAN DOYLE. The Firm Cf Girdlettone. By S. JEANNETTE DUNCAN. A Daughter of To-day. I Vernon's Aunt. By Q. MANVILLE FENN. The New Mistress. I The Tiger Lily. Wltnecs to the Deed. | The White Virgin. By PERCY FITZGERALD. Fatal Zero. By R. E. FRANCILLON. One by One. I Ropei of Sand. A Dog and his Shadow. Jack Doyle s Daughter. A Real Queen. Prefaced by Sir BARTLE FRERE. Fandurang Hart. BY EDWARD GARRETT. The Capol Girls. By PAUL GAULOT. The Red Blurt*. By CHARLES GIBBON. Robin Gray. I The Golden Shaft. Loving a Dream. By E. GLANVILLE. The Lost Heiress. I The Fossicker. A Fair Colonist. I The Golden Rock. By E. J. GOODMAN. The Fate of Herbert Wayne. By Rev. S. BARING GOULD. Red Spider. I Eve. By CECIL GRIFFITH. Corinthia Marazion. By SYDNEY GRUNDY. The Days of his Vanity. By THOMAS HARDY. Under the Greenwood Tree. By BRET HARTE. A Waif of the Plains. A Ward of the Golden Gate. A Sappho of Green Springs. Col. Star bottle's Client. Susy. Sally Dowi. A Protegee of Jack Hamlins. Bell-Ringer of Angel's. Clarence. Barker's Luck. Devil's Ford. By JULIAN HAWTHORNE. Beatrix Randolph. David Poindexter 3 Dis- appearance. The Spectre of the Camera. Garth Elllce Quentin. Sebastian Strome. Dust. Fortune's Fool. By Sir A. HELPS. Ivan de Biron. By I. HENDERSON. Agatha Page. By G. A. HENTY. Rujub the Juggler. I Dorothy's Double. By JOHN HILL. The Common Ancestor By Mrs. HUNGERFORD. lAdyVerner's Flight. The Red-House Mystery The Three Graces. meat. A Point of Conscience. By Mrs. ALFRED HUNT. The Leaden Casket. I Self- Condemned. That Other Person. I Mrs. Juliet. By C. J. CUTCLIFFE HYNE. Honour of Thieves. By R. ASHE KING. A Drawn Game. Tha Wearing of the Green.' By EDMOND LEPELLETIER. Madame Sans G.ne By HARRY LINDSAY. Rhodi Roberts. By HENRY W. LUCY. Gideon Fleyce. By E. LYNN LINTON. Patricia Kemball. Sowing the Wind. Under which Lord 7 The Atonement of Learn ' My Love 1 ' Dundas. lone. The World Well Lost. Fasten Carew. The One Too Many. By JUSTIN MCCARTHY. Donna Quixote. Maid of Athens. The Comet of a Season. "he Dictator. Red Diamonds. The Riddle Sing. A Fair Saxon. Linley Rochford. Dear Lady Disdain. Camiola. Waterdale Neighbours. My Enemy's Daughter. Miss Misanthrope. By JUSTIN ri. MCCARTHY. A London Legend. By GEORGE MACDONALD. Heather and Snow. I Phantasies. By L. T. MEADE. A Soldier of Fortune. I The Voice of In an Iron Grip. I Charmer. ' By LEONARD MERRICK. This Stage of Fools. By BERTRAM MITFORD. The Gun Kunner. Tne Luck of Gerard Ridgeloy The King s Assegai. ' Renshaw Quest. I'.uinmg-'s By J. E. MUDDOCK. Maid Marian and Robin Hood. Basile the Jester. | Young Lochlnvar. By D. CHRISTIE MURRAY. Cynic Fortune The Way of the World. BobMartin s Little Girl. Time's Revenges. A Wasted Crime. In Direst Peril. Mount Despair. A Capful o Nails. A Life s Atonement. Joseph's Coat. Coals of Fire. Old Blazer's Hero. Val Strange. | Hearts. A Model Father. By the Gate of the Sea. A Bit of Human Nature. First Person Singular. By MURRAY and HERMAN. The Bishops' Bible. I Paul Jones s Alias. One Traveller Returns.! By HUME NISBET. ' Ball Up I ' By W. E. NORRIS. Saint Ann's. | Billy Bellow. By G. OHNET. A Weird Gift. By OUIDA. Held in Bondage. Strathmore. Chandos. Under Two Flags. Idalla. Cecil Castlemalne'n Gage. Tricotrin. | Pack. Folle Farine. A Dog of Flanders. Pascarel. 