sissnEr;: . . :, , .. itsssv^si^ '' s ' U vX l|i >, , 1\, il, ,1'y, & liroRN|A VE6ETAT|ON . CALIFORNIA VEGETATION. BIROSEYE VIEW or SAN BER MAR DINO <,,. MAGNOLIA AVENUE, RIVERSIDE, CAL. PASADENA GARDEN. IN VMNTER. COWBOYS ON THE WESTERN PI INTERIOR OF A MEXICAN HOME." MEXICAN RAG & WAX WORKS REPRESENTING TYPICAL SCENES. MEXICAN WATER CARRIERS. S.P.R.R. BRIDGE, OVER THE RIO GRANDE, Ar BOUNDARY LINE BETWEEN TEXAS, OLD i NEW MEXICO. BULL FIGHT, CIUDAD JUAREZ. CHURCH OF GUADALUPE CIUDAD JUAREZ. STREET SCENE, CIUDAD JUAREZ. (MEXICAN WOOD MERCHANTS.) THE RIO GRANDE NEAR PAINTED CAVE, SO. PAC. R.R. MOUTH OF THE PECOS RIVER. SO. PAC. R. R. THE RIO GRANDE CANON, SO. PAC. R.R. THE RIO GRANDE CANON. SO. PAC. I'.AU'I. Kl'i i i.lG.1 DESCRIPTIVE SKETCHES lOIF 1 G R E A S T PUBLISHED AND COPYRIGHTED 1892 BY WARD BROTHERS, COLUMBUS, OHIO. In presenting to the public these views and descriptive sketches of THE GREAT WEST we wish simply to ^tate that they represent the combined results of observations and experiences gleaned during the progress of five personal trips to the coast, made -by ourselves, with this object in view. Denver, the Queen City of the Plains, dates Its origin from 1858, when Gen. Larimer built his log house on the banks of Cherry Creek near its junction with the Platte river and started the settlemnt which he called St. Charles; the name being changed In 1860 to Denver, in honor of Gen. Oeo. W. Denver, then governor of Kansas. No more beautiful or heathful location could have been chosen on which to build a city, lying as it does in the slight depression through which the Platte river flows and at the first rise of the foot hillsof the grandest mountain range on thecoutinent, yet at an elevation of 5197 feet above sea level, being nearly equal to that of the top of Mt. Washington. From every part of Denver some view of the grand snow-capped Rockies Is obtain- able ; In the business portion, the mountains seem to block and close llie ends of the streets. From "Capitol Hill," Denver's most aristocratic section (from which our picture is shown,) the view is glorious, the range stretching north and south as far as the eye can reach. In winter Denver people have most of their snow on the mountains and a great deal of it stays there to make the summer days cool. The charm of Denver is found in its residence streets, among which may be mentioned Grant, Sherman, I'olfax, Logan and many others tliat are well shaded and lined with costly and beautiful residences Ol the latest and improved style of architecture The state Capitol, that elegant granite structure shown among our illusirations is now in orocess of erection and will soon be completed. From it the surrounding sec- tion gets its name ' Capitol Hill." The building is to cost $1,000,000, the expenditure of this sum being in the hands of a board of commissioners. The dimensions of the Capitol building are : length, 384 feet ; width, 314 feet, and it will have 160 rooms. The "Q,ueen City" is justly proud of her educational institutions and methods. Ne-.v school buildings have arisen as if by magic and when one' compares those lofty modern structures with the original log school ;house which but a few years since was Denver's center of learning, he realizes more fully how strong have been her strides of pro-Teas and how great a factor of civilization is the PUBLIC school. Colorado has the finest climate tn the world, so conceded by the most eminent med- ical men of tiie present day. It hat more sunshine, and a more even temperature than any other region, and is therefore the Mecca of all unfortunates who from over work, or other unfortunate causes are racked by disease. Especially beneficial is the climate to those who sirs suffering from lung trouble. Colorado is also known, the world over, as one of the greatest gold and silver pro- ducing states in the Union, and the mines are yearly increasing in value. There are also vast coal and iron fields, copper, lead, zinc, ai.d other metals also abound. Petroleum exists in huge quantities in the State. The system of irrigation has done wonders for the farming industries of the State. Land that was once barren and unproductive being wonderfully fertile where water has been gotten over the high lauds. Many small streams are being led into reservoirs where water can be held and in the growing of wheat, barley, oats and rye. the coil and climate are so well adapted to them that the grain is much heavier, better feed, and more prolific than In many countries. Apples, pears, peaches, and small fruits, of all kinds, are rapidly coming to be a grand success. The cattle and sheep industries are very extensive and are steadily growing. The view here shown of the Gateway to the Garden of the Gods, Is taken from out- side the garden, looking In and towards Pikes Peak, which looms up in the back- ground 14,147 feet above sea level and covered with snow. Two lofty tablets of colored sand-stone, directly opposite each other, and about fifty feet aoart rising to a height of over three hundred feet, form the portals of the far- famed Gateway. From the level ground these present a strangely impressive Spe< No C sand-stones of the East glow with such a oarnellan hue. The striking contrail formed by these crimson colored rocks, outlined against the deep blue ky and touched bv the white light of the unclouded Colorado sun. must be seen to be appreciated, U cannot be described by the peii or protrayed with the brush of th artist. Pikes Peak Avenue, Colorado Springs, is one of the most picturesque street scenes to be found anywhere in this " land of the free and the home of the brave." Running east and west through the center of Colorado Springs, it takes its name from the grand mountain peak that seems to s.op its very course. The foot of the Peak, however, is more than six miles distant, reached by a beautiful drive-way thr-iugh the town of Colorado Springs and Manitou, the latter being so environed by hills that no glimpses of it, even, are caught ns we go past on the train. Colorado Springs, summer and winter, is an incomparable resort and residence city. The sun shines upon it over three hundred and forty days in the year aud the mouths of December and January, cold and disagreeable in other States, are here bright and bracing. Colorado Springs is an Matt upon the plains, green with well kept' lawns and enornious shade trees. The large stone building seen at the fnd of I'ikPS Peak Avenue is "The Antler's " hotel, the admiration of visitors from Mil parts of the world. miles ( drain the'table lauds above. Th'e Swinging Bridge is at the narrowest point of the canon and where the sheer wall of rock on either side loom straight up nearly 2,000 feet toward the sky. This bridge runs lengthways with the stream and above it ; oue side of it is supported by girders fastened Into the cliff and the other by iron rods from trusses braced against each side of the narrow gorge. The road here for some miles twists aud turns with this littte torrent stream as if playing ''hide aud-seek " wilh the deep shadows from the ever-gloomy and yet grand and dizzy giant heights. It is surely a Royal Gorga and a right royal treat it is to see it. n The Mexican settlement at Pueblo, here shown, which can be seen from all rail road trains as the tourist arrives from the East, compares with the b< autif ul and thrifty homes of the white citizen like the Cork suburb of New York City does to Fifth ave- nue. Pueblo Is situated a little southeast of the center of Colorado, on the Arkansas Ascending Pikes Peak by railway many opportunities -. *ieh is usually carried on her back in a little mund bundle. 11.1 Lake Park Bathing Resort is sixteen mi'es from Salt Lake City upon that wonder- fnl Inland sea of the same name, whose waters contain 20 per cent o/ clear fcalt. It is one of nature's wonders tht the salt does not settle to the bottom aud leave the water clear, for on the sides of this Salt Lake are many places where the thrifty Jiormou , runs the water into pools where quick evaporation gives him the needful crystals as pure as nature can produce it. Ills great sport to bathe in this water on which a man floats almost like a cork, it being impossible to drown with the least ordinary care. There la much beautiful scenery about Salt Lake, but the speculative Am- rican has not yet Invested in boats for pleasure tours around It. There are no fish, and even birds and flowers are very rare in its immediate vicinity. The lauds however, at a little distance, if fed by Irrigation from the various mountain streams, have become "like unto the Garden of Eden " under the toil of " the people of /ion." Great Salt Lake is 4,000 feet above sea level. It contains an area of about 2,500 Fquare miles, 80 miles in extreme length and 50 miles In greatest width, it contains several very picturesque island*. Its greatest depth is not more than GO feet, but the mean depth about 20 feet. Some of its coast scenery is very rugged and picturesque 11.2 Although Dump Mountain, in the foreground of this picture, look* higher Uiaa those snow clad peaks beyond, the illusion is soon dispelled when one is informed that it la only as it were a stepping stone in the route to Veta Pass above it, between those lofty piles of eternal snow. This celebrated pass is on the Mlvcrtou Branch of the D. * R. G. R. R. and