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A 
 
 HISTORY OF THE ROYAL FOUNDATION 
 
 OF 
 
 C6rt0t0 J^o0pttal 
 
 WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE PLAN OF EDUCATION, THE INTERNAL ECONOMY 
 OF THE INSTITUTION, AND MEMOIRS OF EMINENT BLUES : 
 
 PRECEDED BY A NARRATIVE OF THE RISE, PROGRESS, AND SUPPRESSION 
 OF THE CONVENT OF THE GREY FRIARS IN LONDON. 
 
 BY THE REV. WILLIAM TROLLOPE, M.A. 
 
 OF PEMBROKE COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, AND LATE ONE OF THE 
 CLASSICAL MASTERS OF CHRIST'S HOSPITAL. 
 
 LONDON : 
 WILLIAM PICKERING. 
 
 1834. 
 

 C. WH1TUN0HAM, TOOKS COURT, 
 CUANlkRY LAME. 
 
 . • • . . • V * * . • ■ 
 
TO THE 
 
 RIGHT WORSHIPFUL WILLIAM THOMPSON, ESQ. 
 
 ALDERMAN, PRESIDENT; 
 
 THE WORSHIPFUL THOMAS POYNDER, ESQ. ^JUNR. 
 
 TREASURER ; 
 AND THE REST OF THE GOVERNORS OF CHRIST'S HOSPITAL, 
 THIS WORK IS INSCRIBED 
 BY THEIR OBLIGED AND FAITHFUL SERVANT, 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
 M164888 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 It is somewhat remarkable, that, while other Public 
 Schools have their respective histories, no authentic ac- 
 count of Christ's Hospital has hitherto appeared ; more 
 especially as the most erroneous and conflicting notions 
 have been frequently entertained of the real objects of 
 the Institution. In order to supply this deficiency, the 
 present volume has been prepared ; and the author has 
 reason to hope, from the connected review which has 
 been taken of the internal and external economy of the 
 Establishment from its foundation to the present time, 
 that all charges of misapplication of its funds will be 
 effectually silenced. The materials of his History have 
 been derived from a variety of independent sources, 
 as well as from information supplied by a personal con- 
 nexion with the Hospital from his childhood; and, 
 though he is ready to avow, with pride and gratitude, the 
 most affectionate regard for the place of his education, 
 
\1 PREFACE. 
 
 he has endeavoured to preserve the strictest impartiality 
 in deducing inferences from facts. Except, however, in 
 a very few instances, he has allowed facts to speak for 
 themselves; fully aware that nothing more was required 
 to place the conduct of the Governors in the most honour- 
 able light, and to establish the character of the Institu- 
 tion, over which they preside, in the estimation of the 
 Public. 
 
 With respect to the assistance which he has received 
 in the compilation of the Work, besides a general ac- 
 knowledgment to the Treasurer and Committee for per- 
 mission to engrave such pictures in their possession as 
 were required for its illustration, and to copy the 
 Charters, he is bound to make particular mention of the 
 kindness of an individual Governor in forwarding his 
 views. From the deep and anxious interest which the 
 Rev. W. H. Hale has always taken in the welfare of 
 Christ's Hospital, and the opportunities he has enjoyed of 
 becoming acquainted with the nature of its early records, 
 the loan of his papers was a most desirable acquisition ; 
 and it is but justice to add, that the manner in which 
 they were communicated considerably increased the value 
 of the obligation. To the same kindness the reader is 
 
PREFACE. VII 
 
 indebted for the just and able estimate of the character 
 and services of the late Mr. Treasurer Palmer, which is 
 inserted in its proper place in the History. 
 
 The nature and extent of the undertaking are briefly 
 set forth in the Title ; and, in the hope that every species 
 of information, which a work of this nature may be 
 fairly expected to afford, is fully and faithfully developed 
 in its pages, the Author trusts that he has performed 
 a service equally acceptable to the Governors of the 
 Hospital, to those who have there received their edu- 
 cation, and to the Public at large. 
 
LIST OF ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 I. King Edward VI. presenting the Charter to Christ's Hospital, from the Picture 
 
 by Holbein, in the New Hall Frontispiece 
 
 ■ II. The Old Hall, Whittington's Library, and the Cloisters, Christ's Hospital, 
 
 A.D. 1700 105 
 
 III. Ruins of the Old Hall, Christ's Hospital 106 
 
 IV. View of Christ's Hospital, Hertford 114 
 
 V. The New Grammar and Mathematical Schools, Christ's Hospital 140 
 
 VI. Portrait of Arthur William Trollope, D. D. late Head Master of Christ's Hos- 
 pital, from a Painting by Tannock 141 
 
 VII. Portrait of James Palmer, Esq. late Treasurer of Christ's Hospital, from a 
 
 Painting by Sir Thomas Lawrence 165 
 
 VIII. Elevation of the New Hall, Christ's Hospital 170 
 
 IX. Exterior View of the New Hall, and New Wards, Christ's Hospital 347 
 
 X. Interior View of the New Hall, Christ's Hospital 352 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 PREFACE v 
 
 List of Engravings viii 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Preliminary Observations — Origin of Monastic Institutions in Britain — Almost total 
 destruction of them in the Danish Invasion — Their restoration by King Edgar — 
 Dunstan — Changes introduced at the Conquest — Declining reputation of Monachism 
 under Henry III. — Obvious reasons of this declension — Appearance of the Men- 
 dicant Orders in England — Their growing popularity — Deviation from their original 
 strictness — Orders of St. Francis and St. Dominic — Distinguishing Name and Habit 
 of the Grey Friars — Their arrival in England — Settlement of a part of the fraternity 
 in London — John Iwyn — Foundation of the Convent in London — Erection of the 
 Conventual Church — Whittington's Library — Eminent Members of the Order — 
 Observants — Nuns of St. Clare — Conventual Magnificence of the Metropolis — Dis- 
 solution of the Monasteries — Unjustifiable proceedings of the Commissioners — 
 Destruction of Libraries — Cranmer — Henry's real motives — Conduct of the Fran- 
 ciscans — The Maid of Kent — Friars Peto, Elstow, and Robinson — Suppression of 
 the Observants — Surrender of the Convent of Grey Friars in London — Desecration 
 of the Church — Sale of the Monuments — Persons of note there buried — Some effects 
 of the Dissolution — Increase of Mendicity — Appropriation of the Monastic Revenues 
 — Letter of Sir Richard Gresham to the King — Grant of the Convent, &c. to the 
 City — Endowment of the Parish of Christ-Church 1 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Death of Henry VIII. — The birth and early education of Edward VI. — His superior 
 acquirements — Cardan's character of the young King — His journal — Lord Orford's 
 estimate of his talents — His political and general character — His zeal for religion — 
 Anecdotes — Ridley's Sermon at Westminster — Its effect upon the King — The 
 Bishop's ejaculation — Lever's Sermon (note) — The King's Letter to Lord Mayor 
 Dobbs — Consultation thereon — Proposal for the foundation of three Hospitals — 
 Grant of the Convent of Grey Friars by Henry VIII. confirmed — Further grant of 
 linen — Bridewell — Ridley's Letter to Sir William Cecyl — Charter granted — The 
 young King's prayer — The Savoy — Death of Edward VI. — Opening of Christ's 
 Hospital — First appearance of the Children in public — Presentation of the Charter 
 — Holbein's Picture — Malcolm's criticism thereon — Joint and local government of 
 
 b 
 
X CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 the Hospitals — Curious black letter document — Ridley's eulogium of Sir Richard 
 Dobbs and Sir George Barnes — Portrait of Dobbs — State of Education in London 
 before the dissolution of Religious Houses — Scholastic disputations on St. Bar- 
 tholomew's Eve — Anxiety of the Corporation to bring the Hospital into notice — 
 Origin of the Spital Sermons and Easter festivities — Dress of the Boys — Tradition 
 respecting it — Remarks — The Cock of Westminster — Corporation grants — Pro- 
 gressive state of the Institution 30 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Premonition — Provision for the poor before the Statute of 43 Eliz. — Parochial Col- 
 lections — Specific objects of Christ's Hospital — Inquiries respecting women with 
 Child — These gradually discontinued — Falling off in the Inquest boxes — Poverty of 
 the Hospital — Stat. 14 Eliz. respecting Legacies — Money-boxes in the Cloisters — 
 Symonds' and Randall's Gifts — Early regulations respecting the admission and edu- 
 cation of Children — Apprentices — Evident distinction in the objects of the Hospital 
 — Admission at the request of Benefactors — for pay — in accordance with the wills 
 of Benefactors — Present inadequacy of such gifts — Dependence of the Hospital on 
 benefactions and bequests — Cession of Chartered Estates — Amount of Donations 
 and Legacies up to the year 1600 — Continued Embarrassments — Loan — Restricted 
 admissions — Security required for the discharge of Children at the proper age — 
 Right of the Court of Aldermen to send children questioned — Rising prospects of 
 the House — Early Benefactors — Lady Mary Ramsey — Her five advowsons — Present 
 amount and disposition of her bequests — Exhibitions at the University — Early 
 instances — Gift of Serjeant Moses — First Establishment of a Writing School — The 
 Grammar and Pettite Schools — Nature of the Education — Public reputation of the 
 School — Interest taken in its welfare by Lady Mary Ramsey — Increase in the 
 number of Children — Children put out at Nurse — Place house at Ware — Establish- 
 ment at Broxburn — Excess of expenditure above revenue — Causes thereof — Conse- 
 quence of the early modes of admission — Suspended admission — Assistance received 
 from the citizens after the Great Fire — Qualifications of Children to be admitted — 
 Original form of Presentation — Fixed Regulations for the future — Provisions for the 
 different orders of Governors — Dissatisfaction caused thereby — Privileges of the 
 Court of Aldermen — Rules confirmed — Recapitulation 55 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Foundation of the Royal Mathematical School — Grant of the Charter by King 
 Charles II. — Its inefficient endowment — Further grant obtained by Mr. Pepys — 
 Mr. ColwaPs gift — Sir Jonas Moore — His system of Mathematics — Death of 
 Mr. Perkins, Master of the School — Inefficiency of his successors — Interest taken 
 by Mr. Pepys in the welfare of the School — His Letter to the Treasurer — Munificent 
 bequest of Mr. Hairy Stone — Letter of Mr. Pepys to the General Court — Sir John 
 Moore's reply — Reluctant explanation of the Court — Impediments thrown in the 
 
CONTENTS. xi 
 
 Pa s H 
 way of an examination of the children — Proposed disposition of Mr. Stone's gift — 
 
 Resignation of Mr. Pagett — Election of his successor — Sir Isaac Newton — Prospects 
 of Improvement — Perverse opposition of the Treasurer — Mr. Pepys' sentiments 
 thereon — A Royal Visitation threatened — Mr. Pepys appointed Treasurer — Illness 
 of Sir John Moore — Mr. Pepys elected Vice-President — Correction of abuses — Set- 
 tlement of Stone's gift — The Twelves — Royal Badge — Stone's Badge — Presentation 
 of the King's Boys at Court — The King's Ward — Exclusive character of the boys — 
 Their advanced age — Mr. William Wales elected Master — Disorganised state of the 
 School — Strict discipline of the New Master — His character and success — Con- 
 tinued exclusiveness of the King's Boys — Ludicrous instance, and disastrous con- 
 sequences thereof — Dissolution of the King's Ward — Stock's Gift — The Twos — 
 Extract from the will of Mr. Stock — Badge — Travers' School — List of Mathematical 
 Masters 77 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Munificence of Sir Robert Clayton — His severe illness — Destructive effects of the Fire 
 of London — Projected re-erection of the south front of the Hospital — Death of 
 Mr. Morrice — Sir Robert's wish to keep his charity secret — Reasons which led to 
 its discovery — Estimate and cost of the building — Inscription over the gate-way — 
 Character of Mr. Firmin — His monument — Dilapidated state of the Great Hall — 
 Sir John Frederick — Description of the Hall, as rebuilt by him — The Organ — 
 Associations connected with the Old Hall — Its demolition in 1827 — Spital Sermons 
 — Dr. Parr — Easter processions — The Lord Mayor's annual donation — Easter 
 Anthems — A curious old one — A beautifully illuminated Hymn in the Hospital 
 Archives — Public Suppers — Their early institution — Changes in the time of their 
 celebration, and mode of admission to them — Order of the Ceremony — St. Matthew's 
 day — The Sermon at Christ's Church — The Speeches — Collection for the speakers — 
 Customs still observed on this occasion — Relics of the Old Hall — Benefactions at 
 the period of its erection — Mismanagement of Mr. Treasurer Hawes — Great increase 
 in the number of Children — Insufficient accommodation at Ware and Broxbourne — 
 The Place House — Subscription set on foot for building a larger establishment at 
 Hertford — Completion and cost of the new Edifice — Gallery for the children in 
 All-Saint's Church, Hertford — Sir John Moore — His Writing School — Estimate and 
 cost — Ceremony of opening it — The inscription under his Statue — Singular marriage 
 of a Blue-coat Boy and Girl — Amount of Benefactions between 1600 and 1700 — 
 Gifts of Fowke, Garway, West, Guy, and others — Disputes between the Hospital 
 and the Parish of Christ Church — Revised regulations respecting the admission of 
 children of advanced age, and the limitation of non-free presentations — Further 
 revision of the regulations of 1676 — Comparative view of ancient and modern quali- 
 fications for admission — Singular bequest of James St. Amand, Esq. — Erroneous 
 notion respecting the portrait of his grandfather — Extract from his will — Ancient 
 custom of addressing the Sovereign on his first appearance in the City — Presentation 
 of the children to James II. — Verrio's great Picture — Address presented to George 
 
x ii CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 III. and Queen Charlotte, in St. Paul's church-yard— Intended addresses to the 
 Prince Reo-ent, in 1814, and to William IV. in 1830 — A reading school established 
 
 Removal of the Girls to Hertford — Benefaction of John Stock, Esq. — Alarming 
 
 incident during the riots in 1780 101 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Differences of opinion respecting the chartered rights of the Corporation of London — 
 Original joint government of the four Royal Hospitals — The Charge of every Go- 
 vernor in general — General Courts — Courts of each Hospital respectively — Com- 
 mittees Discontinuance of the office of Comptroller General, and Surveyor General 
 
 Presidents first appointed — Early mode of Election — Articles of agreement of 
 
 1782 Their confirmation by Act of Parliament — Present Government of Christ's 
 
 Hospital Chartered, Benefaction, and Nomination Governors — Mode of Election — 
 
 Charge — Presentations — Exclusive privileges — Election of Mr. Boyer to the Upper 
 Mastership— Academical Reputation of his Pupils — His character drawn by the 
 poet Coleridge — First Establishment of a Grammar School at Hertford — Formation 
 of an English Library — General Library- 1 — The old Grammar Schools — Bequest of 
 John Smith, Esq. — The Grammar Schools of 1793 — The New Grammar and Mathe- 
 matical Schools — Unprecedented admission- in the year 1799 — Improvement in the 
 System of Education — Rev. A. W. Trollope appointed Head Grammar Master — 
 Success of his Pupils — Inscription on a piece of plate presented to him by the 
 Governors — Dilapidated state of the Hospital — Public subscription for the Esta- 
 blishment of a building fund — Manifestation of a turbulent spirit among the boys — 
 Institution of a Sunday Evening Lecture — Anxiety of the Governors respecting the 
 admission of children — Revision of the Regulations in 1809 — Officious interference 
 of Alderman Waithman and others — Statement of alleged cases of abuse — Proceed- 
 ings in Chancery — Evidence adduced before Mr. Brougham, and the Education 
 Committee — Result of the inquiry — Sale of Presentations — Sir W. Curtis elected 
 President — His feast to the boys on the occasion — Increasing reputation of the Hos- 
 pital Scholars at the University — Presentation of the Head Master with the degree 
 of Doctor in Divinity 129 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Defects in the system of Education — Appointment of an Education Committee — Their 
 Report — Its adoption by the Court- — Resignation of the Rev. L. P. Stephens — His 
 character and services — Addition to the number of Masters — Further improvement 
 in the plan of Education — Regulations for the management of the Grammar School 
 — Rapid decay of the Building — Committee appointed for the superintendence of 
 the Building Fund — Appearance of Ophthalmia among the children — Lavatory 
 erected — Single beds — New Infirmary — Infrequency of Death among the children 
 — Imposing solemnity of a funeral — Enduring friendship of Christ's Hospital boys — 
 Amicable Society of Blues — Benevolent Society of Blues — Dinner on Founder's 
 
CONTENTS. Xlll 
 
 Page 
 
 Birth day — Resignation of Mr. Treasurer Palmer— Sketch of his character and ser- 
 vices — Election of Thomas Poynder, Esq. to the Treasurership — Commencement of 
 rebuilding — Ceremony of laying the first stone of the New Hall — Inscription plate 
 — Prayer used upon the occasion — A Blue elected Greek Professor at Cambridge — 
 Resignation and Death of the Rev. Dr. Trollope — Inscription on the Vase which 
 had been presented to him by his pupils — Appointment of his successor — Addition 
 to the number of Exhibitions to the University — Ceremony of opening the New Hall 
 — Prayer used on the occasion — Buildings recently completed 153 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 System of Education pursued in Christ's Hospital in early times not to be ascertained 
 — Plan at present pursued — Upper Grammar School — Grecians — Deputy Grecians 
 — Great and Little Erasmus — Selection of Scholars for the University — Scheme of 
 Lessons in the two higher Classes — Anomalous constitution of the head Class — 
 Eminence attained by Deputy Grecians — Adaptation of the present system to its 
 proposed ends — Constitution of the Under Grammar Schools — Laborious duties of 
 the Masters — Day's work with each class — Writing School — Its original constitution 
 and importance — Extent of instruction there given — Specimens of Penmanship — 
 Spelling by dictation — Mathematical Schools — Proficiency acquired in the Under or 
 Travers' Department — Course of Nautical Education on King Charles's Foundation 
 — Drawing School — Mathematical Studies of the Grecians and Deputy Grecians — 
 System pursued at Hertford — Girls' Establishment — Half yearly Examinations — 
 Prizes — Rewards in the Grammar School — Donation to a Grecian on leaving the 
 Hospital — Examination in Reading — Hertford Visitations — Private pupils — Restric- 
 tions upon the Masters — Inadequate compensation — Ecclesiastical Preferments — 
 Religious instruction — Office of Catechiser — Sunday Exercises — Markers — Religious 
 duties — Attendance on Divine Service — Daily Devotions — Bishop Compton's Prayers 
 — Psalmody — Music Master — Choir and Chorus Boys — Vacations and Holidays — 
 August Holidays — Conditions of absence — Leaves — Tickets — Hours of Recreation — 
 Libraries — State of the Books in the Classical and Mathematical Libraries — The old 
 Observatory — Subsequent advantages to those educated in Christ's Hospital — Ap- 
 prentice-fees — Gifts INI 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Systems of Education estimated by their results — Living proofs of the efficacy of the 
 Christ's Hospital plan — Difficulties of cotemporary biography — Eminent blues of 
 former times — Doubts respecting Camden and Stillingjieet — Biographical Sketches : 
 — I. Edmund Campion. II. David Baker. III. John Vicars. IV. Joshua Barnes. 
 V. James Jurin. VI. Jeremiah Markland. VII. Thomas Fanshaw Middleton — 
 List of Grecians from the Foundation 202 
 
xiv CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Page 
 Internal Economy of the Hospital — Office of President — List of Presidents from the 
 
 Foundation Office of Treasurer — The Committee — Its Constitution and Duties — 
 
 Visiting Governors — Almoners — Auditors — Renters — Ancient Office of Scrutener — 
 The Treasurer's Privileges and requisite Securities — List of Treasurers from the 
 
 Foundation Office of Chief Clerk — Receiver and Wardrobe Keeper — Assistant Clerks 
 
 — Duties of the Steward — Buttery-boys — Antiquity of the post of Bible Clerk, now 
 the Chaff-boy — Choir-boys — Money owned up — Brerewod's Gift — Monitors — Punish- 
 ments—Standing at the Stone — Elopement — Expulsion — Management of the Boys 
 in Play-hours — Skulking — Watchers — Absence Bell — Behaviour in Church — Duties 
 of the Matron — Nurses — Their wages, allowance, and requisite qualification — The 
 Porter and Beadles — Charge of the Engines, Gates, Clocks, &c. — Messengers — 
 Watchmen — Street Keepers — Cook — Cobbler — Nurse of the Infirmary — Precautions 
 in contagious Diseases — Duties of the Physician — Election of Dr. Downes, at the 
 command of Charles II. — His letter of recommendation, and other Papers — Duties 
 of the Surgeon — Services of Mr. Abernethy — Duties of the Apothecary — Dentist — 
 Officers at Hertford — Visitations of the Committee — Officers' Residences — Duties 
 of the Architect and Surveyor — hand Surveyor — Solicitor — List of Upper and Under 
 Masters, Chief Clerks, and Stewards, since the year 1700 — List of the present 
 Officers 309 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 Scite of the Hospital — The old City Lease — Want of uniformity in the Buildings — 
 Entrance from Little Britain — The Town Ditch — Improvements of Mr. Calthrop 
 and Sir William Chester — Treasurer's and adjoining Houses — The Steward's Office 
 and Treasurer's Stables — The Counting-House and Houses in the Counting-House- 
 Yard — Treasurer's Garden — Clerks' Offices, Strong room, &c. Court-room — Hol- 
 bein's Portrait of the Founder — Other Portraits and Prints — The Cloisters — The 
 Garden — Monuments — The Pump — Buildings over the East Cloister — Girls' Ward, 
 and buildings in the South Cloister — The Old Hall and West Cloister — The New 
 Dormitories — The North Cloister — Whittington's Library — The Shops — The Old 
 Mathematical School — The Reading School — King's Ward and Observatory — Old 
 Mathematical Master's House — Old Grammar School and other buildings — The Re- 
 fectory of the Old Priory— The Creek— The Buttery— The Kitchen— The Old Sick- 
 Ward — Dungeon in the Grey Friars — The New Hall — Architectural description — 
 Pictures and Portraits — The New Infirmary — The Writing School — Lavatory — 
 Steward's House — Old Buildings on the North side of the Ditch — Recent Improve- 
 ments — The New Grammar and Mathematical Schools — The Hertford Buildings — 
 Writing School — Boys' Wards — The Hall — The Infirmary — The Grammar School — 
 Girls' Buildings — Play-grounds — Conclusion 338 
 
CONTENTS. XV 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 No. I. 
 
 Page 
 Indenture between Henry VIII. and the Mayor and Commonalty of London ... i 
 
 No. II. 
 Letters patent of Henry VIII xiii 
 
 No. III. 
 Cardan?s Character of Edward VI xxx 
 
 No. IV. 
 Letters and Exercises of Edward VI xxxii 
 
 No. V. 
 
 Foundation Charter of King Edward VI. of the Hospitals of Christ, Bridewell, 
 
 and St. Thomas the Apostle xliii 
 
 No. VI. 
 
 A Royall Elegie of the most mightie and renowned Prince, King Edward the Sixth. 
 Written by Sir John Cheke, Knight, Anno 1553. With Observations on 
 Baldwin's " Funeralles of Edward Sixt," and a " Prayer sayd in the Kinges 
 Chappell in the tyme of hys Graces Sicknes " Ixiii 
 
 No. VII. 
 
 Letters patent of King Charles II. in relation to the Foundation of the Royal 
 
 Mathematical School lxxxii 
 
 No. VIII. 
 
 An Act (22 Geo. III. c. 77) to render valid and effectual certain Articles of Agree- 
 ment between the City of London and the Governors of the Four Royal Hos- 
 pitals. 1782 lxxxviii 
 
XVI CONTENTS. 
 
 No. IX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Names of the Benefactors to the Fund for Rebuilding Christ's Hospital, and 
 the Amount of their Respective Subscriptions xcix 
 
 No. X. 
 
 Livings in the Patronage of the Governors of Christ's Hospital cv 
 
 No. XL 
 
 Prayers for the Use of the Children in Christ's Hospital cvi 
 
 No. XII. 
 • Scholarships and Exhibitions cxii 
 
 No. XIII. 
 Hetherington's Charity for the Blind cxiv 
 
 Addenda and Corrigenda cxvii 
 
 Index cxix 
 

 THE 
 
 HISTORY OF CHRIST'S HOSPITAL. 
 
 Chapter I. 
 
 Preliminary Observations — Origin of Monastic Institutions in Britain — Almost total destruc- 
 tion of them in the Danish Invasion — Their restoration by King Edgar — Dunstan — 
 Changes introduced at the Conquest — Declining reputation of Monachism under Henry III. 
 — Obvious reasons of this declension — Appearance of the Mendicant Orders in Eng- 
 land — Their growing popularity — Deviation from their original strictness — Orders of 
 St. Francis and St. Dominic — Distinguishing Name and Habit of the Grey Friars — Their 
 arrival in England — Settlement of a part of the fraternity of London — John Iwyn — 
 Foundation of the Convent in London — Erection of the Conventual Church — Whitting- 
 ton's Library — Eminent Members of the Order — Observants — Nuns of St. Clare — Con- 
 ventual Magnificence of the Metropolis — Dissolution of the Monasteries — Unjustifiable 
 proceedings of the Commissioners — Destruction of Libraries — Cranmer — Henry's real 
 motives— Conduct of the Franciscans — The maid of Kent — Friars Peto, Elstow, and 
 Robinson — Suppression of the Observants — Surrender of the Convent of Grey Friars in 
 London — Desecration of the Church — Sale of the Monuments — Persons of note there 
 buried — Some effects of the Dissolution — Increase of Mendicity — Appropriation of the 
 Monastic Revenues — Letter of Sir Richard Gresham to the King — Grant of the Convent, 
 &c. to the City — Endowment of the Parish of Christ-Church. 
 
 In identifying the foundation of Christ's Hospital with the first and 
 best interests of the British Metropolis, and of the Nation at large, there 
 are so many living witnesses to the truth of the assumption, independent 
 of the recorded testimony of past ages, that contradiction can only origi- 
 nate in ignorance or caprice. While numbers of her Sons, in the less 
 conspicuous walks of life, are promoting the welfare of their Country in 
 every branch of useful Industry, in extending her Manufactures, enlarging 
 her Commerce, and improving her Arts ; where, on the other hand, we 
 
 B 
 
< 
 
 2. history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 may proudly ask, where is the path in which their brethren have not 
 risen to honourable distinction? in which they have not stood among 
 the foremost in the Race ? In the Commercial world, whose names are 
 more respected? Often have they been numbered among the Magis- 
 tracy of the City : many and honourable are the testimonies to their 
 proficiency in Science and in Classic Literature ; and they stand high 
 among the ablest advocates of Sacred truth. In deeds of gallant enter- 
 prise and noble daring, they have maintained their country's honour and 
 their own ; and in those glorious scenes, which are the proudest monu- 
 ments of British Valour, their blood has freely flowed. Such are the 
 happy fruits of this truly noble Institution ; such the character of its 
 Sons : and still in regular succession is reared within its walls a supply 
 of good and useful Citizens, trained in the Religion of their forefathers, 
 instructed in every branch of necessary Knowledge, inured to habits of 
 virtue and active Industry, and qualified to sustain their part with credit 
 and integrity in eveiy department of Life. But this is not all. As the 
 first fruits of that glorious Light, which at the Reformation dispelled the 
 clouds of Ignorance and Error, Christ's Hospital may fairly be regarded 
 as the Parent stock, from which numberless productive Scions have 
 sprung. The same Wisdom, which rescued the pure doctrines of the 
 Christian Faith from the shackles of Superstition, suggested the great 
 and comprehensive outline of Christian Benevolence which succeeding 
 ages have filled up ; and many of those Seminaries of Learning and 
 Religion which have since risen in the Land, originated in the pious 
 example of the youthful Edward. But a rapid Sketch of those Institu- 
 tions, out of the ruins of which it rose, will form the most appropriate 
 Introduction to the History of this Religious, Royal, and Antient 
 Foundation ; and more especially of that particular Convent, with which 
 its endowment was immediately connected. 
 
 The origin of Monastic Institutions in Britain is involved in consider- 
 able obscurity. It has been thought that their rise was coeval with the 
 first Introduction of Christianity into the Island ; but the earliest vestige 
 of any English monastery is that of Glastonbury, which was founded by 
 
HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 3 
 
 St. Patrick about the year 433.* Here it is said that he found twelve 
 anchorites, over whom he made himself Abbot, teaching them to live by 
 monastic rules ; and it is certain that the original inhabitants continued 
 to maintain their Christian faith, in the midst of the barbarism and 
 idolatry of their conquerors, upon whom the light of the Gospel had not 
 yet shone. Towards the close of the sixth century, however, Augustine, 
 a prior of the Benedictine monastery at Rheims, was commissioned by 
 Pope Gregory the Great to undertake the conversion of our Saxon 
 ancestors. On his arrival at Canterbury, with forty of his fraternity, 
 King Ethelbert, mainly, perhaps, through the influence of his wife 
 Bertha, was speedily won over to the faith ; most of the nobles following 
 his example, the preaching of his companions among the people was 
 attended with equal success ; Canterbury was raised into an archiepis- 
 copal see ; and Augustine was consecrated the first Archbishop. Prose- 
 cuting his labours with unremitting zeal, he erected several churches in 
 the Kingdom of Kent; opened seminaries of religious learning; and 
 founded a Benedictine monastery at Canterbury, which was called after 
 his own name, and invested by a papal Bull with peculiar privileges 
 and immunities. From Kent, Christianity spread rapidly over the other 
 Kingdoms of the Heptarchy ; and monasteries were erected in almost 
 every direction. Thus the Benedictine rule was the groundwork of the 
 monastic estate in this country ; and the establishments of this order were, 
 in general, the most richly endowed of any in the Kingdom. Presents 
 of the most costly description were heaped upon them by the Saxon 
 Kings ; -j- and they continued to flourish with increasing wealth and 
 splendour until the Danish Invasion. 
 
 During the period of universal devastation, which marked the progress 
 of these ferocious adventurers, it may well be supposed that the sanctu- 
 aries of Religion did not escape their fury. In many of their incursions, 
 and more particularly in that fatal one under the Danish general Hubba 
 
 * Stillingfleet's Orig. Britt. pp. 184, 185. William of Malmsbury, de Regg. i. 22. 
 f As, for instance, the gifts of King Ida, to the monastery of Glastonbury. See Stevens' 
 Supplement to Dugdale, vol. i. p. 422. 
 
4 HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 (a. d. 866), their sacrilegious ravages were unbounded and beyond con- 
 trol. They plundered and burned nearly all the monasteries; they 
 stripped, scourged, and often killed the defenceless monks ; and almost 
 succeeded in effecting a total ruin of their sacred institutions. Indeed, 
 the distinguishing feature of the monastic life was completely effaced ; 
 for the few religious houses which still remained, with the exception of 
 Glastonbury and Abingdon, had either fallen into the hands of the mar- 
 ried Clergy, or were reduced to the necessity of admitting seculars to 
 assist in the performance of the stated offices. In this condition they 
 remained, till the promotion of the celebrated Dunstan to the see of 
 Canterbury by King Edgar in the year 630, by whose influence and 
 exertions the antient discipline was revived. Under his direction no less 
 than forty-seven monasteries were rebuilt or re-endowed, the lands which 
 had been confiscated were restored, the seculars displaced, the banished 
 monks reinstated in their houses, where they remained in quiet possession 
 of their rights and privileges till the conquest. Under the new line of 
 Kings, not only were a variety of new regulations introduced into the 
 monasteries, and state service charged upon them ; but the Saxon abbots 
 were displaced by Norman successors ; and, in many instances, their 
 manorial rights were infringed and their treasures plundered. Still, 
 however, the passion for erecting edifices of this description prevailed ; 
 and in the beginning of the reign of Henry III. there were not less than 
 five hundred in different parts of the Kingdom. 
 
 About this period the blind veneration with which the monastic orders 
 were regarded, and the eager zeal with which their houses were enriched 
 with more than regal wealth, began to decline. An act was passed in 
 the ninth year of this reign, interdicting any future bequest of landed 
 estates to their use ; and a bull had for some years been issued by the 
 papal see to prevent the foundation of new institutions. With respect 
 to Britain, the causes of this declining popularity are sufficiently obvious. 
 Their amazing wealth could have no other effect than that of exciting 
 the jealousy of the King and nobles ; and the King more especially, 
 from the opposition with which he frequently met, under the sanction of 
 
HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 the papal see, from their refusal of supplies, and repugnance against the 
 authority of the crown, would be ready to concur in this curtailment of 
 their privileges. The people, on the other hand, had been sufficiently 
 exasperated by their rigid exaction of service and their exorbitant de- 
 mands for the dispensation of spiritual advantages ; while the parochial 
 clergy, indignant at the gradual usurpation of their possessions by the 
 grasping monks, were fully prepared to join in the cry against them.* 
 It was about this time, too, that the Mendicant Orders made their first 
 appearance in England, who, by hearing confessions and granting abso- 
 lutions at a cheaper rate, contributed still farther to undermine the repu- 
 tation of the conventual chapters. The distinguishing badge of these 
 Mendicants, as their name implies, was voluntary poverty : they lived 
 entirely by alms ; they were bound, by their rule, to remain destitute of 
 all fixed revenues and possessions, and their only real estates was the 
 ground upon which their Convents stood. As they were privileged to 
 travel wherever they pleased, to instruct the youth, to absolve the people, 
 and to converse with persons of every rank, they gained a complete 
 ascendancy over the multitude ; and to such a height was this blind 
 veneration carried, that cities were divided into four parts, with reference 
 to the four principal orders, -j- and Kings and nobles sought a burying- 
 place in their Churches. Hence perhaps the cause of their swerving 
 eventually from the strict letter of their rule, and that many of their 
 Houses became richly endowed with lands and money. " The Fryers," 
 says Fuller, " had nothing in propriety, nor in common ; but being 
 Mendicants, begg'd all their subsistence from the charity of others. 
 True it is, they had Cells, or Houses to dwell in, or rather hide them- 
 selves in. So the foxes have holes and the birds of the air have nests ; 
 but all this went for nothing, seeing they had no means belonging there- 
 unto. Yea, it hath borne a tough debate, whether a Fryer may be said 
 to be owner of the cloathes he weareth ? and it hath been for the most 
 part over-ruled in the negative. It will be objected that many convents 
 
 * Nasmith's Preface to Tanner's " Notitia Monastica." 
 f Mosheim's Eccl. Hist. Cent. xiii. 
 
6 HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 of Fryers had large and ample revenues, as it will appear in perusing the 
 Catalogue in Speed's Tables. I have nothing to return in answer to 
 this, save only that olim vero non fuit sic, from the beginning it was 
 not so ; these additions of Lands unto them are of a later date ; and, 
 believe it, not of their seeking, but their Benefactors casting upon 
 
 them." * 
 
 The four principal Sects of Mendicants were the Dominicans, Fran- 
 ciscans, Carmelites, and Augustinians ; and of these the Dominicans 
 and the Franciscans greatly surpassed the two other orders both in num- 
 bers and in influence. The present purpose will be answered by a brief 
 account of the latter fraternity. 
 
 St. Francis, commonly called the Seraphic Father, was born at 
 Assissi in Italy in the year 1182. His parents were rich ; but a sickness, 
 which had nearly proved fatal in the twenty-second year of his age, had 
 the effect of turning his mind from worldly pursuits to the study of the 
 Gospel and devout meditation. It is said that one day, on entering a 
 Church, he was forcibly struck by hearing our Lord's injunction to his 
 Apostles, contained in the tenth chapter of St. Matthew; and then 
 applying the words in the tenth verse personally to himself, he renounced 
 forthwith all his possessions, and formed the resolution of devoting him- 
 self entirely to the practice and the encouragement of Religious mortifi- 
 cation. Many were induced by his example to abandon the world, and 
 to become his disciples ; and thus he formed an order, called after his 
 own name, and bound by a Rule-f- which inculcated absolute poverty as 
 the essence of all religion. Upon his entrance into the fraternity, the 
 Franciscans were enjoined by the Minister Provincial " to go and sell 
 all that they had and give it to the poor ;" to live as " Strangers and 
 Pilgrims in the world, without any propriety of house, or place, or 
 thing ;" " to observe the holy Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ by living 
 in obedience to their Superiors in all things that are not against their 
 own conscience, or against the rule of their founder ;" and, in order to 
 
 * Fuller's Church History } h. vi. p. 269. Folio. Lond. 1655. 
 f The Rule is given at large in Stevens ; vol. i. p. 90. 
 
HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 7 
 
 Chastity, " to abstain, as far as might be, from all communication and 
 conversation with women." In all this, there was little difference between 
 the institutions of St. Dominic and St. .Francis, though in point of Doc- 
 trine they maintained the two opposite extremes of fatalism and free-will. 
 As the former also were denominated Preaching Friars from their office, 
 and Black Friars from their garb ; so were the Franciscans distinguished 
 by the appellation of Friars Minors, in reference to the deep humility 
 inculcated in the rule of their founder,* and Grey Friars, from their 
 Habit; which was of a grey colour, reaching to the ancles, with a 
 cowl, and a cord about the loins instead of a girdle, and a mantle over 
 them when they went abroad. They wore no shirt, or hose of any kind ; 
 and, with the exception of sandals, they walked barefoot. The first 
 institution of the order is placed at the year 1209 ; and their Rule was 
 approved by Pope Innocent III. a. d. 1210; revised in the Lateran 
 Council, a. d. 1215 ; and confirmed by Honorius III. a. d. 1224. An 
 exception was made in their favour in the decree of Gregory X. for the 
 discouragement of Religious orders, a. d. 1274 ; and Nicholas III. again 
 confirmed their Rule a few years afterwards, -j- 
 
 At the first general convention of this order in the year 1217, the 
 number of members was already considerable ; and in 1219 the fraternity 
 consisted of above five thousand. Elate with his success, St. Francis 
 determined to appoint provincial ministers in the principal European 
 Kingdoms. In the year 1224, a deputation of nine of the fraternity, 
 four clerics and five laics, arrived in England, with letters recommenda- 
 tory from Pope Honorius III. ; and took up their first abode at Canter- 
 bury, in the Benedictine priory of the Holy Trinity, till a Convent and 
 Chapel was built for their accommodation. Meanwhile two of their 
 number were sent to London, with a view to the extension of their 
 mission; and their reception in the Capital was in the highest degree 
 encouraging. On their arrival in the City they repaired to a Convent 
 
 * Fuller supposes an allusion to Jacob's words in Gen. xxxii. 10. Sum Minor omnibus 
 beneficiis tuis. Ch. Hist. vi. p. 270. 
 
 t Collectanea Anglo-Minoritica, pt. i. p. 4. 
 
8 HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 of Dominicans in Oldborne (Holborn) ; where they were hospitably 
 entertained for fifteen days. Thence they removed into the house of John 
 Trevors, or Travers, in Cornhill, then Sheriff of London ; in which they 
 abode till the Summer following, by which time the number of the frater- 
 nity had so increased, as to render it necessary to look for more exten- 
 sive accommodation. Actuated by the spirit of devotion with which 
 they were now universally regarded, one John Ewin, or Iwyn, made 
 over to them an estate situate in the ward of Farringdon Within, 
 and in the parish of St. Nicholas in the Shambles ; and upon this site 
 the first convent of the order was erected by the munificence of the Citi- 
 zens of London. The building was completed in about five years ; and 
 the names of the principal contributors to the work are still on record. 
 William Joyner built the Choir of the Church ; with an additional 
 donation of £200 sterling towards the other buildings : William Walleis 
 built the Nave at very great expense, and redeemed certain rents payable 
 by the Friars ; Walter Porter, Citizen and Alderman, built the Chap- 
 ter-House, and furnished the necessary brazen vessels for the use of the 
 brotherhood ; Thomas Feltham lengthened the Porch, which had been 
 raised by contributions, built the Vestry, and supplied it with water and 
 other conveniences ; Gregory Bokesley erected the Dormitories and 
 furnished the Beds ; Bartholomew de Castello built the Refectory, in 
 which he always feasted the Friars on St. Bartholomew's day; Peter 
 Haliland advanced £ 100 towards the erection of the Infirmary ; and the 
 Library was built at the main cost of Roger Bond, Herald King at 
 Arms. After his grant of the Land, John Iwyn became a Lay brother of 
 the Order ; and left behind him an example of the most strict and devout 
 observance of their Rule. The Deed of Conveyance is as follows : — 
 
 In the ninth year of King Henry the Third, Richard Renger being 
 Mayor of London, and John Travers and Andrew Bokerell Sheriffs. 
 
 Be it known to those present and to come, that I John Iwyn, Citizen 
 and Physician of London, have given, granted, and by this my present 
 deed confirm'd to the City of London, for the Health of my Soul, in 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 9 
 
 pure and perpetual Alms, all the ground I had, with the Houses built 
 on the same which I had, in the parish of St. Nicholas in the Shambles, 
 there to entertain the poor Fryers-Minors as long as they will stay 
 there, to have and to hold the said Land, with its Appurtenances, to the 
 said City and their Assigns, as their own, freely, and quietly, and peace- 
 ably, for ever, saving the Rights of the two Lords of the Fee. And I 
 the aforesaid John Iwyn and my Heirs will warrant and maintain to the 
 said City of London, and their Assigns, the aforesaid Land, with all its 
 appurtenances, against all Men and Women, and will secure the same by 
 the aforesaid Services. And to the end that all the above-mentioned 
 things may remain firm and stable, I have affix'd my Seal to this Instru- 
 ment, with these Witnesses, 
 
 Richard Renger, then Mayor. 
 
 John Travers, ) . j; .«. 
 
 . _ > then bhentts. 
 
 Andrew Bokerell, ^ 
 
 William Duke, Alderman of that Ward. 
 
 William Fitzbenedict. 
 
 (l. s.) William Peter Fitz Alyn. 
 
 &c. &c* 
 
 The Convent, thus founded, continued to flourish, and a long list of 
 endowments had already enlarged both its extent and immunities, when, 
 in the year 1306, an illustrious Benefactor arose in the person of Queen 
 Margaret, second wife of Edward the First. Above a hundred of the 
 brotherhood had now taken up their abode in London ; so that it became 
 necessary to enlarge the accommodations, and various contributions had 
 been made for that purpose. The small chapel or choir being also 
 wholly inadequate to the daily increase of worshippers, which the rising 
 popularity of the Order brought in crowds to the conventual service, 
 the Queen advanced two thousand marks towards the erection of a 
 more spacious edifice, of which the first stone was laid in her name by 
 
 * Stevens, vol. i. p. 111. Leland's Collectanea, vol. i. p. 108. Cotton. MSS. 
 
 C 
 
10 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 Sir William Walden. A bequest of one hundred marks was added in 
 her Will ; and others were not wanting to assist in the furtherance of the 
 pious undertaking. John, Earl of Richmond, and his niece Mary, 
 Countess of Pembroke, contributed £ 370 towards the building of the 
 Nave; together with hangings, vestments, and a golden chalice for 
 ornaments and service. Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, in addi- 
 tion to a donation of £ 20 in money, gave twenty beams of timber from 
 his forest at Tunbridge; and his three sisters, Margaret, Countess of 
 Gloucester, the Lady Eleanor Spencer, and the Lady Elizabeth Burgh, 
 were likewise contributors to the work. During its progress also, Isabel, 
 mother of Edward III. and Philippa, his Queen, advanced £ 70 and 
 ,£12 respectively ; and the windows, thirty-six in number, were severally 
 glazed at the private cost of as many charitable individuals. The vaulted 
 roof of the choir, which was of wainscot, cost two hundred marks ; and 
 this, together with the painting, was the joint donation of several bene- 
 factors. Thus the Church was completed in the year 1327, and dedicated 
 to St. Francis, having been twenty-one years in building. It was three 
 hundred feet in length, eighty-nine in breadth, and seventy-four in height. 
 Shortly after its completion, the great Western Window, having been 
 destroyed in a tempestuous gale of wind, was restored at the expense of 
 Edward III. for the repose of the soul of the Queen-Mother, who had 
 recently been buried in the choir : and in the year 1380, Margaret Sea- 
 grave, Countess of Norfolk, erected new stalls in the Choir, at the charge 
 of three hundred and fifty marks. * 
 
 On the 21st of October, a. d. 1421, Sir Richard Whittington, Knt. 
 Lord Mayor of London, of famous memory, laid the first stone of a new 
 Library. The building was covered in before the Winter of the following 
 year ; and within three years it was completely finished, and furnished 
 with books, -j- It was a handsome room, one hundred and twenty-nine 
 feet long and thirty-one feet broad ; wainscoted throughout ; and fitted 
 with shelves neatly carved, with desks and settles. The entire cost, 
 
 * Leland and Stevens, as above. f Stow's Survaie of London. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 11 
 
 including books, amounted to £556 10s. 9c?., whereof £400 was borne 
 by Whittington ; and the remainder by Thomas Winchelsea, a brother 
 of the order ; or rather, perhaps, collected by him from persons well-dis- 
 posed to the undertaking. That this Library was not a mere useless 
 appendage to the Establishment, the literary reputation of the brother- 
 hood sufficiently testifies. The mendicants generally had thrown the fame 
 of the monks completely into the shade ; but the piety and learning of the 
 Franciscans seem to have eclipsed the pretensions of rival Institutions. 
 Popes, Cardinals, Patriarchs, and Legates; Archbishops, Bishops, and 
 writers without number, in eveiy branch of Divinity and Science, are 
 registered in their Chronicles. Among others, those redoubted worthies, 
 Friar Bacon and Friar Bungey, * pursued their mystic researches in the 
 convent at Oxford ; and were traduced as persons who carried on their 
 midnight lucubrations in league with the Devil. Lords and Nobles 
 resigned their coronets, and sold their estates, to conform to the Rule of 
 the poor Minorites ; and it was regarded as a kind of passport to Heaven 
 to be buried within the precincts of their Convents, wrapped in the tat- 
 tered mantle of one of the fraternity. No wonder then that the Conven- 
 tual Church in London was the favoured sanctuary, in which the great 
 and noble were anxious that their remains should repose ; and that from 
 the first foundation of the Monastery to the period of its dissolution, six 
 hundred and sixty-three persons of distinction were there interred, -f 
 
 Such was the rise and progress of the Convent of Grey Friars in 
 London. In the mean time, the order was rapidly gaining ground in 
 every part of the kingdom ; and they had at length no less than fifty-five 
 houses distributed under the seven Custodies, or Wardenships, of London, 
 York, Cambridge, Bristol, Oxford, Newcastle, and Worcester. There 
 were also five houses of the Observant, or recollect, Franciscans ; who 
 were a branch of the order introduced into England in the reign of King 
 Edward IV. It seems that some relaxation had taken place in the 
 original rule of St. Francis, mitigating its extreme severity ; and that a 
 
 * Collect. Anglo-Minor, pp. 99. 109. f See note, page 24. 
 
12 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 schism had ensued, in consequence, between those who adhered to the 
 ancient rule, and those who availed themselves of its modification. The 
 English Franciscans were of the latter or Conventual class; living, 
 indeed, in personal poverty, and supported by the Alms of their patrons, 
 but endowed with considerable revenues for the maintenance of their 
 Convents and Churches. In speaking of the Recollects, Fuller observes, 
 that since their time " there have been a new order of Minims begun 
 beyond the seas : conceiving the comparative of Minor too high, they 
 have descended to Minimus, according to our Saviour's own words, He 
 that is [a minime, or] the least among you, the same shall be greatest ; 
 and I much admire that none have since begun an order of Minor- 
 Minimds ; the rather, because of the Apostle's words of himself, who 
 am lesse than the least of all Saints." * 
 
 It may perhaps be expected that this account of the English Francis- 
 cans should not be dismissed without some notice of the Nuns, who 
 adhered to the same Rule. In early times, the male and female devotees 
 of Monachism lived together under one roof; and it has even been 
 thought that the marriage of monks and nuns was not uncommon. Ac- 
 cording to Bede, there was an Abbess of the Monastery of Vetadun or 
 Watton, who had a daughter ; and Fuller makes the mother of St. David 
 a Nun. The complexion of the times, however, is strongly averse from 
 such a supposition ; and the legends of the Saxon Saints, as well as the 
 synodical constitutions, are alike in favour of monastic celibacy. With 
 respect to the abbess of Vetadun, it is not improbable that her daughter 
 was born before she took the veil ; and the name of St. David's mother, 
 Nonnita, may have given rise to the tradition of her being a nun. -j- At 
 all events, in later times, Nunneries and Monasteries were always distinct ; 
 and the nuns of the order of St. Clare, who observed the Franciscan Rule, 
 had their house in London, without Aldgate. Their foundress was cotem- 
 porary with St. Francis, and a native of the same town in Italy ; and the 
 
 * Ch. Hist. vi. p. 271. 
 
 t Bede's Eccl. Hist. iv. 23. Fuller's Ch. Hist. i. p. 56. Leland's Collect, ii. p. 29. Nas- 
 mith's Pref. to Tanner's Not. Monast. p. i. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 13 
 
 sisterhood were introduced into England about a. d. 1293, by Blanche, 
 Queen of Navarre, and wife of Edmund, Earl of Lancaster. They were 
 called Minoresses, as the Friars were Minors ; and poor Clares, from 
 their scanty endowments ; and the house built for their reception went 
 by the name of the Minories, which the street, where it was situated, 
 retains to this day. This Nunnery, at the dissolution of religious houses, 
 was valued at .£418 Ss. 5d. per annum ; and was surrendered to Henry 
 VIII. in the thirtieth year of his reign.* 
 
 Magnificent as was the Monastery of Grey Friars in London, it was 
 not the only conventual ornament of the city. As the kingdom abounded 
 in religious houses of every description, so the metropolis was crowded 
 in all directions with the cloistered abodes of Monks and Friars. Many 
 of the buildings vied in architectural grandeur with our present cathe- 
 drals ; and the political importance of these chartered establishments had 
 risen to an incredible height. But the time was fast approaching when 
 their pomp and power were to be humbled together in the dust. The 
 enormous revenues of the monks had been the cause of frequent jealousies 
 on the part of the nobles ; and in the reigns of our fourth and fifth Henry, 
 numerous attempts had been made upon their possessions. Parliament 
 had also complained of the encouragement held out to vice and profligacy 
 by the privilege of sanctuary belonging to Monasteries, and the protection 
 thence afforded to the most notorious offenders. It remained, however, 
 for Henry VIII., instigated and assisted by his minister Cromwell, to 
 compass their total dissolution. On the alleged necessity of correcting the 
 abuses which were reported to exist in the religious houses, an ecclesias- 
 tical commission was set on foot in the year 1535, to inquire into the 
 state of monastic discipline throughout the kingdom. A general visita- 
 tion of the Monasteries accordingly took place ; and it was soon suffi- 
 ciently evident, that the intent of the commission was not so much to 
 detect and reform the abuses which had crept into them, as to confis- 
 cate their revenues and estates. The letters of the commissioners to 
 
 * Stevens, vol. i. p. 159. 
 
14 HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 Cromwell charged the members of the different convents with every 
 species of depravity and crime ; and the members of the smaller abbeys 
 and priories were represented as so utterly profligate and abandoned, that 
 any attempt at their reformation would be altogether hopeless. In some 
 of the greater monasteries it was allowed that " Religion was right well 
 observed and kept up ;" * and while it was urged, on the one hand, that 
 " the smallest convents were the greatest sinners, and they who had the 
 least lands led the lewdest lives ;" it was assumed as a maxim on the 
 other, that " it was harder to reform little convents than those that were 
 greater." -f An act was accordingly passed, by which about three hun- 
 dred and eighty houses were dissolved ; the revenue of which, amounting 
 to nearly .£32,000, came to the crown, besides £100,000 in plate and 
 jewels. Ten thousand persons were thrown upon the world, without the 
 means of subsistence ; a new gown|. and forty shillings being the only 
 allowance which was made to them. 
 
 This suppression of the smaller monasteries naturally filled the wealthier 
 corporations with alarm ; and their fears and suspicions at length broke 
 out into open rebellion. A party of malcontents in the county of Lincoln, 
 headed by one Makarel, prior of Barlings, were easily put to the rout by 
 the duke of Suffolk; but the disaffection assumed a more formidable 
 appearance in the county of York, where the " Pilgrimage of Grace," as 
 it was called, was neither so quickly, nor so effectually, subdued. In the 
 event, however, they only hastened the crisis, which it was their object 
 to avert. A second visitation of the monasteries was immediately insti- 
 tuted, in which the part which their members had severally taken in the 
 recent disturbances, was made the subject of particular inquiry ; while 
 the most rigid scrutiny into their moral and political conduct, afforded 
 but little prospect of escape from the impending devastation. In order 
 to avert, by submission, the consequences of total deprivation, many of 
 the larger houses surrendered to the King; and others were speedily 
 
 * Stat. 27 Hen. VIII. c. 28. f Fuller's Ch. Hist. vi. p. 311. 
 
 X Fuller observes that it " needed to be of strong cloath to last so long till they got 
 another." 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 15 
 
 induced to follow their example. Those few who resisted the authority 
 of the inquisitors, were compelled by violent means into obedience ; and 
 a statute was at length framed, in the year 1539,* legalizing all the acts, 
 however unjustifiable, on the part of the commission, and conveying the 
 confiscated property of all religious houses, already dissolved, or hereafter 
 to be dissolved, to the King and his heirs for ever. This enactment was 
 quickly followed by the surrender of all the mitred abbeys, with the 
 exception of Glastonbury, Reading, and Colchester, which were accord- 
 ingly confiscated to the King's use ; and, within the space of a few years, 
 a third statute -f was passed by which all colleges, chapels, chantries, and 
 hospitals whatsoever were conveyed to the crown. So general was this 
 act, that even the universities, and the colleges of Winchester and Eton, 
 were included in its operation ; and it required no inconsiderable exertion 
 to exempt them from the general dissolution. An amendment, however, 
 in favour of these seats of learning, was introduced into Parliament in 
 1538, when the dissolution was finally concluded; in the progress of 
 which six hundred and forty-five monasteries, ninety colleges, one hun- 
 dred and ten hospitals, and two thousand three hundred and seventy four 
 chantries and free chapels were deprived or destroyed. The amount 
 of the rental thus ceded to the crown is estimated by Hume at about 
 £ 160,000;^. which exceeded a third part of the ecclesiastical revenues 
 of the kingdom. 
 
 It will scarcely now be denied, that the monastic state is in the highest 
 degree unfavourable to the spirit of genuine Christianity. It is a state 
 in which all the relative and social duties of life are more or less imprac- 
 ticable ; and which contains, in the vow of celibacy, a principle repugnant 
 to man's nature, and, as such, the germ of lasciviousness and vice. In 
 very early times, great irregularities were supposed to prevail in many 
 of the convents ; and the picture of monachism, as drawn by Langland 
 and Chaucer, who were both Catholics, cannot be regarded as absolute 
 
 * Stat. 31 Hen. VIII. c. 13. t 37 Hen. VIII. c. 34. J Hume. 
 
16 HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 fictions of the licentious practices of the cloister. Many of the enormi- 
 ties, indeed, which were alleged against the monks by the unprincipled 
 agents of Henry, were in all probability grossly exaggerated ; and it is 
 confessed, that in some of the establishments which they inspected, 
 there was nothing which the strictest inquirer could find to condemn. 
 Even those, however, who would have it understood that many of the 
 charges brought against them were mere inventions of the enemy, are 
 yet compelled to admit the existence of the most scandalous abomina- 
 tions. The names of the principal delinquents are still on record to attest 
 the veracity of their accusers ; and it is very clear, that in numberless 
 instances the property of the convents was abused and misapplied, 
 the discipline relaxed, and the sanctity pretended. Still, be this as it 
 may, there can be but one opinion of the manner in which the visitation 
 of the monasteries, necessary as it is allowed to have been, was con- 
 ducted. The proceedings of the commissions were characterised through- 
 out by the most reckless spirit of pillage and devastation. Not only was 
 the plate and other valuables seized upon and appropriated with the 
 most rapacious avarice, but the stately edifices themselves were totally 
 dismantled, their churches desecrated, and their libraries plundered and 
 destroyed. The clasps and ornaments were torn from the most valuable 
 books and MSS., and the works themselves thrown aside or sold for 
 waste paper. The loss which the national literature has sustained by 
 this destructive wantonness, is bewailed by all the historians of the times, 
 in terms of indignant lamentation. " Covetousnesse," says Bale the 
 Centurist, " was at that time so busie about private commodity, that 
 publick wealth was not any where regarded. A number of them which 
 purchas'd those superstitious mansions, reserved of those library-books, 
 some to serve their jakes, some to scour their candlesticks, and some to 
 nib their boots ; some they sold to the grocers and sope-sellers, and 
 some they sent over sea to the bookbinders, not in small number, but at 
 times whole ships full. Yea, the Universities of this Realme are not all 
 clear in this detestable fact. But cursed is that belly, which seeketh to 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 17 
 
 be fed with so ungodly gains, and so deeply shameth his naturall Cuntrey. 
 I know a Merchant man (which shall at this time be namelesse) that 
 bought the contents of two noble Libraries for fourty shillings price : A 
 shame it is to be spoken. This stuffe hath he occupied instead of gray 
 paper, by the space of more than these ten years, and yet he hath store 
 enough for as many years to come. A prodigious example is this, and to 
 be abhorred of all men, which love their Nations, as they should doe. 
 Yea, what may bring our Realm to more shame, and rebuke, than to 
 have it noised abroad, that we are despisers of Learning ? I judge this to 
 be true, and utter it with heavinesse, that neither the Britains, under the 
 Romans and Saxons ; nor yet the English people, under the Danes and 
 Normans, had ever such damage of their learned monuments, as we 
 have seen in our time. Our posterity may well curse this wicked fact of 
 our Age, this unreasonable spoil of England's most noble antiquities." * 
 Such is the honest rebuke of a writer, who was no friend to the monas- 
 teries ; and even Fuller forgets his equanimity in speaking of this flagrant 
 act of worse than Pagan barbarism. Had this stain been blotted out 
 from the annals of the times, the dissolution of the monasteries would 
 have been regarded by the historian as a necessary link in the chain of 
 the Reformation, and the necessity of the deed would have fully justified 
 its execution. Cranmer had advocated the measure, in the assurance 
 that monkery and true religion had nothing in common; and that the 
 impious fables, the gross impostures, and the scandalous abuses of the 
 former must be thoroughly rooted out, in order to the introduction of 
 a pure and spiritual worship among mankind. He was well aware 
 that the abominations of Popery could never be removed, till the abodes 
 in which they were generated and nurtured were demolished. If his 
 advice had been explicitly followed ; and the monastic revenues, instead 
 of being squandered in mercenary grants to court favourites, had been 
 appropriated to the erection of episcopal sees, and the endowment of 
 colleges and schools ; there would have been little ground for complaint. 
 
 * Cited by Fuller (p. 335) from the Declamation against Leland's Journal. 
 
 D 
 
18 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 To a certain extent, indeed, his remonstrances were heard : but in no 
 proportion to the immense resources which came into the possession of 
 the crown, and with little attention to the avowed object for which they 
 had been obtained. The fact is, that Hemy was actuated in a far less 
 degree by a desire of correcting abuses, than by a spirit of private 
 revenge, in sanctioning the spoliation of the monasteries. On the two 
 great questions respecting the abjuration of the Pope's supremacy, and 
 the King's divorce from Catherine of Arragon, the wishes of the Court 
 met with the most decided opposition in the Convent. In the suppres- 
 sion of the Franciscan Observants, with which the work of destruction 
 commenced, even his cupidity could have had no share, as their posses- 
 sions were extremely limited ; so that their hostility to his views may 
 fairly be regarded as the primary cause of their misfortunes. 
 
 Among the various efforts of the Romanists to support their declining 
 influence, the imposture of Elizabeth Barton, known by the appellation 
 of the Holy Maid of Kent, elicited about this time considerable atten- 
 tion. Her pretended revelations were industriously circulated ; and, at 
 the immediate instigation of one Booking, a Monk, and two Observant 
 Friars, she declared that she had received a commission from Heaven, 
 to go to the Infidel King of England, and command him to do these 
 three things : — first, to leave the Pope in the enjoyment of his right and 
 patrimony ; secondly, to destroy the new folk of opinion, and the works 
 of their new learning ; and, thirdly, to retain Catherine as his wife. * In 
 the event of his marriage with Anne Boleyn, she ventured to predict 
 that he would not retain possession of his throne more than a month 
 afterwards : but that a death of ignominy awaited him. The prophecy, 
 as might be expected, failed of its accomplishment; and, the whole 
 system of fraud being speedily unravelled, the misguided woman and her 
 accomplices were condemned to death, and were executed accordingly at 
 Tyburn, on the 20th April, 1534. Their fate, however, had no effect in 
 silencing the Franciscans. They revived the prophecies of the Holy 
 
 * Strype's Eccl. Mem. vol. i. p. 281. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 19 
 
 Maid, and cited them in their sermons even in the Royal presence. 
 Upon one occasion more especially, the King being at Greenwich on the 
 first of May, 1534, one Peto, a brother of the order, was appointed to 
 preach before him. Taking his text from 1 Kings, xxi. 19. In the place 
 where dogs licked the blood of Nahoth, shall dogs lick thy blood, even 
 thine: — he drew a parallel between Ahab and Henry, and modestly 
 comparing himself to the prophet of the Lord, denounced against the 
 latter the fate of the murderous and adulterous monarch of Israel. " I 
 am that Micheas," said he, " whom thou wilt hate, because I must tell 
 thee freely, that this marriage is unlawful, and I know I shall eat the 
 bread of affliction, and drink the water of sorrow, yet because the 
 Lord hath put it into my mouth, I must speak it; (and when he had 
 strongly inveighed against the King's second marriage to dissuade him 
 from it, he also said) There are many other Preachers, yea too many, 
 which preach and persuade thee otherwise, feeding thy folly and frail 
 affections, upon hope of their own worldly promotion, and by that 
 means they betray thy soul, thy honour, and posterity, to obtain fat 
 benefices, to become rich Abbots, and get Episcopal jurisdiction, and 
 other Ecclesiastical dignities ; these, I say, are the four hundred Pro- 
 phets, who, in the spirit of lying, seek to deceive thee ; but take good 
 heed, lest, being seduced, you find Achab's punishment, which was to 
 have his blood licked up by dogs." Henry, unmoved by this harangue, 
 allowed Peto to depart without molestation ; but on the following sun- 
 day Dr. Curwen, afterwards Dean of Hereford and Archbishop of 
 Dublin, preaching in the same place, was equally warm in commenda- 
 tion of the King's marriage, and assailing the absent Friar with the most 
 vituperative and vulgar epithets, challenged him by name to defend his 
 intemperate discourse. Hereupon Elstow, another of the brotherhood, 
 appeared for his associate, and, standing in the rood-loft, thus retorted 
 upon the doctor : — " Good Sir, you know that Father Peto, as he was 
 commanded, is now gone to a provincial Council holden at Canterbury, 
 and not fled for fear of you, for to-morrow he will return again ; in the 
 mean time, I am here as another Micheas, and will lay down my life to 
 
20 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 prove all those things true which he hath taught out of the holy Scrip- 
 ture; and to this combat I challenge thee before God and all equal 
 judges, even unto thee Curwen I say, which art one of the four hundred 
 Prophets, into whom the spirit of Lying is enter'd, and seekest by 
 adultery to establish succession, betraying the King into endless per- 
 dition, more for thy own vain glory and hope of promotion, than for 
 discharge of thy clog'd conscience, and the King's salvation." The 
 Friar was proceeding in this strain of vehement invective, regardless of 
 the sanctity of the place and the disgust of the audience, when the King 
 himself interfered to silence his impertinence. On the day following, 
 both Peto and Elstow, being summoned before the Privy Council, were 
 severely reprimanded ; but with what effect, will be inferred from Elstow's 
 reply to the observation of the Earl of Essex, that they deserved to be 
 tied together in a sack, and thrown into the Thames. " Be pleased, my 
 Lord," he said, with a smile, " to frighten your Court-epicures with such 
 sentences as these : men that have lost their courage in their palate, and 
 softened their minds with pomp and pleasure. Such people who are 
 tied by their senses thus close to the world, are more likely to yield to 
 any thing : as for us, such menacing makes no impression ; we count it 
 an honour to suffer for our duty, and bless God for keeping us firm 
 under trial ; and, as for your Thames, the road to Heaven lies as near 
 by water as by land, and therefore it is indifferent to us which way we 
 go thither." * They thought it prudent, however, to leave the Kingdom ; 
 and, remaining abroad for some years, they returned at the accession of 
 Mary, by whom they were greatly favoured, and made chaplains to the 
 Queen. 
 
 Not long after this indecent exhibition at Greenwich, Father Robin- 
 son, another of the fraternity, endeavoured to excite the populace by 
 interrupting the sermon of an Abbot, who was preaching in favour of 
 the divorce at Paul's Cross. In order, therefore, to silence their remon- 
 strances, which were now becoming formidable, Hemy determined upon 
 
 * Stevens, vol. i. p. 94. Collier's Ch. Hist. vol. ii. p. 86. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 21 
 
 the suppression of the whole order. Their societies were accordingly 
 broken up on the 11th August, 1534; and their houses at Greenwich, 
 Canterbury, Richmond, Newark and Newcastle, — all of which were 
 founded by Henry VII. — were filled with Augustinians. * The Conven- 
 tual Franciscans, having rendered themselves less obnoxious to the wishes 
 of the Court, were spared for a time ; but a few years more saw them also 
 involved in the common ruin. Their Convent in London was surrendered 
 by the Warden and twenty-five Friars, on the 12th of November, 1539, 
 when its value was rated at £32 19s. lOd. The deed of surrender, 
 which is still preserved in the Augmentation Office, with the Signatures 
 of the Brotherhood and the Conventual Seal-f- attached, is drawn up in 
 the following; form : — 
 
 " For as moche as we, the Warden, and Freers, of the howse of Saynt 
 Francis in London, comenly cally'd the Gray Freers in London, doo 
 profoundly consider that the perfeccion of Christian liuyng dothe not con- 
 ciste in dome ceremonies, weryng of a grey cootte, disgeasing our selffe 
 aftyr straunge fassions, dokynge, nodyngs, and bekynge, in gurdyng owr 
 selftes wythe a gurdle full of knots, and other like Papisticall ceremonyes, 
 wherin we haue byn moost pryncipally practysed, and misselyd in tymes 
 past ; but the very tru waye to please God, and to Hue a tru Christian 
 Man, wythe owte all ypocrasie, and fayned dissimulacion, is sinceerly 
 declaryd vnto vs by owre Master Christe, his Euangelists, and Apos- 
 toles : — Being mindyd herafter to follow the same, conformyng oure selffe 
 vnto the will and pleasure of owr supreme hed vndre God, in erthe, the 
 King's Majestie ; and not to follow hensforth the supersticious tradicions 
 of ony foryncicall potentate, or peere ; wythe mutuall assent and consent 
 doo submytt owrselffes vnto the mercy of owr saide soueraygn Lorde. 
 And wythe like mutuall assent and consent doo surrender, and yelde 
 
 * Burnet. 
 
 f The seal is oval ; and the design represents two Friars, one of whom holds a cross, 
 bearing a triangular shrine, in which St. Peter, with his sword, is seated. Between the 
 two figures is a tree, with birds perching thereon. The Legend is, sigillvm conventvs 
 
 FRATKVM MINORVM LONDONIAR. 
 
22 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 vpe into the hands of the same, all owr saide howse of Saynt Francis 
 comenly callyd the grey Friers in London, wythe all lands, tenements, 
 gardens, medowes, waters, pondyards, fedyngs, pastures, comens, rentes, 
 renersions, and all other owr interest, ryghtes, or titles, aperteynyng 
 vnto the same : mooste humbly besechyng his mooste noble grace, to 
 disspose of vs, and of the same, as best schall stonde wythe his mooste 
 graciouse pleasure : and farther frely to grant vnto euery on of vs his 
 licens vndre wretynge and Seall, to chaunge owr habites into secular 
 fassion, and to receve suche maner of livyngs, as other secular Priestes 
 comenly be preferryd vnto. And we alle faythfully schall pray vnto 
 allmyghty God long to preserue his mooste noble Grace, wythe increse 
 of moche felicitie and honor. And in witnes of alle and singular the pre- 
 mysses, we the saide Warden and Couent of the grey Freers in London 
 to thes presentes haue putte owr Couent Seall the xn day of Novembre, 
 in the thirtythe yere of the raygn of owr mooste Souerayne Kinge Henry 
 the yeght ; or, Anno 1539. 
 
 Factum Thom^e Chapman, D. D. Custodis.* 
 
 (L.S.) 
 
 Immediately before the suppression, the following letter was addressed 
 by the Warden to Cromwell, the unworthy agent of Henry in the work 
 of devastation : — 
 
 " Prudentissime mi Domine, eandem quam sibi salutem. If it may 
 be called to your Lordship's remembrance, ye commanded me to send 
 the names of my brethren, where uppon ye might send a dispensation of 
 our papistical slanderous apparel ; the which I think it pleaseth God that 
 we shall no more wear : for of truth it hath not been rightly used many 
 years, and therefore I doubt not but God moveth the hearts of Princes 
 to take it away and many other things more than the church of Christ : 
 sicut Ezekias x° Seg. 8. fregit serpentem ceneum quern fecit Moyses ex 
 precepto Dei ; of the which we may see that princes may change a 
 
 * Signed also by twenty-five of the brotherhood ; whose signatures are illegible. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 23 
 
 thing that God did institute, when it is not used to good intent. Also 
 that it is not unknown to them that be learned in God's law, how God 
 gave to the Children of Israel, and to Clergy of Israel also, both cities 
 and towns ; but when they used themselves with idolatry and sin, then 
 did the same God that gave the gifts move the Chaldees and Baby- 
 lonians : yea, as Scripture saith, he called the Babylonians and Chaldees 
 to take away that he afore gave. 
 
 " And the Apostle saith, 1 Cor. x. 11. Omnia injigura nostri contin- 
 gebant Mis; scripta autem sunt ad correctionem nostrum. No doubt 
 but those words the Apostle spake of us, and all that shall come after 
 Christ. The which thing is now justly executed on us, and we specially 
 of the Clergy ; since God as a loving father doth correct and calleth 
 again to him, by those that hath authority to change all customs, usages, 
 and manners, the living and apparel that hath been offensive to God's 
 people ; the which authority, we say, is in the King's Grace's hands and 
 yours ; and therefore all my Brethren desireth no other dispensation but 
 your Lordship's word, so known to be your word and judgement by the 
 least letter your Lordship can write ; for as much as ye be our head 
 (under the King's Grace) we be exempt from all Bishops till it shall 
 please the King's Grace to submit us to them. 
 
 " I trust your Lordship will vouchsafe to take us as your subjects 
 exempted from Bishops ; and as for myself, I am your beadsman and 
 servant at all times to my life's end, and at your commandment, and still 
 remaining in those apparel as your Lordship saw me in at Chichester ; 
 and will till I know your pleasure to be contrary ; and then I shall obey 
 with all readiness. 
 
 " I think long till your dispensation come for my brethren, and so think 
 they also. If your pleasure be to make your dispensation by any man's 
 name here, I shall send them in this other letter. 
 
 " So fare ye well in God and all good prosperity ; for the which ye 
 have, and shall have, the daily prayers of your orator, 
 
 " The Warden of the Grey Friers in London." * 
 
 * Cotton MSS. Cleopatra E. iv. 98. 
 
24 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 After the dissolution, the Church was converted into a store-house for 
 the reception of the prizes taken from the French ; and the consecrated 
 utensils were sold, and appropriated to the use of the Crown. The 
 monuments, many of which were of the most exquisite workmanship in 
 marble and alabaster, were defaced or destroyed ; and the remnants sold 
 a few years afterwards by Sir Martin Bowes, for the paltry sum of " £ 50 
 or thereabouts." Thus perished the frail memorials of many who had 
 been mighty and illustrious in their day ; and had sought their last 
 resting-place within the holy walls of the Church of the Grey Friars. * 
 In the Choir, beside the Foundress of the Church and other royal dames, 
 was deposited the body of Isabella, queen of Edward II. 
 
 (She-wolf of France, with unrelenting fangs, 
 Who tore the bowels of her mangled mate,) f 
 
 beneath a tomb of alabaster, with the heart of her murdered husband 
 upon her breast. A long list of noble names, whose dust here mingled 
 in decay, is given by Stow ; from which the following are more espe- 
 cially mentioned in history. In an arch in the wall lay Beatrice, duchess 
 of Bretagne, daughter of Henry III. : and near her was enshrined the 
 heart of Eleanor, duchess of Buckingham, who died in 1530, and willed 
 that her body should be interred with the White Friars at Bristol, and 
 her heart with the Franciscans in London. At the entrance of the Choir 
 was buried Sir Robert Tresilian, chief justice of England, who suffered 
 
 * Weever's Funeral Monuments, p. 388. — " This Abbey Church hath beene honoured with 
 the sepulture of foure Queenes, foure Dutchesses, foure Countesses, one Duke, two Earles, 
 eight Barons, and some thirty-fiue knights ; whose names are set downe by Stow in his Sur- 
 uay of this honourable Citie ; and in all, from the first foundation vnto the dissolution, sixe 
 hundred sixtie and three persons of Qualitie were here interred. In the Quire were nine 
 Tombes of Alabaster and Marble, inuironed with barres or strickes of iron : one Tombe in 
 the body of the Church coped also with iron, and seauen score graue-stones of Marble in 
 diuers places ; all which were pulled downe, taken away, and sold for fiftie pounds or there- 
 abouts, by Sir Martin Bowes Maior of London, An. 1545. The rest of the Monuments are 
 now wholly defaced, not any one remaining at this day, saue such which are of later times." 
 See also, Regist. Frat. Min. MSS. in Lib. Cot. 
 
 t Gray. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 25 
 
 at Tyburn in 1308 ; Roger Mortimer, earl of March, beheaded in 1329 ; 
 and Sir John Mortimer, a victim to the fury of the house of Lancaster, 
 who was condemned under the Statute of Escapes, in 1423. In the 
 Apostle's Chapel lay Walter Blount, Lord Mountjoy, first lord of the 
 Treasury in the reign of Edward IV. with a long line of his descendants : 
 and, in Allhallows Chapel, Thomas Burdett, beheaded in 1477. This 
 last, with whom the list shall close, had a favourite buck, which the King 
 happened to kill ; and his head paid the forfeit of a wish that the horns 
 were in the body of the man who had urged the King to shoot the 
 animal. * 
 
 Before the dissolution of religious houses, these edifices, with their 
 various appendages, are calculated to have occupied, within the city of 
 London, nearly two-thirds of the entire area ; and about one-fifth of the 
 whole population is supposed to have been cloistered within their walls. 
 It cannot be doubted that the interests of commerce and the progress of 
 civilization were greatly retarded by this seclusion of the industry and 
 intellect of mankind ; and that the redemption of so much mental and 
 bodily energy from the idleness and inactivity of conventual life, tended 
 materially to advance the mercantile reputation of the City, is abundantly 
 evident from the rising opulence of the reign of Elizabeth. As a draw- 
 back, however, to these extensive advantages, the destruction of the 
 monasteries had dried up innumerable sources of charity, and deluged 
 the country with an influx of disease and mendicity, which the monks 
 had heretofore been ever ready to relieve. " I let pass," says Sir Wil- 
 liam Barlowe in his Dialogue, " my Lord Cardinal's act in pulling down 
 and suppressing religious places ; our Lord assoil his soul ! I will wrestle 
 with no souls ; he knoweth by this time whether he did well or evil. 
 But this dare I be bold to say, that the countries where they stood found 
 such lack of them, that they would he had let them stand." With a 
 view to such a probable consequence, Latimer advised the preservation of 
 two or three convents in each county, not for the continuance of monkery, 
 
 * Stow's Survaie, and Pennant's London. 
 
 E 
 
26 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 but for the purposes of religious instruction, and the exercise of hospi- 
 tality. * Although his advice was disregarded, the misappropriation of 
 the monastic funds was not so universal, but that many useful and honour- 
 able designs were carried into effect from these resources. Encouraged 
 by several instances of well directed munificence, Sir Richard Gresham, 
 then mayor of London, and father of the great civic benefactor of that 
 name, addressed a letter to the King, setting forth the extent of the pre- 
 vailing distress, and praying for the appropriation of some portion of the 
 monastic property to its relief. His Letter was to the following effect : — 
 
 " Most redowted, puysant, and noble Prince ; my most dradd, be- 
 loved, and naturall Soveraigne Lorde, I your poore, humble, and most 
 obedient Servaint, dailly considering and euer more and more perceivyng 
 by your vertuous begynninge, and charitable proceedings in all your 
 causes, your personne, and Majestie Royall, to be the elected and chosen 
 vessel of God, by whom not only the very and true worde of God, is, 
 and shall be sett forth, and according to the trewth and verytie of the 
 same ; but also to be he whom God hath constituted and ordeyned, both 
 to redresse and reforme all crimes, offences, and enormities, beyng repug- 
 nant to his doctrine, or to the detryment of the commonwelth, and hurt 
 of the poor people beyng your naturall subjects ; and farther to foresee 
 and vigilantly to provide for the charitable Reformation of the same. 
 Which thynk hath, and yet doth encourage me, and also my bounden 
 dewtie obligeth me, in especiall beyng most unworthy your Leuetenant, 
 and Mayer of your Citie Royall of London, to enforme and advertise 
 your most Gracious Highnes of one thing in especiall, for the ayde and 
 comfort of the poor, syke, blynde, aged, and impotent persons beyng 
 not able to help themselffs, nor havyng no place certen where they may 
 be refreshed, or lodged at, tyll they be holpen and cured of their diseases 
 and sicknes. 
 
 So it is, most gracious Lorde, that nere and withyn the Cytie of 
 
 * Collier's Hist. Eccl. b. ii. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 27 
 
 London, be iii Hospitalls, or Spytalls, commonly called Seynt George's 
 Spytall, Seynt Barthilmewes Spytall, and Seynt Thomas Spytall, and 
 the New Abbey of Tower-Hill, founded of good devotion by auncient 
 Fathers, and endowed with great possessions and rentes, only for the 
 releeffe, comforte, and helping of the poore, and impotent people, not 
 beyng able to help themselffes, and not to the maintenance of chanons, 
 priests, and monks to liue in pleasure, nothing regarding the miserable 
 people liyng in euery street, offendyng euery clene persone passyng by 
 the way, with theyre fylthy and nasty sauours. Wherefore, may it please 
 your merciful goodness, enclyned to pytie and compassion, for the releeffe 
 of Christ's uery images, created to his own similitude, to order by your 
 high authoritie, as supreme head of this Church of England, or otherwise 
 by your sage discrecion, that your Mayer of your Cytie of London, and 
 his brethren the Aldermen for the tyme beyng, shall and may from 
 henceforth, haue the order, disposicion, rule, and governaunce, both of 
 all the lands, tenements, and revenewes apperteynyng, and belongyn to 
 the said hospitalls, governours of theym, and of the ministers which be, 
 or shall be, withyn any of them : And then your Grace shall facilie per- 
 ceyve, that where now a small number of chanons, priestes, and monkes 
 be founde for theyr own profitt only, and not for the common utilitie of 
 the realme, a great number of poore, needy, syke, and indigent persones 
 shall be refreshed, maynteyned, and comforted, and also healed and 
 cured of theyr infirmities, frankly and freely, by physicions, surgeons, 
 and potycaries, which shall have stipende and salarie only for that pur- 
 pose ; so that all impotent persones, not able to labour, shall be releved, 
 and all sturdy beggars, not willing to labour, shall be punished. For the 
 which doyng, your Grace shall not alonely merit highly towards God, 
 but shewe your selffe to be more charitable to the poor, then your noble 
 progenitor Kyng Edgar, foundor of so many monasteries : or Kyng 
 Henry the Thyrde, renewer of Westmynster : or Kyng Edwarde the 
 Thyrde, foundor of New Abbey : or Kyng Henry the Fifte, foundor of 
 Syon and Shene; but also shall have the name of Conservator, Pro- 
 
28 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 tectour, and Defendour of the Poore People, with their continual prayer 
 for your health, welthe, and prosperitie long to endure. 
 
 Your Humble, and most obedient Servant, 
 
 Rychard Gresham. * 
 
 For some years this benevolent Epistle lay unnoticed, and it seems to 
 have been owing to a superstitious dread of his approaching end, rather 
 than the genuine impulse of a devout and charitable mind, that Henry was 
 eventually induced to grant the petition. The death of his brother-in-law, 
 Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, in August, 1545, had impressed him 
 with the idea of his own mortality ; and such, says Fuller, was " the 
 sympathy of tempers, intimacie of converse, and no great disparity of 
 age betwixt them, that he thought it high time to bethink himself of his 
 end, and to doe some good work in order thereunto." -f Accordingly, 
 on the 3d of January following, the Conventual Church of the Gray Friars 
 was re-opened for public worship ; and on the same day, Bishop Ridley, in 
 a sermon at Paul's Cross, announced the King's gift of the Conventual 
 Grounds and Buildings, with the Hospital of St. Bartholomew, valued 
 at the suppression at £ 305 6s. Id. " for the reliefe of the poore." The 
 gift was specified in an indenture executed between Henry VIII. and 
 the Mayor and Commonalty of London ; bearing date December 27th, 
 1545, and afterwards confirmed by letters patent ; J whereby " the said 
 Grey Frier's Church, with all the edifices and ground, the fratry, the 
 library, the dortor, the chapter-house, the great cloister and the lesser, 
 tenements, gardens, and vacant grounds, lead, stone, iron, &c. the Hos- 
 pital of St. Bartholomew in West Smithfield, the Church of the same, 
 the lead, bells, arid ornaments of the same Hospital, with all the mes- 
 suages, tenements, and appurtenances," were made over to the mayor 
 
 # Cotton Library, Cleop. E. 4. p. 222. Collect. E, &c. See also Strype's Eccl. Mem. 
 vol. i. p. 423. 
 
 t Ch. Hist. vi. p. 339. 
 
 X Both the indenture and the letters patent will be found in the Appendix. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 29 
 
 and commonalty of London for ever. * The parishes of St. Nicholas in 
 the Shambles, St. Ewins, and so much of St. Sepulchre as lay within 
 Newgate, were united into one parish ; for the use of which the Conven- 
 tual Church was left standing, and those of St. Nicholas and St. Ewins 
 were destroyed. In its new capacity, the Church was dedicated to our 
 blessed Lord, under the designation of " Christ Church, founded by 
 King Henry VIII." " A very odd foundation," says Stevens, " to let 
 two churches of four stand, subverting the other two, and a good hospi- 
 tal, and to call himself a founder !" The arms of the Church are a clever 
 device, emblematic of the Trinity ; viz. Gules, an orle and pall, argent, 
 inscribed with the Trinity in Unity — the centre of the 
 compartment bears the word Deus ; the three branches 
 of the pall, the word est ; on the upper angles of the orle 
 are the words Pater and Filius ; on the bottom one, are 
 the words Sanctus Spiritus, and between each angle, on 
 the sides of the orle, the words non est. This ingenious 
 compendium of the Catholic faith is frequently found in the sculpture and 
 painting of early times, -f 
 
 * At the same time Henry gave to the City " the Hospittale of Bethlehem, with the laver 
 of brasse in the Cloister, by estimation, 18 feet in length; and the water-course of lead, to 
 the Frier-house belonging, 18 acres." Stow. 
 
 f Willement's Heraldic Notices of Canterbury Cathedral, p. 33. 
 
30 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 Chapter II. 
 
 Death of Henry VIII. — The birth and early education of Edward VI. — His superior acquire- 
 ments — Cardan's character of the young King — His journal — Lord Orford's estimate of 
 his talents — His political and general character — His zeal for religion — Anecdotes — 
 Ridley's Sermon at Westminster — Its effect upon the King — The Bishop's ejaculation — 
 Leaver's Sermon (note) — The King's Letter to Lord Mayor Dobbs — Consultation thereon 
 — Proposal for the foundation of three Hospitals — Grant of the Convent of Grey Friars 
 by Henry VIII. confirmed — Further grant of linen — Bridewell — Ridley's Letter to Sir 
 William Cecyl — Charter granted — The young King's prayer — The Savoy — Death of 
 Edward VI. — Opening of Christ's Hospital — First appearance of the Children in public 
 — Presentation of the Charter — Holbein's Picture — Malcolm's criticism thereon — Joint 
 and local government of the Hospitals — Curious black letter document— Ridley's eulogium 
 of Sir Richard Dobbs and Sir George Barnes — Portrait of Dobbs — State of Education in 
 London before the dissolution of Religious Houses — Scholastic disputations on St. Bartho- 
 lomew's Eve — Anxiety of the Corporation to bring the Hospital into notice — Origin of the 
 Spital Sermons and Easter festivities — Dress of Boys — Tradition respecting it — Remarks 
 — The Cock of Westminster — Corporation grants — Progressive state of the Institution. 
 
 Henry VIII. did not long survive his grant to the City ; and no advan- 
 tage had been taken of it, in furtherance of the object for which it was 
 designed, at the time of his death. He was succeeded on the throne by 
 Edward VI. his only son by Jane Seymour, then little more than nine 
 years of age ; having been born at Hampton Court on the 12th of 
 October, 1537. At this early age, however, he had already discovered 
 the germ of those superior qualifications and endowments, on which the 
 historians of the time are wont to dilate with the warmest and most 
 deserved admiration. His education had been entrusted to Dr. Cox and 
 Sir John Cheke ; and the progress which he made kept pace with the 
 most sanguine expectations, which the distinguished character of his pre- 
 ceptors was calculated to inspire. Whatever had been the vices of his 
 father, the patronage which he had extended to men of learning and 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 31 
 
 science had contributed in no small degree to raise the standard of literary 
 attainments ; and the Augustan excellence of the Elizabethan age arose 
 materially out of the encouragement which Henry had afforded to men 
 of ability and talent. Among the scholars at this period, the names of 
 the instructors of the youthful Edward stand proudly pre-eminent ; nor 
 could tutors have been selected better qualified to superintend the studies 
 of such a pupil. So great was his thirst for knowledge, that, at the age 
 of fifteen, he is said to have possessed a critical acquaintance with the 
 Greek and Latin languages ; and to have conversed fluently in French, 
 Spanish, and Italian. A MS. is still preserved in the British Museum, 
 containing a collection of his exercises in Greek and Latin ; and several 
 of his letters, in French and Latin, written with singular accuracy of 
 diction, are also extant ; as well as a French tract, composed before he 
 was twelve years old, against the abuses of Popery. In the Ashmolean 
 and Cottonian Collections, there are other papers in his handwriting ; 
 some of which relate to state affairs, and evince an intimate knowledge 
 of the domestic and foreign policy of his government, and his anxious con- 
 cern for the welfare of his people. But the most striking of his existing 
 productions are " King Edward the Sixth's own Arguments against the 
 Pope's Supremacy ;" and " A Translation into French of several Pas- 
 sages of Scripture, which forbid Idolatry, or the worshipping of false 
 Gods." There are also some " Metrical Stanzas on the Eucharist" 
 which Fox has printed in his Martyrology, and characterises as highly 
 creditable to the young Prince ; and when to his other accomplishments 
 it is added that he was well versed in natural philosophy, astronomy, 
 and logic, his acquirements will be allowed to have been indeed extraor- 
 dinary. " This child," says Cardan, the celebrated physician, who had 
 frequently conversed with him, " was so bred, had such parts, was of 
 such expectation, that he looked like a miracle of a man ; and in him 
 was such an attempt of Nature, that not only England, but the world, 
 had reason to lament his being so early snatched away." * 
 
 * See Appendix III. 
 
32 HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 Had his life been spared, the estimate which he had formed of the 
 duties of a sovereign, gave ample promise of his future fitness to assume 
 the reins of government. In a register kept for the purpose, he noted 
 down the characters of public men ; and all the important events of his 
 reign were recorded in a private journal, together with the proceedings 
 in council, which he never allowed to be out of his own possession. The 
 original of this Journal* still remains; and a soundness of judgment is 
 displayed in the various entries, and the reflections with which they are 
 accompanied, far beyond his years. " It gave hopes," says Lord Orford, 
 " of his proving a good King, as in so green an age he seemed resolved 
 to be acquainted with his subjects and his kingdom." He was well 
 acquainted with the value of money and the principles of finance ; and 
 the knowledge which he possessed of the mercantile and military affairs 
 of the country, was only equalled by the sagacity with which his plans 
 were developed for the improvement of the national interests in these 
 important departments of policy. His adherence to justice was inflexible, 
 both in public and private ; and his attention to social duties was no less 
 remarkable than his strict discharge of the regal functions. In disposi- 
 tion, he was meek, affable, and benevolent ; dignified, yet courteous, in 
 conversation ; and sincere and disinterested in his friendship ; docile 
 towards his instructors, accessible to his subjects, and, in a word, endowed 
 with every qualification, both natural and acquired, which create at once 
 affection and esteem. " If ye knew the towardness of that young Prince," 
 observes one that was about his person, " your hearts would melt to hear 
 him named : the beautifullest creature that liveth under the sun, the wit- 
 tiest, the most amiable ; and the gentlest thing of all the world." His 
 compassion for the poor and the distressed was enlarged, yet unostenta- 
 tious ; and the distribution of his charities, which were entrusted to 
 Dr. Cox, was rendered doubly valuable by the ready promptness and 
 considerate delicacy with which they were conferred. Though the 
 
 * It is preserved, with some other " Remains" of the young King, in the British Museum, 
 and printed, though very imperfectly, in the Collection of Records, forming vol. ii. part ii. of 
 Burnet's " History of the Reformation." Some of his letters will be found in Appendix IV. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 33 
 
 persecuting spirit of preceding reigns had not subsided, the heart of 
 Edward was wholly unaffected by its influence. When constrained by 
 Cranmer to sign the warrant for the execution of Joan of Kent, it was 
 not without remonstrance and tears that he consented ; telling his adviser 
 that it would only be the means of sending her quick to hell, and that he 
 must answer for it before God. Young as he was, he saw the act in its 
 true light ; and the reluctance with which he yielded to Cranmer's impor- 
 tunities, in deference to his character and station, are no less a proof of 
 his superior judgment, than of the innate goodness of his heart. 
 
 Perhaps, however, the most prominent features in the character of the 
 young King, were his sincere piety, and zeal in the cause of religion. 
 An anecdote is related of him, which forcibly illustrates the strength of 
 this feeling, even from his infancy. One of his companions, having 
 stepped upon a large Bible for the purpose of obtaining a toy which was 
 out of his reach, he rebuked him severely for so doing, and left the play 
 in which they were engaged. At his coronation, when the swords of the 
 three kingdoms were carried before him, he observed that one was still 
 wanting, and called for the Bible. " That," said he, " is the sword of 
 the Spirit, and ought in all right to govern us, who use these for the 
 people's safety, by God's appointment. Without that sword we can do 
 nothing : from that we are what we are this day. Under that we ought 
 to live, to fight, to govern the people, and to perform all our affairs. 
 From that alone we obtain all power, virtue, grace, salvation, and what- 
 soever we have of divine strength." Such, indeed, was his regard for 
 religion, and for every thing connected with it, that it was usual to com- 
 pare him to Josiah ; and he had also acquired the characteristic appella- 
 tion of " Edward the Saint." It was his custom to take notes of the 
 sermons which he heard ; particularly of those which seemed to have any 
 immediate relation to his own duties and difficulties ; and the attention 
 which he paid to the precepts inculcated in the discourses of the eminent 
 divines who preached before him, frequently produced a visible and per- 
 manent effect upon his conduct. A sermon of that venerable prelate and 
 holy martyr, Ridley, was the instrument, under God, in bringing about 
 
 F 
 
34 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 the foundation of Christ's Hospital ; which, rising from the ruins of 
 papal error and monastic superstition, and based upon the principles of 
 the Reformation, will be a lasting monument of the blessed effects of the 
 Protestant Religion, in the establishment of which its Royal Founder 
 had taken so conspicuous a part. 
 
 During the early part of Edward's reign, it can scarcely be matter of 
 surprise that the grant of his father to the city for the relief of the poor, 
 had lain, as before stated, entirely dormant. The state of the public 
 mind, convulsed by the struggles of the rival parties of Seymour and 
 Dudley, and agitated by the bloody war in which England was engaged 
 with Scotland, was equally adverse to civil or religious improvement, and 
 the advancement of charitable designs. Without any reference, however, 
 to the neglect of this particular means of Christian benevolence, Ridley, 
 in a sermon preached before his majesty at Westminster, in 1552, on the 
 excellence of Charity, " made a fruitful and godly exhortation to the 
 rich to be merciful unto the poor, and also to move such as were in 
 authority, to travail by some charitable ways and means to comfort and 
 relieve them." Edward's heart was touched by the earnestness of the 
 appeal, * and " understanding that a great number of poor people did 
 swarm in this realm, and chiefly in the city of London, and that no good 
 
 * Some share in the good work should perhaps be attributed to Mr. Lever, Master of 
 St. John's College, Cambridge. Preaching before the King on the fourth Sunday in Lent, he 
 selected his text from the Gospel for the day : — So the men sate down, in number about jive 
 thousand (John, vi. 10); of which, in the course of his sermon he made the following quaint 
 application : — " merciful Lord, what a number of poor, feeble, halt, blind, lame, sickly, yea, 
 with idle vagabonds and dissembling caitiffs mixt among them, lye and creep, begging in the 
 miry streets of London and Westminster! It is too great pity afore the world, and too utter 
 damnation before God, to see these begging as they use to do in the streets ; for there is 
 never a one of these, but he lacketh either thy charitable alms to relieve his need, or else thy 
 due correction to punish his fault. These silly souls have been neglected throughout all 
 England, and especially in London and Westminster : But now I trust that a good overseer, 
 a godly Bishop I mean, will see that they in these two cities shall have their needs relieved, 
 and their faults corrected, to the good example of all other towns and cities. Take heed that 
 there be such grass to sit down there, as ye (speaking to the King) command the people to 
 sit down ; that there be sufficient housing and other provision for the people there, as ye 
 command them to be quiet." Stow. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 35 
 
 order was taken of them," he sent the Bishop a message when the sermon 
 was ended, desiring him not to depart till he had spoken with him. As 
 soon as he was at leisure, he took him aside into a private gallery, where 
 he made him sit down and be covered ; and giving him hearty thanks 
 for his sermon, entered into conversation on several points, which, accord- 
 ing to his usual practice, he had noted down for special consideration. 
 In speaking of what passed upon this occasion, the venerable Ridley 
 remarked with characteristic energy, " Truly, truly, I could never have 
 thought that excellency to have been in his Grace, but that I beheld and 
 heard it in him." 
 
 Adverting, at length, to the Bishop's exhortation in behalf of the poor, 
 he spoke of it in terms of particular commendation ; and it was manifest 
 that it had made a powerful impression upon his mind. " My Lord," 
 said he, " you willed such as are in authority to be careful thereof; and 
 to devise some good order for their relief. Wherein, I think, you mean 
 me ; for I am in highest place, and therefore am the first that must make 
 answer unto God for my negligence, if I should not be careful therein ; 
 knowing it to be the express commandment of Almighty God to have 
 compassion of his poor and needy members, for whom we must make an 
 account unto him. And truly, my Lord, I am, before all things else, 
 most willing to travel that way; and, doubting nothing of your long 
 and approved wisdom and learning, who have such good zeal, as 
 wisheth help unto them ; but also that you have had some conference 
 with others, what ways are best to be taken therein, the which I am 
 desirous to understand ; I pray you therefore to say your mind." * 
 Though well acquainted with the virtues of the young King, Ridley was 
 nevertheless taken by surprise at this burst of moral feeling, and hesitated 
 for a moment to reply. At length he observed that the city of London, 
 as well on account of the extreme poverty which prevailed there on the 
 one hand, as of the wise and charitable disposition of its more wealthy 
 inhabitants on the other, would afford a favourable opening for the exer- 
 
 * Stow. 
 
36 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 cise of the royal bounty ; and advised that letters should forthwith be 
 directed to the Lord Mayor, requiring him, with such assistants as he 
 mio-ht think meet, to consult upon the matter. Edward wrote the letter 
 upon the instant, and charged Ridley to deliver it himself, and signify 
 his especial request and express commandment, that measures might 
 forthwith be taken to forward his views, and that he might be apprized 
 of the result. The Bishop's delight was manifested in the zeal with which 
 he undertook the commission ; the King's letter and message were deli- 
 vered on the same evening; and a promise received from Sir Richard 
 Dobbs, then Mayor, to proceed with the business without delay. 
 
 On the day following Ridley dined with the Lord Mayor, who had 
 invited two Aldermen and six Commoners to meet him, in order to take 
 the King's proposal into consideration. At a subsequent meeting, the 
 number of counsellors was increased to twenty-four ; and, after sundry 
 adjournments, a plan was finally developed, which they agreed to recom- 
 mend to his Majesty. It seemed that the poor of London might be 
 divided into three distinct classes : — 
 
 1 . The poor by impotency ; such as young fatherless children, the 
 decayed, the crippled, and the old. 
 
 2. The poor by casualty ; as the maimed, the sick, and the diseased. 
 
 3. Thriftless poor ; whom idleness and vice had reduced to indigence 
 and want. 
 
 For each of these classes, therefore, it was proposed to provide a 
 suitable asylum ; and, accordingly, three Hospitals were founded : — 
 Christ's Hospital, for the education of poor children ; St. Thomas's, 
 for the relief of the sick and diseased ; and Bridewell, for the correction 
 and amendment of the idle and the vagabond. 
 
 It remained, however, to procure houses for the reception of the poor, 
 distressed, and thriftless objects, for whom the provision had been made. 
 In the case of Christ's Hospital, this desideratum was supplied by a 
 confirmation of the grant of Henry VIII. whereby the monastery of the 
 Grey Friars had been given to the City " for the relief of the poor." 
 The King also presented this Hospital with a considerable stock of linen, 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 37 
 
 which the commissioners, who had lately been appointed to inspect the 
 churches in and about the metropolis, had deemed superfluous for the 
 performance of divine service, as celebrated since the Reformation. His 
 royal pleasure was announced in a letter to Bishop Ridley in the fol- 
 lowing terms : — " That towards the relief of those poor orphans and 
 others, charitably brought and gathered together by his loving subjects, 
 the citizens, to his new Hospital of Christ Church, the same linen should 
 be delivered to the Governors for their use: thinking," as he added, "that 
 any thing therein bestowed, would be to the relief and sustentation of the 
 Temple of God, who inhabited in those poor people : Yet leaving to 
 every church necessary linen vesture, as should serve to the publick use 
 and ministry within the said churches, according to the present usage." * 
 For the second purpose, an ancient Almonry, belonging to the Priory of 
 St. Mary Overies, which had recently been purchased by the City, and 
 put into complete repair at a considerable expense, was fitted up for the 
 accommodation of two hundred and sixty patients. In order to complete 
 the plan, Edward, at the suit of the Bishop, granted to the City his 
 royal palace of Bridewell and the appurtenances, which had been 
 offered for public sale, -j- Ridley used his influence with Sir John 
 Gates to stop the sale ; and in the mean time conveyed his petition, in 
 the following characteristic epistle, to the King's Secretary, Sir William 
 Cecyl : — 
 
 " Good Master Cecyl, I must be a suitor unto you in our Master 
 Christ's cause. I beseech you be good unto him. The matter is, Sir, 
 alas ! he hath lien too too long abroad (as you do know) without lodg- 
 
 * Stowe's Survaie ; Strype's Eccles. Memorials. 
 
 t In the old Chapel, which was destroyed in the great fire of 1666, a portrait of Ed- 
 ward VI. was fixed near the pulpit; and beneath it, the following commemorative lines: — 
 
 &f)it lEtrtDarb, of faire memory, tje £tit, 
 jfln income toyff) greatnesse, gootmesse teas commixt, 
 (Sane tins 'Uriortorl, a palare in olbe tymrs. 
 if or a chastising fiotose of bagrartte tritnrs. 
 
38 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 ing, in the streets of London, both hungry, naked, and cold. Now, 
 thanks be unto Almighty God, the citizens are willing to refresh him, 
 and to give him both meat, drink, clothing, and firing; but alas, Sir, 
 they lack lodging for him : for in some one house, I dare say, they are 
 fain to lodge three families under one roof. Sir, there is a wide, large, 
 empty house of the King's Majesty, called Bridewell, that would won- 
 derfully well serve to lodge Christ in, if he might find such good friends 
 in the Court to procure in his Cause. 
 
 " Surely I have such a good opinion in the King's Majesty, that if 
 Christ had such faithful and hearty friends that would heartily speak for 
 him, he should, undoubtedly, speed at the King's Majesty's hands. Sir, 
 I have promised my brethren the citizens to move you ; because I do 
 take you for one that feareth God, and would that Christ should lie no 
 more abroad in the street. 
 
 " Yours, in Christ, 
 
 " Nic. London."* 
 
 " From London, May — , 1552." 
 
 Houses being thus provided, and large contributions having been 
 made on the part of the citizens for their support, a Charter was pre- 
 pared under the great seal, by which it was willed and ordained, that 
 " the Hospitals aforesaid, when they shall be founded, erected, and esta- 
 blished, shall be named and called the Hospitals of Edward the 
 Sixth, King of England, of Christ, Bridewell, and Saint 
 Thomas the Apostle ; and the Mayor, Commonalty, and Citizens 
 of the City of London, and their successors, shall be called Governors of 
 the said Hospitals." -j~ The Charter included the grant of the Palace of 
 Bridewell, and of certain lands, tenements, and revenues of the annual 
 value of about .£450, belonging to the Hospital of the Savoy, lately dis- 
 solved; together with a license to take lands in mortmain, or otherwise, to 
 the yearly amount of four thousand marks, for the maintenance of these 
 
 * Strype's Stow, p. 169. f The Charter is given at length in Appendix V. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 39 
 
 foundations. This last endowment is connected with an anecdote, beau- 
 tifully characteristic of the young prince. A blank had been left in the 
 patent for the sum which his Majesty should be pleased to grant ; and, 
 inserting with his own hand, though he had scarcely strength to guide 
 the pen, "foure thousand markes by the yeare," he signed the instru- 
 ment, and ejaculated in the hearing of his Council : — " Lord, I yield 
 thee most hearty thanks, that thou hast given me life thus long, to finish 
 this work to the glory of thy name." 
 
 The Savoy was originally a Palace, built by Peter, Earl of Savoy, 
 and uncle to Eleanor, wife of Henry III. in the year 1245. It was 
 rebuilt in 1328, in a style of the most sumptuous magnificence, at the 
 cost of fifty-two thousand marks, by Henry, Earl of Lancaster ; and 
 totally destroyed in 1381, by Wat Tyler and the Kentish rebels. The 
 site lay waste till the year 1509, when Henry VII. commenced, and 
 Henry VIII. in pursuance of his father's will, completed an Hospital 
 thereon, under the superintendence of a Master, five secular Chaplains, 
 and four regular, for the reception of one hundred distressed pilgrims 
 and strangers. He endowed the foundation by Charter, dated 5th July, 
 a. d. 1513, with certain lands, to the amount of five hundred marks per 
 annum ; and ordained that it be thenceforth called " the Hospital of 
 Henry the Seventh, late King of England, of the Savoy" * Abuses, 
 however, made rapid ground in the establishment, and what was intended 
 as a refuge for the poor and destitute, had been perverted into a harbour 
 for the profligate and abandoned ; so that it was deemed advisable to 
 rescind the Charter. The revenues, valued at £529. 15s. 9d. per 
 annum, were surrendered to the Crown, by the Master and Fellows, in 
 1553 ; and transferred to the City, for the support of King Edward's 
 
 * The following was the inscription over the great gate : — 
 
 Hospitium Hoc inopi turbse Savoija vocatum 
 Septimus Henricus fundavit ab imo solo. 
 
 Weever. 
 
 The lines halt a little, if they are meant for hexameters. 
 
40 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 foundations. It is possible that some difficulties attended the transfer of 
 this property, which was not completed at the time of the King's death ; 
 and the interest which he took in the business is manifest from the 
 following clause in his will : — " The grant made to the Mayor and City 
 of London, touching the Savoy and lands thereof, to he performed" 
 
 Queen Mary refounded the Savoy Hospital, and endowed it with other 
 lands, in lieu of those of which it had been dispossessed ; new beds, bed- 
 ding, and other furniture, being also supplied by donations from her maids 
 of honour and other ladies. Such, however, were the malpractices still 
 carried on within its walls, and so flagrant the misappropriations of its 
 revenues, that in the reign of Queen Anne it was again dissolved, by a 
 decree dated July 31, 1702; and its rental, amounting annually to 
 £2500, exchequered for the use of the Crown. 
 
 Edward lived about a month after signing the Charter of Incorpora- 
 tion of the Royal Hospitals. He had been seized in the spring of 1552 
 with the smallpox, when he had scarcely recovered from the measles ; and 
 the combined effects of these maladies, upon a constitution naturally deli- 
 cate, were such as to create considerable anxiety in the minds of his at- 
 tendants. A cough, accompanied with the most alarming symptoms of 
 consumption, continued to increase upon him during a tour which had been 
 recommended by his physicians ; and his health and strength declined so 
 rapidly, that there was every reason to anticipate a fatal result. At this 
 critical period his medical advisers were dismissed, and his cure entrusted 
 to the ignorant empiricisms of an old nurse ; by which means the violence 
 of the disorder was greatly aggravated. He died in the arms of Sir Henry 
 Sidney, on the 6th July, 1553, in the sixteenth year of his age, and the 
 seventh of his reign, — praying God to receive his spirit, and to defend 
 the realm from papistry.* In the foundation of Christ's Hospital, he 
 
 * The following lines, on the death of Edward VI., from the pen of Bishop Jewell, have 
 not, as far as I know, appeared in print. 
 
 Ad Edwardum, Anglia, Regem, Joannes Juelus. 
 
 O Fortunatos nimium, te Rege, Britannos, 
 Dive puer, possent si sua scire bona. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 41 
 
 had provided the surest means, under Providence, for the success of his 
 prayer; and his life was spared just long enough to greet him with 
 the promise of that harvest, which this seminary of sound learning and 
 true religion was destined to yield. Instigated by the pious example of 
 their Royal Benefactor, the citizens proceeded vigorously with the 
 necessaiy repairs of the old Conventual Edifice ; which in less than six 
 months had sufficiently advanced to allow of the admission of three 
 hundred and forty children in the month of November. They were 
 clothed in a livery of russet cotton ; and on the Christmas day following, 
 they lined the procession of the Lord Mayor and Aldermen to St. Paul's, 
 from Lawrence Lane westward. In the month of June, 1553, the 
 young King received the Corporation at the palace, and presented them 
 with the Charter ; the Children also being present at the ceremony. A 
 more interesting spectacle, connected as it was with the recent change 
 in the national religion, can scarcely be conceived. Nothing so heart- 
 Hoc ex morte tua, miseri, seroque videmus ; 
 
 Ex vita quoniam vidimus ante parum : 
 Externos nondum norat tua Regia Fasces, 
 
 Sed stetit et Patriae et Religionis Honos. 
 At postquam mors atra tuos conclusit ocellos, 
 
 Mors nimis, heu ! nobis tristis, amoena tibi ; 
 Religio est odio, Patria est oppressa Tyrannis, 
 
 Atque alius colitur Rex, aliusque Deus. 
 Longior, O Edwarde, utinam tibi vita fuisset, 
 
 Aut Hseres alius, par similisque tibi. 
 
 Ex notis MSS. Johis. Balei penes Comitem Oxon. p. 675, et Apographum nostrum, p. 28&. 
 
 Tho. Baker, Coll. Jo. Socius ejectus. 
 
 Sir John Cheke also wrote a poem on his death, which was published in 4to. with the fol- 
 lowing title : " A Royall Elegie, briefly describing the vertuous Reigne, and happy (though 
 immature) Death of the most mightie and renowmed Prince, King Edward VI., of England, 
 France and Ireland, &c. Who died in the sixteenth yeere of his Age, and in the Seuenth yeere 
 of his Reigne. Written by Sir John Cheke, Knight, anno 1553. Never before published, 
 but most worthy to be read of all estates in these our dayes. Imprinted at London, for H. 
 Holland, and are to be sold at Christ Church doore, 1610." A copy of this Elegy, in the 
 possession of the Hon. Mr. Grenville, is perhaps unique ; and by his kind permission it is 
 printed in Appendix VI. 
 
 G 
 
42 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 stirring in its nature has probably occurred either before or since, even 
 in the pleasing exhibitions of the more extended train of children, in their 
 annual processions at Easter.* There is a fine picture by Holbein in 
 the Hall of Christ's Hospital, descriptive of the scene ; of which Mr. 
 Malcolm has given the following able, though in some respects severe, 
 criticism : — 
 
 " The King is seated on a throne, elevated on two steps, with two 
 very clumsy brackets for arms, on which are fanciful pilasters, adorned 
 with carving and an arch ; on the left pilaster, a crowned lion holding a 
 shield, with the letter E ; a dragon on the other, has another inscribed 
 R. Two angels reclining on the arch, support the arms of England. 
 The hall of audience is represented as paved with black and white 
 marble ; the windows are angular, with niches between each. As there 
 are statues in only two of those, it seems to confirm the idea that it is 
 an exact resemblance of the Royal apartment. 
 
 " The artist has bestowed his whole attention on the young monarch, 
 whose attitude is easy, natural, and dignified. He presents the deed of 
 gift with his right hand, and holds the sceptre in his left. The scarlet 
 robe is embroidered and lined with ermine, and the folds are correctly 
 and minutely finished. An unavoidable circumstance injures the effect 
 of this picture, which is the diminutive stature of the infant King, who 
 shrinks into a dwarf, compared with his full grown courtiers ; unfor- 
 tunately reversing the necessary rule of giving most dignity and conse- 
 quence to the principal person in the piece. 
 
 " The Chancellor holds the seals over his crossed arms at the King's 
 right hand. This officer and three others are the only standing figures. 
 Ridley kneels at the foot of the throne, and shows his face in profile, with 
 uplifted hands ; on the right are the Mayor and Aldermen, in scarlet 
 robes, kneeling. Much cannot be said in praise of those worthy men. 
 The Mayor receives the gift with a stupid expression of astonishment, 
 spreading his left hand, while every one of his brethren seem to leer 
 
 * The assembly of the Charity Children in St. Paul's Cathedral is, of course, excepted. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 43 
 
 from their left eyes on the King ; and the extension of his arms and 
 hands implies too much general wonder, which the artist appears to 
 have substituted for admiration, respect, and gratitude. The members 
 of the Common Council, &c. on the other side, are grouped with more 
 skill, and the action more varied. The heads of the spectators are 
 generally full of anxious attention. 
 
 " But five of twenty-eight children, who are introduced in the fore- 
 ground, turn towards the King ; the remainder look out of the picture. 
 The matron on the girl's side (if a portrait) was chosen for her mental, 
 and not her personal, qualifications. Such are the merits and defects of 
 this celebrated painting ; which, though infinitely inferior in execution 
 to many of Holbein's Dutch and Italian cotemporaries, is a valuable, 
 and, in many respects, an excellent historic composition." 
 
 The three Royal Hospitals of Christ, Bridewell, and St. Thomas, 
 had each of them, as before mentioned, a perfectly distinct object, but 
 their revenues were at the first a common fund, of which the expenditure 
 was directed by one and the same corporate body. It appears by a 
 MS. document in Archbishop Parker's Collections, preserved in the 
 Archives of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and dated 1553, that 
 the contributions of the citizens for the united charities, exclusive of the 
 Royal Grant, amounted in the first year of the establishment, to ,£2476. 
 The charge for repairs in the old convent was £2479. 10s. 10d., leaving 
 a deficiency of £3. 10s. lOd. Three hundred and eighty children had 
 been received into Christ's Hospital; two hundred and sixty patients 
 into St. Thomas's ; and five hundred persons had been relieved at their 
 own habitations ; which is a total of one thousand one hundred and 
 forty persons, who had received benefit from the sister institutions. In 
 Christ's Hospital two hundred and sixty children had been daily fed, 
 and the same number of sick at St. Thomas's, at the rate of two-pence 
 for each person; amounting to the sum of £1638., besides ten-pence 
 per week for the maintenance of one hundred children in the country. 
 The monthly wages of servants was £12. 17s. 4d. ; the expense of 
 
44 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 clothing for the year £180; and of fuel, £260. Money had been given 
 to poor householders, to the amount of £ 468 ; towards the prevention 
 of beo-o-ars, £60 ; and it appears that the entire expenditure exceeded 
 the receipts by the sum of £ 377. 5s. Ad. Towards the disbursement of 
 this deficiency, the collection boxes supplied £ 129. 15s. Id., and the 
 remaining £247. 9s. 9d. was advanced by the Corporation. In this 
 paper Bridewell is not mentioned even by name ; and in all probability 
 it was not yet in a state to commence its operations. 
 
 It is not easy to determine the period at which the manors and estates 
 mentioned in the charter of Edward VI. ceased to be possessed in 
 common by the three Hospitals ; nor to ascertain the time at which they 
 became virtually three distinct corporations, united with, and yet inde- 
 pendent of, the Corporation of the City of London. Their separation 
 from each other arose, in the first instance, from the necessity of appointing 
 separate boards, or Courts, of Governors, in order effectually to execute 
 the distinct purposes of the Charter ; and this separation, which was at 
 first matter of convenience, was subsequently rendered complete by the 
 gift of lands, and the bequest of legacies, to one or other of the Hos- 
 pitals, as the donor was impressed with a sense of the utility of each 
 respectively. To these points it will be necessary hereafter to recur ; 
 but it should here be mentioned that in the year 1557 certain " ordinances 
 and rules" were established for the joint management of the Royal Hos- 
 pitals, including that of St. Bartholomew recently incorporated with the 
 rest, by which they continued for some time to be conducted. They were 
 printed in black letter under the following title : " The Order of the 
 Hospitalls of K. Henry the Vlllth, and K. Edward the Vlth, viz. 
 St. Bartholomew's, Christ's, Bridewell, St. Thomas's. By the Maior, 
 Cominaltie, and Citizens of London, Governors of the Possessions, 
 Revenues, and Goods of the sayd Hospitalls ; and thus headed : 
 " Offley Major — Martis vicessimo octavo die Septembris Anno 
 Phil, et Marie quarto et quinto." After stating the chartered privi- 
 leges, and directing that the rules and ordinances be " read in every of 
 the said Hospitalls at a full courte once every quarter," the order 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 45 
 
 proceeds to lay clown certain regulations for their internal government, 
 and to impress upon the governors generally the nature of their official 
 duties. Distinct charges are then set forth for the several officers, 
 having the general superintendence of the four houses, and consisting of 
 a Comptroller General, a Surveior General, a President, a Thresorer, 
 and Three Almoners, " for the dailie oversight of the House, as assistants 
 with the Thresorer;" Two Scrutiners " to gather in the legacies;" with 
 a Rent-gatherer, and Two Surveiors. Then follow the charges of the 
 Clerke, Matron, Nurses, Steward, and other resident officers of each 
 house ; pointing out their respective duties, and enjoining them " nether 
 to make nor medle in any other man's office, but in their owne ; and 
 seing any thinge amisse in them, to geve the Governours to understande 
 thereof, who will reforme the same." 
 
 This curious document is drawn up for the most part in general terms ; 
 but the internal economy of Christ's Hospital was evidently the basis 
 upon which the several ordinances are framed, though it is somewhat 
 remarkable that the Schoolmasters, who are only mentioned incidentally 
 in the Almoner's charge, have no specific duties assigned them. With 
 the necessary variations adapted to the respective local governments, an 
 order, in other respects precisely similar, regulated the conduct of the 
 sister institutions; the common business of the body corporate being 
 transacted at the general courts holden yearly " upon the day of St. 
 Matthew the Apostell in Christe Hospital." Having premised thus 
 much respecting the bond of union, which at first subsisted, and, under 
 certain modifications, still subsists, between the Royal Foundations of the 
 Metropolis, the immediate object of the present History will be kept 
 steadily in view. Here, therefore, may appropriately be introduced the 
 noble eulogium bestowed by the good Bishop Ridley upon Sir Richard 
 Dobbs and Sir George Barnes, who, in their respective mayoralties, so 
 zealously co-operated with him in the establishment of these goodly 
 monuments of British benevolence. It is extracted from the farewell 
 letter, addressed by the pious prelate to his relations and friends, and all 
 his faithful countrymen, shortly before his martyrdom ; and may possibly 
 
46 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 have suggested the quaint lines, written under an old portrait of Dobbs, 
 which is still in the possession of Christ's Hospital : 
 
 " Christes Hospitall erected was a passinge dede of pittie, 
 
 What tyme S r Richard Dobb was Maior of thys most fam" citie ; 
 
 Who carefull was in gouernement, and furthered moche the same 
 
 Also a benefactor good, and joyed to see it frame ; 
 
 Whose portraicture heare his frends have sett, to putt eache wight in minde 
 
 To imitate his vertuous dedes as>god hathe us assinde." 
 
 " O Dobbs, Dobbs, Alderman and Knight, thou in thy yeare did win 
 my heart for euermore, for that honourable act, that most blessed 
 work of God, of the erection and setting-up of Christes holy Hospitals 
 and truly religious houses, which by thee and through thee were begun : 
 For thou, like a man of God, when the matter was moved for Christe's 
 poore silly members to be holpen from extream misery, hunger, and 
 famine ; thy heart, I saye, was mooved with pity, and, as Christe's 
 high honourable officer in that cause, thou calledst together thy brethren, 
 the Aldermen of the City, before whom thou brakest the matter for the 
 poore : Thou didst plead their cause ; yea, and not only in thine own 
 person thou didst set forth Christe's cause, but, to further the matter, 
 thou broughtest me into the Council-chamber of the City before the Al- 
 dermen alone, whom thou hadst assembled there together, to hear me 
 speak what I could saye as an advocate by office and duty in the 
 poore man's cause. The Lord wrought with thee, and gaue thee the 
 consent of thy brethren, whereby the matter was brought to the Common 
 Council, and so to the whole body of the City ; by whom, with a uniform 
 consent, it was committed to be drawn, ordered, and devised, by a certain 
 number of the most witty citizens, and politick, endued also with godli- 
 ness, and with ready hearts to set forward such a noble act, as could be 
 chosen in all the whole City : And they, like true and faithful ministers, 
 both to the City and their master Christe, so ordered, devised, and 
 brought forth the matter, that thousands of poore silly members of Christ, 
 that else for extream hunger and misery, should have famished and 
 perished, shall be relieved, holpen, and brought up, and shall haue 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 47 
 
 cause to bless the Aldermen of that time, the Common Council, and the 
 whole Body of the City ; but especially thee, O Dobbs, and those chosen 
 men, by whom this honourable work of God was begun and wrought. 
 And thou, O Sir George Barnes, thou wast, in thy yeare, not only a 
 furtherer and continuer of that which before thee by thy predecessor 
 was well begun, but also thou didst labour so to have perfected the 
 work, that it should have been an absolute thing, and a perfect spec- 
 tacle of true charity and godliness unto all Christendom. Thine ende- 
 vour was to have set up a House of Occupations, both that all kind of 
 poverty, being able to work, should not have lacked, whereupon pro- 
 fitably they might have been occupied to their own relief, and to the 
 profit and commodity of the commonwealth of the City ; and also to 
 have retired thither the poor babes brought up in the Hospitals, when 
 they had come to a certain Age and Strength ; and, also, all those 
 which, in the Hospitals aforesaid, haue been cured of their diseases. 
 And to haue brought this to pass, thou obtainedst (not without great 
 diligence and labour, both of thee and thy brethren) of that godly King, 
 Edward, that Christian and peerless Prince, the princely palace of 
 Bridewel, and what other things to the performance of the same, and 
 under what condition it is not unknown. That this thine endevour hath 
 not had like success the fault is not in thee, . but in the condition and 
 state of the Time."* 
 
 With respect to the more immediate object of the institution, it may 
 be remarked, that, previous to the foundation of Christ's Hospital, the 
 means of education in London were extremely confined. Before the 
 dissolution of monasteries, what little knowledge existed among the 
 citizens had been chiefly doled out in scanty lessons, by monks and 
 friars ; and four Grammar Schools, established in different parts of the 
 Metropolis by letters patent of Henry VI., together with those attached 
 to the Collegiate Churches, were the only seminaries of learning within 
 
 * Strype's Stow, p. 158. 
 
48 HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 the walls. On the eve of St. Bartholomew, it was customary for the 
 scholars of these establishments to dispute publicly at the Priory of St. 
 Bartholomew in West Smithfield ; when the three greatest proficients in 
 Logic and Grammar were presented each with a silver pen, and the 
 emulation excited between the youthful rivals not unfrequently ended in 
 a further trial for superiority in pugilistic skill.* These feuds, both of 
 science and of war, ceased for a time with the overthrow of the religious 
 houses, which involved schools and convents in one common destruction ; 
 for the few of the former which survived the wreck, were, for the most 
 part, below the grade of modern parochial instruction. It is true that 
 St. Paul's school had been richly endowed by Dean Colet in 1512, and 
 was rising fast into that high repute, which it has since so deservedly 
 attained ; but, however great the advantages thence derived, the number 
 of scholars was limited to one hundred and fifty-three; and the free 
 school attached to the Hospital of St. Anthony, since dissolved, but 
 then in the height of its celebrity, could admit but a small portion of the 
 applicants for a share in its literary favours. It would not be surprising, 
 therefore, that a foundation, so extensive in its operation, so noble in its 
 views, and so comprehensive in its benefits, should call forth the dormant 
 energies of the citizens in the support and furtherance of its charitable 
 
 * Stow's Survaie. — Hentzner, a German traveller, who visited London in the reign of 
 Queen Elizabeth, describes the ceremony somewhat differently in his " Journey to England." 
 — " Every yeare it is usual for the lord mayor of Londone to ride into Smithefielde, attended 
 by twelve principal aldermen, dressed in their scarlet gowns and robes, and whenever he goes 
 abroade a scepter, that is to say, a mace and cap, are borne before him. He is at all times 
 obliged to live so magnificently that foreigner or native is welcome to his table, where is greate 
 plentye. When the yearely faire is proclaimed, a tent is pitched, and after the ceremonye is 
 over, the mob begin to wrestle before them, two at a time, and the conquerors are rewarded 
 by them by money thrown from the tent. After this a parcel of live rabbits are turned loose 
 in the crowd, and hunted by boys with great noise, at which the mayor and aldermen do 
 much besport themselves. Before this time there was an old custom for the scholars of 
 Londone to meet at this festival, at the priory of St. Bartholomew, to dispute in logic and 
 grammar, upon a bank, under a tree : the best of them were rewarded with silver bows and 
 arrows." It is remarkable that the reward for the best piece of writing, at the present half 
 yearly examinations, is a silver pen : — a relic, perhaps, of the ancient practice. Possibly, 
 the feathering of the pen was mistaken by Hentzner for that of an arrow. 
 
 J 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 49 
 
 purposes ; and no exertions were omitted on the part of the corporation 
 to bring it into public notice. 
 
 It has been seen already that the children lined the civic procession 
 to St. Paul's on the Christmas day immediately succeeding the opening 
 of the school; and on the Easter following they were present at St. 
 Mary Spital, where three sermons were then annually delivered in 
 Easter week. A custom had long prevailed, according to which some 
 learned person was appointed yearly by the Bishop of London to preach 
 at Paul's Cross on Good Friday, on the subject of Christ's Passion ; 
 and on the Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday following, three other 
 divines were in like manner appointed to uphold the doctrine of the 
 Resurrection at the pulpit-cross in the Spital. On the Sunday following, 
 a fifth preached at Paul's Cross, passed judgment upon the merits of 
 those who had preceded him, and concluded the solemnity with an 
 appropriate exhortation from himself. At these sermons the Lord 
 Mayor and Aldermen attended ; the ladies also, on the Monday, forming 
 part of the cavalcade : and at the close of each day's solemnity his 
 Lordship and the Sheriffs gave a private dinner to such of their friends 
 among the aldermen as attended the sermon. From this practice the 
 civic festivities of Easter were at length extended to the scale of expen- 
 sive magnificence on which they are now conducted ; for, the Governors 
 of the Royal Hospitals joining from their first establishment in the 
 annual ceremony, the parties became too large for private accommodation, 
 and the halls of the several companies were accordingly thrown open 
 for the purposes of hospitality. The children of Christ's Hospital con- 
 tinued to form an integral part of the solemnity ; so that, in the year 
 1594, when it became necessary to rebuild the pulpit-cross at the Spital, 
 a gallery was also erected for their accommodation. A tilted covering 
 had been previously provided for the Governors on these occasions, and 
 the records of the year 1565 speak of a new tilt, which had been ordered 
 for the purpose. This was now no longer necessary ; and it was accord- 
 ingly cut up to make cases for the straw beds of the children, who had 
 heretofore used to lie upon loose straw only. In the great Rebellion 
 
 H 
 
50 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 the pulpit was destroyed, and the sermons were discontinued till the Res- 
 toration ; after which time the three Spital Sermons, as they were still 
 called, were revived at St. Bride's church in Fleet Street. They have 
 been since reduced to two, which from the year 1797 have been deli- 
 vered in Christ Church ; though it is known that their object is mate- 
 rially altered from that for which they were originally designed. 
 
 It was at their first appearance at the Spital that the children of 
 Christ's Hospital were clad in the blue costume, by which they have 
 been since distinguished. Their original dress was of russet cotton, as 
 already stated ; but in form, the same as at present, somewhat re- 
 sembling the habit of the ejected brotherhood, into whose possessions 
 they had succeeded. It consists of a long blue coat, reaching to the 
 ancles, and girt about the waist with a leathern girdle ; a yellow cassock 
 or petticoat, which is now worn under the coat only during the winter, 
 though it was originally a necessary appendage throughout the year; 
 and stockings of yellow worsted. A pair of white bands about the neck 
 is all that remains of the original ruff or collar, which was then a part 
 of the ordinary dress of all ranks ; and the black cap, upon the smallness 
 of which the boys now pride themselves as a peculiar distinction of the 
 school, is also a remnant of the cap of larger size, worn at the period of 
 the foundation. It has been imagined that the coat was the mantle, and 
 the yellow, as it is technically called, the sleeveless tunic of the monas- 
 tery ; the leathern girdle also corresponding with the hempen cord of the 
 friar. There is an old tradition current among the boys, that the dress 
 was originally of velvet, fastened with silver buttons, and an exact fac- 
 simile of the ordinary habit of their royal founder. The idea may possibly 
 be traced to the statues and portraits of the monarch, with which their 
 acquaintance is familiarized ; and in which, the royal mantle and sash, 
 with the cap and plume, may readily have been converted by the youthful 
 fancy into the emblems of their own attire. Without reference, however, 
 to so high an original, those who have worn it are accustomed to view 
 it with a degree of veneration, which its antiquity is calculated to inspire ; 
 and the slightest change in any part of it would amount, in their esti- 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 51 
 
 raation, to a species of sacrilege. Some few years ago, an appeal was 
 made to the Governors to exchange the cap for some more efficient 
 protection against the cold; and that which was never thought a hardship 
 by the boys themselves, was exaggerated into a grievance, by an officious 
 and misplaced tenderness, for them. It is to be hoped that the day is 
 far distant when the experience of centuries shall be sacrificed to the 
 innovating liberality of the times, and when pampered effeminacy shall 
 be introduced into an Institution, where health and contentment require 
 none of the arts of modern refinement to impair and destroy them. 
 
 The exertions on the part of the City to raise the infant institution in 
 the estimation of the public was not without effect. Benefactions were 
 received from various quarters ; and several individuals lent their assist- 
 ance towards the improvement of the buildings, and increasing the 
 accommodations for the children. Among the earliest contributions 
 to this labour of love, was that of Richard Casteller ; and there 
 is something so interesting in the bequest itself, and in the quaint sim- 
 plicity with which it is recorded by Stow, that it would be unwise to 
 displace his account of it. " This Hospitall," says he, " being thus erected, 
 and put in good order, there was one Richard Castell, alias Casteller, 
 shoemaker, dwelling in Westminster, a man of great trauaile and labour 
 in his faculty with his owne hands, and such a one as was named the 
 Cocke of Westminster, because bothe winter and summer he was at 
 his worke before foure of the clocke in the mornina\ This man thus 
 truely and painefully labouring for his liueing, God blessed and increased 
 his labours so aboundantly, that he purchased lands and tenements in 
 Westminster, to the yerely value of fortie and foure pounds. And 
 hauing no child, with the consent of his wife (who suruiued him, and 
 was a uertuous good woman), gaue the same lands wholly to Christ's 
 Hospitall aforesayd, to the reliefe of the innocent and fatherlesse 
 children, and for the succour of the miserable sore and sicke, har- 
 boured in the other Hospitals about London." Casteller's estate, 
 consisting of houses situate in Westminster, has greatly improved in 
 
52 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 value. The first mention of the proceeds in the Hospital records is 
 in November, 1569. 
 
 Not content, however, with eliciting the bounty of others, the 
 chartered Governors of the Hospital promoted from their own resources 
 the pious object committed to their trust. In the reign of Richard II. 
 a market for woollen cloths had been established at Bakewell or Black- 
 well Hall ; and an act of Common Council was passed, and afterwards 
 confirmed in the eighth year of Henry VIII., to the effect " that no 
 manner of Person should bring or convey any Woollen Cloths to the 
 said city (of London) to be sold, except they were first brought, har- 
 boured, and discharged at the common market of Blackwell Hall, 
 therefore ordained and provided, and of old time accustomed, upon pain 
 of forfeiture of all the said cloths:" Heavy penalties were also attached 
 to any connivance at an illicit sale ; such penalties to be doubled for a 
 second offence, and a third offence to be punished by disfranchisement. 
 Shortly after the establishment of Christ's Hospital, the entire manage- 
 ment of this market was vested in the Governors, and the revenues 
 thence arising were applied towards the support of the Institution. An 
 act of Common Council was also passed in the year 1554 (1 and 2 Phil, 
 and Mary), repressing under certain penalties the gross profanations 
 which then prevailed in St. Paul's Cathedral ; and another restricting, 
 in like manner, the enormous expenses of civic entertainments, " one 
 moiety of such pains and penalties being," in both cases, " to Christ's 
 Hospital within Newgate, and the other half to him that will sue for the 
 same in any court of record within the city." The emoluments arising 
 from Blackwell Hall continued till the year 1786, when the property 
 and profits of the Hall were again vested in the city, on consideration of 
 the payment of £1000, and the extension of the lease of part of the 
 scite of the Hospital for a very long period : but whether any fines, 
 levied under the above acts, were ever paid into the Hospital treasury, 
 is not now known. Still the benefits actually derived in the one case, 
 and the clauses in the acts above cited in the other, are sufficiently indi- 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 53 
 
 cative of the interest which was taken by the corporation in the welfare 
 of the Establishment.* Monthly collections were also made in the 
 several wards of the city for many years under the order of the Lord 
 Mayor and Court of Aldermen ; and children were accordingly admitted 
 from different parishes at their recommendation. -j- 
 
 In the meantime the education of the children was progressing favor- 
 ably, and, in the annual contests on St. Bartholomew's Eve, which had 
 been recently resumed, and now transferred to the cloisters of the Hospital, 
 they were soon thought worthy to bear a part. The prize-pen awarded 
 upon these occasions to the first proficient was silver gilt, and of the 
 value of five shillings ; the second was of silver, partly gilt, worth four 
 shillings ; and the third a plain silver pen, of three shillings value. Two 
 Masters Of Arts sate as umpires, who were complimented with a silver 
 rule of the value of six shillings and eightpence ; and the masters of the 
 three successful candidates received in money six shillings and eight- 
 pence, five shillings, and four shillings respectively. In the year 1555, 
 the first of these prizes was adjudged to St. Anthony's School, the 
 second to St. Paul's, and the third to Christ's Hospital.^ After the 
 disputation, the Lord Mayor and Aldermen partook of fruit and wine, 
 and then departed. These joint exhibitions of the public schools did 
 not long continue, nor is it likely that any favourable results would be 
 produced by them. They were succeeded at Christ's Hospital by the 
 annual commemoration of St. Matthew's Day. 
 
 From these general considerations, however, it is necessary to turn to the 
 early constitution of the Hospital; and it will appear that, from the earliest 
 
 * It may here also be mentioned, that the Queen's Proclamation in 1580, forbidding any 
 more buildings within two miles of London, directed forfeitures to go to the support of the 
 City Hospitals; and, in 1584, part of the sheriff's fines were appropriated to the same purpose. 
 
 f In the Court Book of the year 1557, the Hospital is said to have been erected " for 
 the vertuous bringinge up of miserable youthe," and to be " stayed with the monthlye col- 
 lections graunted of the cittizens, and of such yssues as shall arise and growe of the office of 
 Blackwell Hall." Of these collections it will be necessary to treat more at large in the next 
 chapter. 
 
 % Stow's Annals, p. 627. 
 
54 HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 date of the foundation, the objects, for which it was founded, have been 
 faithfully kept in view. The changes which appear to have taken place 
 have been induced by a variety of circumstances, not of purpose ; and 
 the charges of abuse, which have sometimes been brought against the 
 Governors, have arisen from an imperfect acquaintance with the real facts 
 of the case. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 55 
 
 Chapter III. 
 
 Premonition — Provision for the poor before the Statute of 43 Eliz. — Parochial Collections 
 — Specific objects of Christ's Hospital — Inquiries respecting women with Child — These 
 gradually discontinued — Falling off in the Inquest boxes — Poverty of the Hospital — 
 Stat. 14 Eliz. respecting Legacies — Money-boxes in the Cloisters — Symonds' and 
 Randall's Gifts — Early regulations respecting the admission and education of Chil- 
 dren — Apprentices — Evident distinction in the objects of the Hospital — Admission at 
 the request of Benefactors — for pay — in accordance with the wills of Benefactors — ■ 
 Present inadequacy of such gifts — Dependence of the Hospital on benefactions and 
 bequests — Cession of Chartered Estates — Amount of Donations and Legacies up to the 
 year 1600 — Continued Embarrassments — Loan — Restricted admissions — Security required 
 for the discharge of Children at the proper age — Right of the Court of Aldermen to send 
 children questioned — Rising prospects of the House — Early Benefactors — Lady Mary 
 Ramsey — Her five advowsons — Present amount and disposition of her bequests — Exhibi- 
 tions at the University — Early instances — Gift of Serjeant Moses — First Establishment of 
 Writing School — The Grammar and Pettite Schools — Nature of the Education — 
 Public reputation of the School — Interest taken in its welfare by Lady Mary Ramsey — 
 Increase in the number of Children — Children put out at Nurse — Place house at Ware 
 — Establishment at Broxburn — Excess of expenditure above revenue — Causes thereof — 
 Consequence of the early modes of admission — Suspended admission — Assistance received 
 from the citizens after the Great Fire — Qualifications of Children to be admitted — Original 
 form of Presentation — Fixed Regulations for the future — Provisions for the different orders 
 of Governors — Dissatisfaction caused thereby — Privileges of the Court of Aldermen — Rules 
 confirmed — Recapitulation . 
 
 Since the present constitution of Christ's Hospital, though in perfect 
 accordance with the spirit of the Charter, avowedly aims at higher 
 objects, than those contemplated in a portion of its original plan ; it 
 may be proper to prepare the mind of the reader for the inference, which 
 the facts about to be submitted are intended to supply. From a consi- 
 deration of the labours of the governors in their general care of the poor, 
 and of the manner in which the Hospital was at first subservient to the 
 purpose of rearing foundlings and children in a state of utter destitution, 
 
56 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 together with the sort of education given them, as depicted in the fol- 
 lowing pages, and contrasted with the establishment from the very first 
 of a grammar school distinct in appearance from the other part of the 
 foundation ; he will at once perceive a divided design in the early opera- 
 tions of the house. It will also be seen how justly, as the parishes more 
 perfectly fulfilled the two first mentioned duties, diminishing at the same 
 time their voluntary contributions, the Hospital attended more exclusively 
 to the last ; and raised their school by degrees to a level with the wants 
 of society. These elevated prospects were doubtless instrumental in 
 multiplying benefactions, at the same time that the right of presentation 
 became more valuable, and was at length made subject to specific regu- 
 lations. In relating facts as nearly as possible in the order of their occur- 
 rence, it is difficult at every step to point out their respective connexion 
 with the general result; but a ready perception of their bearing will 
 ensue from a fixed attention to the above particulars. 
 
 Previous to the 43rd year of Elizabeth, in which the statute was 
 passed, which is still the basis whereon the poor laws of this kingdom 
 at present rest, the relief of the necessitous in each parish depended 
 upon the contributions of the richer inhabitants. An act was passed in 
 1535 (27 Hen. VIII.), when the impending ruin of the religious houses 
 threatened the country with a deluge of vagrant beggars, who had been 
 hitherto relieved by monastic liberality, imposing upon all governors of 
 shires, cities, towns, hundreds, hamlets, and parishes, the burden of sup- 
 porting " every aged, poor, and impotent person which was born or 
 dwelt three years within the same limit, by way of voluntary and charit- 
 able alms in every the same cities, and with such convenient alms as 
 shall be thought meet by their discretion, so as none of them shall be 
 compelled to go openly in begging." At the same time it was enacted 
 that " every sturdy vagabond shall be kept in continual labour ; and 
 that every valiant beggar or sturdy vagabond shall at the first time be 
 whipped, and sent to the place where he was born or last dwelled by 
 the space of three years, there to get his living ; and if he continue his 
 vagrant life, he shall have the upper part of the gristle of his ear cut off; 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 57 
 
 and if after that he be taken wandering, he shall be adjudged and 
 executed as a felon ; and that no person shall give any money in alms 
 but to the common boxes or common gatherings in every parish, upon 
 pain to forfeit ten times as much as shall be given." This latter clause 
 was clearly necessary to counteract the effect which gratuitous provision 
 is calculated to produce upon the labouring classes, by relaxing the 
 exertions of the industrious, and fostering habits of indolence and vice 
 in a branch of the community, upon which the happiness and welfare of 
 mankind materially depend. In order to supply a yet more effectual 
 remedy for the " sores of the commonwealth," Edward VI. was the first 
 to devise a system of parochial education throughout the kingdom. 
 " This," said the youthful monarch, " shall well ease and remedy the 
 deceitful working of things, disobedience of the lower sort, casting of 
 seditious bills, and will clearly take away the idleness of the people." 
 His premature death prevented the accomplishment of a design, which 
 has since been carried into effect by public exertion ; but he had 
 already endowed several schools, besides Christ's Hospital, which prove 
 the value which he attached to the blessings of education. 
 