1 Sijna. Princess Napraxine. Ariadne. Two Little Wooden Shoes. In a Winter City. Friendship. Moths. | Ruffino. Pipistrello. A Village Commune. -^ Kimbi. | Wanda. Frescoes. | Othmar. In Maremma. Byrlm. | Guilderoy. Santa Barbara. Two Offenders. By MARGARET A. PAUL. Gentle and Simple. By JAMES PAYN. Lost Sir Massingberd. Leu Black than We're Painted. A Confidential Agent. A Grapa from a Thorn. In Peril and Privation. The Mystery of Mir- Br Proxy. [bridge. The Canon's Ward. Walter s Word. By WILL PAYNE. Jerry the Dreamer. By Mrs. CAMPBELL PRAED. Outlaw and Lawmaker. I Mrs. Treeaskiss. Christina Chard. By E. C. PRICE. Valentin*. I Mrs. Lancaster's RJ val. The Foreigners. High Spirits. Under One Roof. Glow worm Tales. The Talk of the Town. Holiday Tasks. For Cash Only. The Burnt Million. The Word and the W11L Sunny Stories. A Irvine Pationt. CHATTO & WINDUS, no & in St. Martin's Lane, London, W.C. ao. THE PICCADILLY (3/6) NOVELS continued, By RICHARD PRYCE. Hlu Maxwell s Affections. By CHARLES READB. Fes Wofflngton ;5 and Chrlitie Johnstone. Hard Cub. Cloister & the Hearth. Hever Too Late to Men d The Course of True Love Never Did Ran Smooth ; and Single- heart an dDouble face. Autobiography of a a Thief; Jack of all Trades : A Hero and a Martyr ; and The Wandering Heir. Love Me Little, Love Me Long. By Mrs. J. H. RIDDELL. Weird Stories. By AMELIE RIVES. Barbara Derm*. By F. W. ROBINSON. The Hands of Justice. | Woman in the Dark. By DORA RUSSELL. A Country Sweetheart. I The Drift of Fate. By W. CLARK RUSSELL. The Double Marriage. Griffith Gaunt. Foul Flay. Fat Yourself in Hli Place. A Terrible Temptation. A Simpleton. A Woman Hater. The Jilt, & othwrStories : and Good Storiei of Men and other Ani- mals. A Perilous Secret Beadiana ; and Bible Characters. My Shipmate Ionise. Alone on Wide Wide Sea The Phantcm Death. Is He the Man ? The Good Ship 'Mo- hock.' The Convict Rhip. Heart of Oak. Th Tule of the Ten. Round the Galley Fire. In the Middle Watch. A Voyage to the Cape. Book forth* Hammock. The Mystery of the Ocean Star.' The Komance of Jenny Harlowe. An Ocean Tragedy. By JOHN SAUNDERS. Guy Waterman. I The Two Dreamer*. Bound to the Wheel. I The Lion in the Path. By KATHARINE SAUNDERS. Margaret and Elizabeth I Heart Salvage. Gideon's Rock. Sebastian. The High Mills. By ADELINE SERGEANT. Dr. Endicott s Experiment. By HAWLEY SMART. Without Love or Licence. By T. W. SPEIGHT. A Secret of the Sea. I The Master of Trenanc*. The Grey Monk. By ALAN ST. AUBYN. A Fellow of Trinity. The Junior Dean. Master of St. Benedict's. In Face of the World. Orchard Damerel. The Tremlett Diamonds. To his Own Master. By JOHN STAFFORD. Doris and I. By R. A. STERNDALE. The Afghan Knife. By BERTHA THOMAS. Proud Maisle. | The Violin-Player. By ANTHONY TROLLOPE. The Way we Live Mow. I Scarborough s Family. Frau Frohmann. I The Land-Leaguers. By FRANCES E. TROLLOPE. Like Ships upon the I Anne Fames*. Sea. | Mabel s Progree*. By IVAN TURGENIEFF, &c. Stories from Foreign Novelists. By MARK TWAIN. Pndd nhead Wilson. Tom Sawyer, Detective. The American Claimant. Thel. 000, OOUBank. note. Tom Sawyer Abroad. By C. C. FRASER-TYTLER. Mistress Judith. By SARAH TYTLER. Lady Bell. I The Blackball CJhostr Buried Diamonds. | The MacdonMd Lass. By ALLEN UPWARD. The Queen against Owen | The Prince