Ex Libris C. K. OGDEN THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES IX > HIEROGLYFIC: O R, A Grammatical Introduction T O An Univerfal Hieroglyfic Language ; CONSISTING OP ENGLISH SIGNS and VOICES. WITH A Definition of all the Parts of the ENGLISH, WELSH, GREEK, and LATIN Languages ; Some Phyfical, Metaphyfical, and Moral curfory Remarks on the Nature, Properties, and Rights of Men and Things. And Rules and Specimens for compofing an Hieroglyfic Vocabu- lary of the Signs or Figures, as well as the Sounds of Thing*, upon rational and philosophical Principles, and the primitive Meaning of Names. By ROW. JONES. ec Expatiate free o'er all this Scene of Man, " A mighty Maze ! yet not without a Plan." LONDON: Printed by JOHN HVGHS, near Lincoln's-Inn-Fields ; And fold by Meflrs. DODSLEY, in Pall-Mall ; DAVIS, in Picca- dilly; SHROPSHIRE, in Bond- Street ; ELMSLEY, late VAIL- LANT, in the Strand; OWEN, at Temple-Bar ; and CROW- DER, in Pater-Nofter.Row. Of whom may be had, the Origin of Language and Nations, by the fame Author; Price 55. and his Poftfcript is. in Sheets. 1768. PREFACE. TH E fubjel of this inquiry, tho' of that importance as to demand the care and attention of the ablell writers, is perhaps the leaft underftood of any branch of fcience. This being in a great meafure owing to the prefent corrupt ftate of languages, and the wrong courfe and direction of lexicographers in the inveftigation of them, the writer of this eflay, therefore, without prefuming to inftrudl: his readers in any common track of literature, only fubmits to their perufal fome difcoveries, which perhaps may be of fervice towards the refloration of language and primitive knowledge, and excite thecuriofity of thofe of greater learn- ing and penetration, and engage them, ifpolTible, in arefearch worthy of their contemplation, the reftoraticn of the firft univerfal language of mankind. For although the ground- work, which chiefly depends on the author's own difcoveries, may be fketched out by himfelf, without the parts and learn- ing of an Ariftotle, yet it muft be confefled that the finifhing ftrokes in any new abftrufe branches of literature deferve a more mafterly hand. However, fince we are here indif- criminately permitted a decent exercife of our faculties upon - the moft ferious fubje&s, it is to be hoped no unpardonable offence has been committed, in fubmitting the following fheets to the judgment and decifion of men of candor and learning. If they fhould in any degree approve of the wri- ter's labours, he will then be juftified this intrufion into the province of the literati, with all his defeats and inaccuracies. But fliould the contrary happen after an impartial and candid examination, he muft then acquiefce with the common fate of his fellow-labourers, and impute his errors or miftakes to the intenfity of his zeal for the fervice of mankind, more par- ticularly Britons of all denominations. But to be condemned unheard, in a country that boafts fo much of its liberties, ef- pecially thofe of the prefs, muft be without a precedent. However cuftomary it has been for writers to take notice of the performances of former authors upon the like fubjefts, in order to fhew the necefftty or utility of their own ; yet, as no perfon ever treated this fubjecl upon the prefent plan, and the author is not fo vain as to imagine that any thing he could have advanced might have been fuf- . A 2 ncient PREFACE. fident to attract thofe that have been long accuftomed to the clod-cutting traces, and the voice of prejudice or mere founds, and he prefumes not to teach any particular language or doctrine, it fhall be declined as ufelefs in the prefent cafe ; and we fhall proceed here to what feems to be more proper and neceflary for the illuftraticn of thefubject in hand, name- ly, to tranfcribe fome notes taken in the courfe of thefe in- quiries, introductory to a rational grammar. And firft of the nature and ftate of man. Man, in the fenfe of language, isto be confideredas a com- pound of allbeings, amicrocofminhisform, and a general intel- ligentechoof the divine fiat by his fpeech; a vegetable, by his manner of growth and nourishment ; an animal by his motion, refpiration, and feeling ; and a fpiritual being from his think- ingorintelligent faculties j his animal part being probably form- ed with the other animals, out of the duft of the earth, and his intelligence in its firft ftate, that tree of life, breath, or fuperad- dition breathed into his noftrils by the creator, by which he be- came a living foul. The eflence of this celeftial and terreftrial iyftem or compound being will probably remain indefinable, until man fhall recover his primitive exiftence, as the tree of life ; tho' the tree of knov/ledge of good and evil in the mean time furnifti him with fufficient means for his happinefs here, and exiftence hereafter as the tree of life j for his organs of fenfation, in conta6t with external objects and impreflions, form in the fenfory the various modes of feeling^ and thofe images are perceived by the will ; which has not only a nill- ing power of permitting thofe images to remain without any additional light, as the mere images of fenfation fit only for the government of animal bodies ; but alfo of willing or pre- ferring them to the reflecting faculty of the foul for the for~ mation of fentimental ideas, to be regiftered in the memory, and employed by the mind in its intelligent, rational, wife and virtuous operations, for the illumination and conduct of a reafonable being, appointed by Providence lord of the creation. The human will being the fole energy of all voluntary motions in man, and motions continuing in direft lines or courTes, if not diverted therefrom, moft probably would have continued its pure intuitive courfe and directiontowardsgood- hefs, virtue, and true happinefs, without the power of nilling or depravely contradi&ing its original nature, as the tree of life, had not the ferpent interpofed and put