BRARY
COLOR KEY TO
^QRTH AMERICAN BIBDS. :
By FRANK M. CHAPMAN
Curator of Ornithology in the American Museum
of Natural History
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TOPOGRAPHY OF A BIRD
Bluebird (natural size)
I •
COLOR KEY TO
NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS
With Bibliographical Appendix
BY
FRANK M. CHAPMAN
CURATOR OF ORNITHOLOGY
IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Author of " Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America,"
"Bird-Life," Etc.
With Upward of 800 Drawings
CHESTER A. REED, B. S.
Revised Edition
APP
NE\^
1S!et(P<
OjmRY
COPYRIGHT,
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE ct CO.
1903
COPYRIGHT
D. APPLETON & CO.,
1912
Published November, 1912
Printed in the United States
PREFACE.
CO LEARN to call a bird by its right name is the first step in the
study of ornithology. We may propose to investigate the structure,
food, and habits of the birds of the world, or desire merely a super-
ficial knowledge of the species found in our garden, but in either case we are
at once confronted by this question of identification.
From the scientific point of view there is but one satisfactory way to
identify a bird. A specimen of it should be in hand in order that its form,
color, and size may be accurately determined, when, with the aid of analytical
keys, with which most text -books are provided, it is a simple matter to ascer-
tain the bird's name.
Wide experience has shown the writer, however, that where one dead bird
is identified, hundreds of attempts are made to name the living bird in nature.
This is to be expected. It is the natural outcome of the recent remarkable
interest in the study of birds which, fostered by Audubon Societies and
nature study teachers, has assumed an ethical and educational importance of
the first magnitude.
We cannot place a gun in the hands of these thousands of bird-lovers
whom we are yearly developing ; indeed most of them would refuse to use it.
Specimens, therefore, are rarely available to them and we should make some
special effort to meet their peculiar wants. The present volume has been'
prepared with this end in view. Identification of the bird in the bush is its
sole end; an end, however, which we trust will prove but the beginning
of a new and potent interest in nature.
Frank M. Chapman
American Museum of Natural History,
New York City, 1903.
Vll
PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION.
In the present edition of the Color Key the body of the book, aside from
the correction of typographical errors, remains as it was in the preceding
edition. The Systematic Table has been reset and brought up to July, 1912,
the date of the publication of the latest supplement to the third edition of
the American Ornithologists' Union's 'Check-List of North American Birds.'
Two Appendixes are added. The first includes all the changes in nomencla-
ture and descriptions of new birds which have been accepted by the A. O. U.
Committee on Classification and Nomenclature since the publication of the
Color Key in 1 903 ; the second contains a list of f aunal ornithological papers
which it is hoped will add greatly to the reference value of the book.
American Museum of Natural History, f.m.c.
New York City, October, 1912.
vm
CONTENTS.
Introduction 1
How to Learn a Bird's Name « 1
How Birds Are Named 4
Synopsis of Orders and Families of North American Birds 9
Color Key to North American Birds 41
Systematic Table of North American Birds 257
Appendix I. Additions^ Subtractions, Emendations 293
Appendix II. Bibliography 305
Index 333
ILLUSTRATIONS.
The illustrations in this volume are designed to aid the student in identi-
fying birds in their haunts by giving, in color, those markings which most
quickly catch the eye. They do not pretend to be perfect reproductions of
every shade and tint of the plumage of the species they figure, but aim to
present a bird's characteristic colors as they appear when seen at a distance.
It was inpracticable to draw all the birds to the same scale but all those on
the same page are so figured. Reference should always be made, however,
to the measurements given at the beginning of each description. The figures
are based on the male bird.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
$ . The sign of Mars, signifying male.
9 . The sign of Venus, signifying female.
Ad. Adult, a bird in fully mature plumage.
Yng. Young, a fully grown bird which has not yet acquired the plumage
of the adult.
L. Length, the distance from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail. This
measurement is made from dead birds, birds in life appear somewhat
shorter.
W. Wing, the distance from the 'bend* of the wing to the end of the longest
feather.
T. Tail, the distance from the insertion of the tail-feathers to the end of the
longest one.
Tar. Tarsus, the distance from the heel to the insertion of the toes, or of
the so-called leg.'
B. Bill, the distance from the feathers at the base of the bill above to its tip.
Note. All measurements are in inches and tenths, and a variation of about
ten per cent, from the figures given may be expected. The number before
the name of each species is that of the American Ornithologists* Union's
*Check-List of North American Birds.'
INTRODUCTION
HOW TO LEARN A BIRD'S NAME
"How can I learn to know the birds ?" is the first question of the seeker
after bird-lore. The scientist's reply, "By shooting them and studying their
structure and markings in detail/' may do for the few who, like himself,
desire to know the birds scientifically; but it is emphatically not the answer
to give the ninety and nine who, while they desire to secure an intimate,
accurate knowledge of birds, will not gain it at the sacrifice of bird-life.
In the present volume, therefore, an attempt has been made so to group,
figure, and describe our birds that any species may be named which has been
definitely seen. The birds are kept in their systematic Orders, a natural
arrangement, readily comprehended, but, further than this, accepted classi-
fications have been abandoned and the birds have been grouped according to
color and markings.
A key to the Orders gives the more prominent characters on which they
are based ; telling for example, the external differences between a Duck and
a Grebe. In comparatively few instances, however, will the beginner have
much difficulty in deciding to what Order a bird belongs. Probably eight
times, out of ten the unknown bird will belong to the Order Passeres, or
Perching Birds, when one has only fo select the color section in which it
should be placed, choose from among the colored figures the bird whose
identity is sought, and verify one's selection by reading the description of the
bird's characteristics and the outline of its range.
How TO Learn a Bird's Name
In the case of closely related species, and particularly subspecies, the
subjects of range and season are of the utmost importance. Most subspecies
resemble their nearest allies too closely to be identified in life by color alone,
and in such cases a bird's name is to be learned by its color in connection with
its distribution and the season in which it is seen.
During the breeding period, unless one chance to be in a region where
two races intergrade, subspecific names may be applied to the bird in nature
with some certainty, for it is a law that only one subspecies of a species can
nest in the same area; but during migrations and in the winter, when several
subspecies of one species may be found associated, it is frequently impossible
to name them with accuracy.
For example, during the summer one need have no hesitancy in calling
the Robins of the lowlands of South Carolina the Southern Robin (Planes-
ticus migratorius achrusterus) but later, when the Northern Robins (Planes-
ticus migratorius migratorius) begin to appear, it would be difficult, if not
impossible, to distinguish them in life from the resident birds.
If it were possible to impress the student, who proposes to name the bird
in the bush, with the absolute necessity for careful, definite observation he
would be saved many disappointing and discouraging experiences.
It is not possible to examine your bird too thoroughly. Never be satisfied
with a superficial view and a general impression. Look at your bird, if you
can, from several points of view ; study its appearance in detail, its size, bill,
crown, back, tail, wings, throat, breast, etc., and at once enter what you
see in a note-book kept for that purpose. In this way, and this way alone,
can you expect to compete with those who use the gun. «
It does not follow, however, that because one does not collect specimens
of birds one cannot study them scientifically. While the student may not be
interested in the classification of birds purely from the standpoint of the
systematist, he is strongly urged to acquaint himself with at least the arrange-
ment of the Orders and Families of our birds and their leading structural
characters.
2
How TO I.EARN A Bird's NaME
To the student who desires to prepare himself for his work afield such
a study may well come before he attempts to name the birds. But where the
chief end in view is to learn a bird's name, the more technical side of the
subject may be deferred. In any event, it should not be neglected. This
orderly arrangement of knowledge will not only be practical benefit in one's
future labors but it will bring with it that sense of satisfaction which accom-
panies the assurance that we know what we know.
As one learns to recognize bird after bird it is an admirable plan to
classify systematically one's list of bird acquaintances under their proper
Orders and Families. These may be learned at once from the systematic
table at the end of the book, where the numbers which precede each species
are arranged serially, and hence systematically.
In some instances, as an aid to identification in the field, descriptions of
birds' notes have been included. It is not supposed that these descriptions
will convey an adequate idea of a bird's song to a person who has never
heard it, but it is hoped that they may occasionally lead to the recognition of
calls or songs when they are heard.
An adequate method of transcribing bird's notes has as yet to be devised"
and the author realizes only too well how unsatisfactory the data here
presented will appear to the student. It is hoped, however, that they may
sometimes prove of assistance in naming birds in life.
As has been said before, the aim of this volume is to help students to
learn the names of our birds in their haunts. But we should be doing scant
justice to the possibilities of bird study if, even by silence, we should imply
that they ended with the learning to know the bird. This is only the begin-
ning of the quest which may bring us into close intimacy with the secrets of
nature. The birds' haunts and food, their seasons and times of coming and
going; their songs and habits during courtship, their nest-building, egg-
laying, incubating and care of their young, these and a hundred other sub-
jects connected with their lives may claim our attention and by increasing our
knowledge of bird-life, add to our love of birds.
3
HOW BIRDS ARE NAMED
Birds have two kinds of names. One is a common, vernacular, or popular
name ; the other is a technical or scientific name. The first is usually given to
the living bird by the people of the country it inhabits. The second is
applied to specimens of birds by ornithologists who classify them.
Common names in their origin and use know no law. Technical names
are bestowed under the system of nomenclature established by Linnaeus and
their formation and application are governed by certain definite, generally
accepted rules. The Linnaean system, as it is now employed by most
American ornithologists, provides that a bird, in addition to being grouped in
a certain Class, Order, Family, etc., shall have a generic and specific name
which, together, shall not be applied to any other animal.
Our Robin, therefore, is classified and named as follows :
CLASS AVES,BiKDS.
ORDER PASSERES, Perching Birds.
Sub-order Oscines, Singing Perching Birds.
Family lurdidcB Thrushes.
Sub-family Z^/r^zV/^ Thrushes.
Genus, Planesticus, Thrushes.
Species, migratorius American Robin.
The Robin's distinctive scientific name, therefore, which it alone pos-
sesses, is Planesticus migratorius. There are numerous other members of the
genus Planesticus^ but not one of them is called migratorius, and this com-
bination of names, therefore, is applied to only one bird.
How Birds are Named
The questions Why use all these Latin terms? Why not call the bird
'"Robin" and be done with it? are easily answered. Widely distributed
birds frequently have different names in different parts of their range. The
Flicker (Colaptes auratus), for instance, has over one hundred common or
vernacular names. Again, the same name is often applied to wholly different
birds. Our Robin {Planesticus migratorius) is not even a member of the
same family as the European Robin {Erithacus rubecola.) If, therefore,
we should write of birds or attempt to classify them only by their common
names, we should be dealing with such unfixed quantities that the result
would be inaccurate and misleading. But by using one name in a language
known to educated people of all countries, a writer may indicate, without
danger of being misunderstood, the particular animal to which he refers.
Among people speaking the same tongue, where a definite list of vernacular
names of animals has been established, they can of course be used instead of
the scientific names.
Such a list of North American birds has been prepared by the American
Ornithologists' Union. It furnishes a common as well as scientific name for
each of our birds, and is the recognized standard of nomenclature among
American ornithologists. The names and numbers of birds employed in this
Color Key are those of the American Ornithologists' Union's 'Check-List of
North American Birds.'
It will be observed that in this 'Check-List,' and consequently in the
following pages, many birds have three scientific names, a generic, specific,
and sub-specific. The Western Robin, for example, appears as Planesticus
migratorius propinquus. What is the significance of this, third name ?
In the days of Linnaeus, and for many years after, it was supposed that
a species was a distinct creation whose characters never varied. But in
comparatively recent years, as specimens have been gathered from through-
out the country inhabited by a species, comparison frequently shows that
specimens from one part of its range differ from those taken in another
part of its range. At intervening localities, however, intermediate specimens
will be found connecting the extremes.
6
How Birds are Named
Generally, these geographical variations, as they are called, are the
result of climatic conditions. For instance, in regions of heavy rainfall
a bird's colors are usually much darker than they are where the rainfall is
light. Song Sparrows, for example, are palest in the desert region of
Arizona, where the annual rainfall may not reach eight inches, and darkest
on the coast of British Columbia and Alaska, where the annual rainfall may
be over one hundred inches. In going from one region, however, to the other
the gradual changes in climate are accompanied by gradual changes in the
colors of the Song Sparrows, and the wide differences between Arizona and
Alaska Song Sparrows are therefore bridged by a series of intermediates.
Variations of this kind are spoken of as geographic, racial, or sub-
specific and the birds exhibiting them are termed subspecies. In naming
them a third name, or trinomial is employed, and the possession of such a
name indicates at once that a bird is a geographic or racial representative
of a species, with one or more representatives of which it intergrades.
Returning now to the Robin. Our eastern Robins always have the outer
pair of tail-feathers tipped with white and, in adults, the back is blotched
with black; while Robins from the Rocky Mountains and westward have
little or no white on the outer tail-feathers, and the back is dark gray, with-
out black blotches. These extremes are connected by intermediate specimens
sharing the characters; of both eastern and western birds. We do not,
therefore, treat the latter as a species, but as a subspecies, and consequently,
apply to it a subspecific name or trinomial, Planesticus migratorius propin-
quuSy (propinquus, meaning nearly related.)
A further study of our eastern Robin shows that in the southern parts
of its breeding range (the Carolinas and Georgia), it varies from the
northern type in being smaller in size and much paler and duller in color;
and to this second geographical variety is applied the name Planesticus
migratorius achrusterus , {achrusterus, meaning less highly colored).
After the recognition of western and southern races of the Robin under
three names (trinomial) it would obviously be inconsistent to apply only two
How Birds are Named
names (binomial) to our eastern bird, the former being no more subspecies
of the latter than the latter is of the former. In other words, to continue to
apply only generic and specific names to the Eastern Robin would imply
that it was a full species, while the use of a trinomial for the Western or the
Southern Robin shows them to be subspecies. As a matter of fact we know
that there is but one species of true Robin in the United States, consequently
in accordance with the logical and now generally accepted method, we apply
to that species the name Planesticus migratorius , and this is equally applica-
ble to Robins from east, south or west. When, however, we learn that the
Eastern Robin is not a species but a subspecies, we repeat the specific name
by which it was made known and call it Planesticus migratorius migratorius^
It may be asked. Why give names to these geographical races? Why
not call Eastern, Western and Southern Robins by one name, Planesticus
migratorius, without regard to their climatic variations?
In reply, two excellent reasons may be given for the recognition of sub-
species by name; first, because in some cases they differ from one another
far more than do many species, when it would clearly be inadvisable to apply
the same name to what are obviously different creatures. For example, it
has lately been discovered by Mr. E. W. Nelson that the small, black-
throated, brown-breasted. Quails or Bob-whites of southern Mexico, through
a long series of intermediates inhabiting the intervening region, intergrade
with the large, white-throated, black-and-white breasted. Bob-white of our
northern states. It would be absurd to call such wholly unlike birds by
the same name, nor could we give a full specific name to the Mexican Bob-
white since at no place can we draw a line definitely separating it from the
northern Bob-white. Furthermore, the use of only two names would conceal
the remarkable fact of the intergradation of two such strikingly different
birds; a fact of the first importance to students of the evolution of species.
For much the same reason we should name those birds which show less
pronounced variations, such as are exhibited by the Robin. Here we have
a species in the making, and in tracing the relation between cause and effect.
How Birds are Named
we learn something of the influences which create species. Thus, climate
has been definitely proven so to alter a species, both in size and color that,
as we have seen in the case of the Song Sparrows, marked climate changes
are accompanied by correspondingly marked changes in the appearance of
certain animals. In naming these animals we are, in effect, giving a 'handle
to the fact' of their evolution by environment.
Since it is evident that a bird may vary much or little, according to the
governing conditions and its tendency to respond to them, no fixed rule can
be laid down which shall decide just what degree of difference are deserv-
ing a name. It follows, therefore, that in some cases ornithologists do not
agree upon a bird's claim to subspecific rank.
In North America, however, questions of this kind are referred to a
committee of seven experts of the American Ornithologists' Union, and
their decision establishes a nomenclature, which is accepted as the standard
by other American ornithologists and which has been adopted in this volume.
Foreign birds of wholly accidental occurrence, most of which have been
found in North America but once or twice, are included in the systematic
list of North American birds, but are not described or figured in the body
of the book, where their presence would tend to convey an erroneous im-
pression of their North American status. Furthermore, records of the
presence of birds so rare as these can be properly based on only the capture
of specimens.
In the preparation of the following pages both author and artist have
had full access to the collections of the American Museum of Natural
History, and they are also glad to acknowledge their indebtedness to
William Brewster of Cambridge, Massachusetts, to Robert Ridgway, Curator
of Birds in the United States National Museum, and to C. Hart Merriam,
Chief of the Biologic Survey, for the loan of specimens for description and
illustration.
SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES
AMERICAN BIRDS.
OF NORTH
The figures are all life-size, except as stated.
WATER BIRDS.
Order I. Grebes, Loons, and Auks. PYGOPODES.
\3 families, 32 species, 3 subspecies.)
Duck-like birds with the bill usually pointed, never wider than high,
and without fiutings, 'gutters,' or serrations on its side; wings short,
never with a bright colored patch or 'speculum'; tail rudimentary, not
noticeable; toes webbed or lobed. Color usually blackish above, white
below; the throat often dark. The Grebes and Loons, when pursued,
dive rather than fly; the Auks usually take wing.
PIED-BILLED GREBE.
Family i. GREBES. PODICIPID^.
Toes four, with lobate webs; tipped with a broad nail; tail wanting.
FOOT OF RAZOR- BILLED AUK.
9
Synopsis of Orders and Families-
LOON.
Family 2. LOONS. GAVIID.^.
Toes four, webbed; toe-nails not broad and flat; tail present.
Family 3. AUKS, MURRES, AND PUFFINS. ALCID.E.
Toes three, webbed; toe-nails sharp; tail present.
Ordkr II. Gulls, Terns, Jakgers, Etc. LONGIPENNES.
■I , ■** (3 families, 42 species, 1 subspecies.)
Birds generally seen on the wing, as a rule, over water. Bill strong,
thick; hooked in the Gulls and Jaegers; sharply pointed in the
Terns; often colored in part yellow or red; wings very long, the outer
feathers much the longest; tail usually short and square in the Gulls,
long and forked in the Terns; toes webbed. Color usually pearly gray
above, white below in adult Gull and Terns; Jaegers and many young
Gulls are dark.
PARASITIC JAEGER.
Family 4. SKUAS AND JAEGERS. STERCORARIID.^. ■
Toesfour;threefrontones webbed; bill with swollen, hooked tip, its base with a
scaly shield.
10
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
HERRING GULL.
COMMON TERN.
Family 5. GULLS AND TERNS. LARID/E.
Toes usually four, three front ones webbed; upper mandible curved and hooked; tail
usually square TGulls, subfamily Larince). Bill straight and pointed; tail often forked
CTerns, subfamily Stemince).
BLACK SKIMMER.
11
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
Family 6. SKIMMERS. RYNCHOPID^.
Toes four, three front ones webbed; bill thin and blade like, the maxilla longer than
the mandible; tail slightly forked.
Order III . Albatrosses, Shearwaters, Petrels, Etc. TUBI-
NARES.
(2 families, 30 species, 1 subspecies.)
Sea-birds keeping, as a rule, well off shore, and flying low, near the
water, often skimming over the waves. Bill, with upper mandible
hooked; nostrils opening through tubes; wings long and pointed; tail
short; feet webbed; hind-toe rudimentary or absent. Color usually-
gray or black and white; no bright markings.
BILL OF SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS.
Family 7. ALBATROSSES. DIOMEDEID^.
Nostrils opening through tubes, separated and on either side of the bill.
FULMAR.
LEACH PETREL.
Family 8. FULMARS, PETRELS. AND SHEARWATERS. PROCELLARIID^
Nostrils joined and situated on top of the bill.
12
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
Order IV. Cormorants, Pelicans, Gannets, Man-o'war Birds,
- — and Tropic-Birds. STEGANOPODES.
(6 families, 19 species, 5 subspecies.)
Large birds, two feet or more in length, varying widely in appear-
ance and habits; in external structure agreeing only in having all four
toes joined by webs.
YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC BIRD.
Family 9. TROPIC BIRDS. PHAETHONTID^.
Bill pointed, somewhat tern-like; central tail feathers much elongated; chin feathered.
GANNET.
Family lo. GANNETS. SULID^.
Bill stout, its tip not hooked; chin and eye space bare; tail pointed, its feathers not
'fluted.'
13
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
ANHINGA.
Family ii. ANHINGAS; SNAKE-BIRDS. ANHINGID/E.
Bill straight and slender; chin and eye space bare; tail rounded; its middle feathers
fluted.
VIOLET-GREEN CORMORANT.
Family 12. CORMORANTS. PHALACROCORACID/E.
Bill with a hooked tip; a small pouch at its base; plumage usually black or blackish.
MAN-O' WAR BIRD.
14
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
BROWN PELICAN.
Family 13. PELICANS. PelecANID^.
Bill hooked at tip, with a large pouch; tail short, square; eye space bare.
Family 14. MAN-O* WAR BIRDS. Fregatid^.
Bill hooked; pouch small; tail long and forked; eye space feathered.
Ordkr V. Ducks, Gkesk, and Swans. ANSERES.
-^(1 family, 49 species, 6 subspecies.)
Birds of familiar form; bill, except in Mergansers or Saw-billed Ducks^
broad and with rows of * strainers' or * gutters' on either side; wings
short, in the Ducks usually with a bright colored patch or speculum;
tail generally short; legs short; feet webbed. Most species, unlike
the Grebes, take wing rather than dive when pursued.
RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.
15
/
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
MALLARD.
Family 15. DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS. ANATID^.
Bill long, narrow, and rounded with tooth-like projections along its sides. (Mergan-
sers. Subfamily Mergitue.)
Bill broad, flattened, typically duck-like; tarsus or leg with transverse scales; hind
toe without a lobe. (River Ducks. Suhi amWy ^natince.)
Bill and tarsus as in preceding, but hind toe with a broad lobe or flap. (Sea and Bay
Ducks. Subfamily FuUguUnce.)
Bill proportionately narrower than in the River or Bay Ducks; gutters on its sides
less developed; scales on front of tarsus rounded. (Geese. Subfamily Anserince.)
Large, usually white birds, with bare eye space. (Swans. Subfamily Cygnime.')
Ordkr VI. Flamingoes. ODONTOGLOSS^.
' (1 family, 1 species.)
Bright red or pink and white birds, standing four feet or more in
height; side of the bill with gutters, its end bent downward; wings
rather short; legs long; feet webbed.
16
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
AMERICAN FLAMINGO.
Family i6. FLAMINGOES. Phoenicopterid^.
Characters of the Family similar to those of the Order.
Ordkr VII. Hkrons, Bitterns, Ibises, and
HERODIONES.
Spoonbills.
(4 families, 19 species, 3 subspecies.)
Long-legged wading birds, generally found along shores or on
muddy flats; bill variable; in the Herons straight and sharply pointed;
in the Ibises, slender, rounded, and curved downward; in the Spoon-
bill, flattened: wings rounded; tail short; legs long; toes all on same
level, long, slender, without webs. Herons and Bitterns fly with a
fold in the neck, the head being drawn in; Ibises and Spoonbills fly
with the neck straight, the head being extended.
17
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
ROSEATE SPOONBILL.
Family 17. SPOONBILLS. PLATALEIDyE.
Bill flattened and much broadened at the end; crown and face bare in adults; toes
partly webbed.
WHITE-FACED GLOSSY IBIS.
Family 18. IBISES. IBIDID/E.
Bill long and curved down; its side with grooves; toes partly webbed.
WOOD ibis.
Family 19. STORKS AND WOOD IBISES. ClCONIID^.
Bill stout, without grooves; tarsus reticulate.
18
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
GREEN HERON.
Family 20. HERONS, EGRETS, AND BITTERNS. ARDEID^.
Bill usually straight and sharply pointtd; lores naked; head feathered; tarsus with
transverse scales; middle toe-nail pectinate or with a comblike edge.
Order VIII. Cranes, Rails, Coots, GallinulKS, Etc. PALU-
______ DICOL^.
(3 families, 16 species, 3 subspecies)
Birds varying greatly in size and appearance, but all agreeing (and
differing from Herodiones) in having the hind-toe elevated, that is, leav-
ing the foot at a higher level than the front toes; tail short; legs
usually long. All fly with the neck extended, a fact by which Cranes
in flight may be known from Herons. Rails are short-winged skulkers
in grassy marshes; Gallinules frequent reedy shores; Coots, which alone
of the Order have webbed (lobate) toes, are as aquatic as Ducks, from,
which they may be known by their pointed, white bill, nodding motion
of the head when swimming, and habit of pattering over the water
when alarmed.
SANDHILL CRANE
19
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
Family 21. CRANES. GRUID/E.
Large birds over three feet in length; head partly bare in adults.
LIMPKIN.
Family 22. COURLANS. ARAMID^.
Bill long and slender; head wholly feathered; toes not webbed.
SORA.
CLAPPER RAIL.
20
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
AMERICAN COOT.
Family 23. RAILS, COOTS, AND GALLINULES. RALLID.C.
Bill variable; toes always long, webbed Clobedj in only one species; wings short and
rounded; tail short.
Order IX. Snipks, Sandpipers, Curlews, Pi/dvbrs, Etc,
LIMICOL^.
(7 families, 55 species, 4 subspecies.)
Generally long-legged, slender-billed birds of shores and mud flats,
and sometimes fields. Most of them are under a foot in length; none
are so large as the Ibises; wings long and pointed; tail short; toes long
and slender, usually without webs; color generally brown or blackish
above, mottled and streaked with whitish and buff. Many species
utter characteristic piping whistles as they fly or when they take wing.
NORTHERN PHALAROPE.
^amily24. PHALAROPES. PHALAROPODID^.
Iront toes with lobes or webs; tarsus flattened; plumage thick; swimming Snipe.
21
Synopsis of Ordisrs and Families.
BLACK-NECKED STILT.
22
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
Family 25. AVOCETS AND STILTS. ReCURVIROSTRID/E.
Long legged, wading Snipe; in Avocets toes four, front three webbed; bill recurvedi
in Stilts toes three, almost unwebbed; bill straight
HUDSONIAN CURLEW.
Family 26. SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, CURLEWS, ETC. .SCOLOPACIDiB.
Toes usually four; tarsus with transverse scales; bill generally long, slender, andsoft»
used as a probe.
23
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER.
Family 27. PLOVERS. Charadriid^.
Toes usually three, or when four, the fourth rudimentary; tarsus with rounded scales;
bill, as compared with that of Snipe, short and stout.
TURNSTONE.
Family 28. SURF BIRDS AND TURNSTONES. APHRlZIDiE.
Toes four, tarsus with transverse scales; bill short, rather hard.
24
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
AMERICAN OYSTER-CATCHER.
Family 29. OYSTER-CATCHERS. H^MATOPODID/E.
Toes three, webbed at base; tarsus stout, with rounded scales; bill heavy, com-
pressed, and said to be used for opening shells.
MEXICAN JACANA.
Family 30. JACANAS. JACANID^.
Toes four, with their nails greatly elongated to support the bird while walking on
aquatic vegetation; wing, with a sharp spur; bill with fleshy lobes at base and, in some
species, on its sides.
LAND BIRDS.
Order X. Grouse, Partridges, Bob-Whites, Etc. GALLING.
^ (3 families, 24 species, 25 subspecies.)
Ground-inhabiting birds of chicken-like form; bill stout, hen-like; wings
short and rounded; tail variable; feet strong; hind-toe elevated. Color
usually mixed brown, black, and buff, or bluish gray.
25
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
BOB-WHITE.
RUFFED GROUSE.
Family 31. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, ETC. TetraONID/E.
Characters the same as those of the Order; tarsus naked in Partridges and
l^uails; more or less feathered in Grouse and Ptarmigan.
26
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
TURKEY.
Family 32. TURKEYS, PHEASANTS, AND CHICKENS. PHASIANID/E.
Tarsus naked, often spurred; tail remarkably variable Cfor example, Turkey, Pea-
cock j; head often with a comb, wattles, or other excrescences.
CHACHALACA.
Family 33. CURASSOWS AND GUANS. CRACID^.
Large tree-haunting, pheasant-like birds; toes four, all on same level.
Ordkr XI. PiGKONS AND DovKS. COLUMB^.
»^ , — ■^-"^ family, 13 species, 3 subspecies.)
Walking birds, feeding both on the ground and in trees; bill slender,
grooved, nostrils opening in a fleshy membrane; tail variable, short and
square, or long and pointed; feet stout, often reddish. Color usually
grayish brown. Call-notes a characteristic cooing.
MOURNING DOVE.
Family 34. PIGEONS AND DOVES. COLUMBID.^.
Characters those of the Order.
27
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
Order XII. Vultures, Hawks, and Owls. RAPTORES.
(4 families, 56 species, 33 subspecies.)
Generally large birds with hooked bill; strong, heavy feet, and long,
curved nails ; wings large; tail rather long, usually square.
TURKEY VULTURE.
Family 35. AMERICAN VULTURES. CATHARTIDyE.
Bill not strongly hooked; toe-nails comparatively weak; nostrils large, piercing
the bill; head and more or less of neck, bare.
RED-TAILED HAWK.
28
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
FOOT OF RED-TAILED HAWK.
Family 36. FALCONS, HAWKS, EAGLES, ETC.
FALCONID/E.
Nostrils opening in a cere at the base of the bill; hook of
bill and claws well developed; plumage firm and close;
tarsus usually largely bare.
^J\fat Size,
BARN OWL.
29
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
Family 37. BARN OWLS. StrigID/E.
Eyes black, set in a somewhat triangular facial disc; bill more or less concealed by
feathers-, nostril opening at the edge of a fleshy cere; inner edge of middle toe-nail
serrate; no 'ears'; tarsus feathered.
^ Mat Size.
SCREECH OWL.
Family 38. HORNED OWLS, ETC, BUBONID^.
Eyes yellow or black, set in a circular facial disc; bill more or less concealed by
feathers; nostrils opening at the edge of a fleshy cere; tarsus feathered.
Paroquets and Parrots.
(1 family, 2 species.)
PSITTACI.
Usually bright green birds with a heavy hooked bill, broad scoop-
shaped lower mandible; long, pointed wings; tail, in Parrots, generally
square; in Paroquets, pointed; feet heavy, two toes in front and two
behind.
CAROLINA PAROQUET.
Family 39. PARROTS AND PAROQUETS.
Characters the same as those of Order.
30
PSITTACID^.
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
Order XIV. Cuckoos, Trogons, Kingfishers, Etc. COCCYGES.
—— — ' ^ (3 families, 8 species, 2 subspecies.)
A composite Order of several groups of birds bearing no close rela-
tion to each other. Cuckoos have slightly curved bills, long tails, and
two toes in front and two behind. Trogons have short, rather broad,
stout bills, and soft, loose plumage, often green above, red below; moder-
ately long tails; small feet with two toes in front, two behind. King-
fishers have long, rather stout, pointed bills; wings, long; tail, medium;
three toes in front and one behind; middle and outer toes joined for
half their length.
yellow-billed cuckoo.
Family 40. CUCKOOS, ANIS, ETC. CUCULID^.
Toes two in front, two behind; bill, usually, more or less decurved; tail, long and
rounded, the outer feathers being, generally, much shorter than the middle pair.
COPPERY-TAILED TROGON.
Family 41. TROGONS. Trogonid/e.
Toes two in front, two behind; bill, short; upper mandible decurved and dentate;
tail square; plumage, soft, loose, and generally shining green above.
BELTED KINGFISHER.
31
>/
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
Family 42. KINGFISHERS. ALCEDINID/E.
Legs short; feet small; toes, three in front, one behind; third and fourth toes join-
ed; bill, stout and long.
tpT^T^p VAr.. Woodpeckers. PICI.
1 family, 24 species, 22 subspecies.)
Climbing birds with stout, pointed bills, bristly nostrils, pointed,
stiffened tail feathes, strong feet and nails; two toes in front and two
behind, except in Picoides, which has two in front and one behind.
Prevailing colors, black and white, the males usually with red on the
crown.
foot of three- toed
woodpecker.
PILEATED WOODPECKER.
Family 43. WOODPECKERS. PICID^.
Characters the same as those of the Order.
32
Synopsis of Orders and Famines.
Order XVI. Goatsuckers, Swifts, and Hummingbirds.
^..— — ..«.,.__^ MACROCHIRES.
(3 families, 27 species, 6 subspecies.)
Bill, in the Goatsuckers and Swifts, small; mouth large; in the Hum-
mingbirds, bill long, slender, needle-like; wings and tail variable; feet,
in all three groups, small and weak. Color, in Goatsuckers, mixed
brown, buff and black; in Swifts, black and white; in Hummingbirds,
usually shining green above with resplendent throat-patches of varied
hues.
whip-poor -'WILL.
Family 44. GOATSUCKERS, ETC. CAPRIMULGID/E.
Feet usually small and weak; toes, three in front, one behind; middle toe-nail pectin-
ate or combed; bill small; mouth very large and usually beset by long bristles.
CHIMNEY SWIFT.
Family 45- SWIFTS. MlCROPODID.^.
Bill small, triangular when seen from above; mouth large, no bristles; tail variable,
in Chcetura with projecting spines; wings long and narrow; feet small and toes short;
plumage usually dark.
ruby-throated hummingbird.
Family 46. HUMMINGBIRDS. TROCHILID/E.
Bill long and slender; feet slender; wings large and pointed; tail exceedingly variable,
often assuming the most striking shapes.
33
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
Ord er XVII. Flycatchers, Jays, Blackbirds, Finches, Swal-
■*— cO^S, Warblers, Thrushes, and Other Perching Birds. PAS-
SERES.
(18 families, about 325 species and 226 subspecies.)
Bill, wings, and tail variable; feet with four toes not connected, the
hind-toe as long as the middle one; its nail generally longer than that
of the middle toe. This Order contains more species than the re-
maining sixteen Orders put together. In it will be found over 80 per
cent, of the birds commonly seen by field students. It is difficult of
definition, but almost pny small perching bird may, with more or less
certainty, be referred to the Passeres,
PHOEBE.
Family 48. FLYCATCHERS. TYRANNlDv^. ^ ^
Bill broad, flat, hooked at tip, its base with bristles; wings rather pointed, the sec-
ond to fourth primaries longest; tarsus rounded behind as well as in front; feathers of
crown generally somewhat lengthened, forming when erected, a small crest; pose, when
perching, erect; food of insects usually captured on the wing; voice generally unmusical.
HORNED LARK.
Family 49. LARKS. ALAUDID^. . ^ ,. ,.. , ,.
Hind toe-nail much lengthened; bill rounded, straight; tarsus rounded behind as well
as in front; our species with a tuft of feathers on either side of the head; outer primary
short or rudimentary; walking birds, singing while on the wing.
34
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
BLUE JAY.
Family 50. CROWS AND JAYS. CORVIDyE.
Large perching birds, usually twelve inches or more in length; bill stout; nos-
trils covered by projecting bristles; feet heavy; outer tail-feathers usually shortest;
fourth to fifth primary longest, first about half as long. ^_,
PURPLE CRACKLE,
BALTIMORE ORIOLE.
Family 52. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. ICTERID^.
Base of bill, between nostrils, extending back and dividing feathers on forehead;
nostrils not concealed by bristles; first three primaries of equal length.
SONG SPARROW.
35
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
EVENING GROSBEAK.
CARDINAL
Family 53. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. FRINGILLID^.
Bill short, stout, conical; third or fourth primaries longest; first about half an inch
sho»1:er; the majority are small birds and but few are over eight inches in length.
SUMMER TANAGER.
Family 54. TANAGERS. TANAGRID.^.
Bill somewhat finch-like but more swollen in outline; the upper mandible, in typical
forms, toothed or dentate.
TREE swallow.
Family 55. SWALLOWS. HlRUNDINID.€.
Bill short, broad and flat; feet small and weak; wings long and narrow; tail notched
and sometimes forked; birds of the air, feeding while on the wing.
36
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
CEDAR WAXWING.
Family 56. WAXWINGS. AMPELID^.
Bill short, stout, and rounded, its tip notched; wings rather long; head crested.
NORTHERN SHRIKE.
Family 57. SHRIKES. LANIID^. Bill stout, its mandible hooked and hawklike^
feet truly Passerine; pose, in perching, erect; solitary grayish birds.
RED-EYED VIREO.
Family 58. VIREOS. VlREONID^.
Bill small, but distinctly hooked; outer primary usually very small and sometimes
apparently wanting; olive-green gleaners among the leaves.
37
Synopsis of Orders and Families.
NASHVILLE WARBLER.
YELLOW WARBLER.
AMERICAN REDSTART.
O
Famfly6o. WARBLERS. MNIOTILTID^.
Bill, in most of the species, slender, sharply pointed, and without a notch or hook at
the tip; in the genera IVilsonia and Setophaga^ flat and flycatcher-like; in Icteria stout;
liack of tarsus compressed into a thin ridge; three outer primaries of nearly equal
lehgtii.
AMERICAN PIPIT.
Family 6i.- WAGTAILS. MOTACILLID^.
Hind toe-nail much lengthened; bill slender, nostril not covered with bristles, as in
true Larks; back of tarsus thin, not rounded; terrestrial, walking with a wagging
motion of the tail.
AMERICAN DIPPER.
Family 62. DIPPERS. ClNCLID^.
Thick-set birds with short wings and tail; plumage thick and water-proof; tarsus
scaled; semi-aquatic in habit, haunting mountain streams.
38
Synopsis of Orders and Famines.
BROWN THRASHEPv
Family 63. WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC. TROGLODYTlDiC.
Tarsus scaled; tail rounded, the outer feathers being shortest; third to fourth primary
longest, the outer half as long; bill in Thrashers often decurved, its base with bristlesi
in Wrens, bill without bristles; brown or grayish inhabitants of lower gro-vth.
BROWN CREEPER.
Family 64. CREEPERS. CERTHIID^.
Bill slender and much decurved; tail usually pointed and stiffened.
CHICKADEE.
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH.
Family 65. NUTHATCHES AND TITS. PARID^.
Fourth or fifth primary longest; first an inch or less in length. Chickadees (sub-
family Paritm) have a short, stout bill, the nostrils covered with bristles; the tail is
rather long and rounded. Nuthatches Csubfamily Sitting) have a long, slender bill.
short, square tail, and large feet.
39
Synopsis of Orders and Famines.
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.
Family 66. KINGLETS, GNATCATCHERS, ETC. SYLVIID/E.
Bill slender and Warbler-like, but first primary only one-third as long as the fourth.
WOOD THRUSH.
Family 67. THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC. TURDID^.
Tarsus 'booted*, without scales, (see foot of Robin under Synopsis of Order
i^asssrss); tail square; mandible notched and slightly hooked; outer primary an inch or
less in length; second to fourth of about equal length.
40
COLOR KEY TO
NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS
Order I. DIVING BIRDS.
PYGOPODES. ■ -
Family 1. GREBES. Podicipid^. 6 species.
Family 2. LOONS. Gaviid^. 5 species.
Family 3. AUKS, MURRES, and PUFFINS. Alcid^. 21 spe-
cies, 3 subspecies.
Grebes are at home in reed-grown ponds or sloughs where their nests
are made on raffs or islets of water-soaked vegetation. Their eggs
number from four to eight, are dull white in color, and are usually
covered by the bird- with a portion of the nesting material when it
leaves its home. Grebes occasionally rest on the shore, but are rarely
found far from the water. When on land they may lie flat on their
breasts or sit erect on their tails and entire foot, or tarsus. Their
progress on land, as a rule, is awkward and they may use their wings
as fore feet to assist them. In diving. Grebes sometimes spring part-
ly from the water and then plunge downward head first, or they may
quietly sink with scarce a ripple to mark the place of their disap-
pearance.
Loons generally pass the summer on some large lake, and in the
winter many of them live at sea. They nest, as a rule, on the shore,
but so near the water that the parent bird may slide off its two dark
brown, mottled eggs into its favorite element. Like the Grebes, Loons
are expert divers, and birds of both families so often seek safety under
the water rather than in the air that it is frequently difficult to make
them fly. The young of both Grebes and Loons are born covered with
feathers and take to the water shortly after birth, often using the back
of the parent bird as an ever present island on which they may rest
at will.
The Auks, Murres, and Puffins are sea birds which nest usually in
large colonies on isolated islets or rocky, inaccessible shores of the
northern part of the northern hemisphere. They lay one or two eggs,
sometimes in an exposed position among the rocks with no attempt
at nest-building, sometimes at the end of a burrow excavated by the
birds. In the latter case, the young are reared in the nest; in the for-
mer, they sometimes enter the water at an early age.
The one egg laid by Murres is remarkable both in color and in shape.
In color it varies from bluish green to buff, and is usually heavily
scrawled with black. In outline it is pyriform or pear-shaped. When
moved it does not roll away as would a hen's egg but revolves about
its own tip. In this manner it retains its place on the narrow
ledges often chosen by Murres for nesting-sites.
42
Grebes and Loons
2. Holbcell Grebe (Colvmbus holbcelli). L. 19.
/Ids. Crown and hindneck glossy black; back
blackish; throat, cheeks, and underparts white;
foreneck and sides rufous. Winter. Above blackish
brown; throat and underparts white; foreneck pale
rufous. Yng. Similar but no rufous. Notes. "An
explosive kup^^ and "An exceedingly loud harsh voice
not unlike that of an angry Crow, but of much greater
volume. The calls were also given more slowly and
indeed with singular deliberation, car, car^ three or
four times, sometimes lengthened to caar^ and again,
broken and quavering like ca-a-a-r or cora-a-a-r.'*
(Brewster.;
Range. — North America, eastern Siberia, and Japan; breeds locally
In the interior from about Lat. 50° northward; winters from Maine and
British Columbia southward to South Carolina, Nebraska and
southern California, chiefly on the coasts.
3. Horned Grebe (^Colymhus auritus). L. 13.5.
Ads., summer. Crown, hindneck, and throat glossy
black; plumes behind eye deep buff; back and wings
blackish; foreneck, breast, sides, and lores chestnut;
abdomen white. Winter. Above grayish black; be-
low white.
Range.— Northern Hemisphere: breeds largely In the Interior from
eastern Quebec, northern Illinois, St. Clair Flats, North Dakota, and
British Columbia northward; winters from Maine and British Columbia
south to Gulf States and southern California.
4. American Eared Grebe {Colymbus nigricollis
californicus). L. 13. Ads. Above, neck all
around, and upper breast brownish black; cheek tufts
yellowish brown; flanks chestnut; belly white.
Winter. Grayish brown above; white below.
Range.— Western North America east to Kansas; breeds locally
from Texas and middle California north to Manitoba and British Col-
umbia; winters from British Columbia, on the Pacific coast, and Texas
southward.
5. Least Grebe {Colymbus dominicus bracbypterus).
L. 10 Ads. Throat black; cheeks slaty, above blackish;
below grayish. Winter. Similar but no black or slate
on throat or cheeks. Smallest of our Grebes.
Range.— Lower Rio Grande Valley In Texas and southern Lower
California south to northern South America.
6. ?\tA-}a\\\e6 QiTehe {Todilymbus podiceps). L. 13.5.
Ads., summer. Above brownish black; throat and band
on bill black; foreneck, breast, and sides brownish;
belly white. Winter. The same, but throat white,
breast more rusty, bill without black band. Notes. A
loud, sonorous, ^^cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-
uh, cow-uh, cow-uh, cow-uh."
Range.— Argentine Republic; north through Mexico and West Indies
to Lat. of Hudson Bay; breeds locally throughout its range, but chiefly
northward; winters from New Jersey, Illinois, and southern California
southward.
43
Grebes and Loons
L4 M^"^
I. Western Grebe; Swan Grebe {y^chmophorus oc
cidentalis). L. 26. Ads., summer. Crown and hind-
neck black; back grayish brown; sides of head and un-
der parts white. Winter. Crown and hindneck like
back. Notes. A loud, rattling, grating whistle.
Range. — Western North America; in summer eastward to Shoal
Lake, Manitoba; northward to southern Alaska; breeds locally from
northern California and North Dakota northward; winters from British
Columbia to central Mexico.
7. Loon {Gavia imher'). L. 32. Ads., summer.
Above, including whole neck, glossy black; throat and
neck with white streaks; back and wings with white
spots or bars; belly white. Winter Above blackish
margined with grayish; no white spots; below white.
Notes. A loud, maniacal laugh.
Range. — Northern hemisphere; in North America, breeds from
Maine, northern Illinois, Minnesota, and northern California north to
Greenland and Alaska; winters from about southern limit of breeding
range south to Gulf of Mexico, chiefly on coasts.
8. Yellow-billed Loon (Gavia adamsit). L. 36.
Similar to No. 7, but larger and bill yellowish or whitish.
Notes. Similar to those of No. 7, but harsher. (Murdoch.)
Range. — "Arctic America west of Hudson Bay, and northern Asia;
asual in northern Europe." (A. O. U.)
9. Black-throated Loon {Gavia arctica^. L. 27;
W. 12. Ads., summer. Foreneck and back bluish
black; throat, neck, and back streaked or barred with
white; crown and nape grav\ belly white. Winter.
Similar to No. 7, but smaller. Notes. A dismal 'Hoo-
too-e-e.'* (Turner.)
Range.— Northern part of northern hemisphere; In America breeds
from Hudson Bay north to Arctic coast; winters south to British Col-
umbia, the Great Lakes and, casually, to Long Island.
10. ??LC\fio Loon (Ga-oiapacifica'). Similar to No.
9, but foreneck in summer reflecting deep blue or green;
hindneck paler; smaller, W. 1 1. Notes. A harsh ''kok,
kok, hok:' (Murdoch.)
Range. — Western North America; breeds at Point Barrow, Alaska,
and eastward; winters south along Pacific Coast to Mexico.
II. Red-throated Loon (Gat!/a/Mwm^). L. 25. Ads.^
summer. Foreneck chestnut, head and neck ashy.
Winter. Similar to No. 7, in winter, but back spotted
with white. Notes. A harsh ^^gr-r ga, gr-r, gr-r-ga,
gr-r.'' (Nelson.)
Range. — Northern part of northern hemisphere; in North America
breeds from New Brunswick to Greenland and Hudson Bay, and
northwest to Alaska; winters south to South Carolina and southern
California.
44
Auks, Murres and Puffins
12. Tufted Puffin (Lundadrrhata), L. 15. y^ds.,
summer. Cheeks white; a pair of long straw color
plumes from behind eyes; rest of plumage sooty.
IVinter. Cheeks sooty, plumes usually absent. Yng.
Similar to winter adult, but breast and belly whitish.
Range.— Northern Pacific; resident locally from Santa Barbara
Islands north to Alaska. Accidental In Maine.
1 3. Puffin [Fratercula arctica), L. 13; W. 6; B. 1.8.
Ads. Above, and foreneck blackish; cheeks and under
parts white; bill in summer touched with bright red.
Notes. A hoarse croak.
Range. — North Atlantic; breeds from Bay of Fundy north to Green-
land; winters south to Long Island.
1 3a. Large-billed Puffin (F. a. glacialis). W. 7;
B. 2. I. Similar to No. 13, but larger.
Range.— Arctic Ocean from Spitzenbergen to northern Greenland.
1 4. Horned Puffin (^Fratercula corniculata). Simi-
lar to No. 13, but in summer with the throat blackish.
Notes. **A hoarse snuffling, rattling note" (Nelson.)
Range. "Northern Pacific from Kuril Islands to British Colum-
bia." (A.O. U.)
15. V\K\nOQWKi%hyxy\%\{Cerorhincanumourata^. L.
15.5. Ads. ^summer. A horn on base of bill; /wo pairs
of white tufts; above blackish; throat and breast gray-
ish; belly white. IVinter, Similar, but no horn. Yng.
Similar to winter ad. but no tufts.
Range.— "North Pacific: breeding south (formerly) to the Far-
allones; in winter south to Lower California and Japan." (A. O. U.)
45
Auks, Murres and Puffins
IB.
1 6. Cassin Auklet. (Ttjycoramphus aleuticus). L.
9. Ads. A white spot above eye; above blackish;
throat and breast grayish; belly white. Notes, A
shrill, squealing ^'Come hear-r-r, come hear-r-r.'"
Range. — "Pacific Coast of North America from Aleutian Islands to
Lower Califomia;breeding south to San Geronimo Island (Lat. 30° )."
(A. O. U.)
23. Marbled Murrelet {Brachyramphus marmoratus),
L. 9.7. Ads.^ summer. No crest; above dark brown,
finely mixed with rusty; below white, all feathers edged
with brown. Winter. Wholly different; above grayj
head dark; below white; a nearly complete white
nuchal collar. Yng. Similar to winter ad. but blacker
above; sprinkled with blackish below.
Range. — North Pacific; breeds from Vancouver north to Aleutian
Islands; winters south to southern California.
!L>.
24. Kittlitz Murrelet (^Brachyramphus hrevirostris).
L. 9.5; B., from feathers on top, .4. Ads. ^ summer.
23. Above gray, mottled with buff; breast and sides mottled
with buff and black; belly white. IVinter. Sides of head,
to above eye, and lower parts white; above gray; outer
tail-feathers white.
Range. — Northern Japan. Kamchatka and Aleutian Islands, east to
Unalaska. (A. O. U.)
ZS.
25. Xantus Murrelei {Brachyramphus hypoleucus') .
L. 10. Bill slender. Ads. Above slaty black; under
surface of wing white; inner webs of outer primaries
white.
Range.— Pacific Coast from Monterey south to Cape St. Lucas;
breeding as far north as Santa Barbara Island.
26. Craveri Murrelet (^Brachyramphus craveri).
L. 10. Bill slender. Ads. Above slaty or brownish
black; sides slaty; under surface of wings dusky, some-
times mixed with white.
Range. — Coasts of Lower California, from Cape St. Lucas north
to Espiritu Santo Island in the Gulf of California, and to Natividad
Island (lat. 28 «) on the Pacific side. (A. O. U.)
34. Dovekie {Alle alle). L. 8. Ads., summer.
Above blackish; inner wing feathers tipped with white;
throat and breast blackish brown. IVinter. Similar,
but throat and breast white or mixed grayish.
Range — North Atlantic and East Arctic; in America breeds from Lat.
68 ° northward; winters south to Long Island, rarely to Virginia. Ac-
cidental in Michigan.
46
Auks, Murres and Puffins
17. Paroquet Auklet (Cyclorrbynchus psittaculus).
L. 10. Ads., summer, //o crest; a white plume from
behind eye; above blackish; throat grayer, rest of un-
der parts white. Winter. Throat white. 'Notes. "A
low, sonorous, vibrating whistle." (Nelson.)
Ranee. "North Pacific, from Sitka and the Kuril Islands north-
ward. (A. O. U.) Five records for coast off San Francisco In win-
ter.
1 8. Crested Auklet {Simorhynchus crtstatellus'). L.
lo. Ads., summer. Bill red; a crest of slender re-
curved feathers; a pair of white tufts from behind eye;
above sooty black; below grayer. Yng. Similar but
bill brown; no crest or tufts. Notes, "A chirping
note," (Nelson.)
Range.— North Pacific from Kadlak and Japan northward." (A. O,
19. Whiskered Auklet {Simorhynchus pygmaeus). L.
7.5. Ads., summer. White feathers at base of sides of
bill and, much lengthened, from above and below eye;
a crest of lender recurved feathers; above, and throat
dark slate fading into white belly. Yng. Similar but
no crest; little or no white on head. Notes. "A low
chattering note." (Nelson.)
Rangt— "North Pacific, from Unalaska through the Aleutian chain
to Kamchatka." (A. O. U.)
20. Least Auklet {Simorhynchus pusillus). L. 6.5.
Ads., summer. No crest; sides of head with white
feathers; above blackish; chin sooty; throat white; under
parts white, marked irregularly with sooty. Winter.
Little or no sooty on breast. Yng. Similar to winter
ad., but no white plumes.
Range.— "North Pacific, from Sitka and Japan north to Bering /il^l^^^^ ,«»,..••
Strait.^' (A. O. U.) ^ - "
21. Ancient Murrelet {Synthltboramphus antiquus).
L. 10. 5. Ads. , summer. No crest; head and throat black;
broad white stripes behind eye; back gray; breast and
belly white. Winter, Similar but throat white; no
white head stripes.
(Nelson.)
Notes, "A low plaintive whistle."
Range. — North Pacific, from southern Vancouver Island and Japan
northward; south in winter to Monterey, California; accidental in Wis-
consin.
47
Auks, Murres and Puffins
27. Black Guillemot (0/»/))5'M5^r>'//^). L. 13. Ads.,
summer. Black; greater wing-coverts white, black at
base; under surface of wings white. Winter. Above
gray or black tipped with white; below white.
Range. — Coasts of northern Europe and North Atlantic; in Ameri-
ca breeds from Knox Co., Maine north to southern Greenland; win-
ters south to Quebec and Massachusetts; rarely to Toronto, Con-
necticut, and Long Island.
28. Mandt Guillemot {Cepphus mandtii). Similar
to No. 27, but bases of greater wing-coverts white.
Ranee. — Arctic regions; breeds from Labrador and Hudson Bay
north to northern Greenland and northern Alaska; in winter migrates
but little southward; no satisfactory United States record.
29. Pigeon Guillemot (^Cepphus columha). Similar
to No. 27, but inner surface of wings sooty gray. Notes.
A squealing, vibrant whistle.
Range. — North Pacific; breeds from Santa Catalina Island north to
Bering Strait, west through Aleutian Islands to Kamchatka and
northern Japan; winters In same region.
30. Murre {Urtatrotle). L. 16; B. 1.7. /^ds., sum-
mer. Above and neck sooty brown; under parts and
tips of secondaries white; sides with blackish streaks.
Winter. Similar, but throat white washed with sooty.
Notes. A hoarse murre and squawking a-r-r-r-r-r-rh.
Range.— North Atlantic; breeds in North America from Bird Rock,
Magdalen Islands, north to southern Greenland; winters south to
Maine and, rarely, Ontario.
30a. California Murre (i/. t. cali/ormca). Similar
to No. 30 but larger, W. 8. 2; B. i. 9.
Range.— North Pacific; breeds from Pribilof Islands south to Farall-
ones; winters south to southern California.
31. Brunnich Murre (Uria lomvia). Similar to
No. 30, but bill shorter, 1.2. In summer,
head and throat browner, lower mandible swollen at
sides and grayish at base.
Range.— North Atlantic and eastern Arctic; breeds In North Amer-
ica from Bird Rock, Magdalen Islands, north to Greenland; winters
south to New Jersey and along St. Lawrence to Lakes Champlain and
Ontario, rarely to Lake Michigan.
31a. Pallas Murre (U. I. arra). Similar to No.
31, but larger; W. 8.6; B. i. 5. Notes. "A peculiar
growling or hoarse chattering note." (Nelson.)
Range. — North Pacific; south to Kadiak and Kamchatka.
32. Razor-billed Auk {y^lca torda). L. 16.5.
Ads., summer. Above sooty black, foreneck browner;
tips of secondaries, line from bill to eye, and under
parts, white. Winter. Similar, but foreneck white.
Yng. Similar to winter ad. but without eye line. Notes.
A hoarse grunt or groan.
Range. — North Atlantic; breeds from Bird Rock, Magdalen Islands,
north to Greenland; winters south to Long Island and, rarely, to On-
tario and North Carolina.
33. Great Auk {Plautus impennis). L. 29; W. 5. 7.
Ads. Above blackish; a large white spot before the
eye; secondaries tipped with white; sides of neck and
the throat seal brown; belly, white. Resembling No.
32 in general appearance but body much larger; wing,
however, shorter.
Range. — Formerly, the coasts and islands of North Atlantic, south on
American side to Florida (in winter?); now extinct.
48
Order II. LONG-WINGED SWIMMERS.
LONGIPENNES.
Family 1. SKUAS and JAEGERS. Stercorariid.*:. 4 species.
Family 2. GULLS and TERNS. Larid^. 37 species, 1 subspecies.
Family 3. SKIMMERS. Rynchopid^. 1 species.
Skuas and Jaegers are pirates among the birds of the high seas.
Bold and dashing, they pursue the swift flying Terns or much larger
Gulls with equal success, forcing them to drop the fish they have cap-
tured and catching it ere it reaches the water.
Gulls (Subfamily Larince) are usually considered so characteristic of
the sea that 'Sea Gull' is the name popularly applied to all members of
the subfamily to which they belong. Several species, however, are
equally at home, both in the winter and when nesting, on the larger
bodies of water in the interior, and one species is rarely or never found
on our sea coasts.
Gulls nest on the ground, on drifts of marsh-grass, on cliffs, and
one species, at least, among American Gulls (the Herring Gull) has as
a result of persecution, acquired the habit of nesting in trees.
Gulls feed from the surface of the water, picking up their food with
their strongly curved bills in passing or while hovering, not by plung-
ing into the water, as do the Terns. They are, in fact, the scavengers
of the water, and perform a service of great value to mankind by de-
vouring the bodies of various forms of aquatic animals which, in dying,
come to the surface and, if cast ashore, might, in decaying, prove a
source of disease.
For this reason it was especially unfortunate that the plumage of
these birds became fashionable for millinery purposes, with the result
that thousands of them were destroyed for their wings and breasts. In
this country, however, through the efforts of the American Ornitholo-
gists' Union and the Audubon Societies, laws have been passed pro-
hibiting the killing of these beautiful and useful birds, and wardens
have been placed on their nesting grounds to protect them.
Gulls often rest in great flocks on the water, sitting high up and
riding the waves buoyantly, but the Terns (Subfamily Sternince)^ after
they have acquired the power of flight, are rarely seen on the water.
They are lighter, more active birds than the Gulls, with longer wings
and tails, and sharper, more pointed bills. They feed largely on small
49
Long-winged Swimmers.
fish (the species called silversides beingf a favorite) of no value to man,
which they secure by darting from the air with great speed and direct-
ness. When looking for food, Terns usually fly with the bill down-
ward, a habit which will aid in distinguishing them them from the
Gulls, whose bill is carried in a line with the body.
Terns usually nest in large colonies on the beach of some isolated
islet either on our sea coasts or in the interior. The nest is generally
composed of a few wisps of sea-weed or grass, or the two or three eggs
are not infrequently laid in a slight hollow in the sand or among the
shells and pebbles.
Like the Gulls, Terns have been slaughtered in enormous numbers
for millinery purposes; but in this country, at least, effective efforts are
now being made to preserve them.
Skimmers nest in numbers on our Atlantic Coast from Virginia
southward, laying their four eggs in a slight depression in the sand.
In feeding, their mouth is held open and the longer, thin, lower mandi-
ble is dropped beneath the surface of the water, when, flying rapidly,
they readily pick up food.
In young Skimmers, however, the two mandibles are of equal length
and the lower mandible does not become appreciably longer than the
upper one until the birds begin to fly. During the flightless period of
the bird's life, the bill may be used to pick up food along the shore,
but when the power of flight is acquired and with it ability to feed in
the characteristic Skimmer manner, then the peculiar bill of these birds
becomes fully developed-
The young of all the Gulls and Terns are born covered with down
and can leave the nest a few hours after birth. The Noddy, however,
is said to be several weeks in its stick nest, which, unlike other mem-
bers of its group, it often builds in bushes.
The young are colored to harmonize with their usual surroundings.
Young Skimmers are pale, sandy brown, of the same color as the sand
in which they are hatched. Young Terns are darker, and young Laugh-
ing Gulls bom in nests of reeds or meadow grasses, are the darkest of
the three.
All young Gulls and Terns have the habit of squatting low near the
ground in the presence of danger and remaining motionless until act-
ually touched when they seem to realize that they have been seen and
trust to their legs for safety.
50
Skua and Jaegers
35. Skua {Megalestris skua). L. 22. Ads, Above
dark, dirty brown; below paler. Yng. Similar, but
more distinctly streaked with yellowish, especially on
head and neck.
Range. — North Atlantic, chiefly eastern; breeds from Shetland
Islands northward; winters south to Gibraltar, and rarely Long Island.
One specimen from California coast.
36. Pomarlne Jaeger (^Stercorarius pomarmus).
L. 2o; B. 1.5. Middle tail feathers rounded. Ads.
light phase. Cap black; throat, breast, and neck, all
around, white tinged with straw; back, lower belly,
upper and under tail coverts brownish slate. Ads.
dark phase. Dark brown, paler below. Yng. Above
blackish brown margined with rusty; below white
margined with dusky and buffy. Notes. "A low,
hoarse, chattering cry." (Nelson.)
Range.- Northern hemisphere; breeds north of Lat. 70 O;
winters, mainly at sea, south to South America, southern Africa and
Australia.
37. Parasitic Jaeger (_Stercorarms parasiticus'). L.
17; B. i.i; its scaly shield longer than distance from
end of shield to tip of bill. Ads. Both phases simi-
lar in color to No. 36, but central tail feathers pointed,
8.6 long. Yng. Similar in color to No. 36 but smaller,
bill shorter, middle tail feathers more pointed. Notes.
*'Loud wailing cries, interspersed with harsh shrieks."
(Nelson.)
Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds In Arctic regions; winters
mainly at sea. from California, Great Lakes, and Massachusetts south
to South America.
38. Long-tailed Jaeger {Stercorarius longicaudus).
L. 21; B. I, its scaly shield shorter than the distance from
its end to the tip of bill. Ads. In both phases resemb-
ling No. 36 but central tail feathers pointed and 12 in.
long. Yng. Like No. 36 and No. 37, but to be dis-
tinguished by differences in bill measurements. Notes.
"A hoarse qua, a shrill phM-phiH-pMil-pheo, when
flying; or a rattling kr-r-r-r-, kr-r-r-r, kr-r-r, kre-kre-.
kre-kre, the latter syllables shrill and querulous."
(Nelson.)
Ran^e. — Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters
mainly at sea, south to Gibraltar and Gulf of Mexico; one California
record.
51
GuUs
-1
-yO^'
*^
; ,'
39. \yory GuW (Pagophtla alba). L. 17. ^ds. Pure
white; bill yellow; feet black. Yng. Similar, but wings
and tail tipped with blackish; throat dusky.
Range.— Breeds in Arctic regions; winters south to Great Lakes
and British Columbia; rarely to Massachusetts.
40. K\X\\}Nake {Rtssa trtdactyla), L. 16." Hind toe
a knob. Ads, Head, neck all around, underparts,
and tail white; 3 in. or less, of tips of primaries black.
Yng. Tip of tail, ear-coverts, nape, and wing-coverts
with black; bill black; inner web of ^primaries with
white. Notes. A rapidly uttered kit-a-wake, kit-a-
wake.
Range. — North Atlantic and eastern Arctic regions; breeds In Amer-
ica, from Gulf of St. Lawrence to Greenland; winters south to Great
Lakes, Long Island and, rarely, Virginia.
40a. Pacific Kittiwake {Rissa tridactyla pollicaris).
Similar to No. 40, but hind toe more developed; black
tips to 3 outer primaries, 3 in. or nore in length. Notes,
"A shrill, harsh cry when disturbed and a low whistle
when communicating with each other." (Nelson.)
Range. — "North Pacific and Bering Sea; south in winter, casually
to southern California." (A. O. U.)
41. Red-legged Kittiwake (;?m^ ^rmro5/m). Ads.
Similar to Ad. of No. 40, but legs red, back and inner
web of primaries darker; bill shorter, 1.2. Yng. Sim-
ilar to No. 40, but no black on tail or wings.
Range. — Coasts and Islands of Bering Sea." (A. O. U.)
54. Ring-billed Gull {Larus delawarensis). L. 18.
Ads. , summer. Bill greenish yellow, a black band across
tip; ends of primaries black, a white spot near tip of
outer one. Ads. Winter. Similar, but head and neck
streaked with grayish. Yng. Tail grayish with a
broad black band; primaries black; back brownish gray
and whitish; belly white; end half of bill black.
Range. — North America, coast and Interior; breeds from Newfound-
land, southern Minnesota, and British Columbia northward; winters
from Nova Scotia and British Columbia south to Cuba and Lower
California.
55. %\\w\-\i\\\^^Qt\x\\ {Larus hracbyrhynchus). L. 17;
B. 1.50 Ads., summer. Head, neck, tail, and underparts
white. Two outer primaries tipped with black, their
white spaces followed by black; remaining primaries
tipped with white. Yng. Grayish brown; basal half
of tail pearl. Notes. "A sharp querulous ^w^w->^w^w,"
(Nelson.)
Range. — North Pacific; breeds in Alaska and interior of northerr.
British Columbia; winters on coast from British Columbia to southern
California.
52
^w^
f^
V^uf^ j^-<^ r-~]
Gulls
42. Glaucous Gull [Larus glaucus). L. 28; W. 17.
i; B. 2.35. No black in plumage. Ads. Primaries
white tinted with pearl; bill with red spot at end of
lower mandible. Yng. Dirty white or gray, mottled
with dusky and buffy, chiefly above; primaries white;
outer webs brownish.
Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds In America, from Labrador
northward; winters south to middle California, Great Lakes and Long
Island.
42.1. Point Barrow Gull {Larus harrovtanus).
Similar to No. 42, but bill through angle not so deep,
(.8 as compared with .9 in glaucus); primaries more
distinctly tipped with white. Notes. ^^M-ku-M, M-
M-kU, kH-lee-oOy kU-lee-dd, kU-lee-do, M-M-kU, kU-
M-M, the M-kU hoarse, the rest a shrill screaming."
(Nelson.)
Range. — "Bering Sea and contiguous waters; northeast to Point
Barrow, southwest to Japan." (A. O. U.)
43. Iceland Gull {Larus leucopterus). L. 2";; W. 16;
B. 1.75. Similar in color to Nos. 42 and 42.1, but
smaller.
Range. — Atlantic; breeds in Greenland; winters south in America to
Great Lakes, and rarely. Long Island.
44. Glaucous-winged Gull {Larus glaucescens). L.
27. Ads., summer. Head, tail, and underparts white;
back pearl; primaries pearl, tipped with white. Ads.j
winter. Head and neck streaked with brownish.
Yng. Brownish gray, more or less mixed with white,
including wings and tail.
Range. — North Pacific; breeds from British Columbia to Bering
Straits; winters south to southern California.
45. Kumlien Gull {Larus kumlieni). W. 16.2;
B. I. 75. Similarto No. 43, but primaries with well de-
fined ashy gray spaces; outer primary tipped with white,
with ashy gray on outer web and shaft part of inner
web; second primary ashy gray on only shaft part of
outer web.
Range. — "North Atlantic coast of North America, breeding in Cum-
berland Gulf; south In winter to the coast of the Middle States." (A.
O. U.)
46. Nelson Gull {Larus nelsont). "Wing 18.25,
culmen 2.35. Ads. In plumage exactly like L. kum-
lieni; depth of bill through angle .80; tarsus 3.05;
middle toe (without claw) 2.40." (Ridgv/ay.)
Range.— "Coast of Norton Sound, Alaska. " (A. O. U.)
53
Gulls
47. Great Black-backed Gull {Larus marinus). L.
29. Ads. , summer. Back and wings slaty black; wing
feathers tipped with white. Ads. , winter. Similar, but
head and neck streaked with dusky. Yng. Back
grayish brown margined with buffy white; rump whiter;
primaries black; below white more or less marked with
dusky. I^otes. ^^ khray'mg ha-ha-ha, a deep keow , keou\
a short barking note, and a long-drawn groan, very
loud and decidedly impressive." (Brewster.)
Range. — North Atlantic and northern Europe; breeds In North
America from Nova Scotia to Greenland; winters south to Great
^ '• Lakes and South Carolina.
48.. Slaty-backed Gull {Larus schtstisams), L. 26.
Ads. , summer. General appearance of No. 47; back
lighter; primaries as figured. Ads. , winter. Head and
neck streaked. Yng. Above brown margined with
buff and white; primaries brown; tail brown with little
48. or no mottling; below brown.
Range.— " North Pacific, chiefly on the Asiatic side; Herald Island,
Arctic Ocean, and Alaskan coast of Bering Sea." (A. O. U.)
49. Western Gull {Larus ocddentalis). L. 24. Ads. ,
summer. Head, neck, tail, and underparts white; back
slaty gray; outer primaries black, a large white spot
near tip of first one. Ads. , winter. Crown and hind
neck streaked with brownish. Yng. Grayish brown
mixed with white; wings and tail fuscous. Notes,
Ooeeky ooeek, ooeek; ca-ca-ca, and other calls.
Range.— Pacific coast; breeds and winters from Lower California to
British Columbia.
57. Heermann GuU {Larus beermanui). L. 17. Ads.,
summer. Bill red;head and throat white, snading into slate
above and below; tail blackish, tipped with white;
primaries black. Ads., winter. Head and neck streak-
ed with grayish brown. Yig. Uniform grayish
brown.
Range. — Pacific coast of North America; breeds from Mazatlan,
Mexico, north to Lower California; occurs regularly north to Van-
couver Island: winters south to Panama.
54
GuUs
51. Herring GuW {Larus argentatus). L. 24. ^Js.,
summer. White spaces at end of outer primaries
sometimes joined, ^ds., winter. Similar, but head
and neck, streaked with grayish. Yng. Above ashy
brown, margined and marked with buffy; wings brown-
ish black; tail the same; sometimes margined with
buffy; below ashy brown, sometimes lightly barred or
streaked with dusky. Notes. Cack-cack-cack; hah, hah,
hah, and other notes.
Range.— Northern hemisphere; breeds In America from Maine,
Great Lakes, Minnesota, and British Columbia northward; winters
south to Cuba and Lower California.
52. y/ega GuW {Larus veg^). Similar to No. 51, but
back said to be darker; feet yellow.
Range. — "Bering Sea and adjacent waters; south in winter to Cal-
ifornia and Japan." (A. O. U.)
53. California Gull {Larus californicus). L. 20.
Ads. Similar to No. 54 but larger; a red spot near tip
of lower mandible; white spot on outer primary, larger
and nearer end. Yng. Similar to No. 54 but darker;
tail nearly uniform fuscous.
Range. — Western North America; breeds chiefly In Interior, 1
Utah to Lat. 68 ° , 30'; winters from British Columbia to Mexico.
55
GuUs
58. Laughing GuW (Larus atrtcilla). L. i6. /ids.,
summer. Head dark slate; tail white; bill with red-
dish. Ads. J winter. Similar, but head and throat
white with grayish on nape and behind eyes. Yng,
Tail grayish with a broad black band; nape and back
ashy brown; forehead and under parts white. Notes.
A nasal cow-owy also cuk-cuk-cuk, and a high, long-
drawn laugh.
Rang^e.— Eastern North America; breeds from Texas and Florida to
Maine and Nova Scotia; rare in interior; winters from South Carolina
to northern South America.
59. Franklin Gull {Larus frankUni). L. 15. Ads.,
summer. Breast with a rosy tinge; outer primaries with
wide black spaces near ends, bordered at base and tip
with white. Ads.., winter. "Head mainly white, with
[its] sides and back grayish dusky." Yng. "Top and
sides of head and back grayish brown; quills dusky,
tipped with white; tail with subterminal band of dusky:
rest of tail, under parts, forehead, and eyelids white.'*
(Bailey.)
Range,— Interior of North America; breeds from Iowa and Minneso-
ta northward to Great Bear Lake; winters from west Gulf States to
South America.
60. Bonaparte Gull {Larus Philadelphia). L. 14.
Ads.., summer. Outer web of outer primaries and tip
black; inner web and shaft white; bill black. Ads.., win-
ter. Similar, but throat and head white, its back
grayish. Yng, Tail white, tipped with black; outer
primary black, inner two-thirds of inner web and space
near tip white; rest of plumage much as in young of No.
58.
Range.— North America; breeds in interior from Hudson Bay and
Manitoba west to the Yukon; winters from British Columbia and
Maine to Lower California and Gulf of Mexico.
^1. RO88 Gull {Rhodostethia rosea) L. 13.5. Bill
small, .7; middle tail feathers longest. Ads.y summer.
White areas tinged with pink; a black collar. Ads.,
winter. No collar; a black spot before eye. Yng.
Lesser coverts black, margined with whitish; tail
white, central feathers tipped with black; back pearl;
ear spot and space about eye dusky; crown white,
washed with pearl.
Range.— "Arctic regions; south in autumn and winter to Kamchat.
ka. Point Barrow, Alaska and Disco Bay, Greenland." (A. O. U.)
62. Sabine Gull (Xema sahinii). L. 14. Tail
slightly forked. Ads., summer. Head and throat
slaty black, margined behind with black; bill black,
tipped with yellow; outer primaries black, small tip and
inner half of inner web white. Ads. , winter. Similar,
but head and throat white; nape region dusky. Yng.
Tail white, tipped with black; crown and back ashy
brown; forehead and underparts white. Notes. 'A
single harsh grating note." (Nelson.)
Range —Arctic regions; breeds in America from St. Michaels,
Alaska and Melville Bay, Greenland, northward; winters south on At-
lantic coast, rarely to New York; casually to Texas, and on Pacific
coast to Peru.
56
Terns
64. Caspian Tern [Sterna caspia). L. 21. T. 6.,
forked 1.5. Largest of our Terns. Ads., breeding.
Bill red; cap black; above pearl; below "whMt^ primaries
frosty black. After breeding, crown streaked black and
white; bill more orange. Yng. Similar to last but
wings and tail with blackish. Notes. A loud, harsh
^'ka_v-awk" or "kejy-rak."
Range. — Cosmopolitan; breeds In North America, locally from
Texas to Newfoundland and Great Slave Lake; winters mostly south
of United States; three California winter records.
65. Royal Tern (Sterna maxima). L. 19; T. 7, fork-
ed 3.5; B. 2.5. Ads., summer. Primaries frosty black,
white on inner two-thirds of inner web except at tip,
where frosty, bill orange red; crown black; above pearl;
below white. Ads. , winter. The same, but head
white with black streaks. Yng, Similar to winter ad.
but wings and tail with grayish.
Range. — Middle America; breeds from southern Brazil and Peru to
Gulf States, Virginia, and California; wanders north to Great
Lakes and Massachusetts; winters from Gulf States and California
southward.
66. Elegant Tern {Sterna elegans). L. 16.5; B. 2.7.
Similar to No. 65, but smaller; bill longer and more
slender. Ads, Tinged with shell pink below.
Range.^"Paclficcoastof America from California to Chill."
O. U.)
(A.
67. Cabot Tern {Sterna sandvicensis acuflavida).
L. 16; T. 5.5, forked 2.7. Ads., breeding. Bill black,
the tip yellow; crown black; above pearl; below white;
primaries much as in No. 65. After breeding, head
white; nape with black streaks. Yng. Similar to
last but with back and tail with blackish; tip of bill
less yellow.
Range.— Tropical America; breeds on east side of Mexico north
along Gulf Coast to Florida, and Atlantic coast to South Carolina;
wanders to Massachusetts; winters south of United States to West
Indies and Central America.
57
Terns
63. Gull-billed Tern {Gelochelidon nilotica). L.
14.5; T. 5.5. Ads. ^ summer. Bill thick, short, black;
tail short, forked only 7.5; crown black; above pearl;
below white. Ads., winter. Head white, with black
patch before and behind eye. Yng. Similar, but above
edged with buffy; head and neck streaked with gray-
ish, f^otes. A high, thin, somewhat reedy tee-tee-tee^
sometimes suggesting a weak-voiced katydid.
Range. — Cosmopolitan; breeds in North America from Mexico to
Florida and north to Virgiria; wanders north rarely to New Bruns-
wick; winters from southern Texas southward.
73. Aleutian Tern {Sterna aleuttca). L. 14. T.
6.7, forked 3. Ads., summer. Above and below peaiTl
gray, browner below; throat white; crown black; fore-
head white; line from bill to eye black. Ads., winter,
"Withrather more white on forehead." (Cat. B. M.)
Notes. ** A thin, clear, trilling whistle." (Nelson.)
Range. — Alaska from Kadiak to Bering Strait, southwest to Japan.
74. Least Tern {Sterna antillarum). L. 9; T. 3.5,
forked 1.7. Ads., summer. Bill yellow, black at tip;
forehead white-, a black line from bill to eye; crown
black; above pearl; below white. Ads. , winter. Crown
white; nape black; bill dark; tail shorter. Yng. Sim-
ilar to last, but above with buffy or brownish. Notes,
*' A sharp squeak much like the cry of a very young
pig following its mother."
Range. — Western hemisphere; breeds locally from northern South
America northward to Massachusetts, Dakota, and southern Cali-
fornia: winters south of United Stites.
76. ^TXfWed Tern {Sterna ancethetus). L. 15. Ads.
Forehead and line over eye white; lores and crown
black; nape whitish; back sooty gray or sooty brown;
outer tail feathers white, except at tip; inner ones
grayish brown. Notes. A soft qua.
Range. — Tropical regions; north In Atlantic to the Bahamas; casual
In Florida.
58
Terns
69. Forster Tern {Sterna forstert). L. 15; T. 7,
forked. 4. Ads., summer. Inner web of outer tail
feather dusky; below pure white-, bill orange, blackish
at end; crown black; back pearl. Ads., winter.
Crown white or grayish; a large black spot about eyes\
bill black. Yng. Similar to winter ad. but
above with brownish. hJotes. A long drawn, deep,
reedy cack and tweet-tweet-tweet-tweet.
Range.— North America; breeds locally north to California, and
from Texas along coast to Virginia and in interior to Manitoba; wan-
ders to Massachusetts; winters from southern California and Texas
south to Brazil.
70, {jommon Tern {Sterna hirundo). L. 15; T. 5.5,
forked, 3.2 Ads., summer. Outer web of outer tail
feather dusky; below white, washed with dusky, bill
red, blackish at end; crown black; back pearl. Ads. ,
winter. Forehead and underparts white; bill black.
Yng. Similar to last, but above with brownish; tail
shorter. Notes. A vibrant, purring, tearrr, and other
calls.
Range. — Northern hemisphere; in America, chiefly east of Plains;
breed-, locally on coast and in interior from Gulf States to Barren
Grounds and Greenland; winters south of United States to Brazil.
71. Arctic Tern {Sterna par adiscea). L. 15.5; T.
7. 2 forked 4.5. Similar to No. 70, but summer ad.
with bill wholly bright red; tail longer; tarsus shorter,
.6 instead of .7. Holes. Like tearr of No. 70, but
shriller, ending in rising inflection, lik(; squeal of a
pig. (Brewster.)