 The administration of the relief, provided by the collections within 
 the city parishes, seems to have been united with the main design of 
 Christ's Hospital immediately after its foundation ; the contents of the 
 inquest boxes being paid over to the governors for that purpose. In the 
 " Order of the Hospitalls" already mentioned, the " admitting of chil- 
 dren, graunting of pencioners, putting children foorth to service," and 
 the examination of pregnant single women and their paramours, are the 
 specified objects of the Institution. With respect to the last of these 
 objects, the Treasurer, acting with another governor, was empowered to 
 demand sureties for the appearance of the parties from week to week, 
 and for the support of the child ; with a view " to avoide the laying of 
 such children in the streets, whereby this Hospitall upon such extremities 
 should otherwise be charged thereby." It appears from the records 
 that inquisitions of this nature gradually decreased in number, and there 
 are but few entries respecting them subsequent to the year 1578. During 
 
 i 
 
58 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 the same interval also, it is remarkable that the ward collections were 
 falling off from year to year.. In January, 1562, the boxes of twenty- 
 three wards produced £24. 6s. 3i ; in November, 1563, twenty-eight 
 boxes contained £17. 13s. 4d.; and in December, 1573, the collectors 
 declared their inability to obtain any money at all ; and that in the face 
 of a statute, in which it had been found necessary to enact, that " if any 
 parishioner shall obstinately refuse to pay reasonably towards the relief 
 of the poor, or shall discourage others, then the justices of the peace at 
 the quarter sessions may tax him a reasonable weekly sum ; and if he 
 refuse to pay, they may commit him to prison." Various expedients 
 seem to have been adopted for the purpose of preventing these defalca- 
 tions ; and appeals were repeatedly made to the Court of Aldermen in 
 order to enforce the payment of arrears due to the house. Still the 
 same complaints on the part of the collectors continued ; and in 1592 
 the diminution of revenue was so great, that the Treasurer declared his 
 readiness to give up the keys. 
 
 It is by no means improbable that, in addition to these deficiencies, 
 the good intentions of benefactors were in some instances frustrated by 
 the vague construction of their wills. Such an inference, at least, may 
 fairly be drawn from an act passed in 1571 (14 Eliz. c. 14.), which, it 
 is evident from the records, was made for the benefit of this and the 
 other Royal Hospitals ; though it has since been construed to extend to 
 all corporate charities whatsoever. Hereby it was enacted, " that all 
 gifts, legacies by will, feoffment, or otherwise, for relief of the poor in 
 any hospital, then remaining and being in esse, shall be as valid, ac- 
 cording to the true meaning of the donor, as if the said corporation had 
 been therein rightly named :" and the provision has not been unattended 
 with advantage. The boxes in the cloisters seem also to have failed in 
 producing their customary tribute. In October, 1573, the sum of £ 12. 
 1 Is. 2d. was found in them ; a considerable amount in those days from 
 merely passing contributors. It was doubtless, therefore, an essential 
 diminution in their contents, which elicited an order of court in 1576, 
 that the wall beneath them should be whitened, and " some short admoni- 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 59 
 
 tion in writing put up, to animate the people rather to give their devotion."* 
 That great interest, however, was taken in the children themselves, is 
 manifest from the will of Peter Symonds, dated 4th April, 1586, in 
 which a bequest to the parish of All-hallows, in Lombard Street, is 
 subject to a payment of 30s. annually, to be distributed partly in raisins, 
 and partly in money, among threescore boys, who are to attend divine 
 service at that church on Good Friday. The custom is still kept up ; 
 and sixty boys, chosen for good behaviour, receive the yearly bonus of 
 Id. each, and a bag of raisins ; two beadles, who accompany them, 
 receiving each a shilling. About the same time also Lewis Randall, 
 Esq. gave .£50 towards providing a dinner of roast meat for the children 
 yearly on St. Matthias' day, unless that feast should fall in Lent : and 
 in that case " good furminty was to be substituted both at dinner and 
 supper." The glee with which the " double rice spiced" is still hailed on 
 this anniversary, will readily be appreciated by every Blue. 
 
 In the mean time children had been admitted, educated, and ap- 
 prenticed forth, in accordance with the original intention of the founder ; 
 and it will be well to mark the regulations under which these matters 
 were at first conducted. On the presentation of a child a certificate 
 was required to be signed by the Alderman of the ward or his deputy, 
 and by six, at least, of the most substantial men of the parish, that the 
 said child was born in lawful wedlock ; that his father was a freeman, 
 and destitute of the means of providing for his family; and that the 
 child himself was above four years of age. It was then provided, 
 " that this ordinance, touching the admittinge of children, be not broken, 
 except in cases of extremitye, where losse of line and perishinge would 
 presently followe, if they be not receaved into this said Hospitall." With 
 
 * Two of these boxes still remain ; and, till the recent demolition of the Old Hall, there 
 was one in each of the four cloisters. Some sixty years ago, the following inscription was 
 placed over the niches which contain them ; but whether it was the admonition here men- 
 tioned, it is not possible to ascertain : 
 
 " This is Christ Hospital, where poor Blue-coat Boys are harboured and educated." 
 
60 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 respect to education and apprenticeship, it was imperative upon the 
 Treasurer, acting with one other of the governors at the least, to " have 
 a careful regard to whom the children be put, chieflie, that they be 
 honest personnes, and such as be well able to kepe them, and to bring 
 them up to such facultie, service, or occupation, as they may hereafter 
 be good members of the commonwelth : and as nigh as they can to 
 binde them with none, but with Fremen of this Citie." Before they 
 were " so put foorthe," it was ordered that, " being Men Children, they 
 should write and reade and cast accomptes," and be " found apt there- 
 unto :" but " that such of the children as be pregnant and very apt to 
 learninge be reserved and kept in the Grammer-Schole, in hope of 
 preferrment to the Universitie." * In the year 1557, therefore, four 
 years after the foundation of the Hospital, it is manifest that two dis- 
 tinct classes of children were received under its protection : namely, 
 those of freemen, who were necessarily four years old and upwards; 
 and certain others, who were in danger of present perishing. Between 
 these classes a line of separation is exactly traced in the early records 
 of the house. Limiting the entire complement of children to four 
 hundred, the court book of 1556 divides them into two hundred and 
 fifty, who were to " lodge and learn," and one hundred and fifty " suck- 
 ling children." Under the year 1566, there will be found a distinction 
 between the " children of the house," and " children brought up at the 
 citie charge;" in October, 1571, mention is made of " children kept by 
 a parish ;" in 1572, " foundlings, and those taken in from povertie or 
 sickness" are said to be " maintained at the citie cost ;" and children were 
 regularly admitted from different parishes by order of the Lord Mayor 
 and Court of Aldermen. On the other hand, there are repeated instances 
 of admission at the suit of benefactors ; ■f some few cases of payment, 
 
 * See the " Order of the Hospitalls," and Court Book of the year 1556, fol. 3. 
 
 f In May, 1571, a child was admitted at the request of Sir Walter Mildmay, " a good 
 benefactor;" and on the 5th of November, 1600, Samuel Aylmer, Esq. son and executor of 
 the late Bishop Aylmer, petitioned for the admission of a child, in consideration of the pay- 
 ment of £100 to the Hospital, which was given by his father's will to the poor generally, at 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 61 
 
 monthly or otherwise, are upon record ; * and many estates and bequests 
 were accepted by the Hospital, subject to the maintenance of boys to 
 be presented from time to time in accordance with the will of the donors. 
 It is presumed that the poverty of the house, which is frequently recorded, 
 was the original cause of these incumbrances. -f The institution is now 
 answerable for the education and maintenance of about one hundred and 
 twenty-five children upon gifts of this nature, many of which are wholly 
 inadequate thereto. 
 
 The support of the Hospital has indeed at all times materially depended 
 upon benefactions and bequests. ;|; From the estates under the charter 
 
 the discretion of his executor. Dorothy Bewars, aged two years and a half, was accord- 
 ingly admitted. Similar cases frequently occur in the records. In 1658, no less than forty 
 children were admitted on a large gift from Mr. Aldworth. A child was also received in 
 1665, at the suit of the Protector Cromwell; and in 1660, at the suit of the King, it being 
 his Majesty's first request. Other royal presentations are also on record. On occasion of 
 considerable bequests, it is now usual to compliment the executor, on payment of the legacy, 
 with a staff. 
 
 * A child was admitted in 1564, on the payment of £3 by the father; and, in 1569, the 
 request of a " ladie" procured an admission on the payment of 20s. at entrance, and the 
 same sum annually. In 1565, Mr. Dynewood, citizen and grocer, bequeathed his seven 
 children to the Hospital with £3. 6s. 8d. ; " and reasonable compensation for dyet, learning, 
 and other findings," not to exceed £2. 3s. 4d. for each per annum. In 1566, a parent ob- 
 tained a presentation, on finding security for the payment of a certain sum monthly ; and in 
 1687, the son of a citizen, under an order from the Lord Mayor, paid for his education from 
 his patrimony, deposited in the Chamber of London. The Court of Aldermen objected to 
 an admission for money in 1698, but there are some few additional instances of a like nature 
 subsequent to that period. 
 
 t Such are the children presented on Guy's gift; the Newbury boys; those from the 
 parish of Christ Church j &c. &c. 
 
 | In proof of the great dependance of the Hospital upon benefactions, it may be remarked, 
 that in the year 1811, the number of governors was three hundred and sixty-four, from whom 
 the sum £74,822 had been received in the following proportions: — viz. 
 
 £. s. d. 
 Governors ex officio, who had at the 
 time one hundred and thirty-three 
 boys in the house, presented by them- 
 selves. 
 
 313 other Governors 69,317 
 
 13 Governors educated in the Hospital 4150 
 
 From 26 Aldermen. ... 
 12 Common Councilmen 
 
 1305 
 50 
 
 364 £74,822 
 
62 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 little income is received ; that little arising from rents of houses built 
 upon part of the scite of the old convent, some of which have been 
 lately removed. Whenever the division of the chartered funds took 
 place, the several manors described in the Letters Patent as " part and 
 parcel of the possessions to the hospital of the Savoy, formerly belonging 
 and appertaining," were assigned to St. Thomas's ; and there they still 
 remain. The date and method of this division are equally uncertain. 
 It appears, however, from the records, that in July, 1574, the writings 
 relative to certain estates were given up to St. Thomas's ; and in 1578 
 a packet of one hundred and six papers, relating to the land in Shore- 
 ditch, were also transferred thither, agreeably to a precept from the 
 Mayor. Disputes subsequently arose respecting the just claims of the 
 two Hospitals ; and application was made in 1595, to the governors of 
 St. Thomas's for the restoration of lands, described as being " bought 
 by the mony and indevor" of Christ's Hospital. A jury was accordingly 
 empanelled, under the queen's commission, to inquire into the merits of 
 the case ; and the lands in question, situated " within the precincts and 
 confines" of the latter Hospital, were in all probability those which are 
 still in the possession of the house. 
 
 During the first forty-eight years of the foundation, from 1553 to 
 1600, the donations and legacies, which appear to have been given 
 principally by governors, amounted to £9828. 9s. 8d. The estates 
 given within the same period, exclusive of Lady Mary Ramsey's muni- 
 ficent benefaction towards its close, produce at this time a rental some- 
 what exceeding £4000. When it is remembered, therefore, that four 
 hundred children were maintained and educated, and a great number of 
 poor relieved with alms, it will not be thought surprising that the ex- 
 penditure considerably exceeded the income of the house, and that the 
 number of its inmates and pensioners were at length of necessity dimi- 
 nished. It appears that, in 1580, there were only one hundred and fifty- 
 seven children on the books ; and the great deficiency of funds in 1592, 
 which has been already noticed, rendered it necessary to apply to the 
 city for relief. Application was again made for an increase of poor- 
 rate in 1595 ; but the parishes peremptorily refusing in the two succeeding 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 63 
 
 years to pay their assessments, it appeared at the audit in 1597, that 
 the Hospital was £800 in debt. To add to their difficulties, provisions 
 had greatly advanced in price, and it became absolutely necessary to 
 adopt measures suited to the exigencies of the time. Accordingly, the 
 governors agreed to lend £5 a-piece ; and a legal process was issued 
 for enforcing payments of the rates. Still the finances continued in the 
 same embarrassed state ; and in the following year an order from the 
 Lord Mayor, and Court of Aldermen, to admit two children, and take 
 charge of their property, amounting to <£64, giving bond for its restora- 
 tion, was returned with a request that the offer might be made to the 
 parish in which they were born. The reason assigned for its rejection 
 on the part of the Hospital, was the refusal of each individual governor, 
 in the then involved condition of their funds, to give the security 
 required. 
 
 At length, in 1600, such was the crisis of affairs, that the Lord 
 Mayor, " with a good liking to relieve the house," instituted an inquiry 
 into the state of the Parish Collections, issued directions for their re- 
 sumption, and adopted some necessary regulations respecting the 
 admission of children, and the relief of the poor. It was ordered, 
 accordingly, that every child presented, and every petitioner for alms, 
 should produce a certificate from the parish of the extreme urgency of 
 the case ; and his Lordship further promised to unite with the governors 
 in a personal appeal to the Queen, for a legal enactment in favour of 
 the Hospital. In the meantime it was ordered, on the 1st January, 
 1601, that the sum of £200 should be taken up for six months, at as 
 easy a rate as possible ; and on the 28th of March, the loan to be raised 
 was increased to £500, to be employed in furtherance of the objects of 
 the Institution. Observing now that the original Order of the Hospitals 
 limits the administration of its bounty to such parties as " have con- 
 tinued in this citie by the space of iij yeares," in conformity with the 
 statute then in force ; and that the celebrated act of the forty-third of 
 Elizabeth was passed in the year following this proposed solicitation of 
 the royal favour ; it is reasonable to presume that the reception of chil- 
 
64 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 dren in danger of " present peryshinge" was from that period considerably 
 modified. It is true, indeed, that admissions were still frequent under 
 warrants from the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen ; but under 
 restrictions imposed from time to time by the governors, as circumstances 
 seemed to require. The freedom of the parent, except in a very few 
 instances, was now regarded as an indispensable qualification of admis- 
 sion ; none were received under the age of three years ; and the number 
 of girls was limited to thirty, all of whom were lodged in one ward. 
 Security was required from the respective parishes to release the Hos- 
 pital of the charge of children at an appointed age ; and no more than 
 one of a family was allowed to be in the school at the same time without 
 an especial order of the court. It should be observed also, as a circum- 
 stance more immediately bearing upon the point in question, that, in 
 the year 1658, a child, sent by the Court of Aldermen, was refused 
 admission, because demanded by them as a right. 
 
 Under the regulations which it was thus found expedient to adopt, 
 and with the aid of donations, which were continually pouring in, Christ's 
 Hospital, it will be seen, speedily recovered itself. To the names of 
 the earlier benefactors, — the Haydons, the Dixies, the Elkines, and the 
 Blundells,* — that of Dame Mary Ramsey had recently been added, 
 whose gifts are among the most munificent bestowed upon the house, 
 either before or since, and must have contributed in no small degree to 
 remove the difficulties with which it was then struggling. This lady 
 was the widow of Sir Thomas Ramsey, Knt., Lord Mayor in the year 
 
 * John Hay don, Esq. alderman, citizen, and mercer, gave to the Hospital £500 in the 
 year 1583. — Sir Wolstan Dixie, Knt., sometime president, gave £42 annually ; and was 
 otherwise a benefactor. His portrait is in the court room. — William Elkine, Esq. alderman and 
 mercer, left by will £800 in 1593, charged with certain payments ; and his widow, afterwards 
 married to Mr. Justice Owen, beautified the cloisters at a considerable expense, in addition 
 to other donations.— Peter Blundell, Esq. citizen and clothier, bequeathed £500 ; and, ani- 
 mated by his example, his servant, Robert Chilcot, gave £100 to the support of the Hospital. 
 Francis Barnham, Esq., Martin Bowes, Esq., William Lambe, Esq., and some others were 
 also considerable benefactors. Some idea of the relative value of donations at this early 
 period, may be formed from the fact, that a bequest of 40s., paid through the parish of St. 
 Michael Bashishaw, now realizes £34. 4s. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 65 
 
 1577, and sometime president of the Institution. Sir Thomas himself 
 had contributed during his life to the joint support of the sister establish- 
 ments, and had sanctioned, on the part of his wife, the alienation of a 
 considerable property, of which she had become possessed in her own 
 right, to the governors of Christ's Hospital. The estates in Essex and 
 Surrey, together with one house in London, which she gave by will, 
 bearing date the 19th January, 1596, produce at the present time a rental 
 of nearly £4000 per annum. Attached also to this bequest are the 
 advowsons of five livings,* to which the governors present ; and which 
 now are, and always have been, held by clergymen educated in the 
 Hospital, the masters of the Grammar Schools being naturally allowed to 
 have a prior claim to the preferment. At the time of Lady Mary's 
 decease, the annual value of the legacy was little more than £400 ; since 
 which period, from the expiration of leases, and other adventitious circum- 
 stances, the proceeds have increased tenfold. It is charged with the 
 payment of .£240 yearly, in provisions to widows and old soldiers; in gifts 
 to the poor of certain parishes ; in the salary to the master of the Gram- 
 mar School at Halstead, founded by the testatrix, and in the patronage 
 of the Hospital ; and in some other trifling sums. By a codicil, dated 
 8th July, 1601, she made a further bequest of £2000 to be laid out in 
 the purchase of lands, tenements, or heraditaments, of the yearly value 
 of £ 100 ; from the rents of which she directed a certain sum to be dis- 
 tributed among the necessitous poor of four parishes in London, at the 
 discretion of the governors ; and £2 to be paid for two annual sermons 
 in Christ's Church. These sermons are regularly preached on the first 
 Sunday in Lent, and on St. Stephen's day. The governors also pay 
 from her bequests £40 yearly, towards the support of two fellows and 
 four scholars at St. Peter's College, Cambridge.-f- She lies buried in 
 
 * See Appendix. 
 
 •J- It had been Lady Ramsey's intention to have given £500 per annum to this college, on 
 condition of calling it the college of " Peter and Mary." The gift, however, was refused by 
 the master, Dr. Soames, who observed that " Peter, who so long lived single, was now too 
 old to have a feminine partner." "A dear jest," says Fuller, "to lose so good a bene- 
 factress !" 
 
 K 
 
66 
 
 HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 the parish church of St. Mary "Woolmoth ; but, before the fire, the 
 annexed tablet, commemorative of her charitable deeds, was affixed to 
 one of the pillars in Christ's Church : — 
 
 Behold the Workes of God, done by his Ser- 
 vant, Dame Mary Ramsey. 
 
 She hath given a yeerly maintenance for 
 two Fellowes, and foure Schollers in Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 More, two Livinges of good value, when 
 they shall be come fit to supply them. 
 
 More, towards certaine Sermons to be 
 preached in this Church yeerly. 
 
 More, in Christ's Hospitall a free Writing- 
 Schoole for poore mens children. 
 
 More, in the Country a free Grammar- 
 Schoole for the poorer sort. 
 
 A 11 which seuerall gifts before remembred, 
 are to continue yeerly for euer. 
 
 Forma, Decus, Mores, 
 Sapientia, Res et Honores, 
 Morte ruunt subita ; 
 Vivit post funera Fama. 
 
 The rest of the godly Workes done by this 
 good Lady. 
 
 She hath given a worthy maintenance to 
 the poore of Christs Hospitall. 
 
 More, a bountifull gift for the healing of 
 poore wounded Souldiers. 
 
 More, a liberall maintenance for ten poore 
 maimed Souldiers. 
 
 More, a liberall maintenance for ten poore 
 aged Widowes. 
 
 More, a bountifull gift to release poore 
 men out of prison. 
 
 More, a bountifull gift to relieve poore men 
 in prison. 
 
 More, a yeerly Stipend to poore Maides 
 Marriages. 
 
 More, to the reliefe of the Poore of foure 
 seuerall Parishes. 
 
 All which seuerall gifts are for ever. 
 
 Her faith hath wrought ; her Tree was 
 not barren. And yet an unprofitable 
 Servant. 1596. 
 
 Such is the extent of the munificent legacies of Dame Mary Ramsey ; 
 but, beside the general purposes of the Hospital, there are two specific 
 objects mentioned in her will, which require a moment's attention. In 
 the first place, she directed that a portion of the proceeds derived from 
 the estates thus devised to the Hospital, should be applied to the main- 
 tenance of scholars there educated, during their residence in the 
 University. It has already appeared, that the " hope" of academical 
 preferment was held out to children who discovered an aptitude for 
 learning, in the original order of the Hospital ; and in the year 1566, an 
 allowance of twelve pence a week was given to an exhibitioner at Cam- 
 bridge. In 1569, an application was made to Mr. Secretary Cecil to peti- 
 
HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. b/ 
 
 tion the Queen for preferment for the children at the University ; and a 
 supply of books, with eight pence a week till he obtained a fellowship, was 
 ordered in the same *y ear to a student at Oxford. Whether this gift 
 was the result of the suit to the Queen, it is not distinctly stated ; but, 
 at all events, no permanent aid for similar purposes seems to have been 
 obtained from that quarter. Lady Ramsey, therefore, is intitled to the 
 honour of having laid the foundation of that distinction, to which the 
 scholars of Christ's Hospital have attained from time to time in the 
 University of Cambridge. Other estates have been since given, by 
 which, in the year 1661, the sum of .£261. 16s. Sd. was paid to seven 
 exhibitioners at Cambridge, and £59. 13s. 4d. to a single student at 
 Oxford. This amount has been greatly increased by subsequent dona- 
 tions, particularly by the gift of Mr. Serjeant Moses, who was educated 
 in the Hospital, and passed through the University of Cambridge upon 
 one of its exhibitions. As an earnest of his gratitude for the benefits he 
 had received, he left a large estate to the Hospital, in the Parish of 
 Wormshill in Kent,* to be applied to the maintenance of scholars sent 
 from thence ; independently of which he founded two scholarships at 
 Pembroke College, Cambridge, for Christ's Hospital men, which are 
 held in addition to the usual exhibitions. This estate has so greatly 
 improved in value, as to admit of the augmentation of the scholarships 
 both in number -f and emolument. The sum now given to each is ,£50 
 per annum for four years. 
 
 The other object specially provided for by Lady Ramsey was an 
 increased endowment of the writing school. It appears from the Records 
 that this school was first established in the year 1577 ; previous to 
 which the grammar and the pettite schools are only mentioned. That 
 the latter of these departments did not proceed beyond the very rudi- 
 ments of learning, the promotion of the master, in the year 1573, to 
 
 * He transferred also the advowson of the rectory into the patronage of the governors. 
 
 T The augmentation in number arises from the absence of claimants for several years ; so 
 that it may only be temporary. 
 
68 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 the office and dignity of Porter, abundantly testifies. Probably, the 
 younger children, consigned to the charge of the Hospital under warrants 
 from the Court of Aldermen, and others who were sent from Bridewell 
 as being too young to labour,* were the chief, if not the only, learners 
 in this part of the Establishment. The boys in the grammar school, on 
 the other hand, must have made considerable progress in classical know- 
 ledge ; and the use of Noel's catechism, at that time untranslated from 
 the original Latin, proves at once the united advantage which they 
 received, as at the present day, of a religious and literary education. 
 Nor was the character of the school by any means low in public estima- 
 tion ; for then, as now, private pupils were admitted to partake of its bene- 
 fits ; and a minute in the Court Book of the year 1570, allows the usher, 
 or under master, to take four of them under his tuition. Still the addition 
 of a writing school was an important increase in the general usefulness 
 of the Hospital ; and its fruits are evinced in the eminence to which 
 Blues have at all times risen in the commercial world. For these fruits 
 no small obligation is due to Lady Ramsey; and she seems also to have 
 taken some pains in promoting the objects of the grammar school. In 
 1592, the appointment of usher was offered, at her recommendation, to 
 John Fawcitt, M.A. of St. John's College, Cambridge, as a person 
 
 * At this period, and for many years after, there seems to have been an interchange of 
 objects between the two Hospitals. In 1565, some of the children of Christ's were sent 
 daily to Bridewell to learn a trade ; and infants were received in turn, who were unequal to 
 the discipline of the arts-masters. Spinning also and Needle-making were practised in 
 Christ's Hospital, according to the records of 1569, and 1574 ; most probably as preparatory 
 to the removal of the learners to Bridewell; for, in 1575, a conference of the governors of 
 both houses was held, for the purpose of adopting certain regulations respecting the latter 
 occupation. It appears also from a minute in the Bridewell Court Book, under the date of 
 April 17, 1644, that " this day came Mr. Drake, one of the governors of Christ's Hospital, 
 and saw five little girls, and one little boy, who are so young and small that they are not 
 able to labour in the works of the Hospital, and was desired to acquaint the treasurer, presi- 
 dent, and governors of Christ's Hospital therewith, and that it was the desire of this court 
 that they would take and keep the said children in Christ's Hospital, till they should be 
 every of them twelve years of age and upwards. And that this hospital would take five 
 boys of the like ages from them presently, and bind them apprentices to art-masters in this 
 hospital, and free Christ's Hospital from any further charge of them." 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 69 
 
 peculiarly qualified for the office. He declined the offer, indeed, and a 
 Mr. Goodman was elected ; but the fact of her interference proves the 
 interest which she took in the general welfare of her favourite Insti- 
 tution. 
 
 As the prospects of the Hospital brightened, the dispensation of its 
 charities became more and more enlarged. In Camden's time, six 
 hundred children were maintained and educated, and one thousand two 
 hundred and forty pensioners received relief in alms ; * and at three 
 different periods in the year 1655, the number of the former was nine 
 hundred, nine hundred and eighty, and one thousand one hundred and 
 twenty respectively. -j- Weekly allowances were at this time made for 
 nursing a large portion of the younger children in various parts of the 
 city and its vicinity. There was also a seminary at Hertford, and 
 another at Ware, called the " Place House," with accommodation for a 
 master, and one hundred and forty boys. This was afterwards removed 
 to Broxburn, and eventually merged in the present establishment at 
 Hertford. Such an increase of admission, however, was more than 
 proportionate to the increase of means ; and it appears to have origi- 
 nated in the following circumstances. Disputes had frequently arisen 
 among the governors, respecting the manner in which children were 
 usually admitted ; so as to render the right of presentation, in many 
 cases, merely nominal, and always exceedingly troublesome. By the 
 customary mode of proceeding, either all petitions were read, and the 
 General Court made choice of the most prominent cases ; or a com- 
 mittee was appointed to reduce the number of petitions, according to 
 the condition of the several parishes from which they came, the final 
 decision still resting with the court ; or else the aldermen and governors 
 in a body presented each a petitioner, and the selection depended, as 
 usual, upon the court. The rejected petitions naturally gave rise to 
 murmurings and discontent ; while the canvassing, which was necessary 
 to secure a majority of votes, was at once unpleasant and laborious. In 
 order, therefore, to silence these complaints, many of which proceeded 
 
 * Gough's Camden. t Court Book, 1655. 
 
70 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 from benefactors to a large amount, and from others from whom the 
 Hospital had considerable expectations, it was resolved, upon one 
 occasion, that every alderman should forthwith be complimented with 
 two presentations, and every governor with one. 
 
 This determination had its effect at the time ; but proved very 
 detrimental in its consequences. The great number of children by this 
 means admitted at one time, brought a charge upon the Hospital, which 
 its revenue was unable to support ; and a debt was contracted, which 
 prevented any further admission for a considerable period. It was 
 during this interval that, in the year 1665, the plague so dreadfully 
 extended its ravages, that nearly seventy thousand died from that cause 
 alone within the bills of mortality ; and in the following year, the great 
 fire laid a considerable part of the metropolis in ruins. Christ's Hospital 
 suffered little from the one, but did not, as will hereafter be seen, escape 
 the ravages of the other : and, though the interrupted admission was 
 doubtless instrumental in shutting out the contagion of the pestilence, 
 the renewal of presentations was postponed to a further period than 
 would have been otherwise required, in consequence of the destructive 
 effects of the fire. At length, on the 27th of November, 1668, of 
 eighty children to be admitted, it was ordered that every alderman should 
 present one, as a " token of thankfulness for great kindnesses at that 
 time received from them :" * that certain of the governors, who had been 
 more than ordinary benefactors, should also be complimented with a 
 
 * Not only had the city contributed largely towards the necessary repairs of the house ; 
 but had passed a decree, by which its revenue was materially advanced. Great complaints 
 had been made of late against the frauds and impositions of the carmen ; and it was ac- 
 cordingly enacted in Common Council, on the 1st of June, 1665, " that the rule, oversight, 
 and government of cars, carts, carters, and carmen, should be thenceforward lodged in the 
 president and governors of Christ's Hospital, London. That the numbers of carts should not 
 exceed four hundred and twenty; to pay 17 s. Ad. per annum each, and 20s. upon every ad- 
 mittance or alienation." This source of revenue fell off by degrees, and was at length almost 
 annihilated, in consequence of the number of interlopers, in the shape of the drivers of vans, 
 who took out no license at all, and completely broke in upon the privilege. The matter, how- 
 ever, has lately been brought to an issue in the Lord Mayor's Court; and it is expected 
 that the licenses will again be taken out, and the penalty for the violation of the act, which 
 has been raised from 13s. Ad. to £5, be rigidly enforced. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 71 
 
 presentation ; and that the remainder should be left at the disposal of 
 the president and treasurer. It is worthy of remark, however, that a 
 special proviso was inserted upon this occasion, against the order passing 
 into a precedent; and lists of those intitled to presentation are on record, 
 in which the name of the Mayor and Court of Aldermen do not appear. 
 Of every child now admitted, it was also required that his father should 
 be a freeman of the city of London ; that he should be seven years old 
 or upwards at the time of admission; that he should be free from all 
 deformity or disease ; and that the parish in which he was born should 
 engage to discharge him from the Hospital at the age of fifteen. These 
 qualifications were again required in eighty children to be admitted in 
 1670 ; and in 1674, a printed form was directed to be sent to every 
 governor, in order that the particulars therein specified might be strictly 
 observed in all future nominations. The form, from which there could 
 be no deviation without the sanction of the court, is here subjoined; and 
 it is not materially different from the one which is still in use. 
 
 TO the right honorable, right worshipful, and worshipful 
 
 THE GOVERNORS OF CHRIST-HOSPITAL, LONDON. 
 
 The Humble Petition of , of the Parish of , widow, 
 
 and the Relict of , late of the same Parish, deceased, 
 
 Humbly sheweth, 
 
 That the Petitioner, being left by her said husband in a very poore and 
 destitute condition, with small children to provide for, 
 
 Therefore shee humbly beseeches your Worships, in your usual pity 
 and Charity to distressed Men, poore Widows, and fatherless Children, to 
 grant the admission of one of her Children in Christ-Hospital, named 
 
 , of the age of years, there to be educated and brought up 
 
 among other poore children. 
 
 And shee shall ever pray, &c. &c. 
 
 We, the Minister, Churchwardens, and others of the Parish of 
 
 aforesaid, whose names are hereunto subscribed, Do Certifie that 
 
72 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 , father of the said child, was a Freeman of the City of London, 
 
 and Company of ■ . And that the said Child is at present of 
 
 the age of — years, being born in the month of , 16 — . And is now 
 
 living in the Parish aforesaid, and is no Foundling, nor maintained at the 
 parish charge, and that we know of no probable means for the Education 
 of the said child, unless the said Governors of Christ Hospital shall 
 please to admit him into the said Hospital ; which, if they shall please to 
 do, We, together with the mother of the said child, do fully consent and 
 agree to leave the said child to the Dispose of the Governors of the said 
 Hospital, to bind him an apprentice to such a Trade or Calling, whether 
 for Land or Sea employments, as they shall judge the said child most fit and 
 proper for : And We, together with the mother of the said Child, do pro- 
 mise and oblige ourselves, not only to ratine and confirm the same, in case 
 the Governors of the said Hospital shall please to dispose of the said 
 Child, but also We, the Minister and Churchwardens aforesaid, for our- 
 selves and our successors, promise and oblige ourselves to discharge the 
 said Hospital of the said child, at the age of — years, or at any time before 
 or after the said age, whensoever the said Hospital shall require the same 
 of Us. 
 
 Witness our hands, this day of , 16 — . 
 
 To be signed by the Parent of the Child, the Minister, two Church- 
 wardens, and, at least, three housekeepers ; and to be thus 
 endorsed : — 
 
 I present the Child mentioned in the Certificate on the other side, and 
 I believe the same to be a true Certificate. 
 
 Witness my hand, this — day of , 16 — . 
 
 , Governor. 
 
 Further precautions, however, seemed necessary to prevent a recurrence 
 of those difficulties, which had arisen out of the over-grown charges 
 upon the Hospital ; and it was accordingly determined to adopt some 
 fixed and settled rules for the admission of children. A committee was 
 accordingly appointed to take the subject into consideration ; and on the 
 9th of February, 1676, the following regulations were submitted to the 
 approval of the General Court : — 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 73 
 
 I. That no Children be taken in but such as are the children of Free- 
 men of this City. 
 
 II. That no children be taken in but such as are living in the City and 
 Liberty thereof. 
 
 III. That no Children be taken under the age of seven years. 
 
 IV. That no Children be taken in but such as are Orphans, wanting 
 Father or Mother, or both. 
 
 V. That none be taken in that are Foundlings, or that are maintained 
 at the Parish Charge. 
 
 VI. That none be taken in that are lame, crooked, or deformed ; nor 
 that have any infectious disease, as the Leprosy, Scald-head, Itch, Scab ; or 
 that have the Evil or Rupture. 
 
 VII. That none be admitted but such as are without any probable 
 means of being provided for other ways, nor without a due certificate from 
 the Minister, Churchwarden, and three or four of the principal Citizens, 
 Inhabitants of the Parish, from whence such Children come, certifying of 
 the poverty and inability of the Parent living (if any be living) to maintain 
 and provide for such Children, and the true age of the said Children, and 
 engaging to discharge the hospital of them before or after the age of fifteen 
 years, if a Boy, and before or after fourteen years, if a Girl, which shall be 
 left to the Governors' pleasure to do, both by the Parent (if any), and Mi- 
 nister and Churchwardens aforesaid ; And that it shall be wholly in the 
 power of the Hospital to dispose of such children, or to return them to the 
 parent, or parish aforesaid, as to the Hospital shall seem good. 
 
 VIII. That no Child be taken in that hath a brother or sister admitted 
 into the charge of this Hospital. 
 
 IX. Lastly, To the end that no children be admitted contrary to the 
 rules above said, when the General Court shall direct the taking in of any 
 Children, before such Children be admitted, they shall be presented to a 
 committee, consisting of the President, Treasurer, Deputy Treasurer, all the 
 Almoners, Renters, Scrutineers, and Auditors, and all other Governors to be 
 summoned at the first time, and so to adjourn from time to time. And that 
 they, or any thirteen or more of them, whereof the President, Treasurer, 
 or Deputy Treasurer for the time being to be one, who shall strictly examine 
 touching the age, birth, and quality of such Children, and of the truth of 
 such certificate. And when the committee shall find cause, they shall 
 forbid or suspend the taking in of any Child or Children presented, until 
 they receive full satisfaction that such child or children is duly qualified, 
 
 L 
 
74 HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 according to the rules above mentioned. That such child or children as 
 shall be presented to be admitted in pursuance of the Will of any Bene- 
 factor shall be examined by the Committee, who are to take care that such 
 child or children is qualified according to the Will of the Donors or Bene- 
 factors, and as near as may consist with such will, agreeing with the quali- 
 fications above. 
 
 After mature deliberation, these regulations were adopted by the 
 Court ; and it was also ordered — 
 
 I. That all Children that hereafter shall be admitted, if there be not 
 room in this Hospital to receive them, shall be sent to nurse at Hertford or 
 Ware, where there are School-Masters to teach and instruct them, and not 
 permitted to stay in London with their parents or others, who many times 
 suffer the said children to run up and down the streets, in this City, dirty 
 and nasty, to the great discredit of this Hospital. 
 
 II. That if any Parent, or other person, who hath a child admitted into 
 the Hospital, shall refuse to receive the Livery which the Children of this 
 Hospital ought to wear, or refuse to let such child admitted wear the said 
 Livery, such child shall be forthwith sent home to the parish, parent, or 
 friend, and the Hospital discharged of the same. 
 
 In adopting these rules, the governors further endeavoured to take 
 such steps respecting the right of presentation, as might prevent for the 
 future any dissatisfaction on that head. Accordingly, provision was 
 made, in the first place, for the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen, as 
 being ex officio the chief Governors of the House ; and a fixed settle- 
 ment was thus made for their preference before all others, instead of 
 the casual and uncertain privilege, which they had hitherto exercised. 
 An extended patronage was granted to those Aldermen, who were 
 also Governors, independently of their office ; and benefactors were 
 favoured with presentations in proportion to their gifts. Each Go- 
 vernor was then allowed to present a child in turn, so as not to confine 
 the benefit to the Citizens of London only: and thus to afford increased 
 encouragement to donations and bequests from other quarters. Upon 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 75 
 
 these resolutions, it is sufficiently evident that the mode at present in 
 practice is mainly based ; but some offence was taken against them at 
 the time in the Court of Aldermen. A deputation was sent, in conse- 
 quence, to Guildhall, where the reasons by which the Court had been 
 induced to adopt such a course, were fully and fairly stated ; but they 
 do not seem to have succeeded in obtaining the entire satisfaction of the 
 civic authorities. The Lord Mayor, however, assented to the proposed 
 method for the ensuing Easter, then close at hand ; and, in 1678, a vote 
 of Court, assigning a presentation to the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, as 
 well as to the President and Treasurer, at every admission, eventually 
 silenced every objection. In 1681, and 1691, the Regulations were 
 recited and confirmed ; and continued in force till the agreement between 
 the Corporation and the City Hospitals, in 1782, required some trifling 
 alterations. 
 
 Upon a review, then, of the affairs of the Hospital during the first 
 century from its foundation, it appears that its benefits were never, from 
 the first, confined to the lowest orders of the community ; that, although 
 children in danger of present perishing were received under its care, 
 such cases were exceptions to the direct rule of admission ; that these 
 cases gradually decreased after the enactment of the poor laws ; that, 
 subsequently, the children of freemen, who had lost, at least, one parent, 
 and were destitute of other means of education, were almost exclusively 
 capable of presentation. Certain it is, too, that the Charter in no ways 
 confines the charity to any particular class of poor ; so that, when the 
 legislature had provided a remedy for one condition of indigence, the 
 relief whereof had always exceeded the supply which could be raised 
 for it, the Governors were enabled, without any violation of their 
 covenant, to direct their whole attention to another, and certainly no 
 less interesting, description of applicants. It was provided generally 
 in the letters patent, with reference to the institution of Christ's Hospital, 
 that poor children, " being yet in their infancy, and tender age, should 
 not lack honest bringing up, and watching ;" and acts of Common 
 Council, passed on the 11th of October, 1587, and on the 26th of March, 
 
76 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 1644, " concerning provision to bee made for the poore," state that 
 " from the foundation thereof, it was ordered that the fatherlesse and 
 poore men's children were to be provided for in Christ's Hospitall." 
 Surely, then, it is not the totally destitute who alone can claim an 
 asylum within its walls ; and those, whose parents are incapacitated, 
 either by accident or otherwise, to afford them the blessings of a liberal 
 education, cannot be regarded as unfitting objects of its bounty. In the 
 present state of Society, vicissitudes appear in forms unknown to our 
 progenitors ; and the purest and the wisest designs of men are daily 
 baffled by unforeseen contingencies. The Parent's schemes for the 
 future welfare of his family are blasted, not merely by the stroke of 
 death, but by the frequent and unexpected wounds of distress. In the 
 ordinary occupations of life, and more especially in commercial pursuits, 
 the possibilities of ruin seem daily to be multiplied. In the integrity or 
 fraud, the prudence or folly, the prosperity or misfortune of one man, 
 the fate of many is involved ; and in the liberal professions, and among 
 the clergy in particular, many must be the instances in which a Father's 
 feelings have been wounded in the most vital part, in the melancholy 
 contrast between his own respected condition, and the humiliating 
 degradation of his offspring. It is doubtless in the spirit, therefore, of 
 the Royal Founder's comprehensive scheme to elevate a parent's 
 prostrate hopes, to rescue his child from penury and ruin, and to keep 
 him in that station of life from which he must otherwise have fallen. 
 The necessities of the beggar had been relieved by other means ; and 
 the children of the clergy,* and of decayed tradesmen, became the 
 legitimate inmates of Christ's Hospital. To this subject, however, 
 it will hereafter be necessary to recur ; and, having advanced a few 
 years beyond the date of King Charles's Mathematical School, it will 
 now be proper to advert to the rise and progress of that important 
 establishment. 
 
 * In February, 1569, the admission of a child of Robert Drainell, late Minister of St. 
 Margaret's, Westminster, is recorded; but it is supposed that the year 1731 affords the first 
 instance of any special deviation in favour of the children of the clergy. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 77 
 
 Chapter IV. 
 
 Foundation of the Royal Mathematical School — Grant of the Charter by King Charles 
 II. — Its inefficient endowment — Further grant obtained by Mr. Pepys — Mr. Colwal's 
 gift — Sir Jonas Moore — His system of Mathematics — Death of Mr. Perkins, Master of 
 the School — Inefficiency of his successors — Interest taken by Mr. Pepys in the welfare 
 of the School — His Letter to the Treasurer — Munificent bequest of Mr. Henry Stone — 
 Letter of Mr. Pepys to the General Court — Sir John Moore's reply — Reluctant explana- 
 tion of the Court — Impediments thrown in the way of an examination of the children — 
 Proposed disposition of Mr. Stone's gift — Resignation of Mr. Pagett — Election of his 
 successor — Sir Isaac Newton — Prospects of Improvement — Perverse opposition of the 
 Treasurer — Mr. Pepys' sentiments thereon — A Royal Visitation threatened — Mr. Pepys 
 appointed Treasurer — Illness of Sir John Moore — Mr. Pepys elected Vice-President — 
 Correction of abuses — Settlement of Stone's gift — The Twelves — Royal Badge — Stone's 
 Badge — Presentation of the King's Boys at Court — The King's Ward — Exclusive cha- 
 racter of the boys — Their advanced age — Mr. William Wales elected Master — Disorganised 
 state of the School — Strict discipline of the New Master — His character and success — 
 Continued exclusiveness of the King's Boys — Ludicrous instance, and disastrous conse- 
 quences thereof — Dissolution of the King's Ward — Stock's Gift — The Twos — Extract 
 from the will of Mr. Stock — Badge — Travers' School — List of Mathematical Masters. 
 
 During the early part of the reign of King Charles II., the following, 
 among other eminent persons, were governors of Christ's Hospital : — 
 Sir Robert Clayton, Sir Jonas Moore, Sir Christopher Wren, and 
 Sir Charles Scarhurgh. To these illustrious names that of Samuel 
 Pepys was afterwards added ; and it was by the united exertions of 
 these worthies that the institution and endowment of the Royal 
 Mathematical School was mainly effected. The advantage, which 
 was likely to accrue from such an establishment, is believed to have 
 first suggested itself to the mind of Sir Robert Clayton, who lost no 
 time in communicating the project, through the Lord Treasurer Clifford, 
 to the King. His application was, at the same time, backed by Sir 
 Jonas Moore, then Surveyor General of the Ordnance, who solicited 
 
78 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 in its favour the mediation of the Duke of York, afterwards King 
 James II., then Lord High Admiral of England ; and the persons 
 above mentioned, with some others of less note, were appointed to 
 carry the design into immediate effect. A royal charter was granted 
 for the purpose ; and the school was opened for forty boys, under the 
 auspices of the King, in the year of our Lord 1673. 
 
 Beyond the grant of the charter, little indeed was done by Charles 
 II. towards the maintenance of his new foundation. It was not without 
 much contrivance and intrigue that he was enabled to procure the 
 necessary funds for the extravagancies of his court, and the charges of 
 his government ; and even the allowance, which was made from the 
 exchequer, does not appear to have had the merit of being wholly 
 gratuitous. At all events, an annuity of .£1000, terminating at the 
 expiration of seven years, cannot be regarded as a very princely endow- 
 ment; nor would the additional grant of £370. 10s., which was after- 
 wards obtained by Mr. Pepys, for a particular object, have enabled 
 the governors, without other resources, to have carried it into execution. 
 By the first patents, dated August 19, 1693, his majesty reserved as 
 many of the boys as might be required for his own services ; assigning 
 the rest, who were duly qualified, to such merchant- masters, as were 
 disposed to take them without a premium. It was soon found, however, 
 as might, indeed, have been naturally expected, that very few masters 
 could be induced to receive them gratuitously ; and the above sum was, 
 accordingly, provided for the purpose. A letter from Mr. Pepys, 
 which will presently be given at length, fully explains the origin and 
 intent of this donation. The revenue was also increased by a gift from 
 Mr. Colwal, a governor of the house ; though doubts were at first enter- 
 tained, as to the King's inclination to permit any private augmentation 
 of his establishment. Sir Lionel Jenkins was accordingly deputed to 
 obtain the royal pleasure respecting the proposal ; to which his majesty 
 replied, that " so far was he from disliking, that he would be glad to 
 see any gentleman graft upon his stock."* 
 
 * MS. Collection of Hospital Letters. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 79 
 
 The school being thus endowed, a most lively interest was taken in 
 its administration, by the distinguished individuals, who had been mainly 
 instrumental in its foundation. For several years, Mr. Pepys was a 
 constant attendant at the examination of the boys ; and his advice and 
 influence were never wanting in the promotion of its welfare. Sir Jonas 
 Moore, one of the first practical mathematicians of the day, undertook 
 the compilation of a complete system of mathematics, for the especial 
 use of the establishment. He had written and printed the subjects of 
 Arithmetic, Practical Geometry, Trigonometry, and Cosmography ; 
 when death put a period to his labours. In the meantime, however, 
 having found his public engagements so pressing, as to retard the 
 progress of the work more than he could have wished, he had obtained 
 the assistance of Mr. Perkins, the second master of the school,* in 
 preparing the Algebra, and the principal propositions of JEuclid. The 
 same gentleman afterwards undertook the Navigation ; and the volume 
 was at last published, in 1681, under the superintendence of Mr. 
 Hanway and Mr. Pottinger, sons-in-law of Sir Jonas, assisted by two 
 persons of no less eminence than Halley and Flamsted. Mr. Perkins 
 did not live to derive any benefit from his exertions. He had but just 
 completed the last named treatise, when it pleased the Almighty to 
 conclude his life with his work, and to deprive the school of an able 
 and diligent master, after a service of only a few months. 
 
 After the death of Mr. Perkins, the instruction of the boys unhappily 
 fell into less able, or at least, into less efficient hands. He was suc- 
 ceeded in the mastership, in June, 1680, by Dr. Wood, who was 
 followed, in June, 1682, by Mr. Pagett, whose frequent absence from 
 his duties seems to have induced the natural consequence of a sensible 
 deterioration in the acquirements of the children committed to his care. 
 Mr. Pepys had been prevented, for some time, from his usual attendance 
 at their examinations ; but in the year 1693 he was again present, and 
 the deficiency in the learning of the boys was so great, as to elicit a 
 
 * He succeeded Dr. Leake, the first master, in 1679. 
 
80 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 severe remonstrance. In the course of the ensuing year he entered 
 into a correspondence of some length, upon the necessity of a great and 
 speedy reformation in the management of the school : and, at the visi- 
 tation in the ensuing spring, he addressed the following letter to Mr. 
 Treasurer Hawes, upon the subject : — 
 
 Mr. Treasurer, Monday, April 2, 1694. 
 
 Remembring what you told me in yours of the 16th of the last, 
 touching the postponing of your visitation till the Holy Week, now 
 begun ; I make use of this first part of it, for the giving you my best 
 wishes towards it, and unbespeaking your expectations of my assistance 
 at it from an impediment you are noe stranger to. Nor indeed should 
 I (I doubt) be much forwarder in it, were I otherwise at liberty : while 
 I think upon the affliction our last meeting, on a like occasion, cost me, 
 notwithstanding the amends, you many months agoe told me, Mr. 
 Pagett had made since his return, for the ill effects of his absence, 
 through the negligence (as you then observ'd) and insufficiencies of 
 the person the house had entertained for supplying the same. 
 
 Nevertheless, that you may want nothing I am able to contribute 
 towards the well-answering the Intents of our Royal Founder, and 
 Interest, as well as Duty, of the House in this your Visitation ; I take 
 leave to remind you of, no less than recommend to you, one Particular 
 in the Methods of our Practice on this Occasion, while I had the 
 satisfaction of assisting in them : Namely, that of requiring an account 
 from our examiners, under their hands, of each distinct Child's Pro- 
 ficiency in every of the Articles of the Instructions apart, enjoyn'd for 
 their Learning, with the Grounds and Demonstrations of the same :-^A 
 certificate of Mr. Halley's, at the visitation I last served at, being (I 
 well remember) entirely rejected, for its too generalness, and another 
 insisted on from him, in terms more distinct, and thereby better suiting 
 with the strictness of our Methods before mentioned ; as being that 
 alone which we then thought could sufficiently acquit us to those we 
 stood accountable to, for our proceedings therein. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 81 
 
 In order to which, and for supplying any want, either of information 
 on the part of the gentlemen your examiners (yet unknown to me), or 
 opportunity of its being otherwise timely provided ; I have prepared, 
 and here enclose you, transcripts of the particular instructions soe to be 
 by them especially regarded in their examinations, with respect to the 
 children, as well of the Grammar, as Mathematical Schoole. 
 
 Which, leaving with you to that purpose, in hopes of being, from the 
 happy issue of this your publick visitation, encourag'd to the adven- 
 turing once more upon a private one, by accepting your late repeated 
 offers to me of a visite from the children ; and the rather for the 
 enabling myself to perfect, in that most desirable point of the children's 
 proficiencies, my report now depending, in relation to other the matters 
 transmitted to me by your hand from the court ; I remaine, Sir, 
 
 Your most humble Servant, 
 
 S. Pepys. 
 
 Since the closing of this, I find, by your ticket of 
 summons, that to-morrow is your visitation day 
 — God make it prosperous. 
 
 The renewal of the more immediate connexion of Mr. Pepys with the 
 business of the Hospital, which the Revolution of 1688 had been the 
 means of interrupting, seems to have been occasioned by a communi- 
 cation made to him by the Governors, respecting the proper application 
 of a bequest from Mr. Henry Stone. This munificent governor had 
 given during his life the annual sum of £57. 6s. 8d., " for the better 
 maintenance and education of the children on King Charles's foundation, 
 or increasing of their number ;" and in the infant and inefficient state of 
 the school, the former alternative was adopted. In 1693, the main bulk 
 of his personal and real estate was left, by will, to the Hospital, with 
 the provision that at least £50 should be set apart for the support of 
 the Royal Mathematical School. It became, therefore, matter of 
 discussion, what proportion of the bequest should be devoted to this 
 specific purpose, and in what particular manner it should be applied. 
 
 M 
 
82 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 Closely connected as Mr. Pepys had been with the Institution from 
 its commencement, his advice was naturally requested on the subject ; 
 and, after an attentive consideration of the position in which affairs then 
 stood, he stated his sentiments in the following terms to a General 
 Court : — 
 
 GENTLEMEN, York Buildings, May 4, 1694. 
 
 'Tis now more than four months, since I had the honour of receiving, 
 by the hand of Mr. Treasurer Hawes, your order of the 19th of De- 
 cember, in confirmation of a report, then presented you from the 
 Mathematical Committee, with an account and papers prepar'd for 
 answering some inquiries of mine, which Mr. Treasurer had led me to 
 the making twelve months before, into the ground of that ill state, 
 wherein (upon a particular examination he had invited me to) I had, to 
 my great grief (and with noe little confusion acknowledg'd on his side 
 also), found that foundation sunk, in the proficiency of its children. 
 Nor should I have respited thus long the rendering you an account of 
 what use I have, for your service, been endeavouring to make of them, 
 could I by any means have procur'd satisfaction in that one particular, 
 without which the rest would have been but imperfect; I mean the 
 amends made for the defects of that year, by a strict execution of the 
 mathematical master's instructions in the thorough improvement of the 
 boys of the present yeare. And what applications have been on my 
 part made towards the obtaining this, both before, at, and since the late 
 visitation ; and what industrys on the other side have been practis'd, for 
 the preventing me in it, I shall not trouble you or myself with the 
 giving other account of, than by referring you to the letters passed 
 between the Treasurer and me upon that subject, from mine to him of 
 the 18th of January, to his last to me of the 24th of April. 
 
 Gentlemen, your own books, and that committee's very report, speak 
 too much of the part I have born in the erection, settlement, and 
 support of this foundation, for my needing to say any thing myselfe, in 
 proofe of the affection I have ever had for it. Nor will my forbearance 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 83 
 
 to interrupt you, either at Courts or committees, with any visits of mine 
 for more than ten years past, suffer my being suspected of any incli- 
 nation to doe it now ; otherwise than as your Treasurer has made it 
 unavoidable, by bringing me unnecessarily under an obligation of looking 
 into such of the past transactions of this house, as I had much rather 
 have continued still ignorant in. But since it is soe, I should have 
 been glad (and offer'd it him at my own cost) to have purchas'd a 
 second visitation of these children : Such a one as those us'd heretofore 
 to be, while I had the honor to serve you at them. Whereby I might 
 in that, as well as other regards, have given you a just report of what 
 I take this foundation's present condition to be, through the whole ; And 
 where needing is, have administer'd what I was able towards the 
 bettering it. But the best boys (or most of them), Mr. Treasurer is 
 pleased to tell me, are gone ; and loath I should bee to raise a character 
 of the whole from the worst. And therefore rather choose to refer 
 myselfe to whatever you, in your wisdomes, shall find room left for 
 any further direction in it. This only in faithfulness to you, and not 
 to you alone, but to the memory of our Royal Founder, to this city, 
 his proper trustee in it, and to the interest the publicke must be thought 
 to have in the prosperity of an Institution, directed solely to the advance- 
 ment of its Navigation, I take leave to tell you, that as farr as the 
 account and papers, handed by the Treasurer to you, and from you to 
 me, are to be relied on, I cannot observe one single article left un- 
 violated, through its whole constitution : But that (as much otherwise 
 as it would be thought, by those who want either will or opportunity of 
 knowing it better) without some speedy and effectual application to 
 prevent it, it must be lost. 
 
 For what you were, at the same time, further pleas'd to call for my 
 advice in, upon a proposition then before you, of applying Mr. Stone's 
 £57. 6s. Sd. per annum (with an addition out of his general gift) to the 
 erecting a new sett of mathematical boys : I have, for the same reason, 
 respited the delivering any opinion in that alsoe, for the well informing 
 myselfe first, in the condition of those we already have. Forasmuch, 
 
84 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 as should not the state of these poor children, after their master's second 
 campagne, appear better than what it prov'd to be after the first; I 
 must declare it for my opinion, that their number and charge is already 
 greater, than we have any good account ready to give of them ; and there- 
 fore must suspend my present assent to the enlargement of either. Espe- 
 cially, when (to omit many other considerations) I have observed to 
 you, as in the former case, that as fair as the forementioned account is 
 to be depended on, those bequests of Mr. Stone's, amounting to £57. 
 6s. 8d., are by court declar'd parcell of the revenue of the children 
 already established ; and that it had been, and would still be, an express 
 breach of trust in us, and an apparent ground of forfeiture, to apply it 
 otherwise. 
 
 This, Gentlemen, is what I doe, with all respect, offer you, as my 
 humble thoughts on these two particulars ; wishing, with all my heart, 
 I may be found mistaken in every of my forementioned apprehensions 
 therein : Or that, if (as I fear) it shall prove otherwise, Mr. Treasurer 
 had (for the honour of the house) thought fit to have accepted the silent 
 assistance I should gladly have given him towards their remedy ; rather 
 than, by his contrary methods, have thus hazarded the consequences of 
 his exposing them. 
 
 It remains only that I take notice of an application lately made to 
 me, by your servant, Mr. Parrey, for my helpe towards the right stateing 
 to you the conditions of this constitution, in reference to the quality of 
 the masters design'd for its children ; viz. Whether as they are to relate 
 to the King's or Merchant's service. Wherein, as well for truth's sake, 
 as for preventing the consequences of a mistake, I apprehend the com- 
 mittee to have alreadv been led into in this matter, I shall, without 
 offering at the giving you any opinion of my owne, endeavour to serve 
 you in it, with the best of my memory, as to matters of fact only, in the 
 notes following. 
 
 First — That by our founder's first patents, in August, 1673, he 
 reserves the application of these children to his own commanders, to 
 himselfe only, without any liberty left therein to this house ; assigning 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 85 
 
 the rest to such masters as should be found disposed to take them ; but 
 with condition of taking them freely, without any further charge to be 
 expected with them, by that patent, from his Majesty. 
 
 Secondly — That, upon putting forth the first sett of children, in 1675, 
 it was found that, notwithstanding all his majesty had at this house's 
 desire done, by his letters recommendatory on their behalves to the 
 principal societys of merchants in this city ; the house was convinced of 
 the little hopes to bee had of their being able well to dispose of these 
 children, without something of money going along with them ; which 
 the house, not being in condition itself to bear, were pleas'd by Sir John 
 Frederick, their then President, and a governor or two more, to com- 
 municate it to me, then Secretary of the Admiralty, but yet noe member 
 of this house : Who, without other solicitation on their part, obtained 
 for them soon after, under the Greate Seale, an establishment for ever 
 of .£370. 10s. per annum, for the binding forth of these children to 
 merchants masters only, saving with a liberty reserved to the King, of 
 taking to himselfe the service of the last yeare of their apprentiships, 
 allowing wages for the same to their masters, equal to the profit they 
 could otherwise pretend to make thereof, in their owne imployment. A 
 condition inconsistent with their being bound to commanders of his owne 
 ships ; where not only the last, but every year's service of their appren- 
 ticeshipp, is the King's. 
 
 Thirdly — That the considerations on which the determining these 
 children to the merchant's service only was founded, were (as I well 
 remember), among others, these. 
 
 1 . The fewnesse of ships of warr ordinarily kept abroad during peace, 
 insufficient to supply a choice of masters suitable to this occasion. 
 
 2. The uncertain continuance of the King's commanders abroad, when 
 in employment ; and long intervals between Imployments, when 
 out of them ; and by consequences, the losse of time, and corruption 
 of manners, he then apprehended his children would be expos'd 
 to, on shoare. 
 
 3. The larger extent of our merchant navigations, and with it greater 
 
86 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 variety of matters to be met with therein (with respect to foreign 
 coasts, seas, seasons, winds, currents, and others, worthy observa- 
 tion), beyond what ordinarily occurr in the lesser diversity of 
 voyages us'd by the ships of the crowne. 
 4. Lastly, The regard his Majesty had to the authority fit to be 
 preserv'd, both to this Hospital and the Trinity-House, as well 
 over the masters as boys, during their apprenticeships ; with 
 respect to neglects or misusages on one hand, or idlenesse and 
 disobediences on the other ; beyond what can be naturally expected, 
 where both masters and servants, being in his Majesty's pay, are 
 out of their reach ; and can regularly have noe controll to owne, 
 save the King's and his Admiral's. 
 Fourthly — That such was the constant regard had to these consi- 
 derations, that not one instance will be found, of a child's being put 
 apprentice to a commander of a shipp of warr, or so much as use made 
 of that clause, touching the seventh yeare of their apprentiships reserv'd 
 to the King, within the whole reigns of either of their late majesties, 
 K. Charles, or K. James. But so much the contrary, that when, in 
 the yeare 1676, a shipp of the King's was (with another of certain 
 private adventurers) design'd upon an Expedition for Discovery of a 
 passage by the N. E. to China ; wherein his then majesty had reason 
 to expect many unusual occurrences, and therefore fit for a Child of 
 this Foundation to share in the first advantage of: He was pleased to 
 communicate his pleasure in it to the Hospital, in noe lesse solemn a 
 manner, than by a warrant under his owne Royal Hand, countersign'd 
 by me, and now resting in this house. In which, provision was made 
 for the child's being not only well instructed in his service during the 
 voyage, but return'd to the House's Disposal at the end of it ; as he 
 accordingly was, and by us afterwards bound apprentice to a Merchant 
 Man, Bartholomew Clement, Master of the Ffortune, tradeing to 
 Virginia. 
 
 Fifthly — True it is, that some of these children have been dispos'd of 
 to commanders of the principal yachts. But as it was never done but 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 87 
 
 by express signification by me (while in that station) of the King's 
 particular pleasure for its being soe ; soe was it done out of an especial 
 regard to the placeing some of his sayd children, where himselfe might 
 some times have the satisfaction of observing their improvements ; and 
 with an aim, alsoe, at their being thereby rendred knowing pilots in our 
 sands and shoals. A skill noe where soe surely to be obtain'd as in the 
 King's own yachts ; wherein the security of his owne person is soe often 
 concern'd : and where employment (different from that of men of warr) 
 is constant, both in warr and peace, and ever within the view of the 
 King himselfe, his Secretary for the Admiralty, the Officers of his 
 Navy, the Trinity-House, and even of this Hospital too, upon any 
 occasion wherein it may have use for the same. 
 
 Sixthly — Lastly, That the fore-mentioned establishment of £370. 10s. 
 per annum, being (as I have sayd) expresly calculated for the en- 
 couragement of Merchant-Masters, and computed by three months Sea 
 Pay, as the same is allow'd on the King's own ships ; the reason thereof 
 naturally ceases, and soe probably must the practice of it too, where, by 
 a child's being put to a King's Commander, that very allowance shall 
 fall to be made good to his Master, by the King himselfe, on board his 
 own shipp. 
 
 I am, with all respect, 
 
 Honoured Gentlemen, 
 Your most faithful and most humble Servant, 
 
 S. Pepys. 
 
 For the Honoured Sir John Moore, Knt., and President, 
 and the rest of my Honoured Friends, the Governours 
 now in court at Christ's Hospital. May 4th, 1694. 
 
 On the same day, the following brief reply was forwarded to Mr. 
 Pepys, by Sir John Moore, the president : — 
 
88 HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 HONOURED SlR, Christ's Hospitall, 4th May, 1694. 
 
 Wee have received your letter, and caused it to be read in the court, 
 and they returne your honour thanks for it, and have referred the consi- 
 deration thereof to the committe of schooles, and when they have made 
 a report concerning it, it shall be communicated to you by, 
 
 Sir, your most humble Servant, 
 
 John Moore. 
 
 On the 8th of August, the promised communication arrived. In the 
 interval several committees were held, at which the Treasurer and his 
 friends endeavoured in vain to rebut the charges of mismanagement 
 which had been brought against them. They would fain have excused 
 themselves at the expense of the brothers of the Trinity, on the plea 
 that no complaints had been made in that quarter of the deficiency 
 of the boys, who had been sent to them for examination. Upon this, 
 a letter was produced, dated July 9th, 1685, which had been received 
 from the Trinity House, respecting the insufficiency of certain boys who 
 had been before them. Objections were then urged against Mr. Pepys' 
 right of interference ; but these were easily outweighed by the conside- 
 ration of his important services in forwarding the interests of the Insti- 
 tution ; and, at length, a reluctant reply to his statement was vouch- 
 safed by the court. 
 
 HONOURED SlR, Court of Christ's Hospital to Mr. Pepys, Aug. 8, 1694. 
 
 By yours of the 4th of May last to this Court, you are pleased to 
 express your great care and zeale for the welfare and government of his 
 late Majesty's Mathematicall Ffoundation, and therein you take notice 
 of the non-proficiency of its children. 
 
HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 89 
 
 Sir, the Court are of opinion that such defect in the children's 
 learning may be imputed to Mr. Paget's absence the two last years, 
 and, to prevent the like for the future (upon Mr. Paget's motion for his 
 absence this yeare) the Court did unanimously reject it, hopeing that, by 
 his constant attendance and diligence, he will retrieve what hath been 
 found amisse. 
 
 And that the Court may fully acquit themselves, touching the boyes 
 proficiency for the future, they have desired the Masters of the Trinity 
 house to appoint two solemne dayes in every yeare for a publick 
 examination of the children, hopeing then by that such gentlemen as 
 are skilled in that art, may, by their attendance there, give testimony 
 of the Governors' care and desire to discharge that trust comitted to 
 them. The Court (being desireous to give a full answer to your letter) 
 hath appointed a committe to attend you, to returne their hearty thanks 
 for your opinion, touching the placing forth the children, which 
 concurrs with their former opinions therein. And also to receive the 
 information in what particular instances the court hath bin wanting in 
 the management of the Mathematicall Foundation, and to desire your 
 advice and assistance how the same may be retreived. 
 
 Signed in the name, and by order, of a Generall 
 Court, holden in Christ's Hospitall, London, 
 the 8th of August, 1694. 
 
 William Parrey, Gierke. 
 
 In accordance with this appointment, five members of committee 
 waited upon Mr. Pepys ; but matters still seem to have proceeded in 
 the same unsatisfactory way. Every impediment was thrown in the 
 way of his personal examination of the children ; and the Treasurer in 
 particular adopted every possible expedient to thwart his views, and to 
 connive at the negligence of Mr. Pagett. In the mean time it was 
 proposed, with reference to Mr. Stone's gift, to augment the Mathe- 
 matical School by a number of boys, not exceeding twenty : of whom 
 seven were to be added immediately ; a like number in the following 
 
 H 
 
90 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 year ; and the remaining six being added in the third year, the entire 
 complement was to be kept up regularly afterwards. The whole estab- 
 lishment was to remain in the first instance under the sole direction of 
 the present master ; and, when the number was at length complete, an 
 usher was to be appointed to the charge of the younger children. As 
 soon, however, as the proposition was submitted to Mr. Pagett, he 
 refused to undertake the additional responsibility ; and tendered his 
 resignation to the court, on the 20th of February, 1694-5. This was a 
 consummation most heartily desired by every well-wisher of the Institu- 
 tion ; and Mr. Pepys immediately suggested a strict inquiry, at the 
 ensuing examination, into the state in which the school was left, in order 
 to judge more correctly of the improvements introduced by his successor. 
 He also took considerable interest in the election of the new master ; 
 and would fain have persuaded Mr. Hawley, a gentleman of known 
 mathematical attainments, to accept the post. There were circumstances, 
 however, which interfered with Mr. Hawley's appointment ; and the 
 election fell upon Mr. Samuel Newton, whose qualifications for the office 
 were attested, among others, by Sir Isaac (then Dr.) Newton ;* who 
 was also requested, and consented, to draw up a plan for the future 
 conduct of the school. 
 
 From the letters of Mr. Pepys, subsequent to Mr. Newton's election, 
 it seems that he had every reason to augur well for the progressive 
 improvement of the boys, and a thorough reformation in the internal 
 management of his favourite Institution. On the other hand, the 
 perverse opposition of Mr. Hawes' to a proper adjustment of Mr. 
 Stone's gift, added to his gross neglect of the general interests of the 
 Hospital, determined him upon a complete exposure of the abuses, 
 which he had either sanctioned or originated. " Were it to any pur- 
 
 * As every thing connected with the name of Sir Isaac Newton carries with it a peculiar 
 interest, the testimonial transmitted by him upon this occasion is subjoined : — 
 
 " As for Mr. Newton, I never took him for a deep mathematician, but I recommend him 
 as one who has mathematicks enough for your business, with such other qualifications as 
 fitt him for a master, in respect of temper and conduct, as well as learning. I. N." 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 91 
 
 pose," he observes, in a letter dated March 29, 1695, " I could say a 
 great deal upon the Hospital's misfortune, in their Treasurer's being a 
 person of so ill government of himselfe. For though I am very back- 
 ward to think otherwise of his intentions than as an honest man, yet I 
 must take the liberty to think, that the House will have cause to wish 
 hee had been a professed knave. For against such a one, a man 
 always stands upon his guard, and provides for him ; while against the 
 mischiefs arising from a man whom wee think to bee honest, and 
 perhaps is soe, but at the same time ignorant and wilfull, there is no 
 fence but patience, and trusting to him no longer." Again, he writes 
 to the Treasurer himself, under the date of June 27, " Neverthelesse, 
 as much as I thus gladly owne of content in the present issue of these 
 children's examinacion, I cannot dissemble my continuing under the 
 very same convictions as to the general state of this unhappy Founda- 
 tion, which I laid before the Court a large year since ; nor shall long 
 omitt the giving it and you the last result of my observacions since 
 concerning it (if by any means I may thereby bee yet usefull to you), so 
 soon as enabled thereto by the dispatch of the work I have now before 
 mee, which you know how long I have without success been labouring 
 with you for." In the same strain he also addresses Mr. Newton, on 
 the 8th of August : — " I am satisfied of there being but one way of 
 setting matters right in the business of the Foundation you are con- 
 cerned for ; and that is by showing the house at once, that the whole of 
 it (from end to end) is at this day wrong : and that it is to no purpose 
 to think of rectifying it by retail, when the whole, in every part, is 
 equally faulty. I am preparing myselfe for, and not far (I hope) from, 
 accomplishing it." 
 
 It was not, however, till the year 1698, that the long promised report 
 of abuses, accompanied with the threat of a Royal Visitation, was pre- 
 sented to the Court. Towards the close of the same year, the Trea- 
 surership became vacant, and Mr. Pepys was immediately appointed 
 to the office ; but Sir John Moore, being shortly afterwards taken 
 
92 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 seriously ill, he exchanged it for that of Vice-President, which enabled 
 him to carry into effect those schemes of improvement, which he had 
 long meditated. After settling the general affairs, which had fallen 
 into a state of most admired disorder, from the mismanagement of the late 
 Treasurer, he turned his especial attention to the re-modelling of the 
 Mathematical School, and the disposition of Mr. Stone's bequest. He 
 had always strenuously opposed the union of the King's boys, and those 
 upon the new gift, into one body, as inconsistent with the spirit of the 
 Royal Charter; and they have, accordingly, been kept constantly 
 distinct, though they pass through the same course of instruction, in the 
 same school. Upon Stone's foundation, it was eventually determined 
 that there should be always twelve boys, forming a sort of preparatory 
 class, from which the King's School should be supplied, as vacancies 
 might occur ; so that the whole are partakers, to a certain extent, of the 
 same advantages.* The King's Boys however, in number forty, are 
 distinguished by a badge worn upon the left shoulder, and emblematic 
 of their future destiny. Three prominent figures on the device repre- 
 sent Arithmetic, with a scroll in one "hand, and 
 resting the other on the head of one of the boys; 
 Geometry, with a Triangle ; and Astronomy, holding 
 a quadrant in one hand, and a sphere in the other. 
 A favouring wind blows upon a ship in full sail ; 
 and two guardian angels hover in a bright cloud 
 above. The motto is — Auspicio Caroli Secundi Regis, 1673. This 
 Badge is retained in the possession of the wearer after his discharge 
 from the school, and was formerly a security against his being pressed. 
 The dye is kept at the Mint. 
 
 * In addition to their education and maintenance in the Hospital, they are furnished, on 
 their discharge, with a midshipman's uniform, a strong sea chest, a sextant, and a case of 
 Mathematical Instruments. They are also presented, on producing from the Master and 
 the Steward a certificate of good behaviour, with a handsome silver chronometer of the value 
 of £15. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 93 
 
 The children on Stone's foundation also, usually called the Twelves 
 from their number, are distinguished by a badge ; but it is worn on the 
 right shoulder, and bears a different device. It represents three of the 
 
 boys standing round a table, and holding in their 
 hands, respectively, an Arithmetic scroll, a balance, 
 and a pair of compasses ; with the following le- 
 gend above : — Numero, Pondere, et Mensura. 
 Beneath is the inscription : — Ex Munificentia 
 Hen. Stone, arm. 
 Among the peculiar privileges of the Royal Mathematical School, 
 may be reckoned the annual presentation of the boys at Court, at the 
 first drawing-room of the year. Formerly, this ceremony took place 
 on New Years' day ; but, since that festival has ceased to be observed 
 at court, it has been transferred to the day on which the Queen's birth 
 is celebrated. From the period of the melancholy illness of George 
 III., and during the entire reign of his successor, as no drawing-rooms 
 were held, the custom was, of course, discontinued ; but it has since 
 been renewed under the auspices of their present Majesties. On these 
 occasions the boys produce their maps and charts, and other specimens 
 of their proficiency in nautical science ; which they unfold to the king, 
 kneeling on one knee, as he passes to the presence chamber. The 
 urbanity with which George III., and his amiable consort, were wont 
 to receive their youthful visitors, was highly characteristic of their 
 kind-hearted condescension ; but there is something peculiarly gracious 
 in the interest which King William and Queen Adelaide are pleased 
 to take in every individual among them. Each is addressed in turn ; 
 and every breast beats high in acknowledgment of the honour conferred 
 by the notice of the Sovereign. His early recollections of the service, 
 for which the youthful family are training, does not, it may be imagined, 
 tend to diminish the royal interest in their welfare ; nor will the word 
 of advice and encouragement, kindly vouchsafed from such a quarter, 
 be forgotten in a future day of difficulty or danger, amid their struggles 
 for their own honour, or their country's good. 
 
94 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 Although the entire foundation of Christ's Hospital, no less than this 
 particular branch of it, was the work of Royal bounty ; still, from their 
 intended devotion to the King's service, these forty boys are distin- 
 guished by the appellation of " King's Boys;" and, until a very 
 recent period, were domiciled, entirely apart from the rest of the Hos- 
 pital, in what was called the " King's Ward." This separation had 
 the natural effect of producing an exclusive spirit among them, which 
 settled, at length, into a haughty and supercilious demeanour towards 
 the other boys. The greater age which they reached, before their 
 removal from the school, gave them also a superiority over their 
 younger brethren, which broke out, at last, into acts of petty tyranny 
 and oppression, which it was found necessary to resist. It seems that 
 the hopes of amelioration, under Mr. Newton's mastership, were far 
 from being realized, and his misconduct led to his eventual dismissal, 
 in 1708. He was succeeded by Mr. Hodgson, who held the situation 
 for nearly fifty years ; during which period the boys, or rather the 
 young men, who were sent up to the Trinity House, had, for the most 
 part, nearly attained their majority. This system was pursued under 
 the immediate successors of Mr. Hodgson ; but, though it may be 
 supposed that the course of education would thus be rendered more 
 complete, the ill effects with which it was attended were disastrous in 
 the extreme. When Mr. William Wales was elected to the mastership, 
 in 1775, he found the school in the most desperate state of anarchy and 
 confusion ; the boys were a terror to the whole community ; and it 
 required the most determined perseverance of that able mathematician, 
 and strict disciplinarian, to establish his authority over his new pupils. 
 Under his judicious and effective care, however, the school attained to 
 that high reputation, in which it has since been effectually upheld. 
 The vices and immoralities, which had taken deep root in this branch 
 of the establishment, were speedily eradicated ; the duties of the school 
 were rigidly enforced ; and sixteen was the age, beyond which he seldom 
 allowed a boy's continuance in the school. 
 
 Mr. Wales was, indeed, precisely the man for the station, which he 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 95 
 
 was thus called upon to fill. A practical sailor himself, and the co- 
 navigator of Captain Cook, he knew the requisite qualifications of a 
 seaman ; and his whole aim was to fit his boys for the profession in 
 which they were destined to embark. At the commencement of his 
 labours he had to battle it hard for the mastery ; and severity for a time 
 was the order of the day. He was not long, however, in subduing the 
 spirit of insubordination ; and his whole soul was thenceforward engaged 
 in the improvement of those committed to his charge. Strict and 
 punctual in his discipline, he was frank and open in his temperament ; 
 and he was more loved for the goodness of his heart, than feared for 
 the heaviness of his hand. There was a fund of genuine humour about 
 him, and a joyous expression of countenance, which took at once a 
 strong hold upon the affection ; and his ready wit, expressed in a 
 pleasing provincial dialect, frequently elicited the hearty mirth of his 
 juvenile auditors. Many are the living witnesses to the success of his 
 instructions ; while it will be readily acknowledged, that by his energies 
 the Royal Mathematical School of Christ's Hospital was first seen to 
 realize the objects of its foundation, and gave the promise of becoming 
 one of the first naval seminaries in the world. He died on the 29th of 
 December, 1798 ; and lies buried in the south cloister of the Hospital. 
 
 The improvement however, which had thus been wrought in the 
 internal management of this establishment, had not the effect of lessen- 
 ing the assumed superiority, which the King's Ward had succeeded in 
 establishing over the rest of the school. They were not indeed the 
 tyrannical oppressors of former days ; but they claimed, and, in general, 
 received a degree of deference from their less aspiring comrades. One 
 of the methods, among divers others, by which they were wont to 
 manifest their dignity, was singularly characteristic. It was the fashion 
 with them to march steadily forward in a right line, without verging 
 either to the right or left ; and the unlucky urchin, who chanced to 
 cross their path, was rolled unceremoniously over, or deliberately pushed 
 on one side, to make way for one of the " First Order." Their 
 superiority in age above the other boys was now, however, greatly 
 
96 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 reduced ; so that some of the older ones were not unfrequently disposed 
 to resist these majestic incivilities. Contests of a somewhat serious 
 nature were occasionally the result of this resistance ; and a regularly 
 organized engagement between the whole naval force, and certain 
 picked antagonists of the other wards, sometimes ended in broken heads 
 on both sides. It was found expedient, therefore, to put an end to 
 these collisions, by dissolving the union of the exclusives ; and the 
 King's boys, still distinguished by the Royal badge on the left shoulder, 
 have been dispersed, since the year 1818, among the several wards 
 indifferently.* 
 
 Having now traced the History of King Charles's Foundation to 
 that period, from which the arrangements respecting it have been 
 permanently fixed, it merely remains to notice the bequest of John 
 Stock, Esq., by which it was augmented in 1780 ; and Travers' School, 
 which has, of late years, been connected with it. The nature of the 
 former of these gifts will be sufficiently explained by an extract from the 
 donor's will ; to which it will be also necessary to advert in another 
 chapter. As Stone's boys are denominated the ' Twelves, ' so those on 
 Stock's mathematical foundation are called the ' Twos, ' from their 
 number. 
 
 Extract from the Will of John Stock, Esq., dated 26th February, 1780. 
 
 " Also I give to the President, Treasurer, and Governors of Christ's 
 Hospital, London, the sum of ,£3000, three per cents, consolidated 
 annuities, to be paid to them by my executors, within one year or 
 eighteen calendar months next after my decease ; but, nevertheless, the 
 said £3000 is so given for the uses following : that is to say, that the 
 interest and dividends arising therefrom be paid and applied upon the 
 
 * The dissolution of the King's Ward was effected by Mr. Huggins, the present steward, 
 with great judgment and consideration. Certain repairs being at the time necessary, the 
 inmates of the ward were distributed, as it was imagined pro tempore, in different directions; 
 and were never re-united. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 97 
 
 trusts, terms, and conditions following ; that the President, Treasurer, 
 and Governors of C. H. aforesaid, or a committee of them, do or shall, 
 within six or nine calendar months next after my decease, make and 
 enter into an agreement in writing with my executors and residuary 
 legatees (and which they have promised and agreed with me in writing 
 to do, in consequence of a proposal made by me to them, and since 
 approved by a General Court) to accept, have, and take, and do 
 accordingly take into the said Hospital four fatherless boys, whether 
 free-born or aliens to the City of London, but giving preference to 
 orphans, who are both fatherless and motherless, to be educated, 
 maintained, and clothed, according to the rules and customs of the 
 said Hospital, whereby they may be properly qualified for the respective 
 business, employment, and stations, hereafter mentioned : The said 
 boys to be admitted between the age of eight and ten years, and to 
 continue in the said Hospital until the age of fifteen years, and then to 
 be put out apprentices, or otherwise provided for. And that by 
 constant succession, when any vacancy may be, another child is to be 
 chosen, and presented within six or nine calendar months next following, 
 by a notice within one calendar month next after any vacancy may 
 happen by death, or staying to the arrival of fifteen years, or his being 
 put out apprentice, or by any means of vacancy by absence, that then 
 such notice shall be sent to the respective persons, to whom the right 
 of presentation doth properly belong : One boy to be brought up to 
 trade, to be presented by the Master and Wardens of the Worshipful 
 Company of Drapers of London, by a certificate signed by them, to 
 be chosen by a Court of Assistants, or the major part of them, to be a 
 son of a deceased member of that company : Also one other boy to be 
 brought up to trade, to be presented by the Minister, or two Church- 
 wardens, of the parish of Christ Church, in the City of London, to 
 be chosen by a public vestry, or a major part of them, and by a certi- 
 ficate signed by them, to be a fatherless child of a deceased parishioner 
 of that parish. But if a child being of the name of Stock shall be 
 presented, within six calendar months of any vacancy, to the Minister 
 
 o 
 
HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 and Churchwardens, he shall have the preference and precedency, 
 though not of that parish, being fatherless, and of necessitous circum- 
 stances, if recommended by a certificate, signed by the Minister and 
 Churchwardens of the parish he belongs to, and signed by the Minister 
 of Christ Church parish, in such application. This to be done in 
 rotation with the parish, on such vacancy happening therein. These 
 boys to be early admitted into the Grammar and Drawing Schools, for 
 the improvement of their education. And also the other two boys, to 
 be brought up for the sea service, to be presented by a certificate, signed 
 by the Comptroller, or, in his absence, by the Surveyor of his Majesty's 
 Navy, to be chosen by The Honourable Commissioners of His 
 Majesty's Navy Board, London, at a full board, or, at least, five of 
 them. The boys are to be fatherless children of deceased Lieutenants, 
 of the Royal Navy, the father having been seven years in the service, 
 and, at least, four years in the station of a Lieutenant, freely proved by 
 the ships he served in, and the widow in low circumstances ; that the 
 father was of good private character, and also well recommended as to 
 his courage and conduct ; but preference given to such officer's sons, 
 whose father was killed by the public enemy in an engagement. Each 
 vacancy to be supplied within nine months by a presentation ; or, if no 
 such application be made in that time for the son of a deceased Lieute- 
 nant, then to be the son of a living Lieutenant, being in low circumstances, 
 so recommended and qualified. The boys to be born in wedlock, and 
 to be brought up in the Mathematical-school of the said Hospital, and 
 to be educated in Navigation, &c, as in the other 
 Mathematical Schools taught, wearing a small badge 
 of the figure of Britannia, with an anchor, and an 
 inscription of a motto — Prosperitas navibus Magna 
 Britannia; and at the age of fifteen years to be sent 
 and presented to the honourable navy board, London, 
 to be at their disposal ; and then have £ 10 paid out 
 with each boy, to furnish clothes, books, and any 
 other uses, as apprenticeship fee ; that they may recommend him to the 
 Royal Academy at Portsmouth, till they shall have an opportunity of 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 99 
 
 providing for him in the Royal Navy, or as they may think proper. 
 And if by neglect, or refusal of their care, and providing for him, then 
 for merchant-ship service or trade, as the Governors of the said Hospital 
 may think proper, with the consent of the boy and his friends, &c. 
 This to be done, as in common form, for the benefit of the said four 
 boys, without any particular trouble to the Governors of the said 
 Hospital ; the children to be born in wedlock, and free from deafness, 
 blindness, lameness, or disorder of any kind ; to be of honest parents, of 
 good character and reputation." 
 
 The gift of Samuel Travers, Esq. was far more important. In 1724, 
 he gave the residue of his estate by will to the Hospital, for the purpose 
 of establishing a school for the education of such a number of children, 
 sons of Lieutenants in the Navy, as the proceeds would enable the 
 Governors to support. The provisions of the will stipulate for a separate 
 master, who is to be accommodated with a house ; and till within the 
 last twenty years, the entire establishment was kept perfectly distinct.* 
 It has, however, been recently united with the Royal Mathematical 
 School ; to which it is in a certain degree preparatory. The number of 
 lieutenants' sons now constantly upon this foundation is about fifty ; 
 who are admitted, as vacancies occur, without any reference to the 
 annual presentations at Easter. They do not necessarily enter the 
 naval service ; whereas, on entering the Royal Mathematical School, 
 an agreement to that effect is signed by the parent. The present 
 master of this school is the Rev. W. Webster, M. A. of Trinity College, 
 Cambridge. 
 
 * A school, totally distinct from the Royal Foundation, and called the New Mathematical 
 School, was established by the Governors in 1706, for the instruction of forty or fifty boys 
 in mathematics and mechanics. Mr. Humphry Ditton was appointed master; but at hi* 
 death, in 1714, it was discontinued, " having in no sort answered the purpose" for which it 
 was designed. In 1709, a " Synopsis of Algebra" was published for the use of this school, 
 with an appendix by Mr. Ditton ; and dedicated to Sir T. Childe, Knt. President, and 
 Thomas Lockington, Esq. Treasurer of the Hospital. 
 
100 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 Subjoined is a List of the Masters of the Royal Mathematical School, 
 from the period of its first foundation. 
 
 1673. Mr. John Leake. 
 
 1679. Mr. Peter Perkins. 
 
 1680. Dr. Robert Wood. 
 1682. Mr. Edward Pagett. 
 1695. Mr. Samuel Newton. 
 1708. Mr. James Hodgson. 
 
 1754. Mr. John Robertson.* 
 
 1755. Mr. James Dodson. 
 1757. Mr. Daniel Harris. 
 1775. Mr. William Wales. 
 
 1799. Mr. William Dawes. 
 
 1800. Dr. Lawrence Gwynne. 
 1813. Dr. Thomas Simpson Evans. 
 1819. Rev. R. N. Adams, D. D/f 
 
 1826. Rev. Edwin Coleman Tyson, M. A. 
 
 1827. Rev. George John Brookes, M. A. 
 
 * Brother of the celebrated historian, and the most able practical mathematician of his 
 day. After a very short stay at Christ's Hospital, he obtained the appointment which 
 he long held at the Royal Naval Academy of Portsmouth. For the use of this establish- 
 ment he published a Complete System of Navigation, which was long employed with 
 eminent success in the Royal Mathematical School. He lies buried in St. Bride's church, 
 Fleet Street. 
 
 + Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. 
 
, ' ' > 1 
 
 ' ' ' . 
 
 history of Christ's hospital. 101 
 
 Chapter V. 
 
 Munificence of Sir Robert Clayton — His severe illness — Destructive effects of the Fire of 
 London — Projected re-erection of the south front of the Hospital — Death of Mr. Morrice — 
 Sir Robert's wish to keep his charity secret — Reasons which led to its discovery — 
 Estimate and cost of the building — Inscription over the gate-way — Character of Mr. 
 Firmin — His monument — Dilapidated state of the Great Hall — Sir John Frederick — 
 Description of the Hall, as rebuilt by him — The Organ — Associations connected with the 
 Old Hall — Its demolition in 1827 — Spital Sermons — Dr. Parr — Easter processions — The 
 Lord Mayor's annual donation — Easter Anthems — A curious old one — A beautifully 
 illuminated Hymn in the Hospital Archives — Public Suppers — Their early institution — 
 Changes in the time of their celebration, and mode of admission to them — Order of the 
 Ceremony — St. Matthew's day — The Sermon at Christ's Church — The Speeches — Collec- 
 tion for the speakers — Customs still observed on this occasion — Relics of the Old Hall — 
 Benefactions at the period of its erection — Mismanagement of Mr. Treasurer Hawes — 
 Great increase in the number of Children — Insufficient accommodation at Ware and 
 Broxbourne — The Place House — -Subscription set on foot for building a larger establish- 
 ment at Hertford — Completion and cost of the new Edifice — Gallery for the children in 
 All-Saint's Church, Hertford — Sir John Moore — His Writing School — Estimate and cost 
 — Ceremony of opening it — The inscription under his Statue — Singular marriage of a 
 Blue-coat Boy and Girl — Amount of Benefactions between 1600 and 1700 — Gifts of 
 Fowke, Garway, West, Guy, and others — Disputes between the Hospital and the 
 Parish of Christ Church — Revised regulations respecting the admission of children 
 of advanced age, and the limitation of non-free presentations — Further revision of 
 the regulations of 1676 — Comparative view of ancient and modern qualifications for 
 admission — Singular bequest of James St. Amand, Esq. — Erroneous notion respecting 
 the portrait of his grandfather — Extract from his will — Ancient custom of addressing the 
 sovereign on his first appearance in the City — Presentation of the children to James II. 
 — Verrio's great Picture — Address presented to George III. and Queen Charlotte, in 
 St. Paul's church yard — Intended addresses to the Prince Regent in 1814, and to William 
 IV. in 1830 — A reading- school established — Removal of the Girls to Hertford— Bene- 
 faction of John Stock, Esq. — Alarming incident during the riots in 1780. 
 
 Among the benefactors to Christ's Hospital, the name of Sir 
 Robert Clayton stands proudly conspicuous. It has been seen that 
 he was the prime mover in bringing about the foundation of the Royal 
 Mathematical School ; and, in reverting to the general history of the 
 Institution, he will appear to have taken an equal interest in its welfare, 
 
102 HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 and in advancing its means of doing good. The worthy knight was 
 strongly impressed with the Christian feeling, that those who are 
 blessed with riches are stewards of God's bounty to their necessitous 
 fellow creatures ; and upon this principle he constantly and scrupulously 
 acted. In the spring of the year 1675, he had been attacked by a 
 severe and dangerous illness, so that little hopes were entertained of 
 his recovery ; and it was not therefore surprising that a mind so con- 
 stituted should be actuated by a desire of making some grateful ac- 
 knowledgment for the mercies which had been vouchsafed him. At 
 that time the destructive effects of the great fire had only been partially 
 repaired, and the south front of the old conventual edifice lay still in 
 ruins. The efforts of the citizens had indeed enabled the Governors to 
 restore that part of the building which was less damaged, so as to 
 furnish a temporary accommodation for the children, who were then 
 from other causes considerably reduced in numbers ; but the calls upon 
 public and private bounty were so pressing in all directions, that a 
 perfect restitution was at the moment impossible.* It was therefore 
 suggested to Sir Robert, by a friend whom he had privately consulted, 
 that his munificence could not be more profitably exerted, than in 
 rebuilding the fallen structure. An estimate was accordingly furnished, 
 and the work commenced under the superintendence of Sir Christopher 
 Wren ; Mr. Morrice, the partner of Sir Robert, having engaged to bear 
 half the cost, which was laid at £5000. 
 
 As the building proceeded, curiosity was in vain excited to ascertain 
 the benefactor, by whose liberality the long neglected fabric was at 
 length emerging from the ruined heap ; Sir Robert having laid a strict 
 
 * Considerable losses were also sustained by the Hospital by the destruction of houses 
 by the fire in the course of its progress. In the British Museum (Additional MSS. 5063 — 
 5103.) there are several cases which were referred at the time to the decision of the judges, 
 one of which is to the following effect: — Mary Paradine, before the fire, had left £400 to 
 the Hospital, subject to a certain payment to a school at Bedford, and another to a widows' 
 fund. The money was to be laid out in estates ; and two houses, one in the Grey Friars, 
 and another in Silver Street, were purchased, both of which were destroyed. Hence, the object 
 was to ascertain in what proportion each of the charities was to bear the loss. The docu- 
 ment is curious, as being the original decision, with the judge's signature attached. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 103 
 
 injunction of concealment upon Mr. Firmin, the friend whom he had 
 entrusted with the charge of the undertaking, and the disbursement 
 of the expenses. In the meantime various improvements had been 
 introduced into the plan, which had the effect of nearly doubling the 
 amount of the original estimate ; the entire payment of which, in conse- 
 quence of the death of Mr. Morrice, devolved upon Sir Robert. When 
 the work was completed, with the exception of some projected alter- 
 ations, adapted to certain proposed improvements in the system of 
 education then pursued, the excellent donor was checked in his career 
 of benevolence by the political factions of the time. Party spirit then 
 ran high in relation to the Popish Plot, and the Bill of Exclusion 
 against James II. ; and Sir Robert, with many other high-minded and 
 public-spirited individuals, became an object of popular indignation, 
 and was ejected from the councils of the city, and the government of 
 the Hospital. Then it was that Mr. Firmin thought himself no longer 
 bound to keep the secret which had been confided to his care, but 
 regarded it rather as a duty to place the character of so true a patriot 
 in its proper light. The pious act was accordingly divulged ; and the 
 memorial of a deed, which might otherwise have remained in everlasting 
 concealment, is now recorded beneath a statue of the youthful Founder, 
 in a niche above the south gateway : — 
 
 EDWARD THE SIXTH, of famous Memory, 
 
 was the Founder of CHRIST'S HOSPITAL: and SIR ROB T . CLAYTON, 
 
 KNT. and ALDERMAN, sometime LORD MAYOR 
 
 of tins CITY OF LONDON, erected this 
 
 Statue of KING EDWARD, and built most 
 
 Part of this Fabrick, Anno Dom. m0t 
 
 1682. ^ 
 
 In speaking of Mr. Firmin, it would be unjust to limit the consi- 
 deration of his merits to a mere activity in dispensing the bounty of 
 others. Prompt in the suggestion of a deed of benevolence, and active 
 in its execution, he was no less ready to afford the means of its accom- 
 plishment. Independently of the part which he took in forwarding the 
 
104 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 views of Sir Robert Clayton, he was himself a considerable benefactor 
 to Christ's Hospital ; and his numerous private charities were not less 
 meritorious from the unostentatious manner in which they were bestowed. 
 He lies buried in the south cloister of the Hospital, beneath the walls 
 of his friend's erection ; and his epitaph, inscribed on a plain un- 
 sculptured slab, and written by Dr. Fowler, Bishop of Gloucester, 
 in terms no less eloquent than just, may well supply the place of further 
 
 eulogy : — 
 
 " To the Memory of 
 MR. THOMAS FIRMIN, Late Citizen of LONDON, and one of y e Goveroours 
 of this and ST. THOMAS'S HOSPITAL. He was to y e Orphans of this a most 
 tender Father, and for y e sick and wounded of y e other a careful Provider. He 
 constantly expended y e greatest Profits of his Trade, Portions of his Time, and 
 Labour of his Thoughts, in Works of Charity, in providing Work for thousands 
 of poor People, in visiting and Releiving necessitous Families, and in redeeming 
 Debtors out of Prison. He took indefatigable pains in succouring y e distressed 
 Refugees from France and Ireland. He was a most eminent Example of improving 
 all opportunities of doing good, of Successfully provoking others to good Works, 
 and of unconfined Charity, both as to Places and Parties. He was very faithful 
 and wise in disposing both of Publick and Private Charities, and zealous for pro- 
 moting a Reformation of Manners. Yet, after all, he ascribed nothing to himself, 
 acknowledging on his Death-bed that he had been an unprofitable Servant : and 
 he professed that he hoped for Salvation only by y e mercy of GOD, through y e 
 Merits and Mediation of JESUS CHRIST. 
 
 He departed this Life Dec'. XX. MDCXCVII. 
 
 In y e LXVP Year of his Age. 
 
 This monument was erected by his sorrowful Widow. 
 
 He y l soweth bountifully shall reap also bountifully. — 2 Cor. ix. 6." 
 
 The example which had been thus set by Sir Robert Clayton was 
 not without its effect in eliciting the emulation of others. In 1680, 
 a survey was taken of the Great Hall, which had suffered materially 
 in the fire of 1666, though such repairs were made at the time as the 
 immediate accommodation of the children required. It was discovered 
 to be in a state of so complete and irreparable decay, that Sir John 
 Frederic, Knt., then President of the Hospital, ordered it to be pulled 
 down, and rebuilt. The entire cost, to the amount of £5000 and 
 
' <• • •« 
 
 fli 
 
 5&$tt%%£, ^£^j/^^%y<Pyd^ Aw^u^^'^i^^. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 105 
 
 upwards, was defrayed by Sir John ; and two square tablets, respectively 
 commemorative of the munificent exertions of Sir Robert Clayton and 
 himself, were affixed on either side of the entrance. Before the fire the 
 quadrangle, of which the hall formed the west side, was a uniform 
 structure raised upon the conventual cloisters, and enclosing a court, 
 which, though now paved, is still called the Garden. Whittington's 
 Library formed the northern side ; the original wall of which, though 
 shamefully defaced and mutilated, is now the only remnant of the 
 ancient priory ; though the fratry and refectory were also, within these 
 few years, in existence. The hall, as rebuilt by Sir John Frederick, 
 greatly exceeded the original building in dimensions. It was a noble 
 edifice, one hundred and thirty feet in length, thirty-four in breadth, and 
 forty-four in height ; with a magnificent arched window at the southern 
 extremity, and five of smaller span along the east side. Originally, the 
 windows were on the western side ; but they were bricked up in the 
 year 1762, and the wall covered with Verrio's great picture. In the 
 centre of the western side was the pulpit ; lower down on each side a 
 small choir ; and over the entrance, at the north end, a fine organ, which 
 had been presented to the Hospital by Edward Skelton, Esq., one of 
 the Governors, in 1672. 
 
 It is with this Hall, which has recently been removed to make way 
 for the splendid erection which supplies its place, that all the associations 
 of modern blues are indelibly connected. Here were arranged the 
 necessary preliminaries for the annual solemnities at Easter ; here were 
 the Public Suppers celebrated ; here were the speeches delivered on 
 St. Matthew's day ; and numberless occurrences have here taken place, 
 of little or no importance perhaps, but on which the school-boy memory 
 is wont to dwell with retrospective fondness and delight. At this stage 
 of the history, therefore, a brief notice of these ceremonies may be 
 appropriately introduced. The old hall was levelled with the ground 
 in the autumn of 1827 ; and a view of the ruins, taken as the work of 
 demolition proceeded, by my kind friend Mr. H. C/ Field, cannot be 
 otherwise than interesting to every Blue. 
 
 p 
 
106 
 
 HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 It has been already stated that the Spital Sermons, as they are 
 called, are now delivered annually in Christ Church on the Monday 
 and Tuesday in Easter week. Instead of the subjects which were wont 
 to be discussed from the pulpit cross of St. Mary Spital, discourses are 
 now delivered commemorative of the objects of the five Sister Hospitals, 
 and a report is read of the number of children maintained and educated, 
 and of sick, disorderly, and lunatic persons, for whom provision is made, 
 in each respectively.* On each day the boys of Christ's Hospital, with 
 
 # The Report for the present year, as far as it relates to Christ's Hospital, is here sub- 
 joined: — 
 
 Children put forth Apprentices, and discharged from Christ's Hospital, the 
 Year last past 184, Eight whereof being instructed in the Mathematics 
 and Navigation, were placed forth Apprentices to Commanders of Ships, 
 out of the Mathematical School, founded by K. Charles II. 
 
 Children buried the Year last past , 
 
 Children now in the Hospital in London and at Hertford . . . . 1187 ) 
 To be admitted on Presentations granted to this time 160 ) 
 
 184 
 7 
 
 1337 
 
 The names of all which, as also when and whence they were admitted, will appear in the said 
 Hospital's Books. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 107 
 
 the legend " f&£ te Ulittn " attached to their left shoulders, form part of 
 the civic procession ; walking, on the first day, in the order of their 
 schools, the King's boys bearing their Nautical Instruments ; and, on 
 the second, according to their several wards, headed by their nurses. 
 They assemble, on the Monday, in the square of the Royal Exchange ; 
 and, on their return, are joined at the Mansion House by the Lord 
 Mayor, the Lady Mayoress, the Aldermen, Sheriffs, and city officers, 
 with their ladies. Formerly, till within these few years, the masters 
 walked at the head of their respective schools; but their attendance has 
 been recently dispensed with. On Tuesday, they proceed direct to the 
 Mansion House ; and every boy, on being presented by the steward to 
 the Lord Mayor, receives from his Lordship a new sixpence ; the 
 Monitors a shilling ; and the Grecians and Nurses half a guinea.* In 
 passing through the Egyptian Hall, they partake of a glass of wine, 
 and a couple of buns. At the conclusion of this ceremony, they are 
 again followed by the civic authorities, but without the ladies, to Christ 
 Church, where the service of the preceding day is repeated. It is usual 
 for a junior bishop to preach on the Monday, and a clergyman 
 selected by the Mayor on the Tuesday ; -)- and, on both occasions, an 
 anthem, composed by the Head Master, and set to music by the 
 Organist, is sung by the children. This anthem is also sung in the 
 hall at the Public Supper on Easter Sunday ; and the following 
 specimen of a poetic lucubration of the kind for the year 1682 is suffi- 
 ciently curious to justify its insertion. It was, moreover, the first which 
 was sung in the hall, as rebuilt by Sir John Frederick. 
 
 * In the mayoralty of Alderman Thompson, who had been recently elected to the presi- 
 dency of the Hospital, these donations were doubled in every instance ; and his successor 
 has persevered in a change, which those, whom it most concerns, doubtless consider a very 
 wholesome measure. 
 
 T In the year 1799 the sermon on Easter Tuesday was preached by the celebrated 
 Dr. Parr; who is said to have been occupied nearly three hours in its delivery. It caused 
 a considerable stir at the time, and gave some offence ; and truly, in its length at least, it 
 was ill suited to the occasion. As a philosophical disquisition, however, it is a sterling 
 proof of intellectual greatness. Samuel Parr had indeed his eccentricities ; but few men of 
 extensive genius are without them. 
 
108 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 EASTER ANTHEM FOR THE YEAR 1682.* 
 
 Christ, our great head, is from the dead 
 
 Now risen to a throne : 
 
 From his great name our house's fame 
 
 Is to its greatness grown. 
 
 Christ, rising from the grave, hath crown'd 
 
 This season of the year : 
 
 And, 'tis but just, the earth should now 
 
 Adorn'd with flowers appear. 
 
 But yet for the Earth's charity 
 
 Let Heaven be ever prais'd ; 
 
 Which hath in this place, as you see, 
 
 A bank of violets rais'd. 
 
 Since God, the organs of his praise 
 
 The mouths of babes hath made ; 
 
 He by our well tun'd lips and heart 
 
 Shall ever be obey'd. 
 
 ii. 
 
 While Belial's sons do in the street 
 God's name with curses rend, 
 In honour of that holy name 
 Our songs shall still ascend. 
 But let men know, that all their praise 
 To heaven can nothing add ; 
 They do not make God happier, 
 While they themselves make glad. 
 Men's praise is a poor sacrifice, 
 With which they heaven invoke ; 
 Tis God finds all the gums and spice, 
 And men find but the smoke. 
 
 in. 
 
 Though men can nothing add to God, 
 They to his children may 
 
 * At this period the anthem was not necessarily composed by the head master. The 
 initials affixed to the above are "R. W." which are not those of the head master of the time. 
 A fee of five guineas is now attached to this yearly production. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 109 
 
 Relief and help, by charity, 
 
 In time of need convey : 
 
 For orphans, in their tender years, 
 
 Our Benefactors great 
 
 (We find and feel) provided have 
 
 Housing, cloths, drink, and meat ; 
 
 And what is more, food for the mind, 
 
 Learning and virtue both : 
 
 Let us for ever then renounce 
 
 Ingratitude and sloth. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Let's learn to work with diligent hands, 
 
 Which will improve us more, 
 
 Enlarge our Founder's charity, 
 
 Enrich our country's store. 
 
 All things the hands of God have wrought 
 
 By mathematic laws ; 
 
 In number weight and measure they 
 
 Obey their great first cause. 
 
 From thence King Charles did introduce 
 
 Our Mathematic School ; 
 
 To show by law and reason he 
 
 Meant all his realms to rule. 
 
 Our king, who claims four seas, thought fit 
 
 That some of us should know 
 
 Those lines of heaven, which do the bounds 
 
 Of his great empire show : 
 
 O ! may his line on earth remain, 
 
 While sun and moon endure ; 
 
 And us from Egypt, Babylon, 
 
 And from ourselves secure ! 
 
 That while tempestuous storms of war 
 
 The world abroad annoy, 
 
 Our island, city, hospital, 
 
 May halcyon days enjoy ! 
 
 VI. 
 
 
 And may all Christians, crown'd with bliss, 
 Thus Christ's great triumphs sing: 
 All hail ! of heaven, of earth, and hell, 
 Thou universal king ! 
 
110 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 His triumphs o'er the grave ensure 
 
 Our bodies conquering it ; 
 
 And our souls, which were dead in sin, 
 
 Thence life and conquest get. 
 
 Then may we rise with Christ, and seek 
 
 The things which are above, 
 
 And raise our hearts from earth to heaven 
 
 Unto the God of Love. 
 
 Among the archives of the Hospital there is also an anthem, sung by the 
 first children who were admitted within its walls. It is very beautifully 
 illuminated, and may be looked upon as a great curiosity ; but whether 
 it was the original of the present Easter Hymn, or merely one of those 
 sung during the Public Suppers, is altogether uncertain. Neither is 
 there any means of ascertaining the period at which these public suppers 
 were first introduced. Orders respecting their regulation occur at a very 
 early date in the Court and Committee Books; so that in all probability 
 they were nearly coeval with the foundation of the Hospital, and there 
 seems to have been little, if any, variation in the manner of conducting 
 them from that to the present time. They are occasionally called " Lent 
 Suppers," probably from being originally confined to the Sunday 
 Evenings in Lent ; but for a long series of years they were continued 
 from the Sunday after Christmas to Easter Day, both inclusive. Sub- 
 sequently, the months of March, April, and May were devoted to them; 
 but, on the appointment of the present Treasurer, they began on the 
 first Sunday in the year, and continued till Easter ; though latterly the 
 first Sunday in February has been fixed for their commencement.* The 
 
 * A respected and excellent friend has frequently suggested the irreligious tendency of 
 these suppers, as encouraging, in a certain degree, a profanation of the sabbath. It were 
 doubtless to be wished that many who attend them with the mere object of a promenade, and 
 seeing the children sup, could be effectually excluded; but it is to be hoped on the other hand 
 that the ceremony, which partakes of a devotional character, may have the effect of wanning 
 the hearts of every well-disposed christian with the spirit of charity and benevolence. At 
 the same time, the shortened period is amply sufficient for the promotion of the interests 
 of the Institution ; while there are many who would refuse to sanction the discontinuance of 
 a custom, venerable for its antiquity, and not altogether without its use. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. Ill 
 
 service also commences at seven in the evening, instead of the original 
 hour of six; and the magnificent effect of the lights is in itself a sufficient 
 motive for the change. A very general feeling of regret accompanied 
 the prior alteration, when the increasing daylight, toward the close of 
 the season, removed the necessity of lamps. Visitors are admitted by 
 tickets, each governor being entitled to three, independently of the 
 personal introduction of his party. For some years personal introduction 
 alone was permitted ; but the return to the ticket system, though on a 
 limited scale, was adopted in the first season of the public supping in the 
 New Hall. 
 
 The ceremony, on these occasions, opens with the usual service, 
 appointed for the children on ordinary Sundays ; and the spectator is 
 frequently moved even to tears in contemplating the scene before him. 
 The new Testament Lesson for the evening, read distinctly by one of 
 the senior boys ; the appropriate prayers of Bishop Compton, with the 
 loud Amen responded by the united voices of all the children ; and the 
 psalm, sung in full chorus, accompanied by the organ, produce an 
 effect which it is impossible to describe. After the grace, the company 
 walk round the hall while the children eat their supper; returning to 
 their seats at a signal given for the concluding portion of the service. 
 The grace is followed by one of the numerous anthems, which have 
 been composed at different times, either for the express purpose, or for 
 the Easter festivals; copies of which, written by the children, are dis- 
 tributed among the governors and the company present. On leaving 
 the hall, the boys walk in procession before the governors, making their 
 obeisance ; each ward being headed by its nurse, and certain of the 
 boys carrying the candles, table-cloths, bread-baskets, and the other 
 utensils which have been used at supper. 
 
 Interesting as the public supping is to strangers, the annual comme- 
 moration on St. Matthew's day is far more so, as well as more 
 important. From the first year of their foundation, this festival has 
 been set apart for the General Court of the several Royal Hospitals ; 
 and it is still observed for this purpose with the usual solemnity. In 
 
112 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 the forenoon the Lord Mayor and Aldermen proceed in state to the 
 Great Hall, where the Governors of each Hospital are summoned to 
 meet them ; and, having taken their seats at the upper end, the children 
 pass before them two by two, leading the way to Christ Church. A 
 sermon is there preached by one of the late scholars of the house, who 
 has passed through the university upon one of its exhibitions : after 
 which the company return to the Hall, where two orations are delivered 
 by the senior Grecians, in commemoration of the sister Institutions. 
 After the speeches, one of which, spoken by the junior, is in Latin, and 
 the other in English, a collection is made for the speakers, in furtherance 
 of their support at the university, and about .£120 is usually contributed.* 
 The chief clerk of Christ's Hospital then delivers to the Lord Mayor a 
 list of those persons who have been made governors in the several Hos- 
 pitals during the preceding year, in order to their registry and con- 
 firmation. According to the original " Order of the Hospitalls," all the 
 beadles are then called before the Court, and, delivering up their staves, 
 retire to the bottom of the Hall, " that the opinion of the Court may be 
 harde touching the doing of their duties : to the intent, yf any of them 
 be faultye, that he or they may be rebuked or dismissed, at the discretion 
 of the said Court ; and thereupon to deliver unto suche as then remayne 
 their staves, and again astablishe them." These forms concluded, the 
 Court is dissolved ; and the company, having partaken of refreshments, 
 retire. It appears from the Journal of the Shrievalty of Richard Hoare, 
 Esq., who filled the office in 1740-41, that " sweet cakes and burnt 
 wine" were then handed round upon these occasions. 
 
 Such are the annual celebrations of which the Great Hall is the 
 Theatre, and which have tended to endear the recollection of the vene- 
 rable fabric, which has recently been removed, to countless multitudes 
 who for years assembled daily beneath its roof. So intense indeed was 
 the feeling with which its demolition was regarded, that the smallest 
 
 * Formerly the Speeches were delivered in the Grammar School, when the collections 
 were comparatively inconsiderable. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 113 
 
 relic was sought with avidity, as a memorial of bygone days ; and 
 snuff-boxes,* formed from pieces of its ancient oak, are cherished with a 
 degree of affection, almost amounting to enthusiasm, by those who have 
 been so fortunate as to obtain them. It is time, however, to revert to 
 the period immediately succeeding its erection, which was marked, not 
 only by the united labours of the Governors, but by the munificent 
 exertions of individual benefactors, in enlarging those means of use- 
 fulness, which the Hospital had hitherto enjoyed. There was indeed 
 a drawback upon these advantages in the mismanagement of Mr. 
 Treasurer Hawes, by means of which the financial affairs were greatly 
 embarrassed. On the 14th of November, 1694, a committee was 
 summoned on the necessity of raising a loan for the purpose of defraying 
 present expenses, at which it was stated that several benefactions had 
 been misappropriated by the Treasurer, and that a gift of £500 in 
 particular had been applied to other uses than those for which it had 
 been designed. It appeared further that money had been frequently 
 borrowed without the sanction of the court ; and at a court, holden on 
 the 10th of December in the above year, it was found necessary to 
 borrow £2000, for the disbursement of outstanding Tradesmen's Bills. 
 The Hospital was at this moment paying interest for a previous loan of 
 £4000 ; and the debts continued to accumulate till the resignation 
 of Mr. Hawes in 1698, when the prospects of the house, under the 
 superintendence of Mr. Pepys, began to assume a more favourable 
 appearance, -f- 
 
 In extenuation of these defalcations, the great increase of children on 
 
 * Henri/ Woodthorpe, Esq. the Town Clerk of London, whose affection for the place of 
 his education is evinced on all occasions, and by all means, had several snuff-boxes manu- 
 factured from the old oak in Germany, inlaid in pearl, with an architectural elevation of the 
 New Hall, which he has presented, as memorials of early friendship, to his blue acquaintances. 
 A less costly box, ornamented with a medallion portrait of the founder, is in very general 
 request. 
 
 •f- Mr. Hawes died in 1706, and lies buried in the east cloister. The subjoined inscription 
 on his monument is not in very strict accordance with the facts detailed above ; for which 
 
 Q 
 
114 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 the establishment was repeatedly urged; and, in truth, the number of 
 admissions had greatly exceeded the means of accommodation with 
 which the Hospital was provided. The " Place House" at Ware, and 
 another branch establishment, which had been recently erected at 
 Broxbourne, were wholly inadequate to the increasing overflow of the 
 Parent Institution.* It became necessary, therefore, to prepare an 
 abode for the reception of the younger children ; and, as any charge 
 upon the existent revenue was entirely out of the question, the governors 
 entered into a voluntary subscription for the purpose. The salubrity of the 
 air, and its convenient distance from the metropolis, pointed out Hert- 
 ford as affording a favourable site for the intended erection. Accord- 
 ingly, in 1683, the foundation of a handsome building was laid in the 
 eastern extremity of the town ; but an interval of nearly twelve years 
 elapsed before it was completed. At a committee, holden on the 11th 
 of March, 1 694-5, it appeared that the amount of subscriptions already 
 
 the authorities are contained in a series of MS. letters between Mr. Pepys and several 
 gentlemen connected with the Hospital at the time. 
 
 " This Monument is erected to the Memory of Nathaniel Hawes, Esq. late Citizen of Lon- 
 don, and, for the space of nearly fifteen years, a careful and faithful Treasurer of Christ's 
 
 Hospital. 
 
 He died January the 20th, 1706, aged 79 years." 
 
 Beneath are his arms : — Azure, on a chevron or, three cinquefoils gules, a canton ermin. 
 
 * In the " Place House," which is still vested in the Governors of the Hospital, one 
 hundred and forty boys were lodged, boarded, and educated. It forms a large quadrangle; 
 and at this period consisted of a school house, apartments for the master, and thirteen wards 
 for the accommodation of the children. Sir Jonathan Raymond, Knt. and Alderman of 
 London, presented the Governors with a field, adjoining the school, for the purpose of a 
 playground ; and the parish appropriated a gallery at the west end of the church to their use. 
 The buildings, which are now let upon lease, and underlet in separate tenements, remain in 
 nearly the same state as when they were first erected ; and a statue of a bluecoat boy, in a 
 niche in the front wall, still commemorates their former destination. In 1775 the last election 
 of a master at Ware took place, and about 1760 the children were finally removed from thence 
 to Hertford. At Broxbourne, the only remnant of the establishment is the gallery in the 
 parish church, which was erected for the children in 1691, by Sir John Fleet, Knt. and 
 Alderman, and one of the Governors of the Hospital. 
 
C J /l£*£> €/U 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 115 
 
 paid was £4018. 15s. 6d. ; and that the estimated cost of that part of 
 the structure, which was still unfinished, was £ 1500. Towards meeting 
 this expense, somewhat above £900 of promised benefaction had not 
 yet been received ; and it was expected that the sum required would be 
 easily obtained in the course of the year. Eventually, the whole amount 
 subscribed was £5235. 17s. 6d. thus falling very little short of the 
 expense incurred. Independently of this liberal contribution, a gallery 
 had been erected, in 1684, by a Governor of the Hospital, for the 
 accommodation of the boys, to the number of five hundred, in All- 
 Saint's church. An inscription to this effect commemorates the gift : — 
 " This Gallery Was Built For The Vse oF The Blewcoat Boys 
 Belonging To Christs Hospitall London, By A "Worthy BeneFactor 
 And Governour oF That Hospitall, Anno Domini, 1684."* 
 
 The reputation of the Hospital, as a Commercial Seminary, was now 
 rapidly rising under the active management of Mr. Smith, the Writing 
 Master; and his exertions were duly appreciated and encouraged by 
 Sir John Moore, who was at that time President. In order more 
 effectually to promote the interest of the House in this important object, 
 this excellent man and liberal benefactor undertook to erect, at his own 
 expense, a capacious Writing School, fitted for the accommodation of 
 five hundred boys. The building was commenced in the year 1694, 
 under the superintendence of Sir Christopher Wren, on an open space 
 adjoining the north end of the Hall ; and it was opened, with great 
 ceremony, on the 10th of April, 1695. It was at first intended that 
 each of the two Grecians, last sent to the University, should be desired 
 to compose a Speech, in Latin and English respectively, and adapted 
 
 * A gallery has also been erected for the girls, who were removed hither in 1774, adjoining 
 that for the boys : and in consideration of the accommodation thus afforded to the children, 
 the Governors voted a contribution of £100 towards the repairs and enlargement of the 
 church, in 1824. 
 
 On the 23rd of July, 1763, a fire ball penetrated the roof of the church, during the time 
 of divine service, and exploded in the boys' gallery; but providentially with no other damage 
 than singeing a child's hair, and terribly alarming the congregation. 
 
116 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 to the occasion, to be delivered by the senior boys of the Grammar 
 School. Objections, however, being raised to this proposal by Mr. 
 Mumford, then head master, Mr. Smith was requested to prepare an 
 address ; but eventually the task devolved upon the Treasurer. An 
 anthem, selected from the beginning of the xxth Psalm, was then sung 
 by the children ; and, refreshments having been handed round, the 
 company separated. According to the estimate, the expense of the 
 building was laid at £ 3000 ; but the cost, in the end, considerably 
 exceeded ,£4000.* A statue of Sir John Moore, which was originally 
 placed in a niche at the upper end of the school, now stands in front 
 of the building ; and the following inscription records the munificence 
 which planned and completed its erection : — 
 
 Anno Dom. 1694. This Writing School and stately Building was begun and 
 completely finished at the sole charge of Sir John Moore, Knt. and Lord Mayor of 
 the city in the year MDCLXXXI, now president of this House, he having been 
 otherwise a liberal benefactor to the same. 
 
 On the 20th of September in the same year, 1695, a curious incident 
 occurred, which is strikingly illustrative of the interest which was then 
 taken, not only in the general welfare of the Hospital, but in the children 
 individually. Two wealthy citizens dying left their estates, one to a 
 bluecoat boy, and the other to a bluecoat girl, respectively. Such was 
 the sensation produced by the unexpected good fortune of the youthful 
 
 * Colonel Aungier writes thus to Mr. Pepys, under the date of May 30, 1695: — " Mr. 
 Parry came yesterday to me, and tells me somewhat surprising relating to y c Hospitall, 
 which is, that an estimate was given S r John Moore that the building of the schoole would 
 cost three thousand pounds, which he was satisfied w" 1 : but now the treasurer sends the 
 workmen with bills nor him to pay to the value of two thousand and three hundred pounds 
 more, at which he is extreamly vexed, and will not pay them. The treasurer presseth him 
 to pay them by the way of Loane, and the hospitall to repay him. This is a strange 
 management of affaires, and it seemes almost incredible; but he hath promised to send me 
 the coppy of the treasurer's letter, which S r John hath ordered to be entered." Hospital MS. 
 Letters. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 117 
 
 legatees, that a match was brought about between them, and they were 
 publicly married at Guildhall Chapel. The bridegroom, dressed in a 
 coat of blue satin, was conducted thither by two of the girls ; the 
 bride, in a blue gown and green apron, by two of the boys : and, as 
 they passed in procession along Cheapside, headed by several of the 
 Governors, and followed by a train of their schoolfellows, a more joyous 
 spectacle can scarcely be imagined. After the ceremony, which was 
 performed by the Dean of St. Paul's, the Lord Mayor giving away the 
 bride, the party returned to the Hospital, where the wedding dinner was 
 prepared in the Great Hall. Mr. Pepys, who relates the occurrence in 
 a letter to Mrs. Steward, thus concludes his narrative : — " Bow bells are 
 just now ringing, ding dong, but whether for this I cannot presently 
 tell : but it is likely enough, for I have known them ring upon much 
 foolisher occasions, and lately too."* 
 
 Independent of the acts of more extended munificence already 
 recorded, the general amount of benefactions between the years 1600 
 and 1700 somewhat exceeded £ 110,000 ;f- and the succeeding century 
 opened with the valuable bequest from William Garway, Esq. whose 
 estate, consisting of five capital farms, near Arundel in Sussex, produces 
 at this time above 1800 per annum. In the following years, and in 
 1718 more particularly, the Hospital was seasonably relieved, by frequent 
 and considerable contributions, from the embarrassments under which it 
 laboured ; and from that period downwards, under a more wise and 
 considerate management, its expenditure, though greatly beyond its 
 
 * Pepys' " Diary and Correspondence," edited by Lord Braybrooke. Vol. ii. p. 146. 
 t The several donations, making up this amount, were principally given by Governors ; 
 
 viz. From 1600 to 1650 35,157 6 
 
 1650 to 1700 75,150 8 5 
 
 £110,307 8 11 
 
 Among these was the benefaction of John Fowke, Esq. who bequeathed to the Hospital 
 certain estates in the county of Essex, for the maintenance of eight boys, of whom two are 
 to be of the parish of Barking. 
 
118 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 permanent income, has seldom, if ever, exceeded its contingent supplies. 
 Thomas Lockington, then Treasurer, gave by will certain lands for the 
 maintenance of two children of the same name, with preference to those 
 who can prove their relationship. * The gift also of John West, Esq. 
 and Frances, his wife, is nearly of the same date. They made over to 
 the Governors, by indenture, in the year 1720, certain lands, then 
 producing a yearly rental of £24. 8s. for the support of a certain 
 number of children, at the rate of £10 for each child, -f It is mani- 
 festly impossible, however, to particularize the gifts of the various indi- 
 viduals, who about this period swell the list of benefactors ; but that 
 of Thomas Guy, the pious founder of the Hospital which bears his 
 name, must not be wholly passed over in silence. By his will, dated 
 September 4, 1724, he devised a perpetual annuity of £400 to the 
 president and governors, in consideration of the constant maintenance 
 of four children, on the presentation of the Governors of his own 
 Institution. From the Court Book of the year 1697, it seems that 
 £500 had been also left by Mr. Henry Guy, subject to the admission 
 of two children ; but it does not appear that the two individuals were 
 otherwise connected than by name. It is somewhat remarkable that the 
 mere mention of the gift is the only record of Henry Guy's donation. 
 
 In 1705 Sir Francis Child had rebuilt the ward over the east 
 cloister; J and in 1730 two additional wards were built at the back 
 of the Writing School by J. Bacon, Esq. to accommodate the in- 
 
 * If no relation claims within three months after a vacancy is declared, two months more 
 are allowed for claimants of the name of Lockington ; after which the right of presentation 
 cedes to the parish of St. Mary Magdalen, in Old Fish Street. 
 
 f One in five of the children admitted on this gift are presented by the parishioners of 
 Twickenham ; two boys and one girl being the average number maintained thereon. Be- 
 quests, with conditions similar to those of Lockington and West, are numerous ; as, for 
 instance, those of Russel, Butteris, and others. 
 
 % The subjoined tablet is inscribed in front of the building: — 
 
 " Anno 1705. This ward was rebuilt at the sole charge of Sir Francis Child, Knt. 
 sometime Lord Mayor, and now President of this House." 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 119 
 
 creasing number of children, which the Hospital were enabled from 
 time to time to receive. It became necessary also to make a propor- 
 tionate addition to the gallery in Christ Church ; and, permission 
 having been granted by the parishioners, a request was made on their 
 part for a yearly presentation, in consideration of the advantageous posi- 
 tion of the children during divine service.* The petition was supported 
 by the Treasurer, and a boy was annually presented till the year 1749 ; 
 but the disputes in which the Hospital and the parish were subsequently 
 involved, respecting the liability of the house to the payment of poor 
 rates, the settlement of Mr. Stretchley's will, and a right of road-way 
 claimed by the Governors, had the effect of annulling the grant. In 
 the event the Court of Aldermen ordered the officers' houses to be 
 rated, and an action at nisi prius, in 1761, ended in an arbitration, 
 by which the hospital was adjudged to pay to the parish £193. 15s. 
 upon account of arrears due under Mr. Stretchley's will. The carriage- 
 road by Butcher-Hall Lane has since been conceded to the Hospital ; 
 and the most perfect unanimity has subsequently been maintained 
 on both sides, nor is it likely to be again interrupted. Although the 
 parish have no claim for the admission of children as an independent 
 right, they continually present under the condition of the wills of 
 Mr. Stock and others ; and, as a return for the accommodation of the 
 children, the parishioners have been invited, during the periodical re- 
 pairs of the church, to attend divine service in the Great Hall, which is 
 fitted up with temporary pews for their accommodation. This was 
 last done in the year 1812, when the attendance was very consi- 
 derable. 
 
 With respect to the general admission of children, it will be re- 
 membered that the Regulations of 1676 fixed seven years of age as the 
 
 * During the first century from the foundation, the children were most inconveniently 
 stationed on the chancel floor behind the pulpit; and the first request to build a gallery, 
 which was made in 1657, was refused on the part of the parish. A petition was thereupon 
 presented to the city, when an order was immediately issued for its erection. 
 
120 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 earliest period at which a child should be taken into the House, without 
 any restriction of superannuation. Hence it happened that children 
 of advanced ages were frequently admitted, not only to the prejudice 
 of younger applicants, but to the serious disadvantage of themselves, 
 in being discharged at the usual time, with an imperfect education. 
 It was determined, therefore, at a committee holden on the 20th of 
 March, 1728, " to represent it as their opinion to the next general 
 court, that for the future no child be admitted above the age of eleven 
 years." This limitation was accordingly adopted ; and a standing rule 
 to that effect was added to those already in force. According to the 
 above regulations also, no child could be admitted, in ordinary cases, 
 whose father was not free of the city of London. Deviations, however, 
 from this order continually occurred ; and in 1704, an express exception 
 was made in favour of children presented by the relations of Mr. Stone. 
 In 1748 the number of unfree children had progressively increased 
 to such extent, that it became necessary to adopt some definite law 
 respecting them for the future. After mature deliberation it was resolved 
 that one-fourth of the presentations issued should be non-free; and the 
 regulations were further modified in respect to the age and condition of 
 the children presented. It was now provided that they should be admitted 
 between the age of seven and twelve ; that not only orphans, properly 
 so called, but such as had lost one parent only, or where one parent 
 was disabled so as to be a burden to the other, as also children of 
 clergymen, should be eligible ; that from families in which there were 
 four young children, a second should be admissible ; but that no sons 
 of livery servants should be received, except the father were free of the 
 city of London. In 1760 the order respecting unqualified children was 
 extended to the admission of one in three ; on a subsequent revision 
 of the regulations, at a court holden on the 28th of March, 1765, it was 
 agreed that clergymen's and freemen's children should be on the same 
 footing, and that two children out of four of any age unprovided for 
 should be capable of presentation ; and lastly, in 1777, the restriction 
 
HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 121 
 
 respecting orphanage was entirely removed. It appears therefore, that 
 at this time the qualifications for admission, as compared with those at 
 present in force, were to the following purport : — 
 
 1 
 
 By Regulations q/"1748 revised. 
 
 One third of presentations to be non- 
 free, and sons of clergymen to be 
 considered free. 
 
 2. Age of admission from seven to twelve. 
 
 3. Two children of the same family admis- 
 
 sible, in which there are four unpro- 
 vided for. 
 
 4. Foundlings and paupers ineligible. 
 
 5. Children of livery servants, unless free 
 
 of the city, as well as all deformed, 
 ruptured, and diseased children, to 
 be rejected. 
 
 6. No child to be received, for whom there 
 
 is any probable means of support. 
 
 7. Certificates to the above qualifications 
 
 to be produced from the minister, 
 churchwardens, and three principal 
 householders of the parish, from 
 which a child may come ; with an 
 engagement to discharge the child 
 at the proper age. 
 
 8. The certificates to be strictly examined 
 
 by committee or court. 
 
 By Regulations of 1809. 
 1. The same. 
 
 2. From seven to ten. 
 
 3. The same. 
 
 4. The same. 
 
 5. The same. 
 
 6. No child to be received, who has any 
 
 adequate means of education and 
 maintenance. 
 
 7. The same. 
 
 8. The same. 
 
 In the year 1754, the Hospital became the depository of a singular 
 bequest from James St. Amand, Esq. of the Parish of St. George the 
 Martyr, in Queen Square. By his will, dated August 9, 1749, he 
 gives to Christ's Hospital a miniature, set in gold, being the portrait of 
 his grandfather, John St. Amand, Esq. together with the residue of his 
 estate, amounting to upwards of .£8000 : upon condition " that the 
 Treasurer shall give a receipt to his executors, and a promise never to 
 alienate the said picture ; and, as often as a change of Treasurer takes 
 
 I 
 
122 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 place, every new Treasurer shall send a written receipt and promise to 
 the same effect to the Vice-chancellor of Oxford." In case of the non- 
 production of the portrait to a deputation annually sent from Oxford, 
 the whole estate becomes forfeited to the university, to be appropriated 
 to certain purposes expressed in the will.* An ancestor of Mr. St. 
 Amand, in the reign of Henry III., had married into the family of the 
 Stuarts ; and hence, perhaps, originated the notion, which has been 
 erroneously entertained, that the miniature in question is a likeness 
 of the Pretender. A court is annually held, called the " Picture Court," 
 at which it is formally produced ; and deputies from Oxford are occa- 
 sionally present to ascertain the fact of its preservation. The will, from 
 which the following is the clause, which grants the bequest, and specifies 
 the conditions, was proved in 1754 by the celebrated antiquarian, 
 Dr. Stukely, who was one of the executors. 
 
 " Item, I give all the rest of my money and property of every 
 description (after the payment of my debts, legacies, and funeral, and 
 whatever expense attends the execution of this will) to Christ's Hospital. 
 And my will is, that whatever of my effects the governors of the hospital 
 shall consider as being of no benefit to the hospital, they, the governors, 
 shall sell all such (except the picture aforesaid) to the best advantage, 
 and the money arising from the sale shall go, together with all the 
 money I may leave in specie, or in my bankers' hands, undisposed of, 
 to purchase three per cent, bank annuities : which annuities, together 
 
 * Legacies, with similar conditions, have been frequently left for charitable purposes, in 
 which the forfeiture is in favour of Christ's Hospital. In 1575, Lady Anne Bacon made a 
 bequest to the parish of St. Michael Bashishaw, which, in case of misappropriation, lapses to 
 the Mayor, Commonalty, and Citizens of London, as Governors of the House ; in 1618, 1699, 
 and 1730, Richard Wyatt, Richard Smith, and Mary Lockhigton, did the like to the Com- 
 pany of Carpenters, and the parishes of St. Mary Woolnoth, and St. Mary Magdalen in Old 
 Fish Street respectively; and in 1827, Quhitin Kay, of Ludgate Hill, upholsterer, left to the 
 Corporation of Doncaster, the sum of £6000 four per cent, bank annuities, and £2000 three 
 per cent, consolidated annuities, with the proviso, that " in case of the wilful misapplication 
 of the funds by the corporation, the whole of the above sum is to go to the Governors of 
 Christ's Hospital, London, for the general purposes thereof for ever." 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 123 
 
 with the securities for money which I leave behind me, shall be made 
 one separate stock, never to be diminished by the Hospital, unless my 
 executors require the aid of a part of the said stock, in consequence of 
 an unforeseen expense attending this my will. My further will is, that 
 the interest arising from such property (as long as the hospital shall 
 preserve the aforesaid picture) shall be applied either to increase the 
 number of blue-coat children, or for the better assisting such of the 
 children as may be put out apprentices by the said hospital. I further 
 desire that the aforesaid picture shall be kept in the treasury of the said 
 hospital, and that it annually be produced at the first general court held 
 after the 1st of January in every year ; and such part of my will, relative 
 to that hospital, shall be then and there publicly read. I also desire 
 that the picture shall be shown once annually to whomsoever the vice- 
 chancellor of Oxford shall send to demand a sight thereof; but in case 
 the sight be refused to the vice-chancellor or his deputy, then I direct 
 that all my bequests given to Christ's Hospital shall immediately cease. 
 And I hereby give and devise the same from that time to the University 
 of Oxford, to the intent that the university may buy freehold lands of 
 inheritance, and the rent arising therefrom to be applied as follows : — in 
 the first place, the chief Bodleian librarian shall receive of it as much as 
 shall augment his salary to £ 120 annually, provided he be a bachelor : 
 secondly, the sub-librarian, if a bachelor, shall have his salary aug- 
 mented to £10 per annum, which augmentation of salary shall continue 
 only as long as they remain bachelors, and shall not be paid again if 
 they marry, until other librarians who may be bachelors are substituted 
 in their room. What remains after paying them I desire may be applied 
 to the purchase of manuscripts and good printed editions of classic 
 authors, such as may be worthy a place in the library. In this manner 
 I desire such money may be disposed of, as (if either librarian is 
 married) would contribute to the augmentation of his salary, were he not 
 married." 
 
 Proceeding onward in the order of time, the next occurrence in the 
 
124 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 History of Christ's Hospital is one of considerable interest; in the 
 repetition of which the Governors, more than once within the last few 
 years, have been unfortunately disappointed. From the earliest period 
 of the foundation it has always been usual, on certain occasions of 
 the sovereign's appearance in the city, to assemble the children in 
 some convenient situation, and present, through the senior scholar, 
 an address of congratulation. During Queen Elizabeth's progress 
 through the city, on the 14th of January, 1558--9, they stood with 
 the Governors at St. Dunstan's church ; and one of them delivered 
 a Latin oration. At the coronation of James I. three hundred of the 
 children saluted him from a scaffold, erected near the church of All- 
 hallows, Barking ; and on Lord Mayor's day, in the year 1681, a speech 
 was delivered to Charles II. at the west end of St. Paul's cathedral, 
 where all the boys were stationed, and those of the king's new foundation 
 held in their hands their mathematical instruments. Besides these 
 out-door exhibitions, the children were more than once received at 
 court, both by Charles and his successor ; and one of these occurrences 
 gave rise to Verrio's great picture, which is still in possession of the 
 Governors, and occupies a considerable space on the north side of the 
 Hall.* In subsequent reigns, this privilege has been reserved to the 
 king's boys only, as noticed in the preceding chapter ; but the congra- 
 
 * This picture was painted expressly for the Hospital, at the instigation, chiefly, of Mr. 
 Pepys; but it was not without considerable trouble that the reluctant painter was induced to 
 abide by his bargain. Mr. Malcolm, in his " Londinium Redivivum," vol. iii. p. 374, has the 
 following critique upon the performance : — 
 
 " Verrio's enormous picture must originally have been in three parts ; the centre on an end 
 wall, and the two others on the adjoining sides. Placed thus, the perspective of the depths 
 of the arches would have been right; as it is at present, extended on one plane, they are 
 exactly the reverse. The audience chamber is of the Ionic order, with twenty pilasters, and 
 their entablatures and arches. The passage, seen through these, has an intersected arched 
 ceiling. 
 
 The king sits in the centre of the painting, on a throne of crimson damask, with the royal 
 arms embroidered on the drapery of the canopy, the front of which is of fringed white cloth 
 of gold. The footstool is of purple cloth of gold ; and the steps of the throne are covered 
 by a rich Turkey carpet, not remarkably well painted. The king holds a scroll in his left 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 125 
 
 tulatory address in the open air, since the time of Queen Anne, has 
 been uniformly delivered by the senior scholar of the Grammar School, 
 in the route of the sovereign's customary visit to Guildhall, on the first 
 Lord Mayor's day after his accession. 
 
 The last occasion of this ceremony was the splendid entertainment 
 given by the city to George III. and Queen Charlotte, on the 9th of 
 November, 1761, on which day Sir Samuel Fludyer, bart. was elevated 
 to the civic chair. All the children, attended by the Governors and 
 officers of the Hospital, were stationed on a scaffold erected for the 
 purpose at the east end of St. Paul's cathedral. When the Royal 
 Procession had reached the spot, their majesties alighted, and, taking 
 their seats under a canopy, which had been raised for their accom- 
 modation, the senior Grecian delivered the following address : — 
 
 " Most august and gracious Sovereign, 
 From the condescension and goodness which Your Majesty displays 
 towards even the meanest of your subjects, we are emboldened to hope 
 you will accept the tribute of obedience and duty which we, poor 
 orphans, are permitted to present you. 
 
 Educated and supported by the munificence of a charity, founded, 
 enlarged, and protected by your royal predecessors, with the warmest 
 gratitude we acknowledge our inexpressible obligations to its bounty, 
 
 hand, extends the right, and seems to address a person immediately before him. The position 
 of his body, and the foreshortened arm, are excellent, and the lace and drapery are finely 
 drawn and coloured. On the sides of the throne are two circular portraits. 
 
 The painter has committed a strange error in turning the King's face from the Lord Mayor, 
 who points in vain to an extended map, a globe, and all the kneeling figures, exulting in the 
 progress of their forty boys in the mathematics, who are busily employed in producing their 
 cases and definitions. Neither in such an attitude could the king observe fourteen kneeling 
 girls, though their faces and persons are handsome and graceful, and the matron and her 
 assistant seem eager to place them in the monarch's view. Verrio has stationed himself at 
 the extreme end of the picture, and his expression appears to inquire the spectators' opinion 
 of his performance. On the opposite side, a yeoman of the guard clears the way for some 
 person, and a female seems alarmed at his violence, but a full-dressed youth before him looks 
 out of the picture with the greatest indifference. There is only one excellent head, which 
 speaks earnestly to a boy. Another figure, probably the Master or Steward, pulls a youth's 
 hair, with marks of anger. Several lords in waiting are correct and good figures." 
 
 * 
 
126 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 and the distinguished happiness we have hitherto enjoyed under the 
 constant patronage of former princes. May this ever be our boast and 
 our glory ! Nor can we think we shall prefer our prayer in vain, whilst 
 with earnest but humble supplications we implore the patronage and 
 protection of your Majesty. 
 
 To our ardent petition for your princely favour, may we presume, 
 dread sovereign, to add our most respectful congratulations on your 
 auspicious marriage with your royal consort? Strangers to the dis- 
 quietude which often dwells within the circle of a crown, long may your 
 majesties experience the heartfelt satisfaction of domestic life, in the 
 uninterrupted possession of every endearment of the most tender union, 
 every blessing of conjugal affection, every comfort of parental felicity ; 
 and may a race of princes, your illustrious issue and descendants, formed 
 by the example and inheriting the virtues of their great and good pro- 
 genitors, continue to sway the British sceptre to the latest posterity !" 
 