of Balkistan By E. A. V1ZETELLY. The Scorpion : A Romance of Spain. By WILLIAM WESTALL. Sons of Belial. By ATHA WESTBURY. The Shadow of Hilton Fernbrook. By JOHN STRANGE WINTER. A Bolaler's Children. By MARGARET WYNMAN. My Flirtations. By E. ZOLA. The Downfall. Monev. ! Iionrdns. The Dream. The Fat and the Thla Dr. Pascal. Rome. CHEAP EDITIONS OF POPULAR NOVELS. Post 8vo, illustrated boards, 2s. each. By ARTEMUS WARD. Artemns Ward Complete. By EDMOND ABOUT. The Fellah. By HAMILTON AIDE. Carr of Carrlyon. | Confidences. By MARY ALBERT. Brooke Finchley s Daughter. By Mrs. ALEXANDER. Maid, Wife or Widow 7 | Valerie s FaU. By GRANT ALLEN Phillitla. Strange Stories. Babrlon For Maimie's Sake. In all Shades. The Beckoning Hand. The Devil's Die. The Tents of Sbem. The Great Taboo. Dumaresq's DanghUr. Duchess of Powysland. Blood Royal. Ivan Greet'i Master- piece. The Scallywag. This Mortal ColL By E. LESTER ARNOLD. Phra tbe Phoenician. By SHELSLEY BEAUCHAMP. Grantlty Orange. BY FRANK BARRETT. Fettered for Lite. Little Lady Llnton. Between Life 4 Death. Tbe Sin of Olga Zasiou- llch. Folly Morrison. Lieut. Barnabas. Honeit Da vie. A Prodigal s Progress. Found Guilty. A Recoiling Vengeance. For Love andHonour. John Ford; said His Helpmate. The Woman of the Iron Bracelet*. By Sir W. BESANT and J. RICE. Ready Money Moi Uboy Mir Little Girl. With Harp and Crown. Thin Son of Vulcan. The Golden Butterfly. The Monks of Thelemv By Colic's Arbour. Chaplain of the Fleet. The Seunr Side. The Case of Mr. Lncraft In Trafalgar s Bay. Tbe Ten Years' Tenant. By Sir WALTER BESANT. All Sorts and Condi- For Faith and Freedom. tlons of Men. The Captains' Room. All in a Garden Pair. Dorothy Forster. Uncle Jack. The World Went Very Well Then. Children ot Glbeon. Herr Paulns. To Call Her Mine The Bell of St. Paul s. Tbe Holy ROM. Arroorol of Lyonesie S.Katherine'i by Tower. ~~erbena Camellia phanotls. Ste- The Ivory Gate. The Rebel Queen. Bv AMBROSE BIERCE. In the Midst of Lift. 30 CHATTO & WINDUS, no & in St. Martin's Lane, London, W.C. TWO-SHILLING NOVELS continued. By FREDERICK BOYLE. Camp Notes. I Chronicles of No man's Savage Life. I Land. BY BRET HARTE. California!! Stories. Gabriel Conroy. The Lack of Roaring Flip. I Maruja. A Phyllii of the Sierras. A Waif of the Plains. Camp. ; A Ward of the Golden An Heiress of Red Dog. I Gate. By HAROLD BRYDGES. Uncle Sam at Home. By ROBERT BUCHANAN. The Martyrdom of Ma- deline. The New Abelard. Matt. Tbe Heir of Linne. Woman and the Man. Shadow of the Sword. A Child of Nature. God and the Man. Love Me for Ever. Foxglove Manor. The Master o: the Mine. Annan Water. By HALL CAINE. The Shadow of a Crime. I The Deemster. A Son of Hasrar. By Commander CAMERON. The Cruise of the 'Black. Prince.' By Mrs. LOVETT CAMERON. Deceivers Ever. I Juliet's Guardian. By HAYDEN CARRUTH. The Adventures of Jones. By AUSTIN CLARE. For the Love of a Lass. By Mrs. ARCHER CLIVE. Paul Ferroll. Why Paul Ferroll Killel his Wife. By MACLAREN COBBAN. The Cure of Souls. | The Red Sultan. By C. ALLSTON COLLINS. Tbe Bar Sinister. By MORT. & FRANCES COLLINS. Bweet Anne Page. I Sweet and Twenty. Transmigration. I The Village Comedy. From Midnight to Mid- Ton Play me False. night. A Fight with Fortune. Blacksmith and Scholar Frances. By W1LKIE COLLINS. Armadale. 