Range.— Northern hemisphere; breeds from Massachusetts north
to Greenland and northwest to Aleutian Islands and Alaska; winters
south to California and Virginia.
72. ^Q%e9Xe'X em {Sterna dougallt). L. 15.5; T. 7.5,
forked, 5.2. Ads., sumrmr. Bill black, reddish only at
the base; below white tinged with shell pink; tail wholly
white; crown black; back pearl. Ads., winter. Fore-
head with white; no pink below. Notes. A reedy
cack.
Range.— Temperate and tropical regflons; breeds In North America
on east ccast only, from Florida north to Nova Scotia; rare north of
Virginia; winters south of United States to Venezuela.
59
ri
Terns and Skimmer
75. Sooty Tern (Sterna fuligmosa). L. 17. y^ds.,
summer. Above blackish, torehead and underparts
white; tail black, except outer feathers which are
mostly white. Yng. Sooty slate; linings of wings
white; scapulars, upper tail coverts, and tail feathers
tipped with white. Notes. A squeaky quack, a nasal
ker-wackywak, and other calls.
Range. — "Tropical and subtropical coasts of the globe. In Amer-
ica from Chili to western Mexico and the Carolinas, and casually to
New England." (A. O. U.)
77. Black Tern [Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis) .
L. 10. Ads., summer. Head and underparts black;
back, wings, and tail slate. Ads., winter. Forehead,,
nape, and underparts white-, head gray. Yng. Simi-
lar to last, but above with brownish margin^. Notes.
A sharp peek.
Range. — Temperate and tropical America; breeds in interior from
California, Kansas, and Illinois to Alaska; irregular migrant on Atlan-
tic coast from New Brunswick southward; winters south of United
States to Chill.
79. Noddy {Anous stoUdus). L. 15. Ads. Crown
silvery whi^e; rest of plumage sooty brown. Yng. Sim-
ilar, but all o'ooty brown except white line from bill ta
eye. Notoz^ A low reedy cock increasing to a hoarc^,
guttural k'T-r-r-r-r-r-r.
Range. — Trorical and subtropical regions; In America from Brazil
and Chili north to the Gulf and South Atlantic States." (A. O. U.)
80. Black Skimmer [Rynchops nigra). L. 18. Ads.
Lower mandible longer than upper; forehead, under-
parts, pa-'t of secondaries, and tail white; rest of plum-
age black. Yng. Plumage widely margined with
buffy. Notes. Varied, nasal, penny-trumpet-like;
also ca-jyou, ca-you, like a hound's voice.
Range.— North America, chiefly eastern; breeds from southern
New Jersey southward; wanders rarely to Nova Scotia; winters fron>
Gulf States to northern South America.
60
Order III. TUBE-NOSED SWIMMERS.
■ TUBINARES.
Family 1. ALBATROSSES. Diomedeid^. 4 species.
Family 2. FULMARS, SHEARWATERS, and PETRELS. Pro-
CELLARiiD^. 26 Species, 1 subspecies.
The Albatrosses, of which about ten species are known, are birds of
far southern seas, where they nest on isolated islands. After the
young are reared, several species migrate northward and are found off
our Pacific coast. The largest known species, the Wandering Alba-
tross, which has been made famous by Coleridge's **Rime of the Anci-
ent Mariner," measures from twelve to fourteen feet in expanse of
wing, and, like other members of this family, is a tireless ocean wan-
derer.
In the museum of Brown University, there is a mounted Wandering
Albatross, killed off the coast of Chili by Capt. Hiram Luther, Decem-
ber 20, 1847. When captured, a small bottle was found tied around the
bird's neck, containing a slip of paper from which it was learned that
the bottle had been attached to the bird December 12, 1847, by Capt.
Edwards of the New Bedford Whaler, "Euphrates," when about 800
miles off the coast of New Zealand, or about 3,400 miles from the point
at which, eight days later, the bird was secured.
The Fulmars, (genus Fulmarus) , are northern birds and nest in im-
mense numbers on isolated islets, somewhat like certain Gulls.
Comparatively little is known of the nesting places of our Shear-
waters, but it is believed that most of them breed on the islands of the
South Atlantic and South Pacific, and pass their winter, (our summer)
off our coasts.
One of the Petrels, (Wilson Petrel), is known to have this habit. ' It
has been found nesting on Kerguelen Island, in S. Lat. 49° 54', in
February, and in May it appears off our coasts for the summer.
Petrels nest in holes in the ground, laying one white ^^^, They are
never seen near their homes during the day, the bird then on the nest
waiting until night to feed, when the one which has been at sea re-
turns to assume its share of the task of incubation. These birds are
therefore both diurnal and nocturnal.
61
Albatrosses
^\\\J& N\^V««-0 f*«»A AAOVC.
8 I . Black-footed Albatross [Diomedea nigripes). L.
32. Ads. Sooty brown, lighter below; region about
base of bill whitish; upper mandible hroad and rounded
at its base. Notes. A whining groan, uttered when
contesting for food. (Turner).
Range.— North Pacific; north to Lat. 52° ; south at least to Lower
California.
82. Shopt-talled Albatross {Diomedea albatrus). L.
36. Ads. White; the head straw; tail and primaries
gray brown; upper mandible broad and rounded at
base.
Range.— North Pacific, north to Bering Strait; south, at least, to
Lower California.
82.1. Laysan Albatross {Diomedea immutabilis).
L. 32. Ads. Head, neck, rump, upper tail covens,
and whole under surface white; lores next to the eye
sooty black; back, wings, and end of the tail dark
sooty brown; interscapular region paler; base of the
tail whitish. (Cat. B. M.)
Range. — Laysan Island. Pacific Ocean; casual off the coast of
Lower California;
83. Yellow-nosed Albatross (Thalassogeron culmin-
atus). L. 36. Ads. Above slate brown, grayer on
head; rump white; below white; neck sometimes
grayish; tail gray.
Range — "Indian and southern Pacific Oceans; casual off the
coast of Oregon; accidental in the Gulf of St. Lawrence." (A. O. U.)
84. Sooiy MbaXross {Pbcebetria fuliginosa). L. 35.
Ads. Sides of lower mandible conspicuously grooved; en-
tire plumage sooty brown, except a white eye-ring.
Range — "Oceans of southern hemisphere, north to the coast of
Oregon." <.A. O. U.)
62
Fulmars and Shearwaters
86. F u\mar {Fulma/ns glacialis). L. 19; W. 13; B.
1.5. y4ds. Light plir>'.e. Headj neck, and under parts
white; back, wings, and tail slaty gray. T)ark phase.
Uniform dark slaty ';ray. Notes. Silent.
Range -North Atlantic, breeds from Lat. 69° northward; winters
south to Lat. of Massachusetts, and rarely to Virginia.
86b. Pacific Fulmar (F. g. glupischa). Similar to
No. 86, but nasal tubes light.
Range.— North Pacific; breeds from Ber'ng Sea north; winters
souih to Mexico.
86.1. Rodger Fulmar [Fulmarus rodgersii). Sim-
ilar to light phase of No. 86, but back with white
leathers; no dark phase.
Range.— "Bering Sea and adjacent parts of North Pacific."
«^-
Cormorants
119. QtOvmov^nXi^hcilacrocoraxcarho'. L. 36; T.
7.5, of 14 feathers. Ads. Chin and sides of throat
whitish; back glossy brownish, distinctly margined
with black; below uniform shining black. Breeding
plumage. Head and throat with white plumes; a white
patch on flanks. Yng, Belly whiter above olive
grayish brown, margined with black; throat whitish)
neck brownish.
Range. — North Atlantic; breeds from Nova Scotia to Greenland;
winters south toCarolinas.
120. Double-crested Cormorant (Thalacrocorax
dilophus). L. 30; W. 12.5; T. 6.2, of 12 feathers. Ads.
Back brownish with distinct black margins; below
shining black. Breeding plumage. With tufts on
either side of head black, sometimes mixed with white;
throat pouch orange. Yng. Back browner; head,
neck, and lower belly brown; breast whitish.
Range. — Eastern North America; breeds locally from Bay of Fundy,
Minnesota, North Dakota, northward; west to Asslniboia; winters
from southern Illinois and Virginia southward.
120a. Florida Cormorant (P. rf.yZon^awws). Simi-
lar to No. 120, but blacker and smaller. L. 25.
Range. — South Atlantic and Gulf States; breeds north to North
Carolina and southern Illinois.
1 20b. White-crested Cormorant [P. d. andnatus).
Similar to No. 120, but larger, L. 36; nuptial crests
white.
Range.— Pacific coasts; breeds In Alaska; winters south to Cal-
ifornia.
1 20c. Farallone Cormorant (P. d. albociliatus).
Similar to 120b., but smaller, L. 28.
Range. — Breeds on California coast and In interior, south to Socorro
Island. (Ridgw.)
121. Mexican Cormorant (Phalacrocorax mexican-
us). L. 25. W. 10. Ads. Narrow border at base of
pouch white. Breeding plumage. Neck with white
plumes. Yng. Head and hindneck brownish; back
grayish, margined with black; throat, foreneck and
breast brownish white; belly black.
Range.— Breeds In West Indies and Central America to west Gulf »,_a»„
States; north in summer rarely to Kansas and southern Illinois. wn»Tot
71
Cormorants
122. Brandt Cormorant ( Phalacrocorax penicilla-
tus). L. 35; T. 6. Chin and sides of throat huffy
•white or brownish. Ads, Above blue h\2iC\i, faintly
margined with black; below green black. Breeding
plumage. With white, hairlike plumes from back and
neck; no white on flanks; throat pouch blue. Yng.
Above dark brown; throat and belly whitish; breast
and sides brown.
Range,
dent.
-Pacific coast from Cape St. Lucas to Washington; resi-
123. Pelagic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagiais).
L. 28; W. 10; T. 6.2. Forehead feathered; back
feathers not margined. Ads. Above glossy green and
purplish black; below botlle green. Breeding plumage.
With white plumes on neck and rump and white
patches on flanks; nape and forehead, crested. Yng.
Above greenish dusky brown, less green below.
Range. — "Aleutian and Kuril Islands, and Kamchatka, south to
Jap-in." (A. O. U.)
123a. Violet-green Cormorant (P. p. rohustus).
Similar to No. 123, but larger; bill stouter, W. 10.8.
Range. — Coast of Alaska, from Norton Sound south to Washington."
(A. O. U.)
1 23b. Baird Cormorant (P. p. resplendens). Sim-
ilar to No. 123, but smaller; bill slenderer; W. 9.5.
l^otes. A croaking, guttural note.
Range. — Pacific coast from Washington south to Mazatlan, Mexl-
124. Red-faced Cormorant (Phalacrocorax urile).
L. 34. Forehead as well as lores bare. Ads. Above
green and purple; head and neck blue black; belly
green. Breeding plumage. With forehead and nape
crests and white patches on flanks. Notes. "A low,
droning croak." (Nelson.)
Range. — "Prlbilcf, Aleutian, and Kuril Islands, and coast of Kam-
chatka. South in winter to northern Japan." (A. O. UO
72
Anhinga, Pelicans, and Man-o'-War Bird
118. Anhinga; Snakebird; Water Turkey (/^«-
hinga anhinga). L. 36. Ad. (^. Black; grayish head
and neck plumes which, in winter, are absent. Ad.
$. Resembles male but whole head, neck, and
breast brownish. Yng. Similar to V but black
parts duller. Notes. A rasping, clattering croak,
uttered when fighting or in coming to the nest.
Range. — Tropical and subtropical America; breeds north to south-
ern Illinois and South Carolina; winters from Gulf States southward.
125. American White Pelican {Pelecanus erythror-
hynchos). L. 60. Ads. White; primaries black; bill
in breeding season with a knob. Yng. With crown
brownish.
Ranker— North America; breeds in Interior from eastern California.
Utah, Yellowstone Park, Minnesota (?) northward to Lat. 61° ; win-
ters from Gulf States and southern California, south to Central Amer-
ica.
126. ^roviW PeWczn (Pelecanusocddentalis). L. 50;
W. 19.5. Ads. Pouch greenish; head white, rarely-
yellowish; neck brown. In fall, no brown on neck.
Yng. Brownish gray, white below. Notes. Adults as
a rule silent; young before flying, very noisy.
Range: — ^Atlantic and Gulf coast of tropical and subtropical Amer-
ica; breeds from northern South America to South Carolina; has
strayed to Illinois and Nova Scotia; winters from Gulf States south-
ward.
127. California Brown Pelican (Pelecanus californ-
L. 54; W. 21;
icus). Similar to No. 126, but larger
pouch in breeding season, red.
Range. — Pacific coast from Galapagos north to British Columbia;
creeds north only to Los Coronados Islands.
128.
aquila).
pouch
Man-o'-War Bird; Frigate Bird (Fregata
L. 40. Ad. (^. Black, glossy above;
orange." Ad. ?. Browner;
'scarlet or
head and neck white,
croaking note.
Notes. Usually silent; rarely a
Range: — Tropical and subtropical coasts; In America north to
Florida, Texas, and southern California; casually to Kansas, Ohio
and Nova Scotia; winters from southern Florida and Lower Cal-
fornla southward.
73
Order V. DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS.
ANSERES.
Family 1. DUCKS, GEESE, and SWANS. Anatid^. 49
species, 6 subspecies.
The Anatidae of North America are placed in five well-marked sub-
families, the Mergansers {Mergincs) , River Ducks {Anatince) , Sea Ducks
i^FuligulincB) ^ Geese (Anserine^) ^ and Swans {Cygnince),
The Mergansers, Saw-bills, or Shelldrakes are fish-eating Ducks and
their rounded bills, set with toothlike projections along the sides, are
of evident use to them in holding their prey.
The River Ducks include such well-known species as the Mallard,
Black Duck, and Widgeon. They differ from the Bay or Sea Ducks
in not having a well-developed web or flap on the hind-toe. As a
rule they feed in shallow water by tipping, standing on their heads, as
it were, while reaching the bottom for food.
The Bay or Sea Ducks have the hind-toe webbed. They feed, as a
rule, in deeper water than the River Ducks, sometimes descending to
the bottom in water over one hundred feet deep. During the winter
they gather in flocks often of several thousand individuals, and fre-
quent the larger bodies of water.
With both the River and Bay Ducks the sides of the broad, fiat bill
are set with gutters which serve as strainers, retaining the mollusks,
seeds and roots of aquatic plants on which these Ducks feed, while the
mud or water taken in with the food is forced out the sides of the bill
as it closes.
Geese are more terrestrial than Ducks and often visit the land to nip
the grass. This is particularly true in the west where large flocks of
Geese, especially Snow Geese, may be seen feeding on the prairies.
On the water they feed over shallows by tipping and probing the
bottoms.
Swans also feed from the surface of the water either by simply im-
mersing the head and neck or by half submerging the body, when, with
the tail pointed to the zenith, the length of their reach is greatly in-
creased.
In spite of their comparatively short wings the large muscles attach-
ed to them give to the Anatidae great power of flight. Not only do
they make extended journeys, when migrating, without a rest, but they
attain a speed which is surpassed by but few birds. Some of the
smaller species, when alarmed, doubtless flying at the rate of one
hundred miles an hour.
In common with other diving water birds the Ducks, when molting,
lose most of their wing feathers all at once, and for a time are there-
fore unable to fly. During this comparatively helpless period the'
brightly colored males assume in part the plumage of the females and
74
Ducks, Geese, and Swans.
are thereby rendered less conspicuous. With the return of the power
of flight, however, they regain their distinctive, male plumage, v/hich
is usually brighter than that of the female. With our Geese and Swans
there is no sexual difference in color.
Most of our Ducks and Geese breed in the north, some within the
Arctic Circle, and winter from the southern limit of frozen water south-
ward. The American Merganser, Hooded Merganser, Wood Duck,
Buffle-head, Golden-Eyes, Tree Ducks, and possibly Harlequin Duck
nest in hollow trees, at times some distance from the water. The
young of the American Golden-eye and of the Wood Duck have been
seen to reach the water by jumping from the nest-hole and fluttering
down in response to the calls of the parent below. It is said that they
are also brought down in the bill of the old bird, but this statement
apparently lacks confirmation.
The remaining species of our Ducks, Geese, and Swans, nest as a
rule, on the ground generally near water. From five to fifteen and, in
the case of the Fulvous Tree Duck, possibly as many as thirty eg^^s are
laid. In color they vary from white to buify and p^le olive and are al-
ways uniformly colored. Incubation is performed by the female alone.
The males at this period among most Ducks deserting their male to un-
dergo the partial molt before mentioned. While incubating the females
surround their nest with soft down plucked from their bodies and when
leaving the nest to feed, this down is drawn over the eggs with the
double object, doubtless, of concealing them and of keeping them
warm.
With Eider Ducks this down constitutes the larger part of, if not
the entire nest. Saunders states that in Iceland the down in each nest
weighs about one-sixth of a pound. This is gathered by the natives,
who, however, are careful to afford the sitting bird an opportunity to
raise her brood without further molestation.
The collection of Eider down thus furnishes an admirable illustra-
tion of proper economic relations between man and birds. The down
is an important source of income to the natives of the comparatively
barren, northern countries in which the Eiders nest. So long as man
can remember it has been gathered annually. Still the Ducks con-
tinue to return in numbers year after year to the same region, per-
haps the exact spot in which they nested the year before.
Less intelligent methods would perhaps rob the bird of its second, as
well as of its first nest and, unable to reproduce its kind, the species
would become extinct within a comparatively short period.
The evils which would follow such a course are, however, thorough-
ly understood. The Ducks, in the first place, are encouraged in every
way. It is said that should one walk into a peasant's cabin and pre-
empt his cot as a nesting-site, the peasant would gladly give up his bed
to so valuable a visitor.
75
Ducks
129. American Merganser (Merganser americanus).
L. 25; B. from nostril, 1.5; nostril midway between
eye and tip of bill. /id. J^. No band of streaks on
breast; no crest, /id. $ . and Yng. Chin white; crown
and throat reddish brown; rest of underparts and spec-
ulum white; above and tail ashy.
Range. — North America; breeds from New Brunswick, rarely
mountains of Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and mountains of Colorado
and California northward; winters from Maine and British Columbia
south to South Carolina and southern California.
1 30. Red-breasted Merganser {Merganser serratot).
L. 22; B. from nostril, 1.8; nostril nearer to eye than to
tip of bill. y4d. (J". Breast with a broad cinnamon
band streaked with black; head feathers lengthened.
/id. 9 and Yng. Crown grayish brown, washed with
rusty. Chin and throat paler; rest of underparts and
speculum white; back and tail ashy. Notes. When
alarmed, several low, guttural croaks. (Elliot.)
Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds, in America, from New Bruns-
wick and northern Illinois north to Greenland and Alaska; winters
from southern breeding limits, south to Cuba and Lower California.
131. Hooded Merganser {Lophodytes cucullatus).
L. 17.5. Ad. (^. A large, circular black and white
crest. Ad. ? Yng. A small cinnamon crest, head,
neck and breast grayish brown; back, blackish; belly
white. Notes. "A hoarse croak, like a small edition
of that of the Red-breasted Merganser. " (Elliot. )
Range. — North America from Cuba and Lower California north to
Labrador and Alaska; breeds locally throughout its range, chiefly in
Interior of British America; winters from British Columbia, Illinois,
and Massachusetts southward.
132. Mallard {Anas hoschas). L. 23. Speculum
(patch in wing J purple bordered by black and white;
under surface of wing pure white. Ad. (^. Head
green; breast chestnut, a white neck-ring. Ad. ?.
Above blackish and buffy, below rusty buff mottled
with dusky grayish brown. Notes. The familiar
quack of tlie barnyard Duck.
Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds, in America, from Labrador,
Indiana, Iowa, and California north to Greenland and Alaska; winters
from British Columbia, Kansas, and New Jersey to Central America
and West Indies. T^^XI/Ik x«*-^^2v4/vv^ ,\u - ^^^^V1^WA^ »^ '*'CW-
143. P\n\ai\{Daftla acuta). L. J^, 28; ? , 22. Ad.
Central tail feathers black, 7.5 long, pointed. Ad.
Tail 3.5,; feathers sharply pointed; brownish black,
wth buff bars; under wing-coverts dusky an J buff;
back blackish with internal buff loops. Notes. A loud
quack, less sonorous than that of the Mallard; a low
mellow whistle, and a harsh rolling note. (Nelson.)
Range.— Northern hemisphere; breeds, in America, from New Bruns-
wick, Iowa. Illinois, and British Columbia northward; winters from
British Columbia, Illinois, and Virginia, south to Central America and
West Indies.
76
Ducks
133. Black Duck {Anas ohscura). L. 22. Ads.
Speculum bluish purple tipped with black] no white in
wing; lining of wing white and dusky) crown without
paler margins; throat, usually, without markings; legs
olivaceous brown" bill "greenish black, dusky olive,
or olive-green." Notes. A quack resembling that of
the Mallard.
Range. — Eastern North America; chiefly east ^i Mississippi; breeds
locally from New Jersey and Illinois north to Labrador and Hudson
Bay; winters from Maine to West Indies.
133a. Red-legged Black Duck {A. o. ruhripes).
Similar to No. 133 but larger; crown edged with buff
or gray; throat spotted; legs red; bill yellow.
Range. — Summer range not definitely known, but breeding speci-
mens have been taken in northern Labrador, James Bay. and west
shore of Hudson Bay; in winter south to Virginia and Arkansas.
1 34. Florida Duck (Anasfulvigula). L. 20. Ads.
Throat and front of neck plain buff, usually unmarked;
speculum sometimes tipped with white; belly rusty
buff; broadly streaked with black. Notes. A quack sim-
ilar to that of No. 133.
Range. — Florida to coast of Louisiana; resident.
1 34a. Mottled Duck (^./. wa^M/o5a). Similar to
No. 134, but underparts woW/^i^ with black the mark-
ings being rounder.
Range. — Eastern Texas; breeds (at least) from Corpus Christi
noith to Kansas; winters on west Gulf Coas t.
135. Gadwall {Cbaulelasmus streperus)^ L. 19.5.
Under wing coverts and axillars pure white. Ad.
J*. Wing-coverts chestnut; breast ringed with
white. Ad. ^. Head and throat as in cJ*, back fuscous
and buffy; breast and sides ochraceous tnickly spotted
with blackish; speculum ashy gray and white. Notes.
A quack like that of the Mallard but shriller and more
often repeated.
Range. -Northern hemisphere; in America, breeds in the interior
from Kansas and California north to Manitoba and Assiniboia; winters
from Maryland to Florida, rare in northeastern Atlantic States.
136. W\6^eox\ {Mareca penelope). L. 18.5. Ad. (^.
Head and neck reddish brown; crown buff; sides with
wavy black and white lines. Ad. 9. Head and throat
rusty, finely streaked and barred with black; breast and
sides rusty; speculum blackish. Notes. Of male, a
shrill, whistling whee-you\ of female, a low, purring
growl. (Saunders.)
Range.— Northern hemisphere; breeds in America, only in the
Aleutian Islands; casual in migrations and in winter in California and
on Atlantic coast from North Carolina to Greenland.
137. Baldpate {Mareca americana). L. 19. No
rusty on head. Ad. J*. Under tail-coverts black;
streak from eye to nape glossy green. Ad. ?. Head
and throat whitish finely marked with black; breast and
sides rusty washed with grayish. Notes. "A low,
soft whistle." (Elliot.)
Range.— North America; breeds in the interior from Minnesota andi
British Columbia north to Alaska; winters from British Columbia and I
Vireinia south to South America; only a migrant on northeast Atlantic
coast to Labrador.
77
Ducks
139. Green-winged Teal (NetUon carolinensis). L.
14.5. Wing-ccverts gray, tipped with buff or white.
Ad. (^. A white crescent in front of wing; speculum
wiiig-patch) green bordered by black tipped with
white. Ad. $. Wings as in cl^; throat and sides of
neck white, finely spotted with black; breast and sides
washed with rusty, marked with black. Nofes. A
"oeculiar chirping almost a twittering" as they fly.
(Seton.)
Range. — North America; breeds from New Brunswick, Minnesota,
and British Columbia north to Greenland and Alaska; winters from
Virginia, Kansas, and British Columbia south to Central America and
West Indies.
140. Blue-winged Teal (Ow^f^M^iM/a^w^fs). Wing-
coverts blue. Ad. c^. Cheek patch white. Ad. $ .
Resembles ? of No. 139, but wing-coverts blue; spec-
ulum greenish brown not distinctly tipped with white.
L. 16.
Range.— North America; chiefly east of Rockies; breeds from New
Brunswick, Kansas, southern Illinois and northern Ohio, north to
Alaska, mainly in Interior; winters from Virginia and Lower Mississippi
Valley to northern South America, California, and Lower California.
141 . Cinnamon Teal (Qtierquedula cyanoptera). Ad.
c^. Head and neck, breast ond sides reddish brown.
tJd. $. Resembles $ of No. 140, but the underparts,
including throat, are usually suffused with rusty; the
throat often being blackish or speckled with dusky.
Notes. A rather thin, nasal quack. L. 16.
Range.— Western North America from British Columbia south to
South America, east to Rockies and southern Texas; rarely to FKt-
ida.
142. Shoveller {Spatula clypeata). L. 20. Bill
much broader at tip than at base. Ad. J^. Belly chest-
nut; breast around to back white. Ad. ?. Wing-
coverts blue; back conspicuously margined with buff.
Notes. "Occasionally a few feeble quacks." (Elliot.)
Range.— Northern hemisphere; In America chiefly In interior; breeds
locally from Texas, and regularly from Minnesota and British Colum-
bia north to Alaska and Barren Grounds; winters from British Colum-
bia, Illinois, and Maryland south to northern South America.
144. Wood Duck (^/x 5/)o«s«). L. 18.5. Ad. ^.
Head crested; green,blue, and purple with white stripes.
Ad. ? . A white streak through and behind eye; crown
glossy purplish brown; back olive-brown glossed with
greenish. Notes. A frightened, plaintive, oo-eek.
Range. — North America; breeds locaiiy from Florida to Labrador
and British Columbia, winters from British Columbia, soi.thern
Illinois, and southern New Jersey, south to southern California and
/4-4. Cuba.
78
Ducks
1 46. Redhead {j4j>thya americand). L. 19. Ad. J*.
Head and upper neck entirely bright reddish brown.
Ad. 9- Throat white; back grayish brown without
fine bars; speculum gray. Notes. "A hoarse guttural
rolling sound." (Elliot.)
Range.— North America; breeds chiefly in interior from Maine,
Minnesota, and California north to Labrador and British Columbia;
winters from British Columbia and Maryland south to Lower Cali-
fornia and West Indies.
- 147. Canyas-back {Aythjya valltsneria\ L. 21. Ad.
^. Head and whole neck dull reddish brown. Ad. 9.
Head and neck rusty grayish brown; back grayish
brown, finely barred with black and white. Notes. "A
harsh guttural croak." (Elliot.)
Range.— North America; breeds only in Interior from Minnesota
and Orejgon north to Alaska and the Barren Grounds; winters from
British Columbia and Maryland south to southern California, Mexico
and West Indies.
1 48. American Scaup Duck {Aythya marila). L.
(^, 18.5; 9, 17.5. Ad. ^. Head glossed with green-
ish; sides without distinct black bars. Ad. 9- Feath-
ers about base of bill white; breast and back rusty
grayish brown; speculum white. Notes. "Similar to
the guttural sound made by the Canvas-back, Red-
head and other diving Ducks." (Elliot.)
Range.— Northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America, breeds in
the interior rarely from Minnesota, and regularly from North Dakota
northward; winters from Long Island to northern South America.
149. Lesser Scaup Duck {Aythya affinis). L. J* 17;
9, 16.5. Ad. (^. Head glossed with purplish; sides
with distinct black bars. Ad. 9- Similar to 9 of No.
148, but smaller.
Range. — North America; breeds only in interior from Iowa rarely.
North Dakota commonly, and British Columbia, north to Barren
Grounds; winters from British Columbia and Virginia south to Guat-
emala and West Indies.
150. R\ng-necked Duck {Aythya collaris). L. 16.5.
Ad. (^. A chestnut neck-ring; chin white; back black;
speculum gray. Ad. 9 • Feathers about sides of base
of bill and throat white, back and breast rusty grayish
brown; speculum gray. Resembles 9 of No. 146, but
is smaller and rustier.
Range.— North America; breeding only in the interior from Minne-
sota northward; winters from Maryland and British Columbia south
to Guatemala and West Indies: rare on Atlantic coast north of Mary-
land.
79
Ducks
151. American Golden-eye (Clangula dangula
americana), L. 20. Ad. (^ . Head greenish; white
patch at base of bill circular. Ad. ?. Head ar.J
throat brown; breast and back gray, a white throat-
ring; belly and speculum white. 'Notes. Rarely a low
croak; a high whistling sound produced by win^s in
flight.
Range.— North America; breeds from Maine, northern Minnesota,
and Alberta, north to Arctic Regions; winters from southern Alaslendrocygna au-
tumnalis). L. 22. Ads. Belly and tail coverts hlack\
fo'eback and breast gray; greater wing-coverts
whitish. Notes. A shrill whistle. (Elliot.)
Range. — Tropical America north to southern Texas.
178. Fulvous Tree Duck (JDendrocygna fulva).
L. 22. Ads. Belly uniform rusty brown; upper tail
coverts white; a black streak on hindneck; no white in
wing. Notes. A squealing whistle.
Range. — Tropical America, north in summer to Texas, Louisiana,
Nevada and central California. "Casual In North Carolina and
Missouri." (A. O. U.)
83
Geese and Swans
Mj^'I'^^
169. Lesser Snow Goose {Chen hyperborea). L.
23-28, Ads. White, head sometimes rusty; primaries
black. Yng. Head, neck, and above grayish.
Range.— "Pacific coast to the Mississippi Vaiiey. breeding in Alas-
ka; south in winter to southern Illinois and southern California; cas-
ually to New England." (A. O. U. )
I 69a. Greater Snow Goose (C. /;. nivalis). Sim-
lar to No. 169, but larger, L. 30-38.
Range. — Eastern North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters
from Qiespeake. New Jersey (rarely) south to Cuba; rare on Atlantic
coast north of Maryland.
170. Ross Snow Goose {Chen rossit). L. 21; B.
1.6. Similar in color to No. 169, but much smaller; bill
particularly smaller.
Range.— Arctic America in summer; Pacific coast to southern
California and east to Montana in winter.
1 80. Whistling Swan {Olor columhianus) . L. ^5.
Nostril learer to tip of bill than to eye. Ads. White,
bill and .eet black; a small yellow spot before the eye.
Yng. Head and neck brownish, rest of plumage
washed with grayish. Notes, ^whoogb, ^whoogb. very
loud and shrill. (Nuttall.)
Range. — North America; breeds within Arctic Circle; winters
from British Columbia (? ) Lower Mississippi Valley, Chesapeake Bay.
south to Gulf of Mexico; rare on Atlantic Coast north of Virginia.
181. Trumpeter Swan (Olor buccinator). L. 65.
Nostril about in middle of bill. Ads. White, bill and
feet black; «o yellow on lores. Yng. Head and neck
brownish; rest of plumage washed with grayish. Notes.
Loud and sonorous in tone like those of a French horn.
(Elliot.)
Range. —"Chiefly the Interior of North America, from the Gulf Coast
to the Fur Countries, breeding from Iowa and the Dakotas north-
ward; west to the Pacific Coast; rare or casual on the Atlantic." (A.
O. U.)
84
Geese
169.1. B\ue Goose (Chen c^rulescens). L. 28. ^ds.
Head and neck white; below brownish gray; foreback
like breast; rump gray. Yng. Similar but head and
neck grayish brown.
Range.— North America; breeds in Hudson Bay region; winters on
west coast of the Gulf of Mexico; two California records; said to
have occurred in New Jersey.
I 7 la. American White-fronted Goose {Anser albi-
frons gambelt). L. 28. Ads. Forehead and rump
white; below spotted with black. Yng. Similar but
no white on head no black below.
Range.— North America; breeds in Arctic region; winters on Gulf
Coast, California and Mexico; rare on Atlantic coast.
176. Emperor Goose (Thilacte canagica). L. 26.
Ads. Foreneck blackish; rest of head and neck white
sometimes tinged with rusty; tail mostly white. Yng.
Body less distinctly scaled; head and hind-neck spotted
with grayish. Notes. When flying, a deep, hoarse,
strident cla-ha, cla-ha,cla-ha; when alarmed and about
to fly, a ringing a-lilgh, -iilugh. (Nelson.)
Range. — "Coast and islands of Alaska north of the Peninsula;
chiefly about Norton Sound and Valley of the Lower Yukon; Com-
mander Islands, Kamchatka; casually south to Humboldt Bay, Cal-
ifornia." {A.O. U.)
85
17 2. Canada Goose {Branta canadensis), L. 38.
Ads. A white patch on cheeks and throat; rest of
head and neck black; no whitish ring at base of black
neck. Yng. Similar but with blackish on white of
throat. Notes. A sonorous honk.
Range. North America; breeds from Labrador. Minnesota and
British Columbia, north chiefly in the interior, to Alaska; winters
from Long Island, Illinois and British Columbia south to Mexico and
southern California.
172a. Hutchins Goose {B. c . hutchinsif) . Simi-
lar to No. 172, but smaller; L. 30; tail feathers, 14-16.
Rarge.— Western North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters
from British Columbia and Kansas south to Lower California and
Mexico.
172b. White-cheeked Goose {B. c. occidentalism.
Size of No. 172, but throat blackish, lower neck with
white collar.
"2c. Range. — 'Pacific coast region, from Sitka, south in winter to Cal-
ifornia." (A. O. U.)
I 72c. Cackling Goose CB. c. minima). Similar to
No. 172b, but smaller, L. 24; tail feathers 14-16.
Range, — Western North America; breeds in Alaska; winters from
British Columbia southward; east rarely to Wisconsin.
173. BranX {Brantaberniclaglaucogastra). L. 26.
Ads, Sides of neck with white markings; belly whitish.
Notes, A guttural car-r-rup, or r-r-r-rouk. (Elliot.)
Range.— Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters tn
America, from Mississippi Valley east, and from Illinois and Massa-
chusetts southward; rare in interior.
I 74. Black Brant CBranta nigricans). L. 26. Ads,
Sides and front of neck with white markings; belly-
nearly as dark as back. Notes. A low guttural grr-r-
r-r; on alarm repeated often with emphasis. (Nelson.)
Range.— Western North America; breeds in northern Alaska and
eastward; winters from British Columbia to Lower California; occas-
ional on Atlantic Coast.
86
Order VI. FLAMINGOES.
ODONTOGLOSS^.
Family 1. FLAMINGOES. Phcknicoptkrid^. 1 species.
Flamingoes might be called long-legged Ducks. Their feet are
webbed, and their bill is set with ridges, which serve as sieves or
strainers, as do the 'gutters' on a Duck's bill. They are, however,
wading birds and their webbed feet are of use in supporting them on
the soft mud of shallow lagoons or bays where they search for the fav^
orite food of small mollusks. In feeding the flat top of the bill is
pressed into the mud when its tip points upward toward the bird's
body. Flamingoes fly with the neck and legs stretched to the utmost
presenting on the wing a picturesque, but by no means so graceful an
appearance as do the Herons. Their voice is a vibrant honking like
that of a Goose.
Order VII, HERONS, STORKS, IBISES, ETC.
HERODIONES.
Family 1. SPOONBILLS. Platalkid^. 1 species.
Family 2. IBISES. Ibidid^. 3 species.
Family 3. STORKS and WOOD IBISES. Ciconiid^. 1 species.
Family 4. BITTERNS, HERONS, ETC. Ardkid^. 14 species*
3 subspecies.
The Roseate Spoonbill was formerly a common bird in Florida and
along the Gulf coast, but so many have been killed for their plumage
that in the United States the species is now exceedingly rare except in
the most remote parts of southern Florida.
Spoonbills build a rude nest of sticks in mangrove bushes or small
trees and lay three to five whitish eggs speckled with shades of brown.
Ibises are usually found in flocks along the shore of lagoons, lakes,
etc., or in marshy places. They fly with the neck outstretched and are
generally silent. Their nests of reeds, weed stalks^ etc., are some-
87
Herons, Storks, Ibises, Etc.
times placed in low bushes, at others in grassy marshes. The eggs
number from three to five. They are plain blue in the Glossy Ibis,
greenish white with chocolate markings, in the White Ibis.
The Storks are largely Old World birds, only three of the some
twenty known species inhabiting the Western Hemisphere. But one
of these is found regularly north of the Rio Grande, the so-called Wood
Ibis which is abundant in southern Florida. It lives in flocks and
builds a nest of sticks usually in cypress trees, often forty feet from
the ground, laying two or three white eggs. When flying the neck is
extended. It progresses by alternate flapping and sailing and occa-
sionally soars high overhead in circles, like a Vulture.
The Bitterns and Herons unlike our other long-legged wading birds,
fly with a fold in the neck. They belong in two subfamilies, the
Botaurincg and ArdeincB, respectively. The Bitterns are usually soli-
tary birds inhabiting grassy or reedy marshes where their colors har-
monize with their surroundings and render them difficult to see. The
American Bittern nests on the ground and lays three to five pale
brownish eggs. The Least Bittern usually weaves a platform nest
of reeds among rushes growing in the water and lays four or five bluish
white eggs.
Herons feed along the shore' and are consequently more often
seen than Bitterns. With the exception of the Green Heron and the
Yellow-crowned Night Heron, which usually nest in isolated pairs, our
species gather in colonies to nest. Several hundred pairs occupying
a limited area in s ome wooded or bushy swamp to which, when undis-
turbed, they return year after year.
Herons build a rude platform nest of sticks, sometimes placing it in
bushes, sometimes in the tallest trees, and at others on the ground or
beds of reeds in marshes. The eggs are greenish blue in color and
usually four in number. It is among those Herons, which in nesting
time are adorned with delicate plumes or aigrettes, that the greatest
ravages of the millinery hunter have been made. Attacking these
birds when they have gathered on the nesting ground, they are not
permitted to rear their young and the species is thus exterminated
branch and root.
The voice of Herons is a harsh squawk varying in depth of tone with
the size of the bird.
88
Flamingo, Spoonbill and Ibis
182. Flamingo (Phcemcopterus ruber). L. 45; from
toe to bill, 60. y^ds. Rosy red, lighter on back; prim
arias and secondaries black. Yng. Smaller, grayish
brown; lighter below. Notes. A bonk resembling that
that of a Canada Goose.
Range. — Atlantic coasts of tropical and subtropical America; resi-
dent (breeding?) In southwestern Florida (Monroe county); casual
west to Texas, north to South Carolina.
183. Roseate Spoonbill (^jata ajaja). L. 32.
Ads. Head and throat bare; sides of breast and end
of tail rusty buff; lesser wing-coverts, upper and under
tail-coverts carmine. Yng. Head feathered, buff and
carmine replaced by pink.
Range.— Tropical and subtropical America; north to Gulf States.
185. Scarlet Ibis {Guara rubra). L. 24. Ads.
Scarlet: tips of primaries black. Yng. Grayish brown,
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts white; under-
parts dull white.
Range. "Florida, Louisiana and Texas, southward to the West
Indies and northern South America. No record of Its recent occur-
rence in the United Sutes. ' ' (A. O. U.)
89
Ibises
184. White Ibis {Guara alba). L. 25. Ads
White, tips (.f outer primaries black, face orange red.
Yng. Grayisii brown, rump, breast and belly white.
Notes. When near nest, crook, croc, croo\ when dis-
turbed, a loud, hoarse, hunk, hunk, hunk. (Audubon).
Range,— Tropical America; breeds north to Lower California,
souihern Indiana, southirn Illinois and South Carolina; winters from
Gulf southward; accidental in South Dakota, Connecticut and Long
Island;
186. Glossy Ibis {Plegadis autumnalis). L. 24.
/tds. Front of head black with greenish reflections.
Yn^. Head and neck fuscous brown margined with
white, rest of underparts fuscous brown; back with
greenish reflections.
Range. — Tropical and subtropical regions in America; rare or local
In southeastern United States; casual north to Massachusetts and
Illinois
187. White-faced Glossy Ibis (P/^^^ii5 guarauna).
L. 24. Ads. Front of head white. Yng. Resembles
young of No. 186.
Range.- Tropical and subtropical America; north to California,
(rarely British Columbia), Texas, Kansas, east rarely to Florida:
winters south of United States.
188. V^oodlbh (Tantalus loculator). L. 40. Ads.
Head and neck bare; white, primaries, secondaries and
tail blackish. Yng. Resembles ad. but head and
neck feathered, grayish brown. Note. When alarm-
ed, a rough, guttural croak. (Audubon.)
Range.— Tropical and subtropical America; breeds In Gulf States.
(Lower California?), and later may stray as far north as New York,
Wisconsin, and California.
90
Bitterns
1 90. American Bittern {Botaurus lentiginosus) .
L. 28. Ads. A glossy black streak on either side of
the neck. Yng. Similar to ad. but colors much deep-
er, more rusty. Notes. Call, quawk\ song, pump-er-
lunk.
Range. — North America north to Labrador and British Columbia,
breeding chiefly north of latitude 35 ° ; winters from about latitude 35®
southward.
191. Le^sX ^\\\err\ {Ardetta exilis). L. 13. /td.
c^. Hindneck rufous, foreneck, underparts, and under
tail-coverts white and buff. Ad. 9 . Similar, but crown
and back brown, below streaked with brownish.
Notes. Call, an explosive quab; song, a soft coo repeat-
ed four or five times.
Range.— North America; breeds from Gulf States to New Bruns-
wicl< and Manitoba; winters from Gulf States southward. "Less
common west of Rocky Mountains; on the Pacific coast north to
northern California." (A. O U.)
1 9 1. 1. Cory Bittern {Ardetta neoxena). L. 13.
Ad cf. Hindneck black, foreneck chestnut, belly
mixed black and chestnut, under tail-coverts black.
Ad. 9. Similar, but crown and back duller.
Range. - Eastern North America; recorded from Florida, Ontario,
(breeding), Massachusetts, and Michigan; about 20 specimens
known.
91
Herons
192. Great \Nh\te Heron {.^rdeaocadentalis). /Ids.
White, no ''aigrette" plumes. A white Heron about
the size of a Great Blue Heron What is supposed to
be a gray-blue phase of this bird has been called Ardea
wuerdmanm, a bird which resembles No. 194, but has
the head and neck whitish.
Range. - Southern Florida, Cuba and Jamaica
\A\
r96. American Egret {Herodias egretta). L. 41.
Ads. White, about 50 straight "aigrette" plumes grow
from the back between the wings; legs and feet black.
Ads. when not breeding and Yng., the same, but no
plumes.
Range. — Tropical and temperate America; breeds north to Virginia,
southern Illinois, and California; later strays to New Brunswick,
Minnesota, and Oregon; winters from southern California and Gulf
States southward.
197, Snowy Heron {Egretta candidissima) . L. 24.
Ads. White, about 50 recurved "aigrette" plumes
grow from back between the wings; legs black,
feet yellow. Ads when not breeding and Yng. The
same, but no plumes.
Range.— Tropical and temperate America; bred formerly north to
Long Island, southern Illinois and California; now very rare In east-
ern North America; winters from Gulf States and southern California
southward.
92
Herons
194. Great Blue Heroi. {Ardea berodias). L. 45;
W. 18.5; B. 5.5; Tar. 7. Ads. Center of crown white,
head crested; legs blackish. Yng. Similar, but no
crest, crown wholly black, plumage more streaked.
Range -.Northern South America north to Arctic regions; breeds
locally throughout most of North America range; winters from about
latitude 42 ^ southward.
194a. Northwest Coast Heron {A. h. fannini).
Similar to No. 194 but much darker; upperparts bluish
slate black; tarsus shorter, 5.3.
Range.— Pacific coast from Vancouver to Sitka.
194b. Ward Heron (v^. h.wardi). Similar to No.
194 but whiter below, neck darker; legs olive; larger,
L. 52; W. 20; B. 6.5; Tar. 8. ..V
Range.— Florida; coast of Texas.
202. Black-crowned Night Heron {Nycticorax nyc-
ttcorax ncevtus.) L. 24. Ads. Crown and back green-
ish black . lower back, wings and tail ashy; head with two
or three rounded white plumes, except just after breed-
ing season. Yng. Grayish brown streaked with
white; below white streaked with blackish; outer webs
of primaries, pale rufous. Notes. An explosive qUawk,
Range.— Western hemisphere; breeds in North America north to
New Brunswicl<, Quebec, Manitoba, and Oregon; winters from Cal-
ifornia and Gulf States southward.
203. Yellow-crowned Night Heron {Nydanassa
violaceus). L. 23. Ads. Blue-gray; crown and ear-
coverts whitish, rest of head black; scapulars streaked
with black ;head with two or three rounded,white plumes,
except just after nesting season. Yng. Crown hlack,
streaked with whitish; primaries bluish slate, no rufous;
back brownish streaked with white; below whitish
streaked with blackish.
Range.— Tropical and subtropical America; breeds north to South
Carolina, southern Illinois, and Lower California; strays to Massa-
chusetts and Colorado; winters from Gulf States southward.
93
Herons
198. Reddish Egret {Dichromanassa rufescens) . L.
29. Two color phases independent of age. Ads.
Dark phase, Head and neck rufous; b.ick slate; about
30 "aigrette" plumes. IV kite phase. White, including
plumes; tips of primaries sometimes speckled with
gray. Yng. Rufous and gray, or white, without
plumes.
Range.— West Indies and Central America north to coasts of Gulf
States, Illinois [rarely), and Lower Califoinia.
199. Louisiana Heron {Hydranassa tricolor ruficol-
Us). L. 26. Ads. "Aigrette" plumes, short, dirty
gray; rump and belly white; legs blackish. Yng.
Head and neck brownish; throat and line down fore-
neck white; above slaty washed with brownish; rump
and belly white.
Range. — West Indies and Central America north to Gulf States,
casually to Long Island and Indiana.
200. Little Blue Heron {Florida ccerulea). L. 22.
Ads. Head and neck marroon; rest of plumage slaty
blue. Yng. White, tips of primaries bluish, leg3
greenish j/ellow.
Range.— Tropical America and eastern United States; breeds norti)
to Virginia and Illinois, later may stray north as far as Nova Scotia;
winters from South Atlantic and Gulf States southward.
201. U\\\e Q^reexx Heron {Butorides virescens) . L.
17.' Smallest of our Herons. Ads. Crown, glossy
green-black; throat and line down foreneck buffy; rest
of head and neck purplish chestnut; back green wash-
ed with bluish gray. Yng. Neck and below streaked
with blackish; back-feathers not lengthened; duller.
J^otes. A rattling oc-oc-oc-oc-oc, a startling scow, and,
more rarely, a deep, hollow groan. (Brewster.)
iKange.— Tropical and temperate North America; breeds from Gulf
States north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters from Gulf States
southward to northern South America.
201a. Frazar Green Heron {B. v. fra^ari). Sim-
ilar to No. 201, but rather larger and darker, neck
more purplish, light stripings on throat and foreneck
more restricted. (Brewster.)
Range.— Lower Califorina.
201b. Anthony Green Heron (B. v. anthonjyi).
Similar to No. 201, but slightly largei, and paler, light
markings of wings, neck, and throat less restricted and
whiter. (Mearns.)
Range.— Arid portions of southwestern United States, south Into
Mexico.
94
Order VIII. CRANES, RAILS, ETC.
PALUDICOL^.
Family 1. CRANES. Gruid^. 3 species.
Family 2. COURLANS. Aramid^. 1 species.
Family 3. RAILS, GALLINULES, and COOTS. Rai^lid^. 12
species, 3 subspecies.
Cranes bear a general resemblence to Herons in that they are long-
legged, long-necked birds, but when on the wing, they carry the neck
fully extended, a habit which will readily distinguish them from the
curved neck Herons. Cranes are less aquatic than Herons and are
often found feeding on the prairies or pine-barrens where worms, grass-
hoppers, lizards, roots, etc., form their fare. They nest on the ground
laying two buffy eggs thickly marked with brown. The young, unlike
the nearly naked, helpless young of Herons, are born covered with
down and can soon follow their parents. The Cranes have loud sonor-
ous voices; the Herons raucous croaks.
The Limpkin is a singular inhabitant of the more retired Florida
swamps. It feeds upon the ground largely upon a kind of land shell,
but also perches in trees. Its nest of twigs is placed in a small tree or
bush, and it lays from four to seven pale buffy eggs stained and
speckled with cinnamon brown.
The Rails (Subfamily RallincB) are inhabitants of grassy marshes
where, trusting to their long legs, they more often escape observation
by running than by flying. One may hear their characteristic notes
coming from the dense growth only a few yards distant and still be
unable to catch a glimpse of their maker.
Rails nest on the ground laying six to twelve or fifteen buffy eggs
spotted with reddish brown. The young of all our species are born
covered with a shining black down.
The Gallinules (Subfamily Gallinulincs) are more aquatic than the
Rails and are consequently less difficult to observe.
The Coots (Subfamily Fulicincs) are still more aquatic than the Gall-
inules, as might be supposed from their lobed toes, in fact are as
much at home in the water as though they were Ducks. Both Galli-
nules and Coots lay eight to sixteen buffy, thickly speckled eggs in a
nest of reeds often built on a pile of rushes in the reeds.
95
Cranes and Limpkin
204. Whooping Crane {Grus americana). L. 50.
Ads. White; skin of top of head dull red; primaries
black. Yng. Head feathered, plumage more or less
washed with rusty.
Range.— Interior of North America: breeds from northern Missiu-
sippi Valley north to Arctic regions- winters from Gulf States south-
ward.
205. Little Brown Crane {Grus canadensis) . L. 35.
W. 18; B. 4. Ads. Skin of top of head dull red;
plumage brownish gray. Yng. Head feathered,
plumage with more or less rusty.
Range.— "Northern North America from Hudson Bay to Alaska,
migrating south through western United States east of Rocky
Mountains to Mexico." (Ridgway.)
206. Sandhill Crane [Grus mexicana). Similar to
No. 205, but larger. L= 44: W. 20; B. 5. 7^0/^5. A
loud, sonorous, grating, krrrow. repeated five or more
times.
Range. — North America; breeds locally from Texas, Cuba, Florida
north through Mississippi Valley to Manitoba, British Columbia, and
Oregon; wintersfrom northern California and Gulf States southward.
207. Umpk'in (Aramus gtganteus). L. 28. Ads,
Glossy olive-brown, striped with white; wings and
tail more bronzy. Notes. A loud wah-ree-ow, repeated
and the last note prolonged into a wail.
Range.— Central America and West Indies north to southern Texas
and Rorida.
96
Rails
208. King Rail {Rallus elegans). L. 15. Ads,
Above olive-brown, black, and olive-gray; wing-cov-
erts reddish brown; neck and breast cinnamon; belly
and sides blackish, sharply and broadly barred with
white. Notes. A loud tup, bup, bup, repeated and end-
ing in a roll.
Range.— Eastern United States; breeds from Florida north to Con-
necticut and South Dakota; strays to Maine; winters from Virgin-
ia and Lower Mississippi Valley southto Gulf States.
209. Belding Rail {Rallus beldingi) . Similar to
No. 208, but paler; flank-bars narrower.
Range.— Lower California.
210. California Clapper Rail {Rallus obsoletus).
L. 17. Above grayish olive-brown streaked with
blackish brown; breast cinnamon; flanks dusky brown
narrowly banded with white. Margins to back
feathers much broader than in forms of crepitans.
Range.— Salt Marshes of Pacific coast north to Washington.
212. Virginia Rail {T^allus virgintanus) . L. 9.5;
B. 1.5. Ads. Above blackish and grayish brown;
wing-coverts reddish brown; below cinnamon, flanks
black and white. Resembling a King Rail in color,but
much smaller. Notes. Calls, kep or kik\ song, a
grunting sound and cut, cutta-cutta-cHtta. (Brewster.)
Range.— North America; breeds from Pennsylvania, Long Island,
northern Illinois, and middle California north to Labrador, Manitoba,
and British Columbia; winters from about its southern breeding lim-
its south to Cuba and Guatemala.
215. Yellow Rail. {Porzana novehoracensis) . L. 7;
B. .5. Ads. Above black and buffy barred with
white; breast buffy; sides brownish barred with white.
Notes. An abrupt cackling, ^kr^k, ^krek, ^krek, ^krek,
kUk, 'k'k'k, (Nuttall.)
Range.— Eastern North America north to New Brunswick, Quebec,
and Hudson Bay, west to Manitoba and rarely California; probably
breeds chiefly north; winters In southern States.
97
Rails
211. Clapper Rail, Marsh Hen {Rallus crepitans),
L. 14.5; W. 5; B. 2.5. Ads. Above pale olive bor-
dered by gray., wing-coverts pale grayish brown;
breast /)a/^ cinnamon; flanks barred gra^y and white.
Notes. Gkak, gkak, gkak, at first loud and rapid,
ending lower and slower.
Range.— Salt marshes of the Atlantic coast; breeds from North
Carolina to Connecticut; winters from Long Island (rarely) south-
ward, north casually to Massachusetts; south casually to Louisiana.
2 Ma. Louisiana Clapper Rail {R. c. saturatus).
Similar to No. 211, but above rich brown edged with
olive; breast darker cinnamon; bill more slender, 2.3.
Range. -Coast of Louisiana.
21 lb. Scott Clapper Rail {T{. c. scotti). Simi-
lar to No. 211, but much darker; sooty brown or black
above edged with olive-brown or olive-gray; breast
and neck cinnamon, washed with brownish; flanks
brown and white. Darkest bird of group.
Range. — Gulf coast of Florida.
2Mc. Wayne Clapper Rail [R. c. waynet) . Sim-
ilar to No. 211, but darker, back rich olive-brown
edged with gray; breast more ashy.
Range.— Atlantic coast, North Carolina to eastern Florida.
21 1.2. Caribbean Clapper Rail {T{allus longiros-
tris caribceus) . L. 14; W. 5.7; B. 2.4. Ads. Above
olive-brown edged with olive-ashy; breast cinnamon;
flanks hrown and white.
Range — West Indies; coast of southeastern Texas (and north-
eastern Mexico?),.
-^'' 2'I4. (j2^ro\\r\2iR9\\{Por{ana Carolina). L. 8.5;B.8.
Ads. Region about base of bill black. Yng. Simi-
lar, but no black about base of bill; breast more cinna-
mon. Notes. Calls, kuk or peep\ song, ker-wee\ and a
high, rolling whinny.
Range.— North America; breeds from Long Island, Illinois, Kansas,
and southern California, north to Newfoundland, Hudson Bay region,
and British Columbia; winters from South Carolina, southern Illinois,
and northern California south to South Anagrip. / t j i y
216. L'ltWe Black RaW (Porranajamaicensis). L. 5;
B.6. Ads. Head, breast, and belly slate; back blackish
brown barred with white; nape reddish brown. Notes,
Probably, kik-kik-kik, queeah, or kik-ki-ki-ki, ki, queeah^
or variants. (Brewster.)
Range.— "Temperate North America north to Massachusetts, north-
em Illinois, and Oregon: south to West Indies and Guatemala." (A.
O. U.) Probably breeds throughout its North American range (Con-
necticut, Illinois. Kansas).
98
Gallinules and Coot
218. Purple Gallinule {lonorms martinica). L. 13.
Ads. Crown-plate bluish, bill carmine tipped with
greenish; back shining green; below purplish blue;
under tail-coverts white. Yne. Above browner;
below with white; no red on bill.
Range.— Tropical and subtropical America; breeds only in eastern
North America north to southern Illinois and South Carolina, strays
to Maine and Wisconsin; winters from southern Florida south to
South America.
219. Florida Gallinule {GalUnula galeata). L.
13.5. Ad. Crown-plate red, bill red tipped with
greenish; legs green with a red ring; back olive-brown;
flanks slate streaked with white. Yng. Crown-plate
smaller with bill brownish; no red on legs; below
grayish. 'Notes. An explosive chuck and many loud
and varied calls suggesting a disturbed brooding hen,
the squawking of a struggling hen, etc.
Range. — Temperate and tropical America; breeds locally north to
Maine, Montreal, Minnesota, and northern California; winters from
Gulf States and California southward.
221. American Coot {Fulica americana). L. 15.
Toes with scallops. Ads. Bill whitish; crown-plate
and two spots on bill brownish; head and neck black;
rest of plumage slate. Yng. Whiter below, browner
above, crown-plate smaller. Notes. An explosive
cuck and noisy cackling notes.
Range. North America; breeds in the Interior (chiefly northward)
north to the Mackenzie and on Pacific coast to British Columbia;
winters from British Columbia and Gulf States south to Central
America and West Indies.
99
Order IX. SHORE BIRDS.
LIMICOL^.
Family 1. PHALAROPES. Phalaropodid^. 3 species.
Family 2. AVOCETS AND STILTS. Recurvirostrid^. 2
species.
Family 3, SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, ETC. Scolopacid^. 33
species, 2 subspecies.
Family 4. PLOVERS. Charadriid^. 9 species, 2 subspecies.
Family 5. SURF BIRDS AND TURNSTONES. Aphrizid^. 4
species.
Family 6. OYSTER-CATCHERS. H^matopodid^. 3 species.
Family 7. JACANAS. Jacanid^. 1 species.
The Phalaropes are swimming: Snipes. The Northern and Red
Phalaropes, both of which have well-developed lobes or scalloped webs
on their toes, except when nesting, live at sea a hundred miles or more
off shore, where they find an abundance of food in small forms of ma-
rine life. The Wilson Phalarope is a bird of the interior and conse-
quently, is far less aquatic than the remaining species of the family;
nevertheless it readily takes to water, swimming buoyantly and grace-
fully.
Contrary to the general rule, the female Phalarope is larger and
more brightly colored than the male and this difference in size and
plumage is accompanied by similarly unusual habits; the female tak-
ing the place of the male in the Phalarope household. The female of
necessity lays the eggs, but they are hatched by the male alone, who it
is said, cares for the young, also without the assistance of his mate.
The Avocets and Stilts are wading Snipes. The Stilts secure their
food by quick thrusts of the bill, but the Avocets use their singular, up-
turned member in a more interesting manner. When in water two or
three inches deep, the bill is dropped below the surface, until the
curved lower mandible evidently touches the bottom; then walking
rapidly, or even running, the bill is swung from side to side and the
bird thus explores the mud in its search for food, which, when it is felt,
is picked up in the usual way.
Many of the members of the family Scolopacidae are probing Snipe.
The Woodcock, Wilson Snipe, and Dowitcher are good examples.
100
Shore Birds.
Their bill is long and sensitive and they can curve or move its tip
without opening it at the base. When the bill is thrust into the mud
the tip may therefore grasp a worm and it thus becomes a finger as
well as a probe.
Though not ranked as song birds, many of the Snipes and Plovers have
pleasing calls and whistles and in the breeding season they become
highly musical or indulge in singular vocal performances.
The song of the Bartramian Sandpiper would attract the attention of
the least observant and the singular aerial evolutions of the Snipe and
Woodcock lend an unusual interest to the study of these birds in the
spring. The Pectoral Sandpiper was observed by Nelson in Alaska, in
May, to fill its oesophagus with air dilating the skin of the neck and
breast and forming a sack as large as the body. Then in the air or on
the ground the bird produced a series of hollow booming notes, con-
stituting its love song.
The Plovers have shorter, harder bills than the true Snipe and sev-
eral of our species frequent the uplands rather than muddy shore or
tidal flats.
The Turnstones are true shore birds. Their home with us is on the
seacoast where they feed along the beach turning over shells and
pebbles in their search* for food.
The Oyster-catchers are also strictly maritime. They frequent bars
left bare by the tide and, it is said, use their stout bills to force open
mussels, oysters, or other bivalves left exposed by the water. This
belief, however, does not appear to rest on careful, definite observation.
The Jacana belongs to a small family of birds with representatives
throughout the tropics. All its members are remarkable for the length
of their toes, the wide extent of which enable these birds to walk over
aquatic vegetation. So, for instance, I have seen them running over
small lily leaves which, sinking slightly beneath the surface, made the
birds appear to be walking on the water.
The Limicolae, as a rule, nest on the ground. The Phalaropes,
Snipes, and Plovers lay four eggs, the Oyster-catcher three, the Jacanas,
it is said, four in some species to ten in others. The eggs of all are
proportionately large and pointed or pear-shaped and are usually thick-
ly marked with dark spots. The young are born covered with down
and leave the nest just after hatching.
101
Shore Birds
222. Red Phalarope {Crymophilus fulicarius). L.
8.10; B. 9. Bill heavy, wider tiian deep. Ad. ?.
Below entirely reddish brown; cap black, back black
and buff. Ad. cf . Similar, but smaller; crown and
back streaked with brown, black, and buff. Yng.
Resemble cJ*» but upper tail-coverts plumbeous, un-
derparts white. Winter. Crown and underparts white,
hindneck black, back gray. Notes. A musical clink,
clink. (Nelson.)
Range. —"Northern parts of northern hemisphere, breeding in the
Arctic regions and migrating south in winter; in the United States
south to the Middle Stales. Ohio Valley, and Cape St. Lucas; chiefly
maritime " (A. O. U)
223. Northern Phalarope [Thalaropus lohatus).
L. 7.7; B. .8. Bill short, slender, sharply pointed.
Ad. 9« Breast rufous; above slaty gray mixed with
ochraceous on back. Ad. c^. Smaller, less rufous
on throat; above blackish streaked with rusty. Yng.
Underparts and forehead white; crown sooty; back
blackish streaked with straw-color. Winter. Upper-
parts gray mixed with white; underparts white.
Notes. A low chippering, clicking note.
Range.— Northern hemi>;phere; breeds from Labrador and northern
British America north to Greenland and Alaska; winters apparently
south of United States where it is known as a migrant chiefly off the
coasts.
224. Wil8on Phalarope {Steganopus tricolor).
L. 9.5; B. 1.3. Bill long. Ad. $. Sides of neck
black and chestnut; crown and back gray. Ad. J^.
Smaller; chestnut and black much less and duller;
crown and back blackish, latter sometimes with ru-
fous. Yng. Below white; crown and back black
margined with ochraceous; nape brownish gray.
Winter. Above gray, upper tail-coverts white; below
white. Notes. A soft, trumpetingj^«a,>'«a.
Range.— North America, chleflv in the interior; breeds from north-
ern Illinois (rarely') .Minnesota and Central California,north to latitude
55O : winters south of United States to southern South America.
283. Turnstone {Arenaria interpres). Similar to
283.1 but larger, W. 6., and upperparts in ad, with
black prevailing. Yng. Blacker than young of 283.1.
Range.— Eastern hemisphere, in America, only in Greenland and
Alaska.
283.1. Ruddy Turnstone {Arenaria morinella).
L. 9.5; W. 5.7. Ads. Reddish brown prevailing in
upper surface. Yng. Above and breast grayish
brown margined with buffy, throat, abdomen, rump
and long upper tail-coverts white as in ad.; shorter
upper tail-coverts black. Notes. When flying, a loud
twittering note. (Nuttall.)
Range. -Nearly cosmopolitan; breeds In Arctic regions; winters in
America south of United States to Patagonia.
288. Mexican Jacana {Jacana spinosa). L. 8.
Toes over 1.5. Ads. Chestnut and black; wings
mostly greenish. Yng. Forehead, line over eye, and
below white. Above grayish brown, sometimes \vith
rump chestnut, nape black. Notes. A harsh, rapidly
repeated eep, eep, eep.
Range- Central America and Mexico north to Lower RloGrande
Valley, Cuba and Haiti.
J 02
Shore Birds
225. American Avocet {Recurvirostra americana),
L. 16.5; B. 3.7. Ads. Head and neck rufous; belly
white; wings black and white. Yng. and Adsjnwinter.
Similar, but head and neck grayish or whitish.
Notes. A rather musical, loud plee-eek hurriedly repeat-
ed.
Range.— North America west of Mississippi; breeds from northern
States, central California and rarely Texts, north in the interior to
latitude 54° ; winters from southern California and western Gulf
States to Central America and West Indies; casual on Atlantic coast.
264. Long-billed Curlew {Numenius longirostris) .
L. 24; B. 6., longest among our Snipe. Ads. Above
black and buffy; tail barred buffy and black; below
buffy, neck and breast finely streaked with dusky.
Yng- Similar, but buff deeper.
Range.— North America; breeds on Atlantic coast from Florida to
North Carolina; in interior north to Manitoba and British Columbia;
later strays casually to Newfoundland and Ontario; winters from
Gulf States and southern California southward.
265. Hudsonian Curlew {Numenius hudsonicus).
L. 17; B. 3.7. Ads. Less buff than No. 264; above
dark grayish brown and brownish gray; tail barred
with same; below white, breast streaked; sides barred
with blackish.
Range.— North America; breeds in Arctic region; winters south of
United States to South America.
266. Eskimo Curlew [Numenius horealts) L. 13.5;
B. 2. Ads. Tail barred with grayish brown and
black; above blackish and buffy; below buffy ,the breast
thickly streaked; sides barred with blackish.
Range.- Eastern North America; breeds In Arctic regions: winters
south of United States to South America; migrates chiefly through
Interior.
103
Shore Birds
226. Black-necked Stilt {Himantopus mexicanus).
L. 15; Tar 4.10. Ad. (^. Forehead, lower back,
and underparts white; crown, hindneck, upper back,
and wings black. Ad. 9. Similar, but upper back
and scapulars grayish brown. Yng. Similar to $,
but brown and black feathers lightly margined with
buffy. Notes. A sharp, rapidly uttered ip-ip-ip when
flying; a hoarse k-r-r-r-r-ing note when on the ground.
Range.— Temperate and tropical America; breeds north to Gult
States, (locally and rarely in Mississippi Valley to Minnesota) and
California; winters from southern California and West Indies to
northern South America; rare east of Mississippi except in Gulf
States.
286. American Oyster-catcher {Hcematopus pallia-
tus). L. 19. Ads. Base of tail and longer upper
tail-coverts white, shorter coverts and all back black-
ish brown; white in wings conspicuous in flight.
Yng. Similar but feathers above with buffy margins.
Notes. A sharp eep, eep.
Range. — Temperate and tropical America; breeds on sea coasts
only, north to Virginia and western Mexico; winters south of United
States to South America; casual north to Nova Scotia.
286.1. Frazar Oyster-catcher {Hcematopus fra-
lari). Similar to No. 286, but darker above, black
breast passing into white belly through a mottled
black and white band; upper tail coverts with brown
markings.
Range.— "Lower California (both coasts), north to Los Coronados
Islands." (A. O. U.)
287, Black Oyster-catcher {Hcematopus bachmant)
L. 17. Ads. Black. Yn^. Somewhat browner
Notes. A musical, piping whistle.
Range.— "Pacific coast of North America from Aleutian Islands tic
La Paz, Lower California. "
104
Shore Birds
228. American Woodcock {Pbilohela minor) . L. ii.
Ads. Below ochraceous-rufous; no bars; forehead
slaty, crown black with rusty bars; back mixed
black, rusty and slaty. Notes. A nasal peent or patp-.,
a whistling of wings and a twittering whistle.
Range.— Eastern North America; breeds locally from Florida to
Labrador and Manitoba, but chiefly northward; winters from southern
New Jersey and southern Illinois to Gulf States.
230. Wilson Sn'ijpe {Gallinago delicata) . L. 11.2.
Ads. Throat and belly white or whitish; breast rusty
buff indistinctly streaked; sides barred; above streaked
black and cream-buff; tail black and rusty; outer
feathers barred black and white. Notes. When tak-
ing flight several sudden, hoarse scaipes\ a tremulous,
penetrating bleating, thought to be produced by air
rushing through the birds wings; a Mk-Mk-Mk.
(Brewster.)
Range.— North America; breeds from northern New England (rare-
ly Connecticut) , northern Illinois and northern California north to
Labrador, Hudson Bay, and Alaska; winters from California, southern
Illinois, and South Carolina to northern South America.
261. Bartramian Sandpiper {Bartramia longicauda).
L. 1 1. 5. Outer primary barred black and white.
Ads. Above black, ochraceous, and brownish gray;
breast and sides with dusky arrowheads; throat and
belly whitish. Yng. Similar, but more buffy. Notes.
Call, a soft, bubbling whistle; song, a prolonged,
mournful, mellow whistle, ^^chr-r-r-r-r-ee'e-e-e-e'e-oooo-O'
00.-"
Range.— North America chiefly interior; breeds locally from Kansas
and Virginia to Alaska and Nova Scotia; winters south of United
States to South America.
262. Buff-breasted Sandpiper {Tryngites subruficol-
lis). L. 8.5. Inner border of inner web of primaries
beautifully speckled with black and white. Ads.
Above black widely margined with grayish brown;
below ochraceous-buff; a few black spots. Yng.
Above blackish brown, finely and evenly margined
with whitish; below much as in adult.
Range. -"North America especially In the Interior; breeds In the
Yukon district and the interior of British America north to the Arctic
coast; south in winter as far as Uruguay and Peru." (A. O. U.)
281. ^o\xi\\2i\x\?\oyer {Podasocysmontana). L. 9.
No black on breast. Ads. Lores and crown-band
black; above grayish brown washed with pale rusty.
Yng. Similar, but no black, rusty wash deeper. IVin-
ter. Same as last but rusty paler.
Range.— Western United States; breeds from Kansas to North
Dakota; winters westward to California, south to Lower California
and Mexico; accidental In Florida.
105
Shore Birds
231. DowitcheP {Macrorhamphus griseus) L. 10.5;
B. 2.1, pitted at tip. Ads. Rump, tail, under
wing-coverts, and axillars barred blactc and white;
above black margined with rusty; rump, white; below
reddish brown, spotted and barred with black. Yng.
Similar, but breast gray tinged with rusty; belly white.
Winter. Above gray, breast gray mixed with dusky,
belly white.
Range.— Eastern North America; breeds chiefly north and north-
west of Hudson Bay; winters from Florida to noithern South Amer-
ica.
232. Long-billed Dowitcher {Macrorhamphus scolo-
paceus). B. 2.1 to 2.9. Similar to preceding but
larger, bill longer; in adult spring plumage more barred
below. Notes. A lisping, energetic musical, peet'peet\
pee-ter-wee-too; wee-too repeated. (Nelson.)
Range.— "Western North America, breeding in Alasi° \ winters from Gulf States to southern
South America; rare on Pacific coast.
258. Willet {Symphemia semipalmata) . L. 15;
W. 8;B. 2. 1. Primaries black with a broad white
band; upper tail-coverts mostly white. Ads. Above
brownish gray, black, and a little buff; below white
heavily marked with black and slightly washed with
buff. Yng. Above brownish gray margined with
buffy; below white, breast lightly streaked with dusky.
IVinter. Similar, but above plain brownish gray.
Notes. Song, pilljy-wtll-wtllet, repeated.
Range. Eastern North America; breeds from Florida to southern
New Jersey, later strays casually to Maine; winters from Gulf States
to South America.
258a. Western Willet (5. 5. inomata). Similar to
No. 258 but slightly larger. W. 8.5; B. 2.4. In sum-
mer above paler, less heavily marked with black both
above and below. Yng. and IVinter. Indistinguish-
able in color from No. 258.
Ringe — Wrstern United States; breeds from Texas to Manitoba;
winters from southern California and Gulf States southward. A rare
migrant on Atlantic coast from South Carolina to Florida.
259. Wandering Tatler {Heteractitis incanus). L.
II. Tail-coverts plain slaty gray. Ads. Above plain
slaty gray; below white barred with slaty gray. Yng.
Above slaty gray more or less mnrgined with whitish;
breast and sides slaty gray; throat and belly white.
IVinter. Similar, but no white margins above.
Range.— Pacific coast; breeds from British Columbia northward;
winters south to Hawaiian Islands and Galapagos.
282. Surf Bird {Aphri^a virgata). L. 10; B. i.
Upper tail-coverts and base of tail-feathers white.
Ads. Above black, slaty, and rusty. Yng. Above
slaty margined with whitish; breast barred slaty and
whitish; belly white spotted with slaty. IVinter. The
same, but no whitish margins.
Range. — "Pacific coast of America, from Alaska to Chili." (A. O.
U.)
Ill
Shore Birds
273. KlWdeer {Oxvechus vociferus). L. 10.5. Rump
and upper tail-coverts rusty. ,^ds. Above grayish
brown and rusty; below white with two black rings.
Notes. A noisy ktldee, kildee.
Rang-e.— North America, north to Newfoundland. Manitoba and
British Columbia; (rare on North Atlantic coast); breeds locally
throughout its range: winters from Virginia, Lower Mississippi Valley
and California south to South America.
274. Semipalmated ?\o\er {/Egialitis semipalmata).
L. 6.7. Web between bases of inner and middle toes.
Ads. One black ring around neck; a white ring in
front of it. Yng. Similar, but black parts brownish;
back margined with whitish. Winter. Same as la^t
but no whitish margins.
Range.— Breeds from Labrador northward; winters from Gulf
States to Brazil.
275. Ring Plover {y^gialitis hiattcula). L. 7.5.
No webs between toes. Similar to 274 but larger, bill
yellow at base, black or brown bands wider.
Range.— '.'Northern parts of Old World and portions of Arctic Amer-
ica, breeding on the west shore of Cumberland Gulf." (A. O. U.)
277. Piping Plover (y^^m/i/w meloda). L. 7; B.
short, .5. Very pale above. Ads. Above ashy,
crown and sides of breast black; no rusty. Yng. Sim-
ilar, but black replaced by ashy gray. Notes. A short
plaintive, /)/>m^ whistle, repeated.
Range. Eastern North America; breeds from Virgfinia to Newfound-
land; winters from Florida southward.
277a. Belted Piping Plover {/E. m. circumcincta).
Similar to No. 277 but black on sides of breast meeting
to form a breast band.
Range. — Mississippi Valley; breeds from northern Illinois and Ne-
braska north to Lake Winnipeg, east to Magdalen and Sable Islands;
winters from Gulf southward; casual migrant on Atlantic coast.
278. Snowy Plover {^gialitis nivosa). L. 6.5.
No complete ring. Ads. Black on crown; ear-coverts
and sides of breast black. Yng. The same, but no
black; above margined with whitish. Winter. Same
as last but no whitish margins.
Range. — Western United States east to Texas and Kansas; breeds
from Indian Territory and southern California northward; winters
from Texas and southern California southward.
280. Wilson Plover {Ochthodromus wilsonius).
L. 7.5; B. .8. No black on hind-neck. Ad. c^. One
black breast -and crown-band; some rusty about head.
Ad. $. Similar but black areas brownish gray. Yng.
Same as last, but above margined with whitish.
Winter. No whitish margins.
Range. — Tropical and temperate America; breeds north to Virginia,
rasual north to Nova Scotia.
112
Order X. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, BOB-WHITES, ETC
GALLINAE.
Family 1. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, etc. Tetraonid^. 21
species, 22 subspecies.
Family 2. TURKEYS, PHEASANTS, etc. Phasianid^. 1 species.
3 subspecies.
Family 3. CURASSOWS and GUANS. Cracid^. 1 species.
The members of the family Tetraonidae are usually placed in three
subfamilies as follows: (1.) Perdicinae, containing the true Quails
and Partridges of the Old World and with no species in America. (2.)
Odontophorinae, including the Bob-whites and so-called 'Quails' and
'Partridges' of the New World, and with no species in the eastern
hemisphere. (3.) Tetraoninae, the Grouse, with representatives in
the northern parts of both hemispheres. All the members of the first
two families have the legs bare, while the Grouse have the legs, and
often even the toes, more or less feathered.
The application of different names to the members of this family, in
various parts of the country, often make it uncertain just what species
is referred to under a given title. Our Bob-white, for example, is a
'Quail' at the north and a 'Partridge' at the south. As a matter of fact
it is, strictly speaking, neither a true Quail nor Partridge but a member
of a family restricted to America.
Again, the Ruffed Grouse is a 'Partridge' at the north and a
'Pheasant' at the south, whereas in truth it is neither one nor the
other. So far as the application of these local names goes, it is to
be noted that where the Bob-white is called 'Quail' the Grouse is
called 'Partridge' and that where it is called 'Partridge' the Grouse is
known as 'Pheasant'.
All the Tetraonidae are ground-inhabiting birds, and their plumage
of blended browns, buffs and grays brings them into such close har-
mony with their surroundings that, as a rule, we are unaware of the
presence of one of these birds until, with a whirring of short, stiff,
rounded wings it springs from the ground at our feet. It is this habit
of 'lying close,' as sportsmen term it, in connection with their excellent
flesh, which makes the members of this family the favorites of the
hunter and epicure and only the most stringent protective measures
will prevent their extinction as their haunts become settled.
113
Grouse, Partridges, Bob-whites, etc.
With the Ptarmigan this harmony in color is carried to a remarkable
extreme, the birds being white in winter and brown, buff and black in
summer; while during the early fall they assume a grayish, neutral
tinted plumage to bridge over the period from the end of the nesting
season, in July, to the coming of the snow in September.
The Tetraonidae all nest on the ground, laying usually from ten to
twenty eggs. The young, like those of their relative, the domestic
fowl, are born covered with downy feathers and can run about shortly
after birth.
The Turkey is the only wild member of the Phasianidae in
this county, but the family is well-represented in the domesticated
Chickens, Peacocks, and Pheasants, all of which have descended from Old
World ancestors. Our domesticated Turkey is derived from the Wild
Turkey of Mexico, which was introduced into Europe shortly after the
Conquest and was thence brought to eastern Norch America. It differs
from the Wild Turkey of the eastern United States chiefly in the color of
the tips of the upper tail-coverts. These are whitish in the domesticated
Turkey, as they are in the Mexican race from which it has descended,
and rusty brown in the Eastern Wild Turkey.
Besides the five races of Wild Turkey described beyond, another
species of Turkey is found in America. This is the Honduras or Yu-
catan Turkey, now largely confined to the peninsula of Yucatan. It is
not so large as our bird, but is even more beautifully colored, its plum-
age being a harmonious combination of blue, gray and copper.
Ring-necked and 'English' Pheasants have been introduced into
various parts of the United States, and in Oregon and Washington and
in the east, on various private game preserves, they have become
naturalized. The true English Pheasant {Phasianus colchiciis) is be-
lieved to have been introduced into England from Asia Minor probably
by the Romans. Unlike the Ring-necked Pheasant {Phasianus torguat-
us) it has no white collar. The last named species, however, has also
been introduced into England where it freely interbreeds with the ear-
lier established English Pheasant and individuals without at least a
trace of white on the neck are now comparatively rare.