is 9,392 feet above sea level. The ascent of a train up this great Incline always requires the strength of two of the most powerful .Mogul locomotives. The celebrated "mule shoe ourvo," here traversed, is said to be the sharpest curve of the kind known to rail road engineering. The entire track is one continuation of curves and reverses ; miles of distance being often necessary to be traveled to overcome an air line grade the distance of a few hundred yards. The view trom the top of the mountain Is one of the grandest on the continent, extending for nearly 200 miles in some directions over the snow clad peaks of the Rockies; the ever-changing scenery within the grand compass of the view is a realization of enthusiastic admiration which can never be forgotten by those who have been so fortunate as to take a trip over this .scenic Route of America. [,.3 The Gardo House, Salt Lake City, like the great Tabernacle and the great Temple, Is one of the chief attractions ot the Mormon Capital. Our picture shows It to be a structure of which any city might well be proud. Until the li.st few years the outside world has known but little of tne Mormon people whose favorite city above mentioned is called by them ' Xion, beautiful for situation aud the joy of the whole earth. "i The city itself is beautifully located on the westers slope of the Wasatch mountains and a few miles east of the Great Salt Lake, Utah. The thrifty founders of this territory were long headed men and looked well to the future of their Metropolis. The streets of the city are all at right angles, are 120 feet wide and are lined with beautiful shade trees. 'Irrigating currents, fed by the snows of the mountains, run in pietty little streams through many of the streets. The Mormons believe in theocracy and their president is both a pope and a czar whose word is the same as God's command. Tin ir twi nty-four elders and twelve apostles assist the president in governing the '2lJOlO adherents to the Mormon faith as nearly as they can in accordance with the laws of Mo.sesand the Bible, as they understand them. Their church and their religion come first in the ideas and aspirations of all Mormons ; self and self inteiest, secoi.d. 11.4 Boulder (anon is about thirty miles west of Denver via direct line of the Colorado Central Branch of the Union Pacific It. H., a branch of whicli runs up this canon as lar as the little town of Sunset, a few miles only in direct distance but several times tho air line measurement by the continuation of curves necessary to overcome the 2.^61 feel increase in elevation. Wild railroading indeed. The track necessarily lnr .s the precipitous walls very closely and in many Instances is hewn into the rock it elfin order to avoid the dashing little mad stream which bears the same name. A trip to sunset, however, is well worth the taking if the wcs.ther is clear, for the view of the countless snow-clad peaks of the Kocky Mountains that recede in every direction, form a picture never In he forgotten anil hard to be described. Mines of rare product- ive powers in these localities were the only incentive for the great expense necessary to build aud equip a railroad in such solemn, sublime unrl v t aViost ina"' i.d railroads, Uiu f;xstori' s and the prl:iciprl commercial enterprises. The words, "Holiness to the Lord," were printed even upon the stationery of most busiTiess houses as v.'i u as upon the outer wails <.f the cliurcn- s. The thrift of the mountain | eO|.le is a convincing proof of the results of persecuting my sect on account of religious bi liefs. >o\v that the Gei.tllrs are flllii.g up the Jior- iiuui citUsund controlling tlieelertions the M<;r:r..-Mi power is on the wane. 133 This view of Salt Lake City is taken from the observation tower situated upon the lirlls back of the numerous homes of the descendants of Erigham Young. The Marble Temple with the spires i. not completed, though already ;i& years in building ; it will cost W 000 000. The dome shaped building is t'.;e great Mormon tabernacle which will seat 10,000 to 12,000 people, all of whom can hear every word the preacher utters. Salt Lake City is the " Mecca " of the Mormons, who are a simple but very religious, indus- trious and thrifty people, who live in strict accordance with the law of Moses, except that for many years plurality of wives had been allowed. They number some 210.UOO and believe in the direct inspiration of the head of their church, whose dictate s are their supreme law. They drink no intoxicating liquors. The present populalion of Salt Lake City is about 5.>,00. It is the center of commerce for a very large area and is reached from' the east bv the Union Pacific, the Denver and Rio Grande, and the Col- orado Midland Railroads, The hills around about Salt Lake City abound in all manner or precious metals which are being mined only since the arrival of the railroads, as previously the head of the church kept the people engaged in agricultural and small manufacturing pursuits. IM Green River is the name of a small station on Ihe TJ. P. R. R. in Wyoming, on the Green Hiver which joins with the Grand River to form the Colorado Kiver at a point many miles south. l)uring the summer and fall these streams are quite insignifi- cant, but winter's snows and rains often swell them to great proportions. This whole section of country is rather barren and forlorn in appearance, as if iu the distant ages it had been but the bottom of a turbulent inland sea which had receded by spasmodic stages of long continuation at various levels. The numerous buttes or lonely mountains which dot tills desert here and there fibow the strangest peculiarity of strata in their formation as if scoured forages by lashing waves which caused all else to crumble but these solitary giant piles. They remind one strangely of the pyramids of Kgypt and the ruins on the plains near aucieut Babylon. 15.1 The great fihoshone Falls of Snake River are situated in the southern part of Idaho find:/, miles soutli of shoshoue station on the Union Pacific K. R., being access! hie only by stage or private carriage over a barren plain of lava formation. The touristapproach- Ing the river sees no sign of it: directly at its brink he finds a canon of almost perpen- dicular Walls a thousand feet deep and a mighty river sweeping along among the rocks below him. The entire region is volcanic and no signs of vegetation anywhere except near the water's brink where a little soil clings to the ever-present rocks. 1 here are mimon. us crarks or chasms here and thereo'er the plain, down which, if you drop a stone you hear the noise of its tortuous descent i::to the darkness which continues until tooiloep to hear, but you know the bottom is not reached, s^nake River lies in one of these cracks of a wider nature and to look down into its yawning chasm below the great Falls, is like looking into the Infinite. 1 here are sevf n distinct channels to the riv. remised by the i lands Just above the Falls, 'mil just at the Falls, they come together aslf gutiK rii. strength for the mighty plunge of i-0 feet into the broad ba.sia below, ij-j Bridge across S'nake River, Idaho. Snake River Is one of the tributaries of the great Columbia Kiver. It rises in the west slope of the Rocky Mountains on the bor- tiersof Idaho an. I Wyoming, a few miles southwest of Yellowstone Park. This view sl'.ows the crossing of the Oregeon Short Line branch of the Union Pacific R. R. The <:ireuito'*.s windings <-f this remarkable river art mostly between ragged wallsof barren rocks which are largely of volcanic origin. Tl canon Hf.H to 1,000 feet deep. The great Shoshone Falls of this river are one of thegraurlest sights in America. .Niagara is different, but not superior. \\ here Nl"ia-K, is environed by commonplace landscapes, Hioshoiie dashes between rocks a thousand feet higli )md the entire surroundings are weird and supernatural. Tlic- en tire width of bhoshone i ai.s isUoOUet, ij.j Gardiner River Hot Spring. The tourist en route to Yellowstone Park leaves the main line of the Northern Pacific Railroad at Livingston station and proceeds about five miles south over a branch railroad to Cinnabar station whence the entire circuitof the Park is made by stage and horseback. The first scene of importance is s on revealed. ''Mammoth Hot [Springs " or as formerly called tiie " Pink Terracesof Gardi- ner River." Upon a pyramid of carbonate of lime occupying over 160 acres these springs, about fifty in number, have been boiling up each in its own highly colored basin for thousands of years; each day there is nn infinitesimal increase in the height of these basins through the adhesive action of the minerals of the waters. No painter can depict colorings or shadings quite so beautiful as those witli which nature has here bedecked this wonder of her own making. Many strange, solit-fy but 7mifrci''e rocks li e " Liberty Cap " are to be seen here and there like sentinels guarding the vast lone cinesSS. 