the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil in its way. And as man in his ftate of innocence, before his fall, muft, as the tree or breath PREFACE: breath of life, have been furniftied with the knowledge of good, fo it feems probable that Mofes by the tree of knowledge of good and evil? meant the generative powers, or certain characters or letters reprefenting them, en- graved on the bark of the tree of knowledge of good and evil* furnifhing the firft pair, in their ftate of innocence, with two forts of ideas or knowledge, and the means of gratifying their luft, as well a,s pride or curioflty of knowing good and evil, like their fuperiors ; mankind before their fall being probably capable of feeing each others ideas, without the ufe of founds j and of propagation after the manner of the fecond Adam. Since thofe animals, which are endued with the organs of fpeech, are incapable of articulating any conceptions, it is reafonable to fuppofe that the animal part of man alone, without the afliftance of the intelligent or rational, muft be fo likewife. It is therefore probable that the human will* agreeable to the notes or ideas imprefled on the memory, plays upon the fibres, the fimple tones of articulation ; which in their paflage, with refpiration, thro' the lungs, ftomach, windpipe, larynx, and mouth, are by the glotis, tongue, lips* mufcles, and other organical powers, which aflume literal figures, modulated into articulate founds, both fimple and compound, agreeable to the nature of things and the'ir ideas, as imprefled in the human fenfory. And as man is furnifhed with ideas chiefly by the means of fpeech, the tree of know- ledge of good and evil feems to be no improper metaphor of the human voice or perfon, or the Dryades and Hamadryades* nor the tree of life, of man's intuitive ftate of knowledge and virtue. It is yet the general opinion that human fpeech derives its origin folely from the arbitrary compofition or invention of man, without any connexion with nature or the intervention of Providence. However true fuch bold and prefumptuous doctrines may be with refpecl: to fome of the corrupt com- pounded parts, which chiefly occafioned the great variety and confufion of languages* yet articulate founds, the materials of fpeech, clearly appear to have been the gift of Providence* and always the fame in all countries j as for inftance, an In- dian, as well as an European, in exprefling the idea of length, will contract and lengthen the organs of articulation, fo as to form an acute found, and the fhape of the letter i ; and to exprefs breadth they will alike extend them, like the letter o, |o exprefs a broad or grave found j and fe in other A 3 cafes PREFACE. eafes, though they differ as to the manner of compounding thofe founds ; more efpecially on account of the great lofs of primi- tives amongft the Indians. And it cannot be otherwife, fince the fcripture proves that Adam named things agreeable to their nature, under the inflection and direction of Providence. Again, to fuppofe man of himfelf, without the inter- vention of Providence, capable of forming the materials of his own fpeech, muft be as abfurd as to imagine that he formed the materials of his own ideas or himfelf, fince fpeech depends on the original frame of man, and the fhape of his organs, and abftra6t and complex ideas on names, as the means of forming and regiftering them in the memory. Nor does it appear to be lefs fb, to imagine dumb men, without infpiration, capable of fixing upon arbitrary figns of language, or advancing in knowledge, or at leafl, of forming fo perfect a fyftem, without being grevioufly taught the ufe of letters and characters, the elements and principles of languages ; more efpecially fuch of the founds and figures, as were not to be met with in any other parts of nature, and the un- intuitive, vicious, privative, and negative parts both of knowledge and language, which depend on the hieroglyfic, facred, or fecret characters. And, whatever may be the difs;uite of arbitrary or corrupt dialects, they will all appear upon due examination to derive their origin from the original tree of knowledge ; and was it not for the difference of cli- mates, conftituttons, habits, manners, and other accidents, which demand the aid of grammar, it feems probable, fince characters reprefent the figures of things, and letters, or na- tural articulate founds fubfift in the very frame of man, the very ideas caufing vibrations in the fpeaker, are felt by the hearer, and the elements of fpeech are univerfally the fame, that languages would naturally fall, or at leaft, like the Englifh, incline to their primitive univerfal itate, and the fame combination and construction of particles into words and fcntences, if the particles of all languages were precifely de- fined according to their primitive meaning ; there being in man an innate potency of recurring to, as well as an impo- tency of erring or deviating from the original modes of fpeech, as well as perceptions, and of becoming virtuous and vicious by turns. Languages, it is true, have been fluctuating, and in par- ticular the Englifh ; which was originally the Celtic or Phry- gian, brought by our anceftors, the Titans, in the firft weft- ward migration, from theJefler Afia, thro' Greece and Italy into PREFACE; into ancient Celtica ; and which on the arrival of the Romans in Italy partook of the Greek dialects, and furnifhed the Romans with a confiderable part of the Latin tongue. Some of the Aborigines of Italy, Spain, and Gaul, having after- wards fled from the Roman yoke into Germany, without their priefts and druids, who had before retired into Bri- tain, their language as well as knowledge received an ebb, though no foreign admixture. But their priefts and bards denominated in the writings of the Britifh poets, the Luch- lin colony, and in Germany and Italy, by the names of Lon- gobards, and Lombards, the great bard nation^ and fpeaking the Britifii language in Germany, being drove by the Ro- mans out of