 At the conclusion of the address, two copies thereof were presented 
 to their majesties, who received them from the hands of the youthful 
 orator with the most approving condescension. As the procession 
 moved forward, God save the King was sung in full chorus by the 
 children. The chief actor in this interesting scene, Josiah Disturnell, 
 is now perhaps almost the only survivor of those who witnessed it. He 
 is still living, at an advanced age, at the rectory of Wormshill in Kent, 
 which he holds under the patronage of the Governors. It was in con- 
 templation to take advantage of this ancient privilege, in the course of 
 the procession of the allied sovereigns to the splendid banquet at Guild- 
 hall, on the 18th of June, 1814 ; but it was thought that, in the case of 
 a Regency, it could not properly be exercised.* In expectation, 
 
 * The Rev. Robert Lynam, M. A. late Assistant Preacher at the Magdalen Hospital, would 
 have been the speaker ; and, as still retained in his memory, the following was the intended 
 address: — 
 
 May it please your Royal Highness, 
 Anxious to embrace every means by which they may express their high sense of the honors 
 conferred on this metropolis by the public presence of your Royal Highness, and the August 
 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 127 
 
 however, of the intended visit of his present majesty on the Lord Mayor's 
 day succeeding his accession, preparations on the most extensive scale 
 had been made for the customary expression of youthful loyalty ; when 
 the dread of popular tumult again put a stop to the proceedings. 
 
 Between the date of the ceremony above described, and that of the 
 important transaction with which the next chapter commences, little 
 beyond the ordinary routine of occurrences took place in the Hospital. 
 The removal of the girls in 1774, the establishment of a Reading School 
 in London in 1778, and the bequest of John Stock, Esq. in 1780, are 
 the principal facts during this interval which require attention. It was 
 deemed expedient, from various considerations, that the girls, who had 
 hitherto occupied a large ward in Sir Robert Clayton's building, should 
 be kept more entirely apart from the rest of the establishment; and 
 separate accommodations were accordingly prepared for them, together 
 with their mistresses and nurses, at Hertford. With respect to the 
 Reading School, it was the object of the Governors to provide instruc- 
 tion in English reading and English grammar, and subsequently in 
 "writing and arithmetic, for those children who, on being removed from 
 Hertford at the appointed age, were not sufficiently advanced for the 
 grammar and writing schools ; as well as for those whom it was deemed 
 expedient to keep in London at the time of their admission. Subse- 
 quent regulations rendered such an arrangement unnecessary, and the 
 school has been now for some years discontinued. That part of 
 Mr. Stock's benefaction, which relates to the Mathematical School, has 
 
 Sovereigns, whose noble exertions, in conjunction with your Royal Highness, have effected 
 the deliverance of Europe, the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, with the rest of the Governors 
 of Christ's Hospital, consider it their duty to present to your notice (as has been customary 
 on former occasions) the children of that excellent institution : — an institution which, 
 originally founded, and since considerably augmented, by the bounty of your Royal an- 
 cestors, they cherish as one of the proudest ornaments of this great city. They humbly 
 beg to assure your Royal Highness, that the important charge committed to them has not 
 been neglected. The tender plant, matured by their fostering care, now spreads its arms 
 like the forest oak, and thousands and tens of thousands of fatherless children have found 
 shelter and safety beneath its branches. Under the benign auspices of your Royal Highness, 
 they trust that it will long continue to flourish, and transmit its blessing unimpaired to suc- 
 ceeding generations. 
 
128 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 been already noticed ; and the extract from his will before recited * 
 fully states the remaining particulars. Suffice it therefore to add, that 
 two children, generally bearing the donor's name, are constantly main- 
 tained and educated in the Hospital, according to the provisions therein 
 specified. 
 
 It was in the year at which we have now arrived, when, by the 
 infatuated zeal of Lord George Gordon, the City of London exhibited 
 a scene of riot, confusion, and bloodshed, altogether unequalled in the 
 annals of its history : and, though it may well be supposed that Christ's 
 Hospital could have little to dread from political feuds and factions, its 
 inmates were not altogether free from alarm, nor indeed from danger. 
 A notion had been imbibed by the populace, that the children were 
 brought up in the principles of papistry; and, though contradicted by the 
 very fact of its peculiarly protestant constitution,^ the error had well nigh 
 produced most disastrous consequences. On the night when the several 
 gaols were fired by the rioters, the prisoners, who escaped from Newgate, 
 assembled in the outlet of the Grey Friars, for the purpose of knocking 
 off their fetters. Admission was then demanded within the gates of the 
 Hospital ; and, had it not been for the firm and manly remonstrances 
 of Mr. Wales, the Mathematical Master, who reasoned them out of 
 their mistake, and convinced them of the little advantage that could be 
 gained by disturbing the security of the defenceless children, they would 
 in all probability have effected an entrance, and attempted the destruc- 
 tion of the house. By these well-timed expostulations, however, the 
 threatened danger was averted, and no further molestation offered during 
 the dreadful catastrophe which ensued. 
 
 * See above, p. 96. 
 
 T It may here be mentioned, that the inauguration of Queen Elizabeth, and the completion 
 of the Reformation in England, are yearly commemorated in Christ's Hospital on the 17th 
 day of November. By will, dated August 20, 1663, Thomas Barnes gave to the governors 
 certain estates, of the estimated annual value of £370, in trust for several purposes ; and, 
 among the rest, for a sermon to be preached in Christ Church yearly on the above day, in 
 support of the protestant faith. The governors and officers afterwards dine together ; and 
 the honours due to the " golden days of good Queen Bess" are never forgotten. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 129 
 
 
 Chapter VI. 
 
 Differences of opinion respecting the chartered rights of the Corporation of London — Ori- 
 ginal joint government of the four Royal Hospitals — The Charge of every Governor in 
 general — General Courts — Courts of each Hospital respectively — Committees — Discon- 
 tinuance of the office of Comptroller General, and Surveyor General — Presidents first 
 appointed — Early mode of Election — Articles of agreement of 1782 — Their confirmation 
 by Act of Parliament — Present Government of Christ's Hospital — Chartered, Benefaction, 
 and Nomination Governors — Mode of Election — Charge — Presentations — Exclusive pri- 
 vileges — Election of Mr. Boyer to the Upper Mastership — Academical Reputation of his 
 Pupils — His character drawn by the poet Coleridge — First Establishment of a Grammar 
 School at Hertford — Formation of an English Library — General Library — The old 
 Grammar Schools — Bequest of John Smith, Esq. — The Grammar Schools of 1793 — The 
 New Grammar and Mathematical Schools — Unprecedented admission in the year 1799 — 
 Improvement in the System of Education — Rev. A.W. Trollope appointed Head Grammar 
 Master — Success of his Pupils — Inscription on a piece of plate presented to him by the 
 Governors — Dilapidated state of the Hospital — Public subscription for the Establishment 
 of a building fund — Manifestation of a turbulent spirit among the boys — Institution of a 
 Sunday Evening Lecture — Anxiety of the Governors respecting the admission of children 
 — Revision of the Regulations in 1809 — Officious interference of Alderman Waithman 
 and others — Statement of alleged cases of abuse—Proceedings in Chancery — Evidence 
 adduced before Mr. Brougham, and the Education Committee— Result of the inquiry — 
 Sale of Presentations— Sir W. Curtis elected President — His feast to the boys on the oc- 
 casion — Increasing reputation of the Hospital Scholars at the University — Presentation of 
 the Head Master with the degree of Doctor in Divinity. 
 
 Little has hitherto been said with reference to the government of the 
 Hospital, as vested in the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty of 
 London, beyond the mere statement of the style by which they are 
 designated in the charter. Differences of opinion, however, had fre- 
 quently arisen respecting the rights and privileges to which the corpo- 
 ration were entitled, in the direction of this as well as of the sister Hos- 
 pitals, so as at length to render it necessary to terminate them for the 
 future, by placing the matter upon a permanent and satisfactory footing. 
 This consummation was at length effected by articles of agreement, 
 
 s 
 
130 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 sanctioned by a legislative enactment; which it will be necessary to 
 introduce by a brief review of the mode in which the affairs of the house 
 had been previously managed, from the time of its first foundation. 
 
 At the court, holden on the 28th September, 1557, it was agreed 
 that St. Bartholomew's Hospital should thenceforward be united into 
 one body with the royal foundations of Edward VI. ; and that the 
 number of governors for their joint management should be sixty-six at 
 the least, of whom fourteen were to be aldermen, and fifty-two com- 
 moners, citizens and freemen of the city of London. Of the fourteen 
 aldermen, two were to preside over the four Hospitals collectively, one 
 as Comptroller, and the other as Surveyor General; and the remaining 
 complement, three aldermen, and thirteen commoners, were to be ap- 
 pointed to the separate charge of each. These Governors were to 
 remain in office for two years only, from the ensuing feast of St. Michael; 
 and at the annual court on St. Matthew's day, such proper persons, as 
 had been previously nominated for each Hospital respectively, were to 
 be elected in the room of those retiring, and their names to be delivered 
 in writing to the Lord Mayor for confirmation, at the next court of 
 aldermen at Guildhall. In cases of death, the vacancies were to be 
 filled up within one month ; and, in the higher offices, within ten days ; 
 and eight days after the confirmation of the election, each Governor was 
 to receive his charge in a general court, summoned expressly for the 
 purpose. 
 
 " THE CHARGE OF EVERY GOVERNOR IN GENERALL. 
 
 " Whereas upon St. Matthews day last past, At a General Court, 
 Your worships now here present were then elected Governours of this 
 said hospitall for the ij yeares next ensuinge from the feast of St. Michaell 
 tharchangell, to succede in the places of suche as be departed, according 
 to the confirmation and ratification of the Lord Maior and Court of 
 Aldermen in that behalfe ; Your charge shall be in this Government, 
 that every of you endevor your selves with all your wisdomes and 
 powers faithfullie and diligently to serve in this Vocation and Calling ; 
 

 history of Christ's hospital. 131 
 
 which is an Office of high Trust and Worship ; for ye are called to be the 
 faithful and true distributors and disposers of the goods of Almightie 
 God to his poor and needy members. In the which Office and calling, 
 yf ye shall be found negligent and unfaithfull, you shall not onelie 
 declare your selves to be the most unthankfull and unworthie servants of 
 Almightie God, being put in trust to see to the reliefe and succor of his 
 poor and needy flock; But also ye shall shew your selves to be very 
 notable and great enemyes to that worke, whiche most highlie doth 
 advaunce and beautifie the comon weale of this realme, and chiefly of 
 this Citie of London. For by this most comendable and notable 
 policie, Idelnes the enemie of all vertue is suppresed and banished; 
 The tender youth of the nedy and idle beggars vertuously brought up ; 
 The number of sicke, sore, and miserable people refreshed, harbored and 
 cured of their maladies ; And the vile and sturdy strumpet compelled to 
 labour and travaile in profitable exercises. Requiring every of you, 
 faithfully to travaile in this your Office and callinge, that this worke may 
 have his perfection, and that the nedy Number committed to your charge 
 be diligently and holsomlye provided for. And for your care towards 
 these poore and nedye members of Christe, you shall be rewarded at 
 his hand, and receive his blessinge in this world, and in the world to 
 come the joy es everlasting." 
 
 After the delivery of the charge, the court proceeded to the election 
 of the auditors, almoners, and general officers for the year ensuing ; the 
 Letters Patent and grant from the King were read ; the Treasurer's 
 accounts audited ; and the state of the several houses declared. Besides 
 these general courts, which were to consist of thirty-two members at 
 least, a court was held at each of the four Hospitals, whereat thirteen 
 of the Governors were required to attend, at least once in every quarter, 
 and oftener, if summoned for " weighty causes ;" and a committee, or, 
 as it was called, an ordinary court, consisting of two or more governors, 
 including the Treasurer, sat from time to time for the dispatch of the 
 routine business of the house. 
 
132 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 Under this management the several Hospitals remained, with a small 
 increase of governors, down to the year 1564 ; in which year the offices 
 of Comptroller General and Surveyor General were discontinued, a 
 president to each house was substituted in their room, and Sir Thomas 
 Offley was the first who held the new appointment in Christ's Hos- 
 pital. The choice or re-election of officers and governors for all the 
 Hospitals still took place, as usual, on the 21st of September, until the 
 year 1587; from that period the annual election ceased, and courts were 
 held for the purpose at Christ's Hospital from time to time, as vacancies 
 occurred; and from the year 1652, the governors of each Hospital were 
 nominated in their own courts, subject to the confirmation of the yearly 
 court, holden, according to custom, on St. Matthew's day. As to the 
 mode of proceeding, as settled on the 17th of September, 1658, and 
 confirmed on the 27th of August, 1661, it was agreed that the four 
 presidents, four treasurers, and two of the Governors of each house 
 should meet on or about the 10th day of March, and the 10th day of 
 September yearly, in order to select proper persons to be appointed 
 governors ; that every house should have an equal number ; that the 
 President of Christ's Hospital, and in his absence the Treasurer, 
 should choose one, and so every Hospital in order ; and that those so 
 elected should have staves sent them from the respective Hospitals, and 
 their names read at the next general court to be confirmed. 
 
 In the meantime the Hospitals had considerably increased in pros- 
 perity and reputation, and large benefactions had been contributed to 
 their support by private individuals, who naturally looked for some par- 
 ticipation in the distribution of the bounty, of which they had been the 
 donors. It became necessary, therefore, to devise some method of 
 apportioning a just share of patronage, both to the chartered and adopted 
 governors ; and several conferences were held, with a view to the final 
 adjustment of the particular privileges of each. An agreement was at 
 length prepared, bearing date June 15, 1782, wherein it was declared, 
 1. that from and after the 21st day of September, 1781, all the Governors 
 of the several Hospitals of St. Bartholomew, Bethlem, Christ, Bridewell, 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 133 
 
 and St. Thomas, who have been elected, or shall hereafter be elected, 
 according to the rules used and established therein, together with the 
 Lord Mayor and Aldermen, and the members of the court of Common 
 Council to be nominated as herein after mentioned, shall have " good 
 right, full power, and absolute authority at all times hereafter to nomi- 
 nate, elect, and appoint the presidents, treasurers, and all other officers 
 and ministers of the said Hospitals, to do all acts expedient for their 
 good government, and for the management and disposition of their 
 estates, real and personal, as fully as the governors have heretofore 
 acted therein, without interruption of any persons or bodies corporate 
 whatsoever:" — 2. that whensoever it shall be expedient to prosecute or 
 defend any suit, either in law or equity, concerning their rights, they 
 shall assume the name, style, and title of " The Mayor, and Com- 
 monalty, and Citizens of the city of London, as governors of the 
 House of the Poor, commonly called St. Bartholomew's Hospital, in 
 West Smithfield, London, of the Foundation of K. Henry VIII ; and 
 as masters, guardians, and governors of the House and Hospital called 
 Bethlehem, situate without and near to Bishopsgate, of the said city 
 of London ; — and as governors of the possessions, revenues, and goods 
 of the Hospitals of Edward, late King of England, the Vlth, of 
 Christ, Bridewell, and St. Thomas the Apostle ;" or of such of the said 
 Hospitals, concerning which or the right whereof such suit may be com- 
 menced ; and that the costs and damages incurred and sustained thereby 
 shall be borne and paid by the Treasurers out of the funds and revenues 
 of such Hospitals respectively :— 3. that the common seal of the said 
 Hospitals shall be kept by the Chamberlain of the city; and that all 
 leases, deeds, and other instruments, after being duly examined and 
 approved by the proper officers of the respective Hospital to which they 
 relate, shall be sealed therewith in the next Court of Aldermen, or of 
 Common Council, whichever shall first happen ; — and 4. that the common 
 council, at their first court after December 21, 1782, or at any sub- 
 sequent court, shall nominate forty-eight members, out of which number 
 the names of twelve shall be sent to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, twelve 
 
134 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 to the united Hospitals of Bridewell and Bethlem, twelve to Christ's 
 Hospital, and twelve to St. Thomas's Hospital, to be governors thereof 
 respectively; and every of them shall from thenceforth remain Governors 
 of the said Hospitals, and enjoy the like privileges, which the other 
 Governors, not being Aldermen, enjoy, so long as they shall continue 
 members of Common Council, and the Court of Common Council shall 
 fill up from time to time all vacancies by death or otherwise. 
 
 In order to give full force to this instrument, an Act of Parliament 
 was obtained (22 Geo. III. c. 77.),* by which it was enacted, " that 
 every the covenants, clauses, provisoes, stipulations, and agreements, 
 therein contained, were ratified, confirmed, and established according to 
 the tenor, purport, and true intent and meaning of the same :" and upon 
 the authority of this Act the whole arrangement of the rights of the 
 corporation, and of the governors of the several Hospitals, has since been 
 conducted. Differences of opinion have sometimes arisen with respect to 
 the meaning and extent of the agreement ; but its validity, as a public 
 law, is permanently established. As far as Christ's Hospital is con- 
 cerned, the share in its government, belonging to the corporation of the 
 city of London, has become vested, since the passing of the act, in the 
 Mayor, Aldermen, and twelve Common Councilmen, chosen by the 
 whole body. Besides these governors ex officio, noblemen and gentle- 
 men, upon the payment of £ 400, and passing a ballot as to character, 
 are presented with a staff, and become governors by benefaction. Upon 
 receiving a donation to the above amount, the Treasurer informs the 
 committee, who recommend to the court that the donor should be 
 made a governor ; and, his qualifications being duly examined by the 
 committee, he receives his charge in full court, and enters upon the 
 exercise of all his privileges. There is no limitation to the number of 
 benefaction governors ; but, by a standing order, twenty new governors 
 must be made every two years : and, if the complement is not filled up, 
 the deficiency is supplied by persons nominated by the governors in 
 rotation. Be the number however complete or not, every alderman, at 
 
 * See Appendix VIII. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 135 
 
 the first biennial nomination after he comes into office, is allowed to 
 name a governor; and if still deficient, the governors then proceed to 
 nominate in turn till the whole twenty are elected. Every nomination 
 governor, whether proposed by an alderman or an ordinary governor, 
 must become a benefactor in the sum of £ 200.* The charge now de- 
 livered to a governor, at the time of his admission into the body, is to 
 the following effect : — 
 
 Worshipful Sir, 
 Agreeable to a very ancient and laudable custom, you will be pleased 
 to take notice, in the presence of this Right Worshipful Court, that, at 
 several Meetings of the Governors, you have been nominated, approved, 
 and appointed a Governor of Christ's Hospital. 
 
 And you are earnestly required, and confidentially expected, faithfully 
 and diligently to act in that station, which is of the highest importance, 
 and of great trust ; inasmuch as you are called to be one of the Distri- 
 butors of the goods of Almighty God to a very numerous body of helpless 
 children, and to many other necessitous persons : In which office, if 
 you shall be found negligent, you will not only declare yourself a most 
 unworthy servant of Almighty God, but also a very great enemy to that 
 work, which doth most highly advance and adorn the Commonwealth, 
 and chiefly the City of London. 
 
 And you are, therefore, solemnly required to promise before this as- 
 sembly, faithfully to labour in your office of a Governor, that this work 
 may have its perfection, and that the number of helpless infants com- 
 mitted to your care may be carefully kept, diligently attended and 
 instructed, and wholesomely provided for; and, promising to do this, 
 you are now admitted a member of this Court. 
 
 * The donation of a benefaction governor was formerly £200, and that of a nomination 
 governor £100. At a court, holden on the 30th of April, 1790, it was doubled in both cases, 
 in order to meet " the daily increasing expenses of the house." Many years have elapsed 
 since the privilege of nomination has been exercised, except by new aldermen, who are 
 never deprived of it. Between the years 1806 and 1816, one hundred and five new gover- 
 nors were elected, whose benefactions amounted to £ 39,330. 
 
136 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 None of the Governors have exclusive privileges, except the Pre- 
 sident, the Treasurer, the Lord Mayor, and Aldermen. In addition to 
 the right of nomination, the aldermen have each one presentation an- 
 nually ; the Lord Mayor two, one being extra as Lord Mayor ; the 
 President, as President, two, and one as Alderman ; and the Treasurer, 
 who is always a benefaction governor, is complimented with two pre- 
 sentations, and one in his turn as governor. The ordinary governors 
 fill up the remaining presentations, of which about one hundred and 
 thirty are annually issued, in rotation, beginning each year where the 
 last presentation ceased ; so that each governor presents a child every 
 fourth year. An alderman however, as well as a common council 
 governor, who has no exclusive privileges, resigns his staff with his office, 
 unless he had made himself a governor by benefaction before or during 
 the exercise of his civic functions ; and no privileged governor, except 
 the Treasurer, is entitled to present in his turn as an ordinary governor. 
 If, however, the president is Lord Mayor, he has two presentations in 
 each capacity ; and in the year 1767, when there was no regular issue 
 of presentations, the Lord Mayor was complimented with his extra pre- 
 sentation. 
 
 Such has been the constitution of the external government of Christ's 
 Hospital since the passing of the act in confirmation of the regulations 
 of 1 782 ; and it was about this period that the scholars, sent on exhibi- 
 tions to either university, were rapidly rising in the ranks of academical 
 distinction. In 1776, the Rev. James Boyer, having filled for a short 
 time the situation of Under Grammar Master, succeeded, on the death 
 of Mr. Whalley, to the Upper Mastership. Skilful in discriminating 
 between the various dispositions of the youthful mind, zealous in com- 
 municating his instructions, and unremitting in his exertions for the 
 general and individual improvement of every child committed to his 
 charge, he long enjoyed the pleasurable consciousness of having ad- 
 vanced the credit and reputation of the school to a point which it had 
 never reached before. He was not indeed possessed of a very classic 
 taste, or of any great depth of scholarship ; but he had that acuteness of 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 137 
 
 common sense, which is a far more essential qualification in the pre- 
 ceptor of youth. His discipline was exact in the extreme, and tinctured, 
 perhaps, with more than due severity ; but the success of his labours are 
 sufficiently attested by . the elegant attainments and solid scholarship 
 which most of his pupils acquired : several of them were afterwards 
 called upon to fill high and important stations in church and state ;* and 
 the sense of obligation, which the governors entertained for his long and 
 faithful services, was marked, on his retirement, by their unanimous vote 
 to present him with a staff, and elect him into their number. His cha- 
 racter, as drawn by one of his most gifted scholars, is at once so graphic 
 and so just, that it will well supply the place of further comment : — 
 
 • 
 " He early moulded my taste," says Mr. Coleridge the poet, " to the 
 preference of Demosthenes to Cicero, of Homer and Theocritus to 
 Virgil, and again of Virgil to Ovid. He habituated me to compare 
 Lucretius, Terence, and, above all, the chaster poems of Catullus, not 
 only with the Roman poets of the (so called) silver and brazen ages, but 
 with even those of the Augustan era ; and on grounds of plain sense and 
 universal logic to see and assert the superiority of the former, in the 
 truth and nativeness both of their thoughts and diction. At the same 
 time that we were studying the Greek tragic poets, he made us read 
 Shakespeare and Milton as lessons ; and they were the lessons, too, 
 which required most time and trouble to bring up, so as to escape his 
 censure. I learned from him that poetry, even that of the loftiest, and 
 seemingly that of the wildest odes, had a logic of its own, as severe as 
 that of science, and more difficult, because more subtle, more complex, 
 and dependant upon more and more fugitive causes. In our English 
 compositions (at least for the last three years of our school education) 
 he showed no mercy to phrase, metaphor, or image, unsupported by a 
 sound sense, or where the same sense might have been conveyed with 
 equal force and dignity in plainer words. Lute, harp, and lyre, muse, 
 
 * See the list of Grecians at the end of the biographical chapter. 
 
 T 
 
138 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 muses and inspirations, — Pegasus, Parnassus, and Hippocrene, were all 
 an abomination to him. In fancy I can almost hear him now ex- 
 claiming, — Harp ? Harp ? Lyre ? Pen and ink, boy, you mean ! Muse, 
 boy ? Muse ! Your nurses' daughter, you mean ! Pierian spring ? Oh I 
 Aye ! the cloister pump, I suppose ! 
 
 " There was one custom of our master's, which I cannot pass over 
 in silence, because I think it imitable, and worthy of imitation. He 
 would often permit our theme exercises, under some pretext of want of 
 time, to accumulate till each lad had four or five to be looked oyer. 
 Then placing the whole number abreast on his desk, he would ask 
 the writer why this or that sentence might not have found as appropriate 
 a place under this or that thesis ; and if not a satisfying answer could 
 be returned, and two faults of the same kind were to be found in one 
 exercise, the irrevocable verdict followed : the exercise was torn up, and 
 another on the same subject to be produced, in addition to the tasks 
 of th& day. The reader will, I trust, excuse this tribute of recollection 
 to a man, whose severities, even now, not seldom furnish the dreams 
 by which the blind fancy would fain interpret to the mind the painful 
 sensation of distempered sleep, but neither lessen nor diminish the 
 deep sense of my moral and intellectual obligations. He sent us to the 
 University excellent Latin and Greek scholars, and tolerable Hebraists. 
 Yet our classical knowledge was the least of the good gifts which we 
 derived from his zealous and conscientious tutorage. He is now gone 
 to his final reward, full of years, and full of honours, even of honours 
 which were dearest to his heart, as gratefully bestowed by that school, 
 and still binding him to the interests of that school, in which he had 
 been himself educated, and to which, during his whole life, he was a 
 dedicated being." 
 
 During the period of Mr. Boyer's mastership, the governors adopted 
 every means in their power to render his exertions as efficient as they 
 were indefatigable. In 1783, a Grammar School was established at 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 139 
 
 Hertford, for the purpose of forwarding the younger children in the 
 rudiments of Latin, previous to their removal to London. To afford the 
 means also of acquiring a more perfect acquaintance with the best works 
 in English literature, twelve of the governors entered into a contribution 
 for the formation of an " English Library," which was attached, in 1787, 
 to the Upper Grammar School. This library has been considerably 
 enlarged by subsequent donations : still it were to be wished that a 
 stated sum were annually expended, under the direction of the head 
 master, in the purchase of works of standard merit, by authors both of 
 past and present times. A library has indeed been established for some 
 years, which is open to all the boys, under the superintendence of the 
 Grecians ; but the books of which it consists are chiefly such as combine 
 instruction with amusement, and of a lighter description than those to 
 which the higher boys would have recourse for more sterling information. 
 They were originally supplied as an antidote to the senseless and hurtful 
 publications which frequently find their way into public schools ; and no 
 book is permitted to be read, except those of the library, without the 
 approval of one of the Grecians. Of the expediency of this provision 
 there can be no doubt ; and it is equally certain that an enlargement 
 of the English library would be attended with yet more important 
 advantages. 
 
 Not only was the size of the Grammar School unequal to the increasing 
 number of admissions, but the building had now become so dilapidated 
 as to render its removal necessary. It had been built of the old materials 
 after the great fire ; and in 1776 a new ward, and a drawing school, had 
 been injudiciously raised above it. In 1783, a seasonable bequest from 
 John Smith, Esq. who had received his education in the house, and was 
 afterwards a governor, supplied the means of rebuilding ; and the new 
 Grammar Schools were opened in 1793, during the Treasurership of 
 Mr. Alderman Gill. They were contained in a plain modern edifice, 
 situate on the north side of the Ditch, and capable of accommodating 
 about four hundred children. The under school was a noble room, 
 occupying the entire height of the building ; and over the upper school, 
 
140 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 of much smaller dimensions, another of the same size was set apart for 
 the boys on Travers' foundation. In adopting the new plan of education 
 in 1815, it was found expedient to throw the three apartments into one, 
 and a larger and more commodious room for the purpose could scarcely 
 have been contrived. Unfortunately, however, the dry rot had mate- 
 rially damaged this modern and otherwise substantial erection, insomuch 
 that it has been deemed advisable almost entirely to pull it down, and to 
 raise on its site the present elegant structure, which comprises under 
 the same roof, the Grammar, Mathematical, and Drawing Schools, 
 together with additional wards for the accommodation of the children. 
 The upper stories of the Old Grammar School were standing at a very 
 recent period ; and its crumbling roof, supported on oaken pillars, 
 afforded a sheltered playground for the children during rainy weather. 
 
 The close of the last century was marked by a pressure of public 
 necessity almost unprecedented, and many a family, which had long 
 been blest with decent competence, struggled hard to maintain its honest 
 independence. To mitigate, in some degree, the prevailing distress, the 
 governors were enabled, by the liberal support which the Institution had 
 received, to extend their patronage beyond its usual limits; and the 
 admission of 1799 was larger than that of any former year. Considerable 
 improvements were also introduced into the plan of education, which 
 had been hitherto pursued. It had long been a subject of regret, that 
 while the children in each department of the establishment were engaged 
 in the course of studies best adapted to their future prospects, the means 
 of acquiring that plain and simple knowledge, which is requisite in every 
 station, were less adequately supplied. In order to remedy this defect, 
 a larger portion of time was allotted for instruction of this description, 
 more frequent inquiry into the proficiency of the children instituted, and 
 every method adopted which could lead to the desired end. As incen- 
 tives to industry and emulation, honours and rewards were proposed to 
 those who acquitted themselves with the greatest credit, and every 
 encouragement was held out to stimulate their exertions in the pursuit 
 of useful knowledge. 
 
^ 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
jfoauStUJ Far ■sc 
 
 
 *d&£#& ■ ' &a? 
 
 . 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 141 
 
 Early in the same year Mr. Boyer had retired from the head-master- 
 ship upon the living of Gainscolne, in Essex, and was succeeded in the 
 appointment by the Rev. Arthur William Trollope, M. A. of 
 Pembroke College, Cambridge. Having graduated respectably at the 
 university, and subsequently obtained the several academical prizes 
 instituted for the encouragement of Classical Learning,* he had been 
 recently presented by the governors to the vicarage of Ugley cum Berden; 
 and was now unanimously chosen as the most proper person to maintain 
 that reputation, which the scholars of the Hospital had lately acquired. 
 Nor were the Patrons of the Institution deceived in the expectations 
 which they had been led to entertain. Persevering, with little variation, 
 in the course marked out by his predecessor, and possessed of a rich 
 classical taste, he sent to Cambridge equally sound and far more elegant 
 scholars, than the bulk of those who had been reared under Mr. Boyer. 
 Nearly the first of those, who could strictly be called his own pupil,-j- 
 distinguished himself in the year 1806, by the acquisition of the first 
 classical medal ; and he now holds a most, perhaps the most, eminent rank 
 among the cultivators of the ancient literature of Greece at the present 
 day. Anxious to express their high sense of his own merits at college, 
 " which had never yet been noticed by any special mark of favour, and 
 of the good effects of his abilities, now so industriously and successfully 
 directed to the instruction of their youth," the committee recommended 
 to the court, that " a piece of plate, of the value of thirty guineas, with 
 
 * He proceeded B.-A. in the year 1791, and, standing in the tripos among the Senior 
 Optimes, obtained the second chancellor's medal for proficiency in Classical Learning. In 
 1792, he gained the second, and, in 1793, the first, member's prize, for one of the best Latin 
 dissertations, which are annually read in the Senate House. In 1793, he took his master's 
 degree, and, in 1795, was the Seatonian prizeman. Mr. (now Archdeacon) Wrangham was 
 one of his competitors upon this occasion, who published his rejected composition, and thus 
 afforded an accessible proof of the justice and impartiality of the examiners. The subject 
 proposed was " The destruction of Babylon ;" and Mr. Trollope's poem, printed under the 
 direction of Mr. Seaton's will, was dedicated, " as a small testimony of gratitude for his 
 education received under their care," to the President, Treasurer, and Governors of Christ's 
 Hospital. 
 
 f Mr. Thomas Mitchell. See the list of Grecians, annexed to the biographical chapter. 
 
142 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 the Hospital arms, and a suitable inscription engraven thereon, should 
 now be presented to their head-master." The court, however, unani- 
 mously resolved that the value of the present should be fifty guineas ; 
 and, accordingly, a handsome silver waiter, with the subjoined inscription, 
 attested their cordial approbation of his labours : — 
 
 Viro Reverendo 
 
 ARTHURO GULIELMO TROLLOPE, A. M. 
 
 Orphanotrophii Christi 
 
 Afud Londinenses 
 
 Principi Grammatices Prjeceptori, 
 
 tum ob varia doctrinte priemia 
 
 In Studiis Academicis 
 
 Ab ipso antehac Reportata, 
 
 tum ob dlscipulorum ingenia 
 
 eodem operam navante 
 
 Jam nunc felicissime exculta, 
 
 hoc comprobationis svje monumentum 
 
 Ejusdem Orphanotrophii 
 
 Patroni 
 
 Unanima voce 
 
 D. D. D. 
 
 Ante diem IV. Id. Mart. Anno Dom. MDCCCVI. 
 
 In the beginning of the year 1803, a survey having been taken of the 
 building, it was found to be in so ruinous a state of dilapidation and 
 decay, as to be incapable of being much longer upheld. Under these 
 circumstances it was deemed expedient to appropriate a certain part of 
 the surplus revenue to the establishment of a fund for gradually re- 
 building the whole Hospital upon its present site, rather than continue 
 the heavy expense, which had of late been annually incurred, in keeping 
 a structure so ancient in habitable repair. Since, however, it was the 
 main object of the governors to prevent any decrease in the number of 
 children annually admitted, the portion of the income that could be set 
 apart from the general expenses of the house must of necessity have 
 been so inconsiderable, as to render the attainment of this desirable 
 object, within any reasonable period of time, utterly impracticable. A 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 143 
 
 resolution accordingly passed the court, to the effect " that a subscription 
 be immediately opened, to render effectual aid to the fund which may 
 arise from the appropriation of the surplus revenue, towards the gradual 
 rebuilding this Hospital on its present site, and that which the governors 
 are enabled to purchase under the authority of parliament, for the im- 
 provement and enlargement thereof in London :" and a confident expec- 
 tation was entertained that, as the Hospitals of St. Bartholomew and 
 St. Thomas had been rebuilt by public subscription, " a Royal Seminary, 
 rendered important to the kingdom at large by its magnitude, and by 
 the liberal education and maintenance it affords, would also receive 
 favourable attention from the generous and opulent, upon so interesting 
 an occasion." The subscription was immediately headed by a donation 
 of ,£1000 from the corporation of London, and large contributions 
 rapidly followed from the several companies, from individual governors, 
 and from the nobility and gentry of the country, which have been 
 increased from time to time by subsequent benefactions and bequests. 
 Still several years elapsed before the governors were enabled to enter 
 upon the great work in contemplation ; and many more will yet have 
 passed away before its final completion. A model, however, of the 
 intended edifice, as planned by the then surveyor, Mr. Lewis, was placed 
 in the court room for the inspection of the public ; which, though it has 
 not been eventually adopted, was generally admired for the simple 
 elegance of its design, and its aptitude to the purposes for which it was 
 intended. It formed one spacious cloistered quadrangle, with the hall 
 in the centre of the principal elevation ; devoid, indeed, of the magnificence 
 of the superb erection of Mr. Shaw, but compensating in uniformity for 
 the deficiency in grandeur. 
 
 Another source of anxiety to the governors at this time was the 
 manifestation of a turbulent and disorderly spirit, accompanied with 
 disrespect to their superiors, and disobedience to the established rules of 
 the Hospital, among the elder boys, which, in many instances, had 
 broken out into open acts of dishonesty and crime. Wishing to reclaim 
 those who had been guilty, and to warn the rest from following in their 
 
144 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 steps, by reason and conviction, rather than by severity and fear of 
 punishment, they directed, at the suggestion of Mr. Trollope, that a 
 lecture should be delivered on the Sunday evenings by one of the masters 
 from the pulpit in the hall, during those months in which the public 
 supping would not interfere, with a view to check the prevailing irregu- 
 larities. It was at first proposed that the two clerical masters should 
 divide the task between them ; but eventually it devolved entirely upon 
 the head-master, who commenced his first course in the spring of 1804. 
 There was also another reason, which at this period more especially 
 called for some such means of religious edification. The pulpit at 
 Christ Church was then occupied in the afternoon by a preacher, the 
 tendency of whose doctrines were no less dangerous, than the phrensied 
 tone in which they were delivered was disgusting. It was accordingly 
 the main object of the lecture now instituted, to point out the evil effects 
 of vice in general, and more especially to dissuade from those vices 
 to which youth is peculiarly exposed; to exhibit in their true colours, 
 the crimes of theft, lying, and insubordination, which had recently been 
 notoriously prevalent ; and to inculcate those sober principles of Chris- 
 tianity, which represent a true faith and a practical obedience as the 
 united condition of salvation, through the merits of the Redeemer. An 
 effect, surprisingly rapid, was produced among the boys by their delivery ; 
 and they have since been regularly continued with the most beneficial 
 results. 
 
 Of all the duties incumbent upon the governors, there is none to which 
 they have more assiduously attended, than the exclusion of improper 
 objects from a participation in the benefits of the house. With this im- 
 portant aim, the regulations for the admission of children were again dis- 
 cussed in 1809, and at a court holden on the 28th of April in that year, 
 a final settlement of them was adopted, to the following effect : — 
 
 I. That every governor may present the child of a parent not free of the 
 City of London, nor a clergyman of the church of England, either on his 
 first, second, or third presentation, as he shall think proper ; and so on, one 
 in every three presentations. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 145 
 
 II. That no children be admitted but such as shall be between the age 
 of seven and ten years, which is to be proved by such certificates, affidavits, 
 and vouchers, as are now, or shall be hereafter, required by the orders of 
 the General Court. 
 
 III. That a child, whose parent or parents has or have two other children 
 under fourteen years of age to maintain, may be admitted by a presentation, 
 although such child has one brother or sister, and no more, already on 
 the charge of this Hospital. 
 
 IV. That no child shall be admitted who is a foundling, or maintained 
 at the parish charge. 
 
 V. That no children of livery servants, except the freemen of the city of 
 London ; or children who have any adequate means of being educated or 
 maintained ; or who are lame, crooked, or deformed, so as not to be able to 
 take care of themselves ; or who have any infectious distemper, as leprosy, 
 scald head, itch, scab, evil ; or rupture, or disease, which shall be judged 
 incurable; shall be taken into this Hospital on any account, or by any 
 presentation whatever ; and if any such shall happen to be admitted, 
 and afterwards be found disqualified in some or one of these instances, they 
 shall immediately be sent home to their parents, or to the parishes from 
 whence they came. 
 
 VI. That none be admitted without a due certificate from the minister, 
 churchwardens, and three of the principal inhabitants of the parish from 
 whence such children come, certifying the age of the said children, and 
 that they have no adequate means of being educated and maintained ; the 
 said minister, churchwardens, and inhabitants engaging to discharge the 
 Hospital of them before or after the age of fifteen years, if the governors 
 shall so require. If the father is minister of the parish, the certificate 
 to be signed by the officiating minister of a neighbouring parish. 
 
 VII. To prevent children being admitted contrary to the above rules, 
 they shall be presented to a General Court, who will examine into the truth 
 of the certificates, vouchers, and testimonials required, touching their age, 
 birth, orphanage, or other qualifications ; or refer the same to the Committee 
 of Almoners, strictly to examine whether the allegations contained in each 
 separate petition and presentation are true, and conformable to the right of 
 the presenter, and the above regulations ; and all such as shall be found 
 otherwise shall be rejected 
 
 With a single exception, arising out of the doubtful construction of 
 
 u 
 
 * 
 
146 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 a will, the regulations, thus revised, have been strictly observed from 
 that to the present time. Great dependance must of necessity be placed 
 upon the honour of the presenting governor, in regard to his conforming 
 with the required qualifications, as well as upon the credit of the state- 
 ment set forth in the petition ; but in no instance is deception known to 
 have been practised, though it is impossible to affirm that the parents 
 have always been in the circumstances represented. That the production 
 of certificates, not strictly true, may occasionally have taken place 
 cannot perhaps be denied : but that such cases are extremely rare is 
 proved by the frequent removal of children, whose parents have become 
 enabled to support them otherwise ; and by the fact that, prior to the re- 
 vision of the rules in 1809, when the examinations respecting capability 
 were far less strict than they are at present, an improper object was 
 seldom admitted.* An income not exceeding £ 300 per annum, except 
 where there is a very large family, is looked upon as the limit of inca- 
 pability ; and the court and committee have rejected presentations in 
 which the statements on this head have been considered unsatisfactory. 
 The parent or friend of every child attends the committee, to answer 
 
 * It appears that on the 17th of February, 1809, there were 1065 children upon the 
 charge of the Hospital in London and at Hertford, of whom 65 were girls : — 
 
 That of the 1000 boys 
 
 161 were admitted on gifts from companies, parishes, &c. 
 498 were sons of freemen. 
 
 239 non-freemen. 
 
 102 clergymen, who had, exclusive of those in the Hos-~^ 
 
 pital, other children 
 
 :} 
 
 3606 
 
 That the parents of 871 boys had, exclusive of those in the Hospital, other! 
 children J 
 
 That 27 boys had neither brother nor sister, and that out of the 973 boys they were as 
 under : — 
 
 Orphans 57" 
 
 Sons of widows 210 ■ 360 
 
 Motherless boys 93. 
 
 Of the above number, 400 were at Hertford. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 147 
 
 any questions which it may be thought necessary to ask ; * and, though 
 the only means of correct information rest upon the credit of the parties 
 themselves, the closest inquiry is made into the merits of every case. A 
 statement of the income and circumstances of the petitioner is inserted 
 in the presentation, of which the form at present in use is subjoined, -f 
 
 To the Right Honourable, Right Worshipful, and Worshipful the Governors of 
 
 Christ's Hospital, London. 
 The humble petition of 
 
 of the Parish of 
 
 ■ 
 
 Humbly Sheweth, 
 THAT the Petitioner [Here the clear income and general circumstances of the Parent are 
 inserted : and in order to ensure correctness, the insertion is made (after a close examina- 
 tion of the Petitioner, and the production of the certificates of the birth of the child and 
 the marriage of the parents) at the Counting House.] 
 
 Therefore he humbly beseeches your Worships, in your usual Charity to 
 Widows, Orphans, and Families who stand in need of Relief, to grant the Admission 
 into Christ's Hospital, of Child 
 
 named 
 
 of the Age of Years 
 
 there to be Educated and Maintained among other poor Children. 
 
 WE the Minister, Churchwardens, and others of the Parish of 
 
 whose names are hereunto subscribed, do Certify, That 
 
 Father of the said Child, a Freeman of the City of London, and Company of 
 
 # ATaCoMMiTTEE in Christ's Hospital, London, on Friday, the \0th October, 1828. 
 Resolved, 
 
 That no Child be in future presented to the Committee for admission without 
 the attendance of the Petitioner, or some person properly authorised and competent to answer 
 such questions as the Committee may propose, touching the Income and Circumstances of 
 the Applicant, unless sufficient cause, to the satisfaction of the Committee, be offered for 
 dispensing with such attendance ; and that a printed Copy of this Resolution be annexed to 
 each Presentation, when delivered to the presenting Governor. 
 
 THOMAS WILBY, Clerk. 
 
 f The original form will be found above, at p. 71. In the presentation of a Lieutenant's 
 son, on Mr. Travers' bequest, the form is slightly varied to suit the particular conditions. 
 
148 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 [or, a Clergyman of the Church of England ;] 
 and that the said Child is at present of the Age of Years and upwards, 
 
 having been born in the Month of and is no Foundling nor maintained 
 
 at the Parish Charge; and that we know of no adequate Means for Educating and Main- 
 taining the said Child, unless the said Governors of Christ's Hospital should admit 
 him into the said Hospital ; which, if they shall be pleased to do, We, together with the 
 
 of the said Child do fully consent and agree to leave the 
 said Child to the disposal of the Governors of the said Hospital, to be bound an Apprentice 
 to such Trade or Calling, whether for Land or Sea Employments, as they shall judge the 
 said Child most fit and proper for ; And we, together with the 
 
 of the said Child, do promise and oblige ourselves not only to ratify and confirm the same, 
 in case the Governors of the said Hospital shall please to dispose of the said Child ; but 
 also We, the Minister and Churchwardens aforesaid, for ourselves and our Successors, 
 promise and oblige ourselves to discharge the said Hospital of the said Child, at the Age of 
 FIFTEEN YEARS, or at any Time before or after the said Age, whensoever the said 
 Governors shall require the same of us. Witness our Hands this Day 
 
 of One Thousand Eight Hundred and 
 
 The Petition is subscribed by the Minister, or, if the Father is Minister, by the Clergyman 
 of the adjoining Parish ; bi/ the two Churchwardens ; by three Housekeepers ; and by the 
 Petitioner. It is then endorsed by the presenting Governor as under : — 
 
 I Present 
 
 the Child mentioned in the Certificate on the other Side, which I believe to be a true Certi- 
 ficate ; the Christian and Sire-Name of the said Child being by me inserted at full Length, 
 according to Order of Court, the 20th of June, 1759. Witness my Hand this 
 Day of 183 
 
 Governor. 
 
 Notwithstanding the anxious care of the governors to prevent any 
 cause of complaint, a most vexatious inquisition was instituted into their 
 proceedings in the year 181 1. At the instigation chiefly of Mr. Alderman 
 Waithman, a select committee of the Common Council was appointed 
 B to enquire and report whether the corporation of the city of London 
 had any, and what, means of obtaining inquiry into, and reforming, the 
 presentations and admission of children into Christ's Hospital :" and an 
 application was eventually made to the Lord Chancellor, on the petition 
 of certain members of the committee, on the ground that children were 
 admitted into the Hospital, whose parents were in circumstances which 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 149 
 
 did not require the assistance of a public charity.* The charge, upon 
 which the application rested, was made in reference to certain children, 
 not exceeding twelve in number, who were said to be improper objects 
 of admission into the Hospital ; and some of whom had been already 
 discharged. Of these cases the most important were those of Dawson 
 Warren, admitted on the 8th of July, 1807; and JohnCarysfort Proby, 
 admitted 26th of April, 1808. At the admission of the former, eleven 
 members of the committee were present ; and, after some conversation 
 respecting the father's income, the admission of the child was ordered 
 by a small majority. At a Committee of Almoners on the 18th of 
 March, 1809, the question was again started, and the boy was eventually 
 discharged, on the 28th of the same month, " in consequence of the 
 regret his father felt upon learning that the question respecting the con- 
 tinuance of his son upon the foundation had produced a disunion of sen- 
 timent among the governors, likely to be prejudicial to the interests of 
 the establishment." 
 
 The admission of the boy J. C. Proby was made a more grievous 
 subject of complaint in a pamphlet addressed by Mr. Waithman to the 
 governors, and a committee was summoned in consequence to inquire 
 into the truth of the Alderman's assertions. The motives for this gen- 
 tleman's officious interference are so well known by those who are most 
 deeply concerned in the welfare of the Institution, and the placarded 
 disinterestedness of " the Detector of abuses in Christ's Hospital" is so 
 justly appreciated, that it will be sufficient to record the resolution 
 adopted upon the occasion : — " The committee having been summoned 
 to consider the case of the boy, John Carysfort Proby, in consequence 
 of the public charge that the said boy is not, from the circumstances 
 of the father, a proper object of admission into this Hospital ; it was 
 
 * It is curious to remark how soon objections of this nature were urged against the Go- 
 vernors. In 1576, a complaint was preferred before the Court of Aldermen against a man, 
 who had said that the children of the rich were received into the Hospital, whilst those of 
 the poor were rejected. See an entry to this effect in the Court Book. 
 
150 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 resolved, after very mature deliberation and investigation, that the said 
 child is a fit and proper object for maintenance and education in this 
 Hospital." Subsequently, however, the circumstances of the father 
 improved sufficiently to enable him to educate his child without assist- 
 ance ; and he was discharged in July, 1810. 
 
 Upon charges thus insignificant and purely vexatious, the governors 
 were arraigned in the court of chancery, and the arguments upon the 
 case were heard before the chancellor on the 12th, 13th, and 15th of 
 July, 1811. His Lordship reserved his decision, and in May, 1816, 
 when the governors were examined before a committee, appointed 
 by the House of Commons to inquire into the education of the lower 
 orders of the metropolis,* he had not yet pronounced judgment. It is 
 a sufficient proof of the integrity with which the affairs of the Hospital 
 are conducted, and of the strict accordance of its present objects with 
 the spirit of the charter, that the result of these inquiries in no wise 
 changed the course which had been uniformly and advisedly followed. 
 From the excellence of the education which the children receive, whether 
 intended for professional or commercial pursuits, even families of distinc- 
 tion might well be anxious to secure the advantages which the Institution 
 
 * The uncourteous behaviour of the chairman of the committee (Mr. Henry Brougham, 
 now Lord Chancellor) upon this occasion, to the aged Treasurer, Mr. Palmer, was akin to 
 the treatment which drove the venerable master of St. John's College, Cambridge, in tears 
 from the room. With a view of affording every facility of inquiry, the Treasurer, pointing 
 to the documents which he had brought with him, observed : — " We are come here prepared 
 to give the committee every information in our power, and not to withhold a single circum- 
 stance." — " Aye, aye," was the ungracious reply, " that's all very well : but you know you 
 must." A simultaneous feeling of disgust seized upon all present : of course no communi- 
 cation was made which was not directly asked for; and the evidence which relates to Christ's 
 Hospital is the most meagre and unsatisfactory part of the Committee's Report. Respect to 
 age is a characteristic even of uncivilised life ; surely then a man of acknowledged talent, 
 presiding at a board of education, cannot add to his fame by offering a gratuitous insult to 
 gray hairs. But 
 
 Man, vain man, 
 
 Dress'd in a little brief authority, 
 
 Does play such antic tricks before high heaven, 
 
 As make the angels weep. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 151 
 
 presents ; but neither interest nor emolument can be of any avail in 
 procuring a deviation from the established regulations. The sale of a 
 presentation, if discovered, renders its forfeiture inevitable ; and, as few 
 instances of the kind have come to light, it is to be hoped that few have 
 been attempted. At all events, a transaction of recent occurrence, with 
 which the public is sufficiently acquainted, will have the effect of 
 preventing any future repetition of an act, which, after the most patient 
 investigation, called forth the just and unqualified censure of the court, 
 and ended in the rejection of the applicant.* 
 
 The President's chair became vacant in the year 1813, by the death 
 of Sir John William Anderson, Bart., when the late Sir William 
 Curtis, Bart., Lord Mayor for the current year, was elected to succeed 
 him. With that peculiar good nature, for which he was remarkable, he 
 ordered a holiday, and feasted them in the hall at his own expense upon 
 the occasion. A day of greater festivity had seldom been enjoyed, and 
 a select company were invited to witness the entertainment thus liberally 
 afforded by the worthy baronet. Roast beef and plum pudding were 
 served in plentiful profusion ; and the donor's health was drunk by the 
 youthful party with the warmest enthusiasm. " God save the King " 
 was then sung in full chorus : and three cheers for the newly elected 
 president closed the ceremony. During his presidency Sir William was 
 always a great favourite with the boys. They well understood the way 
 
 * In consequence of the transaction in question, an order of court was passed to the fol- 
 lowing effect. 
 
 At a Court holden in Christ's Hospital, London, on Friday, the 8th January, 1830. 
 
 Ordered, 
 
 That in the case of paying or receiving any Sum of Money or other consideration, 
 by any Person, under any pretext whatever, for a Presentation of a Child to this Hospital, 
 or the agreeing or negociating to pay or receive any such Sum or other consideration, or of 
 the offering by Advertisement, by Letter, or orally, any Sum of Money or other consideration 
 for the same, the Child named in such Presentation shall be disqualified from being admitted 
 into the Hospital ; and any Governor implicated in any part of the transaction shall be for 
 ever disqualified from granting a Presentation. 
 
 THOMAS WILBY, Clerk. 
 
152 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 to secure his interest in behalf of a holiday ; while his cordial, though 
 blunt, familiarity never failed to render him a welcome visitant among 
 them. Having filled the office sixteen years, he died in 1829, sincerely 
 lamented by all who were acquainted with the amiable and excellent 
 qualities of his heart. 
 
 In the mean time the exhibitioners who had been sent to the uni- 
 versity, had kept up the credit of the Institution by the honours 
 which they had obtained, both classical and mathematical. Mr. James 
 Scholefield, who has lately been appointed the King's Professor of 
 Greek, after proceeding to the degree of B. A. in 1813, obtained the 
 first classical medal, and the bachelor's prize in the two following years 
 successively : the scholar of the next year, Mr. Adams, afterwards 
 Master of the Royal Mathematical School, stood high among the 
 Wranglers : in 1815, Mr. William Owen, also a high Wrangler, 
 obtained the second medal, and otherwise distinguished himself; and 
 each of the three was subsequently elected a Fellow of the College of 
 which he was a member. Nothing could be more gratifying to the 
 governors than these repeated proofs of the rising reputation of the 
 House, and it was determined that the services of the head master, from 
 whose exertions during the last seventeen years it was ultimately 
 derived, should be marked by some signal testimony of their approba- 
 tion and esteem. Accordingly, at a Court holden in Christ's Hospital, 
 on the 10th of March, 1815, it was resolved unanimously, on the re- 
 commendation of the committee, " that the Rev. Arthur William Trol- 
 lope, the present Upper Grammar Master, should be requested to take 
 the degree of Doctor in Divinity in the University of Cambridge ; 
 the expenses attending taking such degree being defrayed by his Patrons, 
 the Governors of Christ's Hospital." 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 153 
 
 Chapter VII. 
 
 Defects in the system of Education — Appointment of an Education Committee — Their 
 Report — Its adoption by the Court — Resignation of the Rev. L. P. Stephens — His cha- 
 racter and services — Addition to the number of Masters — Further improvement in the 
 plan of Education — Regulations for the management of the Grammar School — Rapid 
 decay of the Building — Committee appointed for the superintendence of the Building 
 Fund — Appearance of Ophthalmia among the children — Lavatory erected — Single beds — 
 New Infirmary — Infrequency of Death among the children — Imposing solemnity of a 
 funeral — Enduring friendship of Christ's Hospital boys — Amicable Society of Blues — 
 Benevolent Society of Blues — Dinner on Founder's Birth day — Resignation of Mr. Trea- 
 surer Palmer — Sketch of his character and services— Election of Thomas Poynder, Esq. to 
 the Treasurership — Commencement of rebuilding — Ceremony of laying the first stone of 
 the New Hall — Inscription plate — Prayer used upon the occasion — A Blue elected Greek 
 Professor at Cambridge — Resignation and Death of the Rev. Dr. Trollope — Inscription 
 on the Vase which had been presented to him by his pupils — Appointment of his successor 
 — Addition to the number of Exhibitions to the University — Ceremony of opening the 
 New Hall — Prayer used on the occasion — Buildings recently completed. 
 
 While the efficiency of the system pursued in the Upper Grammar 
 School was sufficiently evinced by the academical distinction of the 
 scholars, it was equally clear that the general plan of education, adopted 
 with the younger children, though partially amended in 1792, was still, 
 in some respects, deficient, and in others inapplicable to the more 
 advanced acquirements of the present state of society. It had been 
 usual to remove all the children, who were not destined for professional 
 life, into the writing school at eleven years of age, where their whole time 
 was, with the exception of one hour in the week allotted to English 
 reading, occupied with writing and arithmetic. Thus it happened, 
 that they were discharged, at the age of fifteen, able penmen indeed 
 and accurate accountants, but so miserably defective in reading and 
 spelling, as to be incapable of inditing a decent letter, of turning a 
 grammatical sentence, or even of spelling the most simple words. The 
 
 x 
 
154 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 little knowledge which they might have acquired, during the few years 
 passed in the lower forms of the Grammar School, had been gradually 
 forgotten ; and their most elaborate specimens of penmanship were 
 disfigured by an ignorance of Etymology and Syntax, which would 
 have disgraced a common parish boy. Under these circumstances it 
 was deemed advisable to adopt such alterations in the system of educa- 
 tion as might render it in future more beneficial to the children, and 
 more worthy of the Institution ; and the matter was accordingly sub- 
 mitted to the special consideration of a select committee, consisting of 
 ten members. The Governors chosen to this important duty were 
 
 The Right Worshipful Sir William Curtis, Bart. Aid. President. 
 The Worshipful James Palmer, Esq. Treasurer. 
 
 John Turner, Esq. Henry Hoare, Esq. 
 
 George Godwin, Esq. Hugh Powell, Esq. 
 
 Francis Gosling, Esq. John Dent, Esq. 
 
 David Pike Watts, Esq. John Walker, Esq. 
 
 For the furtherance of the desired improvement in any considerable 
 degree, it was immediately apparent that an increase in the number of 
 Teachers would be an indispensable requisite ; and that, instead of 
 confining each division of the boys, according to their respective ages, 
 to one particular branch of study, a plan must be adopted, by which 
 more general instruction might be diffused among the! whole, and the 
 remembrance of early acquired knowledge more effectually preserved. 
 Upon these objects, therefore, the attention of the committee was prin- 
 cipally fixed ; and, after several meetings, at which they availed them- 
 selves of the advice and experience of Dr. Trollope, the following 
 Report was prepared, and recommended to the approval of the court. 
 
 " That instead of the present plan of education, the boys in London 
 should be instructed in reading, writing, arithmetic, and classics generally ; 
 for which purpose it will be necessary to divide the whole number (with 
 the exception of those educated in the Mathematical School, and the two 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 155 
 
 first classes under the Head Grammar Master) as nearly equal as may be 
 found convenient. 
 
 " That one division shall be instructed in the morning in classics in the 
 Grammar School, and in the afternoon in writing and arithmetic in the 
 Writing School. The other division in the morning in writing and arith- 
 metic in the Writing School, and in the afternoon in classics in the Grammar 
 School. Each division to learn classics in the morning, and writing and 
 arithmetic in the afternoon, on alternate weeks. 
 
 " That English reading and spelling form part of the daily employment 
 of the two lowest classes in the Grammar School, and that the upper class 
 of these two be also instructed in English grammar. 
 
 " That the children be catechised on Thursdays and Saturdays by their 
 respective classical masters, and instructed in the knowledge of the chris- 
 tian religion, according to the principles of the established church ; and 
 that the following books be used at present for that purpose : — 
 
 1st. The Church Catechism. 
 
 2d. Crossman's Introduction. 
 
 3d. The Church Catechism broken into short questions and answers. 
 
 4th. The same in a Declaratory Form, as long used in the Hospital, 
 and recommended by the Rev. Dr. Trollope ; and Bishop Wilson's Indian, 
 at the master's discretion : also, that the Holy Scriptures be regularly read 
 in the several wards as usual. 
 
 " That the same system be observed at Hertford, as soon as the boys 
 read sufficiently well to learn Latin, and that the reading and spelling, 
 arithmetic and English grammar, be continued as at present. 
 
 " That the boys on Travers's Foundation be educated with the other 
 children until they are of age to be drafted into the Mathematical School. 
 
 " That the boys in the Mathematical School do attend in the Grammar 
 School every Wednesday afternoon, in order to keep up the grammatical 
 knowledge they may have acquired. Each boy to be under the same 
 master and in the same class as at the time of his removal. 
 
 " That the hours of study and meals be altered thus : — 
 From 1st of March to 1st of November * 
 The boys to rise at Six and breakfast before Seven o'clock ; go into school 
 
 
 
 * By a recent order of committee, dated June 8, 1832, the 12th of February and 15th of 
 October are substituted for the 1st of March and 1st of November; the duration of daylight 
 rendering this arrangement more convenient. In the winter months there is now no work 
 before breakfast; but the school-hours are from nine to twelve without interruption. 
 
156 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 at Seven o'clock ; leave school at Eight for one hour to play ; go into 
 school again at Nine ; remain till Twelve ; Dine at half past Twelve ; go 
 into school at Two, and remain till Five. 
 
 From 1st November to 1st March. 
 To rise at Seven, and breakfast before Eight ; go into school at Eight, and 
 remain till Nine ; leave school at Nine for one hour ; go into school at 
 Ten, and remain till Twelve ; dine at half past Twelve ; go into school at 
 half past One, and continue there till Four. 
 
 " That the partition between the Grammar Schools be taken down, and 
 the two schools be made into one room. 
 
 " That one additional classical master for London be appointed, and 
 that the Head Master do have the direction of those masters, and be 
 responsible for the good order and management of that school ; and that 
 all the classical masters be clergymen of the Established Church : that the 
 respective masters enter their schools at the same time as the boys, and 
 remain there during the school hours. 
 
 " That the boys in those forms of the Writing School called the first 
 and second merchants be employed for the last year or earlier, at the 
 master's discretion, in writing with single lines, letters, invoices, &c. &c. 
 instead of copies. 
 
 " That the attendance in the Drawing School shall be on Monday and 
 Friday in the afternoon for all the boys of the Mathematical School ; and 
 on Wednesday afternoon for other boys, not exceeding twenty. 
 
 " That certificates be laid before the committee signed by the several 
 masters of the Hospital, on any of their pupils leaving the House, of the 
 qualifications each boy possesses in the different branches of his education. 
 
 " That the holidays at Whitsuntide (except Monday and Tuesday) be 
 discontinued, and one week added to the vacation at Bartholomew Tide ; 
 making one month at that season." 
 
 At a court holden on the 24th of November, 1815, the plan of 
 education, recommended by the committee, was adopted, and ordered 
 to be carried into immediate effect. Each of the under-masters, how- 
 ever, were left to their own judgment in the management of their own 
 schools, in the formation of their classes, and in the selection of books 
 adapted to the capacities of each class, according to their respective 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 157 
 
 modes of instruction. Scarcely had the new system been brought into 
 active operation, when the Hospital was deprived of the services of the 
 Rev. L. P. Stephens, who retired in the year 1817 to the living of 
 Clavering, in Essex, after a faithful discharge of the entire duties of the 
 under school for more than twenty years. His name will long be 
 remembered with affection by those who, in passing through the school, 
 had been partially under his charge. In communicating his instructions 
 the sternness of the preceptor was forgotten in the indulgence of the 
 parent ; and, while his mildness of manners and gentleness of discipline 
 will not be forgotten by the objects of his care, his openness of dispo- 
 sition, benevolence of spirit, and warmth of friendship have endeared 
 him to the hearts of all who know him. He has been followed into his 
 retirement by the best wishes of his friends and pupils ; and may he 
 long survive in the enjoyment of the happy consciousness of a useful 
 and well spent life ! 
 
 In the mean time it had been deemed expedient to increase the 
 number of the under masters to three ; and, in order to produce a more 
 exact uniformity in the system of education, it was subsequently 
 proposed to pursue the same routine of instruction in the division 
 allotted to each respectively. For this purpose a series of regulations 
 were drawn up in the year 1820 ; and, having received the approval of 
 the committee, were acted upon in the autumn of that year. With some 
 few alterations, suggested by the practical experience of the masters, to 
 which it will be necessary to advert more particularly in the next 
 chapter, they are still the rule upon which the business of the school 
 proceeds. They are to the following effect : — 
 
 REGULATIONS FOR THE FUTURE MANAGEMENT OF THE 
 GRAMMAR SCHOOL IN LONDON. 
 
 I. That all the boys in the upper school be under the tuition of the 
 upper grammar master, which school shall be regularly supplied by the 
 first forms of the lower schools in the manner hereafter directed. 
 
 II. That the three junior masters have distinct schools, independent of 
 each other, and composed of five forms ; the corresponding forms of the 
 
158 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 several masters reading the same books ; and that no boy be on any 
 account removed from the school of one junior master to that of another. 
 
 III. That at every removal of boys from Hertford to London they be 
 examined by the upper grammar master, who shall afterwards allot them 
 to the three junior masters in such a manner, as that each may have under 
 his tuition as nearly equal a number of boys as possible, of the same age 
 and abilities. 
 
 IV. That the masters do divide the forms at their discretion into 
 morning and afternoon divisions. 
 
 V. That it appearing highly necessary that the head master should 
 possess the means of superintending the education of the whole school, and 
 nothing being so calculated to produce this effect, as having his attention 
 continually directed to the result of the labours of each of the three junior 
 masters, in separately preparing boys for the upper school, he do twice in 
 the course of the year carefully examine the three first forms of the lower 
 schools, and after each examination do report to the committee his opinion 
 as to the general advancement in learning of the boys under their 
 respective masters. 
 
 VI. That the complement of boys to be under the tuition of the 
 head master be seventy ; and that immediately after each examination, so 
 many boys from the first forms of the three junior masters as shall be suf- 
 ficient to make up that number be removed to the upper school, the head 
 master reporting to the committee the names of the boys so removed, and 
 of those remaining in the first forms of the lower schools, and specifying 
 the length of time which the several boys not removed shall have been in 
 those forms, and taking care that as equal a number of boys as possible be 
 selected for each master. 
 
 VII. That at each removal of boys from the first forms to the upper 
 school, every form under the respective junior masters shall move one step, 
 except such boys as have not made sufficient progress in learning to be 
 removed with their companions ; in which case the names of such boys 
 shall be reported to the head master. But if there be any boy who, in the 
 opinion of the master, under whose care he may be, shall be deserving of 
 two steps instead of one, such boy, with the sanction of the head master, 
 shall be so removed, and the names of those so detained, and those specially 
 recommended for advancement, shall be inserted in his report ; but no boy 
 shall on any account be taken into the upper school, except from the first 
 forms of the junior masters. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 159 
 
 VIII. That registers be kept in the schools, and in the counting-house, 
 recording the half yearly progress of all the boys in their several branches 
 of learning ; and that this register be open to the inspection of all the 
 governors, and be made up in the week preceding the examination day, in 
 order that it may be laid before the committee. 
 
 IX. That the following books and exercises be used in the corresponding 
 classes of each master. 
 
 1st. Class — Latin and Greek Grammar. English Reading, and Latin 
 Delectus. Elementary Exercises. 
 
 2nd Class. — Latin and Greek Grammar. Eutropius and Phaedrus. 
 Latin Exercises, Part I. 
 
 3rd. Class. — Latin and Greek Grammar. Caesar, Ovid's Metamorphoses, 
 and Greek Delectus. Latin Exercises, Part II. and Translation 
 from Caesar. 
 
 4th Class. — Latin and Greek Grammar. Virgil, Cicero de Senectute, 
 and Collectanea Graeca Minora. Latin Exercises, Part III. Trans- 
 lation from Cicero, and Collectanea Graeca, and Nonsense Latin 
 Verses. 
 
 5th Class. — Latin and Greek Grammar. Virgil, Sallust, and Xeno- 
 phon's Anabasis. Latin Exercises, as 4th class. Translation from 
 Sallust and Xenophon alternately, and Latin Verses. 
 
 During the progress of this beneficial change in the plan of education, 
 the attention of the governors was occupied in another direction with 
 concerns of no less importance. The fund for rebuilding the hospital 
 had rapidly increased, though it had scarcely yet accumulated to an 
 amount, which might render it available for commencing the projected 
 undertaking. In the mean time, however, the work of dilapidation was 
 visibly progressive, and the upholding of the more ancient part of the 
 structure, for any length of time, was manifestly impossible. It was 
 deemed expedient, indeed, to remove immediately a large pile of build- 
 ing at the north-east corner of the Ditch, and occupying a space of 
 ground, w r hich is now thrown open, and forms the principal entrance to 
 the Hospital from Little Britain. So great was the sacrifice prematurely 
 made to the improvements thus effected, that it was determined to pro- 
 ceed no farther in the work, than to build three unsubstantial houses for 
 
160 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 the temporary accommodation of the officers whose residences had been 
 destroyed ; and the management of the building fund, together with 
 the arrangement of future operations, was vested in a select committee, 
 composed of the following members : — 
 
 Sir W. Curtis, Bart. Alderman, President. 
 
 James Palmer, Esq. Treasurer. 
 William Curtis, Jun. Esq. Thomas Ponton, Jun. Esq. 
 
 Thomas Poynder, Jun. Esq. Benjamin Harrison, Esq. 
 George Henckell, Esq. John Dent, Esq. 
 
 Charles Hampden Turner, Esq. 
 
 Unprepared as they were to enter immediately upon any extensive 
 operations, the committee were, nevertheless, compelled by circumstances 
 to take some steps for improving the internal accommodations of the 
 house, independently of the general plan of rebuilding. Ophthalmia, of 
 a very purulent character, had made its appearance in the house ; and 
 apprehensions were entertained of its spreading to a very alarming 
 extent. From the insufficient supply of water in the several wards, and 
 the labour of fetching it from below, a certain number of boys were of 
 necessity accustomed to wash together, and the promiscuous use of the 
 same towels, which it was impossible to prevent, tended to increase the 
 infection. Scarcely could parental anxiety have exceeded the concern 
 which the governors manifested upon this afflicting occasion ; and every 
 method, which the medical advisers could suggest, was adopted to eradi- 
 cate the disease. As the most effectual barrier against its progress, it 
 was determined to contrive a plan, by which the ablutions of each child 
 might be performed separately ; and a Lavatory was erected for the pur- 
 pose, in the cloisters under the writing-school, in the year 1819. Along 
 each side of this apartment runs a capacious trough, supplied by two 
 pipes conveying warm and cold water respectively, and fitted with taps 
 at intervals of about a foot asunder. Under these taps, running simul- 
 taneously, above one hundred boys wash themselves at the same time ; 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 161 
 
 and the water, falling into a wider trough below, is either reserved for 
 their feet, or, if no longer wanted, allowed to run off altogether. A 
 constant supply of dry towels, ranged on a moveable frame, affords an 
 ample provision for health and cleanliness : and the whole arrangements 
 are conducted with a degree of regularity and order, which is truly 
 surprising. To render every comfort and convenience complete, a warm 
 and cold bath are always in readiness ; and indeed the only drawback 
 upon the efficiency of this admirable contrivance is the hazard, though 
 comparatively small, of the children's taking cold in repairing to their 
 respective wards. Even this defect, however, it is in contemplation to 
 remove ; by attaching a smaller lavatory, upon the same plan, to each 
 ward, for morning and evening accommodation. 
 
 Previous to the introduction of the ophthalmia, the beds, which pro- 
 jected from the wainscot somewhat in the manner of a sailor's berth, 
 were allotted each to two boys. That nothing might be omitted, which 
 could in any degree conduce to the preservation of health, it was deemed 
 expedient that the children should sleep singly. This further amend- 
 ment advanced gradually, but is now completed ; and iron bedsteads 
 have been adopted throughout. The governors have always courted the 
 inspection of the wards ; and, if under the old arrangement their neat 
 and cleanly appearance excited general admiration, even the most fasti- 
 dious could not now find cause for dissatisfaction. That, however, which 
 to every other eye seemed perfect, the watchful anxiety of the committee 
 considered still capable of improvement ; and, having made ample pro- 
 vision for the healthy, they directed their attention to the sick. The 
 sick-ward, though an indispensable appendage to the hospital, had never 
 been hitherto thickly crowded with inmates ; and death, when the num- 
 ber of children is considered, is a rare visitant indeed. Nevertheless, 
 the time might come, when some prevailing epidemic, of a more serious 
 character than the recent ophthalmia, would overstock their present 
 accommodations ; and for such a crisis it was advisable to be prepared. 
 It was therefore proposed, notwithstanding the sacrifice which would 
 attend the demolition of a convenient and substantial edifice, compact 
 
 Y 
 
162 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 and uniform in itself, and situated apart from the main building, to erect 
 forthwith a more extensive Infirmary, with more commodious apartments 
 and offices, suited to every stage of sickness and convalescence. These 
 wards were opened for the reception of patients in the year 1822 ; but 
 from various causes, to which it will be necessary to refer in the chapter 
 more immediately dedicated to the past and present state of the buildings 
 of the Hospital, it was not until lately, that, at an immense additional 
 cost above the original estimate, it has been brought to answer the 
 wishes and expectations of the governors. 
 
 To the remark that a death among the children is a rare occurrence, it 
 may be proper to add that such an event, when it did occur, was formerly 
 attended with a most strikingly affecting solemnity. On the evening 
 appointed for the funeral, the boys of the ward to which the deceased 
 belonged, assembled in the quadrangle of the Infirmary, for the purpose 
 of attending the remains of their departed school-fellow to the grave. 
 When the melancholy procession began to move, six of the choir, at a 
 short distance in advance, commenced the first notes of the burial anthem, 
 selected from the xxxixth Psalm ; the whole train gradually joining in 
 the solemn chaunt as they entered, two by two, the narrow vaulted 
 passage, or creek, which terminated in the cloisters. The appearance of 
 the youthful mourners, moving with measured steps by torchlight, and 
 pealing their sepulchral dirge along the sombre cloisters of the ancient 
 priory, was irresistibly affecting : and the impressive burial service, 
 succeeding to the notes of the anthem, as it sunk sorrowfully upon the 
 lips of the children, riveted the spectator insensibly into a mood of serious 
 and edifying reflection. There was something of a mournful grandeur in 
 these observances, peculiarly adapted to the monastic territory, in which 
 they were conducted ; nor can they ever be obliterated from the reverential 
 memory of those who have taken a part in them. The most imposing 
 features of the ceremony, to a stranger at least, are no longer retained ; 
 though it would be difficult to assign a cause for their discontinuance. 
 That striking effect, produced by the funereal glare of the torches, is no 
 longer present, and the corpse is committed to the ground in open 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 163 
 
 daylight ; the distance along which the procession passes is considerably 
 diminished ; and, except the solemn chaunt of the burial anthem, there 
 is little to excite particular attention. Still there is enough in the tribute 
 of affection, paid by the boys to a lost companion, to strengthen in the 
 minds of the survivors a bond of union, which is never broken in after 
 life. 
 
 If indeed there is one feature, which peculiarly marks, above any 
 other, the character of those, who have received their education in 
 Christ's Hospital, it is an affectionate recollection of the place where 
 they were bred up, and a hearty recognition of quondam school-fellows. 
 It has been truly remarked, that " the Christ's Hospital boys' friends at 
 school are commonly his intimates through life ;" * and meet where they 
 may, after the lapse of ages, or in foreign climes, the claims of friendship 
 and hospitality are never forgotten. To this bond of union, aided by the 
 industrious efforts of individual exertion, may be attributed in no incon- 
 siderable degree the high respectability to which they have generally 
 attained in the commercial world, and in society at large. Seldom 
 indeed, if the vast number of those, who are yearly launched upon the 
 sea of life, be considered, do instances of failure, or folly, or wickedness 
 arise ; thus presenting an unequivocal example of the vis unita, by 
 which the old fable of the bundle of sticks-f is powerfully illustrated. 
 With a view of cherishing this brotherly connexion among themselves, 
 and giving it a wider impulse abroad, a society was formed in the year 
 1775 ; and the cordiality which characterizes the monthly meetings of 
 these Amicable Slues, as well as the joyous enthusiasm of the more 
 numerous assemblage on the anniversary of the birth of the Royal 
 Founder, might well be adduced as a pattern worthy of imitation in 
 families connected by the closer ties of consanguinity. 
 
 * Lamb's " Essay on Christ's Hospital, and the character of the boys." 
 •f An emblematic design, founded upon this fable, and cast in a plaster mould, is, or was, 
 presented to each member of the " Amicable Society of Blues" on his election, together 
 with a corresponding cast of Edward VI. Their motto is, Vis unita fortior. As an instance 
 of their attention to the welfare of the Hospital, it is pleasing to record their munificent 
 donation of £250 to the building fund in 1803. 
 
164 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 In so numerous a community, however, it is not to be expected that 
 all will be equally prosperous ; it is rather to be admired that so few 
 comparatively are the cases in after life of misfortune and distress. 
 But in alleviating the wants of the poor, no less than in strengthening 
 the intercourse of the rich and independent, are the effects of blue 
 attachment visible ; and it is principally the noble provision recently 
 made for this purpose, which has given rise to the foregoing obser- 
 vations. In the month of June, 1824, a meeting was convened by 
 certain gentlemen, who had been educated in Christ's Hospital, for the 
 purpose of taking such measures as might appear best calculated to 
 afford relief to their more necessitous brethren ; and a series of reso- 
 lutions were accordingly adopted as the basis of the regulations of a 
 society to be then forthwith established, under the appropriate desig- 
 nation of the Benevolent Society of Blues. The declared objects 
 of the society were " to grant annual pensions, or weekly allowances, to 
 the aged and infirm ; to afford temporary relief to distressed parties ; to 
 grant small loans, to be returned by fixed instalments ; and to relieve 
 the distressed widows and orphans of blues, as the funds of the society 
 might allow :" — but it was cautiously provided " that no relief shall be 
 granted to any persons (except to blues who shall have subscribed to 
 the funds of the society, and who shall have come to distress by some 
 unforeseen calamity, subsequent to their having become subscribers*) 
 until the funds shall amount to £1000. This sum was realized in 
 September, 1827, from which period to the present time the number of 
 applicants has been one hundred and forty eight : several of whom have 
 
 * In February, 1827, an application was made to the directors, which came within the 
 limits of this exception. An individual with a large family, who had previously been a 
 subscriber, having commenced business with a small capital, requested a loan from the society, 
 which might free him from the debts with which he was embarrassed, and enable him to 
 continue his trade. Having made the necessary inquiries, and ascertained the extent of the 
 aid which was likely to prove permanently useful, the directors complied with his petition ; 
 and they have had the satisfaction of witnessing the beneficial result of their assistance in 
 the subsequent success of the applicant, who has repaid the sum lent, and again become a 
 subscriber. Another case of a similar description, and with a like result, occurred imme- 
 diately after the provisional law had ceased to be in operation. 
 
JAMES PALMER ESQ? 
 
 .^LeZ&iAu 
 
 &UaA7ia / C'- ^ccA&kes s&ty tl-u/t/', yMor?za^J~Z^cc 
 
 S4St/< s*umi4lJ_ZLa£<Sl&?ZC£/, 
 
 s&n/. 
 
 4ft&' L&usi/ ^yuw???/. 
 

 history of Christ's hospital. 165 
 
 been repeatedly relieved, and but very few rejected. In dispensing 
 relief the directors are mainly guided by the character and peculiar 
 situation of the applicants ; to the intent that the assistance afforded 
 may be the means, as far as possible, of restoring them to the station in 
 life from which misfortune has removed them, or of upholding them in 
 that condition which may secure the most comfortable maintenance for 
 themselves and their families. Aided by the liberal contribution, not 
 only of Blues, but of many of the governors, and others who feel an 
 interest in the welfare of Christ's Hospital, the society have been 
 enabled to fund £2350 ; and it is devoutly to be wished that as the 
 good work in which they are engaged becomes more extensively known, 
 not a Blue, who has the means, will withhold his mite from so excellent 
 an Institution. 
 
 While the measures for the establishment of this society were pro- 
 ceeding to maturity without the walls, the superintendence of the 
 internal government of Christ's Hospital had been transferred into 
 other hands. Mr. James Palmer, having now occupied the trea- 
 surer's chair for a period of six and twenty years, had withdrawn from 
 a weight of duties too arduous for his advanced age ; and in his resig- 
 nation the Hospital sustained a loss, which it was not easy to repair. He 
 had filled with the most unsullied integrity the station of highest trust 
 in the Institution ; in the execution of its arduous duties his exertions 
 were unremitting, his attention to the improvement, the comfort, and 
 the happiness of the children was kind, affectionate, and parental ; his 
 zeal for the reputation of the Hospital was warm and sincere ; in its 
 welfare and prosperity every wish of his heart was centered. He has 
 now gone to his reward, having departed this life on the 25th day of 
 January, 1825. All who recollect him will cordially agree in the 
 estimate of his character and services, drawn by one who knew him 
 intimately, which is here subjoined : — 
 
 "The early part of the nineteenth century is remarkable in the History 
 of the English Nation, as the period during which the most extensive 
 
166 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 endeavours have been made to communicate to the lower, and hitherto 
 uneducated, orders of society those advantages of learning, which were 
 considered in former times, if not incompatible with a life of labour, at 
 least unnecessary for those, who filled the humblest walks of life. It 
 must be acknowledged, that the first advocates of the duty of teaching 
 the poor to read, had chiefly in view the spiritual benefits which were 
 to be afforded by the communication of knowledge, and that the 
 founders of the national system of education especially, regarded the 
 intellectual improvement of the poor but as necessary to their advance- 
 ment in that knowledge, • the end of which is eternal life.' There were 
 not, however, wanting those, who foresaw that the result of these pious 
 labours would be to raise the general standard of knowledge, and that 
 if the humblest classes of society were instructed to read and write and 
 calculate, some higher degrees of knowledge would be required, in 
 order that the middle classes might preserve their superiority in the 
 scale of civilised life. To the probability of this increased demand for 
 a superior education no one was more anxiously alive than the late 
 respected Treasurer, Mr. Palmer ; no one laboured more effectually so 
 to adapt the system of instruction pursued in Christ's Hospital to the 
 new state of society, that the young persons educated within its walls 
 should find themselves qualified, on their entering into life, to compete 
 with the younger branches of the middling and higher orders of society, 
 in whatever business or profession they might be placed. At the period 
 of which we are speaking this venerable man, though considerably more 
 than seventy years of age, was found taking the lead amongst his col- 
 leagues, the members of the committee, in diligently inquiring into the 
 comparative merits of different systems, and in devising the means 
 by which the advantage of a classical education, hitherto confined 
 to a few of the most promising children of the Hospital, might be 
 extended to the whole number. The result of these labours has been 
 the formation of a plan of instruction, combining classical knowledge 
 with the arts most useful in mercantile life, which has now been carried 
 into effect for many years, and of which experience has shown, that 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 167 
 
 though in detail it may be capable of greater perfection, in its general 
 principle it cannot be improved. 
 
 " The character of Mr. Palmer exhibited a very remarkable instance of 
 the power which virtue, combined with firmness, possesses of controlling 
 the minds of others, and directing the counsels of bodies of men. He was 
 a man of few words, ungifted with eloquence, and unversed in the art of 
 public speaking ; he was slow and cautious in delivering his opinion, but 
 when the opportunity presented itself, he rarely failed in a brief sentence 
 or two to point out the proper course, and to win to his side consent. 
 Even at fourscore years of age he never displayed the moroseness, or 
 indulged any of the prejudices, so common to aged men, neither 
 speaking of former times as better than the present, nor condemning 
 the young as inferior to their fathers in duty and obedience. This 
 freedom from prejudice enabled him to the very last to listen with 
 readiness to any proposals for the improvement of the Hospital. That 
 an abuse was ancient was to him no excuse for its continuance. He 
 possessed a remarkable faculty of addressing his mind to topics perfectly 
 new to him ; if a new scheme of education was proposed, he sedulously 
 applied himself to become acquainted with its peculiarities or its merits ; 
 to any new proposal for the appropriation of the revenues of the House 
 he never objected, except on the ground of parsimony or prodigality ; 
 for whilst, on the one hand, he deemed it prudent that the interior of 
 the Hospital should possess the distinguishing characters of a charitable 
 institution, he was also careful that those who did it service, or were in 
 any way connected with it, should experience a just and liberal treat- 
 ment. He had too much regard for the feelings of others to approve of 
 any corporate body doing that, which in an individual would appear 
 niggardly or unjust. Enemies he had none, for when his duty called 
 him to administer reproof, he never laid aside that calm dignity which 
 was to him habitual ; and if the remonstrance was severe, the offending 
 party was still conscious, that a sense of justice to the Hospital, and not 
 a personal feeling of anger, dictated the expression. To his friends he 
 was kind and constant; instead of bestowing his patronage with a 
 
168 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 view of promoting his personal influence, he looked around to discover 
 those whose claims upon himself were greatest, and whilst the course of 
 a long life enabled him to bestow innumerable favours upon others, his 
 own family was no otherwise benefitted than by the gratitude of those 
 who were the objects of his care. To all the arts of popular elections 
 he was a perfect stranger. When offices were vacant in the Hospital, 
 he diligently compared the claims of the respective candidates, and 
 never waited to be solicited, bat gave his whole influence, unasked, to 
 the person whom he judged it would be most just, as well as expedient, 
 for the Court to elect. He always acted upon the opinion, that those 
 who filled the chief places of government in deliberative bodies, were bound 
 not merely to give their votes, honestly as individuals, but to endeavour 
 to become such examples in their mode of giving support to candidates, 
 as other members, who have neither leisure nor means of choosing for 
 themselves the fittest person, might safely follow. Though himself very 
 decided in political opinions, he always deprecated and opposed any the 
 slightest attempts to use the influence of the Hospital as a corporation 
 in promoting the cause of party, for he was well aware that such bodies, 
 in endeavouring to support any particular party, soon lose their own 
 independence, and become in return a prey to party themselves. Of his 
 private virtues, his conduct as a man of business, a husband, a father, 
 and a friend, this is not the place to speak ; but if the absence of the 
 love of money, in the case of one whose office as Treasurer placed large 
 sums at his command, be a virtue, Mr. Palmer possessed that in a most 
 extraordinary degree. When the property of others was in his hands, 
 he never for one moment forgot that that property was not his own. 
 Few instances perhaps have been found of men engaged in business for 
 so long a period of life, with such opportunities of profiting by the use 
 of capital, who have left behind them so moderate a portion of this 
 world's goods. The hospitality of himself and his family will long be 
 remembered ; at the Treasurer's house every visitor to the Hospital 
 found a welcome reception ; but they most, who most admired the insti- 
 tution, and expressed the greatest interest in its welfare." 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 169 
 
 Such was the character of Mr. Palmer ; such his services to the 
 institution : — we have detailed them not merely from a sense of justice 
 to his memory, and love to the individual, but also as illustrating the 
 character of that public testimony to his worth, borne by the members 
 of the committee, in presenting his picture to the Hospital, and by the 
 flattering vote of the court upon his resignation of the treasurership in 
 January, 1824. 
 
 Mr. Palmer was succeeded in the Treasurership by Thomas Poynder, 
 Jun. Esq. who had been for several years an active member of the 
 committee ; and it is no mean eulogium to assert that in his zeal for the 
 welfare of the House, and his anxious concern for the comfort and 
 improvement of the children, he is only second to his excellent and 
 lamented predecessor. Immediately upon his election, the great work 
 of rebuilding commenced in earnest ; and his known architectural taste 
 and practical science may well be supposed to have been advantageously 
 devoted to the substantial, as well as elegant, restitution of the ancient 
 structure. Certain it is, that no expense has been spared in rendering 
 those parts of the Hospital, which have been completed under the 
 direction of the late Mr. Shaw, at once durable and magnificent ; and it 
 was no mean effort of public liberality, by which such vast sums have 
 been raised, independently of the private sacrifices of the establishment, 
 to enable the governors to carry their designs into execution.* In con- 
 nexion with these operations, the first act of the new Treasurer was 
 marked by a pageant, such as had not been witnessed for ages within 
 the old monastic walls. According to the plan originally designed by 
 Mr. Shaw, it was proposed to convert the old Hall into dormitories ; but 
 upon examination the building was found to be so entirely dilapidated, 
 as to render its preservation even for its present purposes very precarious. 
 While the workmen were employed in digging for the foundation of the 
 magnificent pile which was destined to supply its place, the outer wall 
 of the ancient refectory fell in with a tremendous crash ; and, though 
 
 * A list of the subscribers to the Building Fund will be found in the Appendix. 
 
 z 
 
 
170 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 means were taken for the temporary security of the main building, it 
 became eventually necessary to pull it down before the new one was 
 completed. In the mean time the work had been rapidly advancing ; 
 and the governors had requested his majesty, George IV., to lay the 
 first stone of the rising structure. The royal assent was most graciously 
 given to this request ; but, being prevented by circumstances from 
 attending in person, his majesty was represented on the occasion by his 
 brother, the late Duke of York. 
 
 The day appointed for this imposing ceremony was the 28th of April, 
 1825, and a gallery of great strength and solidity, enclosing a rectan- 
 gular area, was erected for the accommodation of spectators ; a portion 
 of the north side being set apart for the children. In the centre of the 
 area the first stone was suspended by a strong fall and tackle ; at the 
 head of which was placed a chair of state for the royal duke, and 
 behind it seats appropriated to those who bore a prominent part in the 
 solemnity. The company continued to arrive rapidly till two o'clock, 
 by which time the seats were entirely occupied ; and a portion of the 
 Duke of York's band were stationed in a gallery, to enliven the interval 
 of waiting with military music. In the mean time a cold collation had 
 been prepared in the court room, where the governors and officers were 
 in attendance to receive the royal duke, who arrived about three o'clock. 
 The procession was immediately formed ; and passed through the 
 cloisters in the following order : — 
 
 The Porter of the Hospital. 
 
 Beadles. 
 
 The Resident Officers. 
 
 The Governors. 
 
 Bishops of London and Chester. 
 
 The Treasurer. 
 
 The President. 
 
 His Royal Highness the Duke of York. 
 
 The Lord Mayor and Aldermen, forming an escort of honour to his 
 
 Royal Highness. 
 
 

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history of Christ's hospital. 171 
 
 On the arrival of the procession at the spot, above which the stone 
 was elevated, the ceremony commenced with the singing of " God 
 save the King" by the children in full chorus, accompanied by the 
 band ; in which the visitors also joined with great enthusiasm. At the 
 conclusion of the national air, the duke advanced to a carpeted platform, 
 accompanied by the Lord Mayor, the President, Treasurer and other 
 governors, who bore the coins of the reign in a glass saucer splendidly 
 cut, the level, and trowel. The trowel was silver gilt, and beautifully 
 embossed ; and an inscription on the inner side indicated the use to 
 which it was appropriated. While the coins were deposited in the 
 cavity which had been formed for their reception, and the supporters 
 arranged for the brass inscription plate, the inscription was read aloud 
 from a raised stool by the Head Master. 
 
 Primvm .Hvivs . jEdificii. Lapidem 
 
 Extrvcti . In.Vsvm. Alvmnorvm. 
 
 In . Orphanotrophio . Chrjsti. 
 
 Edvcatorvm. 
 
 Qvod . Regiis . Avspiciis. 
 
 Edvardo . Sexto . Regnante. 
 
 FvNDATVM 
 MVNIFICENTIA . CaROLI. SeCVNDI. 
 
 Adavctvm. 
 
 CiETERORVM. DeIN CEPS . ReGVM. 
 
 Patrocinivm . Benignissimvm 
 
 svstentav1t. 
 
 Rex . Ipse . Avgvstissimvs. 
 
 GEORGIVS . IV. 
 
 Ab . Illvstrissimo . Principe. 
 
 Fratre. Svo. 
 
 FREDERICK). 
 
 Dvce . Eboracensi. 
 
 Svi .Ipsivs. Vicem .Gerente. 
 
 . PoNI.VoLVIT. 
 
 Die .Qvarto.Ante.Kalendas.Maii. 
 
 Anno . Salvtis . MDCCCXXV. 
 
 Quod . Bene. Favste.Feliciter.Ev ad at. 
 
 Devs. Opt. Max. Fax it. 
 
172 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 GvLIELMO . CVRTIS . BARONETTO . PrAESIDE. 
 
 Thoma . Poynder. Armigero .Thesavrario. 
 Arthvro . Gv li elmo . Trollope . S.T.P . Archididascalo. 
 Thoma .Wilby .Armigero .Chartis. Praeposito. 
 Johanne .Shaw. Armigero .S.A.S.Architecto.* 
 
 The inscription plate being now fixed in its appointed situation, the 
 assistants placed some mortar upon the stone, which the duke spread 
 with the trowel. The stone was then gradually lowered into its posi- 
 
 * The following translation of the inscription was engraven on the reverse of the plate; 
 and copies of both, together with the prayer read upon the occasion, were distributed among 
 the company. They were all composed by the Rev. A. W. Trollope, D.D. the Head 
 Master. 
 
 The first stone of this Edifice, 
 
 Erected for the use of the Children educated in 
 
 Christ's Hospital, 
 
 Founded under Royal Auspices, 
 
 In the reign of 
 
 Edward the Sixth, 
 
 Enlarged by the Munificence of 
 
 Charles the Second, 
 
 And supported by the most gracious patronage of 
 
 Succeeding Kings, 
 
 Was laid, 
 
 According to the pleasure of his most august Majesty, 
 
 George the Fourth, 
 
 By his Brother, 
 
 The most illustrious Prince 
 
 Frederick, 
 
 Duke of York, 
 
 Acting in his Majesty's own behalf, 
 
 The twenty-eighth day of April, 
 
 In the year of our Lord 1825. 
 
 May the Great and Good God grant, that the event 
 
 May prove Fortunate and Happy. 
 
 Sir William Curtis, Bart. President. 
 
 Thomas Poynder, Esq. Treasurer. 
 
 Arthur William Trollope, D.D. Head Master. 
 
 Thomas Wilby, Esq. Chief Clerk. . 
 
 John Shaw, Esq. F.A.S. Architect. 
 
 • 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 173 
 
 tion, and secured ; and his Royal Highness completed the work by a 
 stroke of the mallet. Upon this the Lord Bishop of London (Dr. 
 Howley), kneeling upon a hassock of crimson velvet, read the following 
 form of prayer, which had been composed for the occasion : — 
 
 LET US PRAY. 
 
 Our Father, 8gc. 8$c. 
 
 Lord God Almighty, who art the father of the fatherless, and whose tender 
 mercies are over all thy works, with humble gratitude we adore thy gracious pro- 
 vidence, that thou didst put into the heart of thy servant, King Edward the Sixth, 
 of blessed memory, to found this seminary of sound learning and pure religion, in 
 which the friendless orphan and child of early affliction might be instructed in the 
 knowledge of thee his God, and in the gospel of thy beloved son : and we bless 
 thy holy name, O Lord, that it hath pleased thee to raise up a succession of pious 
 benefactors, by whose charitable benevolence new sources of instruction have been 
 opened, and its powers of doing good have been enlarged. Continue, we beseech 
 thee, O heavenly father, thy favour to this seat of mercy ; prosper with thy bless- 
 ing the work in which we are this day engaged ; keep alive in the breasts of the 
 good and opulent the pure flame of christian charity, and a fervent desire to perpe- 
 tuate the benefits of this venerable institution ; so that means may never be wanting 
 to renew whatever is decayed, and to repair the ruinous effects of time : but that 
 under thy almighty protection this religious, royal, and ancient foundation may for 
 ever flourish, and its blessings descend in more abundant streams on future genera- 
 tions. 
 
 These prayers and praises we humbly offer to thy gracious acceptance, O merci- 
 ful father, through the mediation of thy blessed son, our saviour, Jesus Christ ; to 
 whom with thee, and the Holy Spirit, three persons and one God, be all praise and 
 thanksgiving, and honour and power and glory, for ever and ever. Amen. 
 
 After a moment's repose in meditation upon this solemn address to 
 the Almighty, a shout of acclamation burst from the assembled throng, 
 and the company separated. The day concluded with an entertainment 
 in the court room, to which a numerous party, consisting chiefly of the 
 governors and officers of the Hospital were invited. Nor were the 
 children forgotten in the joyous proceedings, of which they had been 
 not only witnesses, but in which they had borne a conspicuous and in- 
 
174 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 teresting part. The Duke of York, in the name and on the behalf of his 
 
 majesty, ordered a week's holiday, in celebration of the event ; and three 
 
 cheers for the king, and his illustrious and lamented relative, attested 
 
 the gratitude of the youthful family for this mark of royal favour. 
 
 This will ever be a memorable era in the annals of Christ's 
 
 Hospital ; and it was fitting that the reputation of the Institution 
 
 should have appeared to be keeping pace with the liberality of public 
 
 patronage. It was with feelings, therefore, of no ordinary pride that 
 
 towards the close of the year the governors received the intelligence, 
 
 communicated through the medium of the head master, that one of 
 
 their scholars had been elected to the Regius Professorship of Greek in 
 
 the University of Cambridge. " Deeply impressed with the high and 
 
 honourable distinction which he had thereby acquired," and " sensible 
 
 of the credit which his election reflected on the place of his education," 
 
 the Governors requested Dr. Trollope to communicate to the Rev. 
 
 James Scholefield " their congratulations on the event."* Nor were 
 
 they unmindful of the feelings entertained by the preceptor himself, in 
 
 witnessing the success of his pupil, " who had proved so bright an 
 
 ornament and example to the school of Christ's Hospital." But the 
 
 time was .fast approaching when this exemplary man and perfect scholar 
 
 was about to be removed from the scene of his labours, and to pass to 
 
 that final reward of a life of usefulness in his generation, which far 
 
 transcends the mead of applause, however well merited, which man can 
 
 give. His unceasing and indefatigable exertions in the discharge of the 
 
 duties of his responsible appointment had engendered a disease, the 
 
 rapid progress of which baffled the experience of his medical advisers ; 
 
 and his immediate retirement was urged as the only probable means of 
 
 recovery. Accordingly his resignation was read to the court on the 
 
 28th of November, 1826, and received with their unfeigned regret at 
 
 the occasion which rendered such a step necessary. A resolution was 
 
 i 
 * See the Court Book, under the date of November 29, 1825. Mr. Scholefield is the 
 second Blue who has occupied the same chair. Joshua Barnes, of whom a memoir will be 
 found in a subsequent chapter, was elected Greek Professor at Cambridge in the year 1695. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 175 
 
 passed unanimously, expressive of the esteem and gratitude of the 
 governors " for the unwearied and exemplary talent with which he had 
 discharged the laborious duties of so important a station during the long 
 period of twenty-seven years ;" and it was subsequently determined that 
 he should continue in the enjoyment of his full stipend for the remainder 
 of his days. Little, alas ! was it anticipated that he was not destined 
 to receive a single payment ! 
 
 From the period of his resignation till the election of his successor he 
 still persevered, as far as his enfeebled state would permit, in super- 
 intending the business of the school ; and it was not till the end of 
 March, 1827, that with the most affectionate wishes, but most despon- 
 dent forebodings, of his family and friends, he reached his living at 
 Gainscolne, in Essex. For a few weeks he appeared to derive benefit 
 from the change, and even rallied so far as to take part on one occasion 
 in the service of the church ; but the hopes thus raised were too quickly 
 disappointed. The violent remedies which had been employed for the 
 mitigation of his disorder had reduced him to a state of exhaustion, 
 attended by dropsy, which ended in his dissolution on the 24th of May, 
 1827. Of his character and his virtues it is not for a son to speak ; 
 they were duly and affectionately appreciated by all who knew him. 
 The governors of Christ's Hospital attested their sense of obligation to 
 those services, in which the seeds of his death were sown, by voting a 
 pension to his widow equal to the half of his salary ; and the conscious 
 hope that she would not be forgotten by those whom he had so faith- 
 fully served was a source of no ordinary consolation to him to the last. 
 Among the tokens of esteem, however, which his retirement brought 
 with it, there was none which seemed to affect him more deeply than the 
 present of a silver vase, which he received only a fortnight before his 
 death, from the united subscriptions of the several pupils, whom he had 
 sent to the universities. The inscription thereon was written by Pro- 
 fessor Scholefield ; — let it stand as the memorial of the good which he 
 did, and the estimation in which he was held by those who reaped the 
 benefit of his labours. 
 
176 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 Virum .Reverendum . Et .Doctissimum. 
 
 Artueum .Gulielmum.Trollope. S.T.P. 
 
 Per. Annos. XXVIII. 
 
 Scholje. In .Christi. Orphanotrophio. Grammatics. 
 
 Archididascalum. 
 
 Emeritum .Tandem. 
 
 Et. In . Otium . Non . Sine. Dig nitate. Concessuriim. 
 
 Hoc . Quantulocunque. Munere . Donaverunt. 
 
 In . Amoris . Et . Reverentis . Testimonium. 
 
 Alumni . Sui . 
 
 Quos . Sua . Olim . Disciplina . Imbutos. 
 
 Postea . In . Academiam . Alterutram . Cooptatos. 
 
 Sui . Memores . Fecerat . Merendo. 
 
 Anno.MDCCCXXVII. 
 
 On the resignation of Dr. Trollope, the Rev. John Greenwood,M.A. 
 late Fellow of St. Peter's College, Cambridge, who had been for some 
 years at the head of the junior classical department, was unanimously 
 appointed to succeed him. With some few exceptions, of comparatively 
 trifling importance, the same system of instruction is still pursued ; and 
 so long as the academical success of his pupils bears testimony to the effi- 
 cacy of the preceptor's method and means, the peculiarities of individual 
 taste and experience will be matters of very little consideration. In one 
 achievement, however, Mr. Greenwood has succeeded, which the most 
 strenuous and unwearied exertions of his predecessors were unable to ac- 
 complish. However great were the classical attainments of the single 
 scholar, who was annually sent to Cambridge on the Hospital exhibitions, 
 he had to contend on very unequal terms with the numerous competitors 
 arranged against him from other public schools. Often had this inequality 
 been represented to the governors, but in vain ; and it is a subject of 
 substantial congratulation that the point has at length been carried, though 
 with certain qualifications, which detract somewhat from the intrinsic 
 value of the gift. Two scholars are now regularly sent to Cambridge 
 in every year, and an additional one in every fourth year to Oxford ; 
 but the value of the exhibition allotted to each has been materially cur- 
 tailed, both in amount and in duration, in order to compass this desirable 
 
HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 177 
 
 end. Thankful, however, to accept the boon on any terms, let us hope 
 that the funds of the Hospital will eventually admit of a more extended 
 munificence. The portion of the revenue set apart for the maintenance 
 of students at the Universities was principally, if not entirely, bestowed 
 by individual benefactors for this specific purpose ; and at present little 
 else has been accomplished than to divide the amount, which has 
 hitherto been given to one, between the two who are now to share it. 
 
 Four years had elapsed since the day on which the first stone of the 
 New Hall was laid ; and the 29th of May, 1829, was appointed for the 
 ceremony of opening the now completed building. It is melancholy to 
 reflect upon the mortal changes which had taken place in the interval. 
 The royal hand which gave the first auspicious impulse to the rising 
 pile was cold in death ; and two of the four individuals, whose names 
 are registered upon the inscription plate, were silent in the tomb.* 
 There were some present at the opening, whose meditations on these 
 occurrences shed an air of sadness over the proceedings, which were 
 otherwise calculated to inspire the most delightful sensations of the 
 mind. Every British bosom must have throbbed with inward pride in 
 the contemplation of so vast a monument of national benevolence ; and 
 hard indeed must have been his heart who could view without emotion 
 the gratifying spectacle of so many children, rescued from poverty to 
 adorn perhaps the highest walks of professional and commercial life. 
 
 At twelve o'clock, the hour limited for admission by tickets, upwards 
 of twelve hundred persons were assembled in the Hall ; among whom 
 were Prince Leopold of Saxe Coburg, the Dukes of Norfolk and Devon- 
 shire, Marquis Camden, Earls Spencer, Darnley, Stamford and Cla- 
 
 * .S'/> William Curtis and Dr. Trollope. A third has since been summoned to his last 
 account ; and one alone survives of those, who bore the most conspicuous part in the cere- 
 mony. James Shaw, Esq. the architect, died suddenly at Ramsgate on the 30th of August, 
 1832, while engaged in the transaction of professional business. He has been succeeded at 
 Christ's Hospital by his son, Mr. John Shaw, who inherits the amiable qualities, as well 
 as the shining talents, of his lamented father. 
 
 A A 
 

 178 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 rendon, Lord Althorp, Sir Francis Freeling, Sir William Curtis, and 
 other distinguished personages of the nobility and gentry. On the 
 entrance of the children, who took their seats at the tables belonging to 
 the several wards, a voluntary was performed by Mr. Glenn, the music 
 master, who presided at the organ.* In the mean time the Lord 
 Mayor, with the civic authorities, had arrived in state ; and, being 
 received by the Treasurer at the Eastern entrance, repaired to the Hall 
 in the following order of procession : — 
 
 The Porter of the Hospital. 
 
 Beadles. 
 
 Marshalmen. 
 
 The two City Marshals. 
 
 Common Councilmen. 
 
 The City Remembrancer. 
 
 The Sword Bearer, the Mace Bearer. 
 
 Lord Mayor's Chaplain. 
 
 The Lord Mayor (W. Thomson, Esq. M.P. President of the Hospital) 
 
 in his state robes, accompanied by the Lord Bishop of Llandaff. 
 
 The Train Bearer. 
 
 The Sheriffs (Messrs. Booth and Copeland). 
 
 The Treasurer. 
 
 The Aldermen in their gowns. 
 
 The Lord Mayor having taken the chair, the Bishop of Llandaff 
 (Dr. Coplestone), officiating for the Bishop of London, who was absent 
 from illness, ascended the pulpit, and read the following prayer ; which 
 had been composed for the occasion by Mr. Greenwood, the head 
 master. 
 
 * A small chamber organ had been procured for the occasion : but a magnificent instru- 
 ment has since been erected in its place, by subscription among the Governors. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 179 
 
 LET US PRAY. 
 
 " eternal God, whose almighty power directeth the counsels of man's heart, 
 and without whose aid the best concerted works of human wisdom are perishable 
 and vain, accept, we beseech thee, the tribute of our humble, but fervent, thanks- 
 givings for that goodness which has enabled thy servants on this day to perfect a 
 work, consecrated to thy honour and the benefit of destitute and fatherless children. 
 Vouchsafe thy blessing upon this royal and ancient foundation ; prosper the 
 labours of all those who minister within its walls ; reward the liberality of all 
 who have contributed to its support ; and raise up, we implore thee, a constant 
 succession of pious benefactors, whose munificence may restore what the hand of 
 time has impaired, and whose wisdom maj r , under thy guidance, watch over its 
 future prosperity. Inspire into the hearts of those, whose tender age has been 
 here nurtured in the paths of virtue and the precepts of the gospel, such a grateful 
 sense of thy mercies as may have a salutary influence on their conduct, in whatever 
 station it may please thy gracious providence to place them. Look down with 
 compassion upon these thy children, who, removed from the temptations and 
 sorrows of life, are yet sheltered beneath the protection of this house, and partakers 
 of its benefits ; and enable them by thy grace to grow in the knowledge of thy 
 word, and to advance in the cultivation of useful learning, and in all the virtues of 
 a Christian life. And grant, O Lord, that this foundation may continue to be a 
 refuge to the afflicted, a firm support of thy true faith, and a lasting monument of 
 thy glory. 
 
 " These prayers and praises we humbly offer unto thy divine majesty, in the 
 name and through the mediation of thy son, Jesus Christ, our Lord, who liveth 
 and reigneth with thee and the Holy Ghost, ever one God, world without end." 
 Amen. 
 
 Our Father, fyd 
 
 As soon as the bishop had descended from the pulpit, and taken his 
 seat on the left of the President, the two senior Grecians, Francis 
 Richard Begbie, and John Tahourdin White, delivered gratulatory 
 addresses on the occasion. The latter first recited some elegant Latin 
 verses, with the appropriate motto from Virgil, — 
 
 O Fortunati, quorum jam mcenia surgunt ! 
 
 and was followed by his companion in an English prose oration. After 
 
180 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 the usual prayers and grace, the boys then sat down to a substantial 
 dinner of roast beef and plum pudding. It was at first intended that a 
 glass of wine should have been added; but it was deemed advisable that 
 the company present should be witnesses of the ordinary fare of the 
 house, rather than be led to imbibe an impression of an extraordinary 
 display, much beyond the customary supply of provision. Perhaps 
 there was no great danger of so unfair an inference, and many were 
 disappointed at the omission ; but the intention was at least good, if the 
 reason was not satisfactory. Dinner being concluded, and the second 
 grace said, an anthem was sung by the choir with very great effect ; and 
 " God save the King " followed in full chorus. The children gave 
 three cheers for " the Kino- ;" and, after making their obeisance to the 
 company present, retired. 
 
 Such was the last occurrence, marked by any particular solemnity, 
 which has diversified the ordinary routine of scholastic discipline within 
 the walls of Christ's Hospital. The governors are still proceeding with 
 the great work of rebuilding ; and a line of dormitaries in the same 
 style of architecture, but on a less splendid scale than the New Hall, 
 have been erected at right angles with it, on the site lately occupied by 
 the old hall. Of these, as well as of the Hall itself, and the new Schools 
 erected on the north side of the Ditch, an architectural description will 
 be given in the chapter specially devoted to that purpose. Turn we 
 now from the history of the rise and progress of the Hospital, to a 
 delineation of the plan of education pursued in its several departments 
 of classical, commercial, and mathematical learning. 
 
HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 181 
 
 Chapter VIII. 
 
 System of Education pursued in Christ's Hospital in early times not to be ascertained — 
 Plan at present pursued — Upper Grammar School — Grecians — Deputy Grecians — Great 
 and Little Erasmus — Selection of Scholars for the University — Scheme of Lessons in the 
 two higher Classes — Anomalous constitution of the head Class — Eminence attained by 
 Deputy Grecians — Adaptation of the present system to its proposed ends — Constitution 
 of the Under Grammar Schools — Laborious duties of the Masters — Day's work with each 
 class — Writing School — Its original constitution and importance — Extent of instruction 
 there given — Specimens of Penmanship — Spelling by dictation — Mathematical Schools 
 — Proficiency acquired in the Under or Travers' Department — Course of Nautical Edu- 
 cation on King: Charles's Foundation — Drawing- School — Mathematical Studies of the 
 Grecians and Deputy Grecians — System pursued at Hertford — Girls' Establishment — 
 Half yearly Examinations — Prizes — Rewards in the Grammar School — Donation to a 
 Grecian on leaving the Hospital — Examination in Reading — Hertford Visitations — 
 Private pupils— Restrictions upon the Masters — Inadequate compensation — Ecclesiastical 
 Preferments — Religious instruction — Office of Catechiser — Sunday Exercises — Markers 
 — Religious duties — Attendance on Divine Service — Daily Devotions — Bishop Compton's 
 Prayers — Psalmody — Music Master — Choir and Chorus Boys — Vacations and Holidays 
 — August Holidays — Conditions of absence — Leaves — Tickets — Hours of Recreation — 
 Libraries — State of the Books in the Classical and Mathematical Libraries— The old Ob- 
 servatory — Subsequent advantages to those educated in Christ's Hospital — Apprentice- 
 fees — Gifts. 
 
 It is now impossible to ascertain the plan of Education pursued, and 
 the extent to which it was carried, in Christ's Hospital, at the period of 
 its foundation. That there were two distinct systems, adapted to the very 
 different descriptions of children at first received under its care, suffi- 
 cient proof has already been produced ; and it is now of little moment 
 to inquire into the nature of that branch of instruction, which has 
 ceased with the object to which it was applied. Notice has also been 
 taken of the proficiency of the boys in the Grammar School at a very 
 early period, and of the reputation acquired at the Universities by some 
 of the first scholars sent thither upon exhibitions from the House. 
 
182 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 From a very ancient date, however, it appears that the Grammar 
 School was under the direction of an upper and under master ; nor can 
 any material alteration in the subjects taught, and the mode of teaching 
 them, be traced, prior to that entire change in the system, of which an 
 account was given in the last chapter. Nor indeed did this change 
 materially affect the established routine of the upper school, upon which 
 the academical credit of the Institution mainly depends. The system 
 pursued by the present master with the two higher classes, distinguished 
 as heretofore by the appellations of the Grecians and Deputy Grecians, 
 coincides in all material points with that of his predecessor, who adopted 
 it with little variation from Mr. Boyer ; and its utility is sufficiently 
 borne out by its results. Since the present regulations have been in 
 force, the two lower forms, called the Great and Little Erasmus* 
 divide their time, as do all the forms in the under schools, between the 
 grammar and the writing masters ; so that their classical studies have 
 been necessarily modified, with reference to the smaller portion of time 
 which is now allotted to them. It is not, therefore, until a boy has attained 
 the rank of Deputy Grecian, from which class the selection is for the most 
 part made, on the score of merit and attainment, of those who proceed on 
 exhibitions to the Universities, that his course of reading is exclusively 
 directed to this object. This choice rests entirely, as it obviously ought, 
 with the Head Master, without any interference on the part of the 
 Governors ; and is conducted with the strictest impartiality. Where 
 talents are equal, merit has the preference ; and, should there be still a 
 doubt, seniority turns the scale. The weekly scheme of lessons, assigned 
 to these two head classes under the regime of Dr. Trollope, Mill furnish 
 a ready means of estimating the degree of proficiency attained by 
 the Senior Grecian, at the time of his election to the University. 
 
 * Doubtless, these names originated in the circumstance, that the larger and smaller 
 Colloquies of Erasmus were formerly read in the two classes respectively; as those of 
 Grecian and Deputy Grecian designate a progress, more or less advanced, in the knowledge 
 of Greek. 
 
HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 183 
 
 < 
 
 Ed 
 
 OS 
 
 o 
 
 
 J fond ay. 
 
 Tuesday. 
 
 \Fcdnesday. 
 
 Thursday. 
 
 
 
 
 Friday. 
 
 Saturday. 
 
 
 ti 
 
 a 
 '3 
 
 E 
 
 o 
 
 S 
 
 Homer or Tragic 
 Chorus by heart. 
 
 Greek Tragedy. 
 
 Xenophon txtem- 
 pore. 
 
 Homer. 
 
 Cicero's Orations 
 extempore. 
 
 Latin author.* 
 
 Virgil by heart. 
 Demosthents. 
 
 Horace or Juvenal 
 by heart. 
 
 Greek Tragedy or 
 Aristophanes. 
 
 Seale's Metres. 
 Repetition. 
 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 g 
 
 < 
 
 V 
 
 B 
 
 *U 
 E 
 
 V 
 
 M 
 
 W 
 
 Hebrew Psalter. 
 Horace or Juvenal. 
 
 Math. Sch. 
 
 English speaking. 
 Tacitus. 
 
 Math. Sch. 
 
 Hebrew. 
 Latin speaking. 
 
 
 
 
 
 English and Latin 
 
 Theme, in alternate 
 
 weeks. 
 
 Huntingford's 
 Greek Exercises. 
 
 Greek Translation. 
 
 Greek Verses, and 
 Translation from 
 English into Latin. 
 
 Latin Translation. 
 
 Latin and English 
 verses alternately; 
 
 with un Abstract.! 
 
 
 99 
 
 Z 
 
 Ed 
 
 til 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Homer by heart. 
 Cicero. 
 
 Greek or Latin 
 Grammar. 
 
 Xenophon or De- 
 mosthenes. 
 
 Virgil by heart. 
 Homer. 
 
 Greek or Latin 
 Grammar. 
 
 Virgil. 
 
 Horace by heart. 
 Cicero or Sallust. 
 
 Greek Testament 
 extempore. 
 
 Repetition. 
 
 
 
 Creek Grammar. 
 Horace. 
 
 Math. Sch. 
 
 Hebrew or Greek 
 Grammar. 
 
 Geography. 
 
 Math. Srh. 
 
 Poetic Recitation.; 
 Geography. 
 
 
 
 o 
 
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 h 
 
 a. 
 u 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 
 Exer- 
 cise. 
 
 Theme. 
 
 Latin Translation. 
 
 Greek Translation. 
 
 Latin Translation. 
 
 Greek Translation. 
 
 Verses. 
 
 
 As the time of continuance on the Grecian's form is always three, 
 and generally four, years, a very considerable acquaintance with the 
 higher classics, as well as a readiness in the composition of English, 
 Greek, and Latin, verse and prose, is easily attainable within this period, 
 and forms a substantial ground-work for the more extensive researches of 
 academical study. There is, however, a considerable drawback upon 
 the means of instruction afforded to the master, in the necessity of 
 classing together four boys of widely different ages in the same course 
 of reading ; for when the senior Grecian is about to leave the school at 
 the age of nineteen, the junior, who is just entering the class, has 
 
 * Generally Livu, or one of Cicero's Philosophical Treatises. 
 
 f Each boy made choice of a work of some standard English author, of which he was 
 required to furnish an abstract, at the rate of a foolscap sheet per week. The historical 
 works of Hooke, Robertson, Gillies, Gibbon, and Crevier, were more generally selected. 
 
 | From Thomson's " Seasons." 
 
184 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 scarcely attained perhaps his fifteenth year. To remedy this anomaly, 
 by attending separately to each individual, is manifestly impossible ; 
 nor would such a plan be advisable, even if it were practicable. By 
 the recent increase in the number of exhibitions, and a corresponding- 
 enlargement of the form, the difficulty is not materially lessened ; inas- 
 much as the same gradation in age still exists, though there are two, 
 instead of one, of the same standing ; and a subdivision of the class, 
 according to the respective ages, is quite as much out of the question as 
 ever. All that can be done, is to make due allowances for the gradual 
 developement of the intellectual energies; which will thus be enabled, 
 by steps almost imperceptible, to grapple with difficulties more formi- 
 dable in appearance than in reality. 
 
 In addition to the scholars intended for the University, some few of 
 those who leave the school at the appointed age of fifteen, find their 
 way into the Deputy Grecian's form ; and are well qualified, at the time 
 of their discharge from the Hospital, for the medical or legal professions, 
 or for scholastic pursuits. Frequently indeed, having completed their 
 education elsewhere, boys from this class have subsequently proceeded 
 to the University, and acquired a degree of credit and reputation not 
 inferior to those who have gone thither directly from the House.* For 
 the most part, however, the great mass of the children are destined for 
 some trade or mercantile occupation ; and it was with a view to fit them 
 thoroughly for the parts which they will hereafter take in the different 
 walks of commercial life, that the system of education now pursued was 
 constructed. With respect to the classical portion of it, it has already 
 appeared, that each of the three under masters has two divisions, con- 
 sisting of five classes. The books at first appointed to be read in these 
 classes were found by experience to be ill adapted to the capacities of 
 the boys of whom they were composed, and various modifications have 
 
 * Among these, I cannot but mention with satisfaction and pride the name of my old 
 schoolfellow, and highly valued friend, the Ri:v. Thomas Dale, M. A. of Corpus Christi 
 College, Cambridge. Eminent as a scholar, a poet, and a divine, it is only in the higher 
 importance of the latter character that we trace his superior excellence therein. 
 
HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 185 
 
 been repeatedly made therein at the suggestion of the masters. Geo- 
 graphy also is now taught in the fifth class, and the Greek Diatessaron 
 is read alternately with the Collectanea Graca Minora. It has also 
 been proposed to have an extra class in each of the under schools,. in 
 which the same books are to be read as in the Little Erasmus, or lower 
 form of the upper school ; but this addition to the labours of the junior 
 masters has not yet come into operation. A brief statement of the 
 day's work will make it abundantly clear that they have already enough 
 to do ; and, though sufficient may be done for the purposes required, it 
 is only at the expense of a weariness both of body and mind, which 
 renders them unfit for further exertion. 
 
 The first hour of every morning during eight months in the year, and 
 the first half hour during the other four, is devoted to English reading and 
 spelling ; for which purpose a monitor is placed over each class, the 
 masters superintending the whole. On two days of the week all the 
 classes have lessons in Crossman's " Introduction to the Catechism," 
 and the head class is moreover to be instructed in Geography. In the 
 course of the time that they are in school, each class appears before the 
 master with a Grammar or Crossman lesson, a construing and parsing 
 lesson, and an exercise ; so that each class presents itself three times, 
 making fifteen lessons or exercises from nearly one hundred boys, to be 
 dispatched in the course of three hours, or, in winter, two hours and a 
 half. It will be readily allowed that in this time it is physically impos- 
 sible to do more than hear each lesson construed once or twice, and to 
 parse a certain number of lines, four, five, or six, as the time will permit. 
 For any thing like critical or historical instruction, there is absolutely 
 not time, so that these matters are necessarily left to the particular 
 attention of the head master, who has but three classes to instruct, and 
 on two afternoons in the week only one. The work of parsing, with 
 the more obvious etymological and historical notices, is the utmost that 
 can be accomplished in the under schools ; and, since the education 
 here offered is merely supplementary to the more necessary attainment 
 of commercial knowledge, it is perhaps amply sufficient for the purpose. 
 
 
 B B 
 
 
186 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 It is in the Writing School, indeed, that the great bulk of the 
 children have always been supposed to receive the more important part 
 of their education. So essential was this department considered, as 
 supplying the requisite qualifications for mercantile employment, that it was 
 usual, prior to the adoption of the regulations of 1815, to remove thereto 
 from both the grammar schools, at the age of eleven and upwards, all 
 boys who could read well, provided they were not specially intended for 
 professional pursuits. Writing (including penmanship in all its forms, 
 of which some admirable specimens are preserved in the counting- 
 house*) and arithmetic, in all its branches, book keeping, the drawing 
 of invoices, and the whole routine of business in a merchant's house, 
 are fully and perfectly acquired by the children, in their progress through 
 this school. It has lately been ordered in committee, that writing from 
 dictation should also form a part of the instruction here -afforded, with a 
 view to their improvement in spelling. This plan was formerly pursued 
 with great advantage to boys deficient in this respect ; who were re- 
 quired to devote a portion of the time allotted to recreation to the 
 amendment of their cacolology, as Mrs. Malaprop would call it. These 
 " spelling boys " were, in fact, the dunces of the establishment ; and the 
 exercise was the punishment of their idleness, as well as the means of 
 their improvement. The result however was such, that its discon- 
 tinuance was not adequately supplied under the present system ; nor is 
 its renewal likely to be attended with less efficiency from its more 
 general diffusion among the whole body. It may be proper to remark, 
 that the writing school is under the superintendance of a head master, 
 two assistants, and two ushers. 
 
 The union of King Charles' and Travers' foundations into one depart- 
 ment has been noticed in the History. All the boys are now prepared 
 for naval service, and enjoy the same advantages. Their education in 
 the lower school is partly classical, but principally mathematical ; and, 
 
 * The inscription on the plate, deposited beneath the first stone of the New Hall, was 
 penned in the most admirable style by Mr. W. T. Clarke, late one of the assistant-masters. 
 He presented it to the Governors, superbly mounted in a polished frame of oak, cut from a 
 beam of the old hall ; and it now hangs in the court-room. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 187 
 
 besides a proficiency in arithmetic and algebraic equations, they have 
 usually mastered the Elements of Euclid, Trigonometry, and Conic 
 Sections, at the time of assuming the Royal Badge. The system 
 formerly adopted in this school was that of Professor Robertson, as 
 revised by Mr. Wales ; and, under certain modifications introduced by 
 succeeding masters, it is still pursued. According to the master's charge, 
 the ten boys, presented annually for examination at the Trinity House, 
 are expected to have passed through a complete course of nautical 
 instruction, comprised under the following heads : — 
 
 I. Decimal, sexagesimal, and logarithmetical arithmetic, the extraction of 
 roots, and first principles of vulgar fractions. 
 
 II. The usual method of finding the golden number, epact, the moon's age, the 
 time of her southing, and also the time of high water in any port. 
 
 III. The principles of geometry in the construction of such problems as are 
 useful and necessary in the following articles. 
 
 IV. Plane and spherical trigonometry in the resolution of all the various cases 
 of rectangular and oblique angular triangles. 
 
 V. The use of the terrestrial globe in finding the latitudes and longitudes of 
 places, their angle of position, and the distance between them. Also the use of 
 the celestial globe in finding the latitudes, longitudes, right ascensions, decli- 
 nations, amplitudes, azimuths, and altitudes of the sun, moon, or fixed stars ; 
 together with the times of their rising, setting, and culminating. 
 
 VI. Plane sailing : namely, the working of traverses, the resolution of all 
 plane sailing questions ; with their applications to sailing in currents, and turning 
 to windward. 
 
 VII. Mercator's and middle latitude sailings, exemplified in the resolution of 
 all the usual questions. 
 
 VIII. Projection of the sphere ; and the application of spherical trigonometry 
 in the resolution of such questions in Astronomy as are necessary in finding the 
 amplitudes, azimuths, altitudes, right ascensions, declinations, and angular dis- 
 tances of the sun, moon, and fixed stars. 
 
 IX. The doctrine of parallaxes, and the methods of computing their effects on 
 the altitudes and angular distances of celestial objects. 
 
 X. The use of instruments proper for observing the altitudes, azimuths, and 
 angular distances of the sun, moon, and stars ; such as the quadrant, and amplitude 
 or azimuth compass : with the use of the observations in finding the variation of 
 the compass, the latitude a ship is in, as well from the meridional altitudes of 
 
188 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 the sun, moon, and stars, as by means of two altitudes of the sun, and the time 
 which elapses between the observations ; also in finding the longitude of the ship 
 by a time keeper, and by the observed distance of the moon from the sun or a 
 fixed star. 
 
 XL The use of the plane and Mercator's charts. 
 
 XII. The use and application of the preceding articles in the actual working 
 of a day's work, and correcting the dead reckoning by the observations. 
 
 Attached to the mathematical school is a drawing master, who 
 attends on two afternoons in the week to instruct the boys " in the 
 rudiments, principles, and practice of drawing and perspective in its 
 various branches." Sea views and charts are of course more immediately the 
 objects to which the attention of his pupils is directed ; though by no 
 means to the neglect of a more general study of the art. The drawing 
 master is also required by his charge to instruct such other boys as 
 shall be sent from the grammar or writing schools ; with the proviso 
 that if any so sent " shall not have a capacity or genius for drawing, 
 he represent the same to the Treasurer, that such child may be more 
 suitably employed." By an order of court, dated February 18, 1818, 
 the number of these additional boys was limited to twenty ; but the 
 interruption caused to their other studies was found to be so great, that, 
 except in a few special cases, the mathematical boys occupy the exclu- 
 sive attention of the drawing master. 
 
 On those afternoons, when he is thus relieved from the charge of his 
 own boys, the mathematical master is engaged with the instruction of 
 the Grecians and Deputy Grecians, leaving the upper grammar master, 
 as already noticed, with the care of a single form. Formerly, the 
 Grecians alone attended, and that only once in the week ; but, since the 
 election of Mr. Adams, the benefit has been extended to the Deputy 
 Grecians also, and an additional afternoon devoted to the study. The 
 Cambridge system is pursued with them ; and it is no trifling advantage, 
 which they may be supposed to derive from the superintendance of a 
 teacher, educated, as both Mr. Adams and his successors were, at that 
 University. 
 
 Such is an outline of the system of education pursued in the several 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 189 
 
 departments of the London establishment. At Hertford, with the 
 younger boys, or, it should rather be said, with those who are not 
 sufficiently advanced at the time of their admission for the lower forms 
 of the grammar school in London, the Bell's system is mainly followed. 
 The first classes of the grammar school indeed correspond with those in 
 London ; and the boys drafted to town are placed at once into the 
 same books, as nearly as possible, as they have been reading before. 
 But many of the children sent to Hertford on their admission are totally 
 uneducated ; so that some time will elapse before they are sufficiently 
 prepared for removal into the grammar school, or for entering upon 
 the rudiments of writing and arithmetic. With the girls also, who form 
 part of the establishment at Hertford, the same system is adopted ; and 
 they are taught reading, writing, the rudiments of arithmetic, and needle- 
 work. Part of their occupation consists in making the linen both of the 
 boys and themselves ; and every attention is paid to the formation of 
 those habits of industry, which are calculated to render them useful 
 members of society in the humbler walks of life, wherein they may be 
 expected to move. The girls' school is under the management of an 
 upper and under mistress ; and a writing master attends upon fixed 
 occasions to instruct those who are above eleven years of age. 
 
 In order that the Governors may be enabled to form a just estimate of 
 the progressive improvement of the children, they are examined twice 
 every year, in the months of May and November, by persons well 
 qualified to judge of their state of proficiency in the different branches of 
 learning. The boys in the upper school undergo a close investigation by 
 the Rev. Dr. Sleath, High Master of St. Paul's School ; and the 
 Grecians and Deputy Grecians, in addition to a viva voce inquiry into 
 their classical attainments, submit to his inspection compositions both in 
 prose and verse.* Of the under schools, the Rev. Dr. Brasse, late 
 Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, has recently been appointed the 
 
 * Of their qualifications in this respect the subjoined lines from a periodical publication, 
 called "The Grecian," of which the title sufficiently indicates the nature and origin, afford 
 no unfavourable specimen. A prose extract of equal merit might easily have been supplied. 
 With respect to the policy of the publication itself some doubts may reasonably be enter- 
 
190 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 examiner ; and the classes appear before him with a certain portion of 
 the different books, which are appointed to be read in each respectively. 
 
 tained ; but there can be none of the literary merit of the several articles, as proceeding from 
 youths under nineteen years of age. 
 
 REGULUS. 
 
 Deep silence reigned throughout that spacious dome, 
 
 The dread tribunal of imperial Rome, 
 
 The throne of all her glory ; whence she hurl'd 
 
 Her threatening thunders o'er the prostrate world ; 
 
 Bade humble monarchs bow to her decree ; 
 
 Each vanquish'd nation own her sovereignty. 
 
 Her princes, ranged in solemn order round, 
 
 In manly sorrow silent sat — renowned 
 
 Or in the council, or the tented field, 
 
 Their country's cause to plead, her arms to wield. 
 
 Mute was each patriot's voice — wont oft to soar 
 
 Upborne in daring flight sublime, and pour 
 
 The deep full flood of eloquence along, 
 
 As the swoln torrent from the mountain strong, 
 
 While listening crowds in charmed attention hung, 
 
 To catch each treasured accent of his tongue. 
 
 Hush'd was each sound : as through that hallow'd fane 
 
 (Behind him follow'd close the Tyrian train) 
 
 Advanced with firm unfaltering step and mien, 
 
 In its unbending haughtiness serene, 
 
 The long regretted Regulus — whose name, 
 
 Of all Rome's hardy progeny of fame, 
 
 Rank'd proudly foremost ; whose resistless sword 
 
 His country's fading glory had restored ; 
 
 And on his bright career while victory shone, 
 
 Made Carthage tremble on her sea-girt throne. 
 
 Now stripp'd of all that fickle fortune gave, 
 
 He sought these shores a captive and a slave ! 
 
 How stern that brow ! what dignity upbears 
 
 His aged limbs, and mocks his weight of years ! 
 
 Though mean the garb that clothed his wasted frame, 
 
 Could that disguise his matchless worth, or tame 
 
 His dauntless soul ? His mind superior rose 
 
 O'er the ingenious malice of his foes. 
 
 He heeded not the well known scene — unmoved 
 
 He viewed each face, each comrade well beloved ; 
 
 And with the freezing glance of apathy 
 
 Each anxious gazer pass'd unnoticed by ! 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 191 
 
 It was fixed by the regulations of 1815, that the fifth class only, in 
 each of the under schools, should be examined by the upper master, in 
 
 And though each breast a generous zeal impell'd 
 
 To greet his presence ; yet when they beheld 
 
 The stern resolve that glazed his stedfast eye, 
 
 The lofty yet forbidding majesty 
 
 That center'd in his brow — an undefined 
 
 And silent awe, soft stealing on their mind, 
 
 To their emotions utterance denied ; 
 
 And on their speechless lips the rising welcome died. 
 
 But when his captor's mission he declared, 
 
 The price of his own liberty, and bared 
 
 His breast — deep furrow'd o'er by frequent scars, 
 
 Memorials of his honourable wars — 
 
 By long confinement wasted ; — bade them weigh 
 
 His powerless form, swift hastening to decay, 
 
 Whose wearied life a few brief years must close, 
 
 With the fresh vigour of those youthful foes, 
 
 Who, by his freedom ransom'd, might sustain 
 
 And raise their country's waning power again ; 
 
 Bade them regard their ancestor's high fame, 
 
 Nor for his sake disgrace the Roman name ; 
 
 Nor let their wrath, their just resentment cease, 
 
 Till Carthage conquer'd humbly sued for peace: 
 
 Rome summon 'd him away : and since his life 
 
 No more could aid her, in the glorious strife 
 
 For empire, he that life no longer prized, 
 
 And freedom, purchased by her shame, despised. 
 
 Then, though around him flock'd the pitying band, 
 
 " Hung on his knees, and kiss'd his honour'd hand;"* 
 
 And by each kind endearment anxious strove 
 
 The heroic purpose of his soul to move ; 
 
 (For while stern reason bade their hearts applaud 
 
 The patriot's virtue, they the man deplor'd :) 
 
 Entreaties, arguments, alike were vain ; 
 
 No grief could bend him, and no prayers restrain. 
 
 Fearless amid the mourning group he stood, 
 
 A willing victim for his country's good. 
 
 As a companion to the above, one of the first attempts of Coleridge, the most original of 
 poets, and the author of Christabel, will not be unacceptable to Blues either of past or 
 
 * Glover. 
 
192 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 order to select a sufficient number of boys to make up the deficiency in 
 his own school ; but a rigid scrutiny of the labours of the under masters, 
 
 present days ; and, should it meet the eye of his now matured and exalted genius, nou 
 nunc htec meminisse pigebit. It was the practice of Mr. Boyer to excite the emulation of 
 his scholars by allowing them to transcribe exercises of more than ordinary merit in a 
 book kept for the purpose. From this book, which is still in existence, the following verses 
 are copied ; not as one of the best, but of the earliest production of the writer. 
 
 De medio fonte leporum 
 
 Surgit amari aliquid. 
 
 Julia was blest with beauty, wit, and grace: 
 Small poets lov'd to sing her blooming face. 
 Before her altars, lo ! a numerous train 
 Preferr'd their vows ; yet all preferr'd in vain : 
 Till charming Florio, born to conquer, came, 
 And touch'd the fair one with an equal flame. 
 The flame she felt, and ill could she conceal 
 What every look and action would reveal. 
 With boldness then, which seldom fails to move, 
 He pleads the cause of marriage and of love : 
 The course of Hymeneal joys he rounds, 
 The fair one's eyes dance pleasure at the sounds. 
 Nought now remain'd but ' Noes' — how little meant, 
 And the sweet coyness that endears consent. 
 The youth upon his knees enraptur'd fell : 
 The strange misfortune, oh ! what words can tell ? 
 Tell ! ye neglected sylphs ! who lap-dogs guard, 
 Why snatch'd ye not away your precious ward ? 
 Why suffer'd ye the lover's weight to fall 
 
 On the ill-fated neck of much loved Ball ? 
 The favourite on his mistress casts his eyes, 
 
 Gives a short melancholy howl, and — dies ! 
 
 Sacred his ashes lie, and long his rest ! 
 
 Anger and grief divide poor Julia's breast. 
 
 Her eyes she fixt on guilty Florio first, 
 
 On him the storm of angry grief must burst. 
 
 That storm he fled : — he wooes a kinder fair, 
 
 Whose fond affections no dear puppies share. 
 
 'Twere vain to tell how Julia pin'd away; 
 
 Unhappy fair, that in one luckless day, 
 
 (From future almanacks the day be crost !) 
 
 At once her lover and her lap-dog lost ! S. T. Colkridge, 1789. 
 
HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 193 
 
 by an indifferent* scholar, has been thought more accordant with the 
 purposes of an examination. Mr. John Reddall, a teacher of eminent 
 and acknowledged acquirements, is the writing examiner. He attends 
 for several days successively, for the purpose of ascertaining the progress 
 of the boys in arithmetic ; and on the examination day itself, the per- 
 formances of the best penmen being submitted to his inspection, prizes 
 are adjudged to the three most correct specimens. A pen, silver gilt, is 
 awarded to the first proficient ; and two medals, of relative value, to the 
 second and third. Medals are also given to the three best arith- 
 meticians ; and a fourth to the ablest draughtsman in the drawing 
 school. Not only the prize pieces, as they are called, but specimens of 
 the writing of all the boys, from the youngest to the oldest, are publicly 
 exhibited in the Hall, together with a selection of the more finished 
 drawings ; and among these may frequently be traced the germs of 
 future skill, as well as the proofs of present taste and talent. 
 
 In Dr. Olynthus Gregory, of the Royal Military Academy at 
 Woolwich, the governors have an examiner in every way qualified for 
 the task ; not only from his intimate acquaintance with the qualifications 
 required by the Trinity House in the boys annually sent to them, by 
 virtue of the royal charter of King Charles II., but from the kind and 
 considerate manner in which he elicits the knowledge possessed by the 
 pupils. Nothing can be more satisfactory than the periodical reports of 
 this amiable and excellent man respecting the state of this department 
 of the Institution ; and the warm and affectionate interest which he 
 takes, not only in the task enjoined him, but in the general welfare of 
 the establishment, does no less honour to his heart, than do his great and 
 varied accomplishments to his head. Neither in the mathematical or 
 grammar schools are any prizes adjudged ; but the donations to the 
 
 * Since the epithet indifferent admits of two interpretations, it may be right to point out 
 the Doctor as the editor of a " Greek Gradus," abounding in undesigned coincidences 
 with Bishop Maltby's edition of MorelFs Thesaurus, in order to fix its meaning in the 
 present instance. In the sense of administering justice indifferently, not of construing Greek 
 indifferently, it must of course apply to the learned examiner. 
 
 C C 
 
194 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 First Order and the Grecians on leaving the school may perhaps be 
 regarded in a similar light. Of the outfit supplied to the former, notice 
 has been taken already.* The latter are presented with a set of English 
 books of the value of .£10, together with all the Greek and Latin 
 authors which they have read in their progress through the school ; 
 with a Bible and Prayer Book, elegantly bound in purple morocco ; and 
 with their first suit of clothes. They also receive £10 towards fur- 
 nishing their rooms in college ; and, exclusive of their exhibition, their 
 caution money, and the fees for their bachelor and master's degree, are 
 nominally paid.f- 
 
 Independently of these examinations in the several branches of 
 classical, mathematical, and commercial learning, every boy, who has 
 attained the age of thirteen years, is examined in English reading and 
 spelling, by the Rev. Samuel Birch, D. D. Prebendary of St. Paul's, 
 and Professor of Geometry in Gresham College. On a less extensive 
 scale, also, an examination of a similar nature takes place at Hertford, 
 at each half yearly visitation of the governors. On these occasions, the 
 head master also attends, for the purpose of ascertaining the extent of 
 the knowledge, both of the boys and girls, in the principles of the 
 Christian Religion. Shortly after these visitations, a number of the 
 boys, sufficiently advanced in learning, are removed to London, and 
 others follow them, from time to time, as vacancies arise. 
 
 Such is the system of general education pursued in Christ's Hospital: 
 and, in order " that no inconvenience may arise to the Hospital," it is 
 expressly ordered that all private pupils " do mix with the children of 
 the house, receiving their instruction with them, and not forming a 
 particular or separate class." By an order of committee, dated March 
 
 * See above, p. 92. It should be stated, however, that by a very recent order of com- 
 mittee, the annual sum of £ 10 is placed in the hands of the head master, to be distributed 
 as occasional rewards for good lessons or exercises. 
 