1 AfterDark. No Name. Ante ulna. Basil. Hide and Seek. The Dead Secret. Queen of Hearts. Miss or Mrs. ? Tbe New Magdalen. The Frozen Deep. The L aw and the Lady The Two Destinies. The Haunted Hotel. A Rogue's Life. By M. J. COLQUHOUN. Every Inch a Soldier. By DUTTON COOK. Leo. I Paul Foster's Daughter. By C. EGBERT CRADDOCK. The Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountains. By MATT CRIM. The Adventures of a Fair Rebel. By B. M. CROKER. My Miscellanies. The Woman in White. The Moonstone. Man and Wife. Poor Miss Finch. The Fallen Leaves. Jezebel's Daughter. The Black Robe. Heart and Science. I Say No ! ' The Evil Genius. Little Novels. Lejtacy of Cain. Blind Love. Proper Pride. A Fan ily Likeness. Village Tales and Jungle Tragedies. Pretty Miss Neville. Diana Barrington. To Let.' A Bird of Passage By W. CYPL'ES. Hearts of Gold. By ALPHONSE DAUDET. The Evangelist : or. Port Salvation. By ERASMUS DAWSON. The Fountain of Youth. By JAMES DE MILLE. & Cattle in Spain. By J. LEITH DERWENT. Oar Lady of Tears. | Circe's Lovers. By CHARLES DICKENS. Sketches by Boz. I Nicholas Nickleby. Oliver Twist. By DICK DONOVAN. In the Grip of the Law. From Information Re- ceived. Tracked to Doom. Link by Link Suspicion Aroused. Dark Deeds. Riddles Read. The Man-Hunter Tracked and Taken. Caught at Last 1 Wanted t Who Poisoned Hetty Duncan? Man from Manchester. A Detective's Triumphs By Mrs. ANNIE EDWARDES. A Point of Honour. | Archie Lovell. By M. BETH AM- EDWARDS. Felicia. | Kitty. By EDWARD EQQLESTON. 7 By 0. MANVILLE FENN. The New Mistress. 1 The Tiger Lily. Witness to the Deed. | By PERCY FITZGERALD. Bella Donna. Second Mrs. Tillotson. Never Forgotten. Seventy five Brooke Polly. Street. Fatal Zero. The Lady of Brantome. By P. FITZGERALD and others. Strange Secrets. By ALBANY DE FONBLANQUE. Filthy Lucre. By R. E. FRANCILLON. King or Knave T Romances of tka Law. Ropes of Sand. A Dog and his Shadow. Olympia. One by One. A Real Queen. Queen Cophetna. By HAROLD FREDERIC. Seth's Brother s Wife. I The Lawton Girl. Prefaced by Sir BARTLE FRERE. Pandurang Hari. By HAIN FRISWELL. One of Two. By EDWARD GARRETT. The Capel Girls. By GILBERT GAUL. A Strange Manuscript. By CHARLES GIBBON. Robin Gray. , In Honour Bound. Fancy Free. i Flower of the Forest. For Lack of Gold. i The Braes of Yarrow. What will World Say ? : The Golden Shaft. In Love and War. i Of High Degree. For the King. By Mead and Stream. In Pastures Green. Loving a Dream. Queen of the Meadow. A Hard Knot. A Heart's Problem. Heart s De.ight. The Dead Heart. ' Blood-Money. By WILLIAM GILBERT. Dr. Austin s Guests. I The Wizard of James Duke. | Mountain. By ERNEST GLANVILLE. The Lost Heiress. I The Fossicker. A Fair Colonist. By Rev. S. BARING GOULD. Red Spider. | Eve. By HENRY GREVILLE. A Noble woman. | Nikanor. By CECIL GRIFFITH. Corinthia Marazion. By SYDNEY GRUNDY. The Days of his Vanity. By JOHN HABBERTON. Brneton s Bayou. | Country Luck. By ANDREW HALLIDAY. Every day Papers. By Lady DUFFUS HARDY. Paul Wynter's Sacrifice. the CHATTO & no & MI St. Martltt's Lane, ton Jon. W.C. 31 TWO-SHILLING NOVELS continued. By THOMAS HARDY. Tinder the Greenwood Tree. By J. BERWICK HARWOOD. the Tenth Earl. By JULIAN HAWTHORNE. Garth. Ellice Quentin. Fortune a Fool. MlM Cadogna. Sebastian Btrome. Doit. Beatrix Randolph. Love