Britain, into Germany and Denmark, their language as well as knowledge received fome increafe from the mother tongue ; which then in its turn began to fmk in Britain. And thus all the dialers of ancient Celtica are but different dialects of the old Celtic language, which firft made its way into Europe, and fo they ought to be deemed by lexi- cographers in their definition of vocables. But of all thofc dialects, the Englifti in refpecl: to the copioufnefs, ftrength, and fimplicity both of its vocables and conftru&ion, feems to be the beft fund for an univerfal language of any upon earth. It may not perhaps feem improper here to explain fome other abftrufe principles in phyfics and metaphyfics, frcmthe meaning of vocables, as they too feem . to explain the prin- ciples of rational grammar. There are, it feems, in phyfics, difcoverable by the fignification of words, three univerfal principles or. genufles of things, namely, fpace, matter, and motion ; which, as to their eflences, if eflence, nature, and quality' differ in ought but form, are indefinable. But with refpecl to their modes, properties, and forms, fpace is diftance everyway, whether with or without body; with it, it is extension or capacity; without it, a vacuum ; quantity, menfuration, number, place or matter extended, a continent, an ifland, length, breadth, figure, thicknefs, an inch, a foot, a yard and fuch things being its modes. Matter, what- ever its effencemay be, is an indivifible impenetrable atom or corpufcule ; of which two or more afiembled or cohered, form a particle, and larger cohefions or combinations of thofe form fenfible bodies, which are chiefly diflinguiihable in lan- guage by their forms ; though they have fuch properties and modes, as length, breadth, a#d thicknefs, or extenfion, folidity, or an alFemblage excluding all other bodies from its place, A 4 diviiibility PREFACE. divifibility or the feparation of its quantity, mobility, paffivenefs, and figure, or that length and breadth without thicknefs, which prefent themfelves to the eye. And as to the a&ive qualities of matter, they feem to be all intentional, as fluidity, foftnefs, rarity, heat, and other modes of mo- tion ; all the reft being paffive, and arifing merely from the different texture, difpofition, and combination of bodies ;. or a privation of the former ; as, firmnefs, hardnefs, den- fity, coldnefs, drynefs^ and reft. Motion is the fucceffive paffage cr change from once place or ftate to another. Of which there are three forts expreffible by language, viz. the energic, generative, and local; which with their various modes or actions are expreffible by verbs. The metaphyfical part of man, which derives its origin from the Creator's impreffion, or the eflence of the thinking foul, altho' it has no more confcioufnefs or knowledge of its own eflence, than thofe of other beings j nor perhaps the means of its prefent modes of conception, without the ufeof thofe bodily organs, to which the all- wife Creator was pleafed to confine it for a time, and the prefence of internal objects,, any more than the organs of fenfation feel the touch without the contact of external objects, is ftill in the fool, as well as philofopher, when furnifhed with proper organs, equally capable of that innate potency of expreffing its own qualities and actions, as is evident from our umverfal acknowledge- ment of a creator, and the different powers of thofe fools who are capable of lucid intervals. And however different our reafonings may be concerning the attributes of the infinite Creator, from the varioufnefs of objects and different degrees of volition, there can be nothing more abfurd than to affirm that the human foul cannot be imprefled with the image of its Creator, becaufe at times it expreffes or affedts no confciouf- nefs of it ; confcioufnefs being rather an energic affirmation or quality of the foul, than its eflence, as an involuntary ani- mal or vegetable motion is an act, rather than the caufe of motion. Such perceptions however as it does exprefs of fpiritual beings, have privative, energic, or moral names ; which are formed by the fymmetry, and juft meafures and proportions of parts and modes of motion j from whence moral notions alfo derive their origin, as fhall be {hewn in the courfe of the following work, as fliall alfo as to our mif- takirrg infinite duration for time. \ ThV PREFACE. Tho' fnetaphyfics aid the moral plan, " The proper ftudy of mankind is man ;" His language part we now prefume to fcan, A mighty maze to be without a plan ; * A wild where weeds promifcuous (hoot, * Or garden tempting with forbidden fruit ;' The tree of life, once, branches, ftem, and root, Of knowledge too, fince vices on it moot. The garden cleared of the tares and weeds, Gives willing force, and cogitation fpeeds. ' Then, as life can little more fupply, ' Than juft to look about us, and to die ; * Expatiate free o'er all this fcene of man, * A mighty maze ! yet not without a plan.' Plain truth, notperfon, is my utmoft hope, I tell you truly in the fenfe of Pope. Wild fignifies a wood, or the place of the higher growth, and is an emblematical exprefllon for the tree of knowledge of good and evil, the TA, matter or found of human fpeech, as e/- feems to be of its ideal property. Perfon is a compound of per-fon, fweet found ; per alfo fig* nifies any fweet ripe fruit, as figs or figes, according to the Welfh ; which perhaps refembles that which gave man the denomination of perfon, the found of the apple or afal^ and to the fallen angel that tempted Eve, the name of di-afal or devil, the apple God; and figes and vices fignify the fame thing ; the v confonant and digamma being the fame, and g being an inflection of the radical c. See perfon, wood, &c. in the vocabulary. The fall of man has laid us under a fort of charm, which nothing can remove but a thorough tafte of the tree of know- ledge, and avoiding its vicious branches as much as poffible. Had that great reafoner Mr. Lock been fo happy as to attend a