The Curassows and Guans are tropical American birds, only one
species reaching the southern border of the United States. They are
arboreal in habit and form an interesting link between the Partridges,
etc. and the Pigeons.
114
Bib-whites and Partridges
> 289. Bob-white; 'Quail;' 'Partridge' {Colinus vir-
ginianus). L. lo. Ad. cJ*. Throat, forehead and line
over eye white. Ad. $. Throat, forehead and line
over eye buff. J^otes Song, a ringing, whistled
Bob-white or huck-wheat-ripe', calls, a conversational
quit-quit and a whistled where-are-you and Vm here^
repeatedly uttered when the individuals of a flock are
separated.
Range.— Eastern North America, resident from southern Dakota,
southern Minnesota, southern Ontario, southern Vermont, New
Hampshire and Maine, south to Georgia and western Florida; west to
South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and eastern Texas.
"I iToducfd at virious points in Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Idaho,
California and Washington." (A. O. U.)
289a. Florida BDb-white (C. t)./7.9nV/a;/7rM5). Hind-
head, nape, and foreback same color as breast; inner
margins of tertials white.
Range.— Sierra Nevada (both slopes), east to Panamint Mountains,
and to Mount Magruder, Nevada; south in the coast ranges from San
Francisco Bay to Lower California (Campos). (A. O U.)
292b. San Pedro Partridge (O. p. confinis). Sim-
ilar to No. 292a, but upperparts much grayer, the
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts being gray very
slightly tinged with olive; bill stouter. CRidgway.)
Range. —San Pedro Martir Mountains. Lower California
293. Scaled Partridge (Callipepla squamata). L.
10. Ads. Belly without chestnut patch; breast and
foreback grayish blue edged with black; back brown-
ish gray. Notes. A nasal pe-cos" pe-cos' (Bailey.)
Range.— "Tableland of Mexico, from the Valley of Mexico, north to
central and western Texas, Santa Fe, New Mexico and southern Ari-
zona." (A. O. U.)
293a. Chestnut-bellied Scaled Partridge (C. s.
castanogastris). Similar to No. 293, but J* with chest-
nut patch on belly; 9 with belly much rustier than in
? of No. 293.
Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley, northwest to Eagle Pass, Texas;
south into northeastern Mexico.
^294. California Partridge {Lophortjyx californica).
L. 10. Ad. (^. Above olive-brown; belly patch chest-
nut. Ad. 9. Plumes shorter; throat whitish streak-
ed with dusky; no distinct chestnut patch on belly.
Notes. Song, a pheasant like crow and a crowing, em-
phatic sit-right-downr , sit-right-downf ; calls, a sharp
pit-pit pit, and a note like that of a young Robin.
Range. — "Coast region of California south to Monterey, introduced
In Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia." (A. O. U.)
294a. Valley Partridge (A. c vallicola). Similar
to No. 294, but much grayer above; sometimes plain
bluish gray without brown tinge.
Range. — "From western and southern Oregon, except near the
coast, south through western Nevada and the interior of California to
Cape St. Lucas." (Bendire.)
295. Gambel Partridge {Lophortj^x gambelii).
L. 10. Ad. ^. Throat, forehead and belly patch
^'/a^/fe; hindhead chestnut. Ad. ?. Similar, but throat
grayish buff; forehead gray; no black on belly; hind,
head brownish; crest smaller. Notes. Song, yuk-kae-ja'
Range, — "Western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southern Utah,
southern Nevada, southern California in the Colorado Valley and
south into northwestern Mexico." (A. O. U.)
116
Grouse
297. Dusky Grouse {Dendra^apus ob scums). L.
(^, 20. 9. 18. Ad. (^. Gray tail-band over one inch
wide on middle feather; below grayish slate; above
blackish with fine rusty and grayish markings. Ad.
9. With more white below; foreback regularly barred
with buffy; middle tail-feathers irregularly barred with
buff or grayish; terminal gray band finely marked with
black. Notes. A loud, ventriloquial, hooting or boom-
ing.
Range. — "Rocky Mounta'ns, from central Montana and southeastern
Id^ho to New Mexico and Arizona; east to the Black Hills, South Da-
kota diid west to East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada." ^.A. O. U.)
297a. Sooty Grouse (D. o. fuliginosus). Similar
to No. 297, but slightly darker, gray band on central
tail feather less than one inch wide.
Range— "Northwest Coast Mountains.from California to Sitki.east
to Nevada, western Idaho and portions of British Columbia." (A.O.U.)
\\^i\V 297b. Richardson Grouse (D. o. richardsonii).
Similar to No. 297a, but yio tail band, or, if showing
indistinctly from above, not visible from below.
Range. — "Rocky Mountains, especially on the eastern slopes, from
central Montana, northern Wyoming and SDUtheastern Idaho, into
British America to Liard River." (A. O. U.)
298. Hudsonian Spruce Grouse (Canachites cana-
densis). L. 15. Ad. c^. Tail-feathers tipped with
brown; foreback margined with blmsh gray. Ad. ?.
Above, bases of feathers more or less barred with rusty
especially on foreback; throat and breast barred with
rusty and black; belly as in male. Notes. A drumming
sound produced by the beating of the wings. CBen-
dire.)
Range. — Labrador and Hudson Bay region.
298b. Alaska Spruce Grouse (C. c. osgoodi). Ad.
(^. Similar to Ad. (^ of No. 298c, but margins to
feathers of foreback brownish asliy. Ad. 9 . Similar
to Ad. 9 of No. 298c, but paler, barred with buff in-
stead of rusty.
Range. — Alaska .
298c. Canada Grouse (C c canace). Ad. J*.
Similar to Ad. (^ of No. 298. Ad. 9- Similar to Ad.
9 of No. 298, but above more rusty, rusty bars deep-
er and more conspicuous, showing throughout upper
surface and on flanks.
Range.— Northern New England, northern New York, New Bruns-
wick. Nova Scotia and Quebec west to northern Minnesota.
299. Franklin Grouse {Canachites franklinii). Re-
sembles No. 298, but tail without brown tips, some-
times tipped with white.
Range. — "Northern Rocky Mountains, from northwestern Montana to
the coast ranges of Oregon and Washington, and northward in British
America.reaching the Pacific coast of southern Alaska(latitude 60° )."
(A. O. U.)
117
Grouse and Ptarmigan
300. Ruffed Grouse; 'Partridge;' 'Pheasant' (Bon-
asa umhellus). L. 17. Ad. ^. Prevailing color
above rusty brown; tail rusty or gray. Ad. 9» Sim-
ilar but neck-tufts smaller. Notes. The male pro-
duces a drumming sound by rapidly beating its wings;
the female utters a cluck and when defending her brood,
a singular low whining sound.
Range.— Eastern United States from Minnesota, southern Ontario,
southern New Hampshire and southern Vermont, south to Virjfinia
and along the Alleghanies to Georgia; west to northwestern ArRansas.
300. 300a. Canadian Ruffed Grouse (B. u. togata).
Similar to No. 300, but slightly grayer above; tail
generally gray; bars on breast and belly darker and
better defined.
Range. — Spruce forests of New Brunswicl<, Nova Scotia, Maine
northern New Hampshire, northern Vermont and south to higher
mountains of Massachusetts and northern New York; west to eastern
slope of c6ast ranges of Oregon, Washington and British Columbia:
north to James Bay.
300b. Gray Ruffed Grouse (B. u. umhelloides).
Similar to No. 300a, but grayer; prevailing color of
upper-parts, including crown, gray; tail always gray.
Range.— Rocky Mountains, from Colorado north to latitude 65° In
Alaska, east to Mackenzie and poplar woods of western Manitoba.
300c. Oregon Ruffed Grouse (B. u. sahini) Sim-
ilar to No. 300, but much darker, prevailing color of
upper parts rusty brown; tail always rusty brown.
Range. — Pacific coast ranges from Cape Mendocino, California,
north to British Columbia.
18
Ptarmigan
301. Willow Ptarmigan {Lagopus lagopus). L.15.
Bill large, more than .4 deep at base; tail black, nar-
rowly tipped with white. Ad. J* Summer. Throat and
upp^rr breabt rusty brown. Ad. (^ FaU. Rustier and
more finely marked above. Ad. 9 Summer. Above
black barred with buff and tipped with white; below
buff barred with black; middle of belly whitish. Ad.
$, Fall. Much like fall male. Ads., Winter. White,
tail black tipped with white; no blnck before eye.
Notes. Song, ku-M-M-kU while ascending five or ten
yards in the air; a hard rolling kr-r-r-r when descend-
ing. (Nelson.)
Range.— Arctic Regions; in America breeding south to Lat. 5<; °
in winter migrating south to Lat. 50° ; recorded once from Pe-
nobscot Co., Maine, and once from Mancliester, Mass.
301a. Allen Ptarmigan {L. I. allent). Similar to
No. 30 1, but $ more finely marked; shafts o<' primaries,
at all seasons, strongly black spreading to the web of
the feather.
Range. — Newfoundland.
302. Rock Ptarmigan {Lagopus rupestris). L. 14.
Bill less than .4 deep at base; tail black. Always to
He known from No. 301 by its smaller bill. Ad. cf
Summer. Above irregularly barred and mol'"'ed with
gray and rusty buff; below barred black and white and
rusty buff. Ad. rj' Fall. Above minutely speckled
black, gray and biiff, the prevailing color being gray-
ish brown. Ad. (^ Winter. White, lores and tail
black. Ad. 9 Summer. Above black barred with
rusty and margined with whitish; below rusty barred
with black and tipped with whitish. Ad. $ Fall.
Like fall c^. Ad. ? Winter. Like winter ^ but no
black before eye.
Range. — North America from Gulf of St. Lawrence and higher
mountains of British Columbia north to Arctic Regions (except
northern Labrador) west through Alaska to Aleutian Islands.
302a. Reinhardt Ptarmigan (Z,. r. reinhardti).
Ad. ^ Summer.' Similar to No. 302, but "less regu-
larly and coarsely barred above" (Ridgw.) Ad. 9
Summer. Resembles $ of No. 302. Ads. Fall Much
grayer than No. 302 in fall. Ads.^ Winter. Like No.
302 in winter. Notes. When courting the male utters
a growling kurr-kurr. (Turner.)
Range. — Northern Labrador north to Greenland.
302b. Nelson Ptarmigan (Z,. r. nelsoni). Ad. (^,
Summer. Ground color of upperpa.ts deep umber-
brown, very finely and densely vermiculated; chest
barred with bright tawny brown and black. Ad. $.
Summer. Similar to 9 of No. 302. (Ridgw.)
Ran£:e. — Unalaska, Aleutian Islands.
119
Ptarmigan
302c. Turner Ptarmigan {L. r. atkhensis). Light-
er in general hue than 302d and without black blotch-
es on upperparts. (Elliot.) Ad. (^^ Summer. "Ground
color of upperparts pale raw-umber brown, mixed
with pale grayish; chest and neck barred with pale
brownish ochre and black." Ad. ^^ Summer. Ground
color of upperparts rusty, mixed with pale grayish
buff, narrowly and irregularly barred with black; chest
and neck coarsely barred with rusty and black.
(Ridgw.)
Range.— Atka, Aleutian Islands.
302d. Townsend Ptarmigan [L. r. towmendf). Ad:
(^, Summer. Above, breast and flanks raw umber
finely vermiculated with black on back; with black
blotches on head,neck and upperpart of back and wings.
Ad. 9, Summer. Above ochraceous, bbtched and
barred with black; lighter below. (Elliot. )
Range.— Kyska and Adak, Aleutian Islands.
302.1. Evermann Ptarmigan {Lagopus evermanni).
L. 13.9. Ad. J*, Summer. Above and breast black
slightly marked with rusty. Ad. ^ , Summer. Entire
body plumage, ochraceous, blotched and barred with
black and above tipped with white or ochraceous; be-
low black bars wider and no white tips. (Elliot.)
Range. — ^Attu, Aleutian Islands.
303. Welch Ptarmigan (Z.a^o/)Ms rt'^/^/i*)- L. about
14. Bill and tail as in No. 302; plumage grayer than
in No. 302. Ad. c^, Summer. Above black _^«^/i' and
irregularly marked with wavy lines of buff and white.
Ad. 9 , Summer. Above black finely and irregularly
barred with buffy, grayish and white.
Range. — Newfoundland
304.? White-tailed Ptarmigan (Lagopus I eucurus).
L. 13. l-d\\ white. Ad. cf, Summer. Breast *)arred,
black and white. Ad. 9, Summer. Above black
barred with rich buff; below rich buff barred with
black. Ads.,FMl. Above and breast rich buff fine-
ly vermiculated with black. Ads., IVinter. Entirely
white, t^otes. When about to fly and at the begin-
ing of flight a sharp cackle like that of a frightened
hen. (Grinnell.j
Range.— "Alpine summits of Rocky Mountains; south to New
Mex.co; north into British America (as far as Fort Halkett, Llari
River); west to higher ranges of Oregon, Washinarton. and British
Columbia." (Bendire.)
304a.? Kenai White-tailed Ptarmigan (L. I. penin-
sularis). Similar to No. 304, but in summer buff
markings much paler; in fall, colors much grayer.
Range.— Kenai Peninsula, Alaska.
120
305. Prairie Hen (Tvmparmchus americanus). L.
1 8. Underparts with distinct brown and white bars of
about equal width. Ad (^. A neck-tuft of ten or
more rounded feathers. Ad. ?. Necl<-tufts much
smaller; whole tail barred. Notes. Song, a loud
"booming."
Range.— "Prairies of Mississippi Valley; south to Louisiana and
Texas; east to Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan and Onta*rio;
west through eastern portions of North Dakota, South Dakota, Ne-
braska. Kansas and Indian Territory; north to Manitoba; general
tendency to extension of range westward and contraction eastward;
migration north and south in Minnesota, Iowa and Missouri." (A.
O. U.)
305a. Attwater Prairie Hen (T. a. attwateri).
Similar to No. 305, but smaller and darker; neck-tufts
proportionately wide; tarsus not fully feathered.
Range. — Southwestern Louisiana and eastern Texas.
306. Heath Hen (Tympanuchus cupido) . Similar to
No. 305, but smaller; scapulars more broadly tipped
with buff; neck-tuft of less than ten feathers; obtusely
pointed; axillars barred with dusky.
Range. — Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts.
307. Lesser Prairie Hen {Tympanuchus pallidicinc-
tus). Similar to No. 305, but smaller, more buffy
above; brown bars below narrower than whitish
spaces between them. Notes, Doubtless the same as
those of No. 305.
Range.— Southwestern parts of Kansas and western Indian Terri-
tory, western (and southern?) Texas. (Bendlre.)
308. Sharp-tailed Grouse {Pedioecetes phasianellus) .
L. 17. Breast feathers with internal V shaped loops;
no neck-tufts. Ads. Prevailing color above black;
narrowly barred with rusty and margined with paler.
Range— Interior of British America, east to Rocky Mountains,
about James Bay (Moose Factory) and the west shore of Hudson
Bay, northern Manitoba, north at least to Fort Simpson, Mackenzie
River, northwest territory. (Bendire.)
30da. Columbian Sharp-tailed Gr«use [P. p. co-
lumbianus). Similar to No. 308, but prevailing color
above buffy.
Range. — "Northwest United States; south to northeastern Cali-
fornia, northern Nevada and Utah; east to Montana and Wyoming,
west to Oregon and Washington; north, chiefly west of Rocky
Mountains, through British Columbiatocentral Alaska (Fort Yukon)
(Bendire.)
308b. Prairie Sharp-tailed Gr«use (P. p. camp-
estris). Similar to No. 308J, but more rusty. Notes.
Song, a bubbling crow, a rattling of tail-feathers, and
stamping of feet. Calls, when disturbed, cack^ cack,
cack; a soft clear whistle and a grunt of alarm. (Seton.)
Call of mother to young and of young in reply a gut-
tur.il, raucous croak. (Grinnell.)
Range — "Plains and prairies of United States, north to Manitoba;
east to Wisconsin and northern Illinois; west to eastern Colorado;
south to eastern New Mexico." (Bendire.)
121
Prairie Hens and Grouse
^')
Grouse, Turkeys and Chachalaca
f
309. Sage Qrouse {Centrocercus urophastanus). Ad.
cf, L. 29; Ad. 9, L. 22. Similar to J*, but smaller,
throat whiter; breast barred black and whitish. Notes.
When courting, low, grunting, guttural sounds; when
alarmed, a sort of cackle, kak, kak. (Bendire.)
Range. — "Sage regrions of the Rocky Mountain Plateau, and west
chiefly within the United States, but north to Assiniboia and the dry
Interior of British Columbia; east to North Dakota, South Dakota,
Nebraska and Colorado; south to northern New Mexico, Utah and Ne-
vada; west in California, Oregon and Washington, to the Sierra Ne-
vada and Cascade Range." (A. O. U.)
Pheasant (Pbastanus torquatus x P. colchicus). An
introduced species, see remarks on page 114.
310. Wild Turkey {Meleagrts gaUopavo silvestris).
^ Ad. L. nbout 48;upper tail-coverts and tail tipped with
rusty chestnut; white bars in primaries entire,crossing the
webs of the feathers. Notes. Similar to those of the
domesticated Turkey.
Range. — Eastern United States from Pennsylvania south to central
Florida; west to Nebraska and northeastern Texas.
310a. Merriam Turkey iM. g. merriami). Similar
to No. 310, but tail and upper tail-coveris tipped with
whitish.
Range — "Mountairs of southern Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona
and western Texas; and northern Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico."
(Bailey.)
310b. Florida Wild Turkey [M. g. osceola). Sim-
ilar to No. 310, but smaller; primaries with narrow
broken bars not reaching across feather.
Range.— Southern Florida.
3 lOc. Rio Grande Turkey (M. g. intermedia). Tips
of upper tail-coverts and of tail rusty buff intermediate
in color between those of Nos. 310 and 310a.
Range. — "Lowlands of southern Texas and northeastern Mexico."
(A-O.U.)
311. Chachalaca (Ortalis vetula maccallt). L. 21.
Ads. Above olive-brown; tail blacker, all but miJiHe-
feathers bordered with whitish; belly brownish. Notes.
A loud, trumpeting cha-cka-laca, repeated a number of
times.
Range.— Tropical portions of eastern Mexico, from Vera Cruz north
to Lower Rio Grande Valley.
122
Order XI. PIGEONS AND DOVES.
COLUMB^.
Family 1. PIGEONS and DOVES. Columbid^. 13 species, 3
subspecies.
Pigeons are distributed throughout the greater part of the globe, but
their center of abundance appears to be in the Malay Archipelago,
where about one hundred and twenty of the some three hundred
known species are found. One hundred or more species have been
described from the New World but only twelve of these inhabit North
America.
The various races of domestic Pigeons, 'Pouters,' 'Fantails,' etc. are
descendants of the Rock Dove of Europe, modified in form and habit
through the selection by the breeder or 'fancier.'
Pigeons build a flimsy, platform nest of twigs and lay two white
eggs. Both sexes incubate, one relieving the other at certain hours
each day. The young are born naked and are fed by regurgitation,
on 'Pigeons' milk,' the parent thrusting its bill into the mouth of its
young and discharging therein food which has been softened in its own
crop.
Some species of Pigeons nest in isolated pairs, others in large colo-
nies, but it is the habit of many species to gather in large flocks after
the nesting season.
The Wild or Passenger Pigeon, once so abundant in this county, was
found in flocks throughout the year. Alexander Wilson, the 'father of
American Ornithology' writing about 1808, estimated that a flock of
Wild Pigeons seen by him near Frankfort, Kentucky, contained at
least 2,230,272, 000 individuals. Audubon writes that in 1805 he saw
schooners at the wharves in New York city loaded in bulk with Wild
Pigeons caught up the Hudson River, which were sold at one cent each.
As late as 1876 or 1877 there was a colony of nesting Wild Pigeons
in Michigan, which was twenty-eight miles long and averaged three or
four miles in width, and in 1881 the birds were still so abundant in
parts of the Mississippi Valley that the writer saw thousands of birds,
trapped in that region, used iii a Pigeon match near New York City.
Today, however, as a result of constant persecution, the Wild Pigeon
is so rare that the observation of a single individual is noteworthy.
123
Pigeons and Doves
312. Band-tailed Pigeon {Columha fasciata). L.
15. Ad. (^. Tail-band ashy above, whiter below;
a white nape-band; tail square. Ad. ?. Similar, or
in some specimens, nape band absent; pinkish of crown
and breast dingy. ^ Notes. An owl-like hooting, some-
times a calm whoo-hoo-hoo, wkoo-hoo-hoo, at others a
spirited hoop-ah-whoo, and again whoo-ugh. (Bailey.)
Range.— "Western United States from Rocky Mountains to the
Pacific; north to Washington and British Columbia; south to Mexico
and the highlands of Guatemala; distribution irregular, chiefly in
wooded mountain regions." (A. O. U.)
312a. Viosca Pigeon (C./.zj«bsc^). Similar to No.
312, but paler, more clearly bluish slate above^ pink of
crown and breast with a grayish bloom.
Range. — Cape Region of Lower California.
313. KeA-bxWed Pigeon {Columha flavirostris) . L.
15. Ads. No tail-band; wings, tail, and belly slate;
head and neck purplish pink; no iridescent markings.
Notes. A fine, loud, coo-whoo-er-whoo.
Range. — Costa Rica migrating north to southern Texas, New Mex-
ico and Arizona.
3 1 4. White-crowned Pigeon (Co/«w&a leucocephala) .
L. 13.5 Ad. c^. Crown white; body slate; lowvr
hindneck iridescent; nape maroon. Ad. $. Much
paler; crown ashy.
Range, — Greater Antilles and islands about Anejrac
coast of Honduras, Bahamas and certain Florida Keys.
Channel;
124
Pigeons and Doves
315. Passenger Pigeon, Wild Pigeon {Ectopistr.
migratarius) . L. 16. Outer tail-feathers chestnut at
base uf inner web. Ad. (^. Chin, whole head, and
lower back bluish slate. Ad. V- Browner above,
breast brownish ashy; neck feathers less iridescent.
Notes. An explosive, squeaky, squawk.
Range. — Formerly eastern North America north to Hudson Bay;
now exceedingly rare, less so in the upper Mississippi valley than
elsewhere.
316. Mourning Dove, Carolina Dove {Zenaidura
macroura). L. 11.8. Outer tail-feathers slate color at
base of inner web. Ad. cT. Chin whitish; sides of
head buffy; a black ear mark. Ad. 9- Similar but
paler, breast more ashy brown, neck-feathers less
iridescent. Notes. Coo-o-o-ah,coo-o-o-coo-o-o-coo-o-o.
Range. — North America, breeding from West Indies and Mexico
north to southern Maine, Quebei , Ontario, Manitoba and British
Columbia; winters from southern New York, southern Illinois, Kansas
and southern California southward.
317. Zenaida Dove [Zenaida ^enaida). L. 10.
Ad. (^. Tail short, without white markings; all but cen-
tral pair of feathers tipped with ashy blue; secondaries
tipped with white. Ad. 9- Similar but pinkish of
crown and underparts brownish; neck feathers less
iridescent. Notes. Resemble those of No. 316, but
are louder and deeper.
Range. — Greater Antilles, coast of Yucatan and Bahamas, north In
April to Florida Keys.
318. White-fronted Dove {Leptotila fulviventrts
brachjyptera) . L. 12. No black ear-mark; under wing-
coverts rusty chestnut. Ad. (^. Forehead whitish;
all but central pair of tail-feathers tipped with white.
Ad. $. Forehead dingier; breast brownish ashy;
neck feathers less iridescent. Notes. A short, soft
coo.
Range. — Central America and Mexico, north in February to valley
of Lower Rio Grande.
125
Pigeons and Doves
319. White-winged Dove [Melopelia leucoptera).
L. 12. Wing-coverts, externally, widely margined
with white; large black ear marks. Ads. All but cen-
tral pair of tail-feathers bluish slate with a black band
and whitish tip. Notes. A loud, crowing cookeree-
cooker ee-coo-ree-coo, crow-co-er-coo, crow-co-er-coo.
Range. — Southern border of United States from Texas to Arizona'
south to Lower California and Central America, Cuba and Jamaica,
casual at Key West, Florida.
320. Ground Dove; Mourning Dove {Columhigal-
lina passerina terrestris). L. 6.7. Smallest of our
Doves. Ad. (^. Forehead and underparts deep vina-
ceous pink; hindhead and nape ashy blue margined
with dusky; base of bill coral, tip black. Ad. $.
Forehead and breast brownish gray; breast feathers
with dusky centers and margins. Notes. A soft,
zrooning coo.
Range. — Atlantic and Gulf States north to northern North Carolina,
west to eastern Texas; more common near coast.
320a. Mexican Ground Dove (C. p. pallescens).
Similar to No. 320, but forehead and underparts much
paler; back grayer.
Range. — Texas to southern California and south to Central America.
320b. Bermuda Ground Dove (C. p. bermudiana).
Similar to 320a, but smaller and paler; bill wholly
black. (Bangs and Bradlee.)
Range.— Bermuda.
321. Inca Dove [Scardafella inca). L. 8. Ads.
Tail long, outer feathers tipped with white; plumage
above and below margined with dusky, giving a scaled
appearance.
Range. — Southern Texas (San Antonio), southern Mexico and
southern Arizona south to Lower California and Central America.
322. Key West Quail-Dove {Geotrj'gon chrj^sia).
L. 12. Ads. A white line below eye; belly white;
back rich rusty with beautiful, metallic, purplish, green
and blue reflections; tail rusty with no white.
Range.— Cuba, Hayti, Bahamas and, rarely, Florida Keys.
322.1. Ruddy Quail-Dove {Geotrygon montana).
L. II. Ad. (^. No white line below eye; breast dull
pinkish; belly deep buff; back rich rusty with purplish
reflections, tail rusty without white. Ad. 9. Above
olive-brown with greenish reflections; below rusty
buff.
Range. — Mexico south to Brazil; West Indies; casual at Key West
Florida
323. Blue-headed Quail Dove (Starncenas c_yanocep-
hala). L. 12. Ads. Crown and sides of throat dull
blue; middle of upper breast black with white bars
and pinkish tips; belly rusty brown, lower back as in
No. 316. Notes. A hollow sounding hu-ut, the first
syllable long, the second short. (Gundlach.)
Range. — Cuba, and rarely Florida Keys.
126
Order XII. VULTURES, HAWKS, AND OWLS.
RAPTORES.
Family 1. AMERICAN VULTURES. Cathartid^. 3 species.
Family 2. FALCONS, HAWKS, EAGLES, etc. Falconid^. 33
species, 13 subspecies.
Family 3. BARN OWLS. Strigid^. 1 species.
Family 4. HORNED OWLS. Bubonid^. 19 species, 20 sub-
species.
In the Raptores we have a group of birds of great value to man but
whose services for the most part, are so little appreciated that, far from
protecting these birds, we have actually persecuted them.
The Vultures, it is true, are given credit for their good work as
scavengers and ihey are protected both by law and by public sentiment.
Every one knows that a living Vulture is infinitely more useful than a
dead one. As a result throughout countries inhabited by these birds
they are usually both abundant and tame, entering the cities to feed
in the streets with an assurance born of years of immunity from harm.
But how differently their kin of the family Falconidae act in their
relations to man! 'Wild as a Hawk' has become an adage. These
birds are universally condemned. To kill one is a commendable act.
Every ones hand is raised against them. In some localities a price
has actually been set upon their heads.
A fondness for chickens, it is alleged, is the chief crime of Hawks,
and in popular parlance all Hawks are 'Chicken Hawks' and as such
are to be killed on sight.
Naturalists have long been aware that only one of our common
Hawks habitually preys upon poultry while most of our species, by
feeding largely on meadow mice, are actually beneficial. It was not,
however, until this matter received the attention of the Biological
Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture, that the
economic status of Hawks, as well as of Owls, was placed on a sound
scientific basis. In Dr. A. K. Fisher's report on the food of Hawks
and Owls, issued by the Biologic Survey in 1893, the results of
the examination of the contents of several thousands stomachs of these
birds is tabulated. It is stated, for example, that only three out of
two hundred and twenty stomachs of the so-called 'Chicken' or Red-
127
Vultures, Hawks, and Owls.
shouldered Hawk contained the remains of poultry, while mice were
found in no less than one hundred and two, and insects in ninety-two.
That the Sparrow Hawk is also wrongly named is clear from a study
of its food, only fifty-four out of three hundred and twenty stomachs
examined containing remains of birds, while insects were found in two
hundred and fifteen.
As a matter of fact, among our commoner Hawks, the Cooper and
Sharp-shinned are the only ones feeding largely on birds and poultry,
and if the farmer will take the pains to ascertain what kind of Hawk it
is that pays unwelcome visits to his barn-yard, he will be spared the
injustice of condemning all Hawks for the sins of one or two.
Feeding after sunset, when the small mammals are most active,
Owls are even more beneficial than Hawks. The Great Horned Owl,
it is true, has an undue fondness for poultry, but the bird is generally
so rare near thickly populated regions that on the whole it does com-
paratively little harm.
Fortunately, it is those Owls which are most common in settled
regions which are of most value to man. Thus, our little Screech Owl
feeds chiefly on mice and insects. Only one of the two hundred and
fifty-five stomachs examined by Dr. Fisher contained the remains of
poultry while mice were found in ninety-one and insects in one hundred.
Of the Short-eared or Marsh Owl, seventy-seven out of one hundred
and one stomachs contained mice remains, and the same injurious
little rodents were found in eighty-four out of one hundred and seven
stomachs of the Long-eared Owl.
The bones and hair of the small mammals eaten by Owls are rolled
into oblong pellets in the stomach and are ejected at the mouth.
These pellets may often be found in large numbers beneath the roosts
in which Owls pass the day. In 200 such castings of the Barn Owl Dr.
Fisher found the remains of 454 small mammals of which no less than
225 were meadow mice.
Hawks build large bulky nests of sticks placing them usually well up
in large trees, and lay, as a rule, four eggs which are generally whitish,
blotched with brown. The Marsh Hawk is an exception. Its nest
built largely of grasses, is placed on the ground in marshes and the
eggs, often numbering six and rarely eight, are bluish white unmarked.
The Owls nest in holes in trees or banks, or, in some instances, an
old Hawk or Crow nest may be occupied. The eggs usually number
three to five and are always pure white.
128
Vultures and Osprey
324. California Vulture {Gymnog^ps californianus) ,
L. 44-55; Ex. 8 1-2 to nearly 11 feet. (Ridgvv.) Ads.
Head and neck orange, blue, and red, unfeathered;
feathers around neck and on underparts narrow and
stiffened; greater wing-coverts tipped with white;
under wing-coverts white.
Range.— "Coast ranges of southern California from Monterey Bay,
south to Lower California and east to Arizona" (Bailey). Recorded
from Burrard Inlet, British Columbia (Fannin).
325. Turkey Vulture; Turkey Buzzard {Cathartes
aura). L. 30; T. 11. Ads. Head and neck red un-
feathered; brownish black; no white in plumage; bill
whitish. Notes. A low hissing sound when disturbed.
Range.— Western Hemisphere from central and northeast New
Jersey, central Illinois, northern Minnesota, the Saskatchewan region
and British Columbia, south to Patagonia; winters from southern
New Jersey, southern Illinois and southern California southward.
326. Black Vulture; Carrion Crow {Catkarista
urubu). L. 24. T. 8. Ads. Head and neck unfeath-
ered, black, plumage black; under surjace of wings silvery.
Notes. A low grunting sound when disturbed.
Range. — Tropical America, north, as a resident to North Carolina,
southern Illinois and southern Kansas; west to the Plains, south to
northern South America, strays as far north as Maine and South Da-
kota.
364. American Osprey; Fish Hawk {Pandion balia-
etus carolinensis) . L. 23. Nape white; feet large; no
bars on primaries. Ad. (^. Below white with few or
no spots on breast. Ad. $. Similar, but breast with
numerous grayish brown spots and streaks. Notes.
Loud, plaintive, whistles.
Range. — ^America; breeds from Florida, Texas and Lower California,
north to Labrador, Great Slave Lake and northern Alaska; winters
from South Carolina and Lower Mississippi Valley to northern South
America.
129
<^
v^
Kites and Marsh Hawk
327. S^NaWowi-iaWed Kite (Elanotdes forjicatus) . L.
24. j4ds. Back purplish black, wings and tail blue-
black. Notes. A shrill, keen, e-e-e or we-we-we. (Ben-
dire.)
Range. — Middle America; summers north to Virginia, central Illi-
nois, northern Minnesota, Manitoba and Dakota; west to central Kan-
sas, rarely to Colorado; winters in Central and South America.
328. White-tailed Kite [Elanus leucurus) . L. 15.5.
Ads. Shoulders black; back and middle tail-feathers
ashy gray; rest of tail-feathers, forehead and underparts
white. Yng. Upperparts with rusty. Notes. A plain-
tive, musical whistle. (Barlow.)
Range.— Middle America north to South Carolina, southern Illinois,
Indian Territory, western Texis, Arizona and central California;
south to Argentine Republic; rare east of the the Mississippi.
329. Mississippi Kite Qcttnia mississippiensis) . L.
14. Ads. Head, ends of secondaries, and underparts
bluish gray; back bluish slate; tail black without bars.
Yng. Head streaked black and white; back blackish,
tipped with rusty; tail with three or four broken white
bars; underparts buffy, streaked with rusty and
blackish.
Range.— Middle America; breeds north to South Carolina, southern
Illinois and Kansas; winters in tropics.
330. Everglade Kite; Snail Hawk {Rostrhamus so-
ciahilis). L. 18. Longer upper tail-coverts and base
of tail white. Ads. Slaty black; end of tail with
brownish and whitish bands. Yng. Above blackish
brown tipped with rusty; below mottled rusty, black-
ish and buff.
Range. Tropical America north to southern Florida and eastern
Mexico; south to Argentine Republic.
331. Marsh Hawk; Harrier {Circus hudsonius).
L. c3^, 19; $, 22. Upper tail-coverts and base of tail
white. Ad. (J". Above gray or ashy; underparts with
rusty spots. Ad. $, and Yng. Above brownish
black with more or less rusty, particularly on the nape;
below brownish rusty with black streaks on breast.
Notes. A peevish scream and peculiar clucking or
cackling. (Preston.)
Range.— North America; breeds locally north to about latitude 60° ;
winters from southern New York, northern Illinois, northern Kansas,
Colorado and British Columbia south to Central America.
130
Hawks
332. Sharp-shinned Hay^k (/IcctptUfvelox) . L.(^,
II. 2; 9, 13.5; T. c^, 5-5; 9, 7. Tail square at end.
^ds. Above slaty gray; crown darker; below barred
white and rusty brown. Yng. Above blackish brown
lightly margined with rusty; below white streaked
with brown. Note the relatively long tail in this and
the two following species. Notes. Cac-cac-cac.
(Ralph.)
Range.— North America; breeds throughout Its range but chiefly
northward; winters from Massachusetts and Vancouver Island south-
ward.
333. Cooper Hawk [Accipiter cooperii). L. J*,
15.5; 9, 19; T. (^, J.J] 9, 9. Similar in color to No.
332, but tail rounded] adult with crown blacker. Notes,
A cackling or chattering. (Bendire. )
Range.— North America; breeds from southern Mexico north to
British America; winters from Massachusetts. Lower Mississippi Val-
ley and Oregon southward.
334. American Goshawk {Accipiter atricapillus) .
L. cJ*, 22; 9, 24; T. (^, 10; 9? II-5- y^ds. Above
bluish slate; crown darker; a whitish line over the eye
to the nape; below ^«^/j^ marked with gray and white.
Yn^. Above blackish brown, rusty and buff; below
butfy white streaked with blackish.
Range.— North America; breeds chiefly north of United States;
winters south to New Jersey, rarely Virginia, Illinois, Missouri and
Kansas; west to Oregon.
334a. Western Goshawlc {A. a. striatulus). Simi-
lar to No. 334, but Ad. dark plumbeous above, mark-
ings on lower parts heavier and darker. Stripes on
lower parts of y«^. broader and blacker. (Ridgw.)
Notes. A shrill scream and a frequently repeated
keeab or kreeah. (Bendirp )
Range. — "Western North America; north to Sitka, Alaska; south to
California: east to Idaho. Breeds in the Sierra Nevada south to
latitude 38 o." (A. O. U.)
346. Mexican Goshawk {Asturina plagiata). L.
17. Ads. Above slaty gray; below barred slaty-gray
and white. Yng. Above blackish brown with rusty
markings, particularly on wing-coverts; longer upper
tail-coverts white with black spots or bars; tail brown-
ish with numerous black bars; below whitish with
large elongate spots. Notes. A peculiar piping note
uttered while hovering in the air. (Bendire.)
Range.— Middle America, from Panama north, in March, to Mexican
border of United States.
131
,.jjJ^\^
Hawks
335. Harris Hawk {Tarahuteo unicinctus harrisi)
L. ^, 19; 9, 22. Longer upper tail-coverts, base and
tip of tail white. Ads. Shoulders, thighs and under
wing-Coverts, reddish brown; under tail-coverts white.
Yng. Similar but streaked below with rusty, buff and
black; legs barred with white. Notes. A long, harsh,
Buteo-like scream. (V. Bailey.)
Ran8:e. — Middle America from Panama north to southern Texas,
rarely Mississippi and southern California.
337. Red-tailed Hawk (fiM^^o^'or^a/w). L. c5^, 20;
$,23. Four outer primaries notched. Ads. Tali
rusty brown with a black band, sometimes broken,
near its tip; below buffy white, a band of spots across
the belly; legs usually without bars. Yng. Tail gray-
ish brown with a rusty tinge and numerous blackish
bars; upper tail-coverts barred black and white; below
less buffy than in adult; legs more often barred. Notes.
A shrill whistle, suggesting the sound of escaping
steam.
Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Great Plains, north to
about latitude 60° ; breeds throughout its range; winters from Mass-
achusetts, Illinois and South Dakota southward.
337a. Krider Hawk {B. h. kriderii). Similar to
No. 337, but nearly or wholly white below. Ads»
Usually without black tail band.
Range.— "Great Plains of United States from Minnesota to Texas;
east irregularly or casually to Iowa and northern Illinois." (Bendire).
337b. Western Red-tail {B. h. calurus). Very
variable in color. Ads. Sometimes sooty brown
above and below with more or less rusty; in light phase
resembles No. 337, but tail averages paler and some-
times has more than one bar; the underparts are deeper
and legs are usually harred with rusty. Yng. Similar
to Yng. of No. 337, but markings below heavier;
flanks more barred.
Range. — Western North America from Rocky Mountains to Pacific;
north to British Columbia, south to central America; generally resi-
dent
337d. Harlan Hawk (5. I. harlani). Ads. Above
sooty brown; tail closely mottled with blackish, rusty
and whitish; below varying from white, more or less
spotted on belly to sooty brown. Yng. Similar, but
tail barred with blackish, gray, rusty or whitish.
Range. — "Gulf States and Lower Mississippi Valley, north (cas-
ually) to Kansas. Iowa, Illinois and Pennsylvania; east to Georgia
and Florida." (Bendire).
132
Hawks
339. Red-shouldered Hawk [Buteo lineatus). L.
cf, 18.3; ?,20.3. foz^r outer primaries notched. Ads.
Lesser wing-coverts bright reddish brown. Yng. Be-
low whitish streaked with brownish; lesser wing-cov-
erts less reddish; primaries with rusty buff. Notes. A
loud screaming kee-yer, kee-yer.
Range.— Eastern United States to Oklahoma, eastern Kansas,
eastern Nebraska and Minnesota, north to Maine, south to northern
Florida; generally resident.
339a. Florida Red-shouldered Hawk {B. l.alleni).
Smaller than No. 339- (W. cJ', 11.) Ad. Much
grayer above, no rusty on head, much paler below.
Range. — Florida north along coast to South Carolina; west along
coast to eastern Texas.
339b. Red-bellied Hawk {B. I. elegans). Similar
to No. 339, but rusty of breast usually unbroken.
Young with lower parts deep brownish or dusky pre-
vailing; less buff on primaries. (Ridgw.)
Range.— Pacific coast from Lower California north to British
Columbia; east rarely to Colorado and western Texas.
342. Swainson Hawk [Buteo swainsont) . L. J*, 20.
Three outer primaries notched. Ad. J^. Breast patch
rusty brown. Ad. 9- Breast-patch grayish brown.
Dark phase. Brownish black more or less varied with
rusty; tail obscurely barred. Yng. Below rich rusty
buff with elongate black spots. Notes. Pi-tick, pi-tick,
frequently repeated. (Bendire.)
Range.— "Western North America from Wisconsin, Illinois, Ar-
kansas and Texas to the Pacific coast; north to Arctic regions and
south to Argentine Republic, casual east to Maine and Massachu-
setts. Breeds nearly throughout its North American range." (A. O.
343. Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus). L.
J*, 15.8; ?, 16.7. 7/?/-^^ outer primaries notched. Ads.
Tail with two whitish bands and a brownish tip; be-
low ^dirr^^ with rusty brown. Yng. No buff in prim-
aries; tail brownish with several black bars; below
whitish, streaked with blackish. Notes. A high,
sharp, keen, penetrating whistle.
Range.— Eastern North America, breeds west to Plains, north to
New Brunswick and Saskatchewan; winters from southern New
Jersey south to northern South America.
133
Hawks and Caracara
340. Zone-taWed Hawk {Buteo abbrevtatus). L.J*,
19; 9,21. ^ds. Tail with little if any white tip;
tnner webs of all but rmddle feathers with black and
w hite bars. Yng. Browner; tail grayish brown; white
on inner webs, with numerous blackish bars. Notes,
Not unlike those of BuUo borealis, (Belding.)
Range.— Tropical America north to southern Texas, southern
zona and southern California.
Arl-
344. Short- tailed Hawk {Buteo hracfyurus). L.
17; T. 7. Ads. Above slaty gray, tail barred with
black and tipped with white; sides of breast rusty; rest
of underparts white. Dark phase. Blackish, forehead
whitish; tail lighter than back, barred with black.
Yng. Above blackish brown, below cream buff,
without black markings. Notes. Somewhat resemb-
ling the scream of the Red-shouldered Hawk, but more
prolonged. (Pennock.)
Range.— Tropical America, north to eastern Mexico; rare in Flori-
da.
345. Mexican Black Hawk {Uruhitinga anthradna).
L. (j^, 19; 9,21. Ads. Tail with a white tip and
broad white band across all the feathers. Yng. Above
brownish black, buff and rusty; below buffy striped
with blackish; tail with several black and whitish bars.
Notes. Piping cries like the spring whistle of Numenius
longirostris. (Bendire.)
Range.— "Tropical America in general, north to central Arizona,
and the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas." (Bendire).
362. Audubon Caracara [Polyhorus cheriway).
L. 22. Tail white with a black end and numerous
black bars. Ads. Breast and hindneck barred; belly
black. Yng. Crown, back, and belly dark brown;
hindneck, breast and belly streaked with buffy. Notes.
GL-nerally silent, but sometimes utters a prolonged
cackling note. (B. F. Goss.)
Range.— Northern South America, north to southern Texas, south-
ern Arizona and Lower California; interior of southern Florida; resi-
dent.
363. Guadalupe Caracara {Tolyborus lutosus).
Resembles No. 362, but has rump and upper tail-cov-
erts dull brown. sh buff broadly barred with dull brown;
tail brownish buff with broad bars of grayish brown
bordered by narrower zigzag bars or lines of dusky;
terminal band less than 2.00 wide. (Ridgway.)
Range.— Guadalupe Island, west of Lower California.
134
Hawks
341. Sennett White-tailed Hawk {Buteo albicauda-
tus sennetti) . L. cT, 21; 9»23. Three outer primaries
cut. Ads. Grayish slate above. Yng. Above
brownish black; breast usually white, throat blackish,
belly heavily marked with rusty and blackish; some-
times wholly black below; tail generally suvery gray,
white on inner webs with numerous indistinct blackish
bars. Notes. A cry much like the bleating of a goat
(Merrill.)
Range.— From southern Texas and Arizona south to Mexico."
(Bailey.)
347a. American Rough-legged Hawk {Archihuteo
lagopus sancti-johanms) . B. .7 deep, smaller than in
No. 348. L. cJ^, 21; 9, 23. Legs feathered to the
toes. Ads. Basal half of tail white, end half barred
with black; belly with more or less black. Yng. No
black bars on end half of tail; huffier below, more
black on belly. Black phase. Black more or less
varied with brown and rusty as it approaches light
plumage of ad. or yng; but to be known by feathered
legs.
Range. — North America; breeds north of United States; winters
south to Virginia, Missouri and central California.
348. Ferruginous Rough-Leg [Archibuteo ferrugi-
neus). B. I. deep, larger than in No. 347a; L. cJ^, 22;
9,24. Legs feathered to t >es. Ads. Above rich
rusty streaked with black; legs rusty barred with
black; tail grayi-^h sometimes washed with rusty.
Yng. Above blackish brown margined with rusty;
below white; breast with a few streaks; legs spotted;
tail with inner webs and base white; outer webs grayish.
Dark phase. Sooty brown more or less varied with
rusty; tail as in ad.
Range.— Western North America from the Plains (east North Da-
kota to Texas) , west to the Pacific and from the Saskatchewan region
south into Mexico; casually east to Illinois. Breeds from Utah. Colo-
rado and Kansas north to the Saskatchewan Plains." (A. O. U.)
355. Prairie Falcon {Falco mexdcanus), L. J*,
17; 9,20. A blackish patch on the sides. Ad, c^.
Above including middle tail feathers, grayish brown;
back with more or less concealed buffy bars. Ad. 9.
No buffy bars on b ck. Yng. Above margined with
rusty and whitish; ht-ad much as in ad. Notes. Kee,
k/e, kee and a sort of cackle. (Bend ire.)
Range. — "Uni*ed States from the eastern border of the Plains to the
Pacific and from the Dakotas south int > Mexico; casual east to Illi-
nois. Breeds throughout its United States range." (A. O. U.)
135
^55.
Eagles and G3Tfalcons
349.
349. Golden Eagle {AqmLa chrvsaeios). L. ^, 30-
35; 9, 35-40; Ex. cT' 7884; ?, 84-90. (Ridgw.) Legs
feathereJ to toes. Ads. Back of head and nape paler
than body; basal two-thirds of tail white. Yng. Base
of tail with broken grayish bars. Notes. A shrill,
kee-kee-kee, and, when alarmed, kiah-kiah repeated a
number of times. (Bendire.)
Range — Northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America south
Into Mexico; rare east of Mississippi, more common in Roci/^5 rM^/)z7^5). Sim-
ilar to No. 413, but bill 1.6 or more, more slender,
wing averaging less than 6.2; crown cinnamon-brown;
rump vinaceous-white. ( Ridgw. )
Range.— Guadalupe Island. Lower California.
154
Order XVI. GOA'tsUCKERS, SWIFTS, AND HUMMING-
BIRDS.
MACROCHIRES.
Family 1. GOATSUCKERS. Caprimulgid^. 6 species, 6 sub-
species.
Family 2. SWIFTS. Micropodid^, 4 species.
Family 3. HUMMINGBIRDS. Trochilid^. 17 species.
The Goatsuckers are birds of the dusk and early morning. They
live chiefly on insects which they capture on the wing, their enormous
mouths being especially well adapted to this kind of hunting. Our
species build no nest but lay their two mottled eggs on the bare ground
or leaves. The young are hatched covered with down and can follow
their parents about long before they acquire the power of flight. Goat-
suckers are noted for their singular calls, most of the species uttering
loud, characteristic notes which, heard at night, are especially effective.
Swifts are birds of world-wide distribution; about half the seventy-
five known species being found in America. They are pre-eminently
birds of the air with wings so well developed that few birds can sur-
pass them in power of flight, but with feet so weak and small that
many species cannot perch as do most birds, but, when resting, cling to
a vertical surface and use their tail to aid their feet in supporting
themselves. Their nests are often marvels of architectural skill and
constructive ability. The eggs, four to six in number, are white.
Hummingbirds are found only in America where they range from
.Patagonia to Alaska, but the larger part of the some five hundred
known species are found in the Andean region of Columbia and Ecua-
dor. Only one species is found east of the Mississippi, and nine
of our sixteen western species advance but little beyond our Mexican
border.
Hummingbirds nests are the most exquisite of birds' homes.
Their eggs, so far as is known, number two, and are pure white. The
young are born naked and, in the case of our Ruby-throat, at least,
spend about three weeks in the nest.
The notes of some tropical Hummingbirds are sufficiently varied to
be classed as songs but our species utter only sharp squeaks and ex-
cited chipperings.
155
ID
Goatsuckers
416. Chuck-wiU's-widow {Antrostomus caroUnensis).
L. 12. Mouth bristles with fine, hair-like branches"
near their base. Ad. (^. End half of outer tail-
feathers white, rusty, and black on outer wehs\ c\\\n ch'xt^y
rustj/] throat-patch buffy. Ad. ?. No white in tail.
Notes. A loudly whistled cbuck-will' s-wtdow, repeated
many times.
Range. — South Atlantic and Gulf States; breeds north to Virginia
and Illinois; west to Kansas and central Texas; winters from southern
Florida southward.
417. Whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus'). L.
9.7. Mouth bristles without branches. Ad. (^. Three
outer tail-feathers ^roa^/j^ tipped with white; white on
inner vane of outer feather 1.4 or more wide; throat
patch white; chin chiefly black. Ad. 9- Three outer
tail-feathers narrowly tipped with rusty buff; throat
patch rusty buff. Notes. A rapid, vigorous, whistled
whip-poor-will, repeated many times.
Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
Gulf States north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from
Gulf States southward.
417a. Stephens Whip-poor-will {A. v. macromy-
stax). Similar to No. 417, but slightly larger, W. 6.5;
mouth bristles much longer; male with throat-patch
rusty; white on inner web of outer feather less than 1.3
wide.
Range.— "Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Texas, south
over mountains bordering tablelands of Mexico to Guatemala."
(Bailey.)
418. Poor-will {Phalcenoptilus nuttallii). L. 7.7.
Primaries rusty barred with black. Ad. ^. Three
outer tail-feathers evenly tipped with white; a large
white throat patch; plumage above suggesting in color
the wings of certain moths. Ad. $. Similar, but tail-
tips buffy. Notes. Variously rendered poor-will, cow-
day, pearl-rob-it, puir-whee-er.
Range.— Western United States; breeds from Kansas, Nebraska,
and Dakota west to eastern slope of Sierra Nevadas: north to Mon-
tana and British Columbia; winters from Mexican border southward.
418a. Frosted Poor-will (T. n. nitidus). Similar
to No. 418, but paler, the upperparts especially whiter,
more /ros/>'.
Range. — "Texas to Arizona and from western Kansas soutn to
northern Mexico," (Bailey.) Lower California.
{T. n. calif ornicus) .
418b. California Poorwill
Similar to No. 418, but darker.
Range.— Breeds on coast of California, north to Butte Cour-ty;
winters from southern California southward.
156
Goatsuckers
419. fAerr'iW Parauque {Nil tidromus alhicolHs mer-
rilli). L. 12; T. 6.2. Outer tail-feather without
white. Two color phases, one gray, one rusty. Ad.
(^. Outer tail-feather black with sometimes a little
rusty, next feather white on inner web, third feather
white except at base. Ad. 9- Outer tail-feathers
brownish witl^ broken rusty bars; next two with white
at tip. Notes. A vigorous ker-whee-you repeated and
sometimes running into a whit-wliit-whit, ker-whee-you.
Range.— Mexico north to southern Texas; winters chiefly south of
Rio Grande.
420. Nighthawk {Chordeiles lirginianus) . L. 10,
W. 7.8. Primaries blackish with a white bar and no
rusty spots; darkest of our Nighthawks. Ad. (^.
Above black with white and buff markings; throat and
band near end of tail white. Ad. 9- Throat rusty, no
white band in tail. Notes. A nasal peent; and in the
breeding season, a booming sound produced by diving
from a height earthward.
Range.— Eastern United States, chiefly, breeds from Florida to
Labrador, west and northwest to northern California, British Colum-
bia, and Alaska; winters south of United States.
420a. Western Nighthawk (C. v. henryt). Simi-
lar to No. 420, but markings above rusty and more
numerous; belly washed with rusty.
Range.— Western United States, east to the Plains, wintering south
of United States; exact distribution unknown.
420b. Florida Nighthawk (C. v. chapmani). Sim.i-
!ar to No. 420, but smaller (L. 8.6; W. 7.1;) and
paler; white and buff markings above larger and more
numerous.
Range. Florida, west along Gulf Coast to eastern Texas; south in
winter to South America.
420c. Sennett Nighthawk {C.v. sennetti). Simi-
lar to No. 420b, but still paler, white and buff prevail-
ing on back and scapulars; palest of our Nighthawks.
Range.— Great Plains north to Saskatchewan; winters south of the
iJnited States.
421. Texan Nighthawk {Chordeiles acutipennis tex-
ensis). Wing quills with rusty spots; outer primary
shorter than one next to it; belly conspicuously washed
with rusty buff. Ad. (^. Throat-patch and band near
end of tail white. Ad. ?. No white band in tail.
Notes. A mewing call and a tapping accompanied by a
hamming sound. (Merrill.)
Range.— Central America; breeding north to southern Texas, south-
ern New Mexico, southern Utah, southern Nevada, and Lat. 38° in
California; winters south of United States.
157
Swifts
422. Black Swift (Cr^s^/o?,:/^„ iger horeatis). L. 7;
W. 6.5. Tail without spines, slightly forked. Ads.
Sooty black, paler below; a black spot before the eye;
forehead whitish. Notes. Generally silent. (Ben-
dire.)
Range. — Breeds from Central America north, in mountains of
western United btates, to Britisii Columbia; east to Colorado; winters
soutli of United States; more common in Pacific coast states.
423. C\\'\mr\eySmi\ {Chcetura pelagica). L. 5.4;
W. 4.9. Tail with protruding spines. Ads. Above
sooty, rump and underparts paler; throat whitish.
Notes. A rolling twitter.
Rangfe. — Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
Florida to Labrador and Manitoba; winters south of United States, to
Central America.
424. Vaux Swift {Choeturavauxii). L. 4.5; W.4.4.
Ads. Similar to No. 423, but smaller and somewhat
browner. Notes. Resemble those of No. 423, but are
less frequently uttered. (Bendire.)
Range.— Western United States; breeds on Pacific coast, locally.
north to British Columbia; east casually to Montana and Arizona:
winters south of United States to Central America.
425. White-throated Swift (Aeronautes melanoleu-
cus). L. 6.5. Tail forked, without spines. Ads.
Above sooty brownish black; breast, middle of belly
and flank patches white. Notes. A sharp, metallic
twitter.
Range.— Western United States; east to western Nebraska and
Black Hills; breeds in Rocky Mountains north to Montana; on Pa-
cific coast north to Lat. 38° ; winters south of United States to Cen-
tral America.
158
cJr
^
^U/W^.
Hummingbirds
426. Rivoli Hummingbird {Eugenes fulgens). L.
5.1. A small white spot behind eye. /td. ^. Crown
purple, throat bright green, back bronzy green; tail
somewhat more bronzy. Ad. $. Above bronzy green,
all but central tail-feathers with blackish ends and
narrow grayish tips; below grayish, all but throat
feathers green centrally. Yng. 5*. Throat with more or
less green, belly and above more bronzy than in ?.
Range.— NIcaraugua, north in mountains to mountains of southeast-
ern Arizona,and southwest New Mexico; winters south of United
States.
429. Blaclc-chinned Hummingbird {Trochilus alex-
andri). L. 3.5; W. 1.7. Ad. ^. Chin and upper
throat black, lower throat amethyst; tail forked,
feathers pointed. Ad. 9- Throat grayish white;
chin buffy\ tail feathers more rounded, three outer ones
tipped with white. Yng. (^. Similar to ?, but throat
with du;>ky spots.
Ranee.— Western United States; breeds from San Antonio, Texas,
New Mexico, Arizona, and California north to Montana and British
Columbia; rare on Pacific coast north of southern California; winters
south of United States.
430. Costa Hummingbird {Calj^te costce). L. 3.1.
No rusty in plumage. Ad. (^. Crown, throat and
lengthened neck-feathers amethyst, back dull green.
Ad. 9. Below grayish white; above grayish green;
outer tail-feathers gray at base, then black and at tip
white. Yng. (^. Similar to 9, but throat usually with
some amethyst spots; tip of outer tail-feather grayish.
Range.— Northwestern Mexico; breeds north throughout Lower
California, to southern California, northern Nevada, southwestern
Utah, and southwestern New Mexico; winters from Mexican border
southward.
437. Lucifer Hummingbird (Calotborax lucifer.)
L. 3.6; B. .8. Ad. (S". Throat purplish pink, feathers
at its side much lengthened; tail feathers very narrow,
the outer ones less than .05 in. wide on end half.
Ad. 9- Below nearly i.riform rusty buff, above bronzy
green; tail-feathers white-tipped.
Range.— "From western Texas and southern Arizona south to ih%
city of Mexico and Puebla." (Bailey.)
440. Xantus Hummingbird {Bastlinna xantust)-
L. 3.6. A white streak behind eye. Ad. ^. Chin,
forehead and cheeks black-, throat green; tail rusty
brown. Ad. 9- Below uniform rusty, above green;
outer tail-feathers rusty brown.
Range. — Lower California, nonh to Lat. 29° ; most common In
Ret
Cape ._
^, ^ ^ / <^ft
^^«^j^^^-/m
jrvx.
(rri-.'-'t-A..^^
d.
Hummingbirds
42 7, Blue-throated Hummmgbipd (Cceligena clem-
encice). L. 5.2. A white s^n>^ behind, and a smaller
one before eye. Ad. ^. Throat blue; belly g;rayish;
back green; tail blue-black, outer feathers broadly
white tipped. Ad. 9. Similar but throat dusky gray.
Range.- Southern Mexico north, in mountains to mountains of
southwestern New Mexico and southern Arizona; winters south of
United States.
438. Reiffer Hummingbird {Ama^ilis t^acatl). L.
4.1. Ads. Above, throat and breast shining green;
belly ^r^j7'5ib; tail square, rusty brown, narrowly mar-
gined with coppery. Yng. Similar but more rusty
above.
Range.— Northern South America; north, rarely, to Lower Rio
Grande Valley, Texas.
439. BufT-bellied Hummingbird {Ama^ilis cer-cini-
ventris chalconota). Similar to No. 438, but belly rusty
gray, tail forked and broadly margined with coppery
green.
Range.— Central America, north. In spring, to Lower Rio Grande
Valley, Texas.
440.1. White-eared Hummingbird {Basilinna leu-
cotis). L. 3.7. A white line behind eye. Ad. (^.
Chin, forehead and cheeks blue, throat and breast
green, tail blackish bronzy green. Ad. 9- Crown
rusty, back bronzy green, below gray spotted with
§reen; outer tail-feathers tipped with gray. Yng. J^.
imilar.
Range.— Nicaraugua north, In spring, through mountains to south-
em Arizona.
441. Broad-billed Hummingbird {lache latirostris).
L. 4. Ad. c^. Above green; below darker; throat
purplish blue; tail darker. Ad. 9. Below gray; outer
tail-feathers green at base, then bluish black tipped
with gray. Yng. <^. Similar to Ad. 9 , but tail blue
black with faint gray tips; throat with metallic green
feathers.
Range. — Southern Mexico; breeds north through mountains to
southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico.
428. Ruby-throated Hummingbird {Trochilus col-
uhris). L. 3.5; W. 1.5. Ad. cf . Throat ruby, chin
blackish; tail forked, the feathers pointed. Ad. 9-
Throat grayish, tail-feathers rounded, three outer ones
tipped with white. Yng. J". Like 9 but throat with
dusky spots. (See next page.)
Range. - Eastern North America, west to about Long. too° ; breeds
from Florida and eastern Mexico, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay
region; winters from southern Florida to Central America. .
Hummingbirds
43 1. Anna Hummingbird (C^li pic! aniuT). L. 3.6.
y4d. (^. Crown and throat glittering purplish pink;
feathers at sides of throat much lengthened. Ad. $.
Above green; below grayish washed with green; throat
usually with pink feathers; tail with a narrow white
tip. Yng, Similar but browner above.
Range. — Western United States, from northern Lower California
north to northern California; east to southern Arizona; south in winter
to Mexico; recorded from Guadalupe Island.
432. Broad-tailed Hummingbird {Selaspborus platy-
cercus). L. 4. Ad.(^. Outer primary very narrow,
end sharp; crown green, ihxont pink] tail green above,
purplish below without white tips. Ad. 9 . Outer
tail-feathers rusty at base, then black with a broad
white tip; middle feathers entirely green; above bronzy
green; throat feathers with dusky centers; sides rusty.
Range.— Rocky Mountains: west, rarely to eastern California;
north to southern Wyoming and Idaho; winters south of United States.
433. Rufou9 Hummingbird {Selasphorus rufus),
L. 3.6. Ad. ^. Next to middle pair of tail-feathers
notched near tip of inner web; back reddish brown some-
times washed with green. Ad. 9. Sides rws^j', back
green, throat spotted with green and sometimes ruby,
outer tail-feathers rusty at base, then black and a
white tip, the feather wor^ than .12 wide; middle tail-
feathers green at base, end black. Yng. J*. Similar to
9 but all tail-feathers rusty at base.
Range.— Western United States; breeds from the higher mountains
of southern California and Arizona, north to Lat. 61° in Alaska; dur-
ing migrations east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico,
and western Texas; winters In southern Mexico.
434. kW^n Humm'xngb'wd {Selasphorus alleni) , L.
3.6. Ad. (^. Crown and back green, and tail rusty
tipped with dusky, no notch in tail-feathers; in other
respects like No. 433. Ad. $ and Yng. (^. Like the
same of No. 433, but outer tail-feather less than .12 in.
wide.
Range. Pacific coast, from Monterey, California, north to British
Columbia; migrates south through Arizona, and southern California
to Mexico.
435. Morcom Hummingbird {Atthis morcomi).
L. 2.9. Ad. 9. Above bronzy green; middle tail-
feathers bronzy green tinged with rusty on basal half;
rest of tail-feathers rusty brown, then green, then black
and tipped with white; below white, sides rusty,
throat spotted with bronze-green. (Ridgw.) Male
unknown.
Range. - Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona, (known from one
specimen.)
436. Calliope Hummingbird {Stellula calliope).
L. 3. Ad.(^. Throat purplish pink, white at base
showing through', abovt gxttn. Ad. $• Sides rusty,
throat with green spots, above green, outer tail-feathers
gray at base, then black, then white in nearly equal
amounts. Yng.^. Similar to $.
Range.— Mountains of western United States; breeds north to
Montana. Idaho, and British Columbia; west to eastern Oregon and
eastern California; winters south of United States; rare on Pacific
coast of United States.
161
Order XVII. PERCHING BIRDS.
PASSERES.
Family 1. FLYCATCHERS. Tyrannid^. 32 species, 7 sub-
species.
Family 2. LARKS. Alaudid^. 1 species, 13 subspecies.
Family 3. CROWS AND JAYS. Corvid^. 21 species, 14 sub-
species.
Family 4. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. Icterid^. 18
species, 14 subspecies.
Family 5. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. Fringillid^. 87
species, 92 subspecies.
Family 6. TANAGERS. Tanagrid^. 4 species, 1 subspecies.
Family 7. SWALLOWS. Hirundinid^. 9 species, 2 subspecies.
Family 8. WAXWINGS. Ampewd^. 3 species.
Family 9. SHRIKES. Laniid^. 2 species, 3 subspecies.
Family 10. VIREOS. Vireonid^. 13 species, 10 subspecies.
Family 11. WARBLERS. Mniotiltid^. 55 species, 18 subspecies.
Family 12. WAGTAILS. Motacillid^. 3 species.
Family 13. DIPPERS. Cinclid^. 1 species.
Family 14. WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC. Troglodytid^. 26
species, 24 subspecies.
Family 15. CREEPERS. Certhiid^. 1 species, 4 subspecies.
Family 16. NUTHATCHES AND TITS. Parid^. 21 species,
20 subspecies.
Family 17. KINGLETS, GNATCATCHERS, ETC. Sylviid.^i:.
7 species, 3 subspecies.
Family 18. THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC. Turdid^. 13
species, 14 subspecies.
The North American members of the Order PASSERES are placed
in two Suborders, the ClamatoreSy or so-called Songless Perching Birds,
which includes all the Flycatchers, and the Suborder Oscines^ or Sing-
ing Perching Birds , which includes all our remaining Perching Birds.
While the Flycatchers are therefore technically classed as songless
birds, it does not follow that they have no songs. Sing they do, but
because of the less developed condition of their voice-producing organ,
they cannot give utterance to the longer and more musical songs of
the Oscines, which are supplied with a better musical instrument.
162 ^
Perching Birds.
The Flycatchers, (Family Tyran7iidcr) number somewhat over
three hundred and fifty species, and are found only in America, where
they are most abundant in the tropics. Feeding almost exclusively on
insects, those species which visit the United States are of necessity
migratory, not more than half a dozen of the thirty species which nest
with us, remaining in the United States during the winter, and these
are found only on our southern borders.
Flycatchers as a rule, capture their prey on the wing. When perch-
ing, their pose is usually erect and hawk-like. They often raise their
crown feathers, which in many species are somewhat lengthened, a
habit giving them a certain big-headed appearance.
Flycatchers are most useful birds. The food of the Kingbird, for
example, a species which is erroneously believed to destroy honey bees,
has been found to consist of 90 per cent, insects, mostly injurious spe-
cies, while only fourteen out of two hundred and eighty-one stomachs
contained the remains of honey bees; forty of the fifty bees found be-
ing drones.
The true Larks, (Family A laudid^) are chiefly Old World birds, the
Skylark being the best known member of the Family. In America we
have only the Horned or. Shore Larks, one species of which shows so
much climatic variation in color throughout its wide range, that no less
than thirteen subspecies or geographical races of it are recognized in
the United States.
The Horned Lark is a bird of the plains and prairies and is less
common in the Atlantic States than westward. Like the Skylark it
sings in the air, but its vocal powers are limited and not to be com-
pared with those of its famous relative.
The Crows and Jays, (Family Corvidce) number about two hundred
species of which some twenty-five inhabit the western hemisphere.
To this family belong the Raven, Rook, Magpie and Jackdaw, all birds
of marked intelligence; and our Crows and Jays are fully worthy of
being classed with these widely known and distinguished members of
their family.
The Crows and Jays, by varying their food with the season, are rare-
ly at loss for supplies of one kind or another and most species are repre-
sented throughout their ranges at all times of the year. In the more
northern parts of their homes, however, some of these birds are
163
Perching Birds.
migratory, and Crows, as is well known, gather in great flocks during
the winter, returning each night to a roost frequented, in some
instances, by two or three hundred thousand Crows.
While the Crows and Jays are technically 'Song Birds' their voices
are far from musical. Nevertheless they possess much range of
expression and several species learn to enunciate words with more
or less ease.
The Starlings, (Family Sturnidce) are Old World birds represented
in America only by the European Starling which was introduced into
Central Park, New York City, in 1890 and is now common in the sur-
rounding country.
The Blackbirds, Orioles, and Meadowlarks, ( Family Zr/^r?'^^) number
about one hundred and fifty species and are found only in the New
World. The Blackbirds are most numerous in North America, where,
migrating in vast armies and often living in large colonies, they be-
come among the most characteristic and conspicuous of our birds.
The Orioles are most numerous in the tropics, where some thirty
species are known. Apparently all of them are remarkable as nest
builders, the large Cassiques, nearly related, great yellow and black
birds, weaving pouches three and four feet long, several dozen of
which, all occupied, may be seen swinging from the branches of a
single tree.
The Finches, Sparrows, Grosbeaks, etc., (Family /^re^z^eV//^^) number
nearly six hundred species, a greater number than is contained in any
other family of birds. They are distributed throughout the world,
except in the Australian region, some ninety odd species inhabiting
North America.
Varying widely in color, the Fringillidse all agree in possessing
stout, conical bills, which are of service to them in crushing the seeds
on which they feed so largely.
The streaked, brownish Sparrows, often so difficult of identification,
are usually inhabitants of plains, fields, or marshes, where they are
rendered inconspicuous by their dull colors. The more gayly attired
Grosbeaks, Buntings, Cardinals, etc., frequent trees or bushy growths,
where their plumage either harmonizes with their surroundings or
where they have the protection afforded by the vegetation.
Most of the members of this family are good singers, some of them
164
Perching Birds.
indeed being noted for their powers of song. They are less migratory
than insect-eating birds and some species a^-e with us at all seasons.
Their abundance, musical gifts, and constant presence render them,
from the field student's point of view, highly important members of
the great class Aves.
From an economic standpoint the Fringillidae are no less deserving
of our esteem. Some species are of incalcuable value as destroyers
of the seeds of noxious weeds. Fifte'en hundred seeds have been
found in the stomach of one Snowfiake or Snowbunting, and it has
been estimated by Professor Beal, of the Biological Survey of the
United States Department of Agriculture, that during the winter
season, iu the single State of Iowa, where his studies were made,
Tree Sparrows devour no less than 875 tons of weed seeds, chiefly
of the ragweed.
The Tanagers, (Family Tanagridce) are found only in the New
World, where they are most numerously represented in the tropics.
As a family they are remarkable for the brilliancy of their colors; the
common, but mistaken idea that most tropical birds are brightly clad
being in no small part due to the abundance of Tanagers and beauty of
their plumage.
Only five of the some three hundred and fifty known species reach
the United States and these are migratory, coming to us in the spring
and returning to the tropics in the fall. Tanagers, as a rule, are not
possessed of much vocal ability, our species ranking high in their fam-
ily as songsters, the notes of many species being far less musical.
Like most gaily costumed birds the plumages of many Tanagers un-
dergo striking changes in color with age and season. The male of our
Scarlet Tanager, for example, is olive-green with black wing-coverts
during his first winter, the scarlet plumage not being acquired until the
following spring. It is worn, however, only during the nesting season
after which the less conspicuous olive-green dress is again acquired,
the wings and tail, however, remaining black.
Swallows, (Family HiruyidinidcB) are of world-wide distribution, and
as might be expected in birds possessing such remarkable powers of
flight, many of the species have unusually extended ranges. Our Barn
Swallow, for example, is found throughout North America in summer,
and in the winter it migrates as far south as southern Brazil.
Birds of the air, the aerial habits of Swallows are reflected in their
165
Perching Birds.
long wings and small, weak feet; while their small bills and broad,
widely opening mouths indicate their manner of feeding.
In spite of their poor equipment of tools, Swallows take high rank
as nest builders, and it is interesting to observe that although the birds
are structurally much alike, their nests often differ widely in character.
Compare for instance, the mud-made dwellings of the Barn and Cliff
Swallows with the tunneled hole of the Bank Swallow and one realises
how little the character of a bird's home may depend on the structure
of it's builder.
The food of Swallows, remarks Professor Beal, ''consists of many
small species of beetles which are much on the wing, many species of
diptera (mosquitoes and their allies), with large quantities of flying
ants and a few insects of similar kinds. Most of them are either inju-
rious or annoying, and the numbers destroyed by Swallows are not
only beyond calculation, but almost beyond imagination."
The true Waxwings, (¥ oxnily Ampelidce) number only three species
with representatives in the northern parts of both hemispheres. Their
notes, as a rule are limited to a few unmusical calls, which, with our
Cedar Waxwing, are usually uttered when the bird is about to fly.
Waxwings are found in small flocks during the greater part of the
year and roam about the country as though they were quite as much at
home in one place as in another, provided food be plenty. Small fruits,
chiefly wild ones, constitute their usual fare, but they also feed on
insects, the injurious elm beetle being among their victims.
The Shrikes, (Family LaniidcB) are represented in America by only
*wo species, the remaining two hundred or more members of this family
being found in the Old World. Shrikes are noted for their singular habit
of impaling their prey on thorns or similarly sharp-pointed growths,
or occasionally they may hang it in the crotch of a limb. This proceed-
ing enables them to tear it to pieces more readily, for it will be observ-
ed that while Shrikes have a hawk-like bill, their feet are comparatively
weak and sparrow-like and evidently of no assistance to them in dis-
secting their food.
Our Northern Shrike, or Butcherbird, feeds chiefly on small birds
and mice, while the southern species, or Loggerhead, is a great de-
stroyer of grasshoppers and he also eats lizards and small snakes.
The Vireos, {.YdsaSXy VireonidcE) number fifty species, all American.
166
Perching Birds.
They search the foliage carefully for leaf-eating insects and their
eggs, and examine the crevices in the bark for eggs of the injurious
wood-boring insects. They are therefore unusually beneficial birds.
Bearing a general resemblance in size and color to many of the
Warblers, Vireos are sometimes confused with members of that family.
They are, however, as a rule, more deliberate in their motions and not
such active flutterers as are many of the Warblers. They are also
more musical, all the Vireos having characteristic songs, which if not
always highly musical, are generally noticeable, pronounced and unmis-
takable.
The nests of all our Vireos are pendant, deeply cup-shaped struct-
ures usually hung between the forks of a crotch, to the arms of which
they are most skilfully woven.
The Warblers, (Family MnioHltidos) like the Vireos are distinctly
American birds, indeed they may be called characteristic North Amer-
ican birds since most of the one hundred odd species are found north of
Mexico. Between thirty and forty species of these active, beautiful
little creatures may be found in the course of a year at a single local-
ity in the Eastern States and they therefore constitute an exceedingly
important element in our bird-life. Most of them come in May at the
height of the spring migration, when the woods often swarm with them
as they flit from limb to limb in pursuit of their insect food. The larg-
er number of them pass onward to their northern homes and in Sep-
tember they return to us in increased numbers.
The beauty of their plumage, the briefness but regularity of their
visits, the rarity of certain species, combine to make the Warblers es-
pecially attractive to the field student and their charms are heightened
by the difficulty with which many of them are identified. Study them
as we may there are still species which have escaped us.
By far the larger number of Warblers may be described as flutterers
that feed agilely about the terminal branches, (genera Dendroica and
Helminthophila) ] others are true flycatchers, so far as feeding habit is
concerned, (genera Setophaga and Wtlsom'a,) while others still feed in
the undergrowth or on the ground, (genera Geothlypis and Seiurus).
Insects constitute almost their entire fare and they are among our
most beneficial birds.
Most of the Wagtails (Family ^^/a^27/2^^), are inhabitants of the
167
Perching Birds.
Old World, only three of the sixty odd species being found in this
country. Our Pipit or Titlark is our best known, most widely distrib-
uted species.
Like other members of its family it has the habit of wagging or tip-
ping its tail both when walking (for it should be noted that these birds
are ground-inhabiting and walkers) and at rest.
The Dippers (Family Chiclida:) though numbering only twelve
species are distributed throughout the larger part of the world from
the Andes of South America to the mountains of Alaska, Europe, Asia
and Africa.
Everywhere they are haunters of streams, usually dashing mountain
torrents, over and under which they seem equally at home. Darting
into the rushing waters they fly beneath the surface or feed on the
bottom with perfect ease, their thick, dense plumage evidently forming
a waterproof covering. Their nests are great balls of moss often
placed so near some boiling cascade as to receive frequent showers of
spray. The opening, however, is at the side, and the eggs and young
are well protected by an effective roof.
The Wrens, Thrashers, and Mockingbirds, (Family Troglody tides)
form two well defined subfamilies. The Wrens, (Subfamily Troglody-
tina:) number about one hundred and fifty species all but a dozen of
which are confined to America. The Thrashers and Mockingbirds,
(Subfamily Mimince) number some fifty species, all of which are con-
fined to America.
As their dull, neutral colors would lead us to suppose, both Wrens
and Thrashers are inhabitants of the lower growth rather than of the
tree-tops, and while they may seek an elevated perch whence to deliver
their song, their food is secured and their time consequently largely
passed near or on the ground.
Few families of birds contain so many noted musicians, nearly every
member of this ^family being a singer of more than usual ability.
The Creepers, (Family Certhiidce) number twelve species, only
one of which is found in America. This, however has a wide range
and, presenting more or less climatic variation in color, is recognized
under several subspecific names. Its habits, nevertheless, are much
the same everywhere. It climbs the trees of the mountains of Mexico
or of California with the same ceaseless energy it shows in Maine.
The sharply-pointed, stiffened tail-feathers of the Creeper are of
evident use to it as it ascends trees and pauses here and there to pick
168 ^
Perching Birds.
out an insect's eggf from the bark. The same type of tail feather is
shown by Woodpeckers, an excellent illustration of similar structure
accompanying similar habits in birds not at all closely related.
The Nuthatches and Titmice, (Family Paridce)^ like the Wrens and
Thrashers, belong in two well marked Subfamilies; The Nuthatches,
(Subfamily 5zV/z>2^) number about twenty species, only four of which
inhabit America; the Titmice, (Subfamily Parince) number some seven-
ty-five species, of which thirteen are American.
Nuthatches are tree-creepers, but climbing up or down with equal
ease, their tail is not employed as a prop, and consequently shows no
special development of pointed or stiffened feathers. Their toes,
however, are long, and their nails large and strong, evidently giving
them a firm grip on the bark of trees.
The Chickadees are generally resident birds and, as a rule, whatever
species we find in a given locality are apt to be there throughout the
year. We therefore become better acquainted with some of these
birds than with others which are with us only a short season. This is
especially true of our eastern Black-capped Chickadee, which comes
familiarly about our homes in winter to partake of the feast of nuts and
suet which we spread for him at that season.
Feeding largely on the eggs or larvae of insects particularly injurious
to trees, the Nuthatches and Titmice are of great value to man.
The Kinglets, Gnatcatchers, and Old World Warblers, (Family Syl-
viidce) number about one hundred and twenty-five species, which are
divided among the following well-defined subfamilies: The Kinglets,
(Subfamily Regulince) seven species, three of which are American; the
Gnatcatchers, (Subfamily /*^/2>/////;/^) some fifteen species, all Amer-
can; the Old World Warblers, (Subfamily Sylviince) about one hundred
species, all Old World except one which inhabits the Bering Sea coast
of Alaska.
