University of California College of Agriculture Agricultural Experiment Station Berkeley, California STATISTICAL SUPPLEMENT TO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT' STATION CIRCULAR 373 CALIFORNIA ASPARAGUS ECONOMIC STATUS, 194 7 ^ Sidney Hoos and H. Fisk Phelps September, 194 7 Contribution from the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics 1. Statistical Supplement to Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 373 California Asparagus, Economic Status, 1947 Sidney HoosVand H. Fisk Phelps2/ The data presented in this report are basic for an evaluation of the 1947 outlook for California asparagus. The data have been used in an analysis of the asparagus situation in California with special reference to the status in 1947. Since that report, released separately, includes summary tables and charts, the more extended and comprehensive data are made available in this report for use by those individuals interested in the detailed statistics. CONTENTS Charts Pages Utilization £-4 Fresh shipments 5 Prices 6-8 Canned pack, carryover and shipments. 9-11 Tables Acreage. 12-16 Production 17-19 Yield 20-21 Utilization 22-25 Fresh shipments 26-28 Prices 29-31 Canned pack, carryover and shipments 32-35 Summary of California Canning Asparagus Controls. ., 36-41 1/ Associate Professor of Agricultural Economics, Associate Econo- mist in the Experiment Station and on the Giannini Foundation. —' Associate on the Giannini Foundation and in the Experiment Station. Figure 1 Utilization of California Harvested Asparagus Production. 1918-1945- 2. w O 150 125 I.I. 1 " ~t / \ ' \ ' I / > 1 ^ / ( / \ 1 l\ / '\ ,\ ; 1 1 \ 1 v/ 1 / » / i canned ■— : j „ i ; \ / 1 75 / i \ / / V / 25 - /*s^_ fresh / frozen^ rv 1 i ..... i .... i , i ... t !. . 1 1920 1 op 1930 1935 1940 1941 Source c: data: Table 7. Asparagus production for canning in California increased reoidly from 1921 to 1929, After a sham dron in 1931 and 1932, production rose again through 1935 but not to its former 192S high. c ince 1936, the yearly fluctuations have been ?;reab, but the ^ener^l trend of production for canning hns been downward. Production for fresh market showed n similar rise fror° 1922 to l r '7? as iid canning production. Production decreased to 1938, rose again by 1941 bo almost the 1932 peak, but has declined since 1941. Reported production for frozen use began in 1937 but has not yet reached a relatively significant volume. i< i gu re £ Asparagus Production for Canning in California and Other States as Per Cent of United States Production for Canning 1934-1945 loo- Oh Source of data: Pased on Tables 6 and 7 Since 1934, California asparagus production for canning has become an increasingly smaller percentage of the total United States production for canning. Contributing about 90"? of the total production for canning in 1934, the State, in seven years, dropped to the oosition of supplying about 50^ of bhe production. r rom 19 A 1 on, the State has maintained this oosition, with slight yearl - "' fluctuations. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of California, Davis Libraries http://archive.org/details/statisticalsup37347hoos Figure 3 Percentage Utilization cf California Asparagus Production 1918-1945 4, c o o T3 O t-. C XJ K > x: c o a. 100 [vera™,^ Farrf; Price for Fresh Market and Processing A soar a "-us 1918-1946 1 1920 1925 1930 15S5 194 194' Source of data: Based or. Table 10. The California farm erice for fresh market asparagus evidenced great lotuations between 1913 and 1934. After a slight decrease in 1920 and 1921, it rose ranidly to 19 22. then decreased sharply to 19 9 7, After rising again in 1923 and 1930, the price decreased rapidly to less than half the 1920-23 level From 1934 on, with the exception of the decreases in 1933, 1944 and 1945, the price increased steadily to a new hir;h in 1946. The farm price for processing asoarar;us has shown less violent yearly fluctuations. After a downward trend from 1913 to 1932, the price has risen steadily, except for 1333 «md 1932, to about twice the 1913-20 level Fi gu re 6 California Asparagus Pro duet ion for Fres^ Market pnd Season' s Average Farm Price for Fresh Market Asparagus 1918-194-5 7. X c w O c 0. G'. o 300 1 250 200 — 150 100 - 50 1 • - 1/ / \.^ Production for Fresh Market 1920 1925 1930 Source of data: Tables 4 and 10. 