15-4 The geysers or spouting boiling springs of the Yellowstone are generally in groups not far apart. Lone >tar liefer, although one of the most beautiful of the Mre Hole Basin, is so far from the others and yet so grand that it takes its name from its position and the effect the sunlight semis to have upon the mineral substances it emits when It re-iche i the dizzy heights to which it ascends, from time to time, as nature in its vio- lence vomits up her surplus interior stock in-trade. Keppler's Cascade is one of the lovliest sights ot Fire Hole Basin, which is formed in the south west part of 1 ellowstone Park, ost"iisll>ly in Madison Lake but principally by the numerous geysers and hot springs which from time to time explode a-d overflow into this beautiful torrent stream A month is not too long for a tourist to spend in the wonderland of \ ellow- stc'ie. if he would see one half the peculiar sights and strange phenomena of nature, n-i The Grand Geyser of the Yellowstone and also of the world Is situated In the south- west corner of the Park among about 50 other hot springs and geysers. When quiet it appears likea well 20 or 23 feet in diameter and 100 feet deep. About once in 30 hours the water begins to rise and boils at a great rate until within a few feet of the top, then a few terrific intonations, as of earthquake shocks, are heard a&d at once a mighty stream of solid water 20 or 25 feet in diameter shoots up Into the air a distance of 200 eet and steam and spray 300 feet higher, which divides before reaching the highest limit into flvedifferent streams, fach varying slightly in gravity and direction. This exhibition continues 20 minutes, then all suddenly subsides. When the eruptions take place iu sunlight the hundreds of changing rainbows and flashes of color caused by the slightest change in the wind, afford one of the grandest scenes possible to the human eye. Although there are 7i important geysers in Yellowstone Park, no two of them are known to be in close enough conjunction to operate together. 17.1 Prominent among the hot water gushers of Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone Park, is the Bee Hive Ge.vser. It is situated not far from " Old Kaithful." Once ii, every two preliminary warning, a stream of hot water 2x3 feet IE Of the71 important hot water "factories" (geysers) of iTrllowstoue Park, "Old 1-auu- ful " was the first to be uiseoveied iu operation. It takes iis name from the regularity of its outbursts which occur at intervals of a Iktle over ; n hour, twenty times a day. It issituated In Fire Hole region in thesouth-west p n of the heservatlou. ;t stands on a mound of rock some 30 feet above the surrounding laud: close to the opening of the geyser, its walls ti to 8 feet high, have been raised up by the mineral action of the waters upon the sui rounding stone. It is all of stalagmite, and nature and earth i as used its richest treasures in the beauty of the material of which the walls are composed. "Old Faithful "sends up a e-olumn of water and ste'ain t25 to lao feet high, 3 to 7 net in liameur, continuing Iior20 minutes at each eruption. i.-t Yellowstone Lake Is a body of water varying in width from three to ten miles nnd In length from eight to 15 miles, situated in the south part of Yellowstone National Park Reservation. It is one of the soureesof the " Father of Waters " and Is situated scarcely a mile from what is known as Ihe Continental Divide, at. which point falling water has an even chance to reach either the Pacific Ocean through the Columbia River, or the Gulf of Mexico through the Yellowstone, Missouri and Mississippi Riv- ers. The Lake, now a paradise for fishermen, was evidently, in pre-historic times, the crater of a great volcano ; the gurglings of which ar still present in the shape of holes In the rocks even at the edge of the water of the lake, where forever boils the water over nature's own fires and where the fisherman inay boil his fish as fast as he can catch them. The lake is 7,788 feet above sealevel and furnishes the wherewith for the numerous grand and beautiful waterfalls which have made Yellowstone River so attractive to the tourist. Yellowstone Park is not open for settlement but is ever to be kept as a National 'Curiosity Shop," MX 05 miles in dimensions. 19.' Camping in the Rockies Is one of the necessary experiences of those who visit the Nation's Wonderland," Yellowstone Park. It in 56x<35 miles in area and many of the richest beauties are far from hotel or even a wagon road. The pack mule here is worth his highest value, in the high altitudes of the Rockies the air is *o pure and dry, all that is needed at night Is plenty of covers to keep warm ; as far as eating is concerned, the exhilarating tramps here and there taking In the countless beauties to be seen iu Yellowstone Park bring appetites ready to eat almost anything that is pro- vided. The regular tour of Yellowstone requires five days, but for those who have the time and means many times five days can be delightfully spent among the ever- changing scenes of waterfalls, geysers, canons, gorges, lakes mountains and plains. Crystal Falls, which is here but dimly shown, is only one of many scores of dashin" mountain torrents to be found in Yellowstone Park. ,9.2 A realization of the height, depth and distance, in other words, " the perspective," is almost an impossible impression upon the mind, as a result of seeing pictures of such wonders as the Grand C'anpn of the Yellowstone. Those unaccustomed to sights so deep, so high, so far, so beautiful, yet so awful, can hardly believe that the picture here represented attempts to portray a chasm five times as deep as the heightof Wash- ington Monument, where the roaring torrent river at the bottom is so far away not a ripple can be heard; where one tower of rock after another seems lu strife to excel, not only in size and height, but in color as well. Surely the walls of the new Jerusalem must have been quarried here; alt twelve of the sacred stones of the Revelation are here and side by side, and as the noon-day sunbeams dance between their glistening Bides one almost imagines this to be the gateway to Heaven ; and while in wonder, lost with all the dazzling beauty, amid such dizzy heights and depths, the eye is drawn, as If by a magnet, to the great waterfall a few miles in the distance, white with crystal spray made glorious by a thousand rainbows. Could it be the " Great White Throne?" Words are too feeble to express one's feelings when sights like this are revealed. 19.3 On the south Bide of Fire Hole River, Upper Geyser Basin, Is a large group of springs the chief of which is the Giant. It has an immense ragged crater, shaped like the base of a large broken horn 10 or 12 feet hlgh> Its opening or nozzle is about 7 feet In diameter. When in a quiet state, the boiling water can be seen in its chasm at a dr'ptti of 80 or 40 feet where it produces a mumbling noise. This great geyser throws up boil- Ing water to the height of nearly 200 feet, diameter of the stream being 7 feet. On one occasion it operated continuously for more thau three hours. Near, and acting in concert with it, are half a dozen smaller craters from 2 to 8 feet in height, constantly full of water and boiling violently from 2 to 6 feet into the air. The Giantess Geyser sends out eruptions lasting 20 minutes at a time and reaching a height of 260 feet. It operates about twice each 24 hours, and isoneof the grandest sights of the whole valley. Some Chinese recently started a laundry in this section, having built their tent above one of the hot water pots. When it started to boil, the action was so sudden, th<> Chi- nese were dead before they Knew that it was loaded. < 19.4 The three Tetons are Peaks of the Rockies lu eastern Idaho at the southwest cor- ner of Yellowstone Park, which is a tract of land oox 05 miles : et apart by law, :ibout the sources of th>- Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers and has been dedicated as a National Park and pleasure ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the public. The entire area within the limits of the Reservation is over 5,9">0 feet in altitude, and tho Yellowstone Lake which occupies an area 15x24 miles or S60 square miles, is 7,42 > f. 1 1 in altitude The ranges of mountains that hem the valleys on every side rise to tho height of 10,000 and 12,000 feet and are covered with snow the year round. These moun- tains are all of volcanic origin and hence it is not probable that any mines or minerals of value will ever be found there. During the months of June, July and August the climate is pure and most invigorating with scarcely any rain or sto'rms of an" kind. The whole region abounds in the most remarkable volcanic manifestations of tho Internal forces ever seen by the human eye. Hot springs or geysers are adorned with decorations more beautiful than could be produced by art and which has required thousands of years for the cunning hand of nature to form. -ji.i .Mount, Uuker Is the last of the Cascade Range in the north-west corner of Washing- ton and just east of the flourishing town of New Whatcom on Puget Sound. It is only about 11095 feet in height but its snow clad peak rises so beautifully near to sea level it appears much higher if compared with other mountains whose base line perhaps as in the Rocky .Mountains, is five or six thou sand feet above sea level before the mountain proper starts. . Our picture is a copy of a photograph from a painting by a celebrated German artist who visited America a few years since but whose name is forgotten by the writer of this article. The view is from a camping ground ou the Skagit River where the proximity to salt water makes a very equable climate highly adapted for easy farm Ing, and the table lands above for sheep raising. The entire Sound Country is full of romantic spots of rare and picturesque loveliness, attractive for tourists, artists and huuters as well as the sturdy pioneer. , lt Mount Hood, the pride of the natives of Oregon, Is 11,220 feet high, and situated about 75 miles southeast of Portland. It rises singly and is b autiful ou account of its loneliness. The atmosphere about it is so clear it can be seen for over a hundred miles and its crest, covered oy eternal snows and ice glistens in the sunlight like a beacon for the >yeary traveler. It is not so often hid from view by haze aud clouds like other mountains and thus is better known than many of its neighboring peaks of the Cas- cade mountains. The Columbia River, that mighty artery of the northwest 1,2IH) miles in length. Is ordinarily 2,010 to 2 500 feet in width, but at the Dalles, the point of this picture, this frreat current is compressed into a channel 130 feet across. During summer freshets the river sometimes rises at this point 120 feet and a rise of BO or 65 feet is no uncom- mon thing. The name Dalles seems to mean a narrow gorge or canon No finer sigbt on the Oregon .Short Line R. R. than Mouut Hood from the head of the Dalles. 