 •y The sum of £5 is given for each degree : which, though in former times it covered 
 the expenses, now falls very short of their amount. In the caution-money, a sizar's payment 
 only is allowed. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 195 
 
 13, 1799, the number of such pupils, which each master is permitted to 
 take, is limited to six ; and the grammar masters are " restrained from 
 engaging in any weekly parochial duty, so as to interfere with their 
 employment in the Hospital." It has at different times been proposed to 
 confine the masters exclusively to their charge within the walls; and, 
 to say the truth, they have abundant exercise in the performance of this 
 charge for their undivided energies, both mental and bodily : but, the 
 resources of the Hospital being inadequate to repay their services as the 
 governors would wish, or the exigencies of a respectable maintenance 
 require, they are necessarily driven to extrinsic means of support. A 
 small addition, indeed, was made to the stipends of the several masters 
 in the year 1827, and the restrictions placed upon their private employ- 
 ments considerably tightened. Much it is to be wished, however, that 
 the funds of the Institution were equivalent to the liberal and enlightened 
 views of its patrons ; and that, while masters of other public schools 
 are amply recompensed for their labours, those of Christ's Hospital, 
 equally " worthy of their hire," were not impelled by necessity to 
 seek it without the pale of their own establishment.* It is sometimes 
 urged that the church preferment in the patronage of the governors, is 
 always bestowed upon their masters ; but this can only apply to those 
 in holy orders, and even with them future and uncertain prospects 
 cannot supply present need.-j- 
 
 In addition to that portion of time during the school hours which is 
 apportioned to religious instruction, several hours on Sunday are also 
 
 * With reference to Christ's Hospital, among other public schools, the accurate and 
 honest compiler of the " Extraordinary Black Book " speaks of " salaries of £800 a year," 
 and " large pensions of £.1000 a year on retirement." O fortunati, sua si bona norint ! 
 It would be indelicate to specify the stipend of each individual ; but the gross amount of 
 salaries in London and at Hertford was stated before the Education Committee of the House 
 of Commons to be £6990, including the wages of all the servants, and pensions to retired 
 officers and widows. This total is somewhat augmented by the subsequent increase in the 
 number of masters, and the trifling addition to their stipend above noticed; but the pro- 
 portion of each officer is not very materially altered. 
 
 f A list of the Livings in the gift of Christ's Hospital is given in Appendix X. 
 
196 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 devoted to this important purpose. It was formerly the office of the 
 Catechiser, twice in every week, after the school hours, " to teach and 
 instruct the children in the fundamental points of the Christian Religion, 
 according to the catechism of the church of England ; that they might 
 be ready at all times to give an account thereof to any who should 
 demand the same." * This office was incorporated with that of the 
 head master ; by whom also Markers were appointed in each of the 
 wards to hear the catechism, and superintend the reading of the 
 Scriptures on the Lord's day. According to the present regulations, 
 catechetical instruction, of which Crossman's Introduction to the 
 Christian Religion forms the basis, is part of the appointed duty of all 
 the masters ; but the ward classes are still under the same management 
 as before. The Markers are selected from the best proficients in 
 reading, with a due regard to general merit ; and, before the appoint- 
 ment of a Monitor, the steward makes the requisite inquiries respecting 
 the boy intended for promotion, so that the two offices are usually 
 vested in the same individual. As a badge of distinction, a silver medal 
 of the founder, with the legend Read, Mark, Learn, over a Bible on 
 the reverse, is presented by the head master to each of his markers, 
 about thirty-six in number. This they wear on Sundays, and on all 
 public occasions, attached to the button-hole by a blue ribbon ; and if, on 
 leaving the Hospital, they have discharged their duties satisfactorily for 
 a year and upwards, they receive a new one, inscribed with their 
 respective names, in token of the approbation of the Governors. 
 Formerly, the name was engraven on the medal at the time of the 
 marker's appointment, and he kept the same throughout; but it has 
 been found more convenient to retain the old ones for the service of the 
 House, and supply the retiring marker with another. In order to entitle 
 him to the reward, his exertions are put to the test by an examination 
 
 * At the periodical confirmations held by the bishop of London, those boys who have 
 attained the competent age, are duly prepared for the holy rite by the head master. The 
 number presented to his lordship on these occasions generally exceeds one hundred. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 197 
 
 of his class ; and an unfavourable report deprives him of that, which is 
 always regarded as a treasure of no inconsiderable value. 
 
 Not only is due attention thus assiduously paid to religious instruc- 
 tion, but the performance of religious duties is strictly enforced. Twice 
 on every Sunday, and once at least on the principal festivals, the boys, 
 accompanied by the steward and matron, and furnished each with his 
 Bible, attend divine service at Christ Church ; where their devout and 
 decent behaviour is under the strictest cognizance, and seldom fails to 
 excite the admiration of those who witness it. The lectures of the 
 head master in the Hall, and their beneficial effects, have been already 
 noticed ; and it should be further remarked, that not only on Sundays, 
 but on every day of the week, appropriate prayers are offered up, before 
 every meal, as well as before retiring to rest at night. The several 
 forms for morning, noon, and evening were composed for the special 
 use of the children by Bishop Compton ; and, with the exception of the 
 liturgical services in the Common Prayer, are perhaps unrivalled by any 
 human devotional composition.* That for Sunday evening is peculiarly 
 impressive and appropriate : and the care that is always taken for their 
 performance with due reverence and solemnity has its proper effect 
 in giving a serious tone to the youthful mind. A portion of a 
 psalm, selected from the authorised version, is introduced into every 
 service ; and the music master, who also presides at the organ during 
 the public suppers in the great Hall, and at Christ Church on all parti- 
 cular occasions,f- attends twice a week to practise the children in 
 psalmody. A certain number of boys, who may happen to have a 
 talent for singing, and a more melodious voice, are taken under his 
 more immediate care, and formed into two sets, called Choir and Chorus 
 
 * See Appendix XI. 
 
 f In the year 1613, William Parker, Esq. left by will £200 to the parish of Christ 
 Church, in order that £ 1 per annum should be employed in the maintenance of a boy, to 
 be taken from Christ's Hospital, and educated as an organist for the said church. The 
 bequest does not seem to have been so appropriated ; at least for a considerable period of 
 time. 
 
198 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 boys. The former take the principal part in the anthems appointed to 
 be sung at stated times during the year ; and the latter are trained to 
 supply the vacancies, as they occur, and to assist in preserving the 
 harmony, which, in the swell of so many voices, it would be otherwise 
 difficult to maintain. 
 
 In connexion with the present subject, it should be stated that there 
 are three vacations in the course of the year : — at Easter, eleven days, 
 including Sundays ; at Bartholomew-tide, four weeks ; and at Christmas, 
 fifteen days, including Sundays. Except at Bartholomew-tide, or in the 
 August Holidays, as they are usually called, no boy is allowed to sleep 
 without the walls ; when such of them, as their friends are willing to 
 receive, have permission to spend their holidays with them. This per- 
 mission, within a very short period, was granted only once in three 
 years ; it subsequently became biennial ; and is now very properly an 
 annual indulgence. The distance also from London, within which they 
 were prohibited to appear, was originally ten miles ; but they are now 
 only required to keep without the city ; and neither on this, or on any 
 other occasion, are they permitted to wear any other clothes, on pain of 
 expulsion, except those furnished by the Hospital. It is evidently the 
 object of these restrictions to prevent the blame, which would naturally 
 attach to the Institution on the one hand, from the appearance of any 
 of the children loitering in the streets ; and not only to ensure, on the 
 other, a respect for the garb in Avhich they are drest, but to prevent 
 any breach of propriety and good manners by the certainty that the 
 offender will be known, and the offence punished. Those boys, who 
 remain in the Hospital during the month of August, have leave to visit 
 their friends in London on three days in the week, so that they return 
 at an appointed time in the evening ; and in the other vacations all the 
 boys, with the exception of those stopped as a punishment, have the 
 same permission. Besides these regular vacations there are certain 
 holidays, customarily kept, which are generally leaves ; and on the 
 afternoons of Saturday and Thursday in every week the masters 
 and steward give tickets to those boys who have merited reward. The 
 
HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 199 
 
 time at which they are expected to return is regulated by the season of 
 the year ; six o'clock being the earliest, and eight o'clock the latest 
 hour to which the leaves are extended.* 
 
 During the hours allotted to recreation, those who are less inclined to 
 
 * Those days, on which leave is given to be absent from the Hospital during the whole 
 day, are called whole-day leaves ; and half-day leaves commence after the boys have dined. 
 These last, however, have of late been almost abolished. A ticket is a small oval medal 
 attached to the button-hole, without which, except on leaves, no boy is allowed to pass the 
 gates. Subjoined is a list of the holidays, which have been hitherto kept at Christ's Hos- 
 pital ; but it is in contemplation to abridge them materially. Of the policy of such a 
 measure great doubts may fairly be entertained, inasmuch as the vacations are so short as 
 to give sufficient respite neither to master nor scholar; and these occasional breaks, in the 
 arduous duties of the former more especially, enable him to repair the exhausted energies 
 of body and mind by necessary relaxation. If those days, which are marked with an 
 asterisk, fall on a Sunday, they are kept on the Monday following ; and likewise the state 
 holidays. 
 
 HOLIDAYS KEPT AT CHRIST'S HOSPITAL. 
 
 Jan. 25. St. Paul's conversion. 
 
 July 25. St. James. 
 
 *30. King Charles's martyrdom. 
 
 Thursday after St. James, (Nurses' 
 
 Feb. 2. Candlemas Day. 
 
 
 Holiday.) 
 
 24. St. Matthias. 
 
 
 Aug. 24. St. Bartholomew. 
 
 Shrove Tuesday. 
 
 
 Sept. *2. London burnt. 
 
 Ash Wednesday. 
 
 
 *21. St. Matthew. 
 
 March 25. Lady Day. 
 
 
 29. St. Michael. 
 
 April 23. St. George. 
 
 
 Oct. 18. St. Luke. 
 
 25. St. Mark. 
 
 
 *23. King Edward VI. born. 
 
 May 1. St. Philip and St. 
 
 James. 
 
 28. St. Simon and St. Jude. 
 
 *29. Restoration of King Charles II. 
 
 Nov. 1. All Saints. 
 
 Ascension Day. 
 
 
 *5. Gunpowder Plot. 
 
 Whit Monday. 
 
 
 * 9. Lord Mayor's Day. 
 
 Whit Tuesday. 
 
 
 * 17. Queen Elizabeth's birth-day. 
 
 June 11. St. Barnabas. 
 
 
 30. St. Andrew. 
 
 24. St. John Baptist. 
 
 
 Dec. 21. St. Thomas. 
 
 29. St. Peter. 
 
 
 
 Also the birthdays of the King and Queen, and the Prince and Princess of Wales : and 
 the King's accession, proclamation, and coronation. 
 
200 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 active sports, have amusement blended with instruction provided for 
 them in the libraries, which, as already stated, have been provided for 
 their use. It should be mentioned also, that in addition to the English 
 Library attached to the grammar school, there is also a classical library, 
 to which the higher classes have access, under the superintendence of 
 the head master. Many of the books in this latter collection are very 
 valuable ; but, at the time of Dr. Trollope's appointment to the master- 
 ship, they were so injured from ill usage and decay, that he deemed it 
 expedient to represent to the committee the state in which he found 
 them. After repeated and earnest solicitations, an order was at length 
 obtained for their thorough and substantial repair ; and their number 
 has since been increased by several handsome donations. In the 
 mathematical school there is also a library, considerably dilapidated 
 indeed, but well worthy of preservation ; and devoutly is it to be hoped, 
 that it may not, for want of due attention, meet with the same fate as 
 the valuable astronomical apparatus, with which the observatory over the 
 old school was furnished. Under the inspection and care of Mr. Wales, 
 not only the more common instruments were there fixed for the use of 
 the boys ; but he accustomed them to make the most nice and deli- 
 cate observations ; and they once assisted in observing a transit of 
 Venus over the sun's disc. A most excellent clock, with sundry teles- 
 copes, a transit and other instruments, which were then in constant 
 use, have been long removed, nor is it known by what means, or for 
 what purpose ; and the practical information which the King's Boys now 
 receive is necessarily limited to the application of the sextant and 
 quadrant to nautical purposes. Indeed there is now no observatory ; 
 and a few models of ships, of most exquisite workmanship, but in a 
 sadly neglected condition, are the solitary remnants of the various cha- 
 racteristic appendages of the mathematical school. Under the able 
 management of the present master, what might not be expected, if he 
 had the means of practical instruction afforded in former days ? 
 
 Having thus set forth in detail the advantages derived by the children 
 of Christ's Hospital, from the education received within its walls, it 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 201 
 
 merely remains to mention those to which they are afterwards entitled. 
 Not only are there exhibitions for the Grecians, and fittings out for the 
 king's boys ; but every boy, on his discharge, is presented with a Bible 
 and Prayer Book, and a premium of <£ 5 is paid upon the production of 
 the indenture of those who are bound apprentice. Various benefactions 
 have been left for this purpose' ; as well as gifts to the amount of £ 5 
 and upwards, which are portioned out yearly to a certain number of 
 applicants, at the expiration of their apprenticeship, for the purpose of 
 setting them up in business. If the number of applicants, who must 
 produce an authenticated copy of their freedom, is so large, that £5 
 cannot be given to each, they are taken alphabetically as far as the 
 money will go ; and the remainder take precedence of any new candi- 
 dates in the following year. Not unfrequently, however, the donations 
 fall little short of £20 ; and there are certain specific sums, of different 
 amount, appropriated by will, both as apprentice-fees and otherwise, to 
 individual applicants. 
 
 D n 
 
202 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 Chapter IX. 
 
 Systems of Education estimated by their results — Living proofs of the efficacy of the 
 Christ's Hospital plan — Difficulties of cotemporary biography — Eminent blues of former 
 times — Doubts respecting Camden and Stillingfleet — Biographical Sketches : — I. Edmund 
 Campion. II. David Baker. III. John Vicars. IV. Joshua Barnes. V. James Jurin. 
 VI. Jeremiah Markland. VII. Thomas Fanshaw Middleton — List of Grecians from the 
 Foundation. 
 
 A mere outline of any particular system of education will not always 
 lead to a correct estimate of its utility. The plan pursued in Christ's 
 Hospital, where there is, in fact, but half a Classical School, would be 
 ill adapted to other public seminaries, which are differently constituted, 
 and have distinct objects in view. That it is admirably calculated, 
 however, to the furtherance of its own specific purposes, is abundantly 
 proved by the results which it has produced. It would be easy to 
 enumerate a long list of individuals, who are at present moving in 
 various spheres of life, with credit to themselves, and honour to the 
 place of their early sojourn ; nor are there wanting names of distin- 
 guished character, both in church and state, and of exalted eminence in 
 the walks of literature and science, who reflect the lustre of their fame 
 upon the cloistered abode of their childhood. But to write memoirs of 
 the living is always a delicate, and frequently an invidious, task ; feelings 
 are apt to be wounded where no offence is meant ; and in the attempt 
 to steer between the extremes of flattery on the one hand, and censo- 
 riousness on the other, a dreary detail of every-day occurrences ensues, 
 as insipid to the reader as it is unsatisfactory to the writer. 
 
 However ample the materials, therefore, for a running panegyric 
 upon the living ornaments of society, who were nurtured and educated 
 in Christ's Hospital, it will be more desirable to exhibit the fruits of 
 the instruction there afforded in the lives of the great and good among 
 her sons, who have finished their course on earth. At the head of 
 these departed worthies we might possibly be justified in placing Wil- 
 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 203 
 
 liam Camden, the celebrated antiquary, and Edmund Stillingfleet, 
 Bishop of Worcester. Dr. Smith, in his life of Camden,* mentions 
 his early admission into Christ's Hospital as a fact not well authen- 
 ticated, but very generally believed ; and the imperfect state of the 
 records does not admit of its verification. At all events, an attack of 
 the plague caused his removal in 1563 ; and, after his recovery, he was 
 sent to St. Paul's School, and from thence to Magdalen College, 
 Oxford, in 1566. With respect to Bishop Stillingfleet, Mr. Pepys 
 states him to have been a Blue- Coat-Boy in a letter to Sir Thomas 
 Beckford, Alderman of London. -j- At the date of this letter, which was 
 written on February 17, 1681-2, the venerable prelate was still alive, so 
 that the truth might have been easily ascertained ; but his biographers 
 have assigned the honour of his education to a school at Cranbourn in 
 Dorsetshire, and there is now no means of disputing their accuracy. 
 
 Waiving all claim, then, to an honour, to which the title is confessedly 
 doubtful, it remains to annex biographical sketches of a few of those 
 eminent Blues, of whose characters and attainments the Hospital is 
 justly proud, and to whom somewhat of more than ordinary interest 
 attaches. The History of a great Public School would be scarcely 
 perfect without some account of its more distinguished sons ; while the 
 
 * " Ilium adhuc dum puerum et impuberem Patre orbatum fuisse conjecturam facere licet, 
 eo quod inter alumnos Ptocotrophii iEdis Christi Londini, quod Rex Edwardus VI. felicis 
 memoriae, in subsidium et levamen pauperum orphanorum Londinensium, sexto Regni anno 
 condidit, a quibusdam consentiente fama recensitus fuerit : quibus refragari nollem, licet id 
 certo non constet, vel constare possit, an omnino admissus fuerit, an quoto aetatis anno, cum 
 illorum temporum Matricula in ista. horrenda. strage, qua. tota domus eversa corruit, flammis 
 perierit. Gul. Camden. Vit. p. ii. Wood, in his Athena Oxonienses, states positively that 
 " when this most eminent person was a child, he received the first knowledge of letters in 
 Christ Church Hospital, in London, then newly founded for blue-coated children, where, 
 being fitted for grammar learning, he was sent to the free school, founded by Dr. Colet, near 
 to St. Paul's cathedral." (Ed. Bliss, vol. ii. c. 339.) Dr. Townley, who, as public orator, 
 delivered a funeral oration in memory of Camden, mentions one of his works, uhi Author 
 JEdis Christi, nutricis sua, memor est. Here, however, the allusion is more probably to Christ 
 Church, Oxford, of which he was a canon ; and it will also be remembered, that the Hos- 
 pital was not totally destroyed by the Fire of London ; nor were the records, though very 
 imperfect in regard to the registry of names, materially injured by that calamitous event. 
 
 •f See his " Diary and Correspondence," vol. ii. p. 5. 
 
204 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 mere every-day occurrences of commercial, professional, and literary life 
 would afford such scanty materials in the career of many noble ex- 
 amples of integrity, talent, and learning, that a selection of one or two 
 from each century since the foundation of the school, will be deemed 
 sufficient for the purpose. Within the first fifty years Campion, Baker, 
 and Vicars ; in the two succeeding centuries Barnes, Jurin, and 
 Markland ; and recently the great and good bishop Middleton, will 
 demand more especial attention ; and to their memoirs will be added a 
 list of all those individuals who have been sent on exhibitions to the 
 universities, with references to the writings or actions, by which the 
 more eminent have been distinguished. 
 
 I.— EDMUND CAMPION. 
 
 Scarcely had the charter of Christ's Hospital been signed by the 
 trembling hand of the dying Edward, and his prayer for the preservation 
 of his realm from papacy escaped from his feeble lips, when the object 
 for which he had designed the one, and the hope which he had breathed 
 in the other, were destined for a time at least to be mournfully frustrated. 
 Under the reign of the bigotted Mary, the Protestant character of the 
 infant establishment was fearfully obscured ; and many of her earlier 
 sons, as might reasonably be expected, enlisted on the side of papistry. 
 Among those who were first admitted within its walls was the memo- 
 rable Jesuit, Edmund Campion, who was born in London, on the 
 25th of January, 1540, just twelve years before the foundation of the 
 school. A person of the same name, to whom he was probably related, 
 was vicar of Althorne, in Essex, a short time previous to his birth. On 
 the accession of the queen, he was selected to address her in a congra- 
 tulatory speech ; and this oration may be regarded as the origin of 
 those which have since been delivered by the senior scholar upon 
 similar occasions. His great natural talents, combined with a consi- 
 
- 
 
 history of Christ's hospital. 205 
 
 derable share of application, attracted the notice of Sir Thomas White; 
 by whom he was presented with a scholarship in St. John's College, 
 Oxford, which was founded by that exemplary and pious citizen, in the 
 year of Campion's discharge from the Hospital. In 1564, having 
 taken the decree of Master of Arts, he was ordained a deacon of the 
 church of England ; and, during the visit of Queen Elizabeth to 
 Oxford in 1566, he delivered an oration in her presence, and kept an 
 act in St. Mary's church, which elicited the royal approbation. It is 
 more than probable that even at this time he had a strong bias in 
 favour of Romanism ;* and, after serving the office of Proctor in 
 1568, he proceeded to Ireland, where his attachment to the papal cause 
 was so displayed in his activity in making proselytes, as to excite the 
 attention of the magistracy. He was accordingly apprehended, and 
 thrown into confinement ; but, effecting his escape into England, in the 
 year 1571, he retired thence into the Netherlands, and attached himself 
 to the College of English Jesuits at Douay.-f- 
 
 The doctrine set forth in the iniquitous Bull of Pope Pius V., which 
 absolved the people of England from their allegiance, and urged them 
 to the deposition and murder of the Queen, Mas duly enforced in this 
 and similar institutions ; nor was Campion backward in advancing the 
 principles of the society with which he had connected himself. In a 
 speech, delivered at Douay, he said : — " As far as concerns our society, 
 we all, dispersed in great bodies through the world, have made a league 
 and solemn oath, that as long as any of us live, all our care and industry, 
 all our deliberations and councils, shall never cease to trouble your peace 
 and safety." Under the sanction of the papal decrees, and urged onward 
 by the exhortations of their preachers, it was no wonder therefore, as 
 
 * When he kept his first act in 1564, he was accused by a contemporary of taking the 
 oath against the Pope's supremacy, at the expense of his conscience, rather than " omit the 
 opportunity to show his parts ;" and in a singular letter to Dr. Cheyney, Bishop of Glou- 
 cester, written from Rome, in 1571, he insinuates that that prelate, who had ordained him, 
 was, as well as himself, secretly inclined to the Catholic Faith. This letter is printed at 
 p. 125 of Caninii Antique Lectiones. See Wood's Athena Oxon. vol. i. col. 476. ed. Bliss. 
 
 t Wood's Athene Oxonienses. 
 
206 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 Hume avers, " that sedition, rebellion, and sometimes assassination 
 were the expedients by which the seminarists intended to effect their 
 purpose against their Queen." Conciliatory measures were at first 
 adopted with the conspirators ; but at length the safety of the crown 
 rendered severer statutes necessary. Three laws were accordingly 
 enacted in the year 1571, by the first of which it was made treasonable 
 to deny that Elizabeth was the lawful sovereign, or to denounce her as 
 a heretic : the second interdicted the introduction of bulls or other 
 instruments of the see of Rome : and the third confiscated the property 
 of fugitives beyond the sea, but, in case of their good behaviour, pro- 
 vided for their families in their absence, and restored them to their 
 possessions in a year after their return. That these enactments were 
 dictated solely by a regard to self-preservation from the insidious designs 
 of the catholics is clear from the fact, that they were not put in execution 
 till they had been in force above six years. 
 
 In the mean time the reputation of Campion for piety and learning 
 was rising rapidly among the members of his own communion. Having 
 been presented by the Jesuits with the degree of Bachelor of Divinity, 
 he had entered the Catholic priesthood ; and, after studying for some 
 time, at Rome and Vienna,* had been appointed to the professorship of 
 rhetoric and philosophy in the new Jesuit seminaiy at Prague. This 
 appointment he held for six years ; during which period his zeal in 
 making converts, and his devoted hostility to the Protestant supremacy 
 in England, recommended him strongly to the favour of the Pope ; and 
 he was accordingly selected as a proper person to be employed in 
 effecting its overthrow. A swarm of Jesuits had recently been sent 
 over from the Colleges of Douay and Rome, for the purposes of 
 disseminating their controversial treatises, and practising the arts of 
 proselytism ; and in June, 1580, Campion, and another Jesuit, named 
 Parsons, arrived in England, to execute the bull of deposition under 
 
 * At Vienna he wrote a tragedy, entitled " Nectar and Ambrosia," which was performed 
 with great applause before the Emperor of Germany. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 207 
 
 the sanction of a papal dispensation for pretended loyalty.* Surrounded 
 by impending dangers, Elizabeth issued a proclamation against these 
 Jesuits and seminary men, whose purpose it was " not only to prepare 
 sundry her majesty's subjects, inclinable to disloyalty, to give aid to 
 foreign invasions, and stir up rebellion, but also (that most perilous is) 
 to deprive her majesty (under whom, and by whose provident govern- 
 ment, with God's assistance, these realms have been so long and so 
 happily kept and continued in great plenty, peace, and security) of her 
 life, crown, and dignity :" — and the penal laws against the papists were 
 immediately put in force. Hereupon Parsons fled at once out of the 
 kingdom ; and Campion took refuge in the house of Edward Yates, 
 Esq. a Catholic gentleman in Berkshire, who offered him an asylum 
 beneath his roof. An account of his proceedings in England to this 
 period is given in his Letter to Everard Mercurian, General of the 
 Society of Jesus. -\ 
 
 From the place of his concealment Campion addressed a letter to the 
 Privy Council,^, in which he challenged the doctors and masters of 
 both universities to a public disputation on the superiority of the Ca- 
 tholic Faith, repeating the threat which he had uttered on a former 
 occasion. " Be it known to you," said he, " that we have made a 
 league, all the Jesuits in the world, whose succession and multitude 
 must overreach all the practices of England, cheerfully to cany 
 the cross that you shall lay upon us, and never to despair your 
 
 # The Bull ran thus : Petatur a summo Domino nostro explicatio Bulla declaratorice per 
 Pium V. contra Elizabethan! et ei adharentes, quam Catholici cupiunt intelligi hoc modo, ut 
 obliget semper illam et hareticos ; Catholicos ttullo modo obliget, rebus sic stantibus, sed turn 
 demum quando publica ejusdem Bulla executio fieri poterit, &c. &c. &c. Has pradictas 
 gratias concessit summus Pontifex Patri Roberto Parsonio et Edmundo Campiano in Angliam 
 profecturis. Die 14 Aprilis, 1580. See Tracts against Popery, vol. iii. t. 13. p. 171. as cited 
 in Townsend's " Acccusations." 
 
 T Written originally in Latin, and translated into English in Fuller's Church History, 
 B. iv. 
 
 % Printed under the title of" Nine Articles, directed to the Lords of the Privy Council:" 
 A.D. 1581. See Strype's Eccl. Ann. vi. 183. N. 6. 
 
208 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 recovery while we have a man left to enjoy your Tyburn, or to be 
 racked with your torments, or to be consumed within your prisons. 
 Expenses are reckoned ; the enterprise is begun ; it cannot be with- 
 stood. So the faith was planted : so it must be restored." He also 
 published about the same time a pamphlet, entitled Rationes decern 
 oblati certaminis in causa Fidei, redditm Academicis Anglia ; which 
 was printed at a private press, and distributed, during the time of. an 
 act in St. Mary's church, Oxford, by one William Hartly, a Romish 
 priest, who was afterwards banished into Normandy. This pamphlet 
 was afterwards translated, and ably refuted, by an English divine ; but 
 the sensation which it caused at the moment placed Sir Francis Wal- 
 singham, then Secretary of State, on the alert, and active steps were 
 taken for the apprehension of the writer. He was discovered on the 
 15th of July, 1581 ; and, after remaining two days in the custody of 
 the sheriff of Berkshire, he was conveyed to London by slow journeys 
 on horseback ; his legs fastened under the horse, his arms tied behind 
 him, and a paper placed in his hat, on which the words " Campion, the 
 seditious Jesuit" were written in large letters. On the 25th of July, 
 he was delivered to the lieutenant of the Tower ; and, while in this 
 confinement, he was repeatedly examined before the Lord Chancellor, 
 and other members of the council, on the subject of his commission 
 from the papal see, and his auxiliaries in the execution of it. To all 
 their inquiries he remained perseveringly silent ; nor could the repeated 
 application of the torture elicit an answer. On the 12th of November 
 he was arraigned, with six others, for high treason ; and for " that, in 
 the last March and April, at Champaigne, Rhemes, Rome, and other 
 parts beyond the seas, they had conspired the death of the Queen's 
 majesty, the overthrow of the religion professed in England, and the 
 subversion of the state : that, for the attempt thereof, they had stirred 
 up strangers to invade the realm ; moreover, that, on the 8th of May 
 following, they took a journey from Rhemes towards England, to 
 persuade and seduce the Queen's subjects to the Romish religion, 
 obedience to the pope, and from their duty and allegiance to her 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 209 
 
 honour ; and that, on the 1st of June, they arrived in England for the 
 selfsame purpose."* 
 
 Having severally pleaded " Not Guilty" the prisoners were put to 
 the bar for trial on the 20th of November. From the evidence pro- 
 duced upon the trial, no doubt could be entertained of the treasonable 
 acts of the accused : and the repeated conspiracies against the life of 
 the Queen, which had been fortunately discovered, rendered the most 
 rigorous measures not only justifiable, but necessary. After an hour's 
 deliberation, the jury found all the prisoners guilty : and, on the 1st of 
 December, Campion was executed at Tyburn. Elizabeth has frequently 
 been accused of unjust severity, and even wanton cruelty, towards her 
 Romish subjects ; but their perfidy alone rendered their punishment an 
 act of necessary precaution. Her declaration was strictly true, that she 
 was averse from punishing for the sake of conscience ; but when religion 
 was made a cloak for conspiracy and treason, she was then compelled 
 to strike. -f The Jesuitical reply of Campion, to a question respecting 
 the oath of supremacy, was in itself a proof of the dangerous intentions 
 of himself and his associates. " I acknowledge," said he, " her High- 
 ness as my governess and sovereign ; I acknowledge her de facto et de 
 jure to be my Queen. As for excommunicating her majesty, it was 
 exacted of me. Whether this excommunication discharged me of my 
 allegiance or not, is no part of my indictment, neither is it given in 
 evidence ; neither is it fit to be discussed in the King's Bench. These 
 things are no matters of fact : they are not in the trial of the country : 
 the jury ought not to take any notice of them." His execution, 
 however, was regarded as a martyrdom by the Romanists ; and, though 
 he died and deserved the death of a traitor, his demeanour on the 
 
 * See the " Arraignment of Edmund Campion, Sherwin, Bosgrave, Cottam, Bristow, 
 Kimber, and others, for High Treason :" 24 Eliz. in the State Trials. See also Strype's 
 Ann. ii. 3, 4. Butler's " History of the English Catholics," vol. i, p. 178. Camden's 
 Elizabeth, and Harl. MSS. No. 6265, fol. 223. 
 
 + The Queen was persuaded with difficulty to consent to Campion's apprehension. See 
 Camden's Elizabeth, Pref. p, 49. 
 
 E E 
 
210 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 scaffold was worthy of a better cause. He firmly denied all the treasons 
 of which he had been accused. Being required to ask the Queen's 
 forgiveness, he said, " Wherein have I offended her ? in this I am 
 innocent : this is my last breath : in this give me credit : I have and I 
 do pray for her." Lord Charles Howard asked him for what queen he 
 prayed, whether for Elizabeth the Queen ? " Yes," he replied, " for 
 Elizabeth ; your Queen, and my Queen." He then took his last leave 
 of the spectators, and, turning his eyes towards heaven, yielded himself 
 into the hands of the executioner. 
 
 Many of the sufferers in this reign were men of considerable attain- 
 ments, and extensive learning; but, acting under the influence of a 
 religion, which made treason a sacred duty, they applied their high 
 qualifications to a most deplorable purpose. According to Hollingshed, 
 " Campion had won a marvellous good report to be such a man as his 
 like was not to be found, for life, learning, or any other quality that 
 might beautify a man." Fuller* remarks of him, that " he was of a 
 sweet nature, constantly carrying about him the charms of a plausible 
 behaviour, of a fluent tongue, and good parts :" and Mr. Chalmers 
 observes, nearly in the words of Wood in his Athence, that " all parties 
 allow him to have been a most extraordinary man ; of admirable parts, 
 an eloquent orator, a subtle disputant, an exact preacher both in 
 Latin and English, and a man of good temper and address."^- His 
 piety, zeal, and learning were unquestionably great ; but they can never 
 be admitted in palliation of the crimes for which he suffered. He was 
 also a writer of some note. During his stay in Ireland, he compiled a 
 History of that Kingdom, in two books ; which was afterwards pub- 
 lished in folio, by Sir James Ware, at Dublin, in 1633, from the 
 original MS. in the Cottonian Library ; with a dedication to Robert, 
 Earl of Leicester, dated May 27, 1571. J While he was under 
 
 * Church History, b. iv. p. 114. f Biogr. Diet. 
 
 J Campion's History forms one of three parts, comprised in a volume with the 
 following title : — The Historie of Ireland, collected by three learned authors ; viz. Mere- 
 
HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 211 
 
 confinement in the Tower, a disputation took place between him and 
 some Protestant divines, appointed for that purpose by the government ; 
 among whom were the memorable Dean Nowell, and William Day, 
 Dean of Windsor. These " Conferences in the Tower" were published 
 by his opponents in 1583, in quarto. Several other works are also 
 attributed to him ; though his biographer Bombinus* as cited by Bliss, 
 from Baker, in his edition of the Athena Oxonienses, thinks all 
 spurious except the Decern Rationes, and two or three epistles. Those 
 on record are, 1. Chronologia Universalis; 2. Narratio de Divortio 
 Hen. VIII. Regis ab uxore Catherina ; and 3. Opuscula j published 
 after his death at Antwerp, in 1631, and containing, among other 
 articles, Orationes, Epistolai, and Tractatus de imitatione Rhetorica. 
 Wood speaks of two orations delivered respectively at the funerals of 
 his early patron " Sir T. White, and of the Lady Amey Robsert, the 
 first wife of Robert, Earl of Leicester, whose body, having been first 
 buried in Comnore Church, near Abington, (for there she died, or rather 
 was murdered, in the manor house there, belonging to Anth. Forster, 
 
 dith Hanmer, D. D., Edmund Campion, sometime Fellow of St. John's Colledge, in 
 Oxford, and Edmund Spenser, Esq. [the Poet]. Dublin : Printed by the Societie of 
 Stationers, Printers to the King's Most Excellent Majesty." 1633. 
 
 * Paul Bombin, a Jesuit, published the Life and Martyrdom of Campion at Antwerp, in 
 1618. Wood also mentions his fruitless search after a curious pamphlet, of which the title 
 is thus given at length by Hearne : — " A true Report of the death and martyrdome of 
 M. Campion, Jesuite, and Prieste, and M. Sherwin, and M. Brian, Priestes, at Tibome, the 
 first of December, 1581. Observed and written by a Catholike Priest, which was present 
 thereat. Whereunto is annexid certayne verses made by sundrie persons. (Doway, 1582) 
 12mo. The pamphlet is printed in black letter, without date, or printer's name and resi- 
 dence; and was directed against a tract by Anthony Munday, the continuator of Stow, 
 entitled, A Discoverie of Edmund Campion and his Confederates, their most horrible and 
 traiterous Practises, against her majesties most roy all person, and the realme ; &c. &c. 1582. 
 There was a Life of Campion in Latin by Robert Turner, sometime of Exeter College, 
 Oxford, who declares himself to have been his pupil, as stated by Wood (Athen. Oxon. 
 vol. i. c. 680.). He also printed a tract, entitled Narratio de Morte, quam in Anglid pro 
 fide Romano, Catholica Edmundus Campianus Societatis Jesu pater, aliique duo constanter 
 oppetierunt, ex Italico Sermone facta Latine ex Roberto Turnero. Probably this was no 
 other than the above Report, which was translated both into French and Italian. 
 
212 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 Gent. 8th September, 1560)* was taken up, and reburied in the church 
 of St. Mary the Virgin, in Oxon." These, however, are not in the 
 Opuscula. 
 
 With Campion's errors Christ's Hospital is not to be charged ; and, 
 as a man of learning, she has every right to be proud of her son. 
 
 II.— DAVID BAKER. 
 
 From the defective state of the registers, in which the names of children 
 admitted before the fire of London were entered, many eminent men 
 who were reared in Christ's Hospital during the first century of its 
 establishment are, in all probability, supposed to have been educated in 
 other schools. Among the memoirs, however, of distinguished scholars, 
 collected in the Athence Oxonienses of Anthony Wood, there is a 
 notice, written in terms of high encomium, of an ecclesiastical historian, 
 named Baker, who was one of the early participators in its benefits. 
 Wood, it is well known, was strongly suspected of attachment to the 
 Popish party ; and the superstitious weakness manifested in his account 
 of this individual, and some others of the Romish creed, affords sufficient 
 grounds for the suspicion. At the same time, however unphilosophical 
 his deductions, and narrow his prejudices, his veracity seems to be un- 
 questionable. Of Baker's life he has recounted the following incidents. -f- 
 David Baker was the son of Mr. William Baker, a man of consi- 
 derable property at Abergavenny, in Monmouthshire ; and nephew of 
 Dr. David Lewes, Judge of the Admiralty. He was born at the house 
 of his father, on the 9th of December, 1575, who obtained his admission 
 into Christ's Hospital, where he remained in the grammar school till 
 the age of fifteen. In 1590 he was entered a commoner at Pembroke 
 College, Oxford, then called Broadgate's Hall ; and his academical 
 
 * See Sir Walter Scott's Introduction to ' Kenilworth ;' and the novel itself, near the end. 
 f Athen. Oxon. vol. ii. col. 7. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 213 
 
 career was marked by a continued course of dissipation and excess. 
 Leaving the university without a degree, in consequence of a change in 
 his prospects with regard to clerical preferment, he turned his attention 
 to the law. His studies commenced under the tuition of his elder 
 brother, Richard, a barrister of the Middle Temple. Persevering still 
 in his vicious and licentious habits, he nevertheless applied himself with 
 diligence and attention to the acquirement of legal knowledge ; and, 
 while a lapse into open infidelity was the result of his profane living, his 
 attainments in learning seemed to promise a rapid rise in his profession. 
 After the death of his brother, he returned home ; and was made, 
 through the interest of his father, Recorder of Abergavenny. In this 
 office he acquired an extensive practice, and considerable reputation as 
 a lawyer ; while, on the other hand, a providential escape from drowning 
 had recalled him to a sense of religion, accompanied with an abandon- 
 ment of his vicious propensities and pursuits. The narrative of this 
 occurrence, written in a strain of almost infantine credulity, is thus given 
 by Wood : — 
 
 " It hapned that in his return from a journey homeward, his servant 
 that attended him, not having much regard to his master, so far outwent 
 him, that he left him out of sight ; so that our author, Baker, that had 
 his head full of business or other thoughts, and not marking the way, 
 instead of going forward to a ford, by which he might pass the river, he 
 suffered his horse to conduct him by a narrow beaten path, which at 
 last brought him to the middle of a wooden foot bridge, large enough at 
 first entrance, but growing still more and more narrow, and of an extra- 
 ordinary height above the water ; he perceived not his danger, till the 
 horse, by stopping suddenly, and trembling, with neighing and loud 
 snorting, gave his rider notice of the danger, which he soon perceiv'd to 
 be no less than present death. To go forward or backward was impos- 
 sible ; and to leap into the river, which, being narrow there, was 
 extream deep and violent (besides the greatness of the precipice), 
 seemed to him, who could not swim, all one, as to leap into his grave. 
 
214 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 In this extream danger, out of which neither humane prudence, nor 
 indeed any natural causes, could rescue him, necessity forced him to 
 raise his thoughts to some power and help above nature : Whereupon 
 he framed in his mind such an internal resolution as this, If ever I 
 escape this danger, I will believe there is a God ; who hath more care 
 of my life and safety, than I have heed of his love and worship. Thus 
 he thought, and immediately thereupon he found that his horse's head 
 was turn'd, and both horse and man out of all danger. This he plainly 
 saw ; but by what means this was brought to pass he never could 
 imagine. However, he never had any doubt but that his deliverance 
 was supernatural. A deep resentment of so great a mercy wrought in 
 him a serious care to serve and worship God, according to that divine 
 light which he had of him. So that from this time he resolved not only 
 to believe God and his holy Providence, but also in some good way or 
 other to serve him." 
 
 From infidelity to fanaticism there is but a step ; and Baker now 
 became a rigid Romanist. He had been led to the perusal of certain 
 works of a popish tendency, and the interest which he took in them, 
 excited by the circumstance of his late conversion, and duly fostered 
 by the exhortations of a Romish priest, induced him to join a small 
 Benedictine congregation then in London. With a member of this 
 fraternity he went to Padua, in 1605, where he took the habit, and 
 changed his name from David to Augustin. Here he entered at once 
 upon a strict course of monastic discipline, and secluded meditation ; 
 but almost in the outset of his probation, a severe illness, induced, it 
 should seem, by the austerities to which he submitted, compelled him 
 to return to England for the benefit of his native air. On his arrival, 
 he found his father on his death bed ; whom he succeeded in bringing 
 over to the Roman Catholic faith.* 
 
 * Wood says, that " though in his passage his desire was to have seen and observed the 
 several customs, manners, &c. of the countries through which he was to pass, by leisurely 
 journeyings, yet notwithstanding a certain blind impulse did contrarily urge him to hasten 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 215 
 
 At the death of his father he came to the possession of a considerable 
 landed estate, which he immediately sold, that his concern about it 
 might not interfere with the religious seclusion, into which it was his 
 purpose to retire ; and, having provided for his mother, he employed 
 the remainder of his property in promoting the interest of the London 
 Benedictines. Such, indeed, were the advantages which his Italian 
 friends derived from his good offices, that they were not very willing to 
 part with his company ; but his love of retirement, and the request of a 
 young nobleman, lately converted to the Romish faith, to be allowed to 
 share his solitude, fixed his determination, and he engaged a private 
 lodging for the accommodation of himself and his companion. It was 
 not long, however, before paternal interference put an end to this con- 
 nexion ; and the young recluse himself, tired of his new mode of life, 
 was glad to throw off the restraints imposed upon him, and to renounce 
 his devotion and his creed together. Baker would now have addicted 
 himself more closely than ever to prayer ; but, having entered the 
 Catholic priesthood, and conceiving that he had received a divine com- 
 mission for the purpose, he took a leading part in effecting a proposed 
 union of the English Benedictines into a new and organized congre- 
 gation. He then settled for a time in the west of England ; but, 
 having returned to London, he undertook, in 1620, at the request of a 
 superior of the order, to investigate the records of the settlement of 
 the Benedictines in England. This employment occupied most of his 
 time till the year 1624, when he was invited into the Netherlands by 
 the President of the College of Douay. 
 
 Baker at first declined, but afterward accepted, this invitation, with a 
 view of devoting his time to the compilation of an Ecclesiastical History 
 of England ; for which a great mass of materials had presented them- 
 
 his journey to London ; where, at his first arrival, he heard the sad news, that his father lay 
 sick of an infirmity, of which he was never like to recover. Then he perceived that the 
 aforesaid secret impulse was sent by God, as a messenger, to hasten him, that he might 
 assist his father at his death, as he did ; for he reconciled him to the Roman Catholic faith, 
 after a confession made with great contrition and tears." 
 
216 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 selves, during his search into the antiquities of the order of St. Benedict. 
 He had also been assisted in making his collections by Camden, Cotton, 
 Spelman, Selden, and Godwin, to all of whom he was familiarly known. 
 Finding, however, no convenient means of prosecuting his labours, he 
 accepted the appointment of Spiritual Director of the English Bene- 
 dictine nuns at Cambray. During the nine years which he held this 
 office, he completed his intended work in six large manuscript folios ; 
 which were never published, and were eventually destroyed at the 
 pillaging of one of the Benedictine convents in London. They fur- 
 nished, however, the materials for a considerable portion of Cressey's 
 " Church History of Brittany;" in which the fables and superstitions, 
 promulged with all the gravity of conscious authenticity, abundantly 
 prove the submissive reliance of the author upon the dicta of the Romish 
 miracle-mongers. Rayner's " Apostolatus Benedictinorum in Anglia" 
 was also taken from Baker's researches, embodied in his History. 
 
 While he was engaged upon this work, he sometimes varied his 
 labours by the composition of Theological Treatises, of which numerous 
 volumes were long preserved in the nunnery of Cambray ; and so great 
 was the estimation in which his writings and doctrine were held, that, 
 in the year 1633, a testimony was given in their favour by a general 
 chapter of the order, and extracts from them were afterwards published 
 by Cressey, under the title of Sancta Sophia. In this year he returned 
 to Douay, and shortly afterwards to London, where the rest of his life 
 was spent in solitude, meditation, and prayer. It was his constant wish 
 to die without company about him ; and it seems that he did so. He 
 expired in Gray's Inn Lane on the 9th of August, 1641, and was buried 
 in the church of St. Andrew, Holborn. On the day before his death, 
 he wrote with a leaden pen the following sentence : " Abstinence and 
 resignation, I see, must be my condition to my very expiration." Wood 
 observes, that " he was esteemed the most devout, austere, and religious 
 person of his order, and one that did abound, and was more happy in 
 mental prayer (though it was a long time before he could obtain it) than 
 any religious man whatsoever." It was once asked, wherein consisted 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 217 
 
 the difference between the spirituality taught by Mr. Baker, and that of 
 his opponents : and the solution being requested from himself in writing, 
 he dispatched the following reply : — " That the difference was not 
 between spirituality and spirituality, but between spirituality and no 
 spirituality, for his adversaries did neither teach any spirituality, nor 
 required any in their subjects or disciples ; only they did forbid and 
 hinder any body to withdraw themselves from under their magisterium. 
 And as they now disliked any body that did betake themselves to 
 Mr. Baker's instructions, so would they dislike any that should resort 
 for spiritual information to any body else, as well as Mr. Baker." 
 
 It does not appear that any of his works were printed. Besides the 
 Ecclesiastical History, the following were known to Wood: — 1. An 
 Anchor or Stay for the Spirit. 2. A Spiritual Treatise ; in three 
 parts. 3. A Treatise of Discretion. 4. Treatise of Confession. 
 5. Treatise of Doubts and Calls; in three parts. 6. The Mirror of 
 Patience and Resignation. 7. Discourse concerning the Love of our 
 Enemies. 8. Discourse touching all Virtues in general. 9. Spiritual 
 Alphabet for the use of Beginners, with a Memorial for the Instructor. 
 10. The Order of Teaching . 11. Spiritual Emblems. 12. Vox da- 
 mantis in Deserti Anima. 13. Directions for Contemplation ; in 
 four parts. 14. Dicta sive sentential sanctorum Patrum, depraxi vita 
 perfectm. 15. Tractatus de Conversione morum. 16. Flagellum 
 Euchemachorum. 17. Of the Fall and Restitution of Man. 18. In- 
 structions for the right profitable use of mental prayer. 19. A Book 
 consisting of five Treatises, against being solicitous of honour, Sfc. 
 20. An Enquiry about the Author of the Abridgment of the Ladder of 
 Perfection. 21. Secretum, sive Mysticum : Being Notes upon certain 
 Mystic Boohs, &c. in two parts. 22. Treatise concerning the Apos- 
 tolical Mission into England ; in two parts. 23. Treatise concerning 
 Refection. 24. Remains : or Supplements to several Treatises written 
 by himself 25. Rhythmi Spirituales, sive Canticorum liber. 26. 
 Treatise concerning Sickness. 27. The Idiot's Devotions. 28. An 
 
 F F 
 
218 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 Account of his Life.* 29. Apology for himself: or a Solution of 
 some objections made against his writings. One of the MSS. was in 
 Peter Neve's sale in 1731, but it is not known that any of them are 
 now in existence. 
 
 III.— JOHN VICARS. 
 
 Having introduced his " Knight and trusty Squire" to the acquaintance 
 of his readers, the incomparable author of Hudibras ushers in the 
 recital of their adventures with the following satirical invocation of his 
 muse : — 
 
 Thou that with ale or viler liquors, 
 Didst inspire Withers, Prt/n, and Vicars, 
 And force them, though it was in spite 
 Of Nature and their stars, to write : — 
 Who (as we find in sullen writs, 
 And cross-grained works of modern wits, 
 With vanity, Opinion, want, 
 The wonder of the ignorant ; 
 The praises of the author, penn'd 
 B' himself, or wit-insuring friend; 
 The itch of picture in the front, 
 With bays and wicked rhyme upon't; 
 All that is left of the forked hill, 
 To make men scribble without skill:) 
 Canst make a poet, spite of fate, 
 And teach all people to translate, 
 Though out of languages, in which 
 They understand no part of speech : — 
 Assist me but this once, I 'mplore, 
 And I shall trouble thee no more.f 
 
 Of the three names here immortalized, the last is intitled to a notice 
 
 * From this auto-biography Wood's account of him is taken ; and he seems to have given 
 implicit credit to all the internal impulses, by which the writer fancied himself to have been 
 inspired. 
 
 t Hudibras, cant. i. v. 645 — 664. 
 
HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 219 
 
 in these pages. The character of his poetry is so truly and accurately 
 described in the above passage, that it is given at length. But though 
 unquestionably no poet, he was likewise no fool ; and of whatever 
 absurdities he was guilty in his rhymes, he possessed considerable 
 interest and authority with the party to which he belonged : nor are his 
 writings in their defence, however marked by the characteristic fana- 
 ticism, abusive vulgarity, and ridiculous phraseology of the times, 
 destitute of internal proofs of talent, which, unbiassed by party feeling 
 and religious intolerance, might have been turned to better account. 
 
 John Vicars, descended from a Cumberland family, was born in 
 London, sometime in the year 1582, and was educated in Christ's 
 Hospital, during the mastership of the Rev. W. Robinson, M. A. 
 Upon quitting the Hospital, he became a member of Queen's College, 
 Oxford ; where it is probable that he graduated regularly, though the 
 fact has not been clearly ascertained ; and he was subsequently elected 
 one of the under masters of the foundation, in which he had received his 
 education. Here he devoted his leisure hours almost, entirely to literary 
 pursuits ; writing sometimes in verse, and sometimes in prose, but 
 chiefly upon subjects connected with the religious controversies of the 
 times. His productions are quite in the style of the enthusiasts of the 
 day ; and, the later ones more especially, are remarkable for the inge- 
 nious absurdity of the titles under whicli they appeared. In 1617, he 
 published, with some minor pieces annexed, " Mischeefes Mysteries, or 
 Treasons Masterpiece, The Powder Plot. Invented by Hellish Malice, 
 prevented by Heavenly Mercy : Truly related. And from the Latine 
 of the learned and Reuerend Doctour Herring translated, and very 
 much dilated, by John Vicars. The panegyrical verses prefixed to 
 this and similar performances seemed to have suggested the poet's sneer 
 at the self-written praises and friendly encomiums of the authors of his 
 time. 
 
 On the death of Sir William Craven, in 1618, the office of President 
 in Christ's Hospital became vacant, and Sir John Leman, Knight, and 
 Lord Mayor for the current year, was chosen to succeed him. Shortly 
 
220 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 after his appointment, Vicars published his " Prospective Glasse," 
 which he dedicated to the governors generally ; adding some congratu- 
 latory verses, specially addressed to the new President. So admirably 
 do they illustrate Sutler's description of the 
 
 picture in the front, 
 
 With bays and wicked rhyme upon't; 
 
 that it will not be deemed out of place to subjoin the title and in- 
 scriptions at length. Wicked * as the rhymes may be, they bespeak a 
 grateful sense of obligation for favours received at the hands of his 
 patrons. 
 
 " A Prospective Glasse To Looke Into Heaven, or The Ccelestiall 
 Canaan described. Together with the Sovles sacred Soliloquie, and most 
 ardent desire to be inuested into the same. Sung in a most heauenly 
 Hymne, to the great comfort of all good Christians, by the Mvses most 
 unworthy, John Vicars. 
 
 Revel. 21. 1. And I saw a new Heaven, and a new Earth. 
 1. Cor. 13. 12. Here wee see, as through a Glasse. 
 
 [A wreath of bays is here figured.] 
 
 London : Printed by W. Stansby, for John Smethwicke, and are to be 
 sold at his shop in Saint Dunstanes Church yard, in Fleet-Street. 
 1618." 
 
 Dedication : — " To the Right Worshipfvll Societie of the Governors 
 of Christs Hospitall, J. V. Dedicateth all his poore endeauours, and 
 wisheth the Kingdome of Grace heere, and the Kingdome of Glorie 
 hereafter. 
 
 Your Worships fauours, from my Birth still found, 
 Haue me in all my best Endeauours bound : 
 
 * Or rather Worthless, — for a sight of this rare volume, the author is indebted to the 
 kindness of Benjamin Heywood Bright, Esq. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 221 
 
 And, since I owe more than I know to pay, 
 I rest your Worships to ray Dying-day. 
 
 Your Worships in All, alwayes to be commanded, John Vicars." 
 
 Congratulatory address : — "To The Right Worshipfull, Sir John 
 Leman, Knight, President of Christs Hospitall, and Alderman of 
 London, I. V. wisheth all earthly Prosperitie, and the Reall fruition of 
 this Ideall description. 
 
 Religious Rules and Natures Bonds hind all, 
 
 To keepe account and true memoriall 
 
 Of fauours past or present; lest with shame 
 
 Ingratitude shoidd Cracke their Credits fame. 
 
 Since then (Right Worshipful) these bonds all bind, 
 
 This Dutie needs to mee must be assign d ; 
 
 Who, from your Worships vndeseruedly, 
 
 Haue found much fauour and great courtesie: 
 
 Whose sweete Effects haue my good so Effected 
 
 As black Obliuion may not make neglected. 
 
 And since your Worship worthily is made 
 
 The President, chiefe Pillar, Prop, and Aide 
 
 Of gouernment in that blest Hospitall 
 
 Of Christs poore members, Orphans poore and small ; 
 
 I, therefore, joy thus to Congratulate 
 
 Your Worships hap, their help so fortunate, 
 
 As also that I may expresse in part 
 
 Some sincere fruites of my most gratefull Heart, 
 
 By Dedication of this my poore mite, 
 
 To your good Worship, due to you by right. 
 
 Which, hoping you (Right Worshipfull) will take 
 
 With kind acceptance : Heauens great King you make 
 
 A blest Partaker of that Majestie, 
 
 Which my weake Pen can here but Typifie. 
 
222 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 To your Worship in his Power and Prayers duely and dutifully Deuoted, 
 John Vicars." 
 
 At the commencement of the Rebellion Vicars was among the fore- 
 most of the Presbyterian party ; and, as Foulis observes, " he could 
 out-scold the boldest faces in Billingsgate, especially if kings, bishops, 
 organs, or may-poles were to be the objects of his zealous indignation."* 
 His tirades against monarchy and episcopacy abounded in the most 
 virulent invective and fanatical abuse ; and Butler well describes them 
 as " sullen writs," in reference to the ill-natured tone in which they 
 were indited. " He hated," says Wood, " all people that loved obe- 
 dience, and affrighted many of the weaker sort and others, from having 
 any agreement with the king's party, by continually inculcating into 
 their heads strange stories of God's wrath against the cavaliers."-{- 
 With the same object in view, he published in quarto " Jehovah Jireth, 
 God in the Mount, or England's Remembrancer ; being the first and 
 second part of a Parliamentary Chronicle." This was followed by 
 " God's Arke overtopping the World's Waves ; or a third part of a 
 Parliamentary Chronicle;" and shortly after by a fourth part, called 
 " The Burning Bush not consumed." In the year 1646 the four parts 
 of this " medley of facts and party fury," as they are appropriately 
 designated by the recent editor of Wood's Athence, were collected 
 together under the title of " Magnalis Dei Anglicana ; or England's 
 Parliamentary Chronicle." J 
 
 When the Independents came into power, and more particularly 
 after the king's martyrdom, the whole bitterness of his animosity was 
 let loose against them. Some idea may be formed of the low perso- 
 nalities and gross scurrilities in which he indulged, from the general 
 
 * History of Wicked Plots, &c. p. 179. 
 
 •f* Athen. Ox. vol. ii. 
 
 % The titles at length, which are characteristic of the author's usual violence, are given in 
 the Cerisura Literaria, vol. i. p. 329, sqq. ; and Dibdin's Library Companion, p. 251, note. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 223 
 
 complexion of a work, embellished with a portrait of John Goodwin, 
 with a windmill over his head, of which the Devil is blowing the sails. 
 There are also other devices, such as a weather cock, emblematic of 
 Goodwin's fickleness ; and the title is worded in terms of the most 
 outrageous malignity: — Coleman Street Conclave visited; and that 
 Grand Imposter, the Schismaticks Cheater in Chief (who hath long 
 slily lurked therein) truly and duly discovered : containing a most 
 palpable and plain Display of Mr. John Goodwins Self Conviction 
 (under his own Hand-writing ), and of the notorious Heresies, Errors, 
 Malice, Pride, and Hypocrisy of this most huge Garagantua in falsely 
 pretended Piety, to the lamentable misleading of the too credulous 
 soul-murdered Proselytes of Coleman Street and elsewhere. Collected 
 principally out of his own big braggadochio wave-like-swelling and 
 swaggering writings, full fraught with six-footed terms and fleshlie 
 rhetorical phrases, far more than solid and sacred truths, and may 
 fully serve (if it be the Lord's Will), like Belshazzars Hand-writing 
 on the Wall of his Conscience, to strike terror and shame into his own 
 soul and shameless face, and to undeceive his most miserably cheated 
 and inchanted or bewitched followers." 
 
 Among other of Vicars' sins in rhyme, it seems that he also had 
 translated (" spite of fate," as Butler has it) " the twelve JEneids of 
 Virgil into English decasyllabics, 1624. They were done, it appears, 
 " into as horrible travesty in earnest as the French Scarron did in 
 burlesque ;" though the translator is certainly not obnoxious to the 
 charges levelled against him or his contemporaries, of not understanding 
 the language in which they were written. He also translated the 
 " Epigrams of that most witty and worthy Epigrammatist, Mr. John 
 Owen, Gent." (Lond. 1619) ; and " BabeVs Balm : or, the Honey- 
 comb of Pomes Religion : with a neat Braining and Straining out 
 of the rammish Honey thereof ; sung in ten most elegant Elegies 
 in Latin, by the most Christian Satyrist, Mr. George Goodwin." 
 (Lond. 1624.) 
 
 Mr. Vicars retained his appointment in Christ's Hospital till his 
 
224 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 death, which took place on the 12th of August, 1652, in the seventy- 
 second year of his age. He lies buried in the north aisle of Christ 
 Church, Newgate Street; but the inscription on the stone over his 
 grave was completely defaced by the fire of 1666. A son of the same 
 name survived him, who was admitted a member of Queen's College, 
 Oxford, in the year 1631. Besides the works already enumerated, he 
 was the author of the following, which are now extremely scarce, if 
 indeed they are all in existence : — 1. England's Hallelujah : or, Great 
 Brittaines gratefull Retribution for God's gratious Benediction. In our 
 many and most famous Deliuerances, since the Halcyon Dayes of euer 
 blessed Queene Elizabeth, to these present Times. Together with diuers 
 of Dauid's Psalmes, according to the French Metre and Measures, 
 1631. 2. Quintessence of Cruelty ; or, the Popish Powder-plot related : 
 a poem, 1641. 3. England's Remembrancer ; or, a thankful Acknow- 
 ledgment of Parliamentary Mercies to the English Nation, wherein is 
 contained a brief enumeration of all or the most of God's free favours 
 and choice Blessings multiplied on us since this Parliament first began : 
 a poem. London, 1641. 4. The Sinfulness and Unlawfulness of 
 having or making the Picture of Christ's Humanity, &c. London, 
 1641. 5. God in the Mount ; or, England's Remembrancer, being a 
 Panegyrick Pyramides erected to the Honour of England's God, &c. 
 London, 1642. A poem. 6. Looking Glass for Malignants ; or, 
 God's Hand against God-haters. London, 1643. 7. The second part 
 of Looking Glass for Malignants, 1645. 8. The Schismatic sifted, 
 &c. 9. Soul-saving Knowledge, &c. 10. Picture of a Puritan, &c. 
 11. Dagon demolished ; or, twenty admirable Examples of God's seuere 
 Justice and Displeasure against the Subscribers of the late Engagement 
 against King Charles II. and the whole House of Peers. 12. A sight 
 of the Transactions of these latter years. Emblemized with engraven 
 Plates, which men may read without spectacles. Lond. 1646. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 225 
 
 IV.— JOSHUA BARNES. 
 
 This industrious and somewhat eccentric scholar was born in London 
 on the 10th of January, 1654. He was the son of a respectable trades- 
 man, who obtained his admission at the usual age into Christ's Hospital. 
 His progress in the attainment of classical learning, and more especially 
 in the knowledge of Greek, was astonishingly rapid ; and so ardent was 
 his zeal in the pursuit of literature, that during his stay at school he had 
 become an author to a considerable extent. In 1669 he had written 
 five books of " Divine Poems, English," with a dedication in Latin : — 
 " 1. KoonoTroua, or the Creation of the World. 2. A double poem, viz. 
 of Man's Fall, and Christ's Redemption. 3. A Hymn to the Holy 
 Trinity, with other divine Poems, Fancies, and Epigrams. 4. A 
 Pastoral Eclogue on the Return of King Charles II. with an Heroic 
 Essay on the Royal Exchange. 5. Epigrams." To Dr. Mew, Master 
 of John's College, Oxford, and afterwards Bishop of Winchester, he 
 dedicated a poem in 1670, entitled " The Life and Death of the 
 Usurper, Oliver Cromwel ;" and he had also translated several of 
 Seneca's tragedies, and written wholly, or in part, Xerxes, Pythias and 
 Damon, Holofernes, and various other tragedies, both in English and 
 Latin. These were followed by a poem, in Latin hexameters, on 
 " the Fire of London and the Plague," and a " Latin Elegy on the 
 beheading of John the Baptist." Some of the above appeared in print ; 
 but the greater portion of them remained by him in manuscript, with a 
 view, no doubt, to eventual publication. 
 
 From Christ's Hospital he proceeded to the University of Cambridge, 
 and was admitted a sizar at Emmanuel College, in 1671. Here he 
 continued to prosecute with avidity his studies in various walks of 
 literature ; and it must be admitted that most of his performances exhibit 
 great depth of reading, though applied with incredible want of judgment. 
 Immediately after taking his degree, in 1675, he published " Gerania, 
 
 G G 
 
226 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 or a new discovery of a little sort of people called Pygmies ;" and in 
 1678 he was elected fellow of his college. In this year he printed, in 
 octavo, " AlXucoKaTOTrrpov, sive Esthers Historia, Poetica Paraphrasi, 
 idque Grceco Carmine, cui versio Latina opponitur, exornata ; una 
 cum Scholiis seu Annotationibus Grmcis, in quibus (ad Sacri Textus 
 Dilucidationem), prater alia non pauca, Gentium Orientalium Anti- 
 quitates moresque reconditiores proferuntur. Additur Parodia Homerica 
 de eadem hac historia. Accedit Index rerum ac verborum copiosissimus." 
 Whatever may be the real merits of this paraphrase, it is clear that the 
 author was in nowise dissatisfied with his performance, or with the 
 estimate which he had formed of his own acquirements. He tells us in 
 the preface that his long conversance with Homer, the great father of 
 Greek poetry, had given him a greater readiness of composition in that 
 language than in Latin, or even in English ; that his verses, however, 
 were not, like Dr. Duport's, mere centos from that poet, but formed 
 upon his style and manner ; since he had no desire to be considered as 
 a rkapsodist of a rhapsodist, but was ambitious of the title of a poet. 
 It is certain that Greek was so familiar to him, that he was wont to 
 throw almost every thing into Greek verse ;* and it will give some 
 idea of the merit which he attached to his Esther, that he has quoted it 
 without mercy in the notes to his Euripides, in illustration both of the 
 sentiments and language of that tragedian. From a catalogue of his 
 various compositions, published and unpublished, subjoined to the 
 Sermon which he preached on St. Matthew's day, and to the first 
 " 
 
 * He would turn the completest doggerel into Greek elegiacs or anacreontics ; and the 
 curious in such matters will find a pile of his verses in neglected MS. in the Library of 
 Emmanuel College. The lines which are attached to his vera effigies, that is, being inter- 
 preted, his striking likeness, which adorns his edition of Euripides, afford an appropriate 
 specimen of these learned trifles. 
 
 Ttivaord fit Aovfitvov, arap Xpiirrov Tpi<f>e ASfia 
 S Eiv6io-)(pv' M-oiiaas aifiofiai Xa/xoio 7rap' oyftaic' 
 Ef9o Aartvlia yKwaaav &fi 'EWaSi fiiayov iiofj' 
 Tovg St Qtovs, "Hpwac, <2' 'Avipas rjhi uticuv. 
 
HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 227 
 
 edition of his Anacreon, it seems that this production formed only the 
 first of seven books of " Greek Poems," upon which it is not unlikely 
 that his publisher was disinclined to venture. The six remaining 
 pieces, of which the Greek titles are highly characteristic of Barnes' 
 pedantry, are, " 1. yovSonfavta^, or an Heroic Essay on Joseph the 
 Patriach. 2. 'OpuoXoyla, or Christ's Sermon on the Mount, the Creed, 
 Commandments, Pater Noster, and other Scriptural Hymns, in Greek 
 verse. 3. Thuribulum, or the Hymns and Festivals, in Greek verse. 
 4. An Heroic Fancy on Homer, with Epigrams. 5. 'AyyXo-BsX-yo^o^ta, 
 an Heroic Poem on the death of Edward Montague, Earl of Sandwich, 
 in Greek, Latin, and English verse. 6. 'AXe/crpuojua^i'a, a Poem on 
 Cock-fighting." Possibly the " Mock Poem on the Ninth of the Iliad 
 and the Ninth of the Odysses," printed in 1681, was the same with 
 the " heroic fancy" in the above list. 
 
 In 1679 Barnes took his Master's degree, and in 1686, that of 
 Bachelor of Divinity. He had been lately engaged upon a work of 
 considerable research, which appeared in 1688, with a dedication to 
 King James II., under the following title : — " The History of that 
 most victorious monarch, Edward III., King of England and France, 
 and Lord of Ireland, and first founder of the most noble Order of the 
 Garter. Together with that of his most renowned son, Edward, Prince 
 of Wales and Acquitain, surnamed the Black Prince ; faithfully and 
 carefully collected from the best and most antient authors, domestic 
 and foreign, printed Books, Manuscripts and Records." The work 
 was printed at Cambridge, in folio. It exhibits a singular medley of 
 historical accuracy, mixed up with imaginary speeches after the manner, 
 as Barnes was fain to imagine, of Thucydides ; while the ready assent 
 with which he adopts the notion of Aylet Sammes, that the Order of 
 the Garter derived its origin from the Phoenicians, affords a tolerable 
 specimen of that want of judgment which he frequently betrayed in the 
 application of that vast fund of knowledge which he unquestionably 
 possessed. 
 
 During the next six years Barnes was busily employed in preparing 
 
228 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 for the press his edition of Euripides, with the fragments and letters. 
 Having heard from some friend that the great Bentley considered 
 these last as the spurious fabrication of some sophist, he wrote to 
 inquire his reasons for this opinion. Bentley's reply, of which the 
 original was lately presented to the British Museum, is printed in the 
 first volume of the Museum Criticum. The writer begins by stating 
 " that the epistles, which are ascribed to Euripides, are supposititious, 
 he ever believed since he first read them, and 'tis likely should continue 
 to do so still : but that as for arguments, to prove them spurious, there 
 were none that would convince any person that did not discover it by 
 himself." He proceeds, however, in a humorous strain, to state a few 
 particulars of the internal evidence against them, and concludes with a 
 request that, in his promised refutation of Meursius, Barnes would not 
 name him ; as he did " not pretend to assert, but only to believe, they 
 are shams." " I am very glad," he adds in a postscript, " if any thing 
 that I have published can be serviceable to your design : I shall 
 count it an honour to be mentioned in so great a work. Papers ready 
 I have none, and I cannot here make any review, being absent from 
 my books of that kind, and engaged in other affairs ; and 'tis likely 
 yourself may have prevented me in most things : so I can only wish 
 you good success." This letter is dated " at the Palace in Worcester, 
 February 22, 1692-3." In the course of the following year, the 
 Euripides was published; and, though it was scarcely probable that a man 
 of Barnes' peculiar temperament would be induced to yield to the argu- 
 ments which Bentley had politely suggested to him, the laws of 
 common courtesy seemed to demand some acknowledgment of the 
 information he had received at his own solicitation. Instead, however, 
 of any thanks public or private, and without any notice of Bentley's 
 communication, he replied to his objections as if they had come from an 
 unknown hand, and declared that it betrayed great impudence or want 
 of judgment* to question the truth of the epistles. This inexcusable 
 
 * " Perfrictcefrontis autjudicii imminuti." Eurip. ed. Barnes. T. ii. p. 523. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 229 
 
 rudeness could not fail to leave a very unfavourable impression upon the 
 mind of his opponent, and it might have been expected that the memo- 
 rable controversy respecting the Epistles of Phalaris, in which Barnes 
 also bore some trifling share, would have called forth a severe retort 
 upon the offender. Such, however, was not the case. Having disposed 
 of the letters of Phalaris, as well as those of Themistocles and Socrates, 
 Bentley concludes his celebrated dissertation with an examination of 
 those of Euripides, in which he triumphantly establishes the position 
 which he maintained in his private letter, speaking at the same time of 
 his antagonist with an apparent freedom from all resentment, as " the 
 very learned defender of the Epistles, one of a singular industry and a 
 most diffuse reading."* It is possible that Bentley's forbearance arose 
 from a degree of contempt, with which he is said to have regarded the 
 editor's acquirements. He was wont to say " that Barnes understood 
 as much of Greek as an Athenian cobbler ;" -f and though this jeu 
 d' esprit has been differently interpreted both as a satire and a compli- 
 ment, there can be little doubt in which acceptation it was really 
 intended. 
 
 Whatever be the intrinsic worth of Barnes' edition of Euripides, as 
 compared with those of later editors, it must be admitted that it totally 
 eclipsed the merits of all which preceded it. The text is very correct, 
 and the Greek scholia of the first seven plays are given entire ; 
 among which the editor has inserted some of his own, distinguished, 
 absurdly enough, by his signature in Greek characters. It was the 
 first edition in which the fragments were collected with any degree of 
 diligence ; and at the end are appended a life of the poet, and a 
 dissertation on the music, scenery, and mechanism of the drama. Of 
 the emendations which Milton had inserted in the margin of a copy 
 of the Stephanine edition, and which were submitted to the editor's 
 notice, he appears to have made but a partial and injudicious use ; and 
 
 * Bentley's Dissertation on Phalaris, p. 419. 
 
 f Cumberland's (the son-in-law of Bentley) Memoirs, p. 28. 
 
230 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 other defects have been pointed out with unsparing severity. He has 
 been visited, indeed, with much harsher treatment than he deserves 
 from modern scholars, " who have forgotten," says Bishop Monk, 
 " how little had been done before his time towards the correction and 
 illustration of that tragedian."* 
 
 The general estimation in which Barnes' scholarship was held in the 
 university must have been far above the standard to which Bentley is 
 reported to have assigned it. On the death of Professor Payne, in 
 1695, his appointment to the Regius Professorship of Greek, is satis- 
 factory evidence on this score ; though his affectation frequently sub- 
 jected him to ridicule. There is a paper of verses by some under- 
 graduate in the Musce Anglicance, entitled Sub-professor Lingua 
 Grcecce, which are not certainly calculated to flatter his vanity: and it 
 was the egregious extent of this frailty which tended in no inconsi- 
 derable degree to detract from the respect which would have been 
 otherwise paid to his erudition. At all events he does not appear to 
 have been idle in his new situation. Among his MSS. are several 
 series of lectures on different Greek authors, which he delivered in the 
 schools : and there is also still in existence a Greek oration, which he 
 delivered in the senate house in the year 1701. It happened that a 
 Greek prelate, Neophytos, Archbishop of Philippopoli, being on a 
 visit to England, was admitted to the degree of Doctor of Divinity 
 by the University ; and Joshua Barnes, as Greek Professor, had the 
 honour of presenting him to the Vice Chancellor.-f- 
 
 If the professor did not succeed in exciting admiration by his learning, 
 he was not without an admirer of a more interesting description in the 
 person of a widow, named Mason, with a jointure of £200 a year. 
 Fame does not speak very highly of the personal charms of this lady, 
 but she was blessed, as it seems, with a most amiable and affectionate 
 disposition. Coming to Cambridge, shortly after her husband's death, 
 
 * Life of Bentley, vol. i. p. 53. 
 t Ibid. vol. i. p. 152. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 231 
 
 she requested permission to settle upon the favoured professor an 
 annuity of £ 100 at her decease ; and, having no children, upon whom 
 could she bestow her widow's mite more desirably, than upon one 
 for whom she entertained so great respect? Mr. Barnes politely 
 refused the offer, unless it was also attended with that of her hand ; 
 and the lady too obliging to refuse any thing to Joshua, for whom, 
 as she said, " the sun stood still," forthwith agreed to the terms. They 
 were accordingly married towards the close of the year 1700, the 
 widow having laid aside her weeds within a twelvemonth for the death 
 of her first husband, Edward Mason, Esq. of Hemingford in Hunting- 
 donshire, who died on the 6th of the preceding January. At the time 
 of his marriage Mr. Barnes was in his forty-seventh year, and his wife 
 about thirteen years older. 
 
 On St. Matthew's day, 1703, Barnes was called upon to preach the 
 anniversary sermon before the Lord Mayor. The sermon, which was 
 printed, contains some passages of considerable eloquence, and exhibits 
 abundant proof of the preacher's erudition. In the same year, also, he 
 published three discourses, entitled, " 1. The Happy Island, or the 
 Mirrour of Government, being the Inauguration of Queen Gratiana. 
 2. England's Interest, or a sure way to victory. 3. The cause of the 
 Church of England defended and explained." His edition of Anacreon 
 appeared in 1705, with a dedication to the Duke of Marlborough. 
 Hanc poetam, says Fabricius, ingenio ac doctrina sua mire expolivit 
 castigavitque Barnesius ; and, whatever may have since been done for 
 Anacreon, the truth of the remark is unquestionable. The edition was 
 taken from a MS. in the Vatican ; and, independent of notes, original 
 and collected, a Latin version, Indices, and Life of the Poet, contained 
 above three hundred verses and fragments hitherto inedited. 
 
 Early in 1711 Barnes gave to the world his edition of Homer ; with 
 a dedication of the Iliad to the Earl of Pembroke, and of the Odyssey 
 to Hyde, Earl of Rochester, the queen's uncle. It had been his 
 ambition to obtain for his work the patronage of the Queen herself; 
 but she declined to accede to his request. Barnes suspected, and 
 
232 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 probably not without reason, that Bentley, who was one of her chaplains, 
 had been the cause, directly or indirectly, of her majesty's refusal ; and 
 against this Zoilus, this inimicus homo, he vented the whole fury of his 
 indignation. As soon as the work appeared, Bentley read over the 
 dedication and preface, in which he had been told that he should find 
 himself abused, and immediately wrote to Mr. Davies, a mutual friend 
 of himself and the professor, in terms of severe recrimination.* He 
 denies all enmity against Barnes, inasmuch as he had been one of his 
 first subscribers ; subjects several of his notes to angry, though just, 
 criticism ; and concludes in these words : — 
 
 " Sir, I write to you as a common friend, and desire you to show Mr. 
 Barnes this letter, but not to let him keep it nor transcribe it. If it be 
 true that he gives out, that he means me by those villanous characters, 
 I shall teach him better manners towards his electors. For though I 
 shall not honour him so much as to enter the lists against him myself, 
 yet in one week's time I can send a hundred such remarks as these to 
 his good friend Will. Baxter (whom I have known these twenty years), 
 who, before the parliament sits, shall pay him home for his Anacreon. 
 But if it be otherwise, that he did not describe me under those general 
 reproaches, a small satisfaction shall content me, which I leave you to 
 be judge of : for I would not, without the utmost provocation, hurt the 
 sale of his work, upon which he professes to have laid out his whole 
 fortune. Pray let me hear from you as soon as you can." 
 
 That there are great defects in Barnes' edition of Homer is no reason 
 for robbing him of the praise which is justly due to him. " He was 
 the first critic of that age," says Heyne,-f- " who made Homer a subject 
 of severe critical study ; and the second after Turnebus, who investigated 
 the prosody of his author, and detected many errors which disgraced 
 
 * This letter was first published in the Monthly Review, for March, 1756, vol. xiv. 
 p. 202. and is appended to the later editions of Bentley's Dissertation on Phalaris. 
 T He Codicibus Homeri, p. xlii. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 233 
 
 former editions." Of Bentley's eulogium on Clarke's edition, as " a 
 work beyond all competition," the same high authority observes, that 
 " unless out of pure hatred to Barnes, he could scarcely conceive it to 
 have been uttered by him:" and a later critic* has not hesitated to 
 record an opinion that " Barnes, although sometimes absurd and 
 injudicious, has deserved more of Homer than any editor, except 
 Heyne." Even Bishop Monk,f- who does not rate very highly the 
 literary acquirements of his predecessor, deems it an act of justice to 
 remark, " that however deficient he was in the qualifications of a critic, 
 his labours have been too much decried, and the credit justly due to 
 them has been refused ; and that in truth his edition of Homer, with all 
 its faults and imperfections, is a more useful one to the reader than any 
 which had preceded it ; nay more, there was no edition published for 
 ninety years after it, which, upon the whole, deserves the preference of 
 a scholar." Clarke's Homer, it will be remembered, appeared in 1729. 
 None of the booksellers could be induced to embark in this expensive 
 publication, so that the whole cost and risk fell upon the editor. His 
 wife, it seems, entertained some scruples as to the policy of this sacrifice, 
 which he is said to have overcome by persuading her that the author of 
 the Iliad was no other than Kino- Solomon. This information was 
 conveyed to her in a copy of verses, which were written, however, not 
 from the conviction of his own mind, but with a view to gain his wife's 
 consent to the necessary outlay. The sale not answering his ex- 
 pectations, he became considerably embarrassed ; for, as he himself 
 states, huic uni Homericce nam, in this single Homeric bark he had 
 ventured all his fortune. He was therefore induced to write to the 
 prime minister Harley, supplicating some preferment ; and it can 
 scarcely be doubted that his request would have been granted. In 
 one of three letters, % which he wrote during the year 1711, he says : — 
 
 * See Edinburgh Review for Julv, 1803. 
 f Life of Bentley, vol. i. p. 296. 
 
 X These letters, dated April 24, June 4, and October 16, are in the British Museum, 
 Harl. MSS. No. 7523. 
 
 HH 
 
234 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 " I have lived in the University above thirty years fellow of a college, 
 now above forty years standing, and fifty-eight years of age ; am a 
 bachelor of divinity, and have preached before kings." His career, 
 however, was now drawing to a close ; and, if it was in contemplation 
 to extend to him any mark of the royal favour, he did not live to 
 receive it. He died at Hemingford on the 3rd of August, 1712. On 
 the north side of the chancel of the parish church a monument is erected 
 to his memory, whereon is the following singular inscription : — 
 
 H. S. E. 
 
 Joshua Barnes, 
 
 S. T. B. 
 
 Collegii Emanuelis Socius, 
 
 Et 
 
 Linguae Graecse in Academia Cantabrigiensi 
 
 Professor Regius Peritissimus. 
 
 Plura Eruditionis et Industrial 
 
 Monumenta reliquit. 
 
 Ob. Aug. 3. A. D. 1712. Mi. 58. 
 
 Maria Barnes 
 
 Conjugi dilectissimo 
 
 M. P. 
 
 Hapvrj(no£ $' awavTae 
 N(K7)<re, no\vre\vog 
 Aoyoypd(j>ojv (pepiaroc, 
 AvSoe T£ t&v aoiiuiv, 
 Tiiv laropuiv /xiyi^oQ, 
 Keu V-qroptov api^og, 
 Kcu MavTitov fia$i?OQ, 
 UptTTavviKijs apovprje. 
 
 * The bad Greek and worse taste of these anacreontics could scarcely have been 
 surpassed. They are attributed to the pleasantry of Dr. Savage ; and the widow, un- 
 conscious of their extravagance, requested that they might be inscribed on the stone. From 
 a niche under the east window of Hemingford church, the effigies of several volumes carved 
 in stone have lately been removed. These books were known by the name of Barnes' Bibles ; 
 and under them, according to the popular tradition of the place, was a translation of the 
 epitaph in the text. For this information I am indebted to the courtesy of the present 
 curate of the parish ; and, were it given on his own authority, I should be unwilling to 
 
HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 235 
 
 It has been too much the fashion with modern critics to underrate the 
 scholarship of Joshua Barnes. The contempt which Bentley enter- 
 tained for him is no just criterion of his merits, though it seems to have 
 led the way for much of the obloquy which has been heaped upon him. 
 Personal dislike had no inconsiderable share in the censure which 
 emanated from that quarter; and even Bentley could not deny his 
 adversary the fame of extensive learning, which was unquestionably his 
 due. But while a memory, retentive almost beyond example, enabled 
 him to store his mind with almost exhaustless information, his want of 
 judgment in applying the critical materials with which he was furnished, 
 
 hazard a conjecture that the inscription on those Bibles was not a translation of that on the 
 monument, but a record of the curious fact, that " he read a small English Bible an 
 hundred and twenty-one times at his leisure." This circumstance is said to have been 
 registered upon his tomb, where it does not now appear. 
 
 The entry of the professor's burial in the parish register runs thus, 
 
 " Mr. Joshua Barnes, Greack professor, buried Aug. y c 5 day:" 
 
 and a few lines lower down in the same page is the following ; 
 
 " John Barnes, baccheldor, Burried March y e 10 ,h day" (1713.). 
 
 Possibly this John Barnes was a relative of the professor; but the name is now entirely 
 forgotten in the parish. His widow survived him above fourteen years ; and in the chancel 
 there is, another monument bearing a double inscription, which is subjoined : — 
 
 H. S. E. 
 
 Eduardus Mason, Gen. 
 
 Edu" 1 Mason & Elizae Lock 
 
 Hujusce Villse Filius, 
 
 Justus, Amcenus, 
 
 Omnib 9 charus, 
 
 Amcisq. dilectissim 9 . 
 
 Obiit 6 to die Jan. 
 
 Anno iEtatis 60 
 
 Salutis 1700. 
 
 Maria vidua grata 
 
 Relicta celeberrimi viri 
 
 D™ Joshuae Barnes, S. T. B. 
 
 Marito suo Benigno 
 
 M. P. 
 
 H. S. E. 
 
 Maria Barnes, 
 
 Antehac Edvardi Mason, Gen. 
 
 deinde Joshuae Barnes, S. T. B. 
 
 Vidua. 
 
 Omnibus arnica, 
 
 Indigis benefica, 
 
 Charis longe munifica. 
 
 fSalutis 1726" 
 
 Obiit Dec. 13° Ano 
 
 l^Etatis 85°- 
 
236 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 detracted considerably from the intrinsic value of his works. In allusion 
 to this combination of mental opposites, some wag* of the day proposed 
 the following inscription for his monument, 
 
 Joshua Barnes 
 Felicis memorise, judicium expectans : 
 
 and another called him ovoc irpos Xvpav, which savours strongly of vulgarity, 
 and has much less of wit than the professor's reply. Those who made 
 the observation, he said, did not understand what poetrv meant, and 
 wanted o vov<; irpoQ \vpav to teach them. 
 
 Nor was he less exposed to ridicule from the self-satisfaction with 
 which he regarded his own performances. In the preface to his Homer, 
 he gratifies his vanity with an enumeration of the eminent men with 
 whom he had been acquainted, and speaks of Bentley as a mere boy in 
 literature, in comparison of his more advanced attainment in know- 
 ledge.* It should be remembered, however, that he was writing under 
 a severe sense of at least suspected injury, by which the natural irri- 
 tability of his temper was betrayed into a strain of almost puerile recri- 
 mination. As he was an enthusiast in Greek, so was he also in morals. 
 He entertained the most exalted notion of the excellence of charity as 
 a christian virtue, and maintained that it never failed of its reward in 
 time as well as in eternity. Upon one occasion he was known to have 
 given his only coat to a beggar, who solicited his alms ; and he used to 
 relate certain instances of unexpected retribution for acts of this descrip- 
 tion. Sensual indulgences he regarded as far less offensive in the eyes 
 of God, than the spiritual sins of censoriousness and pride ; and other 
 peculiarities of sentiment have also been attributed to him. Yet " even 
 his failings leaned to virtue's side ;" and his reverence for the Bible, to 
 the reading of which he dedicated a great portion of his time, is a suffi- 
 cient proof of his piety and devotion. Though none of his biblical criticisms 
 were published, it appears that he had made some collections in MS. 
 
 * " Quantum ad Greecarum literarum cognitionem spectat, nondum illorum virilitas 
 meam assecuta est pueritiam. Prof, ad Horn. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 237 
 
 Besides the works already mentioned in the course of the memoir, 
 the following awful list of unpublished MSS. are probably still in being. 
 Many of them, if not all, lie in undisturbed repose in the library of 
 Emanuel College: — 1. The Warlike Lover, or the Generous Rival; a 
 Tragedy, English, relating to the Dutch War, and the death of the 
 thrice noble, loyal, and valiant Edward Montague, Earl of Sandwich. 
 MS. 1672. 2. Solomon s Song Paraphrased ; containing an hundred 
 Hexastics in English Heroic verse. MS. 1674. 3. Lexicon Poeticum, 
 Latino- Gracum cui additur aliud propriorum Nominum, Sfc. for the 
 use of great schools : A singular help for those who are not perfect 
 masters of the Poetical Greek, to make good Greek verse by : large 
 folio. MS. 1675. 4. An accurate Treatise about Greek Accents ; of 
 their use, variation, rules, and antiquity : in answer to Henry Christian 
 Heninius and others, with a discourse upon the points now in use. 
 5. The Cambridge Duns, a comedy. MS. 6. Franciados : a Latin 
 Heroic Poem, on the Black Prince, designed in twelve books, eight long 
 since finished. 7. The Art of War, in four books, English Prose. 
 MS. 1676. 8. Hengist, or the English Valour ; an Heroic Poem, in 
 seven books, English. MS. 9. Landgartha, or the Amazon Queen 
 of Denmark and Norway ; a Tragedy, formerly designed as an enter- 
 tainment for their Royal Highnesses the Prince of Denmark, and the 
 Princess, now Queen Anne. 10. Ecclesiastical History, from the 
 beginning of the world to the ascension, &c. in Latin, Folio. MS. 
 
 11. Miscellanies, being select poems on several occasions, English. 
 
 12. A Dissertation on Columns ; of their antiquity, use, signification, &c. 
 Lat. MS. 1692. 13. A Discourse on the Sihylls, in three books, 
 Latin. MS. 14. Philosophical and Theological Poems, Lat. printed 
 on several occasions at Cambridge. 15. Divine poems and meditations 
 for five years. MS. 16. Pindar s Life, Latin, in four parts. MS. 
 17. Calendarium Academicum, or a Methodical Direction for young 
 Students at the University for the first four years : With general Rules 
 of Morality, &c. ; a Form of Prayer, &c. MS. 1685. 18. A Sermon 
 preached at St. Paul's Cathedral, before the Lord Mayor, on All Saints' 
 
238 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 Day. 19. A Discourse of Natural Physick, or a Direction for Health, 
 by way of Novel. MS. 20. Sermons, Speeches, Problems, Declama- 
 tions, Translations, Epistles, and other Exercises, Greek, Latin, English, 
 and Lectures in Logic, Ethicks, &c. 21. Occasional Interpretations, 
 Illustrations, Emendations, or Corrections of Places, falsely translated, 
 Collations and other Explications of sundry Places of Scripture, from 
 Genesis to the Revelations. 22. Communes Loci poetici, philologici, 
 theologici, critici, &c. 23. The Life and Death of George Castriot, 
 alias Scandenburgh, the valiant King of Epirus. 24. The Life and 
 Death of Tamerlane the Great, Emperour of Tartary. 25. The Life 
 and Death of the Royal Prophet and Psalmist David, King of 
 Israel, one of the first nine worthies, the Type of Christ, and his 
 ancestor according to the Flesh : With all his undoubted Psalms 
 in curious Meter, refer'd to their proper places, as they were occasionally 
 indited. All carefully collected and methodized from Scripture, and in 
 an elaborate style, &c. [For this and the two preceding he had 
 collected the materials only.] 26. STra&jpiaSoe, a ludicrous poem, in 
 Greek Macaronic verse, upon a Battle between a Spider and a Toad. 
 Anno 1673. 27. 4>AijtaSoc, or a Supplement to the old ludicrous Poem 
 under that Title, at Trinity-house, in Cambridge, upon a Battle between 
 the Fleas and a Welshman. 28. Philosophical and Divine Poems, 
 in Latin, published at different times at Cambridge. 29. Poems, and 
 sacred daily meditations, continued for several years, in English. 
 30. Lectures upon Bereshith, with an oration recommending the study 
 of the Hebrew Language. 31. Concio ad Clerum, for his degree of 
 Bachelor of Divinity at St. Mary's, in Cambridge. 1686. 32. An 
 Oration, recommending the study of the Greek Language, spoken in the 
 Public Schools at Cambridge, before the Vice-chancellor, March 28, 
 1705. 33. A Prevaricator's Speech, spoken at the commencement at 
 Cambridge. 1680. 34. A Congratulatory Oration in Latin, spoken 
 at St. Mary's, September 9, 1683, upon the escape of King Charles II, 
 and the Duke of York from the conspiracy. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 239 
 
 V.— JAMES JURIN, M.D. 
 
 For the most part, though not universally, the students who proceed 
 from Christ's Hospital to the universities are intended for the church ; 
 but the other learned professions have received some of the number, 
 and derived equal honour and advantage from their talents and acquire- 
 ments. The subject of the present notice was a medical exception ; and 
 the list of Grecians subjoined to this chapter will supply names, some of 
 living individuals, who have risen to merited distinction in the law. 
 
 James Jurin was born in the year 1684, and proceeding from 
 Christ's Hospital in 1702 to Trinity College, Cambridge, he took 
 the degree of B.A. in 1705, and was elected fellow of that society in 
 the following year. From the list of subscribers for repairing and beauti- 
 fying the Chapel of the College in 1707, it appears that he gave the 
 whole of his fellowship (,£25.) to that desirable object. In his progress 
 through the University he distinguished himself by his mathematical attain- 
 ments ; and having taken his Master's degree in 1709, he was appointed, 
 at the recommendation of his College, to the Mastership of the Grammar 
 School at Newcastle upon Tyne. Here his leisure hours were occupied 
 in preparing for the press a new edition of the Geography of Bernhard 
 Varenius, which he published in 1712. This work, which had become 
 exceedingly scarce, was undertaken by the advice of the celebrated 
 Bentley, at that time Master of Trinity, to whom it is dedicated in 
 terms of the most devoted attachment and respect. It is executed 
 throughout with considerable ability ; and an account, which is appended, 
 of the various improvements in geographical science, since the time of 
 Varenius, who wrote about the middle of the seventeenth century, 
 sufficiently proves the editor's qualifications for his task. Though Jurin 
 was a warm admirer of Bentley's learning, he does not appear to have 
 taken an active part in the proceedings, which kept his college in a con- 
 tinual ferment during the whole period of his government. 
 
240 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 Shortly after the publication of his Varenius, he resigned his appoint- 
 ment at Newcastle, and turned his attention to the study of Medicine ; 
 and, after graduating M.D. in 1716, he settled in London, where he 
 soon created an extensive and rapidly increasing practice ; and his repu- 
 tation obtained for him the appointment of Physician to Guy's Hospital. 
 To his professional occupation was added that of Secretary to the Royal 
 Society, in which office he continued for several years, actively pro- 
 moting the objects of the institution, both by his personal and literary 
 exertions. A series of seventeen papers from his pen were published in 
 the Philosophical Transactions of the years 1718 and 1719, on the 
 Muscular Powers of the Heart, in which mathematical science was 
 applied with great acuteness and ingenuity to the illustration of physio- 
 logical facts. These essays were collected into a separate volume in the 
 year 1732, under the title of " Physico-Mathematical Dissertations ;" 
 having in the interim elicited a controversy between the writer and 
 Dr. James Kiell, respecting the accuracy of his calculations. Some 
 further objections were afterwards urged by M. Senac, in his " Treatise 
 on the Structure of the Heart," which likewise received a reply from 
 the author. 
 
 In the mean time he was by no means inattentive to the interests 
 of the profession, to which it would be expected that his talents should 
 be more immediately dedicated. He was a zealous advocate for the 
 practice of inoculation, then in its infancy ; and in order to establish the 
 benefits resulting therefrom upon a solid foundation, he drew up a com- 
 parative estimate of the mortality attendant upon casual and inoculated 
 small pox respectively during the five years from 1723 to 1727 
 inclusive. Several publications connected with the subject proceeded 
 from his pen at this period, which met with a considerable share of the 
 public attention. 
 
 To Smith's " System of Optics" published in 1738, Dr. Jurin added 
 an " Essay upon distinct and indistinct Vision ;" which called forth 
 some observations from Mr. Robins, a skilful mathematician of the day, 
 impugning the calculations from which the doctor had deduced the 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 241 
 
 nature of the changes necessary to be made in the figure of the eye, in 
 order to accommodate it to the clear perception of objects at different 
 distances. To these animadversions Jurin immediately replied. He 
 was also engaged about the same time in a foreign controversy respecting 
 the force of running water, and the Leibnitzian doctrine of living forces. 
 Having disposed of these matters, he entered upon a series of experi- 
 ments to ascertain the specific gravity of the human blood ; the result of 
 which he subsequently communicated to the Royal Society. Some 
 contributions in elucidation of meteorological science were likewise sub- 
 mitted to their notice. He was also at this time a member of an 
 Antiquarian Society at Spalding, to which Sir I. Newton, Dr. Stukely, 
 and other eminent individuals belonged. To this society he regularly 
 presented the " Philosophical Transactions," as they successively 
 appeared. 
 
 Among his college friends was Thomas Bentley, the nephew of the 
 great critic, and himself also the editor of Horace, and other critical 
 works of no inconsiderable pretensions. In 1742 he published an 
 edition of Ccesar, undertaken at the suggestion of Jurin, and accom- 
 panied with a large proportion of notes from his pen. He says in his 
 preface : — Illi viro nil negare potui, citjus amicitiam per omnes cetatis 
 gradns expertus eram, quemque noram et observaram, et ante et post 
 quam non modo Philosophus et Medicus insignis, sed et Philologus et 
 Criticus exstitisset. Again, with all the vanity of his illustrious uncle : 
 — Jactavi profecto scepe inter sodales meos, fortunam Mam perpetuo 
 bonam, qua Casarem vivum comitata est, nunc mortuum sequi ; quippe 
 qui Jurinum Emendatorem, me vero Editorem nactus sit. He con- 
 cludes with a compliment to the generosity of his coadjutor, who waived 
 his claim to any share in the profits of the publication : nam illi facti 
 Fama sat est. 
 
 Some time before his death he was elected President of the College 
 of Physicians ; and this situation he held till the occurrence of that 
 event in the year 1750. 
 
 ii 
 
242 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 VI.— JEREMIAH MARKLAND. 
 
 Jeremiah Markland, one of the most eminent scholars of his day, 
 was admitted into Christ's Hospital on the presentation of Mrs. Ca- 
 therine Norris, executrix of W. Garway, Esq. in the month of April, 
 1704. He was one of the twelve children of the Rev. Ralph Mark- 
 land, M. A. Vicar of Child wall, in Lancashire, where he was born, 
 according to his own statement, on the 29th of October, 1693 ; but the 
 Hospital date of his birth is October 18. His father seems to have been 
 principally occupied with the duties of his profession ; the conscientious 
 discharge of which, joined with great goodness of heart, and a pleasing 
 urbanity of manners, had gained him the esteem of all who knew him. 
 A poem, entitled " The Art of Shooting Flying," which has sometimes 
 been attributed to him, was the work of his relative, Abraham Mark- 
 land, D.D. sometime fellow of St. John's College, Oxford ; the author 
 of two volumes of posthumous sermons, published in 1729, and the 
 friend of the amiable and excellent Izaak Walton.* 
 
 On the 20th of June, 1710, young Markland proceeded to St. Peter's 
 College, Cambridge, on one of the Hospital exhibitions. He took the 
 degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1713, and Master of Arts in 1717, 
 whereupon he was elected fellow and tutor of his college. In 1714 he 
 had inserted a copy of Latin verses in the " Cambridge Gratulations," 
 which evince great classical taste and promise; and in 1717 he ably 
 vindicated the character of Addison against the satire of Pope in a 
 copy of verses inscribed to the Countess of Warwick. These verses, 
 together with a translation of Chaucer's " Frier s Tale," and other 
 minor productions, appeared in the various publications of Curll at this 
 
 * They were co-residents at Winchester; and the doctor was one of the witnesses to 
 Walton's will. He was a prebendary of Winchester, Master of the Hospital of St. Cross, 
 and rector successively of Meonstoke, Easton, and Houghton, in Hampshire. The epitaph 
 on his gravestone, before the altar of the church of St. Cross, is given in Nichols's Lit. 
 Anecd. vol. iv. p. 658. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 243 
 
 period, under the signature of " John Markland, of St. Peters College, 
 Cambridge" Now there is no Cambridge Graduate of the name of 
 John Markland, so that it is probable that the critic had assumed the 
 name of his brother, who was in Christ's Hospital at the time, having 
 been admitted on the presentation of Mr. Edward Norris, in 1709.* 
 During this period he resided constantly at Cambridge, as tutor of his 
 college : and it soon appeared that he would never be able to perform 
 the duties of a clergyman ; the weakness of his lungs being such that 
 reading lectures only once in a day disordered him greatly. Perhaps, 
 however, it may be doubted whether he had not some scruples with 
 respect to the doctrines of the Church, which made him unwilling to 
 take part in her ministry. From certain passages in his letters this 
 supposition is more than probable ; though it is by no means a fair 
 inference from his silence respecting his attendance at church, and the 
 absence of any critical remarks in his writings on the published sermons 
 of his day, that he neither read the one, nor attended the other. The 
 following extract from a letter to D'Orville, subjoined to the last edition 
 of the " Supplices" (1811), alludes to a notion entertained by that dis- 
 tinguished scholar that he was in holy orders : — " Reverendi titulus, 
 qua me infula decorasti, ad me non attinet, neque unquam, opinor, 
 attinebit. Studium quidem nonnullum posueram in legendo Novi 
 Foederis contextu. Hoc, aliter acceptum, ad te, ab iis qui me norunt, 
 vel non norunt, delatum reor." But whatever might be his sentiments 
 with respect to the Church of England, it was his earnest desire to 
 " understand the nature of the Christian religion ;" to which he was wont 
 to apply the remark of Socrates in relation to Heraclitus : a pin ycwaia 
 oi/xai SI, Kal a firj awma. (What I understood was very fine : and I do 
 not doubt but what I did not understand was so too.-]-) 
 
 * The following is a copy of a receipt (without date) in the possession of Mr. Upcott, of 
 the London Institution : — 
 
 Rec 1 of Mr. Curll the summe of two pounds two shillings in full for the Fryar's Tale, the 
 Retaliation and other poems, amounting to four sheets in print. I say receiv'd, per me, 
 £2. 2*. Od. John Markland. 
 
 t Preface to his MS. remarks on the New Testament. 
 
244 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 Markland became first distinguished in that particular path of scho- 
 larship, to which he subsequently devoted himself, by his Epistola 
 Critica to Dean (afterwards Bishop) Hare, published in 1723. The 
 epistle was mainly occupied in conjectural and other emendations of 
 Horace ; a species of criticism in which he always manifested the most 
 extensive erudition and critical sagacity. His editions of the classics 
 abound with occasional corrections, both of the Greek and Latin 
 writers ; and with respect to Virgil he has observed that " there are a 
 great many verses in the iEneid, that he, though a very bad poet, 
 would not have suffered to appear in any composition of his own : and 
 that he had a pretty large collection of them by him." At the time of 
 writing the " Epistola Critica," he was also closely engaged upon 
 Propertius, and a promised edition of Statins; but he never published 
 more than the Sylvce, which appeared in 1728. It was the production 
 of this volume which first introduced him to Mr. Bowyer, the erudite 
 printer ; and was the means of commencing a friendship, which only death 
 could dissolve. The number of copies printed were four hundred, and 
 twenty-five on large paper ; and so great was the editor's sense of 
 justice and integrity, that, being unable to defray the expenses so soon 
 as he had wished and intended, he insisted on adding the interest. He 
 dedicated the book to his friend Bishop Hare ; whose wish it was to 
 have provided for Markland in the church, could he have been prevailed 
 upon to take orders. 
 
 After some years' residence at Cambridge, during which period the 
 rudeness of Dr. Bentley is said to have induced him to throw aside a 
 projected edition of Apuleius, of which seven sheets were already 
 printed off;* he undertook, in 1728, the education of Mr. William 
 
 * In the year 1713, Markland was Senior Regent in the Caput, summoned for depriving 
 Bentley of his degrees; and it is not improbable that his vote upon that occasion left a deep 
 impression upon the great, but haughty, critic. Markland, however, never testified any 
 offence against Bentley for the alleged affront; and he was afterwards one of Bentley's 
 literary associates, being received at Trinity Lodge with the warmest cordiality and friend- 
 ship. See Monk's " Life of Bentley," vol. ii. pp. 59, 169. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 245 
 
 Strode, a young- gentleman of Punsborn, in Hertfordshire, with whom 
 he continued two years at home, and as long on the continent. After 
 their return he again took up his residence at the University, and 
 resumed his literary labours. In 1739, Taylor's elaborate edition of 
 " Lysias" appeared with " CI. Jer. Marklandi Conjecturce " annexed, 
 and accompanied with an appropriate encomium from the editor. His 
 Annotations on " Maximus Tyrius" were incorporated in the edition 
 of Davies in 1740, together with a prefatory address, in proof of an 
 important discovery which he had made, that Maximus had himself 
 published two editions of his Dissertations. Mr. Bowyer printed the work, 
 under the immediate superintendence of Professor Ward, for the Society 
 for the Encouragement of Learning ; and an odd complaint was urged 
 against the extreme nicety of Mr. Markland's corrections of the press, 
 which had somewhat increased the expense. In 1742 Dr. Mangey 
 published his Philo Judmus ; and some conception may be formed of 
 Markland's literary reputation at the time from the editor's announce- 
 ment of his co-operation in the work, though he had not, as he himself 
 declares, seen a single page of it prior to its publication.* He was 
 requested also in 1743 to offer himself a candidate for the Greek pro- 
 fessorship at Cambridge ; but so little ambitious was he of the honour, 
 that, as he tells Mr. Bowyer, " instead of going a hundred miles to take 
 it, he would have gone two hundred the other way to avoid it." He 
 had been now for some time afflicted with the gout ; which might have 
 had some weight with the poor rustic, as he styled himself, in framing 
 this resolution. 
 
 From Twyford, where he had lately resided, he removed in 1744 to 
 Uckfield, in Sussex, for the purpose of superintending the education of 
 the son of his quondam pupil. Shortly after his return from the conti- 
 nent, Mr. Strode had married the Lady Anne Cecil, daughter of James, 
 
 * " Ne unam quidem paginam hujtts operis vidi antequam totum publicaretur." MS. note 
 in Markland's own copy, now in the possession of Dr. C. Burney, and containing some 
 valuable emendations of the Jewish historian. 
 
246 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 fifth Earl of Salisbury ; by whom he had a son, now about six years of 
 age. Grateful for the instructions which he had himself received, he 
 was anxious that his son should partake of the same advantages ; and 
 Mr. Markland accordingly took up his abode in the house of the 
 schoolmaster under whose care the child had been placed. Here he 
 continued about six years, till the year 1752; and, forming an in- 
 timacy with the Rev. William Clarke, received his son Edward under 
 his private tuition. The connexions thus begun ripened into the most 
 endearing friendship ; and the respect which Mr. Strode in particular 
 entertained for his gifted tutor was evinced by the interest which he 
 took in his welfare during the remainder of his life. Indeed, the whole 
 life of this gentleman was one continued scene of active benevolence ; 
 and having, as a last act of pious liberality, rebuilt the parish church of 
 Northaw, in Hertfordshire, he was the first person interred within its 
 walls.* 
 
 In 1745, Mr. Markland was engaged in the Ciceronian Controversy, 
 which had been set on foot by Mr. Tunstall, the public orator of Cam- 
 bridge. A Latin dissertation appeared in 1741, impugning the authen- 
 ticity of the correspondence between Brutus and Cicero, which Mid- 
 dleton, in his Life of Cicero, had treated as genuine. To this Middleton 
 replied, was answered again by Tunstall, and followed on the same side 
 by Markland, in a letter addressed to Mr. Bowyer, which involved also 
 in the same charge of spuriousness four of the orations ascribed to 
 Cicero.-j- This letter called forth a pamphlet in reply, written in a 
 sarcastic style by Mr. Ross, afterwards Bishop of Exeter, but very 
 
 * Some interesting particulars respecting Mr. Strode will be found in the Gent's Mag. 
 for August, 1809, page 781. 
 
 f " Remarks on the Epistles of Cicero to Brutus, and of Brutus to Cicero, in a Letter to a 
 Friend. With a Dissertation upon four orations ascribed to Cicero: viz. 1. Ad Quirites 
 post Reditum. 2. Post Reditum in Senatu. 3. Pro Domo sua, ad Pontifices. 4. De 
 Haruspicum Responsis. To which are added some extracts out of the notes of learned men 
 upon those orations, and observations on them, attempting to prove them all spurious, and 
 the works of some sophist." 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 247 
 
 inferior both in candour and ability to the production of his antagonist. 
 Ross was assisted in this pamphlet by Gray the poet, who seems to 
 have entertained, however, but a poor opinion of the writer's wit. His 
 copy of Markland's tract, which is now in the possession of Mr. Mitford, 
 his excellent biographer, and contains some well written notes in answer 
 to some of Markland's less weighty objections, has the following remark 
 on the first leaf : — " This book is answered in an ingenious way, but the 
 irony is not quite transparent." It does not seem to have been Mark- 
 land's original intention to have published his letter ; and, satisfied with 
 his own conviction, he did not return to the subject, though, in several 
 of his letters, he speaks with great contempt of Ross ; but without men- 
 tioning his name.* In a letter to Mr. Bowyer, dated June 30, 1743, 
 he writes thus : — " I believe I shall drop (as to the publick) the affair of 
 these spurious letters, and the orations I mentioned ; for, though I am as 
 certain that Cicero was not the author of them, as I am that you were 
 not, yet I consider that it must be judged of by those who are already 
 prejudiced on the other side : and how far prejudice will go, is evident 
 from the subject itself; for nothing else could have suffered such silly 
 and barbarous stuff as these epistles and orations to pass so long, and 
 through so many learned men's hands, for the writings of Cicero : in 
 which view, I confess, I cannot read them without astonishment and 
 indignation." Gesner, however, seems to have fully established the 
 genuineness of the orations in question, and they retain their usual place 
 in Ernesti's edition of the orator's works. 
 
 In 1746, there seems to have been some project on foot respecting 
 the possible, though not very probable, publication of the remainder of 
 Statins ; and in 1748 our critic contributed some notes to Arnold's 
 Commentary on the Book of Wisdom. His mind indeed seems to have 
 been constantly employed, and merely relaxed from severer studies by 
 an occasional game at whist. During the following year, in the 
 
 * See Bowyer's Miscellaneous Tracts, 4to. pp. 573 sqq. and Mitford's edition of Gray's 
 Works, Life, p. lxvii. 
 
248 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 summer of which he was under considerable apprehension from the 
 illness of his pupil, Mr. Strode, he was partially engaged upon Cicero 
 de Oratore ; in 1750 he communicated some judicious remarks on 
 Kuster's tract de verbo medio, of which Mr. Bowyer was printing a 
 new edition ; and in 1751 he speaks of his Euripides as " going on 
 with success." In the mean time he had been again solicited to offer 
 for the Greek Professorship ; but he still persevered in his former 
 resolution of declining the appointment; and, having completed the 
 education of his amiable pupil, he removed in 1752 to a pleasant and 
 sequestered farm house, called Milton Court, near Dorking, in Surrey, 
 for the purposes of literary retirement. Being now advanced in years, 
 and afflicted with long and painful fits of the gout, and influenced 
 perhaps by other motives, he was glad to find a place of seclusion, in 
 which he was not likely to be disturbed by the calls of business or 
 of company. 
 
 Musgrave's edition of the Hippolytus of Euripides, which appeared in 
 the year 1756, announced in the title page an accession of notes by 
 Jeremiah Marhland ; which notes it should seem were communicated 
 to the editor by a friend, and inserted without his permission. In the 
 margin of his own copy, now in the possession of Dr. Burney, he 
 writes : — " This title was put without my knowledge, and very contraiy 
 to my inclination. J. Markland." To an edition of Sophocles, printed 
 in 1758 by his friend Mr. Bowyer, he readily afforded his assistance ; 
 and in 1763 he made some contributions to the second edition of Foster's 
 " Essay on the different Nature of Accent and Quantity." In this year 
 also he published an edition, in quarto, of the Supplices of Euripides, 
 but without his name ; for the omission whereof, to which Dr. Foster 
 attributed its limited circulation, he thus accounts to Mr. Bowyer: — 
 " As to the compliments of scholars, I believe you do not set any great 
 value upon them, and I believe I set as little ; to avoid which myself, 
 and to excuse others the necessity of making them right or wrong, were 
 two reasons why no name was put to this edition." Annexed to the 
 play was an excellent treatise, entitled " De Grcecorum quintd decli- 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 249 
 
 natione Imparisyllabica , et inde formata Latinorum tertia, Qucestio 
 Grammatica ;" of which forty copies had been printed in 1760 for 
 private distribution, at the expense of his friend William Hall, Esq. of 
 the Temple, to whom it is thus inscribed : — Amicissimo viro W. H. 
 armigero ; non ut patrono cliens, sed ut amico amicus, qua multo 
 optabilior est necessitudo. Of all Markland's critical writings the most 
 elaborate and the most valuable is the Commentary on the " Supplices." 
 The dedication to Hemsterhuis and his co-editor Wesseling, viris doc- 
 tissimis, et summe inter se amicis, is recommended by Mr. Justice 
 Hardinge, as " a model of pure Latinity, and (which is better) a model 
 of humility upon the subject of his own peculiar talent."* His friend, 
 the late Dr. Heberden — to whom Markland, then old and infirm, and 
 lamenting over the decay of classical learning in England, had presented 
 the MS. — defrayed the entire cost of the publication. Only two 
 hundred and fifty copies were printed. 
 
 An act of the most disinterested generosity on the part of Mr. 
 Markland, in the year 1765, had the effect of straitening his circum- 
 stances very materially, at a time when the increasing infirmities of old 
 age could least bear with the privation. The widow, with whom he 
 lodged, had yielded to the solicitations of an unworthy son, and assigned 
 over to him the whole of the little property of which she was possessed. 
 A law suit was the consequence ; and Markland hazarded all he had in 
 the support of the injured woman's claims. After incurring heavy 
 expenses, the cause was decided against her ; and thenceforward all his 
 means were expended in relieving her distresses. " Could I run away," 
 he writes to Mr. Bowyer, " and leave an afflicted good woman and 
 her children to starve without the greatest baseness, dishonour, and in- 
 humanity. Poor as I am, I would rather have pawned the coat on my 
 back than have done it. I speak this in the presence of God ; and I 
 appeal to him, before whom I must soon appear, that this is the true and 
 only reason of my acting in this matter : and though I know that the 
 
 * Nichols' Illust. Lit. History, I. 159. 
 
 K K 
 
250 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 consequence of it will incommode me greatly, and almost ruin me, yet 
 I am sure I shall never repent of it." His entire property at this time, ex- 
 clusive of his fellowship (about .£70 per annum) amounted to £500 three 
 per cent reduced annuities ; and of this he cheerfully sold out £100 in the 
 following year, rather than accept of any loan or gift from his friends. 
 Some assistance he had indeed received from Dr. Law, master of his 
 college, for whom he entertained the highest regard ; but so great was 
 his dislike to this kind of aid, that he positively refused a generous offer 
 of Archbishop Seeker, and even avoided a correspondence with his old 
 acquaintance, Bishop Law, who wished to serve him. At length, in 
 1768, the remainder of his stock was sold out ; and it was then only, 
 after much negotiation, that he was prevailed upon to accept of an 
 annuity of £100, which his pupil Mr. Strode, with eveiy delicate attention 
 to his feelings, devoted to his service. 
 
 In the mean time, and probably from these anxieties, his health had 
 considerably suffered. He had a violent attack in June, 1767, of 
 St. Anthony's fire, which was followed in August by the yellow jaundice. 
 This disorder began with an excessive diarrhoea, of which he remarks : — 
 " If this does not stop, it will soon carry off an old man : but I am under 
 no uneasiness, having made my will." He had now, as he writes to 
 Mr. Bowyer, " scarce looked into a Greek or Latin book for above three 
 years, having given over all literary concerns :" and, some time previ- 
 ously, he had destroyed many of his papers, as being illegible to any body 
 but himself. He had also intended to destroy his notes on the two 
 " Iphigenice" of Euripides ; but they were eventually presented in 1768 
 to his friend Dr. Heberden, with full power either to print or to burn 
 them : with the proviso that the former alternative should not be adopted 
 till after his death.* The doctor readily accepted the conditions ; and, 
 
 * He thus writes to Mr. Bowyer, January 28, 1768. " Heartily wishing that it might be 
 agreeable to Dr. H. to make it a posthumous work, I have, on that supposition, written 
 a dedication to him, as if I was a dead man." The dedication was as follows : — " Doctissimo, 
 et, quod longe prastantius est, Humanissimo Viro Wilhelmo Heberden, M. D., arbitratu ejus 
 vel cremanda vel in publicum emittenda post obitum Scriptoris : ea tamen lege, ut si editione 
 digna ub illo censeantur, quemadmodum olimjudicabat in Supplicibus, exstet simul hcec pagina, 
 qu& testetur animum memorem benejiciorum ab eo collatorum in Annotatorem, dum in vivis erat." 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 251 
 
 sending them to press immediately at his own expense, obtained a copy 
 with the author's corrections for a second edition, though it was not then 
 known when the first would be published. But, although a posthumous 
 publication was then meditated, the work was given to the world in 
 1771, for reasons which an extract from a letter, dated June 14, will 
 sufficiently explain : — " On the 5th of this month I received from Dr. 
 Heberden a bank note of £20, with notice of some wine and chocolate 
 he had sent me. In my letter of thanks I took the opportunity of 
 telling him, I have for some time been in fear of your generosity; which 
 was the reason of my being glad to put off the publication of Euripides 
 till after my death, because I apprehended that you designed the whole 
 advantage of the edition (for the printing of which you had already 
 paid, besides the £50 bank note you had sent) should be mine ; which I 
 thought was unjust in me to take and unreasonable. If you can be pre- 
 vailed upon (which I greatly wish) to suffer the expense of the printing 
 to be repaid you out of the sale of the book, I will write to Mr. Bowyer 
 immediately to reprint the first half sheet, and to strike out the words 
 post obitum Scriptoris, and dum in vivis erat, and to advertise it forth- 
 with under my name. If you have any objection, you need only to say 
 that you had rather things should continue as they are." 
 
 The critical study of the Greek Testament had always occupied a 
 considerable portion of Markland's attention ; and a variety of obser- 
 vations, written in the margin of a copy of Kuster's edition, as well as 
 in " two paper books," had happily escaped the flames. They were 
 inserted in the second edition of Bowyer's " Conjectures on the New 
 Testament," published in 1770; in which, as well as in that of 1772, 
 they are distinguished by the letter R. For the improved edition of 
 1783, the copy of Kuster was more closely examined by Mr. Nichols, 
 and the result submitted to the accurate inspection of Dr. H. Owen. In 
 returning the proofs to Mr. Bowyer in 1771, he writes : " I have sent a 
 few pens, all I could find, to be cobbled by you at your leisure ; for I 
 cannot meet with any like those of your emendation. These will last my 
 life." His leisure hours in this year were sometimes beguiled by the 
 
252 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 transcription of a work under the title of " Qucestiones Venusince* ad 
 Horatii Carmina ;" which he mentions as being in a state of forward- 
 ness. It was eventually completed, and may be still in existence. 
 
 Disinterested benevolence was perhaps the most striking feature in 
 Markland's character ; and money only found value in his eyes in pro- 
 portion as it enabled him to relieve the necessitous. Hence arose the 
 gratification which he experienced at the news of a proffered legacy 
 from Mr. Bowyer ; for the amount of which, or any part of it, he or his 
 sister had permission to draw,whenever they thought proper. Accordingly 
 after thanking the living legator, he requested £50 in July, 1771 ; of 
 which he intended £20 for his sister, and the remainder was reserved for 
 his widowed protege. In a very few days after the receipt of the money 
 he writes thus ; — " Your last letter (the first part of it) surprised me 
 much. I imagined it would have given you (as I am sure it ought to have 
 done) great pleasure, to know that by your means I should be enabled 
 to do the greatest of kindnesses to a poor widow and three helpless 
 children. What must be my surprise, when, instead of giving you 
 pleasure, I found it had only alarmed your fears and suspicions. My 
 good friend, how could the same person act in so great and so mean a 
 manner ! to give a man ,£500, and to be afraid at that man's laying out 
 £10 on a poor woman and three fatherless children, much greater objects 
 of humanity than he himself. Courage, mon ami ! I will never hurt 
 either you or myself." With respect to his sister Catherine, it is some- 
 what strange, considering the extreme anxiety which he always felt for 
 her welfare, and that she in some degree depended upon him for 
 support, that he made no provision for her in his own will. He made 
 the following distribution of his property on the 19th of October, 1775. 
 " My books and papers I leave to Dr. William Heberden, of Pall Mall.-j- 
 
 * See Hor. Od. III. 4. 9. Sat. II. 1. 35. 
 
 f " Dr. H. and I are at no loss for entertainment. He has just got possession of Mark- 
 land's legacy : of his critical MSS. and classic authors with noted margins, in a legible 
 hand." Mr. Wray to Lord Hardwicke, Nichols' Illust. Lit. Hist. I. 158. A copy of King's 
 Euripides, with Markland's annotations in MS. was presented by J. H. Markland, of the 
 Inner Temple, Esq. to the Lambeth Library, in 1829. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 253 
 
 Every thing else which belonged to me (all which together is scarcely 
 worth mentioning) I leave to Mrs. Martha Rose of Milton : whom 
 I believe to be one of the most worthy persons, and know to be one of the 
 greatest objects of humanity and Christian compassion, I ever was 
 acquainted with in a long life : whom therefore I make my sole execu- 
 trix." The grandson of this woman was to have been apprenticed to 
 Mr. Nicholls, at Markland's request ; but, after his death, the lad was 
 brought up to other pursuits. He had earnestly wished that it might 
 be in his power to make some acknowledgment to Christ's Hospital, 
 as well as to St. Peter's College, from which he had received the chief 
 part of his maintenance : but (to use his own words) " as the providence 
 of God, to whom he durst appeal, that he had no other view in it than 
 to do what he thought his duty, saw fit that it should be otherwise, he 
 was perfectly satisfied that it was better it should be as it was." 
 
 Markland's sedentary habits had produced a tendency to the gravel ; 
 and his periodical attacks of the gout continued to afflict him. Still he 
 was wont to commit his thoughts to writing ; and carried on an occa- 
 sional correspondence, literary and sometimes political, with Mr. Bowyer. 
 His days, however, were now drawing to a close ; and the purpose to 
 which he had devoted the money mentioned in a letter dated November 
 10, 1775, was not long to remain unappropriated. " Mr. Nichols 
 writes, you are indebted to me £52. 5s. 9d. which is more than I appre- 
 hended, and above the sum which I have long proposed to have always 
 in your or his hands (,£40) for my burial." An attack of the gout, 
 attended with fever, put a period to his existence on the 7th of July, 
 1776. He was buried, agreeably to his own request, in Dorking church, 
 on the right side of the altar ; and a brass tablet, with an inscription 
 by Dr. Heberden,* is dedicated to his memory : — 
 
 * " It fell to Dr. Heberden, as the last remaining friend of poor Jeremiah Markland, to 
 inscribe his tombstone. He sent me an epitaph to be tinkered, and receive a more lapidarian 
 aspect. I have returned it in its native simplicity, as best becoming the subject and the 
 writer." Mr. Wray to Lord Hardwicke: Illust. Lit. Hist. I. 156. 
 
254 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 Jeremiah Markland, A.M. 
 
 WAS BORN THE 29th OF OCTOBER, 1693: 
 
 EDUCATED IN THE SCHOOL OF Christ's HOSPITAL, LONDON J 
 
 AND ELECTED FELLOW OF St. Peter's COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 Unambitious of the rewards and honours which his abilities and 
 application might have obtained for him in the learned professions, 
 he chose to pass his life in a liberal retirement. hls very accurate 
 knowledge of the greek and latin languages was employed in cor- 
 recting and explaining the best ancient authors, and more parti- 
 cularly in illustrating the sacred scriptures. to these rational 
 pursuits he sacrificed every worldly view; contented with the inward 
 pleasure resulting from such studies, and from the public and private 
 assistance which they enabled him to communicate to others. but, 
 above all, his uncommon learning confirmed in the highest degree 
 his hopes of a happier life hereafter. 
 
 He died at Milton, in this parish, the 7th day of July, 1776. 
 
 The following epitaph, written by his pupil, the Rev. E. Clarke, was 
 inserted in the General Evening Post, a few days after his death : — 
 
 M.S. 
 
 Jeremije Marklandi: 
 
 Qui, quanquam splendidiores eum 
 
 Et literse et virtutes ornaverant, 
 
 Semper modestissime' se gessit : 
 
 Omnes benigne, doctos urbane, 
 
 Et, quod mirere magis, 
 
 Etiam indoctos sine supercilio excepit. 
 
 In restituendis et explicandis 
 
 Graecis et Latinis Poetis, 
 
 Statio, Euripide, Horatio, Juvenale, 
 
 Et praecipue Novi Foederis libris, 
 
 Cautus, acutus, felix, 
 
 Et, siquando audacior, 
 
 Tamen non inconsultus : 
 
 In edendis Maximo Tyrio et Demosthene 
 
 Cum Davisio et Tayloro conjunctus 
 
 Utrisque et auxilio et ornamento fuit. 
 
 Sequantur alii Famam, 
 
 Aucupentur Divitias ; 
 
 Hie ilia oculis irretortis contemplatus 
 
 Post terga constanter rejecit. 
 
 A coetu tandem et communione omnium 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 255 
 
 Per hos triginta annos proxime elapsos 
 
 In solitudinem se recepit, 
 
 Studiis excolendis et pauperibus sublevandis 
 
 Unice intentus. 
 
 Memoriae viri sibi amicissimi, 
 
 Et prreceptoris et parentis loco; 
 
 Viri candore, humanitate, modestia, doctrina, 
 
 Religione demum ornatissimi ; 
 
 Dat, dicat, dedicat, 
 
 Olim Discipulus. 
 
 Obiit prope Dorking, in comitatu Surriae, 
 
 Julii 7°, 1776, 
 
 Annum agens octogesimum tertium. 
 
 From the foregoing sketch of Markland's life, the prominent features 
 of his character seem to have been a love of retirement, a total freedom 
 from ambition as evinced in his refusal to stand for the Greek pro- 
 fessorship, great warmth of heart, and a spirit of benevolence carried even 
 to an imprudent length. Of his literary attainments the most opposite 
 opinions have been formed ; one writer sinking them below mediocrity, 
 and others raising them to the highest standard of critical sagacity. 
 While Hurd, in a spirit of "abject homage" to Warburton, describes 
 him as " a very good man and a learned ; but a miserable instance of 
 a man of slender parts and sense, besotted by a fondness for his own 
 peculiar study, and stupified by an intense application to the minutice 
 of it :" * Hardinge proclaims him " a profound scholar who was perhaps 
 inferior to Bentley alone in critical acumen ; possessing a most elegant 
 and liberal mind ; unassuming, affectionate, and benevolent."-f- Dr. 
 Burney also, in the preface to his Tentamen, ranks him with the mag- 
 nanimi heroes of Greek learning, Bentley, Dawes, Taylor, Toup, Tyr- 
 whit, and Porson ; and Dr. Johnson speaks of him as " a contemporary 
 of great eminence." With respect to the severe reflexions of Hurd, 
 not to mention the palpable contradiction of calling a man " learned" 
 
 * Hurd's Letter to Warburton, Feb. 24, 1764. See " Letters from a late eminent 
 Prelate," 8vo. 1809. 
 
 f Illust. Lit. Hist. I. 159. See also Bishop Monk, in his " Life of Bentley," ubi supra. 
 
256 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 and " of slender parts and sense" in the same sentence, the Quarterly 
 Reviewers are perhaps correct in considering them a " caricature ;" and 
 the following estimate, drawn by the same hand, and steering between the 
 opposite extremes of praise and censure, may be regarded as approximating 
 very nearly to a just view of the case.* " It is not our intention to 
 assert that Markland was a man of genius, or that he possessed a very 
 vigorous understanding. When Dr. Burney saluted him by the name 
 of ' magnanimous hero,' we apprehend that it was not Dr. Burney's 
 intention that the expression should pass current for the highest value at 
 which it is capable of being estimated. Markland's literary character it 
 is not very difficult to describe. He was endowed with a respectable 
 portion of judgment and sagacity. He was very laborious, loved retire- 
 ment, and spent a long life in the study of the Greek and Latin lan- 
 guages. For modesty, candour, literary honesty, and courteousness to 
 other scholars, he is justly considered as the model which ought to be 
 proposed for the imitation of every critic. Gifted as he was, we are 
 not aware that he could have applied his faculties to any object with 
 more credit to himself and more advantage to others, than to the culti- 
 vation of ancient literature. He certainly would not have been eminent 
 as a theologian, a metaphysician, a political economist, an historian, a 
 poet, an orator, a writer of farces, or a reviewer." 
 
 Markland's views as a theologian would possibly have been biassed 
 by some particular notions which he appears to have entertained 
 on certain doctrinal points, -f but his labours as a biblical critic were 
 by no means unsuccessful. A partial exception to the reviewer's exclu- 
 sive qualifications may also be made in respect to the poet ; for, though 
 he took no very high flights in the region of Parnassus, some of his 
 
 * Quart. Rev. vol. vii. p. 442. 
 
 + Whatever these notions may have been, or whatever his scruples in not taking holy- 
 orders, it is evident that Markland was not tainted with Socinianism. On mysterious points 
 he was conscious of the limited extent of the human intellect, and of the folly of seeking to 
 be wise above that which is written. In this as in other instances, Markland displayed an 
 humble and teachable spirit, the usual characteristic of a great and good man. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 257 
 
 earlier attempts exhibit considerable poetic talent. His vindication of 
 Addison from the strictures of Pope will justify this remark, and form a 
 pleasing appendage to the preceding memoir. 
 
 To the Countess of Warwick, in defence of Mr. Addison, 
 against the satire of Mr. Pope. 
 
 When soft expressions covert malice hide, 
 And pitying satire cloaks o'erweening pride; 
 When ironies revers'd right virtue show, 
 And point which way true merit we may know ; 
 When self-conceit just hints indignant rage, 
 Shewing its wary caution to engage ; 
 In mazy wonder we astonish'd stand, 
 Perceive the stroke, but miss th' emittent hand. 
 Thus if old Homer's credit may avail, 
 (And when was Homer's credit known to fail?) 
 When stipulative terms were form'd for peace, 
 And foes agreed all hostile acts to cease, 
 Sly Pandarus, the battle to renew, 
 Amongst the adverse ranks a javelin threw ; 
 The Greeks saw Sparta's injur'd monarch bleed, 
 But saw not who perform 'd the perjur'd deed. 
 So the skill'd snarler pens his angry lines, 
 Grins lowly fawning, biting as he whines ; 
 Traducing with false friendship's formal face, 
 And scandalizing with the mouth of praise; 
 Shews his intention, but his weakness too, 
 And what he would, yet what he dares not do ; 
 While launching forth into a depth of praise, 
 Whose kind attempts the mind attentive raise, 
 When suddenly the pirate-colours show 
 Beneath the friend's disguise the lurking foe. 
 
 Oh ! Pope, forbear henceforth to vex the muse, 
 Whilst, forc'd, a task so hateful she pursues ; 
 No more let empty words to rhymes be brought, 
 And fluent sounds atone for want of thought: 
 Still Addison shall live, and pregnant fame 
 Teem with eternal triumphs of his name ; 
 
 L L 
 

 258 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 Still shall his country hold him more endear'd, 
 Lov'd by this age, and by the next rever'd. 
 Or if from good advice you turn your ear, 
 Nor friendly words, imparted timely, hear ; 
 Exert your utmost energy of spite, 
 And, as each envious hint arises, write : 
 So shall his deathless glory never cease, 
 i And you, by lessening, will his fame increase.* 
 
 VII.— Dr. MIDDLETON, BISHOP OF CALCUTTA. 
 
 Thomas Fanshaw Middleton was born on the 26th of January, 
 1769, and baptized on the 5th of February following, at the village 
 of Kedleston in Derbyshire, of which his father, the Rev. Thomas 
 Middleton, was rector. His mother was Elizabeth, daughter of John 
 Bott, Esq. of Burton-on-Trent. On the completion of his tenth year, 
 till which period he had remained at home under the care and tuition of 
 his father, a man of considerable learning, he was admitted on the 21st 
 of April, 1779, into Christ's Hospital, on the presentation of the Rev. 
 Edmund Rider. Even at that early age, he was remarkable for that 
 steady firmness of purpose, and that mild decisiveness of manner, which 
 formed the prominent feature of his character in after life. ' In September 
 1785, he was raised to the Grecians or head class ; on which he was 
 cotemporary with Dr. Richards, Sir Edward Thornton, and Dr. Trol- 
 lope : Mr. Coleridge, the poet, was somewhat his junior. -j- At this 
 
 * In the compilation of the above memoir, the author acknowledges, with thanks, the 
 assistance which he has received from James Heywood Markland, Esq. F.R.S. and 
 S.A. of the Inner Temple. That gentleman kindly communicated his private memoranda 
 respecting his gifted relative, which contained some facts and references hitherto wholly or 
 partially unknown. 
 
 + In connexion with the passage cited above from the Biographia Literaria, at p. 137, 
 Mr Coleridge thus proceeds : — " I had just entered on my seventeenth year, when the 
 sonnets of Mr. Bowles, twenty in number, and just then published in a quarto pamphlet, 
 were first made known and presented to me by a schoolfellow, who had quitted us for the 
 University ; and who, during the whole time that he was in our first form (or in our school 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 259 
 
 period the Hospital had every reason to be proud of her sons ; and 
 among the names, which are then found on her records, several have 
 since been honorably known to the world. It may not be uninteresting 
 to subjoin one of the several exercises which were written by young 
 Middleton, during his continuance at school ; some of which are still 
 in existence. In point of real merit, perhaps, the selected specimen is 
 inferior to some of the rest; but there is something in the subject, 
 independently of the ideal image of his future usefulness, which has 
 dictated the choice. 
 
 LITERULAS ME NON STULTI DOCUERE PARENTES. 
 
 Thrice happy he, in childhood taught 
 
 To hear instruction's voice ! 
 Parental tenderness in vain had sought 
 Exhausting all its stores, a gift more choice ; 
 
 In vain shall fortune, fickle power, 
 Pour down her blessings on the natal hour, 
 Or to the precipice of vulgar praise 
 
 Her minion eye up-raise ; 
 Fair science only shall the breast inflame 
 With generous ardour and a thirst of fame; 
 Shall aid each heaven-born impulse, and procure 
 Delights that never clog, delights unmix'd and pure. 
 
 When reason yet is immature, 
 Her aid instruction lends ; 
 
 language, a Grecian) had been my patron and protector. I refer to Dr. Middleton, the 
 truly learned and every way excellent Bishop of Calcutta : 
 
 " Qui laudibus amplis 
 Ingenium celebrare meum, calamumque solebat, 
 Calcar agens animo validum." 
 
 Petr. Ep. Lib. I. Ep. I. 
 
 It was a double pleasure to me, and still remains a tender recollection, that I should have 
 received from a friend so revered the first knowledge of a poet, by whose works, year after 
 year, I was so enthusiastically delighted and inspired." Biog. Lit. vol. i. p. 13. 
 
260 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 She bids to fly, if vicious dreams allure, 
 
 If deeds of praise appear, each deed commends. 
 
 And while her precepts thus imprest 
 Sink deep within, and rule the infant breast; 
 While ripening fruits parental wonder move, 
 
 And time conspires with love ; 
 To noblest deeds a tender offspring form'd, 
 With early love of truth and virtue warm'd, 
 Transport the parents' soul ; their thirst for praise, 
 Sure mark of rising worth, each anxious care repays. 
 
 Say, why confusion fled amain 
 
 When heaven's great work began ; 
 If still the chaos of the mind shall reign, 
 And wrap in thickest gloom the inmost man, 
 
 His barren, rude, untutor'd mind, 
 To narrow views of vulgar joys confin'd, 
 Sinks down by slow degrees, and fix'd to earth 
 
 Forgets its nobler birth. 
 Or should the soul yet hope to burst its sway, 
 And late emerge into the realms of day, 
 Still clouds of darkness veil the aching sight, 
 And life's protracted span is one long dreary night. 
 
 Yet ill the mind, with joy elate, 
 
 Shall paint ideal woes ; 
 Declare my soul thy happier envied state 
 And speak the source from whence each blessing flows. 
 
 Within this cloistered calm retreat, 
 Where sacred science loves to fix her seat, 
 How do my moments tranquil wing their flight, 
 
 In elegant delight ! 
 Here now I smile o'er Terence' comic page, 
 Or hold high converse with th' Athenian sage ; 
 Now listen to the buskin'd hero's strain, 
 With tender Ovid love, or weeps o'er Hector slain. 
 
 And while in learning's path I tread, 
 
 Be virtue still my guide ! 
 May each great lesson in my life be read, 
 May human welfare be my utmost pride. 
 
 And if my labours ought suffice 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 261 
 
 To check the torrent of impetuous vice, 
 Or drooping merit from despair to raise, 
 
 Be yours the praise ! 
 You, who first form'd my tender untaught mind, 
 Who first to generous views my soul refin'd : 
 Bounty and wisdom unremitting strove, 
 And both in you combin'd to crown a parent's love. 
 
 T. F. Middleton, 1787.* 
 
 The sentiments of attachment and gratitude so feelingly expressed in 
 the above lines, were cherished with increasing ardour to the day of his 
 death ; and the friendships which he had formed at school were no less 
 strong and permanent. With many of the companions of his early days 
 he lived on terms of the greatest intimacy, and it was one of his chief 
 delights to revert, in conversation, to the venerable abode of their infancy. 
 He would frequently express a wish, as soon as his circumstances would 
 permit, to give a more substantial proof of his sense of those benefits 
 which he had there so liberally received ; and in the correspondence 
 which he kept up, after leaving England, with one who had been his 
 companion both at school and college, he repeats the wish on almost 
 every occasion. In a letter dated Bombay, July 16, 1816, he writes : — 
 " You know that I have a great desire to become a governor of Christ's 
 Hospital : it would, indeed, be no more than the payment of a debt, and 
 I shall think of it, when I am a little more at my ease : for though my 
 income sounds very well,-j- it is by no means adequate to the demands 
 upon it, in the way of charitable subscriptions and contributions. It was 
 
 * Transcribed by Middleton himself into the book mentioned in the note at p. 192, from 
 which it is here copied. 
 
 t The Bishop's salary was fixed at £5000 per annum ; which, however liberal in 
 appearance, ought in justice to be compared with the necessarily expensive establishment 
 required by the climate, and by the general mode of living, among persons of rank and 
 station, which custom has established in the East. The allowance, when thus considered, 
 was wholly inadequate to the duties of his situation ; and it should be further remembered, 
 that although his income was less than that of a puisne judge, no provision was made for 
 an episcopal residence, and the heavy expenses of his visitations seem to have been altogether 
 forgotten. 
 
262 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 not considered that I was to be not merely Bishop of Calcutta, but of 
 every place in India, where the British have any footing. However, I 
 hope that if I live two or three years longer, I may afford to indulge 
 myself in an expense which would yield me the highest gratification." 
 Again, from Calcutta, April 11, 1818: — " I shall not lose sight, if my 
 life be spared, of a governorship of Christ's Hospital ; but at present I 
 must wait, though reluctantly. My income, large as it may seem in 
 England, goes here but a little way : rupees are nominally half-crowns, 
 but they pass for little more than shillings ; and as to contributions, 
 what in England would be thought liberal, would here be contemptible. 
 I have lately seen a quarto volume on the public schools, including 
 Christ's Hospital ; I wish the account of it had been better ; there is an 
 interesting extract from C. Lamb, but a great deal more might be said 
 on such a subject. Pray request Messrs. Rivington to pack up in their 
 next parcel for me Scholefield's sermon before the governors." At length 
 he writes to another friend : — " It would be unnatural in me not to have 
 a warm interest in that institution ; the source, perhaps, of greater good 
 upon the whole, than any other school in England. I have sent the 
 requisite donation to entitle me to become a governor : and I bless God 
 that I have been enabled to do somewhat towards the repayment of so 
 vast a debt." The donation was not received till late in the year 1821 ; 
 and the necessary papers for the presentation of a boy, to which he was 
 entitled at the Easter immediately following his election, did not arrive 
 in India, till some months after his death. Such, however, was the good 
 feeling on the part of the committee, and their respect for the deceased, 
 that Mrs. Middleton was allowed to fill up the presentation in favour of 
 the child of a widowed Indian friend. The following is an extract from 
 a letter to Mr. Ward, enclosing a bill for £400, together with the 
 official communication to the treasurer : — 
 
 " I have to request that you will take an early opportunity of waiting 
 upon the treasurer of Christ's Hospital with the enclosed, being the 
 amount of my donation to the noblest institution in the world ! and an 
 imperfect acknowledgment of what I owe to it, as the instrument of a 
 merciful providence." 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 263 
 
 To the Worshipful the Treasurer of Christ's Hospital, London. 
 
 Colombo, May 12, 1821. 
 Sir, — Without having the honour of being personally known to you, 
 I take leave to address you as the treasurer of Christ's Hospital. My 
 object is to make what I feel to be a very inadequate acknowledgment of 
 the gratitude which I owe, and of the affection which I bear, to that 
 Royal Foundation. I cannot be insensible that I am indebted, under 
 Providence, for the station which I fill, and for any means which it may 
 afford me of doing good, to the early protection, and sound instruction, 
 which I received within the walls of that house ; and my prayer will 
 ever be, that the Almighty may raise up to it patrons and benefactors 
 through all succeeding time. I remit, by this conveyance, to my 
 friend, S. S. Ward, Esq. of the accountant-general's office, Chancery 
 Lane, a bill for four hundred pounds (£400) sterling, with instructions 
 to pay the amount to your order. Invoking the divine blessing on 
 yourself, and on all who maintain and advance the interests of the 
 institution, 
 
 I have the honour, Sir, to be, with the greatest respect, 
 
 Your most obedient Servant, 
 
 T. F. Calcutta. 
 
 But to return from this anticipatory digression. On the 26th of 
 September, 1788, Mr. Middleton was removed from Christ's Hospital 
 to Pembroke College, Cambridge ; where he also enjoyed one of the 
 Moses' scholarships appropriated to scholars from that foundation. At 
 the University his habits were studious, though his pursuits were of 
 a nature rather to form the future scholar and divine, than to obtain 
 the passing honours of academical distinction. Such, however, was 
 his proficiency in mathematics, that at the examination for his B. A. 
 degree in January, 1792, he stood fourth among the senior optimes. 
 His companions in college were chiefly literary; and it should seem 
 
264 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 from a paper in " The Country Spectator," a weekly periodical, of 
 which he commenced the editorship shortly after his departure from 
 Cambridge, that he was wont to look back " with a pleasing fond 
 regret" to the hours which he had spent in their society. In March 
 of the same year, 1792, he was ordained to the curacy of Gainsborough ; 
 which he resigned in 1794, in order to undertake the education of the 
 children of Dr. John Pretyman, Archdeacon of Lincoln, who was 
 induced to seek his valuable aid by the interest with which he had read 
 a paper in the " Country Spectator." His removal to Norwich, 
 where Dr. Pretyman principally resided as a prebendary, was the 
 means of his introduction to the literary society of that place ; and 
 afforded him an opportunity of displaying to advantage those talents and 
 acquirements which had hitherto been less duly appreciated. 
 