1935 1940 i i i ft ! i I / I ! I 1945 rs.oo 50 03 2.00^ \ ° Ll50 & i £ ! o ■L00° \50 The price y^er crate received by California farmers for fresh market asparagus has. in general, moved in the opposite direction from California production for fresh market. After a brief rise and fall the price rose sharply to a high in 1923 while production decreased slightly. '.s production began increasing rapidly up to a high in 1932, the price drooped sharplv, rose some in 1923 and 1930, and then continued on down to a low in. 1934. After 1932, production began decreasing with great yearly fluctuations to 1959, while the price rose to 1937 and likevd.se dropped in 193G . From 1939 on, the price in- creased sharply to 1943, leveled off and rose again in 1946; production increased also to 1941, but thereafter began decreasing with strong yearly fluctuations. Figure 7 California Asparagus Pro due '"ion for Processing and Season's Average Far*] Price for Processing Asparagus 1918-1946 8. w G o M C o H 1920 1925 IP 30 1935 1040 1945 Source of data: Table 10. "roduction data fro- Tables 7 and 11; price dats from The orice received by California farmers for processing asparagus h* c 1500 aj 1000 500 \ Regular / White / / / / \/ \ \ \ \/ 'All-Green \ / / 1930 1935 1940 1945 Source of data: " Table 12; nrior to 1934 sane source as noted in Table I?. The canned pack of regular white asparagus in California has been decreasing gradually since 1930. The sharp decrease to 1932 was followed by a partial recovery un to 193G . and then gradually continued the downward trend. tHiring the period, 1930-46, the yearly fluctuations in the neck have become less and less violent. The California pack of all-green asparagus in 1933 was more than double the 1930-3? level, and remained relatively constant at the higher level through 1941. Beginning with 1942, it has increased rapidly, exceeding the regular white rack durinr- the last two years . 10. 0] -a c w 3 a) *-> o •a: 3 COO 3700 2400 2100 " 1800 - 1500 * 1200 • 900 GOO 300 Figure 9 Canned Asparagus Pack in California, New Jersey 1/ and Illinois 2/ 1934-1946 California \ \— — >\ ./ \ t V 11 ev Jersey _ y Illinois ■' 1935 Source of data: Table 1° 1940 1945 The canned pack of asparagus in California increased from. 1934 to 1936, then decreased to 1933. Since 1938, the pack he s beer gradually increasing. The New Jersey canned pack increased steadily from 1934 to 194°, leveled off end then decreased slighbly in 1945, but in 1946, the rack increased to the previous 194° high. The canned pack in Illinois increased gradually to 1937, then leveled off through 1941. After 194.1, the pack rose to a new high level which it maintained through 1946 . \J Includes small quantities from Delaivare and Maryland. 2/ Includes small quantities from Indiana, Iowa and Nebraska. Figure 10 United States Shipments of Canned Asparagus to Civilians and to Fxoorts end " : ar Services Seasons l/ f 1934-35 to 1946-47 11. 0) C a EQ 5.0 h 4.0 .0 2.0 1.0 /I / "X Tot^ 1 Shipments / / \. / \ / it Export and i y/ar r Servi ces 7/ / // / 1945- 46 Source of data: Table 14 Domestic shipments of cpnned asparagus into civilian channels increased gradually from 1934-35 to 1942-43, followed a downward trend to 1945-46, and increased sharply in 1945-4*7. Shipments into export channels and to war services were relative!*/ constant until 1937-33. A decrease to a new level followed which lasted through 1941-42. Shipments then increased to a level more than twice that of the middle 30' s, finally declining bo thq level cf 1946-47, Total U. S. shipments of canned asparagus have evidenced three distinct levels. The first level was fron 1934-35 to 1938-39, the second from 1939-40 to 1941-42, and the third from 1942-43 to 1946-47. 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CD 10 H co x > "vj H -." c O 1 *■ i cd bj vr CO c- .f CD ■sf C U cr> •H en O O H S-, rH .H 1 eu CD «d" tt' LO c . . tO c -r 1 cd en • H en c p H rH CO >.D CO CO X) k en • H O CO CO CO X3 p p «M ,H rH Cd to ai O O 03 p E CJ rH C3 03 •H .H 03 X3 bj X p C' rH cd rH 03 C co O r^ p rH > r-H L3 J-H C cn X) to > cd 36. Summary of California Canning Asparagus Controls The following material has been comoiled and made available in summary form for the benefit of those readers of Circular 373, "Cali- fornia Asparagus, Economic Status, 1947, who are particularly interested in the control programs. Although no program was in effect and opera- tive for California Canning Asparagus during 1946, production and market conditions during the next several years may encourage the reinstitution of various types of orders and programs. In view of such possible de- velopments, the following summary is presented. 