or a Name. David Poindexter s Dis- appearance. The Spectre of Camera. the By Sir ARTHUR HELPS. Ivan de Biron. By G. A. HENTY. Rajub the Juggler. By HENRY HERMAN. A Leading Lady. By HEADON HILL, Zambra the Detective. By JOHN HILL. Treason Felony. By Mrs. CASHEL HOEY. The Lover's Creed. By Mrs. GEORGE HOOPER. The House of Raby. By TIGHE HOPKINS. Twixt Love and Duty. By Mrs. HUNGERFORD. A Modern Circe. Lady Verner'i Flight. The Red House Mystery . By WM. JAMESON. ead Seif. A Maiden all Forlorn. In Durance Vile. Marvel. A Mental Struggle. By Mrs. ALFRED HUNT. Thornicrofts Model. I Self Condemned. That Other Person. | The Leaden Casket. By JEAN 1NGELOW. Fated to be Free. My D . By HARRIETT JAY. The Dark Colleen. I Queen of Connaught. By MARK KERSHAW. Colonial Facts and Fictions. By R. ASHE KING. A Drawn Game. Passion's Slave. ' The Wearing of the BeU Barry. " ei1 ' By JOHN LEYS. The Lindsays. By E. LYNN LINTON. The Atonement of Learn Dundas. With a Silken Thread. Rebel of the Family. Bowing the Wind. The One Too Many. By HENRY W. LUCY. Patricia Kemball. The World Well Lost. Under which Lord ? Paston drew. 1 My Love I ' Dear Lady Disdain. Waterdale Neighbours. Mv Enemy's Daughter. A Fair Saxon. Llnley Rochford. Miss Misanthrope. By HUGH Camiola. Donna Quixote. Maid of Athens. The Comet of a Season. The Dictator. Red Diamonds. MACCOLL. Mr. Stranger's Sealed Packet. By GEORGE MACDONALD Heather and Snow. By AGNES MACDONELL. Quaker Couilns. By KATHARINE S. MACQUOID. The Evil Eye. | Lost Rose. By W. H. MALLOCK. A Romance of the Nine- I The New Republic. Uenth Century, | By FLORENCE MARRYAT. Open ! Sesame I I A Harvest of Wild Oats. Fighting the Air. | Written in Fire. By J. MASTERMAN. Half a dozen Daughters. By BRANDER MATTHEWS. A Secret of the Sea. By L. T. MEADE. A Soldier of Fortune. By LEONARD MERRICK. The Man who was Good. By JEAN MIDDLEMASS. Touch and Go. | Mr. Dorillion. By Mrs. MOLESWORTH. Hathercourt Rectory. By J. E. MUDDOCK. Stories Weird and Won derful. The Dead Man's Secret. From the Bosom of the Deep. By D. CHRISTIE MURRAY. A Model Father. Joseph's Coat. Coals of Fire. Val Strange. Old Blazer s Hero. Hearts. The Way of the World. Cynic Fortune. A Life's Atonement. By the Gate of the Sea. A Bit of Human Nature. First Person t'ou\iil Dead. Tlie Ucst of Husbands. Walter a Word. Hajvei. I'alie.-i Fortunes. Humorous Stories, 290 Reward. A Marine Residence. Mirk Abbey. By Proxy. Under Oiie Roof. High Spirits. Carlyon s Year. From Exile. For Cash Only. Kit. The Canon's Ward. The Talk of the Town. Holiday Tasks. A Perfect Treasure. What He Cost Her. A Confidential Agent. Glow-worm Tales. The Burnt Million. Sunny Stories. Lost Sir Massmgborrt. A Woman's Vengeance. The Family Scapegrace. Gwendoline's Harvest. Like Father, Like Son. Married Beneath Him. Not Wooed, but Won. Lees Black than We ra Painted. Some Private Views. A Grape from a Thorn. Tho Mystery of Mir- bridgo. The Word and the Will. A Prince of the Blood. A Trying Patient. By CHARLES READE. It Is Never Too Late to A TerribleTomptation. Mend. ChiUtie Johnstone. The Double Marriage. Put Yourself in Hii Place Foul Play. The Wandering Heir. Hard Cash. Slngleheartand Double- face. Love Me Little, Love! Good Stories of Men and Me Long. j other Animals. The Cloister and the [ Peg Wofflngton. Hearth. Griffith