The Kinglets are small, olive green birds which may be mistaken for
Warblers but, aside from structural differences not evident in the field,
they may be known by their smaller size, greater tameness, and habit
of nervously flitting their wings at frequent intervals. One of our
species, the Ruby -crown, possesses a remarkably loud, clear, and musi-
cal Gong, a surprising performance for so tiny a songster. Kinglets
build large nests of moss and feathers and lay as many as ten eggs.
The Gnatcatchers are small, slender, grayish birds which once well
seen will not be confused with other species. The Gnatcatchers, like
the Kinglets, are architects of more than u§ual ability, building a nest
beautifully covered with lichens.
169
JPerching Birds.
The Thrushes, (Family Turdidce) are variously classified by different
ornithologists, but under the ruling of the American Ornithologists'
Union they are grouped in the same family with the Bluebird, Solitaires,
and Stonechats. This family numbers about three hundred species,
of which about one-half are true Thrushes (Subfamily Turdi?i£s), The
members of this subfamily are, as a rule, fine singers, many of them
being among the best known song birds, and from a musical point of
view the group, as a whole, is usually given the first place among birds.
If, however, all the fifteen known species of Solitaires sing as well
as the four species it has been my privilege to hear, I am assured that
no one would dispute their claim to the highest rank which can be
awarded singing birds.
In the succeeding pages, the five hundred and fifty odd species and
subspecies included in the preceeding families of the Order Passeres
are grouped according to some obvious color character in order to
facilitate their identification in life. A satisfactory arrangement of this
kind is out of the question. Lines sharply separating the groups pro-
posed do not exist and some species appear to fit in one section as well
as in another. Nevertheless, it is hoped that in most instances, the
system will be found to serve the purpose intended. Under its ruling
our Perching Birds are grouped as follows:
1. With red markings.
2. With blue markings.
3. With orange or yellow markings.
4. With reddish brown or chestnut markings, chiefly in the form of
patches or uniformly colored areas.
5. Brownish, generally streaked birds.
6. Dull, inconspicuously colored birds, without prominent markings.
7. Gray, black, or black and white birds.
While the first object of the bird student is to learn to name birds I
would again urge him to acquaint himself with at least the arrange-
ment of the Orders and Families of our birds and their leading struct-
ural characters, (see page 2.)
Having identified a bird, its family may always be determined by re-
ferring to its number in the systematic list of birds at the end of the
book; and the more important characters of its Order and Family will
be found in the synopsis of Orders and Families beginning on page 9.
170
Perching Birds Marked With Red
^
fy
607. Louisana Tanager {Tiranga ludoviciana). L.
7.5. Ad. ^. Yellow; back, wings, and tail black, head
more or less red. Ad. ?. Above olive-green, head
rarely red-tinged; below dusky greenish yellow; wings
and tail brownish edged with greenish, two yellowish
white wing-bars. Yng. ^. Like $, but head and
rump greener, underparts yellower. Notes. Call, clit-
tuck; song, resembles that of No. 608.
Range. — Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific;
breeds from Arizona to British Columbia; winters in Mexico and Cen-
tral America.
608. Scarlet Tanager {Piranga erythromelas). L.
7.4. Ad. ^. Scarlet; wings and tail black. Ad. 9-
Olive-green, yellower below, wings and tail blackish
brown, no wing-bars. Vw^. (^. Like $,but brighter,
wing-coverts black. Ad. (J, Winter. Like Yng. . californicus') .
Similar to No. 517, but (^ duller and darker; 9 decided-
ly olive greenish above. (See page 175.)
Range.— Pacific coast region; breeds in the mountains of Califor
nia; west of the Sierra north to British Columbia; winters from cen-
tral Oregon to southern Arizona.
174
5 18. Cass'in Purple Finch {CarpoJacus casstnt). L. Z-
6.5. ^d. c^. Similar to Ad. J* of No. 517 and No. ^
517a, but back much blacker, streaks more sharply
defined; crown as bright but appearing like a cap; be-
low much paler, ^d. 9. Similar to Ad $ of No.
517a, but larger and more sharply streaked with black,
both above and below. Notes, Resemble those of
No. 517.
Range.— Western United States, east to the eastern base of the
Rockies, west to the Pacific; breeds In the mountains from New
Mexico north to British Columbia.
519. Hou8e Finch {Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis) .
L. 6.1; W. 3.1. y4d. (^. Throat, breast, forehead, line
over eye, and rump, bright rose-red; back grayish
brown tinged with red; belly white, streaked with
brownish. Ad. ?. Above brownish gray obscurel>
streaked with brownish, no olive tint; below white
streaked with brownish. Ad. J' in Winter. Red
areas dull purplish pink tipped with grayish. Yng.
Resemble Ad. $. Notes. Call, nasal, in chorus,
chattering; song, a musical cheery, varied warble, re-
minding one of that of No. 517, but recognizably diff-
erent.
Range.— Western United States, east to the Plains, west to the
Pacific, and from northern Mexico north to southern Wyoming and
Oregon .
519b. St. Lucas House Finch (C. m. ruberrimus).
Similar to No. 519, but smaller, W. 2.8; red more ex-
tended, always showing in males on under tail-coverts.
Range. — Southern Lower California.
5l9c. San Clemente House Finch (C. m. dementis)
Similar to No. 519, but wing and tail averaging short-
er, the bill decidedly, and feet slightly larger; colora
tion somewhat darker. W. 3; B. .48. (Ridgw.)
Range.— Santa Barbara Island, California; Todos Santos Island,
Lower California.
520. Guadalupe House Finch {Carpodacus amplus).
Similar to No. 519, but red deeper; back dark brown
without red suffusion.
Range.— Guadalupe Island, Lower California.
520.1 San Benito House Finch {Carpodacus mc
gregori). Similar to No. 519, but much larger with
relatively shorter wings and tail; above much grayer
and more distinctly streaked; red areas paler, more
flesh-colored, often dull vellnw! W. ^ o- t o c r e
Perching Birds Marked With Red
flesh-colored, often dull yellow; W. 3.2:
(Ridgw.)
Range.— San Benito Island, Lower California.
2.5; B. .5.
175
Perching Birds Marked With Red
527. Greenland Redpoll {Acanthis hornemannii).
L. 6.1; W. 3-3- A red crown-patch. Ad. (^. Rump,
lower breast, sides and belly white, generally unstreaked\
breast and rump sometimes faintly tinged with pink.
In winter. Throat, breast, and above washed with
buff. Ad. 9. Similar to (j^, but no pink on breast or
rump, sides sometimes lightly streaked.
Range.— Breeds in Greenland; winters south to Labrador.
527a. Hoary Redpoll {A. h. exilipes). Similar to
No. 527, but smaller and darker; rump still white, but
with sides more apt to be streaked; L. 5; W. 3; T. 2.3;
B. .3.
Range.— Breeds in Arctic regions; in America, winters south irreg-
ularly to Massachusetts, Ontario, northern Illinois, and Michigan.
528. Redpoll {Acanthis linaria). L. 5.3; W. 2.8;
T. 2.3. B. .36. Crown-cap red. Ad. (^. Above
blackish brown edged with yellowish brown and some
whitish; rump heavily streaked with blackish edged
with whitish and tinged with rose; breast rose; sides
heavily streaked. Ad. ?. Similar, but no pink on
rump or breast. Yng. cf . Like female. Notes. Call
like that of Goldfinch or Siskin and chit\ song like
that of American Goldfinch but distinct. (Minot.)
Range.— Breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere; In Amer-
ica, winters south to northern United States, irregularly to Virginia,
Alabama, Kansas, Colorado, and northern California.
528a. HolbcBll Redpoll (A. I. holhcellii). Similar
to No. 528, but larger, the bill longer; W. 3.2; T. 2.3;
B. .38.
Range.— Breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere; in Amer-
ica, winters south, casually to northern United States, [Quebec, On-
tario, and Massachusetts.)
528b. Greater Redpoll (^. /. ros/ra^a). Similar to
No. 528, but larger, above darker; L. 5.5; W. 3.2; T.
2.5; B. .35; depth at base, .28.
Range.— "Southern Greenland In summer, migrating south in
winter, through Labrador to (sparingly) the northern border of the
United States, (New England, lower Hudson Valley, northern Illinois,
etc.) , and west to Manitoba." (Ridgway.)
749. Ruby-crowned Kinglet {Regulus calendula).
L. 4.4. A conspicuous whitish eye-ring. Ad. (J^. A
more or less concealed vermilion crown-patch; back
olive-green; underparts soiled whitish more or less
tinged with buffy; two white wing-bars. Ad. $ and
Yng. Similar, but no crown-patch. Notes. Call, a
wren-like ^ack; song, a surprisingly loud, rich, musical,
varied, flute-like whistle.
Range.— North America; breeds from the northern border of the
United States northward and south in the Rocl'o?/ must come to the woods, orjyou
wont see me.
Range.— Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecti-
cut, central western New York, and southern Michigan; winters ii>
Central America.
188
Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange
531. Lawrence Goldflnch (/^s/rap^a/mMs lawrencei).
L. 4.7. Ad. (^. Crown, throat and front of cheeks
black; body gray; breast, rump, wings and, to a less de-
gree, back with yellow; outer tail feathers with large
white spots near the end. Ad. $. Similar, but no
black, back browner and without yellow. l^otes.
Suggesting those of the Goldfinch, but weaker.
Range— California, west of the Sierra; breeds from northern Lower
California north to Chico, California; winters to Arizona and New
Mexico.
642. Golden-winged Warbler [Helminthophila chry-
soptera), L. 5. Ad. d^. Crown yellow, wing-bars
broadly yellow; above bluish gray; below grayish
white; throat-patch and eye-stripe black. Ad. 9.
Crown duller; throat-patch and eye-stripe gray. Notes.
Song, a lazy ^ee-'^ee-{ee-^ee all on same note.
Range.— Eastern United States; breeds from northern New Jersey
and northern Indiana north to Vermont, southern Ontario, and Mich-
igan, and south along Alleghanies to South Carolina; winters In Cen-
tral America.
678. (jOr\r\BC\\cu\\^2irh\er {Geothlypis agilis). L.
5.5. Eye-ring white; no white in wings or tail. Ad.
(^. Crown and cheeks bluish slate; throat and breast
paler, the latter with no black; above olive-green; be-
low yellow, sides greenish. Ad. 9 and Yng. Throat
and breast olive brown; belly yellow; back brownish
olive-green; crown browner. Notes. Call, a sharp
peek; song, suggesting that of Maryland Yellowthroat
and also that of Ovenbirdj free-chapiple, free- chappie, free-
chapple, whoit. (Seton.)
Range.— Eastern North America, north to Maine and Manitoba;
known to breed only in Manitoba; winters In northern South America.
679. Mourning Warbler {Geothlypts Philadelphia).
L. 5.4. No white in wings or tail. Ad. J^. No white
eye-ring; crown and cheeks bluish slate; throat black-
ish; breast black more or less veiled by slaty; belly
yellow; back olive-green. Ad. 9. Head slaty; throat
and breast grayish; an inconspicuous white eye-ring.
Yng. Similar, but browner above; throat more yellow.
Notes. Song, clear and whistled, tee te-o te-o te-o we-se,
the last couplet accented and much higher pitched.
(Jones.)
Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Eng-
land, northern New York and eastern Nebraska north to Nova Scotia
and Manitoba, and south along the Alleghanies to West Virginia;
winters in Central and South America.
680. Macgillivray Warbler (Geothhpis tolmiei),
L. 5.4. Ads. Similar to No. 679, but with an incom.
plete white eye-ring showing above and below eye,
Range.— Western North America from the Rocky Mountains to the
Pacific; breeds from western Texas and mountains of southern Cal-
ifornia north to British Columbia; in migrations ranges east to Ne-
braska and middle Texas; winters in Mexico and Central America.
189
Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange
656. Audubon Warbler {Dendroica auduboni). L.
5.6. Crown, sides of breast, rump, and throat usually
with yellow. Ad. (^. Throat bright yellow; breast
black; back blue-gray streaked with black; wing-bars
broadly white; outer tail-feathers with white. 5 Ad. ? .
Similar to male, but breast grayish; yellow less bright;
less white in wings. c5^, Winter. Like same plumage
of No. 655, but throat yellowish; more white in tail.
$, Winter, Similar, but less yellow, throat sometimes
without yellow, when like No. 655, but white on four
or five outer tail-feathers instead of on two or three.
Range. — Western United States; breeding in higher mountains
from southern California and New Mexico north to British Columbia;
winters south into Mexico.
656a. Black-fronted Warbler (D. a. nigrifrons).
Similar to No. 656, but Ad. ^ with forehead, sides of
crown, and ears black; back black, narrowly margined
with bluish gray. In winter. Bluish gray, not brown-
ish above. Ad. $ darker, more heavily streaked with
black above. (Ridgw.)
Range. — Mountains of northern Mexico north to southern Arizona.
657. \^2L^r\Q\\2i\42Lr\i\^v {Dendroica maculosa). L.
5.1. Rump yellow; seen from below a white band
across middle of tail. Ad. c^. Crown ashy, back
black; wing-coverts broadly white; below yellow
streaked with black. Ad. $ • Duller; fewer black
stripes below; wing-bars separated, narrow. Yng. and
Ad in winter. Crown and sides of head brownish ashy,
back olive-green; below yellow, sides occasionally
streaked, liotes. Song, a loud, clear whistle, chee-to,
chee-to, chee-tee-ee^ uttered rapidly and with a falling in-
flection. CLangille. )
Range. Eastern North America, west in migrations, to the Rock-
ies; breeds from northern New England, northern Michigan (and
south along the Alleghanies to Pennsylvania), north to Quebec and
Hudson Bay region; winters in Central America.
663. Yellow-throated Warbler {'Dendroica domini-
ca). L. 5.2. Ads. 1 hroat and /m^ from hill to eye
yellow; cheeks and forehead black; back bluish gray;
two broad white wing-bars; tail-patches white. Notes.
Song, loud, ringing and ventriloquial; suggesting that
of Indigo Bunting but shorter.
Range.— Southeastern United States; breeds from Florida north to
Virginia and winters from Florida south into West Indies.
663a. Sycamore Warbler {D. d. alhilora). Simi-
lar to No. 663, but bill smaller, line from eye to bill white
or with but traces of yellow.
Range.— Mississippi Valley; breeds from Texas north to Kanas,
southern Indiana, southern Illinois, and West Virginia; winters in
Mexico and Central America.
664. Grace Warbler (JDendroica gracice). L. 5.
Ad. (^. Throat and line over eye yellow; cheeks gray;
above gray, crown and back with black streaks; wing-
bars and tail-patches white. Ad. 9. Similar, but
duller, back sometimes brownish.
Range. — Northwestern Mexico, north to New Mexico, southwestern
Colorado, and Arizona.
190
Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange
686. Caiiadian Warbler {IVilsonia canadensis"),
L. 5.6. No white in wings or tail. Ad.(^, A neck-
lace of black spots on breast; back gray; belly yellow;
forehead black. Ad. 9 and Yng. (^. Black areas
smaller. Yng. '^ . Slightly yellowish above; necklace
slightly indicated by dusky spots. Notes. Song, tu-tUy
tszve, tu, tu, longer or shorter and suggesting in style of
utterance both ,'ie Yellow Warbler and Goldfinch.
(Jones.) (Seepage 190.)
Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from Massachusetts, cen-
tral ^s'ew York, and northern Michigan north to Labrador and Manito-
ba, and south along the Alleghanies to North Carolina; winters in
Central and South America.
640. Bach man Warbler (Helmmthophila bachmann) .
L. 4.2. Outer tail-feathers usually with a white patch
more or less distinct. Ad. cf. Breast-patch and
crown-band black; forehead, chin and belly yellow;
back olive-green, hindhead grayish. Ad. ?. Above
grayish olive-green, head grayer; below dingy grayish
with a yellow tinge. Notes. Song, when migrating, re-
sembles that of Parula Warbler, (Brewster); when
breeding, that of Worm-eating Warbler, Junco or
Chippy. (Widmann).
Range.— Southeastern United States, west to Louisiana, north to
Virginia and southern Indiana; rare on Atlantic coast; known to breed
onlvin Missouri; winters south of United States.
641. Blue-winged Warbler {Helminthophila pinus).
L. 4.8. Ad. (^. Crown and underparts yellow; back
olive-green; a black stripe through eye; two whitish
wing-bars; outer tail-feathers with white patches. Ad.
$. Similar, less yellow on head, duller below. Notes.
Song, a wheezy, swee-chee, the first inhaled, the second
exhaled; also, later, wee, chi-chi-chi-chi, chur, chee-chur.
Range.— Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecti-
cut and Minnesota, occasionally wanders to Massachusetts; winters
south of United States.
670. Kirtland Warbler {Dendroica kirttandt). L.
^.7. Ad, <^, Above bluish gray streaked with black;
below pale yellow, sides streaked with black; wing-
bars grayish; tail-patches white. Ad. 9. Similar,
but browner. Notes. Song, said to resemble that of
Maryland Yellow-throat and also that of Yellow-throat-
ed Warbler.
Range. — Eastern United States; has been found from April to Oc-
tober In United States as follows: in Florida, South Carolina, Virgin-
ia, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Minnesota, Michigan, and On-
tario, In all some twenty odd specimens; found breeding in summer
of 1903 In Oscoda County, Michigan; winters in Bahamas where
some fifty specimens have been taken.
671. Pine Warbler {Dendroica vigorsii). L. 5.5.
Ad. (^. Throat and breast greenish yellow; above
bright yellowish green; wing-bars and tail-patches
white. Ad, 9. Similar, but breast duller, back
browner. Yng. J*. Similar to Ad. c?, but browner.
Yng. $. Below buffy white, breast slightly or not all
yellowish; back olive-brown. Notes. Song, sug-
gesting a Chipping Sparrow's but more musical.
Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from Gulf States north to
New Brunswick, Minnesota, and Alanltoba; winters from Virginia and
southern Illinois to Gul^ States.
191
Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange
.yx
r#
696. Siberian Yellow Wagtail {Budytes flavus leu-
costriatus). L. 6.5. Ad. cf. Crown bluish slate, a
white line over eye; back olive-green; below yellow;
wing-bars yellowish; outer tail-feathers largely white.
Ad. 9. Similar, but duller, head and wing-bars
browner. }^otes. Call, a sharp, pU-ple-ple-^ song, a
low, clear, medley of jingling notes uttered on the
wing. (Nelson.) (Seepage 191.)
Range.—China, Eastern Siberia, and Bering Sea portion of eastern
Alaska.
529. American Goldfinch {Astragalinus tristis).
L. 5.1; W. 2.8. Ad. (^. Yellow, cap, wings and tail
black; wing-coverts, secondaries and inner margins of
tail-feathers tipped with white. Ad. $ , Above gray-
ish olive-brown; below buffy whitish; throat yellowish;
wings and tail duller than in male; white tips to
tail not distinct. Yng. (^ and Ad. (^ in winter. Simi-
lar to $ but wings and tail black; white markings
grayer than in summer. Notes. Calls, when perch-
ing, hear me, hear me, dearie, soft and sweet, when fly-
ing, per-chic-o-ree; per-chic-o-ree\ song, sweet, rapid,
varied and canary-like.
Range. — Eastern North America west to the Rocl. longicauda). Simi-
lar to No. 683, but grayer above; tail slightly longer.
Range.— Western United States, east to Plains; breeds from Mexico
north to North Dakota and British Columbia; winters in Mexico.
198
Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange
497. Yellow-headed Blackbird (Xanthocephalus
xantliocephalus), L. lo. Ad. ^f. Black; head and
breast orange yellow; outer wing-coverts white,
black tipped. Ad, 9. Brownish, line over eye, throat
and breast dull yellow, lower breast streaked with
white; ear-coverts rusty. Notes. Call, a hoarse chuck\
song, a variety of hoarse grunting, guttural whistles;
usually uttered with apparent great effort and bodily
contortion. The young utter a rolling, whistling call.
Range.— Western North America, east to Kansas, northern Illinois,
and northwestern Indiana; west to the Pacific coast ranges; breeds
locally from Texas (?) , New Mexico, Arizona, and Southern Californ-
ia north to the Hudson Bay region, and southern British Columbia;
winters from southwestern Louisiana, and California southward.
501. fAez6ovi\?LrV. {Sturnella magna) . L. 10.7; W.
4.8. Ads. Above black varied with chestnut and buff;
below yellow, a black breast-crescent; bars on middle
tail-feathers fused along shaft, yellow of throat not
spreading on to its sides. Notes. Calls, a nasal note
and a rolling twitter; song, a high fife like whistle of
rarely more than eight or ten notes; without gurgles or
grace notes.
Range.— Eastern North America west to about Long, loo® , north to
New Brunswick and Minnesota; winters from Massachusetts and Illinois
southward.
501a. Texas Meadowlark (5. m. hoopesi). Similar
to No. 501b, but yellow not spreading on to sides of
the throat. Notes, Resemble in character those of
No. 501.
Range.— Not well determined; known from Corpus Christi, Texas,
west along Mexican boundary to southern Arizona and northern Son-
ora, Mexico.
501b. Western Meadowlark (5. m. negleaa). Sim-
ilar to No. 501, but bars on middle tail-feathers usually
distinct, not confluent along shaft; yellow of throat
spreading on to its sides; general color paler. Notes.
Calls, a liquid cbitcJi and a wooden, rolling b-r-r-r-r-r-r-r;
song, rich, musical, flute-like with intricate gurgles
and grace notes; wholly unlike that of No. 501.
501c. Florida Meadowlark (5. m. argutula). Sim-
ilar to No. 591, but smaller and darker; W. 4.4.
Range. — Florida and Gulf coast to Louisiana.
5 14. Evening Grosbeak {Hesperiphona vespertina).
L. 8. Ad. cf. Brownish yellow; wings, tail, and
crown black; exposed part of tertials white. Ad. $.
Dingy brownish gray, more or less tinged with yel-
lowish; throat and belly whitish; tail-coverts and tail-
feathers, on inner web, tipped with white. Notes.
Call, lou'^; song, short, but melodious, resembling that
of Robin or Black-headed Grosbeak. (Cooper.)
Range.— Rocky Mountain region of British America, south, in win-
ter, to the upper Mississippi Valley, rarely to Ohio and casually
through New York to New England.
5 i 4a. Western Evening Grosbeak (H. v. montana).
(^ not distinguishable from (^ of No. 514; 9 more buffy,
especially below.
Range.— Mountains of western United States from New Mexico
north to British Columbia.
199
^te
Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange
EASTERN HORNED LARKS.
474*. Horned Lark (Otocoris alpestris). L. 7.7, W.
rT, 4-3; ?j4-i- Hind toe-nail much the longest. y4d.
cPj winter. Throat and line over eye distinctly jyellow;
black feathers over eye lengthened, forming when raised
little tufts; breast-patch, sides of throat, line over eye
and forecrown black, more or less tipped, especially on
head, with yellowish or brownish; back brownish in-
distinctly streaked with blackish; nape, wing and tail-
coverts pinkish brown; belly white, lower breast dusky,
sides pinkish brown; tail mostly black, outer margin of
outer feathers white. ^, summer. Yellow areas whit-
er; black areas more distinct; back pinker, yid. 9,
winter. Similar to J^, but throat and line over eye less
yellow; black areas smaller; back more distinctly
streaked. $ , summer. More distinctly streaked above.
Notes. Call, a tseep, tseep; song, an unmusical, twit-
tering warble sung during soaring flight.
Range. — Eastern North America; breeds in Labrador and region east
of Hudson Bay; winters south to South Carolina (chiefly on coast)
and in the Mississippi Valley to Illinois.
47^b. Prairie Horned Lark {O. a. praticola). W.
cf 4; 9,3.8. Line over eye white. Similar to No.
474» but smaller, line over eye and forehead generally
whfte, the throat often white and never so yellow as
in winter specimens of No. 474.
Range.— Breeds in the Mississippi Valley, south to southern Illinois
and Missouri west to eastern Nebraska and Assiniboia; east through
northwestern Pennsylvania and central New York to western and
northern New England; north to Quebec and Ontario; winters south
to South Carolina, Kentucky, and Texas.
474d. Texan Horned Lark (O. a. giraudi). W. cp
3.9; 9, 3-6. Similar to No. 474t>, but somewhat
smaller and paler; throat, forehead and line over eye
yellow; breast, in males, generally tinged with jyellow.
Range.— Coast of Texas from Galveston to the Rio Grande.
NORTHERN HORNED LARKS.
474a. Pallid Horned Lark (O. a. arcticola). W.
c^, 4.4; 9, 4.2. Largest of our Horned Larks; no yel-
low in plumage; throat, forehead and line over eye
white; back brown with grayish edgings.
Range. — "In summer, Alaska (chiefly in the interior') with the Val-
ley of the Upper Yukon River; in winter south to Oregon, Utah, and
Montana." (Oberholser.)
474k. Hoyt Horned Lark (O. a. hoyti). W. J*,
4.4; 9)4-2. Throat tinged with yellow; line over eye
white; back darker, pink areas richer than in 474a.
An intermediate form between Nos. 474 and 474a
Range. — "In summer, British America from the west shore of Hud-
son Bay to the Valley of the Mackenzie River, north to the Arctic
Coast, south to Lake Athabasca; in winter, southward to Nevada,
Utah, Kansas, and Michigan, casually to Ohio and New York (Long
Island) . ' ' (Oberholser. )
* Fourteen subspecies of this wide-ranging, variable form are now
recognized in America, north of Mexico. Many of them are too
closely related to be distinguished even by detailed descriptions. When
breeding, they may be Identified, in life, by a knowledge of the area
which each form alone Inhabits at this season. But during their mi-
grations, and in winter, when several forms may be associated. It Is
usually not possible to identify them in the field- The reader is re-
ferred to adftiirable monographs of this group by J. Dwight, Jr. (The
Auk, VII, 1890, pp. 138-150), and H. C. Oberholser (Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XXIV, 1902, pp. 801-884).
200
Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange
WESTERN HORNED LARKS.
474c. Desert Horned Lark (O. a. Uucolcema). W.
(5^,4. i; 9, 3-8. Forehead and line over eye very
slightly, often not at all, tinged with yellow; throat
yellow; back brown edged with pinkish gray; resem-
bles No. 474b, but is paler and less distinctly streaked
above.
Range. — "In summer, western United States from central Dakota,
western Kansas and western Nebraska to Idaho and Nevada, north on
the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains to Alberta; in winter, south
to Texas, Chihuahua. Sonora, and southeastern California." (Ober-
hoiser.)
474e. California Horned Lark (O. a. actio). W.
cJ^j 3'9; 9> 3-6. d^, summer. Back of head and nape,
spreading on to sides of breast, pinkish cinnamon; back
distinctly streaked with brownish black; throat always,
forehead and line over eye usually tinged with yellow, c^,
■winter. Less distinctly streaked above; cinnamon areas
paier and with grayish tips; black areas more or less
tipped with yellowish. $ , summer. Crown and back
uniformly streaked with blackish margined with pink-
ish gray. ? , winter. Less distinctly streaked; black
areas tipped with whitish.
Range. —Northern Lower California north, west of the Sierra,
to Marin and San Joaquin Counties, California.
474f. Ruddy Horned Lark (O. a. T-w&^a). Similar
to No. 472e, but nape region, sides of breast, etc.,
much deeper in color, deeper than in any other of our
Horned Larks; back less distinctly streaked with
blackish and more ruddy in tone, not sharply defined
from nape; yellow areas richer in color.
Range.— Sacramento County, California.
474g. Streaked Horned Lark (O. a, strieatd).
Cinnamon areas less extensive but nearly as deeply
colored as in No. 474f; back distinctly and widely streak-
ed with blackish; forehead, line over eye, throat and
breast washed with yellow.
Range— "In summer, the states of Oregon and Washington west
of the Cascade Mountains; In winter, to eastern Oregon and Wash-
ington, south to northern California." (Oberholser.)
474li. Scorched Horned Lark (O. a. adusta). W.
cf. 4; 9> 3-8. Nearest to No. 474I, but the niale
differs in being nearly uniform pinkish brown above,
back with only a few indistinct brownish streaks;
color deeper, browner, more ruddy.
Range.— "In summer, the central part of extreme southern Arizona;
In winter, northern Sonora and Chihuahua. Mexico." (Oberholser.)
474i. Dusky Horned Lark (O. a. merrilli). W. J*,
4; 9 , 3.8, Similar to No. 474b, but somewhat darker
above, the line over the eye usually tinged with yel-
low.
Range.— "In summer, northwestern United States, and southern
British Columbia, from northeastern California and northwestern
Nevada, northward through Oregon and Washington east of the Cas-
cade Mountains to British Columbia and extreme northern Idaho; In
winter, south to central California." (Oberholser.)
201
Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange
474j. Sonoran Horned Lark {O. a. pallida). W.
d^» 3-8; 9,3.6. Nape very pale pinkish; back pale
grayish brown edged with grayish; forehead, line over
eye, and throat tinged with yellowish. Resembles No.
474I, but is still paler.
Range. — "Region immediately adjacent to the head of the Gulf of
California, Mexico." (Oberholser.)
4741. Montezuma Horned Lark (O. a. ocddentalis) .
W. 6^, 4; 9 , 3.8. No distinct blackish streaks above;
back pale brownish edged with pinkish gray; throat
yellow, forehead and line over eye tinged with yellow.
Similar to No. 474h, but paler, less ruddy above; differs
from No. 474c in being browner and less streaked
above.
Range.— In summer, central New Mexico, west to central Arizona;
In winter, south to northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico and
southeast Texas." (Oberholser.)
474m. Island Horned Lark (O. a. imularis). Sim-
ilar to No. 474g, but slightly darker above, breast
usually without 2i yellow tinge.
Range. — Santa Barbara Islands, California.
446. Couch Kingbird {Tj^rannus melancholicus
couchii). L.9.5. Ads. Throat w/«/^, breast and belly
yellow, tail dark brown; crown gray with an orange
patch, back grayish green; Yng. Similar, but no
crown-patch.
Range.— Guatemala, north in spring as far as Lower Rio Grande,
Texas.
447. Arkansas Kingbird {Tj>r annus verticalis) , L.
9. Ads. Throat light gray spreading over breast to
yellow belly; tail black, outer margin of outer feather
wholly white; above resembling No. 446. Yng. With
no crown-patch. Notes. Squeaky, rattling, rolling
notes; a noisy bird.
Range. — Western United States; breeds east to about Long. ioo° ,
north to Assiniboia, southern Alberta southern British Columbia, west
to the Pacific; winters south of United States, to Central America.
448. Cassin Kingbird {Tyrannus vociferans). L.
9. Ads. Throat and breast dark gray, belly yellow;
tail black, outer web of outer feather not wholly white;
above as in No. 447. Yng. With no crown-patch.
Notes. Less noisy than No. 447. (Bendire.j
Range.— Western United States, northwestern Mexico and north
through Rockies, from western Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, to
southern Wyoming; in California north to San Benito County; win-
ters south of United States to Central America.
449. Derby Flycatclier {Pitangus derbianus). L.
II. Ads. Back brown, wings and t^il externally
rusty; a yellow crown-patch; forehead, line over eye
and across nape white; throat white, below yellow.
Notes. Kiskadee, repeated. (Richmond.)
Range.— Northern South America; breeds north as far as Lower
Rio Grande, Texas. /
202
Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange
451. Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher {Mnodynastes lu-
teiventris). L. 8. Below sulphur streaked with
black; tail largely rusty brown; a yellow crown-patch;
inner wing feathers widely margined with whitish;
back grayish brown streaked with dusky. Yng. With
no crown-patch. Notes. A screech, like squeaking
of a wagon wheel, and a single note. (Poling.)
Range.— Central America; breeds north as far as southern Arizona.
452. Crested Flycatcher (Mmf^^Msmm/Ms). L.
9. Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust-
brown. Ads. Throat and breast gray, belly bright
sulphur; back grayish olive-green-, greenest above and
yellowest below of our larger Myiarchi. Notes. Loud,
chuckling, grating whistles.
Range —Eastern North America; west to the Plains; breeds from
Florida and Texas north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters
from southern Florida south to northern South America.
453. Mexican Crested Flycatcher [Myiarchus mex-
icanus). L. 9.2;W. 4- Inner webs of all but middle
tail-feathers rust brown. Ads. Throat and breast
gray, belly sulphur, both paler than in No. 452; back
grayish brown, with little or no green tinge. Notes.
Resemble those of No. 452. (Merrill.)
Range.— Central America; breeds north as far as Lower Rio Grande,
Texas.
453a. Arizona Crested Flycatcher {M. m. magis-
ter). Similar to No. 453, but larger, L. 9.4, W. 4.2,
and averaging slightly paler.
Range.— "Western Mexico; north to southern Arizona and south-
west New Mexico; south in winter to Tehuantepec, Mexico,"
454. Ash-throated Flycatcher {Myiarchus cineras-
cens). L. 8.; W. 4- Inner webs of all but middle
tail-feathers rust-brown, outer pair dusky at tip of
inner web. Ads. Throat and breast pale grayish
white, belly white tinged with yellow, above grayish
brown, outer web of outer tail-feather whitish. Palest
below of our Mj^'iarchi. Notes. A rather resonant but
wooden clmck-pr-r-r-r.
Range. — Western United States: breeds from western Texas and
Lower California north to Colorado and Oregon; winters in southern
Mexico and Central America.
454a. Nutting Flycatcher (M. c nuttingi). Simi-
lar to No. 454, but smaller, W. 3.6, outer margin of
outer tail-feather not whitish, tip of its inner web
rusty, not dusky.
Range.— Breeds In southern Arizona and western Mexico; winters
n Central America.
454b. Lower California Flycatcher ( Af. c. pertinax).
Similar to No. 454a, but bill larger and stouter; above
grayer; below less yellow. (Brewster.)
Range. — Lower California.
455a. Olivaceous Flycatcher {Myiarchus lawrencei
olivascens). L. 7. Ads. Inner webs of tail-feathers
like outer webs; tail-feathers margined with rusty;
breast and belly as in No. 452; crown brownish, back
grayish olive-green. Notes. A short mournful peeur.
Range.— Breeds from western Mexico north to southern Aiirona;
winters south to southern Mexico; casual in Colorado.
203
13
Perching Birds Marked With Chestnut or Reddish Brown
587. Towhee; Chewink {Ttpilo erythrophthalmus^.
L. 8. Three outer tail-feathers with white; iris red.
Ad. (^. Above and breast black; sides reddish chest-
nut; belly white. Ad. ? . Above and breast brown.
Call, chewink or towhee; song, a loud, not over
musical sweet bird sin-n-ng, and a tremulous refrain /'// try.
Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
Georgia and Louisiana north to Maine, Ontario, and Manitoba; win-
ters from Virginia and southern Illinois to Florida and eastern Texas.
587a. White-eyed Towhee (T. e. alleni). Similar
to No. 587, but iris whitish; only two outer tail-feath*
ers with white tips, or if on third, a mere spot. Notes.
Call, towhee, much sharper thanj:hat of No. 587.
Range. — Florida, north along coast to South Carolina.
588. Arc'cic Towhee {Pipilomaculatus arcticus). L.
8.7. Ad.(^. White tip of outer tail-feather more than I.J
long; scapulars and back marked with white; back
black more or less tipped with brownish. Ad. ?,
Breast and back grayish brown; fewer white markings
than in ^. Notes. Call, a Catbird-like mew, song,
suggesting that of No. 587, but shorter, more wooden,
less musical.
Range.- Great Plains; breeding from southern Montana and west-
ern North Dakota, north to Saskatchewan; winters south and west to
Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Texas; east to eastern Kansas.
588a. Spurred Towhee (P. m. megalonyx). Simi-
lar to No. 588, but blacker above, no brownish edgings
on front of back; white markings on back less num-
erous; white tip to outer tail-feather less than 1.3 long.
Range. — Rocky Mountain region and west to the Pacific; breeds
from Mexico to British Columbia; migratory in the northern part of
range.
588b. Oregon Towhee {P. w, oregonus). Similar
to No. 588a, but darker; practically no brownish edg-
ings on back of male; sides much deeper; white mark-
ings much reduced, the white tip to outer tail-feather
less than i . long; sides much deeper.
Range.— F'acific coast from San Francisco to British Columbia;
winters south to southern California.
588c. San Clemente Towhee (P. m. clementce').
Similar to No. 588a, but adult male with black duller or
grayer; female lighter brown. (Ridgw.)
Range. "San Clemente, Sania Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Santa Cat-
alina Islands," southern California. (.Grinnell.)
288d. San Diego Towhee {P. m. atratus). Similar
to No. 588a, but decidedly darker, with white markings
of wings, tail, etc., more restricted; rump deep black.
Range.— The southern coast district of southern California, south
Into Lower California. (RiJgw.)
588e. Mountain Towhee (P. m. magnirostris). Sim-
ilar to No. 588, but bill much larger, rufous below pal-
er, above browner and tinged with olive. (Brewster.)
Range. - Cape Region of Lower California.
589. Guadalupe Towhee (Pz>7o co«so^>rmMs). Sim-
ilar to No. 588b in restriction of white markings, but
wings and tail much shorter, W. 3-i; T. 3.2, hind claw
much larger; Ad. (^ sooty rather than black (Ridgw.)
Range.— Guadalupe Island, Lower California.
204
Perching Birds Marked With Chestnut or Reddish Brown
457. Say Phoebe [Sayornis soya), L. 7.5. Ads. -^
Breast rusty gray changing to rusty on belly; above /
gray with a brown tinge; tail black. Notes. A plaintive
phee-eur; a short, plaintive, twittering warble. (Bendire.)
Range. — Western North America, east to about Long. 100° : breeds
from southwestern Texas, southern California, north to the Yukon,
Alaska; winters in Mexico; accidental in Wisconsin, Illinois, and
Massachusetts.
591. Canon Towhee {Pipilo fusais mesoleucus), L.
9.; W. 3. 7. Ads. Crown cinnamon-brown; back
brownish gray; throat buffy bordered by blackish
spots; lower belly and under tail-coverts cinnamon.
Notes. Calls, a loud, metallic chip repeated four times;
in flight a robin-like screep-eep-eep.
Range. — Northern Mexico north to western Texas, Arkansas Valley,
Colorado, and Arizona; resident.
591a. St. Lucas Towhee {P. f. albigula). W. 3. 3.
Similar to No. 591, but smaller; abdomen whiter, with-
out cinnamon.
Range. — Southern Lower California.
591b. California Towhee {P. f. crissah's) W. 3. 9.
Similar to No. 591, but much browner above; throat
and under tail-coverts rusty brown; breast brownish
gray; scarcely lighter on the belly.
Range. — California, west of the Sierra.
59 Ic. Anthony Towhee {P.f. semcula). W. 3. 7.
Similar to No. 591b, but smaller and grayer, the abdomen
whiter.
Range.— Northern Lower California north to southern California.
592. Abert Towhee {Ptptlo ahertt). L. 9. Ads.
No crown-cap; lores and chin blackish; below pinkish
cinnamon; above grayish brown. Notes. Call, aloud,
clear, sharp chirp. Song, resembling that of the Spurr-
ed Towhee group. (B. B. and R.)
Range.— Southern California, Arizona, and northwestern New
Mexico, north to southern Nevada and southwestern Utah.
205
Perching Birds Marked With Chestnut or Reddish Brown
b'
506. Orchard Oridle {Icterus spurius) L. 7. 3. Ad.
(^. Black; breast, belly, rump, and lesser wing-cov-
erts chestnut. Ad. $. Above olive-green, below
greenish-yellow; two white wing-bars. Yng. Male.
First fall like 9; first spring like 9, but throat black.
Notes. Song much richer and more finished than that
of the orange and black Orioles; the difference is inde-
scribable but easily recognizable.
Range.— Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
Florida and Texas north to Massachusetts, Ontario, Michigan, and
North Dakota; winters in Central America and northern South Amer-
ica.
592.1. Green-tailed Towhee {Oreospt^a chlorura) .
L. 7. Ads. Center and sides of breast grayish,
middle of throat and abdomen white; above olive-green
more or less washed with grayish; crown reddish
chestnut. Notes. Call, a high, thin kitten-like mew;
song, musical, suggesting that of the Thick-billed
Sparrow.
Range. — Mountains of western United States, from more eastern
Rockies to Coast Range in California; north to central Montana,
Idaho, and eastern Washington; south, at least in winter. Into Mex-
ico. (Ridgw.)
643. Lucy VJarb\er {Helminthopbila luct'ce). L. 4.2.
Ad. cJ*. Above gray; crown-patch and upper tail-cov-
erts chocolate; below whitish. Ad. 9. Chocolate
areas smaller. Yng. No chocolate in crown; upper
tail-coverts cinnamon.
Range.— Northwestern Mexico;
southwestern Utah.
breeding north to Arizona and
660. Bay-breasted Warbler (Dendrotca castama).
L. 5.6. Ad. (^. Throat, sides and crown rich chest-
nut; cheeks black; sides of neck buff; back black and
gray; wing-bars and tail-spots white. Ad. 9- Less
chestnut; cheeks grayish. Yng. and Ad. in Winter.
Above olive-green streaked with black; below luffy
white, the flanks usually with a trace of chestnut.
Notes. Song, a very soft warble, tse-chee, repeated five
times, too liquid to admit of exact spelling. (Langille.)
Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Eng-
land and northern Michigan north to Labrador and Hudson Bay re-
gion; winters In Central and northern South America.
206
Perching Birds Marked With Chestnut or Reddish Brown
596. Black-headed Grosbeak {Zamelodia melano-
cephala). L. 8.1. Ad. (S". Black; neck-ring, rump,
back-streaks and underparts bright cinnamon; center
of belly and under wing-coverts yellow; patch in wing,
wing-bars and tips of inner vanes of outer tail-feathers
white. In winter tipped with brown above and on
breast below with black spots. Ad. 9. Under wing-
coverts yellow as in c5^; above as in No. 595; below
less streaked, breast buff. Yng. (^. Like 9 but
breast deeper buff; few streaks below; sides of crown
blacker. Notes. Call and song like those of the Rose-
breasted Grosbeak, but the latter more fluent.
Rang:e.— Western United States, east to the Plains; breeds from
Mexico north to Dakota and British Columbia; winters south of
United States into Mexico.
761. kvc\&r\Q2kr\ Kobin {Merula migratoria). L. 10;
W. 4.9; T. 3.8. Outer tail-feathers with white tips.
Ad, (^. Breast and belly rich rust-brown; above dark
slaty, head and spots in back black. Ad. $. Similar
but paler below, little or no black above. Winter.
Underparts margined with whitish; black above more
or less concealed by ashy. Notes, Calls, varied and
characteristic; song, a loud, hearty, cheer-up cheerily^
cheerily, cheerily, repeated and varied.
Range.— Eastern North America, west to the Rockies, northwest to
Alaska; breeding south to Virginia and, In the mountains, Georgia;
winters from northern States southward.
761a. Western Robin {M. m. propinqua). Similar
to No. 761, but no white tips to tail-feathers. Ad. ^,
Without black spots in back.
Range. — Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky
Mountains west to the Pacific; breeds from the southern end of the
Mexican tableland north to British Columbia; winters from Oregon
and southern Colorado southward.
761b. Southern Robin (M. m. achrustera). Simi-
lar to No. 761, but smaller and in general much lighter
and duller; W. 4-7'' T. 3.5. (Batchelder.)
Range. — Carolinas and Georg
lowlands of Virginia.
762. St. Lucas Robin (Af^rM^^^ow^ms). Resemb-
ling No. 761 in plan of coloration but everywhere
much paler; breast and belly buff; no black in head.
Range.— Cape Region of Lower California,
763. \ar'iefi Thrush {Ixoreus n^vius). L. 10; W.
4.7. Ad. (^. Below rust-brown, belly whiter, a
broad black breast-band; above slaty, line behind eye
and bars in wing rusty; outer tail-feathers with white
tips. In winter washed with brownish above; breast
band with rusty. Ad. 9 • Paler below, breast-band
faintly indicated; above washed with brownish. Notes,
Song, a weird vibrant, long-drawn whistle repeated
on different notes.
Range.— Pacific coast from higher mountains of northern California
north to Alaska; south in winter along the coast.
763a. Pale Varied Thrush (/. n. meruloides) . Sim-
ilar to No. 763, but wing longer, 5.1; 9 paler and
grayer. (Grinnell.)
Range.— Interior of British Columbia north to north Alaska; south
in winter, through interior, to southern California.
207
rgia except mountainous districts.
Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored
yy^t
ff
456. Phoebe {Sayornis phxhe). L. 7. Ads.
Above grayish olive, crown blackish; outer web of
outer tail-feather whitish; below white tinged with yel-
low, sides of breast grayish; bill black. Yng. Green-
er above, yellower below. Notes. Pewit-phoebe, pewit-
phcebe; call, pee, pee, rarely a flight song.
Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from
South Carolina and western Texas north to Newfoundland and Man-
itoba; winters from North Carolina and northern Texas south to Cuba
and Mexico.
459. Olive-sided Flycatcher {Nuttalornis borealis),
L. 7.4. Ads. Throat and middle of belly white with a
yellow tinge; sides and most of breast grayish; above
brownish gray with an olive-tinge, crown darker, the
feathers lengthened. Notes. Hip-hip or quilp-quilp,
less often a loud, emphatic whip-pew-hip. (Head.)
Range. — North America; breeds from Massachusetts (rarely),
northern New York, and Minnesota, northward to Alaska, south
through the Rockies and Coast Range to Mexico; winters in Central
and South America.
460. Coues Flycatcher [Contopus pertinax pallidi-
ventris). L. 7.7. Ads. Below nearly uniform gray,
belly paler; above gray, crown slightly darker, the
feathers lengthened. Notes. A plaintive musical four
or five noted whistle with regular intervals and a
singularly human-like quality.
Range.— Western Mexico, north to central Arizona;
of United States.
winters south
461. }N ood Pewee (Contopus virens). L. 6.5; W.
3.3. Ads. Above dark olive, crown blacker; below
dusky grayish, throat whitish, belly yellowish; lower
mandible yellowish. Yng. Greener above, yellower
below. Notes. Pee-a-wee, peer and pee; all plaintive
and musical.
Range. — Eastern North America, west to about Long. 100° ; breeds
from Florida and Texas north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; win-
ters in Central America.
462. Western Wood Pewee {Contopus richardsonit) .
Similar to No. 461, but above with usually no green-
ish tinge; below less yellow; under mandible brownish.
Notes. A nasal, rather emphatic />
632c. Kx\\\\or\y\\rBO {V. h. ohscurus). Similar to
No. 632, but darker, and averaging slightly smaller.
Range. — "Pacific coast, from Oregon to southern British Columbia;
south in winter to California." (A. O. U.)
647. Tennessee Warbler {Helminthophilaperegrina) .
L. 5. No wing-bars; little or no white in tail. Ad. cJ*.
Head bluish gray; a whitish line over eye; back olive-
green; below grayish white. Ad. 9. Gray of head
with more or less olive-green; stripe over eye and un-
derparts yellower. Yng, Similar to ?, but entirely
bright olive-green above; yellower below. Notes.
Song scarcely distinguishable from that of the Chip-
ping Sparrow, but first two syllables /w?j{> instead of
chit. (Jones.)
^nge.— Eastern North America, west In migrations to the Rocky
Mounteins; breeds from New Brunswick, northern New England,
northern New York, and Minnesota, north to Quebec and Alaska;
winters in Central and northern South America.
747. Kennicott Willow Warbler ( Phyllopseustes
horeali's). L. 5. ^ds. Above olive-green; below
white tinged with yellowish, sides greenish; a whitish
line over eye; a narrow whitish wing-bar; no white in
tail. Notes. Call, a monotonous diit\ song, resembles
trill* of Redpoll. (Seebohm.)
Range.— Asia, east to western Alaska.
212
1
OT
.!«?
Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored
625. Yellow-green Vireo (yiuo flavoviridis) . L.
6.4. Resembling No. 624, but greener above, the
sides heavily washed with greenish yellow.
Range. — Northern South America, north to the Lower Rio Grande.
626. ?\\\\^i\e\^\\\AY\reo {Vireo philadelphicus). L.
4.8. Ads. No distinct crown-cap; above olive-green;
below yellowish; a whitish line over eye; no wing-bars.
Notes, Resemble those of the Red-eyed Vireo but gen-
erally higher pitched; also a very abrupt, double-syll-
abled utterance with a rising inflection which comes in
with the song at irregular intervals. (Brewster.)
Range, — Eastern North America; breeds from Maine, New Ham-
shire and Manitoba northward; winters In the tropics.
627. VI iirbWnq Yireo (^Vireo gilvus). L. 5.4; W.
2.8. Ads. Above grayish olive-green, crown slightly
grayer but without distinct cap as in No. 624; a whit-
ish line over eye but no black line above it; below
white, the sides washed with yellowish; no wing-bars.
Notes. Call, resembles that of the Red-eyed Vireo;
song; a rich, firm, unbroken warble with an alto un-
dertone.
Range. — Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from
Gulf States north to Hudson Bay region; winters in Mexico.
627a. Western Warbling Vireo (V. g. swainsoni).
Similar to No. 627, but averaging smaller, W. 2.6, the
bill more slender; upperparts, particularly crown,
grayer.
Range.— Western United States, east to the Rockies; breeds from
Mexico to BritlshColumbia; winters In Mexico.
631. W h ite-eyed Vi reo ( Vireo novehoracensis ) . L .
5; W. 2.4.; B. .4. Ads. Eye-ring and lores yellow;
iris white; above olive-green more or less washed with
grayish; below white, sides yellowish; two whitish
wing-bars. Notes. Calls, varied, often harsh and
scolding; song, an emphatic whistle who are you, eh? or
-whafs that you say?, and a low medley often including
imitations of the notes of other birds.
Range, — Eastern United States; breeds from Florida and Texas
north to New Hampshire and Minnesota; winters from Florida to Cen-
tral America.
631a. Key West Vireo {V. n. maynardi) . Similar
to No. 631, but bill heavier, sides averaging less yel-
low.
Range. — Southern Florida; resident.
621b. Bermuda White-eyed Vireo CK n. hermud-
ianus). Similar to No. 631, but wing shorter, 2.30; no
yellow on sides. (Bangs and Bradlee.)
Range. — Resident In Bermudas.
6310. Small White-eyed Vireo {V. n. micrus).
Smaller than No. 631, W. 2.2; averaging grayer above;
sides with less yellow.
Range.— Northeastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas.
213
Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored
629. Blue-headed Wreo (yireo solttarms). L. 5.5;
W, 2.9; B. .4. y^ds. Lores and eye-ring white; crown
and cheeks bluish slate-color; back olive-greeh^ below
white, sides washed with greenish yellow; two whitish
wing-bars. Notes. Resembling in form those of Red-
eyed or Yellow-throated Vireos but more varied, some-
times acontinuous warble; a musical chatter, like that of
the Yellow-throated and a trilled whistle. (Torrey. )
Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from Connecticut (and
soutii along Alleghanies) north to New Brunswick and Manitoba;
winters from Florida to Central America.
629a. Cassin Vireo (K. s. cassini). Like No. 629,
but back washed with the color of the head; white on
breast and throat less pure.
Range.— "Breeds from British Columbia and Idaho south along Pa-
cific coast region and Nevada to Lower California; migrates to Arizona,
New Mexico; and northern Mexico." (Bailey.)
629b. Plumbeous Vireo (K. s. plumheus). Above
wholly plumbeous-gray with scarcely, if any, olive
tinge, below white, the sides gray faintly tinged with
greenish yellow; size of No. 629c.
Range. — Rocky Mountain region; breeds from northern Mexico
north to southwestern Dakota and Wyoming; winters south to south-
ern Mexico.
629o. Mountain Solitary Vireo (K 5. alticola).
Larger than No. 629, W. 3.15, B. .46; head darker, its
color extending over most of the back.
Range. — Breeds in Alleghanies from North Carolina to Georgia;
winters in Florida.
629d. St. Lucas Solitary Vireo {V. s. lucasanus).
Smaller than No. 629a, but bill longer and stouter,
sides and flanks much yellower; young without
brownish below, and resembling young of No. 629.
Range. — Cape Region of Lower California.
633. BeWWveo {Vireo helUi). L. 5. Above olive-
green, crown grayer; lores and eye-ring white; two in-
conspicuous whitish wing-bars; below white, sides
tinged with yellowish. Most like No. 627, but back
greener, no white line hack of eye. Notes. Resemble
those of the White-eyed Vireo, but less harsh, song
less emphatic. (Goss.)
Range.— Interior states from Illinois west to Plains; breeds from
Texas to Minnesota; winters in Mexico.
633.1. Lea^X Yxreo {Vireo pusillus\. L. 4.8. Ads.
Above gray, slightly tinged with greenish toward rump;
below white, sides with little if any greenish tinge;
one inconspicuous whitish wing-bar; lores and eye-
ring inconspicuously grayish.
Range. — Northwestern Mexico and northern Lower California;
breeds north to Arizona and middle California.
634. Gray yireo {Vireo vicinior). L. 5.5. Above
slaty gray; below white tinged with grayish; one in-
conspicuous wing-bar; lores and eye-ring gray; bill
short. Notes. Song may be compared with the finest
efforts of the Blue-headed Vireo with the added charm
and mellowness of the song of the Yellow-throated
Vireo. (Henshaw.)
Range.— Northern Mexico, north to western Texas, southeastera
California, and southern Nevada; winters in Mexico.
214
i
Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored
749. Ruby-crowned Kinglet {Regulus calendula).
L. 4.4. A conspicuous whitish eye-ring. Ad. c^. A
more or less concealed crown-patch; back olive-green;
underparts soiled whitish more or less tinged with
buffy; two white wing-bars. Ad. 9 and Yng. (Here
figured.) Similar, but no crown-patch.
Range. — North America; breeds from the northern border of the
United States northward, and south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizo-
na, and In the Sierra Nevada of California; winters from south Caro-
lina and Oregon southward to Central America.
749a. SWkan K\ng\e\ (R. c. grinndlt) . Similar to
No. 749, but more olive-green above; more buffy below.
Range. — Pacific coast; breeds in southern Alaska; winters south-
ward to California.
470a. Buff-breasted Flycatcher {Emptdonax fulvt-
frons pygmceus). L. 4.7. Ads. Below rusty buff;
above grayish brown.
Range. — Western Mexico; north in spring to southwestern New
Mexico and Arizona.
586. Texas Sparrow (Arremonops rufivtrgata). L.
6.5. Ads. Above olive-green, sides of crown brown-
ish, its center grayish; below whitish; bend of wing
yellow. Notes. Song resembles that of the Chipping
Sparrow but with somewhat of the sweetness and
modulation of that of the Yellow Warbler.
Range.— Eastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas; casually to
Louisiana.
638. S}Na\nson \Narb\er QHelmataswat'nsonn). L. 5.
Bill large; no white in wings or tail. Ads. Crown
brown, back, wings and tail olive-brown; a whitish
line over eye; below whitish tinged with yellow.
Notes. Song, "a series of clear, ringing whistles, the
first four uttered rather slowly and in the same key,
the remaining five or six given more rapidly and in an
evenly descending scale." (Brewster.)
Range. — Southeastern United States; breeds from Gulf States
north to southeastern Virginia, southern Indiana and southern Mis-
souri.
639. Worm-eating Warbler {Helmitheros vermi-
vorus). L. 5.5. Bill large; no white in wings or tail
Ads. Crown black with three buff stripes; back,
wings and tail olive-green; below buffy white deeper on
breast. Yng. Buff everywhere richer. Notes. Call,
a sharp chip\ song, resembles that of Chipping Spar-
row but is somewhat weaker.
Range. — Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connect-
icut, southern Illinois and southern Wisconsin; winters south of
United States,
742. Pallid Wren-tit {Chamcea fasciata), L. 6.7;
T. 3.4. Outer tail-feathers shortest. Ads. Above
brownish gray; below buffy obscurely streaked with
gray. Notes. Song wooden and unmusical, beginning
deliberately and ending in a roll, chick: chick; chick,
chick-chick-chick-chick-chick-chick.
Range.— t'Interior of California, Including the western slope of the
Sierra Nevada, from the head of the Sacramento Valley south to
northern Lower California." (A. O. U.)
215
Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored
742a. Coast Wren-tit (C././)/^^^). SimilartoNo.
742, but much browner above and deeper more pink
below; sides as dark as b^ck.
Range.— Pacific Coast from Monterey County, California, north to
southern Oregon.
707. Curve-billed Thrasher ( Toxostoma curvtrostre).
L. 1 1.2. j^ds. Above brownish gray; below mottled
with brownish gray; lower belly buffy; four outer pairs
of tail-feathers tipped with white; two narrow white
wing-bars. Notes. Call, a sharp, whit-whit; one of the
most silent of song Thrushes. (Merrill.) Song, re-
markably melodious and attractive. (Couch.;
Range. — Mexican boundary region of Texas and New Mexico south
over the Mexico tableland to Oaxaca.
707a. Palmer Thrasher (T. c palmeri). Similar to
No. 707, but wing-bars less evident; outer tail-feathers
without white tips.
Range. — "Southern Arizona, from about fifty miles northwest of
Phoenix, south to Guaymas, Sonora." (A. O. U.)
708. Bendire Thrasher (^Toxostoma lendiret). L.
10.2. Ads. Above brownish ashy; below soiled
whitish washed with buffy and lightly spotted with
dusky, chiefly on breast; outer tail-feathers narrowly
tipped with whitish. "Notes. Call, tirup^ tirup^ tirup.
CBrown.)
Range.— Desert regions of southern Arizona south into Sonora,
Mexico; west rarely to southeastern California; resident except at
extreme northern limit of its range.
709. St. Lucas Thrasher {Toxostoma cinereum).
L. 10. Ads. Above grayish brown; below white with
numerous wedge-shaped spots; outer tail-feathers
tipped with white.
Range.— Southern Lower California.
709a. Mearns Thrasher {J. c. mearnst). Differs
from No. 709 in much darker upperparts, more rusty
flanks and crissum, much larger and more intensely
black spots on lower parts and less curved bill. (An-
thony.)
Range. — Northern Lower California, south to about Lat. 30° 30 '.
216
Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored
710. Californian Thrasher {Toxostoma redivivum).
L. 12. Ads. Above grayish brown; belly distinctly
tuff; breast grayish, throat whitish, washed with buff;
no white in wings or tail. Notes. Song suggesting
both that of the Brown Thrasher and the Mockingbird.
Range, — California west of the Sierra Nevada, north of about Lat.
35° ; south into Lower California.
7 I Da. Pasadena Thrasher (7. r.pasadenense). Sim
ilarto No. 710, but grayer above; belly paler, throa
whiter.
7/0
whiter
Range.— Southern California.
711. Leconte Thrasher {Toxostoma lecontei). L.
10.5. Ads. Above brownish ashy, below creamy
white, under tail-coverts buff. Notes. Call, a sharply
reiterated xvhit or quit] song, remarkable for its loud
rich tone; can be heard distinctly for more than a niile.
(Mearns.) Call, low and musical, huee-ey whistled
through the teeth. (Stephens.)
Range.— "Desert region of southern California, Nevada, and ex-
treme southwestern Utah, from Benton, Cal. (Lat. 38° ), southeast-
ward through Arizona to Sonora (Lat. 30° ). Local In San Joaquin
Valley." (A.O.U.)
7 Ma. Desert Thrasher (7. /. arenicola). Differ-
ing from No. 711 in having upperparts darker and
grayer, tail blacker, and breast gray. (Anthony.)
Range. — Northern Lower California. (Rosalia Bay.)
712. Crissal Thrasher {Toxostoma crissalis). L.
12. Ads. Under tail-coverts reddish chestnut; upper-
parts brownish gray; underparts ashy, chin white.
Notes. No loud call note; song of remarkable scope
and sweetness. (Mearns.)
Range. — "Southwestern United States, from western Texas to the
Colorado Desert, California, and northern Lower California; north to
Charleston Mountains, Nevada, and St. George, Utah." (A. O. U.)
217
Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked
538. Chestnut-collared Longspur {Calcarius orna"
tus). L. 6.2. Hind toe-nail as long as toe; all but
middle pair of tail-feathers (and sometimes these) with
white, two outer pairs white to the tip. Ad. (^. Throat
and cheeks buff; breast and belly black; crown black,
nape chestnut; lesser wing-coverts black tipped with
white. Ad. $ . Above grayish browfl streaked with
black; below pale buff. S" in winhr. Like summer (^
but black and chestnut areas more or less tipped with
grayish brown. I^otes. Song, short, shrill, but very
sweet, often uttered on the wing, f Allen. J
Range. — Great Plains: breeds from central Kaijsas and eastern
Colorado north to the Saskatchewan; winters from eastern Colorado
and Nebraska south into Mexico.
539. McCown Longspur [Rhynchophanes mccpwnn) .
L. 6. Hind toe-nail as long as toe; all but middle pair
of tail-feathers with white, the outer one white to the
tip^ the others tipped with black; lesser wing-coverts
chestnut. Ad. ^f . Throat and belly white, breast and
crown black; back grayish brown streaked with
black. Ad. 9. Below white washed with brownish;
above grayish brown streaked with black. (^ in winter.
Like 9. but a partly concealed black breast patch; tail
with more white. Notes. Call, a cjnp at each stroke
of the wing; song, of soft, twittering, pleasing notes.
(Goss.) "A twittering, hurried chant, suggestive of
the Horned Lark's performance, but terminating in de-
creasing power." (Silloway.)
Range. — Great Plains; breeds from northwestern Kansas to Mon-
tana and the Saskatchewan; winters from eastern Colorado and Kan-
sas south into Mexico.
552. Lark Sparrow {Chondestes grammacus). L.
6.2; Ads. Sides of the crown and ear-coverts chest-
nut; all but middle tail-feathers tipped with white; back
broadly streaked with black; sides of throat and spot
on breast black. Notes. Song, loud and musical sug-
gesting both a Song Sparrow's and a Canary's.
Range.— Interior of North America from the Plains east to Illinois;
casually east of the Alleghanies; breeds from Texas to Manitoba;
winters south into Mexico.
552a. Western Lark Sparrow (C g, strigatus).
Similar to No. 552, but streaks on upperparts generally
narrower.
Range. — Western United States from the Plains to Pacific; breeds
from Mexico to Manitoba and British Columbia; winters south to
Central America.
218
Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked
536. Lapland Longspur {Calcartus lappomcus) . L.
6.2 Hind toe-nail as long as or longer than toe; two
outer tail-feathers with white at thg end. Ad. (^, sum-
mer. Nape chestnut; crown, cheeks, throat and upper-
breast black; back black margined with rusty brown.
Ad. 9 , summer. Crown and back black margined
with rusty; nape brighter; below whitish; breast feath-
ers dusky at base; sides streaked with blackish. IVin-
ter^ (^. Black areas and nape veiled with whitish or
buffytips; $,like 9 in summer.
Range.— Breeds In northern Europe and northeast North America
south to northern Labrador; In America, winters south, irregularly, to
South Carolina, Kentucky, Kansas, Texas; west to Manitoba.
(Ridgw.)
536a. Alaskan Longspun (C. /. alascenst's). Simi-
lar to No. 536, but margins to back feathers much
paler, brownish gray or buffy; nape in winter more
buffy. Notes. Song, uttered on wing as bird with up-
stretched wings floats downward, sweet, liquid, tink-
ling, of same general character as that of Bobolink,
but shorter, less powerful. ( Nelson. )
Range. — Breeds in Alaska, Aleutian and Pribilof Islands east to Fort
Simpson; winters south to eastern Oregon, Colorado, and western
Kansas, (Ridgw.)
s» 553. Harris Sparrow {Zonotrichia querula). L.
7.5. Ad. summer. Throat and crown black; nape
chestnut, cheeks brownish; two white wing-bars.
Ads. winter. Throat mottled with white, crown tipped
with grayish. Notes. A queer, chuckling note; song
of pleasing, plaintive whistling notes in musical tone
like those of No. 558, but delivered in a different song.
(Cooke.)
Range.— Interior of North America; from Illinois west to the Dako-
tas; in summer, the region west of Hudson Bay (exact breeding range
unknown) ; south in winter to Texas (and Mexico?) ; accidental in
British Columbia, Oregon and California.
565. Black-chinned Sparrow [Spi^lla atrogularis) .
L. 5.7. Below slaty gray. Ad. (f. Throat and
front of face &/a^>&; rest of head and underparts slaty
gray, the belly whitish; back reddish brown narrowly
streaked with black. Ad. 9 , Throat with little or
no black; crown washed with brownish. Yng. Simi-
lar to Ad. $ , but never with black on throat; crown
more heavily washed with brownish. Notes. Song
said to resemble that of No. 563. (Bailey.)
Range.— Mexico and southwestern United States; breeds from
southern New Mexico and southern California southward; winters
south into Mexico and southern Lower California.
—English Sparrow (Passer domesticus). L. 6.3.
Ad.(^. Throat and upper breast black; crown slate;
band behind eye and on nape chestnut. Ad. 9.
Below dirty white; crown and rump dingy grayish
brown; back streaked with black and rusty brown; a
buffy stripe behind eye. Yng. (^. Similar to Ad.
but throat and head tipped with brownish gray. Notes.
Harsh and discordant.
Range. -Introduced into America from Europe In 1851 and later
dates; now distributed throughout the greater part of the United
States.
219
14
Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked
537. Smith Longspur {Calcarius pidus) . L. 6.6.
Hind toe-nail as long as toe; two outer tail-feathers
mostly white. Ad. (J. Throat, breast and belly buff;
nape buff; crown and cheeks black; ear-coverts and
line over eye white; lesser wing-coverts black margined
with white. Ad. 9' Above brownish black mar-
gined with buff and rusty brown; below pale buff,
sides of breast and flanks streaked with brown. (^ in
winter. Like ? but lesser wing-coverts black and
white. Notes. Call constantly chirrup as they fly.
(Goss.)
Range.— Middle western United States; breeds in northern British
America; winters soutli over the plains and prairies to Texas; east t»
Illinois.
579. Rufous-winged Sparrow (Aimophila carpalis).
L. 5.7. Outer tail-feathers shortest. Ads. Lesser
wing-coverts bright reddish brown; crown reddish
brown or chestnut margined with gray; back streaked
with black and margined with grayish brown; below
whitish; two black streaks from either side of the base
of the lower mandible. Notes, Call, pb, ^ib, pb.
(Bendire.)
Range. — Southern Arizona, north to Tucson and Camp Lowell and
south through Sonora to northern S.naloa. (Ridgw.)
580. Rufous-crowned Sparrow {Aimophila ruficeps) .
L. 4; T. 2.6. No yellow at bend of wing; outer tail-
feathers shortest. Ads. Above reddish brown marg-
ined with buify gray (no black streaks); below, in-
cluding middle of belly, brownish; sides of throat with
black lines. Notes. Song, very sweet, resembling
that of Lazuli Bunting, but distinguishable. (C. A.
Allen.)
Range.— Northern Lower California north to Marin County and
Sacramento Valley, California; local.
580a. Scott Sparrow {A. r. scottii). Similar to No.
580, but above brighter reddish brown, the margins to
the feathers grayer, the underparts much paler, the
breast grayish, the throat and middle of the belly
whitish.
Range. -Northwestern portion of Mexican plateau and adjacent
portions of Arizona, New Mexico and western Texas (El Paso Co.)
(Ridgw.)
580b. Roolc Sparrovf {A. r. eremmca). L. 6.
Ads. Crown reddish chestnut, back olive-brown
margined with gray. Similar to No. 580a, but back of
a different color from crown, the grayish margins
wider.
Range.— Limestone Hill districts of middle Texas, from Kinney and
Maverick counties on the Rio Grande, northeastward to Cook County
and westward at least to Tom Grren County; south in winter to Mex-
ico. (Ridgw.)
580c. Laguna Sparrow [A. r. sororia). Similar
to No. 580a, but bill somewhat stouter, reddish brown
above averaging brighter and wider.
Range. — Southern Lower California.
220
Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked
540. Vesper Sparrow [Tocecetes gramineus). L.
6.1. Outer tail-feather mostly white; hind toe-nail
not longer than toe; lesser wing-coverts reddish brown.
Ads, Above grayish brown streaked with black and
chestnut; below whitish, breast and sides streaked with
black and chestnut. Notes. Call, chip. Song, loud
and musical Look-loohy see-see^ me-me-me-me-me-me-singj
followed by a confusion of notes.
Range. Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia, Illinois and
Missouri north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Vir-
ginia and southern Illinois to theGulf of Mexico.
540a. Western Vesper Sparrow (P. g. confinis).
Similar to No. 540, but paler, less black above; bill
somewhat more slender.
Range.— Western United States from the Plains to the Sierra;
breeds from Arizona and New Mexico north to the Saskatchewan and
British Columbia; winters south into Mexico.
540b. Oregon Vesper Sparrow {P. g. affinis).
Similar to No. 540a, but smaller, W. 3; bill still more
slender; plumage browner, more buffy; browner even
than No. 540, the underparts, including belly, suffused
with buff.
Range.— Pacific coast; breeds In western Oregon (and north?) ;
winters southwest of the Sierra to San Diego, California.
57 5. Pine-woods Sparrow (P^tt^^^ cestivalis). L.
5.8; T. 2.5. Bend of the wing yellow; outer tail-
feathers much shorter than the middle pair. Ads.
Above reddish chestnut, head and back streaked with
black and margined with gray; below whitish, breast
faintly tinged with buff. Notes. Song, exceedingly sweet
and plaintive.
Range.— Florida and southern Georgia; winters in southern Florida^
575a. Bachman Sparrow {T. ce. bachmann). Sim-
ilar to No. 575, but above brighter reddish chestnut,
black streaks fewer and usually confined to back;
breast and sides deeper buff.
Range.— Lower Mississippi Valley, west to southern Indiana and
southern Illinois, east to Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina,
and Virginia (rarely); west to Concho County, Texas; winters south in
Atlantic States, to southern Florida.
576. Botteri Sparrow {Peuccea hottert). L. 6; T.
2.8. Bend of wing yellow; outer tail-feathers shortest.
Ads. Above bright rusty brown (about the color of a
Field Sparrow), head and back streaked with black
and margined with gray; below buffy, the center of the
belly whitish. Notes. Song, begins with a faint trill
followed by a succession of disjointed syllables, chuj
cheewee^ wee, wee, wee, wir. (Henshaw.)
Range.- Entire plateau of Mexico north to Lower Rio Grande Val-
ley in Texas and southern Arizona. (Ridgw.)
578. Cassin Sparrow (T'^wc:^^ cassini). L. 6; T.
2.8. Bend of wing yellow; outer tail-feathers shortest,
their ends with distinct grayish patches. Ads. Above
fray streaked with dull reddish brown and spotted or
arred with black; below grayish white. Notes. Song,
lengthened and pleasing, usually sung on wing.
Range.— Texas and southern Kansas west to southern Nevada and
Arizona south into Mexico.
221
Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked
559. Tree Sparrow (^Spt^ella monticola). L. 6.3.
A black spot in the center of the breast. Ads. Cap
reddish brown, no black on head; two white wing-bars;
back streaked black, reddish brown and buff; below
whitish; upper mandible black, lower yellowish.
Notes, Call, a musical, tinkling, too-lay-tt, song, **a
loud, clear and powerful chant."
Range.— Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds in
Labrador and region west of Hudson Bay; winters south to South
Carolina, Tennessee and Indian Territory.
559a. Western Tree Sparrow (5. m. ochracea).
Similar to No. 559, but back with much less reddish
brown, largely brownish buff streaked with black.
Range.— Western North America east to the Plains; breeds In
Alaska; winters south to Mexican border.
560. Chipping Sparrow (5^z^^//dJ5oc?JM). L. 5.7.
Tail-feathers pointed, middle ones shortest, Ads.
Crown yellowish brown, streaked with black; back
black margined with chestnut and grayish; below
whitish, breast and sides streaked with black. In
fall and winter, colors richer. Notes. Song, ''trick-e-
trik-eeeee-chiky-le-roit^ with a peculiar tinkling utter-
ance."
Range. — Great Plains; breeds from western Minnesota, North
Dal^, ^ee-e-e-e-e-e-e.
Range.— Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
the Gulf States to Massachusetts, Vermont, and Minnesota; winters
from North Carolina to Cuba and Mexico.
546a. Western Grasshopper Sparrow (C. s. bi-
maculatus). Similar to No. 546, but paler below and
with less black and more chestnut above.
Range.— Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific;
breeds from Mexican border states north to Montana and British Col-
umbia; winters south into Mexico.
546b. Florida Grasshopper Sparrow (C. s. florid-
anus). Similar to No. 546, but smaller, W. 3; darker
above, paler below; sides of crown almost solid
black; chestnut above largely replaced by black.
Range. — Kissimmee Prairies, Florida.
547. Henslow Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii).
L. 5. Bend of wing yellow; tail-feathers pointed, the
outer ones much the shortest. Ads. Crown and
nape pale olive-green streaked with blackish; back
bright reddish brown streaked with black and gray;
below white; breast and sides washed with buff and
streaked with black. Notes. Call, tee-wick; song, sis-
r r-rit-srit-srit. ( J ou y. )
Range.— Eastern North America; breeds locally, from Virginia and
Missouri, north to New Hampshire, southern Ontario and Minnesota;
winters from Virginia and Missouri south to the Gulf of Mexico.
547a. Western Henslow Sparrow [A. h. ocddenta-
lis). Similar to No. 547, but paler, in summer little or
no buff below.
Range.— Central western states; breeding, so far as known, in South
Dakota; in winter south to Texas.
224
Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked
548. Leconte Sparrow {Ammodramus lecontet),
L. 5. No yellow on wing; tail-feathers pointed, outer
ones much the shortest. Ads. Broad line over eye,
throat, breast and sides rich buff; nape chestnut and
gray; back black narrowly margined with chestnut and,
at the sides, broadly with buff; sides streaked; breast
rarely with a few streaks, hlotes. Call, a thin, sharp,
tweet, and a long-drawn hi{{] song, a tiny, husky,
reese, reese. (Seton.)
Range.— Great Plains and more western prairies; breeding from
Datcota, Minnesota, etc., to Manitoba, migrating south and east, in
winter, througli Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, etc., to Soutii Carolina and
Gulf States from Florida to Texas." (Ridgw.)
533. Pine Finch {Spinuspinus). L. 5. Bill sharp-
ly pointed; a tuft of bristly feathers over the nostril;
tail slightly forked. Ads. Base of tail, of inner wing-
feathers and outer edges of primaries yellow; above
brownish; below whitish streaked with black. 'Notes.
Call, a metallic note; song, tinkling and musical often
sung on the wing as with No. 529, the song of which
it resembles.
Range.— North America; breeds from northern boundary states to
Alaska; in the Alleghanies south to North Carolina; and In the Rock-
ies and Sierra south to Mexico; winters .from the northern states to
Gulf states and Lower California.
541. Ipswich Sparrow {Passerculus princeps) . L.
6.2. Ads. Above pale brownish gray streaked with
brown; below white, breast and sides streaked with
brownish; spot above eye and bend of wing often pale
sulphur yellow. Notes. Resemble those of No. 542a.
Range. — Breeds on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, winters south along
coast, regularly to Virginia, rarely to Georgia.
549. Sharp-tailed Sparrow {Ammodramus caudacu-
tus). L. 5.8. Tail-feathers sharply pointed, outer
ones shortest. Ads. Below white, breast and sides
washed with buff and distinctly streaked with black]
nape olive-green; cheeks orange-buff; ear-coverts gray;
crown olive-chocolate with a blue-gray central line;
back olive, buff, black and gray. Notes. Call, chip\
song, an unmusical, short, '"husky," "gasping" effort,
uttered from a perch or on fluttering wings above the
reeds.
Range.— Atlantic coast; breeds from South Carolina to New Hamp-
shire; winters from North Carolina to Florida.
549.1. Nelson Sparrow {Ammodramus nelsoni).
L. 5.5. Tail-feathers pointed, outer ones shortest.
Ads. Similar to No. 549, but breast and sides much
deeper buff, the former with few or no streaks; upper-
parts more richly colored. Notes. Resemble those of
No. 549.
Range. — Breeds in interior from northern Illinois to Manitoba and
South Dakota; migrates east to New York and winters south to South
Carolina and Texas; accidental in California.
549. la. Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow {A. n. sub-
virgatns). Similar to No. 549- 1) but breast and sides
paler, the former lightly but distinctly streaked with
grayish; upperparts less richly colored.
Range. — Atlantic coast; breeds in marshes of eastern Maine,
southern New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island; winters south to
South Carolina.
225
Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked
550. Seaside Sparrow {Ammodramus maritimus),
L. 6: W. 2.5. Tail-feathers pointed, the outer ones
shortest; spot before eye and bend of wing yellow.
Ads. Above olive-green and gray (no black); below
white, breast and sides grayish and, in first plumage,
streaked with buff. I^otes. Similar in character to
those of No. 549.
Range. — ^Atlantic coast; breeds in salt marshes from North Carolina
to southern Massachusetts; winters from Virginia to Georgia.
550a. Scott Seaside Sparrow {A. m. peninsula).
Similar to No. 550, but smaller, W. 2.3; above black
margined by olive-brown and olive-green; below whit-
ish, breast and sides heavily streaked with blackish.
Range. — Atlantic coast from northeastern Florida to South Caro-
lina; Gulf Coast of Florida.
550b. Texas Seaside Sparrow {A. m. sennetti).
Similar to No. 550, but greener above; the feathers of
head and back usually, those of nape always, with
black centres.
Range. — Coast of Texas.
550c. Fisher Seaside Sparrow {A. m. fishert).
Similar to No. 550a, but darker above, the breast and
sides heavily washed with rusty buff and streaked
with black.
Range. — Coast of Louisiana, south in winter, at least as far as
Corpus Christi, Texas; casual on Gulf coast of Florida.
550d. Macgillivray Seaside Sparrow {A. m. mac-
gillwraii). Similar to No. 550c, but above grayer,
less black, breast and flanks but faintly washed
with buff and streaked with dusky grayish. Grayer
above than No. 550a, and less heavily streaked below.
Range. — Local on coast of South Carolina.
55 I. Dusky Seaside Sparrow {Ammodramus nigres-
cens). L. 5.9. At>ove 'black iig'nfly margined with
gray; below white heavily streaked with black; spot
before eye and bend of wing yellow. Notes. Similar
in character to those of No. 550.
Range. — Marshes at head of Indian River, Florida, from Banana
River to Haulover Canal.