little more to the tree of knowledge, inftead of intirely re- jecting the divine origin of human fpeech, and innate prin- ciples of thinking, he might have reafoned well upon right principles, inftead of mifleading and confirming us in our er- rors, as without doubt was his intention. The PREFACE. The learned Hermes, the very beft of modern gram- marians, whofe ingenious performance, had it fooner come to my perufal, might have charmed me out of my prefent la- bours, to acquiefce with his opinions, feerns to be a little af- fected by this fort of charm, and perhaps is as much deluded from his fubje6t by the language, learning, and beauties of the Greeks and Romans, as the late author of the fhort intro- duction to the Englifli language, by fome of our modern barbarii'ms, the very exceptionable parts of our language. GRAMMA R. GRAMMAR is the right method of exprefling the ideas of things by figns and founds adapted for the fenfa- tion of the eye and ear, according to their hieroglyfic nature, forms, and modes, and that wriKfx&a. or intelligent echo, with which man was originally endued by jhis Creator. It confifts of three parts or forts of names, viz. letters, confidered as characters or the figures of things, and as figns of articulate founds ; their combination into particles and nouns ; and their confirmation into phrafes, propofitions, and fentences. And, according to the prefent ftate of languages, etymology may be admitted as a fourth divifion of grammar. ^ LETTERS. Letters, as y^.^JLA'TA or characters, either really or em- blematically perfonate, and reprefent things and ideas ; and as notes of articulate founds fignify internal conceptions, and exprefs them to others. They confift of various forts, fuch, as fimple characters to denote elements or principles ; com- pounds to exprefs complex ideas 4 and things ; the dividers of parts ; actives, energies, and affirmatives ; and privatives, and negatives. Thefe are the fmalleft or elementary parts of language, as atoms are of matter and action of motion ; an aflemblage thereof form particles, as of atoms do thofe of matter j and a combination of either form more fenfible bo- dies, and foon to the conftruction of larger forms, mafles or fentences; letters havingbeen formed in their fhapes and founds, agreeable to ideas and things, and having a natural con- nection therewith ; and length and breadth affecting the eye in the fame manner as their vibrations do the ear, and a combination of both the human will and perception. Characters, which confift of irregular lines, circles, or curves, are incapable of general figns or meanings, or repre- fenting 12 LETTERS. fenting many things ; but ftrait lines, and circles, and their divifion and multiplication, like the Roman, only are capable of that hieroglyfic, univerfal reprefentation and meaning, which the firft univerfal language muft be fuppofed to exprefs, and as moft other characters feem to be only deviations from the Roman, from mere affectation, or for the conveniency of fculpture, there feems to be no great abfurdity in fuppofing that Adam was furnifhed with tbofe characters, and inftru&ed in their founds ; that they continued in general ufe until the confufion of Babel, when mankind began to make ufe of the noife or founds of cattle inftead of human voices ; and that the Romans were furnifhed with thofe characters by the Tufcans on their arrival in'Italy. Nor does it feem in theleaft probable that thofe nations which had been deftined by Provi^ dence to be the pofleflbrs of the moftdiftantcountries weft ward from Afia, who made their way thither accordingly, along the Mediterranean coafts, through Crete, Greece, Sicily, Egypt, Mauritania, Tufcany, Spain, Gaul, and Britain, were in Afia at the time of the confufion. And as thofe characters are adapted only for the Celtic, Phrygian, or Britifh language, which refolves the names of places of the feveral countries through which it parted, preferable to the more modern diale&s thereof, and Crefar thought that Druidifm began in Britain ; it feems very probable that Mer- cury, Gomer, or Hermes, and other Druids, leaders of the weftern colonies, were always poffeft of thofe fecret cha- racters ; it being certain that the Gauls before Caefar's time had the ufe of letters. Befides, ancient hiftory takes notice of the hieroglyfics, as confifting of the figures of animals, parts of human bodies, and mechanical inftruments invented byThoth the firft Hermes, which were afterwards tranflated into Greek, and depofited in books in the Egyptian temples, and which the learned fuppofed to be facred characters. The characters of the firft language were without doubt fimple, requiring but few rules for their combination and conftrudtion ; and yet muft have been expreflive of all the na- tural figns and founds of things ; for fuch certainly ought to be the conftruction of a language propofed for an univerfal aflent ; and fuch in ny opinion is the Englifli, whofe vocables are hieroglyfic ; and their meaning agreeing with the pitu- refque combination. Thefe were the ancient characters, en- gravings, or y ^.(jt-i^cn A ; and their founds were the ro/%et, the thief founds ; and which we {hall here proceed to explain, to- gether with the Greek characters. Eng. LETTERS. 13 Sg.21.1 r*f .-.I l^|tl|ll*|fil = ^ ^ B n Ji u no Ti*r M.