1933 . — Faced with a prospective crop considerably lareer than that of the previous year, California growers and packers proposed formation of a central clearing house to market the harvest and take care of the expected surplus. It proved impossible to bring all factions into agree- ment, however, and the plan was dropped. 1934 * — No regular federal marketing agreement was used, but the California canners operated under government license, and were controlled by a committee which fixed the pack at 1,900,000 cases, set the season opening and closing dates, and established minimum prices to the growers. 1935 .-- A Triple-A marketing agreement was used this season. It set the pack at 2,250,000 cases, and established opening: and closing dates. The agreement was based on a schedule of minimum prices to growers which became the going prices for the season. 1936 . — Asparagus was governed by the first agreement drawn up under the California Marketing Agreement Act, chapter 677, passed by the 1935 Legislature. The agreement covered 27 canners and affected 303 growers of asparagus in California. It provided for the impartial grading of all asparapus for canning and limited the packing season to not more than 90 37. days. Only No. 1 grades of white and preen could be oacked. The pack- ing period began shortly after April 1 and continued to June 30, 1936. During this period, 2,349,661 cases were canned, which was considered by the Industry Board not to be in excess of trade requirements. Ail in- ferior and cull asparagus was segregated from deliveries and disposec of in noncommercial channels, so that the general level of quality of the pack improved. Also, at the beginning of the season the percentage of the daily cut delivered to canneries was regulated, thus preventing gluts in fresh markets. No growers* prices were set, nor was the size of the pack limited in quantity. 1937 . -»- The Marketing Agreement and license for the industry cover- ing the 1936 crop terminated on March 15, 1937. A new agreement and li- cense became effective April 13, 1937, for the 1937 crop, and terminated with the statute (of 1935) on September 30, 1937. Two hundred and eighty- four growers and twenty-two canners were affected, A variable opening date was provided for, and the length of the canning period was limited by a season's closing date. Only No. 1 white and green asparagus could be packed. Grading requirements further set the minimum diameter of as- paragus stalks from 3/8 to 7/16 inches, and limited the green tip on white asparagus to 1| inches with a tolerance of 5 per cent. An Industry Board was established which supervised the inspection and assisted the state Director of Agriculture in the administration of the program. 1938.-- Under the California Marketing Act of 1937, a Marketing Or- der for this industry was made effective by the Director on April 27, 1938. The Order provided principally for grading and inspection of the 1938 pack, and for setting up an Advisory Board. No limitation of the quantity of the pack or the packing season was provided. Under the Agricultural Prorate Act, the 1938 pack was set at 1,800,000 38. cases as the compromise figure after growers had petitioned for control. The total audited pack for the season was 1,796,377 cases. There was no price-fixing in the agreement. 1939 .-- The Marketing Order, under the California Marketing Act of 1937, became effective April 27, 1939, for the 1939 season only. This Order provided only for grading and inspection for both white and gritn asparagus as well as for strained foods, and had no direct bearing on either the length of the canning season or the size of the pack. The As- paragus Adivisory Board administered the order. Under the Agricultural rrorate Act, the program committee fixed the canned asparagus pack at 1,850,000 cases, exclusive of soups, purees, etc. A suit brought against the program by one packer was dismissed. 1940 .-- The yearly Marketing Order, under the Marketing Act of 1937, became effective April 18, 1940, to cover only the 1940 season. Again it established minimum grading requirements for both white and ?reen as- paragus, as well as for strained foods grade, and provided for the inspec- tion of all asparagus delivered to canners . The Asparagus Advisory Board administered the order as in previous years. Under the Agricultural Prorate Act the legal pack limit was set at 2,175,000 cases of canned asparagus, exclusive of canned strained aspara- gus. A closine date, June 30, 1940, was set but the limit of permissible deliveries was reached on June 25 and deliveries ceased at that time. How- ever y producers whose beds had been severely flooded were permitted to deli- ver for cannine until June 30, thus increasing the pack approximately 5,000 cases over the legal limit. No grower prices were fixed. 