 The sermon of professor Scholefield, which the bishop requested to be 
 forwarded to him in India, was that which is annually preached on 
 St. Matthew's day, before the governors of the several Royal Hospitals, in 
 commemoration of the foundation of those excellent institutions. It is 
 always preached by one of the scholars of Christ's Hospital, and is not 
 unfrequently the first fruits of his work in the Christian Ministry. 
 Mr. Middleton took his part in this interesting solemnity in the year 
 1795; and taking his text from Luke, i. 66. he set forth, in a most 
 beautiful and affecting discourse, the happy prospects of the children 
 brought up under the same fostering care, which he had himself ex- 
 perienced ; and concluded with a fervent prayer for the permanent and 
 increasing usefulness of a seminary, which had been productive, under 
 providence, of such beneficial results. 
 
 His presentation, in 1795, to the rectory of Tansor, in Northampton- 
 shire, by the father of his pupils, placed him in a condition to realize his 
 hopes of domestic happiness; and in 1797 he married Elizabeth, daughter 
 of John Maddison, Esq. of Alvington in the county of Lincoln. An 
 attachment had long subsisted between them ; and he found in her a 
 companion fully qualified not only to promote the comforts of his home, 
 but to assist him in the prosecution of his clerical duties, and his literary 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 265 
 
 pursuits. She was his constant amanuensis in transcribing his MSS. for 
 the press ; the readiness with which she performed the task immeasurably 
 enhancing the value of the assistance. As the care of his pupils was 
 incompatible with residence upon his living of Tansor, he undertook the 
 cure, in 1799, of St. Peter Mancroft, in the city of Norwich ; in which 
 his eloquence as a preacher, and his steady and punctual discharge of 
 the parochial duties, tended in no small degree to advance his growing 
 reputation. In 1802 he was instituted to the consolidated rectories of 
 Little and Castle Bytham, to which he had been presented by his former 
 patron, and which he held with Tansor by dispensation. About this 
 time his attention was directed to the controversy respecting the use of 
 the Greek article by the writers of the New Testament, and his leisure 
 hours were accordingly devoted to the investigation of the subject. The 
 result of his studies was the celebrated treatise on " The Doctrine of the 
 Greek Article applied to the Criticism and Illustration of the New 
 Testament." It is well known that Porson spoke of this work in terms 
 of the highest commendation, and the opinion of the present Greek pro- 
 fessor in the University of Cambridge (himself, by the way, a scholar of 
 Christ's Hospital), is recorded in his preface to the second edition. In 
 speaking of this work, it Avould be injustice to omit the mention of the 
 part which Mrs. Middleton took in preparing it for the press. She 
 transcribed it throughout ; and her affectionate assiduity in performing 
 the task is recorded in the following inscription on the blank leaf of the 
 copy which he presented to her : — 
 
 To Elizabeth, 
 his most amiable and beloved wife, 
 who, with unwearied assiduity, 
 
 correctly and elegantly 
 
 transcribed the whole of this work 
 
 for the Press, 
 
 this copy was presented 
 
 by the Author, 
 
 on the 26th of January, 1808, 
 
 on which day, 
 
 he completed his thirty-ninth year. 
 
 M M 
 
266 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 That the remembrance of conj ugal affection 
 
 so honourable, so exemplary, 
 
 may not prematurely perish, 
 
 the possessor of this volume 
 
 in future times 
 
 is conjured, 
 
 by the reverence due to the dead, 
 
 to spare, 
 
 to preserve this memorial. 
 
 T. F. M. 
 
 Before the completion of this work, the younger of his pupils, a youth 
 of great promise, and of the most amiable disposition, died ; an event 
 which he deplores in the dedication to Dr. Pretyman in terms of feeling 
 regret. Such was his attachment to him, that he would never part with 
 a few articles of furniture, which his favourite had used, although in them- 
 selves neither valuable nor elegant. This melancholy event and the 
 removal of his elder pupil to Cambridge, now left him without any 
 impediment to residence on his benefice ; and accordingly he determined, 
 though his friends were still anxious to "detain him at Norwich, to dis- 
 charge what he considered a paramount obligation. 
 
 He removed to Oundle in 1808, about two miles distant from his 
 parish, where he remained till the spring following, when the necessary 
 repairs of his rectorial house were completed. In the same year he took 
 the degree of D.D. and preached the commencement sermon before the 
 University. Early in 1809, he was collated to a prebendal stall in 
 Lincoln Cathedral ; and in June of the same year he was appointed to 
 preach at the diocesan visitation. His sermon, which was printed at 
 the request of the bishop and clergy, was entitled " Christ Divided," 
 in conformity with the text from 1 Cor. i. 13. and in reference to 
 the unhappy divisions existing in the church, which formed the subject 
 of the discourse. He was shortly afterwards induced to act as a 
 magistrate for the county of Northampton ; but the office ill according 
 with his professional habits, he relinquished it in about a twelvemonth. 
 In 1811, having effected an exchange of the livings of Tansor and 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 267 
 
 Bytham, for those of St. Pancras and Puttenham in Hertfordshire, he 
 took up his residence at the vicarage of St. Pancras in Kentish Town : 
 and, having been appointed Archdeacon of Huntingdon, in April 1812, 
 lie delivered his primary charge in the May following. A more extensive 
 field of usefulness was now open before him ; and he let slip no oppor- 
 tunity of exertion in the cause of religion. He became an active and 
 zealous member of the Societies for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 
 and for the Propagation of the Gospel ; and, being thus brought into 
 constant communication with the most distinguished scholars and divines, 
 his society was no less cultivated on their part, than theirs was a source 
 of comfort and happiness to himself. His opinions were always regarded 
 with deference and respect ; and so great reliance was placed upon the 
 correctness of his judgment, and the soundness of his views, that he was 
 requested to form one of the committee for the revision of the Family 
 Bible, then publishing under the sanction of the Society for Promoting 
 Christian Knowledge, by Drs. D'Oyly and Mant. His attention to 
 the interests of the Society was unremitting, and in March, 1813, he was 
 requested to deliver a charge to C. A. Jacobi, who had been appointed 
 their missionary to the southern parts of India. About the same time, 
 a new series of " The British Critic " appeared under his editorship; but 
 his more important avocations would not admit of his attention to this 
 employment beyond the production of the first number. 
 
 Of all the cares, which at this time pressed upon the attention of Dr. 
 Middleton, the most fruitful source of anxiety was the deplorable condition 
 of the parish of St. Pancras. The population under his charge amounted 
 to 50,000 souls ; with no other place of worship than the ancient and 
 small village church, and a chapel at Kentish Town, which together 
 were wholly inadequate to the accommodation of even a small portion of 
 his congregation. His exertions, however, were met by the chilling- 
 insinuation that his views were those of personal aggrandizement ; and, 
 though the necessity of a new church was pointed out by him in a most 
 cogent and temperate address, which he circulated among the parishion- 
 ers, the bill which he had introduced into Parliament for the purpose of 
 
2G8 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 procuring the necessary supplies, met with such decided opposition, that 
 it was thrown out on the second reading. The defeat, however, was 
 only temporary ; and it is gratifying to know that more favourable 
 circumstances have enabled his successor to carry into effect those plans, 
 in the realization of which the original mover had been so unhappily 
 disappointed. 
 
 In 1813 the renewal of the East India Company's charter came under 
 the consideration of Parliament ; and the discussion, to which the subject 
 gave rise, involved, as in former times, the obligations under which 
 this country lay to provide for the religious improvement of her colonial 
 dependencies. On a similar occasion, in 1793, Dean Prideaux had 
 urged, in pointed language, the necessity of making some arrangement 
 for the maintenance of the national religion in the East ; and it was now 
 time that every exertion should be made to overcome the extraordinary 
 opposition, which the enemies to any measure of government, to that 
 effect, were making. The energetic zeal of the church societies, aided 
 by the powerful appeal of Mr. Wilberforce, from his place in the 
 House of Commons, prevailed ; the Company were charged with salaries 
 for a bishop, and three archdeacons ; Calcutta was erected into an 
 episcopal see ; and at each of the presidencies an archdeacon was 
 appointed. 
 
 At the recommendation of Dr. Tomline, Bishop of Lincoln, the new 
 bishopric was offered to Dr. Middleton. As to the judgment displayed 
 in the selection, but one opinion can be entertained ; the feelings of him, 
 upon whom the choice had fallen, will be best collected from himself: — 
 " You will easily imagine," he observes in a letter addressed to Arch- 
 deacon Bonney, " that in accepting this office, I have sustained a very 
 severe conflict of feelings. I had even declined it ; but when I came to 
 settle the account with my own heart, I really found that I had little to 
 allege in behalf of my decision. I began to suspect that I had yielded 
 to some unmanly considerations, when I ought rather to have counted 
 my comfort, and my connections, and my prospects at home, as altogether 
 worthless, in comparison with the good of which it might possibly be the 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 269 
 
 design of Providence to make me the instrument. How far, even now, 
 I have reasoned rightly, God alone knows. But I have endeavoured to 
 view the subject impartially, and I trust in the Almighty to help the 
 work in which I am to engage." 
 
 The consecration of the new bishop took place on the 8th of May, in 
 the chapel of Lambeth Palace ; when the sermon was preached by Dr. 
 Rennel, Dean of Winchester ; but from prudential motives it was not 
 published. On the 17th of May he received the valedictory address of 
 the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, from Bishop Law ; on 
 the 19th he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society; and on the 8th 
 of June he sailed from Portsmouth, on board the Warren Hastings, for 
 Bengal. Acutely as he felt the parting with friends so endeared to him 
 as those he left behind, the strong sense of duty, which prompted his 
 acceptance of the appointment, supported him in the trial through which 
 he was to pass. His time on the voyage was devoted to the prosecution 
 of theological study, to his improvement in Hebrew, and the acquire- 
 ment of Persian ; and the pangs of separation from all he held most 
 dear were doubtless soothed by the aid of mental occupation. During 
 the voyage he drew up the following appropriate and concise rules for 
 his future guidance : — 
 
 " Invoke divine aid — Preach frequently, and ' as one having authority' 
 — Promote schools, charities, literature, and good taste : nothing great 
 can be accomplished without policy— Persevere against discouragement 
 — Keep your temper — Employ leisure in study, and always have some 
 work in hand — Be punctual and methodical in business, and never 
 procrastinate — Keep up a close connection with friends at home — 
 Attend to forms — Never be in a hurry — Preserve self-possession, and do 
 not be talked out of conviction — Rise early, and be an economist of 
 time — Maintain dignity without the appearance of pride : manner is 
 something with everybody, and everything with some — Be guarded in 
 discourse, attentive, and slow to speak — Never acquiesce in immoral 
 or pernicious opinions— Beware of concessions and pledges — Be not 
 forward to assign reasons to those who have no right to demand them — 
 
270 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 Be not subservient, nor timid in manner, but manly and independent, 
 firm and decided — Think nothing in conduct unimportant and indifferent 
 — Be of no party — Be popular, if possible ; but at any rate be respected 
 — Remonstrate against abuses, where there is any chance of correcting 
 them — Advise and encourage youth — Rather set than follow example — 
 Observe a grave economy in domestic affairs — Practise strict temperance 
 — Remember what is expected in England — and lastly, Remember the 
 final account." 
 
 It is something unusual to find a bishop employing two months after 
 his arrival in his diocese in looking out for a house. Such however 
 was the case with Bishop Middleton, and when he had found one at last, 
 which was likely to prove comfortable, it could not be procured at a 
 lower rent than £630 per annum. Little indeed had been done to make 
 his reception either respectable or comfortable, from an ill founded fear, 
 which it should seem prevailed at home, of awakening the jealously of the 
 Hindoos. His private reception however was very kind and respectful ; 
 and even those, who did not see the necessity of sending out a bishop, 
 were ready to admit that, if sent out, he ought to have had a house and 
 a suitable income. Lord Moira would probably have asked him to the 
 Government House, but he was up the country. At Mr. Seton's, however, 
 a member of council, he met with every attention and accommodation. 
 Instead of any alarm, however, on the part of the Hindoos, they were loud 
 in their applause of what had been done. It was remarked among them, 
 when they heard that the English were to have a bishop, " that it was high 
 time;" they wondered one had not arrived long since, for the English 
 " had a head of every department except their religion." Some natives of 
 distinction, when they called upon the bishop to pay their respects, so far 
 from expressing any horror at Christianity, told him that, when properly 
 understood, " their religion and his were the same." 
 
 Bishop Middleton preached, for the first time after his arrival, on 
 Christmas Day, to a congregation of 1300 people, who listened to him 
 with mute attention for fifty-five minutes. He preached from Luke ii. 
 10, 11. on the need of a Saviour, and the true notion of Him, whom God 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 271 
 
 hath sent us ; concluding; with an application of the subject to the 
 interesting occasion on which it was delivered. A collection was after- 
 wards made for the poor, to the amount of £750 ; and the sacrament 
 administered to one hundred and sixty communicants. The commencement 
 was so far undoubtedly auspicious ; but it was abundantly evident, that he 
 would have a vast load of care and embarrassment in reforming, or rather 
 in forming, the religious condition of the people, of whom he had the 
 spiritual charge. So deplorable was the deficiency even of the means 
 of divine worship, that a very general impression respecting our 
 countrymen prevailed, that they were totally devoid of any religious 
 sentiment or belief. For the whole body of Protestant Christians 
 scattered through the provinces of Hindostan, the total number of 
 clergy, civil and military, in 1814, did not exceed thirty -two ; and these 
 were subject to continual diminution from the multifold casualties of the 
 climate. No one clergyman was within many days' journey of another; 
 the offices of marriage, burial, and baptism were of necessity adminis- 
 tered by lay persons ; the sick and dying were wholly unprovided with 
 the means of spiritual consolation and advice ; and so lamentable was 
 the scarcity of churches, that a mess-room, a barrack, or even a riding- 
 school, could alone be procured for the assembling of a Christian con- 
 gregation. It is an awful consideration on the other hand, that of the 
 native population, amounting perhaps to nearly one hundred millions, 
 about one-seventh were Mahometans, and the rest, for the most part, 
 votaries of the Brahminical, Janist, or Bhuddist superstitions, without 
 any adequate means for the diffusion of Christianity amongst them. An 
 interesting branch of the Syrian church had indeed for many years been 
 established on the coast of Malabar; and small Armenian establish- 
 ments were found in every principal city of Asia ; but the scanty good 
 which might be expected from the influence of these communities, who 
 were free from essential corruption, was more than overbalanced by the 
 splendid missionary apparatus of the Church of Rome, dispensing its 
 degrading idolatries under the authority of seven Papal prelates. 
 Baptist and other sectarian missionaries were also dispersed in different 
 
272 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 parts of the continent, and the confined operations of the Dutch and 
 Danish missions had done some little towards the advancement of 
 Protestant Christianity ; but the Church of England was only known 
 through the exertions — limited indeed, but always energetic — of the 
 Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, which had long main- 
 tained its missionary stations at Tranquebar, Madras, Cuddalore, Negas- 
 satam, Trichinopoly, and Tanjore. The attention of the bishop, there- 
 fore, was mainly directed to three primary objects : — to dissolve the 
 national superstitions and idolatries ; to inculcate the principles of vital 
 Christianity, together with the observance of the appointed forms and 
 ceremonies, of the Established Church ; and to unite, as far as possible, 
 in a bond of charitable union, all those who were anxious for the pro- 
 motion of our common Christianity. 
 
 In the January after his arrival, he proceeded to appoint registrars in 
 the three archdeaconries ; to institute by commission the archdeacons 
 themselves ; and to enter into an unreserved correspondence with his 
 clergy, and others who were capable, from their long residence in India, 
 to co-operate in advancing the interests of the national church. A letter 
 from the Archdeacon of Bombay acquainted him with the irregular 
 mode of celebrating marriages, and baptizing infants, at the out-stations ; 
 informing him at the same time of the benefits likely to result from a 
 recent formation of a school society, on Bell's system, at the presidency. 
 The bishop expressed his satisfaction at this intelligence, and promised 
 his support to the institution ; and gave direction for reforming abuses, 
 as far as existing circumstances would permit. He was at this time 
 suffering under a severe attack of a distressing, though not dangerous, 
 disorder, called the prickly heat, which rendered him almost unfit for 
 business ; and, to add to his troubles, the proceedings of the Scottish 
 Kirk had involved him in considerable perplexity. The establishment 
 of episcopacy in India had so inflamed the jealousy of the Presby- 
 terians, that Dr. Bryce, a divine of that persuasion, had been sent out 
 by the General Assembly in Edinburgh to preside over their Indian 
 establishment. On his arrival he had the effrontery to demand for his 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 273 
 
 communion an equality of privileges with the Church of England, and 
 even laid claim to the alternate use of the cathedral. Firmly, but in the 
 spirit of charity and goodwill, the bishop resisted these encroachments ; 
 but the views of the Presbyterians were supported by a party at home, 
 and a bill was passed, to a certain extent, in their favour. In relation to 
 these transactions, he thus writes to a friend in England : — " You will 
 judge that my situation is not a very easy one ; and yet I am neither 
 depressed in spirit nor at all discouraged. I am as indefatigable, as if 
 my labours were crowned with complete success, and all the world 
 applauded my endeavours. And yet, in the prevailing apathy of the 
 people, it matters little, in that point of view, whether the bishop 
 labours incessantly or does nothing. No man gets any credit in India, 
 or is remembered three months after he leaves it. All his earthly 
 encouragement must be looked for in England." 
 
 But his more immediate source of inconvenience arose from the im- 
 perfect definition of the episcopal powers in the letters patent, by which 
 he was appointed to the diocese of Calcutta. The governor-general in 
 council was ready, indeed, to set aside every impediment to the exercise 
 of the authority, with which it was the evident intention of the crown to 
 invest the bishop, and a proclamation was issued accordingly, transferring 
 the jurisdiction in all spiritual matters into his hands ; but the board of 
 directors at home illiberally rescinded that part of the order of council, 
 which confirmed his right of appointing and promoting chaplains to 
 particular stations, as it seemed to interfere, in some trifling degree, with 
 their own patronage. Thus was the bishop deprived of the power of 
 rewarding those who were deserving of distinction, while the unpleasant 
 duty of censure and prohibition was all that was left him ; and, though 
 the cooperation of the government with the ecclesiastical authority was 
 required by the patent, the restrictions, under which the directors had 
 laid the episcopal office, rendered its influence comparatively insig- 
 nificant. In the midst of these difficulties, however, he continued 
 to devote himself with unremitting ardour to the work which he had 
 in hand. He preached in his cathedral frequently, and on all great 
 
 N N 
 
 
274 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 occasions ; and in order to inspire his congregation with a true devotional 
 feeling and a right conception of the formularies of the church, he com- 
 menced a series of lectures on the Litany, which were productive of the 
 most happy effects. Much of his attention was occupied in the im- 
 provement of the Free School, at Calcutta, of which he had become the 
 patron ; and, at the request of the governor, he undertook to superin- 
 tend the Orphan School, for seven hundred half-caste children, in the 
 character of its visitor. It was also his unceasing endeavour to forward 
 the exertions of the church societies in England ; a diocesan committee 
 of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge was established at 
 Calcutta shortly after his arrival, and steps were taken for the formation 
 of others, as soon as might be, at Madras and Bombay. He saw that 
 the cause of the gospel had more to fear from the practical atheism of 
 the European, than from the idolatrous superstitions of the Hindoo ; and 
 it was therefore his primary care to raise the standard of religion among 
 his own countrymen, in order to the eventual propagation of Christianity 
 among the natives. 
 
 In July, 1815, the bishop held his first confirmation, and in December 
 delivered his primary charge to the clergy at Calcutta. On the 15th 
 of the same month, he left home for the purpose of making the primary 
 visitation of his diocese, an undertaking which could not be accomplished 
 under five thousand miles. He was conveyed, on board the Cecilia, to 
 Madras, where he landed on the 26th, and during his stay he consecrated 
 the church of St. George, confirmed nearly three hundred persons, 
 received a deputation from the Arminian Christians, visited the Hindoo 
 College* held his visitation, examined the state of the mission at Vessery, 
 near Madras, preached twice to nearly the whole of the settlement, and 
 set in order the affairs of that part of his diocese. From Madras he 
 proceeded over land, by Pondicherry, Cuddalore, Tranquebar, Tanjore, 
 Trichinopoly, Palamcotta, and Cape Comorin, to Cochin, and thence 
 by sea to Bombay. The mode of travelling was very unlike that which 
 is used in a bishop's visitation in England. The whole party, among 
 whom were Mrs. Middleton and a female friend, travelled in palanquins, 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 275 
 
 and lived in tents, which were moved from place to place on camels. 
 Indeed the camp made an appearance truly patriarchal ; including, with 
 the servants, the soldiers of the escort and their wives and children, 
 little short of five hundred souls. The country through which they 
 passed was in general dreary, though occasionally interspersed with 
 grand scenes ; but the journey could not be otherwise than interesting 
 to the bishop, as affording him a clearer insight into the real state of 
 Christianity in his diocese, than he could possibly have obtained by 
 a fixed residence at any of the presidencies. Of one thing he became 
 fully convinced, that Christianity would find its way gradually, if it were 
 but countenanced and encouraged ; but that matters were so little 
 understood in England, as to render the impediments to its progress con- 
 siderable. It should here be stated, that, as no provision had been made 
 by the legislature for the expenses of the bishop's visitation, the governor- 
 general issued orders for preparing a proper residence for him at each 
 of the settlements, placed a company's ship at his disposal, and provided 
 for his comforts on the journey, at the public charge, on a scale of 
 abundant liberality. The allowance, on similar occasions, was after- 
 wards fixed at 10,000 rupees, or something less than .£1,000. sterling. 
 
 During his progress, the bishop visited the several missionary stations, 
 laying down plans for their improvement, aiding them, as far as he was 
 able, with pecuniary assistance, and saving that at Tranquebar, by a well- 
 timed grant of the Society's vote of credit, from almost inevitable ruin. 
 He exercised, when called upon, the episcopal functions of confirmation 
 and consecration of churches ; and, as the Sunday recurred, he con- 
 stantly took part in the performance of divine service ; nor was he 
 inattentive to any objects of interest which presented themselves in his 
 route. At Tanjore he visited the school, the library, and the fort 
 church, where he saw the monument erected by the Rajah to the 
 memory of the incomparable Schwartz, who had there toiled in the field 
 of missionary labour, under the auspicies of the Society for Promoting 
 Christian Knowledge, for nearly half a century. At an interview with the 
 bishop at his palace, the Rajah had spoken of the lamented mission aiy, 
 
276 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 whose pupil he had been, in terms of filial affection ; and begged the 
 bishop's acceptance of his portrait, a pleasing companion to a Hebrew 
 psalter, belonging to the pious pastor, with which his successor, Mr. 
 Kohlhoff, had also presented him. The bishop took the opportunity of 
 thanking the Rajah, in the name of himself and the Society, for the 
 attention and kindness which he had universally shown to these missions ; 
 and, in short, both one and the other seem to have derived the most 
 entire satisfaction from the meeting. On the following day the prince 
 returned the bishop's visit, omitting nothing in point of form to indicate 
 his respect. There was a procession of infantry, cavalry, field-pieces, 
 state elephants, music, and a crowd of followers, to the number of two 
 or three thousand. It was quite an eastern romance ; and throughout 
 the Rajah displayed the manners and deportment of a most accomplished 
 gentleman. On his arrival at Palamcotta, the bishop visited the school, 
 consisting of forty-one children ; and the church, which had been built 
 at the charge of a Brahmin lady converted by Schwartz. He also 
 received a most interesting deputation from the Christians at Tinnevelly. 
 At Cochin he was visited by the S} r rian bishop, from whom he received 
 a deplorable account of the state of the church over which he presided, 
 with a request that he would give them his friendly assistance. After 
 conversing on their ritual and ecclesiastical discipline, the English 
 prelate presented his Syrian brother with a copy of White's edition of 
 the Philoxenian version of the New Testament, with which the latter 
 seemed to be wholly unacquainted ; and a Syriac inscription, written by 
 Bishop Middleton, was inscribed in the book, purporting that it was 
 given to Mar* Dionysius by Mar Thomas, the first Bishop of Cal- 
 cutta, at his primary visitation at Cochin. With respect to the state of 
 the English Church, the melancholy fact that the sacrament had not 
 been administered at Cochin for more than twenty years, made a 
 powerful impression upon the bishop's mind. Before they left the place, 
 it was administered by Archdeacon Loring to forty persons. 
 
 * MA li, in Syriac, signifies a bishop. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 277 
 
 At Bombay, where he arrived on the 14th of May, the bishop was 
 received by the clergy and governor with every mark of courtesy and 
 respect. Here he remained till the monsoon had exhausted its violence ; 
 and during his stay he lived on terms of the closest intercourse with his 
 . clergy, who dined with him on each alternate Thursday. The first 
 circumstance of any interest, which occurred to him after his landing, 
 was an interview with the Armenian bishop, with whom he had a long 
 conversation on the Armenian language and literature. On the 7th of 
 July he consecrated the church of St. George, and, a few days after, the 
 cemetery ; and, having established a district committee of the Society 
 for Promoting Christian Knowledge, held his confirmation and visi- 
 tation, and devoted himself with diligence and effect to his episcopal 
 duties, he left the Presidency, universally beloved and regretted, on 
 the 17th of September. Landing at Cunanore, chiefly for the purpose 
 of holding a confirmation, he proceeded thence to Cochin, where his 
 principal object was a more minute investigation into the condition of 
 the Syrian Christians, than he had been able to make during his former 
 visit, with a view to complete a memoir of the Syro-Malabaric Church. 
 He had prepared himself for these inquiries by a careful study of the 
 early history of this church ; and the loss of his notes, which he made 
 upon this occasion, are more to be regretted than that of any other of 
 his papers — with the exception, perhaps, of his Lectures on the Litany, 
 which were ready for the press — which shared the common destruction 
 enjoined by his will. 
 
 The bishop remained at Cochin ten days, visiting the Syrian churches ; 
 when all sources of information were thrown open to him and all 
 facilities afforded. Twelve clergymen and four well-informed laics were 
 appointed to answer any questions which he might put to them ; and he 
 took down their replies in a book prepared for the purpose. He 
 obtained copies of their Liturgy, and employed persons to transcribe 
 their ritual and formularies ; and his visit had the evident effect of 
 creating among them a feeling of good- will and respect for the Church 
 of England. From Cochin he proceeded to Ceylon, on a visit to the 
 
278 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 governor, Sir Robert Brownrigg ; and he always regarded this visit as 
 one of the most gratifying circumstances of his residence in the East. 
 Here, also, he stayed ten days ; and, though only in a private capacity, 
 he took a most lively interest in every thing connected with religion. 
 The conduct of the governor he eulogizes as above all praise. He 
 found him employed in building churches and forming schools, and 
 devoting himself entirely to the happiness and improvement of the 
 people. The missions, however, were for the most part sectarian ; so 
 that the superintendence of a Protestant bishop was necessary to give 
 his efforts a more salutary turn : and he had accordingly made a repre- 
 sentation to government, that Ceylon should be made subject to the see 
 of Calcutta. Among the chief objects of the bishop's notice were the 
 Malabar school, founded and supported by Lady Brownrigg ; the 
 seminary for the Cingalese ; the military and orphan school ; and the 
 church of Galkrese, which the governor was then building. He also 
 wrote and preached a sermon on Isaiah, lxii. 1. in the fort church at 
 Colombo, with immediate reference to the circumstances of the island. 
 
 On the 30th of October the bishop embarked for Calcutta, where he 
 arrived, after a year's absence, on the 10th of December, 1816. Thus 
 ended a visitation which laid the foundation of all that has since been 
 done towards the propagation of Christianity in the East. In the 
 course of it, he had confirmed and delivered appropriate addresses to 
 one thousand persons, chiefly adults ; he had made the Church of 
 England a little more visible ; he had put the clergy upon the alert ; he 
 had preached almost every Sunday where he had found a church ; he 
 had established district committees of the Society for Promoting 
 Christian Knowledge ; he had acquired a complete knowledge of India 
 with respect to religion ; and though he had made no converts, either 
 of the Hindoos or Mahometans, he had encouraged and countenanced 
 those who were so employed. These labours being now concluded, his 
 care at Calcutta was to make the most useful distribution of his time. 
 Like other European residents, he rose before the sun for the purpose 
 of exercise ; his mornings were devoted to business and official cor- 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 279 
 
 respondence ; some little time also was required for the interchange of 
 the civilities of life. He resumed his Lectures on the Litany, and 
 generally preached on every third Sunday, and on all great occasions. 
 He was constant in his attendance at the meetings of benevolent insti- 
 tutions ; he superintended the catechising of the children ; and, at 
 intervals, pursued his Syriac studies. He had much to do to contend 
 with the difficulties thrown in his way by the missionaries of conflicting 
 sects ; but on all occasions, in reference to proceedings both within and 
 without the church, his mildness of manner united with firmness of 
 purpose, if it failed to remove grievances, was sure to command 
 respect. About this time he was called upon to interfere in a dispute 
 between the chaplains and archdeacons, respecting the right of the 
 latter to the use of the pulpit ; in the settlement of which his wise and 
 temperate decision was immediately acquiesced in by the chaplains, and 
 afterwards confirmed by his successor, Bishop Heber. It is almost 
 needless to add, that the duties of the day were invariably ushered in 
 and closed by devotional exercise. A room in his house was fitted up 
 for the purpose of a chapel ; and the following prayer, drawn up by 
 himself, was always introduced into the service : — 
 
 " Almighty Father, whose Providence hath conducted us to these 
 distant shores, we implore thee to prosper all our undertakings, which 
 have for their object the welfare of our brethren, and the glory of thy 
 Holy Name. Thou hast brought us to a land, where all who are 
 sincerely devoted to thy service, may find occasions of doing good, and 
 where the single talent may be usefully employed. Grant, O Lord, 
 that whatever our hand findeth to do, we may do it with all our might. 
 Save us from the effects of indolence and indifference ; awaken our 
 zeal ; quicken our exertions ; and enable us to persevere steadily and 
 consistently in those endeavours which thy Holy Spirit may suggest to 
 us. We beseech thee, also, to vouchsafe us such a portion of health as 
 may be necessary for the discharge of our active duties, without suffering 
 us to forget our dependence upon thee ; or, if it should please thy 
 
280 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 Providence to afflict us, teach us to bear our sickness patiently, and 
 turn it to our spiritual improvement. And, while we implore thy mercy 
 on ourselves, we commend to thy especial protection our relatives, and 
 all who are dear to us in our native land. Bless them, O Lord, and 
 let them remember us in their prayers. And to as many of us as thy 
 Providence shall permit to return to our country, grant that we may 
 find those, who shall remain to us, increased in every spiritual grace, and 
 advancing in the way of holiness ; that so we may employ whatever 
 further portion of life thy wisdom may assign us in the endearing 
 charities of kindred and holy friendship ; and exhorting one another to 
 good works, as the day approacheth, we may all pass to that better 
 country, which thou hast promised to those that love thee, through 
 Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen." 
 
 A hymn, also composed by himself, and always sung by his desire on 
 New Year's Day, may appropriately be added here. 
 
 As o'er the past my mem'ry strays, 
 Why heaves the secret sigh ? 
 
 'Tis that I mourn departed days, 
 Still unprepared to die. 
 
 The world, and worldly things beloved, 
 My anxious thoughts employ'd ; 
 
 And time unhallow'd, unimproved, 
 Presents a fearful void. 
 
 Yet, Holy Father, wild despair 
 Chase from my lab'ring breast ; 
 
 Thy grace it is which prompts the pray'r, 
 That grace can do the rest. 
 
 My life's brief remnant all be thine ! 
 
 And, when thy sure decree 
 Bids me this fleeting breath resign, 
 
 Oh speed my soul to Thee ! 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 281 
 
 Shortly after his return, he received notice of the annexation of 
 Ceylon to the diocese of Calcutta ; but, though the condition of the 
 island was likely to receive considerable benefit by the introduction of 
 Episcopacy, with the provision of adequate means for the furtherance 
 of the Gospel, he felt that his limited resources would render his 
 connexion with the country only partially beneficial. This additional 
 trouble and responsibility was imposed without patronage or salary ; 
 the government being merely authorized to defray his expenses during 
 his stay on the island. He had hoped that a small annual salary, 
 which it was his intention to have appropriated exclusively to the cause 
 of Christianity, would have enabled him to take a leading position in 
 the building of churches, the founding of schools, and similar under- 
 takings. It was only by means of a strong representation to his 
 Majesty's government of the necessity of some allowance, in order to 
 give the bishop that influence which he ought to possess, that £300 
 was subsequently placed at his disposal for charitable purposes, when- 
 ever he held his visitation at Colombo. 
 
 It is natural to suppose that in the midst of his difficulties, a heart so 
 sensibly alive to the purest feelings and affections of human nature, 
 would frequently revert to his native land, and the friends whom he 
 had left behind him. He never allowed his correspondence to fail ; 
 and though his letters sometimes exhibit a melancholy foreboding that 
 he should not live to return to England, yet he never allowed his 
 energies to sink under the impression, so as to injure the holy cause in 
 which he was engaged. His love of his country is strongly depicted in 
 the following extract of a letter to a friend, to whom he was fondly 
 attached, in relation to the death of the Princess Charlotte, of which 
 the news had just arrived in Calcutta : — " We are at this time much 
 longer than usual without any intelligence from England. The 12th of 
 October (just six months) is the date of the sailing of the latest ship ; 
 but an overland dispatch from Mr. Liston, at Constantinople, announced 
 to us, about a fortnight ago, the death of the Princess Charlotte, with 
 no other particulars than that she died in childbed, on the 5th of 
 
 o o 
 

 282 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 November, of a still-born child. The sensation which this event caused 
 throughout England, I doubt not, must have been great; and we are 
 anxiously waiting for details. Lord Hastings is very far up the 
 country ; but, no doubt, he will order a general mourning as soon as 
 possible ; and I intend to preach on the first Sunday afterwards. It is 
 a melancholy duty at best, and especially, perhaps, at this distance : no 
 event of the kind, so far as I can collect, was ever dreamed of in India; 
 none, indeed, during the present reign has come so closely to the 
 public feelings. I fear it is sad for England ; the probability is, that 
 we may have three or four sovereigns, or regents, in the next twenty 
 years, so as to keep the country in a fever of faction, and involve it in 
 no little danger. If I am to return, what political changes may not 
 have happened in the interval ? Yet, under every change, England to 
 me will be England still." In accordance with his intention, he 
 preached on the following Sunday in the cathedral, which was hung 
 with black, from Gen. iii. 16. " In sorrow shalt thou bring forth 
 children." Commencing with a masterly exposition of the passage, he 
 applied it with such forcible eloquence to the calamitous occasion, that 
 his whole audience were affected even to tears ; and the description, 
 which those who heard it have given of its excellence, cannot but excite 
 regret that the request for its publication was not complied with. 
 
 On the 10th of February, 1819, he proceeded on his second visitation 
 to Madras, accompanied by Mrs. Middleton and Mr. Hawtayne, his 
 chaplain, who had lately arrived from England, to enter upon that 
 appointment. During his stay at the Presidency, he preached every 
 Sunday at St. George's, and once at the Fort; and having " set in order" 
 every thing of importance, he returned along the northern shore of 
 Sumatra, and landed, after a stormy and dangerous passage, at Calcutta, 
 on the 13th of June. Here he found new difficulties arising on all sides : 
 sectarians of all denominations were disseminating their conflicting tenets 
 with unremitting diligence, throwing obstacles in the way of the doc- 
 trine and discipline of the Episcopal Church, and thwarting those 
 principles which he regarded as too sacred to be compromised. His 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 283 
 
 anxiety was also increased about this time by the death of two zealous 
 missionaries, which seemed to forebode considerable danger to the cause 
 in which they were engaged ; and shortly after he received the news 
 of the death of Archdeacon Mousley at Madras, for whom he enter- 
 tained the highest esteem, and wrote an inscription for his monument. 
 On the other hand, he received the cheering intelligence of a grant of 
 the Society for Propagating the Gospel, who had placed £5000. at his 
 disposal for the extension of Christianity in the East, with a request 
 that he would suggest the measures best calculated to promote their 
 designs. He accordingly recommended the establishment of a college 
 in the vicinity of Calcutta ; the plan of which he transmitted to Eng- 
 land. It was his object to make the discipline and studies, established 
 in the English universities with so much benefit to the cause of true 
 religion and sound learning, the basis of the institution ; and to raise 
 upon them such a superstructure as the peculiar circumstances of the 
 country, and the instruction of the students, might require. The atten- 
 tion of the students was to be directed to theology, classical learning, 
 and the acquisition of the oriental tongue, in order to qualify them to 
 preach among the heathens, or as schoolmasters to instruct the native 
 population of India. Nothing could exceed the zeal with which the 
 bishop's proposal was forwarded in England. A king's letter which 
 had been granted to the Society for Propagating the Gospel was 
 unusually successful ; and in addition to this grant the Society for Pro- 
 moting Christian Knowledge voted £5000. in furtherance of the object. 
 The Church Missionary Society added a similar sum; the University 
 of Oxford, £500 ; and other public bodies munificently aided the work. 
 Under these favourable auspices the college was founded for a principal 
 and two other professors ; and for as many students as the funds of the 
 Society shall enable them to maintain in college ; and whom they can 
 afterwards provide for as missionaries, schoolmasters, or catechists. 
 The statutes were drawn up by the bishop ; and the whole arrangement 
 of the building planned by himself. He also contributed £400. for the 
 fitting up and embellishment of the chapel ; and Mrs. Middleton pre- 
 
284 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 sented a handsome set of plate for the communion-table. A further 
 bequest of £500. at the death of his widow, is left to the college by his 
 will ; together with five hundred volumes from his valuable collection of 
 books, which are already deposited in the library. 
 
 In December, 1820, the estimate of the building, of which the 
 plan and arrangement furnish a pleasing specimen of his architectural 
 taste, was matured; and on the 15th of that month the foundation-stone 
 was laid with the most impressive solemnity. Within the stone was 
 deposited a brass plate, upon which was engraven the following inscrip- 
 tion, descriptive of the origin and design of the Institution : which, as it 
 was the pride of its gifted projector, will also be the monument of his 
 glory to the end of time : — 
 
 INDIVIDU.E . ET . BENEDICTS . TRINITATI . GLORIA . 
 
 COLLEGII . MISSIONARII . 
 
 SOCIETATIS . DE . PROPAGANDO . APUD . EXTEROS . 
 
 EVANGELIO . 
 
 EPISCOPALIS . ADTEM . NUNCUPAND1 . 
 
 PRIMUM . LAPIDEM . POSUIT . 
 
 THOMAS . FANSHAW . EPISCOPUS . CALCUTTENSIS . 
 
 PRECIBUS . ADJUVANTE . ARCH1DIACONO . CjETEROQUE . 
 
 CLERO . 
 
 RESPONDENTS . ET . FAVENTE . CORONA . 
 
 DIE . XV . DECEMBR1S . 
 
 ANNO . SALUTIS . MDCCCXX . 
 
 BRITTANNIARUM . REGIS . GEORGII . IV . PRIMO . 
 
 PRINCEPS . ILLE . AUGUSTISSIMUS . 
 
 QUUM . REGENTIS . MUNERE . FUNGERETUR . 
 
 LITERAS . SOC1ETATI . BENIGNE . CONCESSIT . 
 
 QUIBUS . PIORVM . ELEEMOSYNAS . 
 
 PER . ANGLIAM . UNIVERSAM . PETERE . LICERET . 
 
 HOS . IN . USUS . EROGANDAS . 
 
 IN . EOSDEM . VIR . NOBIL1SSIMUS . 
 
 FRANCISCUS . MARCHIO . DE . HASTINGS . 
 
 REBUS . 1NDICIS . FELICITER . PROPOSITUS . 
 
 AGRI . SEXAGINTA . BIGAS . BENGALENSES . 
 
 AD . RIPAM . GANGETIS . PROPE . CALCUTTAM . 
 
 NOMINE . COZTUS . HONORABILIS . MERCATORUM . 
 
 ANGLICORUM . 
 
 CHARTULIS . ASSIGNAV1T . 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 285 
 
 SOCIETAS . VERO . DE . PROMOVENDA . DOCTR1NA . 
 
 CHRISTIANA . 
 
 PARTICEPS . CONSILII . FACTA . 
 
 GRANDEM . EST . LARGITA . PECUNIAM . 
 
 1LLA . 1TIDEM . MISSIONAKIA . 
 
 CUI . NOMEN . AB . ECCLESIA . DUCTUM . 
 
 NE . TALI . TANTOQUE . DEESSET . 1NCEPTO . 
 
 PAR . MUNUS . ULTRO . DETULIT . 
 
 CHRISTI . NON . SINE . NUMINE . 
 
 LjETA . HMC . FUISSE . PRIMORDIA . 
 
 CREDANT . AGNOSCANT . POSTERI . 
 
 AMEN. 
 
 In the mean time the bishop had laid the first stone of a new church 
 in Calcutta, dedicated to St. James ; and had devoted a legacy, which 
 had been bequeathed to him, together with an additional donation, to 
 the erection of a school for the use of the Christian poor. The two 
 edifices were nearly contiguous, and situated in the midst of a vast 
 European population ; altogether unprovided with the means of reli- 
 gious worship and instruction. In January, 1821, he proceeded with 
 his second visitation, and arrived at Bombay in the end of February. 
 Thence he proceeded to Cochin, where he prosecuted his inquiries into 
 the state of the Syrian Church, but without realizing the expectation, 
 which he had been led by a report to entertain, that this ancient 
 community was making a rapid approximation to the Church of Eng- 
 land. At Ceylon, which he next visited, he spent nearly six weeks 
 with great advantage to the island. During his stay he held a visitation, 
 two confirmations, three consecrations of churches or burial-grounds, 
 preached four times, revived the committee of the Society for Promoting 
 Christian Knowledge, examined the schools, and made himself tho- 
 roughly acquainted with the ecclesiastical affairs of the island. The most 
 interesting occurrence, however, was the ordination of Mr. Armour, 
 who was originally a private soldier, and had subsequently devoted his 
 time to the conversion of the natives. Such had been his zeal and 
 success, that the different sectarists had earnestly invited him to join 
 their communion; but his heart was with the English Church, and, 
 
286 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 after a strict examination of his views and principles, the bishop could 
 see no objection to a compliance with his wishes. It should be stated, 
 perhaps, that in the course of his visitation at Bombay, he received the 
 unpleasant intelligence, that his name had been introduced, and his 
 conduct misrepresented, in the House of Lords, during the proceedings 
 against the queen ; a matter which he thought proper to notice in the 
 public prints both in India and England. 
 
 During the bishop's absence, Mr. Mill and Mr. Alt* had arrived at 
 Calcutta ; the one to fill the office of principal, and the other, that of 
 a professor, at Bishop's College. Of the former, he had been led to 
 form very high expectations ; but not higher, as he frequently testifies, 
 than his superior talents amply justified. The latter he characterizes 
 "as eminent in Hebrew;" a qualification which must have rendered 
 him peculiarly fitted for the appointment which he was destined to fill. 
 The satisfaction, however, which he felt at the arrival of these gentle- 
 men, was alloyed by the appearance of new difficulties which had sprung 
 up in his absence. The celebrated Brahmin, Rammohun Roy, who had 
 renounced his native superstition, merely to embrace the errors of Uni- 
 tarianism, had published an " Appeal " to Christians, against what he 
 denominated the Polytheism of the Trinity. The bishop thought it his 
 duty to take up the question ; and he accordingly prepared a reply to 
 the Brahmin, in a series of letters, which were in the act of transcription 
 for the press at the time of his death, when, with the exception of a short 
 fragment, they shared the fate of his other papers. In addition to this 
 cause of solicitude the dissenters of every description had been particu- 
 larly active ; a subscription had been set on foot for a Popish chapel at 
 Dum Dum, with the sanction of the government in the name of the 
 
 # The Rev. J. H. Alt, the early friend and late colleague of the author at Christ's 
 Hospital. Having left India, in consequence of domestic circumstances of an afflicting 
 nature, and subsequently retiring from his professorship, he was appointed one of the 
 classical masters in 1827. In acknowledgment of his services, the Society for Propa- 
 gating the Gospel in Foreign Parts conferred upon him the honorary office of " Auditor 
 of Indian affairs." 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 287 
 
 company ; and a Baptist college was nearly completed at Serampore ; 
 while, on the other hand, the works at Bishop's College were suddenly 
 interrupted by the death of the architect, after an illness of two or three 
 days. From this last embarrassment he was relieved, after the lapse of 
 a few weeks, by Captain Hutchinson, who undertook to proceed with 
 the building without delay. 
 
 The bishop held his third and last visitation at Calcutta, on the 17th 
 of December, 1821, and delivered a charge to his clergy, which he did 
 not live to repeat at the other presidencies. On the 18th and 19th, he 
 had a confirmation in his cathedral, and at Dum Dum, respectively : 
 on the 20th, he examined the boys of the free-school ; and on Christmas 
 Day, and the 1st of January, 1822, he preached to large congregations. 
 His constitution, however, had in all probability been gradually sinking 
 under the weight of his duties ; and in his correspondence he con- 
 tinually complains of feeling that he was growing old. Fresh difficulties 
 were constantly rising around him ; and, at this time, he was consider- 
 ably perplexed by the conflicting opinions of the advocates-general of 
 Calcutta and Madras, respecting the legality of establishing a con- 
 sistorial court, and by certain doubts as to his power of consecrating 
 churches, and the exercise of his other episcopal functions. An alarm- 
 ing indisposition, under which Mrs. Middleton had been suffering, had 
 been an additional cause of extreme disquietude ; and the very idea 
 of the possibility of being left without her in solitude and destitution 
 filled him with most painful apprehensions. At the same time he had 
 lately been kept in a state of harassing suspense, by the irregularity of 
 official communications from home ; in allusion to which he thus ex- 
 presses himself, in the last letter which he wrote to Mr. Norriss, dated 
 June 8, 1822 : — " Three ships, bearing several thousands of letters for 
 Calcutta, have brought me but two or three, of no interest and of a very 
 old date. It is impossible that any man in England, in the centre of 
 life and business and intelligence, can comprehend the sensations which 
 such disappointments create. He must first place himself in my 
 situation." Still there were no visible indications that the result of 
 
288 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 these concurring trials would prove so immediately and lamentably 
 fatal. 
 
 On the Monday preceding his death, the bishop gave his customary 
 dinner to the clergy ; and, though the indecorous behaviour of one of the 
 chaplains had greatly agitated him in the early part of the day, the 
 impression wore off, and he became unusually cheerful and animated. 
 Contraiy to the advice of his physician, his zeal unfortunately led him 
 to visit the college, on Tuesday, July 2, at an hour of the day when 
 such a step would necessarily be attended with danger; and the visit 
 was the last which he paid to this scene of his most ardent hopes and 
 holy aspirations. In the evening, however, he remained, to all appear- 
 ance, in perfect health ; and conversed for some time with Mr. Bayley, 
 the government secretary, on his present plans, and future hopes and 
 prospects. He was employed during eight hours on the Wednesday in 
 writing to government, and at length declared himself perfectly ex- 
 hausted. Nevertheless he proposed to Mrs. Middleton, who was then 
 gradually convalescent, that she should accompany him in the carriage 
 before the sun went down. They had not proceeded far, when at a 
 turn in the road the slant sun, which at the damp season of the year is 
 particularly dangerous, shone full upon him ; and he immediately 
 declared that he had been struck by a coup-de-soleil. Under this 
 impression he returned home ; but, though he took what was offered by 
 Mrs. Middleton, he could not be prevailed upon to receive medical 
 advice. During the night the feverish symptoms increased ; and so 
 great was his mental excitement, that he could scarcely be restrained 
 from rising, and pursuing the business in which he had been engaged. 
 Sensible at length of the extent of his disorder, and not altogether with- 
 out fear as to its consequences, he sent in the morning for his physician, 
 Dr. Nicolson, in whom he placed the most implicit and well-grounded 
 confidence. He also wrote to his chaplain, requesting him to take his 
 place in the pulpit on the Sunday at the cathedral ; but so careful was 
 he to excite no apprehension in the minds of his friends, that they were 
 wholly unprepared for the melancholy fact of his approaching end, till 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 289 
 
 within two hours of his departure. Some faint hopes that the disease 
 had taken a favourable turn were entertained on the Monday ; but they 
 were dissipated by an alarming accession of fever and irritability which 
 came on in the evening. About nine o'clock, Mr. Hawtayne was 
 admitted to see him, and was shocked to find him apparently in a state 
 of violent delirium ; his articulation gone, his thoughts wandering, and 
 his whole frame convulsed and struggling with the severity of the com- 
 plaint. The conflict at length suddenly ceased; an expressive smile 
 spread itself over his features ; and in a few minutes he expired gently 
 without a struggle or a sigh. He died precisely at eleven o'clock on 
 Monday night, July 8, 1822, in the fifty-fourth year of his age and the 
 ninth of his consecration. 
 
 The demise of this lamented prelate was announced in a Government 
 Gazette Extraordinary, issued by the governor-general in council, 
 adverting, in terms of the most feeling regret, " to the unaffected piety, 
 the enlarged benevolence, and the acknowledged moderation " of the 
 deceased ; and requesting that " the principal officers of the government, 
 both civil and military, would attend at the melancholy ceremony of his 
 interment ; and that every other public demonstration of attention and 
 respect, consistent with the occasion, would be observed on the day 
 appointed for the funeral." Friday evening (July 12) having been fixed 
 for the melancholy solemnity, a feeling of intense but mournful interest 
 pervaded all classes during the day ; the flag at Fort William was hung 
 half-mast high ; and every public tribute was paid to the memory of the 
 illustrious dead. From the moment that the procession left the resi- 
 dence of the late bishop, minute guns were fired from the ramparts of 
 Fort William, till it reached the cathedral ; where a solemn dirge from 
 the organ accompanied its entrance into the church. After the psalm, 
 Handel's impressive anthem, " When the ear heard him, &c." was 
 sung ; and the body was then lowered into the grave amidst the lamen- 
 tations of all ranks of society. He was the first person buried in the 
 cathedral, by especial permission of the government ; and he lies within 
 
 p p 
 
290 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 the rails of the altar. It was his wish to have been interred in the 
 vault of the college chapel, if it had been consecrated ; and he left an 
 inscription for a tablet which has since been placed in the chapel, with 
 the necessary variations,* written also by himself, in case that edifice 
 was not consecrated at the time of his decease. The inscription is as 
 follows : — 
 
 IN . HOC . SACELLO . 
 
 NOMEN . MEUM . SERVANDUM . VOLUI . 
 
 THOMAS . FANSHAW . MIDDLETON . S.T. P. 
 
 PRIMUS . niCECESEOS . CALCUTTENSIS . EPISCOPUS 
 
 HUJUSCE . COLLEGII . ^DIFICANDI . SUASOR . 
 
 ET . PRO . V1RIBUS . ADJUTOR . 
 
 JESU . CHRISTE . 
 
 LUX . MUNDI . PECCATORUM . SALUS . 
 
 PR^CONIBUS .TU1S.HINC.EXEUNTIBUS. 
 
 OPTIMA . QUiEQUE . DONA . ELARGIARIS . 
 
 ET. MISERESCAS . ANIMJE . MEiE. 
 
 OBIIT . ANNO . REDEMPTORIS . MDCCCXXII. 
 
 -TCTATIS . LIII . 
 
 EPISCOPATUS . IX . 
 
 VOLUIT . EL1ZABETHA . UXOR . CON JUNCTISSIMA . 
 
 EODEM . MARMORE . INSIGNIRI. 
 
 On the Sunday after the bishop's death, a funeral sermon was 
 preached by Dr. Loring, Archdeacon of Calcutta ; and no sooner was 
 the melancholy intelligence spread over the infant diocese, than a sub- 
 scription was set on foot for the erection of a monument to his memory 
 in the cathedral. When the news of the sad event arrived in England, 
 
 * Had the chapel been consecrated, the inscription was to have run thus : — 
 
 Prope hunc locum 
 
 Mortales exuvias reponendas volui, 
 
 &c. &c. &c. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 291 
 
 a special meeting of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge 
 was immediately convened, for the purpose of considering what measures 
 ought to be adopted on the melancholy occasion. Resolutions were 
 passed accordingly, expressive of the lively sense entertained by the 
 Society " of that rare union of wisdom, activity, and firmness, which 
 marked the character of the late Bishop of Calcutta, and qualified him 
 in an eminent degree to accomplish the arduous undertaking of esta- 
 blishing in the East a branch of the Apostolic Church of England;" 
 and directing that books should be opened forthwith, at their office, for 
 the subscriptions of members, in aid of a monument to be erected to his 
 memory in the cathedral church of St. Paul. It was also further 
 resolved that £6000 should be placed at the disposal of the Society for 
 Propagating the Gospel, for establishing a Tamul teachership, and for 
 endowing five scholarships in Bishop's College, to be called by the 
 name of Bishop Middletoris Scholarships. Anxious not to be outdone 
 by the sister society in offering a testimony of their respect to the 
 departed prelate, the Society for Propagating the Gospel earnestly 
 requested to be allowed to co-operate in the erection of the proposed 
 monument ; and a joint committee of the two societies were appointed 
 accordingly to carry the design into execution. 
 
 After a lapse of eleven years, the monument, executed by Lough, has 
 been at length erected in St. Paul's, in the south eastern window of the 
 western aisle, which has been partially darkened for the purpose of 
 exhibiting the work to greater advantage. The desired effect, however, 
 is by no means obtained ; nor could a worse situation have been selected 
 in the whole cathedral. In the monument itself, as a work of art, there 
 are considerable defects ; of which the more prominent are the inelegant 
 grouping, the disproportionate size of the pedestal, and the air of heaviness 
 which pervades the whole execution. The figure of the Bishop, who is 
 represented in the act of blessing two Hindoo children, is above the 
 natural size ; the likeness is far from striking, if indeed it be correct ; 
 but the attitude is graceful and the expression dignified. On the 
 
292 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 pedestal is the following inscription,* written by Dr. Copleston, Bishop 
 of Llandaff and Dean of St. Paul's : — 
 
 thomas fanshaw middleton, d.d. 
 
 first protestant bishop of india, 
 
 born iv. january, mdcclxix. 
 
 consecrated to the see of calcutta may viii. mdcccxiv. 
 
 died july viii. mdcccxxii. 
 
 This monument was erected by the joint contributions of the society tor 
 promoting christian knowledge, and of the society for the propagation of 
 the gospel. 
 
 In person Dr. Middleton was of more than ordinary stature ; of a 
 florid complexion, and commanding countenance ; well formed ; and 
 dignified in his deportment. In disposition, he was ardent and san- 
 guine ; desirous of applause from the great and good ; strict and severe 
 in moral discipline ; single-minded, disinterested, and liberal, with a 
 strong natural understanding improved by deep and constant meditation ; 
 rapid in his conception of the most extensive plans, and unwearied and 
 exact in the execution of them. As a scholar, his attainments were of 
 the highest order ;f and in his critical knowledge of Greek literature he 
 
 * In reference to the departed prelate's admirable work on the Greek article, a distin- 
 guished scholar suggested that his epitaph might be thus simply expressed : — 
 
 ' Middleton.' 
 
 t The following inscription for the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, which the Bishop 
 regarded as one of his best productions in this way, may here be appropriately introduced : 
 
 Quisquis . Ades . 
 
 Si . Locus . Suavitate . Mentem . Permulcet . 
 
 Aut . Admonet . Ut . Pie . Sentias . De . Deo . 
 
 Habendus . In . Honore. Tibi . 
 
 Roxburghius . 
 
 Horum . Hortorum . Olini . Praefectus . 
 
 Vir . Scientise . Botanices . Laude . Florens . 
 
 Idemque . AmoBuitatum . Agrestiuni . 
 
 Suramus . Axtifex . 
 
 Conservat . Cinerem . Patria . 
 
 Hie . Vigit . Ingenium . 
 
 Tu . Fave . Et . Perfruere . 
 
 B . M . P . C . Superstites . Amici . A. D. m dcccx x ii. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 293 
 
 was second only to Porson himself. His conversation was vigorous, 
 and sometimes playful : as a writer, he was plain, yet elegant, forcible, 
 and convincing : as a preacher, eloquent and impressive ; scriptural in 
 his language, unyielding in his principles, devotedly attached to the 
 doctrine and discipline of the Church, yet charitable to those who dif- 
 fered from him in opinion. As a prelate, he was apostolic in his views, 
 vigilant in his government, unceasing in his attention to the peculiar 
 difficulties of his diocese ; and he laboured to found the Indian Church 
 upon so solid a basis that the labours of his successors might be com- 
 paratively small in maintaining and strengthening it. 
 
 The almost irreparable loss, which the Christian cause sustained in 
 his death, is duly appreciated in the following testimony of respect for 
 his character, with which Dr. Kaye, then Bishop of Bristol, in allusion 
 to the adverse events which hinder the propagation of Christianity in 
 the East, concluded his sermon before the Society for Propagating the 
 Gospel in Foreign Parts : — 
 
 " To one of those adverse events I feel it now my duty to call your 
 attention : — to the unexpected death of the pious and able prelate, to 
 whom the charge of superintending the Indian establishment was com- 
 mitted. To me he was personally unknown ; I must, therefore, leave 
 to others the pleasing, though melancholy, task of delineating his private 
 character, and recording his domestic virtues. But his public conduct 
 has been open to general observation ; and, assuredly, the tribute of our 
 praise is not more justly due to the wisdom of our rulers, in giving a 
 church establishment to India, than to their judgment in selecting the 
 individual whom they placed at its head. In him appear to have been 
 united all the qualifications requisite for the successful discharge of his 
 high office : a temper at once firm and conciliatory ; an ardent, yet 
 enlightened zeal ; a superiority to passion and prejudice ; an entire 
 dedication of his thoughts and exertions to the cause of the Gospel ; 
 and above all, a just sense not only of the arduous nature, but also of 
 the pre-eminent importance and dignity, of the work in which he was 
 
294 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 engaged. He felt that, compared with the object he was pursuing, 
 the loftiest speculations that can occupy the stateman's mind sink into 
 insignificance. He felt that on him depended the success of the first 
 national attempt to communicate the blessings of Christianity to eighty 
 millions of his fellow-creatures ; and the consciousness of this awful 
 responsibility, which would have bewildered and overwhelmed a common 
 mind, seemed only to strengthen his resolution and animate his efforts. 
 Steadfastly fixing his eye on the bright reward which would crown the 
 end, he disregarded the difficulties which threatened to oppose the 
 progress, of his labour. 
 
 " In no circumstances of the visible church could the loss of so dis- 
 tinguished a prelate fail to be lamented as a great calamity. How 
 much more severely must it be felt in the case of a new establishment, 
 like that of India : yet, while we feel the severity of the dispensation, 
 let us not be insensible to the mercy by which it was tempered. He 
 might have been cut off at an earlier period of his career, when the 
 infant church would have been less able to withstand the shock. 
 Thankful, then, ought we to be that the blow was delayed till he had 
 in some degree matured his plans, till he had imparted to the new 
 institutions their present consistency and strength ; and, what is most 
 important, till by his instruction and example he had rendered others 
 capable of regulating and directing the movements of the vast machine, 
 to which he had himself given the primary impulse. Most arduous 
 still will be the duties of him who has succeeded to the superintendence 
 of the Indian diocese, but he will not be compelled to begin the 
 work anew ; he will find the foundations of the building already laid ; 
 and his only task will be accurately to fill up the plan which has 
 been traced by the commanding genius and skilful hand of his pre- 
 decessor. 
 
 " But I will trespass no longer on your patience. In paying this 
 tribute of respect to the memory of the first Protestant Bishop of India, 
 I have consulted at once my own feelings, and what I conceived to be 
 the expectation of the audience before whom I stand. To human 
 
HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 applause, if it were at any time the object of the deceased prelate's 
 solicitude, he is now no longer sensible ; nor do I hope, by any praise 
 which I can bestow, to add lustre to a name, which will be handed 
 down in inseparable connexion with the rise of our ecclesiastical esta- 
 blishment in India, and be pronounced with reverence by multitudes in 
 after times, when that which was but now a small seed, and is still a 
 tender plant, shall become a mighty tree, and all the inhabitants of our 
 Eastern Empire shall rejoice beneath its shade." 
 
 To the above eloquent eulogium, it will be right to subjoin another 
 from Dr. Maltby, the friend and cotemporary of Middleton at Pem- 
 broke College, Cambridge, and the present Bishop of Chichester. 
 Preaching for the same Society he says : — 
 
 " Let me be indulged with permission to add the humble tribute of 
 my own praise to that of the Society, when they appeal to the discretion 
 and zeal of him who has been appointed to the important task of super- 
 intending the national church in India. From long and early acquaint- 
 ance with the character of this learned and excellent prelate, it is 
 gratifying to me to assure you, that the confidence reposed in him will 
 be rewarded by the good and plenteous fruits of faith rooted in know- 
 ledge, of pious ardour moderated by benevolence ; that the funds you 
 may intrust to his discretion will be wisely and faithfully applied ; and 
 that, from the exercise of his diligence and piety, as well as from the 
 influence of his example, the happiest effects may reasonably be expected 
 to that cause, in aid of which I am sure that your hearts are engaged, 
 and that your bounty will liberally flow." * 
 
 m 
 
 Bishop Middleton was succeeded by Dr. Reginald Heber in October 
 1823, by whose sudden and lamented death the see of Calcutta became 
 again vacant in 1826. In July, 1827, Dr. John Thomas James left 
 
 * Maltby's Sermon, vol. ii. p. 297. 
 
296 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 England as the third bishop ; to him, also prematurely cut off, Dr. 
 John Matthias Turner succeeded in 1829, who fell a victim to the 
 arduous duties of the diocese, July 2, 1831. The fifth bishop, Dr. 
 Daniel Wilson, has but recently arrived at Calcutta ; and it is to be 
 hoped that the time is not far distant, when some means will be taken to 
 lighten the toil of this extensive diocese, to which four valuable lives 
 have been sacrificed within the brief period of 17 years. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 297 
 
 LIST OF GRECIANS, 
 
 who have proceeded to the universities on exhibitions 
 
 from Christ's hospital, from the year 1591 
 
 TO the present time.* 
 
 [1566. An Exhibitioner to Cambridge at I2d. per week. 
 
 1569. Oxford — 84, 
 
 1570. 12c?. to study divinity. 
 
 1575. Certain Exhibitions given by the Fishmongers' Company.] 
 
 1591. Daniel Heme. 
 1601. Hugh Green. 
 1606. Thomas Salisbury. -f- 
 James Hyatt. 
 
 1613. William Clarke.+ 
 
 1614. Thomas Brackley. 
 1621. William Heath. 
 1632. Ezekiel Cheaves. 
 1652. George Johns. 
 
 1661. James Hewlett. 
 
 1662. John Warner. 
 
 * See Appendix xii. 
 
 f He prefixed some commendatory verses to Vicars' " Mischeef's Mysterie." 
 
 % Vicar of Stepney, and Dean of Winchester. He died in 1679. 
 
 Q Q 
 
298 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 1664. John Parker,* Emanuel College, Cambridge. 
 
 Thomas Brice, ditto. 
 
 Thomas Norton, ditto. 
 
 1666. George Cox. 
 
 1668. Joseph Hazwell, Emanuel College, Cambridge. 
 1671. Joseph Worting, ditto. 
 
 Joshua Barnes,-j~ ditto. 
 
 Edward Hippisley. 
 1677. Benjamin Long. 
 
 1679. John Goff, Emanuel College, Cambridge. 
 
 1680. Thomas Sharp, ditto. 
 Thomas Hawes, ditto. 
 
 1682. Thomas Oliver, Christ's College, Cambridge. 
 1686. Samuel Linwood, Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 
 Richard Fletcher, ditto. 
 
 1690. William Collins, Catherine Hall, Cambridge. 
 
 William Wilson, ditto. 
 
 1692. Benjamin Lee. 
 
 Samuel Billingsley4 Trinity College, Oxford. 
 1694. Samuel Cobb,^ Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 
 Nathaniel Frith, ditto. 
 
 1696. MatthewAudley.|| 
 1698. William Iliffe, Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 
 1701. Isaac Crew,f Jesus College, Cambridge. 
 
 1702. James Jurin,** Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 Arthur Kennisman, ditto. 
 
 1703. Samuel Burnett, ditto. 
 
 * Fellow of Emanuel College, Cambridge; B.A. 1667; M.A. 1671. 
 
 f See above, p. 225. 
 
 % B.A. 1697 ; M.A. 1701 ; elected Under Master at Christ's Hospital in 1698. 
 
 § B.A. 1698; M.A. 1702; elected Under Master at Christ's Hospital in 1701. 
 
 H Elected Head Master of Christ's Hospital in 1719. 
 
 f B.A. 1705; M.A. 1709; Under Master at Christ's Hospital in 1713. 
 
 ** See above, p. 239. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 299 
 
 1704. Philip Barton, Trinity College, Oxon. 
 
 1705. Mordecai Cary,* Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 Samuel Shrey, Trinity College, Oxon. 
 
 1707. Edmond Massey, Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 David Humphreys,-^ ditto. 
 
 1710. Thomas Bull,+ ditto. 
 Jeremiah Markland,§ Peter House, Cambridge. 
 
 1711. Peter Selby, || Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 Charles Zouch, ditto. 
 
 1713. David Currey, ditto. 
 Thomas Trigg, ditto. 
 
 1714. Thomas Nevil, ditto. 
 Thomas Grover,^ ditto. 
 
 1715. Thomas Saul Hancock, ditto. 
 Edmond Tew,** Jesus College, Cambridge. 
 
 1718. Seawell Hetherley,j~f- Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 Henry Roberts, ditto. 
 
 1719. William George Barnes, ditto. 
 
 1720. Caleb Lowdham, ditto. 
 
 * B.A. 1708; M.A. 1712; Fellow of Trinity; Bishop of Clonfert, 1731 ; translated to 
 Killala, 1735. 
 
 f B.A. 1711; M.A. 1715; B.D. 1725; D.D. by royal mandate, 1728; Fellow of 
 Trinity. 
 
 X B.A. 1713; M.A. 1717; Under Master of Christ's Hospital, 1713; afterwards Vicar 
 of Enford, Wilts. 
 
 § See above, p. 242. 
 
 || B.A. 1714; M.A. 1718; Under Master at Christ's Hospital in 1725; Upper Master in 
 the same year ; afterwards Vicar of Clavering, in Essex. 
 
 IT Fellow of Trinity; A.B. 1717; M.A. 1721. 
 
 ** Fellow of Jesus; A.B. 1719; A.M. 1723; D.D. 1736; Rector of Boldon, in the 
 county of Durham. He bequeathed £2000. to the Hospital for the perpetual maintenance 
 of three orphans, or sons of clergymen; and the further sum of £2000. for the general pur- 
 poses of the Institution. 
 
 ft B.A. 1721; M.A. 1725; Under Master of Christ's Hospital, 1725; Upper Master, 
 1737 ; afterwards Vicar of Clavering. 
 
300 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 1721. Edward Tilson,* Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 John Sidwell, ditto. 
 
 1723. John Lumley, Queen's College, Oxford. 
 Samuel Willan, ditto. 
 
 1724. John Hall, Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 1725. Charles Weaver, ditto. 
 
 1726. James Brown,-f ditto. 
 William Cook, ditto. 
 
 1728. John Rowe, ditto. 
 
 Thomas Fletcher, ditto. 
 
 Peter Shipton,^ Peter House, Cambridge. 
 
 1730. John Taylor, Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 1731. William Gilbert,§ ditto. 
 John Lovekin, || ditto. 
 
 1732. John Austin, Balliol College, Oxford. 
 
 1733. John Ditton, Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 Thomas Potter, ditto. 
 
 Isaac Johnson, Jesus College, Cambridge. 
 1735. Paul Wright, ^[ Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 * Fellow of Pembroke ; B.A. 1725; M.A. 1729. 
 
 f B.A. 1729; M.A. 1733; D.D. by royal mandate, 1771; Master of Pembroke Col- 
 lege, 1770. He was among the friends and correspondents of the poet Gray, and one of 
 his executors. 
 
 % Fellow of Peter House; B.A. 1732; M.A. 1736; Under Master at Christ's Hospital, 
 1737. 
 
 § Fellow of Pembroke ; B.A. 1734; M.A. 1738. 
 
 || B.A. 1735; M.A. 1739; Rector of Gainscolne, in Essex. 
 
 f B.A. 1738; M.A. 1742; B.D. 1767; D.D. 1778. He was Rector of Snoreham in 
 Essex, and Vicar of Ugley cum Berden ; to which last he was presented by the Governors 
 of Christ's Hospital. In 1773, he republished Peter Heylin's " Help to English History;" 
 and put forth proposals for a new edition of Chauncy's " History of Hertfordshire," but 
 the design was not carried into execution. " The Complete British Family Bible " appeared 
 with his name in the title in 1781; and he also published several single sermons. One of 
 these, entitled " Orphans and Fatherless," was preached on St. Matthew's day, in the year 
 1778. Some ill-natured remarks upon him, though not altogether without foundation, will 
 be found in the " Literary Anecdotes." " To publish himself in the Cambridge Chronicle," 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 301 
 
 1737. Peter Richardson,* Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 James Smith, ditto. 
 
 1739. Thomas Tonbee, Balliol College, Oxford. 
 James Neale, Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 1740. William Fawconer, ditto. 
 Michael Dorsett, ditto. 
 
 1742. Thomas Langham, ditto. 
 
 Edward Boyce, ditto. 
 
 1744. Thomas Bull, ditto. 
 Thomas Hancock, ditto. 
 Edward Roberts, ditto. 
 
 1745. James Penn,-f- Balliol College, Oxford. 
 
 1746. Thomas Bowman, J Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 1747. James Charles Hitchcock, ditto. 
 Francis Kelly Maxwell, ditto. 
 Peter Biddle, ditto. 
 
 1749. Marshall Brydges, ditto. 
 
 John Jennings, ditto. 
 
 1751. Samuel Foster, ditto. 
 John More, ditto. 
 
 1752. John Dobey, ditto. 
 
 says the writer, " rector of Snoring, and vicar of Ugly, would have excited a laugh in the 
 University: so when he put himself into the papers D.D. and F.A.S. he suppressed the 
 rectory." He died May 8, 1785. 
 
 * B.A. 1740; M.A. 1744; Under Master at Christ's Hospital, 1743. 
 
 t B.A. 1748. He was elected Under Grammar Master in Christ's Hospital in 1753: 
 and compiled the Latin Grammar which is still in use there. His eccentricities were not 
 less remarkable than his talents, and led at last to some disagreement with the governors, 
 which caused his dismissal from the mastership. He accordingly retired upon the living of 
 Clavering, to which he had been previously presented, and was succeeded at Christ's Hos- 
 pital by Mr. Boyer, in 1767. Besides some other works, he published a volume of sermons, 
 with a singular dedication to the Devil ; in which the devices of his Satanic Majesty to 
 increase the number of his subjects are laid open, and all good Christians cautioned against 
 falling into his snares. 
 
 % B.A. 1749; M.A. 1753. He published a volume of sermons, and some theological 
 tracts, in which there is a decided leaning to the tenets of Methodism. 
 
302 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 James Boyer,* Balliol College, Oxford. 
 1753. James Pigott, Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 Henry Benfield, ditto. 
 
 1756. Thomas Miller, Clare Hall, Cambridge. 
 
 Arthur Willis,-j- Jesus College, Cambridge. 
 1758. John Bishop, Balliol College, Oxford. 
 
 George Wright, Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 James Williams Newton, ditto. 
 
 John Franklin Squire,^ Caius College, Cambridge. 
 1760. William Pickering,^ Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 William Sparrow, ditto. 
 
 1763. Josiah Disturnell, || ditto. 
 
 William Bowra,^[ ditto. 
 
 1765. Nicholas Layton, Balliol College, Oxford. 
 
 1766. Charles Edward De Coetlogon,** Pembroke College, Cam- 
 
 bridge. 
 Thomas Pentycross,-f-f- ditto. 
 
 * See above, p. 136. 
 
 t Fellow of Jesus; A.B. 1760; M.A. 1763. 
 
 t Fellow of Caius; A.B. 1763; M.A. 1766. 
 
 § B.A. 1765; M.A. 1768; B.D. 1776; afterwards Fellow of Sidney. 
 
 || See above, p. 126. 
 
 f Fellow of Pembroke; B.A. 1767; M.A. 1770; elected Grammar Master at Hertford, 
 at the first appointment in 1783, from which he retired upon the living of Clavering, which 
 he held till his death in 1816. 
 
 ** B.A. 1770; M.A. 1773. He was the son of a French physician, and rose to con- 
 siderable eminence as an extemporaneous preacher of the Calvinistic school. Besides a 
 multitude of sermons, he was the author of the following works: — 1. The Portraiture of a 
 Christian Penitent. 2. The Theological Miscellany. 3. The Character of King George III. 
 4. The Temple of Truth. 5. Studies adapted to the Temple of Truth. 6. The Life of the 
 Just, exemplified in the character of the Rev. W. Romaine. Having commenced his clerical 
 career as chaplain to the Lock Hospital, he was afterwards presented to the living of God- 
 stone in Surrey. He died September 16, 1820. 
 
 TT B.A. 1771 ; M.A. 1774. In his earlier years he was particularly fond of theatrical 
 representations, and headed a party of his school-fellows in getting up plays. Upon being 
 made Grecian, he from player turned preacher, and obtained the name of bishop. At Cam- 
 bridge he does not appear to have been much influenced by religious feelings, but subse- 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 303 
 
 1767. Matthew Feild,* Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 1768. William Taylor,+ ditto. 
 Edward Whitcher, ditto. 
 
 1769. Stephen Popham, ditto. 
 
 1772. John Prince,* Oriel College, Oxford. 
 
 Edward Rudstone Langdale, Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 1773. Abraham Purshouse, ditto. 
 Wyndham Jones, ditto. 
 
 1774. George Dyer,§ Emanuel College, Cambridge. 
 
 1775. Edward Shaw, Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 Thomas Lloyd, || ditto. 
 
 1776. William Drake, ditto. 
 
 1778. Robert Moore, Lincoln College, Oxford. 
 Samuel Scott, Jesus College, Cambridge. 
 Robert Williams, Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 1779. Joseph Dixie Churchill, ditto. 
 
 quently his intimacy with his friend De Coetlogon and Mr. Rowland Hill confirmed his 
 bias to the Evangelical party in the Church. His first appointment was to the curacy of 
 Horley ; and afterwards to the rectory of St. Mary's, Wallingford, Berks. He died on the 
 11th of February, 1808, in the sixtieth year of his age. 
 
 * Fellow of Pembroke; B.A. 1772; M.A. 1775. He was elected Under Grammar 
 Master of Christ's Hospital in 1776; and subsequently published a dramatic piece, 
 entitled " Vertumnus and Pomona." He died in 1796, and is buried in the south 
 cloister of the Hospital. 
 
 f Fellow of Pembroke; B.A. 1773; M.A. 1776. 
 
 J The present highly respected Secretary to the Magdalen Hospital. For a long series 
 of years he was Reading Examiner at Christ's Hospital; and in 1793 the governors pre- 
 sented him to the living of Enford, Wilts. 
 
 § The author of several volumes of poems, and other literary works, of which the most 
 important are a " History of Cambridge," and " The Privileges of the University." After 
 taking the degree of B.A. in 1778, he seceded from the Established Church, giving his 
 reasons for the step in a pamphlet, entitled, " An Inquiry into the Nature of Subscription 
 to the Thirty-nine Articles," and addressed to Mr. R. Hall. Mr. Dyer is still living, and 
 highly respected by all who know him. 
 
 || B.A. 1780; M.A. 1783. He was presented by the Hospital to the living of Al- 
 brighton in Shropshire. He died in 1827. 
 
304 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 1780. William Gilly,* Caius College, Cambridge. 
 
 1784. Lancelot Pepys Stephens,-)- Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 1785. George Richards,;}; Trinity College, Oxford. 
 Edward Thornton,§ Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 1786. William Wales, || St. John's College, Cambridge. 
 
 * Fellow of Caius; B.A. 1784; M.A. 1787. He was presented to the rectory of Wan- 
 stead in Essex, in 1812. 
 
 T See above, p. 157. 
 
 % The present Rector of St. Martin's in the Fields, London. While an under-graduate 
 at Oxford, he obtained, in 1787, the chancellor's prize of £20 for the best composition in 
 Latin verse on the following subject: — " Rex, a violenta Regicidee manu ereptus, cum Regind 
 Oxonium invisens ;" and, in 1788, the prize for the best essay in English prose, "On the 
 Advantages of a Public Education." On the occasion of this second prize, the Hospital 
 presented him with a silver cup of the value of 20 guineas. In 1789, having taking his 
 B.A. degree, he published " An Essay on the Characteristic Differences between Ancient 
 and Modern Poetry, &c. ;" in 1791, before taking his Master's degree, he was elected 
 Fellow of Oriel, and obtained the University prize for " The Aboriginal Britons," a poem of 
 considerable merit, which was afterwards reprinted in the author's " Poetical Works." 
 Being appointed Bampton Lecturer, he preached and published, in 1800, his Lectures on 
 " The Divine Origin of Prophecy ;" and from that time has taken his stand among the 
 leading members of the clerical profession. He has since proceeded Doctor in Divinity ; 
 and has enrolled himself among the Governors of the Institution, to which he owes, and 
 doubtless attributes, all the honours which he now enjoys. 
 
 § The Right Honorable Sir Edward Thornton, late Envoy Extraordinary and Minister 
 Plenipotentiary at the Court of Portugal and the Brazils. On taking his B.A. degree in 
 1789, Mr. Thornton stood third on the list of Wranglers. At that period there does not 
 appear to have been that rigid impartiality which at present characterizes the University 
 examinations ; and it is not a little extraordinary that the Senior Moderator, placing a man 
 of his own college first, assigned the second degree of merit to Thornton; while his col- 
 league placed a Johnian_/iVsf, Thornton still second, and the Trinity man third. Of course, 
 between the two stools, Thornton came to the ground ; and, as it was then the custom with 
 the examiners for the Smith's prize to follow the order of the Tripos, almost without the shew 
 of an examination, he was deprived of that honour also; although the celebrated Dr. Waring 
 declared, that he was " the only man of the three who had any mathematics in him." In 
 the year following, he obtained the Bachelor's prize; in 1793, he took the degree of M.A. 
 and was elected Fellow of his college. Through the interest of Mr. Pitt, by whom, as a 
 member of the same society, his talents were duly appreciated, he was raised to the ap- 
 pointment which he long held in the diplomatic service of the country. 
 
 || Son of the co-navigator of Captain' Cook, and afterwards Mathematical Master of 
 Christ's Hospital. See above, p. 94. After giving abundant promise of future excellence, 
 he died in college before taking his degree. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 305 
 
 1787. Arthur William Trollope,* Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 1788. Thomas Fanshaw Middleton,f ditto. 
 
 1789. Henry Scott, - ditto. 
 
 1791. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, J Jesus College, Cambridge. 
 
 1792. Robert Allen, University College, Oxford. 
 
 Charles Valentine Le Grice, Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 
 1793. Frederick William Franklin, § Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 1794. Samuel Le Grice, Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 
 1795. Samuel Favell, Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 1796. Marmaduke Thompson, ditto. 
 
 1797. Robert Gutch, || ditto. 
 
 1799. William Edward Cheslyn, St. John's College, Oxford. 
 John Wood,^[ Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 1800. John Rogers Pittman,** ditto. r 
 
 * See above, pp. 141, 174. 
 
 T See above, p. 257. 
 
 % The celebrated poet and metaphysician. He obtained Sir William Browne's medal for 
 the Greek ode in 1792, but never proceeded to his degrees. See above, pp. 137, 191, 258; 
 and the Poet's Biographia Literaria, chap. i. 
 
 § B.A. 1797; M.A. 1800. He held for many years the Mastership of the Grammar 
 School at Hertford, which he resigned on being presented to the living of Albrighton in 
 Shropshire, in 1827. At the same time he resigned the living of Horley, in Surrey, which 
 is also in the patronage of the governors. 
 
 || B.A. 1801 ; M.A. 1804. He took his degree from Queen's College, of which he was 
 subsequently a fellow. 
 
 If Senior Fellow, and for many years Tutor of Pembroke ; now vicar of Saxthorpe, in 
 Norfolk, to which he was presented by his college, and allowed to hold together with his 
 fellowship. In 1803, he took his B.A. degree, as seventh Wrangler; M.A. 1806. 
 
 ** B.A. 1804; M.A. 1815. He was for some years one of the classical masters of 
 Christ's Hospital ; and well known at the same time as alternate evening lecturer of the 
 Foundling and Magdalen Hospitals. He is the author and editor of sundry theological 
 and classical publications, by which he has acquired great reputation. In 1818, he was 
 presented by the governors of Christ's Hospital to the living of Ugley cum Berden, in 
 Essex ; and has lately been appointed to the ministry of the new district church at Ken- 
 sington. Mr. Pitman has ever been remarkable for his dry humour and great good-nature ; 
 and a curious memorial of his Grecianship, readily traceable to his youthful pen, is still 
 
 R R 
 
306 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 1801. William Grainger Cautley,* Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 1802. Thomas Mitchell, f ditto. 
 
 1803. William Henry Neale,^ ditto. 
 
 1804. Thomas Barnes,§ ditto. 
 
 1805. John Greenwood, || ditto. 
 
 1806. Thomas Prince,^ Wadham College, Oxford. 
 
 1807. Christopher Wilson,** Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 1808. William Stephen Gilly,f~j- Caius College, Cambridge. 
 
 1809. James Scholeneld,J|. Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 
 found, with various readings and appropriate annotations, in the fly-leaf of more than one 
 of the books in the Grammar School Library : — 
 
 " Wood lepidus, Pitman clarus, Cheslyny«e notatus, 
 Famam Graiorum sustinuere bonam." 
 
 Poor Cheslyn died early and unfortunately. By this brief record of him we merely learn 
 that he was marked with the small-pox. 
 
 * B. A. 1803; a Wrangler; second Classical Medallist; Bachelor's Prizeman; and sub- 
 sequently, Fellow of Clare Hall. M. A. 1809. 
 
 f The well-known translator of Aristophanes ; B.A. 1806; Senior Opt. and First Classical 
 Medallist; M.A. 1809; subsequently Fellow of Sidney. 
 
 % B.A. 1808; M.A. 1811 ; Master of Beverley School; and Author of a " History of 
 Mohammedanism." 
 
 § Author of " Parliamentary Portraits," and editor and co-proprietor of the Times news- 
 paper; B.A. 1808; M.A. 1811. 
 
 || Afterwards Fellow of Peter House. See above, p. 176. 
 
 % Eldest son of the chaplain to the Magdalen Hospital ; Fellow of Wadham ; Chaplain 
 to the English residents in Brussels ; and Tutor to the children of the late Duke of Bruns- 
 wick. After the death of his patron on the field of Waterloo, he returned with his young 
 pupils to England ; and, subsequently, enjoyed a pension from his late Majesty, George IV. 
 He died somewhat suddenly in 1831. 
 
 '** Fellow of Pembroke; B.A. 1811 ; M.A. 1814. He resigned his fellowship on being 
 presented to the living of Wearsley, in Cambridgeshire. 
 
 +f Vicar of Norham; Prebendary of Durham; and author of several works connected 
 with the History of the Vaudois. 
 
 % % Late Fellow of Trinity ; Regius Professor of Greek in the University of Cambridge ; 
 and Editor of Mschylus, Porson's Euripides, Middleton on the Greek Article, Archbishop 
 Leighton's Prcelectiones and Dobree's Adversaria. He was University Scholar in 1812; 
 Senior Optime and First Classical Medallist in 1813; First Bachelor's Prizeman in 1814 
 and 1815. Since his marriage, whereby he vacated his fellowship, he has been presented by 
 his college to the perpetual curacy of St. Michael, in Cambridge. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 307 
 
 1809. Thomas Aquila Dale,* St. John's College, Cambridge. 
 
 1810. Richard Newton Adams,-f- Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. 
 
 1811. "William Owen,J St. John's College, Cambridge. 
 
 1812. "William Burgess Hayne, Caius College, Cambridge. 
 
 1813. Edward Rice,§ Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 
 1814. Robert Lynam, || ditto. 
 
 1815. Patrick "Ward, Exeter College, Oxford. 
 
 Just Henry Alt,^[ Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 1816. Lebbeus Charles Humfrey, Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 
 1817. William Trollope, Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 1818. George John Brookes,** ditto. 
 
 1819. Frederick Iliff,-j"f- Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 
 * Master of the Grammar School at Louth, in Lincolnshire. 
 
 t Fellow, and formerly Mathematical Lecturer of Sidney ; and late Master of the Royal 
 Mathematical School. Since his retirement he has resumed his residence at Cambridge ; 
 and enjoys the respect and esteem, not only of the society of which he is a fellow, but of 
 the University at large. He was seventh Wrangler in the year 1814; M.A. 1817; B. D. 
 1824; D.D. 1829. 
 
 X Bell's Scholar in 1812; fifteenth Wrangler and second Classical Medallist in 1815, 
 when he was also elected Fellow of his college. His close application to study destroyed 
 his constitution, which was never strong; and he fell a victim to consumption at a very 
 early age. 
 
 § B.A. 1817; M.A. 1820; second Classical Master of Christ's Hospital; Vicar of 
 Horley, in Surrey; Lecturer of the Philanthropic Society; and late Evening Lecturer of 
 St. Stephen's, Coleman Street. On his retirement from this last appointment, in order to 
 undertake the entire duties at the Philanthropic, the parishioners presented him with a 
 silver tea service, in testimony of their esteem and regard. The Hospital never possessed a 
 more faithful master, nor his colleagues a more valued friend. 
 
 || B.A. 1818; M.A. 1821; editor of Skelton's Works; author of a "History of 
 George III." &c. ; and late Assistant Secretary to the Magdalen Hospital. He was for- 
 merly Master of Travers' Foundation, and subsequently fourth Classical Master of Christ's 
 Hospital; from which he retired in 1822. 
 
 ^f B.A. 1819; First Hebrew Scholar on Tyrwhitt's Foundation; and late Professor in 
 Bishop's College, Calcutta. On his return to England he was subsequently elected Junior 
 Classical Master of Christ's Hospital. See above, p. 286. M.A. 1827. 
 
 ** Senior Optime in 1822; M.A. 1825; Head Master of the Royal Mathematical 
 School. 
 
 ft Late Assistant Master of Shrewsbury School ; and recently elected Principal of the 
 Liverpool Literary and Scientific Institution, and Master of the School in connexion there- 
 with. B.A. 1823; M.A. 1826. 
 
308 • history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 1820. Charles Stephen Matthews,* Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 1821. Joseph Yates Cookson, Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 
 1822. Joshua Welch, Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 1823. Charles Cotton,f ditto. 
 
 Samuel Hingeston, Lincoln College, Oxford. 
 
 1824. Arthur Willis,|. Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 
 1825. Thomas Brown, § Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. 
 
 1826. David Hilcoat Leighton, Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 
 1827. Robert John Tennant, ditto. 
 
 1828. Robert James Todd Dolling, Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 1829. Francis Richard Begbie,|| ditto. 
 
 1830. John Tahourdin White, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. 
 Samuel Fletcher, Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 1831. John James Ramsey, ditto. 
 
 1832. Edward William Milner, ditto. 
 Nathaniel Keymer, ditto. 
 
 1833. George Townshend Warner, Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 Thomas Brigham, Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 THE PRESENT GRECIANS. 
 
 William Henry Guillemard. Joseph Christian. 
 
 James Cohen. Edward Olmius Morgan. 
 
 Edward William Relton. John Ward Spencer. 
 
 * Tyrwhitt's Hebrew Scholar in 1824; and Professor of a Collegiate School in Upper 
 Canada. M.A. 1828. 
 
 t B. A. 1828; Tyrwhitt's Hebrew Scholar of the second class; M.A. 1832; Master of 
 the Grammar School at Hertford. 
 
 X One of the Assistant Masters of Shrewsbury School. 
 
 § Junior Classical Master at Christ's Hospital. 
 
 || Senior Optime, and ninth of the first class in the Classical Tripos, in 1833. On this 
 occasion the Committee presented him with fifteen guineas, and founded thereon a recom- 
 mendation to the Court to request the Head Master to take the degree of Doctor in 
 Divinity, at the charge of the Hospital. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 309 
 
 Chapter X. 
 
 Internal Economy of the Hospital — Office of President — List of Presidents from the 
 Foundation — Office of Treasurer — The Committee — Its Constitution and Duties — 
 Visiting Governors — Almoners — Auditors — Renters — Ancient Office of Scrutener — The 
 Treasurer's Privileges and requisite Securities — List of Treasurers from the Foundation — 
 Office of Chief Clerk — Receiver and Wardrobe Keeper — Assistant Clerks — Duties of the 
 Steward — Buttery-boys — Antiquity of the post of Bible Clerk, now the Chaff-boy — Choir- 
 boys — Money owned up — Brerewod's Gift — Monitors — Punishments — Standing at the 
 Stone — Elopement — Expulsion — Management of the Boys in Play-hours — Skulking — 
 Watchers — Absence Bell — Behaviour in Church — Duties of the Matron — Nurses — Their 
 wages, allowance, and requisite qualification — The Porters and Beadles — Charge of the 
 Engines, Gates, Clocks, &c. — Messengers — Watchmen — Street Keepers — Cook — Cobbler — 
 Nurse of the Infirmary — Precautions in contagious Diseases — Duties of the Physician — 
 Election of Dr. Downes, at the command of Charles II. — His letter of recommendation, 
 and other Papers — Duties of the Surgeon — Services of Mr. Abernethy — Duties of the 
 Apothecary — Dentist — Officers at Hertford — Visitations of the Committee — Officers' 
 Residences — -Duties of the Architect and Surveyor — Land Surveyor — Solicitor — List 
 of Upper and Under Masters, Chief Clerks, and Stewards, since the year 1700 — List of 
 the present Officers. 
 
 The external government of Christ's Hospital, as vested in the 
 Corporation of London ; the regulations respecting the admission of 
 children, as revised and settled at different periods, and the system of 
 education pursued in the different departments of instruction, have been 
 fully developed in the progress of the history. With respect to the 
 internal economy of the house, and the arrangements for the nurture, 
 the comfort, and the health of its inmates, a brief analysis of the duties 
 incumbent upon the several officers connected with the foundation will 
 furnish the most ready means of forming a just estimate of their ex- 
 cellence and propriety. 
 
 At the head of the whole establishment is nominally the President, 
 who presides at all courts, which he has power to summon from time to 
 time at his pleasure. For the ordinary business of the house, however, 
 there axe Jive regularly appointed Courts ; and those for special purposes 
 are usually convened by authority of the Treasurer, acting under the 
 
310 
 
 HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 direction of the Committee of Almoners. At these Courts every Gover- 
 nor is entitled to vote, and receives due notice to attend : fifteen form 
 a quorum. The President is always an alderman of the city; and, in 
 case of a vacancy, it has been lately the custom to confer the vacant 
 honour on the Lord Mayor then in office ; though not always without 
 some opposition to his election. By the resignation of his gown he is 
 considered virtually to resign his office, which is otherwise an appoint- 
 ment for life. During the first ten years of their existence, the five 
 hospitals, as already stated, were under the joint superintendence of a 
 Comptroller-general ; but a President was subsequently appointed to 
 each separately. The following is a list of those individuals who have 
 held either office, from the foundation to the present time : — 
 
 COMPTROLLERS-GENERAL. 
 1553. Sir George Barnes, Knt. 1556. Sir Andrew Judd, Knt. 
 
 1556. Sir Martin Bowes, Knt. 1559. Sir Thomas Offley, Knt. 
 
 PRESIDENTS. 
 
 1563. Sir Thomas Offley, Knt. 
 
 Sir John White, Knt. 
 
 1582. Sir Thomas Ramsey, Knt. 
 
 1590. Sir Wolstan Dixie, Knt. 
 
 1593. Sir Richard Martin, Knt. 
 
 1602. Sir Stephen Slaney, Knt. 
 
 1608. Sir Humphrey Weld, Knt. 
 
 1610. Sir William Craven, Knt. 
 
 1618. Sir John Leman, Knt. 
 
 1632. Sir Martin Lumley, Knt. 
 
 1634. Sir Hugh Hammersley, Knt. 
 
 1636. Sir Christopher Clitheroe, Knt. 
 
 1641. Sir Richard Gurney, Knt. 
 
 1643. Sir John Cordall, Knt. 
 
 1648. Sir John Gayer, Knt. 
 
 1649. Sir John Wollaston, Knt. 
 1658. Sir Thomas Viner, Knt. 
 1660. Sir Thomas Atkins, Knt. 
 
 1661. John Fowke, Esq. 
 
 1662. Sir John Frederick, Knt. 
 1684. Sir John Moore, Knt. 
 1702. Sir Francis Child, Knt. 
 1712. Sir Richard Hoare, Knt. 
 1718. Sir Francis Child, Knt. 
 
 1721. Robert Heysham, Esq. 
 
 1722. Sir Francis Forbes, Knt. 
 1727. Sir George Mertins, Knt. 
 
 Francis Child, Esq. 
 1740. Sir John Barnard, Knt. 
 1758. Sir Robert Ladbroke, Knt. 
 
 1773. Sir William Bankes, Knt. 
 
 1774. Robert Alsop, Esq. 
 1785. Richard Clarke, Esq. 
 
 1798. Sir John William Anderson, Bart. 
 1813. Sir William Curtis, Bart. 
 1829. William Thompson, Esq. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 311 
 
 Next in rank, but really superior in authority, is the Treasurer. 
 His office, as the name imports, is to receive and account for all sums of 
 money due to the Hospital, and to make the necessary disbursements 
 for the use of the establishment. He is the chairman of all committees, 
 in whose proceedings his voice has considerable weight. The Committee, 
 at its full complement, consists of fifty members, who have power 
 to keep up their number by occasional elections from the whole body of 
 Governors : with the understanding, that if at any time they are reduced 
 below one-half, the Court proceeds forthwith to supply the vacancies. 
 As a body, they are designated the Committee of Almoners ; and in 
 this capacity they meet regularly on the second Friday of every month 
 {August excepted) to superintend the admission of children, and con- 
 duct the routine business of the house. On special occasions a summons 
 is issued for their attendance, and they adjourn from time to time as 
 circumstances may demand. They are required also to examine into 
 the state of the Hospital in London and at Hertford, more especially as 
 to the number and due accommodation of the children ; to attend the 
 half-yearly examination of the several schools, for the purpose of 
 receiving the reports of the several examiners, as well as occasionally to 
 visit the schools in person during the hours of instruction ; to be present 
 sometimes at meals in the Great Hall, in order to ascertain that the 
 provisions are good and wholesome, and that due attention is paid to the 
 decent and cleanly appearance of the children ; and, in like manner, to 
 inspect the several wards, and to guard against any neglect on the part 
 of the Nurses in providing for the comfort and cleanliness of those under 
 their care. For these visitations two Governors are appointed monthly 
 in turn, and any Governor is at liberty to inspect the Schools, or any 
 part of the Hospital, at his pleasure. It is also the business of the 
 Committee to receive and sanction the contracts for provisions, coals, 
 and other articles supplied in this manner ; to direct the purchase 
 of materials for apparel, bedding, and the like ; and to authorise any 
 material repairs, whether in town or country, or on any of the estates 
 belonging to the Hospital ; nor are any bills paid, excepting stated 
 
312 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 salaries and contracts, till the accounts are examined and signed by 
 three members of the Committee, as a warrant to the Treasurer for the 
 payment thereof. With them also rests the distribution of all gifts and 
 pensions of which the Governors are trustees ; and each individual 
 member is bound by his charge, " to propose any regulation by which 
 the comfort and welfare of the children may be promoted ; and to 
 advance the credit and general good of the Institution by every means 
 in his power."* 
 
 It is the duty of the Treasurer to see that all the orders and regu- 
 lations of the Court and Committee are duly performed and observed ; 
 and all the officers are accountable to him for any neglect in the dis- 
 charge of their appointed duties. He is regarded, in fact, as mainly 
 responsible for the regular and efficient attainment of the objects of the 
 Institution ; and, in case of the failure or deterioration of the revenues, 
 or of negligence or improper conduct in any of the officers, he is bound 
 to report the same to the Court. His accounts are made up annually, in 
 December, and submitted to the audit of three of the Committee on or 
 before the 10th of February following, when the balance in hand, if 
 required, must be produced. The Auditors also inspect at pleasure the 
 accounts ; and report from time to time to the Court the state and con- 
 dition of the Hospital ;-f and it is also their immediate province to 
 inquire into the qualifications of those gentlemen, who propose to 
 become Governors by benefaction. In another and most important 
 duty the Treasurer is assisted by a select number of the Committee, 
 
 * Charge Book, p. 12. The charges and orders of the several officers were revised by the 
 Committee at several meetings, and finally approved and confirmed by General Courts 
 holden November 29, 1784, and February 11, 1785. 
 
 + It appears by the evidence given before the Committee appointed by the House of 
 Commons in 1816, that the gross income of the Hospital, arising from all sources, was, in 
 1814, £44,725, and, in 1815, £43,386. For the same years the expenditure was £41,061 
 and £40,420 respectively. The Governors claimed, and were allowed, exemption from the 
 Property Tax, when their landed estates amounted to £32,014. Is. lid. and their funded 
 property to £ 12,194. 0s. \0d. forming a total of £44,208. 2s. 9d. Some idea may be formed 
 of the progressive increase of the utility of the Hospital from the statement of expenditure 
 in 1729, which appears to have amounted to £ 1 1,051. 14s. Sd. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 313 
 
 under the appellation of Renters* As such, they are called upon to 
 attend him on all views for the purpose of ascertaining the value and 
 condition of the Hospital estates ; to advise with him respecting the 
 granting and renewal of leases ; and, by inquiring into the respectability 
 of proposing tenants, to see that none of the houses or farms be let to 
 " paupers or other improper persons," and that no encroachment be 
 made on any part of the Hospital lands. With a like regard to the 
 protection of the property of the house, the Treasurer receives, within a 
 month after his appointment, an inventory of every article in the custody 
 of the Wardrobe- Keeper and other officers, which is periodically ex- 
 amined, and an account of the money placed in the hands of the 
 Receiver, for the running or casual disbursements of the Hospital, is 
 rendered weekly or oftener, as occasion may require. The salaries 
 of the nurses are paid weekly ; provision bills and officers' salaries, 
 quarterly ; and workmen and tradesmen, half-yearly. 
 
 For these important duties the Treasurer receives no fixed salary ; 
 but, as from their nature they require his constant residence on the 
 
 * The original " Order of the Hospitalls " mentions two officers, selected from the 
 Governors, who were called Scruteners. It was their office to receive and pay to the Trea- 
 surer " all such guiftes, legacies, and bequests, as have or shalbe geven or bequeathed to 
 the succour and comfort of the poore harbored in Christ's Hospital ; in the companie of 
 good, vertuous, and welthy men, to the best and uttermost of their wits and powers, to ad- 
 vance, commend, and set forth the notable commodities that ensue to the whole realme of 
 England, and chiefly to this Citie of London, by erection of the same ; to exhort all 
 scrivenors that at the making of such testaments as they shall be called unto, they put the 
 testatour in remembrance to comend somewhat to the releife of the poore provided for in the 
 said Hospital ; to make request to the Bishop of London for the tyme beinge, that he will 
 likewise exhort all spiritual ministers within the citie, not only to provoke and stirre up from 
 tyme to tyme their parishioners to yeld and give to the maintenance of the said Hospitall 
 wekely that they have graunted, but also, when God by sicknesse shall visit or call any of 
 their parishe, that then they faile not to put them in remembrance to make special legacie, 
 to the reliefe of the great and nedy number comforted and succored by th' erection of the 
 said Hospital ; and to make the like request to the said bishop, to require all preachers, 
 especially suche as shall preach at Powles Crosse, that they twise or thrise in the quarter 
 at the leaste, doe move and exhort the people to further the said worke." 
 
 S S 
 
314 
 
 HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 spot, a house is therefore assigned to him within the walls. In order 
 to meet the wishes of the present occupier, it was enlarged for his 
 reception, so as to form a commodious mansion ; and a neat stable and 
 coach-house were built for his further accommodation. 
 
 On every new appointment it has been usual for the successful can- 
 didate to name two sureties for the due forthcoming of the funds over 
 which he has control ; but the present Treasurer has vested an adequate 
 sum in the hands of trustees, in lieu of the security hitherto demanded. 
 Subjoined is the list of his predecessors in office from the foundation of 
 the Hospital. 
 
 
 
 TREASURERS. 
 
 1553. 
 
 Richard Grafton, Esq. 
 
 1679. 
 
 1557. 
 
 Richard Buckland, Esq. 
 
 1683. 
 
 1559. 
 
 Richard Cage, Esq. 
 
 1699. 
 
 1561. 
 
 John Jackson, Esq. 
 
 1700. 
 
 1574. 
 
 Thomas Ball, Esq. 
 
 1707. 
 
 1583. 
 
 William Norton, Esq. 
 
 1716. 
 
 1594. 
 
 Robert Cogan, Esq. 
 
 1727. 
 
 1614. 
 
 William Dale, Esq. 
 
 1734. 
 
 
 Richard Heath, Esq. 
 
 1737. 
 
 1624. 
 
 John Harper, Esq. 
 
 1758. 
 
 1632. 
 
 John Hawes, Esq. 
 
 1770. 
 
 1638. 
 
 John Babington, Esq. 
 
 1785. 
 
 1652. 
 
 Richard Glyd, Esq. 
 
 1798. 
 
 1662. 
 
 William Gibbon, Esq. 
 
 1824. 
 
 Charles Doyly, Esq. 
 Nathaniel Hawes, Esq. 
 Robert Oxwick, Esq. 
 Francis Brerewood, Esq. 
 Thomas Lockington, Esq. 
 Sir George Mertins, Knt. 
 Richard Cheeke, Esq. 
 Robert Gay, Esq. 
 Philip Scarth, Esq. 
 Daniel Webb, Esq. 
 Thomas Burfoot, Esq. 
 William Gill, Esq. 
 James Palmer, Esq. 
 Thomas Povnder, Esq. 
 
 The confidential attendant upon the Court and Committee is the 
 Chief Clerk, whose business it is to take minutes of their proceed- 
 ings ; to keep a watchful eye over the concerns and interests of the 
 Hospital ; to open all letters addressed to the Governors generally ; and 
 to see that no applications to the Court, the Committee, the President, 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 315 
 
 or the Treasurer, be on any account withheld from their hands ; to draw 
 up leases and agreements with tenants ; and to see that every thing con- 
 nected with the management of the affairs, the letting of the estates, the 
 administering of the trusts, and the dispatch of the various business of 
 the Hospital, be regularly and duly performed. His residence adjoins 
 to, and communicates with, the counting-house ; and, in order to the 
 efficient discharge of his responsible duties, he is required to keep, or 
 cause to be kept, the following books, as well as any others which the 
 Court or Committee may deem convenient : — 
 
 A Court Book, in which are fairly entered the proceedings of 
 all General Courts ; the last so entered being read at the Court 
 next ensuing, in order to be confirmed. 
 
 A Committee Book, in which are entered the minutes of the 
 business transacted at each Committee. 
 
 A Register, containing the names and ages of all children 
 admitted into the Hospital, the name of the father of each child, 
 the parish to which he belongs, and the day and year of his 
 admission ; also the name of the presenting Governor, the name 
 and residence of the parent or friend, by whom each child may 
 be discharged, and the day and year of such discharge ; in order 
 to the ascertaining clearly how many children are living in the 
 house, how many dead or discharged from it. 
 
 An Apprentice Book, containing the name, residence, pro- 
 fession, or trade of each master or mistress, to whom a child is 
 apprenticed from the house, and the fee given with each child. 
 
 A Book containing the names of each nurse, how many 
 children each has under her charge, with their names and the 
 money paid to each nurse. 
 
 A Book recording the views of the houses and lands belonging 
 to the Hospital, either in the city or country, with the names of 
 the Governors present at each view, and their opinions on the 
 state of such houses and lands. 
 
 An Estimate Book, containing a particular account of all 
 
316 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 substantial repairs necessary to be done upon any estate be- 
 longing to the Hospital. 
 
 A Book containing the will, or specific part of the will, of 
 every person who has made any bequest to the Hospital. 
 
 A Book containing the names of benefactors, and their several 
 donations. 
 
 A Book containing the plans made by the Surveyor, from 
 time to time, of any of the Hospital estates, or leases. 
 
 A Book containing the schedules, made by the Surveyor, of 
 fixtures upon any of the Hospital estates. 
 
 A Book containing the contracts made with Hospital tenants, 
 and signed by such tenants. 
 
 A Book containing the charges made from time to time to the 
 several officers of the establishment, both in town and country. 
 Also separate books for the following purposes : — 
 The general heads of leases. 
 Insurance from fire. 
 
 The time for and amount of repairs done by tenants. 
 Notices to quit houses or estates. 
 Copies of all letters of importance. 
 Numerical account of carroons, and their proprietors and 
 
 workers. 
 Alphabetical account of the same. 
 
 Account of Mathematical boys placed out, and by whom . 
 Account of each Governor's turn for presentations. 
 List of Governors' names and residences. 
 Names of Governors present at each court. 
 Names of children admitted from time to time, and their 
 
 distinction in London or at Hertford. 
 Account of gifts distributed to young men and maidens 
 who have served their apprenticeship. 
 
 Next in office to the Chief Clerk is the Receiver, whose more 
 immediate duty it is to assist the Treasurer in the disbursement of the 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 317 
 
 current expenses of the house; for which purpose a sum not exceeding 
 £1000 is left in his hands, to be accounted for, as already stated, 
 weekly or oftener, at the demand of the Treasurer. His charge requires 
 attendance at the counting-house during the appointed hours of business, 
 to receive and pay over to the Treasurer the monies due to the Hos- 
 pital ; to pay the ordinary out-goings of the establishment ; to lay before 
 the Committee, from time to time, an account of all houses belonging to 
 the Hospital which shall be empty, of estates untenanted, and of leases 
 within three years of their expiration ; to collect the bills of tradesmen 
 and others for examination and audit ; and to see that the Committee be 
 duly summoned for the consideration of such matters as fall within his 
 peculiar province. The books which he is expected to keep are the 
 following : — 
 
 A Cash Book, for the entry of daily receipts and payments, to 
 be made up every week for the Treasurer's inspection, and laid 
 before the Committee at every meeting. 
 
 Ledgers, containing accounts of all estates, revenues, trusts, 
 and outgoings. 
 
 An Acquittance Book, in which are entered all receipts and 
 discharges for sums of money paid on account of the Hospital. 
 
 A Petty Cash Book, containing accounts of the postage of 
 letters, newspapers, porterage, and other trifling articles. 
 
 An Arrear Book, containing an account of all sums of money 
 due to the Hospital for rents, annuities, interest of money, &c. &c. 
 A Memorandum Book, containing all matters proper to be 
 laid before the Court or Committee ; so that the Chief Clerk 
 may acquaint the President or Treasurer when Courts and 
 Committees are necessary for the dispatch of such business. 
 
 With the appointment of Receiver that of Wardrobe-Keeper is 
 now united, who is charged with the custody and distribution of the 
 children's wearing apparel, and the linen and other commodities for their 
 use and comfort. An account of all articles under his care, and of those 
 delivered out during the year, is submitted to the Auditors on or before 
 
318 history op Christ's hospital. 
 
 the last Saturday in July ; and an inventory of the goods in the ward- 
 robe is deposited with the Treasurer at the time of his election to the 
 office. These united duties may be supposed to occupy a very con- 
 siderable portion of the time of one individual ; but should he have any 
 time unemployed, he is expected " to give his utmost and best assist- 
 ance in carrying on the various concerns of the Hospital." There are 
 also three other Assistant Clerks constantly engaged in the counting- 
 house, in the dispatch of the manifold business connected with the 
 internal and external management of the house. 
 
 As the duties of the several masters have been already sufficiently 
 
 explained, the office next to be considered is that of Steward, under 
 
 whose surveillance the children are placed during the time in which they 
 
 are not occupied with their studies. It is his business, not only to attend 
 
 them at the stated hours of breakfast, dinner, and supper, and to see 
 
 that they present themselves at meals in clean and decent attire and 
 
 conduct themselves orderly at table ; but to receive the various provisions 
 
 supplied for their use ; to examine and sign the tradesmen's bills for the 
 
 same, with a view to the detection of any fraud in quality, measure, or 
 
 weight; and to prepare for the inspection of the auditors a weekly 
 
 account of the several articles delivered in, consumed, and still remaining 
 
 in the house. With respect to a certain discretionary power, with which 
 
 he is necessarily invested, of occasionally providing articles for the use of 
 
 the Hospital, he is required to make a monthly return of the bills so 
 
 incurred ; which are not paid until they have been examined and signed 
 
 by three of the Committee. In ordinary cases he is expected to give 
 
 due notice to the Treasurer, respecting such necessaries as may from 
 
 time to time be wanted ; and to see that a proper supply of food is 
 
 always at hand for the children, and that it is fairly and impartially 
 
 distributed to them. He is assisted in receiving and delivering out 
 
 the usual articles of consumption and domestic use by three of the 
 
 senior boys, thence denominated Buttery-boys, who are rewarded by 
 
 a weekly ticket and sundry other privileges and distinctions for the 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 319 
 
 service which they afford. The appointment of these juvenile officers 
 seems to have been coeval, or nearly so, with the foundation of the 
 school ; for it is shown by an entry in the records of the year 1573, that 
 " the three elder grammar boys kept an account of the number of 
 messes at each meal, to be examined at the monthly audit." A similar 
 entry, made in July 1574, shows the antiquity of two other offices which 
 are still in existence. The gift of a benefactor is therein recorded, by 
 whose bounty " the Bible Clerk in hall and the boy who begins the 
 psalm are to each have three days a-week a white loaf for supper." 
 There is little doubt that the Bible Clerk is now represented by the 
 Chaff-boy ; a chaff being, in the peculiar dialect of the school, any little 
 article of value, as a toy, a book, a pen-knife, and the like, which a boy 
 may have in his possession. When a lost chaff is found, it lies on the 
 Steward's table for a stated period, at the end of which, if unclaimed, it 
 becomes the property of the finder ; and it is the office of the Chaff-boy 
 to set out the various deposits at each meal for inspection, to look out 
 the psalms and lessons for daily service, and to wait upon the Steward 
 during his attendance in the hall. It should be remarked, that when 
 money is owned up, the Steward takes possession of it, giving public 
 notice that " money has been found ;" and the owner, upon describing- 
 it, receives it back, with an injunction to give a moiety to the finder, in 
 acknowledgment of his obligation. With respect to the boy who begins 
 the psalm, each choir boy is on duty for a week in turn, during which 
 period he sets the tune by chaunting the first line of the appointed 
 psalm at each meal ; but the white loaf is now merged in the reward of 
 an occasional ticket at the request of the music master. The Chaff-boy 
 also has a weekly ticket and some other perquisites ; for the coarse brown 
 bread of former days was changed during the treasurership and at the 
 suggestion of Mr. Treasurer Brerewood ; and "when the white loaves 
 were first brought into the hall in the bread-baskets, the poor children's 
 hearts rejoiced, and they gave a great shout, praying God to bless their 
 good Treasurer."* 
 
 * Maitland. 
 
320 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 The regulation of the several wards are under the control of the 
 Steward, who assigns each boy, either on his admission or removal from 
 Hertford, to his respective nurse ; appoints the monitors, though gene- 
 rally in concert with the Head Master,* to assist in preserving order 
 and regularity ; and keeps a due check upon them in the discharge of 
 their duties, by occasional and unexpected visits from himself. Offences 
 are reported to him in the hall ; and the offender stands before him 
 during the meal, awaiting the punishment which he is empowered, in 
 ordinary cases, at his own discretion to inflict. There was a stone slab 
 in the centre of the old hall, at which the unfortunate culprit was placed 
 before the accusation was laid against him, and the authoritative " stand 
 at the stone" though the di-eaded spot is not so marked at present, is 
 still the awful signal of monitorial displeasure. In crimes of great 
 moral turpitude, and specially if a boy elopes from the Hospital, and 
 changes or destroys any part of his dress, the Steward does not take 
 upon himself the responsibility of apportioning the punishment ; but he 
 is required to bring the party before the Committee, and a public 
 expulsion is sometimes, though seldom, the consequence ; and only 
 under circumstances of exaggerated depravity. On such melancholy 
 occasions, the boy is stripped of the Hospital dress, which his conduct 
 has disgraced ; his assembled schoolfellows are cautioned against fol- 
 lowing his example ; and, after the infliction of his appointed castigation, 
 he is discharged from the Hospital. Much of the solemnity which for- 
 merly attended this momentous ceremony has fallen into disuse ; and 
 it is pleasing to record, that many years now elapse without an 
 expulsion. 
 
 During play-hours, the Beadles act under the Steward, in watching 
 the conduct of the boys. A certain beat is assigned to each, and a 
 system of police is as it were established, by which all disorderly 
 behaviour and all forbidden games are effectually prevented. To these 
 checks may, in some degree, be attributed the marked civility to 
 
 * See above, p. 196. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 321 
 
 strangers, which distinguishes the boys of Christ's Hospital from those of 
 other public schools ; for it will be readily acknowledged that due care 
 is taken that they " behave with good manners, and conduct them- 
 selves respectfully to all persons whomsoever." * No boy is allowed, on 
 any pretence whatever, to pass the boundary of the Hospital without 
 permission ; and, in order to detect any attempt at skulking, as it is 
 called, certain of the senior boys are stationed at the several gates as 
 watchers. Their charge continues for a week at intervals ; at the end 
 of which they have a ticket, as the recompense for their service. As a 
 still further precaution against breaking bounds, a bell is rung at an 
 unfixed hour on Saturdays and other holidays, when there is no leave, 
 for the purpose of calling the several wards together to be counted. 
 This is called the absence-bell; and the Steward is enjoined that, "if 
 any boy shall then be absent, without proper leave, he shall invariably 
 give him due correction." It is almost unnecessary to remark that the 
 most strict attention is paid to the orderly and reverent behaviour of the 
 children on the Sabbath. The Steward accompanies them both in the 
 morning and afternoon to Christ Church, where their deportment is 
 closely watched, and any indecent or undevout conduct is reprimanded 
 or punished. They occupy the galleries on each side of the organ ; that 
 on the right being completely under the eye of the Steward, while the 
 Matron on the left, and the Grecians, with the assistance of the Monitors, 
 lend their aid in promoting quiet and decorum. 
 
 With the Steward's charge that of the Matron is in some degree 
 connected. She meets him daily in the hall at dinner and supper, 
 where it is her more immediate province to superintend the Nurses in 
 apportioning the food to the children ; to see that the Nurses themselves, 
 as well as the children, are clean in their persons and decent in their 
 apparel ; to have a careful eye upon their behaviour ; and to assist in 
 preserving good order among them. Before the ringing of the bell for 
 
 * Steward's Charge. 
 T T 
 
322 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 dinner, it is her duty to be present in the kitchen, and see that the meat 
 is properly and sufficiently dressed ; that the diet in general is good, 
 sweet, and wholesome ; that the proper quantity is served to the Nurse 
 of each ward ; and that no disorder or confusion arises in its distri- 
 bution. On Sunday she accompanies the children to church, taking 
 charge of the gallery to which her pew is attached, and enforcing the 
 regular attendance of the Nurses, unless prevented by sickness or alleging 
 any reasonable excuse. In their wards also, the conduct of the Nurses 
 is under her special control. She is empowered to " command, reprove, 
 and rebuke them ;" and, in case of disobedience, to report them to the 
 Committee. Once in a week at least she is required to visit every 
 ward between nine and ten o'clock at night, and see that the children 
 are covered in their beds ;* and that none are harboured there who do 
 not belong to the Hospital. It is her further duty to look to the 
 necessary repairs, and the clean and sweet washing of the clothes and 
 linen belonging to the children ; once in every month to examine the 
 beds and furniture, and, if any of them be spoiled or embezzled, to make it 
 known forthwith to the Committee ; to see that the wards are kept in a 
 neat and cleanly condition ; and to pay the Nurses their weekly wages. 
 The cutting out of all the linen for the use of the children and for the 
 domestic purposes of the establishment, which is made, for the most 
 part, by the girls at Hertford, forms part of her employment ; and the 
 table-linen of the court-room is deposited in her custody. On the days 
 of public entertainment she directs the important ceremony of laying the 
 cloth ; and the rose-water is prepared in the antique salver by herself 
 alone. Such essential privileges ought not surely to pass unnoticed ; 
 and it is the sincere wish of every blue that they may long be enjoyed 
 by the present possessor. Viruit, viret, ceternumque virescat ! 
 
 * The original charge, in the "order" of 1557, runs thus: — "You shall twise or thrise 
 in every weke arise in the night, and goe as well into the sicke warde as also into every 
 other warde, and there se that the children be covered in the beddes, whereby they take 
 no colde." 
 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 323 
 
 The Nurses, fourteen in number, preside over their respective wards 
 or dormitories. From forty to sixty boys are accommodated in each 
 ward, to whose health, comfort, and cleanliness they are expected to 
 give their entire and ready attention ; treating them with kindness and 
 forbearance, and " avoiding all railing, scolding, and immorality ;" to 
 submit without murmuring to the injunctions of the Steward and Matron; 
 to prevent gaming and all improper sports, and to enforce good manners 
 and respectful behaviour in the children committed to their care ; to see 
 that prayers are duly read before they retire to rest, and that they go to 
 bed at night and rise in the morning at the appointed hours ; to attend 
 in the hall at dinner and supper, for the purpose of carving and distri- 
 buting the food, at their several tables ; to report the absence of any boy 
 or boys, whether by night or day ; and never to absent themselves from 
 the hall without leave of the Steward, or from the Hospital without 
 leave of the Treasurer. At a quarter before ten o'clock at night, a bell 
 summons the Monitors and other privileged boys to bed ; and shortly 
 afterwards each Nurse goes round her ward to see that the children are 
 properly covered, and that all is quiet for the night. This bell, which is 
 called the Monitors Bell, is doubtless a remnant of the ancient curfew ; 
 and no fire or candle is allowed in any of the wards after it has runo\ 
 The Nurses are further required to " clean and keep sweet the great 
 hall ;" and to have their respective wards in a proper state at all seasons 
 for the inspection of the Governors and visitors. A Ward-Book is kept 
 under their direction by one of the elder boys, in which the names of 
 the children belonging to it are duly entered, with the dates of their 
 admission, discharge, or death ; and their time, during school-hours, is 
 occupied in mending the ward linen and children's apparel, or in such 
 other employments as the Matron shall think proper to appoint. Their 
 wages, which average sixteen shillings per week, according to their 
 complement of boys, are paid by the Matron ; besides which they have 
 a certain allowance of meat, bread, coals, and candles, and two blue 
 gowns yearly, in which they are expected to appear regularly at church 
 and on all public occasions. It may be remarked, that a Nurse, at the 
 
324 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 time of her election, must be above forty years of age, of irreproachable 
 character, and the widow of a freeman of the City of London. 
 
 It has been already stated that the Steward is assisted in the manage- 
 ment of the boys during their play-hours by the Beadles ; but this is 
 not their only employment. They are required to rise with the children, 
 and see that they proceed orderly to school and to the hall ; that none of 
 them are seen loitering about during school hours ; and that no beggars, 
 vagrants, or idlers are admitted within the gates. It is also their duty 
 to execute such business as the Treasurer, Governors, or superior officers 
 may enjoin them ; and the Superintendent Beadle, or Porter, attends 
 at all courts and committees, and walks before the Governors on public 
 occasions in his official gown, and carrying his staff surmounted with the 
 arms of the Hospital in massive silver. His regular duties consist in 
 opening the gates of the Hospital by five o'clock in the morning from 
 Lady Day to Michaelmas, and at seven o'clock from Michaelmas to 
 Lady Day, and in closing them at five o'clock in the evening from 
 Michaelmas to Lady Day, and at eight o'clock from Lady Day to 
 Michaelmas ; in " ringing the last evening bell about a quarter before 
 ten o'clock, according to very ancient custom ;" in winding up the 
 several clocks ; in keeping the organ-gallery and singing-school pro- 
 perly cleansed ; in clearing the several sluices and fire-plugs, having the 
 custody of the engine-house,* and seeing that the engines are kept in 
 constant repair and ready for instant use in case of accident by fire ; in 
 receiving and keeping an exact account of all the coals delivered 
 and deposited in the cellars for the consumption of the house ; in 
 
 * A key of the engine-house is always kept in the counting-house, another by the 
 Porter, and another in the watch-house ; and the engines are continually exercised by the 
 Beadles, that they may not be impaired by want of use. On Midsummer Day, in par- 
 ticular, they are annually worked, if for no other purpose than laying the dust, or helping 
 the rain to do it; and a fee of one shilling is claimed, on the plea of custom immemorial, 
 from every officer resident within the walls. The engines have occasionally been called out 
 in consequence of fires in the neighbourhood ; but the fire of London in 1666 was the last 
 from which any damage has accrued to the Hospital itself. Some years since a fire broke 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 325 
 
 visiting the several gates from time to time to see that the watchers are 
 on duty ; and in doing at all times such necessary things as the Steward 
 under the Treasurer shall appoint. After he has locked the gates in 
 the evening, the Beadle who resides by the Ditch Gate, leading into 
 Little Britain, takes charge of that gate till ten o'clock, and the other 
 Beadles in turn are stationed at the lodge by Christ Church to give 
 passage to and fro until midnight ; when the keys are delivered to the 
 Porter, and no admittance can be obtained, except by a resident officer's 
 private key. The Porter is always required to be in attendance at the 
 hall-gate while the children are at meals ; and during the public suppers 
 all the Beadles are posted in or near the hall, to assist in preserving 
 order, and to prevent the intrusion of improper company or of strangers 
 without a ticket. They are also expected to go with the children to 
 Christ Church constantly eveiy Sunday ; to appear at all times in their 
 blue livery, to which a badge, stamped with the Hospital arms, has 
 lately been attached, together with a broad hat-band of silver lace. 
 Formerly, the two senior Beadles had the charge of the counting- 
 house ; and all of them kept the watch by turns from midnight to four 
 in the morning in summer and to day-break in winter, with the exception 
 of the junior Beadle who watched every night in the Treasurer's garden. 
 Within the last few years, however, two Messengers have been ap- 
 pointed to supply the place of the counting-house Beadles, who light the 
 fires, keep the offices in proper order, and are either in constant attend- 
 ance upon the Clerks, or employed in delivering letters connected with 
 the business of the Hospital. A Watchman also now takes the night 
 duty, as well as the charge of clearing the Hospital from dust and rub- 
 bish, which fell to the lot of the Under Beadle. Two Street-Keepers 
 
 out in the Lowg Walk, as it was called, between Christ's Hospital and St. Bartholomew's, 
 by which several houses, upon the site of which the New Infirmary now stands, were totally 
 destroyed. The exertions of the elder boys, in working the engines and supplying water, 
 materially contributed to the extinction of the flames; and upon another occasion the 
 vicarage house of St. Bartholomew's the Less was saved by the same means. Dr. Kettleby, 
 who was the incumbent and hospitaller at the time, acknowledged his obligation to the 
 young firemen in a manner which cannot be forgotten by those who witnessed it. 
 
326 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 have likewise from very ancient times been employed by the Governors, 
 chiefly for the purpose of regulating the carts, which ply in the city 
 under their immediate control ; but they are further required to assist 
 within the hospital on all public occasions. The Beadles are re-elected 
 annually, on St. Matthew's Day.* 
 
 There are two other officers attached to the healthful part of the esta- 
 blishment, whose duties it is scarcely necessary to particularize : the 
 Cook and the Cobbler. In earlier times, the latter was a far more 
 important personage than at present ; having " children under his go- 
 vernance, not onlie to teache his science, but also governe them orderly." 
 The Barbour too had his especial charges ; while the Chirurgeon took 
 his rank between the Shaver and the Shoemaker. It is time, however, 
 to leave these worthies, and direct attention to those who have charge 
 of the sick and the infirm. 
 
 When any of the children are attacked with sickness, or meet with 
 an accidental hurt, they are removed into the Infirmary or Sick Ward. 
 To a certain extent, the duties of the Nurse of the Infirmary cor- 
 respond with those of the other Nurses ; attended, however, with greater 
 responsibility, and demanding greater consideration and tenderness in 
 her treatment of the patients committed to her charge. Acting under 
 the direction of the Steward in their government, and under the Matron 
 in regard to their cleanliness and comfort, she is further required to 
 administer all the medicines prescribed for them, with due attention to 
 the effects produced, and, on any emergency, to render the best assist- 
 ance in her power until medical aid can be procured. In the care of 
 the children, and in the economy of her ward, she is permitted to 
 employ two servants, who are paid weekly ; and, in cases of urgent 
 nature, there is not only a supernumerary Nurse, but the physician 
 may order such additional assistance as circumstances seem to require. 
 All infectious disorders are treated apart from the other inmates of 
 the Infirmary ; and at all times the utmost precautions are taken to 
 prevent the spread of the diseases most prevalent in large schools, 
 
 * See above, p. 1 ] 2. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 327 
 
 such as measles, scaldhead, &c. among the children generally. When 
 it can be done without disturbing the sick, or fatiguing the weak, 
 she is required to have the daily prayers of the house duly performed, 
 and on Sundays to appoint one of the best readers present to read 
 so much of the Church Service as the state of things will permit. She 
 is enjoined to prevent not only all immoral games, but such as may 
 retard the convalescence of the sick ; to enter in a book the names of 
 all the children who are brought to the Infirmary, with tl^e dates of their 
 coming and departure ; and, when any child dies, to give immediate 
 notice thereof in writing at the Counting-house. On no account is she 
 allowed to be absent from the house, day or night, without the per- 
 mission of the Treasurer and the approbation of the Physicians ; and she 
 is expected on all occasions to submit cheerfully to the directions which 
 the medical officers think proper to recommend. 
 
 At the head of the medical department is the Physician, who is 
 charged " from time to time to give his best judgment, and to administer 
 good and wholesome counsel for the preservation of the children and 
 officers resident in the house ; and, upon notice given him thereof, 
 to visit any who are sick, and to order fit medicines and remedies as the 
 nature of their diseases may require." It very rarely happens that any 
 urgent case demands his regular attendance, but he visits the Infirmary 
 occasionally, whether summoned or not, for the purpose of ascertaining 
 the general state of health in the establishment, and prescribing for any 
 patient respecting whom the Apothecary or Nurse may think proper to 
 ask his advice. His salary is little more than nominal ; but the intro- 
 duction, which it affords, renders the appointment an object of considera- 
 tion. The election, like that of the other officers, rests with the general 
 court, by whom vacancies have always been filled up, except during 
 the period when Charles II. instituted a commission for the choice 
 of officers in all the royal hospitals. On the death of Dr. Mickle- 
 thwaite, in 1681, the king addressed the following command to the 
 Governors, respecting the appointment of a person to succeed him in 
 the office of Physician : — 
 
328 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 CHARLES REX. 
 
 TRUSTY AND WELL-BELOVED, WE GREET YOU WELL. 
 
 Having received very ample testimony of the learning, knowledge, 
 and experience, of our trusty and beloved John Downes, Doctor in 
 Physick, and Censor of the College of Physicians, and being willing 
 that Our Hospital should be provided with an able Physician, We have 
 thought fit hereby most particularly to recommend him to you for the 
 place of Physician to that Our Hospital, void by the death of Sir John 
 Micklethwaite, willing and requiring you to confer the same on him 
 accordingly, to have, hold, and enjoy it, with all the rights, privileges, 
 emoluments, and advantages thereto belonging ; and so not doubting 
 your ready compliance herein, We bid you farewell. 
 
 Given at our Court at Windsor, August 2, in the Thirty-fourth year 
 of our reign. 
 
 By his Majesty's command, 
 
 Conway. 
 
 It seems that the sum of .£10. per annum had been annexed by one 
 Baldwin Harney, M.D. to the salary of the Physician to Christ's 
 Hospital, provided the person filling the situation was one of two 
 members of the College of Physicians, recommended by that body 
 to the election of the Governors. By the first of the subjoined docu- 
 ments it will appear that King Charles' protege was so recommended ; 
 and, by the second, that he was properly qualified for the appointment. 
 These papers were first printed in Malcolm's Londinium Redivivum, 
 whence they are copied. The new Physician, however, did not receive 
 the donation of Dr. Hamey, in consequence of some misunderstanding 
 with the college, who afterwards wished to set aside the election in 
 favour of a Dr. Cox. In 1683, however, Downes appealed to the 
 Governors, who not only confirmed his election, but declared themselves 
 satisfied with his zeal and ability in the discharge of his duty. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 329 
 
 " to the right worshipful sir john frederick, knt. and 
 
 president of christ's church hospital, and the 
 
 governors of the said hospital. 
 
 " Gentlemen, 
 
 " These are to inform you, that Baldwin Hamey, late of Chelsea, 
 in the county of Middlesex, Doctor of Physic, deceased, did, by 
 a Deed of Settlement executed in his life-time, give to Christ's Church 
 Hospital <£10. per annum, for the salary of a Physician to take care of 
 the poor children thereof; and the same to be one of the fellows of 
 the College or Commonalty of the Faculty of Physic in London, and 
 therefore most proper and fit for that employment ; on condition, 
 nevertheless, that upon any vacancy of a Physician's place for the same, 
 you elect one of two persons so qualified, to be nominated and 
 chosen by the President and Electors for the time being of the said 
 college, or the major part of them. Wherefore we, whose names are 
 hereunto subscribed, being the major part of the said Electors, do certify 
 unto you, that, in pursuance of the powers by the said deed to us 
 granted, we have nominated and chosen Dr. Nathaniel Hodges and 
 Dr. John Downes, fellows of the said college, to supply the present 
 vacancy of a Physician's place, as persons whom we judge most proper 
 and fit for that employment; and do therefore recommend them as 
 such to your good liking, desiring you (if you please) that one of them 
 may by you be elected thereunto. 
 
 " We are, Gentlemen, your very affectionate humble Servants, 
 
 " George Ent, President. 
 " Charles Scarburgh, Elector. 
 " Samuel Collins, Registrar. 
 " Thomas Cox, Treasurer. 
 " Thomas Witherly, Elector." 
 u u 
 
330 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 " These are humbly to certify that John Downes, Doctor of Physic, 
 hath been for many years Fellow of the College of Physicians and 
 Practitioners in London ; and for his abilities and manners we judge 
 him very fit for any employment in his profession. 
 
 " J. W. Fraiser, 
 
 " George Ent, 
 
 " Charles Scarburgh." 
 
 The duties of the Surgeon are the same in regard to hurts and 
 accidents, as those of the Physician in regard to sickness and disease. 
 His attendance, however, is expected to be more constant and regular, 
 inasmuch as casualties are always liable to demand his prompt and 
 expeditious attention. On all admission days his presence is required 
 to assist the Apothecary in the examination of the children about to be 
 received into the house, in order that none may be admitted with any 
 infectious or incurable disease, in accordance with the standing regu- 
 lations to that purpose. Each child is stripped before them, and if even 
 a doubt exist in their mind as to the perfect health and cleanliness of 
 any individual, he is either wholly rejected, or his reception is deferred. 
 The duties of the Surgeon, as well as of the Physician, extend to all the 
 officers of the institution, " without any other reward or fee than his 
 yearly salary." This salary is a mere pittance ; the office being mainly 
 desirable from its professional respectability. The last who held it was 
 the amiable, though eccentric, John Abernethy ; and his uniform 
 kindness and unremitting attention to the children of Christ's Hospital 
 will more than atone for the peculiarities which sometimes marked his 
 private practice. If he had his foibles, they sink into utter insignificance 
 before the noble acts of generosity which he is known repeatedly to 
 have performed ; and, however he may have disregarded the pride of 
 wealth and greatness, he was never known to trifle with the feelings of 
 the poor, or turn aside from the troubles of the friendless. His cha- 
 racter and attainments are so well portrayed in the epitaph inscribed 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 331 
 
 over his grave, that it is here inserted as the most appropriate tribute of 
 respect and esteem, which can be paid to his memory : — 
 
 H. S. E. 
 
 Johannes Abeknethy, R. S. S. 
 
 Regii Chirurgorum Collegii Quondam Prseses, 
 
 Qui, Ingenio, Probitate, Benignitate, 
 
 Eximie Praeditus, 
 
 Artem Medicam, Per Annos Plurimos, 
 
 Summa Cum Diligentifi, Solertia, Felicitate, 
 
 Coluit, Exercuit, Docuit, Auxit, 
 
 Et Scriptis Hoc Marmore Perennioribus 
 
 Posteritati Tradidit; 
 
 Morbo Demum Gravissimo Confectus, 
 
 Cujus Angores Haud Aliter Domandos 
 
 Pio Et Constanti Animo Subegit, 
 
 Conjugi, Liberis, Amicis, Discipulis, 
 
 Humano Generi, Cui Tantopere Succurrerat, 
 
 Flebilis, 
 
 Aprilis Die 20, A. D. 1831, Mt. Suae 67, 
 
 Placid^ in Christo Obdormivit. 
 
 That assistance and advice may always be at hand, the Apothecary 
 is resident within the walls, in a house immediately adjoining the 
 Infirmary ; nor is he permitted to be absent for a whole day or a single 
 night, without special cause, or without the permission of the Treasurer. 
 A prohibition was formerly laid against his private practice; but this 
 is now limited to such engagements only as would interfere with a due 
 discharge of his official duties. He is required to dispense all such 
 medicines as the Physician or Surgeon shall prescribe for the patients 
 under their care ; for which purpose he is empowered to keep a sufficient 
 supply, in a laboratory fitted up for the purpose, of all medicinal drugs 
 and ingredients which he may have occasion to use. In ordinary cases, 
 the treatment of the children in the Infirmary is left to his own 
 judgment and discretion ; and, under the able practitioner who has now 
 for many years filled the situation, it is rarely indeed that any further 
 advice is necessary. When the average proportion of deaths for the 
 last twenty years is considered, it will readily be granted that nothing 
 
332 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 has been wanting, either in attention or skill, on the part of the medical 
 officers of the house, and of the Apothecary in particular, " to promote 
 the welfare of the children of Christ's Hospital by every means in their 
 power." At Hertford the duties of Surgeon and Apothecary are vested 
 in the same individual, who is exclusively responsible for the proper 
 management of the children in the Infirmary, except that, in cases of 
 emergency, the Physician from London would be required to attend. It 
 may be proper to add, that a Dentist visits the Infirmary in London on 
 Tuesday in every week, and the Nurses of the several wards are directed 
 to bring those boys under his notice, whose teeth are in a condition 
 to require professional advice. 
 
 In recounting the duties of the officers of Christ's Hospital, the 
 London establishment has been kept more immediately in view ; but 
 the Hertford arrangements are, mutatis mutandis, precisely upon a 
 similar footing. In the absence of the Treasurer a more direct authority 
 indeed is vested in the Steward and superior officers ; but two or more 
 members of the Committee are delegated from time to time to proceed 
 thither with the Treasurer, for the purpose of visiting the schools, and 
 the other departments of the Institution. All the officers above enu- 
 merated, both in London and at Hertford, with the exception of the 
 President, the Physician, and the Surgeon, have, or are entitled to 
 have, houses in the Hospital ; and it is obvious that the nature of their 
 duties renders it necessary, for the Masters more especially, to reside 
 at least within a moderate distance. Such of them as cannot be accom- 
 modated at present, in consequence of the recent demolition of many of 
 the houses to make way for the gradual rebuilding of the entire fabric, 
 receive a compensation in money. In more points than one this com- 
 pensation is altogether inadequate ; and it is to be hoped that every 
 officer will eventually be furnished with a suitable and commodious 
 residence within the walls. 
 
 And here it remains to advert to the duties of an officer, who is more 
 immediately concerned with the alterations and improvements now in 
 progress ; viz. the Surveyor. His charge is to take care that all the 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 333 
 
 buildings of the Hospital are kept in a state of habitable repair, and to 
 acquaint the Treasurer and Committee with the works which may be 
 necessary from time to time to keep them so. He is also required to see 
 that the houses and tenements, let by the Governors on lease or other- 
 wise, are kept in the state wherein the tenants have covenanted to keep 
 them ; and that the part of the Governors themselves, as Landlords, is 
 also duly performed. In his capacity of Architect, he draws the 
 plans for all new buildings ; and, after their approval by the Court, 
 superintends their erection, and is responsible for the due fulfilment of 
 the contracts. Of the skill and taste displayed by the late Surveyor, 
 Mr. Shaw, the new hall, the adjoining dormitories, and the grammar 
 and mathematical schools, are proud and lasting monuments ; and there 
 is no doubt, that, in what still remains to be done, his son and successor 
 will follow in his steps. The landed estates of the Hospital are under 
 the surveillance of a skilful Land- Survey or ; and he, with the Solicitor, 
 whose duties it is unnecessary to particularize, completes the official 
 establishment of Christ's Hospital. 
 
 To the duties of the several offices, which have now been described at 
 large, it will be proper to annex a list of those persons who at present 
 hold the appointments ; and it may not be altogether without interest to 
 prefix a list of the Upper and Under Grammar Masters, Chief Clerks, 
 and Stewards,* from the commencement of the last century : — 
 
 UPPER GRAMMAR MASTERS. 
 