* 5 K 6 W i 4 LETTERS. This alphabet confifts of feven vowels or voices, which in their own nature, actively, and without any fuper-addition, yield compleat articulate founds, particles, or names, and hieroglyfically reprefent the elementary or active parts of the human body, and nature, as fimilar thereto, namely, a, e or h, i, o, u, w or <, T ; and of other characters or letters, which are called confonants from their yielding arti- culate founds only in company with vowels. Of thefe b, c, d, f, g, 1, m, p, t, are alfo hieroglyfic reprefentations of the various parts of the human body and other things as fimilar thereto ; and they are mutable and inflectory in the prono- minal cafes, from the lefs animate, flow, and almoft filent radical ftate, both as to the fenfe and found, to the rougher, louder, and more animate and active founds and things ; as for inftance, c, p, r, the moft filent, as expreflive of ma- terial or paflive fubftances or local inanimate actions inflect into g, b, d, which are fomewhat louder and rougher, as being expreflive of the higher and more active things and actions of men and animals ; and thofe again into the ftill louder and rougher founds of ch, ff, th, as thofe are ex- preflive of the moft energic actions or modes of motion ; but when g, b, d, are the radicals of inflection, they again inflect into ng, f, m, dd, n, and in fome dialects the 1 and r have the afpi rates 11 and rh for the radicals, as has been fhewn in my former treatifes. To the lofs of thefe inflections may in a great meafure be imputed the great variety and confufion of languages ; new dialects having been formed by changing the radicals and mifapplying the inflectories, as father for pater, brother for frater, and mother for mater, b, c, d, j, k, p, q, t, as yielding little or no founds, without the afliftanoeof vowels, are called mutes; 1, m, n, r,.f, s, as having imper- fect obfcure founds without the company of vowels, have been diftinguifhed as femivowels ; and l,m,n, r, alfo as liquids from their flowing in particles, as in, if, il, im, in, ir, the flow of the fun's rays, light, motion, liquid, and life or qualities upon the lower world of beings and thjngs ; but the diftinct- ions of mutes and femivowels feem trifling, as moft letters feem to be vowels in fome degree. Here, before we proceed to explain the figures and powers of letters, it may not perhaps be improper to obferve that the parts, affections, and ideas cff the human pair, incor- porated, as in the figures at the end of this eflay, were the archetypes or patterns of the original characters, whofe figures and founds are defcriptive of the univerfe ; that letters and particles have two founds, the mafculine and feminine, the LETTERS. 15 the active and paflive, or the fhort and long ; that a particls or fyllable cannot in the genuine fenfe of language confift of more than two letters ; and that there are not in facl: any fuch things as dipthongs ; thofe now fuppofed to be fuch, being two or three particles of one vowel each, which formerly was a common method of compofition, as appears by the fol- lowing piece of ancient poetry ; in which there is no confo- ant made ufe of, the r being only a letter of found. Oer iu yr eira ar yr yri, Oi riu or awyr i rewi ; Oer iu yr ia oi riu ri Ar eira oer iu yr yri. Thus Englifhed. From its high hill cold is ice, Cold is the fnow on Snowden ; Its nature from the fky to freeze On fnow fo cold is Snowden. The letter o is an indefinite circle, fignifying the univerfe, motion, fpace, the fun's figure and motion, and all or ol, extenfion of length, breadth, and thicknefs j and it is expreflible of parts only by a diminution of its general fenfe ; as inb-ol, a ball or part of all, or-b, a circle part, w-or-l-d, a man's circle part or place of life, b-or-d-er the circle part of the poflefiions and 10, one circle, which being repeated comprehends all numbers. This, like all other original let- ters, has two founds, the long and the fhort, as in on, one y ton, tone ; and its fhape or figure was taken from the circum- ference of the huirnn pair clofe together, face to face, which is man's chief circle place, fignified by the term world. The Greek a is a double u as has been explained in my former treatife. The letter i is an indefinite line, reprefenting man in his primitive ftate of innocence, as it does ftill his body, as a Tine, without its extenfion, and his head and fenfes by its dot ; and in a fecondary fenfe are exprefled by this line and dot, length or heighth towards the fun, the fun-beams, fire, heat, and other qualities both fpiritual and animal, as ftill flowing upon man, and other things as relative to him, and originally perhaps centering in himfelf, and fince his fall ojily relatively. But though man and nature have beenim- paired 3 16 LETTERS. paired by original fin, they ftill ieem to be invefted with cer- tain fprings, energies, or returns of thofe ilations and quali- ties, as, thinking, willing, voice articulate, powers gene- ative and growth ; whereby the human fpecies may be ex- tended, and acquire fo much knowledge and virtue, as, with the blefling of Providence, to be capable of being reinftated. The chief of which fprings is exprefled by the letter u, a compound of two i's fignifying man's compound of male and female, and fpirit and matter, with a c at their bottom, fpringing them upwards ; by y as to the generative and vege- tative parts, which alfo is expreffive of woods and other growth ; it being a compound of i j, and half of the fpring c, as not being expreflive of the fpirit of man. The i alfo ex- prefles man as an upright line placed in the centre of all worldly beings and fubftances, to whom they bear a relation, as mall be (hewn under adverbs. The u vowel feems to de- rive its figure from the human face, the feat of the voice, and the heart, and the feminine or confonant v from the vagina, if it be an original letter, but, from its found, it feems to fupply the place of the digamma. The y or T refembles trees, plants and vegetables, and the j confonant is the half of it, and Sometimes made ufe of inftead of g, to exprefs fome of the generative parts and qualities. Thefe vowels have each two founds, the high and low, long and fhort, or grave and acute, viz. i, as in, in, high, or /, go thou ; the u vowel, as, in, unflion, baited; and they as the u in un&ionand y in hyflbp; but the w has only one long found, as in woman, womb, wood, and it is moftly applicable to fpirituals, man, and things belonging to him; the wh has the gutteral found of the Welfti ch, or the Greek %, as in where, why ; the j confonant has the found of g in generation ; and the v confo- nant th-at of the foft flowing f of the Welfh, or as in verb, vici ; thus fupplying the fofter found and meaning of the digamma. The letters a, e, h,, M, H, in their primary fenfefignify the male and female pofteriors, the clitoris, eretores, &c. the im- pulfe and fprings of generation, andtheearth and waterplaceof man ; whence a came to be an expreflion for the element earth or matter and things hard, rough, or interje&ory, and for the element of water and any feminine, foft, or paf- five parts or things, but the interjectory afpirate e or be is mafculJne, and the 5 has one fpring refembling that of rain. The a has properly two founds, as in animal, have, or name, but not that of o or the northern a in all; tha maf- culine e or he has an afpirate found, as in hero, and a mute one, LETTERS. 