21-3 Mount Rainier (or I'acoma) Is about 14,450 feet In height, is third in size in tho t'nitL'd taUs. and i isi s majestically from Puget Sound, Washington. It isoneof tin) mo -I northerly of the Cascade Range and a very king among them all. Standing upon the balcony of the Tacoma hotel at Tacoma, Washington, early In a lovely spring morning as the sun slowly creeps up from behind this monster phantom, the feeling of awe In the presence of Mount Tacoma's greatness is sublime and never to be forgotten. No mountain rises more beautifully or regularly to so great an Immediate altitude. Words are useless In describing such sights except to those who have seen mountains before. Almost et< rnal verdure on the lovely Puget 's Sound marks its base, and never melting glaciers tver glisten iu the Buiilight on its crest above the clouds. Even Tacoma has its gloomy days and often when it rains in "the Sound Country.-* as it ometimes does, thi tourist must wait for days before being able to see Mount Tacoma as it should be seen and eren then the sight is often only a rift between two clouds which before one is ready closes In again like a stage curtain when one is only halt apprised of the genuineness of what first appeared a sublime phantom of whiteness in the sky with a base blending in color with the earth so slowly as to deceive all but practiced eyes. .* The Columbia River and Puget Sound country has only been opened to commerce within the recollection of the present generation. / stream equal in size, import- ance and picturesque surroundings to the Danube of Europe, navigable for 1,200 miles and draining for the Northwest almost as great a territory as the St. Lawrence for the Northeast. It is the grand avenue of commerce for the greatest wheat and lumber producing territory In the world. Navigable for the largest ships 100 miles from its mouth with a three foot tide daily at I'ortland and 100 feet deep for nearly 100 miles further up ; with the snow-clad giant mountains of the Cascade Range on either side and almost eternal verdure among the lowlands near the water's level, occasional grand sights of close Jutting cliffs which like Cape Horn and Ballet's Hades lift their bare shoulders a thousand feet sheer height above the water ; thrifty canning factories, saw mills and flouring mills scattered here and there among growing cities, and a cli- mate that is all that story or fable could require; with all these attractions the Colum- bia is indeed what Is claimed for it the grandest river in America, for the tourist, the pleasure seeker, the poet, the pioneer, the merchant, the manufacturer or the man sucking for an Investment. O ss-1 Mount Hood, whose top Is 11,200 feet above sea level, as seen from the Columbia River, compared witli Pikes Peak from JJenver, is fully 3,000 feet higher. It must be seen to be appreciated ; describing to others a lofty mountain whose top is encased in glaciers, some of which are a mile in width and often beyond the clouds Is almost like trying to explain toa deaf man the beauties of music. Words are inad- equate. Seeing a pile of snow 50 or 100 miles away and banked up toa height above the clouds requires practice to appreciate and time to enjoy. Few Indeed are the daring tourists who ever ascend the slippery heights of Mt. Hood's Icy crest. From Portland Heights on a clear day can be seen in all theirspleudor and varying in distance 50 to 150 miles, Mt. Hood, Mt. Adams, Mt St. Helen's and Mt. Rainier, the grande-t spires of the Cascade Range. Portland is usually supposed to be one of thesightsof the Colum- bia River, but it is located 12 miles from the Columbia on the Willamette Kiver, which Is one of the Columbia's best tributaries, " one of the family," so to speak. za-a Castle Rock, over 950 feet in height, grand, solitary, and peculiar, stands like a sen- tinel on the bank of the grand old Columbia River on the route from the Cascades to Portland. During that 56 mile ride what a list of Nature's curiosities of similar import one must pass! Roosti r Rock, Cape Horn, Hallet's Hades, Sentinel Rock, etc. The fish wheels of theColumbla, partially shown on the left of this picture, are quite interesting to the stranger. During certain seasons of the year the salmon and stur- geon and many other flue fish run up this river in such schools that nets fixed upon wheels like the paddle wheels of a steam boat and revolved mechanically, not only catch up the fish but throw them gently into the boat, and it docs not take long to nil a boat. The Columbia River affords 1,200 miles of good navigation excepting at the Cascades, around which for five miles a canal is being constructed. The Colum- bia vies with the Khoue, the Rhine, the Danube and the Hudson Riven in scenery, and those who have traversed its entire length report it to exceed them all. :t The California tourist is often carried across the Sacramento River before he knows It. The entire overland train of the Southern Pacillc K. K. runs onto the great rail road ferry boat frolano and is transferred so quietly to the other side of that deep arm of ban Francisco Kay he is seldom apprised of the peculiarity of the manner until he Is long past it. A similar method has been adopted by the Northern Pacific R. R. a few miles north of Portland, Oregon, to get across the Columbia River. Some streets in Pan Francisco are so steep it is quite impossible for teams to go up them and hence the expression "grass grows in the middle of the streets." Power for the streetcars is furnished by cable process and is very efficient and satisfactory. Strict cars take the tourist quickly to almost every point in the city and thus bucks and car- riages thrive not so well as In other cities. Telegraph Hill is the observatory from which incoming and outgoing ships are reported. A part of California street h:is recently become monopolized by Chinese shops and bazaars and is therefore attractive to strangers. A visit to "The Golden Gate" Is the climax toa western tour. The U. S. Govern- ment has wisely guarded the entrance to beautiful !^an Francisco Bay by a military post of no mean pretentions. The cliffs on either side are interwoven with a net-work of underground and invisible fortifications which center in what is called Fort Point where we are ever ready for open warfare. The Golden Gate at this point is 2^ miles in width, Mt. Tamalpals on the opposite side rising to about 6,100 feet in height at its crest. On Fort Point side the highest near elevation is about 600 to 800 feet from which, how- ever, a most magnificent view is obtained of the Pacific and coast lines on the west, north and south, ssan Francisco and San Francisco Bay on the east with the beautiful Sierras beyond. The bay of Naples is the only equally beautiful body of water in the world. San Francisco Bay extends about 60 miles north and south and about 13 miles in greatest width, and with Its ever verdant shores, Its pretty Islands, its balmy climate, Its golden sunsets, its fruits and ever blooming flowers is indeed a most enchanting water. To fully appreciate its loveliness one should take trips on tho numerous lines of ferry boats to every point of the compass and see the sights under the different effects of the peculiarly lovely California sunlight. ij-i The Palace Hotel Is the largest structure of the kind in the world ; <. /ering nearly 'l\i acres of ground in the busiest part of San Francisco. Its general form is an immense triplicate, hollow quadrangle Including one grand central crystal roofed garden court, Hanked by a lesser and parallel court on either side. It is s< von stories besides the base- ment and its foundatfon walls are 12 feel thick. The Palace has T7."> rooms for guests, none of which are less than lux 16 feet. Every outer room has its own bay window. Ills said to be fire proof as well as proof against earthquakes and it cost upwards of $5,000,000. . his hotel is one of the marvels of modern times and one of the greatest attractions of the Pacific Coast. Visitors are accommodated both on the American and European plan. , 5 . 