Gaunt. The Course of True i A Perilous Secret. Love. j A Simpleton. The Jilt. . ! Keadiana. The Autobiography of : A Woman Hater. a Thief. By Mrs. J. H. RIDDELL. Weird Stories. Fairy Water. Her Mother's Darling. The Prince of Wales s The Uninhabited House. The Mystery in Palace. Gardens. The Nun's Curse. Garden Party. I Idle Tales. By AMEL1E RIVES. Barbara Dermg. By P. W. ROBINSON. Women are Strange. | The Hands of Justice. By JAMES RUNCIMAN. Cklppers and Shellbacks. | Schools and Scholars. Grace Balmaign s Sweetheart. By W. CLARK RUSSELL. The Romance of Jenny Harlowe. An Ocean Tragedy. My Shipmate Louise. Alone on a Wide Wide Sea. Round the Galley Fire. On the Fo'k'sle Head. In ihe Middle Watch. A Voyage to the Cape. A Book for the Ham- mock. The Mystery of the Ocean Star.' By GEORGE AUGUSTUS SALA. Gaslight and Daylight. By JOHN SAUNDERS. Guy Waterman. I The Lion in the Path. The Two Dreamer*. I By KATHARINE SAUNDERS. Joan Merryweather. I Sebastian. The High Mills. Margaret and Eliza- Heart Salvage. I both. By GEORGE R. SIMS. Rogues and Vagabond!. Tinkletop's Crime. The Ring o' B*fl. Mary Jane s Memoirs. Mary Jane Married. Tales of To day. Dramas of Life. Zeph. My Two Wives. Memoirs of a Landlady. The 10 Commandments. By ARTHUR SKETCHLEY. A Hatch iii tho Dark. By HAWLEY SMART. Without Love or Licence. By T. W. SPEIGHT. The Mysteries of Heron i Back to Life. The LoudwaterTragcdy. Burgo s Romance. Quittance in Fall. A Husband from the R.- a Dyke. The Golden Hoop. Hoodwinked. By Devious Ways. By ALAN ST. AUBYN. A Fellow of Trinity. I To His Own Mister. The Junior Dean. I Orchard Damerel Master of St. Benedict's | By R. A, STERN DALE. The Afghan Knife. By R. LOUIS STEVENSON. New Arabian Nights. | Prince Otto. By BERTHA THOMAS. Cresslda. I The Violin Player. Proud Maisie. By WALTER THORNBURY. Tales for the Marines. ] Old Stories Retold. By T. ADOLPHUS TROLLOPE. Diamond Cat Diamond. By F. ELEANOR TROLLOPE. Like Ships upon the I Anne Furness. Sea. I Mabel's Progress. By ANTHONY TROLLOPE. Fran Frohmann. The Land-Leaguors Marion Fay. Kept in the Dark. John Caldigato. The Way We Live Now. By J. T. TROWBRIDGE. Farnell's Folly. By IVAN TURGENIEFF, &C. Stories from Foreign Novelist*. By MARK TWAIN. The American Senator. Mr. Scarborough's Family. GoldenLion of Granpere A Pleasure Trip on the tinent. The Gilded Age. Huckleberry Finn. MarkTwain s Sketches. Tom Sawyer. A Tramp Abroad. Stolen White Elephant. By C. C. FRASER-TYTLER. Mistress Judith. By SARAH TYTLER. Life on the Mississippi. The Prince and tue Pauper. A Yankee at the Court of King Arthur. The 1,000,000 Bank- Note. The Huguenot Farcify. The Blackhall Ghosts. What SheCameThrouch Beauty and the Bem.t. Citoyenne Jaqueiiae. The Bride s Pass. Buried Diamonds. St. Mungo a City. Lady Bell. Noblesse Oblige. Disappeared. By ALLEN UPWARD. The Queen against O.vo.i. By AARON WATSON and LILLIAS WASSERMANN. The Marquis of Caracas. By WILLIAM WESTALL. Trust- Money. By Mrs. F. H. WILLIAMSON. A Child Widow. By J. S. WINTER. Cavalry Life. | Regimental Legend*. By H. F. WOOD. The Passenger from Scotland Yard. The Englishman of the Rue Cain. By Lady WOOD. Sablna. B CELIA PARKER WOOLLEY. By The Forlorn Hope. Land at Last. I Castaway. OGDEN, SMALE AND CO. LIMITED, PRINTERS, CRfiAT SAfFKON HILL, B.C. V ' I , I