17 one, as in echo ; and the feminine g was originaHy founded foft, like the French cedill c, as m fleece, -vice, and the ufe of this character and found ought to be continued or the foft c {hould be marked with a cedill to prevent the confufion of the hard and foft founds of c j but more of this elfe- where. The letters c, k, q, g, y, wh, ch> x, *., 3, |, fignify actions of different forts and degrees, viz. c as the half of o, fignifying motion, and k and q, as fignificant of its found, lignify the modes of common local motions or actions ; and the hard c alfo reprefents half the round of the pgfteriors, as doth the whole of the male and female together, as the feminine or foft c doth the other half ; g or y reprefent the tefticles or half the gamma, f being the other half, and the ge- nerative and growing parts of man and nature ; and the reft are their gutteral inflections expreffive of animal founds and actions. The palatals fliould be founded hard and fhort, as in quick) the foft c in fome cafes as the feminine g before ex- plained, and f before the vowel i, the fuperlative gutteral forts, as the wh in ivhere, why, and the Welfli chwa, chwant, and g or y as in egg, edge. All thefe characters are nothing more than compounds of c, h, f, as will be fhewn hereafter. The letters d and bput together, thus, db, as compounds of 1 and o, or length and breadth, are expreffive of man and woman's body part, from the thigh to the part of the body which the elbow reaches, and all other living beings fo ex- tended, as T does the extenflon of matter, but being again divided into d and b, they exprefs living things, or the quali- ties of parts and diminutives of bodies, and emblematically fpirits and privatives, as p does parts of matter, as divifor of T. The d and b ought to be founded alike in all languages, as, de, bt, and dd, as the, but letters are farther explained in the former treatife. T reprefents man's legs together, with the feet upwards, and both toes turned outwards as upright and traverfe lines, extenfion and man in his temporal ftate, turned out of para- dife, under the fky, topfy turvy, and all things as relative to him, and the line upon which time or the manner of reckon- ing the diftances of actions are meafured. T founds alike in all languages, and th and as in the, Thebes, and thofe are the inflections of T. The letters p. ph. fF, f, T, *, *, fignify material or dead parts, or their qualities, as p divides T ; ph is p high, up, or active ; the digamma * or f, the p inflecting the gamma ; and j* actions of a lefler nature, as growth. B The i8 LETTERS. The p and T found alike in all languages, ph, fF as fufee, or fun, j^ as in Pfalms, it being only a compound of p, and f as the v confonant in verb, but thefe letters are farther explained in the former treatife. m reprefents a man's body and arms or wings from the top of b and d, or the elbow part of the body, up to the neck, and the world, forms, and things, as furrounding and belong- ing to man, as (hall be further explained amongft the par- ticles. It founds the fame in all languages, n is the thighs, with the parts above them, forming a traverfe line, and the vacancy betwixt the fame when extended, fignifying to be in, or in exiftence or pofleflion, having f and d for its auxiliaries, but before the vowels or fprings it exprefTes a negative or pri- vative j and it has no particular found. IL, L, A, are T or man's legs, once put together, fepa- rated, and as divifors of T, which fignifies fpace or extenfion, are expreflive of particular lengths and breadths, and their places, qualities, &c. The L or A is founded as eel or il and IL has an afpirate hi/Ting found in the Welfh, Spanifh, and fome other dialects. The letters r, ^ , p, P, R, reprefent animals and their parts, and their mouths as the place of found ; S being added to P, as a found, forms R, the found as well as part of an animal ; and they are all to be founded as in viper, except where they hap- pen to be radical letters, and then with an afpirate h as in rhyme. The S, 0-, Z, are alfo letters of found, but ex- prefs no part of man, and are rather the fhape of fome ani- mal of the ferpentine kind, the waving of the breath oc water, &c. They have two founds, the hard and foft, as in lofs, zone. This explanation of letters, together with what has been given already in my former treatifes, and (hall be added amongrt the particles, will, it is to be hoped, be deemed fatisfadtory, as to the fenfe and origin of letters, and the facred characters ; notwithftanding the pretenfions late- ly fet up for thofe of irregular lines, curves, and windings, which can exprefs but few things, and the remarks of another ingenious gentleman, as to the non-entity or insignificancy of the Hieroglyfics ; his enquiry having been confined to the vulgar forts, or the paintings or engravings of animals, &c. when it now appears the Hieroglyfics confifted only of thofe few facred orfecret characters. The hints and fpecimens here given of the method of combining the hieroglyfic figures, being as compleat as the prefs will admit of; and a procefs thereof, thro* the whole of the Englifh language, confidering the corrupt ftate of languages, tho' the Englifh is as capable of LETTERS. 