 1700. Rev. Samuel Mountford, M.A. 1760. Rev. Peter Whalley, M.A. 
 
 1719. Rev. Matthew Audley, M.A. 1776. Rev. James Boyer, B.A. 
 
 1725. Rev. Peter Selby, M.A. 1799. Rev. Arthur W. Trollope, M.A. 
 
 1737. Rev. Seawell Heatherley, M.A. 1826. Rev. John Greenwood, M.A. 
 1753. Rev. James Townley, M.A. 
 
 * For a list of the Mathematical Masters, see chap. iv. p. 100. 
 
334 
 
 HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 UNDER GRAMMAR MASTERS. 
 
 1698. Rev. Samuel Billingsley, M.A. 
 1701. Rev. Samuel Cobb, B.A. 
 1713. Isaac Crewe. 
 
 Rev. Thomas Bull, M.A. 
 1725. Rev. Peter Selby, M.A. 
 
 1737. Rev. Peter Shipton, M.A. 
 1743. Rev. Peter Richardson, M.A. 
 1753. Rev. James Penn, B.A. 
 1767. Rev. James Boyer, B.A. 
 1776. Rev. Mathew Field, M.A. 
 
 Rev. Seawell Heatherley, M.A. 1796. Rev. L. Pepys Stephens, M.A.* 
 
 CHIEF CLERKS. 
 
 1690. Mr. William Parry. 
 1703. Mr. George Yeo. 
 1711. Mr. William Brockett. 
 1745. Mr. John Yeo. 
 
 1749. Mr. John Bowden. 
 1760. Mr. Joseph Eyre. 
 1790. Mr. Richard Corp. 
 1819. Mr. Thomas WiLBY.f 
 
 STEWARDS. 
 
 1700. Mr. Cornelius Jesson. 
 1723. Mr. Leonard Henchman. 
 1741. Mr. John Ashton. 
 1761. Mr. John Percy. 
 
 1785. Mr. John Skegg. 
 
 1790. Mr. Matthias Hathaway. 
 
 1814. Mr. Thomas Huggins. 
 
 * The last who held the appointment, which is now divided into three Masterships. 
 See above, p. 157. 
 
 f This gentleman has completed his fiftieth year of service in the different departments 
 of Assistant Clerk, Receiver, Wardrobe- Keeper, and Chief Clerk ; and it would be no less 
 a public, than a private wrong, to omit a passing tribute to his worth as an individual, and 
 his zeal and integrity as an officer of Christ's Hospital. To say more would be construed 
 by himself into flattery : to say less would be regarded by others as unjust. 
 
 
HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 335 
 
 OFFICERS OF CHRIST'S HOSPITAL, 1833. 
 
 In London. 
 
 PRESIDENT. 
 The Right Worshipful William Thompson, Esq. Alderman, M.P. 
 
 TREASURER. 
 The Worshipful Thomas Poynder, Jun. Esq. 
 
 COMMITTEE GOVERNORS. 
 
 Thomas Poynder, Esq. 
 
 James Curtis, Esq. 
 
 Robert Ray, Esq. 
 
 Robert Williams, Esq. 
 
 Tullie J. Cornthwaite, Esq. 
 
 Charles Hampden Turner, Esq. 
 
 Jesse Watts Russell, Esq. 
 
 Alfred Thorp, Esq. 
 
 Thomas Ponton, Esq. 
 
 Benjamin Harrison, Esq. 
 
 Thomas Nixson, Esq. 
 
 Nicholas Garry, Esq. 
 
 Sir William Curtis, Bart. 
 
 Jeremiah Harman, Esq. 
 
 Sir John William Lubbock, Bart. 
 
 Miles Stringer, Esq. 
 
 Alexander Copland, Esq. 
 
 Right Hon. Lord Viscount Lowther. 
 
 Louis Hayes Petit, Esq. 
 William Astell, Esq. 
 Thomas Helps, Esq. 
 John Angerstein, Esq. 
 John Horsley Palmer, Esq. 
 Michael Shepley, Esq. 
 William Plaxton Allcock, Esq. 
 Thomas Weeding, Esq. 
 John Alliston, Esq. 
 William Cotton, Esq. 
 Charles Few, Esq. 
 Thomas Du Buisson, Esq. 
 William Williams, Esq. 
 Stewart Majoribanks, Esq. 
 Richard De Beauvoir, Esq. 
 Lieut.-Colonel Sir Adolphus John Dal- 
 rymple, Bart. 
 
336 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 Physician — Edward Roberts, Esq. M.D. 
 
 Surgeon — Eusebius Arthur Lloyd, Esq. 
 
 Apothecary — Henry Field, Esq. 
 
 Dentist — John Fox, Esq. 
 
 Chief Clerk— Thomas Wilby, Esq. 
 
 Receiver and Wardrobe-Keeper — Matthew Cotton, Esq. 
 
 Assistant Clerks — Mr. Ralph Peacock, Mr. Frederick Murgatroyd, and 
 Mr. George Trollope. 
 
 Head Classical Master — Rev. John Greenwood, M.A. 
 
 Second Ditto — Rev. Edward Rice, M.A. 
 
 Third Ditto— Rev. Just Henry Alt, M.A. 
 
 Fourth Ditto — Rev. Thomas Browne, B.A. 
 
 Head Mathematical Master — Rev. George John Brookes, M.A. 
 
 Second Ditto — Rev. William Webster, M.A. 
 
 Drawing Master — Mr. William Henry Back. 
 
 Writing Master — Mr. George Reynolds. 
 
 Assistant Writing Masters — Mr. Henry Francis Bowker and Mr. Richard 
 Griggs. 
 
 Ushers in the Writing School — Mr. Robert Craske and Mr. Henry Sharp. 
 
 Music Master — Mr. Robert Glenn. 
 
 Steward — Mr. Thomas Huggins. 
 
 Matron — Mrs. Katherine Green. 
 
 Porter and Superintendant — Thomas Honey. 
 
 Architect and Surveyor — John Shaw, Esq. 
 
 Land Surveyor — Mr. Trumper. 
 
 Solicitor — Joseph Maberly, Esq. 
 
 Beadles — Richard Guy, George Fuller, William John Bailey, and Thomas 
 Prattent Brooks. 
 
 Cobbler — Richard Wise. 
 
 Street-Keepers — Charles Clitherow and William Long Ward. 
 
 Nurses — Mrs. Polly Robinson, Jane Rayson, Mary Ann Indge, Jane Ann 
 Hopkins, Mary Ann Bennett, Ann Wilson Teanby, Charlotte Boot, 
 Lydia Bailey, Elizabeth Clarke, Ann Hunt, Mehetabel Butler, Ann 
 Catherine Campen, Lydia Melvin Carman, and Charlotte Longcroft. 
 
 Infirmary Nurse — Georgiana May. 
 
 Supernumerary Ditto — Jane Dunn. 
 
 Cook — Fanny Hunt. 
 
 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 337 
 
 At Hertford. 
 
 Surgeon and Apothecary — Thomas Colbeck, Esq. 
 
 Grammar Master and Catechist — Rev. Charles Cotton, M.A. 
 
 Ushers in the Grammar School — Mr. Charles Bowra and Mr. Ebenezer 
 
 Bates. 
 Writing Master — Mr. George Ludlow. 
 Assistant Ditto — Mr. William Nicolls. 
 Usher in the Writing School — Mr. James Howse. 
 Steward — Mr. Robert Alexander Steele. 
 Girls' School Mistress — Mrs. Elizabeth Thompson. 
 Matron — Mrs. Susanna Moore. 
 Organist — Mr. Charles Bridgeman. 
 Porter — Stephen Richard Allen. 
 Beadle — Walter Gwatkin. 
 Cobbler — Thomas Rayner. 
 Nurses— Mrs. Ruth Quent, Susanna Hull, Elizabeth Parry, Mary Bell, 
 
 Jane Kilbourn, Sophia Lowry, Ann Morrell, and Elizabeth Twine. 
 Girls' Nurse — Vacant. 
 Infirmary Nurse — Elizabeth Dobson. 
 Cook — Mary Guy. 
 
 Classical Examiners- 
 
 EXAMINERS. 
 
 f Rev. John Sleath, D. D. High Master of St. 
 Paul's School. 
 Rev. J. Edwards,* M.A. Second Master of 
 King's College School. 
 Mathematical Examiner — Dr. Gregory. 
 Writing and Arithmetical Ditto — Mr. J. Reddall. 
 Reading Ditto— Rew. S. Birch, D.D. 
 
 * Since Chap. VIII. was printed off, the Rev. Dr. Brasse has paid the debt of Nature. 
 
 X X 
 
338 
 
 HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 Chapter XI. 
 
 Scite of the Hospital — The old City Lease — Want of uniformity in the Buildings — Entrance 
 from Little Britain — The Town Ditch — Improvements of Mr. Calthrop and Sir William 
 Chester — Treasurer's and adjoining Houses — The Steward's Office and Treasurer's Sta- 
 bles — The Counting-House 'and Houses in the Counting-House-Yard— Treasurer's Gar- 
 den — Clerks' Offices, Strong room, &c. Court-room — Holbein's Portrait of the Founder 
 — Other Portraits and Prints — The Cloisters — The Garden — Monuments — The Pump — 
 Buildings over the East Cloister — Girls' Ward, and buildings in the South Cloister — 
 The Old Hall and West Cloister— The New Dormitories— The North Cloister— Whit- 
 tington's Library— The Shops — The Old Mathematical School— The Reading School — 
 King's Ward and Observatory — Old Mathematical Master's House — Old Grammar 
 School and other buildings — The Refectory of the Old Priory — The Creek — The Buttery 
 —The Kitchen— The Old Sick Ward— Dungeon in the Grey Friars— The New Hall- 
 Architectural description — Pictures and Portraits — The New Infirmary — The Writing 
 School — Lavatory — Steward's House — Old Buildings on the North side of the Ditch — 
 Recent Improvements — The New Grammar and Mathematical Schools — The Hertford 
 Buildings — Writing School — Boys' Wards — The Hall — The Infirmary — The Grammar 
 School — Girls' Buildings — Play-grounds — Conclusion. 
 
 In the due course of the history, the period at which the different por- 
 tions of the Hospital were built, the purposes for which they were 
 intended, and the benefactors who contributed to their erection, have 
 been generally set forth. It remains, however, to describe the plan and 
 develope the architectural features of the entire structure in the several 
 stages of its progressive decay and restitution. 
 
 Of the old conventual premises, granted in the Charter of Edward 
 VI., scarcely a vestige remains ; and but a small space of the entire 
 area, upon which the Priory of the Grey Friars formerly stood, is now 
 devoted to the purposes of the Institution. None of it, however, has 
 been sold ; indeed the property contiguous to the House has been con- 
 siderably increased by purchase ; but, since the great fire, houses have 
 been built to the south and west of the premises, of which the rental 
 forms part of the permanent income of the establishment. Christ's 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 339 
 
 Hospital now principally stands on a scite of ground held on lease from 
 the City, which does not expire till the year 2691, at the yearly rent of 
 £5. Whether the terms of this lease were gratuitously offered on the 
 part of the City, or fixed at so low a rate in consideration of some 
 exchange of property, is uncertain ; but from an order of the Court of 
 Aldermen, dated July 12, 1639, it appears that on surrendering the 
 lease of certain grounds and tenements without Aldersgate, then in their 
 possession, a new lease was granted them at the yearly rent of 20s. for 
 sixty years, from Midsummer, 1637, upon certain conditions, including 
 a fine of .£20 to be paid into the City Chamber. The several buildings 
 and houses, of which the entire structure consists, have been erected at 
 different periods, so as to exhibit the utmost irregularity of style, and a 
 total want of uniformity throughout. Possibly the projected improve- 
 ments may have the effect, when completed, of remedying to a certain 
 extent this unsightly appearance ; but the insufficiency of funds to com- 
 plete at once the work of rebuilding, and the imperative necessity of 
 first removing those parts of the edifice which are in the state of greatest 
 dilapidation, do not seem to admit of any fixed uniformity of plan. The 
 Hall, Wards, and Schools, which have been recently finished, however 
 beautiful in themselves, have rather the effect of detached buildings, 
 than of component parts of one connected whole ; but there is yet much 
 to be done, before a just conception can be formed of the means by 
 which the various parts of the Hospital will eventually be united. 
 
 At present the principal entrance is at the north-eastern extremity 
 from Little Britain, by a handsome iron gate-way, which was erected 
 in the year 1815. Before this period all its approaches were ex- 
 tremely confined, the Hospital itself being completely isolated ; so 
 that, although a considerable sacrifice was made in the buildings which 
 were pulled down in order to form the opening, the great improve- 
 ment sufficiently justified the undertaking. This entrance opens into 
 the main area of the building, which is still called the Ditch, from 
 the circumstance that the great water-course, which surrounded the 
 old wall of the city, still runs across it, and answers the purpose of a 
 
340 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 drain or sewer, at the depth of about twelve feet below the surface. 
 This Ditch was found to be so exceedingly offensive and injurious to the 
 health of the children, that John Calthrop, esq., citizen and draper, 
 arched it over, at his own expense, from Aldersgate to Newgate, shortly 
 after the foundation of the Hospital. Its course is in a westward direc- 
 tion, under the Treasurer's and adjoining houses, by the north end of the 
 Writing School, and so along the city wall till it turns southward to the 
 river. About the same period Sir William Chester, knt. Lord Mayor 
 in 1554, built a partition-wall between Christ's Hospital and St. Bar- 
 tholomew's ; and his name stands, with that of Mr. Calthrop, among the 
 first private benefactors to the Institution. 
 
 To the left, on entering the great gates, stands the Treasurer's house ; 
 a commodious and spacious residence, with a handsome portico. It 
 was built about the year 1690, and has been considerably enlarged for 
 the present possessor, by the addition of the houses which formed till 
 lately the western side of the Blue Coat Buildings. Adjoining are the 
 houses of the Head Master and the Matron ; and contiguous, in the 
 same line, was that of the Mathematical Master, which was taken down 
 in the year 1813. Abutting westward formerly stood the Treasurer's 
 Coach-house and Stables, with doors facing the Writing School ; but 
 they were removed in 1794, from an apprehension of accidents. The 
 scite, on which these buildings stood, is still marked by the difference 
 in the pavement ; and the square tunnel, which descends into the great 
 sewer, was in the centre of the Coach-house. On the north side of 
 them was the Watch-house; and on the south the Steward's Office, 
 opening into the Counting-house-yard. After this removal, the latter 
 was rebuilt in the south-west corner of the Ditch, and a low building 
 was thrown up at the eastern end of the New Grammar School, of 
 which a small portion was divided off for the Watch-house, and the 
 remainder was fitted up as a Libraiy for the Under Master. In Mr. 
 Palmer's time, there were no stables attached to his residence ; but they 
 have since been rebuilt at the northern extremity of the Hospital, with 
 very proper regard to the accommodation of the present Treasurer. 
 
 At the back of the Treasurer's house, from which it is separated by a 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 341 
 
 small paved court opening into his garden, stands the Counting-house ; 
 a plain brick building, originally erected in the year 1680, and con- 
 siderably enlarged by the addition of part of the adjoining house in 
 1788. It forms, with the houses of the Chief Clerk and two of the 
 Grammar Masters, one side of a narrow passage, called the Counting- 
 house-yard, by which the Hospital is entered from Butcher-Hall Lane, 
 along the northern wall of Christ Church. Parallel with this yard, 
 behind the Counting-house, and enclosed by a wall which forms the 
 eastern boundary of the Hospital, runs the Treasurer's Garden ; a 
 rectangular slip of ground, from which small yards have been par- 
 titioned off at one corner for the accommodation of the houses which 
 look into it. The Counting-house is approached by a double flight of 
 stone steps ; and the entrance is by folding-doors into a spacious lobby 
 divided into three compartments. On the ground floor, at the upper 
 end, is the Clerks' Office, fitted up with desks and other conveniences 
 for the Receiver and Assistant Clerks. A private room adjoining is 
 assigned to the Chief Clerk ; beyond which is the Strong Room, cased 
 with stone, in which the archives, title-deeds, probates of wills, plans of 
 estates, and other documents connected with the property of the House, 
 are deposited. From the lower lobby, into which the Messenger's 
 Apartment opens, is the descent into the wine cellars ; and the grand 
 stair-case, leading to the Court Room. This room is a spacious apart- 
 ment, with a vaulted roof supported by four Doric columns, and lighted 
 by windows, with double sashes, on the eastern side. It is used for the 
 transaction of business at all General Courts ; and by the Committee 
 also, when there is a fuller attendance of members than can be con- 
 veniently accommodated in the Treasurer's room, which adjoins at the 
 lower end. Here also the governors and officers dine together, on the 
 five days of public festivity, which are observed at Christ's Hospital 
 every year. At the upper extremity, under a canopy, with the arms of 
 England over it, is the President's chair ; behind which, in a pannel, is 
 a half length portrait, by Holbein, of the Royal Founder. The paint- 
 ing is in good preservation ; and represents the young monarch in a 
 standing position, with his left hand supported by the thumb fixed in his 
 
342 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 « 
 
 girdle, and the right holding a dagger with a blue tassel. He stands 
 under a canopy of cloth of gold, fringed ; and is dressed in a crimson 
 coat with half-sleeves and basket-buttons, embroidered, and lined with 
 ermine. His waistcoat, which is of white silk, is richly ornamented 
 with golden squares ; his hose is of the same kind ; his shirt has a small 
 frill round the neck ; and he wears a flat cap, with a white feather fall- 
 ing on the left side. By this portrait, Edward appears to have been of 
 a fair and delicate complexion, with blue eyes, Grecian nose, full lips, 
 and hair inclining to red : and the likeness well accords with Sir John 
 Hayward's description of his person, who observes that " he was in 
 body beautiful, of sweet aspect, and especially his eyes, which seemed 
 to have a starry liveliness and lustre in them." 
 
 On either side of the President's chair are half-length portraits of 
 Charles II. and James II. The former, by Sir Peter Lely, represents 
 the monarch in his royal robes, with his left hand resting on the arm of 
 a chair, and his right supported by a table, on which is the crown : there 
 is more placidity of feature than painters have usually assigned to him ; 
 but the light on the drapery is so strong as to cast somewhat of gloom 
 over his countenance. In the latter, which has no great merit, and is 
 the work of an unknown artist, James points with his right hand to the 
 crown and globe. Besides the above, the Counting-house and Court- 
 room contain the following portraits of benefactors, and others con- 
 nected with the History of the Hospital : — 
 
 Sir Richard Dobbs, knt. Lord Mayor in 1553. A curious 
 old painting, representing the worthy knight in his civic robes, 
 with a small black hat, black coat, and plaited frill round his 
 neck. He holds a book in both hands, with the right fore-finger 
 between the leaves ; but there is an odd expression in his coun- 
 tenance, which is to be attributed to a want of skill in the artist. 
 The portrait bears the mark "iEtatis suae 65;" and beneath are 
 the lines which are given above, at page 46. 
 
 Sir Wolstan Dixie, knt. " Lord Mayor in 1585, President of 
 Christ's Hospital in 1590, and a worthy benefactor." He is 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 343 
 
 dressed in his official robes, wearing a small round hat, and a 
 ruff round his neck. The left hand rests upon his hip ; and his 
 right, holding one richly embroidered glove and covered with the 
 other, is supported by a table. His cheeks are fleshy and florid ; 
 there are wrinkles beneath his eyes ; and his curled white beard 
 gives him a truly venerable appearance. 
 
 Dame Mary Ramsey, a munificent benefactress ; 1599. See 
 page 64. The attitude in which she is represented, as Malcolm 
 observes, is " primness personified." Her right hand rests upon 
 a scroll of parchment, and her left is pointed upwards. She is 
 dressed in a red silk gown, with half-sleeves furred, under which 
 is a black petticoat, with sleeves ruffled at the wrists ; a black 
 handkerchief covers her shoulders, and a fur tippet, surmounted 
 by a ruff, goes round her neck ; she wears a close cap, and 
 black bonnet, flattened down upon her forehead ; a jewel is 
 suspended by a rich gold chain, which passes entirely round her 
 waist at the bottom of the boddice ; her features, though not 
 handsome, are regular ; and she has the appearance of being 
 about fifty years of age. 
 
 Sir John Leman, knt. President of the Hospital, 1618, died 
 1632. A picture of no great merit. 
 
 Sir Christopher Clitherow, knt. President in 1636, died in 
 1641. He is dressed in his civic robes, with sleeves of crimson 
 silk, and laced cuffs. His right hand crosses his heart, and his 
 left rests upon a book which lies on a table. The hair and 
 whiskers are white ; the beard pointed ; the features remarkably 
 pleasing and venerable ; and the portrait is altogether a good one. 
 
 Thomas Singleton, esq. citizen and skinner, 1653. 
 
 Sir Thomas Vyner, knt. President in 1658. He leans care- 
 lessly on a pedestal, in his civic attire, and wearing a large band. 
 His hair is flaxen, beautifully curled, and partly concealed by a 
 black cap ; his countenance has the appearance of age, but he 
 has a good eye, and expressive features. 
 
 Mr. Richard Young, 1661. The work of a good artist. 
 
344 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 Sir John Frederick, knt. President from 1662 to 1684. He 
 is seated in an arm chair, in his civic robes, with an open letter 
 in his hand ; on his head is a full-bottomed wig, and a black 
 cap; he has white whiskers, and a tuft of white hair on the 
 under lip. See at page 104. 
 
 William Gibbon, esq. Treasurer in 1662. 
 
 Erasmus Smith, esq. 1666. A melancholy -looking portrait, 
 by a very moderate artist. 
 
 Thomas Barnes, esq. 1667. The expression of the face is 
 keen, but rather of a puritanical caste ; and the attitude ex- 
 tremely ungraceful. See note at page 128. 
 
 John Morrice, esq. 1670. See page 102. 
 
 Sir John Moore, knt. President in 1684. See page 115. 
 Sir John is seated, with his right arm resting on that of the 
 chair : he wears a full-bottomed black wig ; and his features are 
 excessively stern and coarse. The portrait however has con- 
 siderable merit. 
 
 Daniel Colwal, esq. 1690. See page 78. He was evidently 
 far advanced in years when this portrait was taken, which repre- 
 sents him pointing to a book in his right hand. His features 
 are strong, but pleasing. 
 
 John Fowhe, esq. 1691. See note at page 117. 
 
 Thomas Stretchley, esq. 1692. A spirited likeness. 
 
 Henry Stone, esq. 1693. See page 81. He is dressed in 
 a black robe lined with blue silk. His countenance is young 
 and handsome ; his hair light brown, and flowing. This portrait 
 is a fine one. 
 
 Sir Francis Forbes, knt. President in 1722, died 1727. A good 
 portrait, in robes, seated, with a " full round countenance, beaming 
 hilarity and good humour from beneath a large flowing wig."* 
 
 * Malcolm: — from whose judicious criticism these remarks are principally adapted 
 throughout. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 345 
 
 Thomas Parr, esq. " of Lisbon, merchant, educated here. He 
 died July 1, 1783, aged 64 years." He is seated near a table, 
 with his legs crossed, both arms resting on those of the chair, 
 and holding in his left hand a letter addressed to the President 
 and Governors of Christ's Hospital. He is dressed in a blue 
 velvet coat, and white satin waistcoat richly embroidered, with 
 ruffles of point-lace. The features are large, but pleasing. 
 
 Richard Clark, esq. late Chamberlain of London, and elected 
 President of Christ's Hospital in 1785, which he resigned on 
 being appointed President of Bridewell in 1798. A good pic- 
 ture by Mather Brown, presented to the Governors by E. 
 Parry, esq. in the year 1800. The likeness is correct, and the 
 features, like the original, benevolent and pleasing. 
 
 Sir John William Anderson, hart. President in 1798. 
 .James Palmer, esq. late Treasurer of Christ's Hospital. An 
 admirable full-length by Sir Thomas Lawrence, painted at the 
 request of the Committee, and by them presented to the Hos- 
 pital. See page 165. 
 
 There are some few other portraits, of no great merit, among which 
 are those of Thomas Dyer, esq. and Mrs. Catharine Dyer. In the 
 Treasurer's room there are engraved portraits of Sir Robert Clayton, 
 Sir William Curtis, Bishop Middleton, and other individuals whose 
 names are connected with the history or interests of the House. 
 
 The side of the yard opposite the Counting-house is occupied by the 
 Porter's House, and a range of wards, which are now in a very dila- 
 pidated state, and must shortly be removed. In a niche, facing the door 
 of the Counting-house, is a statue of King Edward VI. standing on a 
 black marble slab, and reaching out his right hand as in the act of deli- 
 vering the Charter. Lower down, through a spacious semicircular 
 porch, is a descent into the Cloisters ; which are the most ancient part 
 of the building. They open into a quadrangle by Gothic arches, which 
 in the year 1730 were miserably defaced by an internal semicircular 
 
 Y Y 
 
346 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 brickwork, entirely destroying their original character, and throwing an 
 air of modern vandalism over the venerable remains of antiquity. The 
 interior quadrangle is called the Garden, either because it formed such 
 an appendage to the old Priory, or from the simple fact of its being, at 
 a very recent date, covered with grass. In the year 1785, a large tree, 
 which grew in the centre, was cut down, and the area paved, as at 
 present ; the ancient walls being at the same time cased with Yorkshire 
 stone. Both the cloisters and the quadrangle are consecrated ; and the 
 former have been used from the earliest times as a burial-place for officers 
 of the establishment. On the walls are several monuments erected to 
 the memory of the deceased. Besides some, which have been already 
 noticed, there is a very handsome one, in the centre of the south cloister, 
 to Sir George and Lady Mertins ; but the inscription cannot be deci- 
 phered. Sir George was first Treasurer, then President of the Hos- 
 pital ; and died shortly after his elevation to the latter office in 1727. 
 There was formerly a tablet to the memory of one of the early masters, 
 which is now removed ; but the epitaph is worth preserving. 
 
 Rodolpho Waddingtono, 
 
 Hujus Scholse per annos 48 Moderatori digniss: 
 
 Qui postquara una cum uxore 
 
 Sine prole 
 
 Annos 17 Suavissime degisset; 
 
 Anno .ffitatis 84. A. D. 1614. Aug. 14. 
 
 In Domino placide obdormivit : 
 
 Joanna Uxor ejus Maestis : posuit. 
 
 Hie Waddingtonus tenui requiescit in urna, 
 
 Nestor vere annis, et gravitate Cato, 
 Tullius eloquio, Damon sincerus amico, 
 Et par praeceptis, Quintiliane, tibi, 
 Dulcis, amsenus, amans, cultis, prsestante, probata, 
 
 Vir, Vates, Conjux, Moribus, Arte, Fide. 
 Tales secla puto paucos antiqua dedissent, 
 Postera non multos secla datura pares. 
 Vita 
 Angligeruz hunc peperit Londinum gloria gentis, 
 Mtona huic artis semina prima dedit, 
 Granta tulit segetem, fructumq: tumescere fecit, 
 Londini messes Orphana turba tulit. 
 
• «1 
 
. 
 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 347 
 
 In the centre of the east cloister, facing the porch, and standing- 
 back in a small enclosure railed off from the Garden, there was recently 
 a pump, called the New Pump, fed by a land spring of excellent water, 
 and yielding an abundant supply. From the decayed drains which run 
 in various directions near the spot, the spring had become less pure ; 
 and the pump being accordingly removed, a fresh supply has been 
 obtained by sinking a well in another situation. Over this cloister is 
 the ward 'built by Sir F. Child in 1705, which communicates with a 
 part of those opposite to the Counting-house. The ground floor of 
 these last, to which the entrance was formerly in the porch, now opens 
 also into this cloister ; where there is also a back entrance into the Por- 
 ter's residence. At the southern extremity is the gate, leading by 
 Christ Church Passage into Newgate Street, under the extreme end of the 
 building erected by Sir Robert Clayton,* which extends over and along 
 the south cloister. On the principal floor of this building is the ancient 
 Girls' Ward, of which the western end was taken into the old Hall 
 for the better accommodation of the children at meals, and remained as 
 a notch at right angles to the main room till its demolition in 1827. 
 Above this Ward, and also over the Hall, were extensive chambers for 
 drying linen, as well as dungeons, as they Were called, for the solitary 
 confinement of boys guilty of flagrant offences ; and on the ground floor 
 are the Porters Lodge, and the Surveyor s Office, which last was for- 
 merly the Wardrobe. The west cloister was removed together with the 
 old Hall.-f- which was erected over it ; and on its scite now stands Mr. 
 Shaw's New Wards, fronting westward, and built at right angles, and 
 in the same style of architecture, with the New Hall. This fabric, how- 
 ever, is of brick only above the first story, which is appropriated as 
 day-rooms for the boys, and more especially intended for their accom- 
 modation in wet weather. Under* the Old Hall, besides the -beer- 
 buttery at the northern extremity, were residences for two of the beadles, 
 opening into the west cloister. The wards over the north cloister are 
 
 * See above, p. 103. f See above, p. 104. 
 
348 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 contained within the walls of what was originally Whittington's Library,* 
 and are the most ancient part of the entire fabric, being damaged, but 
 not destroyed, by the fire of 1666. Within the walls, as in those of 
 Westminster Abbey, there are massive iron chains to keep them from 
 separating, and iron cross-tyes of bars above two inches square. By a 
 cruel act of tasteless barbarism, against which it is but justice to say 
 that considerable opposition was elicited, the Ditch front of this vene- 
 rable pile, being considered unsightly, was cased with brickwork, and 
 the old Gothic casements replaced by paltry modern ones. A similar 
 depravity of judgment had suggested the erection, in 1705, of a project- 
 ing wing in the centre of the garden front, forming a recess in the wards 
 above for a few additional beds, and a room below, opening into the 
 cloister, which was used as the Surveyor's Office previous to the appoint- 
 ment of the late Mr. Shaw. On the other side of the quadrangle a 
 corresponding abutment was thrown up at the same time containing the 
 stair-cases to the Girls' Ward and the chambers above, and opening into 
 the west cloister. The ground floor, under Whittington's Ward, is fitted 
 up as a shop,f- and residence, for one of the beadles. The entrance to 
 the Whittington Ward, as well as to those in the Counting-house-yard 
 and over the east cloister, is by a flight of stairs, called the jif 'teens from 
 the number, and ascending from a narrow arch-way, which forms a pas- 
 sage of communication between the cloister and the Ditch. Under 
 these stairs is a Pump-room, containing a large reservoir constantly- 
 supplied by the New River Company ; from which, by means of a 
 powerful engine, the water is raised into another large reservoir at the 
 top of the building, and conveyed thence by descending pipes into the 
 several wards. In the centre of the north cloister, thence called the 
 Dead Cloister, was the opening to the vault in which deceased children 
 
 * See pp. 10, 105. 
 
 t As the boys are strictly forbidden to pass the gates without special permission, shops 
 are kept by two of the beadles, so as to afford the. means of laying out their little stores. 
 The profits, however, are divided among the beadles generally ; and, as a check upon the 
 shopkeepers, no money can be taken by them, but the particular currency of the House. 
 To exchange the coin of the realm for that of the Hospital is the office of the other beadles. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. • 349 
 
 were buried. This was bricked up and filled with rubbish in 1809, 
 since which time they have been interred in rows on the south side of 
 the inner quadrangle. 
 
 The space behind the west cloister was covered, within these few years, 
 with a mass of buildings for the most part in a very dilapidated state, 
 which have been gradually removed to make way for the New Hall 
 and the wards adjoining. An extensive opening has thus been made, 
 forming an excellent play-ground, bounded by Giltspur Street Counter 
 on the west, and by Newgate Street on the south ; where a considerable 
 property in houses has been sacrificed for the purpose of erecting a prin- 
 cipal entrance into the Hospital in front of the Hall. Of the buildings 
 formerly occupying this scite the principal was the Mathematical School, 
 substantially, but somewhat too hastily, built, about the year 1710. Suf- 
 ficient attention not having been paid to the foundation, a considerable 
 settlement had taken place ; but no immediate insecurity was appre- 
 hended, until the excavation for the new buildings adjoining so com- 
 pletely undermined it, as to render its removal necessary. It stood at 
 the south-western extremity of the Hospital, with the windows opening 
 into Christ Church burial ground, and an open area called the Grey 
 Friars. The stair-case leading to it was enclosed in the north wall of an 
 arched gate-way, above which it was built, leading into the south cloister. 
 In a niche over the gate-way was a remarkably fine statue of the founder 
 in his robes of state ; with the inscription, Carolus II. Fundator, 
 1672. On the opposite side of the gate-way, under the south side of the 
 school, was a corresponding space, which was let out as a warehouse 
 until 1775, and afterwards fitted up as a Reading School ; when, in pul- 
 ling down a shed in the yard adjoining, some human bones were dis- 
 covered of an extraordinary size, and an ancient stair-case, descending- 
 eastward, probably into a cemetery of the Old Church. In 1738, about 
 one third of the Mathematical School was parted off, and a door opened 
 into the Hall, so as to form a room for the accommodation of Governors 
 attending the Public Suppers. At the top of the school was an Obser- 
 
350 • history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 vatory, of which mention has already been made : * and the King's 
 Ward, with drying rooms above, formed a second and third floor, parallel 
 with the north side of the school-room, which reached the entire height 
 of the building. 
 
 Adjoining northward to the Mathematical School stood a large old 
 house, which was greatly damaged, but not destroyed, by the fire of 
 1666. This house was repaired, and, being connected with the stair- 
 case to the school, was assigned to the Mathematical Master ; but so 
 dark and gloomy was its situation, that it soon ceased to be thus 
 occupied, and for more than a century previous to its demolition was 
 allotted to servants and dependents. It was long the abode of the 
 Porter, who had the charge of one of the two shops established within 
 the Hospital. Still extending northward, parallel with the western side 
 of the Old Hall, were the old Grammar Schools, with the Drawing 
 School and a ward above.-j~ On the space behind stood the Old Salu- 
 tation Tavern, and an ancient house belonging to Sir Robert Taylor. 
 To the period of their removal the memory of the oldest blue will not 
 extend ; but most will remember the entrance to the Old Grammar 
 School in the west cloister, which was retained as the door-way of the 
 new play-ground to the commencement of the present improvements. 
 
 At right angles to the Old Grammar School, forming the northern 
 boundary of the play-ground, and built partly over an arched cloister, 
 similar to those surrounding the garden, was that part of the old con- 
 ventual edifice called the Refectory. The way under it, which ran out 
 of the west cloister, was named, probably from its narrowness, the 
 Creek j and behind were several of the old conventual offices, which 
 were converted into cellars and store-rooms. At the lower end of the 
 Creek was an old apartment used as the Bread Buttery ; facing were 
 two stair-cases leading, in opposite directions, one to the ward above- 
 mentioned and that over the Old Grammar Schools, and the other to a 
 
 * See above, p. 200. f See above, pp. 139, 140. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 351 
 
 landing-place attached to the Hall. With this landing-place the 
 kitchen, which was over the buttery, communicated ; a peculiar build- 
 ing surrounded by a thick old wall. This wall gave way, and the 
 foundations of the Old Hall were otherwise injured, by the excavations 
 preparatory to the erection of the new one ; so that it was deemed 
 expedient to abandon it to its fate before the time originally contem- 
 plated. Behind these old buildings were the Wash-house* and the 
 two wards erected by Mr. Bacon in 1730. The upper end of the 
 Creek opened, at the head of a flight of stone steps, into the square of 
 the Old Sick Ward. This Infirmary, for the demolition of which the 
 ruling motive has been already stated,-j- was a substantial building, 
 well adapted to the purpose, and fitted up with every necessary appen- 
 dage and convenience. It formed, with the Apothecary's house at the 
 extremity of the northern wing, three sides of a quadrangle ; and was 
 built about the year 1720 over extensive arched vaults, which a tra- 
 dition among the boys converted into conventual dungeons. In modern 
 times the nearest end was used as a coal-cellar, into which it was a 
 feat of some repute to have descended, and few have ventured to 
 explore the farthest recesses. Whatever credit is due to the tradition, 
 a " loathsome dungeon " is known to have existed somewhere in the 
 vicinity of the Grey Friars, of which one Ninian was keeper in the 
 reign of Queen Mary. In this place Thomas Green, an apprentice, 
 was severely whipped for assisting in the printing of a book entitled 
 Antichrist, and written against the Popish party. A gate-way opened 
 out of the Sick Ward Square southward into the Grey Friars. 
 
 Partly on the foundations of the ancient refectory, and partly on the 
 scite of the old city wall, stands the Great Hall, erected from designs, 
 and under the superintendence, of the late John Shaw, Esq. Architect 
 
 * Of late years the Governors have made an arrangement for washing the linen belonging 
 to the children at the Asylum, of the Refuge for the Destitute; thus removing an incon- 
 venience from their own precincts, and contributing to the charitable objects of another 
 Institution. 
 
 f See above, p. 161. 
 
352 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 of Christ's Hospital. This magnificent fabric is in the pure Gothic 
 style of architecture ; and the southern or principal front is built of 
 Portland stone, with cloisters of Hey tor granite highly wrought (187 
 feet in length by 16! in breadth), running beneath a portion of the base 
 of the Dining Hall. The back and two sides are of brick ; and the 
 roof, flattened at the top, is covered with lead. The building is sup- 
 ported by buttresses, and has an octagon tower at each extremity ; the 
 summit is embattled and ornamented with pinnacles ; and nine large 
 and handsome windows occupy the entire front, in the centre of which 
 is a tablet, surmounted with a bust of Edward VI., with the following 
 inscription : — 
 
 This Hall, 
 
 Erected by Public Munificence, 
 
 Was opened for the Use 
 
 Of the Children of 
 
 Christ's Hospital, on the 29th day of May, 1829. 
 
 The Right Hon. William Thompson, M.P. Lord Mayor, President; 
 
 Thomas Poynder, Jun. Esq. Treasurer; 
 
 John Shaw, F.A.S. Architect. 
 
 On the ground story are the Governors' room, the wardrobe, the 
 buttery, and other offices ; and the basement story contains, besides 
 cellars and other appendages, a magnificent kitchen, 69 feet long by 
 33 wide, and supported by pillars of massive granite. The Hall itself, 
 with its lobby and organ-gallery, occupies the entire upper story, which 
 is 187 feet long, 511 feet wide, and 461 feet high.* It is approached by 
 a principal stone stair-case at the east end, by two others in the octagon 
 towers, and by a fourth at the back communicating with the kitchen. 
 There is a screen at the east end, along the cornice of which runs the 
 legend, "Fear God, love the brotherhood, honour the King i' and a 
 grained oak wainscotting lines the walls to the height of about ten feet. 
 On one side the panels are surmounted with carved busts of the 
 
 * It is curious that these are exactly the proportions of a case which would enclose a 
 first-rate ship-of-war. 
 

 s 
 * 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 353 
 
 founder ; and the names of the Presidents, Treasurers, and principal bene- 
 factors from the foundation are painted beneath their coats of arms on the 
 wainscotting. The arms of such living Governors as choose to place their 
 names on record are emblazoned on the windows. At the west end is a 
 raised platform for the Governors and their friends during the public sup- 
 pers and on other occasions, over which and over the organ are galleries 
 for the accommodation of strangers. In the centre of the north side is a 
 pulpit richly carved ; and opposite to it, on a raised stage, the Steward's 
 table, behind which is an excellent clock, presented by Miles Stringer, 
 Esq. one of the Governors. Eight large and four smaller brass chan- 
 deliers are suspended from the roof, which is fretted and painted to 
 resemble oak. Behind the organ-gallery are two windows of stained 
 glass, on which are emblematic figures of Faith, Hope, Truth, and 
 Justice. Holbein's picture is suspended above the western gallery, and 
 Verrio's great picture* occupies the centre of the north wall, below 
 which is a large whole-length, by Lely, of Charles II. in his royal 
 robes, and pointing with his left hand to a globe and various mathe- 
 matical instruments. Above is a fine painting, by Copley, representing 
 a shark in close pursuit of Sir Brook Watson, who presented the 
 picture to the Hospital ; and between the windows are portraits, of 
 little merit with the exception of the first, of Josiah Bacon, William 
 Garway, and Sirs F. Child, father and son, four munificent bene- 
 factors. In the Governors' room below are a moderate half-length of 
 Queen Anne and one or two other portraits. 
 
 Immediately behind the Hall is the south front of the new Infirmary, 
 a substantial building erected by Mr. Shaw in 1822. Though by no 
 means an elegant structure, it is admirably adapted to the important 
 purposes for which it is designed ; and nothing has been wanting on the 
 part of the Governors to provide for the comfort and convenience of its 
 inmates. Its form is that of a truncated cross, of which the lower limb 
 decreases gradually in width, till it verges nearly to a point. The 
 
 * See above, pp. 42, 124. 
 
 z z 
 
354 
 
 HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 wards are so carefully secured against accidents by fire, that they may 
 almost be regarded as fire-proof. In excavating the ground for the 
 building the workmen fell in with the old town ditch ; and from this cir- 
 cumstance more than a million of bricks above the original estimate 
 were required to ensure a solid foundation; and when the work was 
 completed, there was considerable difficulty in overcoming sundry 
 obstacles which stood in the way of its eventual accordance with the 
 wishes of the Governors. Among other sources of discouragement, 
 they were mortified with the failure of various experiments for warming 
 the wards in the most efficient and comfortable manner ; but the 
 unwearied assiduity, with which they watch over the health and welfare 
 of their youthful charge, has been amply repaid by the removal of this 
 and every other impediment to the satisfactory accomplishment of their 
 views. The new Infirmary at length affords every possible accommo- 
 dation and comfort for the children, in whatever state or stage of 
 sickness. At the northern extremity is the Apothecary's residence, 
 a commodious modern house, which forms the farthest boundary of the 
 Hospital in that direction. 
 
 A flight of steps at the eastern end of the Hall Cloister descends into 
 a covered area, called the New Cloister, over which is the Writing 
 School,* erected by Sir J. Moore in 1694. Prior to the recent 
 erections, the "Writing School was the most substantial building in the 
 Hospital. The main fabric rests upon strong oaken pillars, and the 
 front, which forms the west side of the ditch, on arched stone-work. 
 Over the statue of Sir John Moore is a large clock, which was placed 
 in the centre of the elevation in 1788. Originally it opened with 
 folding-doors upon the landing-place of the New Hall ; but the only 
 entrance now remaining is by a mean stair-case at the north-west corner. 
 A thorough repair of this school has recently taken place ; before which 
 the original floor of Dantzic plank and the desks fixed in 1694 were 
 still remaining. The latter, indeed, had been turned and repaired in 
 
 * See p. 115. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 355 
 
 1760, and both sides were covered with the names of past and passing 
 generations. At the upper end, over the principal entrance, was a 
 gallery, also fitted up with desks, which was removed about twenty years 
 ago ; and the interior of the building is much improved by its removal. 
 The old leaden casements have also been recently replaced by cast-iron 
 frames, which are not only more durable in themselves, but lighter in 
 appearance. In 1819, the New Cloister was partially enclosed with brick- 
 work, for the purpose of forming a Lavatory, of which mention has been 
 already made.* Abutting eastward, and connecting with the Writing 
 School at the lower end, is a commodious residence, formerly assigned 
 to the Writing Master, but of late years occupied by the Steward, and 
 the vacant space beyond, separated on the north and west by a low 
 boundary wall from St. Bartholomew's Hospital, was lately covered by 
 two houses, allotted to the Under Grammar Master and the Car- 
 penter. 
 
 The northern side of the ditch, within the last forty years, has under- 
 gone several changes. Before the erection of the Grammar Schools of 
 1793,-f- the scite was occupied by houses with small garden-plots in front, 
 some of which the Governors let out on lease or otherwise. These 
 were taken down in 1792 ; and in makmg the excavations for the new 
 building, a stone coffin of extraordinary dimensions, many fragments of 
 ancient pottery, and other curious relics, were discovered. At the 
 eastern end of the Grammar Schools, projecting forward, there still 
 remained three commodious and substantial houses, in the occupation of 
 the Writing and Reading Masters, which, together with several smaller 
 tenements beyond the boundary of the Hospital in Little Britain, and 
 occupied by tenants at a moderate rent, were taken down in 1815. 
 Three new houses had been previously erected on part of the ground 
 thus vacated, for the reception of the officers whose residences were 
 sacrificed to the projected improvements ; and these houses, though 
 without the Hospital gates, are nevertheless to be regarded as part and 
 
 * See above, p. 160. t See above, p. 139. 
 
356 history of Christ's hospital. 
 
 parcel of the establishment. A fourth is now building, which will con- 
 tinue the line to the north end of the iron-railing of the great entrance 
 in that direction ; and the side-front will be uniform with the New 
 Grammar and Mathematical Schools, which cover the entire remaining 
 space from east to west on the north side of the Hospital. This house is 
 intended for the occupation of the Matron, whose residence will shortly 
 be pulled down, as standing in the way of improvements in further 
 contemplation. 
 
 The New Schools form an extensive range of building, constructed of 
 yellowish brick, with stone facings, in what is called the Tudor style 
 of architecture. A covered cloister runs along the front of the edifice, 
 beneath which are the entrances to the respective schools ; the Gram- 
 mar occupying the western, and the Mathematical the eastern, division 
 of the basement story. A niche at one end contains the same statue of 
 Charles II. which stood over the gate-way of the old Mathematical 
 School ; and a new statue of Edward VI. has been recently sculptured 
 to supply a corresponding niche at the other end. On stone tablets, 
 over their respective portions, are inscribed the dates of the foundation 
 of each school. The upper stories contain the Drawing School at the 
 eastern end, three wards or dormitories, and a room for the Grecians, in 
 which the Boys' Library is also deposited. The stair-cases are contained 
 in rectangular projections, with pinnacles, at each end of the building, 
 which are covered with doomed roofs surmounted by balls. As a 
 whole, the edifice does great credit to the taste and skill of the late Mr. 
 Shaw, and may be regarded as one of the many ornaments which of 
 late years have been added to the metropolis. 
 
 Having thus completed the circuit of the buildings in London, it only 
 remains to add a brief description of those at Hertford. The structure 
 erected in 1683 * consists of three sides of a quadrangle, of which that 
 on the north, which is ornamented with a turret and clock, is now the 
 Writing School, and those on the east and west are the Boys' Wards. 
 
 * See above, p. 114. 
 
history of Christ's hospital. 357 
 
 With the exception of a parlour for the Nurse, the ground floors of these 
 wards are appropriated to the use of the boys during the day ; and the 
 two upper stories are the dormitories, with bed-rooms for the nurse and 
 her servant at one end. The boundary wall extends along the south 
 side, with large folding gates and two wickets in the centre ; the stone 
 pillars, on which the gates are suspended, being each surmounted with 
 a leaden figure of a boy in his blue costume. At the north-west angle 
 of the square is the Hall : a massive fabric of white brick, 100 feet long 
 by 40 wide, erected in the beginning of the present century. The 
 walls are built upon arches, and the floor is supported by a double row 
 of stone columns of the Tuscan order ; so that the area beneath, which 
 is paved with flag stones, affords a convenient shelter for the children in 
 wet weather. On the right and left of the entrance, which is at the 
 head of a substantial stair-case of oak, are the Kitchen and the Buttery ; 
 and above them, the Cook's apartments. Under the entire building is 
 a capacious cellaring for beer, coals, and other articles of consumption, 
 for the children's use. 
 
 Detached from the Hall, in the centre of an airy play-ground, stands 
 the Infirmary : a lofty square building, which has lately been con- 
 siderably enlarged. On the ground floor is a surgery, and day-rooms 
 for the invalids : the upper stories contain the dormitories and the 
 nurse's apartments; and below is the kitchen, with other convenient 
 offices. Along the south front is a terrace and colonnade, where the 
 convalescent have the means of air and exereise. 
 
 At the south-east corner of the quadrangle is the Grammar Master's 
 House, and adjoining to it is the Grammar School, which was built in 
 the year 1783 ; previous to which period this branch of the Hertford 
 establishment had not been instituted. The school was enlarged in the 
 year 1818. A range of buildings parallel with the street, and adjoining 
 the western wall, is the portion assigned to the girls, erected in 1774. In 
 the centre is the School-room, on either side of which is a niche contain- 
 ing an effigy of a blue-girl; the Matron's and Mistresses' houses adjoin 
 on either side : and behind is the Girls' Ward- At the back of the ward 
 
358 
 
 HISTORY OF CHRIST S HOSPITAL. 
 
 is a field appropriated to their recreation ; and between the ward and 
 the school is a dry and airy play-ground. A piece of ground, about an 
 acre and a half in extent, and adjoining the buildings on the north-east, 
 has also been recently enclosed for the use of the boys in fine weather ; 
 and a large shed has been erected in it, as a shelter in case of rain. 
 Nothing indeed is wanting in any part of the establishment, which 
 can in any degree contribute to the health and comfort of the youthful 
 inmates. 
 
 Such is the external fabric of Christ's Hospital. From the review 
 which has been taken of its progressive history, its internal economy, 
 and the nature and extent of the benefits which it confers on society at 
 large, it is hoped that some idea may be formed of its substantial utility, 
 and the high rank which it deservedly holds among the public schools of 
 Great Britain. May it long continue to flourish as a seminary of sound 
 learning and religious education ! May those prosper who love it ; and 
 may God increase their number ! 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 No. I. 
 
 INDENTURE BETWEEN HENRY VIII. AND THE MAYOR AND 
 COMMONALTY OF LONDON. 
 
 Cfjt0 3MrtinttttrC made the xxvij th daye of December in the xxxviij" 1 yeare of the 
 raigne of our soueraigne Lord Henry the Eight by the grace of God kinge of 
 England Fraunce and Ireland Defendor of the Faithe and of the Churche of Eng- 
 land and also of Ireland in earth the supreme head Betwene the same our 
 soueraigne Lord the kinge on the one party And the Maior and Commonaltie and 
 Cittizens of the Cittye of London of the other party JL2:litnr0$ftf) that our saide 
 soueraign Lord the kinge consideringe the myserable estate of the poore aged sick 
 sore and ympotente people as well men as women lyinge and goinge about begginge 
 in the common streates of the saide Cittye of London and the Suburbes of the 
 same to the greate paine and sorrow of the same poore aged sick and ympotente 
 people to the greate infeccion hurte and noyance of his Grace's lovinge subjectes 
 which of necessitie muste dailie goe and passe by the same poore sick sore and ym- 
 potente people beinge infected with divers greate and horrible sicknesses and diss- 
 eases his highness of his moste bountifull goodness and charitable mynde mooved with 
 greate pittye for and toward the reliefe aide succour and helpe of the said poore 
 aged sick sore and impotente people and for thadvoydinge of the great daunger 
 and infeccion which dailye dooth and maye ensue to his lovinge subjectes by reason 
 of the greate sicknesses and horrible disseases of the same sick and sore people and 
 for dyvers other good and godlie purposes and intentes is pleased and contented that 
 his highness by his Grace's Letters Patentes under his greate seale of England in 
 due forme to be made will give and graunte to the said Maior and Commonaltie 
 and Cittizens of the saide Cittye of London and to their successors for ever All 
 that the Church and scite of the howse of the late Gray Freyrs within the said 
 
 a 
 
11 APPENDIX. NO. I. 
 
 Cittye of London and all the buyldinge land and soile as well of the bodye and two 
 iles as of the quere of the same late Church and all those howses and buildinges 
 sometyme called the Fratry the Library the Dortor and the Chapter Howse of the 
 said late Gray Freyrs and all the land and soile called the greate Cloyster and 
 littell Cloyster of the said late Gray Freyrs within the precincte of the scite of 
 the howse of the late Gray Freyrs in London aforesaid And those chambers and 
 buildinge nowe or late in the seuerall tenures of George Woodward and Edward 
 Metcalf within the precincte and circuite of the said howse of the said late Gray 
 Freyrs and all the howses and buyldinges chambers roomes and voyde grounde 
 nowe or late in the tenure of Owen Mone within the precinct of the said Citye 
 of the said late howse of the said late Gray Freyrs and all that chamber or hall 
 and celler under the same And all the ground within the littell Cloyster within the 
 precincte of the said scite of the said howse of the said late Gray Freyrs nowe or 
 late in the tenure of Hugh Willoughby Seriaunte at Armes for term of his lieff 
 And all that parte of the howses and buyldinges called the Dortor of the said late 
 Grey Freyrs nowe beinge voyde and unoccupied And all those howses buyldinges 
 and voide groundes nowe in the tenure of Richard Tredraye on the north side of 
 the said littell Cloyster And all other howses buyldinges gardens voyde groundes 
 and other hereditamentes of the Kinge's Highness situate lieinge and beinge within 
 the circuite and precincte of the scite of the said howse of the said late Grey Freyrs 
 Together with the reuersion or reuersions of all and singular the premises and all 
 rentes and yeerely profittes reserved upon all manner of leases and grauntes made 
 of the premises or of any part thereof to any person or persons and all other his 
 landes grounde and soile with the appurtenances within the said precincte And 
 all the leade stone iron glasse tymber and other thinges nowe beinge and remayninge 
 in and upon the premises or any parte thereof And our said soueraigne Lord the 
 Kinge is also pleased and contented and by theis presentes promyseth and graunteth 
 to the said Maior and Commonaltie and Cittyzens that he the same our soueraigne 
 Lord the Kinge by his said Letters patentes under his greate seale of England 
 shall and will give and graunte to the said Maior and Commonaltie and Cittizens 
 and to their successors for euer the late Hospitall of St. Bartholomewe in West 
 Smythfeild nigh London otherwise called the Hospitall of littell St. Bartholomewe 
 in West Smithfeild nigh London and all the Church of the same late Hospitall 
 and the lead and bells of the same Church and all ornamentes of the said Church 
 and other thinges to the same Church and late Hospitall belonginge and apper- 
 teyninge and all the mannors parsonages messuages landes tenementes rentes rever- 
 sions services pencions porcions advowsons Knightes fees profittes comodities eas- 
 mentes and all other hereditamentes and possessions as well spirituall as temporall 
 of the same late Hospitall of St. Bartholomewe and which were heretofore accepted 
 
APPENDIX. NO. I. iii 
 
 reputed or taken as part or parcell of the possessions or revenues of the same late 
 Hospitall Except and allwayes reserved to our said soueraigne Lord the Kinge 
 his heires and successors all those messuages howses tenementes and hereditamentes 
 called Crook Horn Allye and all gardens and voyd grounde to the same belonginge 
 and appertayninge situate lying and beinge in the parish of St. Andrewe in Holborne 
 in the countye of Middlesex that is to saye betwene the messuage and tenement 
 comonlye called David Inn in the East parte and the tenement nowe or late of 
 Thomas Trappes goldsmith of London on the West part and a certen parcell of 
 voyd grounde thear on the south part and the Kinge's highwaye of Holborne 
 on the northe parte And also excepte and allwayes reserved to our said soueraigne 
 Lord the Kinge his heires and successors all that yeerelye rente of thirtye and sixe 
 shillinges payeable and goinge out of the messuage and tenement of Sir Martin 
 Bowes knight in Friday Streate of London And also excepte and allwayes reserved 
 to our said soueraigne Lord the Kinge his heires and successors all those messuages 
 landes tenementes meadowes pastures and hereditamentes nowe or late in the tenure 
 of Henry Alford in Rayneham in the countye of Essex And all that mannor landes 
 tenementes and hereditamentes called Duckett and all other his messuages landes 
 tenementes and hereditamentes in the parish of Heringhey otherwise called Harnesey 
 and in Totnam in the said countye of Middlesex nowe or late in the tenure of 
 Robert Hennege esquier or his assignes and which sometyme weare letten to farme 
 to William Brereton esquier And our soueraigne Lord the kinge is also pleased and 
 contented to assure or cause to be assured to the said Mayor Commonaltie and 
 Cittizens and to their successors for ever the parish Church of St. Nicholas and 
 St. Ewen within Newgate of the Cittye of London by what name or names soeuer 
 the same churches and parishes are called or knowne and the steeples belles land 
 and soile of the same churches and all the tithes and offeringes of the inhabitantes 
 of the same parishes and all messuages landes tenementes pencions porcions and 
 other profittes revenues and possessions as well spirituall as temporall of the same 
 parish churches of St. Nicholas and St. Ewen or to the same parish churches or 
 to ether of them or to the parsones of the same churches or to either of them in the 
 right of the same churches or of either of them belonging or apperteyninge And all 
 the tithes and offeringes of the inhabitantes of all the howses and buildinges in 
 the said gate called Newgate of London and of all the inhabitantes within the 
 same gate called Newgate nowe being parcell of the parish of St. Sepulchre 
 without Newgate of London aforesaid And all other spirituall profittes of as much 
 of the same parish of St. Sepulchre as is within Newgate aforesaid and all 
 the tithes and oblacions and other spirituall profittes of all the inhabitantes of all 
 the howses and buildinges within the precincte and scite of the said howse of the 
 said late Gray Freyrs And our said soueraigne Lord the Kinge is pleased and 
 
IV APPENDIX. NO. I. 
 
 contented and by theis presentes graunteth and promiseth to the said Maior and 
 Commonaltie and Cittizens and to their successors that the said Church of the said 
 late Grey Freyrs shall from henceforth be a parish church and shalbe named and 
 called Christe Church within Newgat of London and that the same Church of the 
 said late Gray Freyrs to be erected and called Christe Church within Newgate as 
 is aforesaid shalbe the parish church as well of and for all the inhabitants within 
 the precincte of the scite of the said house of the said late Grey Freyrs as of 
 and for all the inhabitantes nowe and hereafter to be within the limyttes and pre- 
 cinctes of the said parishes of St. Nicholas and St. Ewen aforesaid and within the 
 limyttes and precinctes of that parte of the said parish of St. Sepulcre aforesaid 
 that is and lyeth within Newgate aforesaid And that all the houses and buildinges 
 land and soile within the precincte of the scite of the said house of the said late 
 Grey Freyrs and the said gate called Newgate and as many and as much of the 
 howses and buyldinges land and soile of the said parish of St. Sepulcres aforesaide 
 as be and lye within Newgate aforesaid And all the howses buildinges lande and 
 soile within the limyttes and precinctes of the said parishes of St. Nicholas and 
 St. Ewen aforesaid And all and singular the inhabitantes that nowe be and here- 
 after shalbe of them and of euery parte and parcell thereof shall from henceforth 
 allwayes for euer be accepted reputed and taken to be in and of and as parcell of 
 the parish of Christe Church within Newgate of London aforesaid and that the said 
 parishes and parish churches of St. Nicholas and St. Ewen aforesaid shall from 
 henceforth loose their name and names of parishes and churches of St. Nicholas and 
 St. Ewen and shalbe no more from henceforth called or knowne by the name or 
 names of the parishes and churches of St. Nicholas and St. Ewen but shalbe from 
 henceforth parte and parcell of the said parish of Christe Church within New- 
 gate of London aforesaid And that the said gate called Newgate and as many and 
 as much of the howses buildinges land and soile of the said parish of St. Sepulcres 
 aforesaid as be and lye within Newgate aforesaid shall from henceforth be sepa- 
 rated and taken awaye from the said parish of St. Sepulcres aforesaid and shall 
 not be taken for any parte or parcell of the same parish of St. Sepulcres aforesaid 
 but shall from henceforth be parte and parcell and shalbe accepted and taken to 
 be parte and parcell of the said parish of Christ Church within Newgate aforesaid 
 and of none other parish and the inhabitantes thereof to paye their tithes oblacions 
 and obvencions there and not els whear And our said soueraigne Lord the Kinge 
 is pleased and contented that the said late Hospitall of St. Bartholomewe shall from 
 henceforth be a place and howse for the relieff and sustentacion of the poore people 
 and shalbe called the House of the Poore in West Smithfild in the suburbes of 
 the Cittye of London of King Henrye the Eightes foundacion and that the church 
 there shalbe a parish church as heretofore it hath bin used for divine service to 
 
APPENDIX. NO. I. V 
 
 be said and songe and all manner sacramentes and sacramentalls to be mynistred 
 thear as well to the inhabitantes within the scite and close of the said late Hos- 
 pitall as to the poore people and officers and minysters from henceforth to be there 
 and shalbe called the parish Church of Littell St. Bartholomewe in West Smith- 
 feilde and that all the houses buildinges land and soile within the scite and close 
 of the said late Hospitall of St. Bartholomewe hereafter to be called the House of 
 the Poore as is aforesaid shall from henceforth be accepted and taken as parte and 
 parcell of the parish and parish Church of Littell St. Bartholomewe aforesaid 
 And our said soueraigne Lord the Kinge is also pleased and contented that there 
 shalbe in the said parish Church of Christ Church aforesaid one preist sufficient 
 learned to declare preach and teach the worde of God trulie and sincerely to the 
 comon people which shalbe called Vicar thear and that thear shalbe in the same 
 church one other preist which shalbe called the Visitor of Newgat who shall 
 attend to visit the prisoners of Newgate of London from tyme to tyme as necessitie 
 shall require and that ther shalbe in the said parish Church of Christ Church 
 aforesaid fyve other priestes in aid and healpe of the Vicar there to sing and 
 selebrat divine service and to minister sacramentes and sacramentalles ther and 
 that ther shalbe in the said parish Church of Littell St. Bartholomewe in West 
 Smithfeild aforesaid one priest which shalbe Vicar there to minister sacramentes 
 and sacramentalles and to saye and celebrate divine service to the poore people 
 thear and to the inhabitantes within the precincte of the scite and close of the said 
 late Hospitall hereafter to be called the House of the Poore as is aforesaid and to 
 the officers and mynisters thear to be appointed for the poore people thear to be 
 hereafter and that ther shalbe at the said late Hospitall hereafter to be called the 
 House of the Poore one other priest over and beside the said Vicar which shalbe 
 called the Hospitler to visit and mynister to the poore people thear and that all and 
 euery such parson and parsons which shalbe Visitors of Newgate aforesaid or that 
 shall have the roomes offices or dignities of the said other fyve priestes of the said 
 Church of Christe Church aforesaid or that shalbe Hospitler of the said House of 
 the Poore or which shalbe named appointed instituted or admytted in and to the 
 same roomes offices and dignities or to any of them or which from tyme to tyme 
 shall have and enioye the same romes offices and dignities or any of them shall not 
 paye any firste fruites or tenthes or any soome or somes of money for or in the name 
 of firste fruites or tenthes or yerely tenthes part of or for the said roomes offices 
 or dignities or any of them due or to be due to our said soueraigne Lord the Kinge 
 his heires or successors or to be demaunded for our said soueraigne Lord the Kinge 
 his heires or successors for the same by reason of the Act of Parliament touchinge 
 and concernynge the grauntinge of the first fruites and tenthes of eccleciasticall 
 and spirituall benefices promocions and dignities made in the xxvj* yeere of our 
 
VI APPENDIX. NO. I. 
 
 said soueraigne Lord the Kinges raigne that nowe is or otherwise And our said 
 soueraigne Lord the Kinge is pleased and contented that the said Maior and Com- 
 monaltie and Cittizens and their successors shall have and enioye in proper use for 
 euer the Parsonages and Churches of Christe Church and Littell St. Bartholomewe 
 aforesaid And all the tithes oblacions and other spirituall profittes of the said parish 
 and Churche of Christe Church aforesaid and to the same parish and Church of 
 Christe Church assigned and appointed and to be assigned and appointed in forme 
 aforesaid And all the tithes oblacions and other spirituall profittes of the said parish 
 and parish Church of Littell St. Bartholomewe aforesaid and of all the inhabitantes 
 within the said scite and close of the said late Hospitall hereafter to be called 
 the House of the Poore as is aforesaid And that the said Maior and Commonaltie 
 and Cittizens and their successors shall from tyme to tyme have the nominacion 
 and appointment of the said Visitor of Newgate and of the said five other priestes 
 of the said parish Church of Christe Church aforesaid and of the said Hospitler 
 and of all other officers and mynisters of the said Churche of Christe Church and 
 Littell St. Bartholomewe and of the said House of the Poore And our said soueraigne 
 Lord the Kinge is pleased and contented and by theis presentes for him his heires and 
 successors graunteth to the said Maior and Commonaltie and Cittizens and to their 
 successors that it shalbe lawfull to the said Maior and Commonaltie and Cittizens 
 and to their successors And that the said Maior Commonaltie and Cittizens and their 
 successors shall have full power and authoritie to amove expell and putt out from 
 their roomes and offices the said Visitor of Newgate and the said fyve other priestes 
 of the said Church of Christ Church aforesaid and the said Hospitler and every of 
 them and all other ministers and officers hereafter to be in the said Church called 
 Christe Church within Newgate aforesaid and in the said Church of Littell St. 
 Bartholomewe and in the said Howse of the Poore other then Vicars of Christe 
 Church and Littell St. Bartholomewe aforesaid for any notable cryme or offence to 
 be commytted by the said Visitor Hospitler or other fyve priestes or other the said 
 officers or mynisters or by any of them or for disobeyinge or not doinge and per- 
 formynge of such good and reasonable rules ordinances and preceptes as shalbe 
 hereafter prescribed assigned or appointed to them or to any of them to be doon 
 executed and performed And that then the same Maior and Commonaltie and 
 Cittizens and their successors doe name assigne and appointe such other meete and 
 convenient parsons to the same roomes offices and dignities as to them shalbe 
 thought meete and convenient from tyme to tyme as the case shall so require And 
 our said soueraigne Lord the Kinge is further pleased and contented that his 
 Highness by his Graces Letters Patentes under his greate seale of England shall 
 and will make a sufficient incorporacion of a Vicarage and Vicar perpetuall in the 
 said Parish Church of Christ Churche aforesaid and one other Vicarage and Vicar 
 
APPENDIX. NO. I. Vii 
 
 perpetuall in the said Parish Church of Littell St. Bartholomewe aforesaid with 
 licence that the Vicar of the said Parish Church of Christ Church aforesaid shall 
 and maye have and receive of the said Maior and Commonaltie and Cittizens and 
 their successors one annuitie or annuall pencion of twentye sixe poundes thirteen 
 shillinges and fowrepence and a sufficient mansion for his habitacion to be graunted 
 to him and to his successors for their dotacion and endowement of the said Vicarage 
 and that the Vicars of the said parish Church of Littell St. Bartholomewe aforesaid 
 shall and may have and receive of the said Maior and Commonaltie and Cittizens 
 and their successors one annuity or annuall pencion of thirteen poundes sixe shil- 
 linges and eight pence and a sufficient mansion for his habitacion to be graunted to 
 him and to his successors for their dotacion and endowement of their said Vicarage 
 And our said soueraigne Lord the Kinge is pleased and contented that the said 
 Maior and Commonaltie and Cittizens shall have and enioye to them and to their 
 successors for euer the advowsons guiftes presentacions [and] patronage of the said 
 Vicarages of the said Parish Churches of Christe Church within Newgate aforesaid 
 and Littell St. Bartholomewe in West Smithfeild aforesaid In consideracion of all 
 which premises the said Maior and Commonaltie and Cittizens for them and their 
 successors doe covenante promis and graunte by theis presentes to and with our said 
 soueraigne Lord the Kinge his heires and successors that the same Maior and Com- 
 monaltie and Cittizens or their successors within three monthes next after the said 
 Licence to be made to them for the endowement of the said Vicarages and Vicars 
 perpetuall in the said Parish Churches of Christ Church and Littell St. Bartho- 
 lomewe aforesaid shall make a sufficient graunte and assurance by writinge under 
 their comon seale to the Vicar of the said Parish Church of Christe Church afore- 
 said and to his successors Viccars thearof a convenient and sufficient mansion house 
 for his habitacion and of an annuitie or annuall pencion of twentye sixe poundes 
 thirteen shillinges and four pence and going out of the messuages landes tenementes 
 and hereditamentes within the said Citty of London or ells whear which weare 
 parcell of the possessions of the said late Hospitall and a like graunte and assurance 
 to the Vicar of the said Parish Church of Littell St. Bartholomewe aforesaid and 
 to his successors Viccars thearof a convenient and sufficient mansion house for his 
 habitacion and of an annuitie or annuall pencion of thirten poundes sixe shillinges 
 and eight pence payable and goinge out of the said messuages landes tenementes 
 and hereditamentes within the said Cittye of London or ells whear which weare 
 parcell of the possessions of the said late Hospitall with a clawse of Distresse to be 
 conteyned in the said writinges of the said annuities and annuall pencions for non 
 payment thereof and that the same Maior and Commonaltie and Cittizens and their 
 successors shall well and trulie concente and paye or cawse to be concented and 
 paid to the said Vicars of Christe Church and Littell St. Bartholomewe and to 
 
V1U APPENDIX. NO. I. 
 
 their successors for euer their seuerall annuities and yerely pencions for their 
 dotacion and endowemente of their said Vicarages And that the same Maior and 
 Commonaltie and Cittizens and their successors shall finde and sustaine contynuallye 
 from tyme to tyme for euer in and at the said Church to be called Christ Church 
 within Newgate aforesaid one other priest which shalbe called the Visitor of New- 
 gate who shall attend to visite the prisoners of Newgate aforesaid as necessitie shall 
 require and to be allwayes resident ther for that purpose and to give the same 
 Visitor tenn pounde yerelie for his stipend wages And that the same Maior and 
 Commonaltie and Cittizens and their successors shall finde and sustaine fyve other 
 priestes to singe and celebrate divine service in the said Church called Christ 
 Church aforesaid And that the same Maior and Commonaltie and Citizens and their 
 successors shall gyve to euery of the said five other priestes for their stipend and 
 wages eight pounde yerelie And that the said Maior and Commonaltie and 
 Cittizens and their successors shall finde two Clarices and one Sexton yerely to 
 serve in the said Church of Christe Church aforesaid and shall gyve to either of 
 the same Clarices sixe poundes yerelye and to the same Sexton four poundes 
 yeerely for their stipendes and wages for their livinge and sustentacion And the 
 said Mayor and Commonaltie and Cittizens for them and their successors further 
 covenanten and graunten to the Kinge's Highness his heires and successors that 
 the same Maior and Commonaltie and Cittizens and their successors shall make 
 and provide at the scite of the said late Hospitall of St. Bartholomewe hereafter to 
 be called the House of the Poore as is aforesaid sufficient lodginge for an hundred 
 poore men and poore women and for one matrone aud twelve women under her to 
 make the beddes washe and attend upon the said poore men and women thear 
 And that the said Maior and Commonaltie and Cittizens and their successors shall 
 finde perpetuallye to the said one hundred poore folkes and to the said matrone 
 and twelve women under her sufficient meate drink bedding clothinge wood coale 
 and all other thinges meete convenient and necessary for them and to give to the 
 said matrone in readye money three poundes sixe shillinges and eight pence 
 yerely and to euery of the said twelve women fortye shillinges yearelie And that 
 the said Mayor and Commonaltie and Cittizens and their successors shall finde 
 yerelie one other priest at the said late Hospitall hereafter to be called the House 
 of the Poore as is aforesaid which shalbe called the Hospitler and shall visite and 
 minister to the poore folkes thear as necessitie shall require and that the same 
 Maior and Commonaltie and Cittizens and their successors shall give to the same 
 Hospitler tenn poundes yerelye for his stipend and wages And that the said 
 Mayor and Commonaltie and Cittizens and their successors shall finde one Parish 
 Clark and one Sexton to serve in the Church of Littell St. Bartholomewe afore- 
 said and shall gyve to the same Parish Clark sixe poundes yerelie and to the 
 
APPENDIX. NO. I. IX 
 
 same Sexton fowre poundes yerelye for their livinge and sustentacion And that 
 the said Maior and Commonaltie and Cittizens and their successors shall finde 
 contynuallie at the said late Hospitall hereafter to be called the House of the 
 Poore one conveniente person to be Steward of and for the provision of the 
 poore thear and one convenient person to be Receavor and Collector of the 
 rentes and revenues of such possessions and revenues as shalbe giuen to and 
 for the sustentacion of the said poore people and that the same Maior and Com- 
 monaltie and Cittizens and their successors shall finde contynuallie one convenient 
 person to be Porter of the said late Hospitall and one other convenient person 
 to be Butler thear and one other convenient person to be Cooke thear and to 
 giue to the same Steward sixe poundes thirteen shillinges and fowre pence yeerely 
 and to the same Receavor and Collector sixe poundes thirteen shillinges and fowre 
 pence yeerely and to the same Porter sixe poundes yerely and to the same Butler 
 fowre poundes yerelie and to the same Cooke sixe poundes yerelie for their Wages 
 And that the said Mayor and Commonaltie and Cittizens and their successors shall 
 finde eight persons to be Bedells to bringe to the said late Hospitall hereafter to be 
 called the Howse of the Poore such poore sick aged and impotente people as shal- 
 be founde goinge abroade in the Cittye of London and the suburbes of the same 
 not havinge whearwith to be susteyned And to repulse and avoide such Valiante 
 and Sturdye Vacaboundes and beggers they shall finde dailie within the said 
 Cittye and the suburbes of the same And that the same Maior Commonaltie and 
 Cittizens and their Successors shall giue to euery of the same eight Bedelles three 
 poundes sixe shillinges and eight pence yearely for their Stipendes and Wages And 
 that the said Mayor and Comonaltie and Cittizens and their Successors shall finde. 
 perpetuallie one person sufficient learned in the Science of Phisick and one other 
 person havinge sufficient knowledge in Surgery to be continually attendant upon 
 the sick and sore people at the said late Hospitall hereafter to be called the House 
 of the Poore to minister to them from tyme to tyme such thinge as shalbe needfull 
 and necessary to their sicknesses and diseases And that the said Mayor and Com- 
 monaltie and Cittizens and their successors shall gyve and paye to the same Phi- 
 sicion yearly twentye poundes and to the same Surgeon yearly twentye poundes And 
 that the said Maior Commonaltie and Cittizens and their successors at their proper 
 costes and charges from tyme to tyme shall buye and provide all manner Poti- 
 cary Ware and other thinges meete necessarye and convenyent for the makinge of 
 Salves and all other thinges touchinge Phisick or Surgerie for the healpe or healpinge 
 of the said poore sick and impotent people And in consideracion of the greate 
 charges which the said Mayor and Commonaltie and Cittizens and their successors 
 shall sustaine and beare yearely for the causes aboue recited our said soueraigne 
 lord the Kinge is further pleased and contented and by theis presentes for him his 
 
 b 
 
APPENDIX. NO. I. 
 
 heires and successors giveth and graunteth to the said Mayor Commonaltie and 
 Cittizens and their successors full power licence and aucthoritie to take and receive 
 to them and to their successors for euer to the use and sustentacion of the poore of 
 any of his Grace's liege people or subiectes by purchase bargaine sale guifte graunte 
 bequeste or otherwise Mannors parsonages landes tenementes tythes rentes reuer- 
 sions or other revenues possessions or hereditamentes to the yerelie value of one 
 thowsand Markes over and aboue the Mannors landes tenementes hereditamentes 
 aboue said within the Cittye of London or ells whear within the Realme of En- 
 gland or in Wales or any other the Kinges dominions allthough the same Mannors 
 parsonages landes tenementes tithes rentes reuersions revenues possessions or 
 heraditamentes be or shalbe holden of the Kinges Majestie his heires or successors 
 in chief the statute and statutes whereby it is provided and enacted that landes 
 and tenementes should not be putt to Mortmain or any other Act or statute hereto- 
 fore made or enacted to the contrary or any other lawe custome provision matter or 
 Cause in any wise to the contrarye notwithstandinge And the said Maior and 
 Commonaltie and Cittizens doe covenaunte promise and graunte for them and their 
 successors to and with our said soueraigne Lord the Kinge his heires and successors 
 that the whole yearely profittes and revenues of the said Mannors landes tenementes 
 tithes possessions hereditamentes and other the premises appointed to be given and 
 graunted to the said Mayor and Commonaltie and Cittizens and to their successors 
 and which the same Maior Commonaltie and Cittizens and their successors shall 
 buy and purchase or that shalbe gyven to them by reason of the said licence over 
 and besides the findinge of the said Vicars Priestes and such other necessarie minis- 
 ters and officers as are before appointed to be founde by the said Mayor Com- 
 monaltie and Cittizens and their successors shall whollie be bestowed and goe to 
 the relieff and sustentacion of the poore And our said soueraigne Lord the Kinge is 
 therefore pleased and contented and by theis presentes promiseth and graunteth for 
 him his heires and successors to the said Mayor and Commonaltie and Cittizens 
 and their successors that as well the same Maior and Commonaltie and Cittizens 
 and their successors as the said Visitor of Newgate and the said fyve other 
 priestes which from tyme to tyme shalbe in the said Church of Christe Church 
 aforesaid and the said Hospitler from tyme to tyme shalbe in the said Howse of 
 the Poore and euery of them and the said Mannors landes tenementes before ap- 
 pointed to be gyven and graunted to the said Mayor and Commonaltie and Citti- 
 zens by the Kinges Highness in forme aforesaid And the said Maior and 
 Commonaltie and Cittizens or their successors by reason of the said licence or other- 
 wise shall haue hereafter by the guifte graunte bargaine or sale of any other pos- 
 session or possessions to the use and intente aforesaid shalbe clearlie acquitted 
 and discharged against the Kinges Highness his heires and successors for euer of 
 
APPENDIX. NO. I. Xi 
 
 all tenthes and firste fruites and of all and singular soom or soomes of money for or 
 in the name of the tenthes and yeerly tenthes parte for and in the name of firste 
 fruites of the said Mannors parsonages landes tenementes and other the premises 
 before limytted and appointed to be gyven and graunted by the Kinges Highness 
 to the said Mayor and Commonaltie and Cittizens and to their Successors to be 
 assigned or appointed to the said priestes or other officers or ministers of the said 
 Church called Christe Church or of the said Church or Howse of the Poore or which 
 the same Mayor Commonaltie and Cittizens and their successors shall hereafter haue 
 or obtaine by guift graunte bargaine or sale of any other possession or possessions 
 by virtue of the said licence in form aforesaid to be dewe to our said Soueraigne 
 Lord the kinge his heires or successors by the said Mayor and Commonaltie and 
 Cittizens or their successors or by the said visitor of Newgate or Hospitler or by 
 any of the said other fyve Priestes at any time to be appointed hereafter in the 
 said Churche called Christe Church by reason of the said Acte of Parliament made 
 and provided in the xxvjth yeare of our said soueraigne Lord the Kinges raigne 
 for and concernynge the grauntinge of tenthes and firste fruites to the Kinges 
 Highness of spirituall or Ecclesiasticall benefices dignities or promocions or other- 
 wise And our said soueraigne Lord the Kinge is further pleased and contented 
 and by theis presentes for him his heires and successors graunteth to the said Mayor 
 and Commonaltie and Cittizens and their successors that the said Mayor and Com- 
 monaltie and Cittizens and their successors shall from henceforth be masters 
 rulers and governors of the Hospitall or Howse called Bethelem without and nigh 
 the gate called Bisshopsgate of the Cittye of London And that the said Mayor and 
 Commonaltie and Cittizens and their successors shall haue the order rule and 
 Government of the said Hospitall or House called Bethelem and of the people 
 thear and shall haue full power and aucthoritie to see and cause the rentes revenues 
 and profittes of all the landes and possessions of the same Hospitall or House called 
 Bethelem to be ymployed and bestowed to the relief of the poore people thear ac- 
 cordinge to the true meanynge of the foundacion of the same or otherwise as it 
 shall please the Kinges Majestie for better order to devise for the same And to the 
 intent that the said good and godlie purpose maye haue good successe to the honnor 
 and glorye of God and to the aide healpe and relieff of the poore the Kinges 
 Majestie is further pleased and contented and for him his heires and successors 
 promiseth and graunteth to the said Maior and Commonaltie and Cittizens and to 
 their successors that our said soueraigne Lord the Kinge his heires and successors 
 from tyme to tyme at all tymes hereafter will doe and suffer to be doon all and 
 euery such act and actes thing and thinges be it by Letters Patentes of Parliament 
 confirmacion or otherwise for the better and more perfect assurance and makinge 
 sure of the said Mannors parsonages tithes landes tenementes and all and singular 
 
Xll APPENDIX. NO. I. 
 
 other the premises appointed to be graunted and made sure to the said Mayor and 
 Commonaltie and Cittizens and to their successors and for the sure erection found- 
 acion and establishment of all and singular other the purposes and effectes afore 
 expressed in forme aforesaid as by the learned Councel of the said Mayor and 
 Commonaltie and Cittizens and their successors from tyme to tyme shalbe devised 
 or advised And our said soueraigne Lord the Kinge is pleased contented and 
 graunteth by theis presentes that the said Maior and Commonaltie and Cittizens of 
 the said Cittye of London shall haue the one parte of this indenture sealed with 
 the greate Seale of Englande without any fine or Fee to be paid for the same in 
 the Hanaper of the Chancery or elles where In Witnes whereof to the one parte 
 of this Indenture remayninge with the said Mayor Commonaltie and Cittizens 
 our said soueraigne Lord the Kinge hath caused his greate Seale of England to be 
 putt and to the other parte of the same Indenture remayninge with our said soue- 
 raigne Lord the Kinge the said Mayor and Commonaltie and Cittizens haue putt 
 their comon Seale the day and yere firste aboue written. 
 
No. II. 
 
 LETTERS PATENT OF HENRY VIII. 
 
 UfX ©tltlttf)U0 at( C1U0*> rtr Saltm Sciatis qd nos tam in complemen qua?dam concession^ 
 proniissionu articulo? et agreamento? in quadam Indentura fact' inter nos ex una pte et 
 Maiorem Coitatem ac Cives Civitatis nre London ex altera pte gereii dat' xxvij" die Decem- 
 bris Anno regni nri tricessimo octavo express et specificato? qni pro aliis causis et considera- 
 conibus nos ad p>sens spali? moven de gra nra spali ac ex certa scientia et mero motu nris 
 dedimus et concessimus ac p p>sentes dam 9 et conceding 9 p>fatis Maiori et Coitati ac Civib3 
 Civitatis nre London totam ecciiam dudu frm Mino? vulgari? nuncupat' lez Grey Freers 
 infra Civitatem nra. London ac totum scitum Domus diet' dudura frm Mino? Ac omia edificia 
 fram et solum ecclie p>dce Necnon omia domos et edificia quondam vulgariB nuncupat' le 
 Fratrye le Lybrarie le Dortor et le Chapiter House dee domus dudum frm Mino? ac totam 
 terr et solum vocat' le great Cloyster et le littell Cloyster dee Domus dudum frm mino? 
 infra p^cinctum scitus domus dudum frm mino? jMco? Necnon omia ilia caifias et edificia 
 nra modo vel nup in sepalibus tenuris Georgii Woodward et Edwardi Metcalf scituat' et 
 existeii infra scitum p>cinctum et circuitum dee domus dudum frm mino? Ac etiam oihia 
 ilia domos edificia caiflas et vacua funda nra modo vel nup in tenura Ewini Mone infra 
 pteinctum dci scitus dee domus dudum frm Mino? Necnon totam illam caifiam sive Aulam 
 nram et cellariu nru subtus eandem ac totum fundum infra parvu Claustru infra pcinctum 
 dci scitus dee domus dudum frm Mino? modo vel nup in tenura Hugonis Willoughby unius 
 Svientu nro? ad arma pro terlo vite sue ac totam illam ptem domo? et edifico? vocat' le 
 Dortor dee domus dudum frm mino? modo unacum (vacuam) & non occupat' existeii 
 Necnon omia ilia domos et edificia et vacua funda nra modo vel nup in tenura Rici Tredray 
 ex boreali pte parvi Claustri dee domus dudum frm mino? pdeo? Ac omia alia domos edi- 
 ficia gardina vacua funda terr teiit' et alia hereditamenta nra quecuq. ; cum suis ptineh scituat' 
 jaceii et existeii infra circuitum et pcinctum dci scitus dee domus dudum frm mino? pdeo? 
 Ac rev'sioih et rev'siones orhiu et singulo? pmisso? ac redditus et annualia pficua quecuq, 
 re§vat' sup quibuscuq, dimissionib3 et concessionibus de p>missis seu de aliqua inde pcella 
 quoquo modo fact' Ac totam aliam terr et solum nra quiicuq, infra p>cinctum dee domus 
 dudum frm mino? p>dco? Necnon totum plumbum ac lapides ferrum vitrium materiem et 
 alia quecuq, modo existen et remanen sup pmissis aut aliqua inde pcella Dam 9 etiam pro 
 consideraconibus p>dcis et p pontes concedim 9 p>fat' Maiori Coitati et Civibus dee Civitatis 
 London totu nup Hospitale sci Barthi in West smithfeild juxta London alias dct' Hospitale 
 Sci BartKi parvi in West smithfeild juxta London seu quocfiq, alio noTe idem nup Hospitale 
 censeaf seu cognoscaf ac totam ecciiam eiusdem nup Hospitalis ac terr et sold eiusdem 
 
XIV APPENDIX. NO. II. 
 
 ecciie Necnon totum plumbum et oihes campanas eiusdem ecclie ac omia ornamenta ecclie 
 illius ac alia quecuq, eidem ecclie et hospitali quoquo modo spectaii vel ptineh Necnon totu 
 scitum ambitum circuits et pcinct' ac clausum dci nup Hospitalis Ac etiam totu illud mes- 
 suagiu et terit' nru cu ptineh modo vel nup in tenura seu occupacone Radi Banyster unu 
 aliud messuagiu et tent' nru cu ptineh modo vel nup in tenura seu occupacone Thome Wood- 
 ward unu aliud messuagiu et tent' nru et unu gardinu nru cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura 
 seu occupacone Rici Starky unii aliud messuagiu et telit' nru cu ptinen modo vel nup in 
 tenura seu occupacone Thome Gold unu aliud messuagiu et tent' nru cu ptinen modo vel 
 nup in tenura seu occupacone Niciii Webster Ac omia ilia duo messuagia et tent' nra cu 
 ptinen modo vel nup in tenura seu occupacone Barthi Brokesbye Necnon omia ilia quatuor 
 messuagia et tent' nra cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura seu occupacone Christiane Craker 
 vidue Ac totu illud messuagiu et teiit' nm cu ptineh modo vel nup in tenura Robti Chidley 
 Armigeri Ac etiam totu illud messuagiu et tent' nru cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura seu 
 occupacone Niciii Edwarde Necnon omia ilia octo messuagia et tehta nra ac unu le Stort- 
 howse et unu gardinu nra cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura seu occupacone Johis Tailour 
 Ac totu illud messuagiu et teiit' nru vocat' a Smythie cu ptineii Ac duo alia messuagia et 
 tehta nra cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura seu occupacone eiusdem Joliis Tailour Ac etiam 
 totu illud messuagiu et tent' nru et unu gardinu nru cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura seu 
 occupacone Witti Newton Ac omia ilia duo messuag et tent' nra et unii gardinu nru modo 
 vel nup in tenura seu occupacone Rici Tailour Necnon omia ilia duo messuagia et teiit' nra 
 cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura seu occupacone Robti Jenyns Ac etiam totu illud messuagiu 
 et tentu nru ac unu gardinu nru cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura seu occupacone Galfri de 
 la Penne Ac totu illud messuagiu et tentu nru et unu gardinu nru cu ptineh modo vel nup 
 in tenuta seu occupacone Johis Harrywell Ac etiam omia ilia quinq, messuagia et tent' nra 
 cu ptineh modo vel nup in tenura Rici Daye Ac totu illud magnu messuagiu nru et unu gar- 
 dinu et quatuor alia messuagia et tehta nra cu ptineh modo vel nup in tenura Niciii Rokke- 
 woode Necnon tot' illud messuagiu et tent' nru ac unu gardinu nru cu ptineh modo vel nup 
 in tenura seu occupacone Jobis Wytton Necnon tot' illud messuagiu et tent' nru ac terr con- 
 tineh septem pedes ex omi pte eiusdem tent' ac unu gardinu nru cu eog ptineh univ'sis modo 
 vel nup in tenura Thome Hikelinge Capellani Ac tot' illud messuagiu et tent' nru ac unu 
 gardinu nru cu ptineh modo vel nup in tenura seu occupacone Witti Cretinge Clici Necnon 
 omia alia messuagia domos edificia teiit' curtilagia vacua funda gardina terras sola et hereditat' 
 nra quecuq, cu ptineh scituat' iaceh et existeh infra scitum septum ambitum circuitum et 
 p>cinctu ac clausum dci nup Hospitalis ac eidem nup Hospitali dudum spectah et ptineh 
 ac pcella possessions eiusdem nup Hospitalis dudu existeh Ac etiam omia ilia messuagia 
 domos edificia tent' curtilagia vacua funda gardina terras sola et hereditamenta nra quecuq, 
 cu ptineh infra scitum septum ambitu circuitu p>cinctii et clausum dci nup Hospitalis 
 Necnon totu illud annuu redditu nru viginti septem solido? exeuh de uno messuagio et tehto 
 vocat' Olifaunte modo vel nup Witti Weste militis in West smithfeild in pochia sci Sepulchri 
 London Ac totu illud annuu redditum tresdecim solidog et quatuor denariof exeuh de quodam 
 tehto ptineh Gardianis ecclie sci Sepulchri extra Newgate London scituat' et existeh in 
 West smithfeild ptfca juxta barras sci Iotiis ibm Necnon totu illud messuagiu et tentu nru 
 ac unu gardinu nru cu ptineh modo vel nup in tenura Radi Worsley scituat' et existeh in 
 West smithfeild in pochia sci Sepulchri pctci Ac etiam totu illud messuagiu et tentu nru cu 
 
APPENDIX. NO. II. XV 
 
 ptinen in West smithfeild in pochia sci Sepulchri p>dci modo vel nup in tenura seu occupacone 
 Thome Gold Necnon omia ilia duo messuagia et tefita nra cii ptinen modo vel nup in tenura 
 seu occupacone Johnis Twyford et quondam in tenura Rici Peerson in West smithfeild p>dca 
 in dca pochia sci Sepulchri Ac etiam totu illud messuagiu et tentu nru cu ptinen modo vel 
 nup in tenura Johnis Sowle in West smithfeild in pochia sci Sepulchri jMci Ac etiam totu 
 illud messuagiu et tentu nru vocat' le Hartf Home cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura Willi 
 Holland in West smithfeild in dca pochia sci Sepulchri Ac omia ilia tria messuag ac tefita 
 nra ac duo gardina nra cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenuris seu occupaconibus Rici Hodges 
 Thome Acton et Witti Squire in West smithfeild in pochia sci Sepulchri p>dci Necnon oiiiia 
 ilia tria messuagia et teiita nra cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura seu occupacone Rici 
 Starkye in West smythfeild in pochia sci Sepulchri London jMca Necnon omia ilia duo 
 messuagia et teiita nra cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura Thome Lane in Giltspore streate 
 alias dco Knight ryder streate in dca pochia sci Sepulchri Ac etiam omia ilia quinq^ messuagia 
 et tent' nra cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura Rowlandi Farington Carpenter in Guiltspore 
 streate als dco Knightrider streate in pochia sci Sepulchri p>dci Necnon omia ilia 
 semptem messuagia et teiita nra cu ptineii modo vel nup in tenura Witti Brerton in 
 Hosiar lane in pochia sci Sepulchri p>dci Ac etiam oiiiia ilia quatuor messuagia et teiita nra ac 
 unu stabulum nru cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura Davidi Sandbrok in Hosiar Lane in p>dca 
 pochia sci Sepulchri Ac totu illud messuagiu et tentu nru vocat' the Bell cu ptinen modo 
 vel nup in tenura seu occupacone Witti Tailor vel assign suof in Hosiar Lane jMca in pochia 
 sci Sepulchri jMca Necnon totu illud annuii redditu viginti denariofi annuatim exeun de 
 tenemeii nup Thome Stokes ac modo Rici Harry Yonge in Cowlane in pochia sci Sepulchri 
 p>dci Ac etiam totu illud magnu messuagiu nru ac duo gardina nra et duo stabula nra cu 
 ptinen modo vel nup in tenura Thome Stokes in Cowlane jMci in dca pochia sci Sepulchri 
 Ac etiam oiiiia ilia undecim messuagia et teiita nra cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura seu occu- 
 pacone Witti Harvest et quondam in tenura Robti Tey in Cowlane fMca Necnon totu illud 
 messuagiu et pandoxatoriu nru vocat' le Grene Dragon cu oinib3 shopis cellar solar et aliis 
 suis ptinen modo vel nup in tenura seu occupacone Witti Brerton in Cowlane p>dca Ac etiam 
 oiiiia ilia duo messuagia et teiita nra modo in unu reduct' cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura 
 Witti Cordall in vico vocat' St. John's Streate in Com nro Middx ac in pochia sci Sepulchri 
 extra Newgat London jJdca Ac oiiiia ilia duo messuagia et teiita nra cu ptinen modo vel nup 
 in tenura seu occupacone Witti Symons et quondam in tenura Witti Deane in eodem vico 
 sci Joins et in pochia sci Sepulchri p>dca Ac etiam totu illud messuagiu et tentu nru vocat' 
 le redd lyon cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura seu occupacone Robti Barden et quondam 
 in tenura Alex!i Bell in vico sci Jonis |Mco et in pochia sci Sepulchri |Mca Necnon oiiiia 
 ilia messuagia et teiita nra cu ptineii modo vel nup in sepalib3 tenuris Jolinis Cordall Hugonis 
 Hatton et Rici Broke in vico sci Joftnis in dca pochia sci Sepulchri Necnon totum illud 
 messuagiu et tent' nru cu ptineii modo vel nup in tenura Robti Smere in Duklane London in 
 dca pochia sci Sepulchri Ac etiam totu illud messuag et teht' nru cu ptinen modo vel nup 
 in tenura seu occupacone Witti Darye in Bretton Streate in pocfi sci Bothi extra Aldersgate 
 London Ac oiiiia ilia sex messuagia et teiita nra cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura seu occu- 
 pacone Johnis Twyford in Bretton Streate p>dca in dca pochia sci Bothi extra aldersgate 
 p^dca Ac etiam oiiiia ilia duo messuagia et tent' nra Vocat' le Splede Egle ac quatuor alia 
 tenta nra cu ptineii modo vel nup in tenura seu occupacone Robti Smere in Bretton Streate in 
 
XVI APPENDIX. NO. II. 
 
 pochia sci Bothi p>clci Necnon totu illud messuagiu et tentu nru vocat' le redd lyon ac unii 
 gardinu nru cii eo? ptineii modo vel nup in tenura Robti Andrewe et With Duffeilde seu eoj 
 alPius in Le Barbicane London in dca pochia sci Bothi extra aldersgate London {Mci Ac 
 etiam totu illud Hospitiii sive messuagiu et tentu nru vocat' le Antilope cum ptineii modo vel 
 nup in tenura Witti Bowbye in poch sci Andree in Holborne in ctco Coin nro Middx ppe 
 London Ac totum ilium annuu redditu viginti triu solido? et quatuor denario? exeuii de uno 
 tento vocato the Angell in poch sci Dunstani in le West London spectah et ptineii Gardianis 
 ecclie sci Xtoferi juxta le Stokes London Ac etiam totam illam domu pandoxatoriam nuncupat' 
 le Hartf Horne cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura Alexi Hudson in pochia see Brigette in Fleete 
 Strete London jMca Necnon omia ilia tria messuagia et tenta nfa modo vel nup in sepalib3 
 tenuris seu occupaconibj Nichi Spakeman Lawrencii Elyott et Johis Hardye Carpinter in 
 Fletestrete et in pochia sci Martini infra Ludgat ttce Civitatis London Ac etiam totu illud 
 messuagiu et tent' nru vocat' a backhouse Ac tria alia messuagia et tenta nra cu ptineii modo 
 vel nup in tenura seu occupacone Hugonis Greene et Rici Grey seu eoff altius in Peterkey 
 infra pochia see Marie Magdalene in veteri piscaria vulgari? vocat' le old fish streate in ctca 
 Civitate London Ac etiam totu illud messuagiu et tent' nru modo vel nup in tenura seu occu- 
 pacone Agnetis Gybson vidue Ac omia ilia duo messuagia et tenta nra modo vel nup in tenura 
 seu occupacone Alicie Webbe vidue cu omibus et singulis eofs ptineii in Peterkey in pochia 
 sci Benedci London Ac etiam totum ilium annuu redditu sexdecim solidofi exeuii de domo 
 Brasina vocat' le Dolphin in le olde fish strete in poch sci Nichi Cold abbey London ac 
 spectan et ptinen Gardianis ecclie bte Marie Magdalene in old fish strete jMca Necnon 
 totum ilium annuu redditu quinquaginta unius solido? et octo denarioj exeun de uno tehto 
 ptinen Gardianis ecctie sci Nichi Cold Abbey London jJdct' scituat' et existen in Old fish 
 streate jMca in ctca pochia sci Nichi Cold Abbey jMca Necnon totum illud messuagiu et 
 teiitu nru modo vel nup in tenura Robti Reynold^ et Robti Longe seu eoj altius Ac omia 
 ilia tria messuagia et tenta nra modo vel nup in tenura seu occupacone Agnetis Bloxurche 
 cum eofs ptineii univ'sis scituat' et existen in Old fish strete London jMci in dca pochia sci 
 Nichi Cold Abbey Ac etiam omia ilia tria messuagia et teiita nra cu ptinen modo vel nup in 
 sepalibus tenuris Rici Holte Rici Buklande et Robti Borne in Watling strete in pochia sci 
 Augustini in clca Civitate London Necnon totum illud messuagiu et teiitu nru ac unam shopam 
 nram cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura seu occupacone Thome Daye in Bowe lane in pochia 
 beate Marie de Bow Church London Necnon totum illud messuagiu et tentu nru modo vel 
 nup in tenura Johis Twyford in Soplane in poch sci Pancracii London Necnon omia ilia 
 quatuordecim messuagia et teiita nra cu ptineii modo vel nup in tenura Wifti Phippes in 
 Thames streate in pochia oihiu scofs vocat' Allhallowes the littell in ctca Civitate London 
 Ac etiam tot' illud capitale messuagiu nru vocat' the Axe cu ptineii modo vel nup in tenura 
 Elizabethe Egerson als ctce Elizabethe Egerson vidue Ac omia ilia tria teiita nra cu ptinen 
 modo vel nup in tenura Wiiii Brerton scituat' et existen in Woodstrete parva in pochia sci 
 Alphegi London Ac totum ilium annuu redditu sex solidofi exeuii de terris Gardianog mistere 
 et societatis Aurifabro? London scituat' et existen in Mugwell Streate in pochia sci Olavi 
 London ptfci Ac omia ilia quinq, teiita nra ac omia gardina nra eisdem adiaceii cu ptineii modo 
 vel nup in tenura Johis Twyford in Mugwell Streate in pochia sci Olavi London pdcaAc tot' 
 illud messuagiu et teiitu nru ac unam vacuam peciam terre nra cu ptinen modo vel nup in 
 tenura Johis Pilborowe Ac tot' illud messuagiu et tehtum nru cu ptineii modo vel nup in 
 
APPENDIX. NO. II. xvii 
 
 tenura Georgii Egerson als Egerton in Maceft vocat' set' Nicholas Shambullf in pochia sci 
 Nicfti infra Newgat London ptfca Ac totum ilium annuii redditu decern libra? tresdecim solidog 
 et quatuor denario? exeuii de tent' ptinen Gardianis mistere et societatis de le3 Marchant 
 Tailours London scituat' et existen in le Vintree London in poch sci Martini ibidem Necnon 
 totum ilium annuu redditu viginti solidog annuatim exeuii de tenemeii modo vel nup ptinen 
 Gardianis mistere et societatis Aurifabro? London scituat' et existen in Woodstreete et West 
 Cheape in pochia sci Petri in West Cheap London jMca Ac totum ilium annuu redditu viginti 
 solidog annuatim exeun de tenemen vulgaru 3 nuncupat' the signe of the Egle in Chepe 
 scituat' et existen in pochia sci Petri in Westchepe p>dca ac ptinen eisdem Gardianis Aurifabrog 
 tresdecim solidog et quatuor denario? annuatim exeun de teftt' modo vel nup Gardianog 
 dee mistere et societatis aurifabrog p>dce in pochia sci Jorlis Zacarye in Foster Lane London 
 pdea Ac etiam totum illu annuu redditu decern solido? annuatim exeun de uno teiito apud 
 London Wall in pochia olum scog ibidem modo vel nup ptinen Gardianis ecclie pochialis 
 sci Petri in Cornehill London Ac etiam totum ilium annuu redditum decern solido? annuatim 
 exeuii de tento in Bush Lane in pochia sci Swithini London modo vel nup ptinen Gardianis 
 ecclie pochialis sci Magni London Ac etiam totum ilium annuu redditum duo? solido? et 
 sex denarioj annuatim exeuii de teiito vulgarn 3 nuncupat' the signe of the shippe ac nup 
 vocato le pewter dish in le Pultrye juxta le Sockf in pochia sci Mildrede London modo vel 
 nup ptinen Gardianis mistere et societatis de le3 Iremongers London Necnon totum ilium 
 annuu redditu triginta solido? annuatim exeuii de tento vocat' the Egle in gracious streate 
 in pochia sci Petri in Cornehill London p>dca modo vel nup ptinen Gardianis ecclie sci 
 Michis in Cornehill pdea Ac totum ilium annuu redditum viginti solidoj annuatim exeuii de 
 messuagiis et tentis modo vel nup ptinen Gardianis ecclie pochialis sci Andree juxta Bay- 
 nardf Castell scituat' et existen in pochia sci Andree juxta Baynardf 3 Castell pdea Ac totum 
 ilium annuu redditum sexaginta solidog annuatim exeuii de quadam domo Brasinea modo vel 
 nup Roftti Hamonde scituat' et existen in pochia sci Andree juxta Baynardf Castell p>dca 
 Ac etiam totum ilium annuu redditum viginti solidoj; annuatim exeuii de tribus messuagiis 
 et tentis et le key nup Dodmers modo vel nup dci Robti Hamonde in dca pochia sci Andree 
 juxta Baynard^ Castell p>dc Necnon totum ilium annuu redditum viginti sex solido? et octo 
 denariojs annuatim exeuii de tent' vulgari? nuncupat' the signe of the Bell in Canwick strete 
 in pochia beate Marie Abchurch London modo vel nup ptinen gardianis ecclie bte Marie 
 Abchurch p>dce Ac etiam totum ilium annuu redditum quatuor solido? annuatim exeuii de 
 uno tento vocat' the Lampe in pochia see Ethelburge London ext* Bisshopesgate London 
 modo vel nup ptinen Gardianis de le3 Tallow Chaundlers London Ac totum ilium annuu 
 redditu duo? solido? exeuii de uno teiito nup in tenura Johis Tewkisburye ptinen eisdem Gar- 
 dianis de le3 Tallow Chaundlers London p>dc scituat' et existen in eadem pochia see Sexburge 
 ext* Bisshopsgate pMca Necnon totum ilium annuu redditu septem solidof annuatim exeuii de 
 uno teiito nup vocat' le Home ac modo vocat' le Sonne ptinen ctcis Gardianis de le3 Tallow 
 Chaundlers London p>dc scituat' et existen in pochia see Ethelburge ext* Bisshopsgate jMca 
 Necnon totum ilium annuu redditum triginta solido? et octo denario? annuatim exeuii de 
 uno messuagio et teiito vocat' le Dolphin modo vel nup Christopheri Champyon scituat' et 
 existen in pochia sci Bothi London extra Bisshops gate London p>ctca Ac etiam totum ilium 
 annuu redditum quadraginta quinq^ solido? annuatim exeuii de teiito modo vel nup Johis 
 Corkys vocat' the Saresyns Hedd in Bredstreete in pochia olm sco? London Ac etiam totum 
 
XV111 APPENDIX. NO. II. 
 
 ilium annuu redditum octo solido? annuatim exeuh de teiito modo vel nup spectan et ptinen 
 Gardianis et societati Mistere de le3 Sadlers London scituat' et existen apud Holborne 
 Crosse in pochia sci Sepulchri London j?dc Ac totum ilium annuu redditum triginta et septem 
 solidog annuatim exeun de messuagio et teiito vocat' le Cardynalls Hatte in pochia sci 
 Sepulchri London p>dca modo vel nup ptinen Magfo de le3 Savoye ppe London pdc Ac totum 
 ilium annuu redditu sex solido? et octo denario? ann" ra exeuh de tent' modo vel nup Joftis 
 Waklyn Clici unius mino? Canonico? in ecclia sci Pauli London scituat' et existen juxta 
 Poules Backe house in pochia sci Georgii London Que quidem messuagia terr tent' redditus 
 et cetera jj?miss in dcis pochiis sci Sepulchri sci Bothi extra Aldersgate see Sexburge sci 
 Dunstani sci Martini infra Ludgate beate Marie Magdalene in veteri piscaria sci Bendci 
 sci Nichi Cold Abbey sci Augustini beate Marie de Bowchurche sci Pancracii omiii scofj 
 vocat' Allhallowes the Littell sci Alphagi sci Olavi sci Nichi ad Macellas sci Martini 
 in le Vintree sci Petri in Westchepe sci Johis Zacarie Omiu scofs apud London Wall sci 
 Swithini see Mildrede sci Petri in Cornhill sci Andree juxta Baynardf Castell beate 
 Marie Abbe Church see Ethelburge extra Bisshops gate sci Bothi extra Bishops gate olum 
 scog in Bredstrete et sci Georgii jMci ac in pochia see Andree in Holborne pdea ac in 
 West Smithfeild Gilt Spore strete Knightryders strete Hosiar lane Cow lane St Johns strete 
 Duke lane Bretten strete Barbicane Fletestrete Peterkey Oldfishstrete Watlingstrete Bow- 
 lane Soplane Thames Strete Woodstrete Mugwell streate S' Nicholas Shambellf le Ventree 
 Westchepe Foster lane Busshlane le Pultrye juxta les Stockes Gracestrete Canwickstrete 
 Bred strete et Holborne pdc dco nup Hospitali dudum spectabant et ptinebant ac pcelt 
 possessionu inde nup extitunt Dam 9 etiam et pro consideracone {Mca p pontes concedim 9 
 pfat' Maiori ac Coitati ac Civibus Civitatis p>dce oihia ilia terr prata et pastur nra continen 
 pestimaconem sexdecim acras modo vel nup in tenura Johis Willoughby iaceii et existen in 
 diversis peciis juxta Wallockf Barne in dco Coin nro Midd3 ac in pochia sci Egidii extra 
 Crippulgate London pdenup Hospitali dudum spectan et ptinen Necnon oihia ilia terr prata 
 et pastura nra continen p estimaconem sex acras cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura . . . 
 Wakefielde iaceh et existen apud le3 Buttf in dco Com nro Midd3 ac in dca pochia sci 
 Egidii extra Crippulgate \}dc eidem nup Hospitali dudum spectan et ptinen Ac etiam omes 
 illas sex acras prati nras cu ptinen modo vel nup Johis Millefi! et Roftti Smith insimul iaceii 
 et existen apud Irishfeilde in eodem Com ac in dca pochia sci Egidii extra Crepulgate pdc 
 dco nup Hospitali dudum spectan et ptinen ac pcett possessionu inde nup existen Ac etiam 
 unam acram et dimid prati cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura Christoferi Terell iaceii 
 et existen in Elme in dco Coin nro Midd3 dco nup Hospitali dudum spectan et ptinen 
 ac pcett possessionu inde nup existen Necnon totam illam pasturam nram vocatam 
 Aylesbery ac unii horreu et duo stabula nra cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura seu occupaeone 
 Ade Beeston scituat' iaceii et existen in Aylesberye in poch sci Pancracii in campis in dco 
 Com nro Midd3 dco nup Hospitali dudum spectan et ptinen ac pcelt possessionu inde nup 
 existen Ac etiam totum illud messuagiu nrii ac ofhia ilia terras prata pascuas et pasturas 
 nra vocat' Cletherhouse Rold Holdes alias Rokholdf et Vintre cu ptinen modo vel nup in 
 tenura Rohti Hanghemonde scituat' iaceii et existen in Cletherhowse in pochia de Hendon in 
 dco Com nro Midd3 dco nup Hospitali dudum spectan et ptinen ac pcett possessionu inde 
 nup existen Necnon ofhia ilia duo le3 Kelnes et duo le3 Wharfes cu ptinen modo vel nup in 
 tenura Riei Driver iaceii et existen in Lynchurste alias dco Lynchoste in pochia de Stebben- 
 
APPENDIX. NO. II. XIX 
 
 keth in dco Com nfo Midd3 dco nup Hospitali dudum spectan et ptinen ac pcett possessionu 
 inde nup existen Ac etiam totam illam pcett prati et unu gardinu nru cu ptinen mode- vel 
 nup in tenura Agnetis Wilford et Marmaduci Brerton geftosi seu eo$ alter iacen et existen 
 in pochia de Enfielde in dco Coin nfo Midd3 nup Hospitali dudum spectan et ptinen ac 
 pcett possessionu inde nup existen Necnon totam illam pcett prati nfam cu ptinen modo vel 
 nup in tenura Joftis Royston iacen et existen in Hackney MShe in pochia de Hackney in 
 dco Com nro Midd3 dco nup Hospitali dudum spectan et ptinen ac pcett possessionu inde 
 nup existen Necnon totum illud Maneriu nru de Feme cu omibus et singulis suis juribus 
 membris et ptinen univ'sis in Coin nro Essex dco nup Hospitali dudum spectan et ptinen ac 
 pcett possessionu inde nup existen Ac totum illud messuagiu firmam et tent' nru vocat' 
 Frerne ac omia terf prata pascuas et pasturas nfa cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura seu 
 occupacone Robti Hamond scituat' iacen et existen in pochiis de Downeham Ramsdon Ran- 
 well et Wikeford in dco Com nro Essex dco nup Hospitali dudum spectan et ptinen ac 
 pcett possessionu inde nup existen Necnon totum illam Rectoriam nram et eccliam nfam 
 de ParvaWakeringe cum omibus domibus terris teiit' glebis decimis oblaconib3 obvenconib3 
 proficuishereditamentis juribus et ptinen univ'sis in Com nro Essex dco nup Hospitali dudum 
 spectan et ptinen ac pcett possessionu inde nup existen Ac advocaconem donaconem libam 
 disposiconemetjuspronatus vicarie ecclie pochialisdeparvaWakeringe in dco Corn nro Essex 
 dco nup Hospitali dudum spectan et ptinen ac pcett possessionu inde nup existen Necnon 
 totum illud messuagiu et tentu nru ac unu mariscu nru et tot' le leyne ac unii aliu mariscu 
 nru vocat' Burnthame cum omibus et singulis eo? ptinen unif sis modo vel nup in tenura 
 seu occupacone Reynaldi Highgate scituat' iacen et existen in Burnthame in dco Com nro 
 Essex dco nup Hospitali dudu spectan et ptinen ac pcett possessionu inde nup existen Ac 
 etiam totum illud messuagiu et tentu nru ac unu cotagiu nru ac unu gardinu ac oiiiia terf 
 prata pascuas et pasturas nfas cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura seu occupacone Rici Rey- 
 nold scituat' iacen et existen in Hatefeild Brodock et Okerell in pochia de Hatefeilde in dco 
 Coin nro Essex dco nup Hospitali dudu spectan et ptinen ac pcett possessionu inde nup 
 existen Ac etiam omia ilia terras prat' et pasturas nra vocat' Shernewardes cum ptinen modo 
 vel nup in tenura Johis Buley et Thome Coke seu eof al?ius iacen et existen in Shernewardf 
 Mersh in pochia de parva Wakeringe in dco Corn nro Essex dco nup Hospitali dudu spectan 
 et ptinen ac pcett possessionu inde nup existen Necnon omia ilia terras prata pascuas et 
 pasturas nra cum ptinen modo vel nup in tenura Johis Smith iacen et existen in Docket in 
 Com nro Buck dco nup Hospitali dudu spectan et pertinen ac pcett possessionu inde nup 
 existen Ac etiam omia ilia messuagia terr tent' prata pascuas redditus refsiones servicia 
 Cur let' et proficua Cur ibidem vocat' Barthilmewes Fee ac alia pficua comoditat' et emolu- 
 menta nra quecuq, cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura seu occupacone Johis Coke scituat' 
 iacen et existen in Wollascombe in Coin nro Northt' dco nup Hospitali dudu spectan et 
 ptinen ac pcett possessionu inde nup existen Necnon totam illam Rectoriam nram et eccliam 
 nfam de Hinton sci Georgii alias dci George Hinton in Coin nro Soifiset cu omib3 domibus 
 terris teiit' glebis decimis oblaconibus obvenconibus pficuis et hereditament' quibuscuq, 
 eidem ptinen et spectan cum suis juribus et ptinen unifsis dco nup Hospitali dudu ptinen et 
 spectan ac pcett possessionu inde nup existen ac advocaconem donaconem libam dispositonem 
 etjus pronatus vicarie ecclie pochialis de Hinton sci Georgii alias diet' George Hynton in dco 
 Coin nfo Soifiset dco nup Hospitali dudu spectan et ptinen Ac etiam totum illud messuagiu 
 
XX APPENDIX. NO. II. 
 
 et tent' nru ac omia terr prata pascuas et pasturas nfa cum ptineii modo vel nup in tenura 
 Andree Smith scituat' iacen et existeh in Heth in Com nro Oxoh dco nup Hospitali dudu 
 spectan et ptineii ac pcett possessionu inde nup existeii Necnon omia ilia duo messuagia nra 
 cum ptineii modo vel nup in tenura Johis Spikinge scituat' et existeii in pochia sci Michis in 
 villa sci Albani in Com nro Hertf dco nup Hospitali dudum spectan et ptineii ac pcett pos- 
 sessionu inde nup existeii Damus ul?ius et pro consideracone p>dca g pontes concedimuspfat 
 Maiori et Coitati ac Civibus Civitatis [Mce omnia et singula alia maflia messuagia domos 
 edificia horrea stabula columbaria hortos poiflia gardina stagna vivar terf teiita molendina 
 prata pascuas pasturas Colas vasta iampna bruer mariscos boscos subboscos redditus refsiones 
 servicia necnon redditus sup quibusciiq, dimissionibus et concessionibus pmissog et cujuslibet 
 inde pcett fact' reservat' Cur let' vis franc pleg cattalla waviata extrahur rectorias vicarias 
 advocacones pensiones porcones decimas oblacones feod militum ward maritagia escaeta 
 relevia heriett' fines aificiamenta ac alia jura pficua comoditates emolumenta et hereditamenta 
 nra quecuq, cum omibus et singulis suis ptineii tam spalia qfn temporalia cujuscuq, sint 
 geffiis nature vel speciei seu quibuscuq, noibus censeant r vel cognoscantur scituat' iaceii et 
 existeii in dca Civitate London ac in suburbiis eiusdem Civitatis ac in Edmonton alias dco 
 Edelmonton Willesdon Aylesburye in pochia sci Pancracii in Campis Clitherhouse Hendon 
 Lymehurste alias diet' Lymehoste Stebenketh Enfeld et Hackeney in dco Coin nro Midd3 
 ac in Downeton Downehame Ramsdon Ranwell Wikeford Parva Wakeringe Burnehame 
 Hatefeilde Brodok Okerell et Shernewoode in dco Corn nro Essex ac in Dochett p>dco in 
 dco Coin nro Buck ac in dco Wollastoh in dco Com nro Northt' ac in Hynton sci Georgii 
 alias diet' George Hynton in dco Coin nro Sorflset Ac in Heth in dco Com nro Oxoh Ac in 
 villa sci Albani in dco Coin nro Hertf ac alibi ubicuq, tam in eisdem Coin Midd3 Essex 
 Buck Northt' Sorfiset Oxoh et Hertf qih alibi ubicuq, infra regnu nru Angl dco nup Hospi- 
 tali quoquo modo spectan et ptineh aut ut pcett possessionu seu revenconu ejusdem nup 
 Hospitalis antehac habit' cognit' accepta usitat' seu reputat' existeh Exceptis tamen semp et 
 nobis heredibus et successor nris omnino re's'vat' omibus illis messuagiis domibus tehtis et 
 hereditamentis vocat' Crokehorne Alleysen quocumq, alio noie vel noibus censeant r vel cog- 
 noscant r ac omibus gardinis et vacuis terf eisdem spectan vel ptineh scituat' iacen' et existeii 
 in pochia sci Andree in Holburne in Coin Middj videlt in? tenemeh et messuag vulgari? 
 nuncupat' Davis Inn ex pte orientali et tent' modo. vel nup Thome Trapps Aurifabri London 
 ex pte occidentali et quandam pcellam terre vaste ibidem ex pte australi et regiam viam de 
 Holborne ex pte boriali Ac etiam exceptis et simili modo omnino reservat' nobis heredibus 
 et successor nris toto illo annuo redditu triginta sex solido? exeuh et solvend de messuagiis 
 et tehtis Martini Bowes militis in Fridaye Streate London Ac etiam except' et simili modo 
 omnino reservat' nobis heredibus et successoribus nris omibus illis messuag terris tenement' 
 pratis pasturis et hereditamentis modo vel nup in tenura Henrici Alford in Raynehame in 
 dco Com Essex Ac toto illo maflio terris tentis et hereditameh vocat' Duckettf Ac omibus 
 aliis messuagiis terris tehtis et hereditamentis in pochia de Haringey ats diet' Harnesey et in 
 Totnam in dco Coin Midd3 modo vel nup in tenura Robti Hennege Armigeri vel assignog suojs 
 et que quondam fuerunt ad firmam dimiss Wittmo Breton Armigero Damus etiam et p j?sentes 
 concedimus pfat' Maiori et Coitati ac Civibus Civitatis p>dce totum [Mem hospitale ac p>dca 
 niah'ia rectorias advocacones messuagia terr tent' prata pascuas pasturas boscos subboscos red- 
 ditus rev'siones servicia et cetera omia et singula p>mis suj?ius expressa et specificat' (exceptis 
 
APPENDIX. NO. II. 
 
 jpexcept') adeo plene lifee et integre ac in tam amplis modo et forma put ultimus magister sive 
 Custos vel Gubernator dci nup Hospitalis ac ultimus gardianus sive gubernator dee nug domus 
 dudum frm minog aut aliquis vel aliqui pdecessog suog seu eo? alfrus in juribus nup Hospitalis 
 et domus frm Minoj illoj seu eo? alPius aliquo tempore ante sepales dissolucones eogdem nup 
 Hospitalis et Domus frm Minog vel antequam nup Hospitale et Domus ilia ad manus nfas 
 deveflunt p>dict' nup Hospitale ac ce?a omia et singula p>missa sup>ius expressa et specificat' 
 aut aliquam inde pcetr huerunt tenuerunt vel gavisi fuerunt habuit tenuit vel gavisus fuit here 
 tenere vel gaudere debuerunt aut debuit et adeo plene lirje et integre ac in tam amplis modo 
 vel forma ,put ea omia et singula ad manus nras rone vel ptextu sepaliu dissoluconu dcoji 
 nup Hospitalis et Domus frm Minofs vel racone seu p>textu alicujus carte doni concessionis 
 vel confirmaconis nobis quoquo fact' aut racone vel ptextu alicujus actus pliamenti seu aliP 
 quocunq, modo devenerint vel devenire debuerint ac in manibus nris jam existunt seu existere 
 debent aut deberent Necnon dedim 9 et concessim 9 ac p pontes p. consideraconibus sup'dcis 
 ac ex certa sciencia et mero motu nris p>dcis dam 9 et concedim 9 p>fatis Maiori et Coitati ac 
 Civibus Civitatis p>dce oihes illas ecclias pochiales sci Nichi et sci Audoeni infra Newgate 
 Civitatis nre London quibuscuq, noibus eedem ecclie sciantur vel cognoscantur aut eag alPa 
 sciatr vel cognoscat r ac solum et fundum eagdem ecclia? Necnon campanalia ornamenta et 
 campanas eajdem Necnon unii tent' cum ptineii vocat' the Christopher scituat' et existeh in 
 pochia sci Nichi p>dct' modo vel nup in tenura seu occupacone Willi Doege Necnon unu 
 horreu cu ptineii in venella vocat' Chuke Lane in dca pochia sci Nichi jMci Ac etiam unu 
 aliud tentu cu ptinen vocat' the Crowne modo vel nup in tenura seu occupacone Elienore 
 Randehurste vidue in dca pochia sci Nichi p>dc Necnon unu aliud tehtu vocat' the Maide cu 
 ptinen modo vel nup in tenura seu occupacone jJdce Elienore Randehurste infra dcam pochiam 
 sci Nichi p>dc Ac etiam unu aliud tentu vocat' the Lion cu ptineii modo vel nup in tenura seu 
 occupacone Rici Maskerye in eadem pochia sci Nichi pdea Necnon unu aliud tentu vocat' the 
 Home cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura seu occupacone Johis Elcok in dca pochia sci 
 Nichi p>dc Ac etiam unu aliud tentu dco tehto vocat' the Home adiacen cum ptinen modo 
 vel nup in tenura seu occupacone Johis Mascall Ac unu aliud tentu cu ptinen modo vel nup 
 in tenura seu occupacone Willi Smallwood in Pentecoste Lane in dca pochia sci Nichi pdc 
 Necnon unam pcell terre cu ptinen adiacen cuidam stabulo Andree Castell in dca pochia 
 sci Nichi p>dc Necnon unam cameram sivadomu cu ptineii modo vel nup in tenura seu occu- 
 pacone Johis Richardf scituat' et existen infra eandam pochiam sci Nichi p>dc Ac unam 
 aliam cameram sive domu cum ptineii modo vel nup in tenura sive occupacone Davidi 
 Sandbrook in dca pochia sci Nichi p*dc Necnon unu aliud tehtu cu ptinen modo vel nup in 
 tenura seu occupacone Thome Hudson in dca pochia sci Nichi p>dc Ac etiam unum aliud 
 tent' cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura sive occupacone Thome Adams in dca pochia sci 
 Nichi p>dci Necnon unu aliud tentu cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura sive occupacone Robti 
 Albright in dca pochia sci Nichi p'dc Ac unu aliu tehtu cu ptinen modo vel nup in tenura 
 sive occupacone Rici Borne adiacen ad porticum ecclie dee pochie sci Nichi pdei Necnon 
 unam cameram sive domu cum ptinen modo vel nup in tenura sive occupacone Thome Stil- 
 bone Clici in Cemetario dee ecclie pochialis sci Nichi p>dci Ac etiam unii aliud tentu vocat' 
 the Peycok cum ptinen modo vel nup in tenura sive occupacone Johis Underhill in vico 
 vocat' Aldersgate streate dee Civitatis nfe London Ac omia et singula shopas cellaria solaria 
 cameras edificia introitus gardina esiamenta et ,pficua quecuq, dcis tehtis et ceteris ptaissis 
 
XX11 
 
 APPENDIX. NO. II. 
 
 in dca pochia sci Nielli ad macellas seu eo? alicui et dco tento in ctco vico vocat' Alders°-ate 
 streate quoquo modo spectan sive ptineii aut cu eisdem seu eo? aliquo dimiss locat' usitat' 
 seu occupat' existeh Ac omia et singula domos edificia messuagia terf tent' et hereditament' 
 cum suis ptineii nup Rectoribus tlcag pochia? et eo? utriq, ptineii sive spectan Ac omes 
 decimas et oblacones pochiano? et inhitanciu ea?dem pochia? ac omes pencones porcones 
 jura et cetera tarn spualia et eccliastica quam temporalia .pficua ea?dem ecclia? pochialiu 
 sco? Nichi et Audoeni p^dc aut eisdem eccliis pochialibus seu ea? alti quoquo modo spectan 
 sive ptineii Necnon omes decimas et oblacones inhitanciu domo? et edificato? infra Portam 
 vocat' Newgate London p>dc ac omiu inhitanciu in eadem porta vocat' Newgate modo pceil 
 pochie sci Sepulchri extra Newgate London p>dc existeh Necnon omia alia spualia .pficua 
 illius partis pochie sci Sepulchri que inde infra Newgate p>dc existit Necnon omes decimas et 
 oblacones ac alia spualia pficua omiu inhabitanciu de et in omibus domibus et edificiis infra 
 pteinctu scitus dee domusdudumfrm Mino? p>dc ac omiu infcitanciu deet in omibus domibus 
 et edificiis infra p>cinctum scitus pcinctus et clausi dci nup Hospitalis sci Barthi p>dc Quod 
 quidem nup Hospitale ac p>dca maniia rectorie messuagia teiita terr et cetera omia et singula 
 ptaissa sup>ius expressa et specificat' cum ptineii modo extenduntur ad clarum annuu valorem 
 trescenta? octoginta libra? quatuor solido? et duo? denario? Habendum tenend et gaudend 
 p>dc nup Hospitale acjMca messuagia maniia rectorias ecclias advocacones pensiones porcones 
 decimas oblacones terr prata pascuas pasturas boscos subboscos redditus refsiones servicia 
 Cur let' vis franc pleg catalla waviata estrahuras libas warennas ac cetera omia et singula 
 p>missa supius expressa et specificat' cu ptineh (exceptis p>exceptis) pfatis Maiori et Coitati 
 ac Civibus dee Civitatis nre London et successoribus suis imppm ad proprium opus et usum 
 ipo? Maioris et Coitatis ac civiu Civitatis j?dce et eo? successor imppm Tenend de nobis 
 heredibus et successor nris ut de maffiio nro de Greenwich in Coin Kane in libo soccagio 
 vidett p fidelitatem tantum et non in capite ,p omibus serviciis et demand quibuscuq, pinde 
 nobis heredibus vel successoribus nris quoquo modo reddend solvend vel faciend Et ulPius 
 de ubiori gra nra ac ex certa sciencia et mero motu nris dedim 9 et concessim 9 ac ,p nobis 
 heredibus et successor nris p pontes dam 9 et concedim 9 p>fatis Maiori et Coitati ac civibus 
 civitatis p>dce et successoribus suis qd iidem Maior CoTtas et cives et successores sui heant 
 teneant et pleno jure gaudeant et utantur omia et oihimod tot tanta talia eadem hujusmodi 
 et consimilia cur let' vis franc pleg ac omia que ad vis franc pleg ptinent seu spectare aut 
 ptinere possint aut debeant assiam et assaiam panis vini et cervisie extrahuras bona et cattalla 
 waviata ac bona et catalla felonu et fugitivog parcos libam warennam ac omia que ad libam 
 warennam ptinent seu spectare poterint ac alia jura libtates privilegia jurisdiccones .pficua 
 cofhoditates et emolumenta quecuq, in p>dcis mafliis terris teiitis et ceteris p>missis cum suis 
 ptineii et in qualibet inde pcella quot quata qualia et que ultimus Magister dci nup Hospi- 
 talis aut aliquis vel aliqui p>decesso? suo? in jure nup Hospitalis illius in jMcis mafJiis terr 
 teiitis et ceteris ptaissis cum suis ptineii seu aliqua inde pcella aliquo tempore huerunt 
 tenuerunt seu gavisi fuerunt huit tenuit seu gavisus fuit seu here tenere aut gaudere debue- 
 runt vel debuit racone aliqua? Ira? paten nfi aut aliquo? .pgenito? nro? aut racone alicujus 
 carte doni concessionis pscriptionis usus seu consuetudinis aut aliquo modo quociiq, Et 
 ulfrus dam 9 et p pontes concedim 9 pfat' Maiori et Coitati ac Civib3 Civitatis j?dce omia et 
 omimod exit' reddit' revencones et pficua pdict' maflio? terra? tento? et cePo? p>misso? cum 
 omibus et singulis suis ptineii absq, Compoto seu aliquo alio proinde <p pmissis vel aliquo 
 
appendix, no. II. xxiii 
 
 j?misso? nobis herect aut successoribus nris reddenct solvenct vel faciencl Dam 9 etiam et p 
 pntes concedim 9 pfat' Maiori et Coitati ac Civib3 Civitatis ptfce omia et singula bona et 
 catalla et implementa nra sequen jam remanen et existen infra ctcam eccliam diet' nup frm 
 Mino? dudum vocat' ley Grey Friers London et pcinctii dee scitus ctce nup Donms frm 
 Mino? pM.ict' vidett unii lavacru cupri duplicat' cum plumbo continen p estimaconem in 
 longitudine octodecim acras et in profunditate duos pedes et dimict Necnon viginti et octo 
 implementa vocat' Deskes viginti et octo implementa vocat' double settells de Waineskott ac 
 omes libros sup eisdem les Deskf existen Ac omia ilia implementa ibidem vocat' pticons 
 tarn in ecclia jMca qm in Cancella eiusdem Ac omia et singula altar ac tabulas et imagines 
 ac le pulpitt in eadem ecclia existen Necnon omia et singula monumenta et lapides ibidem 
 Et etiam omia et singula Candelabra instrumenta et implementa ibidem vocat' Candlestick^ 
 Organs and Deskf Necnon omia et singula bona et catalla implementa et utensilia ctco nup 
 Hospitali ptinen ac spectan ac modo vel nup remanen et existen in ctco nup Hospitali sci 
 Barthi Et volum 9 ac p p>sentes ex certa scientia et mero motu nris auctoritate nfa regia qua 
 fungim r pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nris concedim 9 pTatis Maiori et Coitati ac 
 Civibus Civitatis p>clce qcl clca ecclia ctco? dudum frm mino? scituat' infra scitum dee domus 
 ctco? dudum frm mino? infra ctcam Civitatem London de cetero sit et erit ecclia pochialis 
 et vocabif p nomen ecclie Xti infra Newgate London et qcl eadem ecclia de cetero sit 
 et erit ecclia pochiat p ofnibus inhitantibus tam infra p>cinctum scitus dee Domus dudum 
 frm mino? p>ctco? qm p omibus intiitantib 9 modo existen et imposterum fore contingen infra 
 limites circuitum et p>cinctum deaf pochia? sci Nichi et sci Audoeni p\tc et infra limites et 
 j?cinctum illius partis pochie sci Sepulchri p>dc que est et iacet in et infra Newgate dee 
 Civitatis London Et dcam eccliam nup ctcog frm minors eccliam pochialem Xti infra New- 
 gate pet facim 9 cream 9 constituim 9 ordinam 9 noiam 9 et declaram 9 p p>ntes Et volumus ac p 
 pontes p nobis heredibus et successoribus nris concedimus qct oinia domus edificia terr et 
 solum infra jJcinctum scitus ctce domus ctco? dudum frm minog infra ctcam Civitatem 
 London Et jMca Porta vocat' Newgate dee Civitatis London Ac totidem et talia domus edificia 
 terre et sola ctce pochie sci Sepulchri pclc quot et qualia iacent et existunt infra Newgate 
 London |Mc Ac ofhia domos edificia terre et sola infra limites circuitum et pcinctum ctca? 
 pochiajs sci Nichi et sci Audoeni fMc de cetero imppm sint et erunt partes et parcetl ctce 
 pochie ecclie Xti infra Newgate London Ac etiam qct omes et singuli qui modo inhitant seu 
 imposterum inhitabunt in eisdem seu in aliqua inde parcelt de cetero oihino imppm accept- 
 abuntur reputabunt' et capientur fore et esse pochiani de et in pochia jJctca ecclie Xti infra 
 Newgate London p>ctc ac ut parcel! eiusdem pochie Et qct p>ctce pochie et ecclie pochial sci 
 Nichi et sci Audoeni de cetero pdent nomen et nola ecclia? et pochia? sci Nichi et sci 
 Audoeni et de cetero non vocabuntur aut cognoscentur p nomen vel p nola ecclia? aut 
 pochia? sci Nichi et sci Audoeni vel ea? alicujus sed imposterum erunt vocabuntur et repu- 
 tabuntur p et ut pcelt dee pochie ecclie Xti infra Newgate pMc Et volum 9 ac p nobis here- 
 dibus et successoribus nris p pontes concedim 9 qd jJdca Porta vocat' Newgate London et tot 
 totidem et talia domus edificia terr et sola dee pochie sci Sepulchri London quot et que 
 iacent et existunt infra Newgate p\tc de cetero sepabuntur amputabunturet auferentur a dca 
 pochia sci Sepulchri et a modo non capientur nee reputabuntur ut ptes vel pcell eiusdem 
 pochie sci Sepulchri Sed imposterum erunt stabunt et pmanebunt pcell ac reputabuntur et 
 acceptabuntur fore et esse ptes et pcell dee pochie ecclie Xti infra Newgate London pdc et 
 
XXIV APPENDIX. NO. II. 
 
 non alicuius alfius pochie ac eandem ptem et domus a dca pochia sci Sepulchri sepam 9 et 
 eadem ptem et domus ac omes et singulas domos edificia terf et solum dca? pochia? sco? 
 Nicfti et Audoeni eidem ecclie Xti infra Newgate jMc unim 9 et annectim 9 p p>ntes Et qd 
 inhitantes inde de cetero solvent eo? decimas oblaeones et obveneones ibidem et non alibi 
 Ac etiam volum 9 ac p nobis liered et successoribus nris p pontes concedim 9 p>fatis Maiori et 
 Coitati ac Civibus Civitatis p>dc qd p>dcii nup Hospitale sci Barthi imposterum erit locus 
 et domus p. paupibus ibidem sustinen et vocabitur Domus Pauperum in West Smithfeilde 
 juxta London de fundacone Regis Henrici Octavi Et qd ecclia infra scitum eiusdem nup Hos- 
 pitalis sit et erit ecclia pochialis & imposterum vocabitur Ecclia sci Barthi parvi in West 
 Smithfeilde juxta London Et qd eadem ecclia de cetero sit et erit ecclia pochialis put antehac 
 fuit tam p omibus inriitantibus infra scitum et clausu dci nup Hospitalis qm ,p paupibus ac 
 officiariis et ministris illic imposterum essend confluent' et dcam eccliam dci nup Hospitalis 
 eccliam pochial sci Barthi parvi in West Smithfeilde jMc facim 9 ordinam 9 nolam 9 et cream 9 p 
 pontes Et volum 9 et pro nobis heredibus et successor nris p pontes concedim 9 qd ornia domos 
 edificia terf et solum infra scitu et clausum dci nup Hospitalis qm pro pauperibus sci Barthi 
 imposterum domu pauperum ut pfatur vocand de cetero reputabuntur acceptabunt' et 
 capientur ut ptes et pceff dee pochie et ecclie pochialis sci Barthi Parvi in West Smithfeilde 
 pdict' Et ulfius sciatis qd nos de gra nra speciali ac ex certa scienciaet mero motu nris ac 
 authoritate nra regia supremi Capitis Anglicane et Hibernice ecclie appropriam 9 et incor- 
 poram 9 pfatis Maiori et Coitati ac Civibus dee Civitatis nfe London et successoribus suis 
 rectoriam et eccliam pochialem Xti infra Newgate p>dc Ac rectoriam et eccliam pochialem 
 sci Barthi parvi in West Smithfeilde p>dc et ea? utramq, cum eo? juribus et ptinen univ'sis 
 easdem rectorias et ecclias et ea? utraq, cum omibus decimis oblaconibus et aliis suis juribj 
 et ptinen univ'sis eisdem Maiori et Coitati ac Civibus dee Civitatis nre London et successor 
 suis in usus suos pprios ppetuis temporibus possidend donam 9 et concedim 9 p pontes Et 
 ulPius volum 9 ac auctoritate nra regia qua fungim r de gra nra speciali ac ex certa sciencia 
 et mero motu nris dedim 9 et concessim 9 et p pontes pro nobis hered et successor nris dam 9 et 
 concedim 9 pfat' Maiori et Coitat' ac Civibus dee Civitatis nre London et successoribus suis 
 licenciam facultatem et plenam potestatem qd ipi p^cam Rectoriam et eccliam Christi infra 
 Newgate London et dcam Rectoriam et eccliam sci Barthi parvi in West Smithfeilde pMc Ac 
 omia et singula messuagia domos edificia terr glebas annuitates pencones fructus decimas 
 oblacones et alia jura p^ficua comoditates et emolument' quecuq, eisdem Rectoriis et eccliis 
 seu eaj al?i ut p>fatur assignatur appunctuaf spectan vel ptinen aut imposterum assignari 
 appunctuari spectare vel ptinen contingen aut ut pceft eajdem Rectoriaj et ecclia? seu eajs 
 al'tius existen seu imposterum exis?e contingen Ac p>dcam rectoriam et eccliam de Parva 
 Wakeringe Ac pdcam rectoriam et eccliam de Hynton sci Georgii als diet' George 
 Hynton cu omibus terris glebis decimis oblaconibus et aliis juribus et pficuis quibuscuq, 
 eisdem rectoriis seu eag alPi quoquo modo spectan vel ptinen eisdem Maiori et Coitati ac 
 Civibus dee Civitatis London et successoribus suis imppm here tenere possidere et gaudere 
 ac in usus suos pprios confrere et retinere valeant et possint absq, impeticone seu impedi- 
 mento nri hered vel successo? nro? sut aliquog Archiepo? Archidiacono? vie escaeto? Justic 
 Commissionario? aut alio? officio? seu ministro? nri hered vel successo? nro? et absq, compoto 
 primiciis vel decimis aut aliquo alio pinde nobis hered vel successoribus nris quoquo modo 
 reddend solvend vel faciend et absq, noTacone psentacone institucone seu collacone alicujus 
 
APPENDIX. NO. II. XXV 
 
 Rectoris in aliqua eajdem eccliaj instituend seu conferend (statut' de terr et tent' in manfi 
 mortuam non ponend aut statuto de concessione primicia? et decimals nobis heredibus et suc- 
 cessoribus nris de beneficiis dignitatibus et pmoconib3 spualib3 et ecclesiasticis nup editis et 
 pvis aut aliquo alio statuto actu ordinacone pvisione exhibicone restriccone vel lege eccliastica 
 seu temporali in contrariu inde antehac hit' fact' edit' ordinat' seu pvis aut aliqua alia re 
 causa vel mafia quacuq, in aliquo non obstant') et absq, aliquo bri de ad quod damnu seu 
 aliquo alio bri mandat' vel p>cepto nri hered vel successors nro? in hac parte quoquo modo 
 psequend impetrand vel fiend et absq, aliqua inquisicone inde fiend vel capiend Et ulterius 
 volum 9 ac aucthoritate nra regia qua fungim" p nobis hered et successoribus nris concedim 9 
 qd in ptfca ecclia Xti infra Newgate p'dc sit et erit una vicaria ppetua et qd in (Mca ecclia 
 sci Barttii parvi in West Sraithfeilde sit et erit una alia ppetua vicaria et unam vicariam 
 ppetuam in dca ecclia Xti infra Newgate p'dc et aliam vicariam ppetuam in ecclia sci Barthi 
 parvi in Westsmithfeilde p'dc facim 9 ordinam 9 cream 9 erigim 9 et stabilim 9 p pontes Et volum 9 
 ac p pontes concedim 9 qd Thomas Birkehed Clicus sit primus originalis et modernus vicarius 
 dee vicarie ecclie Xti infra Newgate p\tc Et qd Thomas Hickling Clicus sit primus originalis 
 et modernus vicarius dee vicarie ecclie sci Barthi parvi in Westsmithfeild p'dc ac ipm Thomani 
 Birkehed primu originalem et modernu vicariu eiusdem vicarie ecclie Xti infra Newgate 
 p>dict* et dcum Thomam Hicklinge primu originalem et modernu vicariu dee vicarie ecclie 
 sci Barthi parvi facim 9 ordinam 9 cream 9 nolam 9 admittim 9 et instituim 9 p p>sentes Et qd 
 idem Thomas Birkehede duran vita sua dcam vicariam ecclie Xti infra Newgate p'dc Et qd 
 dcus Thomas Hickelinge duran tota vita sua dcam vicariam ecclie sci Barthi parvi p>dci cum 
 eofs iuribus et ptinen unifsis fieant et ftebunt pleno iure possidend eisdemmodo et forma put 
 alii vicarii ppetui intra hoc regnu Angl consimiles pmoeones et dignitates suas tient et gau- 
 dent ac fiere et gaudere debent et absq, aliqua alia institucone seu admissione p ordinariu 
 loci in hac pte quoquo modo fiend Et qd px advocatio et ius pronatus tam dee vicarie ecclie 
 Xti infra Newgate p'dc post mortem cessionem seu privaconem dci Thome Birkehede qin dee 
 vicarie ecclie sci Barthi parvi p>dci post mortem cessionem seu privaconem dci Thome Hicke- 
 linge p>fat' Maiori et Coitati ac Civibus dee Civitatis London et successoribus suis pleno iure 
 spectabunt et ptinebunt imppm Et volum 9 ac p p^sentes p nobis hered et successor nris con- 
 cedim 9 qd dcus Thomas Birkehed et successor sui Vicarii dee vicarie ecclie Xti infra New- 
 gate p'dc sint et erint unu corpus corporat* re et nole fieantq, successionem ppetuam Et qd 
 iidem Thomas Birkehede et successores sui vicarii eiusdem vicarie ecclie Xti infra Newgate 
 p'dc loco rectoris erunt residenciam inibi facient et curam aia? pochianog ibidem gerent ceteraq, 
 omia et singula facient et exequentur que ad officiu vicarii ptinere dinoseuntur ac oiriia 
 alia tam ordinaria qin extraordinaria ad dcam eccliam Xti infra Newgate p'dc spectan et 
 ptinen seu incumben agnoscent et supportabunt p'tqm in repacone Cancelli eiusdem ecclie 
 tociens quociens necesse ffiit Volum 9 etiam et |> nobis heredibus et successoribus nris p 
 j?sentes concedim 9 qd idem Thomas Birkehede et successores sui vicarii ppetui vicarie ecclie 
 Xti infra Newgate p'dc p nomen vicarii eiusdem vicarie sint et erunt psone habiles et capaces 
 in lege ad recipiend et pquirend sibi et successoribus suis vicariis ppetuis eiusdem vicarie 
 de p'dict' Maiore et Coitate ac Civibus dee Civitatis London et successoribus suis unu idoneii 
 liitaculum et domu convenient' p mansione eofsdem vicario? et quandam annuitatem sive 
 annualem pensionem viginti sex libra? tresdecim solidog et quatuor denario? p vicaria sua 
 inibi dotand ac cum clausula districconis seu alia clausula quacuq, p securitate soluconis 
 
 d 
 
XXVI APPENDIX. NO. II. 
 
 eiusdem annuitatis sive annualis penconis Et qd idem Thomas Birkhede et successores sui 
 vicarii vicarie ecciie Xti infra Newgate p'dc p. tempore existen p nomen vicarii ppetui vicarie 
 ecciie Xti infra Newgate p'dc de cetero ^sequi clamare plitare et implitari defendere et 
 defendi respondere et responderi in quibuscuq, Cu'r et locis intra regnu nru Angl et intra 
 dnacones jurisdiccones et potestates nras hered et successor nro? quascuqj in et sup omibus 
 et singulis causis accoibus sectis bribj demandis et querelis realibus psonalibus et mixtis 
 tarn spiritualibus qfn temporalibus et in omnibus aliis rebus causis et maEiis quibuscuq, 
 Necnon volum 9 ac p p>sentes |> nobis hered et successoribus nris concedim 9 qd dcus Thomas 
 Hickelinge et successores sui vicarii vicarie ecciie sci Barthi parvi p'dc sint et erunt unu 
 corpus corporalit' re et noie fieantq, successionem ppetuam Et qd idem Thomas Hickelinge 
 et successores sui vicarii eiusdem vicarie ecciie sci Barthi parvi in Westsmithfeild p'dc loco 
 Rectoris erunt residenciam inibi facient et curam ala? pochiano? ibidem gerent ceteraq, omia 
 et singula facient et exequenf que ad officii vicarii ptinere dinoscuntur Ac omia on!a tam 
 ordinaria quam ext'ordinaria ad ctcam eccliam pochialem sci Barthi parvi p'dc spectah et 
 ptineii seu incumben agnoscent et supportabunt p>Equam in repacone Cancelli eiusdem ecciie 
 tociens quociens necesse fffit Volunr 9 etiam et p nobis hered et successor^ nris p pontes 
 concedim 9 qd idem Thomas Hickelinge et successores sui p nomen vicarii ppetui vicarie 
 ecciie sci Barthi parvi in Westsmithfeild p'dc sint et erunt psone feiles et capaces in lege ad 
 recipiend et pquirend sibi et successoribus suis vicariis ppetuis vicarie eiusdem ecciie de 
 jMcis Maiore et Coitate ac Civibus dee Civitatis London vel successoribus suis unu idoneu 
 inhitaculu et domu convenient' p. mansione eo?dem vicario? ac quandam annuitatem sive 
 annualem penconem tresdecim libra? sex solidofs et octo denario? p vicaria sua inibi dotanct 
 ac cum clausula districconis seu alia clausula quacuq^ p securitate soluconis eiusdem annuitat' 
 sive annualis penconis Et qd idem vicarius vicarie ecciie sci Barthi parvi p'dc et successores 
 sui vicarii eiusdem vicarie pro tempore existen p nomen vicarii ppetui vicarie ecciie sci Barthi 
 parvi p>dce de cetero .psequi clamare plitare et implitari defendere et defendi et respondere et 
 responderi in quibuscuq Cur et locis intra regnu nru Angl et intra dnacones jurisdiccones 
 et potestates nras hered et successor nro? quascuq, in et sup oiiiib3 et singulis causis accoibus 
 sectis bribus demandis queret realibus psonalibus et mixtis tam spualibus qin temporalibus 
 et in omibus aliis causis rebus et materiis quibuscuq Ac etiam volum 9 et licenciam dedim 9 
 ac p pontes ,p nobis hered et successor nris licenciam dam 9 et concedim 9 pfatis Muiori et 
 Coitati ac Civibj dee Civitatis nre London et successoribus suis qd iidem Maior Coitas et 
 Cives ac successores sui unam domu sive mansioem unam annuitatem sive annualem pen- 
 sionem viginti sex libra? tresdecim solido? et quatuor denario? pfat' Thome Birkehed et suc- 
 cessoribus suis vicariis ppetuis dee vicarie ecciie Xti infra Newgate p'dc ad eo? sustentaconem 
 et dotaconem vicarie sue ibidem imppm dare et concedere valeant et possint Et qd iidem Maior 
 Coitas ac Cives et successores sui unam domu sive mansioem ac unam annuitatem sive an- 
 nualem pensionem tresdecim libra? sex solido? et octo denario? p>fat' Thome Hicklinge et 
 successor suis vicariis ppetuis dee vicarie ecciie sci Barthi parvi in Westsmithfeilde p'dc ad 
 eo? sustentaconem et dotaconem vicarie sue ibidem imppetuu dare et concedere valeant et 
 possint Et eisdem Thome Birkhed et Thome Hickelinge et successor suis vicariis ppetuis 
 vicaria? dca? ecclia? Xti infra Newgate et sci Barthi parvi in Westsmithfeild p'dc qd ipi pdea 
 domos et mansiones ac sepales annuitates sive annuales .pensiones j?d ad eo? sustentacones 
 vicaria? sua? ptica? de ptfato Maiore et Coitate ac Civibus vel successoribus suis sepalit re- 
 
APPENDIX. NO. II. XXvii 
 
 cipere et possidere imppm valeant et possint in forma p>dca simili? licenciam dam 9 et con- 
 ceding 9 spalem p pontes (statute de terris ac teiitis ad manu mortua non ponend aut aliquo 
 alio statute actu ordinacone seu provisione in contrariu inde antehac liit' fact' edit' ordinal 
 seu <pvis aut aliqua alia re causa vel mafra quacuq, in aliquo non obstant') Et ulterius dedim 9 
 concessim 9 et pdonavim 9 ac p pontes dam 9 concedim 9 et pdonam 9 ptfatis Thome Birkehed et 
 Thome Hicklinge omes et oniimod primicias et primos fructus et denaf sumam quamcuq, et 
 denario? suirias quascuq, iiobis pro primiciis et primis fructibus p ipos Thomam et Thomam 
 seu p eog alt?um quoquo modo debit' seu debend rone et ptextu instituconis et instituconu 
 eo?dem Thome et Thome seu eofs alPius ad dcas vicarias eccliag Xti infra Newgate et sci 
 Barthi parvi p>dc seu ad al?am eagdem vicariaf ac omes ac orhimod penas et penalitates ac 
 denariof sumas quascuc^ p ipos Thomam et Thomam seu p eog al?um nobis quoquo modo 
 forisfact' et forisfaciend <p non solucone deaf primicia? et primo? fructuu deaf vicariag ecclie 
 Xti et sci Barthi parvi pdc seu eajs alftus aut aliquag possessions seu revenconu vicaria|i illajs 
 seu eafs alPius aut eisdem Thome et Thome ad dotacioem vicaria? illag seu eaj afPius impostu 
 dand seu p non composicone 4? eisdem primiciis et primis fructibus (statut' in illo casu edit' 
 et £>vis aut aliquo alio statut' actu ordinacone seu pvisione in contrariu inde antehac liit' fact' 
 ordinat' seu |>vis aut aliqua alia re causa vel ma?ia quacuq, in aliquo non obstant') Et ulfius 
 de ampliori gra nra ac ex 8ta sciencia et mero motu nris dedim 9 et concessim 9 ac p pontes p 
 nobis hered et successor nris dam 9 et concedim 9 pfatis Maiori et Coitati ac Civibus dee 
 Civitatis London advocaconem donaconem nolaconem psentaconem libam disposiconem et ius 
 pronatus vicarie ppetue et vicario? ppetuog dee ecclie pochialis ecclie Xti vulgari? nuncupat' 
 geu nuncupand Christchurch infra Newgat London ac advocaconem donaconem nolaconem 
 Psentaconem libam disposiconem et ius pronatus vicarie ppetue et vicario? ppetuoj dee ecclie 
 pochial sci Barthi parvi in Westsmithfeild pdc fiend et gaudend ac advocaconem donaconem 
 nolaconem psentaconem libam disposiconem et ius pronatus vicarie ppetue et vicarious ppetuojs 
 dee ecclie pochial ecclie Xti vulgaru 3 nuncupat' Christe Church infra Newgat' pdict' et dee 
 vicarie ppetue et vicario? ppetuo? dee ecclie pochialis sci Barthi parvi in Westsmithfeild pdc 
 pfat' Maiori et Coitati ac Civibus Civitatis pdee et successor suis imppm tenend de nobis 
 heredibus et successor^ nris ut de dco maniio nfo de Greenwich in Coin nro Kane p fideli- 
 tatem tantum et in libo socagio et non in capite p orhibus serviciis et demandis quibuscuq, 
 Et volum 9 ac ,p nobis heredibus et successor nris p pntes concedim 9 qd in pdea ecclia vocat' 
 Christchurch infra Newgate London de cetero imppm sit et erit unus psbiP p dcos Maiorem 
 et Coitatem ac Cives Civitatis pdee et successores suos de tempore in tempus noland et 
 appunctuand qui vocabif Visitator de Newgate pdc et qui de tempore in tempus visitabit pri- 
 sonarios ibidem put necesse ffiit Et qd in eadem ecclia vocat' Christchurch infra Newgate pdc 
 de cetero imppm sint et erunt quinq, alii psbi?i p pdcos Maiorem et Coitatem ac Cives Civi- 
 tatis pdee et successores suos de tempore in tempus similif noland et appunctuand in auxil 
 vicarii ibidem ad divina servicia celebrand et ad sacrament' et sacramental ibidem ministrand 
 Volum 9 etiam ac p nobis hered et successor nris p pontes concedim 9 pfat' Maiori et Coitati 
 ac Civibus Civitatis pdee et successor^ suis qd in dco nup Hospitali qd impos?u vocabif 
 Domus Paupum in Westsmithfeild pdc de cetero imppm sit et erit unus psbit? ad visitand 
 paupes ibidem eisq, ministrand p dcos Maior et Coitatem ac Cives Civitatis pdc et successores 
 suos de tempore in tempus noland et appunctuand qui vocabif Hospitler Et qd quilibt psona 
 etpsone qui erunt Visitatores de Newgat pdc ac illi qui imposPu hebunt officia loca sive dig- 
 
XXV111 APPENDIX. NO. II. 
 
 nitates alio? quinq, p'sbito? dee ecclie vocat' Christ Church p>dc ac ille qui erit le Hospitler in 
 (tea domo paup>um et qui noiabuntur instituentur et admittentur ad eadem loca officia et 
 dignitates et eo? quilt ac successores sui de tempore in tempus nebunt et gaudebunt loca 
 officia et dignitates ilia et eojs quodlt absq, solucone aliquo? primo? fructuu primicia? aut de- 
 cimal seu alicuius pecunie sume aut aliquag pecunie sumag p aut nole primo? fructuu et 
 primicia? seu decima? vel annualis decime partis de aut %> eisdem locis officiis vel dignitatibus 
 aut eo? aliquo nobis hered vel successoribus nris aut p nobis hered vel successoribus nris 
 pinde petend seu calumpniand rone et p>textu cuiusdam Actus Pliamenti de concessione 
 primiciag et decimaf ecclesiastical et spualiu beneficio? pmocionii et dignitatum nobis hered 
 et successoribus anno regni nri vicesimo sexto edit' et ,pvis Sed inde erunt exoffiati et ac- 
 quietati imppm p p>sentes statuto illo aut aliquo alio actu statuto seu lege in contrariu inde 
 antehac edit' facta ordinat' seu ,pvis in aliquo non obstant' Et ul?ius volum 9 ac p pontes p 
 nobis hered et successoribus nris concedim 9 pfat' Maiori et Coitati ac Civibus dee Civitat' 
 London et successor suis qd iidem Maior et Coitas et Gives ac successores sui de tempore in 
 tempus nebunt noiaconem assignaconem et appunctuaconem p>dci Visitatoris de Newgat ac 
 f?dco? quinq, alio? p>sbitero? in dca ecclia Xti infra Newgate p>dc et dci le Hospitler et aliof offi- 
 ciario? et ministrofs quojeumq, in dcis eccliis Xti et sci Barthi parvi et in dca domo paupum 
 impostu futur et existen contingen Et qd bene liceat et licebit eisdem Maiori et Coitati ac 
 Civibus dee Civitatis London ac successor suis dcu Visitatorem de Newgat ac p>dcos alios 
 quinq, p>sbi¥os dee ecclie Xti infra Newgate p>dc ac p>dcu le hospitler dictedomus paup>um et 
 eo? quemlibet ac omes alios officiarios et ministros in dcis eccliis Xti et sci Barthi parvi ac in 
 dca domo paup>um ut pfat' imposfu futur et existen contingen p>ter dcos vicarios dca? ecclia? 
 Xti et sci Barthi parvi p>dc ,p aliquo magno crimine seu offensa p eos seu eo? aliquem ppetrand 
 aut $> eo qd negligentes aut inobedientes ffiint in exequend et faciend ea bona et ronabilia 
 ordinacones et mandat que eis imposteru assignari seu appunctuari contig^int expellere et 
 amovere ac alios psonas idoneos et convenient ad eo? loca et officia assignare et appunctuare 
 de tempore in tempus tociens quociens casus sic accident Et ulBius sciatis qd nos de gra 
 nra spali ac ex certa scientia et mero motu nris p>dcis g nobis heredibus et successor nris 
 dedim 9 et concessim 9 ac p pontes dam 9 et concedim 9 p>fatis Maiori et Coitati ac Civibus 
 Civitatis p>dce et succesor suis custodiam ordinem et gubnaconem domus et hospitalis nri 
 vocat' Bethelem scituat' ext a et ppe Bisshoppesgate dee Civitatis London ac omiu Mafliog traj 
 teiito? possessionu revenconu et hereditamento? quofcuq, et ubicuq, iaceii et existen eidem 
 domui et hospitali vocat' Bethelem spectan vel ptineii Ac ipos Maiorem et Coitatem ac 
 Cives Civitatis p>dce ac successores suos Magros Custodes et Gubnatores pdee domus et 
 hospitalis vocat' Bethelem ac jMco? manliof; tra? tento? et ceterofs pniisso? eidem domui 
 et hospitali spectan et ptinen facim 9 ordinam 9 et constituim 9 p pontes liand tenend & 
 gaudend j?dcam custodiam ordinem et gubnaconem eiusdem domus et hospitalis vocat' 
 Bethelem ac p>dco? maffiio? tra? tentofs possessionu revenconu et hereditamento? eidem domui 
 et Hospitali vocat' Bethelem spectan et ptinen pfatis Maiori et Coitati ac Civibus Civitatis 
 p~>dce et successoribus suis imppm ad usus et intencones in et sup fundacone ordinat' et ,pvii 
 aut p nos hered vel successores nros impostu ordinand et .pvidend Et ut dci Maior et Coitas 
 ac cives Civitatis nre London et successores sui offla et expens paup>um in dca domo vocat' 
 Domo paup>um in West Smithfeilde p>dc sustinend et alia on!a eisdem Maiori et Coitati ac 
 Civibus Civitatis p>dce et successoribus suis assignat' et appunctuat' ac p>dcam Indenturam 
 
APPENDIX. NO. II. XXIX 
 
 inter nos et p>fat' Maiof Coitatem ac Cives Civitat' p>dce ut {?dicit r meliof forent sustinere 
 Noveritis nos de gracia nfa spiali ac certa sciencia et mero motu nfis volumus et licenciam 
 dedim 9 ac p p>sentes ,p nobis herett et successor nfis dam q et licenciam concedim 9 omibus 
 subditis et legiis populis nfis quod iff et quilibet vel aliquis eo? maflia rector terf tenta 
 decimas redditus refsiones servicia vel at possessiones revencones vel hereditamenta ad 
 annuu valor mille marcaf intra Civitat' nfam London vel alibi intra regnu nfm Angl aut 
 Wallie aut ubicuq, infra dominiones ac potestates nfas ultra p>dc maflia rector terr tent' 
 ac cetef p^miss supius p psentes ut p>dicit r dat' et concess et tent' de nobis in capite vel aliter 
 ^ctcis Maiof et coitat ac civib3 Civitat nfe London pdce ac successor suis imppm dare conce- 
 dere barganizare vendere aut ligaf possint Ac eisdem Maiori et Coitati ac Civibus et successor 
 suis qd illi tat maflia rector terr tent" decimas reddit' rev'cones servicia possess revencones et 
 hereditamenta ad annuu valor mille marcaf ultra p>dc Maflia rector terr tent' et cetera p>miss 
 supius p p>sentes ut p>dicit r Dat et concess de quibuslibet subditis aut legiis popul nfis 
 similiE p p>sentes dam 9 et concedim 9 spialem licenciam qd illi fieant pcipient et capient (statuf 
 pro terf non posit ad manutenconem mortuaf vel aliquo alio statut' actu ordinacone aut 
 provisione in contraf inde antehac hit' fact' ordinat' aut ,pvis aut aliqua re causa aut materia 
 quibuscuq, in aliquo non obstant') Ac eciam volum 9 ac p p>sentes concedim 9 p>fat' Maiori 
 Coitat' ac Civibus Civitat' nfe London qd illi possint here has psentes tras nfas patentes 
 sub magno sigillo nfo Angl in debit modo fieri et sigillari absq, fine vel feod magno vel parvo 
 nobis in Hanapef nfo vel alibi ad usu nfm inde aliquo modo reddend agend vel faciend Ita 
 qd expressa mencio &c. In cujus rei &c. Teste Rege apud Westifi xiij° die Januaf Anno 
 xxxviij regni regis Henrici Octavi. 
 