9 Clift House Is at what might be called, in common phrase, the jumping off place of the United states. It is just outside the Golden Gate and overlooks the broad Pacific Ocean, The genial proprietor, Mr. J. M. Wilkins, permits free use of its generous bal- conies to all pleasure seekers and scarcely a day ever passes but hundreds if not thous- ands o' delighted tourists sit there by the hour and watch and listen to the countless seals that ceaselessly sport and sleep and rest and fight and howl upon the three little rocky islands which are about 60D feet from the shore. California law protects t he lives of the seals and as they are beyond stone's throw, and the coast is too rough for boating they are perfectly free and safe and there they have been howling and barking and gunning themselves for ages past. They vary in size from that of a cow to that of a dog and are so numerous they seem to almost lie in piles upon every place possible for the clumsy things to stick on the rocks. Just above the Cliff House is Sutro Heights, private grounds but open to the public. It Is one of the most attractive spots in America on account of its beautiful landscape, gardens, statuary and grottoes. M The State Capitol Building at Sacramento, California, is one of the handsomest mte Bulldlncs in \merica It is constructed entirely of granite, brick and Iron, the eranite used being of a whitish color forms a striking contrast to the beautiful green of the foltoe of almost every semi-tropical description. The grounds surround- in- this lapitol cover 26 acres in the heart of tho city, and are probnb y the rat beauttfulol any in the United States with the exception of our National Capitol at Washl-Eton The building measures 282 feet in length, 180 feet in width 7 feet to Sornicc and 1 240 fee to .top of dome, from which point a magnificent view may bo obtned of the Valley of tfie Sacramento. Located in this magnificent structure is the niihUc librirv of the State containing 85,000 volumes. In the rotunda stands that uHitepiew of sculpture; In the purelt and whitest Italian marble ever brought to eric > representii 8 ' Quten Isabella, of Spain giving her jewels that Christoph.-r nh ,,,V,n\ mi.'ht be sent to the westward on his voyage of discovery, which later resuiuarn nil finding what he supposed Eastern Asia but in reality was the new world* o I b v t c n Santa Barbara' is situated on the southwest coast of California in latitude 34% north. contains a population of about 6,C(IO people and is a most quii t, healthy, beautiful ana luxuriant sanitarium anrt residence town on account of it* sheltered situation and equable climate. It was selected as a mission by the Franciscan Monks in the latter part of the eighteenth century. A cloister of no mean pretensions still remains, and its ten or a dozen faithful friars, the only ones in the United States, still occupy and keep it in good repair. The climate is very similar to that of Naples, Italy, and the surroundings are quite similar except the lofty mouii tains which protect Santa Barbara from storms from the rear and sides are not volcanic. * 27.1 All manner of tropical fruits are cultivated in Santa Barbara with success, while wheatand the other grains are wonderfully prolific. The soil and results of farming are quite equal to that on the coasts of Ireland and Scotland, being capable of several crops a year, for uo frosts ever blight the gardener's prospects. Santa Barbara is the garden spot of a land of flowers. The tourist frankly admits he never saw such wealth of the beautiful in that line until he reached this most picturesque locality. There are several good hotels for the accommodation of tourists and invalids, but as a commercial center the town is not particularly noted except as a shipping point for small fruits, oranges, olives, lemons, berries and vegetables. However, for those seek- ing rest from busines* and excitement, no better place can be found. : _ ii __. . . -3 Oakland, California, is the principal residence suburb of San Francisco, being seven miles from it by ferry across the beautiful Iran Francisco 1 ay. This delightful harbor Is 13 miles by 60 in greatest extent and most celebrated on account of its magnificent entrance called "The Golden Gate," beyond which is the broad Pacific. Hie pier extending far out into the water is the western terminus of the great Southern Pacific B. R, system. All San Francisco passengers there leave the trains ai:d finish ilieir trip by a seven mile ride on one of the most magnificent ferry boats in the world. This ride if taken on a clear day when the sun is setting just outside the Golden Gate, is one of the mostenchanting experiences. Printer's ink cannot picture such scenery, one must be there. Various beautiful islands dot the water and ships are seen from every country on the globe. Great San Francisco with its 300,000 people rises up on the opposite shore and moun- tains rise in stately form on every hand balmy breezes as of southern seas are floating ___ 1848; California was ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848; The Central Pacific Railroad (overland) was finished in 1869 ; California has yielded over $1,500,000,000 in gold and sil- ver; California contains .57,801 square miles of territory. Area of San Francisco Bay is 400 square miles. San Francisco is third port of entry in the U. S. California is the largest producer of gold, wine, honey, oranges, lemons, figs, raisins, almonds, walnuts, olives and flowers and claims the finest climate in the world. 27-4 Point and Moss Beach, past Pebble Beach and up over Carmel Hills where sleep the illustrious Franciscan Fathers, Serra and Crespi, and home again through the old town of Monterey, The climate is lovely and has an excellence not to be found elsewhere. a-i The Chinese in rfan Francisco, whose headquarters ure in the neighborhood of Du;:ont, Kearney, t alilornia acramento, Clay and WaMiin^ton si reels oiler the loi.i 1st a phase of civilization interesting for its peculiarity, its non-Americanism, Its Imhii r- ality but withal its thrift, its smiles in the midst of oppression, its p. rfumes in thu center of filth and its conglomerate of pomp, pride, wealth and poverty side by side. Chinamen in California have entirely monopolized the trade in vegetables and opera '.u hundreds of variety stores where all mani.er of Ch.nese, wares, manufactuiea und curiosities are sold. The foreign vit.it. r should spend a day in the Chinese quar- ters and beaccompar.k-d I y an experienced guide. Jlany of these almond eyed citi- zens live two or three stories under ground and as high as 1,010 have been known to sleep in one ol ther-o underground boarding houses whose only ventilation was the entrance to a supposed cillar. Of the 90,000 Chiuise in America Zi.V re. id i in ban Francisco and oi ti.e few Chinese women to be seen scarcely one can be found who is not the property of some corporation. m i Yosemite Valley's big trees are among the chief attractions of the trip to that won- derful resort ; they, however, are outside of ihe val'ey proper. '1 here are three pr.nci- pal groves of these giants of the forest-, known as the Mariposa, Merced and Caiaveri..< groves. As for size our picture gives a very good idea. These trees are called "Redwood 1 and although in the above mentioned groves they have reached double the usual height, the "Redwood" is the principal factor in the lumber markets of California. It is quite similar in strcnylh to our American pine and iu durability to red cedar. Ala recent exhibition a redwood log was known \s hich had been carved out inside and the shell carved into a regular siz^d 1J. H. passenger coa< h. > \ The Chinese have become the best of cooks and almost monopolize that business In California. .No tourist should return from the coast without having eaten a genuine Chinese lunch. Mauy of the little shops which appear from ttie street to be butcher or bake shops have magnificent restaurants up stairs on the third or fourth floors. One must pass through the first floors uninviting quarters however to get there. These upper nails are decorated in elaborately carved ebony, and with much broD'ze and other metallic reposse work. The tables, stools and chairs are of the same general style and the lunches furnished are quite exquisite enough for the taste of most any one. Here the wealthy Chinese directors of importing syndicates, drink their high priced tea and smoke their opium to their heart's content. There are six great Chinese com- panies in San Francisco which are very wealthy and who either own outright or have a large interest in the wages of nearly all the other Chinese in America. The Chinese having no families and being able to live on almost nothing are very thrifty, but spend no money among Americans, hence the bitter antagonism against them. i-< Suoqua-iiiiie I'Uitiswincn is one of the many natural wonders contribntirg to tiu-, beauty and interest of that far-off state, AVashingtou, is situaud about 25 niiies from the Puget Sound and is a favorite resort for picknickersand excursionists from Seattle and T;:coma, these modern cities of such wonderful growth and development. It is scarcely a decade since this spot was wholly unknown to any one except the Snoqual- mie Indians "ffho have for many