19 of an hieroglyfic combination as any, requiring much lofs of time, trouble, and expence, and perhaps the aid of a Hunter and a Hill, and fome other reafons occurring, theauthor hopes he (hail be excufed for proceeding no further at the prefent, in the combination of characters. Of Particles and Syllables. A Particle is a fimple articulate found and figh of one or two characters or letters ; but a fyllable fome- times by the cutting off of vowels, becomes a com- bination of more letters, which is yet commonly pronounced as a fimple articulate found j there being a natural relation and agreement betwixt the figns and founds of letters, and ideas and things. Particles and fyllables were originally framed according to their hieroglyfic fliape^ the natural founds of ideas and things, and the fenfe and value of letters, as has been already explained ; and therein the quantity of the action of found was meafured and proportioned to the motion, action, or energy of the thing to be exprefled, as the high j loudj acute, or {hort accent, for an active or energic par- ticle, and the low* grave^ and long, for a paifive, fubftantive^ or a negative one. And altho' fome letters* as a, e, y, p, t, and fome par- ticles in words are fo fixed by the addition of y, ty, ive, and other terminationsj as of themfelves to be always fubftantive and long, as to quantity and accent ; yet thofe paflive and long letters and particles, by the addition of an active vowel, confonant, or particle^ will become active and fhort. Hence the beft way of fpelling or pronouncing muft be to divide the particles of compound names according to the original man- ner of their combination, fenfe, and founds, and when a vowel is cut off, its confonant, with the remaining vowel } or with the moft valuable, if there fhould be any doubt, as in trie following examples, ex-ec-ra-ble, co-re-ipond-ing, pro-ble- m-at-ic-al-ly, un-ec-fpect-ed-ly, prin-ce 3 o-af, o-ther, o-ver, B 2 ub-iqu-i-ty. 20 LETTERS. ub-iqu-i-ty. Thofe forts of names and their compounds ac- cording to their fignifications and nature in language, are diftinguifliable into the following forts, viz. Articles to fub- ftantive and identify names ; nouns fubftantive, or the names of fubftances ; pronouns, which collectively exprefs nouns and antecedent parts of fentences ; adjectives, which are added to the names of fubftances, to exprefs their qualities and accidents j actives, or the names of actions, verbs, ener- gies, and affirmatives of being, acting, and feeling; adverbs or additional words, to exprels quantities, qualities, diftances, modes, and energies of actions and things, with their de- grees ; prepofitions to denote and connect fituations, and conjunctions or connectives of names, propofitions, and fen- tences. As the right apprehenfion of the hieroglyfic primitive lan- guage very much depends on a clear illuftration of particles, which as forts of compound letters, together with the primi- tive hieroglyfic letters, comprehend all the materials of the firft univerfal language, the following addition is here made to what has been already publifhedon the etymology of particles \ the radicals being placed in each clafs before their inflections and tranfponents. Ab, eb, af, ef ; ba, be, fa, fe- Thefe ex- prefs the generas and fpecies, as well as caufes and effects of animal life, beings, and growth of the earth and water, both male and female, as in ab-ba, eb-riety, af-ect, ef-edt, ba-by, be-an, fa-ther, fe-male, fa-ar-am-er, ba-ar-en-efs. Ib, if, bi, fi. Thefe are exprefiive of the qualities flow- ing from above, like the fun's rays upon man and inferior beings, and their return of life, as in 1-ib-eral, 1-if, bi-le, fi-eld. Ub, uf, bu, fu. Thefe are the fprings or returns of the above qualities in man and other beings, as in ub-erty, h-uf, bu-d, fu-el, ub or fpringing upwards. Ob, of, bo, fo. Thefe fignify out of, or from the circle of life or fight, or dead, as in ob-lation, ob-livion, of-fering, of, bo-dy, bo-ne, fo-reign. Ac, ec, ag, eg, ach, ech, ang, eng, ca, ce, ga, ge, cha, che, nga, nge. The firft fort of particles denote the feveral motions and actions of earth and water or matter, both animate and inanimate, and their tranfponents exprefs their contraries, fuch as, reft, confinement, fhuts or inclofures, as in, ac-t, ec-ftacy, ec-ho, ag-ain, eg-g, ach-ieve, ach-os or caufe, fpe-ech, bre-ech, ech-uin or a loan, ang-er, ng-age, ca-ab-age, ca-ge, ce-iling, ce-11, ke-ep, ga-te, LETTERS. 21 ge-ld, cha-os, che-ft, che-fn or her back, gnad or gned, or hnimed, kna-ve, kne-ad. Ic, ig, ich, ing, ci, gi, chi, ngi. Thefe are the prin- ciples, qualities, and beginning of motion, the firft or chief action, or creation of heat, man, and things, and their re- turns, as in h-ic, or the man action, ig-menos or proceeded, ig-neous, h-igh, wh-ich, ich-od, ing or acting, as a man in the line of pofleflion, th-ing, k-ing or ci-ing, the chief in the line of pofleffion, the reft are the inflections of ci or chief inflected thus, ci, a chief, gi, his thief, chi, her chief, ngi, my chief. Uc, ug, uch, ung, cu, qu, chu, ngu. Thefe are the fprings or returns of thofe acts from man and other beings upwards, and the fpecies of generations, productions, and energies therefrom, as in uc, uc's-or, cl-uck, h-ung, ug-ly, ug-ies, uch-el, cu-fan or kifs, cu-r or care, cu-b, Cu-pid, gu-ide, gu-ilt, gu-ft, gu-t, chuck, chu-rl, chu-ith or breath, know-ledge, gnu-eid or making. Oc, og, och, ong, co, go, cho, ngo. Thefe are the moft occult actions as proceeding frem the hind part of the human circle, or from the fight part of the circle, occur- rences, and coalefcence of actions and motions circular, and their fpecies and productions, as in oc-ult, oc-currence, og-le, och-i-my or filth to me, och or oh fie, th-ong, co-alefcence, co-herence, go-re, cho-ler, ngo or my me- mory. Ad, add, ed, edd, da, dda, de, dde. Thefe are exprefllve of diminution, privation and divifion of earth, water, matter, growth, parts, and