No. III. 
 
 CARDAN'S CHARACTER OF EDWARD VI. 
 
 FROM HIS TREATISE " DE GENITURIS," LIB. XII. 
 
 Aderant illi gratiae. Linguas enim multas adhuc callebat ; Latinam, Anglicam 
 patriam, Gallicam : non expers, ut audio, Graecae, Italicae, et Hispanicas, et forsan 
 aliarum. Non illi Dialectica deerat, non Naturalis Philosophiae principia, non 
 Musica. Mortalitatis nostrae imago, gravitas Regiag Majestatis, indoles tanto 
 Principe digna ; in universum magno miraculo humanarum rerum, tanti ingenii 
 et tantas expectationis, Puer educabatur. Non haec Rhetorice exornata veritatem 
 excedunt, sed sunt minora. ###### 
 
 Fuit in hoc monstrificus puellus : hie linguas jam septem, ut audio, perdidicerat; 
 propriam, Gallicam, et Latinam exacte tenebat. Dialecticae non expers, et ad 
 omnia docilis. Cum illo congressum, decimum quintum adhuc agebat annum, 
 interrogavit (Latine non minus quam ego polite et prompte loquebatur), quid conti- 
 neant libri tui de rerum varietate rari ? Hos enim nomini M.S. dedicaveram. Turn 
 ego, Cometarum primum causam, diu frustra quaesitam, in primo capite ostendo. 
 Quaenam ? inquit ille. Concursus, ego aio, luminis, erraticorum siderum. At rex : 
 Quomodo, cum diversis motibus astra moveantur, non statim dissipatur aut movetur 
 illorum motu ? At ego : Movetur equidem, sed longe celerius illis, ob diversitatem 
 aspectus, velut in christallo et sole cum iris in pariete relucet : parva enim mutatio 
 magnam facit loci differentiam. At Rex: Et quonam pacto absque subjecto illud 
 fieri potest, iridi enim paries subjectum ? Turn ego : Velut in lactea. via et lumi- 
 num reflexione, cum plures candelae prope accensae medium quoddam lucidum et 
 candidum efficiunt. Itaque ex ungue leonem, ut dici solet. Fuit hie in maxima 
 omnium aut bonorum aut eruditorum expectatione ob ingenuitatem atque suavitatem 
 morum. Prius cceperat favere artibus quam nosceret, et noscere antequam uti 
 posset : conatus quidam humanae conditionis, quem non solum Anglia, sed orbis, 
 
 
APPENDIX. NO. III. XXX 
 
 ereptum immature deflere debet. Plurimum educationi debueramus, plus ereptum 
 est hominum dolo, fraudeve. O quam bene dixerat ille, 
 
 " Immodicis brevis est eetas et rara senectus." 
 
 Specimen virtutis exhibere potuit, non exemplum. 
 
 Flete nefas magnum : sed toto rlebilis orbe, 
 
 Mortales, vester corruit omnis honor ; 
 Nam regum decus, et juvenum flos, spesque bonorum, 
 
 Delicise saecli, et gloria gentis erat. 
 Dignus Apollineis lachrymis docteeque Minervse 
 
 Flosculus, heu misere concidis ante diem ! 
 Te tumulo dabimus Musse, supremaque flentes 
 
 Munera : Melpomene tristia fata canet. 
 
No. IV. 
 
 LETTERS AND EXERCISES OF EDWARD VI. 
 
 I.— TO DR. COX, HIS TUTOR. 
 
 Richardo Coxo : 
 
 Quemadmodum officium meum postulat, scribo ad te literas, eleemosynarie charis- 
 sime, ut scias me tui meminisse. Si enim non scriberem ad te, esset signum me tui 
 oblivisci. Sed nunc cum scribam ad te, est signum me te amare, et tui meminisse. 
 Et quemadmodum qui scribit ad unum, non potest non meminisse illius, quia scribit 
 illius nomen in superscriptione ; sic ego cum scribo ad te, non possum oblivisci tui. 
 Praeterea, hortor te, ut literae sint seque dulces tibi, ac venatio et aucupium delectant 
 alios. Literae enim sunt meliores thesauris : et quicumque tenet literas, tenet 
 magnum thesaurum. Nam dicitur in paradoxis Ciceronis : — " Quod solus sapiens, 
 dives." Literae enim sunt divitiae. — Saluta, quaeso, secretarium regis, ac illi gratias 
 age pro pixidicula arenaria.* 
 
 Nunc, optime vale, mi eleemosynarie ornatissime, ac amantissime. — Deus ne 
 sinat pedem tuum averti a justa. via. Hartfordiae: nono Aprilis, Anno 1545. 
 
 Tui amantissimus discipulus, 
 
 E. Princeps. 
 
 II.-TO THE PRINCESS MARY ; 
 
 who had been sick. 
 
 Sorori Mari^ : 
 
 Non doleo tantum quod non scripseris ad me hoc longo tempore, soror charissima, 
 quantum gaudebam te recuperasse valetudinem tuam. Nam etsi non scripseris 
 ad me, scio tamen te non carere benevolentia. erga me : valetudo autem tua laetificat 
 me, quia amo te ; et aegritudo tua facit me tristem eodem nomine. Gero autem amo- 
 rem erga te turn quod sis soror mea, turn quod natura facit me amare te. Quare 
 
 * Pixidicula arenaria : — Anglice, A sand-box. 
 
APPENDIX. NO. IV. XXX11X 
 
 cura valetudinem tuam ; et ne labores, ut scribas ad me, quando aegritudo tua non 
 vult sinere te. Benevolentia enim et amor tuus accipitur in bonam partem, etsi 
 nihil literarum des. Deus det tibi sapientiam, precor. Saluta, quaeso, Dominam 
 Turevit, Dominam Herbard, et Dom. Lanam. Vale, soror charissima. Hunsdoniae: 
 vigessimo Maii, an. 1545. 
 
 E. Princeps. 
 
 III.— TO THE KING ; ON THE CONCLUSION OF A PEACE 
 
 WITH FRANCE. 
 
 Nihil ad te literarum dedi hoc longo tempore, rex illustrissime ac pater nobilis- 
 sime, non quod fui aliqua ex parte negligens, sed quod ego, considerans majes- 
 tatem tuam perturbari negotiis bellicis, putavi me perturbaturum majestatem tuam 
 his puerilibus Uteris meis : atque ideo veniebat in mentem mihi scrupulus 
 quidam, nunc scriberem ad te ; annon. Sed nunc considerans, quod, sicut quivis 
 laboriosus post diuturnum laborem cupit recreare animum, sic spero, cum ma- 
 jestas tua longo intervallo habuerit negotium, has pueriles literas meas potius re- 
 creaturas animum tuum, quam perturbaturas. Nam quia es amabilis et benignus 
 mihi pater, et spero me futurum obsequentissimum tibi filium, ideo judico benevo- 
 lentiam tuam boni consulturam literas meas, ex se indignas. Praeterea, rogo 
 majestatem tuam, ut impertias mihi benedictionem tuam : optoque tibi bonum 
 eventum in omnibus negotiis tuis. Vale, pater nobilissime, et rex illustrissime. 
 Hunsdoniae : secondo Junii, an. 1545. 
 
 Edwardus Princeps. 
 
 IV.— TO DR. COX. 
 
 Ex quo Foulerus abiit, eleemosynarie charissime, non misi ad te epistolam, quia 
 cognovi neminem iterum ad te venire ab illo tempore hucusque. Quod autem 
 non exaravi ad te phrases, elegantes sententias, et elegantia verba, hujus rei 
 negligentiam expulsurum spero. Si enim fuero tardus in conatis, formicae essent 
 meliores me. Formicae enim laborant ; et ego essem negligens. Atque mihi 
 videtur quadrare huic, quod ait Hebraeus ille sapiens, " Tarda manus facit 
 pauperem ; celeris autem divitem." Ago tibi gratias etiam, quia narrasti mihi 
 erratum meum. Illi enim sunt amici mei, qui indicant mihi culpam meam. 
 Deus immortalis et exhilerator omnium afficiat te gaudio, et servet te incolumem, 
 
XXXIV APPENDIX. NO. IV. 
 
 et augeat sapientiam tuam ; atque det tibi gratiam, ut consequaris voluntatem 
 ejus, et post hanc vitam vivas cum Christo in aeterno regno ejus. Optime valeas, 
 prseceptor charissime. Hunsdoniae : tertio Julij, an. 1545. 
 
 E. Princeps. 
 
 V.— TO THE KING, HIS FATHER, ACKNOWLEDGING THE 
 PRESENT OF A BUCK. 
 
 Regis Majestati : — 
 Ex omnibus quae me oblectabant, cum essem tecum, rex nobilissime atque pater 
 illustrissime, nihil magis recreavit animum meum, quam quod mihi copiam feceris 
 videndi et observandi majestatem tuam. Amor enim meus in te conspectu tuo 
 exercitatur : turn quod natura id confirmat, turn quod paterna tua pietas magis 
 ac magis quotidie erga me augescit. Quamobrem ingentes gratias tibi ago ; et 
 contendo etiam atque etiam ab te, ut te iterum visam, cum tibi libitum fuerit. 
 Quod quo citius fuerit, hoc mihi gratius erit. 
 
 Deinde, ingentes tibi gratias ago pro cervo, quem ad me misisti : quod signum 
 est, te etiam mei absentis meminisse. Denique rogo te, ut des mihi benedictionem 
 tuam. Opto tibi multam salutem. Vale, rex nobilissime, atque pater illustrissime. 
 Hatfeldise : sexto Septembris, anno 1545. 
 
 E. Princeps. 
 
 VI.— TO THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. 
 
 Sorori Elizabeths : — 
 Loci quidem mutatio me non tantum angebat, charissima soror, quantum discessus 
 tuus a me. Nunc autem nihil omnino mihi gratius accidere potest, quam tua? 
 literse : ac praecipue quod ad me prior dedisti literas, ac me literas scribere 
 provocasti. Quare ingentes tibi gratias ago, turn ob benevolentiam tuam, turn ob 
 celeritatem. Itaque adnitar pro viribus, te, si non superare, saltern sequare bene- 
 volentia, ac studio. Hunc vero meum dolorem consolatur, quod spero me brevi 
 visurum te, ni casus interveniat ; ut mihi retulit meus camerarius. Vale, soror 
 
 charissima. Quinto Decembris, anno 1545. 
 
 E. P. 
 
APPENDIX. NO. IV. XXXV 
 
 VII.— TO KING HENRY, WHO HAD SENT THE PRINCE 
 
 A NEW YEAR'S GIFT. 
 
 ■ 
 Cum tot et tanta in me contuleris beneficia, rex nobilissime atque pater pientissime, 
 qua? vix numerare queam, turn hsec strena, quam ad me prostremum misisti, videtur 
 mihi non solum praeclara, verum etiam paternae tuae pietatis erga me plenissima. 
 Ob quam ingentes tibi gratias ago. Et cogito me, quamquam adnitar pro viribus 
 omne tempus vitse meae, et laborem in omni genere officiorum, tamen vix magnitu- 
 dinem beneficiorum tuorum attingere posse. Quare conabor, quod natura et offi- 
 cium postulat, majestati tuae placere, atque esse optimi patris bonus filius, ac sequi 
 exemplum virtutis, sapientiae, et pietatis tuae. Quam rem spero tibi futuram 
 gratissimam. Atque hoc melius praestabo, si pergas in benevolentia. tua erga me, 
 et mihi quotidianam tantam benedictionem impertias. Dominus Jesus te servet 
 incolumem. Hertfordiae : decimo Januarii, anno 1546. 
 
 E. Princeps. 
 
 VIIL— TO QUEEN KATHERINE, ON RECEIVING FROM HER, AS A 
 NEW YEAR'S GIFT, PORTRAITS OF THE KING AND QUEEN. 
 
 Regiisle Catherine : — 
 Quod non ad te diu scripserim, regina illustrissima atque mater charissima, in 
 causa fuit, non negligentia, sed studium. Non enim hoc feci, ut nunquam omnino 
 scriberem. Quare spero te futuram contentam, et gavisuram, quod non scripserim. 
 Tu enim velles me proficere in omni honestate et pietate. Quod est signum 
 insignis et diuturni tui amoris erga me. 
 
 Atque hunc amorem multis beneficiis mihi declarasti : et praecipue hac strena 
 quam proxime ad me misisti : in qua. regiae magestatis et tua effigies ad vivum 
 expressa continetur. Nam plurimum me delectat vestras imagines absentium 
 contemplari, quos libentissime videre cupio praesentes, ac quibus maxime turn 
 natura, turn officio, devinctus sum. Quamobrem majores tibi gratias ago ob hanc 
 strenam, quam si misisses ad me preciosas vestes, aut aurum celatum, aut quodvis 
 aliud eximium. 
 
 Deus celsitudinem tuam, quam me brevi visurum spero, servet incolumem. 
 Hartfordiae : decimo Januarii, 1546. 
 
 E. Princeps. 
 
XXXVI APPENDIX. NO. IV. 
 
 IX.— TO THE PRINCESS MARY. 
 
 CharissimjE MEiE Sorori Marine : — 
 Una haec epistola ad duas res valet, charissima soror, turn ad agendas tibi pro 
 strena tua gratias, turn ad explendum studium meum scribendi ad te. Strena tua 
 talis est, ut mihi necesse sit earn plurimi facere ob dignitatem rei, et multum probare 
 ob donatoris amorem. 
 
 Studium meum ad te scribendi tantum est, ut quamquam me te brevi visurum 
 sperem, tamen, cum mihi sit otium, vix queam mihi ipse satisfacere, nisi ad te 
 scripsero. Non possum enim te non vehementer amare, a qua sentio me plurimum 
 amari. Dominus Jesus te servet incolumem. 
 
 Hartfordiae : decimo Januarii, anno 1546. 
 
 Amantissimus tui Frater, 
 
 Edwardus Princeps. 
 
 X— TO THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, HIS GODFATHER, 
 
 IN REPLY TO A LETTER, ACCOMPANYING A GOLDEN CUP, 
 
 AS A NEW YEAR'S GIFT. 
 
 Cantuariensi Archiepiscopo : — 
 Du/E res mihi calcar addiderunt, ut ad te literas scribam, susceptor amantissime ; 
 prima, ut tibi gratias agam ob calicem ; deinde, ob literas tuas, quas ad me 
 postremum misisti. Poculum tuum perhibet testimonium, te mihi plurimos 
 felicissimos annos optare ac precari. Ex literis autem tuis multos fructus accepi ; 
 quod in illis me hortaris, atque veluti stimulum mihi addis, ad perdiscendas bonas 
 literas, qua? mihi usui futurae sint, cum ad virilem perveniam aetatem. Literae 
 ver6 bonae et artes liberales mihi discendae sunt, quod Aristippus hoc dicere 
 solet, " Disce, puer, quae tibi viro sunt usui futura." Atque etiam huic quadrat 
 ille Cicero eloquentissimus autor, narrans : " Literarum studia adolescentiam alunt, 
 senectutem oblectant, res secundas ornant, adversis perfugium ac solatium prasbent, 
 delectant domi, non impediunt foris; pernoctant nobiscum, peregrinantur, rusti- 
 cantur." 
 
 Denique exoratum te volo, ut boni consulas Latinitatem meam, ipsa barbarie 
 barbariorem, cum tua eloquentia sit excellentissima. Vale, susceptor amantissime, 
 oculis meis mihi charior : cui multum felicitatis opto. 
 
 Hartfordiae : 24 Januarii, anno 1546. 
 
APPENDIX. NO. TV. XXXVU 
 
 XL— TO QUEEN KATHERINE, ON THE DEATH OF KING 
 HENRY, HIS FATHER. 
 
 Regin^e Catherine: — 
 Plurimas tibi gratias ago ob epistolam, quam ad me postremam misisti, charissima 
 mater ; quae sane est signum insignis tui ac quotidiani amoris in me. Porro cum 
 visum sit Deo, optimo, maximo, ut meus pater, et tuus conjunx, rex illustrissimus, 
 banc vitam finiret, nobis ambobus communis est dolor. Hoc vero nobis consolationem 
 affert, quod jam sit in ccelo ; atque quod ex hac vita misera profectus est in 
 felicem et aeternam beatitudinem. Quisquis enim hie felicem agit vitam atque 
 rempublicam recte gubernat, sicut nobilissimus meus pater fecit, qui promovit 
 omnem pietatem, atque expulit omnem ignorantiam, habet certissimum iter in 
 ccelum. Quamvis vero natura jubet dolere, ac lachrymas effundere ob discessum 
 ejus absentis, tamen scriptura ac prudentia jubet moderari affectus istos, ne videamur 
 nullam omnino spem habere resurrectionis mortuorum et vita defunctorum. 
 
 Prseterea, cum tua celsitudo in me tot beneficia contulit, ego debeo, quicquid 
 commodi possum tibi afferre, praestare. Opto tuae celsitudinae plurimam salutem. 
 Vale, regina veneranda. E Turri : septimo Februarii, anno 1546. 
 
 E. Rex. 
 
 XII.— TO THE PRINCESS MARY, ON THE SAME OCCASION. 
 
 Sorori Marine: — 
 Natura, non sapientia, nobis classicum canit ad lamentandum patris nostri 
 charissimi mortem. Natura enim putat se ilium amisisse mortuum ; at sapientia 
 credit, quod is, qui vivit cum Deo, est in aeterna felicitate. Quare, cum Deus 
 miserit nobis talem sapientiam, non debemus mortem illius lugere, cum ejus 
 voluntas sit, qui omnia in bonum operatur. 
 
 Quod ad me autem pertinet, ero tibi charissimus frater ; et omni benevolentia 
 exuberans Deus opt. max. te imbuat suis donis. Vale. 
 
 E Turri Londinensi : octavo Febrii, anno 1 546. 
 
 E. Rex. 
 
 : 
 
XXXV111 APPENDIX. NO. IV. 
 
 XIII.— TO THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. 
 
 Sorori Elizabeths : — 
 Minime opus est mini te consolari, charissima soror ; quod eruditione tua 
 cognoscis, quid sit faciendum : prudentia vero et pietate tua, quod eruditio 
 docuit te cognoscere, facto praestas. Non enim lugendus est pater noster, quamvis 
 nobis charissimus fuerit, quod jam sit in ccelo : nee mors ejus est deploranda, 
 quae est via ex hac vita misera ad longe feliciorem. Quare quisque debet adniti 
 pro viribus, ut sapientia vincat naturam, et fortitudo moderetur affectus, et consilium 
 gubernet judicium populi. Quisquis enim hoc facit, is vere Christianus appellatur. 
 Ac siquis dicat, qui huic contrarium facit, Christianum, eum certe falso, atque illius 
 indigno nomine, nuncupat. Praeterea literae tuoe mihi admodum arridebant, turn 
 quod in illis elegantes sententiae continentur, turn quod ex illis sentio te aequo 
 consuluisse animo mortem patrisnostri ferre. Porro, si ullo modo possum tibi com- 
 modare, libenter prasstabo. Optime vale. E Turri : octavo Februarii, anno 1546. 
 
 E. Rex. 
 
 XIV.— A LATIN DECLAMATION, WRITTEN BY EDWARD VI. 
 
 JUNE 23, 1549. 
 
 Omnes quidem et philosophi ethnici et doctores ecclesiastici concludunt, quod 
 virtus sit affectus quidam, imitans decora, lionesta, et laudabilia ; vitans vero turpia, 
 seu obscaena, et omnia ilia quae pUgnant cum norma, rationis. Hanc ob causam 
 omnes viri docti in hoc mundo nihil praestantius, nihil pulchrius, nihil magis 
 decorum judicaverunt, quam ilia virtus. Si homo excellat ceteris animantibus, 
 quia est animal particeps rationis, turn etiam ilia res, quae ab hac parte hominis 
 procedit, est optima et pulcherrima. Quanquam enim hoc omnes univoce 
 affirmant, " Virtutem esse summum bonum " aut " magnum bonum ;" at doctissimi 
 inter se disceptaverunt, quae pars virtutis sit alteri praeferenda, et 
 
 An actio virtutis, vel habitus, sit laudabilior et prcestantior. 
 
 Hoc igitur est thema, de quo jam tractabo. Ego autem in hac questione seu 
 controversial has teneo partes, habitum non esse praestantiorem actione : idque 
 per partes probabo. Sunt autem duo virtutum genera : quorum unum est philoso- 
 
APPENDIX. NO. IV. XXxix 
 
 phicum, aliud theologicum ; et quanquam omnes philosophies sunt etiam theo- 
 logies, tamen plures in theologia recitantur quam in philosophia. Philosophicae 
 enim sunt quatuor ; — prudentia, justitia, fortitudo, et temperantia. Quid ! audetne 
 prudentia se comparare justitiae ? Audetne scientia se comparare fortitudini ac 
 temperantis ? Audetne cognitio se squiparare tam pulchro numero virtutum 
 charissimarum ? Recte, recte dictum est a Cicerone illo pulcherrimo philosopho : 
 " Omnis laus virtutis in actione consistit." Jam autem justitiam esse prsstan- 
 tiorem prudentia, multis modis prsstabo. 
 
 Quod si enim ea vita contigerit sapienti, ut omnium rerum affluentibus copiis 
 ditetur, quamvis ibi possit rerum ordinem secum considerare et perspicere ; tamen 
 si tanta sit solitudo, ut hominem videre non possit, excedet a vita, potius quam haec 
 patietur. Igitur ills virtutes, qus maxime hominum societatem defendunt, sunt 
 optims. Justitia autem et fortitudo et temperantia magis defendunt rempublicam 
 quam prudentia. Ita, nisi rerum scientia et cognitio ad se adjuvandum appellet 
 justitiam, solivaga erit cognitio et jejuna. Quam ob causam concluditur justitiam 
 esse potiorem prudentia ; et omne officium, quod ad conjunctionem hominum, 
 et ad societatem tuendam valet, anteponendum est ill! officio, quod in rerum 
 omnium scientia, intelligentia, et cognitione versatur, aut consistit. Hanc meam 
 sententiam de justitia et prudentia tenet ille prsstantissimus philosophus et 
 orator M. T. Cicero, et Aristoteles. Cicero autem, in primo libro officiorum, 
 non solum affirmat justitiam esse prsstantiorem prudentia, sed etiam non paucas 
 rationes addit. Hoc igitur jam a nobis probatum fuit, actionem virtutis philo- 
 sophies esse meliorem habitu. In sacris vero Uteris apparet, charitatem esse 
 meliorem fide. Paulus verb ad Corinth, (cap. 13.) dicit, "Tres sunt virtutes, Fides, 
 spes, et charitas : sed optima harum, charitas." Dicet autem quis, Fides justificat : 
 ergo fides est melior operibus. Nego argumentum. Non enim habet conse- 
 quentiam. Fides justificat : ergo melior est charitate. Si enim essent contra- 
 dictoris sententis, turn Paulus non affirmasset, et charitatem esse meliorem fide, 
 et fidem justificare. Hsc vero ratio est, quare non sunt contradictoria hsc duo. 
 Prima bona opera, qus facimus, non justificant. Primum vero opus christiani, 
 ordine naturs, est effectus. Ergo fides justificat. Sed prima opera non sunt 
 semper optima. Ergo non necesse sequi, et valere hoc argumentum ; fides justi- 
 ficat : ergo est melior operibus. 
 
 Cum igitur in omnibus, et philosophis et theologicis virtutibus, actio sit melior 
 quam habitus, turn in omni genere virtutis actio est melior quam habitus. 
 Finis enim propositus uniuscujusque rei est melior, quam res spectantes ad ilium 
 finem in bonis rebus. Sed finis omnis habitus est actio. Finis enim propositus 
 omnis prudentis est ut justitiam administremus, et pie vitam colamus, atque in 
 societate humana totum tempus vits, totum honorum et divitiarum cumulum, 
 
xl APPENDIX. NO. IV. 
 
 totas denique opes et facultates impendamus. Ergo illae virtutes, quae versantur 
 in actione et societate tuenda, meliores sunt quam quae in habitu consistunt. 
 Haec vero ratio a firmis dictis sumitur : et quo modo confutari possit, adhuc non 
 video. Hoc igitur sequitur, quod actio sit melior habitu. Illae enim virtutes, 
 quae administrant, regunt, et defendunt respublicas, multo pulchrius negotium 
 susceperunt, quam illae, quae solum in rebus perspiciendis versantur. Sed illae 
 primae omnes in actione, aliae verb in habitu. Ergo illae virtutes, quae sunt in 
 actione, sunt meliores iis quae sunt in habitu. 
 
 Objicient fortasse adversarii, qubd causa bonae rei est melior effectu ; sed 
 habitum esse causam actionis affirmabunt : eamque ob causam, meliorem actione. 
 Respondeo, me negare consequentiam. Quia major loquitur de causa tota. et 
 perfecta ; minor vero de parte causae. Voluntas enim conjuncta animi habitu 
 est causa actionis, non solus habitus. His ergo rationibus in hanc sententiam 
 pedibus eo, qubd actio virtutis sit melior et laudabilior habitu. Dixi. 
 
 XV.— DECLAMATION WRITTEN JUNE 30th, 1549. 
 
 An prescient la rerum sit utilis. 
 
 Omnes philosophi et oratores, quanquam in multis rebus dissentiebant, tamen 
 hoc omnes concluserunt, hominem differre a caeteris animantibus, quia est particeps 
 rationis. Animum enim caeterorum animalium dicebant solum in se habere affectus 
 rapidos, et expertes rationis ac intelligentiae : hujus vero animum non solum affec- 
 tuum rapidorum participem, sed etiam rationis: in qua omnis scientia continetur. 
 Eas vero res, quae consistebant in parte experte rationis, nulla laude dignas 
 putabant : contra vero eas virtutes et scientias, quae erant in parte participe 
 rationis, omni laude efferendas judicabant. 
 
 Quare cum sit haec quaestio nobis proposita, utrum praescientia rerum futurarum 
 sit utilis ad vitam, ego quidem intelligens, quod praescientia sit qusedam res 
 consistens in ilia parte animi, quam vocant participem rationis, videlicet mente, 
 puto et aestimo utilem ad vitam. 
 
 Omnia enim honesta et bona utilia sunt. Recte enim dictum est a Cicerone 
 illo sapientissimo philosopho et oratore, quod " omnia utilia sunt honesta." Sed 
 praescientia rerum futurarum non est inhonesta. Quapropter honesta. Ex hac 
 ratione recte et argute spectata. licet intelligere, quod praescientia rerum futurarum 
 sit utilis ad vitam. Omnis enim notitia et cognitio rerum est utilis, bona, et 
 
APPENDIX. NO. IV. xli 
 
 honesta. Sed rerum prgescientia seu praecognitio est intellectus, notitia aut 
 cognitio. Quare praescientia rerum est utilis. 
 
 Videmus quidem in universitate rerum multa futura, qua? nisi praescirentur, 
 omnes male suum tempus in otio et tranquillitate, non in labore, consumerent. 
 Si enim servus non praesciret iram sui domini, nisi et sibi commissa servaret et 
 mandatis pareret, certe nunquam suo domino obediret, et pareret ; sed totam vitam 
 suam in otio et stultitia, et ilia mala libertate et licentia, tereret. Nos omnes, 
 qui sumus servi Dei, et filii Jesu Christi, nisi cognosceremus sibi displicere 
 nostra peccata, in vitiorum cumulo et mole permaneremus. Nunc autem animi 
 ejus iram praescimus, cum ejus vindictam intelligamus et ejus minas praecog- 
 noscamus, primum veremur, ne si peccaremus et vitiis potius faveremus quam 
 virtuti, in hoc mundo nos affligat prematque molestiis et ludibrio exponat. Deinde 
 si malefaciamus, perterrefimus hac cogitatione, Deum nos in aeternum ignem 
 conjecturum, videlicet, in infernum locum omnis supplicii et pcenae, ubi erit gemitus 
 et stridor dentium. Contra vero si beneficiamus, et recti vitam in hoc mundo 
 degamus, turn scimus Deum nos fortunaturum in nostris actionibus, ut fortunavit 
 Abrahamum, Josephum, et Jacobum, qui erant patriarchae ; et omnes illos qui 
 erant in ccetu et ecclesia. ejus. 
 
 Adhaec, vitam aeternam expectamus et gaudium solatiumque in Deo. Utile 
 quidem est cognoscere nos morituros in hoc, ut nos praeparemus ad mortem. 
 Utile praescire tempus fluctiis et refluctus maris, ut nos paremus ad navigationem. 
 Utile est praecognoscere tempus seminandi et arandi, ut paremus aratrum et 
 semen. Haec omnia praescire est utile ad colendam vitam. Si enim praesciremus 
 nihil, ad nihilum nos paratos redderemus. Ilia vero, quae subito sine deliberatione 
 et paratione rerum hunt, nunquam, aut paucissimis temporibus, recte fiant. 
 Quamobrem praescientia rerum est utilis, bona, et honesta. Videmus enim et 
 intelligimus multos, et phdosophos, et viros hoc tempore sane eruditos, censere, 
 quod placatio animi sit felicitas, seu summum bonum. Quicquid adjuvat ad 
 placationem animi est bonum, honestum, et utile. Quid vero potest esse dulcius, 
 quid placatius, quid suavius, quod admoveatur animo, quam praescientia rerum 
 futurarum? Ergo est utilis ad vitam humanam. Humana enim mens oblita 
 quaerit, et inventa semper mandat memoriae. Nunquam desinit laborare, nunquam 
 otiatur, nunquam quietem patitur. Semper agit, semper laborat ; semper cogitat, 
 et invenit abdita et secreta : cum enim corpus dormit et quietem habet, animus 
 cogitat et invenit, quomodo res sint peragendae. Hinc ilia perpetuitas animi 
 recti cerni potest. Quicquid ergo ad hunc animum placandum pertinet (non 
 sentio partem expertem rationis, sed partem participem), illud utile est ad vitam. 
 
 Cum autem jam ego legerim diakcticam, in ea. cerno, quod in naturalibus 
 causis semper bonam sequuntur boni effectus. Causae vero naturales praescientiae, 
 
 / 
 
xlii APPENDIX. NO. IV. 
 
 videlicet mens et voluntas ei consentiens, sunt bonse. Ergo ipsa praescientia est 
 bona et utilis ad vitam. 
 
 Adhaec, legimus in sacris Uteris utile fuisse multis, quod prsesciverant Christum 
 venturum. Ergo aliqua praescientia est utilis. Praeterea, nos duabus in rebus 
 excellimus caeteris animantibus, praescientia et rerum aliquarum ratione. Deus 
 nobis in duabus rebus excellit, praescientia rerum omnium et potentia. His ergo 
 rationibus persuasus, teneo has partes, quod praescientia rerum sit utilis ad 
 vitam. Dixi. 
 
No. V. 
 
 FOUNDATION CHARTER OF KING EDWARD VI., OF THE HOSPITALS OF 
 CHRIST, BRIDEWELL, AND SAINT THOMAS THE APOSTLE. 
 
 Edwardus Sextus dei gracia Anglie Francie et Hibernie Rex Fidei Defensor et in terra 
 ecclie Anglicane et Hibernice supremu caput Omnibus ad quos presentes ire pvenerint 
 salutem Cum nos comparcientes miserabilem statum paupum orphanorum decrepitorum 
 senio confecto? egrotorum variis morborum generibus languenciu infirmorum et impo- 
 tentium personarum atq, ex gracia nostra speciali intime considerantes honestos et pios 
 conatus humillimorum et obedientissimorum subditorum nrorum Majoris et Coitatis ac 
 civiu civitatis nostre London qui diligenter omibus viis et modis student pro bona pro- 
 visione predict' pauperum et cujuslt generis eorum Idq tali ratione et cura qd neq pueri 
 adhuc existentes in sua infantia carebunt proba educacoe atq institucoe neq cum ad 
 majorem etatem adoleverint destituentur honestis occasionibus atq occupacoibus unde 
 et ex quibus ipi sese honeste exercere possint in aliqua bona facultate et sciencia pro 
 comodo et utilitate reipublice neq morbosi aut egroti cum recuperabuntur atq bone 
 valetudini restituentur ignavi sedere et ociosi divagari in republica sed simili modo 
 ponentur et cogentur ad labores et honesta atq salubria exercitia Sciatis qd nos tarn 
 pro consideracoibus supradcis qm de gracia nostra speciali ac ex certa sciencia et mero 
 motu nostris cupientes non solum progressionem amplificacoem et incrementum tarn 
 honesti et preclari operis sed eciam dignantes nostro noie et regia auctoritate suscipere 
 patronatum hujus excellentissimi atq sanctissimi fundamenti jam nuper instaurati dedimus 
 et concessimus et per presentes damus et concedimus Majori et Coitati ac Civibus Civitatis 
 nostre London totum illud maneriu capitale mesuagiu et tenementum nostrum et domu 
 mansionem nostram vocat' Brideweft alias Brideweit Place cum omnibus et singulis suis 
 juribus membris et pertinen universis situat' jaceii et existeh in parochia see Brigide in 
 Fletestrete London ac omia et singula domos edificia terras tenementa redditusreversiones et 
 servicia cameras curtilagia gardinas vacua funda locos spacia vias eisiamenta proficua et 
 comoditates quecumq dee domo vocat' Bridwell Place quoquo modo pertinen sive spectaii 
 aut ut partes membra vel parceli ejusdem antehac bit' cognit' immunit' usitat' seu dimiss 
 existen ac omnia ilia messuagia tenementa cellaria solaria domos edificia et hereditamenta 
 nostra quecumq situat' jaceii et existen in Parochia sci Sepulcri extra Newgate London 
 nuper Hospitali regio vocat' le Savoye in parochia sci Clementis Danorum extra barras novi 
 
 I 
 
xliv APPENDIX. NO. V. 
 
 templi London modo dissolut' dudum spectan et pertinen ac parceli possessionu inde existen 
 ac eciam omnia messuagia tenementa cotagia cellaria solaria domos edificia et hereditamenta 
 nostra quecumq, situat' jacen et existen in parochia sci Michis ad Bladum London dco 
 nuper Hospitali dudum spectan et pertinen ac parceli possessionu inde existen Ac eciam 
 totum illud mesuagiu et tenementum ac omnia domos edificia shopas cellaria solaria et 
 hereditamenta nostra quecumq, cum suis pertinen situat' jacen et existen in veteri excamb 
 vocat' le Olde Chaunge in parochia sci Augustini London dco nuper Hospitali dudum 
 spectan et pertinen ac parceli possessionu inde existen Ac eciam omnia ilia quinq, mesuagia 
 et tenementa nostra cum pertinen in Parochia oim scorum Honylane juxta Chapam London 
 dco nuper Hospitali dudum spectan et pertinen ac parceli possessionu inde existen Necnon 
 omnia ilia mesuagia et tenementa nostra cum pertinen jacen in Parochia sci Antonii vocat' 
 Saynte Anteleyns Parishe in Bogerowe London dco nuper Hospitali dudum spectan et 
 pertinen ac parceli possessionu inde dudum existen Ac eciam unu mesuagiu et tenementum 
 nostrum cum pertinen jacen in Pankerithe strete in parochia sci Benedci Sherehogge London 
 ac dco nuper Hospitali dudum spectan et pertinen ac parceli possessionu inde nuper existen 
 Ac eciam omnia ilia mesuagia et tenementa nostra cum pertinen in Parochia sci Benedicti 
 London dco nuper Hospitali dudum spectan et pertinen ac parceli possessionu inde existen 
 Necnon omnia ilia mesuagia et tenementa nostra cum pertinen in Parochia sci Andree 
 Undershafte London dco nuper Hospitali dudum spectan et pertinen ac parceli possessionu 
 nup existen Ac eciam omnia alia mesuagia cotagia tofta tenementa shopas cellaria solaria 
 redditus reversiones servicia et hereditamenta quecumq, cum suis pertinen situat' in parochia 
 sci Sepulcri extra Newgate London dco nup Hospitali dudum spectan et pertinen ac omnia 
 mesuagia terras tenementa redditus reversiones servicia et alia hereditamenta nostra 
 quecumq, cum suis pertinen in Civitate London et suburb ejusdem que fuerunt parceli 
 possessionu et reventionu dci nuper Hospitalis ac totum dnium et maneriu nostrum vocat' 
 Shordyche place alias diet' Ingilrowholde cum suis juribus membris libertatibus et pertinen 
 universis in Hakeney et alibi in Com nostra Midd dco nuper Hospitali dudum spectan et 
 pertinen ac parceli possessionu inde nuper existen Ac eciam omnia ilia terras prata pasturas 
 et hereditamenta nostra quecumq, vocat' Rabbys in dicto Comitatu nostra Midd modo vel 
 nuper in tenura sive occupacoe Edmundi Lytez dco nuper Hospitali dudum spectan et 
 pertinen ac parceli possess inde existen Ac eciam oihia ilia terras prata pascuas pastur et 
 hereditament' nfa quecuq, vocat' Goldebetters cum pertinen jacen et existen in Endfelde in 
 dco Comitatu nostra Midd modo vel nuper in tenura sive occupacoe Katerine Mychell ac 
 dco nuper Hospitali dudum spectan et pertinen ac parceli possessionu inde nuper existen 
 Ac eciam totum dnium et maneriu nostrum vocat' Oxenforde in Colkenyngtoii in dco Com 
 nostra Midd cum suis juribus membris libertatibus et pertinentiis universis dco nuper 
 Hospitali dudum spectan et pertinen ac parceli possessionu inde existen Necnon oinia ilia 
 dnia et maneria nostra de Denge Hyllyons Albethley et Gerons cum eorum juribus membris 
 libertatibus et pertinenciis universis in Corn nostra Essex Ac etiam unu mesuagiu et tene- 
 mentum nostrum vocat' le Newhouse ac omnia terras prata pascuas pasturas colas redditus 
 reversiones servicia et hereditamenta nostra quecumq, cum pertinen vocat' seu cognit' per 
 nomen vel per noia de Taylfers et Stewardes ac omnia alia terras tenementa prata pascuas 
 pasturas redditus reversiones servitia et hereditamenta nostra quecumq, in Magna Peryngton 
 alias Parnedoii in dco Comitatu nro Essex dco nuper Hospitali duduin spectan et pertinen 
 
 * 
 
APPENDIX. NO. V. xlv 
 
 ac parcel! possessionu inde nuper existeh Ac eciam totum illud dnium et maneriu nostrum 
 de Lynsters alias diet' Langleiz cum suis juribus membris et pertinen universis in Comitatu 
 nostra HertP ac dco nuper hospitali dudum spectan et pertinen ac parcel! possession!! inde 
 nuper existen Ac etiam omnia ilia ctnia et maneria nostra de Denham Duredent et Mask- 
 worthe cum eorum juribus membris et pertinen universis in Comitatu nostra Bukk' ac nuper 
 dco Hospitali dudum spectan et pertinen ac parcell possessionu inde nuper existen Ac etiam 
 totum illud maneriu nostrum et tenementa nostra de Topcliff in Melryth et de Melbourne 
 Royston Teversham et Eversdeii magna cum pertinen in Comitatu nostra Cantebf cum suis 
 juribus membris libertatibus et pertinen universis dicto nuper Hospitali dudum spectan et 
 pertinen ac parcell possessionu inde nuper existen Ac eciam totum illud dnium et maneriu 
 nostrum de Netherhall in Hynton cum suis juribus membris libtatib3 et ptineri universis in 
 <lco Comitatu nostra Cantebr ac dco nuper Hospitali dudum spectan et pertinen ac parcel! 
 possessionu inde existen Ac totum illud dnium et maneriu nostrum de Burdlyns in 
 Comberton in dco Comitatu nostra Cantebf cum suis juribus et pertinen universis modo vel 
 nuper in tenura sive occupacoe Jobis Ranger ac dco nuper Hospitali dudum spectan et 
 pertinen ac parcell possessionu inde existen Necnon totum illud dnium et maneriu nostrum 
 de Aliens ac omnia terras prata pascuas pasturas et hereditamenta nostra quecumq, vocat' 
 Maners cum eorum juribus membris et pertinen universis in Teversham ac alibi in dco 
 Comitatu nfo Cantebr modo vel nuper in tenura sive occupatione Wifti Wyse ac dco nuper 
 Hospitali dudum spectan et pertinen ac parcell possessionu inde existen Ac eciam omnia ilia 
 mesuagia terras tenementa prata pascuas pasturas coias et hereditamenta nostra quecumq, 
 cum pertinen modo vel nuper in tenura sive occupacone cfci Witti Wyse situat' jaceii et 
 existen in Fulborne in dco Comitatu nostra Cantebr dco nuper Hospitali dudum spectan et 
 pertinen ac parcell possessionu inde existen Necnon totum illud Dominiu et maneriu 
 nostrum de Astynlegb alias Hastynglegh et Aldelosse cum suis juribus membris libertatibus 
 et pertinentiis universis ac omnia mesuagia terras tenementa prata pascuas pasturas et 
 hereditamenta nostra quecumq cum pertinentiis in Hastyngleigh et Aldelosse predict' in 
 Comitatu nostra Kane modo vel nuper in tenura sive occupacoe Edwardi Grey dco nuper 
 Hospitali dudum spectan et pertinen ac parcell possessionu inde existen Ac eciam totum 
 dnium et manerium nostrum de Crofton cum suis juribus membris et ptiii universis in dco 
 Comitatu nro Kane dco nuper Hospitali dudum spectan et pertinen ac parcel! possessionu 
 inde existen Ac eciam omnia ilia dnia et maneria nostra de Combe Grove et Fenyscombe 
 cum eorum juribus membris et pertinen universis in dco Comitatu nro Kane dco nuper 
 Hospitali dudum spectan et pertinen ac parcell possessionu inde existen Ac eciam totum 
 illud dnium et maneriu nostrum de Tybshelfe cum suis juribus membris libertatibus et 
 pertinen universis in Comitatu nostra Derb ac dco nuper Hospitali dudum spectan et 
 pertinen ac parcell possessionu inde existen Ac omnes illos le Coole Pyttes in Tybshelf 
 predict' dco nuper Hospitali dudum spectan et pertinen Ac totum illud dnium et maneriu 
 nostrum de Bewyke cum suis juribus membris et pertinen universis in Coin nostra Ebo? 
 dco nuper Hospitali dudum spectan et pertinen ac parcel! possessionu inde existen Ac eciam 
 oihia et singula mesuagia molendina tofta cotagia domos edificia horrea stabula columbaria 
 ortos pomaria gardina terras tenementa prata pascuas pasturas coias jampnas brueras 
 mariscos boscos subboscos aquas piscarias piscaeoes redditus reversiones et servicia ac 
 redditus reservat' super quibuscumq, dimissionibus et concessionibus Necnon cur let' vis 
 
xlvi APPENDIX. NO. V. 
 
 frank pleg catalla waiviata extrahur liberas warennas catalla felonu et fugitivorum ac felonu 
 de se et in exigend posit' ac deodand Necnon feod militum ward maritagia escaet' relevia 
 heriett' fines amerciamenta ac omnia alia jura proficua comoditates emolumenta revencoes 
 et hereditamenta nostra quecumq, cum pertinentiis in Hakeney Rabbys Endfelde et Oxyn- 
 forde in dco Comitatu nostra Midd ac in Denge Hyllyons Albethley Taylfers Stewardes 
 Peryngton magna et Gerons in dco Comitatu nostra Essex ac in Lynsters alias Langleiz in 
 dco Comitatu nostra Hertf ' ac in Denham Duredent et Maskeworthe in dco Comitatu nostra 
 Bukfe ac in TopclyfF Melrythe Melborne Royston Eversden magna Burdelyns Combton 
 Netherhall Hynton Aliens Maners Teversham Fulborne in dco Comitatu nostro Cantebf ac 
 in Hastynglegti Aldelosse Crofton Combe Grove et Fenyscombe in dco Comitatu nostro 
 Kane ac in Tybshelf in dco Comitatu nro Derb ac in Bewyke in dco Comitatu nostro Ebo? 
 ac alibi ubicumq, in eisdem Comitatibus dcis dniis maneriis et tenementis seu eorum alicui 
 quoquo modo spectan vel pertinen aut ut membra partes vel parcel! eorundem dniorum 
 maneriorum et tenementorum seu eorum alicujus antehac h it' cognit' accept' usitat' seu reputat' 
 existen Necnon omia alia maneria dominia terras tenementa et hereditamenta nostra quecumq, 
 cum suis pertinen dco nuper hospitali dudum spectan vel pertinen ac parcell possessionu 
 inde nuper existen Ac eciam omnes et omimod advocacoes donacoes noiacoes presentacoes et 
 jus pronat' rectoriaf; vicariag et eccliaj dco nuper Hospitali dudum spectan vel pertinen ac 
 parcel! possessionu inde nuper existen Necnon omes et omnimod rectorias decimas oblacoes 
 obvencoes peneoes porcoes et alias decimas quascumq, vel quorumcumq, generis nature vel 
 speciei sunt vel fuerunt vel quibuscumq, noibus sciantur censeantur vel cognoscantur dco 
 nuper Hospitali dudum spectan vel pertinen ac parcell possessionu et reventionu ejusdem 
 nuper existen Except' et semper nobis et hered nostris reservat' capitali mesuagio dco nuper 
 Hospitali vocat' le Savoye House cum scitu et ecclia ejusdem ac omnibus domibus edificiis et 
 tenementis eidem capitali mesuagio et scitui adjaceil vocat' le Savoye Rentes Dedimus 
 eciam et concessimus prefatis Majori et Comunitati ac civibus civitatis London predict' et 
 successoribus eorundem ad ulteriorem sustentacoem illorum pauperum qui erunt et suppor- 
 tabuntur in predco manerio nostro de Bridewell omnia et omnimod implementa et utensilia 
 spectan sive pertinen tam ad domu nostram predict' de Bridewell qm ea oinia et omnimod 
 suppellectilia ac necessaria que dudum pertinebant ad diet' nuper Hospitale de Savoy 
 quocumq, nomine censeantur Except' tamen et nobis reservat' una magna campana et una 
 gva campana nunc remanen et existen in capella dee nuper Hospitalis et uno calice pro admi- 
 nistrand comunione et aliis necessariis implementis ac rebus bend et occupand in diet' capella 
 pro divino servicio et administracione sacramentor ibidem Dedimus eciam et concessimus 
 prefatis Majori et Coitati ac Civibus Civitatis predict' et successoribus eorundem omnes et 
 omimod boscos subboscos et arbores nostras quascumq, de in et super premissis crescen et 
 existen ac totam terram solum et fundum eorundem boscorum subboscorum et arborum ac 
 reversiones et revencoes quascumq, oim et singulorum premissorum et cujuslibet inde parcelle 
 Necnon redditus et annualia proficua quecumq, reservat' super quibuscumq, dimissionibus 
 et concessionibus de premissis seu de aliqua inde parcelt quoquo modo fact' adeo libere et 
 integre ac in tam amplis modo et forma ac cum omnibus et singulis talibus libertatibus 
 franchesiis jurisdiccoibus et comoditatibus prout aliquis magister vel gubernator dci nuper 
 hospitalis aut aliquis alius sive aliqui alii premissa aut aliquam inde parcelt antehac lientes 
 possidentes aut seisiti inde existen eadem aut aliquam inde parcelt unq^m nuerunt tenuerunt 
 
APPENDIX. NO. V. xlvii 
 
 vel gavisi fuerunt ftuit tenuit vel gavisus fuit seu here tenere vel gaudere debuerunt aut 
 debuit Et adeo plene libere et integre ac in tarn amplis modo et forma prout ea omnia et 
 singula premissa ad manus nostras ratione vel pretextu dissolucois dci nuper hospitalis aut 
 ratione alicujus doni concessionis vel sursumreddicois inde nob fact' seu quocumq, alio modo 
 jure seu titulo devenerunt seu devenire debuerunt ac in manibus nostris jam existunt seu 
 existere debent vel deberent Quequidem maneria terre tenementa ac cetera omnia et 
 singula premissa cum suis pertinentiis except' p>except' modo extenduntur ad clarum annuu 
 valorem quadringentarum et quinquaginta librarum et non amplius Habend' tenend' 
 et gaudend predict' maneriu capitale messuagiu et tenement' vocat' Brydewelt Place ac 
 omnia et singula predict' maneria messuagia terras tenementa hereditamenta et cetera omnia 
 et singula premissa cum suis pertinentiis universis exceptis pexceptis prefatis Majori et 
 Coitati ac Civibus Civitatis p>dce et successoribus suis ad propriu opus et usum iporum 
 Majoris et Coitatis et Civiu Civitatis fydce et eoram successoribus imperpetuu Tenend' 
 de nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris ut de manerio nostra de Grenewyche in Comitatu 
 Kane in libera socagio vidett per fidelitatem tantum et non in capite pro omnibus serviciis 
 et demand quibuscumq, proinde nob hered vel successoribus nostris quoquo modo reddend 
 solvend vel faciend Et ulterius de uberiori gracia nostra ac ex certa sciencia et mero 
 motu nostris dedimus et concessimus ac pro nob heredibus et successoribus nostris per 
 presentes damus et concedimus prefat' Majori et Coitati ac civib3 Civitatis predce et suc- 
 cessoribus suis qd iidem Major Coitas et Cives et successores sui fteant teneant et pleno 
 jure gaudeant et utantur omnia et omimod tot tanta talia eadem hujusmodi et consimilia 
 Cur Let' vis franc pleg ac omnia que ad vis franc pleg pertinent seu spectare aut pertinere 
 possint aut debeant assisam et assaiam panis vini et cervisie extrahuras bona et catalla 
 waviata ac bona et catall felonu et fugitivo? parcos liberam warennam ac oihia que ad 
 liberam warennam pertinent seu pertinere potuerunt ac alia jura libertates privileg juris- 
 diccoes proficua comoditates et emolumenta quecumq, in predcis maneriis terris tenementis 
 et ceteris premissis cum suis pertineii et in qualt inde parcell quot quanta qualia et que nos 
 nunc tenemus atq, tenuimus et in tam amplis modo et forma q,m nos nunc aut progenitores 
 nostri aliquo tempore antehac huerunt tenuerunt et gavisi sunt predict' maneriu et domu 
 nostra de Bridewell et unamquamq, partem et parcellam ejusdem que nuc aut antehac hit' 
 tent' seu cognit' fuit esse seu fuisse parcell aut membf predict' mane? spectan vel aliquo 
 modo ptineh ac eciam quot quanta qualia et que ultimus magister dci nuper hospitalis aut 
 aliquis vel aliqui predecessorum suorum in jure nuper hospitalis illius in predcis Maneriis 
 terris tenementis et ceteris premissis cum suis pertineii seu aliqua inde parcell aliquo tem- 
 pore huerunt tenuerunt seu gavisi fuerunt buit tenuit seu gavisus fuit seu here tenere vel 
 gaudere debuerunt aut debuit rone aliquag tra? paten nostri aut aliquo? progenito? nro? aut 
 ratione alicujus carte doni concessionis prescripcois usus seu consuetudinis aut alio modo 
 quocumq, Et ulterius damus et per presentes concedimus prefat' Majori et Coitati ac 
 Civibus Civitatis predict' oihia et omimod exitus redditus revencoes et proficua predcof 
 maneriorum terra? tenementorum et ceterorum premissorum cum omibus et singulis suis 
 pertineii a duodecimo die Junii ultimo preterito anno regni nostri septimo hucusq, provenien 
 emergen seu cresceii Habend' et percipiend oihia predict' exitus redditus revencoes et 
 proficua eisdem Majori et Coitati ac Civibus Civitatis predce tam per manus suas proprias 
 qm per manus receptorum ballivorum firmario? tenenciu et occupato? dco? maneriojs terraj 
 
xlviii APPENDIX. NO. V. 
 
 tenemental; et ceterofs premissorum cum suis pertineii absq, compoto seu aliquo alio pro pre- 
 missis vel aliquo premissorum nob hered aut successoribus nostris reddend solvend vel 
 faciend Et ulterius volumus et auctoritate nostra regia qua fungimur de gracia nostra 
 spali ac ex certa sciencia et mero motu nostris dedimus et concessimus ac per presentes pro 
 nob hered et successoribus nostris damus et concedimus prefatis Majori et Coitati ac 
 Civibus dee Civitatis nostre London et successoribus suis licenciam facultatem et plenam 
 potestatem nere tenere possidere et gaudere oines et singulas rectorias vicarias et ecclias 
 diet' nuper hospitalis de Savoye cum jure patronatus eajjdem ac oinia et singula messuagia 
 domos edificia terras glebas annuitates porcoes pencoes fructus decimas oblacoes ac alia jura 
 proficua comoditales et emolumenta quecumq, eisdem Ijfctoriis vicariis et ecctiis seu eorum 
 cuilibet assignat' appunctuat' spectan vel pertinen aut imposterum assignari appunctuari 
 spectare vel pertinere contingeh ac in usus suos proprios convertere et retinere valeant et 
 possint absq, impeticoe seu impedimento nostri hered vel successorum nostrog aut aliquorum 
 Archieporum Archidiaconorum Vicecomitum escaetorum Justic Commissionar aut aliorum 
 officiariorum seu ministrorum nostri hered vel successorum nfojs et absq, compoto primitiis 
 vel decimis aut aliquo alio proinde nob hered vel successoribus nostris quoquo modo reddend 
 solvend vel faciend et absq, noiacoe presentacoe institucoe seu collatione alicujus rectoris in 
 aliqua ecclia vel rectoria predict' Statuto de terris et tenementis ad manu mortuam non 
 ponend aut statut' de concessione primitiaf et decimajs nob hered et successoribus nostris 
 de beneficiis dignitatibus et promocoibus spitualibus et ecctiasticis nup edit' et provis aut 
 aliquo alio statuto actu ordinacoe provisione prohibicoe restriccoe vel lege eccliastica vel 
 temporali in contrariu inde antehac Bit' fact' edit' ordinat' seu provis aut aliqua alia re 
 causa vel materia quacumq, in aliquo non obstan et absq, aliquo brevi de ad quod dampnu 
 seu aliquo alio brevi mandato vel precepto nostri heredum vel successorum nrorum in hac 
 parte quoquo modo prosequend impetrand vel fiend et absq aliqua inquisicoe inde fiend vel 
 capiend Sciatis insuper qd nos de uberiori gracia nostra ac ex certa sciencia et mero 
 motu nostris volumus et licenciam dedimus ac per presentes pro nob heredibus et suc- 
 cessor^ nris licenciam damus et concedimus quibuscumq, subditis et ligeis nostris qd ipi aut 
 eorum aliquis vel aliqui maneria rectorias terras tenementa decimas redditus reversiones ser- 
 vicia seu alia possessiones revencoes vel hereditamenta quecumq ad annuam valenciam 
 quatuor mille marearum in Civitate nostra London seu alibi infra regnu nostrum Anglie aut 
 in Wallia vel alibi ubicumq, infra dominacoes seu potestates nostras ultra predict' maneria 
 rectorias terras tenementa et cetera premissa superius per presentes ut prefertur dat' et 
 concess licet de nob teneantur in Capite vel aliter prefatis Majori et Coitati ac Civibus dee 
 Civitatis London et successoribus suis imppetuu dare concedere vendere alienare legare 
 valeant et possint Et eisdem Majori et Coitati ac Civibus et successoribus suis qd ipi 
 hujusmodi maneria rectorias terras tenementa decimas redditus reversiones servicia pos- 
 sessiones revencoes et hereditament' ad annuam valenciam predict' ultra predicta maneria 
 rectorias terras tenementa et cetera premissa superius per presentes ut prefertur dat' et 
 concesf de aliquibus subditis et ligeis nostris nere percipere et perquirere valeant et possint 
 similiter licenciam damus et concedimus specialem per presentes statuto de terris et tene- 
 mentis ad manu mortuam non ponend aut aliquo alio statuto actu ordinacoe seu provisione 
 incontrariu inde antehac nit' fact' ordinat' seu provis aut aliqua alia re causa vel materia 
 quacumq, in aliquo non obstan Et ut intencio nostra predca meliorem capiat efTectum 
 
APPENDIX. NO. V. > xlix 
 
 et ut terras tenementa reddit' revencoes et alia ad sustentacoem hospital seu domorum 
 pauperum predict' concedend assignand et appunctuand melius gubernentur pro continuacoe 
 ejusdem volumos et ordinavimus qd hospital predict' cum sic fundat' erect' et stabilit' 
 existant Hospitalia Edwardi Regis Anglie Sexti Cristi Bridewelt et sci Thome apli noientur 
 vocentur et appellentur Qdq, predci Major Coitas ac Cives Civitatis London predict' et 
 successores sui Gubnatores diet' Hospitat ac possessionu revencionu et bono? diet' Hospital 
 vulgariter vocat' et vocand Hospital Edwardi regis Anglie Sexti Cristi Bridwelt et sci 
 Thome Apti noientur vocentur et appellentur Et qd iidem Gubematores in re fact' et 
 noie de cetero sunt et erunt unum corpus corporatum et politicum de se imppm per nomen 
 Gubnato? possessionu revencionu et bono? Hospital Edwardi Regis Anglie Sexti Cristi 
 Bridwelt et sci Thome Apti incorporat' et erect' ac ipos Gubnatores possessionu revencionu 
 et bonorum hospitat predict' per presentes incorporamus ac corpus corporatum et politicum 
 per idem nomen imppih duratur realiter et ad plenii creamus erigimus ordinamus facimus 
 et constituimus per presentes Et volumus qd iidem Gubematores possessionu revencionu 
 et bono? dot' Hospital Edwardi Regis Anglie Sexti Cristi Bridwelt et sci Thome Apti 
 heant successionem perpetuam et per idem nomen sunt et erunt persone habiles et in lege 
 capaces ad fiend et recipiend tam de nob terras tenementa redditus reversiones heredita- 
 menta ac bona et catalla quecumq^ qm de aliqua alia persona seu aliis personis qubuscumq, 
 fiend sibi et successoribus suis imppm Et ultekius volumus ac pro nob hered et suc- 
 cessoribus nostris per presentes concedimus prefatis Gubnatorib3 et successoribus suis qd 
 de cetero imppetuu fieant coe sigillum ad negocia sua premissa et cetera in his tris nris 
 paten expresf et specificat' seu aliquam inde parcelt tantumodo tangen seu concernen 
 deservitur Et qd ipi Gubnatores per nomen Gubnatog possessionu revencionu et bono? 
 hospitat Edwardi Regis Anglie Sexti Cristi Bridwelt et sci Thome Apti ptitare possint et 
 imptitari defendere et defend respondere et responderi in quibuscumq, curiis et locis et 
 coram quibuscumq, Judicibus in quibuscumq, causis accoibus sectis querelis ptilis et demand 
 cujuscumq, nature seu condicois fuerint premissa et cetera subscripta aut aliquam inde par- 
 cett aut pro aliquibus ofFensis transgressionibus rebus causis vel materiis per aliquas personas 
 seu aliquam personam fact' seu perpetrat' aut fiend seu perpetrand in vel super premissis aut 
 aliqua inde parcelt aut aliquod in presentibus specificat' tangen seu concernen Et ulterius 
 de uberiori gracia nra ac ex auctoritate nfa regia certa sciencia et mero motu nostris dedimus 
 et concessimus pro nob heredibus et successoribus nostris quantum in nob est ac per 
 presentes damus et concedimus prefatis Majori et Coitati ac civibus London predce et suc- 
 cessoribus suis imppm ac majori parti eorundem qd plene et integre licebit seu licere poterit 
 eisdem Majori et Coitati ac Civibus pro tempore existeii omni tempore et semper posthac 
 quando et quociens eis expedire videbitur vel necessitas sic postulabit ordinare constituere 
 et facere omnes tales idoneas salubres et honestas ordinacoes statuta et regulas pro recta 
 gubernacoe pauperum in eodem manerio sive domo vocat' Bridewelt Place alendoru aut in 
 illis aliis domibus vocat' Cristes Hospital! et Seinte Thomas Hospitall in Southwarke 
 predict' seu in eorum aliquo prout eis bonu videbitur necnon plenam potestatem et 
 auctoritatem exaiare omnes et singulas personas ociose vagantes intra Civitatem predict' et 
 libertates ejusdem atq, cogere eos occupare et exercere seipos pro viribus suis honestis 
 laboribus atq, opere Damus eciam et per presentes concedimus pro nob hered et suc- 
 cessoribus nostris prefatis Majori et Coitati ac Civibus London predict' et successoribus 
 
 g 
 
1 APPENDIX. NO. V. 
 
 suis plenam potestatem et auctoritatem de tempore in tempus noiare appunctuare facere 
 creare ac ordinare tales atq, tam multos officiarios ministros vel Gubnatores sub se in predcis 
 Hospital vel domibus sive in eo? aliquo qui de tempore in tempus provideant pauperib3 in 
 eisdem ut bene ac honeste ordinentur et curentur ac eciam pro ordine et gubnacoe eorundem 
 pauperum prout eis eciam bonu et conveniens videbitur sine impeticoe nostri hered vel 
 successor nostro? Justic escaetof vicecomitum ministrog servorum aut aliorum subjectorum 
 quorumcumq, nri hered vel successorum nrog aliquo statuto actu lege seu ordinacoe antehac 
 fact' aut imposterum fiend in contrariu non obstan ita qd ilia ordinacoes leges et statuta 
 contraria non sint seu repugnent legibus et statutis regni nostri Anglie aut prerogative 
 nostre regie Et ulterius damus et concedimus pro nob heredibus et successoribus nostris 
 prefatis Majori et Coitati ac Civibus civitatis nostre London predict' et successoribus suis 
 imperpetuu qd bene liceat et licebit tam predcis Majori et Coitati et Civibus pro tempore 
 existeii qm eisdem et talibus ofEciariis ministris vel gubernatoribus quos et quales predci 
 Major et Coitas ac Cives predict' appunctuabunt sive ordinabunt de tempore in tempus esse 
 ofEciarios ministros vel gubernatores sub se ejusdem manerii sive domus vocat' Bridewell 
 Place aut illaf aliarum domorum vel hospitaliii assignat' prout prefatur pro pauperibus 
 predcis et duorum vel triu eorum omnino poshac de tempore in tempus tam intra Civitatem 
 London predict' et suburb ejusdem qm intra dcm Comitatum nostrum Midd inquirere 
 et examinare diligenter omnibus viis et modis quibus melius scire poterint secundum 
 eorum prudenciam et discrecoem omnes et omimod suspiciosas domos tabernas diversoria 
 aleatoria ludos saltatorios ac locos alios quoscumq, et libertatem sive libertates et locos 
 exemptos quoscumq, intra dictam Civitatem et suburb ejusdem et dcm Comitatum nostrum 
 Midd quibuscumq, nominibus seu titulis ilia seu eorum aliqua sunt aut erunt vocitata 
 nuncupat' aut appellat' ac eciam scrutare investigare ac inquirere omnes et singulas domos 
 aliquo modo suspectas sive locos quoscumq, pro ociosis ruffianis ignavis ganeonibus vaca- 
 bundis et validis mendicis sive aliis quibuscumq, personis suspectis et hominibus quibus- 
 cumq, mulieribus seu viris mali nominis et fame Et eosdem ruffianos ganeones vacabundos 
 et mendicos non solum apprehendere intra easdem domos suspect' seu locos libtat' vel 
 libtat' et locos exemptos existentes intra diet' Civitatem et suburb ejusdem seu intra diet' 
 Comitatum Midd sed eciam tenentes magistros dominos sive custodes taliu domorum vel 
 locorum ubi aliquis talis vel tales inventi fuerint vel fuerit in domu occupacionu de Bride- 
 well comitter aut aliquo alio modo eos omnes et singulos punire prout bonu et legitimu 
 tunc eis expedire videbitur nisi honeste et juste taliu domorum et locorum tenentes magri 
 domini sive custodes se excusare atq, exonerare possint coram prefat' Majore et Aldermanis 
 ejusdem Civitatis pro tempore existeii seu coram officiariis ministris vel gubernatoribus sub 
 se predicta? domorum quare tales ociosos ruffianos et suspectas et vagabundas personas ita 
 alant et nutriant seu pmittant in domibus suis jacere conversare et frequentare atq, eciam 
 nisi talis vel tales homines ita suspecti et vacabundi existentes sic capti sufficienter et 
 plene declarare possint vel possit pro sua honesta et bona conversacoe et justam racionem 
 reddere quibus modis victitant vel victat et quam ob causam ita vagantur vel vagatur 
 et in dies frequentant hujusmodi suspiciosas domos et abscondita seu prohibita loca atq, 
 eciam invenire sufficientem securitatem qd honeste se postea gerent et quilibet eorum 
 geret Et preterka volumus qd licebit Majori et Aldermanis Civitatis predict' pro 
 tempore existeii seu pro illis aliis officiariis seu gubernatoribus pauperum sub se in hospital 
 
APPENDIX. NO. V. li 
 
 predict* pro tempore existen uti hujusmodi correccione et ordine in premissis prout ipis con- 
 venientisf aut comodisf videbif absq, impeticoe nostri heredum vel successorum nostrorum 
 justiciariorum escaetorum vicecomitum aut aliorum ministrorum servorum sive subjectorum 
 quorumcumq, nostri heredum vel successorum nostrorum aliquo statuto actu ordinacbe 
 restriccoe lege aut consuetudine in contrariu inde aliquo modo non obstaii Volumus. 
 eciam et per presentes concedimus prefatis Majori et Coitati ac Civibus Civitatis nostre 
 London qd tieant et fiebunt has Iras nostras patentes sub magno sigillo nostro Anglie 
 debito modo fact' et sigillat' absq, fine seu feodo magno vel parvo nobis in hanaperio nostro 
 seu alibi ad usum nostrum proinde quoquo modo reddencl solvencl vel faciend Eo qd' 
 expressa mencio de vero valore annuo aut de certitudine premisf sive eorum alicujus aut 
 de aliis donis sive concessionibus per nos aut per aliquem progenitorum nostrorum eisdem 
 Majori et Coitati ac Civibus Civitatis nostre London ante hec tempora fact' in presentibus 
 minime fact' existit aut aliquo alio statuto actu ordinacoe provisione seu restriccoe inde in 
 contrariu fact' edit' ordinat' seu provis aut aliqua alia re causa vel materia quacumq, in 
 aliquo non obstaii In cujus rei testimoniu has tras nostras fieri fecimus patentes 
 Teste meipo apud Westmonasteriu vicesimo sexto die Junii anno regni nostri septimo 
 g bre de privato sigillo et de dat' predict' auctoritate pailiamenti. 
 
 Cotton. 
 
 (TRANSLATION.) 
 
 Edward the Sixth by the grace of God of England France and Ireland King, 
 Defender of the Faith, and in earth of the church of England and Ireland supreme 
 Head, to all to whom these presents shall come, greeting. Whereas We, pitying 
 the miserable estate of the poor, fatherless, decrepit, aged, sick, and infirm and 
 impotent persons, languishing under various kinds of diseases ; and also of our 
 special grace thoroughly considering the honest and pious endeavours of our most 
 humble and obedient subjects, the Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens of our 
 city of London, who by all ways and methods diligently study for the good pro- 
 vision of the poor and of every sort of them ; and that by such reason and care 
 neither children yet being in their infancy shall lack good education and instruction, 
 nor when they shall obtain riper years shall be destitute of honest callings and occu- 
 pations, whence and whereby they may honestly exercise themselves in some good 
 faculty and science, for the advantage and utility of the commonwealth ; nor that 
 the sick and diseased, when they shall be recovered and restored to health, may 
 remain idle and lazy vagabonds in the state, but they may in like manner be 
 placed and compelled to labour, and honest and wholesome employments : — Know 
 ye, that We, as well for the considerations aforesaid as of our special grace, and 
 of our certain knowledge and mere motion, desiring not only the progress amplifi- 
 cation and increase of so honest and noble a work, but also condescending in our 
 
lii APPENDIX. NO. V. 
 
 name, and by our royal prerogative to take upon ourself the patronage of this most 
 excellent and most holy foundation, now lately established, have given and granted, 
 and by these presents do give and grant, to the Mayor, Commonalty and Citizens 
 of our city of London, all that our manor, capital messuage, and tenement, and our 
 mansion-house called Bridewell, otherwise Bridewell-Place, with all and singular 
 its rights, members, and appurtenances, situate, lying, and being in the parish of 
 Saint Brigid, in Fleet Street, London, and all and singular the houses, edifices, 
 lands, tenements, rents, reversions, and services, chambers, curtilages, gardens, void 
 grounds, places, spaces, ways, easements, profits, and commodities whatsoever to the 
 said house, called Bride-well Place, in any wise howsoever belonging or apper- 
 taining, or as being parts, members, or parcels of the same, heretofore had, known, 
 used, or demised ; and all those our messuages, tenements, cellars, sollars, houses, 
 edifices, and hereditaments whatsoever, situate, lying, and being in the parish of 
 St. Sepulcre without Newgate, London, to the late royal hospital called the Savoy, 
 in the parish of St. Clement Danes, without the bars of the New Temple, London, 
 now dissolved, formerly belonging and appertaining, and being parcels of the pos- 
 sessions thereof; and also all our messuages, tenements, cottages, cellars, sollars, 
 houses, edifices, and hereditaments whatsoever, situate, lying, and being in the 
 parish of Saint Michael at Corn, London, to the said late hospital formerly 
 belonging and appertaining, and being parcel of the possessions thereof; and also 
 all that messuage and tenement, and all our houses, edifices, shops, cellars, sollars, 
 and hereditaments whatsoever, with their appurtenances, situate, lying, and being in 
 the Old Change, in the parish of Saint Augustine, London, to the said late hospital 
 formerly belonging and appertaining, and being parcel of the possessions thereof; 
 and also all those our five messuages and tenements, with the appurtenances, in 
 the parish of All Saints, Honey-lane, next Cheap, London, to the said late hospital 
 formerly belonging and appertaining, and being parcel of the possessions thereof; 
 and also all those our messuages and tenements, with the appurtenances, lying in 
 the parish of Saint Anthony, called St. Anteleyn's parish, in Budge-row, London, to 
 the said late hospital formerly belonging and appertaining, and late being parcel 
 of the possessions thereof ; and also one messuage and tenement, with the appurte- 
 nances, lying in Pankerith-street, in the parish of Saint Bennet's Sherehog, 
 London, and to the said late hospital formerly belonging and appertaining, and 
 late being parcel of the possessions thereof ; and also all those our messuages and 
 tenements, with the appurtenances, in the parish of Saint Bennet's, London, to the 
 said hospital formerly belonging and appertaining, and being parcel of the pos- 
 sessions thereof; and also those our messuages and tenements, with the appurte- 
 nances, in the parish of Saint Andrew Underhaft, London, to the said late hospital 
 formerly belonging and appertaining, and late being parcel of the possessions 
 
APPENDIX. " NO. V. Hii 
 
 thereof; and also all other our messuages, cottages, tofts, tenements, shops, 
 cellars, sollars, rents, reversions, services, and hereditaments whatsoever, with 
 their appurtenances, situate in the parish of St. Sepulcre without Newgate, 
 London, to the said late hospital formerly belonging and appertaining; and all 
 our messuages, lands, tenements, rents, reversions, services, and other heredita- 
 ments whatsoever, with their appurtenances, in the City of London, and the 
 suburbs of the same, which were parcel of the possessions and revenues of the said 
 late hospital ; and all our lordship and manor called Shoreditch Place, otherwise 
 Ingilrow hold, with all its rights, members, liberties, and appurtenances in Hackney 
 and elsewhere in our county of Middlesex, to the said late hospital formerly belonging 
 and appertaining, and late being parcel of the possessions thereof; and also all those 
 our lands, meadows, pastures, and hereditaments whatsoever, called Rabbyes, in our 
 said county of Middlesex, now or late in the tenure or occupation of Edmund 
 Lytez, to the said late hospital formerly belonging and appertaining, and being 
 parcel of the possessions thereof; and also air those our lands, meadows, feedings, 
 pastures, and hereditaments whatsoever, called Goldbeaters, with the appurte- 
 nances, lying and being in Enfield, in our said county of Middlesex, now or late 
 in the tenure or occupation of Catherine Mychell, and to the said late hospital 
 formerly belonging and appertaining, and late being parcel of the possessions 
 thereof; and also all our lordship and manor called Oxenford in Colkenington, 
 in our said county of Middlesex, with all its rights, members, liberties, and 
 appurtenances, to the said late hospital formerly belonging and appertaining, 
 and being parcel of the possessions thereof; and also all those our lordships and 
 manors of Denge Hillions, Albethley, and Gerons, with all their rights, members, 
 liberties, and appurtenances, in our county of Essex ; and also one messuage and 
 tenement called the New-house; and also all our lands, meadows, feedings, 
 pastures, commons, rents, reversions, services, and hereditaments whatsoever, with 
 the appurtenances, called or known by the name or names of Taylfers and Stewards; 
 and all other our lands, tenements, meadows, feedings, pastures, rents, reversions, 
 services, and hereditaments whatsoever, in Great Perington, otherwise Parndon, in 
 our said county of Essex, to the said late hospital formerly belonging and apper- 
 taining, and late being parcel of the possessions thereof; and also all that our lordship 
 and manor of Lynsters, otherwise called Langleys, with all its rights, members, and 
 appurtenances, in our county of Hertford, and to the said late hospital formerly 
 belonging and appertaining, and late being parcel of the possessions thereof ; and 
 also all those our lordships and manors of Denham Duredent and Maskworth, with 
 all their rights, members, and appurtenances, in our county of Buckingham, and to 
 the said late hospital formerly belonging and appertaining, and late being parcel 
 of the possessions thereof; and also all that our manor and our tenements of 
 
liv APPENDIX. NO. V. 
 
 Topcliff in Melryth, and of Melbourn, Royston, Teversham, and Great Eversden, 
 with the appurtenances, in our county of Cambridge, with all their rights, 
 members, liberties, and appurtenances, to the said late hospital formerly belonging 
 and appertaining, and late being parcel of the possessions thereof; and also all 
 that our lordship and manor of Netherhall in Hinton, with all its rights, members, 
 liberties, and appurtenances, in our said county of Cambridge, and to the said late 
 hospital formerly belonging and appertaining, and being parcel of the possessions 
 thereof; and all that our lordship and manor of Burdlyns in Comberton, in our 
 said county of Cambridge, with all its rights, and appurtenances, now or late in 
 the tenure or occupation of John Ranger, and to the said late hospital formerly 
 belonging and appertaining, and being parcel of the possessions thereof; and also 
 all that our lordship and manor of Aliens, and all our lands, meadows, feedings, 
 pastures, and hereditaments whatsoever, called Maners, with their rights, members, 
 and appurtenances, in Teversham and elsewhere, in our said county of Cambridge, 
 now or late in the tenure or occupation of William Wyse, and to the said late 
 hospital formerly belonging or appertaining, and being parcel of the possessions 
 thereof; and also all those our messuages, lands, tenements, meadows, feedings, 
 pastures, commons, and hereditaments whatsoever, with the appurtenances, now 
 or late in the tenure or occupation of the said William Wyse, situate, lying, and 
 being in Fulborne, in our said county of Cambridge, to the said late hospital 
 formerly belonging and appertaining, and being parcel of the possessions thereof; 
 and also all that our lordship and manor of Astinleigh, otherwise Hastinleigh 
 and Aldeloss, with all its rights, members, liberties, and appurtenances, and 
 all our messuages, lands, tenements, meadows, feedings, pastures, and heredi- 
 taments whatsoever, with the appurtenances, in Hastingleigh and Aldeloss afore- 
 said, in our county of Kent, now or late in the tenure or occupation of Edward 
 Grey, to the said late hospital formerly belonging and appertaining, and being 
 parcel of the possessions thereof; and also all that our lordship and manor of 
 Crofton, with all its rights, members, and appurtenances, in our said county of 
 Kent, to the said late hospital formerly belonging and appertaining, and being 
 parcel of the possessions thereof; and also all those our lordships and manors of 
 Combe Grove and Fenyscombe, with all their rights, members, and appurtenances, 
 in our said county of Kent, to the said late hospital formerly belonging and 
 appertaining, and being parcel of the possessions thereof; and also all that our 
 lordship and manor of Tibshelf, with all its rights, members, liberties, and appur- 
 tenances, in our county of Derby, and to the said late hospital formerly belonging 
 and appertaining, and being parcel of the possessions thereof; and all those coal- 
 pits in Tibshelf aforesaid to the said late hospital formerly belonging and apper- 
 taining ; and all that our lordship and manor of Bewyke, with all its rights, 
 
 
APPENDIX. NO. V. IV 
 
 members, and appurtenances, in our county of York, to the said late hospital 
 formerly belonging and appertaining, and being parcel of the possessions thereof; 
 and also all and singular the messuages, mills, tofts, cottages, houses, edifices, barns, 
 stables, dovehouses, yards, orchards, gardens, lands, tenements, meadows, feedings, 
 pastures, commons, furze heaths, marshes, woods, underwoods, waters, fisheries, 
 fishings, rents, reversions, and services and rents reserved upon any demises or 
 grants whatsoever; and also courts leet, view of frankpledge, chattels, waived 
 estrays, free warrens, chattels of felons and fugitives, and felons of themselves, and 
 persons put in exigents and deodands ; and also knights fees, wards, maritages, 
 escheats, reliefs, heriots, fines, amerciaments, and all other our rights, profits, 
 commodities, emoluments, revenues, and hereditaments whatsoever, with the 
 appurtenances, in Hackney, Rabbys, Enfield, and Oxenford, in our said county 
 of Middlesex; and in Denge Hillions, Albethly, Taylfers, Stewards, Great 
 Perington, and Gerons, in our said county of Essex ; and in Lynsters, otherwise 
 Langleys, in our said county of Hertford ; and in Denham Duredent, and Mask- 
 worth, in our said county of Buckingham; and in TopclirT, Melryth, Mel- 
 bourn, Royston, Great Eversden, Burdlyns, Comberton, Netherhall, Hinton, 
 Aliens, Maners, Teversham, and Fulborne, in our said county of Cambridge; and in 
 Hastinleigh, Aldeloss, Crofton, Combe Grove, and Fenyscombe, in our said county 
 of Kent; and in Tibshelf in our said county of Derby; and in Bewyke in our said 
 county of York ; and elsewhere wheresoever in the said counties to the said lord- 
 ships, manors, and tenements, or to either of them, in any manner belonging or 
 appertaining, or as members, parts, or parcels of the same lordships, manors, 
 and tenements, or of any of them, heretofore had, acknowledged, accepted, used, 
 or reputed ; and also all other our manors, lordships, lands, tenements, and 
 hereditaments whatsoever, with their appurtenances, to the said late hospital 
 formerly belonging or appertaining, and late being parcel of the possessions 
 thereof; and also all and all manner of advowsons, donations, nominations, pre- 
 sentations, and right of patronage of the rectories, vicarages, and churches, 
 to the said late hospital formerly belonging or appertaining, and late being parcel 
 of the possessions thereof; and also all and all manner of rectories, tithes, 
 oblations, obventions, pensions, portions, and other tithes whatsoever, or of what- 
 soever nature or sort they be, or have been, or by whatsoever names they are known, 
 described, or distinguished, to the said late hospital formerly belonging or apper- 
 taining, and late being parcel of the possessions and revenues thereof (except 
 and always to us, and our heirs, reserved the capital messuage to the said late 
 hospital, called the Savoy House, with the site and church thereof, and all the 
 houses, edifices, and tenements to the same capital messuage and site adjoining, 
 called the Savoy Rents). Also we have given and granted to the aforesaid Mayor, 
 
lvi APPENDIX. NO. V. 
 
 commonalty, and citizens of the City of London, and their successors, for the 
 further sustentation of the same poor who shall be, and who shall be supported in 
 our aforesaid manor of Bridewell, all and all manner of the implements and 
 utensils belonging or appertaining, as well to our aforesaid house of Bridewell, 
 as all and all manner of bedding utensils and necessaries which formerly belonged 
 to the said hospital of the Savoy, by what name soever they may be described 
 (except nevertheless, and to us reserved, one great bell and one small bell 
 now remaining, and being in the chapel of the said late hospital, and one 
 chalice for the administration of the communion, and other the necessary im- 
 plements and things to be had and used in the said chapel for divine ser- 
 vice and administration of the sacraments there). Also, we have given and 
 granted to the aforesaid mayor and commonalty and citizens of the city aforesaid, 
 and their successors, all and all manner of our woods, underwoods, and trees 
 whatsoever, of, in, and on the premises growing and being, and all the land, soil, 
 and ground of the same woods, underwoods, and trees, and the reversions and 
 rents whatsoever of all and singular the same premises, and of every part 
 thereof; and also the rents and yearly profits whatsoever reserved upon any 
 demises or grants whatsoever of the premises, or of any part thereof, in any wise 
 howsoever made, as fully, freely, and entirely, and in as ample manner and form, 
 and with all and singular the like liberties, franchises, jurisdictions, and com- 
 modities, as any master or governor of the said late hospital, or any other or others 
 heretofore having possession, or being seised of the premises, or any part thereof, 
 had, held, enjoyed the same, or any part thereof, or ought to have had, held, 
 or enjoyed the same, or any part thereof, and as fully, freely, and entirely, and in 
 as ample manner and form, as all and singular the same premises came, or ought 
 to have come, to our hands, by reason or pretext of the dissolution of the said late 
 hospital, or by reason of any gift, grant, or surrender thereof to us made, or by any 
 other manner, right, or title whatsoever, and as the same now are, or ought to be, 
 or to have been in our hjands; and which manors, lands, tenements, and all and 
 singular other the premises, with their appurtenances (except before excepted), are 
 now extended to the clear yearly value of four hundred and fifty pounds and no 
 more ; to have, hold, and enjoy the aforesaid manor, capital messuage, and tenement, 
 called Bridewell Place, and all and singular the aforesaid manors, messuages, lands, 
 tenements, hereditaments, and all and singular other the premises, with all their 
 appurtenances (except before excepted), to the aforesaid mayor, commonalty, and 
 citizens of the city aforesaid, and their successors to the proper use and behoof of 
 the same mayor and commonalty and citizens of the city aforesaid and their 
 successors for ever ; to hold of us, our heirs and successors, as of our manor of 
 Greenwich, in our county of Kent, in free socage (to wit), by fealty only, and not 
 
 
APPENDIX. NO. V. Ivii 
 
 in chief, for all services and demands whatsoever for the same, to us, our heirs, or 
 successors, in any wise howsoever to be paid or done. And further, of our more 
 abundant grace, and of our certain knowledge and mere motion, we have given and 
 granted, and do for us, our heirs and successors, by these presents give and grant, to 
 the aforesaid mayor and commonalty and citizens of the city aforesaid and their 
 successors, that the same mayor commonalty and citizens and their successors 
 may have, hold, and in full right enjoy and use all and all manner of the like, 
 the same, so many, and such sorts of courts leet, views of frankpledge, and all 
 things which to view of frankpledge belong, or which may or ought to belong or 
 appertain, assize and assay of bread wine and beer, estrays, goods and chattels 
 waived, and goods and chattels of felons and fugitives, parks, free warren, and all 
 things which to free warren do or may belong, and other the rights, liberties, privi- 
 leges, jurisdictions, profits, commodities, and emoluments whatsoever in the aforesaid 
 manors, lands, tenements, and other the premises, with their appurtenances, and in 
 every part thereof, as and which we now hold and have held, and in as ample 
 manner and form as we now have and enjoy, or as our progenitors at any time 
 heretofore have had, held, and enjoyed our aforesaid manor and house of Bridewell, 
 and every part and parcel thereof, and which now are, and heretofore have been had, 
 held, or acknowledged to be or to have been parcel or member of, or in anywise how- 
 soever belonging or appertaining to, the manor aforesaid, and also as and which the 
 last master of the said late hospital, or any other or others of his predecessors in right 
 of the same late hospital, at any time have, or hath had, held, or enjoyed, or ought 
 to have held or enjoyed the aforesaid manors, lands, tenements, and other the 
 premises, with their appurtenances or any part thereof, by reason of any letters 
 patent of us, or of any of our progenitors, or by reason of any charter of gift, 
 grant, prescription, use, or custom, or in any other manner howsoever. And further, 
 we give, and by these presents grant, to the aforesaid mayor and commonalty and 
 citizens of the city aforesaid, all and all manner of issues, rents, revenues, and 
 profits of the aforesaid manors, lands, tenements, and other the premises, with all 
 and singular their appurtenances, from the twelfth day of June last past in the seventh 
 year of our reign, hitherto issuing, arising, or growing, To have and receive all the 
 aforesaid issues, rents, revenues, and profits to the same mayor and commonalty 
 and citizens of the city aforesaid, as well by their own proper hands, as by the 
 hands of the receivers, bailiffs, farmers, tenants, and occupiers of the said manors, 
 lands, tenements, and other the premises, with their appurtenances, without 
 account or any other thing for the premises, or any of them, to us, our heirs or 
 successors, to be rendered, paid, or made. And further, we will, and by our royal 
 authority which we exercise, of our special grace, and of our certain knowledge 
 and mere motion, have given and granted, and by these presents for us, our heirs 
 
 h 
 
lviii APPENDIX. NO. V. 
 
 and successors, do give and grant to the aforesaid mayor and commonalty and 
 citizens of our said city of London, and their successors, licence, faculty, and full 
 power to have, hold, possess, and enjoy, all and singular the rectories, vicarages, 
 and churches of the said late hospital of the Savoy, with the right of patronage of 
 the same, and all and singular the messuages, houses, edifices, lands, glebes, 
 annuities, portions, pensions, fruits, tithes, oblations, and other the rights, profits, 
 commodities, and emoluments whatsoever, to the same rectories, vicarages, and 
 churches, or to either of them, assigned, appointed, belonging, or appertaining, or 
 hereafter happening to be assigned, appointed, or to belong or appertain, and that 
 they may and shall have power to convert and retain the same to their own proper 
 use, without the impeachment or impediment of us, our heirs or successors, or of 
 any of the archbishops, archdeacons, sheriffs, escheators, justices, commissioners, 
 or other the officers or ministers of us, our heirs or successors, and without 
 account, first-fruits, or tenths, or any other thing to us, our heirs or successors, in 
 anywise howsoever to be rendered, paid, or done for the same, and without the 
 nomination, presentation, institution, or collation of any rector in either of the 
 churches or rectories aforesaid, the statute of not putting lands and tenements to 
 mortmain, or the statute of granting the first-fruits and tenths of spiritual and 
 ecclesiastical benefices, dignities, and promotions, to us, our heirs and successors, 
 lately made and provided, or any other statute, act, ordinance, provision, prohibi- 
 tion, restriction, or law ecclesiastical or temporal, to the contrary thereof heretofore 
 had, made, passed, ordained, or provided, or any other thing, cause, or matter 
 whatsoever, in anywise notwithstanding; and without any writ of ad quod dam- 
 num, or any other writ, mandate, or precept of us, our heirs or successors, in this 
 behalf in anywise whatsoever to be prosecuted, sued for, or made, and without any 
 inquisition thereof to be made or taken. Moreover know ye, that we of our more 
 abundant grace, and of our certain knowledge and mere motion, will and have 
 given licence, and by these presents for us, our heirs and successors, do give and 
 grant licence to any of our subjects and leige men whomsoever, that they, either or 
 any of them, may, and may have power to give, grant, sell, alien, or devise to 
 the aforesaid mayor commonalty and citizens of the said city of London, and 
 their successors for ever, any manors, rectories, lands, tenements, tithes, rents, 
 reversions, services, or other possessions, revenues, or hereditaments whatsoever, to 
 the yearly value of four thousand marks, in our city of London, or elsewhere within 
 our kingdom of England, or in Wales, or elsewhere wheresoever within our 
 dominions or power, besides the aforesaid manors, rectories, lands, tenements, and 
 other the premises above by these presents given and granted as aforesaid, although 
 they be held by us in chief or otherwise. And to the same mayor and commonalty 
 
APPENDIX. NO. V. Hx 
 
 and citizens, and their successors, we do likewise by these presents give and grant 
 special licence, that they may, and may have power to have, receive, and purchase 
 of any of our subjects and liege men, such manors, rectories, lands, tenements, 
 tithes, rents, reversions, services, possessions, revenues, and hereditaments, to the 
 yearly value aforesaid, besides the aforesaid manors, rectories, lands, tenements, 
 and other the premises by these our presents above given and granted as aforesaid, 
 the statute of not putting lands and tenements to mortmain, or any other statute, 
 act, ordinance, or provision to the contrary thereof heretofore had, made, ordained, 
 or provided, or any other thing, cause, or matter whatsoever, in anywise notwith- 
 standing. And that our aforesaid intention may take better effect, and that the 
 lands, tenements, rents, revenues, and other things, to be granted, assigned, and 
 appointed, to the sustentation of the said hospitals or houses of the poor aforesaid, 
 may be better governed, for the continuation of the same, we will, and have 
 ordained, that the hospitals aforesaid, when they shall be so founded, erected, and 
 established, shall be named and called the Hospitals of Edward the Sixth, King of 
 England, of Christ, Bridewell, and St. Thomas the Apostle ; and that the aforesaid 
 mayor and commonalty and citizens of the city of London aforesaid, and their 
 successors, shall be named, called, and designated Governors of the said hospitals, 
 and of the possessions, revenues, and goods of the said hospitals, commonly called, 
 and to be called, the Hospitals of Edward the Sixth, King of England, of Christ, 
 Bridewell, and St. Thomas the Apostle ; and that the same governors be, and shall 
 be hereafter, in deed, fact, and name, one body corporate and politic of themselves 
 for ever, by the name of the Governors of the possessions, revenues, and goods of 
 the hospitals of Edward the Sixth, King of England, of Christ, Bridewell, and St. 
 Thomas the Apostle, incorporated and erected ; and them, the governors of the 
 possessions, revenues, and goods of the hospitals aforesaid, we do by these presents 
 incorporate, and a body corporate and politic, by the same name to continue for 
 ever, really and fully do create, erect, ordain, make, and constitute by these 
 presents ; and we will that the same governors of the possessions, revenues, and 
 goods of the said hospitals of Edward the Sixth, King of England, of Christ, 
 Bridewell, and St. Thomas the Apostle, may have perpetual succession, and that 
 by the same name they may and shall be persons able and capable in the law 
 to have and receive, as well of us, as of any other person or persons whomsoever, 
 any lands, tenements, rents, reversions, hereditaments, and goods and chattels 
 whatsoever, to hold to them and their successors for ever. And further, we will, 
 and for us, our heirs and successors, by these presents grant to the aforesaid 
 governors and their successors, that hereafter for ever they may have a common 
 seal, to serve only for their businesses touching and concerning the premises, and 
 other the things in these our letters patent expressed and specified, or any part 
 
lx APPENDIX. NO. V. 
 
 thereof ; and that the same governors, by the name of the governors of the posses- 
 sions, revenues, and goods of the hospitals of Edward the Sixth, King of England, 
 of Christ, Bridewell, and St. Thomas the Apostle, may plead and be impleaded, 
 defend and be defended, answer and be answered, in any courts and places whatso- 
 ever, and before any judges whomsoever, in any causes, actions, suits, plaints, 
 pleas, and demands whatsoever, of what nature or kind soever they shall be, touching 
 or concerning the premises, and other the things under written, or any part thereof, 
 or for any offences, trespasses, things, causes, or matters by any persons or person 
 done or perpetrated, or to be done or perpetrated, in or upon the premises or any 
 part thereof, or in or upon any thing in these presents specified. And further, of 
 our more abundant grace and of our royal authority, certain knowledge, and mere 
 motion, we have given and granted for us, our heirs and successors, as much as in 
 us lies, and by these presents do give and grant to the aforesaid mayor and 
 commonalty and citizens of London aforesaid, and their successors for ever, and 
 the major part of them, that it shall or may be fully and entirely lawful to the 
 same mayor commonalty and citizens for the time being, at all times and always 
 hereafter, when and as often as to them it shall seem expedient, or necessity shall 
 so require, to ordain, constitute, and make all such fit, wholesome, and honest 
 ordinances, statutes, and rules for the right government of the poor in the same 
 manor or house called Bridewell Place, or in the same other houses called Christ's 
 Hospital and St. Thomas' Hospital in South wark aforesaid, or in either of them, to 
 be supported, as to them shall seem good ; and also, that they may have full power 
 and authority to examine all and singular idle persons wandering about within the 
 city aforesaid and the liberties thereof, and to compel them to employ and exercise 
 themselves with all their might in some honest labour and work. Also we give, 
 and by these presents for us, our heirs and successors, grant to the aforesaid mayor 
 and commonalty and citizens of London aforesaid, and their successors, full power 
 and authority from time to time to nominate, appoint, make, create, and ordain 
 such and so many officers, ministers, or governors under them, in the aforesaid 
 hospitals or houses, or in either of them, who may from time to time provide for the 
 poor therein, that they may be well and justly ordered and taken care of, and also 
 for the order and government of the same poor, as to them shall likewise seem 
 good and convenient, without the impeachment of us, our heirs or successors, or of 
 the justices, escheators, sheriffs, ministers, servants, or other of the subjects whom- 
 soever of us, our heirs or successors, any statute, act, law, or ordinance heretofore 
 made or hereafter to be made to the contrary notwithstanding, so that the same 
 ordinances, laws, and statutes be not contrary or repugnant to the laws and 
 statutes of our kingdom of England, or to our royal prerogative. And further, we 
 give and grant, for us, our heirs and successors, to the aforesaid mayor and 
 
APPENDIX. NO. V. lxi 
 
 commonalty and citizens of our city of London aforesaid, and their successors for 
 ever, that it may and shall be lawful, as well to the aforesaid mayor and common- 
 alty and citizens for the time being, as to the same and such officers, ministers, or 
 governors, as the aforesaid mayor and commonalty and citizens aforesaid shall 
 from time to time appoint or ordain to be officers, ministers, or governors under 
 them of the same manor or house called Bridewell Place, or of those other houses or 
 hospitals assigned for the aforesaid poor as aforesaid, and of two or three of them, 
 at all times hereafter from time to time, as well within the city of London afore- 
 said and the suburbs of the same, as within our said county of Middlesex, 
 diligently to enquire and examine, by all ways and methods by which they may 
 better know, according to their prudence and discretion, of all and all manner of 
 suspicious houses, inns, taverns, gaming-houses, play-houses, dancing-houses, and 
 other places whatsoever, and the liberty or liberties, and places exempt whatsoever, 
 within the said city and suburbs thereof, and our said county of Middlesex, by 
 what names or title soever the same, or either of them, are and shall be called, 
 named, or designated ; and also to examine, investigate, and inquire of all and 
 singular houses or places whatsoever, in anywise suspected for lazy ruffians, idlers, 
 haunters of stews, vagabonds, and sturdy beggars, or other suspected persons 
 whomsoever, and men and women whomsoever of ill name and fame ; and the 
 same ruffians, haunters of stews, vagabonds, and beggars, not only to apprehend 
 within the same suspected houses or places, liberty or liberties, and places 
 exempt, being within the said city and suburbs of the same, and within the said 
 county of Middlesex, but also the tenants, masters, owners, or keepers of such 
 houses or places, where any such shall be found, to the house of labour of Bridewell 
 to commit, or in any other manner all and singular the same persons to punish, as to 
 them it shall seem good and lawful, unless the tenants, masters, owners, or keepers 
 of such houses or places can honestly and justly excuse and discharge themselves 
 before the aforesaid mayor and the aldermen of the same city for the time being, 
 or before the officers, ministers, or governors under them of the aforesaid houses, 
 why they have so cherished and entertained such idle ruffians and suspected 
 persons and vagabonds, or permitted them to lie, convene, and frequent in their 
 houses; and also unless such men so suspected, and vagabonds being so taken, may 
 sufficiently and fully declare for their honest and good conversation, and render a 
 just account by what manner they may get their living, and why they do so wander 
 about and daily frequent such sort of suspicious and secret and prohibited houses 
 or places, and shall also find sufficient surety that they, and every of them, shall 
 afterwards behave themselves and himself honestly. And moreover, we will that 
 it shall be lawful to the mayor and aldermen of the city aforesaid for the time 
 being, or for other the officers or governors of the poor under them in the hospitals 
 
lxii APPENDIX. NO. V. 
 
 aforesaid for the time being, to use such correction and order in the premises, as to 
 them shall seem most convenient or profitable, without the impeachment of us, our 
 heirs or successors, or of the justices, escheators, sheriffs, or other the ministers, 
 servants, or subjects whomsoever of us, our heirs and successors, any statute, act, 
 ordinance, restriction, law, or custom to the contrary thereof, in anywise notwith- 
 standing. Also, we will, and by these presents grant to the aforesaid mayor and 
 commonalty and citizens of our city of London, that they may have, and shall have, 
 these our letters patent under our great seal of England, in due manner made and 
 sealed, without fine or fee, great or small, to us in Hanaper or elsewhere to our 
 use for the same in anywise howsoever to be rendered, paid, or made; although 
 express mention of the true yearly value, or of the certainty of the premises or 
 any of them, or of other gifts or grants, by us or by any of our progenitors here- 
 tofore made to the same mayor and commonalty and citizens of our city of London, 
 is not made in these presents, or any other statute, act, ordinance, provision, or 
 restriction to the contrary thereof made, passed, ordained, or provided, or any other 
 thing, cause, or matter whatsoever, in anywise notwithstanding. In witness 
 whereof, we have caused these our letters to be made patent. Witness ourselves 
 at Westminster, the twenty-sixth day of June, in the seventh year of our reign. 
 By writ of Privy Seal, and of the date aforesaid, by authority of Parliament. 
 
 Cotton. 
 
 ■■ 
 
APPENDIX No. VI. 
 
 A ROYALL ELEGIE 
 
 BRIEFLY DESCRIBING THE VERTUOUS REIGNE, AND HAPPY (THOUGH 
 
 IMMATURE) DEATH OF THE MOST MIGHTIE AND RENOWNED 
 
 PRINCE, KING EDWARD THE SIXTH, KING OF 
 
 ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND IRELAND, &c. 
 
 WHO DIED IN THE SIXTEENTH YEERE OF HIS AGE, AND IN THE 
 
 SEUENTH YEERE OF HIS REIGNE. 
 
 WRITTEN BY SIR JOHN CHEKE, KNIGHT, ANNO, 1333. 
 
 NEUER BEFORE PUBLISHED, BUT MOST WORTHY TO BE READ OF ALL 
 ESTATES IN THESE OUR DAYES. 
 
 IMPRINTED AT LONDON FOR H. HOLLAND, AND ARE TO BE SOLD AT CHRIST- 
 
 CHURCH-DOORE, 1610. 
 
 
TO THE CONDIGNE PRAISE AND MEMORIAL OF THE THRISE NOBLE 
 
 AND MVCH HONOVRED LADY, THE LADY BARBARA 
 
 VICOVNTESSE L'lSLE ; THIS PRINCELY 
 
 POEME BE CONSECRATED; 
 
 BY HIM 
 
 WHO UNFAINEDLY W1SHETH VNTO HER LADYSHIP, AND HER WORTHIEST 
 
 FIRST-BORNE DAVGHTER, THE LADY WROTH, HEAVVEN ON 
 
 EARTH, AND EVERLASTING HAPP1NESSE IN THE 
 
 HIGHEST HEAVEN. 
 
ROYALL ELEGIE 
 
 OF 
 
 THE MOST NOBLE AND RIGHT EXCELLENT PRINCE 
 
 KING EDWARD THE SIXTH. 
 
 When bitter winter forced had the sun, 
 
 Fro th' horned Goat to Pisces ward to run : 
 
 And liuely sap that greeneth Gardens soot, 
 
 To flie the stocke to saue his Nource the root : 
 
 And stormie Chore that blow'th by North fro East, 
 
 Decay'd the health and wealth of man and beast. 
 
 Th' Almightie minde that raigneth three in one, 
 
 Disposing all things from his stable Throne ; 
 
 Beheld the Earth, and man amongst the rest, 
 
 Mou d by the crie of such as were opprest, 
 
 But when He had the continent through view'd, 
 
 With Mawmetrie and idoll blood embrew'd : 
 
 Where through his Law and Gospell were defil'd, 
 
 His Loue, his Aw, his worship quite exil'd. 
 
 He turn'd his face fro that so foule a sight, 
 
 And towards the Isles he cast his looke aright, 
 
 In hope that where Religion did abound, 
 
 He should some louelier sight haue quickly found ; 
 
 But when he saw all sinnes most vile and naught, 
 
 Most rifely swarme, where most his Word was taught : 
 
 In England chiefe which he of speciall grace, 
 
 Had chose to be his Church and Gospell place : 
 
 And had for that cause pour'd on it such store 
 
 Of wealthy gifts, as none could wish for more : 
 
 Joyn'd with a king of such a godly mind, 
 
 As neuer erst he elskwhere had assign 'd : 
 
 All woe and wrath he turn'd away his face, 
 
 And with himselfe he thus bewail'd our case. 
 
 
lxvi APPENDIX. NO. VI. 
 
 " I haue look't so long untill mine eyes do ake, 
 " In hope to see they should their sinnes forsake, 
 " To hide their mischieues waxing more and more, 
 " I' haue wink't so long vntill mine eyes be sore. 
 " My throat is hoarse, my tongue hath lost the skin, 
 " Through feruent crie to pray them fro their sin, 
 " If gentle meanes might moue them to relent, 
 " What haue they wisht that hath not straight beene sent ? 
 " Sith then they passe for neither threats nor loue, 
 " Nor easie plagues, whereby I do them proue : 
 " What else remains but to confound them all, 
 " Both young and old the mightie with the small. 
 CHRIST hearing this and moued with the teares 
 Of vertuous folke (for whose sake God forbeares 
 The wicked sort although their sinnes be great) 
 For his elect, began thus to intreat. 
 
 " Deare Father, if just justice should take place, 
 " I know it bootlesse now to sue for grace : 
 " But though their sins all measure do exceed, 
 " With-hold thy wrath, grant mercie yet at need : 
 " And sith through faith the better sort be mine, 
 " Giue leave to weed and water once thy vine : 
 " That done, if so their fruits doe not amend, 
 " As barraine brambles bring them to an end ; 
 When this our Saviours mercifull request, 
 Was sunke into his Fathers heauie brest ; 
 He neither graunted it nor yet deny'd, 
 But Father-like thus to his Sonne he sayd • 
 
 To sue for mercie I maruaile what you meane, 
 For such a sort as do reject us cleane : 
 Behold the Heads, what els do they devise 
 Saue under us to cloke their couetise, 
 Thine heritage, they have the whole bereft, 
 Except thy shirt, lets see what have they left, 
 They spoyle, they spill, they wast upon their pride, 
 That which was given thy needy corps to hide. 
 Thy gold, thy plate, thy houses with the lands, 
 
APPENDIX. NO. VI. lxvil 
 
 That were the poores are in the rich mens hands. 
 
 And thou lyest naked begging at their dores, 
 
 Whiles they consume thy substance with their whores. 
 
 And as for Law whereby men should haue right, 
 
 It's wholy rul'd by money and my might : 
 
 And where the rich the needie should relieue, 
 
 Their study is to begg'rie them to drive : 
 
 What Titles forge they falsely to their lands, 
 
 Vntill at length they wring them fro their hands : 
 
 How joyn they house to house, how farme to farme, 
 
 And lease to lease, the silly poore to harme. 
 
 How raise they rents, what incomes, yea what fines, 
 
 Exact they still, though all the world repines : 
 
 How suffer they their graine to rot and hore, 
 
 To make things deere, when I give plentie store ? 
 
 And where they brag they do our word aduance, 
 
 Haue not they spoyl'd or fleest all maintenance, 
 
 That thereto serv'd ? what kind of Clergie land 
 
 Is free this day out of the Lay-man's hand ? 
 
 What Gentleman, what Merchant, ye what Swaine, 
 
 Doth not, or may not part thereof retaine, 
 
 I cannot name the vilenesse of the rest, 
 
 So sore my heart their robberie doth detest : 
 
 Is this the way our honour to defend ? 
 
 No, No, we see right well what they intend : 
 
 I loath to thinke upon their wicked lives, 
 
 How ill they keepe their dueties to their wiues? 
 
 For what respect do they their mariage make, 
 
 Save riches, Honour, or promotion sake ? 
 
 Alas how are our Orphanes bought and sold, 
 
 Our widowes forc't to wed where they ne would, 
 
 What vow, what oath, what bond so strongly knit, 
 
 Doth hold, if gaine may grow by breaking it? 
 
 And when my Preachers tell them ought hereof, 
 
 Howe vexe they them with many a threat and scoffe, 
 
 Which moveth such, as do thy manhood spoyle, 
 
 And rob from thee the merite of thy toyle, 
 
 To hate thy word and count thy prophets evill, 
 
 Wishing both it and them too at the Divell. 
 
lxviii APPENDIX. NO. VI. 
 
 Are these thy flocke? thy Vine canst thou them call? 
 That steale thy lands, thy goods, thy glory and all ? 
 When for these sins I sent them late the sweat, 
 How low they croucht, how hard they did intreat, 
 What vowes they made, they would their lives amend. 
 Whereas it seemes they did nought lesse pretend 
 For I no sooner had withdrawne my curse, 
 But they immediately grew worse and worse, 
 For where they vow'd to flie and lay aside 
 Their avarice, their gluttonie and pride, 
 Have they not rais'd their Rents and marchandises, 
 And sweld their guts with daintie wine and spices, 
 And Idol-like with bossed silke and gold, 
 Arai'd their wiues and children young and old ? 
 As for themselves, so gorgeously they tire, 
 As Gods Eterne, more like than earthly mire : 
 Shall wee then suffer so peruerse a Nation, 
 To skorne and mocke their God in such a fashion ? 
 No sure my son that were against all right, 
 Yet for thy sake I will not stroy them quite : 
 But for to prove them once at thy request, 
 I'le only touch their king, and warne the rest, 
 T'amend their Hues, if still they disobey, 
 I'le take their king, their comfort joy and stay. 
 But if his death they cast eke at their heele 
 I'le pour downe plagues till euery one do feele. 
 This said, he call'd his servant Crazie Cold, 
 Whom th' Icy king kept prisoner fast in hold, 
 About the Poles where under he doth dwell, 
 In g'risly darke like to most hideous hell. 
 In Caves and Rockes of Snow and frozen Ise, 
 That never thaw ; and charg'd him in this wise. 
 
 About three clymates henceward to the South, 
 
 Betweene the maine-land and the Ocean mouth, 
 
 Two ilands lie skarce distant twentie mile, 
 
 Of which the larger and the Eastward He, 
 
 Cal'd Britannie, untill the peoples sin, 
 
 Draue forth themselves and brought strange nations in, 
 
APPENDIX, NO. VI. Ixix 
 
 Is now divided into portions three : 
 
 And in the same as many peoples bee, 
 
 Of whom the best and civil-like to siffht 
 
 (But worst indeed) the English nation hight. 
 
 And they dwell in the south part of the land, 
 
 Fro th' mids whereof, thou shalt well understand, 
 
 A river runneth Eastward to the maine 
 
 Sea-arme, that parteth it and France in twaine : 
 
 About this River many stately Towers, 
 
 Are built with Castles and with Bowers. 
 
 Wherein the King and Princes commonly, 
 
 In Winter time with their whole housholds lie. 
 
 To one of these I will thou hie in post, 
 
 To that I meane whereas the king is most, 
 
 I thought to bid thee marke the great resort, 
 
 But do not so, for others beare a port, 
 
 As great as he ; and greater other while : 
 
 But marke well this, it will thee not beguile ; 
 
 The mournefull cheare of many a Sutors face, 
 
 Will shew thee sure which is his biding place. 
 
 And when thou hast his house, and person found, 
 
 I will thou shalt his healthy corps unsound. 
 
 But see thou hurt him not unto death, 
 
 Thou shalt but stop his wind-pipe : that his breath 
 
 Constraint, may cause the cough rise in his brest ; 
 
 Else what shall cure or remedie the rest. 
 
 But in this feat I charge thee, see thou looke, 
 
 Thou harme him not whiles he is at his booke, 
 
 Or other kind of honest exercise, 
 
 Nor yet at Game, so it be void of vice. 
 
 But if this Winter time thou maiest him marke, 
 
 To ride all day full arm'd about the Parke, 
 
 Or else at Dice, or Tennis out of time, 
 
 T'ore-watch or toyle himselfe, for such a crime, 
 
 Strike hardily, but not too hard I say, 
 
 This is thy charge, about it, goe thy way. 
 
 Skarce was his errand throughly to him told, 
 But forth did come this shivering crazie cold : 
 
lxx 
 
 APPENDIX. NO. VI. 
 
 With isickles bebristled like a Beare, 
 
 Which stucke about his head instead of haire. 
 
 His skin was hard made all of glassie Ice, 
 
 Covered with hoary frost like grayish frize, 
 
 His armes and legs to keepe him warme, I trow, 
 
 Were plated ore with fleakes of frozen snow. 
 
 And from his mouth there stream 'd a breath so hot, 
 
 As could touch nothing, it congealed not. 
 
 But when he had arous'd himselfe awhile, 
 
 And stretch't his ioynts as stiffe as any stile, 
 
 Because he would his charge no longer slacke, 
 
 He got him up on blustring Boreas backe. 
 
 And forth he went, his horse so heauie troad, 
 
 That all the world may know what way he road : 
 
 For in his path there grew no kind of greene, 
 
 That could in long time after well be seene. 
 
 His breath and blustring was so sharpe and shrill, 
 
 That flouds for feare congealed and stood still. 
 
 The Holts, the Heaths, the Hils became all gray, 
 
 The Trees did shrinke, so great was their affray; 
 
 The frozen sheepe shooke feeding neere to fold, 
 
 Whiles clumsey shepheard blew his nailes for cold. 
 
 Wild beasts, and foules, more fearefull than the mouse, 
 
 Forsooke the woods, and tamely came to house. 
 
 When this fell horseman with his greisly steed, 
 Had passed Island and made forth such speed : 
 That many Scots bad, Foule-ill ta the Carle, 
 That slew their sheepe and cattle with his wharle : 
 He passed Yorke, and came to London straight, 
 And there he light to give his horse a baite, 
 Where, ere he had three dayes in stable stood, 
 He eat so much, the poore could get no wood, 
 Except they would pay after double prise, 
 For billet treble under common size. 
 
 But crazie Cold watcht all this while at Court, 
 To spie a time when he the king might hurt, 
 For when he saw him in a morning sweat, 
 And call for drinke to coole his Tenis heat, 
 
APPENDIX. NO. VI. lx 
 
 XI 
 
 He closely crept and hid him in the cup : 
 And when the king (alas) had drunke him up, 
 Straight to his stomacke downeward he him got : 
 And there perceiving all the intrails hot, 
 And that each member greedily did plucke, 
 To helpe it selfe, all succour it could sucke : 
 He mark't the food that went unto the lungs, 
 And sliely mixt his vigour there-amongs, 
 That cooling it, so stopt the pipes therewith, 
 As to dissolve it Nature had no pith. 
 
 That done, to London straight from Court he came, 
 And there infected divers with the same, 
 Whereof the most part who were charely tended, 
 Recouered well, and throughly are amended, 
 But some whose Nature Physicke overprest, 
 Are gone to God and sleepe in quiet rest. 
 
 When crazie cold this cruell feat had wrought, 
 He took his steed that had him hither brought, 
 And forth he rode to him that sent him hither, 
 And so forth home, or else I wote not whither. 
 
 Straight after this within a day or twaine, 
 
 The king being sicke did of his brest complaine, 
 
 The cold congeal'd that in his lungs lay raw, 
 
 Did stop the pipes through which the wind should draw, 
 
 By meanes whereof his stomacke waxed faint, 
 
 Till Nature, help'd through Physicall constraint 
 
 Did make away by purging part thereof, 
 
 Where through ensu'd a shrewd and vehement cough, 
 
 With reaching oft as if the heart should breake, 
 
 Which made the vitall power and bloud grow weake, 
 
 For helpe whereof Physitians did repaire 
 
 And thought it best to keepe him from the aire. 
 
 But when his Grace had long beene lack't abroad, 
 
 His Louers mourn'd, the Preachers layd on load, 
 
 Who knowing the Prince was plagued for our sin, 
 
 Did warne us daily amendment to begin, 
 
 With threats from God, if now we linger time, 
 
lxxii APPENDIX. NO. VI. 
 
 His Grace should die, and all we beare the crime. 
 And after his death such worthy plagues ensue, 
 As all should feele, and then too late might rue. 
 The Magistrate was plainely told his fault, 
 The man of Law, was warned not to hault, 
 Request was made the Church-goods to restore, 
 Or put to the uses they were given for, 
 Lease-mungers, Land-lords, such as raised rent, 
 Were mou'd t'abate their Lands to ancient stent. 
 The wast of fare, the vainnesse of attire, 
 Extortion, Malice, coveteous desire ; 
 All Papistrie and fruitlesse gospel-boast, 
 Was cry'd against, and damn'd as wicked most, 
 And finally fro the lowest to the highest, 
 All were desir'd to love the Law of Christ : 
 With threats too true from God the living Lord, 
 In whose iust eye all sin is sore abhor'd : 
 That if wee would not these our sins repent, 
 Our king should die and we too late lament. 
 But yet, alas, how were these Prophets heard, 
 The heads withdrew from bearing all afraid, 
 Lest some good motion might corrupt their mind : 
 By whose example the people nought by kind, 
 Tooke-hart-of-grace the Preachers to despise ; 
 With slaundrous words and shamelesse forged lies ; 
 Gods bitter threats they made a very mocke, 
 His preachers too a common iesting stocke : 
 As for amendment, none at all was seene, 
 But into worse all ils were turned cleane : 
 When God had suffred all these things a space. 
 And saw at last how all refus'd his grace : 
 And that no threats might cause them to retire, 
 To stay the stroke of his consuming ire : 
 He straight decreed to take the guiltlesse child, 
 For speed whereof he utterly exil'd 
 All meanes whereby he might recover force, 
 And did permit all things to harme his corse. 
 
 Then grew his griefe, his flesh began to swell, 
 And long he lay in pangs like to the hell : 
 
APPENDIX. NO. vi. lxxiii 
 
 Till at the last God, pitying the paine, 
 Wherein so long the Innocent had laine, 
 Which eke he knew quite destitute of aide, 
 Did call for Death, and to him he saide : 
 
 Despatch at once, to Greenwich see thou hie ; 
 
 Whereas my servant Edward now doth lie 
 
 In painefull pangs which he hath long beene in, 
 
 Not for his owne, but for his peoples sin. 
 
 Enforce thine Arme and with thy piercing dart, 
 
 Deuide in twaine that godly piteous heart : 
 
 What weep'st thou Death ? cease foole, and hold thy tong, 
 
 What though he be so beautifull and yong, 
 
 So godly a prince, so manly and so meeke, 
 
 As neuer a kingdome yet hath had his like : 
 
 He is too good for that ungodly Realme, 
 
 Wherefore I say, go strike the stroke extreame : 
 
 Take no compassion on his tender youth, 
 
 His wit, his Learning, nor his love to truth : 
 
 But wot'st thou what, let not thy forme be such 
 
 An ougly shape as to the worldly rich 
 
 It oft appeares, but pleasant as it is 
 
 To such as long for euerlasting blisse : 
 
 With louely shape and smiling cheare I say, 
 
 Goe fetch my king, have-done and goe thy way : 
 
 When dolefull death had heard this hard devise, 
 He trim'd himselfe in his most godly guise, 
 Like Mercurie in every kind of grace, 
 Save that he had a much more lovely face : 
 And forth he flew till he came to the bed, 
 Whereas this Prince lay neither quicke nor dead, 
 But in a trance, for why his deadly griefe, 
 With nature strove to prove, who should be chiefe, 
 But when weake Nature had consum'd her best, 
 She yeelded streight and so the struggle ceast. 
 Whereby the King came to himselfe againe, 
 And seeing Death he turn'd away amaine. 
 For why ? his youth and yet unflowred breath, 
 Could not consent to so unripe a Death. 
 
 k 
 
 *> 
 
lxxiv APPENDIX. NO. VI. 
 
 Drie Death it selfe with pitie moued thoe, 
 Had much a do to hide his inward woe, 
 But seeing the lovely Prince was so afraid, 
 With smiling cheere to comfort him he said : 
 Belou'd of God abash not but assent, 
 For God th' Almightie hath me to you sent : 
 Who ruing sore your griefe and wofull case, 
 Would have you come to solace with his grace, 
 In joy, and blisse, and everlasting glorie, 
 From earthly things all vile and transitorie : 
 From this your state uncertaine and unsure, 
 Unto a Reigne that shall for aye endure : 
 No sooner had our Soveraigne heard of this, 
 But that his spirit that much had long'd for blis, 
 Would needs away ; howbeit his carefull mind, 
 For this his Realme which he must leave behind, 
 Enforc't his Grace to pray Death stay awhile : 
 To th' end he might himselfe both reconcile 
 To God the Lord, and also recommend 
 His Realme to him, for ever to defend, 
 And while that Death for this cause gladly stay'd, 
 He sat him up and thus devoutly pray'd. 
 
 Haue mercy on me Father deere, thou Lord and God of truth, 
 
 let thy mercy hide the sins and frailety of my youth : 
 
 1 have transgrest thy Law too oft, full wo is me therefore, 
 But for thy Son my Sauiours sake to mercy me restore. 
 
 My flesh doth craue to keepe the life, full loth to leaue the light, 
 But Lord do thou as shall seeme best in thy Almightie sight. 
 
 And when thou shalt receive my soule which griefes now overwhelme. 
 Be mercifull, most mercifull, to this my silly Realme. 
 
 Preserve thy truth, maintaine thy word, poure plenty of thy grace 
 On all their hearts whom thou shalt set to governe in my place. 
 
APPENDIX. NO. VI. 
 
 Thus Lord I render to thy hands my selfe, my flocke, my seat, 
 Do with them all as thou thinkst best, for Christs sake I intreat. 
 
 Amen (quoth Death) and with his deadly dart 
 
 Clave streight in twaine his fervent praying heart. 
 
 But Lord how glad the Ghost was of the stroke ? 
 