583. Lincoln Sparrow {Melospi^alincolnit) . L. 5.7.
Ads. A broad huff band across the breast\ center of
crown with a gray stripe, its sides striped chestnut and
black; back grayish brown streaked with black and
chestnut, below streaked with black except on middle
of white belly. Notes. Call, a sharp chirp; song,
suggests bubbling, guttural notes of House Wren com-
bined with rippling music of the Purple Finch.
(Dwight.) (See, also, Brewster, Bird-Lore II, P, in.)
Range.— North America; breeds from northern New York, northern
Illinois and higher parts of Rockies and Sierra north to Alaska;
winters from southern Illinois and southirn California into Mexico;
rare east of Alleghanies.
583a. Forbush Sparrow {M.l. striata). Similar
to No. 583, but browner above, crown-stripe and line
over eye more brown than gray,
ange. — Pacific coast from British Co
Range
Ing range unknown
226
lumbia to California; ^jreed-
Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked
554. White-crowned Sparrow {Zonotrichia leu-
cophrys). L. 6.9. No yellow before eye. Ads.
White stripe over eye not reaching to bill; lores black;
breast gray, throat but little paler; back gray streaked
with brown, rump browner, Yng, Black crown-
stripes replaced by chestnut, the white ones by buff;
back much browner, no gray. 'Notes. Call, a sharp
chip\ song, a plaintive, musical whistle usually of five
or six notes, the first two longest.
Range.— North America; ^breeds from northern New England and
(in the higher Rockies and Sierra) New Mexico, Arizona, and Cal-
ifornia north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters from
southern United States into Mexico.
554a. Intermediate Sparrow (Z. /. gamheli). Sim-
ilar to No. 544, but the lores wholly gray or whitish,
the white line over the eye reaching the bill.
Range.— Western North America; breeds from Montana and eastern
Oregon northeast of Coast Mountains, to lower Mackenzie and north-
ern Alaska; winters from southern United States into Mexico; casual
In migrations east to Mississippi River States.
554b. Nuttall Sparrow (Z. /. nuttalU), Similar to
No. 554a, but smaller, L. 6.5, margins to feathers of
back browner, underparts browner, bend of wing
yellow.
Range. — "Pacific coast district, breeding from Monterey, Californ-
ia, to Mt. Simpson, British Columbia, south in winter to San Pedro
Martir Mountains, Lower California." (Ridgw.)
557. Golden-crowned Sparrow {Zonotrichia coron-
ata). L. 7.2. Ad. c^. Center of crown yellow, its
sides black; below grayish white, sides brownish;
back brown streaked with black; two white wing-bars;
bend of wing yellow. Ad. ?. Crown like back; its
front tinged with yellow; breast washed with brownish.
Range. — Pacific coast; breeds in Alaska; winters from Oregon
south to northern Lower California.
558. White-throated Sparrow {Zonotrichia albicol-
lis), L. 6.7. A yellow mark before the eye and on
bend of wing. Ads. Crown black, a narrow white
stripe through its center and bounded by white behind
the eye; throat white sharply defined from gray breast;
back reddish brown streaked with black. Yng. Less
yellow before eye, crown browner, its stripe gray;
throat grayer, sometimes like breast. Notes. Call, a
low tseep, and sharp chink\ song, a musical, clearly
-wXnsWt^ii sow-wheat peverly , peverly y peverly ; or peabody,
peabody, peabody.
Range.— Eastern North America, west to the Plains, casually to the
Pacific; breeds from Massachusetts (locally) , northern New York,
northern Michigan, and eastern Montana, north to Labrador and West
Hudson Bay region; winters from Massachusetts (rarely) and Illinois
south to the Gulf.
227
Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked
561. Clay-colored Sparrow (Spt^ella pallida).
L. 5.4. No reddish brown, /ids. Above grayish
brown streaked with black; sides of crown largely
black, a grayish line through its center; sides of head
brownish; below white. Notes. Song, three notes,
and a slight trill. (Coues.)
Range.— Interior of North America, from Illinois to the Rockies;
breeds from eastern Colorado, and northwestern Illinois north to Sas-
katchewan; winters from southern Texas into Mexico.
562. Brewer Sparrow (5/)/7^//a breweri). L. 5.4.
No reddish brown. Ads. Back and crown brownish
gray, uniformly and narrowly streaked with black;
sides of head grayish; below white. Grayer than No.
561, the sides of the crown «o^ largely black. Notes.
Call, chip; song, a reedy warble resembling in tone
that of a Long-billed Marsh Wren.
Range.— Western United States, from the Rockies to central Cal-
ifornia; breeds from Mexican border States north to British Colum-
bia; winters from southern California south into Mexico.
574. BeW S\izrroyi {Amphispi7a belli) . L. 6.1; W.
2.7. Ads. Sides of throat with olack streaks; center
of breast with black spots; above grayish brown, usual-
ly without distinct streaks, no white in tail.
Range.— Pacific coast, from northern Lower California northwest of
Sierras, to Warren county, California; resident.
574a. Sage Sparrow {A. b. nevadensis). Similar
to No. 574, but larger, W. 3.1; back brownish gray,
usually finely but distinctly streaked with black; less
black at sides of throat, usually a white stripe over the
eye. Notes. Call, a chipping twitter; song, feeble,
but sweet and sad. (B. B. & R.)
Range. — Great Basin region; breeds from New Mexico, Arizona,
and southeastern California north to Idaho and eastern Oregon; win-
ters south to western Texas and southern California.
574b. Gray Sage Sparrow {A. h. cinerea). Simi-
lar to No. 574, but paler above, throat-stripes narrower,
more interrupted, breast-spot smaller, both stripes and
spot dull grayish instead of blackish. (Ridgw.)
Range.— Lower California.
564. Worthen Sparrow {Spi^ella wortheni). Re-
sembles No. 563a, but sides of head plain gray, no
brownish streak behind eye; tail shorter, 2.5.
Range. — Southern New Mexico (Silver City) , southward over east-
ern border of Mexican plateau to southern Puebia; breeding from
Tamaulipas northward. (Ridgw.)
228
Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked
EASTERN SONG SPARROW GROUP.
581. Song Sparrow {Melospi^a cinerea melodia) . L.
6.2. Ads. Above reddish brown and gray with black
streaks; tail with a decided rufous tinge; black streaks
below conspicuously margined with reddish brown,
those of center of breast forming a patch. Notes.
Call, a characteristic chimp or trink\ song, too variable
in form to admit of brief description but unmistakable
in tone throughout the whole group.
Range.— Eastern North America west to the Plains; breeds from
Virginia and northern Illinois north to Quebec and Manitoba; winters
from southern Illinois and Massachusetts to Gulf States.
581b. Mountain Song Sparrow (A/, c. montana).
Similar to No. 581, but grayer; reddish brown not so
bright; bill smaller.
Range.— Rocky Mountain district of United States west to, and In-
cluding Sierra Nevada in California; north to eastern Oregon, south-
ern Idaho, and southern Montana; south in winter to western Texas
and northern Mexico. (Ridgw.)
58 1 k. Merrill Song Sparrow {M. c. merrillt). Sim-
ilar to No. 581b, but slightly darker and more uniform
above, with grayish edgings to interscapulars and
scapulars less strongly contrasted with the darker
mesial streaks, the latter usually with more bfown
than black. (Rid^w.)
Range. — Breeds from northern California (Shasta County) in
mountains and through Oregon and Washington east of Cascade
Mountains, to northwestern Idaho; .winters south Into Mexico.
(Ridgw.)
58 I j. Dakota Song Sparrow (Af. <:.>^^0> Simi-
lar to No. 581, but above paler, especially line over
eye and sides of neck; white below clearer; interscap-
ulars with black center broader, reddish brown por-
tions narrower; dark markings on breast restricted and
more sharply defined. (Bishop.)
Range.— "Turtle Mountains and vicinity. North Dakota." (A. O.
DESERT SONG SPARROWS.
581a. Desert Song Sparrow {Melospi^a cinerea
fallax). W. 2.5. Above reddish brown and gray;
below white with reddish brown streaks; usually no
black in plumage.
Range.— Lower S)noran district of southwest Arizona, southern Ne-
vada, southeast California and northwest Lower California and Son-
era. (Ridgw.)
58 1 g. Brown Song Sparrow (A/, c. rivularis). Sim-
ilar to No. 581a, but larger, W. 2.7, with longer, more
slender and more compressed bill; still less strongly
contrasted markings, and duller, less rufescent colors.
(Ridgw.)
Range. — Mountain districts of southern Lower California. (Ridgw.)
CALIFORNIA SONG SPARROWS.
58 1 c. Heermann Song Sparrow {Me lospi^a cinerea
heermanni). L. 6.5; W. 2.5. Ads. Above chestnut
olive-gray with usually distinct black streaks; tail
without a decided rufous tinge; black streaks below not
conspicuously bordered by rufous.
Range. — Central valleys of California Including lower levels of
Sacramento and San Joaquin basins. (Ridgw.)
229
Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked
CALIFORNIA SONG SPARROWS.
581m. San Diego Sparrow (M. c.cooperi). Simi-
lar to No. 581c, but slightly smaller, W. 2.4, much
lighter and grayer.
Rartge. — Southern coast district of California north to Monterey
Bay, east to Ft. Tejon, San Bernardino, etc., and north Pacific coast
district of Lower California south to San Quentin Bay. (Ridgw.)
58 Id. Samuels Song Sparrow (M. c. samuelis).
Similar to No. 581c, but smaller, W. 2.4, bill more
slender.
Range — Coast slope of central California (except salt marshes of
San Francisco Bay), from Santa Cruz County to Humboldt County,
north, at least in winter, to Humbolt Bay. (Ridgw.)
581 I. Alameda Song Sparrow (M. c pusilluld).
Similar to No. 581a, but smaller, W. 2.3, less rusty,
underparts more heavily streaked, usually more or less
suffused v^'xih yellowish.
Range. — Salt marshes of San Francisco Bay, California. (Ridgw.)
5811. San Clemente Song Sparrow (Af. c. cle-
mentcv). Similar to No. 581m, but larger and grayer.
Range. — San Clemente, San Miguel, and Santa Rosa Islands,
Santa Barbara Group, California; Coronados Islands, Lower Cali-
fornia. (Ridgw.)
58 I h. Santa Barbara Song Sparrow [M. c. gram-
inea). Similar to No. 58ii, but much smaller, W. 2.4.
Range.— Santa Barbara Islands, California mainland in winter.
NORTHWEST COAST SONG SPARROWS.
58 le. Rusty Song %^zrr 0V4 {M. c. morphna). W.
2.7. Ads. Above without clear gray and not distinct-
ly streaked; prevailing color dark reddish brown; be-
low heavily streaked with same.
Range. - Northwest coast region, Oregon to British Columbia;
south in winter to southern California.
58 If. Sooty Song Sparrow (M. i:. rufina). Simi-
lar to No. 58ie, but larger, W. 2.9, more sooty above
and below, underparts more heavily streaked.
Range. — Pacific coast region from British Columbia north to south-
ern Alaska.
58 In. Yukutat Song Sparrow (Af. c caurina).
Similar to No. 58if, bill longer and more slender, color
grayer.
Range. — Coast of Mt. St. Ellas district of Alaska, from Yakutat
Bay to Lituya Bay.
58 1 o. Kenai Song Sparrow {M. c. kenaiensis).
Similar to No. 582, but smaller, W. 3, plumage darker,
more sooty, less rufous.
Range.- Coast of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, from east side of Cook
Inlet to Prince William Sound. (Ridgw.)
581.1. Kadiak Island Song Sparrow (Af. c. insignis).
Similar to No 5810, but larger, W. 3.2, bill longer,
color grayer.
Range.— Kadiak Island and opposite coast of Alaska. (Ridgw.)
582. Aleutian Song Sparrow {Melospi^a dnerea).
Similar to No. 581. i, but larger and grayer; largest and
grayest bird of group; L. 8; W. 3-4'
Range.— "Western portion of Alaska Peninsula (Stepovak Bay,
opposite Shumagin Islands), Shumagfn Islands, and Aleutian Islands,
from Unalaska to Atka, Adak, and Attu. " (Ridgw.)
230
Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked
585. Fox Sparrow {Passerella iliaca), L. 7.2.
Back streaked, gray and reddish brown; tail and spots
below bright reddish brown. Notes. Call, a weak
tseep; song, loud, sweet, varied, ringing and joyous.
Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from Magdalen Islands and
Manitoba, northwest to Alaska; winters from Virginia to the Gulf
States.
585a. Shumagin Fox Sparrow (P. i. unalaschen-
sis). Back not distinctly streaked, much paler than
No. 585 ; spots below grayish brown; palest of present
group.
Range.— Alaska, Shumagin Islands, and Alaskan Peninsula to Cook
Inlet.
— Kadiak Fox Sparrow {P, i. insularis). Similar
to No. 585a, but browner above and below; tail nearly
same as back; breast spots larger.
Range. — 'Kadiak Island, Alaska, In summer; in winter south along
the coast slope to southern California." (Ridgw.)
—Sooty Fox Sparrow {P. i. fuUginosa). Ads,
Above, including wings and tail, uniform brownish
umber, unstreaked\ below heavily spotted with same.
Range.— Coast of British Columbia and northwest Washington;
south in winter to San Francisco, California. (RIdgw.)
—Townsend Fox Sparrow {P. i. townsendi). Sim-
ilar to fuligmosa but more rufous.
Range. Southern Alaska north to Cross Sound; south In winter to
northern California. (Ridgw.)
— Yakutat Fox Sparrow (P. i. annectens). Similar
to townsendi but less rufous; very near fuliginosa, but
not quite so deeply colored.
Range. — Coast of Alaska, from Cross Sound to Prince William
Sound (to Cook Inlet?); in winter, south to California. (Ridgw.)
585b. Thick-billed Sparrow (P. i, megarhynda).
L. 7- 31 W. 3 '3; depth of B. at base, .4. Ads. Above
and spots below gray\ wings and tail light brown;
bill large. Notes. Song, resembles that of No. 585,
but is recognizably different.
Range.— Breeding In the Sierra Nevada (both slopes) from Mt.
Shasta southward; In winter beyond Sierras as far as Los Angeles
County, California. (Ridgw.)
585c. Slate-colored Sparrow (P. i. schistacea).
Similar to No. 585b, but smaller, bill smaller; W. 3.2;
depth of B. at base, .35.
Range.— Rocky Mountain district of United States and British Co-
lumbia; breeds from more eastern ranges of Colorado west to White
Mountains in southeastern Colorado, mountains of northeastern Cal-
ifornia and eastern Oregon; north to interior of British Columbia; In
migrations. New Mexico. Arizona, western slopes of Sierra Nevada,
western Kansas. (Ridgw.)
585d. Stephens Sparrow {P. i. stephensi). Similar
in coloration to No. 585b, but larger, the bill conspicu-
ously so; W. 3.4; depth of B. at base .6. (Ridgw.)
Range. — Breeding on San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains;
Bouthern California. (Ridgw.)
231
Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked
674. Oven-bird {Seiurus durocapillus), L. 6. r.
Ads. No Wing-bars; no white in tail; above brownish
olive-green; crown orange-brown bordered by black;
below white streaked with black. Notes. Call, a
weak cheep] song, a crescendo teacher repeated about
five times; also a wild, ecstatic flight song.
Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from
Virginia and Kansas north to Labrador and northwest to Alaska; win-
ters from Florida south to West Indies and Central America. (Said to
breed in Bahamas.)
675. Water-Thrush (Seiurus novehoracensis). L.
6; W. 3. A whitish line over eye; above olive; below
pale sulphur jyellow heavily streaked with blackish;
throat spotted; no wing-bars or tail-patches. Notes.
Call, a sharp chink; song, a high-pitched, liquid
whistle, 5tr^^/, sw^^/, sweet, cbu-chu-wee chu. (Jones.)
Also a flight song.
Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Eng-
land and northern Illinois, north to Newfoundland and Hudson Bay,
andsouthalongtheAlleghanies to West Virginia; winters from Flor-
ida to northern South America.
§7 5a. Grinnell Water-Thrush (5. «. notahilis).
Similar to No. 675, but larger, W. 3.1; upperparts
darker, less olive; underparts less yellow.
Range.— Western North America; breeds from Minnesota, western
Nebraska, and probably more northern Rocky Mountain district of
United States, north to Alaska; winters from southern United
States southward; in migration east to Mississippi valley, rarely to
Atlantic States from New Jersey southward.
676. Louisiana Water-Thrush {Seiurus motacilla).
L. 6.2. Ads. A white line over eye; above grayish
olive; below buffjy white; breast and sides streaked; no
spots on throat; no wing-bars or tail-patches. Notes.
Call, a sharp, metallic chink; song, a sudden outburst
of loud wild, ringing notes; also a flight song.
Range.— Eastern United States; breeds from Gulf States to
Connecticut, lower Hudson Valley, and Minnesota; winters In tropics.
697, American Pipit: Titlaric {Anthuspensilvanicus),
L.6.4. Hind toe-nail much the longest. Ads. Outer
tail-feather largely white; next one only tipped with
white; upperparts grayish brown indistinctly streaked;
underparts rich buff, breast and sides streaked with
blackish. Yng. and Ads. in Winter. Less gray above,
paler below. Notes. Call, a soft dee-dee usually utter-
ed in flight; a flight song.
Range. — North America breeding In Arctic regions and in the high-
er parts of the Rockies from Colorado northward (4IS0 on Mt.
Shasta?) ; winters from southern California, Nevada and Gulf States
south through Mexico to Central America.
700. Sprague Pipit {Anthus spraguei), L. 6.2.
Hind toe-nail much lengthened; two outer tail-feathers
largely white. Ads. Above streaked with buff and
blackish brown; below white tinged with buff; breast
streaked. In winter, similar, but less brown above,
less buff below. Notes. Song, uttered on the wing
when several hundred feet above the earth, sweet and
far reaching, resembling at beginning song of Skylark.
Range.— "Interior plains of North America, breeding from plains of
the Yellowstone northward to Saskatchewan district and from the Red
River westward (probably to the Rocky Mountains); south In winter
on the tablelands of Mexico to Puebla; accidental in South Carolina."
232
Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked
V
702, Sage Thrasher {Oroscoptes montanus). L.
8.7. Ads. Above brownish gray; below whitish
heavily streaked with blackish; outer tail-feathers
/<>/>^ J with white. Notes. Call, a low chuck; song,
deficient in power but possessing sweetness, vivacity
and variety; resembling song of Ruby-crowned King-
let. (Ridgway.)
Range.— Western United States from western South Dakota, west-
ern Nebraska and eastern Colorado, north to Montana, west to the
Cascades and Sierra Nevada, south into northern Mexico and Lower
California. (A. O. U.)
705. Brown Thrasher (Toxos^owa fM/ww). L. 11.5;
W. 4.i;B. .95. Ads. Above, wings and tail rufous
or rusty brown; below white heavily streaked with
blackish; two white wing-bars. Notes. Calls, a sharp
kissing note and a clearly whistled wheeu; song, loud,
musical, varied, finished and rich in tone.
Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from the Gulf States north
to Maine and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and the lower Mississ-
ippi Valley southward.
706. Sen nett Thrasher {Toxostoma longirostre sen-
netti). L. 11.5; W. 4; B. I.I. Ads. Similar to No.
705, but wing shorter, bill longer, upperparts less
bright, streaks below blacker. Notes. Resemble those
of No. 705, but song even finer.
Range.— Southeastern Texas from Corpus Christl south into north-
eastern Mexico.
713? Texan Cactus Wren [Heleodytes hrunnetca-
pilliis couesi) . L. 8.5. Largest of our Wrens. Ads.
Above brown, head darker, back streaked with white;
below, including chin, heavily marked with black.
Notes. A loud, harsh cack-cack-cack-cack.
Range. — "Rio Grande region of Texas and adjoining Mexican
states, west to the eastern Desert Tract, south over the Mexican
tableland." (Mearns.)
7 13a. Bryant Cactus Wren {H. b. hryanti). Dif-
fers from No. 713b, in heavier spotting below, and in
perfectly barred tail and slight wash of rufous on belly
and flanks. (Anthony.)
Range. — "Northern Lower California and southern California, west
of the Coast Range." (Mearns.)
7 I 3b. St. Lucas Cactus Wren {H. h. affinis). Re-
sembling No. 713c, but all the tail-feathers, except
middle pair, barred with white for their whole length;
flanks white or very pale buff, with large rounded or
tear-shaped spots. (Ridgw.)
Range.— Southern Lower California.
7 1 3c? Desert Cactus Wren {H. b. anthonyi). Sim-
ilar to No. 713, but paler above; chin without spots.
Range.— Interior deserts of the southwestern United States, south
into Mexico and northeastern Lower California. (Mearns.)
755. Wood Thrush (Hyhcichla mustelina). L.
8.2. Ads. Above bright cinnamon, brightest on head;
below white with large, rounded black spots. Notes.
Calls, a sh3iX\> pit-pit , a liquid quirt, and a soft tuttut-
tut\ song, both flute-like and bell-like; sung with fre-
quent pauses and low notes.
Range.— Eastern United States; breeds from Virginia and Kansas
to Vermont, Quebec, and Minnesota; winters in Central America.
233
svS>\^
w
v\^
702.
705.
lid.
iC-'^r?**:5
\
755.
Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked
^Ts:
715. Rock Wren [Salpindes ohsoletus). L. 5.7.
Ads. Rump rusty; tail tipped and outer feathers
barred witli pale rusty; above grayish brown lightly
speckled with blackish; below, including belly, whitish;
breast obscurely streaked with brownish, l^otes.
Calls, Wren-like;song, sweet, varied and Mockingbird-
like.
Range. — "Western United States, from the western border of the
Plains to the Pacific, north to Dakota, Montana, and British Colum-
bia; south on the tablelands of Mexico and Guatemala to Salvador;
breeds throughout its range, and is resident from about the southern
border of the United States southward." (A. O. U.)
716. Guadalupe Rock Wren {Salpinctes guadelou-
pensis). Resembling No. 715, but darker and browner,
with chest, etc., more distinctly speckled; wings and
tail shorter; bill and tarsi longer; W. 2.6; T. 2.2,
(Ridgw.)
Range.— Guadalupe Island, Lower California.
7 I 7. White-throated Wren {Catherpes mexicanus
alhifrons). L. 6; W. 2.7. Ads. Belly, rump, and all
tail-feathers rusty; tail barred with black; throat white;
back rusty brown.
Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southward Into
northeastern Mexico.
717a. Canon Wren (C. m. conspersus). Similar to
No. 717, but smaller, W. 2.3; tail-bars narrower.
J^otes. Call, a "ringing dink;'''' song, a series of about
seven, loud, ringing whistles uttered in a regularly de-
scending scale.
Range.— "Great Basin and Rocky Mountain region, from the Sierra
Nevada and Cascades eastward to southern Idaho, Wyoming, Color-
ado and western Texas: south on the tableland of Mexico to Aguas
Calientes; breeds nearly throughout its range; resident in southern
parts of its United States distribution." (A. O. U.)
717b. Dotted Canon Wren (C. m. punctulatus) ,
Similar to No. 717a, but darker; more nearly resemb-
ling No. 717 in colors, but smaller in size.
Range. — Pacific coast from Lower California north to Oregon; resi-
dent.
718. Carolina Wren {Thryothorus ludovidanus).
L. 5.5; W. 2.3; B. .6. Ads. Above bright rust-brown;
below washed with same, throat and line over eye
white, f^otes. Calls, Wren-like; song, a great variety
of loud, musical whistles, whee-udel, wbee-udel, whee-udel
Or tea-kettle, tea-kettle^ tea-kettle, etc.
Range —Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States north
to the lower Hudson Valley (and casually Massachusetts), northern
Illinois, and southern Iowa; resident.
718a. Florida Wren (T. /. miamensis). Similar to
No. 718, but darker above, more deeply colored below;
larger, W. 2.4; B. .7.
Range.— Florida, from Pasco and Brevard counties southward.
718b. Lomita Wren {T, I. lomttensts). Similar to
No. 718, but browner, less rufous above, rump with
more white spots; below paler, the flanks usually
barred.
Range.- Southeastern Texas.
234
Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked
719. Bewick Wren {Tbrvomanes bewickii), L. 5;
W. 2.2, T. 2. 1. Ads. Above rich, dark cinnamon-
brown, tail grayer; below grayish white; all but middle
pair of tail-feathers black, outer ones barred, others
tipped with grayish. Notes. Call, "a soft, low, /»/?/;"
song, strongly suggesting that of Song Sparrow.
Range.— Mississippi Valley west to the Plains, north to Lat. 40° ,
east to Alleghanies and locally to Atlantic States from southern New
Jersey to Georgia.
7 I 9a. Vigors Wren ( T. h. spilurus) . Similar to No.
719, but smaller, W. 2; upperparts less cinnamon or
reddish.
Range. — California, west of Sierra Nevada and south to Santa
Cruz Island. (Bailey.)
719b. ^dArdVlren {T.b. leucogaster). Similar to
No. 719c, but upperparts grayer.
Range.— "Western Texas to southeastern California, and from
southern Nevada. Utah, and Colorado south over tablelands of Mex-
ico to Zacatecas." (Bailey.)
7I9c. Texas Bewiolc Wren (T. b. cryptus). Simi-
lar to No. 719, but graver, brown of upperparts not so
rich; slightly larger, W. 2.3.
Range. — "Texas, except the extreme western comer, states of Nuevo
Leon and Tamaulipas, in Mexico, with probably Kansas, Indian Ter-
ritory and Oklahoma; migratory north of Texas." (Oberholser.)
7 I 9d. Southwest Bewicic Wren (7. b. charienturus).
Similar to No. 719b but flanks and upper surface dark-
er, eye-stripe rather broader, under tail-coverts more
heavily barred, wing shorter, 2. (Oberholser.)
Range. — Coast region of southern California, north to about Pasa-
dena, south to Lat. 28°, Lower California, Santa Catalina Island;
resident. (Oberholser.)
729e. Northwest Bewicic Wren (7. b. calophonus).
Similar to No. 719a, but bill larger, upper surface
usually rather deeper and richer brown, flanks some-
what more rufescent; W. 2.1; B..6. (Oberholser.)
Range.— Pacific slope from Oregon north to southern Vancouver
Island, valley of the Fraser River, and slightly farther along the
mainland coast; probably resident. (Oberholser.)
719.1. San Clemente Wren ( Tkryomanes leucophrj;s)
Similar to No. 7i9d, but flanks and upperparts rather
grayer and paler, bill longer, under tail-coverts less
heavily barred. (Oberholser.)
Range.— San Clemente Island, California.
720. Guadalupe Wren {Thryomanes brevicauda ).
L. 4.5; W. 1.9- ^ds. Resembling No. 719a, but
rump with few or no concealed white spots; tail dull
grayish brown, narrowly and indistinctly barred with
dusky, two or three outer feathers with brownish gray
tips. (Ridgw.)
Range.— Guadalupe Island, Lower California.
235
15
Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked
721. House Wren {Troglodytes aedon) . L. 4.7; T.
1.7. Ads. Above cinnamon brown, sometimes ob-
scurely barred; tail the same, all the feathers barred;
below grayish with a brownish wash, lower belly and
flanks usually more or less barred. I^otes. Call, a
scolding krrring\ song, a bubbling, rippling, irrepress-
ible little melody.
Range. — Eastern North America; breeds north to Maine, Montreal,
and Manitoba; winters from South Carolina and the Lower Missis-
sippi Valley southward into Mexico.
721a. Parkman Wren {T. a. parkmanii). Similar
to No. 721, but less cinnamon above; intermediate in
color between No. 721 and No. 721b.
Range.— Pacific coast; breeds from southern California north to
British Columbia; winters from southern California southward.
721b. Western House Wren {T, a. a^tecus). Sim-
ilar to No. 721, but much grayer above and paler be-
low; back more frequently barred.
Range.— Western United States from the Sierra Nevada east to the
Mississippi Valley; winters south into Lower California and Mexico.
722. Winter Wren {Olhiorchilus hiemalts). L. 4;
T. 1.2. Ads. Above cinnamon, much brighter than
in No. 721; below pale cinnamon, sides and belly
heavily barred with blackish. Notes. Call, c/iimp-
chimp, resembling call of Song Sparrow; song, tink-
ling, rippling, full of trills, runs and grace notes.
(Bailey.)
Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Lng-
land and northern New York northward, and southward along the A'-
ieghanies to North Carolina; winters from Massachusetts and Illinois
to Florida.
722a. Western Winter Wren (O. h. pacifims)
Similar to No. 722, but much deeper colored both
above and below, and more heavily barred.
Range.— Breeds on the Pacific coast from southern California north
to Alaska; east to Idaho; winters south into Mexico.
722b. Kadiak Winter Wren (O. h. helleri). Slight-
ly larger and paler than No. 722a. (Osgood.)
Range. — Kadiak Island, Alaska,
723. Alaskan Wren {Olhiorchilus alascensis). Re-
sembling No. 722a, but paler and larger, W. 2.1, B. .6
Range— Breeds on Kadiak Island, Alaska; winter range unknown,
723.1. Aleutian Wren {Olhiorchilus meligerus) . Sim-
ilar to No. 723, but darker, less reddish; rump and up-
per tail-coverts more evidently barred; bars on belly
heavier. (Oberholser.)
Range.— "Westernmost partof the Aleutian group, Alaska. (Ober-
holser.
724. Short-billed Marsh Wren {Cistothorus stel-
laris). L. 4; T. 1.4; B. .4. Ads. Crown and back
streaked with whitish; breast-band, sides and under
tail-coverts rusty; wing-coverts tipped with whitish.
Notes. Call, like sound produced by striking two
pebbles together; song, chap — chap -chap-chap, chap-chap-
chapp-p-rrr. (Seton.) (See next page.) „ ^ ^ ,
Range.— Eastern North America, ranging west to Utah; breeds
from the Gulf States north to Massachusetts and Manitoba; winters
from the Gulf States southward.
236
Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked
725. Long-billed Marsh Wren {Telmatodytes palus-
iris). L. 5.2; T. 1.6; B. .5. /ids. Crown and fore-
back largely black, the latter with white streaks; a
white stripe over eye; rump cinnamon; below white,
sides washed with cinnamon; outer tail-feathers blacky
broadly barred with pale cinnamon. Notes. Call,
scolding, a characteristic Wren-like cachings song, a
reedy, guttural, bubbling trill often sung in flight.
Range.— Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains;
breeds from the Gulf States north to Massachusetts and Manitoba;
winters locally from Massachusetts, south into Mexico.
725a. Tule Wren (T. p. paludicola). Similar to
No. 725, but upper tail-coverts barred, middle tail-
feathers more distinctly and broadly barred; underparts
usually browner.
Range.— Pacific coast; breeds from southern California to British
Columbia: winters from Washington to Guatemala.
725b. Worthington Marsh Wren (T. p. griseus).
Similar to No. 725, but with less black above; upperparts,
sides and flanks pale grayish; dark markings of under
tail-coverts, flanks, sides and breast, faint, confused
and inconspicuous, sometimes practically wanting.
(Brewster.)
Range.— Coast of South Carolfna'and Georgia.
725c. Interior Tule Wren (7. p. plesius). Similar
to No. 725a, but paler.
Range.— "Western United States, except the Pacific coast; north to
British Columbia and Alberta, east to the Rocky Mountains and Tex-
as, south into Mexico." (Oberholser.)
725. 1 . Marian Marsh Wren {Telmatodytesmariance) .
Similar to No. 725, but upperparts darker; sides and
flanks of about same color as rump; under tail-coverts
and sometimes breast barred or spotted with black.
Range.— Gulf coast of Florida.
726. Brown Creeper ( Certhia famtltarts americana) .
L. 5.6; B. .63. Tail-feathers stiffened and pointed.
Ads. Rump rusty] a huffy white band in the wing;
back and crown streaked with whitish, black and
rusty; below white. Notes. Call, a faint, high, thin
tseep\ song, "an exquisitely pure, tender song of four
notes." (Brewster.)
Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from Maine and Minnesota
(casually Missouri) northward; winters from about the southern
breeding limits to the Gulf States.
726a. Mexican Creeper (C./. a/&^s£:^«s). Similar
to No. 726, but rump rich rusty brown, back black,
crown black streaked with white, band in wing white.
Range.— Mexican plateau region north to southern Arizona.
726b. Rocky Mountain Creeper (C. /. montana).
Similar to No. 726, but bill longer, .7; band in wing
averaging whiter.
Range.— Rocky Mountains from New Mexico and Arizona north-
ward to Alaska.
726c. Californian Creeper (C. /. ocddentalis) ,
Similar to No. 726, but much rustier; prevailing color
of upperparts yellowish rusty.
Range.— Pacific coast; breeds from Santa Cruz Mountains, Cal-
ifornia, northward to Alaska.
237
Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked
726d. Sierra Creeper (C /. ^elotes). Similar to
No. 726c, but colors more dusky and less rufescent;
similar to No. 726b, but much darker; light centers of
feathers on head and back much reduced. ^Osgood.)
Range. — "Southern Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Sierra
Nevada of California." (Osgood.)
756. Wilson Thrush; Veery {Hylocichla fuscescens),
L. 7.5. Ads. Above, wings and tail, uniform cinna-
mon brown; below white, sides grayish, breast and
throat buff rather faintly marked with triangular spots
the color of the back. Notes. Call, a clearly whistled
•whee-you and a softer too-whee; song, a weird, spiral of
blended alto and soprano tones largely on one note.
Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Jersey,
the mountains of Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois north to New-
foundland and Manitoba; winters in Central America.
756a. WxWovi Thrush H.f. salicicola). Similar to
No. 756, but more olive above.
Range.— Rockv Mountains north to British Columbia, east to
Dakota; In migration, casually to Illinois and South Carolina: winters
as far south as southern Brazil.
759. Alaskan Hermit Thrush (Hyloctchla guttata).
L. 6.5. W. 3.5; tail rufous, much brighter than back.
Ads. Eye-ring whitish, not deep buff; back olive-
brown; breast tinged with buff and heavily spotted
with large, wedge-shaped marks.
Range.— Breeds In northwest coast region from British Columbia
to Alaska; In winter south to Mexico.
759a. Audubon Hermit Thrush (//. g. auduhoni).
Similar to No. 759, but larger, W. 4; back grayer, tail
paler, flanks less heavily washed with gray.
Range. — Rocky Mountain region of United States south to Guat-
emala.
759b. Hermit Thrush (//. g. pallasii). Similar to
No. 759, but back and sides browner. Notes. Call, a
low chuck; song, highly musical and probably exceed-
ing in spiritual quality that of any of our birds.
Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from Michigan, Alleghan-
les in Pennsylvania, Catskiils, higher mountains of Massachusetts
(rarely at sea level), north to Labrador; winters from New Jersey to
Gulf States.
759c. Dwarf Hermit Thrush (//. ^. «a«a). Simi-
lar to No. 759, but smaller, W. 3.2, back slightly
browner.
Range.— Pacific coast; breeds from Washington south through
Sierra Nevadas; east, in migrations, to Nevada and Arizona; south to
Lower California and western Mexico. (A. O. U.)
238
Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked
757. Gray-cheeked Thrush {Hvlocich la altcice). L.
7.5; W. 4. ^ds. Tail and back the same color, olive
without brownish tinge; eye-ring and lores whitish^
cheeks and breast only slightly tinged with buff, breast
with wedge-shaped spots, hlotes. Doubtless like
those of No. 757a.
Range.— Breeds In Labrador and west to Alaska; migrates through
eastern North America and winters in Central America.
757a. Bicknell Thrush (H. a. hicknelli). Similar
to No. 757, but smaller, L. 7; W. 3.5. Notes. Calls,
pbeu like that of Veery; a low cluck like that of Hermit
Thrush, and rarely, a pip or /)^^«^ like that of Olive-
backed Thrush; song, like that of Veery but more in-
terrupted. (Brewster.)
Range.—Bree^ds In the high parts of the Catsklllls and north to
White Mountains and Nova Scotia; winters in tropics.
758. Russet-backed Thrush {Hylodchla ustulata'),
L. 7.2; W. 4. Tail not decidedly more rufous than
back. Ads. Eye-ring, cheeks, sides of neck and
breast distinctly huffy\ breast with wedge-shaped spots;
back and flanks olive-broMin; tail slightly browner.
The most deeply colored bird of the ustulata group.
Range. — Pacific coast; breeds from Oregon to Alaska; winters
south to Guatemala.
758a. Olive-backed Thrush {H. u. swainsonii).
Similar to No. 758, but back, tail, and flanks without
brownish or rufescent tinge. Notes. Call, a liquid
puit\ song, suggesting both that of Hermit Thrush and
the Veery.
Range. — Eastern North America; breeds In Alleghanies from Penn-
sylvania and the Catskills. north to New Brunswick and Manitoba;
winters In Central and South America.
758b.
oedica ) .
California Olive-backed Thrush (//. u.
Differs from 758 and 758a, in more rufescent
coloration on the flanks; sides and upper surface
usually paler than No. 758. (Oberholser.)
Range.— California, except north coast; north In Interior to southern
Oregon; south, in winter to Arizona and southern Mexico. (Ober-
holser.)
758c. Alma Thrush (H. u. almce). Similar to No.
758a, but back and flanks grayer. The palest bird of
the ustulata group.
Range.— Alaska, except Yukon Basin, south in Rocky Mountain
region, and west to Utah and eastern Nev*"*" ' *. O. U.)
239
Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White
GRAY-HEADED JUNCOS.
566. White-winged Junco {Jimco aikeni) . L. 6.5;
W. 3.30 Ads. Resembling No. 567, but larger,
paler, wings generally with two white bars; three outer
tail-feathers mostly or entirely white; fourth partly
white.
Range —Breeds in Wyoming ...d western North DaI' brown; back grayish brown;
below brownish white, sides darker.
Range.— Pacific coast from northern California to Washington.
743a. California ^\xs\\-T\\{p. m. calijornicus). Sim-
ilar to No. 743, but crown much lighter, brighter brown,
quite different from the brownish gray back; under-
parts paler. Notes. When feeding, a faint tsit, tsit,
tsit, tsit, when moving about, tsit, tsit, tsit, sre-e-e-e; tsit,
sre-e-e-e; when a bird is separated from its companions,
same as last but uttered more hurriedly; alarm note, a
greatly intensified tsit ; tsit ; tsit ; tsit": in presence of
Hawk or Owl a shrill, quavering trill, sre-e-e-e-e-e.
(Grinnell.)
Range.— California, except the north coast region.
743b. Grinda Bush-Tit {P. m. grindce). Similar
to No. 743, but back bluish ash-gray. (Ridgw.)
Range. — Cape Region of Lower California.
744. Lead-colored Bush-Tit {Psaltriparus plumheus) .
L. 4.5. Ads. Crow« and back bluish gray, sides of
head brownish; below dingy white with a buffy tint on
belly.
Range.— Western United States from eastern Oregon and eastern
California east to Wyoming, Colorado, and western Texas.
744. 1 . Santa Rita ^\x%Yk'J\\lPsaltriparus santaritce) .
Similar to No. 744, but smaller, sides of head paler,
male with a more or less distinct blackish line along
sides of head as in female of No. 745. (Ridgw.)
(Now considered the same as 745.)
Range.— Santa Rita Mountains, southern Arizona.
745. Lloyd Bush-Tit {Tsaltriparus lloydi). L. 4.2.
Ad. cJ*. Sides of head shining black, crown blue-gray,
back browner; chin blackish, underparts whitish, the
belly and sides buffy. Ad. ?. Sides of head brown-
ish, ear-coverts bordered above by a narrow black line;
no black on chin. Yng. Similar to 9> but no black
in head.
Range.— "Mountains of western Texas, between the Pecos and Rio
Grande Rivers" (Sennett), south into Mexico.
242
Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White
731. Tufted Titmouse [ticeolophus hicolor) . L. 6.
/4ds. Head crested; forehead hlack\ above gray; below
whitish, sides rusty. J^otes. A clearly whistled pHo^
petOy and a hoarse de-de-de.
Range.— Eastern United States; resident fiomthe Gulf States north
to northern New Jersey and southern Iowa; straying somewhat
further north in summer after breeding.
731a. Texan Tufted Titmouse {B. b. texensis).
Similar to No. 731, but forehead rusty, upperparts
paler.
Range.— Southeastern Texas.
732. Black-crested Titmouse {Bceolophus atricrist-
atus). L. 6.1. /ids. Head with a black crest; fore-
head white or tinged with rusty; back gray; below
whitish, sides rusty. NoUs. An abbreviation of the
call of No. 731, pet:-tete-pete-pete. (Bailey.)
Range.— "From southeastern Texas west to El Paso, south to east-
em Mexico." (Bailey.)
751. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher {PoliopUla ccerulea).
L. 4.5; T. 2. Outer tail-feathers with white, white
tip of next to outer one at least i.oo long. Ad. c^.
Above bluish gray, forehead narrowly black; below
grayish white. Ad. 9. Similar, but lighter gray; no
black on forehead. Notes. Call, a twanging tt'ng;
song, sweet and varied but of small volume.
Range.— Eastern United States, west to Colorado; breeds from the
Gulf States north to southern New Jersey, and Ontario; wanders cas-
ually as far north as Maine and Minnesota; winters from the Gulf
States southward.
751a. Western Gnatcatcher (P. <:. o^5^ra). Simi-
lar to No. 751, but slightly grayer above; white tip to
next to outer tail-feather less than i.oo long.
Range.— Western United States from western Texas west to Cal-
ifornia and Lower California.
752. Plumbeous Gnatcatcher {PoliopUla plumbea).
L. 4.4. Outer web of outer tail-feather wAo//;^ white,
inner web black except at tip. Ad. (^. Crown shin-
ing black, back blue-gray; underparts grayish white.
Ad. 9 and Yng. cf . Similar, but no black on head.
Yng. 9. Back and sides with a brownish wash.
Notes. Call, a faint mew; song, "a harsh ditty of five
notes, something like a Wren's song vvith notes like
those of a Swallow. (Cooper.)
Range.— Mexican boundary region, from western Texas to south-
eastern California and Lower California.
753. Black-tailed Gnatcatcher {Poltoptila calijorn-
tca). L. 4.5; T. 2.1. Similar to No. 752, but outer
vane of outer tail-feather black margined with white;
back darker, underparts much grayer, flanks brownish.
Range.— Pacific coast region of southern California and northern
Lower California.
243
Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White
734. Bridled Titmouse {Bceolophus wollweheri) .
L. 5.2. Ads, Head crested, black and gray; throat
black; hind neck with a white band bounded by black;
back olive-gray; below whitish. Notes. Chickadee-
like but fainter. (Henshaw.)
Range. — Tableland of Mexico north \o western Texas and southern
Arizona.
738. Mountain Chickadee (Parw5^^w&^//). L. 5.5.
Ads. A white line over the eye and a black through
it- back gray; belly whitish. Notes. A hoarse, dee-dee-
dee, a two or three-noted phe-be whistle exactly like
that of the Chickadee and an exceedingly sweet three-
noted whistle of regular intervals, d, c, a.
Range —"Mountainous portions of the western United States from
the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada, north
to British Columbia, Idaho, etc.. and south to northern Lower Cal-
ifornia." (A, O. U.)
740. Hudsonian Chickadee {Parus hudsonicus) .
L 5.2; W. 2.6. Ads. Crown hair-brown, back a
more yellow brown; sides of head and neck grayish
white; throat black, belly white, sides rusty. Notes.
rscha-dee-dee-dee-dee\ the dee-dee notes repeated with
almost incessant volubility. (Brewer.)
Range.— British America, from the west side of Hudson Bay north-
westward to the Lower Yukon.
740a. Kowak Chickadee {P. h. stoneyi). Similar
to No. 740, but larger, W. 2.7, above grayer, crown
much paler. ^ ,
Range.— Kowak River region, Alaska.
740b. Columbian Chickadee {P. h. columhianus) .
Similar to No. 740, but grayer above, crown slaty-drab.
Range.- Rocky Mountains from Montana northward; Kenai Pen-
insula, Alaska.
— Canadian Chickadee (P. h. littoralis). Similar to
No. 740, but smaller, W. 2.5, crown duller brown.
Range.— British America east and south of Hudson Bay; northern
New York, northern New England, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia.
739. Alaskan Chickadee {Parus dnctus alascensis) .
L. 5.2. Ads. Crown brown, back brighter; sides of
head and neck /)wr^ Wib//^; throat blackish; belly whit-
ish, sides buffy.
Range.— "Northern Alaska and eastern Siberia." (A. O. U)
74 1 . Chestnut-backed Chickadee (Parus rufescens).
L. 4.6. Ads. Back and sides rusty chestnut, crown sooty
brown, throat black. Notes. A lisping the-the-the-te-te.
(Kobbe.)
Range.— Pacific coast from Oregon to southern Alaska.
741a. California Chickadee (P. r. neglectus). Sim-
ilar to No. 741, but with only a tinge of rusty on
flanks.
Range.— "Coast of California from Monterey County northward."
(A. O. U.)
741b. Barlow Chickadee {P. r.barlawi). Similar
to No. 741a, but with no rusty on flanks.
Range.— Vicinity of Monterey, California.
244
Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White
735. Black-capped Chickadee (Parus atricapillns).
L. 5.2; T. 2.5. Ads. Cap and throat black; back
gray with a brownish tinge; outer margins of wing-
coverts gravisb whtte; flanks, cream buff. Notes. Chick-
adee-dee, liquid gurgles and chuckling notes and a
sweet, clearly whistled, pbe-be or phe-be-e.
Range.- Eastern North America; breeds from southern Illinois and
Pennsylvania north to Labrador, and south along Alleghanies to
North Carolina; migrates a short distance below Its southern breed-
ing limits.
735a. Long-tailed Chickadee {P. a. septentrionalis) .
Similar to No. 735, but tail longer, 2.7, flanks paler,
white edgings broader.
Range. — Rocky Mountain region north to British Columbia; east to
Manitoba and the Plains.
735b. OreqonCWxckdiAeB {P. a. occidentalis). Sim-
ilar to No. 735, but much darker; flanks grayish.
Range.— Pacific coast from northern California to Sitka.
736. Carolina Chickadee (Parws ^^ro/m^«5/s). Sim-
ilar to No. 735, but smaller, L. 4.6; T. 2., the greater
wing-coverts not margined with whitish. Notes.
Whistle ''Hswee-dee, twsee-dee.''^
Range.— Southeastern United States north to middle New Jersey,
and southern Illinois; resident from southern New Jersey southward.
736.a Plumbeous Chickadee {P. c. agilis). Similar
to No. 736, but paler above, whiter below.
Range. — "Eastern and central Texas (Bee, Victoria, Cook, and
Concho Counties, etc.") (A. O. U.)
737. Mexican Chickadee {Parus sclateri). Simi-
lar to No. 735, but sides broadly gray like back, black
more extended.. Notes. A rapid, vigorous double-
noted whistle repeated three times, wholly unlike that
of the Chickadee.
Range. — Mountainous portions of the Mexican tableland north to
southern Arizona.
630. Black-capped VIreo {yireo atricapillus') . L.
4.5. Ad. (^. Crown and cheeks shining black; lores
and eye-ring white; back olive-green; below white,
sides tinged with greenish yellow; two whitish wing-
bars. Ad. 9. Similar, but black of head duller.
Yng. "Top and sides of head dull grayish brown;
lores, orbital ring and lower parts dull buify white or
palebuffy." (Ridgw.) Notes. "Of the general char-
acter of the White-eye or belltt typt.''^ (Bailey.)
Range.— Breeds In central and western Texas; north to southern
Kansas; winters in southern Mexico.
245
Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White
727. White-breasted Nuthatch [Sitta carolinensis) .
L. 6. .Ad. cf. Crown and foreback bluish black;
sides of head and neck grayish white; tertials with
distinct black marks rounded at end. Ad. 9. Similar
but black of head and shoulders washed with gray.
Notes. Call, a nasal yank-yank and conversational
notes; song, a tenor, ba-ba-ba-ba-ba-ha, all on the same
note.
Range. — Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains,
breeds from the Gulf States to Minnesota and New Brunswick; resi-
dent.
727a. Slender-billed Nuthatch (5. c. aculeata).
Similar to No. 727, but head usually greenish black;
black of tertials less deep and on next to inner one
usually pointed at end.
Range.— Western North America west of the Rockies: breeds from
Lower California north to British Coiumbi.- ; resident.
727b. Florida White-breasled Nuthatch (5. c.
atkinsi). Similar to No. 727, but somewhat smaller,
wing-coverts and tertials not tipped with grayish; 9
with head black as in cf*.
Range.— Florida and north along the coast to South Carolina.
727c. Rocky Mountain Nuthatch (5. c. nelsoni).
Similar to No. 727a, but larger, W. 3.7, with some-
what more white in tail and more rusty on flanks and
lower belly.
Range. — Wooded mountains of northern Chihuahua and Sonera.
Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and northward. (Meams.)
727d. St. Lucas Nuthatch (5. c lasunce). Simi-
lar to No. 727a, but with the wings and tail shorter,
the black tips of the outer tail-feathers more restricted;
W. 3.2; T. 1.7. (Brewster.)
Range. — Higher mountains south of La Paz, Lower California.
(Brewster.)
728. Red-breasted Nuthatch {Sitta canadensis).
L. 4.6. Ad. cJ*. A stripe through the eye and crown
black; line over eye white; underparts rusty. Ad. 9 •
Similar, but crown gray like back, line through the
eye blackish, paler below. Notes. A fine, thin, nasal,
penny-trumpet like, drawled yna-yna.
Range.— North America, breeding from the northern portions of the
northern tier of States northward, and southward In the Alleghanies
to Virginia, In the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and in the Sierra
Nevada In California; winters irregularly southward to the Gulf
States and Arizona.
729. Brown-headed Nuthatch (Sitta pusilla.) L.
4.3. Ads, Crown brown; a white patch on nape;
back bluish gray; below grayish white, sometimes
tinged with buff. Yn^. Crown whitish. Notes. A
conversational, twittering tnee-tnee.
Range.— South Atlantic and Gulf States north toDelawire. accident-
ally to New York and casually to Missouri.
730. Pygmy Nuthatch {Sitta pygmcea). L. 4.3.
Ads. Crown grayish olive; a whitish patch on nape;
a dark brown line through eye; below white tinged
with buff. Yng. Crown gray like back. Notes. A
metallic, clinking clittick, clittick,
Range.— WesternNorth America, eas to the Rocky Mountains;
breeds from Mexico to British Columbia.
246
Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White
730a. White-naped Nuthatch (S. p. leuconucha).
Similar to No. 730, but bill larger, crown grayer, back
less bluish gray, nape patch more conspicuous, under-
parts white with scarcely more than a trace of buffy.
(Ridgw.)
Range. — Lower California.
444. Kingbird (Tyrannus tyr annus). L. 8.5. Tail
tipped with white, y^ds. Above slaty, crown blacker
with an orange patch. Yng. Similar, but no crown-
patch. Notes. An unmusical, steely chatter. "A
soft and very pleasing song," heard only in the early
morning (O. T. Miller.)
Range.— North America, breeds from Florida north to New Bruns-
wick and Manitoba, and from eastern Texas northwest to Utah, Ne-
vada, northeast California and western British Columbia; winters
south of United States, to Central and South America.
445. Gray Kingbird (Tyr annus dominicensis.) L.
9. Ads. No white tip on tail; an orange crown-patch;
under wing-coverts sulphur; ear-coverts black; above
gray; below white. Notes. A loud, chattering,
pittrri,pttirri.
Range. — West Indies, breeding north through Florida along the
coast to South Carolina; winters in Lesser Antilles, Mexico, and Cen-
tral America.
70 1. American Dipper; Water Ouzel {Cinclus mexi-
canus). L. 8. Ads. Slaty gray, head and neck
browner. In winter more or less tipped with whitish.
Notes. Song, remarkably sweet and lively, in modula-
tion resembling somewhat that of Brown Thrasher,
but less powerful though sweeter in effect. (Ridg-
way.) Call, a sharp, pebbly cack-cack-cack.
Range. — "The mountainous parts of central and western North
America, from the Yukon Valley and Unalaska to Guatemala; east in
the United States, to the eastern base of the Rocky mountains.
Apparently resident throughout Its range." (A. O. U.)
704. Oatbird {Galeoscoptes caroUnensis) . L. 8.9.
Ads. Slaty gray, cap and tail black, under tail-coverts
reddish chestnut. Notes. Call, a whining, nasal tchay'^
song, rich, musical, and varied.
Range.— North Americ? ; west to British Columbia and rarely Pa-
cific coast states; breeds from the Gulf States north to New Bruns-
wick and the Saskatchewan; winters from Gulf States southward.
754. To^r\%er\6So\\\^irB {Myadestestownsendit). L.
8.5. Ads. Brownish gray; eye-ring, tips of outer
tail-feathers, a narrow wing-bar white; wing with a
buff band showing in flight. Notes. Song, a rich,
flowing, Grosbeak-like warbling, sung with great
vigor and freedom and often for comparatively long
periods.
Range.— "Western United States, from the Plains westward to the
Pacific coast, north to British Columbia and south in winter to the
southern border of Arizona and noithern Lower California; breeds
from the mountains of New Mexico, southern Arizona, and central
California northward." *
247
Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White
62 I . Northern Shrike {Lanhis horeaUs). L. lo 2.
Lores grayish. Ads. Above bluish gray; tail
black, outer featers tipped with white; below white,
usually with wavy bars. Yng. Above washed with
brown; below more distinctly and more heavily barred
I^otes. Song, not unlike that of the Brown Thrasher
but more disconnected, less loud.
Range.— North America; breeds from Labrador to Alaska; winters
south, irregularly, to Virginia, Kansas, Arizona, and California.
^ 622. Loggerhead Shrike {Laniiis ludovicianus).
"g. Lores black. Ads. Underparts white w/^/^oz/^ bars;
above bluish gray; rump and upper tail-coverts little if
any paler; tail black, outer feathers tipped with white.
Yng. Underparts, head, and rump more or less nar-
rowly barred. Notes. Call, harsh and discordant;
song, a series of guttural gurgles, squeaky whistles.
Range.— Eastern United States; breeds from Florida to Virginia;
In Mississippi Valley, northeast to western Pennsylvania, central and
northern New York, Massachusetts, western New Hampshire, Maine,
and British Columbia; migrates down Atlantic States, as well as Mis-
sissippi Valley, and winters in southern States.
622a. White-rumped Shrike {L. I. excuhitorides) .
Similar to No. 622, but paler above, rump and upper
tail-coverts whiter; bill less deep.
Range.— "Western North America, from eastern border of the Plains
to the Pacific, except coast of California, and from Manitoba and the
Plains of the Saskatchewan south over tablelands of Mexico."
622b. California Shrike (Z.. /. gamheli). Similar
.to No. 622, but rump paler, breast usually with indis-
tinct wavy bars and tinged with brownish.
Range. — Pacific coast, from Lower California to British Columbia.
622c. Island Shrike {L.l. anthonyi). Similar to
_No: 622b, but darker and smaller, W. 3.7.
Range. — Santa Barbara Islands, California.
703. Mockingbird {Mimus polyglottos), L. 10.5.
Ads. Above ashy gray; below soiled whitish; outer
tail-feathers with white; wing-coverts narrowly tipped
with white; primaries white basally. Notes. Call, a
harsh, kissing note; song indescribable.
Range. — Southeastern United States and Bahamas, west to north-
eastern Texas; breeds north to southern New Jersey (rarely
Massachusetts), and southern Illinois; winters from Virginia and
lower Mississippi Valley southward.
^ 703a. Western Mockingbird (M. p. leucopterus) .
Similar to No. 703, but with a very slight brownish
tinge below and white areas in wing averaging larger.
^- Range. — Southwestern United States and northern Mexico from
r Indian Territory and eastern Texas west to California.
765. yN\\Q2Aear {Saxicola mianthe) . L. 6; W. 3.7.
Ad. cT. Back gray, upper tail-coverts and base of
tail white; below white more or less washed with buff.
Ad. $• Browner above and below, no black through
eye. Ads. in winter and Yng. Similar to 9> but ;.inna-
mon brown above, cinnamon below.
Range. — Asia; migrating in summer to Alaska.
765a. Greenland Wheatear (5. (». /^M^or/^oa). Sim-
ilar to No. 765, but larger, W. 4.
Range. — Western Europe; breeds in Greenland and on adjoining
mainland; rarely south to St. Lawrence; casually to Louisiana.
248
Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White
573. Black-throated Sparrow {Amphispi^a hiline-
ata). L. 5.3. Ads. Throat, upper breast, and front
of face black; a white stripe over eye and another at
the side of the throat; above grayish brown unstreaked;
outer web of outer tail-feather white, except at tip; at
least half an inch of tip of inner web white. Notes.
Song, simple but sweet, three ascending and three
descending notes.
Range. — Middle and eastern Texas (except along coast?), north to
Oklahoma and western Kansas; winters from central Texas south into
northeastern Mexico.
573a. Desert Sparrow {A. h. deserticola). Similar
to No. 573, but above grayer, the white tip to outer
tail-feather less than half an inch long.
Range.— Western United States and northern Mexico, from western
Texas to southeastern California; breeds north to southern Colorado,
and western Nevada; winters south into Mexico.
602. Morellet Seed-eater {Sporophila morelleti),
L. 4.6. Ad. (J". Entire upperparts, cheeks, tail,
wings and breast-band black; bases of wing-feathers,
tips to coverts and underparts, except breast-band,
whitish. Ad. $. Above grayish brown, below uni-
form buffy. Yng. (^. Variously intermediate be-
tween Ad. (5* and Ad. (^. At least two years evident-
ly required to reach mature plumage.
Range.— Eastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas.
636. Black and White Warbler {Mniotilta varid).
L. 5.3. Ad. <^. Above streaked black and white;
throat black or white; belly white; sides streaked
black and white. Ad. ?. Less black; whiter below;
throat always white. Notes, Song, a thin, wiry,
see-see-see-see.
Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia, Louisiana,
and northern Texas, north to Hudson Bay region; winters from Gulf
States south to northern South America; accidental in California.
661. Black-poll Warbler {Dendroica striata). L.
5.6. Ad. (J". Crown black, cheeks white; back Streaked,
gray and black; below white streaked with black;
wing-bars and tail-spots white. Ad. ?. No black
cap; above olive-green streaked with black. Yng. and
Ad. in winter. Above olive-green lightly streaked with
black; ht\ov^ yellowish white; breast obscurely streaked.
hlotes. Song, a slender, wiry tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-
tree-tree, rapidly uttered. (Lnngille.)
Range.— Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from
northern New England, northern New York, northern Michigan, and
Colorado, north to Labrador and Alaska; winters in Wcst Indies and
northern South America.
665. Black-throated Gray Warbler {Dendroica nig-
rescens). L. 5. Ad. (^. Crown, cheeks and throat
black, a white stripe at sides of throat, a yellow line
before eye; back gray streaked with black; wing-bars
and tail-patches white. Ad. ?. Similar, but crown
not always wholly black. Yng. Above washed with
brownish, black areas tippeaf with white. Notes.
Song, lee-ee-iee-ee^ ^e, ^e, ^e, with the quality of the
song of Dendroica virens or D. ccerulescens.
Range.— Western United States; breeds in mountains from Arizona
and northern Lower California, north to Colorado and Vancouver
Island; winters in Mexico.
249
Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White
611. Purp]e fAari'm {Progne subts). L. 7.8. y4d.
(^. Shining blue-black, all feathers with dusky
bases. Ad. ?. Above dull blue-black; breast gray-
ish edged with white; belly whitish. Yng, ^. Var-
iously intermediate between 9 and Ad. cf .
Range. — North America, except Pacific coast; breeds north to New-
foundland and the SasiN (Corvus americanus). L. 19.3;
W. 12. 1 ; B. 2.00. Black with steel-blue or deep,
purplish reflections; below duller, neck feathers not
lengthened. Notes. Caw, caw, with many variations;
song, car-r-r-uck, oo-oo-oo-oo-ah.
Range. — North America, nonh to Arctic Circle; winters from north-
em United States southward; local in west.
488a. Florida Crow (C. a. pascuus). Similar to
No. 488, but wings and tail somewhat shorter, bill and
feet slightly larger, W. 12; T. 7.3; B. 2.1.
Range.— Florida.
489. Northwest Crow {Corvus caurinus). Similar
to No. 488 in color but smaller; L. 16; W. 11; B. 1.7.
Range.— Northwest coast, from Oregon to Kadiak Island, Alaska.
490. Fish Crow (Cor^Ms ossifragus). L. 16; W.
11; B. 1.5. Ads. Resemble No. 488, in color, but back
feathers are uniform blue-black without dull margins;
underparts are nearly as bright as upperparts. Notes.
A hoarse, nasal, reedy car resembling the call of the
young of No. 488.
Range.— Atlantic coast north to Connecticut, (casually Massachu-
setts) .west along Gulf coast to Louisiana; resident, except at northern
limit of range.
255
SYSTEMATIC TABLE
Of the Birds of America north of Mexico, arranged according
to the American Ornithologists' Union's * Check-List
of North American Birds', Third Edition,
1910, and Supplement*, July, 1912.
{The presence of brackets, [ ]. indicates that the species is an accidental visitant.)
Order PYGOPODES. Diving Birds
Family COLYMBID^. Gkebes.
A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page
1 Western Grebe ^chmophorus occidentalis 44
2 HoIbcBll's Grebe Colymbus holboelli 43
3 Horned Grebe " auritus 43
4 Eared Grebe > " nigricollis calif ornicus . . 43
5 Mexican Grebe " dominicua brachypterus . 43
6 Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps 43
Family GAVIID^. Loons.
7 Loon Gavia immer 44
8 Yellow-billed Loon " adamsi 44
9 Black-throated Loon " arctica 44
10 Pacific Loon " pacifica 44
11 Red-throated Loon " stellata 44
* The Auk, xxix, 1912, pp. 380-387.
t Note that trinomials are now employed for all the races of a species
including the first one described. Hence in place of No. 13, Puffin, Fratercula
arctica, we now have No. 13, Puffin, Fratercula arctica arctica. (See pages 6 and
7 for an explanation of this method.)
§ Note also that in accordance with a ruling of the A. O. U., the apostrophe
is used with the names of birds named after individuals. Thus in place of No.
16, Cassin Auklet, we have No. 16, Cassin's Auklet. These changes affect all
similar cases throughout the Color Key. After identifying a species, therefore,
the student should turn to its number in the Systematic Table to learn whether
any change has been made in its name. All alterations other than those of
mere nomenclature are given beyond in Appendix I.
257
Systematic Table of Nokth American Birds
Family ALCID^. Auks, Murres, and Puffins.
A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME.
12 Tufted Puffin
13 Puffin
13a Large-billed Puffin
14 Horned Puffin
Rhinoceros Auklet
Cassin's Auklet§
Paroquet Auklet
Crested Auklet
Whiskered Auklet ,
Least Auklet
Ancient Murrelet ,
Marbled Murrelet
Kittlitz's Murrelet ,
Xantus's Murrelet ,
Craveri's Murrelet
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page
Lunda cirrhata 45
Pratercula arctica arcticaf 45
" " naumanni 45
" corniculata 45
Cerorhinca monocerata 45
Ptychoramphus aleuticus 46
Phaleris psittacula 47
^thia cristatella 47
pygmsea 47
pusilla 47
Synthliboramphus antiquus 47
Brachyramphus marmoratus 46
" brevirostris 46
" hypoleucus 46
" craverii 46
Black Guillemot Cepphus grylle
48
Mandt's Guillemot
Pigeon Guillemot
Murre
30a California Murre .
31 Brunnich's Murre ,
31a Pallas's Murre . . ,
32 Razor-billed Auk . ,
33 Great Auk
34 Dovekie
" mandti 48
" columba 48
Uria troile troile 48
" " californica 48
" lomvia lomvia 48
arra 48
Alca torda 48
Plautus impennis 48
Alle alle 46
Order LONGIPENNES. Long-winged Swimmers
Family STERCORARIIDiE. Skuas and Jaegers
35 Skua Megalestris skua 51
36 Pomarine Jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus 51
37 Parasitic Jaeger " parasiticus 51
38 Long-tailed Jaeger " longicaudus 51
Family LARII^. Gulls and Terns.
39 Ivory Gull Pagophila alba 52
40 Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla tridactyla 52
40a Pacific Kittiwake " " poUicaris 52
258
Systematic Table of North American Birds
A.O.U.
No.
COMMON NAME.
SCIENTIFIC NAME.
Page
41 Red-legged Kittiwake . .
42 Glaucous Gull
43 Iceland Gull
44 Glaucous-winged Gull . .
45 Kumlien's Gull
46 Nelson's Gull
47 Great Black-backed Gull
4-8 Slaty-backed Gull
49 Western Gull
[50] Siberian Gull
51 Herring Gull
[52] Vega Gull
53 California Gull
54 Ring-billed Gull
55 Short-billed Gull
[56] Mew Gull
57 Heermann's Gull
58 Laughing Gull
59 Franklin's Gull
60 Bonaparte's Gull
[60.1]Little Gull
61 Ross'.s Gull
62 Sabine's Gull
63
64
65
66
67
[68]
69
70
71
72
.73
74
75
[76]
77
[78]
79
Rissa brevirostris 52
.... Larus hyperboreus 53
.... " leucopterus 53
" glaucescens 53
" kumlieni 53
.... " nelsoni 53
.... " marinus 54
" schistisagus 54
.... " occidentalis 54
" affinis A.V.
" argentatus 55
.... " vegae A.V.
" californicus 55
.... " delawarensis 52
" brachyrhynchus 52
.... " canus A.V.
.... " heermanni 54
" atricilla 56
franklini 56
Philadelphia 56
minutus A.V.
Rhodostethia rosea 56
Xema sabini 56
Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica 58
Caspian Tern Sterna caspia 57
maxima 57
elegans 57
sandvicensis acuflavida . . . . 57
trudeaui A.V.
forsteri 59
hirundo 59
paradisaea 59
dougalli 59
aleutica 58
antillarum 58
fuscata 60
anaetheta 58
Black Tern Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis. 60
White-winged Black Tern " leucoptera A.V.
Noddy Anou.s stolidus 60
Royal Tern . . . .
Elegant Tern . ,
Cabot'.s Tern . ,
Trudeau's Tern
Forster's Tern
Common Tern
Arctic Tern . ,
Roseate Tern .
Aleutian Tern
Least Tern . . .
Sooty Tern . . .
Bridled Tern .
259
17
Systematic Table of North American Birds
A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page
Family RYNCHOPID^. Skimmers.
80 Black Skimmer Rynchops nigra 60
Order TUBINARES. Tubed-nosed Swimmers.
Family DIOMEDEID^. Albatrosses.
81 Black-footed Albatross Diomedea nigripes 62
82 Short-tailed Albatross " albatrus 62
82.1 Laysan Albatross " immutabilis 62
[83] Yellow-nosed Albatross Thalassogeron culminatus 62
[84] Sooty Albatross Phoebetria palpebrata 62
Family PROCELLARIID^. Fulmars, Shearwaters, and
Petrels.
[85] Giant Fulmar Macronectes giganteus A.V.
86 Fulmar F^ilmarus glacialis glacialis 63
86& Pacific Fulmar " " glupischa 63
86.1 Rodger's Fulmar " rodgersi 63
87 Slender-billed Fulmar Priocella glacialcides 63
[102]Pintado Petrel Daption capense A.V.
88 Cory's Shearwater PufRnus borealis 64
89 Greater Shearwater " gravi.s 64
[90] Manx Shearwater " puffinus A.V.
91 Pink-footed Shearwater " creatopus 64
92 Audubon's Shearwater Puffinus Iherminieri 64
[92.1]Allied Shearwater " assimilis A.V.
93 Black-vented Shearwater " opisthomelas 64
93.1 Townsend's Shearwater " auricularis 64
95 Sooty Shearwater " griseus 63
96 Slender-billed Shearwater " tenuirostris 64
96.1 Wedge-tailed Shearwater " cuneatus 63
[96.2]New Zealand Shearwater " bulleri A.V.
[97] Black-tailed Shearwater Priofinus cinereus A.V.
[98] Black-capped Petrel ^strelata hasitata 65
[99] Scaled Petrel " scalaris A.V.
100 Fisher's Petrel " fisheri A.V.
[101]Bulwer's Petrel Bulweria bulweri A.V.
103 Least Petrel Halocyptena microsoma 65
104 Stormy Petrel Thalassidroma pelagica 66
105 Forked-tailed Petrel Oceanodroma furcata 65
260
Systematic Table of Nokth American Birds
A.o.u.
No. COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page
105.2 Kaeding's Petrel Oceanodroma kaedingi 65
106 Leach's Petrel " leucorhoa 66
106.1 Guadalupe Petrel " macrodactyla 66
[106.2] Hawaiian Petrel " castro A.V.
107 Black Petrel " melania 66
108 Ashy Petrel " homochroa 65
108.1 Socorro Petrel " socorroensis 65
109 Wilson's Petrel Oceanites oceanicus 06
[110] White-bellied Petrel Fregetta grallaria A.V.
[Ill] White-faced Petrel Pelagodroma marina A.V.
Order STEGANOPODES. Totipalmate Swimmers.
Family PHAETHONTID^. Tropic Birds.
112 Yellow-billed Tropic-bird Phaethon americanus 69
113 Red-billed Tropic-bird " aethereus . . , 69
[113.1] Red-tailed Tropic bird " rubricaudus A.V.
Family SULID^. Gannets.
[114] Blue-faced Booby Sula cyanops 70
114.1 Blue-footed Booby
115 Booby
115.1 Brewster's Booby
[116] Red-footed Booby
117 Gannet ;
nebouxi 70
leucogastra 70
brewsteri 70
pi.scator 70
bassana 69
Family ANHINGID^.. Darters.
118 Water-Turkey Anhinga anhinga 73
Family PHALACROCOEACID^. Cormorants.
119 Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 70
120 Double-crested Cormorant ...... " auritus auritus 71
120a Florida Cormorant " " floridanus.. . . 71
120& White-crested Cormorant " " cincinatus. . . 71
120'C Farallon Cormorant " " albociliatus . . 71
121 Mexican Cormorant " vigua mexicanus ... 71
122 Brandt's Cormorant " penicillatus 72
123 Pelagic Cormorant " pelagicus pelagicus. 72
123a Violet-green Cormorant " " robustus 72
123ft Baird's Cormorant " " resplendens . . 72
124 Red-faced Cormorant " urile 72
261
Systematic Table of Nokth American Birds
Family PELECANID.E. Pelicans.
A.O.U.
No.
COMMON NAME.
SCIENTIFIC NAME.
Page
125 White Pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos 73
126 Brown Pelican " occidentalis 73
127 California Brown Pelican " californicus 73
Family FREGATID^. Man-o'-War Birds.
128 Man-o'-war-bird Fregata aquila
Order ANSERES. Lamellirostral Swimmers.
Family ANATID^. Ducks, Geese, and Swans.
73
129 American Merganser . . .
130 Red-breasted Merganser
131 Hooded Merganser . . . .
[131.1]Smew
132 Mallard
133 Black Duck
134 Florida Duck
134a Mottled Duck
Mergus americanus 76
" serrator 76
Lophodyte.s cucuUatus 76
Mergellus albellus A.V.
Anas platyrhynchos 76
" rubripes 77
fulvigula fulvigula 77
" " maculosa 77
135 Gadwall Chaulelasmus .streperus
77
136 European Widgeon
137 Baldpate
[138]European Teal ...
139 Green-winged Teal
Mareca penelope 77
" americana 77
Nettion crecca A.V.
" carolinense 78
140 Blue-winged Teal Querquedula discors 78
141 Cinnamon Teal
[141.1]Ruddy Sheldrake ....
142 Shoveller ,
143 Pintail
144 Wood Duck
[145] Rufous-crested Duck .
146 Redhead
147 Canvas-back
148 American Scaup Duck
149 Lesser Scaup Duck...
150 Ring-necked Duck ....
151 American Golden-eye .
152 Barrow's Golden-eye .
153 Buffle-head
154 Old-squaw
155 Harlequin Duck
cyanoptera 78
Casarca ferruginea A.V.
Spatula clypeata 78
Dafila acuta 76
Aix .sponsa 78
Netta rufina A.V.
Marila americana 79
valisineria 79
marila 79
affinis 79
collaris 79
Clangula clangula americana 80
islandica 80
Charitonetta albeola •. . . 80
Harelda hyemalis 81
Histrionicus histrionicus 81
262
Systematic Table of Nokth American Birds
A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME.
156 Labrador Duck
157 Stellar's Eider
158 Spectacled Eider
159 Northern Eider
160 American Eider
161 Pacific Eider
162 King Eider
163 American Scoter
[164]Velvet Scoter
165 White-winged Scoter
166 Surf Scoter
167 Ruddy Duck
[168]Masked Duck
169 Lesser Snow Goose
169a Greater Snow Goo.se
169.1 Blue Goose
170 Ross's Goose
[171] European White-fronted Goose.
171a White-fronted Goose
[171.1] Bean Goose
[171.2] Pink-footed Goose
172 Canada Goose
172a Hutchins's Goose
172& White-cheeked Goose
172c Cackling Goose
173a Brant ,
174 Black Brant
[175]Barnacle Goose
176 Emperor Goose
177 Black-bellied Tree-duck
178 Fulvous Tree-duck
[179]Whooper Swan ,
180 Whistling Swan
181 Trumpeter Swan ,
SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page
Camptorhynchus labradorius 81
Polysticta .stelleri 81
Arctonetta fischeri 82
Somateria mollissima borealis 82
" drasseri 82
" v-nigra 82
spectabilis 82
Oidemia americana 83
fusca A.V.
deglandi 83
" perspicillata 83
Brismatura jamaicensis 80
Nomonyx dominicus 80
Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus 84
nivalis 84
" caerulescens 85
" rossi 84
Anser albifrons albifrons A.V.
gambeli 85
fabalis A.V.
" brachyrhynchus A.V.
Branta canadensis canadensis 86
hutchinsi 86
" " occidentalis . . . . 86
" " minima 86
" bernicla glaucogastra 86
" nigricans 86
" leucopsis A.V.
Philacte canagica 85
Dendrocygna autumnalis 83
bicolor 83
Olor cygnus A.V.
" columbianus 84
" buccinator 84
Order ODONTOGLOSS^. Lamellirostral Grallatores.
Family PHCENICOPTERID^. Flamingoes.
182 Flamingo Phcenicopteras ruber 89
263
Systematic Table of Noeth Americajst Bieds
Order HERODIONES. Herons, Storks, Ibises, etc.
Family PLATALEID^. Spoonbills.
A.O.U
No.
COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME.
183 Roseate Spoonbill Ajaia ajaja
Family IBIDID^. Ibises.
184 White Ibis Guara alba
[185] Scarlet Ibis " rubra
186 Glo.ssy Ibis Plegadis autumnalis
187 White-faced Glossy Ibis " guarauna
Page
.. 89
90
89
90
90
Family CICONDIID^. Storks and Wood Ibises.
188 Wood Ibis Mycteria americana 90
[189] Jabiru Jabiru mycteria A.V.
Family ARDEID^.
190 American Bittern
191 Least Bittern
191.1 Cory's Least Bittern
192 Great White Heron
194 Great Blue Heron
194a Northwestern Coast Heron
1945 Ward's Heron
[195]European Heron
196 American Egret
197 Snowy Egret
197a Brewster's Egret
198 Reddish Egret
199 Louisiana Heron
200 Little Blue Heron . ,
201 Green Heron
201a Ftazar's Green Heron
201& Anthony's Green Heron
202 Black-crowned Night Heron
203 Yellow-crowned Night Heron...
Herons, Bitterns, etc.
Botaurus lentiginosus 91
Ixobrychus exilis 91
" neoxenus 91
Ardea occidentalis 92
" herodias herodias 93
fannini 93
wardi 93
" cinerea A.V.
Herodias egretta 92
Egretta candidissima candidissima. 92
brewsteri ...294
Dichromanassa ruf escens 94
Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis 94
Florida caerulea 94
Butorides virescens virescens 94
frazari 94
" " anthonyi 94
Nycticorax nycticorax ngevius 93
Nyctanassa violacea 93
Order PALUDICOL.^. Cranes, Rails, etc.
Family GRUID^. Cranes.
204 Whooping Crane . .
205 Little Brown Crane
206 Sandhill Crane . . .
Grus americana 96
" canadensis 96
" mexicana 96
264
Systematic Table of Nokth American Birds
A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page
Family ARAMID^. Courlans.
207 Limpkin Aramus vociferus 96
Family EALLID^. Rails, Gallinules, and Coots.
208 King Rail ^ Rallus elegans 97
209 Belding's Rail " beldingi 97
210 California Clapper Rail " obsoletus 97
210.1 Light-footed Rail " levipes 294
211 Clapper Rail " crepitans crepitans 98
211a Louisiana Clapper Rail " " saturatus 98
211& Florida Clapper Rail " " scotti 98
211c' Wayne's Clapper Rail " " waynei 98
211.2 Caribbean Clapper Rail " longirostris caribaeus 98
212 Virginia Rail " virginianus 97
[213] Spotted Crake Porzana porzana A.V.
214 Sora " Carolina 98
215 Yellow Rail Coturnicops noveboracensis 97
216 Black Rail Creciscus jamaicensis 98
216.1 Farallon Rail " coturniculus 294
[217]Corn Crake Crex crex A.V.
218 Purple Gallinule lonornis martinicus 99
219 Florida Gallinule Gallinula galeata . . 99
[220]European Coot Fulica atra A.V.
221 Coot " americana 99
Order LIMICOL^. Shore Birds
Family PHALAROPODIDJS. Phalaropes.
222 Red Phalarope Phalaropus f ulicarius 102
223 Northern Phalarope Lobipes lobatus 102
224 Wilson'.s Phalarope Steganopus tricolor 102
Family RECURVIROSTRIDiE. Avocets and Stilts.
225 Avocet Recurvirostra americana 103
226 Black-necked Stilt Himantopus mexicanus 105
Family SCOLOPACID^. Snipes, Sandpipers, etc.
[227] European Woodcock Scolopax rusticola A.V.
228 Woodcock Philohela minor 105
[229]European Snipe Gallinago gallinago A.V.
230 Wilson's Snipe " delicata 105
265
Systematic Table of North American Birds
A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page
[230.1]Great Snipe " media A.V.