generations lived in that section of tlie country. These Indians are now semi-civilized and are of great service in assisting the white man in changing the dense primeval forests into flelils of grain and hops. The soil is mor' 1 productive to the acre than that of nnv other known farming IHIH|S. 31-1 Cajon (or Cohone) Pass is about 40 miles north of San Bernardino, Cal., and marks the highest elevation of the crossing of the Sierra Madre Mountains. Although scarcely 100 miles from the Pacific, the elevation is over 7,000 feet. Near by, on one side, is the ever snow-capped "Old Baldy," and on the other, Old San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains, each about 1,300 feet above sea level. On account of the peculiarity of the ground, the projectors of this railroad were continually annoyed by land slides, many times the road being completely destroyed In this way at Cajon Pass. Sometimes, in rainy seasons, even now, all traffic will be delayed for days by one of these land slides. The slopes on either side are covered with the century plant, Spanish daggers, and cactus of every variety ; scrub oak also abounds ; a few miles east of this point there are numerous gold and silver mines of rare value. ti-i Bridal Veil Falls whos" descent, is!HO feet of almost unbroken perpendicular, is one >f the chief all factions <,f Yosernlte Valley. This valley or canon is on t-he west side >f tin- sierra N vada .Vouu talus in ihc i-r.stcrn part near the center of the state of Cali- fornia. The Valley itse f was fir.-t ei.tercd by white men in !&,!>. It is about one mile wri .e and eight or ten mile* long, RUrpa sing in grandeur all known natural scenery la Europe or Asia. line covered mountains enclose It. Their sides rise to the height of **) feet, some parts of which pre ent sheer perpendicular walls varying from 1,000 to CO feet in height. There : ; .re numerous other water-falls, varying in immensity and beauty, one of which, broken in three laps is 2,f>'0 f ct In height Although Yosemite Valley isrX) mile* from any railroad station and is reached only by a rough and weari- some stage ride, nil visitors return enraptured and delighted with the wondrous vast- ness of the strange beauties which filled them with admiration on every hand. 31-3 Ribbon Falls is one of the numer us beautiful sights forever reserved for the free obser\ati*n of all whocc.nie to Yosemite Valley. The U. S. Government's free pleasure park in this section comprises nearly 2.000 square miles of territory, within which are the highest precipices, the loftiest water- falls, the largest trees, the deepest gorges, the finest sunrises and most beautiful raiu- bowsand sunsets to be seen in all our borders. The usual tour of Yosemite requires an expense of 860.00 and a week's time if starting from San Francisco. Those, however, who have time to spare, should take a camping outfit and remain longer. About 5,000 persons annually visit this delightful park, nearly all of whom go home and endeavor to exhaust the dictionary of .-nth usiastic adjectives in theirdescrii.i'.ms Of the sights and pleasures they have here experienced. 31.4 Glacier Point, Yosemfte, 3,200 feet above the rippling stream below whose murmurs over the granite boulders are too far off to be heard, where to the right a yawning chasm winds silently up between many more peaks of immensity and loses itstlf at last some miles distant on the bosom of the clouds on that grand old kiugc' the Sierras called " Cloud's Rest," 2,800 feet above Glacier Point; with Kl C'apitan's grand granite portal off to the left on the opposite side a hundred feet higher at the entrance to the canon but separated witii such an-rvwful abyss, with scores of rainbows from the many waterfalls which plunge thousands of feet over the edges of some of those great cliffs; with the deep shadows here and the intense reflection of the sun upon some cloud near by, with eagles screaming their excited welcome, with the pure sky above and such a yawning chasm b^-low, what feelings must inspire the fortunate visitor who has. been able to climb so high I .Yes, what ! that is all that can be said, one must be there once or he cannot possibly be made to lealize the exuberation of such a sight. 33-1 Yosemite Valley's mountain walls which vary In perpendicular height from 2.000 to 3^200 feet are impossible to portray in pictures. The view here given snows El Capi- tan at a distance of some miles; a close view could not be photographed. This is sup- posed to be the highest pieoe of perpendicular rock in the known world. Many streams of water fed by the melting snows of the higher mountains beyond bre.ik over the sides of Yosemite's walls, several of which have a straight fnll of tjM) to 9.X)"feet. Formed in the center of the valley, is a lovely river of about 125 feet in width, which adds beauty to the awful sublimity of the heights on either side, /his valley or canon has been reserved forever by the United States Government as a pleasure park. To reach it requires a fifty-mile stage ride from the nearest railroad station. Berenda, Cali- fornia, on the Southern Pacific R. '< For this reason the tourist needs a week's time -to make the circuit when starting from San Francisco, 175 miles to the north-west. The number of people who will visit Yosemite when a roilroad to it shall have been, com- pleted, will only be exceeded by that of the visitors to Niagara Falls and the famous Alps of Switzerland. 33 2 The Yosemite Valley affords Bights that are at once sublime, awful, Inspiilng, enrapturing, dazzling, dangerous. Tin-re is nothing like them anywhere except In ^ eilowstone Park where some views are similar, but none moie than two-thirds as high; not sc extensive and not so relieved by numerous waterfalls. Those who visit Yosemite must content themselves with scenery and not expect such hotels as are found at Saratoga. The numuei oi annual visitors does not exceed 5.000 on account of the difficulty of access, but the long ridi s, the weary climbs and the eager desire to be ever going and always seeing gives the tourist an appetite that will extol to the highest the good . In California, Arizona and New Mexico there are something like one hundred species of cacti, the most Interesting of which Is the Giant Cactus, which attains a height of 25 orSO feet. A strange fact connected with these plants is that though til ^y are usually found where little or no moisture pervades the soil and where niiufal. Is very slight, many varieties retain within themselves aslightly acrid, but not altogether impalatablc liquid that is a fair substitute for water. The thorns of the Giant Cactus contain a resinous substance that Is highly Inflam- nxable, which is used by the Apache Indians for sigual light*, These products of the arid regions of the far west have by the ingenuity of man been put to many good uses. Machines have been invented for separating the fibre which is woven into various kinds of cloth and others which griiid them up into a pulp which is finally made into paper. " The London (Kng.) '1 elugraph " is said to use this kind of material exclusively in the Issue of their paper. The Banana I'lant does not reach perfection in the United States, those seen here being grown principally for their novelty. 37-1 California Horned Toads like the plants they thrive among are Indigenous to that eml-tropical climate wherever it is found, either in I allfoi uia, Texasor Mexico. These toads often survive many months with absolutely nothing to eat or drink. They are about the same size as ordinary toads but when captured easily become playful, and are often sly as a fox and subtle as an opossum. Figs have never been very successfully propagated in California; however, the treesnre beautiful for their leaven and Interesting lor their reminder of the style of our first parent's Sunday clothes : the fiber Is quite tough and somewhat thicker than ordi- nary leaves, while their size is quite in favor of their being utilized for cloth. t Calla llllles, roses and geraniums, in fact hundreds of house flowers thi ive In won- derful luxuriance in open air all seasons in California. It is a common thing to see high hedges blooming white with Calla liliies, and ros. s climbing all over a two story house, while geranlumsgrow wild In richest beauty. The profuse church decorations 9n Easter nndays are largely made up of Calla liliies that have been pjcked the day before around the building. The Century Plant or Maguey, as 11 Is called in Mexico, is most interesting. It was supposed to blossom but once in a hundred years, but in California It matures in twelve and in Mexico where His highly cultivated it matures in seven years. From the roots and leaves are distilled the " tlzwln " of the Apaches, the " tequila " and " mescal 1 " of the Mexicans. In the manufacture of "pulque" in Mexico the Maguey is most used : thousands of acres being devoted to its cultivation. When the plant shows signs of blossoming, its heart is scooped out, leaving a hollow Into which flows the sap which otherwise woul I nourish the blossom. This sap amounts to about u gallon a day and is withdrawn every morning and after being subject to a short pro- cess of fermentation is ready for market. This is a mild beverage, very popular and said to be healthful. We Americans do not take kindly at first to