 For when he saw his prison gate was broke, 
 
 Fast forth he flew, and up to heaven went 
 
 To rest with Christ in ioy's that never stent : 
 
 The dying body round about did sprall, 
 
 While they about him on the King did call, 
 
 Adawing him as if he were in swound, 
 
 But all for nought, he had his mortall wound : 
 
 And when the bloud which would have holpe the hart, 
 
 Had stifled it, and left each other part : 
 
 Then wax't his face and hands all pale and wan, 
 
 And when the bloudlesse parts to coole began, 
 
 To heavenward his hand and eyes he cast, 
 
 Downe fell his jaw, his heart-strings all to brast : 
 
 Thus dy'd this King, this guiltlesse blessed child, 
 In body and Soule a Virgine undefiTd : 
 Till sixteenth yeere of his unperfect age. 
 Wo worth us men whose sins' let run at rage, 
 Have murdred him, wo worth us wretches all, 
 On whom the wreake of righteous bloud must fall, 
 Wo worth our sins for they alas have slaine, 
 The noblest Prince that ever yet did Raigne. 
 
 ixxr 
 
 
Ixxvi APPENDIX. NO. VI. 
 
 AN EPITAPH OR DEATH DOLE, OF 
 
 THE RIGHT EXCELLENT PRINCE, KING EDWARD THE SIXTH, 
 
 who died in the sixteenthe yeere of his Age, and in the seventh yeere 
 
 of his Reigne ; and was buried at Westminster in the 
 
 Tombe of his Grandfather, the eighth of 
 
 August. Anno Dom. 1553. 
 
 The noble hart which feare could never move 
 
 In which a vertuous fraighted mind did rest, 
 
 The face whose cheere allured unto love, 
 
 All harts, through eyes, which pittie whole possest, 
 
 The braine which wit and wisdome made their chest, 
 
 Full stuft with all good gifts that man may have 
 
 Rest with a Princely carcas here in grave. 
 
 The vertuous gifts commixed with the mind, 
 
 As godly feare, a zeale to further truth, 
 
 Such skill of tongues, and arts of every kind, 
 
 As age seld hath, thogh here they greed with youth : 
 
 Are from their wemles undefiled ghost, 
 
 Gone hence to Heaven with the godly host : 
 
 Of which two parts fast link't in bonds of life, 
 It pleas 'd the Lord to lend us late a king : 
 But out, alas, our sins they were so rife, 
 And we so worthlesse of so good a thing, 
 That Atropos did cut in twaine the string, 
 Long ere her sisters sixteene wharles had spun, 
 Or we the gaine of seven yeres Raigne throgh wun. 
 
 Wo worth our sins, our sins, our sins I say, 
 
 The wreake of them hath reft us such an one, 
 
 As never Realme the like recover may, 
 
 A peerelesse Prince, a Phcenix bird alone : 
 
 Ah well is he, but we full wo begon, 
 
 Our wicked Hues have lost this guiltlesse guide, 
 
 Whose ghost the heave, whose corse this herse doth hide. 
 
 
 FINIS. 
 
 ■« 
 
APPENDIX. NO. VI. Ixxvii 
 
 Since the note at page 41 was written, I have discovered that the foregoing 
 " Elegie" is nearly, line for line and word for word, the same with a black letter 
 Poem, " imprinted at London in Flete-strete nere to saynt Dunstons church by 
 Thomas Marshe. Anno Domini 1560." — and entitled, "The Funeralles of King 
 Edward the Sixt, wherein are declared the causers and causes of his death." 
 Prefixed is the following address from 
 
 " WILLIAM BALDWIN TO THE READER. 
 
 Great hath been the doubt among many, ever since the death of our late vertuous 
 soverayne Lorde King Edward the syxt, by what meane he dyed, and what were 
 the causes of his death. This doubte is fully resolved in this booke, penned before 
 his corse was buryed, & endeuoured since by many meanes to have had been 
 printed : but such was the time, that it could not be brought to passe. Wherfore 
 now at length (good Reader) it is set furth, both to take away all doubt in this 
 matter, and to exhort thee to leave thy sinnes, and noughty living : Least, that as 
 they wer in part the vndoubted cause of that moost godly prynces death, so they 
 becum the destruction of our vertuous Queen his sister, and the vtter ruyne of this 
 whole realme. For as thou shalt perceyue by this true Treatie, our innumerable 
 sinnes were the cheife, yea the only cause why God so soone tooke good Kyng 
 Edward from vs : which surely if we do not spedely repent and amend, I dare not 
 declare with how grevous and heavy plages God him selfe will purge and punish 
 them. Wherfore I earnestly beseche thee, as thou lovest the Queen, the Realme, 
 yea thine owne body and soule, amend thy life. God graunt this may perswade 
 thee. Amen. Love and live." 
 
 Whether Baldwin or Sir John Cheke was the real author of the Poem, cannot 
 of course be ascertained ; nor are its merits such as to make it a question of any 
 moment. The various readings, however, and altered title of the reprint of 1610 
 are such, as either to justify a charge of plagiarism against the former, or to indicate 
 that the " Elegie" was printed from the rough draught, or perhaps corrected copy, 
 of the original, which the editor, not knowing the rightful author, assigned to Sir 
 John Cheke. Its extreme rarity may possibly have been occasioned by the great 
 destruction of books in the vaults under Christ-Church, at the door of which it was 
 sold, in the fire of 1666. Mr. Pepys states in his Diary (Sept. 5, 1666). that 
 above £150,000 were burned in this and other warehouses, whereby all the great 
 booksellers were almost ruined. The " Epitaph or Death Dole" is here entitled, 
 " The Death playnt or life prayse of the most noble and vertuous Prince, King 
 Edward the syxt :" and between it and the " Funeralles" is inserted 
 
 
lxxviii APPENDIX. NO. VI. 
 
 AN EXHORTACION TO THE REPENTAUNCE OF SINNES, 
 
 and amendment of life, which were the cause of the kinges 
 
 death, & wil be the destruction of the Realme if 
 
 God be not the more mercifull vnto vs. 
 
 All Englishe people what so ever ye bee, 
 
 Rulers, and subiectes of every degree, 
 
 Whose horrible vices have moved the wrath 
 
 Of God so to skourge vs, as lately it hath, 
 
 By bringing our Souerayne to soone to his ende, 
 
 Repent your misliving, and quickly amende : 
 
 For that was the cause of the Kings death in deede, 
 
 And will be his heires to, without better heede. 
 
 Repent O ye Princes, your gredy desyer 
 Of honour and riches, wherby set on fyer, 
 You rob vnder colour of Christen professson, 
 From Christ and his poore, their right and possession. 
 You oppresse the people through sale of your lust, 
 Repent, recompence to, and learne to be iust : 
 For this was the cause of the Kings death in dede, 
 And will be the kingdomes without better hede. 
 
 Repent you prelates your seking promocion, 
 Your gredy gathering, your lacke of deuocion, 
 Your to much care for your children and wives, 
 Your whorish abusing, your wife lothing lives, 
 Your popishe errours, your fowle dirogacion 
 Of Christ his manhode, his merites and passion : 
 For this was the cause of the Kings death in dede 
 And wil be his heires to, without better hede. 
 
 Repent O you subiectes, your disobedience 
 To God and good Rulers, your great irreverence 
 To true religion, your elders and teachers, 
 Your mocking and skorning of gods holy preachers, 
 
 *% 
 
APPENDIX. NO. VI. lxxix 
 
 Your common swearing, transgression of lawes, 
 Your troubling your neyghbours for every light cause 
 For this was the cause of the Kings death in dede, 
 And will be the Quenes without better hede. 
 
 Repent you officers all the deceytes 
 You vse in your paymentes and in your receytes, 
 Your bribe bought audites, your subtile surueyinges, 
 Your thevish accompts made by crafty conueyings, 
 Your robbing the rulers that put you in trust : 
 Repent, recompence to, hence forward be iust. 
 For that was the cause of the Kings death in deede, 
 And will be his sisters, without better heede. 
 
 Repent you false lawiers your racking and strayning 
 To make all lawes serve to your gredy gayning, 
 Your robbing the riche, your vndoing the poore, 
 Your making the law and iustice an whore, 
 Which no man enbrace may vntil she be solde 
 For great mens fauours, or bye heapes of golde. 
 For this was the cause of the kinges death in dede, 
 And wil be the kingdomes without better hede. 
 
 Repent you marchantes your straunge marchandises 
 Of personages, prebends, auowsons of benefices, 
 Of landes, of leases, of office, of fees, 
 Your monging of vitayles, corne, butter, and cheese : 
 Your cariyng out good wares, and bringing such in 
 As sarve to no purpose, save bredyng vp sin. 
 For this was the cause of the kinges death in dede 
 And wil be his sisters without better hede. 
 
 Repent you caytifes your raysing of rent 
 Your fines, your incoms, yet never at a stent. 
 Your turning of tillage so much into pasture, 
 That townes and towneships are ruyned past cure : 
 Your wasting of woods, your ingrossing chepe wares, 
 To make dearth of plenty, to encreace others cares. 
 For this was the cause of the Kings death in dede, 
 And wil be the kingdomes without better hede. 
 
1XXX APPENDIX. NO. VI. 
 
 Repent you Judges your parciall iudgementes, 
 Your quitting the giltye, your quelling innocentes 
 For mede, for drede, for spite or for pleasure. 
 Repent you Rufflers thabuse of your treasure, 
 Your othes, your fury, your els many a cryme 
 Beside the expence of your bodyes and time. 
 For these wer a cause of the Kings death in dede 
 And wil be the kingdomes without better hede. 
 
 Repent you Leachers your dissolute lives, 
 Your causeles divorsing your true wedded wives, 
 Your crafty alluring the silly to sinne, 
 Your bying of Orphans to wed to your kin, 
 Your forcing of widdowes unwilling to mary 
 To cause brech of wedlocke, sith nedes they must vary : 
 For this was the cause of the kinges death in dede, 
 And will be the kingdomes without better hede. 
 
 To conclude, let eche man of every degree 
 Bewayle his offences what so ever they be, 
 And aske God forgevenes, and make recompens 
 To those he hath harmed through any offence : 
 For sure if we do not, such plagues wil ensewe, 
 As never cam yet vpon heathen nor Jewe. 
 For our sins were the cause of the Kings death in dede, 
 And wil be the kingdomes without better hede. 
 
 Sith we all already are gilty of murder, 
 Ceas we all for Gods sake, to sin any furder, 
 O sleye not our Soverayne, our most noble Queen, 
 Whose match in vertue hath seldome be seen, 
 But pray the almighty her life to defend. 
 Repent, recompence, pray, pay, and amend. 
 For if our sins send her to her brother, 
 Swift vengeance wil folow, let none looke for other. 
 
 Syrach the. x. 
 
 Because of vnrighteous dealing, of wrong, of blasphemies, & sundry deceytes, 
 a Realme shalbe translated from one people to an other. 
 
APPENDIX. NO. VI. lxxxi 
 
 As a further addition to this Appendix, may be subjoined 
 
 A PRAYER SAYD IN THE KINGES CHAPPELL IN THE TYME 
 
 of hys graces Sicknes, for the restauracion of his helth, commaunded 
 
 to be sayd there, by the right Honorable Erie of Bedford, 
 
 and mete to be used of all the Kinges trew sub- 
 
 jectes. Set for the xix day of June. 
 
 M. D. LIII. 
 
 O allmighty, and moste merciful Lorde, the onely lyfe and helth, of all theym that 
 trust in thee, whhich workest saluacio in thy elect, as well by sicknes as other wise, and 
 therfore bringest theim very lowe, and yet restorest to helth againe ; look downe wyth thy 
 pytyfull Eies vpon thy seruaunt Edward our Kyng, and vpon this Realme of England 
 professing thi worde and holy name, 8c as thou didest moste fauorably deliuer King 
 Ezechias fro extreame sicknes, and prolongedst his lyfe for the saluegarde of thy people the 
 Israelites, 8c defendedst theim and the citie from the tyranny of the Assyras ; so we moste 
 entierlye appeale to thy great mercies, graciously to restore the helth and stregth agayne of 
 thy seruaunt Edward our Soueraine Lorde, that as thou hast begonne by him the rooting 
 out of Errour, Idolatry Sc Supersticion and the planting of trew Religion, trew worshippyng 
 8c veritie : so it may please thy mercyful goodnes, loge to preserue hym for the confyrmacyo 
 8c establishmet of the same, and also for the saulfgarde and defence of this Realme, from al 
 outward 8c inwarde Enemies, for the glorye of thy holye name. Looke not herin (0 Lorde) 
 vpon our desertes, whyche for abusinge thy worde, and sinfulnes, deserue great punish- 
 mentes, but vpon thy plentiful mercyes, whyche rejoycest to heale the greatest myseries. 
 Be no lesse fauorable (O Lorde) at this present, to Edward our kyng, restorynge thy trew 
 Religion : then in times past to Ezechias refourmyng thy Religio. Be no lesse mercyfull 
 to England thy Churche now : then in those dayes to Jury thy Churche than. But as thy 
 heauely grace hath ben more reueled in these dayes by the comyng of thy deare Sone our 
 Sauiour and mayster Chryste, and preachyng of the Gospell: so it may please thy fatherlye 
 loue and goodnes, to bestow vpon vs more abundance of the same fauorable grace and 
 mercy, according to thy wyl in this our hiible request. Do thys most mercyful Father for 
 thy owne names sake, and for the merytes and death of thy Sonne our only medyator and 
 redeemer Jesus Christe. Amen. 
 
 Imprynted at London in Flete Strete, at the Sygne of the Rose Garland, by Wyllyam 
 Copland. 
 
No. VII. 
 i 
 
 LETTERS PATENT OF KING CHARLES II. IN RELATION TO THE 
 FOUNDATION OF THE ROYAL MATHEMATICAL SCHOOL. 
 
 Charles the Second by the grace of God King of England Scotland France 
 and Ireland Defender of the Faith To our right trusty and welbeloved Cousin and 
 Councellor Thomas Lord Viscount Osborne our High Treasurer of England And to 
 our High Treasurer of England for the tyme being To our right trusty and wel- 
 beloved Councellor Sir John Duncombe Knight Chancellor and Undertreasurer of 
 our Court of Exchequer And to the Chancellor and Undertreasurer of our Court of 
 Exchequer for the tyme being And to the Chamberlaynes and Barons of our 
 Court of Exchequer now and for the tyme being And to all other the officers and 
 Ministers of our Revenue and Receipt there now and for the tyme being And 
 alsoe to the Mayor and Comonalty and Cittizens of the Citty of London Governors 
 of the Possessions Revenues and Goods of the Hospitalls of Edward King of 
 England the Sixth of Christ Bridewell and Saint Thomas the Apostle And to all 
 others to whome these presents shall come or whome itt shall or may in any wise 
 concerne greeting Whereas itt would bee a worke of great piety and Charity in 
 itt selfe and of extraordinary benefitt and advantage To all our dominions if such 
 a distinct foundacon were layd in the said Hospitall called Christs Hospitall and 
 such an Establishment made as might bee a convenient provision for the 
 mayntenance of forty Poore Boyes in the said Hospitall whoe having attained to 
 competent [skill] in the Grammer and Comon Arithmatique to the Rule of Three 
 in other Schooles in the said Hospitall may bee fitt to bee further educated in a 
 Mathematicall Schoole and there taught and instructed in the Art of Navigacon 
 and the whole Science of Arithmatique untill their age and competent proficiency 
 in those parts of the Mathematiques shall have fitted and qualified them in the 
 judgment of the Master of the Trinity House for the tyme being to bee initiated 
 into the practices of Navigation and to bee bound out as Apprentices for seaven 
 yeares to some Captaines or Comanders of Shipps And that as soon as any shall 
 dye or be Bound out Apprentices as aforesaid Care bee taken to supply theire 
 
appendix, no. vii. lxxxiii 
 
 number out of such other Poore Boyes within the said Hospitall as shall bee fitt 
 for such kinde of Educacon Know yee therefore that wee being desirous to 
 promote so pious and publique a worke Of our especiall grace certain knowledge 
 and meere mocon Have erected founded constituted ordayned appointed and 
 established And by these presents for us our heires and Sucessors Doe erect found 
 constitute ordaine appoint and Establish a Mathematicall Schoole to bee held from 
 tyme to tyme and for ever contynued within the said Hospitall called Christ's 
 Hospitall within which Schoole there shall alwayes bee kept and mayntained one 
 School Master well skilled and experienced in the Mathematiques and more 
 especially in the Science of Arithmatique and Art of Navigacon And Forty Poore 
 Boyes in Blew Coates which said Forty Poore Boyes shall bee for ever called or 
 knowne by the name of the Children of the New Royall Foundacon and shall 
 be taken and chosen out of the whole number of Blew Coate Boyes within the said 
 Hospitall and shall weare such kinde of Badges and Cognizances upon theire 
 Blew Coates As Wee our heires and Sucessors for the better distinguishing 
 of them from other Blew Coates in the said Hospitall shall thinke fitt to appoint 
 from tyme to tyme And Moreover We have given and graunted and by these 
 presents for us our heires and sucessors Doe give and graunt unto the Mayor 
 Comonalty and Cittizens of London Governors of the Possessions Revenues and 
 Goods of the Hospitalls of Edward King of England the Sixth of Christ Bride- 
 well and Saint Thomas the Apostle and theire Successors for ever That it shall 
 and may bee lawfull to and for the said Governors and theire Sucessors from 
 tyme to tyme to elect nominate and appoint such Person as they shall thinke fitt to 
 be School Master of the said Mathematicall Schoole And the person soe elected 
 nominated and appointed from tyme to tyme remove and displace arbitrarily and 
 according to theire free will and pleasure And alsoe to elect and nominate out of 
 the whole number of Blew Coat Boyes within the said Hospitall forty such as 
 have attained to a competent skill in Grammer and Comon Arithmatique as farre 
 as the Rule of Three and them to place in the said Mathematicall Schoole to be 
 further instructed in Arithmatique and Navigacon and to weare such Badges and 
 Cognizances on theire Blew Coates as shall be appointed for the -Children of the 
 New Royall Foundacon and as often as any of them shall dye or bee Bound out 
 Apprentices or otherwise removed To elect and nominate others in theire Roomes 
 out of the whole number of Blew Coate Boyes within the said Hospitall qualified 
 as aforesaid And for the better support and mayntenance of the said School 
 Master and the children of the New Royall Foundacon As alsoe for defraying all 
 other the incident Charges and Expences which shall from tyme to tyme bee 
 found necessary for the carrying on of so great a worke and for the accomplishing 
 the severall ends and purposes herein before and after mentioned Wee of our 
 
lxxxiv APPENDIX. NO. VII. 
 
 especiall grace certain knowledge and mere mocon Have given and graunted 
 and by these presents for us our heires and Sucessors doe give and graunt unto the 
 Mayor Comonalty and Cittizens of London Governors of the Possessions Revenues 
 and Goods of the Hospitalls of Edward King of England the Sixth of Christ 
 Bridewell and Saint Thomas the Apostle and theire Successors the yearely sume or 
 pencon of one Thousand pounds per annm of lawfull money of England To be 
 paid to the Treasurer of Christs Hospitall for the tyme being To have and to 
 hold unto them the said Governors and theire Successors from the Feast of the 
 Nativity of Saint John the Baptist last past before the date of these presents for 
 and during the terme of seaven yeares from thenceforth next ensueing and fully to 
 be compleate and ended To bee paid quaterly at the four most usual feasts or 
 dayes of payment in the yeare that is to say att the Feasts of Saint Michell the 
 Archangell the Birth of our Lord Christ the Annunciation of the blessed Virgin 
 Mary and the Nativity of Saint John Baptist by even and equall porcons during 
 the saide terme att our Receipt of Exchequer And to bee issueing and payable out 
 of any the Treasure of us our heires and Sucessors which att any tyme dureing the 
 said terme shall bee found remayning in our Receipt there by the hands of our 
 Treasurer Undertreasurer Chamberlaynes and other the Officers and Ministers of 
 the Exchequer for the tyme being The first quaterly payment thereof to begin and 
 to bee made upon the feast of Saint Michaell Tharchangell which shall bee in the 
 yeare of our Lord one thousand six hundred seventy and three And our will is 
 and by these presents for us our heires and successors Wee doe Require and 
 comand the Treasurer Chancellor and Undertreasurer Chamberlaynes and Barons 
 of the Exchequer and all other the Officers and Ministers of us our heires and 
 successors in the said Exchequer for the tyme being that they cause due and 
 punctuall payment to bee made of the said annuity or yearely Pencon of one 
 Thousand pounds per annm under the said Treasurer of Christs Hospitall for the 
 tyme being all the tymes and place and dureing the terme aforesaid and according 
 to the intent and meaning of these presents without staying for any further or other 
 warrant and for soe doeing these presents or the Inrollement thereof together with 
 the Receipt of Acquittaunce of the said Treasurer of Christs Hospitall for the tyme 
 being purporting the payment and receipt of the said pencon or any part thereof 
 shall bee unto them and every of them from tyme to tyme soe paying the same 
 for soe much thereof as they shall soe pay a sufficient warrant and discharge 
 Neverthelesse our true intent and meaneing is And we doe hereby declare that 
 this our present graunt of the yearely pencon of one Thousand pounds per annm 
 dureing the said terme of seven yeares is made for the intent and to the ends and 
 purposes following That is to say To the intent that the said Governors of Christs 
 Hospitall and theire successors may bee thereby enabled to provide And shall 
 
 m m 
 
APPENDIX. NO. VII. 1XXXV 
 
 alsoe bee obliged to provide and ordaine a convenient Place or Ward of Receipt 
 and Entertainement in the said Hospitall called Christs Hospitall which may bee 
 sufficient to receive and harbour the said forty children of the said new Royall 
 foundacon which children and all other children to be taken in and to suttees in the 
 said foundacon shall alsoe be supplied and mayntained from tyme to tyme and for 
 ever with sufficient and convenient Diett Lodgeing Apparell and other Attendance 
 and Accommodacon att the Costes and Charges of the said Governors and theire 
 Successors untill the said Children shall attaine the age of sixteene yeares or be 
 otherwise bound out Apprentices or removed as aforesaid And for the better 
 effecting hereof the said Governors and theire Successors shall bee alsoe obliged 
 from tyme to tyme and for ever at their costes and Charges to provide twenty 
 Bedsteads fitted and furnished with decent and convenient Covering And alsoe to 
 provide that the said fourty Children may bee attended and carefully looked after 
 by some honest Widdow or elderly Mayden to be chosen for that purpose from 
 tyme to tyme and to bee lodged in some convenient chamber adjoining to the 
 lodging of the said Children And to bee further rewarded for her care and paines 
 herein with such yearely Stipend and Wages as the said Governors and theire 
 Successors shall thinke fitt And to this further intent and purpose That the said 
 Governors and theire Successors shall bee alsoe obliged at theire owne Costs and 
 Charges to provide and ordaine a convenient place or Mansion within the said 
 Hospitall called Christs Hospitall for the Schoole Master of the said Mathematicall 
 Schoole for the tyme being to dwell in And alsoe a convenient place or roome to 
 serve for a schoole wherein the said children may be instructed in the Mathe- 
 matiques as aforesaid And shall alsoe from tyme to tyme and for ever allow unto 
 the saide Mathematicall Schoole Master for the tyme being such yearly sallary and 
 stipend as they the said Governors and theire Successors shall think fitt and may 
 bee a sufficient encouragement to the said schoolemaster to take paines in the 
 instruccon and education of the said children And shall alsoe from tyme to tyme 
 provide at their Costs and Charges such Bookes Globles Mapps and other 
 Mathematicall instruments as shall be found necessary for the better instruccon of 
 the said children in Arithmatique and in the Art of Navigation And moreover we 
 doe will and ordayne and by these presents doe graunt unto the said Governors 
 and their Successors full power and authority from tyme to tyme to make constitute 
 and appoint such Lawes Orders and Ordinances for the better Regulation and 
 government of the said Mathematicall Schoole and of the Masters and Scholers 
 therein being as they in their discrecons shall thinke fitt and the said lawes Orders 
 and Ordinances or any of them from tyme to tyme to alter change make voyd or 
 otherwise to explayne or amende as they shall finde convenient Which Lawes 
 Orders and Ordinances We will and require the said Master and Scholers for the 
 
 .-* 
 
lx.XXVl APPENDIX. 
 
 NO. VII. 
 
 tyme being and all others whome itt may concerne duely to observe and keepe at 
 theire perrill And if any of the said Children of the New Royall Foundacon shall 
 att any tyme hereafter att theire ages of sixteene yeares or before they attaine that 
 age in the judgement of the Master of the Trinity House for the tyme being bee 
 thought so sufficiently instructed in the Theory of the art of Navigation that they 
 may bee fitt and capable to bee further entred into the Practice of itt And 
 thereupon wee our heires or successors shall thinke fitt to take such Childe or 
 Children and to binde them out to serve as Apprentices for seaven yeares to any 
 of the Commanders or Captains of any of our Shipps Or if any other well disposed 
 person shall bee willing to binde out such Childe as an apprentice for seaven 
 yeares to any able and well experienced Captayne or Comander of any other 
 Shipp Or if any such able and well experienced Captayne or Comander shall bee 
 willing freely to take such child as an apprentice for seaven yeares then and in 
 every such case the said Governors and theire Successors shall bee obliged att 
 their owne Costs and Charges to fitt out and furnish such Childe and Children 
 with one compleate new Suite of Apparrell fitt for Sea Service And as often as any 
 of the children of the said New Royall Foundacon shall happen to dye or bee soe 
 placed out or removed as aforesaid the said Governors and theire Successors shall 
 take care that the said number of forty bee filled up from tyme to tyme with such 
 other poore Boyes to be taken out of the whole number of Blew Coated Boys 
 within the said Hospitall called Christs Hospitall as by theire competent skill in 
 Grammer and Arithmatique to the Rule of Three shall bee qualified to succeed 
 and to enter into the said Mathematicall Schoole and to weare the Badges and 
 Cognizances of the Children of the New Royall Foundacon which wee intend 
 shall have contynuance for ever And to the end a strict account may bee taken of 
 the due execution of our intents and purposes herein before declared And that all 
 negligence and remissenesse herein may be avoyded as much as is possible the 
 said Governors and theire successors shall bee obliged twice every yeare att the 
 least to cause a visitation to bee made of thee said Mathematicall schoole by some 
 person well skilled and experienced in such parts of the Mathematiques as are 
 there taught and the Schollers therein to be examined touching theire proficiency 
 And if any want of skill or care shall bee found in the Master or any want of 
 capacity or industry in the Schollars such Master and such Schollars shall and may 
 from tyme to tyme bee removed and others placed in theire roomes as often as the 
 said Governors and theire Successors shall thinke fitt And that the New Royall 
 Foundacon herein layd and the charity intended may have a more perfect and sure 
 establishment to perpetuity We have of our more especiall grace certaine know- 
 ledge and mere mocon given and graunted and by these presents for us our heirs 
 and successors Doe give and graunt unto the said Mayor Comonalty and Citizens 
 
 Ik 
 
APPENDIX. NO. VII. Lxxxvii 
 
 of London Governors of the Possessions Revenues and goods of the Hospitalls of 
 Edward King of England the Sixth of Christ Bridewell and Saint Thomas the 
 Apostle and theire Successors that itt shall and may bee lawfull to and for the said 
 Governors and theire Successors from tyme to tyme to lay out and expend the 
 severall sumes of money which they shall receive by vertue of these presents in the 
 purchase of lands and tenements in fee simple to them and theire successors and to 
 hold the same lands and tenements soe purchased unto them and theire Successors 
 Charged neverthelesse with the performance of the charitable uses and intents 
 aforesaid And alsoe to purchase any other lands tenements or hereditaments not 
 exceeding the yearely value of one Thousand pounds per annm of whomsoever they 
 bee holden and the same to hold and enjoy to them and theire successors without 
 any hindrance or molestacon by us our heires or successors or by any other person 
 or persons whatsoever The Statute forbidding to alien lands in Mortmayne and 
 any other law Statute Ordinance Restriccon or provision to the contrary hereof in 
 anywise notwithstanding In virtue whereof we have caused these our Letters to 
 bee made Pattentes Witnes our selfe at Westminster the nynteenth day of August 
 in the five and twentieth yeare of oure Raigne 
 
 By Writt of Privy Seale 
 
 PlGOTT. 
 
 The Latin Charter, which is merely an echo of the Letters Patent, is also among 
 
 the Archives of the Hospital. 
 
No. VIII. 
 
 an act (22 Geo. III. C. 77) TO render valid and effectual cer- 
 tain ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE CITY OF LONDON AND 
 THE GOVERNORS OF THE FOUR ROYAL HOSPITALS. 1782. 
 
 Whereas divers Disputes and Differences have arisen between the Mayor and 
 Commonalty and Citizens of the City of London, Governors of the Possessions, 
 Revenues, and Goods of the Hospitals of Edward King of England the Sixth, of 
 Christ, Bridewell, and Saint Thomas the Apostle ; and of the Hospitals of Henry 
 the Eighth King of England, called The House of the Poor, in West Smithfteld, 
 near London ; and of the House and Hospital called Bethelem, and the Presidents, 
 Treasurers, and Acting Governors of the said several Hospitals, touching their 
 respective Rights, Powers, and Privileges, in the Ordering, Management, Govern- 
 ment, and Disposition of the said Hospitals, and the Estates, Possessions, and 
 Revenues thereof: 
 
 And whereas several Persons, deputed by the said Mayor and Commonalty and 
 Citizens of the City of London, have had several Meetings with Persons deputed 
 by the said Presidents, Treasurers, and Acting Governors, for the Purpose of 
 settling and terminating the several Matters in Dispute between them : And in 
 consequence of such Meetings, and of the Resolutions of a Court of Common 
 Council of the City of London, and also of General Courts held for the said 
 respective Hospitals, the said Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens, and the said 
 Presidents, Treasurers, and Acting Governors, have respectively entered into and 
 executed an Agreement in the Words, or to the Purport and Effect following : 
 (that is to say) 
 
 ' ARTICLES of AGREEMENT made, concluded, and agreed upon, 
 ' between the Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens of the City of London, 
 ' Governors of the Possessiotis, Revenues, and Goods of the Hospitals of 
 ' Edward King of England the Sixth, of Christ, Bridewell, and Saint 
 ' Thomas the Apostle, by virtue of an Order or Resolution of a Court of 
 
 fei I 
 
APPENDIX. NO. VIII. lxxxix 
 
 ' Common Council, holden the Thirtieth Day of May, in the Year of our 
 ' Lord One thousand Seven hundred and Eighty-two, of the One Part ; 
 ' and the Right Honourable Thomas Harley, Alderman of London, 
 ' President, and John Darker, Esquire, Treasurer, of Saint Bartholomew's 
 ' Hospital ; Robert Alsop, Esquire, Alderman of London, President, and 
 ' Thomas Burfoot, Esquire, Treasurer of Christ's Hospital ; Richard 
 ' Clark, Esquire, Alderman of London, Treasurer of Bridewell and 
 ' Bethelem Hospitals ; Samuel Plumbe, Esquire, Alderman of London, 
 ' President, and Edward Jeffries, Esquire, Treasurer, of Saint Thomas's 
 t Hospital ; and the several other Persons now acting as Governors of the 
 ' said several Hospitals respectively, who, in behalf of themselves and others 
 ' acting as Governors as aforesaid, have hereunto set their Hands and 
 1 Seals, by virtue of certain Orders made at several General Courts of the 
 ' said Hospitals respectively ; videlicet, of Saint Bartholomew's Hospital 
 1 the Twelfth Day of June, of Christ's Hospital the Thirteenth Day of 
 ' June, of Bridewell and Bethelem Hospitals the Fourteenth Day of June, 
 ' and of Saint Thomas's Hospital the said Twelfth Day of June, in the 
 ' Year of our Lord One thousand Seven hundred and Eighty-two aforesaid, 
 ' of the other Part. 
 
 ' Whereas the Ordering, Management, and Government of the said Hospitals, 
 ' and of each and every of them, and the several Rights, Revenues, and Possessions 
 ' thereof respectively, were vested in the said Mayor and Commonalty and 
 1 Citizens of the City of London, and their Successors, by several Charters or 
 ' Letters Patent of the late Kings Henry the Eighth and Edward the Sixth, bearing 
 ' Date respectively the Thirteenth Day of January, in the Thirty-eighth Year of the 
 ' Reign of King Henry the Eighth, and Twenty-sixth Day of June, in the Sixth 
 1 Year of the Reign of King Edward the Sixth, with such Powers, Rights, and 
 1 Privileges, to such Uses and Purposes, and subject to such Restrictions, 
 ' Limitations and Trusts, as in the said Charters or Letters Patent are expressed and 
 ' contained : 
 
 1 And whereas the said Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens of the said City 
 1 of London, in pursuance and by virtue of such Charters or Letters Patent, took 
 ' upon themselves the Management and Government of the said several Hospitals, 
 ' and made several Orders and Regulations touching the same : 
 
 ' And whereas, at a General Court holden at Christ's Hospital, upon the 
 ' Twenty-seventh Day of September One thousand Five hundred and fifty-seven, by 
 
 m 
 
XC APPENDIX. NO. VIII. 
 
 the Governors of all the said Hospitals, it was ordered and agreed, That the said 
 Hospital of Saint Bartholomew should from thenceforth be united to the rest of 
 the said Hospitals, and be made One Body with them ; and that for the Govern- 
 ment of all the said Hospitals, Sir Martin Bowes Knight (then an Alderman of 
 the City of London) should be Comptroller General, and Sir Andrew Judde 
 Knight (then also an Alderman) should be Surveyor General, and that Three 
 Aldermen, a Treasurer, and Eight other Citizens, therein named and described, 
 should be Governors for each and every of the said Hospitals, and such Hospitals 
 respectively from thenceforth continued under the same kind of Management, 
 with a small Increase of Governors, down to the Year One thousand Five hundred 
 and Sixty-four, when, upon the Twenty-first Day of September in that Year (being 
 Saint Matthew's Day), a President, Treasurer, and other Governors were chosen 
 at Christ's Hospital for each of the said Hospitals : And these Elections upon 
 Saint Matthew's Day were continued annually, down to the Year One thousand 
 Five hundred and Eighty-seven ; and from that Period Courts were at several 
 Times held at Christ's Hospital, down to the Year One thousand Six hundred 
 and Fifty-two inclusive, for electing or confirming Governors of the said Hospitals 
 respectively, but not yearly, or in the same regular manner as thentofore : And 
 Courts were also held during that Period, at and for the said Hospitals, for 
 nominating or electing Governors of those Hospitals respectively, and for the 
 Management thereof; and from and after that Time, it does not appear that such 
 annual Elections on Saint Matthew's Day were kept up or observed at Christ's 
 Hospital, for nominating or electing Governors of the said Hospitals respectively, 
 save only for Confirmation of the Governors elected at the said Hospitals. But 
 it appears that the Governors of the said Hospitals of Saitit Bartholomew, Christ, 
 Bridewell, and Bethelem respectively, have been chosen at General Courts or 
 Committees holden at the said Hospitals, from and after the said Year of our Lord 
 One thousand Six hundred and Fifty-two, down to the present Time : 
 
 ' And whereas it also appears by ancient Records or Entries, and otherwise, 
 ' that Lists of the Governors chosen for the said Hospitals of Saint Bartholomew, 
 ' Bridewell, and Bethelem, and Saint Thomas, have been annually sent from those 
 ' Hospitals to Christ's Hospital previous to the Meeting of the said Governors on 
 ' Saint Matthew's Day for Confirmation, and that such Lists have constantly been 
 ' delivered to the Clerk of Christ's Hospital, and by him, together with a List of 
 ' Governors of Christ's Hospital, presented to the Lord Mayor of the City of 
 ' London for the Time being, and by his Lordship immediately delivered over, or 
 ' directed to be delivered over, yearly and every Year, at that Time and Place, to 
 ' the Town Clerk of the same City attending his Lordship on those Meetings, in 
 
APPENDIX. NO. VIII. xci 
 
 * the Presence of the Aldermen, or great Part of them, without making any 
 ' Objection to, or attempting to alter in any Respect the Annual Lists of Governors 
 f so delivered, or that Mode of Confirmation, which Practice or Usage hath been 
 ' continued as to all the said Hospitals to the present Time, save and except that 
 ' the Presidents, Treasurers, Governors, and Officers of the said several Hospitals 
 ' were for some Years appointed by certain Commissioners authorized by his late 
 f Majesty King Charles the Second, for the Regulation of the said Hospitals : 
 
 ' And whereas great Benefit has been derived to the Charitable Institutions of 
 ' the said Hospitals from such Mode of managing and conducting the same, and 
 ' from the voluntary Contributions, Grants, Bequests, and Donations of the several 
 ' Persons so elected Governors as aforesaid, and others : 
 
 ' And whereas Disputes have arisen between the said Mayor and Commonalty 
 ' and Citizens, and the Persons acting as Governors of the said Hospitals, touching 
 ' their respective Rights, Powers, and Privileges, in the Ordering, Management, 
 ' Government, and Disposition of the said Hospitals, and the Estates, Possessions, 
 ' and Revenues thereof : And it is conceived to be for the mutual Benefit of the 
 ' said Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens, and of the said Hospitals, that all such 
 1 Disputes should cease, and be finally and amicably settled, adjusted, and 
 1 terminated, and that the actual Ordering, Management and Government of the 
 ' said Hospitals respectively shall for ever hereafter be continued in the Mayor and 
 ' Aldermen of the said City, together with the other persons now acting as 
 ' Governors, or hereafter to be elected as such, in the usual Mode of Election of 
 ' Governors at the said respective Hospitals, and such of the Commoners of the 
 ' said City as shall be elected and chosen in the Manner hereafter to be hereby 
 ' directed, with such Powers, Rights, and Privileges, to such Uses and Purposes, 
 ' and under and subject to such Restrictions and Trusts as are in the said Charters 
 ' or Letters Patents, and hereinafter in these Articles, expressed and contained : 
 ' Now therefore these Presents witness, That in order to effectuate the salutary 
 ' Purposes herein-before mentioned, it is hereby mutually and fully agreed and 
 ( declared by and between the said Parties to these Presents, in Manner following : 
 I (that is to say) 
 
 ' First, That the Governors of the said several Hospitals of Saint Bartholomew, 
 ' Bethelem, Christ, Bridewell, and Saint Thomas the Apostle, and every of them 
 ' named in the respective Lists, delivered in upon the Twenty-first Day of September 
 ' One thousand Seven hundred and Eighty-one, being Saint Matthew's Day, at 
 '. Christ's Hospital aforesaid, to the Town Clerk of the City of London, by the 
 
xcn 
 
 APPENDIX. NO. VIII. 
 
 Order of the Lord Mayor ; and also those Governors who have been elected 
 since the Delivery of such Lists ; together with the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of 
 the said City of London, and also the Members of the said Court of Common 
 Council, to be nominated and appointed as herein-after is mentioned, for the 
 Time being ; shall be established and confirmed Governors of such of the afore- 
 said Hospitals respectively, of which they had been elected Governors previous 
 to the Delivery of such Lists as aforesaid, or have been since the Delivery of 
 such Lists, or in future shall be elected Governors, in such and the same 
 Manner, and with such and the same Rights, Privileges, Powers, and Authorities, 
 as any Governors of the same several Hospitals, or any of them, at any Time or 
 Times since the first Establishment or Appointment of the Annual Meetings at 
 Christ's Hospital on Saint Matthews Day, for the Nomination, Election, or 
 Confirmation of Governors of the said Hospitals respectively have, or could, or 
 might, or ought to have had, in the Governing, Ordering, Management, and 
 Disposition of the Business, Affairs, or Concerns of the said Hospitals respec- 
 tively, and of the Real Estates and Possessions of every Denomination, and of 
 the Rents and the Revenues thereof: And also, of all and singular the Goods, 
 Chattels, and Personal Estate and Effects whatsoever, of or belonging to the 
 same Hospitals respectively ; and such Governors who have been so already 
 elected, and such Governors as shall be hereafter elected at General Courts or 
 Committees to be held for the said Hospitals respectively, in such Manner as 
 such Governors now are or ought to be elected or chosen by the Rules and 
 Orders now used and established, or hereafter to be used and established, in the 
 said Hospitals respectively, together with the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of the City 
 of London aforesaid, and the Members of the said Court of Common Council for 
 the Time being, to be nominated and appointed as herein-after mentioned, shall 
 have good Right, full Power, and absolute Authority, from Time to Time, and 
 at all Times hereafter, to nominate, elect, and appoint the Presidents, Treasurers, 
 and all other Officers and Ministers of and for the said Hospitals respectively, 
 and to do every other Act, Matter, and Thing, Acts, Matters, and Things, 
 necessary or expedient to be done for the good Government and Conduct of the 
 same several Hospitals, and in the Management and Disposition of the Estates 
 Real and Personal of the same respectively, as fully, amply, and effectually, to 
 all Intents and Purposes, as the Governors of the same Hospitals respectively 
 have at any Time or Times heretofore acted in or about the Government, 
 Management, and Disposition of the same, or in anywise relating thereto, without 
 the lawful Suit, Hindrance, Denial, Interruption, Molestation, or Disturbance, of 
 or by any Person or Persons, Bodies Politic or Corporate, whomsoever or what- 
 soever. 
 
APPENDIX. NO. VIII. XC111 
 
 • Secondly, That at all Times hereafter, when and so often as it shall or may be 
 necessary or expedient for the Mayor, Aldermen, and other Governors of the 
 said Hospitals respectively, acting and to act as aforesaid, to prosecute, carry on 
 or defend any Suit or Suits, Distress or Distresses, Ejectment or Ejectments, or 
 other Acts or Proceedings either at Law or in Equity, touching or concerning all 
 or any of the Possessions, Rights, Titles or Revenues of the same Hospitals, or 
 any of them, it shall and may be lawful for the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and 
 other Governors of the said Hospitals respectively, acting or to act as aforesaid, 
 from Time to Time, and at all Times hereafter, on all such Occasions, and for all 
 or any of the Purposes aforesaid, to use and assume the Names, Stile and Title 
 of the Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens of the City of London, as Governors 
 of the House of the Poor commonly called Saint Bartholomew' s Hospital near 
 West-Smithfield, London, of the foundation of King Henry the Eighth ; and as 
 Masters, Guardians and Governors of the House and Hospital called Bethelem, 
 situate without and near to Bishopsgate, of the said City of London; and as 
 Governors of the Possessions, Revenues and Goods of the Hospitals of Edward 
 late King of England the Sixth, of Christ, Bridewell, and Saint Thomas the 
 Apostle, or of such of the said Hospitals respectively, touching and concerning 
 which, or the Rights, Title, Possessions, or Revenues whereof, such Suit or 
 Suits, Distress or Distresses, or other Acts or Proceedings as aforesaid, shall or 
 may be commenced, made or prosecuted ; and that in all Cases whatsoever, 
 wherein the Name, Stile or Title of the Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens of 
 the said City shall be so used or assumed for any of the Uses or Purposes afore- 
 said, the Costs, Charges, Damages and Expences, which shall be incurred and 
 sustained by Reason or Means of such Suit or Suits, Distress or Distresses, shall 
 be borne, paid and disbursed by the Treasurer for the Time being of the said 
 Hospitals respectively, concerning which, or the Estates^ Revenues or Possessions 
 whereof such Suit or Suits, Distress or Distresses, shall be brought, prosecuted, 
 or made out of the general Funds of the same Hospitals respectively, or out of 
 the Rents and Revenues thereof; and that the Mayor and Commonalty and 
 Citizens of the said City, and their respective Goods, Chattels and Estates, and 
 also the Lands, Tenements, Estates and Possessions belonging to them in their 
 separate Capacity, other than the Estates and Possessions vested in them for the 
 Use and Benefit of the said several Hospitals, shall be indemnified, protected 
 and saved harmless from and against all such Costs, Damages and Expences to 
 be incurred as aforesaid. And further, That in case the Treasurers of the said 
 Hospitals respectively, for or concerning which, or the Estates or Revenues 
 whereof, such Suit or Suits shall at any Time hereafter be brought and pro- 
 secuted, or such Distress or Distresses shall be made, shall refuse or neglect to 
 
XC1V APPENDIX. NO. VIII. 
 
 ' make such Payments as aforesaid ; and the Mayor and Commonalty and 
 ' Citizens, and his or their respective Estates, or the Estates or Revenues which 
 ' they enjoy in their Corporate Capacity, other than the Estates and Revenues 
 ' vested in them for the Benefit of the said Hospitals respectively, shall become 
 ' charged with the Payment of such Costs, Charges, Damages and Expences as 
 ' aforesaid ; that then and in such Case, and as often as it shall so happen, it shall 
 1 and may be lawful to and for the said Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens of 
 { the said City to enter into and upon any of the said Lands, Tenements, Here- 
 ' ditaments and Revenues belonging to any of the said Hospitals, in respect of 
 ' which any such Actions or Suits shall be brought, and whereof the legal Interest 
 1 is become vested in them under or by virtue of the several Charters granted to 
 ' them by King Henry the Eighth and Edward the Sixth, or either of them, and 
 ' to hold and enjoy the same, and receive and take the Rents and Profits thereof, 
 ' until the Sum for which they or their Estates shall become so charged shall be 
 ' fully paid and satisfied, and no longer. 
 
 ' Thirdly, That the Seal of or belonging to the aforesaid Hospitals shall be 
 ' restored to the Chamber of the said City of London, and be kept as heretofore by 
 ' the Chamberlain of the same City for the Time being, in a Purse or Box sealed 
 ' with the Seals of the Lord Mayor of the said City for the Time being, and any 
 
 * of the Aldermen of the same City who shall be present at any Time or Times 
 ' that the same Seal shall be used ; and that all Leases which shall at any Time or 
 ' Times hereafter be made or granted of any of the Lands, Tenements or Heredita- 
 ' ments of or belonging to the aforesaid several Hospitals, or any of them, and all 
 ' and every other Deeds, Presentations, and other Instruments whatsoever relating 
 ' to or concerning the same Hospitals, or the Estates, Revenues and Possessions 
 •' thereof respectively (after the same shall have been examined, approved and 
 ' signed by the Presidents or Treasurers, and such a competent Number of the 
 ' Aldermen and other Governors of such of the said respective Hospitals to which 
 ' such Leases, Deeds or Instruments shall relate or concern, as have been used and 
 
 • accustomed to examine, approve and sign the same) shall be left at the Cham- 
 *. berlain's Office aforesaid for the aforesaid Seal of the said Hospitals to be affixed 
 ' thereto, with such Docquet or Writing explaining the Purport of such Leases, 
 ' Deeds or Instruments, so to be left at the said Office in such Manner and Form 
 ' as heretofore was and has been used and accustomed in that Behalf, and the 
 ' same Leases and Writings, so to be left as aforesaid, shall thereupon be sealed 
 ' with the said Seal of the aforesaid Hospitals in the next Court of Aldermen or of 
 ' Common Council, whichever shall first happen, without any Reading, Addition, 
 ' Examination or Alteration of the same. 
 
APPENDIX. NO. VIII. XCV 
 
 ' Fourthly, That the said Court of Common Council shall or may, at their First 
 Court to be held after the Twenty-first Day of December now next ensuing, or at 
 any subsequent Court, nominate and appoint Forty-eight Persons (being Members 
 of the Court of Common Council of the said City), out of which Number the 
 Names of Twelve shall be sent to Saint Bartholomew's Hospital, Twelve to the 
 United Hospitals of Bridewell and Bethelem, Twelve to Christ's Hospital, and 
 Twelve to Saint Thomas's Hospital, to be Governors thereof respectively ; and 
 that such Names shall be entered in the Books of the said Hospitals, and in 
 the Lists of the Governors thereof respectively, in the Order in which they shall 
 be so sent ; and they and every of them shall from thenceforth be Governors of 
 the said respective Hospitals, and shall act as such in all Matters relative to the 
 said Hospitals respectively, for so long Time, and for so many Years successively, 
 as they respectively shall continue to be Members of the said Court of Common 
 Council, or shall be re-elected as such Members of the said Court ; and they and 
 each and every of them shall have and enjoy the like Privileges, Benefits, 
 and Advantages, which the other Governors of the said Hospitals (not being 
 Aldermen) have had and enjoyed, or now enjoy ; and that when and as often as 
 any One or more of the said Twelve Members of the said Court of Common 
 Council, whose Names shall be sent to any or either of the said Hospitals 
 as aforesaid, shall die or cease to be a Member or Members of the said Court of 
 Common Council, or shall not be re-elected into such Office, the said Court 
 of Common Council shall and may nominate and appoint another Person, or 
 other Persons, being a Member or Members of the said Court, in the Place 
 or Stead of him or them so dying, or ceasing to be of the Common Council, or 
 who shall not be re-elected ; and so and in like manner when and as often as any 
 new Governor, to be nominated and sent to any of the said Hospitals as aforesaid, 
 shall die, or cease to be a Member of the said Court of Common Council, and 
 shall not be re-elected into such Office, the said Court of Common Council shall 
 or may nominate and appoint another Person or other Persons, being a Member 
 or Members of the said Court, in the Place or Stead of the Governor or Governors 
 last mentioned, and shall and may in like manner fill up all future vacancies 
 which shall happen, so as that Twelve Members of the said Court of Common 
 Council, and no more, so nominated and sent to the said several Hospitals 
 as aforesaid, may for the time being, and for ever hereafter, be Governors in each 
 of the said Hospitals of Saint Bartholomew, Christ, and Saint Thomas the Apostle, 
 and also that Twelve Members of the said Common Council may be Governors 
 of the said united Hospitals of Bridewell and Bethelem, and all and every 
 the Person and Persons from Time to Time to be chosen by the said Court 
 of Common Council, upon any such Vacancy as aforesaid (after his or their Name 
 
XCV1 APPENDIX. NO. VIII. 
 
 ' or Names shall be sent to the said Hospital or Hospitals, where such Vacancy or 
 ' Vacancies respectively shall happen) shall or may act as Governors of the same 
 ' Hospitals respectively, and be entitled to the like Privileges and Advantages as 
 ' the Governors first to be chosen and sent by the said Common Council as 
 ' aforesaid. 
 
 ' Provided, That nothing herein contained shall prejudice the Rights of 
 ' such Members of the Court of Common Council as now are Governors of any of 
 ' the said Hospitals, or shall hereafter become so, by Election or Nomination of the 
 ' Governors of such Hospital, in the Manner heretofore used and accustomed, over 
 ' and besides the Twelve Members of the said Court who shall be Governors 
 ' by virtue of this Agreement. 
 
 ' And lastly, for removing all Doubts touching the Observance and Performance 
 ' of this Agreement, and of the Matters and Things herein contained by all 
 ' the Parties hereto, and their Successors, it is hereby further agreed by and 
 ' between all the Parties aforesaid, That this present Agreement, and all and every 
 ' the Matters and Things herein contained, shall be humbly submitted to the Con- 
 ' sideration and Confirmation of the Legislature, so as that the same may, under 
 ' the present Application to Parliament for a Bill "for establishing and confirming 
 ' the Present Governors of the respective Hospitals of Saint Bartholomew, 
 ' Bethelem, Christ, Bridewell, and Saint Thomas the Apostle, of royal Foundation, 
 ' in the Exercise and Enjoyment of all such Acts, Powers, and Privileges relating 
 ' to the said Hospitals, and the Estates and Revenues thereof, as are therein 
 ' expressed, and for the other purposes therein mentioned ;" or otherwise, be 
 ' established and confirmed by the Authority of an Act of Parliament, with 
 ' such Saving Clause as is usual in Cases of the like Nature, if the Legislature 
 ' shall so think fit. 
 
 ' In Witness whereof to One Part of these Articles, the said Mayor and 
 ' Commonalty and Citizens of the said City, as such Governors as aforesaid, have 
 ' caused their Common Seal, used for the Estates and Concerns of the said 
 ' Hospitals, to be affixed : And to the other Part thereof the said Thomas Harley, 
 ' John Darker, Robert Alsop, Thomas Burfoot, Richard Clarke, Samuel Plumbe, 
 ' and Edward Jefferies, Esquires, and the several other Persons now acting 
 ' as such Governors as aforesaid, whose Hands and Seals are hereunto set on 
 ' Behalf of themselves and others acting as such Governors, have severally 
 ' and respectively set their Hands and Seals the Fifteenth Day of June, in the 
 ' Year of our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred and Eighty-two.' 
 
APPENDIX. NO. VIII. XCV11 
 
 And whereas it is conceived, that it will be greatly for the Benefit of 
 the aforesaid several Royal Hospitals, and tend to restore and establish the 
 permanent Peace and good Government of the same respectively, if the said 
 Agreement could be confirmed and rendered valid and effectual ; but inasmuch as 
 the same cannot be done without the Aid and Authority of an Act of Parliament, 
 
 Your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal Subjects, the Mayor and Commonalty 
 and Citizens of London, Governors of the Possessions, Revenues, and Goods of the 
 aforesaid Hospitals, and the Presidents, Treasurers, and Acting Governors of the 
 said several Royal Hospitals respectively, 
 
 Do most humbly beseech Your MAJESTY, 
 
 That it may be enacted, and be it enacted, by the King's most Excellent 
 Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and 
 Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the 
 Authority of the same, That the said Articles of Agreement, dated the Fifteenth 
 Day of June, One thousand Seven hundred and Eighty-two, and herein-before set 
 forth, and all and every the Covenants, Clauses, Provisoes, Stipulations, and 
 Agreements therein contained, shall be, and the same are hereby ratified, 
 confirmed, and established, according to the Tenor, Purport, and true Intent and 
 Meaning of the same. 
 
 And be it further Enacted, by the Authority aforesaid, That for rendering 
 the said Articles of Agreement more effectual for the several Purposes therein 
 mentioned, the said Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens of the said City of 
 London, and all others the parties thereto, shall observe and perform the several 
 Matters and Things therein contained, not only as Governors of the Possessions, 
 Revenues and Goods of the Hospitals of Edward King of England the Sixth, of 
 Christ, Bridewell, and Saint Thomas the Apostle, but also as Governors of the 
 House of the Poor in West Smithjield near London, of the Foundation of King 
 Henry the Eighth, and as Masters, Keepers, and Governors, of the aforesaid House 
 and Hospital called Bethelem, as fully and effectually, to all Intents and Purposes, 
 as if the said Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens had been described in the 
 said Articles of Agreement by the respective Corporate Names herein before 
 mentioned. 
 
 And be it further Enacted, by the Authority aforesaid, That this Act shall 
 be taken and allowed to be a Public Act in all Courts within the Kingdom of 
 
 n 
 
XCV111 APPENDIX. NO. VIII. 
 
 Great Britain, and all Judges and Justices of the Peace are hereby required 
 to take Notice thereof as such, without specially pleading the same. 
 
 Saving always to the King's most Excellent Majesty, his Heirs and Suc- 
 cessors, and to the Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens of the said City of London, 
 and to all and every other Person and Persons, Bodies Politic and Corporate, 
 his her and their Heirs, Successors, Executors and Administrators, all such Estate, 
 Right, Title, Interest, Property, Claim or Demand whatsoever, which they or any 
 of them had claimed, exercised or enjoyed before the Passing of this Act, except 
 only as to such Rights, Interests and Claims of the said Mayor and Commonalty 
 and Citizens of the said City of London, and of the Persons now and heretofore 
 acting as Governors of the said Hospitals respectively, as are given up, altered, 
 modified, and taken away by virtue of this Act, or of the Agreement above recited, 
 and by this Act confirmed. 
 
No. IX. 
 
 names of the benefactors to the fund for rebuilding 
 
 Christ's hospital, and the amount of their 
 
 respective subscriptions. 
 
 ] 802 Sir John William Anderson, Bart., President 
 James Palmer, Esq. 
 Isaac Walker, Esq. 
 John Walker, Esq. 
 George Godwin, Esq. 
 Charles Pieschell, Esq. . 
 James Clitherow, Esq. 
 Richard Clark, Esq. 
 John Atkins, Esq. 
 Clement Samuel Strong, Esq. 
 Thomas Roberts, Esq. 
 Francis Gosling, Esq. . 
 Archibald Paxton, Esq. 
 William Dent, Esq. 
 John Brickwood, Esq. 
 The Hon. General William Harvey 
 Richard Godwin, Esq. 
 Thomas Coles, Esq. 
 Thomas Edwards Freeman, Esq. 
 William Wilcox, Esq. . 
 Edmund Wilcox, Esq. 
 Samuel Bosanquet, Esq. 
 John Whitmore, Esq. 
 John Turner, Esq. 
 William Higginson, Esq. 
 William Gosling, Esq. 
 
 
 £. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 President 
 
 . 100 
 
 •• .« 
 
 Treasurer . 
 
 100 
 
 •• .. 
 
 a Governor 
 
 . 100 
 
 .. 
 
 ditto 
 
 100 
 
 .. . . 
 
 ditto . 
 
 . 200 
 
 .. • . 
 
 ditto 
 
 100 
 
 <• .« 
 
 ditto . 
 
 . 100 
 
 .. .. 
 
 ditto 
 
 100 
 
 .. .. 
 
 ditto . 
 
 . 100 
 
 .. 
 
 ditto 
 
 100 
 
 •• . . 
 
 ditto . 
 
 . 100 
 
 .. . . 
 
 ditto 
 
 100 
 
 • a • • 
 
 ditto . 
 
 . 100 
 
 • ■ .. 
 
 ditto 
 
 100 
 
 .. .. 
 
 ditto . 
 
 . 100 
 
 • • • ■ 
 
 ditto 
 
 100 
 
 • • 
 
 ditto . 
 
 . 100 
 
 • • . ■ 
 
 ditto 
 
 100 
 
 • • • • 
 
 ditto . 
 
 . 100 
 
 »• .. 
 
 ditto 
 
 50 
 
 «• • • 
 
 ditto . 
 
 . 50 
 
 • • . • 
 
 ditto 
 
 100 
 
 .. . • 
 
 ditto . 
 
 . 100 
 
 .. • • 
 
 ditto 
 
 50 
 
 •■ • . 
 
 ditto . 
 
 . 100 
 
 • • ■ * 
 
 ditto 
 
 100 
 
 
 
C APPENDIX. NO. IX. 
 
 £. 
 1802 John Julius Angerstein, Esq. . a Governor . . . 105 
 Francis Wilson, Esq. . . ditto . . . 100 
 
 John Anthony Rucker, Esq. . ditto .... 200 
 Daniel Henry Rucker, Esq. . . ditto . . . 100 
 
 Robert Hankey, Esq. . . ditto .... 50 
 
 Thomas Poynder, Esq. . . ditto . . . 100 
 
 Samuel Long, Esq. . . ditto . . . .100 
 
 Thomas Latham, Esq. . . ditto . . . 100 
 
 Robert Dent,' Esq. . . . ditto . . . .100 
 John Dent, Esq. . . . ditto . . . 100 
 
 William Robinson, Esq. . ditto . . . .100 
 
 Edward Forster, Esq. . . . ditto . . . 100 
 
 John Godfrey, Esq. . . ditto . . . .100 
 
 Brook Watson, Esq. . . . ditto . . . 100 
 
 William Pitt, Esq. . . . ditto 50 
 
 Cornelius Denne, Esq. . . ditto . . . 200 
 
 The Honourable and Right Reverend Shute, Lord Bishop of 
 
 Durham . . . a Governor . . 100 
 
 Sir Roger Newdigate, Bart. . ditto .... 200 
 Right Hon. Lord Viscount Bridport ditto . . . 100 
 
 Richard Lea, Esq. . . . ditto . . . .100 
 
 William Bosanquet, Esq. . . ditto . . . 50 
 
 Thomas Sayer, Esq. . . . ditto .... 50 
 Rev. Matthew Thomas . ' . ditto . . . 50 
 
 Benjamin Cole, Esq. . . . ditto . . . .100 
 Solomon Hougham, Esq. . . ditto ... 50 
 
 Charles Flower, Esq. Alderman . . . . .100 
 
 James Jacks, Esq. Common Council Governor ... 50 
 
 George Clarke, Esq. Alderman 105 
 
 The Worshipful Company of Grocers by a Vote of the Court 
 
 of Assistants . . . . . . . . . 105 
 
 1803 Thomas Rowcroft, Esq. Alderman 105 
 
 David Pike Watts, Esq. . a Governor . . .100 
 
 Robert Precious, Esq. . . ditto . . . 100 
 
 JoRn Broadley Wilson, Esq. . ditto . . . . 50 
 
 William Willis, Esq. . . ditto . . . . 100 
 
 The Corporation of the City of London, by the hands of 
 
 Richard Clark, Esq. Chamberlain 1000 
 
APPENDIX. NO. IX. Ci 
 
 £. s. d. 
 
 1803 Thomas James, Esq. . a Governor . . . 50 .. .. 
 
 One Educated in the Hospital ...... 100 .. 
 
 James Hayes, Esq. . a Governor . . . . 100 .. .. 
 
 Charles Teissier, Esq. . ditto .... 100 .. .'. 
 
 Charles Smith, Esq. . ditto . . . . 105 .. .. 
 
 Robert Ladbroke, Esq. . ditto .... 100 .. .. 
 
 James Brown, Esq. . ditto . . . . 50 .. .. 
 
 Thomas Coutts, Esq. . ditto .... 100 .. .. 
 
 Thomson Bonar, Esq. . ditto . . . . 100 .. .. 
 
 John C. Weguelin, Esq. . . . . . . . 50 .. .. 
 
 Sir Walter Rawlinson, Knt., a Governor . . . . 100 .. .. 
 
 The Hon. Philip Pusey . ditto 100 .. .. 
 
 Clement Tudway, Esq. . ditto .... 100 .. .. 
 
 Samuel Hoare, Esq. . . ditto 100 .. .. 
 
 Rev. Robert Cranmer . ditto . . . . 100 .. .. 
 
 John Travers, Esq. . . ditto ..... 100 .. .. 
 
 Thomas Whipham, Esq. . ditto . . . . 50 .. .. 
 
 George Brookes, Esq. . . ditto . . . . . 100 .. .. 
 
 Josiah Holford, Esq. . ditto . . . . 50 .. .. 
 
 John Josiah Holford, Esq. ditto . . . . . 50 .. .. 
 
 Thomas Preston, Esq. . . . . . . . 50 .. .. 
 
 Robert Stevenson, Esq. . a Governor .... 100 
 
 William Darnborough, Esq. . . . . . . 50 .. .. 
 
 The Worshipful Company of Mercers ... . . 210 .. .. 
 
 The Worshipful Company of Drapers . . . . 200 .. .. 
 
 John Conyers, Esq. . a Governor .... 100 .. .. 
 
 Samuel Turner, Esq. . . ditto . . . . 50 .. .. 
 
 The Executors of Isaac Hawkins, Esq. of Burton-upon-Trent, 
 
 deceased ......... 1000 .. .. 
 
 Thomas Scott, Esq. . a Governor . . . 100 .. .. 
 
 The Amicable Society of Blues 250 .. 
 
 Sir William Curtis, Bart. Alderman . . . . 100 .. .. 
 
 Wakelin Welch, Esq. . . a Governor . . 50 .. .. 
 
 John Marsh, Esq. . . . ditto . . . 100 .. .. 
 
 Right Honorable Lord Radnor . ditto . . . 400 .. .. 
 
 The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries . . . 105 .. 
 
 The Worshipful Company of Fishmongers .... 105 .. 
 
 Richard Chester, Esq 100 .. .. 
 
en 
 
 APPENDIX. NO. IX. 
 
 J 803 James Powell, Esq. . . a Governor 
 
 The Worshipful Company of Skinners i 
 
 Joseph Kemp, Esq. . . a Governor 
 
 Francis Magniac, Esq. . . ditto 
 
 James Hatch, Esq. . . ditto 
 
 Philip Rundell, Esq. . . ditto 
 
 John Weyland, Esq. . . ditto 
 
 Lacey Primatt, Esq. . . ditto 
 
 Henry Cranmer, Esq. . . ditto 
 
 The Worshipful Company of Ironmongers 
 
 The Worshipful Company of Salters .... 
 
 The Worshipful Company of Fishmongers (2nd Subscription) 
 
 The Right Honorable Lord Eardley, a Governor 
 
 The Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors 
 
 James Graham, Esq. . . a Governor . 
 
 The Worshipful Company of Stationers .... 
 
 1804 Peter Pope, Esq. Common Council Governor . 
 
 a Governor 
 ditto 
 
 ditto .... 
 ditto 
 ditto (2nd Subscription) 
 
 Sir Robert Peel, Bart. 
 
 Samuel Smith, Esq. . . 
 
 Sir George Colebrooke, Bart. 
 
 Hugh Burgess, Esq. 
 
 Rev. Matthew Thomas 
 
 Thomas Waters, Esq. ..... 
 
 James Esdaile, Esq. . . .a Governor 
 
 Mrs. Waldo, by Rev. John Prince . 
 George Browne, Esq. . . a Governor 
 
 Edmund Antrobus, Esq. . . ditto 
 
 Henry Blaxland, Esq. . . ditto . 
 
 William Aynge, Esq. ..... 
 
 Henry Goodwyn, Esq. . . a Governor 
 
 Thomson Bonar, Esq. Jun. . . ditto 
 
 1806 George Scholey, Esq. Alderman . 
 William Domville, Esq. ditto 
 
 W. W. Esq 
 
 Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Cotton, Bart., a Governor 
 
 1807 Henry Hoare, Esq. . . . ditto 
 Rev. George Henry Glasse . . ditto 
 Executors of James Pell, Esq. . 
 
 £. 
 100 
 315 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 105 
 105 
 100 
 
 50 
 100 
 105 
 100 
 105 
 100 
 105 
 100 
 100 
 
 50 
 100 
 100 
 
 50 
 100 
 
 50 
 200 
 100 
 100 
 105 
 100 
 
 50 
 100 
 100 
 105 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 210 
 
 50 
 300 
 
 s. d. 
 
APPENDIX. NO. IX. 
 
 cm 
 
 1807 Thomas Calverley, Esq. . a Governor 
 
 1808 Thomas Pitcher, Esq. . . ditto 
 The Legacy of Peter Pope, Esq. .... 
 Charles Cullen, Esq. . . a Governor 
 
 1810 Louis Hayes Petit, Esq. . ditto 
 
 1812 Robert Williams, Esq. . ditto 
 
 Joseph Kemp, Esq. . . ditto (2nd Subscription) 
 
 1815 The Legacy of Francis Wilson, Esq. formerly educated in the 
 
 Hospital, and late a Governor .... 
 Christopher Smith, Esq. Alderman . 
 John Broadley Wilson, Esq. a Governor (2nd Subscription) 
 
 1816 The Legacy of George Godwin, Esq. formerly educated in the 
 
 Hospital, and late a Governor ..... 
 The Legacy of Wilmot Lambert, Esq. late a Governor . 
 
 1817 Jesse Russell, Esq. . . a Governor . 
 Captain George Gooch . . 
 
 Jeremiah Harman, Esq. . a Governor . 
 
 1818 The Legacy of Sir John William Anderson, Bart., Alderman, 
 
 and President of this Hospital ..... 
 
 1821 The Legacy of William Henry Stavely, Esq. 
 
 1822 The Legacy of Hugh Powell, Esq. a Governor 
 
 1823 The Legacy of James Hallett, Esq. . 
 
 1825 Samuel Robinson, Esq. educated in the Hospital and a Governor 
 Richard Latham, Esq. . . ditto 
 
 Thomas Poynder, Jun. Esq. Treasurer 
 
 Thomas Ponton, Esq. . . .a Governor 
 
 1826 Louis Hayes Petit, Esq. a Governor (2nd Subscription) 
 George Henckell, Esq. . . a Governor 
 Tullie Joseph Cornthwaite, Esq. . ditto 
 Thomas Divett, Esq. . . . ditto . 
 Commissioners of Sewers ...... 
 
 1827 Charles Farebrother, Esq. Alderman 
 Matthew Prime Lucas, Esq. ditto .... 
 Charles Lucas, Esq. . . a Governor 
 Sir Claudius Stephen Hunter, Bart. Alderman 
 John Curteis, Esq. . . .a Governor 
 
 Thomas Nixson, Esq. educated in the Hospital, and a Governor 
 William Plaxton Allcock, Esq. . . ditto 
 
 £. 
 100 
 100 
 400 
 100 
 105 
 100 
 
 55 
 
 500 
 100 
 100 
 
 3000 
 
 90 
 
 105 
 
 21 
 
 105 
 
 900 
 350 
 
 90 
 100 
 100 
 105 
 105 
 105 
 105 
 105 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 105 
 105 
 
 50 
 
 s. d. 
 
 9 1 
 
 • ■ ■ ■ 
 
CIV APPENDIX. NO. IX. 
 
 s. 
 
 1827 Robert Precious, Esq. deceased, educated in the Hospital, 
 
 being £5000 Bank Stock, deducting Duty of £10 per Cent, 
 leaving a Balance of £4500, to which a Bonus of one- 
 fourth, or £1125, was afterwards added, making the sum of 
 £5625 Bank Stock, valued on 16th August last, the day of 
 the burial of Mr. J. Browne, to whom the dividends were 
 payable during his life, at £216 per Cent. . . 12150 
 
 1828 John Roberts, Esq. . . a Governor . . . 100 
 James Bentley, Esq. . . . ditto . . . 100 
 
 1829 The Right Honorable William Thompson, Lord Mayor and 
 
 President ......... 105 
 
 William Taylor Copeland, Esq. Alderman . . . 105 
 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 105 
 100 
 105 
 105 
 105 
 105 
 Lieutenant Colonel William Henry Wilby, educated in the 
 
 Hospital, and a Governor . . . . . 105 
 
 Miles Stringer, Esq. presented a very valuable Clock, which 
 
 is placed on the south side of the interior of the New Hall 
 
 The Right Hon. William Thompson, Lord Mayor, President, 
 
 presented the two Windows of Stained Glass at the east 
 
 end of the New Hall, the cost of which was £170 
 
 Samuel Mitchell, Esq. . . a Governor . . . 105 
 William Nash, Esq. . . , ditto ... . 100 
 
 William P. Allcock, Esq. . ditto (2nd Subscription) 55 
 
 1830 Henry Winchester, Esq. . . ditto, and Alderman . 105 
 Legacy of Sir Claude Scott, Bart, late a Governor . . 400 
 
 1833 Henry Rowed, Esq. . . .a Governor . . 105 
 
 Thomas Brown, Esq. educated in the Hospital, and a Governor 105 
 Paul Briscoe, Esq. . . .a Governor . . 100 
 Sir Chapman Marshall, Knt. a Governor and Alderman . 100 
 
 Miles Stringer, Esq. . . .a Governor . . 100 
 Rev. Peter Guilleband, ditto 100 
 
 John Angerstein, Esq. 
 
 . a Governor 
 
 Thomas Helps, Esq. 
 
 ditto 
 
 John Labouchere, Esq. 
 
 ditto . 
 
 Alexander Copland, Esq. 
 
 . ditto 
 
 Peter Vere, Esq. 
 
 ditto . 
 
 John Alliston, Esq. 
 
 . d itto 
 
 William Cotton, Esq. 
 
 . . ditto . 
 
 Barnard Brocas, Esq. 
 
 *. * • • 
 
 Thomas Du Buisson, Esq. 
 
 . a Governor 
 
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No. XI. 
 
 PRAYERS APPOINTED FOR THE USE OF THE CHILDREN OF CHRIST'S 
 HOSPITAL, BY THE RIGHT REVEREND FATHER IN GOD, HENRY 
 COMPTON, LATE LORD BISHOP OF LONDON. 
 
 MORNING PRAYERS. 
 
 O God, my God, early will I seek thee ; my Soul thirsteth after thee. O all ye 
 works of the Lord, bless ye the Lord. Glory be to God on high, and in Earth 
 Peace, Good-will towards Men. Amen. 
 
 let us PRAY. 
 
 O God of Mercy, and Father of all Comfort, who of thy merciful goodness hast 
 brought us to the beginning of this day : We thine unworthy Children beg that 
 the Day-spring from on high may now and ever visit and shine upon us ; and that 
 pardoning our Offences, and continuing to be good unto us, thou wouldst dispose 
 us to a better conformity to thy Laws, and obedience to thy Commandments, 
 through Jesus Christ, our Lord and only Redeemer. Amen. 
 
 Remember not, Lord, the sins of our Youth, nor the follies of our Childhood : 
 but consider whereof we are made, and from what we are fallen by the trans- 
 gression of our first Parents, and be merciful unto us. O teach us betimes to 
 number our days, that we may apply our hearts early unto Wisdom, for Jesus 
 Christ his sake. Amen. 
 
 Let thy Blessings, O Lord, descend abundantly upon the Persons and Families 
 of all our Benefactors, accept their Offerings, and be thou their exceeding great 
 Reward. Bless our Governors, and forget not their labour of Love, which they 
 have undergone for thy Name's sake : neither suffer thou us to be ungrateful 
 
APPENDIX. NO. XI. CV11 
 
 to thee or them. We likewise beg of thee to preserve us in perpetual safety, for 
 the sake of our only Saviour; in whose holy Name and Words we continue 
 to pray : 
 
 Our Father which art in Heaven, hallowed he thy Name. Thy Kingdom 
 come. Thy will be done in Earth, as it is in Heaven. Give us this day our daily 
 bread. And forgive us our trespasses as we forgive them that trespass against us. 
 And lead us not into temptation; but deliver us from evil. For thine is the 
 kingdom, the power, and the glory, for ever and ever. Amen. 
 
 NOON PRAYER. 
 
 LET US PRAY. 
 
 O Father of Light, shine upon us with the fulness of thy Grace. Do away our 
 Offences, clothe us with humility, and fill us with thy holy Spirit, that we may 
 be enabled to do such good works, as thou hast ordained us to walk in. Look 
 down in compassion upon thy poor Children : Protect our tender age from the 
 violence of temptation, strengthen us by thine Almighty Power : and, as we grow 
 in Years, so make us grow in Grace, through Christ our Lord. Amen. 
 
 EVENING PRAYERS. 
 
 LET US PRAY. 
 
 O Father of Mercies, look upon us of thy great goodness. We have sinned 
 against thee, and are no more worthy to be called thy Children. The wantonness 
 and folly of our youth have prevailed upon us, the frailty and stubbornness 
 of our depraved nature have made us to err : O forgive us our sins. We come 
 to thee heavy laden with the weight of this day's transgressions : Refresh 
 our drooping Spirits ; and grant us thy grace so to walk before thee for the future, 
 that we may bring forth fruit meet for Repentance, through Jesus Christ our 
 Lord. Amen. 
 
CV1U APPENDIX. NO. XI. 
 
 Water, we beseech thee, with the heavenly dew of thy Blessing, Christ's holy 
 Church, particularly this portion of it in which we live : Guide, strengthen, and 
 protect it. Bless our most gracious Sovereign Lord King WILLIAM, and all the 
 Royal Family, and all that are in Authority under him. Bless this City, and 
 every Member of it, particularly this Royal Foundation, with all that serve in it, 
 or do good unto it. And this we beg for Christ his sake. Amen. 
 
 We praise thee for our Founders and Benefactors, and for the comfort thou hast 
 afforded us by their means, both to Soul and Body : Bless and greatly increase 
 their substance who have satisfied the poor with bread ; let their families be 
 prosperous upon earth, and a sure and full reward be given them of the Lord at 
 the Resurrection of the Just. Grant that we, with thankful hearts for all thy 
 Mercies, may cheerfully do thy Will, through Jesus Christ, who liveth and 
 reigneth with thee and the Holy Ghost, World without end. Amen. 
 
 Our Father which art in Heaven, hallowed be thy Name. Thy -Kingdom 
 come. Thy Will be done in Earth, as it is in Heaven. Give us this day our daily 
 bread. And forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive them that trespass against us. 
 And lead us not into temptation ; but deliver us from evil. For thine is the 
 kingdom, the power, and the glory, for ever and ever. Amen. 
 
 Prayers to be said by the Children in the several Wards at Night going to Bed. 
 
 LET US PRAY. 
 
 Lord, let the rest we are going to, mind us of the hour of Death ; and now that 
 we are going to lie down, let us consider, that it may be, we shall rise up no more. 
 We do earnestly therefore repent us of our sins, and are heartily sorry for our 
 Misdoings ; and we beseech thee give us grace so to be sensible of all our Errors 
 for the Time to come, that the remembrance of them may be a warning to us, to 
 continue steadfast in our obedience, and ever to walk in newness of life, to the 
 glory of thy holy Name, through Christ our Lord. Amen. 
 
 All Honour and Praise be given to thee, O Lord God Almighty, for the Life thou 
 hast raised us to by thy free Grace, and for the Hopes of Glory : for the free course 
 of thy Gospel among us, and for the Ministers of thy holy Word and Sacraments. 
 
APPENDIX. NO. XI. C1X 
 
 Give us Grace, we pray thee, so to apply these means which thou hast afforded us, 
 that they may become Salvation to us, through our blessed Redeemer Jesus Christ. 
 Amen. 
 
 Preserve us, O merciful God, from all evil Dreams, from all affrighting - and 
 distracting Fancies, from the horror of the Night, and the works of Darkness. 
 Give us quiet and composed thoughts, and such rest in thee, that we may sleep 
 under the covering of thy Wings, and awake in thy favour, through him who 
 liveth and reigneth with thee and the Holy Ghost World without end. Amen. 
 
 Our Father which art in Heaven, hallowed be thy Name. Thy Kingdom 
 come. Thy Will be done in Earth, as it is in Heaven. Give us this day our daily 
 bread. And forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive them that trespass against us. 
 And lead us not into temptation; but deliver us from evil. For thine is the 
 kingdom, the power, and the glory, for ever and ever. Amen. 
 
 EVENING PRAYERS ON SUNDAYS. 
 
 LET US PRAY. 
 
 Pardon us, we beseech thee, O most gracious God and Saviour : We are not 
 worthy of thy least Mercies : We forget the Hand that feeds us, and the Paps 
 which gave us Suck- We were hungry, and thou hast fed us ; we were naked 
 and thou hast clothed us, and hast remembered us in our low estate, though we 
 have forgotten thee. But thy Property is always to have mercy ; spare us, 
 therefore, O good Lord, according to thy great loving kindness. Forgive us all 
 that is past; and renew a right Spirit within us, for thy Son our Lord Jesus 
 Christ his sake. Amen. 
 
 Teach us, O Lord, to remember thee our Creator in the days of our youth, and 
 to exercise ourselves in thy Statutes day and night. Stablish us so with thy free 
 Spirit, that we may live to thy glory, and die in thy favour, through Christ our 
 Lord. Amen. 
 
 Gracious God, we pray that thy Mercy may be extended to the whole world, 
 that thy ways may be known upon Earth, thy saving health unto all Nations. 
 
CX APPENDIX. NO. XI. 
 
 Especially we implore thy blessing upon all those that are of the household 
 of Faith, that every one that names the Name of Christ may depart from all 
 iniquity. Amen. 
 
 We pray thee to preserve the Church of the United Kingdom of Great Britain 
 and Ireland in peace and truth : Bless our Sovereign Lord King WILLIAM, our 
 gracious Queen ADELAIDE, and all the Royal Family : the Lords and others of 
 his Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council ; all the Nobility, Judges, Magis- 
 trates, Gentry, and Commonalty of this Land : and pour a double portion of thy 
 Spirit upon those who are over us in the Lord, whether Bishops, Priests, or 
 Deacons, that both by their Lives and Doctrine we may be led in the right way. 
 Amen. 
 
 Bless, we beseech thee, all Bodies Politick, especially this great City ; bless her 
 in her Magistrates, the Right Honourable the Lord Mayor, the Aldermen, Sheriffs, 
 and all others that bear Rule. Bless all her Inhabitants, and particularly those 
 Houses which are dedicated to pious and charitable uses. Above all, this 
 Religious, Royal, and Ancient Foundation of Christ's Hospital; the President, 
 Treasurer, and all the Governors hereunto belonging ; the Masters, and all those 
 to whom the care of us poor Children is committed ; prosper their endeavours, 
 and crown their labour with eternal life. Amen. 
 
 We praise thee for our Founders and Benefactors, and the refreshment thou hast 
 afforded us by their means, beseeching thee to pour down thine abundant Blessings 
 upon the Houses of those thy servants, that they may continue before thee 
 for ever ; and that all, who see them, may acknowledge that they are the seed 
 which the Lord hath blessed. Give us grateful hearts, so to improve all 
 thy mercies, that we may live to thy glory and our own salvation, through our 
 Lord and only Saviour Jesus Christ, in whose name and words we continue 
 praying, 
 
 Our Father which art in Heaven, hallowed be thy Name. Thy Kingdom come. 
 Thy will be done in Earth, as it is in Heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. 
 And forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive them that trespass against us. And 
 lead us not into temptation ; but deliver us from evil. For thine is the kingdom, the 
 power, and the glory, for ever and ever. Amen . 
 
APPENDIX. NO. XI. CXI 
 
 A Prayer to be said by the Children at their Entrance into the Church. 
 
 Almighty God, we beseech thee, be pleased to fill our minds with such 
 awful apprehensions of thy Glorious Majesty, as may excite and stir up in us that 
 reverence and attention which beseems Thy Presence ; and enable us to demean 
 ourselves so acceptably before Thee, that thou mayest vouchsafe us Thine 
 abundant Grace and Mercy, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. 
 
 GRACE BEFORE MEAT. 
 
 Give us thankful hearts, O Lord God, for the Table which thou hast spread for 
 us. Bless thy good Creatures to our use, and us to thy service, for Jesus Christ 
 his sake. Amen. 
 
 GRACE AFTER MEAT. 
 
 Blessed Lord, we yield thee hearty praise and thanksgiving for our Founders and 
 Benefactors, by whose Charitable Benevolence thou hast refreshed our Bodies at 
 this time. So season and refresh our Souls with thy Heavenly Spirit, that 
 we may live to thy Honour and Glory. Protect thy Church, the King, and all 
 the Royal Family. And preserve us in peace and truth through Christ our 
 Saviour. Amen. 
 
^ 
 
 No. XII. 
 
 SCHOLARSHIPS AND EXHIBITIONS. 
 
 In the body of the work (pp. 67, 194) some account has been given of several 
 bequests, which are combined into a general fund for supplying the annual exhi- 
 bitions of £60 to scholars sent from Christ's Hospital to either University, as well 
 as of the outfit in clothes, books, &c, which, together with the collection on St. 
 Matthew's Day (p. 112), exceeded the sum of £ 150. By the recent arrangements 
 however, noticed at p. 176, the exhibitions are now reduced to four, instead of 
 seven years' duration : and the scholar sent to Pembroke Hall depends almost 
 solely upon the gift of Serjeant Moses ; by which means, without any great addi- 
 tional charge upon the funds, two scholars proceed yearly to Cambridge, and one 
 in every fourth year to Oxford ; the latter receiving no benefit from the collection, 
 and the others only half the amount hitherto procured from that source. These 
 are certainly drawbacks of considerable weight ; but they are not to be compared 
 with advantages, which will be derived from the increase in the yearly number 
 of exhibitions : some of whom may probably be enabled to enlarge their means of 
 support by certain other scholarships appropriated to Christ's Hospital men in 
 some of the colleges. Besides the Moses' foundation at Pembroke College 
 there are 
 
 Two scholarships founded by Walter Richards at Emanuel College, Cam- 
 bridge, with a preference to students from Christ's Hospital. Their value is; 
 £ 12 per annum, with an allowance towards their B.A. and M. A. degrees. 
 
 Six scholarships founded, with like preference, by John Brown in 1662. 
 Three of these are at Emanuel, and three at Christ College, Cambridge. 
 Value, £ 19 per annum each. 
 
 Seven scholarships of £ 10 per annum each for seven years, with preference 
 to scholars to either University from the Rev. A. Colfe's school at Lewisham ; 
 but, in case at any time a fit scholar should not be found there, provision is 
 made for the choice of an exhibitioner, either from the children of freemen of 
 the Company of Leathersellers ; from the scholars of the King's School, 
 Canterbury; or from those of Christ's Hospital. [Many years have elapsed 
 
APrENDIX, NO. XII. CX111 
 
 since these scholarships have been filled up, in consequence of the failure of 
 sufficient funds under Mr. Colfe's will ; but it is expected that, at no distant 
 date, the testator's directions will again be carried into effect.] 
 
 Five scholarships of £6 each (three at Oxford and two at Cambridge) 
 under the will of James Wood, dated in August, 1625, to freemen's sons of 
 the Bowyer's Company ; and, if there be no such applicants, to scholars from 
 Christ's Hospital. These scholarships last for seven years during residence; 
 and, in consequence of the increased value of the property, the Company have 
 increased them both in number and amount. There are now Jive exhibitioners 
 at Oxford, and three at Cambridge ; each of whom receives £ 10 per annum. 
 It may be useful to add, that most of the London companies have considerable 
 patronage in scholarships and exhibitions, which are open to students generally ; 
 and it has not unfrequently happened that a deserving candidate, by timely appli- 
 cation, has obtained one or more of these useful appendages to a limited income. 
 
 In 1574, Thomas Dixon, citizen and clothworker, bequeathed £250 to Christ's 
 Hospital, to purchase lands, with the consent of the Clothworkers' Company, of 
 the value of £10 a year or more, whereof £6 per annum was to be devoted to a 
 scholar sent from Christ's Hospital to one of the Universities, and the remainder 
 paid to the said company. Part of the land so bought was re-sold in 1813, under 
 the provision of the Croydon Canal Act, for £735, which was invested in the pur- 
 chase of £1273. 14s. three per cent, consols; and the remainder is let on building 
 lease for sixty-one years at £ 75 per annum. A moiety of the dividend and rent is 
 paid by the Governors to the Clothworkers' Company ; and the remainder forms 
 part of the joint funds from which their own exhibitions are paid. The sum of £5 
 per annum, transferred to them by the Goldsmiths' Company, under the will of 
 Mr. John Perryn, is also applied to the same purpose ; together with sundry 
 other bequests of a like nature. 
 
No. XIII. 
 
 CHARITIES IN TRUST WITH THE GOVERNORS OF CHRIST'S HOSPITAL. 
 
 Independently of the immediate objects of the institution, the Governors of Christ's 
 Hospital are the dispensers of various charities, of which they have undertaken the 
 trust. Among them, the gifts of Mrs. Sarah Bowerman, and the Rev. William 
 Hetherington, demand especial notice. 
 
 By a deed, dated September 12, 1727, Mrs. Bowerman conveyed certain 
 lands, in the county of Lincoln, on trust, to the Governors, who are thereby required 
 to apply the rents to the relief of poor widows. She further directed, that a 
 sermon should be preached in Christ Church, on the 7th of January yearly, the 
 said widows being present ; and that the preacher should receive the sum of 20#. 
 The sermon is regularly preached by the vicar or his substitute ; and the proceeds 
 of the estate have increased so considerably, as to enable the Governors to multiply 
 pensioners far beyond the expectations entertained by the charitable donor. For 
 a long series of years they were called, from their number, the Forty Widows: 
 indeed they are called so still, but the designation is far from expressing the extent 
 of the gift. 
 
 In the hope that his example would be followed by other benevolent characters, 
 the Rev. W. Hetherington enabled the Governors, during his life time, to pay 
 annuities of £10 to each of fifty blind persons, who have never begged, nor received 
 alms, nor are deemed objects for parochial relief. Day-labourers, and the like, 
 are also excluded from the benefit of this charity, which is intended " for those 
 who have been reputably brought up, and who want some addition to what they 
 have, to make life more comfortable under the misfortune of blindness." The 
 following qualifications in an applicant are indispensable : — 1. Birth and residence 
 in England, to the exclusion of Wales, and Berwick upon Tweed; 2. Age, fifty- 
 five years and upwards ; 3. A residence of three years in his or her present abode, 
 and total blindness during that period ; 4. Income, if any, under £20 per annum. 
 An election takes place yearly in November; and petitions, properly attested, 
 must be lodged at the counting-house between the 7th of October, and the 7th of 
 November. According to the pious founder's anticipation, so munificent have 
 
APPENDIX. NO. XTII. CXV 
 
 been the additions to the original fund, by deed of gift and by will, that the 
 Governors are enabled to extend the annuity to upwards of five hundred persons. 
 Annexed are the questions required to be answered on behalf of a candidate, with 
 the forms of certificate subjoined ; of which printed copies may be had at the hos- 
 pital, on personal application only, by a friend of the party. Petitions for unsuc- 
 cessful applicants may be annually renewed at the same time. 
 
 The Name of the Blind Person ? 
 
 The age ? a Certificate or Proof of which must be sent herewith, unless already 
 lodged with a former petition. 
 
 How long the Party has been Blind ? To be totally destitute of Sight is the 
 Qualification. 
 
 Where born ? In the Parish of in the County of 
 
 Present Residence ? In in the Parish of near 
 
 in the County of 
 
 How long the Party has lived in that Parish ? From the Month of 
 in the Year 
 
 The Situation in Life of the Petitioner's Father, viz. what Trade or Profession? 
 
 Was he a Master or Journeyman ? 
 
 The Petitioner's Situation in Life before Blindness : viz. what Trade or Profes- 
 sion ? 
 
 Whether the Principal, or a Servant? 
 
 If not in Business, how did the Party procure a Livelihood ? 
 
 Is the blind Person married ? 
 
 If married, what Family ? 
 
 If a married Woman or Widow, the Husband's Situation ; viz. what Trade or 
 Profession ? 
 
 Whether the Principal, or in a subordinate Capacity ? 
 
 Are the Children, if any, able to assist in supporting the Blind Person ? 
 
 Has the Blind Person saved Property ; and if so, does any remain, and the 
 Amount ? 
 
 Has the Blind Person any Estate, Annuity, Salary, Pension, or Income for Life ? 
 
 If any, how it arises, and the clear Amount ? 
 
 Has the Blind Person, or (if a Married Woman) has the Husband any Income 
 arising from Trade, or any other Source ; and to what Amount ? 
 
 How is the Blind Person now supported ? 
 
 Has the Party ever received Alms from any Parish, or Place, as a Pauper ? 
 
 Has the Party ever been a common Beggar ? 
 
 If there are any special Circumstances in the Blind Person's Case, state them 
 hereunder. 
 
CXV1 APPENDIX. NO. XIII. 
 
 WE, the Minister and Churchwardens of the Parish wherein the before-mentioned 
 Blind Person resides, do certify to the Worshipful Governors of Christ's Hospital, 
 that we have made full Enquiry concerning the Allegations and Answers to the 
 above particulars, and believe them to be true ; and that the Petitioner is a Person 
 of sober Life and Conversation, and we believe is in every respect a proper Object 
 to partake of the Charities established for Blind Persons. 
 
 Dated this Day of October, 1 83 
 
 Minister of the Parish in which the Petitioner resides. 
 
 Churchwardens of ditto. 
 
 If a Certificate of Baptism cannot be produced, the Petitioner, or some older 
 Person, must make Oath as follows : 
 
 THESE are to certify, That 
 of the Parish of 
 
 came before me, one of his Majesty's Justices of the Peace for the County of 
 and did make Oath, That 
 
 who petitions to be a Partaker of one of the Charities for Blind Persons which are 
 in the Disposal of the Governors of Christ's Hospital, London, was born in the 
 Parish stated in this Petition, in or about the Month of 
 
 in the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and as he hath been 
 
 credibly informed and verily believes. 
 
 Witness my Hand this Day of October, 1 83 
 
 Note — An early and noble donation to this Charity is recorded on a stone in the 
 chancel in All Saints' Church, Hertford : — 
 
 Here lieth the Body of 
 
 B: Burton, Esq. late 
 
 Steward of the R l . Hon ble 
 
 y e Earl of Hillsborough, 
 
 who died Sept. 14 th , 1793, 
 
 aged 88 years, 
 
 and bequeath'd to the Governors 
 
 of Christ Hospitall, £10,000 
 
 3 P r C Bank Stock, 
 for the relief of blind persons, 
 after the manner and form of the will 
 of the late Mr. Hetherington. 
 
ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 
 
 Page 6, line 7 from bottom, for his read their. 
 
 To the report for 1832, given in the note at page 106, that for the present year is here 
 annexed: — 
 
 Children put forth Apprentices, and discharged from Christ's Hospital, the Year 
 last past 181, Eleven whereof being instructed in the Mathematics and Naviga- 
 tion, were placed forth Apprentices to Commanders of Ships, out of the Mathema- 
 tical School, founded by his late Majesty King Charles the Second 181 
 
 Children buried the Year last past 5 
 
 Children now under the Care and Charge of the Hospital, in London and at Hert- 
 
 /«* '. 1185 l 1335 
 
 To be admitted on Presentations granted to this time 150 5 
 
 At page 119, mention is made of the performance of divine service in the Great Hall 
 during the repairs of Christ's Church in the year 1812. In the present year (1833) the church 
 is again under repair, and the Hall is devoted, as usual, to the same purpose. The sermon 
 in the morning is preached by Dr. Greenwood; the prayers are read, and the afternoon 
 service performed, by Mr. Rice. On St. Matthew's day, the sermon was preached in the 
 Church of St. Botolph's, without Aldersgate ; the Lord Mayor for the time being, Sir Peter 
 Laurie, knt. being Alderman of that ward. 
 
 Since the note at page 199 was written, the entire list of holidays, with the exception of 
 state holidays and commemoration days, has been swept away: but in a manner as 
 satisfactory to the masters, as it is judicious on the part of the governors. In the first place, 
 an additional week has been added to the Easter vacation : and, besides the afternoon of 
 Saturday, Wednesday in every week is a whole or half-holiday alternately. A total annihi- 
 lation of the holidays hitherto kept, would have been as ill-advised, as the present regular 
 adjustment of the periods of relaxation is conducive to the interest both of teacher and 
 scholar. It should be observed, that, in the event of a state holiday occurring in any week, 
 the Wednesday is not kept as usual. 
 
 Notice was taken, at page 319, of the substitution of wheaten for brown bread ; and other 
 improvements in the diet of the children, which have been introduced from time to time, 
 might have been mentioned. The truth is, that the provisions are now so excellent in quality, 
 
CXV111 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 
 
 and ample in quantity, that any remark upon them must be needless. With respect to the 
 latter requisite, however, it may be proper to observe, that the fragments which are left 
 afford the means of subsistence to sundry pensioners, appointed by the Steward to receive 
 them. 
 
 Died, on the 13th of November last, the Rev. John Prince, M. A. chaplain to the Magda- 
 len Hospital. By his death the living of Enford became vacant ; to which the Governors 
 have presented the Rev. Just Henry Alt, M. A. their third classical master. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abernethy, John, his services and character, 
 330; his epitaph, 331 
 
 Absence bell, 321 
 
 Admission of children, by Lord Mayor's order, 
 53 ; early regulations respecting, 59 ; at the 
 request of benefactors, 60 ; for payment, 61 ; 
 early qualifications for, 64 ; early effects of 
 disputes respecting, 69 ; suspended, 70 ; re- 
 vised regulations respecting, 71, 73, 120, 144; 
 unprecedented large one, 140 ; present qua- 
 lifications for, 146 
 
 Aldermen, their claim disputed, 64; their privi- 
 leges, 75 
 
 Allhallowes Church, annual gift at, 59 
 
 All Saint's Church, Hertford, gallery erected in, 
 115; contributions towards repairs of, 115; 
 curious accident in, 115 
 
 Almoners, their duties, 311 
 
 Amand, James St. singular bequest of, 121 ; 
 extract from his will, 122 
 
 Amicable Society of Blues, 163 
 
 Anderson, Sir J. W. his portrait, 345 
 
 Anne, Queen, her portrait, 353 
 
 Anthems, Easter, 107 ; specimen of an old one, 
 108; curiously illuminated one, 110 
 
 Anthony, St. ancient school of, 48 
 
 Apothecary, his office, 331 
 
 Apprenticeship, regulations respecting, 60 
 
 Apprentice fees, 201 
 
 Architect, office of, 333 
 
 Auditors, office of, 312 
 
 August holidays, restrictions respecting, 198 
 
 Augustine, his mission to England, 3 ; his ap- 
 pointment to the see of Canterbury, 3 
 
 Bacon, J. Esq. two wards built by, 118, 351; 
 his portrait, 353 
 
 Badge, King's boys', 92 ; Stone's, 93 ; Stock's, 98 
 
 Baker, David, his birth and admission into 
 Christ's Hospital, 212 ; enters at Pembroke 
 College, Oxford, 212; studies the legal pro- 
 fession, 213; his licentious habits, 213; his 
 conversion to Christianity, 213; adopts the 
 Romish creed, 214 ; joins a convent of Bene- 
 dictines in London, 214 ; investigates the 
 records of English Benedictines, 215; enters 
 the Jesuit College of Douay, 215; compiles 
 an ecclesiastical history of England, 215 ; 
 appointed director of a nunnery at Cambray, 
 216; his death and character, 216; his 
 works, 217 
 
 Balance sheet, first of the Royal Hospitals, 43 
 
 Baldwin, his " Funeralles of Edward the Sixt," 
 lxxvii ; his address to the reader, lxxvii 
 
 Bale, the centurist, extract from, 16 
 
 Barbour, ancient charge of, 326 
 
 Barlowe, Sir William, his remarks on the disso- 
 lution of monasteries, 25 
 
 Barnes, Joshua, his birth, education, and early 
 writings, 225 ; admitted a sizar of Emanuel 
 College, Cambridge, 225; his " Esther," 
 226 ; his self-complacency, 226 ; his doggerel 
 Greek, 226 ; proceeds M. A. and B. D. 227 ; 
 writes a history of King James II., 227 ; his 
 edition of Euripides, 227 ; his attack upon 
 Bentley, 228 ; elected Greek professor at 
 Cambridge, 230 ; his academical labours, 
 230 ; his marriage, 230 ; his sermon on St. 
 Matthew's day, 231 : his " Anacreon," 231 ; 
 his Homer, 231 ; his quarrel with Bentley, 
 232 ; his contracted circumstances, 233 ; his 
 death, and epitaph, 234; estimate of his cha- 
 racter and scholarship, 235 ; his works, 237 
 
 Barnes, Lord Mayor, Ridley's eulogium on, 46 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Barnes, Thomas, his bequest, 120 ; his portrait, 
 344 
 
 Bartholomew, St. eve of, singular custom on, 48 
 Bartholomew, St. hospital and church of, granted 
 to the city, 28 ; its union with the foundations 
 of Edward VI. 130 
 
 Bartholomew tide, vacation at, 198 
 
 Bastardy, enquiries respecting, 57 
 
 Beadles, annual re-election of, 112; their duties, 
 320, 324 
 
 Bell, absence, 321 ; monitors', 323 
 
 Benedictine rule established in England, 3 
 
 Benefaction, Governors of Christ's Hospital, by, 
 134; amount of their donation, 135 (note) 
 
 Benevolent Society of Blues, 164 
 
 Bethlehem, hospital of, given to the city,29(note) 
 
 Bible clerk, his office, 319 
 
 Biographies of Edmund Campion, 204; David 
 Baker, 212; John Vicars, 218; Joshua 
 Barnes, 225; James Jurin, 239; Jeremiah 
 Markland, 242 ; Bishop Middleton, 258 
 
 Biography, difficulties of cotemporary, 202 
 
 Bishop's College, Calcutta, founded, 282 
 
 Blackwell Hall, its revenues transferred to Christ's 
 Hospital, 52 ; restored to the city, 52 
 
 Blind, charity for, cxiv 
 
 Blue Coat boys, their first appearance in public, 
 41 ; their original dress, 50 ; tradition respect- 
 ing it, 50 ; boy and girl, singular marriage 
 of, 116 
 
 Blues, amicable society of, 163 ; their motto, 
 163 (note) ; lives of eminent, 202 to 309 
 
 Blues, benevolent society of, 164 ; objects and 
 resources of, 164 
 
 Blundell, Peter, his bequest, 64 
 
 Bowerman, Mrs. her gift, cxiv 
 
 Boyer, Rev. James, elected upper grammar 
 master, 136 ; academical reputation of his 
 pupils, 136 ; his character and discipline, 137 
 
 Brerewood, Mr. Treasurer, his gift, 319 
 
 Bridewell, Palace, grant of to the city, 37 ; early 
 proceedings with, 68 
 
 Brown, John, his scholarships, cxii 
 
 Broxbourne, establishment at, 69 
 
 Building committee established, 160 
 
 Building fund, subscribers to, xcix 
 
 Burton, B. esq. his bequest and monument, cxvi 
 
 Buttery boys, 318 
 
 Calcutta, Dr. Middleton, first Bishop of, 268 
 
 Calthrop, John, esq. 340 
 
 Camden, his education in Christ's Hospital doubt- 
 ful, 203 
 
 Campion, Edmond, his birth and admission into 
 Christ's Hospital, 204 ; presented with a 
 scholarship at St. John's College, Oxford, 
 205 ; ordained Deacon, 205 ; delivers an 
 oration before Queen Elizabeth, 205 ; em- 
 braces Romanism, 205 ; joins the Jesuits, 
 
 205 ; made professor of rhetoric at Prague, 
 
 206 ; denounces the protestant supremacy, 
 206 ; arrives in England, to execute the 
 papal bull against the queen, 206 ; challenges 
 a public disputation, 207 ; is seized and con- 
 fined in the tower, 208 ; tried for high treason, 
 208; executed at Tyburn, 209; his works, 
 210 
 
 Canterbury, Augustine, first Archbishop of, 3 ; 
 Benedictine monastery founded there, 3 
 
 Cardan's character of Edward VI. 31, xxix 
 
 Cart-marking, revenue arising from, 70 ; disputes 
 respecting, 70 
 
 Casteller, Richard, his bequest to Christ's Hospital, 
 51 
 
 Catechizer, office of, 196 
 
 Cecyl, Sir William, Ridley's letter to, 37 
 
 Celibacy, of monks and nuns, 12 
 
 Chaff-boy, his office, 319 
 
 Chancery, proceedings in, 150 
 
 Charge, original, of the governors of the Royal 
 Hospitals, 130; present, of a governor of 
 Christ's Hospital, 135 
 
 Charles II., letters patent of, lxxxii ; his royal 
 mathematical school, 77 ; his interference in 
 the election of a physician, 328 ; statue of, 
 349 ; portraits of, by Lely, 342, 353 
 
 Charter of the hospitals of Edward VI. 38, xliii ; 
 translation of, li ; presentation of, 41 ; Hol- 
 bein's picture of, 42 ; spirit and intent of, 75 
 
 Cheke, Sir John, one of the tutors of Edward VI. 
 30 ; his " Royall Elegie," 41 ; lxiii 
 
 Chester, Sir William, 340 
 
 Chief clerk, office of, 314 
 
 Chief clerks, list of, 334 
 
 Chilcot, Robert, his gift, 64 
 
 Child, Sir Francis, ward rebuilt by, 118; his 
 portrait, 353 
 
 Choir and chorus boys, 198, 319 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Christ-church, parish of, founded by Henry VIII. 
 
 29 ; arms of, 29; disputes with, 119 
 Christianity, its first introduction into Britain, 2 
 Christ's Hospital, character of those educated 
 there, 2; founded, 36; first admission into, 
 41 ; dress of the children, 41, 50 ; presenta- 
 tion of the charter, 41 ; early benefactions to, 
 51, 64; its original design, 56, 57; poverty 
 of its revenue, 58, 62 ; specific objects of, 60 ; 
 sources of income, 61 ; loans for the relief of, 
 63, 113; increase in its numbers, 69 ; ravages 
 in, caused by the great fire, 70; benefactions 
 consequent thereon, 70 ; legitimate purposes of, 
 76 ; south front rebuilt by Sir Robert Clayton , 
 103; disputes with parish of Christ Church, 
 119; presidents first appointed, 132 ; original 
 government of, 132; present government of, 
 134 ; dilapidated state of, 142 ; proposals for 
 rebuilding, 143; subscription towards rebuild- 
 ing, 143; turbulent spirit among the boys, 
 143 ; alleged cases of abuse in, 149 ; en- 
 during friendship of the boys, 163; commence- 
 ment of rebuilding, 169 ; internal economy of, 
 309 ; income and expenditure of, 312 (note); 
 officers of, 335 ; scite of, 338 ; lease of, 338; 
 buildings of, 338 ; want of uniformity in, 339 ; 
 entrances into, 339, 349 ; patronage of, cv ; 
 scholarships and exhibitions, cxii ; charities 
 in trust with, cxiv 
 Church, behaviour of the boys in, 321 
 Clare, St., Nuns of her order, 12 
 Clark, Richard, esq. his portrait, 345 
 Clayton, Sir Robert, projector of the Royal Mathe- 
 matical School, 77 ; his christian feeling, 102; 
 his severe illness, 102 ; his disinterested munifi- 
 cence, 103 ; south front of Christ's Hospital 
 rebuilt by him, 103; his portrait, 345 
 Cleanliness, attention to, 322, 323 
 Clerks, assistant, 318; chief, 314, 334 
 Clitherow, Sir C. his portrait, 343 
 Clock, gift of, by Miles Stringer, esq., 353 
 Cloister, east, buildings over, 347 ; south, build- 
 ings in, 347; west, buildings in, 347; north, 
 buildings in, 348 ; the new, 354 
 Cloisters, money boxes in, 58; before the fire, 105; 
 
 description of, 345; monuments in, 346 
 Cobbler, duties of, 326 
 Cock of Westminster, anecdote of, 51 
 Coleridge, S. T., his character of the Rev. J. 
 
 Boyer, 137 ; youthful copy of verses by, 192 
 (note); notice of, 258, 303 
 
 Colfe, Rev. A., his scholarships, cxii 
 
 Collections on St. Matthew's day, 112, cxii 
 
 Colwal, Daniel, his gift, 78 ; his portrait, 344 
 
 Committee, its constitution and duties, 311 
 
 Committee governors, 335 
 
 Common council, acts of in favour of Christ's 
 Hospital, 52 ; their privileges, 134 
 
 Compton, Bishop, his form of prayer, cvi 
 
 Comptroller general, office of discontinued, 132 
 
 Convent of Grey Friars, 8 ; surrender of, 21 ; 
 assigned to Christ's Hospital, 36 ; repaired, 
 41; cost of, 43 
 
 Conventual church, its building and magnificence, 
 9; many nobles there buried, 11, 24; desecra- 
 tion of, 24 ; granted to the city, 28 
 
 Conventual seal of the Grey Friars, 21 (note) 
 
 Cook, duties of, 326 
 
 Corporation grants, 52, 70 
 
 Corporation rights, disputes respecting, 129 
 
 Counting-house, description of, 341 
 
 Counting-house yard, 341 
 
 Court-room, description of, 341 ; portraits in, 342 
 
 Courts, general, of Royal Hospitals, 131 
 
 Cox, Dr., Edward VI's tutor, 30; and Al- 
 moner, 32 
 
 Cramner, his plan for the suppression of religious 
 houses, 17 
 
 Creek, the, 350 
 
 Cromwell, Henry's minister, letter of the warden 
 of the Grey Friars' convent to, 22 
 
 Curtis, Sir William, elected president, 151 ; his 
 portrait, 345 
 
 Daily devotions, 197 
 
 Danish invasion, fatal to the monasteries, 4 
 
 Dale, Rev. Thomas, 184 (note) 
 
 Death, infrequency of in Christ's Hospital, 162 
 
 Deed of surrender of the convent of Grey Friars, 
 21 
 
 Dentist, his duties, 332 
 
 Deputy Grecians, class and name, 182 ; eminence 
 acquired by, 184 ; their mathematical studies, 
 188 
 
 Discharge, age of boys at time of, 1 45 ; Prayer- 
 book and Bible given at, 201 
 
 Disputes between Christ's Hospital and Christ 
 Church, 119 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Dissolution of the monasteries, 14 ; evil conse- 
 quences attending, 25 
 
 Disturnell, Rev. Josiah, 126 
 
 Ditch, the Town, 339 ; old buildings on north 
 side of, 355 
 
 Dixie, Sir Wolstan, his benefactions, 64 ; his 
 portrait, 342 
 
 Dixon, Thomas, his gift, cxiii 
 
 Dobbs, portrait of, 46, 342 ; lines under, 342 ; 
 Ridley's eulogium on, 342 
 
 Dominicans, rule and order of, 7 
 
 Donations and legacies, 62, 64, 78, 81, 96, 117 
 
 Donation of a governor, 136 
 
 Double rice spiced, 59 
 
 Downes, Dr., elected physician by royal command, 
 328 
 
 Drawing school, object and extent of, 188 
 
 Dunstan, his monastic zeal, 4 
 
 Easter anthems, 107 ; ancient specimen of, 108 
 
 Easter festivities, origin of, 49 
 
 Easter, procession of the boys at, 107 ; sermons in 
 Christ Church, 107 
 
 Easter Report, 106 
 
 Edgar, King, monasteries restored by, 4 
 
 Education committee, evidence before, 150 
 
 Education, plan of, improvements in, 140; defects 
 in, 153 ; report of committee respecting, 154; 
 system of, originally used in Christ's Hospi- 
 tal unknown, 181; present system, 182; its 
 utility, 184; proved by its results, 202 
 
 Edward VI., his birth, education, and literary 
 acquirements, 30; his instructors, 31 ; his 
 writings, 31 ; his register and journal, 32 ; 
 anecdotes respecting his zeal for religion, 33 ; 
 founds Christ's Hospital, 36 ; assigns to it a 
 large stock of linen, 37 ; old portrait of in 
 Bridewell chapel, 37 (note) ; his prayer on 
 signing the charter of the hospitals, 39 ; his 
 death and dying prayer, 40 ; lines on his 
 death, by Bishop Jewel, 40 (note) ; his design 
 for parochial education, 57 ; his portrait by 
 Holbein, 341 ; statues of, 103, 345, 356 ; Car- 
 dan's character of, xxix ; original letters and 
 exercises of, xxxii ; his charter to the Royal 
 Hospitals, xliii ; Cheke's ' Elegie' on his death, 
 lxiii ; his epitaph, or death-dole, lxxvi ; the 
 " funeralles" of, lxxvii ; a prayer used during 
 his sickness, lxxxi 
 
 Elizabeth Barton, the holy maid of Kent, 18 
 Elizabeth, Queen, her inauguration commemo- 
 rated at Christ's Hospital, 128 (note) 
 Elkine, Wm., his bequests, 64 
 Elopement, its punishment, 320 
 Elstow, a friar, his attack upon Henry VIII., 19; 
 
 his reply before the privy council, 20 
 Engine house, charge of, 324 
 English library, 139 
 Erasmus, great and little, 182 
 Estates, chartered, destination of, 62 ; disputes 
 
 respecting, 62 
 Ethelbert, king, conversion of, 3 
 Examinations, in the Grammar Schools, 189; in 
 the Writing School, 193 ; in the Mathematical 
 school, 193 ; in reading, 194; at Hertford, 194 
 Examiners, list of, 337 
 
 Exhibitions to universities, early instances of, 67 ; 
 recent augmentation of, 67, 176; selection of 
 scholars for, 182 ; number and amount of, cxii 
 Exhortacion to the repentaunce of sinnes, lxxviii 
 Expulsion, formal ceremony of, 320 
 
 Fifteens, the, 348 
 
 Fire of London, loss occasioned by, 102; contri- 
 butions towards repairs after, 102 
 Firmin, Mr., the agent of Sir Robert Clayton, 
 103; his character, 103; his monument, 104 
 Forbes, Sir Francis, his portrait, 344 
 Forty widows, charity for, cxiv 
 Founder's day, dinner on, 163 
 Fowke, John, his bequest, 117 (note) ; his por- 
 trait, 344 
 Francis, St., account of, 6 ; order of, see Grey 
 
 Friars 
 Franciscans, observant and conventual, 12 ; their 
 
 hostility against Henry VIII., 18 
 Frederick, Sir John, old hall built by, 105 ; his 
 
 portrait, 344 
 Friars minors, see Grey Friars 
 Fuller, quoted, 5, 12, 14 (note), 65 (note) 
 Funeral, imposing solemnity of, 162 
 
 Gallery in All Saint's church, Hertford, 115; for 
 
 boys in Christ Church, 119 
 Garden, the Treasurer's, 341 ; of the convent, 347 
 Garway,Wm., his bequest, 117; his portrait, 353 
 George III., address to, 125 
 Gibbon, Wm., esq. his portrait, 344 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Gifts in trust with Christ's Hospital, cxiv 
 
 Girls, their removal to Hertford, 127; plan and 
 extent of their education, 189; their ward, 
 347 ; their buildings at Hertford, 357 
 
 Glastonbury, foundation of the monastery there, 2 
 
 Governors, their privileges, 74 ; distinct classes 
 of, 134 
 
 Grammar School, established at Hertford, 138 ; 
 in London, rebuilt, 139 ; at Hertford, built, 
 357 ; rewards in, 194 (note) ; additional 
 masters in, 157 ; regulations for improved 
 management of, 157 ; ancient management 
 of, 182 
 
 Grecians, class and name, 182 (and note) ; diffi- 
 culties attending their instruction, 183; their 
 mathematical studies, 188; examination of, 
 189 ; their outfit, 194; list of, 297 
 
 Grecian, The, a periodical publication, 189; ex- 
 tract from, 190 
 
 Greenwood, Rev. John, M. A. elected head mas- 
 ter, 176 
 
 Gresham, Sir R., his letter to Hen. VIII., 26 ; 
 eventual success of his petition, 28 
 
 Grey Friars, or Friars Minors, rule and habit of, 
 7 ; their arrival in England, 7 ; settlement in 
 London, 8 ; contributions to the founding of 
 their convent, 8 ; contributions to the founding 
 of their church, 10 ; learning and reputation 
 of the order, 11 ; dungeon in, 351 
 
 Guy, Thomas and Henry, their legacies, 118 
 
 Hall, the, greatly injured by the fire of London, 
 104; rebuilt by Sir John Frederick, 104, 347; 
 description of, 105; associations connected 
 with, 105; demolition of, 105; relics of, 
 113 ; divine service performed in, 119 ; cere- 
 mony of laying first stone of the New, 170 ; 
 ceremony of opening, 177; architectural de- 
 scription of, 352 ; pictures and portraits in, 
 353 ; at Hertford, 357 
 
 Halstead Grammar school, 65 
 
 Hawes, Mr. Treasurer, mismanagement of, 88, 
 113; his opposition to Mr. Pepys, 89; Mr. 
 Pepys' severe remarks upon, 91 ; his monu- 
 ment, 114 (note) 
 
 Haydon, John, his gift, 64 
 
 Henry VIII. actuated by revenge in suppressing 
 monasteries, 18 ; his divorce reprobated by 
 the Franciscans, 19 ; his grant to the city, 28 ; 
 
 his encouragement of literature, 31 ; his grant 
 to the city confirmed, 36 ; indenture of, i ; 
 letters patent of, xiii 
 
 Hentzner, ancient custom described by, 48 
 
 Hertford, school first instituted there, 69 ; new 
 buildings projected at, 114; estimated cost 
 of, 115; amount of subscriptions for, 115; 
 gallery in All Saints' church, 115; system of 
 education pursued there, 189; examinations 
 at, 194; officers at, duties of, 332; visitations 
 at, 332 ; buildings at, 356 
 
 Hetherington, Wm, his charity, cxiv 
 
 Holbein, his great picture, 42 ; his portrait of 
 Edward VI., 341 
 
 Holidays, kept at Christ's Hospital, 199 (note) 
 
 Hospitals, Christ's, St. Thomas, and Bridewell, 
 founded, 36 ; their charter granted, 38 ; early 
 revenues of, 43 ; receipts, expenses, and ad- 
 missions during first year of, 43 ; government 
 of separated, 44 ; " Order" of, 44 
 
 Hymn, by Bishop Middleton, 280 
 
 Indenture, between Henry VIII. and corporation, i 
 
 Infirmary, new, erection of, 162, 353 ; descrip- 
 tion of, 353 ; old, description of, 351 ; at 
 Hertford, 357 
 
 Inquest boxes, 58 
 
 Inscription, over south gate-way, 103 ; on gallery 
 in All Saint's Church, Hertford, 115; in 
 front of Writing School, 116; on salver pre- 
 sented to Rev. A. W. Trollope, 142 ; on first 
 stone of New Hall, 172 ; on vase presented 
 to Dr. Trollope, 176 ; on the monument of 
 Joshua Barnes, 234 ; on the monument of 
 Jeremiah Markland, 254 ; another, 254 ; in 
 the blank leaf of Middleton's Greek Article, 
 265 ; on the first stone of Bishop's College, 
 Calcutta, 284; on Bishop Middleton's monu- 
 ment, in Calcutta, 290 ; on Bishop Middle- 
 ton's monument in St. Paul's, 292 ; for Bo- 
 tanic Garden, Calcutta, 292 (note) ; on Mr. 
 Abernethy's tomb, 331 ; on monument of R. 
 Waddington, 346; in front of New Hall, 
 352 ; in All Saint's Church, Hertford, cxvi 
 
 Iwyn, John, hip deed of conveyance to the Grey 
 Friars, 8 
 
 James II. presentation of the children to, 124 ; 
 portrait of, 342 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Josiah, Edward VI. compared to, 33 
 
 Jurin, James, his birth and education, 239 ; 
 elected Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 239 ; contributes to the repairs of the chapel, 
 239 ; appointed master of Newcastle School, 
 239 ; publishes an edition of Varenius, 239 ; 
 graduates M.D. 240 ; elected Physician of 
 Guy's Hospital, 240 ; appointed secretary to 
 the Royal Society, 240 ; his essays in the 
 Philosophical Transactions, 240 ; advocates 
 inoculation, 240; his essay on Vision, 240; 
 joins the Antiquarian Society at Spalding, 
 241 ; his annotations to Caesar, 241 ; elected 
 president of the College of Physicians, 241 ; 
 his death, 241 
 
 Kent, Holy Maid of, 18 
 
 King, ancient custom of addressing the, 124 
 
 King's boys, their badge, 92 ; their presenta- 
 tion at court, 93 ; their exclusive character, 
 94 ; its consequences, 96 ; their outfit, 92 
 
 King's ward, the, 94 ; its dissolution, 96 
 
 Kitchen, description of, 352 
 
 Land-surveyor, office of, 333 
 
 Latimer, his advice respecting the religious houses, 
 25 
 
 Lavatory, erection of, 160 
 
 Lease of Christ's Hospital, 339 
 
 Leaves, 198 
 
 Legacies, Stat. 14 Eliz. respecting, 58 
 
 Lely's portraits of Charles II. 342, 353 
 
 Leman, Sir John, his portrait, 343 
 
 Lessons, weekly scheme of, 183 
 
 Letters, of the warden of the Grey Friars to Crom- 
 well, 22; SirR. Gresham to Henry VIII. 26; 
 Edward VI. to Ridley, 37 ; Ridley to Secre- 
 tary Cecyl, 37 ; Mr. Pepys to Mr. Treasurer 
 Hawes, 80 ; Mr. Pepys to the Governors, 82 ; 
 the Governors to Mr. Pepys, 88 ; Bishop 
 Middleton to the Treasurer, 263 
 
 Letters patent, of Henry VIII. xiii ; of Charles 
 II., lxxxii 
 
 Lever, his sermon before Edward VI. 34 (note) 
 
 Lewis, Mr. his model for rebuilding Christ's Hos- 
 pital, 143 
 
 Libraries, wanton destruction of, at the dissolu- 
 tion, 16 
 
 Library, English and general, 1 39 ; Classical and 
 mathematical, 200 ; state of books in, 200 
 
 Library, Whittington's, 10, 105, 348 
 Lieutenants' sons, provision for, under Mr. 
 
 Travers' will, 99 
 Lives of eminent Blues, 202 
 Livings in the gift of Christ's Hospital, cv 
 Lockington, Thomas, his gift, 118 
 London, conventual magnificence of, 13, 25; 
 
 early state of education in, 47 ; plague and 
 
 fire of, 70, 102 
 Lord Mayor, his privileges, 75 ; annual donation 
 
 of, 107 
 
 Malcolm, his criticism on Holbein's picture, 42; 
 on Verrio's picture, 124 (note) 
 
 Margaret, Queen of Edward I., her munificence 
 to the Grey Friars, 9 
 
 Markers, office and selection of, 196 ; their me- 
 dals, 196 
 
 Markland, Jeremiah, his presentation to Christ's 
 Hospital, 242 ; enters St. Peter's College, Cam- 
 bridge, 242 ; his early writings, 242 ; elected 
 fellow of his college, 242 ; declines taking 
 holy orders, 243 ; writes his " Epistola Cri- 
 tica," 244 ; publishes the " Sylvee of Statius," 
 244 ; discards an edition of " Apuleius," 244 ; 
 undertakes the education of Mr. Strode, 244 ; 
 illustrates Taylor's " Lysias," and " Maximus 
 Tyrius," 245 ; declines the Greek professor- 
 ship at Cambridge, 245 ; educates the son of 
 his former pupil, 246 ; engages in the Cicero- 
 nian controversy, 246 ; contributes notes to 
 " Arnold's Commentary," 247 ; again declines 
 the professorship, 248 ; retires to Milton Court, 
 near Dorking, 248 ; continues his literary 
 pursuits, 248; publishes the "Supplices" of 
 Euripides, 248 ; straightens his circumstances 
 by an act of disinterested generosity, 249 ; 
 declines the assistance of his friends, 250 ; 
 attacked with serious illness, 250 ; contributes 
 to " Bowyer's conjectures," 251 ; aided by a 
 legacy from Mr. Bowyer, 252 ; his will, 252 ; 
 his affection for Christ's Hospital, 253 ; his 
 death, 253 ; his monument in Dorking church, 
 254 ; Latin inscription to his memory, 254 ; 
 his character and attainments, 255 ; his lines 
 to the Countess of Warwick, 257 
 
 Marriage, singular, 116 
 
 Masters, restrictions of, 195; their salaries, 195 
 (note) 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Mathematical masters, list of, 100 
 
 Mathematical School, foundation of, 78 : grant 
 of the charter by Charles II. 78 ; its endow- 
 ment enlarged, 78 ; inefficient state of, 79 ; 
 interference of Mr. Pepys, 80 ; object of the 
 grant of Charles II. 84 ; remodelled, 92 ; 
 disorganized state of, 94 ; its discipline effec- 
 tually restored by Mr. Wales, 94 ; proficiency 
 acquired in the under department, 187 ; ap- 
 pointed course of instruction, 187 ; old, the 
 description of, 349 ; buildings adjoining, 350 ; 
 royal charter of, lxxii 
 
 Matthew's day, St., annual commemoration of, 
 111; sermon and speeches on, 112; cere- 
 monies observed on, 1 12 
 
 Matron, office of, 321 
 
 Meals, 320, 322 
 
 Mendicants, their appearance in England, 5 ; 
 Fuller's account of, 5 ; their four principal 
 sects, 6 
 
 Mendicity, increase of, after the dissolution of 
 monasteries, 25 
 
 Messengers, 325 
 
 Middleton, Thomas Fanshaw, his birth and early 
 education, 258 ; his cotemporaries at Christ's 
 Hospital, 258 ; specimen of his school exer- 
 cises, 259 ; his lasting attachment to his 
 school and school-fellows, 261 ; his contri- 
 bution as a governor, 262 ; his admission at 
 Pembroke College, Cambridge, 263 ; edits 
 the Country Spectator, 264 ; ordained to the 
 curacy of Gainsborough, 264; becomes tutor 
 to the children of Dr. J. Pretyman, 264; 
 preaches on St. Matthew's day, 264 ; is pre- 
 sented to the rectory of Tansor, 264 ; marries, 
 264 ; takes the curacy of St. Peter, Mancroft, 
 Norwich, 265; is instituted to the rectories 
 of Little, and Castle Bytham, 265 ; writes his 
 treatise on the Greek article, 265 ; proceeds 
 D.D., 266 ; is collated to a stall in Lincoln Ca- 
 thedral, 266 ; exchanges his preferment, 266 ; 
 takes up his residence at St. Pancras, 267 ; 
 appointed archdeacon of Huntingdon, 267 ; 
 endeavours unsuccessfully to erect a new 
 church in his parish, 268 ; appointed Bishop 
 of Calcutta, 268 ; lays down rules for his 
 future guidance, 269 ; preaches his first ser- 
 mon in Calcutta, 270 ; encounters consider- 
 able difficulties in the exercise of his office, 
 
 272 ; proceeds on his first visitation, 274 ; 
 returns to Calcutta, 278 ; economizes his 
 time, 278 ; his lectures on the Litany, 279 ; 
 composes a prayer for the use of his family, 
 279 ; Ceylon annexed to his diocese, 281 ; 
 preaches on the death of the Princess Char- 
 lotte, 282 ; proceeds on his second visitation, 
 282 ; proposes the foundation of a college in 
 Calcutta, 283; lays the first stone of the 
 institution, 284 ; holds his last visitation at 
 Calcutta, 287 ; is seized with severe illness, 
 288 ; his death, and funeral honours, 289 ; 
 honours paid to him in England, 291 ; his 
 monument in St. Paul's, 292 ; his person, 
 scholarship, disposition, and acquirements, 
 292 ; testimonials to his character, 293 ; his 
 successors, 295 ; his portrait, 345 
 
 Minories, the, whence so called, 13 
 
 Monasteries, visitations of, 13, 14; suppression 
 of, 15; Henry VIII 's motives for, 18 
 
 Monastic Institutions, origin of, 2 ; almost de- 
 stroyed by the Danes, 4 ; restored by King 
 Edgar, 4 ; their state after the conquest, 4 ; 
 declining reputation of, 4 ; consequences of 
 their dissolution, 14, 25; extent and effects 
 of, 25 
 
 Monastic revenues, appropriation of, 26 
 
 Monastic state, unfavourable to Christianity, 15 
 
 Money " owned up," 319 
 
 Monks, their licentious habits, 16 
 
 Monitors, their appointment and duties, 320 
 
 Monitors' bell, 323 
 
 Monuments, in Grey Friars' Church, 24 ; of Dame 
 Mary Ramsey, 66 ; in cloisters, 346 
 
 Moore, Sir John, his reply to Mr. Pepys, 88 ; 
 writing school rebuilt by, 115; his statue, 
 116 ; his portrait, 344 
 
 Moore, Sir Jonas, part taken by, in the foundation 
 of the Mathematical School, 77 ; his system 
 of mathematics, 79 
 
 Morrice, Mr., his compact with Sir Robert Clay- 
 ton, 102; his portrait, 344 
 
 Moses, Mr. Sergeant, his exhibitions at Pem- 
 broke College, Cambridge, 67 ; his estate 
 and advowson at Wormshill, 67 
 
 Music-master, duties of, 197 
 
 New mathematical school, 99 (note) 
 Newton, Sir Isaac, 90 (note) 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Newton, Mr. Samuel, elected mathematical-mas- 
 ter, 90 ; his misconduct and dismissal, 94 
 
 Nunnery of the order of St. Clare, 12 ; its value 
 at the dissolution, 13 
 
 Nurse of the infirmary, duties of, 326 
 
 Nurses, number and duties of, 323 ; their wages, 
 allowance, and dress, 323 
 
 Observants (see Franciscans), suppression of, 21 
 
 Observatory, 200 ; destruction of its furniture, 
 200 
 
 Officers, charges of, 45 ; of Christ's Hospital, 
 list of, 335 ; at Hertford, 337 
 
 Ophthalmia, appearance of, among the children, 
 160 
 
 " Order of the Hospitalls," 44 
 
 Organ, given by E. Skelton, esq., 105; in new 
 hall, 178 (note) 
 
 Organist, ancient bequest for, 197 (note) 
 
 Orford, Lord, his remark on the journal of Ed- 
 ward VI. 32 
 
 Pagett, Mr., his neglect of duty as mathematical- 
 master, 89; his resignation, 90 
 
 Palmer, Mr., Treasurer, resignation of, 165; his 
 character and services, 165; his portrait, 165, 
 345 
 
 Parochial education, designed by Edward VI., 57 
 
 Parochial collections, amount of, 58 ; difficulty in 
 making, 63 
 
 Parr, Dr., his Spital sermon, 107 
 
 Parr, Thomas, esq., his portrait, 345 
 
 Paul's Cross, preaching at, 49 
 
 Paul's, St., school, foundation of, 48 
 
 Penmanship, specimens of, 186 
 
 Pepys, Samuel, furthers the plan of a Mathe- 
 matical School, 77 ; obtains an enlargement of 
 its endowment, 78 ; his interest in its welfare, 
 79 ; his correspondence respecting its ineffi- 
 cient management, 80; his opinion respecting 
 Mr. Stone's bequest, 82 ; his interview with a 
 deputation from the committee, 89 ; interest 
 taken by him in the election of a mathe- 
 matical master, 90 ; his reprobation of the 
 Treasurer's perverseness and mismanagement, 
 91 ; his report of abuses, accompanied by a 
 threat of a royal visitation, 91 ; elected 
 Treasurer, 91 ; appointed vice-president, 92 ; 
 remodels the Mathematical School, 92 
 
 Perkins, Mr., his contributions to Sir J. Moore's 
 Mathematics, 79 ; his death, 79 
 
 Perryn, John, his gift, cxiii 
 
 Peter's, St., College, Cambridge, LadyM. Ram- 
 sey's intended bequest to, 65 
 
 Peto, a Franciscan, his sermon before Henry 
 VIII. 19 
 
 Physician, duties of, 327 ; election of, in Charles 
 II. 's time, 327 ; documents respecting, 329 
 
 Picture-Court, the, 122 
 
 Pilgrimage of grace, 14 
 
 Place House, at Ware, 69; description of, 114 
 (note) 
 
 Poor, three distinct classes of, 36 ; acts of parlia- 
 ment for their relief, 56 
 
 Porter, his duties, 324 
 
 Portraits, in the court-room and counting-house, 
 342 
 
 Poynder, Thomas, esq., elected Treasurer, 169 
 
 Prayer, on occasion of laying the first stone of 
 new hall, 173 ; used at the opening of new 
 hall, 179; bishop Compton's form for the 
 use of the children, 197, cvi ; of bishop 
 Middleton, 279 
 
 Presentation, original form of, 71 ; right of, set- 
 tled, 74, 134 ; present form of, 147 ; sale of, 
 151 
 
 President, his privileges, 75 ; office of, 309 
 
 Presidents, list of, 310 
 
 Prince Regent, intended address to, 126 (note) 
 
 Private pupils, 68, 195 
 
 Prizes, awarded in early times, 48, 53 ; for 
 writing and cyphering, 193 
 
 Public suppers, their early institution, 110; al- 
 terations in time of celebrating, 110; cere- 
 mony observed at, 111 
 
 Pulpit cross, at the Spital, repaired, 49 
 
 Pump, the, 347 
 
 Queen Elizabeth, her inauguration celebrated at 
 Christ's Hospital, 128 (note) 
 
 Ramsey, Lady Mary, her munificent benefactions, 
 64 ; her five advowsons, 65 ; her exhibitions, 
 65 ; her intended gift to St. Peter's College, 
 Cambridge, 65 (note) ; her monument in Christ 
 Church, 66 ; her portrait, 343 
 
 Ramsey, Sir Thomas, 65 
 
 Randall, Lewis, his gift, 59 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Reading School, establishment of, 127 
 
 Receiver, office of, 316 
 
 Recreation, hours of, 199 ; amusement during, 
 
 200; management during, 321 
 Refectory of the old convent, 350 
 Regulations for admission, 73, 120, 144; anxiety 
 
 of the Governors to prevent their abuse, 148 
 Religious houses, — see monastic institutions 
 Religious instruction, 196 
 Rental ceded by the dissolution of religious houses, 
 
 15 : appropriation thereof, 26 
 Renters, duties of, 313 
 Richards, Walter, his scholarships, cxii 
 Ridley, Bishop, his sermon at Westminster, 34 ; 
 
 its effect upon Edward VI., 35 ; his conference 
 
 with the City authorities, 36; his eulogium 
 
 on Lord Mayors Dobbs and Barnes, 46 
 Riots in 1780 ; incident during, 128 
 Robinson, a Franciscan, his conduct at Paul's 
 
 Cross, 20 
 Royal Hospitals, original government of, 130; 
 
 agreement between, 132; settled by act of 
 
 parliament, 134 
 Royall Elegie on the death of Edward VI., lxiii 
 
 Savoy, the palace and hospital, account of, 39 ; 
 its revenues transferred to King Edward's 
 foundation, 39 ; refounded and again dis- 
 solved, 40 
 
 Scholarships annexed to Christ's Hospital, cxii 
 
 Scholefield, Rev. James, 152, 174 
 
 Schools, writing, 67 ; grammar and petite, 67 ; 
 new grammar and mathematical, description 
 of, 356 
 
 Scite of Christ's Hospital, 338 
 
 Scrutener, ancient office of, 313 (note) 
 
 Sermons, Spital, 49, 106 ; on St. Matthew's day, 
 112; annual at Christ Church, 128 (note), cxiv 
 
 Shaw, John, esq., his buildings, 352, 354, 356 
 
 Shops, 348 
 
 Sick ward, old and new, — see Infirmary 
 
 Singleton, Mr., his portrait, 343 
 
 Skelton, Edward, organ given by, 105 
 
 Skulking, 321 
 
 Smith, Erasmus, esq., his portrait, 344 
 
 Smith, John, esq., his bequest, 139 
 
 Solicitor, office of, 333 
 
 Speeches on St. Matthew's day, 112; on occasion 
 of opening new hall, 179 
 
 Spelling boys, 186 
 
 Spital sermons, origin of, 49 ; their continuation 
 at Christ Church, 106 
 
 Standing at the stone, 320 
 
 Statue of Edward VI. over south gate-way, 103 ; 
 opposite counting house, 345 ; over grammar 
 school, 356; of Sir John Moore, 116; of 
 Charles II., 349 
 
 Statute, respecting legacies (14 Eliz. c. 14.), 58; 
 confirming agreement between royal hospitals, 
 134, lxxxviii 
 
 Stephens, Rev. L. P., his character and services, 157 
 
 Steward, office of, 318 
 
 Stewards, list of, 334 
 
 Stillingfleet, Bishop, his education in Christ's 
 Hospital doubtful, 203 
 
 Stock, John, extract from his will, 96 ; his badge, 
 98; his bequest, 96, 128 
 
 Stone, Henry, his gift and bequest, 81 ; discus- 
 sion respecting their application, 82; Mr. 
 Pepys' letter on the subject, 82 ; final settle- 
 ment of, 92 ; badge of his foundation, 93 ; 
 his portrait, 344 
 
 Stopping, punishment of, 198 
 
 Street-keepers, duties of, 325 
 
 Stretchley, Mr., dispute respecting his will, 119; 
 his portrait, 344 
 
 Strong-room, 341 
 
 Sunday evening lecture, establishment of, 144 
 
 Sunday, devotions on, 197 ; observance of, 321 
 
 Surgeon, duties of, 330 
 
 Surveyor-general, office of, discontinued, 132 
 
 Surveyor, office of, 332 
 
 Symonds, Peter, his bequest, 59 
 
 Tickets, 198 
 
 Translation of Edward VI. 's Charter, li 
 
 Travers, Samuel, his gift, 99 ; his school incor- 
 porated with Royal Mathematical school, 99 
 
 Treasurer, office of, 311 ; his privileges, 75, 313; 
 his required securities, 314; his house and 
 appurtenances, 340 ; his garden, 341 
 
 Treasurers, list of, 314 
 
 Trevors, John, his hospitality to the Grey Friars, 8 
 
 Trollope, Rev. A. W., elected head master, 141; 
 his academical distinction, 141 (note); reputa- 
 tion of his pupils, 141 ; present from governors, 
 142 ; increasing reputation of his scholars, 152 ; 
 presented with his D.D. degree, 152 ; his re- 
 
INDEX. 
 
 signation and death, 174; tribute of respect 
 
 from his pupils, 175 
 Twelves, the, 93 ; their badge, 93 
 Twos, the, 96 
 
 Vacations, 198 
 
 Vagrants, early act of parliament respecting, 56 
 
 Verrio's great picture, 124; Malcolm's criticism 
 on, 124 (note) 
 
 Vicars, John, immortalized in Hudibras, 218 ; 
 character of his writings, 219 ; his education 
 in Christ's Hospital, 219 ; entered at Queen's 
 College, Oxford, 219 ; publishes his " Mis- 
 cheefe's Mysteries," 219; elected under mas- 
 ter of Christ's Hospital, 219; publishes his 
 " Prospective Glasse," 220 ; title, dedication, 
 and congratulatory address prefixed thereto, 
 220 ; his animosity against the Independents, 
 222 ; publishes his " Coleman Street Conclave 
 Visited," 223; his translations, 223 ; his death, 
 224 ; his works, 224 
 
 Visitation of the Monasteries, 14 ; insurrections 
 caused thereby, 14; unjustifiable abuse of, 16 
 
 Vyner, Sir Thomas, his portrait, 343 
 
 Under grammar school, constitution of, 185; du- 
 ties of the masters, 185 ; day's work of each 
 class, 185 
 
 Under grammar masters, list of, 334 
 
 Upper grammar masters, list of, 333 
 
 Waithman, Mr. Alderman, officious interference 
 of, 146 
 
 Wales, Mr. William, elected mathematical mas- 
 ter, 94 ; his successful discipline, 95 ; his 
 character and services, 95 
 
 Ward collections, 53 
 
 Wardrobe keeper, office of, 317 
 
 Wards, new, 347 
 
 Ware, establishment at, 69 
 
 Watchers, 321 
 
 Watchman, his duty, 325 
 
 Watson, Sir Brook, picture of his escape, by Cop- 
 ley, 353 
 
 West, John and Frances, their gift, 118 
 
 Whittington Library, 10, 105, 348 
 
 Widows, forty, charity for, cxiv 
 
 Wilby, Thomas, esq., 334 (note) 
 
 Winchelsea, Thomas, 10 
 
 Wood, James, his scholarships, cxiii 
 
 Woodthorpe, Henry, esq., his affection forChrist's 
 Hospital, 113 (note) 
 
 Wren, Sir Christopher, his estimate for building 
 south front of Christ's Hospital, 102; archi- 
 tect of writing school, 115 
 
 Writing school, first establishment of, 67 ; built 
 at expense of Sir John Moore, 115; ceremony 
 at its opening, 115; excess of cost above 
 estimate, 116; statue of Sir John Moore, in 
 front of, 116; system pursued in, 186; ex- 
 tent of instruction there given, 186; descrip- 
 tion of, 354 ; at Hertford, 357 
 
 York, Duke of, first stone of new hall laid by, 1 70 
 Young, Mr. Richard, his portrait, 344 
 
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