231 Dowitcher Macrorhamphus griseus griseus . . . 106
232 Long-billed Dowitcher " " seolopaceus.106
233 Stilt Sandpiper Micropalama himantopus 106
234 Knot Tringa canutus 106
235 Purple Sandpiper Arquatella maritima maritima 107
235cr Aleutian Sandpiper " " couesi 107
235& Pribilof Sandpiper " " ptilocnemis lOS
238 Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Pisobia aurita 109
239 Pectoral Sandpiper " maculata 109
240 White-rumped Sandpiper " fuscicollis 109
241 Baird's Sandpiper " bairdi 109
242 Least Sandpiper " minutilla 109
[242.1] Long-toed Stint " damacensis A.V.
[243] Dunlin Pelidna alpina alpina A.V.
243a Red-backed Sandpiper " " sakhalina 108
244 Curlew Sandpiper Erolia f erruginea 106
[245] Spoon-bill Sandpiper Eurynorhynchus pygmaBus A.V.
246 Semipalmated Sandpiper Ereunetes pusillus 108
247 Western Sandpiper " mauri 108
248 Sanderling , Calidris leucophsea 108
249 Marbled Godwit Limosa fedoa 110
250 Pacific Godwit " lapponica baueri 110
251 Hudsonian Godwit " haemastica 110
[252] Black-tailed Godwit " limosa A.V.
[253] Green-shank Glotti.s nebularia A.V.
[253.1] Red-shank Totanus tetanus A.V.
254 Greater Yellow-legs " melanoleucus Ill
255 Yellow-legs " flavipes Ill
256 Solitary Sandpiper Helodromas solitarius solitarius . . . 107
256a We.stern Solitary Sandpiper " " cinnamomeus.107
[257]Green Sandpiper " ocrophus A.V.
258 Willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semi-
palmatus Ill
258a Western Willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatas inor-
natus
259 Wandering Tatler Heteractitis incanus Ill
[260]Ruff Machetes pugnax A.V.
261 Upland Plover Bartramia longicauda 105
262 Buff-breasted Sandpiper Tryngites subruficollis 105
263 Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularia 107
264 Long-billed Curlew Numenius americanus 103
266
Systematic Table of Nokth American Birds ^' \
A.O.U.
No, COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page
265 Hudsonian Curlew Numenius hudsonicus 103
266 Eskimo Curlew " borealis 103
[267] Whimbrel " phaeopus A.V.
268 Brlstle-thighed Curlew " tahitiensis 295
Family CHAEADEIID.E. Plovers.
[269]Lapwing Vanellus vanellas A.V.
[269.1]Dotterel Eudromias morinellus A.V.
270 Black-bellied Plover Squatarola squatarola 110
[271] European Golden Plover Charadrius apricarius A.V.
272 Golden Plover " dominicus dominicus. . .110
272a Pacific Golden Plover " " fulvus 110-
273 Killdeer • Oxyechus vociferus 112
274 Semipalmated Plover ^gialitis semipalmata 112
275 Ringed Plover " hiaticula 112
[276]Little Ringed Plover " dubia A.V.
277 Piping Plover " meloda 112
278 Snowy Plover " nivosa 112
[279] Mongolian Plover " mongola A.V.
280 Wilson'.s Plover Ochthodromus wilsonius 112
281 Mountain Plover Podasocys montanus 105
Family APHRIZID^. Surf Birds and Turnstones.
282 Surf-bird Aphrlza virgata Ill
283 Turnstone Arenaria interpres interpres 102
283a Ruddy Turnstone " " morinella 102
284 Black Turnstone " melanocephala 107
Family H^MATOPODID^. Oyster- Catchers.
[285]European Oyster-catcher Haematopus ostralegus A.V.
286 Oyster-catcher " palliatus 104
286.1 PYazar's Oyster-catcher " frazari 104
287 Black Oyster-catcher " bachmani 104
Family JACANID^. Jaoanas.
[288]Mexican Jacana Jacana spinosa 102
267
Systematic Table of North American Birds
Order GALLING. Gallinaceous Birds.
Family ODONTOPHOEIDJE
A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME.
289 Bob-white
289a Florida Bob-white
2896 Texas Bob-white
291 Masked Bob-white
292 Mountain Quail
292a Plumed Quail
292& San Pedro Quail
293 Scaled Quail
293a Chestnut-bellied Scaled Quail
294 California Quail
294a Valley Quail
295 Gambel's Quail
296 Mearns's Quail
. Bob-whites, Quails, etc.
SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page
Colinus virginianus virginianus 115
floridanus 115
" " texanus 115
" ridgwayi 115
Oreortyx picta picta 116
" plumifera 116
" " confinis 116
Callipepla squamata squamata 116
" " castanogastris.116
Lophortyx californica californica. .116
vallicola 116
gambeli 116
Cyrtonyx montezumge mearasi 115
Grouse, Partridges, etc
297
297a
297&
297c
298
2986
298c
299
300
300a
3006
300c
301
301a
3016
301c
302
302a
3026
302c
Z02d
302 e
302 f
302.1
303
Family TETRAONID^.
Dusky Grouse Dendragapus obscurus obscurus. . .117
Sooty Grouse " " f uliginosus . .117
Richard-son's Grouse " " richardsoni.117
Sierra Grouse '• " sierras 295
Hudsonian Spruce Partridge Canachites canadensis canadensis.. 117
Alaska Spruce Partridge " " osgoodi ...117
Canada Spruce Partridge " " canace ....117
Franklin's Grouse " franklini 117
Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbellus umbellus 118
Canada Ruffed Grouse
Gray Ruffed Grouse . .
Oregon Ruffed Grouse
togata 118
umbelloides 118
sabini 118
Willow Ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus lagopus 119
Allen's Ptarmigan . . . .
Alexander's Ptarmigan
Ungava Ptarmigan
Rock Ptarmigan
Reinhardt's Ptarmigan
Nelson's Ptarmigan . . .
Turner's Ptarmigan . . .
Townsend's Ptarmigan
Adak Ptarmigan
Dixon's Ptarmigan
Evermann's Ptarmigan
Welch's Ptarmigan . . . .
alleni 119
" alexandrae 295
" ungavus 295
rupestris rupestris 119
reinhardi 119
nelsoni 119
atkhensis 120
" townsendi 120
chamberlain! .. .296
dixoni 296
evermanni 120
welchi 120
268
Systematic Table of Noeth Amekican Birds
A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page
304 White-tailed Ptarmigan Lagopus leucurus leucurus 118
304a Kenai White-tailed Ptarmigan. . . " " peninsularis 118
305 Prairie Chicken Tympanuchus americanus americanus
121
305a Attwater's Prairie Chicken " " attwateri.l2l
306 Heath Hen " cupido 121
307 Lesser Prairie Chicken " pallidicinctus 121
308 Sharp-tailed Grouse Pedioecetes phasianellus phasianel-
lus 121
308a Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse.. Pedioecetes phasianellus columbianus
121
3 08 & Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse " " campestris . . 121
309 Sage Hen Centrocercus urophasianus 122
Family MELEAGEID^. Turkeys.
310 Merriam's Turkey Meleagris gallopavo merriami 122
310a Wild Turkey " " silvestris 122
310& Florida Turkey " " osceola 122
310c Rio Grande Turkey " " intermedia 122
CURASSOWS AND GuANS.
Ortalis vetula mccalli 122
Family CRACID^.
311 Chachalaca
Order COLUMB^. Pigeons.
Family COLUMBID^. Pigeons.
312 Band-tailed Pigeon
312a Viosca's Pigeon
313 Red-hilled Pigeon
314 White-crowned Pigeon
[314.1]Scaled Pigeon
315 Passenger Pigeon
316 Mourning Dove
316i Western Mourning Dove
317 Zenaida Dove
318 White-fronted Dove
319 West Indian White-winged Dove.
319a White-winged Dove
320 Ground Dove
320a Mexican Ground Dove
320& Bermuda Ground Dove
Columba f asciata f asciata 124
" " vioscaB 124
*' flavirostris 124
" leucocephala 124
" squamosa A.V.
Ectopistes migratorius 125
Zenaidura macroura carolinensis . . . 125
marginella ...296
Zenaida zenaida 125
Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera. .125
Melopelia asiatica asiatica 126
trudeaui 296
Chaemepelia passerina terrestris 126
" pallescens...l26
" " bermudiana.126
Systematic Table of North Ameeican Bieds
A.O.U.
No.
COMMON NAME.
SCIENTIFIC NAME.
Page
321 Inca Dove Scardafella inca 126
[322] Key West Quail-dove Geotrygon chrysia 126
C322.1]Ruddy Quail-dove * " montana 126
[323] Blue-headed Quail-dove Starnoenas cyanocephala 126
Order RAPTORES.
Family CATHAETID^.
324 California Vulture
325 Turkey Vulture . .
326 Black Vulture
Birds of Prey.
Ameeican Vultuees.
Gymnogyps calif ornianus 129
Cathartes aura septentrionalis 129
Catharista urubu 129
Family BUTEONID^. Hawks, Eagles, Kites, etc.
327
328
329
330
331
332
Swallow-tailed Kite
White-tailed Kite . . ,
Mississippi Kite . . . ,
Everglade Kite
Marsh Hawk
Elanoides forficatus 130
Elanus leucurus 130
Ictinia mississippiensis 130
Rostrhamus sociabilis 130
Circus hudsonius 130
Sharp-.shinned Hawk Accipiter velox 131
333 Cooper's Hawk " cooperi 131
334 Goshawk " atricapillas atricapillus . . . 131
334a Western Goshawk " " striatulus 131
335 Harris's Hawk Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi 132
337 Red-tailed Hawk Buteo borealis borealis 132
337a Krider's Hawk ,
3376 Western Red-tail ,
ZZld Harlan's Hawk
337e Alaska Red-tail
339 Red-shouldered Hawk
339a Florida Red-shouldered Hawk..
3396 Red-bellied Hawk
340 Zone-tailed Hawk
Bennett's White-tailed Hawk. . .
Swainson's Hawk
Broad-winged Hawk
Short-tailed Hawk
341
342
343
344
345
346
krideri 132
calurus 132
harlani 132
" alascensis 296
lineatus lineatus 133
alleni 133
" elegans 133
abbreviatus 134
albicaudatus sennetti 135
swainsoni 133
platypteru.s 133
brachyurus 135
Mexican Black Hawk Urubitinga anthracina 134
Mexican Goshawk Asturina plagiata 131
347a Rough-legged Hawk Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis . 135
348 Ferruginous Rough-leg " f errugineus 135
349 Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos 13^
270
Systematic Table of Nobth American Birds
A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Paob
[351]Gray Sea Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla A.V.
352 Bald Eagle " leucocephalus leucocephalus
136
352a Northern Bald Eagle " " alascanus . . 136
Family FALCONDID^. Falcons, Caracaras, etc.
353 White Gyrfalcon Falco Islandus 136
354 Gray Gyrfalcon " rusticolus rusticolus 136
354tt Gyrfalcon " " gyrfalco 136
3 54 ?> Black Gyrfalcon " " obsoletus 137
355 Prairie Falcon " mexicanus 136
[356] Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus peregrinus A.V.
356a Duck Hawk " " anatum 137
356& Peale's Falcon " " pealei 137
357 Pigeon Hawk Falco columbarius columbarius 137
357a Black Pigeon Hawk " " suckleyi 137
358 Richardson's Pigeon Hawk " " richardsoni 137
[358.1]Merlin : " aesalon A.V.
359 Aplomado Falcon " fusco-cssrulescens 137
[359.1]Kestrel " tinnunculas A.V.
360 Sparrow Hawk " sparverius sparverius 137
360a Desert Sparrow Hawk " " phalaena 138
3606 San Lucas Sparrow Hawk " " peninsularis 138
360c Little Sparrow Hawk " " paulus 296
[361] Cuban Sparrow Hawk " sparveroides A.V.
362 Audubon's Caracara Polyborus cheriway 134
363 Guadalupa Caracara " lutosus 134
Family PANDIONID^. Ospreys.
364 Osprey Pandion haliaetus carolinensis 129
Family ALUCONDIDiE. Barn Owls.
365 Barn Owl Aluco pratincola 138
Family STRIGID^. Horned Owls, etc.
366 Long-eared Owl Asio wilsonianas 138
367 Short-eared Owl " flammeus 138
368 Barred Owl Strix varia varia 139
368a Florida Barred Owl " " alleni 139
3686 Texas Barred Owl " " albogilva 139
271
Systematic Table of Nokth American Bieds
A.O.U.
No.
COMMON NAME.
SCIENTIFIC NAME.
Page
369 Spotted Owl Strix occidentalis occidentalis 139
369a Northern Spotted Owl " " caurina 139
370 Great Gray Owl Scotiaptex nebulosa nebulosa. 139
[370o]Lapp Owl " " lapponica . . .A.V.
371 Richardson's Owl Cryptoglaux funerea richard^oni. . .139
372 Saw-whet Owl
372a Northwestern Saw- whet Owl
373 Screech Owl
373a Florida Screech Owl
3736 Texas Screech Owl
373 c California Screech Owl
ZlZd Kennicott's Screech Owl
373 e Rocky Mountain Screech Owl..
373 f Mexican Screech Owl
373fir Aiken's Screech Owl
373ft MacFarlane's Screech Owl
373 i Sahuaro Screech Owl
373.1 Spotted Screech Owl
373.2 Xantus's Screech Owl
374 Flammulated Screech Owl
374a Dwarf Screech Owl
" acadica acadica 140
scotsea 140
Otus asio asio 141
" " floridanus 141
" mccalli 141
" " bendirei 141
" kennicotti 141
" maxwelliae 141
" " cineraceus 142
" aikeni 142
" " macf arlanei 142
" gilmani 297
" trichopsis 142
" xantusi 142
" flammeolus flammeolus 142
" " idahoensis 142
375 Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus virginianus 143
375a Western Horned Owl
3756 Arctic Horned Owl
375c Dusky Horned Owl
375d Pacific Horned Owl
375e Dwarf Horned Owl
375 f Labrador Horned Owl
375^7 Saint Michael Horned Owl.
376 Snowy Owl
[377] European Hawk Owl
377a Hawk Owl
pallescens 143
subarcticus 143
saturatus 143
pacificus 143
elachistus 143
heterocnemis .....297
algistus 297
Nyctea nyctea 143
Surnia ulula ulula A.V.
" caparoch 143
378 Burrowing Owl Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea 138
378a Florida Burrowing Owl " " fioridana 138
370 Rocky Mountain Pygmy Owl Glaucidium gnoma pinicola 140
379a California Pygmy Owl " " californicum ...140
379.1 Hoskins's Pygmy Owl " hoskinsi 140
380 Ferruginous Pygmy Owl " phalsenoide.s 140
381 Elf Owl Micropallas whitneyi 140
272
Systematic Table of North American Birds
Order PSITTACI. Parrots, Macaws, Paroquets, etc.
Family PSITTACIDiE. Parrots and Paroquets.
A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page
382 Carolina Paroquet Conuropsis carolinensis 145
382.1 Thick-billed Parrot Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha 145
Order COCCYGES. Cuckoos, etc.
Family CUCULID^. Cuckoos, Anis, etc.
[383] Ani Crotophaga ani — .^146
384 Groove-billed Ani " sulcirostris 146
385 Road-runner Geococcyx californianus 146
386 Mangrove Cuckoo Coccyzus minor minor 146
[386a]Maynard's Cuckoo " " maynardi 146
387 Yellow-billed Cuckoo " americanus americanus. .146
387a California Cuckoo " " occidentalis . 146
388 Black-billed Cuckoo " erythrophthalmus 146
[388.1] Kamchatka Cuckoo Cuculus canorus telephonus A.V.
Family TROGONID^. Trogons.
389 Coppery-tailed Trogon Trogon ambiguus 147
Family ALCEDINID^. Kingfishers.
390 Belted Kingfisher Ceryle alcyon alcyon 147
390a Northwestern Belted Kingfisher. " " caurina 297
[390.1]Ringed Kingfisher " torquata A.V.
391 Texas Kingfisher " americana septentrionalis. . 147
Order PICI. Woodpeckers, Wrynecks, etc.
Family PICID^. Woodpeckers.
392 Ivory-billed Woodpecker Campephilus principalis 149
393 Hairy Woodpecker Dryobates villosus villosus 150
393a Northern Hairy Woodpecker ....
3936 Southern Hairy Woodpecker ....
393 c Harris's Woodpecker
393 « , .
478& Long-crested Jay - « ^ - .
478 c Black-headed Jay «
478d Queen Charlotte Jay . „
478e Coast Jay « . «. . . -
frontalis 182
diademata 185
annectens 185
carlottae 185
carbonacea . 29^
479 Florida Jay A1Jh6locoma cyanea
184
480 Woodhouse's Jay
480.1 Blue-eared Jay .
480.2 Texas Jay
481 California Jay . . .
481a Xantus's Jay . . .
4815 Belding's Jay . . .
481.1 Santa Cruz Jay .
482 Arizona Jay
482a Couch's Jay ....
483 Green Jay
"■ woodhousei .. ... .... .184
•* cyanotis 184
"•' texana 184
**'* californica califprnica.184
•"* ' ' " hypoleuca.184
'** ' . " dbscura.i.,_.184
' "■ ' insularly ... ... . .184
' " ' ' sieberi arizpnae 188
" " couchi,..^ 183
Xanthoui-a luxuosa glaucescens. . . .185
277
Systematic Table op Nokth American Birds
A.O.U.
No.
COMMON NAME.
SCIENTIFIC NAME.
Page
484 Canada Jay Perisoreus canadensis canadensis . 252
484a Rocky Mountain Jay
484^ Alaska Jay
484c' Labrador Jay
485 Oregon Jay
485a Gray Jay
486 American Raven
486a Northern Raven . . . .
487 White-necked Raven
488 American Crow
488a Florida Crow
488& Western Crow . . .
489 Northwestern Crow
490 Fish Crow
[490.1]Rook
[490.2]Hooded Crow . . .
capitalis 252
fumifrons 252
" nigricapillus. ..252
obscurus obscurius 252
" griseus 252
Corvus corax sinuatus 255
" " principalis 255
cryptoleucus 255
" brachyrhynchos brachyrhyn-
chos 255
" brachyrhnchos pascuus. . . . 255
" " hesperis ..304
" caurinus 255
" ossifragus 255
" frugilegus A.V.
" comix A.V.
491 Clarke's Crow Nucifraga columbiana 252
492 Pinon Jay Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus 183
£493] Starling
Family STUENID^. Starlings.
Sturnus vulgaris . .
253
Family ICTERIDJE. Blackbirds, Orioles, etc.
494
495
495a
496
496a
497
498
498a
4986
498 c
498 « '« bryanti.233
713& San Lucas Cactus Wren .... «.«.... « afflnis . . 233
715 Rock Wren Salpinetes obsoletus obsoletus 234
715a San Nicolas Rock Wren . . ". " pulverius . . . .301
716 Guadalupe Rock Wren .\ . . . .V. . " guadeloupensis .v . . . 234
717 White-throated Wren Catherpes mexicanas albifrons 234
717a Canon Wren " " conspersus . . 234
717& Dotted Canon Wren " " punctulatus . 234
2S8
Systematic Table of Nokth American Birds
A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page
718 Carolina Wren Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus
234
718(1 Florida Wren " " miamensis.234
718Z> Lomita Wren " " lomitensis.234
719 Bewick's Wren Thryomanes bewicki bewicki 235
719a Vigors's Wren " " spilurus 235
719& Baird's Wren " " bairdi 235
719 G Texas Bewick's Wren " " cryptus 235
719(Z San Diego Bewick's Wren " " charienturus..235
719 e Seattle Bewick's Wren " " calophonus. . .235
719.1 San Clemente Wren " leucophrys 235
720 Guadalupe Wren " brevicauda 235
721 House Wren Troglodytes aedon aedon 236
721aWestern House Wren " " parkmani 236
722 Winter Wren Nannus hiemalis hiemalis 236
722(1 Western Winter Wren " " pacificus 236
722ft Kadiak Winter Wren " " helleri 236
723 Alaska Wren " alascensis 236
723.1 Aleutian Wren " meliger 236
724 Short-billed Marsh Wren Cistothorus stellaris 236
725 Long-billed Marsh Wren Telmatodytes palustris palustris. . .237
725 Tule Wren '' " paludicola..237
725ft Worthington's Marsh Wren - « «< griseus 237
725 G Western Tule Wren « » plesius 23T
725(Z Prairie Marsh Wren " " iliacus 301
725 e Marian's Marsh Wren " " marianae. . .237
Family CERTHIID^. Greepers.
726 Brown Creeper j Certhia familiaris americana 237
726(1 Mexican Creeper -. , , " " albescens 237
726ft Rocky Mountain Creeper. .- , , , . " " montana 237
726 c California Creeper i - '^ " occidentalis 237
726(i Sierra Creeper , , . " , ". .zelotes ........ .237
Family SITTID^. ; Nuthatches.
727 White-breasted Nuthatch. Sltt-a carolinensis carolinensis 246
727a Slender-billed Nuthatch . . .' • ** • •'- - aculeata ....... 246
727ft Florida White-breasted Nuthatch - ** ' • ** atkinsi .... 246
727c Rocky Mountain Nuthatch.: ** " nelsohi .246
121d San Lucas Nuthatch " " lagunse 246
Systematic Table of North American Birds
A.O.U
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page
Family SITTID^. Nuthatches.
728 Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis 246
729 Brown-headed Nuthatch " pusilla 246
730 Pygmy Nuthatch " pygmaea pygmaea 246
730a White-naped Nuthatch " " leuconucha 247
Family PAEID^. Titmice.
731 Tufted Titmouse Baeolophus bicolor 243
732 Black-crested Titmouse " atricristatujs atricristatus . 242
732a Sennett's Titmoase " " sennetti 303
733 Plain Titmouse " inornatus inornatus 242
733a Gray Titmouse " " griseus 242
7336 Ashy Titmouse " " cineraceus 242
734 Bridled Titmouse " wollweberi 244
735 Chickadee Penthestes atricapillus atricapillu^ 245
735a Long-tailed Chickadee " " septentrionalis 245
735& Oregon Chickadee " " occidentalis ...245
735 c Yukon Chickadee " " turner! 303
736 Carolina Chickadee " carolinensis carolinensis.245
736a Plumbeous Chickadee " " agilis 245
736& Florida Chickadee " " impiger 303
737 Mexican Chickadee " sclateri 245
738 Mountain Chickadee " gambeli gambeli 244
738a Bailey's Mountain Chickadee " " baileyae 303
739 Alaska Chickadee , " cinctus alascensis 244
740 Hudsonian Chickadee " hudsonicus hudsonicus. . .244
740a Acadian Chickadee " " littoralis 244
741 Chestnut-backed Chickadee *' rufescens rufescens 244
741a California Chickadee *' *' neglectus 244
741& Barlow's Chickadee " " barlowi 244
741c Valdez Chestnut-sided Chickadee •' " vivax 303
743 Bush-Tit Psaltriparus minimus minimus 242
743a California Bush-Tit " " californicus . . .242
7436 Grinda's Bush-Tit " " grindae 242
744 Lead-colored Buah-Tit " plumbeus 242
745 Lloyd's Bush-Tit " melanotis lloydi 242
746 Verdin Auripanis flaviceps flaviceps 195
746a Cape Verdin " " lamprocephalus. 195
290
Systematic Table of North American Birds
Family CHAM^IDJE. Wren-Tits.
A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page
742 Wren-Tit Chamaea fasciata fasciata 215
742a Pallid Wren-Tit " " henshawi 215
742?> Coast Wren-Tit " " ph«a 300
742 c Ruddy Wren-Tit " " rufula 300
Family SYLVIID^. Warblers, Kinglets, Gnatcatchers.
747 Kennicott's Willow Warbler Acanthopneuste borealis 212
748 Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus satrapa satrapa 187
748rt Western Golden-crowned Kinglet " " olivaceus 187
749 Ruby-crowned Kinglet " calendula calendula 176
749ff Sitkan Kinglet " " grinnelli 176
750 Dusky Kinglet " " obscurus 177
751 Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Polioptila cserulea cserulea 243
751a W^estern Gnatcatcher " " obscura 243
752 Plumbeous Gnatcatcher " plumbea 243
753 Black-tailed Gnatcatcher " calif ornica 243
Family TUENIDiE. Thrushes, Solitaires, Stonechats,
Bluebirds, etc.
754 Townsend's Solitaire Myadestes townsendi 247
755 Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina 233
756 Veery " f uscescens f uscescens . . 238
756a Willow Thrush " " salicicola. . .238
757 Gray-cheeked Thrush *' alicise alicise 239
757a Bicknell's Thru-sh " " bicknelli 239
758 Russet-backed Thrush " ustulata ustulata 239
758a Olive-backed Thrush " " swainsoni 239
759 Alaska Hermit Thrush " guttata guttata 238
759a Audubon's Hermit Thrush " " auduboni 238
7596 Hermit Thrush " " pallasi 238
759 c Dwarf Hermit Thrush " " nana 238
759(Z Monterey Hermit Thrush " " slevini 302
759 e Sierra Hermit Thrush " " sequoiensis ....302
[760] Red-winged Thrush Turdus musicus A.V.
761 Robin Planesticus migratorius migratorius 207
761a Western Robin " " propinquus . . 207
7616 Southern Robin " " achrusterus.207
762 San Lucas Robin " confinis 207
291
19
Systematic Table of North American Birds
A.O.U.
No.
COMMON NAME.
763 Varied Thrush
763a Northern Varied Thrash
[764] Siberian Red-.3potted Bluethroat,
[764.1] Greater Kamchatkan Night-
ingale
765 Wheatear ,
765a Greenland Wheatear
766 Bluebird
766a Azure Bluebird
767 Western Bluebird
767a Chestnut-backed Bluebird
767& San Pedro Bluebird
768 Mountain Bluebird
SCIENTIFIC NAME.
Ixoreus naevius nsevius . .
Page
207
" " meruloides 207
Cyanosylvia suecica robusta A.V.
Calliope calliope camtschatkensis.A.V.
Saxicola oenanthe oenanthe 24S
leucorhoa 248
Sialia sialis sialis 182
" fulva 182
" mexicana occidentalis 182
bairdi 182
" " anabelse 182
" currucoides 182
J292
APPENDIX I
ADDITIONS, SUBTRACTIONS, AND EMENDATIONS.
Since the publication of the first edition of the 'Color Key' in 1903, the
American Ornithologists' Union has issued the Third Edition (1910) of its
'Check-List of North American Birds.' This includes all approved additions to
and changes in the preceding edition made since 1903 as well as rulings on a
number of cases which were in abeyance at the time the first edition of the
'Color Key' appeared.
Mere changes in nomenclature not affecting the .status of a species are
given without comment in the preceding Systematic Table, which has been fully
revised and brought up to date. To ascertain the correct, current name of any
species or subspecies of North American bird the student, after determining
its identity in the 'Color Key,' has only to refer to its number in the Syste-
matic Table to learn whether any change has been made in nomenclature. In
addition to actual changes in nomenclature due to the detection of errors in
earlier names, it should be noted that a third name. or trinomial is now employed
for each race of a species, and also that an apostrophe is used in connection
with the names of birds named for individuals. Throughout the 'Color Key,'
therefore, alterations should be made when required by these two changes in
method.
All other changes than these simple ones of names are included, with ex-
planations, in this appendix, and the student is urged to make manuscript
cross-references on the pages where such changes occur to avoid their being
overlooked.
As far as possible the language of the original describer of the new sub-
species of birds is here quoted, while the Ranges are mainly from the A. O. U.
Check-List.
References to original sources of publication are given only with cases in-
cluded in the first supplement to the Third Edition (1910) of the 'Check List'
In all other instances reference to the original place of description etc., is con-
tained in the 'Check-List.'
293
Additions, Subtractions, Emendations
Page 29, 127. The North American Kites, Hawks, Falcons, Eagles, etc., are
now placed in three families instead of one, as follows: BUTEONID^, contain-
ing the Kites, Hawks and Eagles (Nos. 327-352a) ; FALCONID^, containing the
Falcons and Caracaras (Nos. 353-363), and PANDIONID^, containing the
Osprey (No. 364).
Pages 39, 162, 168. The subfamilies Troglodytinae and Miminse are now
elevated to full family rank. The Mockingbirds and Thrashers (Nos. 702-712)
are therefore the North American members of the Family MIMID^; and the
Wrens (Nos. 713-725e) the North American members of the Family TROGLO-
DYTID^.
Pages 39, 162, 169. The subfamilies Sittinae and Parinae are now elevated
to full family rank. The Nuthatches (Nos. 727 to 730a) are therefore the North
American members of the Family SITTID^; and the Titmice (Nos. 732 to 746a,
except Nos. 742 to 742c now placed in the Family CHAM^ID^, see beyond) the
North American members of the Family PARID^.
Page 63. Cancel No. 94, Pufftnns fulifjinosus, which proves to be the same
as No. 95, Puffimis griseus. The common name, however, is retained and the
species stands 95. Sooty Shearwater (Pufjiniis griseus). Characters as given.
Range. — Oceans of Southern Hemisphere; occurs in summer on the Pacific
coast from southern Alaska to Lower California, and on the Atlantic coast from
Gulf of St. Lawrence to South Carolina.
Page 77. But one form of the Black Duck is recognized by the A. O. U.
It stands os No. 133. Black Duck (Ajias ruhripes), which name, therefore,
includes both Nos. 133 and 133a.
Page 92. After No. 197 add: 197a. Brewster's Egret (Egretta candidissima
hrewsteri). Similar to No. 197 "but larger, bill longer, tar.sus longer, and whole
leg very much heavier or thicker." ^. Tar, 4.36; B. 3.60. 9. Tar. 4.00;
B. 3.42. (Thayer and Bangs)
Range. — "Southern Lower California" (A. O. TL).
Page 97. After No. 210 add: 210.1. Light-footed rail {Rallus levipes).
"Much smaller than either R. ohsoletiis or R. heldingi, bill much more slender,
tarsus and foot smaller than in either; superciliary white instead of rusty.
. . ." W. 5.70; T. 2.24; Tar. 1.81; B. 2.24. (Bangs).
Range. — "Marshes of southern California, from Santa Barbara south to San
Quintin Bay, Lower California; accidental in Arizona." (A. O. U.).
Page 98. After No. 216 add: 216.1. Farallon Rail {Creciscus coturniculus).
"Smaller [than No. 216] with much slenderer bill; the plumbeous of the under
parts deeper, the chestnut-brown of the upper parts brighter and more extended,
forming a broader patch on the nape and tinging more or less strongly and gen-
erally much of the top of the head where there is often no pure unmixed
plumbeous or slaty save on the forehead." (Brewster). i
Range. — "Pacific coast of United States. Breeds in coast marshes of Cali-
fornia; casual in Washington. Oregon and Lower California" (A. O. U.).
294
Appendix I
Page 103. After 266 add: 268. Bristle-thlghed Curlew (Numenius tahitien-
sis). Somewhat like A', hiidsonicus, but thighs with long bristle-like feathers;
tail pale rusty, barred with black; markings of back and wings pale rusty.
Range. — "Alaska and Pacific Islands. Breeding range unknown; has been
taken in summer in western Alaska from Kowak River to Kenai Peninsula; also
on Laysan and Phoenix Islands; winters in inlands of the South Pacific from
Hawaii to New Caledonia" (A. O. U.). Classed with Accidental Visitants in first
edition of 'Color Key.'
Page 112. Cancel No. 277a, Belted Piping Plover, which proves to be the
same as No. 277, Piping Plover.
Page 117. After No. 297b add: 297c. Sierra Grouse (D. o. sierrw). Male
resembles male of No. 297, but back less black and more heavily vermiculated
with brown and gray; terminal tail-band narrower and more speckled with
blackish; median tail-feathers more heavily marked with gray or brownish;
white neck-tufts practically absent; feathers of sides, flanks and under tail-
coverts with less white. Much paler and more heavily vermiculated above than
No. 297b.
Range. — Ft. Klamath, Oregon south through the Sierras to Mount Pinos in
South California.
Page 117. The ranges of the races of this bird (now known as Spruce
Partridge, rather than Spruce Grouse) are given in the A. O. U. 'Check-List' as-
follows:
298. Hudsonian Spruce Partridge {Ganachites canadensis canadensis).
Range. — "Boreal forest region from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains-
west of Edmonton, Alberta, east to Labrador Peninsula; also a disconnected area
in Alaska from Bristol Bay to Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound."
298b. Alaska Spruce Partridge (0. c. osfjoodi).
Range. — "Mt. McKinley and the Yukon region east to Great Slave and Atha-
baska lakes."
298c. Canada Spruce Partridge (O. c. canace).
Range. — 'Manitoba, sout'hern Ontario, and New Brunswick south to northern
parts of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, New York, and New England."
Page 119. After No. 301a add: 301b. Alexander's Ptarmigan (L. I. alexan-
drce). Similar to L. I lagopus in corresponding plumage, "but coloration darker
throughout, especially dorsally; bill smaller and relatively much narrower.*'
(Grinnell).
Range. — Baranof and adjacent islands west to Shumagin Islands (A. O, U.).
Page 119. After No. 301b. add: 301c. Ungava Ptarmigan (L. I. ungams).
Like No. 301 but with a heavier bill. Culmen, .82; depth of bill at base, 57
(Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1911, p. 233).
Range. — Ungava and probably the eastern shore of Hudson Bay.
Page 120. Remove the interrogation points from before Nos. 304 and 304a,
the distinctions between which there presented having been accepted by the
295
Additions, Subtractions, Emendations
A. O. U., and amend Range of No. 304a. to read: "Alpine summits from central
Alaska, northern Yukon, and northwestern Mackenzie south to Cook Inlet re
gion, Kenai Peninsula and southern Yukon" (A. O. U.).
Page 120. After No. 302e. add: 302f. Dixon's Ptarmigan (L. r. dixoni).
Resembling L. r. nelsoni in corresponding plumage, "but much darker; in
extreme blackness of coloration nearly like Lagopus evermanni, but feathers of
chest and back more or less finely vermiculated with hazel." (Grinnell).
Range. — Islands near Sitka.
Page 120. After No. 302d. add: 302e. Adak Ptarmigan i,L. r. chamherlaini) .
Nearest L. r. towsendi but with finer vermiculations above, and with black bars
on neck and upper back reduced to very narrow bars or vermiculations. Grayest
of the Aleutian Ptarmigan. (Clark).
Range. — Island of Adak, Aleutian Chain.
Page 122. A change here in enumeration makes Merriam's Turkey No.
310, while the Wild Turkey (M. g. silvestris) becomes 310a.
Page 125. After No. 316 add: 316a. Western Mourning Dove (Z. m. margi-
nella). Similar to Z. m. caroUnensis but paler. (Mearns', Auk, 1911, p. 490).
Range. — "Pacific Coast and San Clemente Island east to Mississippi Valley"
(A. O. U.). The range of No. 316 should be correspondingly restricted.
Page 126. After No. 319 add: 319a. White-winged Dove (M. a. trudeaui).
Similar to M. a. asiatica but "slightly larger, with a much longer bill and much
paler coloration" (Mearns, Auk, 1911, p. 489).
Range. — "Lower California, southern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico and
southern Texas, south to Costa Rica. Casual In southeastern California and
Colorado; accidental in "Washington" (A. O. U.),
Page 126. No. 319 becomes West Indian White-winged Dove {Melopelia
asiatica asiatica). Its Range includes Cuba and Jamaica, and it is of casual
occurrence in the Bahamas and Florida.
Page 132. After No. 337d. add: 337e. Alaska Red-tail (B. 6. alascensis).
Resembling B. 6. calurus "but smaller throughout, and, keeping in consider-
ation the stage of plumage, dark areas blacker and more extended." $ W.
13.5; T. 7.67; 5W. 14.44; T. 8.69 (Grinnell).
Range. — "Southeastern Alaska from Yakutat Bay to Admiralty Island and the
Sitka Islands" (A. O. U.).
Page 138. After No. 360b. add: 360c. Little Sparrow Hawk (F. s. paulus).
Similar to No. 360 but smaller. ^ W. 6.80; T. 4.12 2 W. 6.96; T. 4.00 (Howe).
Range. — Southern half of Florida.
Page 140. No. 379 proves to be separable into southern and northern races.
The former retains the name Olau€idiurH gnoma gnoma, while the race of north-
ern Mexico and western United States, heretofore known by that name, becomes
296
Appendix I
G. g. pinicola, the Rocky Mountain Pygmy Owl. (Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc,
Wash., XXIII, 1910, p. 103).
Page 142. After No. 373h. add: 373i. Sahauro Screech Owl (0. a. gilmani).
Nearest No. 373f but smaller and paler and with black markings more restricted
(Swarth, Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool., VII, 1910, p. 1).
Range. — "Lower Sonoran life zone of southeastern California, Arizona, and
probably New Mexico; and northwestern Mexico" (A. O. U,).
Page 143. After No. 375f. add: 375g. Saint Michael Horned Owl (5. v.
algistiis). Similar to No. 375d. but larger; face less ochraceous, upper surface
paler ochraceous. W. 14.60 (Oberholser).
Range. — "Coast Region of northern Alaska from Bristol Bay and the Yukon
northward" (A. O. U.).
Page 143. After No. 275e add: 375f. Labrador Horned Owl {B. v. lieter-
ocnemis). Similar to No. 375c. "but bill larger; posterior lower parts paler; feet
lighter colored and less heavily .spotted; upper parts with usually less ochrace-
ous." (Oberholser).
Range. — "Northern Ungava and Labrador" (A. O. U.).
Page 147. After No. 390 add: 390a. Northwestern Belted Kingfisher (G. a.
caurina). Similar to No. 370 "but size greater, especially measurements of
flight-feathers." W. 6.54 (Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., V. 1910, p. 388).
Range. — Northwestern America, south along the Pacific coast in winter.
Status of California breeding birds still undetermined. (Grinnell, Univ. Cal. Pub.
Zool., V, 1910, p. 389).
Page 150. After No. 393f. add: 393g. Newfoundland Woodpecker (Z). v.
terrwnovw). Similar to D. v. villosus, "but slightly larger, the black areas of the
upperparts increased, the white areas reduced both in number and in size,
especially in the remiges and wing-coverts," (Batchelder) .
Range. — Newfoundland.
Page 150. After No. 393e. add: 393h. White-breasted Woodpecker (/). v.
leucothorectis) . "Much like No. 393e. but decidedly smaller; wing-coverts prac-
tically always without white spots." W. 4.83; T. 3.07; B. 1.10 (Oberholser,
Proc. U. S. N. M. 40, 1908, p. 608).
Range. — "Canadian and Transition Zones, from southern Utah, northwestern
and central New Mexico and extreme southwestern Texas, south to the mountains
of western Zacatecas, Mexico" (A. O. U.).
Page 151. After No. 396a. add: 396b. San Fernando Woodpecker (D. 8.
eremicus). Similar to No. 396a, but larger; lower surface darker; upperparts
darker, the white bars on back averaging narrower and less regular, the neck
bars wider; black bars on posterior lower parts averaging somewhat wider."
$ W. 4.16; T. 2.67; B. 1.02 (Oberholser, Proc. U. S. N. M., 41, 1911, p. 151).
Range. — Lower California, north of Ukai and Plaia Maria Bay, except extreme
northeastern portion" (A. O. U). The Range of No. 396a is thus restricted to the
southern half of Lower California.
Page 351. Dryodates scalaris lairdi proves to be restricted to Mexico; No.
396, its representative in the southwestern United States, has been named
'297
Additions, Subte actions, Emendations
Cactus Woodpecker (D. s. cactophihis). (Oberholser, Proc. U. S. N. M., 41, 1911,
p. 152).
Page 154. After No. 414a. add: 414b. Mearns's Gilded Flicker (0. c
mearnsi). Similar to C. c. chrysoides but decidedly larger and paler, with pileum
more strongly cinnamomeus, black bars on back, etc., narrower, spots on outer
web of primaries more conspicuous (primary coverts also sometimes spotted,
gray of throat, etc. lighter, and spots on underparts usually smaller. W. 5.74;
T. 3.77; B. 1.39 (Ridgway).
Range. — "Extreme southwestern California, northern Lower California and
southern Arizona south to southern Sonora" (A. O. U.). The Range of No. 414 is
now restricted to "southern Lower California," that of No. 414 to "middle Lower
California."
Page 160. After No. 439 add: 391.1 Salvin's Hummingbird (Uranomitra
salvini). Ad. $ . Head glittering blue; back dark shining green; tail dark glossy
green, outer pair of feathers broadly tipped with drab; below soiled white,
throat tinged with clayey white, sides of throat spotted with blue; sides of
breast greenish blue; sides of body brilliant green. W. 2.07; T. 1.27; B. 1.02
(Brewster). Yng. 9. Similar but duller, rump edged with rusty; sides of
body brownish gray (Bishop).
Range. — "Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona, and eastern Sonora (onlv
two specimens known" (A. O. U.).
Pages 162 and 166. The Waxwings alone new compose the Family BOMBY-
OILLID^ (formerly AMPELID.^) while the Phainopepla is placed in the Fam-
ily PTILOGONATID^.
Pages 162 and 169. The subfamily ChamseinaB is now elevated to full
family rank and stands as Family CHAM.^EID^, Wren-Tits. It contains solely
the Wren-Tits, (Nos. 742 to 742c) the only family of birds restricted to North
America.
Page 178. After No. 498f. add: 498g. Vera Cruz Red-wing (A. p. rich-
mondi). Similar to A. p. floridanus but slightly smaller; adult female much
lighter colored (resembling female of A. p. sonoriensis) , about intermediate in
color between females of A. p. floridanus and A. p. 'bryanti. ^ W. 4.40; T. 3.22;
B. .90; depth of B. at base, .44. $ W. 3.61; T. 2.67; B. .77; depth of B. at
base, .39.
Range. — "Southern coast and Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas south
through eastern Mexico to Yucatan and eastern Guatemala; winters south to
eastern Nicaragua and Costa Rica." (A. O. U.).
Page 185. After No. 478d add: 478e. Coast Jay ((7. s. carhonacea). "Inter-
mediate in size and coloration between G. s. stelleri and C. stelleri frontalis. Dorsal
surface sooty black as in stelleri, but with blue on forehead nearly as extended
as in frontalis. Tint of blue of posterior lower parts paler than in stelleri, and
extending further forward into pectoral region as in frontalis'' (Grinnell).
Range. — "Breeds in the humid Pacific coast strip from southern Oregon to the
298
Appendix I
Santa Lucia mountains, California and east to tiie mountains on the west side
of Napa Valley; in winter east to tlie Gabilan and Mt. Diablo ranges" (A. O. U.).
Page 192. Cancel No. 530b, United States specimens of which prove to be
merely adults of No. 530. Further west, however, black-backed birds are not
found, and this western bird has been described as new. Consequently after No.
530, add: 430a. Green-backed Goldfinch (A. p. hesperophilus) . Similar to A. p.
psaltria "but ear-coverts, sides of neck, with back, nape, and rump, in fully adult
plumage, olive-green instead of black" (Oberholser). Fig. 530 represents this
race.
Range. — "Southwestern United States. Breeds from southern Oregon and
Utah to southern Lower California, Sonora and extreme southwestern New Mexico;
winters from central California to Cape San Lucas" (A. O. U.).
The Range of A. p. psaltria is therefore restricted to "northern Colorado to
central northern Texas and south throughout Mexico, except in northwestern
and extreme southern portions; casual in Wyoming." (A. O. U.).
Page 194. Cancel No. 618d, Northern Yellow-throat, which proves to be the
same as No. 681, Maryland Yellow-throat.
Page 196. After No. 652b. add: 652c. California Yellow Warbler (D.cp.
brewsteri). Differs from D. ce. wstiva "in similar size, paler (or less brightly
yellow) coloration and, in the male, narrower streaking on under surface."
Differs from D. w. ruMginosa "in much smaller size and yellower coloration,"
and "from D. w. sonorana in smaller size and darker coloration." ^ W. 2.45;
T. 1.96. $ W. 2.33; T. 1.93 (Grinnell).
Range. — Pacific Coast, west of the Cascades, and the Sierra Nevada from
Washington to southern California. (The range of D. w. wstiva is correspondingly-
restricted).
Page 210. Cancel No. 464.2, Santa Barbara Flycatcher, which proves to be
the same as No. 464, Western Flycatcher.
Page 211. Cancel No. 472a, Ridgway's Flycatcher, which proves to be the
same as No. 472, Beardless Flycatcher.
Page 212. After No. 632c. add: 632a. Frazar's Vireo (F. Ji. cognatus).
Similar to V. h. stephensi, but wing averaging decidedly shorter, tarsus longer,
and coloration paler. Wing, 2.48; Tar. .74 (Ridgway).
Range. — "Cape San Lucas district of Lower California (Sierra de la Laguna;
Victoria Mountains); resident" (Ridgway).
Page 214. After No. 633a. add: 63ab. Texas Vireo (F. &. medius). "Similar
to V. h. belli, but coloration paler and tail averaging longer; pileum and hind-
neck brownish gray instead of grayish brown; olive of back, etc. grayer; under-
parts whiter with olive-yellow of sides and flanks much paler; under tail-
coverts and axillars white, yellowish white, or very pale sulphur yellow"
(Ridgway).
Range. — "Southwestern Texas (Presidio, Brewster and Kinney Counties) south
to Coahuila and Guanajuato, central Mexico" (A. O. U.).
299
Additions, Subtractions, Emendations
Pages 215, 216. The Wren-Tits have been revised and their ranges more
correctly defined, and to the two forms given two more have been added.
The four races now recognized stands as follows: 742. Wren-Tit (Ghamwa
fasciata fasciata). Characters as described and figured.
Range.— "Upper Sonoran zone on the eastern and southern shores of San
Francisco Bay and adjacent Santa Clara Valley" (A. O. U.).
742a. Pallid Wren-Tit (C. f. henshatoi). Similar to C. f. fasciata, "but
decidedly paler, the back, scapulars, rump, etc. grayish brown (deep hair-brown),
the pileum and hind-neck brownish gray (nearly mouse-gray or deep smoke
gray), and general color of underparts varying from very pale grayish bufC
to buffy ecru-drab, or pale vinaceous-buff, fading to nearly white on lower
abdomen" (Ridgway).
Range. — 'Upper Sonoran Zone of foothills and valleys of Interior and south-
ern California from Shasta County south to northern Lower California, and along
the coast from Monterey Bay southward" (A. O. U).
742b. Coast Wren-Tit (0. f. phoBa). Characters as stated on page 216.
Range. — "Humid Transition Zone of Pacific Coast of Oregon and northern
California (from Columbia River to Humboldt Bay)" (A. O. U.).
742c. Ruddy Wren-Tit (C. f. rufula). Intermediate in color between No.
742 and No. 742b. More richly colored than the former, but not so dark as the
latter.
Range. — "Humid Transition coast strip of California from southern Humboldt
County to Santa Cruz" (A. O. U.).
Page 217. Cancel No. 710a. Pasadena Thrasher, which proves to be the
same as No. 710 California Thrasher.
Page 223. After No. 542b, add: 542d. Nevada Savannah Sparrow (P. 8.
nevadetisis). Resembles P. s. alaudinus "but much paler throughout in all plum-
ages; white replacing buff, black streaks thus more conspicuously contrasted,
there being a minimum amount of hazel marginings; size slightly less." Differs
from P. s. savanna "as above, but in greater degree" (Grinnell, Univ. Calif.
Pub. Zool. V, 1910, p. 312).
Range. — "Humboldt and Washoe Counties, Nevada, and probably throughout
Great Basin, south in winter to the Colorado Desert and Los Angeles Co., Califor-
nia" (A. O. U).
Page 228, after No. 574b (which, as shown in the Systematic Table, now
becomes 574.1a) add: 574.1b. California Sage Sparrow {AmpMspiza nevadensis
canescens). Similar to AmpMspiza lelli but size somewhat greater, and color-
ation throughout very much paler; resembles AmpMspiza nevadensis nevadetisis,
but size very much less, and coloration slightly darker, c? W. 2.79; T. 3.03,
2 W. 2.63; T. 2.87 (Grinnell).
Range. — "Upper Sonoran Zone in Owens Valley and adjacent areas in eastern
California and extreme western Nevada" (A. O. U.).
Page 229. After No. 581c. add: 581s. Sulsun Song Sparrow (M. m. maxil-
300
Appendix I
laris). Size of M.m. heermanni; but black streakings everywhere broader, and
the general tone of coloration darker; larger than M. m. samuelis and with
brown more extended and deeper in tone (bay rather than hazel; unique in
having the base of the maxilla inflated or swollen with "lateral bulbosities"
(Grinnell).
Range. — Marshes bordering Suisun B^,y, Solano Co., California.
Page 230. After No. 581d. add: 581p. Mendocino Song Sparrow (M. m.
cleonensis). Size of M. m. samuelis but lighter and more rusty; black markings
of back more restricted; spots of breast broadly edged with rusty; black on
side of head and neck almost entirely replaced by rusty or reddish brown"
(McGregor).
Range. — "Coast strip of southern Oregon and northern California frona
Yaquina Bay, Oregon, to Tomales Bay, California" (A. O. U.).
Page 231. After No. 585d. add: 585e. Sooty Fox Sparrow (P. t. fuliginosa).
^'Similar to P. i. townsendi but darker and less rufescent, the upperparts, sides of
head and neck and lateral underparts sepia or sooty brown, the upper tail-
coverts and tail slightly more castaneous; spots on underparts dark sooty
brown, larger and more confluent than in other forms" (Ridgway).
Range. — "Northwest coast strip. Breeds on the coast of British Columbia,
Vancouver Island and northwestern Washington; winters south along the coast
to San Francisco, California" (A. O. U.).
No. 585f. Kadiak Fox Sparrow (P. i. insularis). "Similar to P. i. unalaschen-
sis but much browner and more uniform above (back warm sepia), spots on
chest, etc., larger and much deeper brown and under tail-coverts more strongly
tinged with buff" (Ridgway).
Range. — "Alaska coast strip. Breeds on Kadiak Island and on the coast from
Prince William Sound south to Cross Sound; winters along the coast to southern
California" (A. O. U.).
Page 234. After No. 715 add: 715a. San Nicolas Rock Wren {S. o.
pulverius). Similar to S. o. oUoletus "but entire plumage, especially the upper-
parts, suffused with ochraceous or dust color, almost identical with the tint
of the soil on San Nicholas Island" (Grinnell).
Range. — San Nicholas Island, California.
Page 236. Cancel No. 821b, Troglodytes a'edon aztecus, which proves to be the
same as No. 721a, T. o. parkmani. The common name. Western House Wren,
however, is retained in place of the common name Parkman's Wren.
Page 237. After No. 725c add: 725d. Prairie Marsh Wren (T. p. iliacus).
"Similar to T. p. palustris, but slightly larger and with the coloration more
rufescent, the brown of the upperparts russet-brown to cinnamon-brown or
russet, the flanks conspicuously deep cinnamon-buff or cinnamon" (Ridgway).
Range. — ^Plains and prairies of central North America. Breeds from central
Alberta and southwestern Keewatin south to central Mississippi Valley and east to
301
Additions, Subtractions, Emendations
Indiana; winters southward into Mexico and along the Gulf coast to western
Florida (A, O. U.).
Page 238. After No. 759c add: 753d. Monterey Hermit Thrush (H. g.
9levmi). General color extremely pale and ashy, nearly as much so as in H. g.
sequoiensis; above hair-brown, slightly browner on top of head; upper tail-
coverts and tail Isabella color; spots on breast sepia, small in size and few in
numbers. (Grinnell).
Range. — "Breeds in Transition Zone of the coast belt in California from
northern Trinity County to southern Monterey County; south in migration to
Lower California and Sonora" (A. O. U.).
759e. Sierra Hermit Thrush (H. g. sequoiensis) . "Similar in coloration to
H. g slevini, but decidedly larger and slightly darker or browner; similar to
H. g. guttata, but larger, paler, and grayer; decidedly smaller." W. 3.65; T. 2.82.
(Ridgway).
Range. — "Breeds in Boreal Zones from southern British Columbia to high
mountains in southern California; south in migration and in winter to Lower
California, western Texas, and northern Mexico" (A. O. U.).
Page 239. Cancel 758b, Monterey Thrush, and No. 758c, Alma Thrush,
which are now considered to be the same as No. 758, Russet-backed Thrush.
Pages 240 and 241. The decisions of the A. O. U. Committee on numerous
proposed changes in the standing of our Juncos were not published until after
the first edition of the Color Key appeared. One new form (No. 567h) has
been added to those therein given, one {J. o. shiifeldti) has been omitted and the
following changes have been made in nomenclature:
No. 568. Junco mearnsi, becomes No. 567g, Junco hyemalis mearnsi, and the
Range of this form is now given as "Rocky Mountain region. Breeds from
southwestern Saskatchewan to southern Idaho and northern Wyoming and
Colorado to southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and northeastern Sonora"
(A. O. U.).
No. 567.1 Junco montanus becomes No. 567f. Junco hyemalis montanus.
No. 571.1 Junco townsendi, becomes No. 567i. Junco hyemalis townsendL
No. 569 Junco caniceps, becomes No. 570b. Junco phwonotus caniceps.
No. 570a. Junco dorsalis, becomes Junco phwonotus dorsalis.
No. 567a. Junco oreganus, becomes Ju7ico hyemalis oreganus.
No. 567c. Junco oreganus thurheri, becomes Junco hyemalis thurberi.
No. 567d. Junco oreganus pinosus, becomes Junco hyemalis pinosus.
The common name of all the preceding species remain unchanged.
No. 567b. Coues's Junco (Junco oreganus connectens) becomes Shufeldt's
Junco (Junco hyemalis connectens), and this form also includes /. o. shufeldti of
the 'Color Key,' which is therefore cancelled. The Range of 567b. thus stands
as follows:
"Rocky Mountain region. Breeds from the coast of southern British Columbia
east to west central Alberta and south to northern Oregon; winters over entire
Rocky Mountain tableland to eastern Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, western
Texas, Chihuahua, and Sonora; casual in northern Lower California" (A. O. U.).
802
Appendix I
The one new form added follows No. 568, after which insert 567h. Ridgway's
Junco (J. h. anncctens). Back with a reddish brown patch as in J. p. caniceps^
but sides washed with pinkish brown, as in /. fi. mearnsi.
Range. — "Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico" (A. O. U.).
Page 242. Cancel No. 744.1, Santa Rita Bush-Tit, which proves to be the
same as No. 745, Lloyd's Bush-Tit.
Page 243. Cancel No. 731a, Texan Tufted Titmouse, which proves to be the
same as No. 731, Tufted Titmouse.
Page 243. After No. 732 add: 732a. Sennett's Titmouse {B. a. sennetti),
"Similar to B. a. atricristatus, but decidedly larger; upper parts much clearer
gray, with little, if any olive tinge; adult female with crest feathers more often
and more extensively tipped with gray, and both sexes with the forehead more
often tinged with brown or rusty, sometimes deeply so" (Ridgway).
Range. — Central Texas, "from Tom Green and Concho Counties east to the
Brazos River, and from Young County soutli to Nueces and Bee Counties" (A.
O. U.).
Page 244. After No. 741b. add: 741c. Valdez Chestnut-sided Chickadee (P.
r. vivax). Like P. r. rufescens in coloration but larger, tail proportionately
longer and bill bulkier. W. 2.48; T. 2.32 (Grinnell).
Range. — Prince William Sound Region, Alaska.
Page 244. Cancel 740a, Kowak Chickadee, and No. 740b, Columbian
Chickadee, which prove to be the same as No. 740, Hudsonian Chickadee.
Parus h. littoralis becomes No. 74iOa, Acadian Chickadee.
Page 244. After No. 738 add: 738a. Bailey's Mountain Cliickadee (P. g.
haileyw). Similar to P. g. gamheli, "but coloration dorsally and laterally more
plumbeous, less brownish, and bill larger." B. 41 (Grinnell).
Range. — "Mountains of Great Basin region and nortiiern Lower California.
Breeds in Canadian and Transition Zones from the Maury Mountains, Oregon,
south over Nevada and eastern California to the San Pedro Martir Mountains,
Lower California" (A. O. U.).
Page 245. After No. 736a add: 736b. Florida Chickadee (P. c. impiger).
Similar to P. c. carolinensis but darker and decidedly smaller (except bill).
W. 2.08; T. L81; B. .31 (Ridgway).
Range. — East central Florida.
Page 245. After No. 735b add: 735c. Yukon Cliickadee (P. a. turneri).
"Similar to P. a. septentrionalis but slightly smaller, coloration grayer above and
more extensively or purely white beneath, and white edgings of greater wing-
coverts, secondaries, and outermost rectrices broader, more purely white"
(Ridgway).
Range. — Alaska, north and west of Cook Inlet.
Page 248. After No. 622c. add the northeastern form of the Loggerhead
Shrike, which is intermediate between L. I. ludovicianus and L. I. excuUtoride9
303
Additions, Subteactions, Emendations
and has been separated as 622e. Migrant Shrike (L. I. migrans). Similar to
L. I. ludovicianns but bill smaller and colors averaging paler. Not so pale as,
and lacking the whitish upper tail-coverts of L. I. excubitorides.
Range. — "Eastern North America. Breeds chiefly in Transition and Upper
Austral Zones from northern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, southern Ontario,
southern Quebec, Maine, and New Brunswick, south to eastern Kansas, southern
Illinois, Kentucky, western North Carolina and interior of Virginia (locally in the
east) ; winters from Middle States and southern New England to Texas, Louisiana,
and Mississippi" (A. O. U.).
The Range of the Loggerhead Shrike (No. 622) is therefore restricted to the
South Atlantic and Gulf States from southern North Carolina south through
Florida and west to Louisiana.
Page 250. After No. 612 add: 612a. Lesser Cliff Swallow (P. I. tacUna).
Similar to P. I. lunifrom but decidedly smaller, the forehead ochraceous instead
of cream color. W. 4.08; T. 1.77 (Oberholser).
Range. — "Texas and Mexico. Breeds in western Texas, the Rio Grande
Valley, and through eastern Mexico to Vera Cruz" (A. O. U.).
Page 250. No. 612.2 Petrochelidon melanogastra, becomes No, 612b, Petro-
chelidon lunifrons melanogastra.
Page 250. After No. 611.1 (which is now believed to be of only occasional
occurrence in southern Florida) add: 611.2. Gray-breasted Martin {Progne
chalyhea). Male much like the female of P. suUs but brighter, more uniformly
steel-blue above. Female like female of P. subis but brighter, more uniformly
gray, the belly whiter, without black shaft-streaks; the nape without sign of a
collar in either sex. W. 5.2.
Range. — Breeds from Lower Rio Grande in Texas south to southern Brazil.
Page 253. After No. 496 (which has become Tangavius wneiis involucratus)
add: 496a. Bronzed Cowbird (T. a\ wneus). Similar to T. ce. involucratus but
plumage of the male smoother and more glossy; the female much grayer, more
like female of M. ater.
Range. — "San Antonio, Texas, south through eastern Mexico, Yucatan and
central America to Panama" (A. O. U.)
The Range of No. 496 is hence restricted to the region from northwestern
Mexico to southern Arizona.
Page 255. After No. 488a. add: 488b. Western Crow {C. b. hesperis).
Similar to No. 488 "but decidedly smaller, with bill relatively smaller and more
slender." (^ W. 11.88; T. 6.72; B. 1.87; depth of B. at nostril .62 (Ridgway).
Range. — "Western North America, from east central British Columbia and
Montana south to southern California, Arizona, and western Texas" (A. O. U.).
304
APPENDIX 11.
FAUNAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
When one is engaged in a study of the birds of a certain region or locality
it is of the first importance to learn what has been published about them by
previous workers. Such information may appear in general works on the
bird-life of a large area, but more frequently it is found in 'local lists' of the
birds of a limited district. These lists constitute one of the most characteris-
tic and numerous types of ornithological publication. They are of value to
the student of distribution and migration, in the broader phases of these
subjects, and they are of especial interest and assistance to students living
in the region to which they relate.
The appended titles of works of this nature have been selected from a
card catalogue of faunal publications which the author began to prepare
some twenty years ago, in part with regard to their historic importance, but
mainly on the basis of their present working value.
Unfortunately many of these papers are now out of print or are hidden
in scientific publications of but limited circulation and are therefore corres-
pondingly inaccessible. When, however, other means to secure them fail,
the Librarian of the American Museum of Natural History, in New York
City, may be consulted with a view to securing, at cost, a type written copy
of any list desired.
305
Faunal Bibliography
THE WORLD
1875-1895. SHARPE, B., and others. Catalogue of Birds in the British
Museum. 27 vols, with descriptions of the birds of the world, ills. — 1885. STEJ-
NEGER, L., and others. Riverside Natural History. Vol. IV, Birds, 4to, 558
pp., ills. (Houghton, Mifflin). Classification, structure, habits, distribution.—
1893-1826. NEWTON, A., and others. A Dictionary of Birds. Pop. Ed., 8vo, 1088
pp., ills. (Macmillan).— 1894-95. LYDEKKER, R., and others. Royal Nat. Hist,
Birds, 4to, Vols. Ill, 584 pp., and IV, 576 pp., ills.. General account.— 1899.
EVANS, A. H., Birds. Vol. IX, Cambridge Natural History (Macmillan). Svo,
635 pp. ills. Classification, habits, distribution.— 1899-1309. SHARPE, B. A
Hand-List of the Genera and Species of Birds. 8vo, 5 vols. Published by Brit-
ish Museum. Names and Ranges. — 1309. KNOWLTON, F. H., and others.
Birds of the World, sm. 4to, 873 pp., ills (Holt). Habits, distribution.
NORTH AMERICA
1804-14, WILSON, A. American Ornithology. 9 vols., 4to Many subse-
quent editions, the last, in one volume, by Porter & Coates, Philadelphia, is
crude, but at least places Wilson's text within reach of every one. — 1831-39. AU-
DUBON, J. J. Ornithological Biography. 5 vols., Svo of text to accompany the
4 elephant folios of plates (1827-38). Republished in 8 vols., 8vo, 1840-44 and
later editions. The elephant folios with the 5 volumes of text sell for $2500-
$3000; the text can sometimes be purchased at $5 per volume; the first 8vo edi-
tion brings about $350.-1832-34. NUTTALL, T. Manual of the Ornithology of
the United States and Canada. 2 vols. Several later editions, the last revised
by Montague Chamberlain (Little, Brown & Co.), 1903, 2 vols, in one, 473 and
431 pp.— 1858. BAIRD, S. F., CASSIN, J., and LAWRENCE, G. N. Pacific R. R.
Reports. Vol. IX. Birds (of North America). 4to. pp. LVI-f 1005.— 1872. COUES,
E. Key to North American Birds. 1903, 5th and last ed., 2 vols., roy. 8vo. 1152
pp. The introduction, of 233 pages, treats of general ornithology and the ana-
tomy of birds.— 1874-1884. BAIRD, S. F., BREWER, T. M., and RIDGWAY, R.
History of North American Birds. Land birds, 3 vols.: water birds, 2 vols., 4to.
The volumes on land birds republished in Svo size but from same plates, 1905,
596, 590, 560 pp. (Little, Brown & Co). — 1886. American Ornithologists' Union
Check-List of North American Birds. New York, Rev. Ed. 1910, Svo, 430 pp. —
1887. RIDGWAY, R. A Manual of North American Birds. 2d Ed. 1896, 653 pp.
(Lippincott). — 1892-5. BENDIRE, C. Life Histories of North American Birds.
I, 414 pp.. Gallinaceous birds. Pigeons, Hawks, and Owls; II, 1895, 508 pp.,
Parrots, Cuckoos, Trogons, Kingfishers, Woodpeckers, Goatsuckers, Swifts,
Hummingbirds, Cotingas, Flycatchers, Larks, Crows and Jays, Blackbirds and
Orioles. (Pub. by U. S. Nat. Mus).— 1893. NEHRLING, H. Our Native Birds
of Song and Beauty. Vol. I, 371 pp.; Vol. II, 1896, 452 pp. Biographical.— 1898.
DAVIE, O. Nests and Eggs of North American Birds. 5th Ed., Svo, 509 pp.
(Columbus, Ohio).— 1801-1911. RIDGWAY, R. The Birds of North and Middle
America. Bull. 50, U. S. Nat. Mus. Part I, 1901, Fringillidae; Part II, 1902, Tana-
gridae, Icteridae, Ccerebidse, Mniotiltidae; Part III, 1904, Motacillidae, Hirundinidae,
Ampelidae, Ptilogonatidae, Dulidae, Vireonidae, Laniidae, Corvidae, Paridae,
Sittidae, Certhiidae, Troglodytidae, Cinclidae, Chameidae, Sylviidse; Part IV, 1907,
Turdidae, Zeledoniidae, Mimidae, Sturnidae, Ploceidae, Alaudidae, Oxyruncidse,
Tyrannidae, Pipridae, Cotingidae. Part V, 1912, Pteroptochidae, Formicariidae,
Furnariidae, Dendrocolaptidae, Trochilidae, Micropodidae, Trogonidae. Other vol-
umes to follow. The standard work. — 1903. CHAPMAN, F. M. Color Key to
North American Birds. 312 pp., upward 800 col. ills. — 1904. REED, C. S.
North American Birds' Eggs. 355 pp., many ills. — 1910. American Ornitholo-
306
Appendix II
gists' Union Abridged Check-List of North American Birds. Pocket Edition, 77
printed+77 blank pp. (New York).
EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.
1872-1881. MAYNARD, C. J. Birds of Eastern North America; 1896, Rev.
Ed., 4to, 721 pp., ills. (West Newton, Mass.).— 1884. LANGILLE, J. H...Our
Birds in Their Haunts. 12mo, 624 pp. (Cassino). — 1889. MERRIAM, F. A.
Birds Through an Opera-glass. 12mo, 223 pp. (Houghton).— 1895. WRIGHT,
M. O. Birdcraft, 12mo, 317 pp., ills. (Macmillan).— 1895. CHAPMAN, F. M.
Handbook of the Birds of Eastern North America, 421 pp., ills.; 1912. Rev. Ed.
(Appleton's).— 1897. CHAPMAN, F. M. Bird-Life. A Guide to the Study of our
Common Birds. 12mo. 269 pp. 75 plls.; 1901, Rev. Ed., with col. plls. (Apple-
ton's).— 1897, WRIGHT, M. O., and COUES, E. Citizen Bird, 12mo, 430 pp. ills.
(Macmillan).— 1898. BLANCHAN, N. Bird Neighbors, 234 pp., col. Plls.
(Doubleday).— 1898. MERRIAM, F. A. Birds of Village and Field. 12mo. 406
pp., ills. (Houghton). — 1898. SCOTT, W. E. D. Bird Studies, an Account of the
Land Birds of Eastern North America. 4to, 363 pp. Many half-tones (Put-
nam's).— 1838. APGAR, A. C. Birds of the United States East of the Rockies.
12mo, 415 pp. ills. (Am. Book Co.).— 1899. CORY, C. B. The Birds of Eastern
North America. 8vo, 387 pp., ills. (Field Museum).— 1905-6. REED, C. A.
Bird-Guide. Oblong, 32mo, Part I, 254 pp.; Part II, 197 pp.; many ills. (Double-
day).
GREENLAND
1861. REINHARDT, J. List of Birds Hitherto Observed in Greenland;
Ibis, III, pp. 1-19, 118 species.— 1875. NEWTON, A. Notes on Birds Which
Have Been Found in Greenland, . . . London, 8vo pamphlet, pp. 94-115 (Au-
thor's extra from Man. Nat. Hist. Greenland). 63+62 species; bibliography. —
1889. HAGERUP, A. Some Account of the Birds of Southern Greenland, from
the MSS.. of A. Hagerup, edited by Montague Chamberlain. Auk, VI, pp. 211-218,
219-297, 39 species.— 1891. HAGERUP, A. T. The Birds of Greenland, translated
from the Danish by Fremann B. Arngrimson, edited by Montague Chamberlain,
Boston (Little, Brown & Co.), 8vo, 62 pp.; 139 species.— 1892. STONE, W. Birds
Collected by the West Greenland Expedition. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1892,
pp. 145-152; 147 species.— 1895. STONE, W. List of Birds Collected by the
Peary Expd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1895, pp. 502-505; 28 species.— 1835.
SCHALOW, H. VON. Ueber eine Voglesammlung aus Westgronland. Jour, fiir
Orn., 1895, pp. 457-481; 35 species.— 1899. CHAPMAN, F. M. Report on Birds
Received Through the Peary Expeditions to Greenland. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.
Hist., XII, pp. 219-244; 48 pages.— 1904. SCHALOW, H. Die Vogel der Arktis,
Band IV, Leiferung, I, pp. 81-288; Gustav Fischer, Jena. A detailed synopsis of
Arctic bird-life.
ALASKA
1869. DALL, W. H., and BANNISTER, H. M. List of the Birds of Alaska,
with Biographical Notes. Trans. Chic. Acad. Nat. Sci., I, pp. 267-310, pll.
XXVII-XXXIV; 212 species.— 1873. DALL, W. H. Notes on the Avifauna of the
Aleutian Islands, from Unalashka, eastward. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. V, pp. 25-35; 53
species. — 1874. DALL, W .H. Notes on the Avifauna of the Aleutian Islands, es-
pecially those west of Unalashka. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. V, pp. 270-281; 45 species.
— 1875. COUES, E. A Report upon the Condition of Affairs in the Territory of
Alaska. By H. W. Elliot. 8vo. pp. 277. Chapter IX. Ornithology of the Prybilov
Islands, pp. 166-212; 39 species.— 1882. BEAN, T. H. Notes on Birds Collected
during the Summer of 1880 in Alaska and Siberia. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V,
m7
20
Faunal Bibliogbaphy
pp. 144-173; 77 species.— 1885. MURDOCH, J. Bird Migration at Point Bar-
row, Arctic Alaska. Auk, II, p. 63; 50 species. — 1883. HARTLAUB, G. Bei-
trag zur Ornithologie von Alaska, nach dem Sammlungen und Noten von Dr.
Arthur Krause und Dr. Aurel Krause. Journ fiir Orn. pp. 257-286; 83 species. —
1883. NELSON, E. W. Birds of Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean. Cruise of
the Revenue steamer Corwin in Alaska and the N. W. Arctic Ocean in 1881.
Washington.— 1885. MURDOCH, J. Report of the International Polar Expedi-
tion to Point Barrow, Alaska. Washington. Birds, pp. 104-128; 54 species.
—1885. TURNER, L. M. Notes on the Birds of the Nearer Islands, Alaska.
Auk, II, pp. 154-159; 69 species.— 1887. TOWNSEND, C. H. List of the Mid-
summer Birds of the Kowak River, Northern Alaska. Auk, IV, pp. 11-13; 52
species. — 1888. NELSON, E. W. Report upon Natural History Collections
made in Alaska Between the Years 1877 and 1881. Edited by Henry W. Hen-
shaw. 4to. pp. 337. Birds, pp. 19-230, pll. I-XII, colored; 260 species; impor-
tant. — 1888. TURNER, L. M. Contributions to the Natural History of Alaska.
Results of Investigations made chiefly in the Yukon District and the Aleutian
Islands. 4to, pp. 226; birds, pp. 115-191, pll. I-X, colored; 168 species.— 1838.
GRINNELL, J. Summer Birds of Sitka, Alaska. Auk, XV, pp. 122-131; 66 spe-
cies.— 1839. PALMER, W. The Avifauna of the Pribilov Islands. The Fur
Seals and Fur Seal Islands of the North Pacific Ocean, Part III, pp., 355-431; 68
species; bibliography. — ^1900. GRINNELL, J. Birds of the Kotzebue Sound Re-
gion, Alaska. Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 1. Cooper Orn. Club, Los Angeles,
Calif. 80 pp. 1 map; 113 species.— 1900. STONE, W. Report on Birds and
Mammals obtained by the Mcllhenny Expedition to Pt. Barrow, Alaska, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, birds, pp. 4-33; 69 species.— 1901. OSGOOD, W. H. Na-
tural History of the Cook Inlet Region, Alaska. North American Fauna, No. 21 ;
birds, pp. 72-81; 78 species.— 1902. McGREGOR, R. C. A List of Birds Col-
lected in Norton Sound, Alaska. The Condor, IV, pp. 135-144; 63 species. — 1904.
OSGOOD, W. H. A Biological Reconnaissance of the Base of the Alaska Pen-
insula. North American Fauna, No. 24; birds, pp. 51-81; 134 species. — 1306.
McGregor, R. C. Birds Observed in the Krenitzin Islands, Alaska. The Con-
dor, VIII, pp. 114-122; 44 species.— 1909. GRINNELL, J. Birds and Mammals
of the 1907 Alexander Expedition to Southeastern Alaska. Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool.
V, 2 pp. 171-264; 99 species.— 1903. OSGOOD, W. H. Biological Investigations
in Alaska and Yukon Territory. North American Fauna, No. 30; 96 pp. 6 plls.
I. East Central Alaska, 76 species; II. Ogilvie Range, Yukon, 43 species; III.
The Macmillan River, Yukon, 55 species.— 1903. SHELDON, C. List of Birds
Observed on the Upper Toklat River near Mt. McKinley, Alaska, 1907-1908.
The Auk, XXVI, pp. 66-70; 63 species.— 1910. CLARK, A. H. The Birds Col-
lected and Observed in the North Pacific Ocean, and in Bering, Okhotsk, Japan,
and Eastern Seas, from April to December, 1906. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. No.
1727, pp. 25-74; 175 species.— 1910. GRINNELL, J. Birds of the 1908 Alexan-
der Alaska Expedition, with a note on the Avifaunal Relationships of the Prince
William Sound District, Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool. V, 12, pp. 361-428; 2 plls; 89 spe-
cies. — 1911. SWARTH, H. S. Birds and Mammals of the 1909 Alexander Alas-
ka Expedition. Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool. VII, 2, pp. 9-172; 6 plls. Birds, pp. 23-112;
137 species. — 1912. BENT, A. C. Notes on Birds Observed during a Brief
visit to the Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea in 1911. Smiths. Miscell. Colls.
Vol. 56 No. 32; pp. 29; 60+22 species.
LOWER CALIFORNIA
1859, BAIRD, S. F. Notes on a collection of Birds made by Mr. John
Xantus, at Cape San Lucas, Lower California. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XI,
pp. 299-306; 42 species.— 1876. RIDGWAY, R. Ornithology of Guadeloupe
308
Appendix II
Island based on notes and collections made by Dr. Edward Palmer. Bull. U. S.
Geol. Surv. Terr. Vol. II, pp. 183-195; 10 species.— 1877. STREETS, T. H., M.. D.
Contributions to the Natural History of the Hawaiian and Fanning Islands ahd
Lower California. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, p 172; birds, pp. 9-33.— 1883.
BELDING, L. Catalogue of a Collection of Birds made near the Southern Ex-
tremity of the Peninsula of Lower California. Edited by R. Ridgway. Proc. U.
S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, pp. 532-550; 154 species (See also Ilnd., pp. 527-532; VI,
pp. 344-352).— 1888. BRYANT, W. E. Cerros Island. Forest and Stream, XXVII,
pp. 62-64; 27 species.— 1887. BRYANT, W. E. Additions to the Ornithology of
Guadeloupe Island. Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci. II, 6, pp. 269-318; 35^pecies.— 1888.GOSS,
N. S. New and Rare Birds found Breeding on the San Pedro Martir Isle. Auk,
V, pp. 240-224; 5 species.— 1830. BRYANT, W. E. A catalogue of the Birds of
Lower California, Mexico. Proc. Cal, Acad, Sci,, 2nd Ser II, pp. 237-320, with
map; 320 species; bibliography.— 1890. TOWNSEND, C. H, Birds from the
Coasts of Western North America and adjacent Islands Collected in 1888-89,
with Descriptions of New Species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus,, XIII, 1890, pp. 131-142.
Clarion Islands, 10 species; Socorro Island, 9 species; San Benedicte Island, 6
species; Lower California, 23 species; Mouth of Rio Colorado, Sonora, 3 species;
Cerros Island, 2 species; Guadeloupe Island, Lower California, 3 species; Santa
Barbara Island, California, 4 species; San Clemente Island, California, 9 spe-
cies; San Nicolas Island, California, 1 species; Santa Rosa Island, California, 5
species; Santa Cruz Island, California, 10 species. — 1835. ANTHONY, A. W..
Birds of San Fernando, Lower California. Auk, XII, pp. 134-143; 65 species. —
1898. ANTHONY, A. W. Avifauna of Revillagigedo Islands. The Auk, XV, pp.
311-318. San Benedicte Island, 11 species; Socorro Island, 24 species; Clarion
Island, 17 species.— 1902. BREWSTER, W. Birds of the Cape Region of Lower
California. Bull. Mus. Comp, Zool. No. 1, XLI, 241 pp., 1 map; 255 species; bib-
liography.— 1903. GRINNELL, J. and DAGGETT, F. S. An Ornithological Vis-
it to Los Coronados Islands, Lower California. The Auk, XX, pp. 27-37; 22 spe-
cies; bibliography.— 1904. BRENINGER, G. F. San Clemente Island and its
Birds. The Auk, XXI, pp. 218-223.— 1905. KAEDING, H. B. Birds from the
West Coast of Lower California and Adjacent Islands. The Condor, VII, pp.
105-111; 168 species.— 1905. STONE, W. and RHOADS, S. N. On a Collection
of Birds and Mammals from the Colorado Delta, Lower California. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 676-690; 50 species.— 1907. THAYER, J. E. and BANGS, O.
Birds Collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., on Cerros, San Benito and Natividad
Islands in the spring of 1906, with Notes on the Biota of the Islands. The Con-
dor, IX, pp. 77-81. Cerros, 29; Natividad, 9; San Benito, 7 species. — 1907.
THAYER, J. E,, and BANGS, O, Catalogue of Birds Collected in Middle Lower
California. The Condor IX, pp. 135-140; 73 species,— 1908. THAYER, J. E. and
BANGS, O, The Present State of the Ornis of Guadeloupe Island. The Condor,
X, pp. 101-106; 20 species, — 1909. OSBORN, P. I. Notes on the Birds of Los
Coronados Islands, Lower California. The Condor XI, pp. 134-138; 34 species.
BRITISH POSSESSIONS
BERMUDA
1859. JONES, J, M„ WEDDERBURN, J. W., and HURDIS, J. L,. The Na-
turalist in Bermuda. Birds, pp. 23-97.-1884. REID, S. G. List of the Birds of
Bermuda, Bull. U. S, Nat, Mus,, No. 25., pp. 165-279; 186 species. (See also,
MERRIAM, C. H., IMd., 283, 284).— 1901. BANGS, O. and BRADLEE, T. S.