this beverage, but as in eating olives, a likii.g may be asily acquired. Tequila is a drink which is the most fiery and diabol- ical compound ever invented, it is like Scotch whiskey ten times heated with the addi- tion of all the other hoi things known to the ingenuity of man. 37 1 The orange tree seen In its highest state of cultivation is one of the most gratifying eights the traveller may gaze upou In ninny a day. In California during March or April, the trees never more than 20 to 25 feet high are completely loaded down with the luscious golden f rui t ripen ing in th" sun and at t he same time appear thousa nds of most fragrautand lilly while blossoms which are the startingot the crop for the next season. Everywhere throughout Southern California, on the sunny slopes and in the fertile valleys are grown the fine grapes which when dried make the laisins of commerce ; thousands of acres are here devoted to the culture f these and other varieties, which are either shipped to eastern markets or made into wine. Californiaus never use stakes in their vineyards. The Spanish Dagger grows in a dry sandy soil along the coast ranges of California, Its leaves are like fcharp thin bayonets, two or three feet long, which spread out in a bristling war-like shape. The stalk, three or four inches In diameter, is usually twelve to fifteen feet high, and commencing about s x feet from the ground are great numbers of fine branches, upon w.iich are sometimes ; s many a* tv:o thous- and flowers all extending in a pyramid shape to the top. Tnese flowers are be>l slmpt d and bear a close resemblance In many respects to the exquisite tube rose. 37 The site of Hotel Del Coronado occupies twenty acres upon a peninsula which Is almost surrounded by the waters of the Bay of Ban Diego and the Pacific Ocean and is connected with San Diego by ferry and also by a railway running around the foot of The hotel stands on a bluff some thirty feet high overlooking the ocean whose waves wash the foot of the terrace, the scene presented being picturesque and grand. The immensity of ihis hotel may be in a measure comprehended from the state- ment that the building c.iveis 7% acres 84,1 (K1 square yards 01 carpeting being required. 'Ihere are 7iO rooms affording accommodations for 2 out) guests. 2,850 electric lights fhed their radiance abroad and #>,<)00 square fuel of veranda affords the visitor all the promenade he may ~ish. To build this, the largest sea-slue resort In the world, 61,000,000 was required. Fourteen thousand barrels of cement were used In constructing tlie foundation and basement, ' Three hundred and fifty years ago the Bay of San Diego was discovered by Juan leriguez Cabrilio, a Spanish navigator, and by him named San Miguel. ID 1602 the ne was changed to San Diego. The "old town" of San Diego, now the First Ward, was founded in 1789 by the iclscan Fathers and it is said to be the oldest settlement In I alifornia. an Diego to-day is a beautiful city of about 20.000 population, with finely paved ts, electric and cable cars and magnificent business blocks and private residences, he climate of San Diego i- not subject to the rapid changes found els*where, the Pasadena, "the crown of the Valley," as its name which Is of Indian origin implies. IP in the most picturesque and fruitful part of the Ban Uabriel Valley and about eight miles east from Los Angeles. It is a paradise of fruit and flowers, though a town of recent growth. The Valley here is a succession of hills, some of which are a thousand feet above sea level, or seven hundred feet above Los Angeles, Their alopes are cov- ered with gardnns, vineyards, and orange groves. The climate is almost perfect, for the elevation gives greater freedom from fogs and less radical changes of temperature than lower sections. The San Berdarino Mountains, whose pe'iks vary in height from five to ten thousand feet, many of them covered with snow, are seen (o the north and form an effective barrier to the cold winds. In 1K87-8 Pasadena was the scene of one of the greatest Innd booms ever known, dm Ing which an immense amount of Eastern capital was there invested in buildings and beautify lug of grounds, etc. 39-1 Arrowhead Mountain, six miles from Ban Bernardino by stage is one of the Sau^ Bernardino rauge of mountains. The mountain takes its name from the singular way in which the underbrush grows ou a certain spot, giving it the appearance of a large arrow head pointing toward the earth, in the foot hills beneath the arrow head are found springs of healing waters, which have become fatuous for their many cures. i lie mud bulbs here are efflcatious and must be agreeable to take. We once met a gentleman who had spent some time at these balhs, being much oenefitted thereby, and he remarked that lie had a good deal more respect for a hog now, since he knew I how pleasant it WHS to wallow in Hie mud. Tradition has it thai the Indians were guided here by the Great Spirit who told them about the arrow ;md ihatit pointed towards Ihese healing springs. The Arrow- head is I. ;_0 feet in height and its greatest width is 'Sn feet, and it is plainly visible at a distance of twenty-live miles. S5-* San Bernardino, the county seat of Fan Bernardino county, is beautifully situated In one of the most fertile spots in the magnificent San Bernardino Val.ey. it is sixty- one miles from Los A ugeles ou tlie main line of the Santa Fe system, and four miles fro. n (Joltou ou the Southern Pacific main line. The surroundings of ~iui Bernardino form one of Its chief attractions as a home. Situated ou ii elevation in the valley, the view in every direction is one of exceptional beauty and extent. To the north and east the mountain wall of ihe.^an Bernardino rauge forms a barrier from 6,0:0 to 7,00) feet in height, rearing its lofty peaks far up among the clouds. With its snowy peaks 11,^00 feet above the sen, stands grand old ; t. San Ker^ardiuo like a sentinal guarding the pass, the open gateway to the beauti- ful vail. y. A little further to tln> east, old Gray Back raises its barren ridge to the still greater height of ll.iiUO nwt, its perpetual crown of mow gleaming in the mid-summer sun. To the south and c-ast tli lofty San Jac'ulo range lifts its ragg. d head, while to the south and west the blue Ttmescal Mountains stretch away in UK distance. 4 i Thus encircled, except toward the ocean on the west, the beautiful valley with its broad fruitful fields, its long lows and shady groves- of trees ; : ts orange groves of glossy green ; its homes of industry and comfort; its hundreds of gushing fountains, allspread out in an unbroken view, is a magnificent panorama, at once sublime, picturesque and beautiful. Uneot the most important features and chief attractions of this favore I city is its abundant supp y o pure, cold, and sparkling water ; by sinking artesian wells fr m thirty to three liund ed fe t any win re in the city an unlimited and never failing water upp y is obtained, many of the the wells flowing with a force sufficient to carry water to the upper stories. . i lii-re are many beautiful places o r special attraction around the city. The old town of San Hermmlino "euiviug its name from the old Mission (St. Bernard) located there, now b t amass of crumbling** ruins, is distant about five miles. The ancient town of Agna Mansa is about Ihe same distance. Tne arrow head springs aio~ located six miles north on a bvin-li of foot hilis2,(H)o f"cl above the sea level. .At the springs Is a flue hoiel. provided with every modern luxury. The springs arc reachC'J liv stage from Magnolia Avenue, Riverside, the finest drive in southern California is one hundred and thirty-two feet wide, and nine miles long running in a direction a little south of west. At every half mile are cross streets. There is not any where H sign of a fence, but green, carefully trimmed hedges, and rows of trees which embrace the eucalyptus, fan palm, Orevlllco. Uobusta .and Monterey Cypress have been pi nted along each side of the avenue with perfect regularity, so that no break occurs, while down the center, pepper trees with their graceful foliage, devide the avenue into two distinct drive-ways All these trees have attained a splen- did growth, owing to the care bestowed upon them and the result is grand beyond des- cription. For miles a perfect system of irrigation has been made use of, which in connection with a rich soil, perfect climate and the desire of the inhabitants to make their homes and surroundings lovely beyond compare, has produced a scene which is nowhere surpassed If even It be conceded an equal. 