1941.-- Under the Marketing Act, the Marketing Order for canning as- paragus for the year was set up as of April 17, 1941. About 435 growers and 22 canning firms were affected. The Order again provided for the 39. establishment of minimum grading requirements for white and green and a strained foods grade; for inspection of all asparagus delivered to the canneries; and for an Asparagus Advisory Board to administer the control. The Asparagus Proration Program for Asparagus Proration Zone No. 1— con- tinued in effect duringr the 1941 season, with authority to fix the maxi- mum seasonal pack and set a closing date for deliveries for canning. However, the Proration Frogram Committee for the Zone recommended that there be no limitation of the quantity delivered for canning; and further that June 20 be set as the final date for such deliveries to safeguard the quality of the canned pack, recognizing that asparagus harvested late in the season tends to yield a lower-quality pack; The Prorate Advisory Commission approved these recommendations and ordered no deliveries after June 20. Grower deliveries were considerably curtailed by a strike of workers from May 9 to May 23, and by flood and seepage losses. 1942 ,^- The Marketing Order for the 1942 season became effective April 19, 1942, directly affecting about 325 growers and 21 canning firms. As for the previous five years, it provided for the establishment of a No. 1 grade for the various types of aspara-us, inspection of all canning deliveries; and an Advisory Board of growers and canners to assist in the administration of the Order. The Marketing Program of Asparagus Proration Zone No. 1 continued in effect during the 1942 season with provision for grades for canning asparagus, limitation of pack, end establishment of a closing date for deliveries. For the 1942 season the Program Committee of the Zone recommended to the Director that there be no limitation of the quantity which might be delivered for canning, end that June 30 be estab- lished as the final date for deliveries in order to preserve the beds and 1/ Yolo, Sacramento, Solano, Sutter, Contra Costa, and San Joaquin counties . 40. to obtain a better canned product. The Director's order fixed the final delivery date as recommended. 1943.-- The seventh consecutive yearly order for canning asparagus issued under the California Marketing Act of 1937 became effective April 12, 1943. Its provisions were identical with those of 1942, ~nd it af- fected about 358 growers and 21 canning firms. The Marketing Program of Asparagus Zone No. 1 under the Agricultural Prorate Act likewise contained the same provisions as in 1942. The Program Committee recommended, how- ever, that no program be undertaken for the 1943 season, in view of the uncertain labor conditions and government orders relative to the pack and disposition of the final product. The Director approved this recommenda- tion as well as the committee's recommendation that funds available to the committee be retained to be used to start the operation of the program in the 1944 season, if deemed advisable. The total audited pack was 2,070,760 cases. 1944 . — The eight consecutive yearly order for canning asparagus be- came effective on April 24, 1944, and contained the same provisions as previous Marketing Orders. Under the Agricultural Prorate Act, the Program Committee for Zone Ncl did not consider it necessary to operate the pro- gram during the 1944 season, and the Director concurred. Thus again there was no limit on the pack and no closing dste for deliveries, though the grading and inspection requirements, and the Advisory Board were still op- erative , 1945.— Under the California Marketing Act of 1937, the ninth con- secutive yesrly Order for canning asparagus became effective on April 14, 1945. As previously, the Order provided for establishing No. 1 grades of the various types of asparagus, insepction and grading of all asparagus de- livered for canning, and an Advisory Board composed of 5 producers and 5 41. canners to assist the Director in the administration of the Order. The Asparagus Proration Program was still in effect but not operative for the 1945 season. The total pack amounted to 2,479,952 cases and was greater than the 1944 pack. The indicated support prices for cannery asparagus .remained at the 1944 level, namely 7 rents per pound for white and 8 cents for green. Prices paid by processors were varied and the weighted average for the season exceeded support price levels.