The Resident Land Birds of Bermuda. Auk, XVIII, pp. 249-257; 10 species.
309
Faunal Bibliography
CANADA
1831. SWAINSON, W., and RICHARDSON, J. Fauna Boreali-Americana.
Part Second, 4to, pp. lxvi-524, pll. 24-73, woodct. 41; 238 species; important.
—1863. BLAKISTON, T. On the Birds of the Interior of British America.
Ibis., V, pp. 39-87, 121-155; 250 species.— 1887. CHAMBERLAIN, M. A Cata-
logue of Canadian Birds with Notes on the Distribution of the Species. Svo, pp.
143. St. John, N. B.— 1898. RUSSELL, F. Explorations in the Far North, (Lake
Winnipeg, Crow Nest Pass, Alberta, Fort Chippewayan, Fort Rae, Herschel Is-
land.) Published by University of Iowa. Birds, pp. 253-270; 122 species. — 1909.
MACOUN, J. and J. M. Catalogue of Canadian Birds. Svo, XVIII+761 pp.
Government Ptg. Bureau, Ottawa. Distribution and nesting; important.
ALBERTA
1892. RAINE, W. (See Saskatchewan.)— 1903. STANSELL, S. S. S.,
Birds of Central Alberta. The Auk, XXVI, pp. 391-400; 157 species.
BRITISH COLUMBIA
1868. BROWN, R. Synopsis of the Birds of Vancouver Island. Ibis, 2nd
Ser., IV, pp. 414-428; 153 species.— 1890. CHAPMAN, F. M. On a Collection of
Birds made by Mr. Clark P. Streator in British Columbia with Field Notes by
the Collector. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Ill, pp. 123-158; 160 species, from West-
minister, Mt. Lehman, Ducks, and Ashcroft, B. C, Duncan's Station, Vancouver
Island, and Kalama, Washington. — 1891. FANNIN, J. Check-List of British Col-
umbia Birds. Svo. pp. XIV+49. Victoria, B. C; 307 species.— 1893. RHOADS,
S. N. The Birds observed in British Columbia and Washington during spring
and summer of 1892. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, pp. 21-65; 260 species. —
1901. OSGOOD, W. H. Natural History of the Queen Charlotte Islands, Brit-
ish Columbia. North American Fauna, No. 21, Birds, pp. 38-50; 98 species. —
1903. BROOKS, A. Notes on the Birds of the Cariboo District, British Colum-
bia. The Auk, XX, pp. 277-284; 94 species.— 1912. SWARTH, H. S. Report on
a Collection of Birds and Mammals from Vancouver Island, Univ. Calif. Pub.
Zool. X, 1, pp. 124; 111 species.
FRANKLIN
1879. KUMLIEN, L. Contributions to the Natural History of Arctic Am-
erica, made in Connection with the Howgate Polar Expedition, 1877-78. Bull. U.
S. Nat. Mus., No. 15. Birds, pp. 69-105; 84 species.— 1886. GREELEY, A. W.
Three years of Arctic Service. Roy Svo, 2 vols, Birds, Vol. II, App. VIII, pp.
372-385; 35+5 species.
KEEWATIN
1902. PREBLE, E. A. Birds of Keewatin, N. A. Fauna, No. 22, pp. 75-131;
260 species. — 1905. EIFRIG, C. W. G. Ornithological Results of the Canadian
Neptune Expedition to Hudson Bay and Northward, 1903-1904. Auk, pp. 233-
241; 51 species.
LABRADOR (INCLUDING UNGAVA)
1861. COUES, E. Notes on the Ornithology of Labrador. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., XIII, pp. 215-257; 82 species.— 1885. TURNER, L. M. List of the
Birds of Labrador, including Ungava, East Main, Moose, and Gulf Districts of
the Hudson Bay Company, together with the Island of Anticosti. Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., VIII, pp. 233-254; 207 species. (See also PACKARD. A. S. The La-
brador Coast, 1891). — 1887. FRAZAR, M. A. An Ornithologist's Summer in
Labrador. Orn. and 061., XII, pp. 1-3, 17-20, 33-35; 62 species.— 1902. BIGE-
LOW, H. B. Birds of the Northwestern Coast of Labrador. Auk, XIX, 1902,
pp. 24-31; 85 species.— 1S07. TOWNSEND, C. W., and ALLEN, G. M. Birds of
aio
Appendix II
Labrador. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXXIII, pp. 277-428, map; 213 species.
(See also TOWNSEND. C. W., and BENT, A. C. The Auk, 1910, pp. 1-18; 93
species.)
MACKENZIE
1862. ROSS, B. R. List of Mammals, Birds, and Eggs, observed in the
Mackenzie's River District with notices. Canad. Nat. and Geol., VII, pp. 137-155.
Birds, pp. 142-155; 192 species. (See also Nat. Hist. Rev. 2nd Ser. II, pp. 269-
290).— 1891. MACFARLANE, R. Notes on and List of Birds and Eggs Collect-
ed in Arctic America, 1861-1866. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, pp. 413-446; 131
species. (See also Hist. & Sci. Soc. of Man., Trans. 39). — 1908. MAC FARLANE,.
R. List of Birds and Eggs Observed and Collected in the North-West Terri-
tories of Canada, between 1880 and 1894. pp. 285-447 of Mair's "Through the
Mackenzie Basin," Toronto. William Briggs. 220 species. — 1908. PREBLE,
E. A. A Biological Investigation of the Athabaska-Mackenzie Region, N. A.
Fauna, No. 27, 574 pp. Birds, pp. 251-500; 296 species; bibliography; import-
ant.— 1908. SETON, E. T. Bird Records from Great Slave Lake Region. The
Auk, XXV, pp. 68-74; 88 species.
MANITOBA
1886. SETON, E. T. The Birds of Western Manitoba. Auk, III, pp. 145-
156, 320-329, 453; 258 species.— 1891. SETON, E. T. The Birds of Manitoba.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, pp. 457-643, 1 pi.; 266 species. (See also 14 additions,.
Auk, 1893, p. 49.)— 1909. SETON, E. T. Fauna of Manitoba. British Assc.
Handbook. Winnipeg, pp. 1-47; 273 species.
NEW BRUNSWICK
1857. BRYANT, H. A List of Birds Observed at Grand Menan and at Yar-
mouth, N. S., from June 16 to July 8. Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist., VI, pp. 114-123 ; 55
species.— 1873. HERRICK, H. A Partial Catalogue of the Birds of Grand Men-
an, N. B., Bull. Essex. Inst., V. pp. 28-41; 194 species.— 1879. PEARSALL, R. F.
Grand Menan Notes; Summers of 1877 and 1878. Forest and Stream, XIII, p.
524; 43 species.— 1882. BATCHELDER, C. F. Notes on the Summer Birds of
the Upper St. John. Bull. N. O. C, VII, pp. 106-111, 147-152; 105 species.— 1882.
CHAMBERLAIN, M. A Catalogue of the Birds of New Brunswick. Bull. Nat.
Hist. Soc. New Brunswick, No. I, pp. 23-68, 269 species.— 1912. TOWNSEND, C.
W. Notes on the Summer Birds of the St. John Valley, New Brunswick. The
Auk, XXIX, pp. 16-23; 81 species.
NEWFOUNDLAND
1869. REEKS, H. Notes on the Zoology of Newfoundland. Zoologist,
2nd ser., IV, pp. 1609-1614, 1698-1695, 1741-1759, 1849-1858; 212 species. See
also Canad. Nat. and Quart. Journ. Sci., V. 1870-71, pp. 38-47, 151-159, 289-304,
406-416; and HARVEY M. Forest and Stream, III, pp. 53, 196, 341.— 1900.
PORTER, L. H. Newfoundland Notes. Auk, XVII, pp. 71-73; 50 species sum-
mer birds. — 1912. ARNOLD, E. A Short Summer Outing in Newfoundland.
The Auk, XXIX, pp. 72-79; 68 species.
NOVA SCOTIA
1857. BRYANT, H. (See New Brunswick.)— 1858. BLAKISTON, R. A.,
BLAND, R. E., and WILLIS, J. R. List of Birds of Nova Scotia. Thirteenth
Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst., pp. 280-286; 206 species.— 1879. JONES, J. MATTHEW.
List of the Birds of Nova Scotia — Land Birds. Forest and Stream, XII, pp. 65,
66, 105, 106, 205, 245; 128 species.— 1887. DWIGHT, J., Jr. Summer Birds ol
311
Faunal Bibliography
the Bras d'Or Region of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Auk, IV, 1887, pp.
13-16; 59 species. (See also ALLEN, F. H., Ibid., 1891.)-^1888. DOWNS, A.
Birds of Nova Scotia, edited by Harry Piers, Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotia Inst.
Nat. Sci., VII, ii, pp. 142-178; 240 species.
ONTARIO
1860. McILWRAITH, T. List of Birds Observed in the Vicinity of Hamil-
ton. Canad. Journ., V. pp. 387-396. (See also Proc. Essex. Inst, V. 1866, pp.
79-96), 241 species.— 1882. MORDEN, J. A., and SAUNDERS, W. E. List of the
Birds of Western Ontario. Canad. Sportsm, and Nat. II, pp. 183-187, 192-194, al-
so III, pp. 218, 219, 243; 236 species.— 1891. FARLEY, W. L. A List of the
Birds of Elgin County, Ontario. The Oologist, VIII, pp. 81-87; 190 species. —
1891. Ottawa Field Nat. Club. The Birds of Ottawa. Ottawa Nat. V. pp. 31-47;
224 species.— 1894. McILWRAITH, T. The Birds of Ontario, 8vo. X4-426 pp.
Wm. Briggs, Toronto; 317 species.— 1897-8. NASH, C. W. Birds of Ontario in
Relation to Agriculture. Rep. Farmers' Inst, of Ont. 8vo, 32 pp. — 1900. NASH,
C. W. Check List of the Birds of Ontario. Warwick Bros, and Rutter, Toronto.
8vo. 58 pp.; 302 species.— 1901. FLEMING, J. H. A list of the Birds of the
Districts of Parry Sound and Muskoka, Ont. Auk, XVIII, 1901, pp. 33-45; 196
species. (See also Ibid., XIX, p. 403.)— 1905. NASH, C. W. Check List of the
Birds of Ontario. L. K. Cameron, Printer, Toronto, Ont. 82 pp; 324 species. —
1906. SWALES, B. H., and TAVERNER, P. A. Remarks on the Summer Birds
of Lake Muskoka, Ont. Wilson Bull., XVIII, pp. 60-68; 59 species.— 1906-7.
FLEMING, J. H. Birds of Toronto, Ont. Auk, XXIII, pp. 437-453; XXIV, pp.
71-89; 290 species. — 1907. HUBEL, F. C. Preliminary List of the Summer
Birds of the Cobalt Mining Region, Nipissing District, Ont. Auk XXIV, pp. 48-52;
76 species.— 1907-8. TAVERNER, P. A. and SWALES, B. H. The Birds of
Point Pelee, Wilson Bull. XIX, pp. 37-53; 82-99, 133-153; XX, pp. 79-96, 107-129;
209 species. See also WOOD, N. A., IMd., 1910, pp. 63-78.— 1910. EIFRIG, G. A.
Winter of Rare Birds at Ottawa. Auk, XXVII, pp. 53-59.
QUEBEC
1878. CORY, C. B. A Naturalist in the Magdalen Islands (Boston). Part II,
pp. 33-83, list of birds; 109 species.— 1882. WINTLE, E. D. Ornithology of the Is-
land of Montreal. Canad. Sportsm. and Nat., II, pp. 108-110, 116, 117; 168 species.—
1882-5. MERRIAM, C. H. List of Birds Ascertained to Occur within Ten Miles
of Point des Monts, Province of Quebec, Canada; based chiefly upon the notes
of Napoleon A. Comeau. Bull. N. O. C, VII, pp. 233-242, and Addenda, VIII, pp.
244, 245; Auk, I, 1884, p. 295; II, 1885, pp. 113, 315; 180 species.— 1884. BREW-
STER, W. Notes on the Birds Observed During a Summer Cruise on the Gulf
of St. Lawrence. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXII, pp. 364-412; 92 species. —
1889. BISHOP, L. B. Notes on the Birds of the Magdalen Islands. Auk, VI,
pp. 144-150; 66 species. — .1889. DIONNE, C. E. Catalogue des Oiseaux de la
Porvince de Quebec avec des Notes sur leur Distribution Geographique. . . .
Quebec des Presses a Vapeur de J. Dussault, Port Dauphin, 8vo, 119 pp.; 273
species.— 1891. PALMER, WILLIAM. Notes on the Birds Observed During
the Cruise of the United States Fish Commission Schooner Grampus in the Sum-
mer of 1887. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890, pp 249-265; 78 species.— 1893.
DWIGHT, J., JR. Summer Birds of Prince Edward Island. Auk, X, 1893, pp.
1-15; 81 species.— 1896. WINTLE, E. D. The Birds of Montreal. W. Drysdale
& Co., Montreal. 8vo, xiv+181 pp.; 254 species.— 1908. MACS WAIN, J. A
Catalogue of the Birds of Prince Edward Island. Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotia
Inst, of Science. XI, pp, 570-592; 220 species.
312
Appendix II
SASKATCHEWAN
1892. RAINE, W. Bird-nesting in North-west Canada. 8vo. pp. 197; ills.
Toronto.— 1907-8. BENT, A. C. Summer Birds of Southern Saskatchewan. The
Aulc, XXTV, pp. 407-430; XXV, pp. 25-35; 153 species.— 1910. FERRY, J. F.
Birds Observed in Saskatchewan During the Summer of 1909. The Auk,
XXVII, pp. 185-204; 118 species.
UNITED STATES
WESTERN UNITED STATES
1856. CASSIN, J. Illustrations of the Birds of California, Texas, Oregon,
British, and Russian America. Intended to Contain descriptions and figures of
all North American Birds not given by former American authors, and a General
Synopsis of North American Ornithology. 1 Vol. large 8vo. pp. viii+298; pll. 50.
— 1870. COOPER, J. G. Geological Survey of California. Ornithology. Volume
1. Land Birds. Edited by S. F. Baird. Published by authority of the Legisla-
ture. Vol. I large 8vo, pp. xi+591; ills.— 1872. ALLEN, J. A. Notes of an
Ornithological Reconnaissance of Portions of Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and
Utah. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Ill, pp. 113-183. Annotated lists of birds observed
at Leavenworth, Topeka, Fort Hays and in Northwestern Kansas; between Colo-
rado City and Denver, at South Park near Mount Lincoln, Colorado; at Chey-
enne, Wyoming, and near Ogden, Utah. — 1874. COUiES, E. Birds of the North-
west: A Handbook of the Ornithology of the Region drained by the Missouri
River and its Tributaries. U. S. Geol. Survey of the Territories. Miscellaneous
Publications, No. 3. Washington, 1 Vol. 8vo, pp. xii+791; important. — 1874.
YARROW, H. C. and HENSHAW, H. W. Geog. and Geol. Explorations and
Surveys West of the one hundredth Meridian. Reports upon Ornithological
Specimens Collected in the years 1871, 1872, and 1873. Svo, pp. 1-148. Observa-
tions made in Utah, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona. — 1875. HEN-
SHAW, H. W. Report upon Geograph. and Geol. Explorations and Surveys West
of the One Hundredth Meridian. Vol. V, Zoology. Chap. Ill, Report upon the
Ornithological Collections made in Portions of Nevada, Utah, California,
Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, during the years 1871, 1872, 1873 and 1874.
4to pp. 134-508; pll. xv; 296 species.— 1878. COUES, E. Birds of the Colorado
Valley. A Repository of Scientific and Popular Information Concerning North
American Ornithology. Part First. Passeres to Laniidae. Bibliographical
Appendix. Seventy illustrations. — 1890. BELDING, L. Land Birds of the
Pacific District. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences,
II, 8vo, pp. 1-274; 295 species.— 1902. BAILEY, F. M. Handbook of Birds of
Western United States. 12mo, pp. xc-512; many ills. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Important.
MISSISSIPPI VALLEY
1888. COOKIE, W. W. Reports on Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley
in the year 1884 and 1885. Edited and revised by C. Hart Herriam. Bull. No.
2, Div. Economic Ornithology [= Biological Survey]. 313 pp., 1 map.
NEW ENGLAND
1877. MINOT, H. D. The Land and Game Birds of New England. Second
Ed., edited by Wm. Brewster, 1895, 492 pp. (Houghton).— 1881-3. STEARNS, W.
A. and COUES, E. New England Bird-Life, 2 vols., pp. 324-409.— 1904. HOFF-
MANN, R. A Guide to the Birds of New England and Eastern New York. 350
pp. (Houghton).— 1909. ALLEN, G. M. Birds of New England. Occ. Papers
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, pp. 1-230; 402 species.
313
Faunal Bibliography
ALABAMA
1878-9. BROWN, N. C. A List of Birds Observed at Coosada, Central Ala-
bama. Bull. N. O. C, III, pp. 168-174; IV, pp. 7-13; 119 species.— 1890-1. AVERY,
W. C. Birds Observed in Alabama. Am. Field, XXXIV, pp. 584, 607, 608; XXXV,
1891, pp. 8, 32, 55; 184 species.— 1908. SAUNDERS, A. A. Some Birds of
Central Alabama. Auk, XXV, pp. 413-424; 129 species.
ARIZONA
1853. WOODHOUSE, S. W. Report of an Expedition down the Zuni and
Colorado Rivers, by Captain L. Sitgreaves. . . . 8vo, pp. 198. Birds, pp. 58-105;
pil. i-vi; 219 species.— 1866. COUES, E. List of the Birds of Fort Whipple.
Arizona: with which are incorporated all the other species ascertained to in-
habit the Territory; with brief critical and field notes, descriptions of new
species, etc. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. XVIII, pp. 39-100; 245 species.— 1874.
YARROW, H. C, and HENSHAW, H. W. (see Utah).— 1875. HENSHAvV, H.
W. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1875. App. I 2, pp. 153-166.
Annotated list of the Birds of Arizona; 291 species.— 1882-3. BREV/STBR. W.
On a Collection of Birds lately made by Mr. F. Stephens in Arizona. Ball
Nutt. Orn. Club, VII, pp. 65-86; 135-147; 193-212; VIII, pp. 21-36; 165 species
(see also The Auk, II, 1885, pp. 84, 85; 196-200).— 1886-8. SCOTT, W. E. D. On
the Avifauna of Pinal County with Remarks on Some Birds of Pima and Gila
Counties, Arizona. With annotations by J. A. Allen. Auk, III, 249-258; 383-3?^9;
421-432; IV, pp. 16-24; 196-205; V, pp. 29-36; 159-168; 246 species.— 1887. MOR-
COM, G. (See California).— 1890. MEARNS, E. A. Observations on the Avi-
founa of Portions of Arizona. Auk, VII, pp. 45-55; 251-264; 100 species. — 1890.
MERRIAM, C. H. Results of a Biological Survey of the San Ftancisco Moun-
tain region and Desert of the Little Colorado in Arizona. North American Fauna,
No. 3. Part IV, Annotated List of Birds of the San Francisco Mountain Plateau
and Desert of the Little "Colorado River, Arizona, pp. 85-101; 151 species. — 1892.
RHOADS, S. N. (See Texas).— 1893. FISHER, A. K. (See California).—
1903. OSGOOD, W. H. A List of Birds observed in Cochise County, Arizona.
The Condor, V, pp. 128-131; 149-151; 123 species.— 1904. SWARTH, H. S. Birds
of the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 4. Cooper
Orn. Club, 8vo, pp. 70; 195 species.— 1905. SWARTH, H. S. Summer Birds of
the Papago Indian Reservation and of the Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, The
Condor, VI, pp. 22-28; 47-50; 77-81; 65+68; species.— 1908. SWARTH, H. S.
Some Fall Migration Notes from Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. The Condor,
X, pp. 107-116; 109 species.— 1910. VISHER, S. S. Notes of the Birds of Pima
County, Arizona. The Auk, XXVII, pp. 279-288; 127 species.
ARKANSAS
1911. HOWELL, A. H. Birds of Arkansas. Bull. No. 38, Biological Survey.
8vo, pp. 100, 1 map; 255 species.
CALIFORNIA*
1846-47. GAMBEL, W. Remarks on the Birds Observed in Upper California
with Descriptions of New Species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ill, pp. 44-48;
110-114; 154-158; 200-204; 82 species (see also Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1847, pp. 25-56; 1849, pp. 215-229; 176 species).— 1853. HERRMANN, A. L.
Notes on the Land Birds of California, observed during a residence of three
* See Grinnell, J. A Bibliography of California Ornithology. Pacific Coast
Avifauna, No. 5.
314
Appendix II
years in that country. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, pp. 259-272; 130 species.
—1857. NEWBERRY, J. S. Report on the Birds Observed in California and
Oregon. Pac. R. R. Rep. Vol. VI, Part VI, pp. 73-110; 174 species.— 1859. HERR-
MANN, A. L. Report on Birds Collected on the Survey. Pac. R. R. Rep. Vol.
X, No. 2, pp. 29-80; 180 species.— 1859. XANTUS, J. Catalogue of Birds Col-
lected in the vicinity of Fort Tejon, California, with a description of a new
species of tiyrnium. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XI, pp. 189-193; 144 species. —
1866. COUES, E. (See Arizona).— 1870. COOPER, J. G. The Fauna of Cali-
fornia and its geographical Distribution. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., IV, pp. 61-81. —
1875. COOPER, J. G. New Facts relating to California Ornithology. Proc.
Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., VI, 1875, pp. 189-202; 45 species.— 1875. NELSON, E. W.
(See Utah).— 1876. HENSHAW, H. W. Report on the Ornithology of the Por-
tions of California visited during the Field Season of 1875; pp. 224-278. Annual
Report upon the Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian.
Notes from Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara, region about Mt. Whitney, Kern-
ville, and Walker's Basin; 204 species.— 1877. HENSHAW, H. W. (See Neva-
da).— 1877. RIDGWAY, R. (See Nevada).— 1879. BELDING, L. Partial List
of the Birds of Central California. Edited by R. Ridgway. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
I, pp. 388-449; 220 species.— 1879. COOPER, J. G. On Migration and Nesting
Habits of West-Coast Birds. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. II, pp. 241-251.-1880. HEN-
SHAW, H. W. (See Nevada).— 1886. EVERMANN, B. W. A List of the Birds
observed in Ventura County, California. Auk, III, pp. 86-94, 179-186; 20'0 species.
(See also Cooper, Ihid, IV, pp. 85-94.— 1886. STREATOR, C. P. List of Birds
observed in the Vicinity of Santa Barbara, Cal., During the year 1885. Orn. and
061., XI, pp. 51, 52, 66, 67, 89, 90, 107; 187 species.— 1887. BLAKE, E. W. JR.
Summer Birds of Santa Cruz Island, California. Auk, IV, pp. 328-330; 28 species.
—1887. MORCOM, G. F. Notes on the birds of Southern California and South-
western Arizona. Bull. No. 2, Ridgw. Orn. Club, pp. 36-57; 139 species.— 1887.
STREATOR, C. P. The Water Birds of San Miguel Island. Proc. Santa Bar-
bara Soc. Nat. Hist. Bull. No. I, pp. 21-23; 10 species.— 1887. TAYLOR, H. R.
Trip to the Farallone Islands. Orn. and Ool. XII, pp. 41-43; 12 species. — 1887.
TOWNSEND, C. H. Field-Notes on the Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles of
Northern California. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. X, pp. 159-241; Birds, pp. 190-237;
261 species.— 1888.. .BRYANT, W. E. Birds and Eggs from the Farallon Islands.
Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser. I; 1887, pp. 25-50; 81 species.— 1888. STREATOR,
C. P. Notes on the Birds of the Santa Barbara Islands. Orn. and Ool., XIII, pp.
52-54.— 1890. TOWNSEND, C. (See Lower California).— 1890-91. KEELER,
C. A. Geographical Distribution of Land Birds in California. Zoe, I, 1890, pp.
225-230; 257-260; 295-299; 337-343; 1891, 369-373.— 1893. FISHER, A. K. Report
on the Ornithology of the Death Valley Expedition N. A. Fauna, No. 7, pp. 7-158;
290 species.— 1895. LOOMIS, L. M. California Water Birds. No. 1— Monterey
and Vicinity from the Middle of June to the end of August. Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci., Ser. 2, V. pp. 177-224; map; 44 species.— 1896. LOOMIS, L. M. California
Water Birds, No. II. Vicinity of Monterey in Midwinter. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
Ser. 2, VI, pp. 1-30; 1 map; 43 species. Ill, South Farallon in July, Ibid., pp.
353-366; 2 maps; 10 species. — ^1896. MERRIAM, F. A. A-birding on a Bronco
Lin San, Diego Co.] 16mo, pp. x+226; ills. Houghton, Miffilin & Co.— 1897.
BARLOW, C. The Story of the Farallones. Ob. 16mo, 32 pp. ills. H. R. Taylor,
Alameda. — 1897. GRINNELL, J. Report on Birds Recorded during a Visit to
the Islands of Santa Barbara, San Nicolas, and San Clemente in the spring of
1897; pp. 26. — .1898. GRINNELL, J. Birds of the Pacific Slope of Los Angeles
County. Pub. No. II, Pasadena Acad. Sci., pp. 52; 300 species. — 1898. GRIN-
NELL, J. Land Birds Observed in Midwinter on Santa Catalina Island, Cali-
fornia. Auk, XV, pp. 233-236; 29 species.— 1899. KEELER, C. A. Bird Notes
315
Faunal Bibliogeaphy
Afield. 12mo, pp. viii+353. D. P. Elder & Morgan Sheppard, San Francisco. —
1899. MERRIAM, C. H. Results of a Biological Survey of Mount Shasta, Cali-
fornia. North American Fauna, No. 16, Birds, pp. 109-134; 136 species. — ^1900.
LOOMIS, L. M. California Water Birds. No. IV. Vicinity of Monterey in Au-
tumn. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 3d Ser. II, pp. 277-322; 1 map; 42 species. V.
Vicinity of Monterey in May and Early June, Ibid., pp. 349-363; 36 species. — 1900.
MAILLARD, J. Land Birds of Marin County, Cal. The Condor, II, pp. 62-68;
137 species. — 1900. SWARTH, H. S. Avifauna of a 100-acre Ranch [at Los
Angeles]. The Condor, II, pp. 14-16; 37-41; 175 species.— 1901. BARLOW, C.
A List of the Land Birds of the Placerville-Lake Tahoe Stage Road. The Con-
dor, III, pp. 151-184; 130 species.— 1901. MAILLARD, J. and J W. Birds Re-
corded at Paicines, San Benito Co., California. The Condor, III, pp. 120-127;
168 species.— 1901. McGREGOR, R. C. A List of the Land Birds of Santa
Cruz County, California. Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 2. Cooper Orn. Club, pp.
22; 139 species.— 1902. FISHER, W. K. The Redwood Belt of Northwestern
California. The Condor, IV, Faunal Peculiarities, pp. 111-114; Land-Birds, 131-
135; 63 species.— 1902. FISHER, W. K. List of Birds of Santa Clara Valley
and Santa Cruz Mountains, exclusive of Water-Birds. Bailey's Handbook of
Birds of the Western United States, pp. li-lvi; 147 species.— 1902. GRINNELL,
J. Check-List of California Birds. Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 3, Cooper Orn.
Club, 92 pp.; 2 maps; 491 species.— 1902. GRINNELL, J. List of Birds to be
looked for in the Vicinity of Pasadena. Bailey's Handbook of Birds of the West-
ern United States, pp. Ivi-lxiv; 191 species.— 1902. KOBBE, W. H. List of
Water Birds of San Francisco Bay. Bailey's Handbook of Birds of the Western
United States, pp. lviii-1; 91 species.— 1903. ANDERSON, M. P., and GRIN-
NELL, J. Birds of the Siskiyou Mountains, California: A Problem in Distri-
bution. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 4-15; 43 species.— 1903. KAEDING, H.
B. Bird-Life on the Farallones. The Condor, V, pp. 121-127; 17 species. — 1903.
RAY, M. S. A List of Land Birds of Lake Valley, Central Sierra Nevada Moun-
tains, California. The Auk, pp. 180-193; 109 species.— 1903. STEPHENS, F.
Bird Notes from Eastern California and Western Arizona. The Condor, V, pp.
75-78; 100-105; 119 species.— 1904. EMERSON, W. O. The Farallones Revisit-
ed, 1887-1903. The Condor, VI, pp. 61-67.— 1904. RAY, M. S. A Fortnight on
the Farallones. The Auk, XXI, pp. 425-442; 14 species.— 1904. WHEELOCK, J.
G. Birds of California: An Introduction to more than Three Hundred Com-
mon Birds of the State and Adjacent Islands. 12mo. xxviii+578 pp.; ills. A. C.
McClurg & Co. — 1905. GRINNELL, J. Summer Birds of Mount Pinos, Cali-
fornia. The Auk, XXII, pp. 378-391; 73 species.— 1906. DIXON, J. Land Birds
of San Onofre, California. The Condor, VIII, pp. 91-98; 63 species.— 1906. RAY.
M. S. Summer Birds of San Francisco County, California. The Condor, VIII,
pp. 42-44; 44 species. — 1907. BEAL, F. E. L. Birds of California in Relation to
the Fruit Industry. Bull. No. 30, Biological Survey, pp. 100.— 1908. GOLDMAN,
E. A. Summer Birds of the Tulare Lake Region. The Condor, X, pp. 200-205;
83 species. — 1908. GRINNELL, J. The Biota of the San Bernardino Mountains.
Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool. V, I, 170 pp. xxiv plls. Birds, pp. 50-54; 139 species. —
1908. HOLLISTER, N. Birds of the Region about Needles, California. The
Auk, XXV, pp. 455-462; 66 species.— 1910. BECK, R. H. Water Birds of the
Vicinity of Point Pinos, California. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, III, pp. 57-72;
94 species.— 1908. LINTON, C. B. Notes from San Clemente Island. The Con-
dor, X, pp. 82-86; 58 species.— 1908. LINTON, C. B. Notes from Santa Cruz
Island. The Condor, X, pp. 124-129; 88 species. (See also Ibid, XIII, pp. 208-
210).— 1911. DAWSON, W. L. Another Fortnight on the Farallones. The Con-
dor, XIII, pp. 171-183; 43 species.— 1911. VAN ROSSEM, A. Winter Birds of
the Salton Sea Region. The Condor, XIII, pp. 129-137; 72 species.— 1912.
316
Appeitdix II
LAMB, C. Birds of Mohave Desert Oasis. The Condor, XIV, pp. 32-40; 133
species.— 1912. WILLETT, G. Birds of the Pacific Slope of Southern Cali-
fornia, Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 7. Cooper Orn. Club, pp. 122; 377 species. —
1912. GRINNELL, J. A Systematic List of the Birds of California. Ihid., No.
8, pp. 23; 530 species.
COLORADO
1872. AIKEN, C. E., and HOLDEN, C. H. Jr. (See Wyoming).— 1873.
RIDGWAY, R. The Birds of Colorado. Bull. Essex Inst. V, pp. 174-195. Dis-
tribution tables and 243 species. Based on the Observations of C. E. Aiken. —
1874. YARROW, H. C, and HENSHAW, H. W. (See Utah).— 1881. DREW,
F. M. Field Notes on the Birds of San Juan Co. Colorado. Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, VI, pp 85-91; 138-143; 104 species.— 1883. ALLEN, J. A., and BREWSTER,
W. List of Birds Observed in the Vicinity of Colorado Springs, Colorado, Dur-
ing March, April, and May, 1882. Bull. N. O. C. VIII, pp. 151-161; 189-198; 134
species.— 1885. DREW, F. On the Vertical Range of Birds in Colorado. Auk,
II, pp. 11-18; 277 species. (See also 10 additions by H. Smith, Jr., and A. W.
Anthony, Ibid., Ill, 1886, pp. 284-286, and also 20 species by P. M. Thome, Ibid.,
IV, 1887, pp. 264, 265).— 1885. HOFFMAN, W. J. (See Montana).— 1888-90.
MORRISON, C. F. A List of the Birds of Colorado. Orn. and Ool., XIII, pp. 145,
148, 165-168, 181-183; XIV, 1889, pp. 6-9 65-68, 145-150; XV, 1890, pp. 36-38. ("To
be continued.") 233 species to Junco, inclusive. — 1890. KELLOGG, V. L.
Summer Birds of Estes Park, Colorado, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. XII, pp. 80-90.
— 1897. COOKE, W. W. The Birds of Colorado. Bull. 37, State Agricultural
College, Ft. Collins, pp. 144; 360 species; bibliography (See also 1898, Bull. 44,
first appendix, 1900, Bull No. 56, second appendix; and 1909. The Auk, pp.
400-422, third supplement, increasing total number of species to 397). — 1902.
KEYSER, L. S. Birds of the Rockies. With a Complete Check-List of Colora-
do Birds. 8vo, xii+355 pp; ills. McClurg, Chicago.— 1908. ROCKWELL, R. B.
An Annotated List of the Birds of Mesa County, Colorado. The Condor, X, pp.
152-180; 203 species.— 1908. WARREN, E. R. Northwestern Colorado Bird
Notes. The Condor, X, pp. 18-26; 93 species.— 1909. FELGER, A. H. Annotat-
ed List of the Water Birds of Weld, Morgan and Adams Counties, Colorado,
south to the first sectional line below the Fortieth Parallel. The Auk, XXVI, pp.
272-291; 3 maps; 107 species, (see also Hersey, L. J. and Rockwell, R. B. The
Condor, XI, 1909, pp. 110-122, and Rockwell, Ibid., XIV, pp. 117-131).— 1909.
HENDERSON, J. An Annotated List of the Birds of Boulder Co., Colorado.
Univ. Colo., Studies, VI, pp. 219-242.— 1910.— FELGER, A. H. Birds and Mam-
mals of Northwestern Colorado, Univ. Studies Colo. Mus., VII, 2, pp. 132-146;
133 species.— 1910. WARREN, E. R. Some Central Colorado Bird Notes. The
Condor, XII, pp. 23-39; 127 species.— 1911. WIDMANN, O. List of Birds Ob-
served in Estes Park, Colorado, from June 10, to July 18, 1910. The Auk,
XXVIII, pp. 304-319; 90 species.— 1912. COOKE, W. W. The Present Status of
the Colorado Check-List of Birds. The Condor, XTV, pp. 147-153. Admits 403
species.— 1912. SCLATER, W. L. A History of the Birds of Colorado. Wither-
by & Co., London, 8vo, pp. xxiv+576; plls. xvii; 392 species; important.
CONNECTICUT
1843. LINSLEY, J. H. A Catalogue of the Birds of Connecticut. Am.
Journ. Sci. and Arts, XLIV, pp. 249-274, 302 species. See also Ibid., XL VI, 1844,
pp. 50, 51.— -1877. MERRIAM, C. H. A Review of the Birds of Connecticut,
with Remarks on their Habits. Trans, of the Conn. Acad., IV, pp. 1-165; 292
species.— 1887. PLATT, F. A List of the Birds of Meriden, Conn. Trans. Mer-
iden Scientific Assoc, II, 1885-86, pp. 30-53; III, p. 41; 116 species.— 1892.
AVERILL, C. K., JR., List of Birds Found in the Vicinity of Bridgeport, Con-
necticut. Bridgeport Scientific Society, 8vo, pp. 1-19, 246 species. — 1906. CHAP-
317
Faunal Bibliogeaphy
MAN, F. M. (See New York).— 1908. COMMITTEE. A List of the Birds
of the New Haven Region. Bull. No. 1, New Haven Bird Club, pp. 1-32; -217
species.
DAKOTA (NORTH and SOUTH)
1875. GRINNELL, G. B. Report of a Reconnaissance of the Black Hills of
Dakota, made in the summer of 1874. By William Ludlow. Chapter II. Birds,
pp. 85-102; 110 species.— 1875. HOFFMAN, W. J. List of Birds Observed at
Grand River Agency, Dakota Ter., from October 7th, 1872, to June 7th, 1878.
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVIII, pp. 169-175; 79 species.— 1877. McCHESNEY,
C. E., M. D. Birds of the Coteau des Prairies of Eastern Dakota. Forest and
Stream, VIII, pp. 176, 177, 192, 224, 225, 241, 242, 261; 102 species.— 1901-2.
BENT, A. 0. Nesting habits of the Anatidae in North Dakota. Auk, XVIII, pp;
328-336; XIX, pp. 11-12; 165-174; 16 species.— 1908. REAGAN, A. B. The Birds
of the Rosebud Indian Reservation, South Dakota. The Auk, XXV, pp. 462-467;
108 species.— 1909. VISHER, S. S. A List of the Birds of western South Dakota.
The Auk, XXVI, pp. 144-153; 194 species.— 1911. VISHER, S. S. Annotated
List of the Birds of Harding County, Northwestern South Dakota. The Auk,
XXVIII, pp. 5-16;. 154 species.
DELAWARE
1905. RHOADS, S. N., and PENNOCK, C. J. Birds of Delaware: A Pre-
liminary List. Auk, XXII, 1905, pp. 194-205; 211 species. (See also Auk, XXV^
1908, pp. 282-288.)— 1897-1908. STONE, W., Editor. Numerous Notes on Dela-
ware Birds. Proc. Del. Valley Orn. Club, Phila.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
1883. COUES, E. and PRENTISS, D. W. Avifauna Columbiana, Second
Edition. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus. No. 26, 8vo, pp. 1-133, many woodcuts, 4 maps,
248 species.— 1888. RICHMOND, C. W. An Annotated List of Birds Breeding
in the District of Columbia. Auk, V, pp. 18-25; 100 species.— 1888. SMITH,.
HUGH M., and PALMER, WILLIAM. Additions to the Avifauna of Washington,
D. C, and Vicinity. Auk, V, pp. 147, 148. Adds 12 species to Coues' and Pren-
tiss' list of 1883.— 1898. MAYNARD, L. W. Birds of Washington and Vicinity,
with Introduction by Florence A. Merriam. 12mo. 204 pp. Washington, D. C^
291 species.
GEORGIA
1883. BAILEY, H. B. Memoranda of a Collection of Eggs from Georgia.
Bull. N. O. C, VIII, pp. 37-43; 104 species.— 1903. SMITH, R. S. Birds of Kirk-
wood, De Kalb Co., Ga. Wilson Bull., XV, pp. 49-59; 125 species.— 1909. HOW>
ELL, A. H. Notes on the Summer Birds of Northern Georgia. Auk, XXVI, pp.
129-137; 76 species.
FLORIDA
1871. ALLEN, J. A. On the Mammals and Winter Birds of East Florida.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., II, pp. 161-450, pll. ix-xiii; 181 species.— 1888. CHAP-
MAN, F. M. A List of Birds Observed at Gainesville, Florida. Auk, V, pp. 267-
277; 149 species. — 1888-90. SCOTT, W. E. D. A Summary of Observations on
the Birds of the Gulf Coast of Florida. Auk, V, pp. 373-379; VI, pp. 13-18, 152-
160, 245-252, 318-326; VII, pp. 14-22, 114-120; 262 species.— 1890. SCOTT, W. B.
D. On Birds Observed at the Dry Tortugas, Florida, during parts of March and
April, 1890. Auk, VII, pp. 301-314; 80 species.— 1891. BREWSTER, W., and
CHAPMAN, F. M. Notes on the Birds of the Lower Suwanee River. Auk, VIII,.
318
Appendix II
pp. 125-138; 116 species. (See also Brewster, Ibid., pp. 149-157.)— 1892. SCOTT,
W. E. D. Notes on the Birds of the Caloosahatchie Region of Florida. Auk,
IX, pp. 209-218, 259 species.— 1895. WAYNE, A. T. Notes on the Birds of the
Wacissa and Aucilla River Regions of Florida. Auk, XII, 1895, pp. 362-367; 161
species. — 1896. CORY, C. B. Hunting and Fishing in Florida with a Key to
the Water Birds of the State.— 1904. WILLIAMS, R. W., JR. A Preliminary
List of the Birds of Leon County, Florida. Auk, XXI, 1904, pp. 449-462; 356
species. (See also Ibid., XXIII, pp. 153-161; XXIV, pp. 158, 159.)— 1906. FOWL-
BR, H. W. Birds Observed in June in the Florida Keys. Auk, XXIII, pp. 396-
400; 33 species.
IDAHO
1891. MERRIAM, C. H. Results of a Biological Reconnaissance of Idaho,
south of latitude 45° and east of the thirty-eighth Meridian made during the
summer of 1890. N. A. Fauna, No. 5. Annotated List of Birds Observed in
Idaho during the Summer and Fall of 1890, with Notes on Species previously
Recorded from the State, pp. 90-108; 157 species.— 1897-8. MERRILL, J. C.
Notes on the Birds of Fort Sherman, Idaho. Auk, XIV, pp. 347-357, XV, pp.
14-22; 159 species.
ILLINOIS
1855. KENNICOTT, R. Catalogue of Animals Observed in Cook County.
Illinois. Trans. 111., State Agric. Soc. for 1853-54, I, Birds, pp. 580-589; 187 spe-
cies.— 1868. ALLEN, J. A. (See Iowa).— 1874. RIDGWAY, R. Catalogue of
the Birds Ascertained to Occur in Illinois. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., X, pp.
364-394; 311 species.— 1876. NELSON, E. W. Birds of Northeastern Illinois.
Bull. Essex Inst., VIII, pp. 90-155; 316 species.— 1877. NELSON, E. W. Notes
upon Birds Observed in Southern Illinois, between July 17 and September 4,
1S75. Bull. Essex. Inst., IX, pp. 32-65; 133 species.— 1881. RIDGWAY, R. A
Revised Catalogue of the Birds Ascertained to Occur in Illinois. Ills. State
Lab. Nat. Hist., Bull. No. 4, pp. 161-208; 352 species.— 1884. COOKE, W. W.
Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley, Southern Illinois. Forest and Stream,
XXIII, pp. 444, 445, 463, 464; 144 species based on Ridgway's list of 1881, and
observations of Cyrus W. Butler in the vicinity of Anna, Ills., during December,
1882, and January 1883.-1887. RIDGWAY, R. List of the Birds Found Breeding
Within the Corporate Limits of Mt. Carmel, Illinois. Bull. No. 2, Ridgway Orn.
Club, pp. 26-35 ; 85 species.— 1890-1895. RIDGWAY, R. The Ornithology of Illinois.
Roy. 8vo, Vol. I, 1890, 520 pp., 32 plls. Land-birds to Gallinse; Vol. II, 1895, 282
pp., 33 plls. Gallinae and Water-birds; 363 species.— 1891. LOUCKS, W. E. List
of Birds Found Breeding in the Vicinity of Peoria, Illinois. The Oologist, VIII,
pp. 224-226; 80 species.— 1904. WALTER, H. E. and A. W. Wild Birds in City
Parks. Rev. Ed., Chicago. 16mo, 66 pp.; 145 species.— 1907. WOODRUFF, F.
M. The Birds of the Chicago Area. Chicago Acad. Sci. Bull. VI. Nat. Hist.
Surv., 221 pp., 12 plls.; 318 species.— 1909. CORY, C. B. Birds of Illinois and
Wisconsin. Field Museum, Zool. Ser. IX, 8vo. 764 pp. many ills.; 398 species. —
1910. HESS, I. E. One Hundred Breeding Birds of an Illinois Ten-Mile Radius.
Auk, XXVII, pp. 19^32.
INDIANA
1869. RAYMOND, R. Birds of Franklin County, Indiana. Cox's Geol.
Surv. Indiana, Rep. for 1869, pp. 209-235; 163 species.— 1886. BUTLER, A. W.
A List of the Birds Observed in Franklin Co., Ind. Bull. Brookville Soc. Nat.
Hist., No. 2, pp. 12-39. 253 species.— 1888-89. EVERMANN, B. W. Birds of
Carroll County, Indiana. Auk, V. pp. 344-351; VI, pp. 22-30; 203 species.— 1891.
319
Faunal Bibliography
BUTLER, A. W. The Birds of Indiana, with Illustrations of Many of the Spe-
cies. Prepared for the Indiana Horticultural Society and Originally Published
in its Transactions for 1890. 8vo, 135 pp.; 305 species.— 1898. BUTLER, A. W.
The Birds of Indiana, a descriptive Catalogue of the Birds that have been ob-
served within the State with an account of their Habits. Rep. of the State Geo-
logist, pp. 515-1187; 321. species; bibliography. Important.— 1905. McATEE, W.
L. Ecological Notes on the Birds Occurring within a Radius of Five Miies of
the Indiana University Campus. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., pp. 65-202, 32 ills., 225
species.
IOWA
1868. ALLEN, J. A. Notes on Birds Observed in Western Iowa, in the
Months of July, August and September; also on Birds Observed in Northern
Illinois, in May and June, and at Richmond, Wayne Co., Indiana, between
June third and tenth. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, I. pt. IV, pp. 488-526. Ogle
County, Ills., 84 species; Cook County, Ills., 94 species; Richmond, Ind., 72 spe-
cies; Western Iowa, 108 species. — 1873. TRIPPE, F. M. Notes on the Birds of
Southern Iowa. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XV, pp. 229-242; 162 species.- -1888.
KEYES, CHARLES R. and WILLIAMS, H. S. A Preliminary Annotated Cata-
logue of the Birds of Iowa. Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., V, 8vo, 49 pp.; 260
species. — 1890. COONE, JOHN V. Summer Residents of Buena Vista County,
Iowa. The Oologist, VII, pp. 45-47; 52 species.— 1895. JONES, LYNDS. Bird
Migration at Grinnell, Iowa. Auk, XII, 1895, pp. 117-134, 231-237.— 1897. ANDER-
SON, R. M. An Annotated List of the Birds of Winnebago and Hancock
Counties, Iowa. Pub. by Author, Forest City, Iowa. 16mo, 19 pp.; 218 species.
—1906. WILSON, B. H. Birds of Scott Co., Iowa. Wilson Bull., XVIII, pp.
1-11; 166 species.— 1907. ANDERSON, R. M. The Birds of Iowa. Proc. Daven-
port Acad. Sci., XI, pp. 125-417; 355 species.
KANSAS
1875. SNOW, F. H. A Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas. Contributed to
the Kansas Academy of Science. 8vo, 14 pp. Third Edition. 295 species. —
1886. GOSS, N. S. A Revised Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas, with Descrip-
tive Notes of the Nests and Eggs of the Birds Known to Breed in the State.
Topeka. 8vo, vi+76 pp.; 335 species. (See also review in Auk, III, 1886, p.
S99.)— 1891. GOSS, N. S. History of the Birds of Kansas. Illustrating 529
Birds. Topeka, Kansas. Geo. W. Crane & Co., Royal 8vo, 692 pp., 35 photograv-
ure plates; 343 species. — 1899. LANTZ, D. E. A Review of Kansas Ornitho-
logy. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 1896-7, pp. 224-276; 351 species.— 1903. SNOW,
F. H A Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas. Fifth Edition. Trans. Kans. Acad.
Sciences, XVIII, 23 pp.; 342 species.— 1909. WETMORE, A. Fall Notes from
Eastern Kansas. The Condor, XI, pp. 154-164; 74 species.— 1912. ISELEY. D.
A List of the Birds of Sedgwick County, Kansas. The Auk,XXIX, pp. 25-43 ; 208
species.
KENTUCKY
1882. BECKHAM, C. W. A List of the Birds of Bardstown, Nelson County,
Kentucky. Journ. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, pp. 136-147; 167 species. — 1885.
BECKHAM, C. W. List of the Birds of Nelson County. Kentucky Geol. Surv.,
John R. Proctor, Director. Author's Edition, 4to, pp. 1-58; 171 species. — 1887.
PINDAR, L. O. List of the Birds of Fulton County, Kentucky. Orn. and Ool.
XII, pp. 54, 55, 84, 85; 122 species.— 1889. PINDAR, L. O. List of the Birds of
Fulton County, Kentucky. Auk, VI, pp. 310-316; 183 species.— 1910. HOWELL.
A. H. Notes on the Summer Birds of Kentucky and Tennessee. Auk, XXVII
pp. 295-304. Kentucky, 80 species.
320
Appendix II
LOUISIANA
1900. BEYER, G. E. The Avifauna of Louisiana. Proc. La. Soc. Nat. 45
pp.; 323 species.— 1904. ALLISON, A. The Birds of West Baton Rouge Parish,
Louisiana. Auk, XXI, 1904, pp. 472-484; 130 species.— 1906. BEYER, G. E., AL-
LISON, A., KOPMAN, H. H. List of the Birds of Louisiana. Auk, XXIII, 190t>,
pp. 1-15, 275-281, XXIV, 314-321; XXV, 173-180; 339-448. 128 species to Pici.—
1908. HOWELL, A. H. Notes on the Winter Birds of Northern Louisiana.
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXI, 119-124 pp.; 70 species.
MAINE
1862. BOARDMAN, G. A. Catalogue of the Birds Found in the Vicinity
of Calais, Maine, and about the Islands of the Mouth of the Bay of Fundy.
Edited by A. E. Verrill. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, pp. 122-132; 236+4 spe-
cies. (For 12 additions see Verrill, Ibid., pp. 233, 234.)— 1862. VERRILL, A. E.
Catalogue of the Birds Found at Norway, Oxford Co., Maine. Proc. Essex.
Inst., Ill, pp. 136-160; 159 species.— 1872. MAYNARD, C. J. A Catalogue of
the Birds of Coos Co., N. H., and Oxford Co., Maine. With notes by Wm. Brews-
ter, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIV, 1871, pp. 356-385; 164 species.— 1882.
BROWN, N. C. A Catalogue of the Birds Known to Occur in Portland, Maine.
Proc Portl. Soc. Nat. Hist., Dec. 14, 1882, pp, 1-37; 250 species. (See also Proc.
Portl. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1889, pp. 37-40).— 1900. HOWE, R. H., JR. Summer Birds
near Isleboro and the Fox Islands. Journ. Maine Orn. Soc. II, pp. 28-32, 111, pp.
14, 15; IV, p. 18; 100 species.— 1908. KNIGHT, O. W. The Birds of Maine, Pub-
by Author, Bangor 8vo, 693 pp., 30 ills.; 327 species.
MARYLAND
18S5. KIRKWOOD, F. C. A List of the Birds of Maryland. Trans. Md.
Acad. Sci., 1895, pp. 241-382; 290 species.— 1 900. MERRIAM, C. H., and
PREBLE, E. A. The Summer Birds of Western Maryland. Maryland (ieol.
Surv, pp. 291-307; 100 species.— 1904. EIFRIG, G. Birds of Allegany and Gar-
rett Counties, Western Maryland. Auk, XXI, 1904, pp. 234-250; 180 species.
MASSACHUSETTS
1870. MAYNARD, C. J. Catalogue of the Birds of Eastern Massachusetts.
The Naturalist's Guide, Part II, pp. 81-170; 299 species.— 1886. ALLEN, J. A.
A Revised List of the Birds of Massachusetts. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., [, ])p.
221-271; 349 species.— 1887. CLARK, H. L. The Birds of Amherst and Vicinity,
Including Nearly the Whole of Hampshire County, Mass. 8vo. 55 pp.; 177 spe-
cies.— 1888. BREWSTER, W. . Notes on the Birds of Winchendon, Worcester
Co. Auk, V, pp. 386-393; 82 species.— 1889. FAXON, W. On the Summer Birds
of Berkshire County, Mass. Auk, VI, pp. 39-46, 99-107. Southern Berkshire, 76
species; Graylock Mountain, 80 species.— 1889. INGALLS, C. E. Birds of Tem-
pleton and the Adjoining Towns. Gardner News, XX, June; 155 species. Not
seen; title from Howe and Allen.— 1891. COLBURN, W. W., and MORRIS, R. O.
The Birds of the Connecticut Vallev in Massachusetts. 16mo, 24 pp. Spring-
field Published by the Authors. 212 species.— 1891. WAKEFIELD, J. R. A
List of the Birds of Dedham. Dedham Hist. Reg., II, pp. 70-74; 181 species.
Not seen; title from Howe and Allen.— 1897. MORSE, A. P. Birds of Welles-
le:^ Published by Author. Wellesley. 16mo, 56 pp.; 224 species. — 1900. FAX-
ON, W., and HOFFMANN, R. The Birds of Berkshire Co. Coll. Berkshire Hist,
and Sci. Soc, III, pp. 109-166; 200 species.— 1901. HOWE, R. H. JR., and AL-
LEN, G. M. The Birds of Massachusetts. Published by the Authors. 8vo, 154
pp.; 362 species.— 1901. MORRIS, R. O.— The Birds of Springfield, Mass., and
Vicinity. H. R. Johnson, Springfield. 8vo, 54 pp.; 255 species.— 1905. TOWN-
321
Faunal Bibliogeaphy
SEND, C. W. The Birds of Essex County, Massachusetts. Memoirs Nutt. Orn.
Club. 4to, 352 pp. Frontispiece and Map; 319 species. — 1906. BREWSTER,
W. The Birds of the Cambridge Region of Massachusetts. Memoirs Nutt. Orn.
Club, IV, 426 pp., plls. 7; 249 species.— 1909. WRIGHT, H. W. Birds of the
l5oston Public Garden. (Houghton, Mifflin), 16mo, 238 pp.; 166 species.— 1912.
MORSE, A. P. A Pocket List of the Birds of Eastern Massachusetts with es-
pecial reference to Essex County. Pp. 92. Peabody Academy Science, Salem.
MICHIGAN
1857. KNEELAND, S. On the Birds of Keeweenan Point, Lake Superior,
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, 231-241 pp.; 147 .species.— 1875. BOIES, A. H.
Catalogue of the Birds Ascertained to Occur in Southern Michigan. 8vo, 12 pp.;
211 species.— 1876. COVERT, A. B. Birds of Lower Michigan. Forest and
Stream, VI, pp. 99, 132, 163, 214, 318, 354, 402; VII, pp. 147, 164, 276. (See also VI,
p. 197.) 213 species.— 1879. GIBBS, M. Annotated List of the Birds of Michi-
gan. Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey of the Territories, V, 3 pp. 481-497;
310 species.— 1880. STEERE, J. B. A List of the Mammals and Birds of Ann
Arbor and Vicinity. 8vo. 8pp.; Ill species of birds. — 1884. ATKINS, H. A.
Summer Birds of Locke, Michigan. Orn and Ool., IX, pp. 43-45; 80 species. —
1884. ATKINS, H. A. Winter Birds of Locke, Michigan. Orn and Ool., IX, pp.
31, 32; 31 species.— 1885. ATKINS, H. A. Summer Birds of Locke, Michigan.
Orn and Ool., X, p. 3; 82 species.— 1885. GIBBS, M. A Catalogue of the Birds
of Kalamazoo County, Michigan. Orn and 061., X, pp. 6. 7. 38, 39, 54, 55, 68-70,
86, 87, 118, 119, 133-135, 149-151, 166, 167, 189, 190; 230 species.— 1885-7. GIBBS,
M. The Birds of Michigan. Forest and Stream, XXIII, pp. 483, 484; XXIV, pp.
5, 6, 26, 27, 44, 45, 65, 84, 104, 105, 124, 125, 144, 145, 184,
224, 267, 268, 288, 289, 307, 347, 387, 388, 427; XXV, pp. 4, 5, 304, 305, 365, 366;
XXVI, pp. 305, 306; XXVII, pp. 123, 124, 223, 224; 68 species.— 1890.. WHITE, T. G.
Birds of Mackinac Island, Michigan. The Oologist, VII, pp 48, 49; 101 species. —
1893. COOK, A. J. Birds of Michigan. Bull. 94, State Agricultural College.
8vo, 148 pp.; 332 species.— 1893. WHITE, S. E. Birds Observed on Mackinac
Island, Michigan, During the Summers of 1889, 1890, and 1891. The Auk, X,
pp. 221-230; 143 species.— 1897. BOIES, A. H. Birds of Neebish Island, St.
Mary's River, Michigan. Bull. Mich. Orn. Club, I. pp. 17-20, 27-29; 149 species. —
1903. SWALES, B. H. Notes on the Winter Birds of Wayne Co., Michigan.
Wilson Bull., XIV, pp. 20-24; XV, 1904, p. 82; 71 species.— 1903. SWALES, B. H.
A List of the Land Birds of Southeastern Michigan. Bull. Mich Orn. Club, IV,
pp. 14-17, 35-40; V, pp. 37-43; 165 species. (See also Wilson Bull. XVII, 1905, pp.
108-114); Auk, XXV, pp. 230-232).— 1905. WOOD, N. A., and FROTHINGHAM,
E. H. Notes on the Birds of Au Sable Valley, Michigan. Auk, XXII, 1905, pp.
39-154; 103 species.— 1906. WOOD, N. A., PEET, M. M., McCREARY, O.
Annotated List of the Birds of Porcupine Mountains [89 species] and Isle Royale
[81 species], Mich. Rep. Geol. Surv. Mich., 1905, pp. 113-127. See also McCreary,
Ibid., pp. 56-57.-1909. BLACKWELDER, E. Summer Birds of Iron County.
Auk, XXVI, pp. 363-370; 80 species.— 1910. WOOD, J. CLAIRE. Some Winter
Birds of the Season 1908-9 in Wayne County. Auk, XXVII, pp. 36-41.-1910.
WOOD, N. A., and TINKER, A. D. Notes on Some of the Rarer Birds of Wash-
tenaw County. Auk, XXVII, pp. 129-141; 34 species.— 1910. CHANEY, R. W.
Summer and Fall Birds of the Hamlin Lake Region, Mason County. Auk,
XXVII, pp. 271-279; 119 species.-^1»11. WOOD, N. A. Expedition to Charity
Islands, Lake Huron. Wilson Bull., XXIII, pp. 78-112; 162 species.— 1912. BAR-
ROWS, W. B. Michigan Bird Life. Special Bull, of Mich., Agric. College. 8vo,
pp. xiv+822; many ills., bibliography; important.
322
Appendix II
MINNESOTA
1871. TRIPPE, T. M. Notes on the Birds of Minnesota. Proc. Essex Inst
VI, pp. 113-119; 138 species.— 1874. HATCH, P. L. Report on the Birds ol'
Minnesota. Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci., pp. 43-68; 230 species.— 1876. ROB
ERTS, T. S. A List of Some Birds Observed in the Vicinity of Minneapolis
Minn., not Enumerated in Dr. Hatch's List, The Scientific Monthly (Toledo
■Ohio), I, 5, p. 231.— 1880. ROBERTS, T. S., and BENNER, F. A Contribution
to the Ornithology of Minnesota. Bull. N. O. C, V, pp. 11-20; 86 species. — 1881
HATCH, P. L. A List of the Birds of Minnesota. Ninth Ann. Rep. Geol. and
Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., for 1880, 1881, pp. 361-372; 281 species.— 1881. ROB
ERTS, T. S. The Winter Birds of Minnesota. 9th Ann. Rep. Geol. and N. H
•Surv. Minn., for 1880-1881, pp 373-383; 52 species.— 1883. BRACKETT, F. H
Ornithological Notes from Minnesota. Quart. Journ. Bost Zool. Soc. II, pp. 47
49; III, pp. 7-16; 134 species.— 1830. CANT WELL, G. C. A List of the Birds
of Minnesota. Orn. and Ool., XV, p. 129-139. (See also p. 156 and XVI
p. 157) ; 295 species. — 1892. HATCH, P. L. Notes on the Birds of Minnesota
•Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Minn. 8vo, 487 pp.; 302 species.— 1904. CUR-
RIER, E. S. Summer Birds of the Leech Lake Region, Minn. Auk, XXI, pp
29^44; 117 species.— 1207. ROBERTS, T. S. List of Birds of Becker Co., Minn.
Pioneer Hist, of Becker Co. (Pioneer Press, St. Paul), pp. 159-190; 262 species
—1911. HONYWILL, A. W. JR.— Notes on some Summer and Fall Birds of the
Crooked Lake Region. Cass and Crow, Wing Counties, Minn. The Auk, XXVIII,
pp. 229-237; 86 species.
MISSISSIPPI
1S05. STOCKARD, C. R. Nesting Habits of Birds in Mississippi. Auk, XXII,
1905, pp. 146-158, 273-285; 83 species.— 1906. ALLISON, A. Notes on the Win-
ter Birds of Hancock Co., Miss., Auk, XXIII, 1906, pp. 44-47; 51 species. Also
Ibid., p. 232.-1907. ALLISON, A. Notes on the Spring Birds of Tishomingo
County, Miss. Auk, XXIV, pp. 12-25.
MISSOURI
1879. SCOTT, W. E. D. Notes on Birds Observed During the Spring Mi-
•gration in Western Missouri. Bull. N. O. C, IV, pp. 139-147; 148 species.— 1884.
HURTER, J. List of Birds Collected in the Neighborhood of St. Louis, Mo.
Orn and Ool., IX, pp. 85-87, 95-97. (see also p. 128); 265 species.— 1896. WID-
MANN, O. The Peninsula of Missouri as a Winter Home for Birds. Auk,
XIII, 1896, pp. 216-222.— 13C7. WIDMANN, O. A Preliminary Catalogue of the
Birds of Missouri. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, XVIII, pp. 1-288; 383 species. —
1908. WOODRUFF, E. S. Birds of Shannon and Carter Counties, Missouri,
Auk, XXV, pp. 191-213; 172 species.
MONTANA
1876. GRINNELL, G. B. Report of a Reconnaissance from Carroll Mon-
tana Territory on the Upper Missouri, to the Yellowstone National Park, and
Return, made'in the summer of 1875 by William Ludlow. . . .Birds, pp. 72-92; 139
species.— 1834. RICHMOND, C. W., and KNOWLTON, F. H. Auk, XI, pp. 298-
508; 111 species. — 1825. THORNE, P. M. List of Birds observed in the Vicini-
ty of Fort Keogh, Montana, from July 1888, to September 1892. The Auk, XII,
pp. 211-219; 139 species.— 1901. CARY, M. Birds of the Black Hills. The Auk,
XVIII, pp. 231-238; 91 species.— 1901. SILLOWAY, P. M. Summer Birds of
Flathead Lake. Bull, No. 3 Univ. Mont. 8vo. 83 pp., 16 plls.; 123 species (see
also. Ibid, No. 6, pp. 289-308).— 1303. SILLOWAY, P. M. The Birds of Fergus
County, Montana. Bull. No. 1, Fergus Co. Free High School, Lewiston, Mont.
323
21
Fauxal Bibliography
77 pp., 17 ppls.; 179 species.— 1907-8. CAMERON, E. S. The Birds of Custer
and Dawson Counties, Montana. The Auk, XXIV, pp. 241-270; 389-406; XXV,
pp. 34-56; 192 species.— 1911. SAUNDERS, A. A... A Preliminary List of
the Birds of Gallatin County, Montana. The Auk, XXVIII, pp. ^6-49; 198 spe-
cies.— 1912. SAUNDERS, A. A. Some Birds of Southwestern Montana. The^
Condor, XIV, pp. 22-32; 152 species.
NEBRASKA
1878. AUGHEY, S. Notes on the Nature of the Food of the Birds of Ne-
braska. First Ann. Rep. U. S. Ent. Com. for the year 1877. Appendix II, pp.
13-62; 252 species. — 1883. HALL, A. Spring Birds of Nebraska. Forest and-
Stream, XX, pp. 265, 266, 284; 114 species.— 1888. TAYLOR, W. EDGAR. A
Catalogue of Nebraska Birds . . . Ann. Rep. Nebr. State Board of Agric, for
the year 1887, pp. 111-118; 314 species.— 1888-89. TAYLOR, E. W., and VAN
VLEET, A. H. Notes on Nebraska Birds. Orn and 051., XIII, pp. 49-51, 169-
172; XIV, pp. 163-165; 137 species.— 1886. BRUNER, L. Notes on Nebraska
Birds. Rep. Neb. State Hort. Soc, 1896, pp. 48-178; 415 species.— 1901. BRU-
NER, L. Birds that Nest in Nebraska. Proc. Nebr. Orn. Union, 1901, pp. 48-
61; 212 species.— 1904. BRUNER, L., WALCOTT, R. H., and SWENK, M. H. A
Preliminary Review of the Birds of Nebraska, 1-116+5 p.; 406 species. Klopp
and Bartlett, Omaha, Nebr.— 1909. WALCOTT, R. H. An Analysis of Nebras-
ka's Bird Fauna. Proc. Neb. Orn. Union, IV, pp. 25-55.
NEVADA
1877. HENSHAW, H. W. Annual Report upon the Survey West of the
One-Hundredth Meridian. Being Appendix N N of the Annual Report of En-
gineers for 1877. Report on the Ornithology of Portions of Nevada and Cali-
fornia, pp. 1303-1322.— 1877. RIDGWAY, R. Report of Geological Exploration
of the Fortieth Parallel. Clarence King, Geologist, in charge. Vol. IV, Part III,
Ornithology, 4to, pp. 303-670. Mainly limited to that portion of the Great Basin
included between the thirty-ninth and forty-second parallels and extending from
the Sierra Nevada to the Wasatch Mountains; 262 species. — ^1880. HENSHAW,
H. W. Annual Report upon the Geog. Surv. of the Terr, west of the 100th
Meridian .... App. O. O. of the Ann. Rep. of the Chief of Engineers for 1879.
App. L. Ornithological Report from Observations and Collections made in por-
tions of California, Nevada, and Oregon; pp. 282-335; 184 species.— 1881. HOFF-
MAN, W. J. Annotated List of the Birds of Nevada. Bull. U. S. Geol. and-
Geograph. Survey of the Territories, VI, 2, pp. 203-256; 250 species.— 1903.
HANFORD, F. S. The Summer Birds of Washoe Lake, Nevada. The Condor, V,
pp. 49-52; 48 species. — 1912. TAYLOR, W. P. Field Notes on Amphibians,
Reptiles and Birds of Northern Humboldt County, Nevada. Univ. Pub. Zool.
VII, 10, pp. 319-436; 103 species.
NEW HAMPSHIRE
1877. GOODHUE. C. F. The Birds of Webster and Adjoining Towns.
Forest and Stream, VIII, pp. 33, 49, 96, 113, 146; 151 species.— 1872. MAYNARD,
C. J. See Maine.— 1887. CHADBOURNE, A. P. A List of the Summer Birds of
the Presidential Range of the White Mountains, N. H. Auk, IV, pp. 100-108;
47 species. — 1888. FAXON, W., and ALLEN, J. A. Notes on the Summer Birds
of Holderness [65 species], Bethlehem [50 species], and Franconia, N. H. [87
species]. Auk, V. pp. 149-155.-1889. ALLEN, F. H. Summer Birds at Bridge-
water, N. H. Auk, VI, pp. 76-79.-1882. KNOWLTON, F. H. A Revised List of
the Birds of Brandon, Vt. The Brandon Union, February 10, 1882; 149 species.
— 1899. DEARBORN, N. Preliminary List of the Birds of Belknap and Merri-
324
Appendix II
mac Counties, N. H. New Hampshire College, Durham, 8vo, 34 pp.; 175 species.
—1900. BATCHELDER, F. W. and FOGG, E. H. Preliminary List of Birds . .
. . of Manchester, N. H. Proc. Manchester Inst. Arts and Sci., I, pp. 123-138;
132 species. (See also Proc. for 1901, 1902.)— 1900 DEARBORN, N. The Birds
of Durham and Vicinity. Cont. Zool. Lab. N. H. College Agric. and Mech. Arts,
VI, 121 pp., map. — 1904. ALLEN, G. M. The Birds of New Hampshire. Proc.
Manchester Inst. Arts and Sciences, IV, pp. 23-222; 283 species. — 1904. COMEY^
A. C. A Partial List of the Summer Birds of Holderness, N. H. Wilson Bull.,
XVI, 5-9 pp.; 94 species.
NEW JERSEY
1885. BARRELL, H. F. Birds of the Upper Passaic Valley, New Jersey.
Orn. and 051., X, pp. 21-23, 42, 43; 149 species.— 1887. THURBER, E. A List
of Birds of Morris County, New Jersey. True Democratic Banner (newspaper),
Morristown, N. J., Nov. 10, 17, 24; 205 species.— T894. STONE, W. The Birds
of Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey. 8vo, 185 pp. Del. Valley Orn. Club,
Phila.; 346 species.— 1894. STONE, W. Summer Birds of the Pine Barrens of
New Jersey. Auk, XI, 1894, pp. 138-140; 90 species.— 1'897-1 910. STONE, W.,
Editor. Numerous Notes on Birds of Chiefly Southern New Jersey. Proc. Del.
Valley Orn. Club, Phila.— -1901. BABSON, W. A. The Birds of Princeton, N. J.
Bull. Bird Club, Princeton Univ. I, pp. 7-28; ?30 species.— 1906. CHAPMAN,
F. M. (See New York.)— 1907. HOLMES, L. K. Birds Found within a Radius
of 12 Miles of Summit, N. J. Wilson Bull. XIX, pp. 21-27; 201 species. See also
list of Summer Birds, Ibid., XVII, pp. 8-12; and Hann, List of Summer Birds,
Ibid., pp. 117-122.-1909. STONE, W. The Birds of New Jersey. Ann. Rep. N.
J. State Museum for 1908, pp. 11-347, 409-419; plls. 1-84.-1909. BAILY, W. L.
Breeding Birds of Passaic and Sussex Counties. Cassinia, pp. 29-36; 94 species.
NEW MEXICO
1853. WOODHOUSE, S. W. (See Arizona).— 1859. HENRY, T. C. Cata-
logue of the Birds of New Mexico as compiled from Notes and Observations
made while in that Territory during a residence of Six Years. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., XI, pp. 104-109; 198 species.— 1885-6. HENSHAW, H. W. List of
Birds Observed in Summer and Fall on the Upper Pecos River, New Mexico.
Auk, II, pp. 326-333; III, pp. 73-80; 80 species.— 1832. ANTHONY, A. W. Birds
of Southwestern New Mexico. Auk, IX, pp. 357-369; 129 species. — 1898.
MITCHELL, W. I. The Summer Birds of San Miguel County, New Mexico. The
Auk, XV, pp. 306-311; 85 species. (See also, Bailey, Ibid, XXI, 1904, pp 443-449).
— 1904. BAILEY, F. M. Additional Notes on the Birds of the Upper Pecos.
The Auk, XXI, pp. 349-363; 93 species.— 1^06. HUNN, J. T. S, Notes on Birds
of Silver City, New Mexico. The Auk, XXIII, pp. 418-425; 112 species. — 1908.
OILMAN, M. F. Birds on the Navajo Reservation in New Mexico. The Condor,
X, pp. 146-152; 108 species.— 1912. BERGTOLD, W. H. October Birds of the
Headwaters of the Gila River, New Mexico. The Auk, XXIX, pp. 327-336; 76
species.
NEW YORK
1844. GIRAUD, J. P., JR. The Birds of Long Island . . New York, vol. V,
8vo, 397 pp.; 286 species.— 1844. DE KAY, JAMES E. Zoology of New York.
Part II, Birds. Albany. 1 vol., 4to, xii+380 pp., 141 col. plls.— 1876. FOWLER,
H. G. Birds of Central New York. Forest and Stream, VI, pp. 180, 233, 284, 337^
402; VII, pp. 36, 52, 84, 230. Also Additions Ibid., p. 180; 170 species.— 1877.
ROOSEVELT, T., JR., and MINOT, H. D. The Summer Birds of the Adiron-
dacks in Franklin County, N. Y. 8vo, 4 pp.; 97 species.— 1879. RATHBUN,
FRANK R. A Revised List of Birds of Central New York. (Cayuga, Onondaga,
325
Fau^^al Bibliogkaphy
Seneca, Wayne, and Yates Counties. Auburn, N. Y.) 44 pp. See also Orn. and
Ool., VII, 1882, pp. 132, 133; 14 additions.— 1879-80. MEARNS, E. A. A List
of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands. Bull. Essex. Inst., X, pp. 166-179 ; XI, pp.
43-52, 154-168, 189-204; XII, pp. 11-25, 109-128; XIII, pp. 75-93. (See also Auk,
VII, 1890, pp. 55, 56) ; 214 species.— 1880. GREGG, W. H. Revised Catalogue of
the Birds of Chemung County, New York, Elmira, N. Y., O. H. Wheeler; 217
species. — 1881-84. MERRIAM, C. H. Preliminary List of Birds Ascertained to
Occur in the Adirondack Region, Northeastern New York. Bull. N. O. C, VI, pp.
225-235; and Addenda VII, 1882, pp. 128, 256, 257. Auk, I, 1884, pp. 58, 59;
211 species.— 1882. BICKNELL, E. P. A Review of the Summer Birds of a part
of the Catskill Mountains, with prefatory remarks on the faunal and floral
features of the region. Trans, of the Linn. Soc. of New York, I, pp. 115-168; 90
species. — 1885.. .HOLLICK, A. Preliminary List of the Birds Known to Breed
on Staten Island. Proc. Nat. Sci. Assc. Staten Island. Extra No. 4, December.
67 species.— 1886.. .BARNUM, M. K. A Preliminary List of the Birds of Onon-
daga County, N. Y. Bull, of the Biol. Lab. of Syracuse. 8vo, pp. 1-34; 204
species.— 1886. RALPH, W. L., and BAGG, E. An Annotated List of the
Birds of Oneida Count}*, N. Y., and Its Immediate Vicinity. Trans. Oneida Hist.
Soc, III, pp. 101-147; 224 species. (See also Ihid., VII, 1890, pp. 2, 29-232.) Orn.
and Col. XIII, 1888, pp. 58, 59. Auk, XI, 1894, pp. 162-164.-1886. WOODRUFF,
L. B., and PAINE, A. G., JR. Birds of Central Park, New York City. A Pre-
liminary List. Forest and Stream, XXVI, pp. 386, 387, 487; 121 species.— 1883.
BERGTOLD, W. H. A List of the Birds of Buffalo and Vicinity. Bull. Buffalo
Nat. Field Club, 1, 7, pp. 1-21; 237 species.— 188Sf. DAVISON, J. L. Birds of
Niagara County, New York, Forest and Stream, XXXIIl, pp. 164, 183, 303; 190
species.— 1892. CLUTE, W. N. The Avifauna of Broome Co., N. Y. Wilson
Quart., pp. 59-64; 106 species.— 1896. SHORT, E. H. Birds of Western New
York. F. H. Lattin, Albion, N. Y. 20 pp.; 229 species.— 1901. EATON, E. H.
Birds of Western New York. Proc. Roch. Acad. IV, 64 pp.; 299 species. — 1901.
EMBODY, G. O. Birds of Madison County, N. Y. Bull. Dep't. Geol. and Nat.
Hist., Colgate University, Hamilton, N. Y. 8vo, 36 pp.; 191 species. (See also
Maxon, Auk, XX, p. 263.)— 1804. CHAPMAN, F. M. An Annonated List of the
Birds Known to Breed within 50 Miles of New York City. Guide Leaflet, No. 14,
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 31 pp., 13 ills.— 1906. CHAPMAN, F. M. The Birds of the
Vicinity of New York City. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Guide Leaflet, No. 22, Rev. Ed.,
■96 pp. Numerous ills.; 353 species. — 1307. BRAISLIN, W. C. A List of the
Birds of Long Island, N. Y. Abst. Proc. Linnaean Society, N. Y., 1907, pp. 31-123;
364 species. (See also Auk, 1909, pp. 314-316.)— ^1910. REED, H. D., and
WRIGHT, A. H. Veterbrates of the Cayuga Lake Basin. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc,
XLVIII, pp. 370-459; 257 species.— 1910. WRIGHT, A. H. and ALLEN, A. A.
The Increase of Austral Birds at Ithaca. Auk, XXVII, pp. 63-66.— 1910. EATON,
E. H. Birds of New York. I, Water and Game Birds. 4to, pp. 1-501, col. plls.
tby Fuertes] 42. Important.— 1912. BAGG, E. Annotated List of the Birds of
Oneida County, N. Y., and of the West Canada Creek Valley. Trans. Oneida
Hist. Soc XII, pp. 16-85; 257 species.
NORTH CAROLINA
1871. COUES, E. Notes on the Natural History of Fort Macon, N. C. and
Vicinity. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. XXIII, Birds, pp. 18-47. Also Ibid., 1878,
pp. 22-24; 133 species.— 1885. BRIMLEY, H. H. and C. S. Summer Birds of
Raleigh, N. C. Orn. and Ool., X. pp. 143, 144; 82 species.— 1885.— BRIMLEY, H.
H .and C. S. Winter Birds of Raleigh, N. C. Orn. and Ool., X, p. 128; 72 species.
— 1886. BREWSTER, W. An Ornithological Reconnaissance in Western North
Carolina. Auk, III, pp. 94-112, 173-179; 102 species.— 1886. BATCHELDER, C. F.
326
Appendix II .
The North Carolina Mountains in Winter. Auk, III, pp. 307-314; 40 species,
—1887. ATKINSON, G. F. Preliminary Catalogue of the Birds of North Caro-
lina, Journ. Elisha Mitchell Society, 1887, Part 2, pp. 44-87; 255 species. A
compilation with some errors. — 1887. CAIRNS, J. S. A List of Birds of Bun-
combe Co., North Carolina. . Orn. and 061., XII, pp. 3-6; 169 species. — •1887.
SENNETT, G. B. Observations in Western North Carolina -jMountains in 1886.
Auk, IV, pp. 240-245; 29 species.— 1888. BRIMDEY, C. S. A List of Birds Known
to Breed at Raleigh, N. C. Orn. and Ccl., XIII, pp. 42, 43; 54 species. (See also
IMd., p. 187. Auk, XIV, p. 165.)— 1889. CAIRNS, J. S. The Summer Birds of
Buncombe County, North Carolina. Orn. and Ool., XIV, pp. 17-22; 123 species. —
1893. BRIMLEY, C. S. Some Additions to the Avifauna of North Carolina,
with Notes on Some Other Species. Auk, X, 1893, pp. 241-244; 48 species. —
8197. SMITHWICK, J. W. P. Ornithology of North Carolina. Bull. 144, N. C.
Agric. Exp. Sta. 193-228; 303 species.— 1899. PEARSON, T. G. Preliminary List
of Birds of Chapel Hill, N. C. Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc, XVI, pp. 33-51;
132 species.— 1' 01. BISHOP, L. B. The Winter Birds of Pea Island, N. C. Auk,,
XVIII, pp. 260-268; 42 species.— 1905. OBERHOLSBR, H. C. Notes on the Mam-
mals and Summer Birds of Western North Carolina. Published by Biltmore
Forest School. Birds pp. 11-24; 136 species.— 1910. PHILIPP, P. B. (see S. C.)