41-1 The resident of Pasadena, looks out from semi-tropical groves and gardens upon the snowy summits of the numerous peaks of the San Bernardino range of mountains while at his feet there are beautiful green lawns, the many varieties of flowers breath- ing their fragrance on the balmy air, the orange trees laden witii Ihe golden fruit ripening In the sun, and covered at the same time with the sweetest of blossoms, here and there a flg, a lemon or an almond tree in full leaf and may be along a little further a peach or an apple tree, the latter, however, not having any foliage as yet, it still being the winter season. Then there are the fan palms, spreading beauteous foliage in the sun, the Spanish dagger in full Moom with its single blossom shooting up Into the air far above his hi ad, possibly aiso a banana plant with Its bunch of fruit hanging almost within reach, and last, but not least, the Calla lilly, that beautiful flower, nur- tured so tenderly in our eastern homes, here flourishing with little attention in tins glorious garden spot of the earth. * -* The Cow-boy of the western plains is a character in his way, when mounted on his mustang or pony vhich is small and hardy and'bred to his work. The work of a cow-bay, as his name implies, is t> look after not a few rows, but hun- dreds of call le that roam almost at will, on 'lie vast ranges of the far west. His princi- pal work consists in twice a year attending t lie " round up " as it is called when all the cow-boys for many miles around form a large circl- and drive all the cattle found there in to a central point where the branding of the young tabes place, and those animals found suitable for market arn disposed of. At these round ups hundreds of cow-boys ore sometimes assembled and they beingof a boisterous nature usually make things lively when they are offduty. Bel nt; so much alone on the plains and exposed to dangers of all kinds the cow-boy naturally goes well armed, and it is not an unusual thing to see them with a brace of revolvers and acouple of bowie knives in their belts, and a rifle strapped to the saddle ; on tnc pommel hangs a lariat or lasso used to rope or catch cattle A sombreio or wide brimmed while hat made of felt, a .loose dark colored flannel shirt, leather leggins over his trou-ers, high boots, and a gaudy colored necktie in addi- tion to his armament, constitute his dress when he gets a chance to come into the nearest town* 43-1 Mexican rag and wax works representing typical scene* In Mexican life are displayed for sale every where throughout Mexico and along the borders; either in stores devoted almost exclusively to th display of such things, or in a small way by the poon-r ?lass (peons) on the street corners in tho cities. These figures are accurate, well mado and life like, and are much Bought after by visitors in the vieinity of our sister republic. In addition to these rag and wax figures, these curious people make highly artistic feather work which Is made very durable by pasting it o i heavy card board. Gras pictures are another nove ty, also baskets, zerapes. [hand-woven blankets) Onyx cut for use in all conceiveable shapes, lacquer and inlaid wood work, tortoise shell, pottery and il !iizre j wo v k in gold and silver. The same people i th" peons) also make quite a traffic in opal* which nicy (Inn in the rough. Imbedded in the lava formation of their mountains; they polish them by hand and sell mostly to tourists. - Thelntt-rior f n Mexican home her* represented, isono bMondng to a peoi ih.it Is thrifty and well to do. Many peons arc shiftless and hr/.v and as a consequence have nbsoluteiv nothing In the shape of furniture in their homes. In this picture it will be noticed that some are shod, some barefooted and others Wear only sandals. Here we see the family, the dog and the cat, also th habitOH 1 cigarette without, whirh the Mexican Is seldom seen be be rich or poor. Jn homes like tin-sea.! the fancy A bullfi"ht is to the Mex'can or the Spaniard, what base ball is to the American or cricket to lue Eugiish; it is the national game or spoit raiher foi Hc.in h;i,ui.\ be called 1 'Vv^Ye'u'a bull fi"ht takes place, nearly everybody in town and the country round about tiaiheisat ti.e scene, all dressed in their, u in ay dot lies and out for a good time. A bull ngiitis not a tight between two of i h- animals, theie bxiiigoii.y oue bull let into tlie arena at a time, and four or live gaily dresse.l men excite th animal by liaum- w nil II I lie .tl CA leilll IB l*dU*F!U ^trell ue uc I 11 II /l M*"'l .Jill"" ,*, lulv^l.>"^ .*".- -. -- - u 1*1 I I , I * fill articles are made such as the potterv, the va\ and rag figures, representing typic I i ng red blauUets or (lags in Us face, and worry it by an occasioiial spear thrust unfll scenes ot Mexican life, the tortoise shell work, and the grass pictures, the mai^'-ig of is near.y exhausted Irom fatigue and loss of blood, when the hero of the dny am eil which contribute to the support of the family. f with a sharp pointedswoid steps inamid the cheers of theexc ted crowd and cau;mi,sly The Mexican water carriers hero depleted, (live one an idea of the primitive way in which things are done in this veritable Egypt of the new world. Wat*r Is carried on the back. In cans or sacks nuide of hoi skin, which are wa ei tight, the bur .en bearer being obliged to walk or ruu in a stooping posture, otherwl.-e the load would cause him to fall backward Manv oilier carriers use jars made of pottery, to which bands are securely fastened that extend up and across the forehead; a smaller jar in trout, with a band over the back of the head about balances things and allows the carrier to walk exact. Wlen these people are anle to buy a burro, tor donkey! they load |him upon both Ida* with about as much as he can carry. An unexplained philosophical pnenomeuoi is that water left in these jars soon becom s cool and palatable, notwithstanding i heat which at times pervades the atmosphere; thus has an ail wise Providence m His mercy bewowed blessingson His children. '* * The Southern Pacific Railroad Company in building west, from ElPaso Texas sur- veved their Hue across the KioGrande (river) touching the wet bank ot the river Ju InJldetheVrritorvof New Mexico, so near the bounuary line of Uld Mexico that the traveller can look into the old Republic by simp.y glancing out of the car window, t Tbe west bank of the Kio Grande is here much higher than the other, anil in order to reach this greater elevation the bridge is bui 1 t quite high and above the water, and Is approached from the east by a long wooden trestle built very sol d and well braced. Tne Atchison, Topeka and Santa Ke Kailroad Company in building into El Paso, follows the Kio Grande along its east bank, and at the point seen in our illustra- tion, passes beneath the high treatleoftheSoutneru Pacific Company thus completing the most picturesque scene. 45-1 The Church of Guadaloupe. or as it is more familiarly known, the Old Cathedral at Chuiad Juarez, is oue of the oldest landmarks of the eariy invasions of the Franciscan Fathers who followed Cortez into Mexico four centuries ago. The walls are about four feet thick aud built of adobe or dried clay brick. The elegantly carved doors and the Dell were brought from S|.aiii. There are no chairs or seats in the church ; the devout worshipers kneel on the stone floor during services. The cUeerful chirp and song of many birds add life and interest to the seene. It seems that they were allowed to build their nests among the elaborately carved rafters which support the roof. General de- cay seems to mark every feature of the chuich. Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, and El Paso, Texas, are towns In close conjunction, with only the Rio Grande flowing between them. The former city is a thoroughly Mexican town. They are surrounded by high hills and mountains. In El Paso there is a queer mixture of low adobe houses with Mexican postales, the border frame houses and the flne brick and stone residences of more metropolitan proportions. 45 1 advancing toward the n iw wary animal endeavers to g t him to nml-e a dash i.t him wh u withaquick thrust which must be made directly over the h irns of tin* infuriated bull as he rushes toward him, Me bull lighter strikes the fatal SIKH, and tin! bull falls first on his knees and then on his head stone dead, amid the eileers of the assembled crowd who in their excitement throw toeir hats into the ring. In a li minutes a couple of cow boys on horseback hook on to the dead bull and on the gallop drag his carcass out of the ring. Aineric.au visitors all like to see a bull tight, but seldom care to go a second time. A. street scene in Ciudad Juarez is quite interestiii" to tlie traveller who is looking 'or the odd thiugs in his pathway. The buildings on eitl.i r s uc uiv close to the sirei t le.iving but a narrow putuway between the roadway ami t.ie buildings, which are but a single story in height and are built of adobe or suu-dried bricii, something similar to that which, the children of Israel were compelled to nia^e for t'.iaraoh of J'.gypt. The walls of these bui la lugs are from two to lour IVeltliici--, surmounted by a heavy cement or adobe roof, which makes an almost impregnable barrier to the heat of the sua; once inside we are cool and comfortable.' The spouts seen sticking out from the building are on a level with the roof and are for the purpose of carrying oft' the rain, which during the wet season is sometimes very heavy. '1 he buildings are mostly put up around a court yard in which the children may play instead of going out into the street. In this court yard are oflen seen most beautiful flowers aud shrubs. The stores aud dwellings are for the most part under the same roof. One of the most curious sights is the way these people load up a burro, or small donkey, with wood. They make up two bundles each about as large as the burro Itself, and then strap one bundle on each side of tne patient animal who is so com- pletely covered up that he resembles nothing so much as a walking wood pile.