OHIO
1877.. .LANGDON, F. W. A Catalogue of the Birds of the Vicinity of Cin-
cinnati. 8vo, 18 pp. Salem, Mass.; 279 species. — 1879. LANGDON, F. W. A
Revised List of Cincinnati Birds. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 4, pp. 167-193,
(See also Ihid., Ill, pp. 121-127; V, 1882, p. 186; VI, 1883, pp. 12-31; 256 species.)
—1882. WHEATON, J. M. Report on the Birds of Ohio, Report of the Geologi-
cal Survey of Ohio, IV, I, pp. 188-628; 298 species.— 1891. SMITH, R. W. A
List of the Birds of Warren County, Ohio. Journ. Cin, Soc. Nat. Hist., XIV, pp.
105-133; 189 species.— 1896. OBERHOLSER, H. C. A Primary List of the Birds
of Wayne Co. Bull. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. I, 4, pp. 243-354; 183 species.— 1902.
HENINGER, W. F. A Preliminary List of the Birds of Middle Southern Ohio,
Wilson Bulletin, IX, pp. 77-93; 209 species. (See also Ibid., pp. 130-132; XII,
1905, pp. 89-93).— 1902. JONES, L. Bird Studies in Lorain Co., Ohio. Wilson
Bull., IX, pp. 37-58; also pp. 94-100.— 1908. DAWSON, W. L. The Birds of Ohio,.
4 to xlv+671 pp. Many illus. Columbus, Wheaton Pub. Co.— 1903. FIELD,
A. I. Birds of Lecking Co., Ohio. Bull. Sci. Lab, Denison Univ., XV; 203 species,
—1903. JONES, L. The Birds of Ohio. A revised Catalogue, Ohio State Acad,
of Sci., Special Papers No. 6, 141 pp. 1 map; 318 species. — 1906. HENINGER,.
W. F. A Preliminary List of Birds of Seneca Co., Ohio. Wilson Bull., XVIII,
pp. 47-60; 205 species.— 1909-10. JONES, L. The Birds of Cedar Point and
Vicinity. Wilson Bull., XXI, pp. 55-76, 115-131, 187-202; XXII, pp 25-41, 97-115,
172-182. Note. — Every issue of the Wilson Bulletin (Oberlin, Ohio) contains
matter of special interest to bird students in Ohio and the adjoining states.
OREGON
1839. TOWNSEND, J. K. Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky Moun-
tains to the Columbia River .... Philadelphia: Henry Perkins, 134 Chestnut
Street. Boston: Perkins and Marvin. 8vo, pp. viii, 352. Appendix: Catalogue
of Birds found in the Territory of the Oregon, pp. 331-352.-1860. COOPER,
J. G. and SUCKLEY, G. Report upon the Birds Collected on the Survey. Pac. R.
R. Rep. Vol. XII, Book 11, pp. 140-291; 216 species observed in Oregon and
Washington. — 1877. BENDIRE, C. Notes on some of the Birds found in South-
eastern Oregon, particularly in the Vicinity of Camp Harney, from November,
1874 to January 1877. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nal Hist., XIX, pp. 109-149; 191 species,
327
Faunal Bibliography
—1879. MEARNS, E. A. Partial List of the Birds of Fort Klamath, Oregon,
Collected by Lieutenant Willis Wittich, U. S. A., with Annotations and Additions
by the Collector. Bull. N. O. C, IV, pp. 161-166, 194-199; 111 species.— 1880.
HENSHAW, H. W. (See Nevada.)— 1880. JOHNSON, O. B. List of the Birds
of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Am. Nat. XIV, pp. 485-491, 635-646; 140
species.— 1886. ANTHONY, A. W. Field Notes on the Birds of Washington
County, Oregon. Auk, III, pp. 161-172; 120 species.— 1888. MERRILL, J. C.
Notes on the Birds of Fort Klamath, Oregon. With remarks on certain
species by William Brewster. Auk, V, pp. 139-146, 251-262, 357-366; 168 species.
—1902. ANTHONY, A. W. List of Birds in the Vicinity of Portland, Oregon.
Bailey's 'Handbook of Birds of the Western United States,' pp. xliii-xlviii; 145
species. — 1902. LORD, W, R. A First Book upon the Birds of Oregon and
Washington, 16mo, 304+iv pp. ills. J. K. Gill Co., Portland.— 1904. MILLER,
L. H. The Birds of the John Day Region, Oregon. The Condor, VI, pp. 100-106;
71 species. — 1905. FINLEY, W. L. Among the Sea Birds off the Oregon Coast.
The Condor, VII, pp. 110-127; 161-169.— 1S09. JEVVETT, S. G. Some Birds of
Baker County, Oregon. The Auk, XXVI, pp. 5-9; 83 species.— 1911. Peck, M. E.
Summer Birds of Willow Creek Valley, Malheur County, Oregon. The Condor,
XIII, pp. 63-69; 74 species.
PENNSYLVANIA
1844. BAIRD, W. M. and S. F. List of Birds Found in the Vicinity of
Carlisle, Cumberland County, Pa. Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, XL VI, pp. 261-273;
201 species. — 1845. BAIRD, S. F. Catalogue of Birds Found in the Neighbor-
hood of Carlisle, Cumberland County, Pa. Lit. Rec. and Journ. Linn. Assoc, of
Penna. College, I, pp. 249-257; 203 species.— 1861. BARNARD, V. A. A Cata-
logue of the Birds of Chester County, Pa. Times of Arrival in Spring. Ann.
Rep. Smiths. Inst., 1860, pp. 434-438; 191 species.— 1869. TURNBULL, W. P.
The Birds of East Pennsylvania and New Jersey ... 1 vol. roy. 8vo, and also
4to, xii+62 pp.; 342 species.— 1880. WARREN, H. B. The Birds of Chester
County, Pa. Forest and Stream, XIII, pp. 1024, 1025; XIV, pp. 6, 25; 218 species.
—1886. PARKER, H. G. List of Birds near Philadelphia with the Dates That
Sets of Eggs Were Taken. Orn. and 051. XI, pp. 70, 71; 76 species.— 1887. PEN-
NOCK, C. J. Birds of Chester County, Pa. The Oologist. IV, pp. 1-10; 234
species. — 1889. RESSEL, C. B. Birds of Chester County, Pa. Orn. and 061.,
XIV, 97-101, pp. 112-116,129, 130; 199 species.— 1890. WARREN, B. H. Report
on the Birds of Pennsylvania. With Special Reference to the Food Habits.
Second Edition. Harrisburg, 8vo, xiv4-434 pp.; 100 col. plls.— 1891. STONE,
W. The Summer Birds of Harvey's Lake, Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, with
Remarks on the Faunal Position of the Region. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1891, pp. 431-438; 54 species.— 1892. DWIGHT, J., JR. Summer Birds of the
Crest of the Pennsylvania Alleghanies. Auk, IX, pp. 129-141; 84 species. — 1893.
JACOBS, J. W. Summer Birds of Greene Co., Pa. 8vo, 15 pages; 90 species.
Published by Author, Waynesburg, Pa.— 1893. TODD, W. E. C. Summer Birds
of Indiana [65 species] and Clearfield [55 species] Counties, Pa. Auk, X, 1893,
pp. 35-46. — 1894. STONE, W. The Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania and New
Jersey. 8vo, vii+185 pp. Del. Valley Orn. Club, Phila. 346 species. — 1895.
ROTZELL, W. E. Birds of Narbeth, Pa., and Vicinity. The Citizen, June 22
and 29, and reprinted im pamphlet, 8 pp.; 108 species. — 1896. BAILY, W. L.
Summer Birds of Northern Elk Co. Auk, XIII, pp. 289-197; 69 species. —
1896. YOUNG, R. T. Summer Birds of Anthracite Coal Regions of Pennsyl-
vania. Auk, XIII, 1896, pp. 278-285; 59 species.— 1897. MONTGOMERY, T. H.,
JR. A List of the Birds of the Vicinity of West Chester, Chester Co., Pa. Am.
Nat., 1897, pp. 622-628, 812-814, 907-911; 145 species.— 1897-1910. STONE, W.
:,328
Appendix II
Editor. Numerous Notes on and Short Lists of Eastern Pennsylvania Birds.
Proc. Del. Valley Orn. Club, Phila.— 1899. RHOADES, S. N. Notes on Some of
the Rarer Birds of Western Pennsylvania. Auk, XVI, pp. 308-313; 65 species. —
1901. BURNS, F. L. A Sectional Bird Census, at Berwyn, Pa. Wilson Bull.
No. 36, pp. 84-103; 62 species.— 1904. TODD, W. E. C. The Birds of Erie and
Presque Isle, Erie Co., Pa. Annals Carnegie Museum, II. pp. 841-596, 4 plates;
237 species.— 1904. TODD, W. E. C. The Mammal and Bird Fauna of Beaver
County, Pa. Bausman's History of Beaver County, II, 1904, pp. 1195-1202;
178 species.
RHODE ISLAND
1899. HOWE, R. H., JR. and STURTEVANT, E. The Birds of Rhode
Island. Published by Authors. 8vo, 111 pp.; 291 species. — 1908. Commission-
ers of Birds. A Check-List of Rhode Island Nesting Birds, pp. 1-26; 104 species.
SOUTH CAROLINA
1868. COUES, E. Synopsis of the Birds of South Carolina. Proc. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, pp. 104-127; 294 species.— 1879. LOOMIS, L. M. A Partial
List of the Birds of Chester County, S. C. Bull. N. O. C, IV, pp. 209-218; 140
species. (See also additions and notes. Auk, II, 1885, pp. 188-193; VIII, 1891,
pp 49-59, 167-173; IX, 1892; pp. 28-39; XI, 1894, pp. 26-39, 94-117.)— 1885. HOXIE,
W. Notes on the Birds of the Sea Islands. Orn. and 051., X, pp. 13-27, 29, 44-46,
62, 63. (Also Corrections and Additions. Ibid., XI, 1886, pp. 33, 34.) 238 species.
— 1890. LOOMIS, L. M. Observations on Some of the Summer Birds of the
Mountain Portions of Pickens County, Auk, VII, pp. 30-39, 124-130; 76 species.
—1891. LOOMIS, L. M. June Birds of Caesar's Head, S. C. Auk, VIII, pp. 323-
333; 52 species.— 1910. PHILIPP, P. B. List of Birds Observed [in the Caro-
linas]. Auk, XXVII, pp. 312-322. (See also Wayne, Ibid., p. 464.)— 1910.
WAYNE, A. T. Birds of South Carolina. Cont. from Charleston Museum, I,
8vo, xxi+PP. 254; 337 species.
TENNESSEE
1886. FOX, W. H. List of Birds Found in Roane County, Tennessee,
During April, 1884, and March and April, 1885. Auk, III, pp. 315-320; 114 species.
—1895. RHOADS, S. N. Cont. Zool. Tenn., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1895.
pp. 463-501. Also Auk, XIII, 1896, p. 181; 223 species.— 1910. HOWELL, A. H.
Notes on the Birds of Kentucky and Tennessee. Auk, XXVII, pp. 295-304.
Tenn.; 161 species.
TEXAS
1865-6. DRESSER, H. E. Notes on the Birds of Southern Texas. Ibis.,
2nd Ser. I, pp. 312-330, 466-495, II, pp. 23-46; 272 species.— 1878. MERRILL, J. U.
Notes on the Ornithology of Southern Texas. Being a List of Birds Observed
in the Vicinity of Fort Brown, Texas, from February, 1876, to June, 1878. Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. I, pp. 118-173; 252 species.— 1878. SENNBTT, G. B. Notes on
the Ornithology of the Lower Rio Grande, Texas, from Observations made
during the Season of 1877. Edited, with Annotations, by Dr. Elliott Coues.
Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey, Vol. IV, pp. 1-66; 151 species.— 1879.
SENNETT, G. B. Further Notes on the Ornithology of the Lower Rio Grande
of Texas, from observations made during the spring of 1878. Edited, with
Annotations by Dr. Elliott Coues. Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey of the
Territories, V, 3, pp. 371-440; 168 species.— 1882. BROWN, N. C. A Reconnais-
sance in Southwestern Texas. Bull, N. O. C, VII, pp. 33-42! 104 -f-6? species
observed near Boerne, Kendall County.— 1882. NEHRLING, H. List of Birds
329
Faunal. Bibliogkaphy
Observed at Houston, Harris Co., Texas and vicinity, and in the Countiesi
Montgomery, Galveston, and Ford Bend. Bull Nutt. Orn. Club, VII, pp. 6-1^3,.
166-175, 222-225; 209 species.— 1887. LLOYD, W. Birds of Tom Green and
Concho Counties, Texas. Auk, IV, pp. 181-193, 289-299; 253 species.— 1888,
BECKHAM, C. W. Observations on the Birds of southwestern Texas. Proc.
U. S. Nat. M'us., X, 1887, pp. 635-696; 283 ^species.— 1891. CHAPMAN, F. M.
On the Birds Observed near Corpus Christi. Texas, during parts of March and
April, 1891. Bull Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Ill, pp. 315-328; 33+66 species.— 1892..
ATTWATER, H. P. List of Birds Observed in the vicinity of San Antonio,
Bexar County, Texas. Auk, IX, pp. 229-238; 337-345; 242 species.— 1892.
RHOADS, S. N. The Birds of Southeastern Texas and Southern Arizona, Ob-
served during May, June, and July, 1891. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 98-
126. Annotated lists of 100+8 species observed at Corpus Christi, and 124
+2 species observed in Southern Arizona. — 1900. CARROLL, J. J. Notes on.
the Birds of Refugio County, Texas. The Auk, pp. 337-348.— 1305. MONT-
GOMERY, T. H. JR. Summer Resident Birds of Brewster County, Texas. The
Auk, XXII, pp. 12-15; 47 species.— 1911. LACEY, H. The Birds of Kerrville,.
Texas, and Vicinity. The Auk, XXVIII, pp. 200-219; 202 species.
UTAH
1858. BAIRD, S. F. Birds found at Fort Bridger, Utah. Pac. R. R. Rep.
IX, pp. 926-927; 104 species.— 1873. MERRIAM, C. H. Report on the Mammals
and Birds of the Expedition to Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah. Sixth Ann.
Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873. Birds, pp. 670-715. A list of 176
Utah birds.— 1873. RTDGWAY, R. Notes on the Bird-fauna of the Salt Lake-
Valley and the adjacent portions of the Wahsatch Mountains. Bull. Essex Inst.,
V, pp. 168-173. Remarks on Allen's "List of Birds Collected in the Vicinity
of Ogden" and list of Birds found breeding near Salt Lake City. — 1874. HEN-
SHAW, H. W. An annotated list of the Birds of Utah. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., N.
Y., XI, pp. 1-14; 214 species.— 1877. RIDGWAY, R. (See Nevada.)
VERMONT
1S01. HOWELL, A. H. Preliminary List of Summer Birds of Mount Mans-
field, Vt. Auk, XVIII, pp. 337-347; 86 species.— 1902. PERKINS, G. H. A Pre-
liminary List of the Birds Found in Vermont. 21st Ann. Rep. Vt. State Bd.
Agric, pp. 85-118; 261 species. See also HOWE, R. H., JR., Cont. N. A. Orn. II,
pp. 5-22.-1903. DAVENPORT, E. B. Birds Observed on Mt. Mansfield and the-
West End of Stowe Valley at the Base of the Mountain, in the Summer of
1902. Wilson Bull., XV, pp. 77-86; 74 species.— 1907. DAVENPORT, E. B.
Birds of Windham and Bennington Counties. Bull, No. 2, Vermont Bird Club
(Burlington, Vt.), pp. 5-14; 176 species.— 1908. ALLEN, F. H. Summer Birds,
of Southern Vermont, Auk, XXV, pp. 56-64; 86 species.
VIRGINIA
1890. RIVES, WM. C, M. D. A Catalogue of the Birds of the Virginias,
Proc. Newport Nat. Hist. Soc, Document VII, Newport R. I. 8vo. 100 pp.;
305 species.— 1902. DANIELS, J. W. Summer Birds of the Great Dismal
Swamp. Auk, XIX, 15-18 pp.; 41 species.— 1910. EMBODY, G. C. A List of
Birds Observed at Ashland, Va. Auk, XXVII, pp. 169-177; 114 species.— 1912.
BAILEY, H. B. Notes on Birds Breeding in the Mountains of Virginia. The
Auk, XXIX, pp. 79-84; 94 species.
WASHINGTON
1892. LAWRENCE, R. H. A Preliminary List of the Birds of the Gray's
330
Appendix II
Harbor Region, Washington. Auk, TX, pp. 39-47; 92 species. (See also pp.
352-357; and Palmer, IMd., pp. 308-310).— 1893. RHOADS, S. N. (See British
Columbia.)-^1897. DAWSON, W. L. A Preliminary List of the Birds of Okana-
gan County, Washington. The Auk, XIV, pp. 168-182; 143 species.— 1900.
KOBBfi, W. H. The Birds of Cape Disar-pointment, Washington. The Auk,
XVII, pp. 349-358; 63 species.— 1902. LOKD, W. R. (See Oregon.)— 1902.
RATHBUN, S. F. A List of the Land Birds of Seattle, Washington and Vicinity.
The Auk, XIX, pp. 131-141; 112 species.— 1903. .=5NODGRASS, R. E. A List of
Land Birds from Central WasiTington. The Auk, XX, pp. 202-209; 53 species. —
1904. SNODGRASS, R. E. A List of Land Birds from Central and South-
eastern Washington. The Auk, XXI, pp. 223-233; 58 species. — 1906. BOWLES,
J. H. A List of Birds of Tacoma, Washington, and Vicinity. The Auk, XXIII,
pp. 138-148; 201 species.— 1206. JOHNSON, R. H. The Birds of Cheney, Wash-
ington. The Condor, VIII, pp. 25-28; 113 species.— 1908. EDSON, J. M. Birds
of the Bellingham Bay Region. The Auk, XXV, pp. 425-439; 212 species.— 1208.
DAWSON, W. L. The Bird Colonies of the Olympiades. The Auk, XXV, pp.
153-166.
WEST VIKGINIA
1873. SCOTT, W. E. D. Partial List of the Summer Birds of Kanawha
County, West Virginia, with Annotations. I'roc. Bost. Soc. Hist., XV, pp. 219-
227; 86 species.— 1875. BREWSTER, W. Some Observations on the Birds of
Ritchie County, West Virginia. Annals of the Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y., XI, pp.
139-146; 100 species.— 1888. DOAN, W. D. Birds of West Virginia. Bull 3,
Agric. Exp. Sta., Morgantown; 200 species. — 1883. SURBER, T. Birds of Green-
briar County, West Va. The Hawkeye Orn. and 061. (E. B. Webster, Cresco,
Iowa), II, pp. 2-4 13-15, 29-32; 121 species.— 1890. RIVES, W. C. (See Virginia.)
—18^8. RIVES, W. C. Summer Birds of the West Virginia Spruce Belt. Auk,
XV, pp. 131-137; 46 species.— 1909. BROOKS, E. A. West Virginia Birds in
State Board of Agriculture. Report W. Va. State Board Agric, for 1908, pp. 3-62;
193 species.
WISCONSIN
1853. HOY, P. R. Notes on the Ornithology of Wisconsin. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Phila., VI, pp. 304-313, 318-385, 423-429; 283 species. (Revised with
additions in the Trans. Wise. State Agric. Soc, 1852, II, pp. 341-364.)— 1854.
BARRY, A. C. On the Ornithological Fauna of Wisconsin. Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist., V, 1854, pp. 1-13; 218 species.— 1882. KING, F. H. Economic Rela-
tions of Wisconsin Birds. Wis. Geol. Survey, I, pp. 441-610; figs. 1$3-144; 295
species. — ^1883. WILLARD, S. W. Migration and Distribution of North Amer-
ican Birds in Brown and Outgamie Counties. Trans. Wise Acad. Sci. Arts, and
Letters, VI, pp. 177-196; 210 species.— 1894. GRUNDTVIG, F. L. The Birds of
Shiocton in Bovine, Outgamie Co., Wise Trans. Wise Acad. Sciences, X, pp.
73-158; 183 species.— 1903. KUMLEIN, L., and HOLLISTER, N. The Birds of
Wisconsin. Bull. Wise Nat. Hist. Soc, III (N. S.), pp. 1-143, 8 half-tones; 357
species.— 1S09. CORY, C. B. (See Ills.)
WYOMING
1872. HOLDEN, C. H. JR. Notes on the Birds of Wyoming and Colorado
Territories, with additional memoranda by C. E. Aiken. Edited by T. M.
Brewer. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XV, pp. 193-210; 142 species.— 1873. MER-
RIAM, C. H. (See Utah.)— 1876. GRINNELL, G. B. (See Montana).— 1879.
WILLISTON, S. W. A List of Birds taken in Southern Yyoming, with supple-
mentary notes by George B. Grinnell; Forest and stream, XII, pp. 306-307, 325-
326, 365; 109 species.— 1902. KNIGHT, W. C. The Birds of Wyoming. Univer-
sity of Wyoming. 8vo. 174 pp., 48 plls.; 288 species.— 1902. BOND, F. List
of Birds of Cheyenne and Vicinity. Bailey's 'Handbook of Birds of the Western
United States,' pp. Ixxiii; 184 species.— 1907. PALMER, T. S. Birds of Yellow-
stone Park. Ann. Rep. Supt. of Yellowstone Park for 1907, pp. 15-23; 70 species..
331
INDEX
Acanthis hornemannii 176
exilipes 176
linaria 176
" holboellii 176
rostrata 176
Accipiter atricapillus 131
" striatulus .... 131
cooperii 131
velox 131
Actitis macularia 107
Actodromas acuminata 109
bairdii 109
f uscicollis 109
maculata 109
maculata 109
minutilla 109
^chmophorus occidentalis 44
JEgiSLlitis hiaticula 112
meloda 112
circumcincta 112
nivosa 112
semipalmata 112
Aeronautes melanoleucus 158
^strelata fisheri 260
hasitata 65
scalaris 260
Agelaius gubernator californicus . . . 179
phoeniceus 178
bryanti 178
" caurinus 178
" floridanus 178
fortis 178
neutralis 178
richmondi 298
sonoriensis 178
tricolor 179
Aimophila carpalis 220
ruficeps 220
" eremoeca 220
" scottii 220
sororia 220
Aix sponsa 78
Ajaia ajaja 89
Alauda arvensis 275
Alaudidae 34, 163
Albatross, Black-footed 62
Laysan 62
Short-tailed 12, 62
Sooty 62
Yellow-nosed 62
Alca torda 48
Alcedinidae 32, 147
Alcidae 10
Alle alle 46
Amazilis cerviniventris chalconota . 160
tzacatl 160
Ammodramus caudacutus 225
henslowi 224
occidentalis 224
leconteii 225
maritimus 226
fisheri 226
" macgillivraii 226
" peninsulas 226
sennetti 226
nelsoni 225
subvirgatus 225
nigrescens 226
Ampelidae 37, 166
Ampelis cedrorum 198
garrulus 198
Amphispiza belli 228
" canescens 300
" cinerea 228
" nevadensis 228
bilineata 249
deserticola 249
Anas boschas 76
fulvigula 77
" maculosa 77
obscura 77
" rubripes 77
Anatidae 16, 74
Anhinga 14, 73
anhinga 73
Anhingidae 14, 67
Ani 146
Groove-billed , 146
Index
Anous stolidus 60
Anser albifrons 262
gambeli 85
fabialis 262
Anseres 15, 74
Anthus pensilvanicus 232
spraguei 232
Antrostomus carolinensis 156
vociferus 156
macromystax 156
Aphelocoma californica 184
Aphelocoma californica hypoleuca..l84
obscura . . . 184
cyanea 184
cyanotis 184
insularis 184
sieberii arizonse ^. 183
" couchii 183
texana 184
woodhouseii 184
Aphriza virgata Ill
Aphrizidae 24, 100
Aquila chrysaetos 136
Aramidse 20, 95
Aramus giganteus 96
Archibuteo f errugineus 135
lagopus sancti-johannis 135
Arctonetta fiscberi 82
Ardea herodias 93
fannini 93
wardi 93
occidentalis 92
ArdeidaB 19, 87
Ardetta exilis 9l
neoxena 91
Arenaria interpres 102
melanocephala 107
morinella 102
Arquatella couesi 107
maritima 107
ptilocnemis 108
^remonops rufivirgatus 215
Asio accipitrinus 138
:■ wilsonianus 138
Astragalinus lawrenci 189
psaltria 192
" hesperophilus 299
" mexicanus 299
tristis 192
" pallidus 192
" salicamans 192
Asturina plagiata 131
Asyndesmus torquatus 152
Atthis morcomi 161
Auk, Great 48
Razor-billed 9, 48
Auklet, Cassin 46
Crested 47
Least 47
Paroquet 47
Rhinoceros 45
Whiskered 47
Auriparus flaviceps 195
" lamprocephalus 195
Avocet 22, 103
Aythya affinis 79
americana 79
collaris 79
Aythya marila 78
vallisneria 79
Baeolophus atricristatus 243
sennetti 303
bicolor 243
" texensis 243, 303
inornatus 242
" cineraceus 242
'• griseus 242
wollweberi 244
Baldpate 77
Bartramia longicauda 105
Basilinna leucotis 160
xantusi 159
Becard, Xantus's 276
Bittern, American 91
Cory 91
Least 91
Blackbird, Bicolored 179
Brewer 254
Red-winged 178
Rusty ....254
Tricolored 179
Yellow-headed 199
Bluebird 182
Azure 182
Chestnut-backed 182
Mountain 182
San Pedro 182
Western 182
Bobolink 251
Bob-white 26, 115
Florida 115
Masked 115
Texan 115
Bombycillidae 298
Bonasa umbellus 118
" sabini 118
" togata 118
334
Index
Bonasa umbellus umbelloides 118
Booby 70
Blue-faced 70
Blue-footed 70
Brewster 70
Red-footed 70
Botaurus lentiginosus 91
Brachyramphus brevirostrls 46
craveri 46
hypoleucus 46
marmoratus 46
Brant 86
Black 86
Branta bernicla glaucogastra 86
canadensis 86
hutchinsii 86
" minima 86
" occidentalis 86
leucopsis 262
Branta nigricans 86
Bubo virginianus 143
algistus 297
" arcticus 143
" elachistus 143
" beterocnemis 297
" pacificus 143
" pallescens 143
saturatus 143
Bubonidae 30, 127
Budytes flavus leucostriatus 192
Buffle-head 80
Bullfinch, Cassin's 279
Bulweria bulweri 260
Bunting, Beautiful 180
Indigo • 181
Lark 252
Lazuli 180
Painted 180
Varied 180
Bush-Tit 242
California 242
Grinda 242
Lead-colored 242
Lloyd 242
Santa Rita 242, 303
Buteo abbreviatus 134
albicaudatus sennetti 135
borealis 132
alascensis 296
calurus 132
" harlani 132
" kriderii 132
brachyurus 134
lineatus 133
Buteo lineatus alleni 133
elegans 133
platypterus 133
swainsoni 133
Buteonidae 294
Butorides virescens 94
anthonyi 94
" frazari 94
Buzzard, Turkey 129
Calamospiza melanocorys 252
Calcarius lapponicus 219
alascensis ...219
ornatus 218
pictus 220
Calidris arenaria 108
Callipepla squamata 116
castanogastris. . 116
Callothrus robustus 253
Calothorax lucif er 159
Calypte annae 161
costae 159
Campephilus principalis 149
Camptolaimus labradorius 81
Canachites canadensis 117, 298
canace..ll7, 298
osgoodi.117, 298
f ranklinii 117
Canvas-back 79
Caprimulgidae 33, 155
Caracara, Audubon 134
Guadalupe 134
Cardellina rubrifrons 177
Cardinal 36, 172
Arizona 172
Florida 172
Gray-tailed 172
St. Lucas 172
Texas 172
Cardinalis cardinalis 172
canicaudus 172
floridanus 172
igneus 172
superbus 172
Carduelis carduelis 177
Carpodacus amplus 175
cassini 175
mcgregori 175
mexicanus dementis 175
frontalis 175
" ruberrimus 175
purpureus 174
" californicus 174
Casarca casarca 262
335
Index
Catbird ....247
Catharista urubu 129
Cathartes aura 129
Cathartidae 28, 127
Catherpes mexicanus albifrons 234
conspersus ...234
" punctulatus ..234
Centrocercus urophasianus 122
Centurus aurifrons 153
carolinus 153
uropygialis 153
Ceophloeus pileatus 149
abieticola 149
Cepphus columba 48
grylle 48
mandtii 48
Cerorhinca monocerata 45
Certhia familiaris albescens 237
americana 237
" montana 237
occidentalis 237
zelotes 238
Certhiidae 39, 168
Ceryle alcyon 147
caurina 297
americana septentrionalis 147
torquata . .• 271
Chachalaca 27, 122
Chastura pelagica 158
vauxii 158
Chamaea fasciata 215, 300
phaea 216, 300
rufula 300
Chamaeidae 294, 298
Charadriidae 24, 100
Cbaradrius dominicus 110
fulvus 110
Charitonetta albeola 80
Chat, Long-tailed 198
Yellow-breasted 38, 198
Chaulelasmus streperus 77
Chen caerulescens 85
hyperborea 84
" nivalis 84
rossii 84
Chewink 204
Chickadee 39
Alaskan 244
Bailey's Mountain 303
Barlow 244
Black-capped 245
Californa 244
Canadian 244
Carolina 245
Chickadee, Chestnut-backed 244
Columbian 244
Florida 303
Hudsonian 244
Kowak 244
Long-tailed 245
Mexican 245
Mountain 244
Oregon 245
Plumbeous 245
Valdez Chestnut-sided 303
Yukon 303
Chondestes grammacus 218
" strigatus . . .218
Chordeiles acutipennis texensis 157
virginianus 157
" chapmani 157
henryi 157
" sennetti 157
Chuck-will's widow 156
Ciconiidae 18, 87
Cinclidae 38, 168
Cinclus mexicanus 247
Circus hudsonius 130
Cistothorus stellaris 236
Clangula clangula americana 80
islandica 80
Coccyges 31, 144
Coccyzus americanus 146
" occidentalis . .146
minor 146
maynardi 146
erythrophthalmus 146
Coeligena clemenciae 160
Colaptes auratus 154
" luteus 154
cafer collaris 154
saturatior 154
chrysoides 154
" brunnescens 154
" mearnsi 298
rufipileus 154
Colinus ridgwayi 115
virginianus 115
" floridanus 115
" texanus 115
Columba fasciata 124
" vioscae 124
flavirostris 124
leucocephala 124
Columbae 27, 123
Columbidae 27, 123
Columbigallina passerina bermudiana
126
896
Index
Columbigallina passerina pallescens 126
" terrestris 126
Colymbus auritus 43
dominicus brachypterus 43, 257
holboellii 43
nigricollis californicus 43
Compsothypsis americana 195
" usneae ,.195
nigrilora 195
Condor 129
Contopus borealis 208
pertinax pallidiventris 208
richardsonii 208
peninsulae 208
virens 208
Conurus carolinensis 145
Coot, American 21, 99
European 265
Cormorant 71
Baird 72
Brandt 72
Double-crested 71
Farallon 71
Florida 71
Mexican 71
Pelagic 72
Red-faced 72
Violet-green 14, 72
White-crested 71
Corvidae 35, 163
Corvus americanus 255
" pascuus 255
brachyrhynchos hesperis 304
caurinus 255
corax principalis 255
" sinuatus 255
cryptoleucus 255
ossifragus 255
Coturniculus bairdii 224
savannarum passerinus 224
bimaculatus 224
" floridanus 224
Cowbird 253
Bronzed 304
Dwarf 253
Red-eyed 27, 253
Cracidae 27, 113
Crake, Corn 265
Spotted 265
Crane, Little Brown 96
Sandhill 9, 96
Whooping 96
Creciscus coturniculus 294
Creeper, Brown 39, 237
Creeper, California 237
Mexican 237
Rocky Mountain 237
Sierra 23&
Crossbill, American 173
Mexican 173
White-winged 174
Crotophaga ani 146
sulcirostris 146
Crow, American 255
Carrion 12»
Fish 255
Florida 255
Northwest 255
Western 304
Crymophilus fulicarius 102
Cuckoo, Black-billed 146
California 146
Kamchatka 273
Mangrove 14&
Maynard 146
Yellow-billed 146
Cuculidae 31, 144
Curfew, Bristle-thighed 295
Eskimo 103
Hudsonian 23, 103
Long-billed 103
Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus 183
Cyanocitta cristata 183
florincola 183
stelleri 185
annectens 185
carbonacea 298
" carlottae 185
" diademata 185
" frontalis 185
Cyanopiza amcena 180
ciris 180
cyanea 181
versicolor 180
pulchra 180
Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus 47
Cypseloides niger borealis 158
Cyrtonyx montezumae mearnsi 115
Dafila acuta 76
Daption capensis 260
Darters 67
Dendragapus obscurus 117
fuliginosus . .117
richardsonii. 117
" sierrae 295
Dendrocygna autummalis 83
fulva 8a
387
Index
Dendroica aestiva 196
" brewsteri 299
rubiginosa 196
aestiva sonorana.. .196
auduboni 190
" nigrifrons 199
blackburnias 187
bryanti castaneiceps 196
caerulea 181
C3erulescens 180
cairnsii 180
castanea 206
chrysoparia 188
coronata 197
discolor 197
dominica 190
albilora 190
graciae 190
Mrtlandii 191
maculosa 190
nigrescens 249
occidentalis 188
olivacea 187
palmarum 196
hypochrysea 197
pensylvanica 19S
striata 249
tlgrlna 196
townsendi 188
vigorsii 191
virens 188
Dichromanassa rufescens 94
Dickcissel 198
Dlomedea albatrus 62
immutabilis 62
nigripes 62
Diomedeidae 12, 61
Dipper 38, 247
Dolichonyx oryzivorus 251
Dotterel 267
Dove, Bermuda Ground 126
Blue-headed 126
Ground 126
Inca 126
Key West Quail 126
Mexican Ground ^. 126
Mourning 27, 12b
Ruddy Quail 126
Western Mourning 296
West Indian White-winged 296
White-fronted 125
White-winged 126
Zenaida 125
Dovekie 46
Dowitcher 106
Long-billed 106
Dryobates arizonae 151
borealis 151
nuttallii 151
pubescens 150
gairdnerii 150
" homorus 150
" medianus 150
" nelsoni 150
turati 151
scalaris bairdii 151, 297
cactophilus 297
" eremicus 297
" lucasanus 150
villosus 150
" leucomelas 150
" leucothorectis 297
" auduboni 150
" harrisii 150
" hyloscopus 150
" monticola 150
" picoideus 150
" terraenovae 297
Duck, Black 77
Black-bellied Tree 83
Florida 77
Fulvous Tree 83
Harlequin 81
Labrador 81
Lesser Scaup 79
Masked 80
Mottled 77
Red-legged Black 77
Ring-necked 79
Ruddy 80
Rufous-crested 262
Scaup 79
Wood 78
Dunlin 266
Eagle, Alaska Bald 136
Bald 136
Golden 136
Ectopistes migratorius 125
Egret American 92
Brewster's 294
Reddish 94
Egretta candidissima 92
" brewsteri 294
Eider, American 82
Greenland 82
King 82
Pacific 82
Index
Eider, Spectacled 82
Steller 81
Elanoides forflcatus 130
Elanus leucurus 130
Empidonax cineritius 210
difficilis 210
flaviventris 210
fulvifrons pygmaeus 215
griseus 209
hammondi 209
insulicola 210
minimus 209
traillii 209
alnorum 209
virescens 210
wrightii 209
Eniconetta stelleri 81
Ereunetes occidentalis 108
pusillus 108
Erismatura jamaicensis 80
Erolia ferruginea 106
Eugenes fulgens 159
Ealco columbarius 137
suckleyi 137
fusco-coerulescens 137
islandus 136
mexicanus 135
peregrinus anatum 137
pealei 137
richardsonii 137
rusticolus 136
gyrfalco 136
" obsoletus 136
sparverius 137
paulus 296
" peninsularis 138
phaloena 138
Falcon, Aplomado 137
Peale 137
Prairie 135
Falconidae 29, 127, 294
Einch, California Purple 174
Cassin 175
Guadalupe House 175
House 175
Pine 225
Purple 174
San Benito House 175
San Clemente House 175
St. Lucas House 175
Flamingo 7, 89
Flicker, Brown 154
Gilded 154
Flicker, Guadalupe 154
Mearns's Gilded 298
Northern 154
Northwestern 154
Red-shafted 154
Southern 154
Florida caerulea 94
Flycatcher, Alder 209
Arizona Crested 203
Ash-throated 203
Beardless 211
Buff-breasted 215
Coues 208
Crested 203
Derby 202
Fork-tailed 274
Giraud 274
Gray 209
Green-crested 210
Hammond 209
Least 209
Lower California 203
Mexican Crested 203
Nutting 203
Olivaceous 203
Olive-sided 208
Ridgway 211, 299
Santa Barbara 210, 299
Scissor-tailed 177
St. Lucas 210
Sulphur-bellied 203
Traill 209
Vermillion 177
Western 210
Wright 209
Yellow-bellied 210
Fratercula arctica 45
" glacialis 45
" naumanni 258
corniculata 45
Fregata aquila 73
Fregatidae 15, 67
Fregetta grallaria 260
Frigate Bird 73
Fringillidae 36, 164
Fulica americana 99
Fulmar 12, 63
Giant 259
Pacific 63
Rodger's 63
Slender-billed 63
Fulmarus glacialis 63
" glupischa 63
rodgersii 63
Index
Gadwall 77
Galeoscoptes carolinensis 247
Gallinae 25, 113
Gallinago delicata 105
Gallinula galeata 99
Gallinule, Florida 99
Purple 99
Gannet 13, 69
Gavia adamsii 44
arctica 44
imber 44
lumme 44
pacifica 44
Gaviidae 10
Gelochelidon nilotica 58
Geococcyx californianus 146
Geothlypis agilis 189
beldingi 194
formosa 193
Philadelphia 189
poliocephala 194
tolmiei 189
trichas 193
arizela 194
" brachidactyla 194
ignota 194
" occidentalis 193
" sinuosa 194
Geotrygon chrysia 126
montana 126
Glaucidium gnoma 140
" californicus 140
*' pinicola 296
hoskinsii 140
phalaenoides 140
Gnatcatcher, Black-tailed 243
Blue-gray 243
Plumbeous 243
Western 243
Godwit, Black-tailed 266
Hudsonian 110
Marbled 110
Pacific 110
Golden-eye, American 80
Barrow 80
Goldfinch, American 192
Arkansas 192
California , 192
European '. 177
Green-backed 299
Lawrence 189
Mexican 192
Western 192
Goose, Barnacle 262
Goose, Bean 262:
Blue 85-
Cackling 86
Canada 86-
Emperor 85
European White-fronted 263
Greater Snow 84
Hutchins 86
Lesser Snow 84
Pink-footed 263
Ross Snow .84
White-cheeked 8fr
White-fronted 85, 262
Goshawk, American 131
Mexican 131
Western 131
Grackle, Boat-tailed 254
Bronzed 254
Florida 254
Great-tailed 254
Purple 35, 254
Grebe, Eared 43^
Holboell 43
Horned 43
Least V 43
Mexican 257
Pied-billed 9, 43-
Western 44
Green-shank 266
Grosbeak, Alaskan Pine 173
Black-headed 207
Blue 181
Evening 36, 199
Kadiak Pine 173
Pine 173
Rocky Mountain Pine 17?
Rose-breasted 174
Western Blue 181
Western Evening 199
Grouse, Alaska Spruce 117
Canada 117
Canadian Ruffed 118
Columbian Sharp-tailed 121
Dusky 117
Ftanklin 117
Gray Ruffed 118
Hudsonian Spruce 117
Oregon Ruffed 118
Prairie Sharp-tailed 121
Richardson 117
Ruffed 26, 118
Sage 122
Sharp-tailed 121
Sierra 295
340
Index
Grouse, Sooty 117
Gruidae 20, 95
Grus americana 96
canadensis 96
mexicana 96
Guara alba 90
rubra 89
Guillemot, Black 48
Mandt 48
Pigeon 48
Guiraca caerulea 181
lazula 181
Gull, Bonaparte 56
Black-backed 54
California 55
Franklin 56
Glaucous 53
Glaucous-winged 53
Heermann 54
Herring 11, 55
Iceland 53
Ivory 52
Kittiwake 52
Kumlien 53
Laughing 56
Little 259
Mew 258
Nelson 53
Point Barrow 53
Ring-billed 52
Ross 56
Sabine 56
Siberian 258
Slaty-backed 54
Short-billed 52
Vega 55
Western 54
Gymnogyps californianus 129
Gyrfalcon 136
Black 136
Gray 136
White 136
Haematopodidae 25, 100
Haematopus bachmani 104
frazari 104
palliatus 104
Haliseetus leucocephalus • 136
Halocyptena microsoma 65
Harelda hyemalis ^1
Harrier 130
Hawk, American Rough-legged 135
Broad-winged 133
Cooper 131
Hawk, Desert Sparrow 138-
Duck 137
Ferruginous Rough-legged 135
Fish 129
Florida Red-shouldered 133
Harlan 132.
Harris 132
Krider 132
Little Sparrow 296
Marsh 130-
Mexican Black 134
Pigeon 137
Red-bellied 133
Red-shouldered 13a
Red-tailed 29, 28, 132
Sennett White-tailed 135
Sharp-shinned 131
Short-tailed 134
Snail 13(V
Sparrow 137
St. Lucas Sparrow 138
Swainson 133
Western Red-tail 132
Zone-tailed 134
Heath Hen 121
Heleodytes brunneicapillus 233
affinis ..233
anthonyi 233
bryanti .233
couesi ..288
Helinaia swainsonii 215
Helminthophila bachmanii 191
celata 210
" lutescens 210
" sordida 210
chrysoptera 189
lawrencei 197
leucobronchialis 197
luciae , 206^
Helminthophila peregrina 212
pinus 191
rubrieapilla , 195
gutturalis 19&
virginiae 197
^^-'-Oiitheros vermivorus 21&
I b:jromas solitarius 107
c- " cinnamomeus.107
F ca.as egretta 92
TI Mones 17, 87
He *N. Anthony Green 94
Black-crowned Night 93
European 264
P'razar Green 94
Great Blue 95
341
Index
Heron, Great White 92
Little Blue 94
Little Green 19, 94
Louisiana 94
Northwest Coast 93
Snowy 92
Ward 93
Yellow-crowned Night 93
Hesperiphona vespertina 199
" montana ..199
Heteractitis incanus Ill
Himantopus mexicanus 104
Hirundinidae 36, 165
Hirundo erythrogastra 250
Histrionicus histrionicus 81
Hummingbird, Allen 161
Anna 161
Black-chinned 159
Blue-throated 160
Blue-billed 160
Broad-tailed 161
Buff-bellied 160
Calliope 161
Costa 159
Lucifer 159
Morcom 161
Rieffer 160
Rivoli 159
Ruby-throated 33, 160
Rufous 161
Salvin 298
White-eared 160
Xantus 159
Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis 94
Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis. 60
Hylocichla aliciae 239
" bicknelli 239
guttata 238
auduboni 238
nana 238
" pallasii 238
fuscescens 238
salicicola 238
mustelina , . 233
ustulata ■ '^ ; ?r
almae : . y '^d
cedica ' ' ' .}
swainsonii ' ' " 39 .
lache latirostris ' . . 160
Ibididae 18, 87
Ibis, Glossy 90
Scarlet 89
Wood 18, 90
Ibis, White 90
White-faced Glossy 18, 90
Icteria virens 198
•' longicauda 198
Icteridae 35, 164
Icterus audubonii 186
bullocki 186
cucullatus nelsoni 186
sennetti 186
galbula 186
parisorum 186
spurius 206
Ictinia mississippiensis 130
lonornis martinica, 99
Iridoprocne bicolor 250
Ixoreus naevius 207
meruloides 207
Jabiru 263
Jacana, Mexican 25, 102
spinosa 102
Jacanidae 25, 100
Jaeger, Long-tailed 51
Parastic 10, 51
Pomarine 51
Jay, Alaskan 252
Belding 184
Black-headed 185
Blue 35, 183
Blue-eared 184
Blue-fronted 185
California 184
Canada 252
Coast 298
Couch 183
Florida 184
Florida Blue 183
Gray 252
Green 185
Labrador 252
Long-crested 185
Oregon 252
Pinon 183
Queen Charlotte 185
Rocky Mountain 252
Santa Cruz 184
Steller 185
Texan 184
Woodhouse 184
Xantus 184
Junco aikeni 240
Arizona 241
Baird 240
bairdi 240
342
Index
Junco caniceps 241, 302
Carolina 240
Coues 241, 302
dorsalis 241, 302
Gray-headed 241
Guadalupe 240
hyemalis 240
annectens 302
carolinensis 240
" connectens 302
insularis 240
mearnsi 240, 302
Montana 240
montanus 240, 302
oreganus 241, 302
connectens 241, 302
pinosus 241, 302
shufeldti 241
thurberi 241, 302
Oregon 241
phaeonotus dorsalis 241
palliatus 241
Pink-sided 240
Point Pinos 241
Red-backed 241
Ridgway's 303
Shufeldt 241, 302
Slate-colored 240
Thurber •. . 241
Townsend 240
townsendi 240
White-winged 240
Killdeer 24, 112
Kingbird 247
Arkansas 202
Cassin 202
Couch 202
Gray 247
Kingfisher, Belted 31, 147
Northwestern Belted 297
Ringed 271
Texas 147
Kinglet, Dusky 177
Golden-crowned 40, 187
Ruby-crowned 176, 215
Sitkan 176, 215
Western 187
Kite, Everglade 130
Mississippi 130
Swallow-tailed 130
White-tailed 130
Kittiwake 52
Pacific 52
Kittiwake Red-legged 52
Knot 106
Lagopus evermanni 120
lagopus 11&
alexandrse 295
" alleni 11»
ungavus 295
leucurus 11&
peninsularis 118
rupestris 119
atkhensis 120
chamberlaini 296
dixoni 29&
nelsoni 119
" reinhardi 119
" townsendi 120
Laniidae 37, 166
Lanius borealis 248
ludovicianus 248
migrans 304
anthonyi 248
excubitorides 248
" gambeli 248
Lapwing 267
Laridae 11, 50
Lark Bunting 252
California Horned 201
Desert Horned 201
Dusky Horned 201
Horned 34, 200
Hoyt Horned 200
Island Horned 202
Montezuma Horned 202
Pallid Horned 200
Prairie Horned 200
Ruddy Horned 201
Scorched Horned 201
Sonoran Horned 202
Streaked Horned 200
Texan Horned 200
Larus affinis 258
argentatus 55
atricilla 56
barrovianus 53
brachyrhynchus 52
californicus 55
canus 258
delawarensis 52
franklinii 56
glaucescens 5?
glaucus 53
heermanni 54
kumlieni 53
343
Index
Xarus leucopterus 53
marinus 54
minutus 259
nelsoni 53
occidentalis 54
Philadelphia 56
schistisagus 54
vegae 55
Xeptotila fulviventris brachyptera..l25
Xeucosticte, Aleutian 179
atrata 179
australis 179
Black 179
Brown-capped 179
Gray-crowned 179
griseonucha 179
Hepburn 179
tephrocotis 179
littoralis 179
Ximicolae 21, 100
Limosa f edoa 110
^ haemastica 110
|1 "> lapponica baueri 110
Ximpkin 20, 96
Xongipennes 10
Longspur, Alaskan 2iy
Chestnut-collared 218
Lapland 219
McCown 218
Smith 220
Loon 10, 44
Black-throated 44
Pacific 44
Red-throated 44
Yellow-billed 44
Lophodytes cucullatus 76
Lophortyx californicus 116
" vallicola .. . .116
gambelii 116
Loxia curvirostra minor 173
stricklandi 173
leucoptera 174
Xiunda cirrhata 45
Macrochires 33, 154
Macrorhamphus griseus 106
scolopaceus 106
TMagpie American 253
Yellow-billed 253
Mallard 6, 76
Man-o'-War Bird 73
Mareca americana 77
penelope 77
Marsh Hen ■. 98
Martin Cuban 250
Gray-breasted 304
Purple 250
Western 250
Meadowlark 199
Florida 199
Texas 199
Western 199
Megalestris skua 51
Megaquiscalus major 254
major macrourus 254
Megascops asio 141
" aikeni 142
" bendirei 141
" cineraceus 142
" flammeola 142
" floridanus 141
" idahoensis 142
" kennicottii 141
" macfarlanei 142
" maxwelliae 141
" mccalli 141
" trichopsis 142
" xantusi 142
Melanerpes erythrocephalus 153
formiciviorus 153
" angustifrons 153
" bairdi 153
torquatus 152
Meleagris gallopavo intermedia.. . .122
merriami 122
osceola 122
silvestris 122
Melopelia asiatica asiatica 296
" trudeaui 296
leucoptera 126
Melospiza cinerea 230
" caurina .230
" clementae 230
cooperi 230
" fallax 229
" graminea 230
" heermanni 229
insignis 230
" juddi 229
" kenaiensis 230
" melodia 229
merrilli 229
montana 229
morphna 230
pusillula 230
" rivularis 229
'* rufina 230
samuelis 230
a44
Index
3Ielospiza georgiana 222
lincolnii 226
striata 226
melodia cleonensis 301
maxillaris 300
3Ierganser, American 76
americanus '. . 76
Hooded 76
Red-breasted 15, 76
serrator 76
3Iergus albellus 261
Herlin, Black 137
Richardson 137
3Ierula confinis 207
migratoria 207
migratoria achrustera 207
propinqua 207
3Iicropalama himantopus 106
Micropallas whitneyi 140
Micropodidae 33, 155
Mimidae 294
Mimus polyglottos 248
leucopterus 248
Mniotilta varia 249
Mniotiltidse 38, 167
Mockingbird 248
Western 248
Molothrus ater 253
" obscurus 253
Motacillidae 38, 167
Murre 48
Brunnich ' 48
California 48
Pallas 48
Murrelet, Ancient 47
Craveri 46
Kittlitz 46
Marbled 46
Xantus 46
Muscivora forficata 177
tyrannus 276
Myadestes townsendii 247
Mycteria americana 263
Myiarchus cinerascens 203
nuttingi 203
pertinax 203
crinitus 203
lawrencei olivascens 203
mexicanus 203
" magister 203
Myiodynastes luteiventris 203
Myiozetetes similis superciliosus . . .274
Ketta rufina 262
Nettion carolinensis 78
crecca 261
Nighthawk 157
Florida 157
Sennett 157
Texan 157
Western 157
Noddy 60
Nomonyx dominicus 80
Nonpareil 180
Nucifraga columbiana 252
Numenius borealis 103
hiidsonicus 103
longirostris 103
tahitiensis 295
Nutcracker, Clarke 252
Nuthatch Brown-headed 246
Florida 246
Pygmy 246
Red-breasted 39, 246
Rocky Mountain 246
Slender-billed 246
St. Lucas .246
White-breasted 246
White-naped 247
Nuttallornis borealis 208
Nyctala acadica 140
scotsea 140
tengmalmi richardsoni 139
Nyctanassa violacea 93
Nyctea nyctea 143
Nycticorax nycticorax naevius 93
Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli 157
Oceanites oceanicus 66
Oceanodroma cryptoleucura 260
furcata 65
homochroa 65
kaedingi 65
leucorhoa 66
macrodactyla 66
melania 66
socorroensis 66
Ochthodromus wilsonius 112
Odontoglossye 16, 87
Oidemia americana 83
deglandi 83
fusca 262
perspicillata 83
Olbiorchilus alascensis .236
hiemalis 236
helleri 236
" paciflcus 236 -
meligerus 236
345
Index
Old-squaw 81
Olor buccinator 84
columbianus 84
cygnus 263
Oreortyx pictus 116
confinis 116
plumiferus 116
Oreospiza chlorura 206
Oriole, Arizona Hooded 186
Audubon 186
Baltimore 35, 186
Bullock 186
Hooded 186
Orchard 206
Scott 186
Sennett 279
Ornithion imberbe 211
" ridgwayi 211
Oroscoptes montanus 233
Ortalis vetula maccalli 122
Osprey, American 129
Ossifraga gigantea 259
Otocoris alpestris 200
actia 201
adusta .201
" arcticola 200
giraudi 200
hoyti 200
" insularis 202
" leucolaema 201
merrilli 201
occidentalis 202
pallida 202
" praticola 200
" rubea 201
strigata 201
Otus asio gilmani 297
Ouzel, Water 247
Oven-bird 232
Owl, Acadian 140
Aiken Screech 142
American Hawk 143
American Long-eared 138
Arctic Horned 143
Barn 29, 138
Barred 139
Burrowing 138
California Pygmy 140
California Screech 141
Dusky Horned 143
Dwarf Screech 142
Elf 140
Ferruginous Pygmy 140
Flammulated Screech 142
Owl, Florida Barred 139>
" Burrowing 138
Screech 141
Great Gray 139
Great Horned 143^
Hoskin 140
Kennicott Screech 141
Labrador Horned 297
Long-eared 138
MacFarlane Screech 142"
Mexican Screech 142
Monkey-faced 138
Northern Saw-whet 140
Northern Spotted 139
Pacific Horned 143^
Pygmy 140
Richardson 139
Rocky Mountain Screech 141
Sahauro Screech 297
Saint Michael Horned . . .' 297
Saw- whet 140
Screech 30, 141
Short-eared 138
Snowy 14?
Spotted 130
Screech 142
Texas Barred 130
Texas Screech 141
Western Horned 143*
Xantus Screech 142
Oxyechus vociferus 112*
Oyster-catcher, American 25, 104
Black 104^
European 267
Frazar 104
Pagophila alba 52"
Paludicolae 19, 95
Pandion haliaetus carolinensis ^Z9
Pandionidse 294
Parabuteo unicintus harrisi 132"
Parauque, Merrill 157
Paridae 39, 160
Paroquet, Carolina 30, 145-
Parrot, Thick-billed 145
Partridge 118^
Alaska Spruce , . . 205
California 116^
Canada Spruce 295
Chestnut-bellied Scaled llff
Gambel llff
Hudsonian Spruce 295
Mearns 115
Mountain IIC
346
Index
Partridge, Plumed 116
San Pedro 116
Scaled 116
Valley 116
Parus atricapillus 245
occidentalis 245
" septentrionalis ..245
carolinensis 245
" agilis 245
cinctus alascensis 244
gambeli 244
hudsonlcus 244
" columbianus 244
littoralis 244
" stoneyi 244
ruf escens 244
barlowi 244
" neglectus 244
sclateri 245
wollweberl 244
Passer domesticus 219
Passerculus beldingi 223
princeps 225
sandwlchensis 223
" alaudinus 223
bryanti 223
" nevadensis 300
" savanna 223
rostratus 223
guttatus 223
halophilus 224
" sanctorum 224
Passerella iliaca 231
" annectens 231
" fuliginosa 231, 301
" insularis 231, 301
" megarhyncha 231
" schistacea 231
" Stephens! 231
" townsendi 231
" unalaschensis 231
Passeres 34, 162
Passerina hyperboreus 251
nivalis 251
" townsendi 251
Pedioecetes phasianellus 121
" campestris. .121
" columbianus 121
Pelagodroma marina 260
Pelecanidae 15, 67
Pelecanus californicus 73
erythrorhynchus 73
occidentalis 73
Pelican, American White 73
Pelican, Brown 15, 73
California Brown 73
Pelidna alpina pacifica 108
Penthestes carolinensis impiger. . . . 303
gambeli baileyae 303
rufescens vivax 303
Perisoreus canadensis 252
" capitalis ....252
fumifrons . . . 252
" nigricapillus 252
obscurus 252
" griseus 252
Petrel, Ashy 65
Black 66
Black-capped 65
Bulwer's 260
Fisher's 260
Fork-tailed 65
Guadalupe 66
Hawaiian 260
Kseding's 65
Leach's 12, 66
Least 65
Pintado 260
Scaled 260
Socorro 66
Stormy 66
. White-bellied 260
White-faced 260
Wilson's 66
Petrochelidon lunifrons 250
tachina 304
melanogastra 250, 304
Peucaea aestivalis 221
bachmanii 221
botterii . .* 221
cassini 221
Pewee, Western Wood 208
Large-billed Wood 208
Wood 208
Phaethon americanus 69
aethereus 69
rubricaudus 260
PhaethontidaB 13, 67
Phainopepla 253
nitens 253
Phalacrocoracidae 14, 67
Phalacrocorax dilophus 71
" albociliatus 71
" cincinatus.. 71
" floridanus. . 71
mexicanus 72
pelagicus 72
" resplendens 72.
347
Index
Phalacrocorax pelagicus robustus . . 72
penicillatus 72
urile 72
Phalaenoptilus nuttallii 156
" californicus.. 156
" nitidus 156
Phalarope, Northern 21, 102
Red 102
Wilson 102
Phalaropodidae 21, 100
Phalaropus lobatus 102
Phasianidae 27, 113
Phaslanus colchicus 113, 122
torquatus 113, 121
Pheasant English 113, 122
Ring-necked 123, 122
Philacte canagica 85
Philohela minor 105
Phoebe 34, 208
Black 251
Say 205
Western Black 251
Phcebetria fuliginosa 62
Phoenicopteridoe 17, 87
PhcEnicopterus ruber 89
Phyllopseustes borealis 212
Pica pica hudsonia 253
nuttalli 253
Pici 32, 148
Picidse 32, 148
Picoides americanus 149
" dorsalis 149
" fasciatus 149
arcticus 149
Pigeon, Band-tailed 124
Passenger 125
Red-billed 124
Scaled 269
Viosca 124
W^hite-crowned 124
Wild 125
Pincola enucleator alascensis 173
" californica 173
" flammula 173
leucura 173
" montana 173
Pintail 76
Pipilo aberti 205
consobrinus 204
erythrophthalmus 204
alleni 204
fuscus albigula 205
" crissalis 205
" mesoleucus 205
Pipilo fuscus senicula 205-
maculatus arcticus 204
atratus 204
" clementae 204
" magnirostris 204
" megalonyx 204
" oregonus 204
Pipit 38, 232
Sprague 232
Piranga erythromelas 171
hepatica 171
ludovicianus 171
rubra 171
" cooperi 171
Pitangus derbianus 202
Plataleidae 18, 87
Platypsaris albiventris 274
Plegadis autumnalis 90
guarauna 90
Plover, Black-bellied 24, 110
European Golden 267
Golden 110
Little Ringed 267
Mongolian 267
Mountain 105
Pacific Golden 110
Piping 112
Ring 112
Semipalmated 112
Snowy 112
Wilson 112
Plautus impennis 48
Podasocys montana 105
Podicipidae •. 9
Podilymbus podiceps 43
Polioptila cserulea 243
obscura 243
californica 243
plumbea 243
Polyborus cheriway 134
lutosus 134
Pocecetes gramineus 221
affinis 221
confinis 221
Poor-will 156
California 156
Frosted 156
Porzana Carolina 98
coturniculus ^ . . . . * . 294
jamaicensis 98
noveboracensis 97
Prairie Hen 121
Attwater 1^1
Lesser 121
348
Index
Priocella glacialoides 63
Priofinus cinereus 260
Procellaria pelagica 66
Procellariidae 12, 61
Progne chalybea 304
cryptoleucus 250
subis 250
" hesperia 250
Protonotaria citrea 187
Psaltriparus lloydi 242
minimus 242
californicus 242
grindae 242
plumbeus 242
santaritae 242
Psittaci 30, 144
Psittacidae 30, 144
Ptarmigan 119
Adak 296
Alexander 295
Chamberlain 296
Allen 119
Dixon 296
Evermann 120
Kenai White-tailed 118
Nelson 119
Reinhardt 119
Rock 119
Townsend 120
Turner 120
Ungava 295
Welch 120
White-tailed 118
Willow 119
Ptilogonatidae 298
Ptychoramphus aleuticus 46
Puffin 45
Horned 45
Large-billed 45
Tufted 45
Puffinus assimilis 260
auricularis 64
borealis / . . . 64
bulleri 260
creatopus 64
cuneatus 63
gravis 64
griseus 63
Iherminieri 64
opisthomelas 64
puffinus 259
tenuirostris 64
Pygopodes 9
Pyrocephalus rubineus mexicanus. .177
Pyrrhuloxia, Arizona 172
sinuata 172
peninsulae 172
texana 172
St. Lucas 172
Quail 115
Querquedula cyanoptera 78
discors 78
Quiscalus quiscula 254
aglaeus 254
aeneus 254
Rail, Belding 97
Black 98
California Clapper 97
Caribean Clapper 98
Carolina 98
Clapper 20, 98
Farallon 265
King 97
Light-footed 294
Louisiana Clapper 98
Scott Clapper 98
Virginia 97
Wayne *Clapper 98
Yellow 97
Rallidas 21, 95
Rallus beldingi 97
crepitans 98
saturatus 98
" ~^^cottii 98
waynei 98
elegans 97
levipes 294
longirostris caribaeus 98
obsoletus 97
virginianus 97
Raptores 28, 127
Raven, American 255
Northern 255
White-necked 255
Recurvirostra americana 103
Recurvirostridae 23, 100
Redhead ". 79
Redpoll 35, 176
Greater 176
Greenland 176
Hoary 176
Holboell 176
Red-shank 266
Redstart, American 38, 187
Painted 177
Red-tail, Alaska 296
Red-wing, Bahaman .178
349
Index
Red-wing, Florida 178
Northwestern 178
San Diego 178
Sonoran 178
Thick-billed 178
Vera Cruz 298
Reedbird 251
Regulus calendula 176, 215
grinnelli 176, 215
obscurus 177
satrapa 187
olivaceus 187
Rhodostethia rosea 56
Rhynchophanes mccownii 218
Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha 145
Riparia riparia 211
Rissa brevirostris 52
tridactyla 52
" pollicaris 52
Road-runner 146
Robin 34, 207
Southern 207
St. Lucas 207
Western 207
Rostrhamus sociabilis 130
Rough-leg, Ferruginous 135
Ruff 266
Rynchopidae 12, 52
Rynchops nigra 60
Salpinctes obsoletus 234
" pulverius 301
guadeloupensis 234
Sanderling 108
Sandpiper Aleutian 107
Baird 109
Bartramian 105
Buff -breasted 105
Curlew 106
Green 266
Least 109
Pectoral 109
Prybilof 108
Purple 107
Red-backed 108
Semipalmated 23, 108
Sharp-tailed 109
Solitary 107
Spoonbill 266
Spotted 107
Stilt 106
Upland 105
Western 109
Western Solitary 107
Sandpiper White-rumped 109
Sapsucker, Northern Red-breasted . 152
Red-breasted 152
Red-naped 152
Williamson 152
Yellow-bellied 152
Saxicola cenanthe 248
leucorhoa 248
Sayornis nigricans 251
semiatra 251
phcebe 208
saya 205
Scardaf ella inca 126
Scolecophagus carolinus 254
cyanocephalus 254
Scolopacidae 23, 100
Scoter, American 83
Surf 83
Velvet 262
White-winged 83
Scotiaptex nebulosa 139
Seed-eater, Morellet 249
Seiurus aurocapillus 232
motacilla 232
noveboracensis 232
" notabilis 232
Selasphorus alleni 161
platycercus 161
rufus 161
Setophaga picta 177
niticilla 187
Shearwater Allied 260
Audubon 64, 260
Black-tailed 260
Black-vented 64
Buller 260
Cory 64
Dark-bodied 63
Greater 64
Manx 259
New Zealand 260
Pink-footed 64
Slender-billed 64
Sooty 63
Townsend 64
Wedge-tailed 63
Sheldrake 262
Ruddy 262
Shoveller 78
Shrike. California 248
Island 248
Loggerhead 248
Migrant 304
Northern 37, 248
350
Index
Shrike, White-rumped 248
Sialia arctica 182
mexicana anabelae 182
bairdi 182
" occidentalis 182
sialis 182
" azurea 182
Simorhynchus cristatellus 47
pusillus 47
pygmaeus 47
Siskin, Pine 225
Sitta canadensis . : 246
carolinensis 246
aculeata 246
atkinsi :...246
lagunae 246
nelsoni 246
pusilla 246
pygmaea 246
leuconucha 247
Sittidse 294
Skimmer, Black 11, 60
Skua 51
Skylark 297
Smew 262
Snakebird 73
Snipe, European 265
Great 266
Wilson 105
Snowflake 251
McKay 251
Pribilof 251
Solitaire, Townsend 247
Somateria dresseri 82
molissima borealis 82
spectabilis 82
v-nigra 82
Sora ! 20, 98
Sparrow, Acadian Sharp-tailed 225
Bachman 221
Baird 224
Belding Marsh 223
Bell 228
Black-chinned 219
Black-throated 249
Botteri 221
Brewster 228
Brown Song 229
Bryant Marsh : 223
California Sage 300
Cassin 221
Chipping 222
Clay-colored 228
Desert 249
Sparrow, Desert Song 229
Dusky Seaside 226
English 219
Field 222
Fisher Seaside 226
Florida Grasshopper 224
Forbush 226
Fox : 231-
Golden-crowned 227
Grasshopper 224
Gray Sage 228
Henslow 224
Harris 219
Heerman Song 229
Intermediate 227
Ipswich .. 225
Kadiak Fox 231, 301
Lagoon 224
Laguna 220
Large-billed 223
Lark 218
Leconte 225
Lincoln 226
Macgillivray Seaside 226
Mendocino Song 301
Merrill Song 226
Mountain Song 229
Nelson 225
Nevada Savannah ,. .300
Nuttall 227
Pine Woods 22l
Vesper 221
Rock 220
Rufous-crowned 220
Rufous-winged 220
Rusty Song 230
Sage 228
Samuel Song 230
San Benito 224
San Clemente Song 230
San Diego Song 230
Sandwich 223
Savanna 223
Scott 220
Scott Seaside 226
Seaside 226
Sharp-tailed 225
Shumagin Fox 231
Slate-colored 231
Song 229
Sooty Fox 231, 301
Stephen 231
St. Lucas 223
Suisun Song 300
351
Index
Sparrow, Swamp 222
Texas 215
Texas Seaside 226
Thick-billed 231
Tree 222
Townsend 231
Vesper 221
Western Chipping 222
Western Field 222
Western Grasshopper 224
Western Henslow 224
Western Lark 218
Western Savanna 223
Western Tree 222
Western Vesper ., 221
White-crowned 227
White-throated 227
Worthen 228
Yakutat Fox 231
Spatula clypeata 78
Speotyto hypogaea cunicularia 138
floridana 138
Sphyrapicus ruber 152
" notkensis 152
thyroideus ^ 152
varius 152
" nuchalis 152
Spinus pinus 225
Spiza americana 198
Spizella atrogularis 219
breweri 228
monticola 222
ochracea 222
pallida 228
pusilla 222
" arenacea 222
socialis 222
arizonse 222
worth eni 228
Spoonbill, Roseate 89
Sporophila morelleti 249
Squatarola squatarola 110
Starling 253
Starnoenas cyanocephala 126
Steganopodes 13, 67
Steganopus tricolor 102
Stelgidopteryx serripennis 211
Stellula calliope 161
Stercorariidae 10, 49
Stercorarius longicaudus 51
parasticus 51
pomarinus 51
Sterna anaethetus 58
antillarum 58
Sterna aleutica 58
caspia 57
dougalli 59
elegans 57
forsteri 59
fuliginosa 60
hirundo 59
maxima 57
paridissea 59-
sandvicensis acuflavida 57
trudeaui 25&
Stilt, Black-necked 22, 104
Stint, Long-toed 26&
Strigidae 127
Strix pratincola 138
Sturnella magna 19&
argutula 199
hoopesi 199
neglecta 199
Sturnidse 164
Sturnus vulgaris 253
Sula bassana 69
brewsteri 70
cyanops 70
nebouxii 70
piscator 70
sula 70
Sulidse 13, 67
Surf Bird Ill
Surnia ulula caparoch 143
Swallow, Bank 211
Barn 250
Cliff 250
Lesser Cliff 304
Mexican Cliff 250
Northern Violet-green 250
Rough-w^inged 211
St. Lucas 251
Tree 36, 250
White-bellied 250
Swallow-tailed Kite 130
Swan, Trumpeter 84
Whistling 84
Whooping 263
Swift, Black 158
Chimney ". 33, 158
Vaux 158
White-throated 158
Sylviidae 40, 169
Symphemia semipalmata Ill
" inornata .111
Synthliboramphus antiquus 47
Syrnium occidentale 139
" caurinum 139
352
Index
Syrnium varium 139
*' alleni 139
" helveolum 139
Tachycineta thalassina lepida 250
" brachyptera 251
Tanager, Cooper 171
Hepatic 171
Louisiana 171
Scarlet 171
Summer 36, 171
Western 171
Tanagridae 36, 165
Tangavius seneus seneus 304
" involucratus 304
Tantalus loculator 90
Tatler, Wandering Ill
Teal, Blue-winged 78
Cinnamon 78
Green-winged 78
Telmatodytes marianse 237
palustris 237
" griseus 237
iliacus 301
" paludicola 237
plesius 237
Tern, American Black 60
Aleutian 58
Arctic 59
Bridled 58
Cabot 57
Caspian 57
Common 11, 59
Elegant 57
Forster 59
Gull-billed 58
Least 58
Roseate 59
Royal 57
Sooty 60
Trudeau 259
White-winged Black 259
TetraonidaB 26, 113
Thalassogeron culminatus 62
Thrasher, Bendire 216
Brown 39, 233
Californian 217
Crissal 217
Curve-billed 216
Desert 217
Leconte 217
Mearns 216
Palmer 216
Pasadena 217, 300
Thrasher, Sage 233
Sennett 233
St. Lucas 216
Thrush, Alaska Hermit 238
Alma 239, 302
Audubon Hermit 238
Bicknell 239
California Olive-backed.. . .239, 302
Dwarf Hermit 238
Gray-cheeked 239
Hermit 238
Monterey Hermit 302
Olive-backed 239
Pale Varied 207
Russet-backed 239
Sierra Hermit 302
Varied 207
Willow 238
Wilson 238
Wood 40, 233
Thryomanes bewickii ,235
calophonus . . 235
" charienturus. 235
" cryptus 235
" leucogaster . ,235
spilurus 235
brevicauda 235
leucophrys 235
Thryothorus ludovicianus 234
" lomitensis 234
" miamensis 234
Titlark 232
Titmouse, Ashy 242
Black-crested 243
Bridled 244
Gray 242
Plain 242
Sennett 303
Texan Tufted 243, 302
Tufted 243
Totanus flavipes Ill
melanoleucus Ill
Towhee 204
Abert 205
Anthony 205
Arctic 204
Californian 205
Canon 205
Green-tailed 206
Guadalupe 204
Mountain 204
Oregon 204
San Clemente 204
San Diego 204
353
Index
Towhee, Spurred 204
St. Lucas 205
White-eyed 204
Toxostoma bendirei 216
cinereum 216
" mearnsi 216
" crissalis 217
curvirostre 216
palmeri 216
lecontei 217
arenicola 217
longirostre sennetti 233
redivivum 217
pasadenense 217
rufum 233
Tree Duck, Black-bellied 83
Fulvous 83
Tringa canutus 106
Trochilidae 33, 155
Trochilus alexandri 159
colubris 160
Troglodytes aedon 236
" parkmanii 236
" aztecus 236, 301
Troglodytidae 39, 168, 294
Trogon arabiguus 147
Coppery-tailed 31, 147
Trogonidae 31, 144
Tropic Bird 69
Red-billed 69
Red-tailed 260
Yellow-billed 13, 69
Tryngites subruficollis 105
Tubinares 12
Turdidae 40, 170
Turkey Florida 122
Merriam 122
Rio Grande 122
Water 73
Wild 27, 122
Turnstone 24, 102
Black 107
Ruddy 102
Tympanuchus americanus 121
" attwateri 121
pallidicinctus 121
Tyrannidae 34, 163
Tyrannus 202
domincensis 247
melancholicus couchi 202
tyrannus 247
verticalis 202
vocif erans 202
TJranomitra salvini 298
Uria lomvia 48
arra 48
troile 48
" californica 48
TJrubitinga anthracina 134
Verdin 195
Baird 195
Vireo, Anthony 212
atricapillus 245
Bell 214
belli 214
" medius 299
Bermuda 213
Black-capped 245
Black-whiskered 212
Blue-headed 214
calidris barbatulus 212
Cassin 214
flavifrons 198
flavoviridis 213
Frazar 299
gilvus 213
" swainsonii 213
Gray 214
Hutton 212
huttoni 212
cognatus 299
" obscurus 212
" stephensi 212
Key West 213
Least 214
Mountain Solitary 214
noveboracensis 213
" bermudianus ...213
" maynardi 213
micrus 213
olivaceus 212
Philadelphia 213
philadelphicus 213
Plumbeous 214
pusillus 214
Red-eyed 37, 212
Small White-eyed 213
solitarius 214
alticola 214
cassinii 214
" lucasanus 214
" plumbeus 214
St. Lucas 214
Stephens 212
Texas 299
vicinior 214
354
Index
Vireo, Warbling 213
Western Warbling 213
White-eyed 213
Yellow-green 213
Yellow-throated 198
Vireonidse 37, 166
Vulture, Black 129
California 129
Turkey 28, 129
Wagtail, Siberian Yellow 192
Warbler, Alaskan Yellow 196
Audubon 190
Bachman 191
Bay-breasted 206
Black and White 249
Blackburnian 187
Black-fronted 190
Black-poll 249
Black-throated Blue 180
Black-throated Gray 249
Black-throated Green 188
Blue-winged 191
Brewster 197
Cairns 180
Calaveras 195
California Yellow 299
Canadian 191
Cape May 196
Cerulean 181
Chestnut-sided 198
Connecticut 189
Dusky 210
Golden-cheeked 188
Golden Pileated 193
Golden-winged 189
■Grace 190
Hermit 188
Hooded 188
Kennicott Willow 212
Kentucky 193
Kirtland 191
Lawrence 197
Lucy 206
Lutescent 210
Macgillivray 189
Magnolia 190
Mangrove 196
Mourning 189
Myrtle 197
Nashville 38, 195
Northern Parula 195
Olive 187
Orange-crowned 210
Warbler, Palm 196
Parula 195
Pileated 193
Pine 191
Prairie 197
Prothontary 187
Red-faced 177
Sennett 195
Sonora 196
Swainson 215
Sycamore 190
Tennessee 212
Townsend 188
Virginia 197
Wilson 193
Worm-eating 215
Yellow 38, 196
Yellow Palm 197
Yellow-throated 190
Water-Thrush 232
Grinnell 232
Louisiana 232
Waxwing, Bohemian 198
Cedar 37, 198
Wheatear 248
Greenland 248
Whimbrel 267
Whip-poor-will 33, 156
Stephen 156
Whiskey Jack 252
Widgeon, European 77
Willet Ill
Western Ill
Wilsonia canadensis 191
mitrata 188
pusilla 193
chryseola 193
" pileota 193
Woodcock, American 23, 105
European 265
Woodpecker, Alaska Downy 150
Alaskan Three-toed 149
Alpine Three-toed 149
American Three-toed 32, 149
Arctic Three-toed 149
Arizona 151
Batchelder 150
Cabanis 150
Cactus 297
California 153
Downy 150
Gairdner 150
Gila 153
Golden-fronted 153
355
23
Index
Woodpecker, Hairy .150
Harris 150
Ivory-billed 149
, Lewis 152
Narrow-fronted 153
Newfoundland 297
Northern Downy 150
North ernHairy 150
Northern Pileated 32, 149
Nuttall 151
Pileated 149
Queen Charlotte 150
Red-bellied 153
Red-cockaded 151
Red-headed 153
Rocky Mountain Hairy 150
Saint Lucas 151
San Fernando 297
Southern Downy 150
Striped-breasted 153
Texan 151
White-breasted 297
White-headed 151
Willow 151
Wren, Alaskan 235
Aztec 236
Aleutian 236
Baird 235
Bewick 235
Bryant Cactus 233
Cactus 233
Canon 234
Carolina 234
Desert Cactus 233
Dotted Canon 234
Florida 234
Guadalupe 235
Guadelupe Rock 234
House 39, 236
Interior Tule 237
Kadiak Winter 236
Lomita 234
Long-billed Marsh 237
Marian Marsh 237
Northwest Bewick 235
Parkman 236
Prairie Marsh 301
Wren, Rock 234
San Clemente 235
San Nicolas 301
Short-billed Marsh 236
Southwest Bewick 235
St. Lucas Cactus 233
Texas Bewick 235
Texan Cactus 233
Tule 237
Vigors 235
Western House 236
Western Winter 236
White-throated 234
Winter 236
Worthington Marsh 237
W>en-Tit, Coast 216, 300
Pallid 215, 300
Ruddy 300
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus ... 199
Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens 185
Xema sabinii 56
Xenopicus albolarvatus 151
Yellowlegs HI
Greater HI
Yellow-throat, Belding 194
Florida 194
Maryland 193
Northern 194
Pacific 194
Rio Grande 194
Salt Marsh 194
Western 193
Zamelodia ludoviciana 174
melanocephala 207
Zenaida zenaida 125
Zenaidura macroura 125
marginella 296
Zonotrichia albicollis 227
coronata 227
leucophrys 227
gambeli 227
nuttalli 227
querula 21^
356
THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE
STAMPED BELOW
BOOKS REQUESTED BY ANOTHER BORROWER
ARE SUBJECT TO RECALL AFTER ONE WEEK.
RENEWED BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO
IMMEDIATE RECALL
/ ^CTO
MAR 4l983l(E(ril|
AUGlslSslfllC'll
LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS
D4613 (12/76)
QL* Chapmanf Frank Michlert 1864-
681 Color key to North American Birds :
C45 with bibliograhical appendix / by
1912 Frank U. Chapman ; with upwards of 8 00
drawings by Chester A» Reed — Rev*
ed« — New York : D. Apple tony 1912.
Xf 356 p* : ill» ; 23 cm«
Includes index*
Bibliography: p« 305-331.
BC
1230321
1« Birds — North America. !• Reedy
Chester Albert, 1876- II. Title.
781119
OL681.C47 1912
^^ CU-A c/lc/mvm
^ 13-2 .
MBX 8818177* ^ ^i?