other things ; and as fuch an addition to the goods and pofleflions of man, as in add, ad-eg or de- creafe, had or feed, ed-ible, da or goods, dda his goods, de-arth, de-ath, de, dde, the or a thing. Id, idd, di, ddi, fignify the divifion, qualities, and action of man, or the human intellect, fpirits, and privatives, as in, id-ea, idd-o, or the human properties, di-vifion, di-minim, yn ddi-rgel or fecretly. Ud, udd, du, ddu. Thefe are the fpring or return of human intelligence, as divided or exercifed, and their fpecies and negatives, as in, h-ud or fafcination, cy-h-udd-o, to confefs one's crimes, du-bious, du-11 or judgment, du-tifull, i-ddu-n, to a man. Od, odd, do, ddo. Thefe fignify the divifion of the cir- cle of motion, or a circle of actions called time, prefent and paft, as in, oed or age, od or life, odd or the paft action or age, do or it has been done, or it is paft, ddoe or yefterday. B 3 Ab 22 LETTERS. Ah, eh, ih, oh, uh, ha, he, hi, ho, hu. Thefe ex- prefs the different impulfe or energies of the human paf- fions and affe&ions, and are explained amongft the adverbs ; of which fpecies of names they feem to be. Ai, ei, ii, oi, ui, and their tranfponents, fignify motions local as of moving, walking, or driving, actions and affec- tions of generation and growth, man out of pofleflion, man's vifage, and affirmations of yea, and the fun's motion darting its rays by io ; but an h is commonly added to the radical as $n additional energy. Al, el, la, le. The extenfion of earth and water, or place in general, and qualities and animal founds as extended, as al high in alps and altus, el low or in hell, el-egy, la-nd or furface, le or p-la-ce, terrefti-al, aquati-le, c-all, kn-ell, la- ment, le-gible, II, li, fignify an ilation and extenfion of the fun's rays, fo as to caufe light, with its returns, effe&s, or lights below ; and all intentional qualities, and emblematically intelli^ gence as proceeding from the divine cenfory, as in il-ation, Il-um-ine, ho-il the fun or the glorious light, h-il, its flow- ing rays and the human race, li-ght, li-u or colou-r, li-ke,' of the action of light, il-uftrate. Ul, lu, fignify the return or fpring of the human light as extended by male and female in their rays and race, and in a more compounded manner than li, as in v-ul-tus or vifage, r-ule or the light, lu a family. Ol, lo, fignify all or place, or fpace extended, and the cir- cle of motion, as in oil or all, b-oll or ball, lo-cus place, lo-ft. Am, em, ma, me. Thefe exprefs the exiftence, forms, and modes of man, earth, and water, as material beings, as in, am, the about or exiftences, am-bit, am-ple, mam, ma- ter or mother, ma-es a field, ma-ith and ma-int, quantity, fize, and extenfivenefs. Im, mi, are expreflive of man's prefent exiftence or ftate in this world, with refpecl to his fuperior and more ex- cellent qualities, than his animal ftate, as \T\ im-agination, im-menfe, im-mortal, im-pulfe, im-pio to (hoot upwards, jmradel to depart, mi, me, mi-di-le, me in the divided place, that is, the line betwixt his fuperior and inferior peings, mynor mi-in, by my life. Um, mu, fignify man's fpring of enlarging himfelf in his prefent ftate, and at laft, through death, of returning to an immortal one, as in um-pire, h-um-an, h-um-ble, n-um- erqus, LETTERS. 23 erous, mu-te, d-um-b, mu-af, the greateft, mu-ch, mu-1- tiply, mum, mu-my, mu-fe. Om, mo, fignify all forms, modes, and fpecies, as in om-in-is all in the lower parts, ombredd or abundance, omni- fic, mo-on, mo-nsor mo-untain,mo-r the fea, mo-ral, mo-re. An, en, na, ne. Thefe fignify the exiftence of earth and water or matter, and the negative, as in an-y, the earth in, an-au, natural growth, en the firmament, en-d, en-creafe, na no matter, ne-b, nobody, or being, ne-ft. In, ni, are affirmative of exiftence and non exiflences, ge- nerally as, in, include, in-carnation, ni or not, ni-d-ula- jion, ni-ght, ni-m. Un, nu, as in and ni are affirmations, relative to man, fpirits, beings and things unfeen, as, un, one or the uni- verfe, un-ite, un-i-verfal, un-i-form, nu-gacity, nu-de, nun or nu-un. Ap, ep, af, ef, pa, pe, pha, phe. Thefe are the divifors of T, fignifying the extenfion of this fyftem, into parts of earth and water, or material fubftances and things, as, ap, from, ap-erture, pa what part, pe-th or pa-rt, ep, ef, or eph, privatives and ufed as terminations as parts of water, as are op and oph ; it being abfurd to fuppofe O all to be a part, or ip, up, or ub, which imply no extenfion and are fprings upwards, to be divifible. See the Poftfcript. Ar, er, ra, re, fignify earth and water or matter, as in ar-able, ac-ar, bran-ar, fallow-land, e-ar-th, or the ele- ments pf both earth and water, ab-er, running water or har- bour, go-er, a rivulet or fliore, ra-bet, ra-ble, er-uption, re-turn, re-flow, re-nt. Ir, ri, are the fun beams or rays, heat and fire ; alfo heighth, length, diftance, and direct motion, as in ir-a or ir-e, f-ir-e, h-ir or length, ri heighth, ri-ght, ri-fe, pelyd-ir the rays of the fun. Ur, ru, fignify man inclufive of all his energies, fprings, and fuperior qualities, as ur-tue or virtue, t-ru-th, ur-th, worth or value, ur-d or word, ur-dd, hon-ur, or honour, ur-fhip or worftiip, ru-in-wedd, divine property, ru-ler, rue. Or, ro, are the circle of extenfion, place and diftance from the line of pofleffion, as in b-or-der, or, a circle, f-or the things within the borders of pofleffion, or-der, or from, or-b, ro-me, from me, round. As, es, is, os, us, fa, fe, fi, fo, fu. Thefe are expref- five of earth and water, men and things feen and founded, the earth's furface, the place of reft or loweft place j found and fight in general, as is and fi j os and fo a greater ex- B 4 tenfion 24 LETTERS. tenfion thereof ; usandlu, the human, fweet, or perfuafive found or perfon. At, et, ath, eth, ta, te, tha, the. Thefe exprefs en- tities, properties, extenfions, pofleffions, and limits of earth and water, and other things under the fky, as in at, ath- wart, eternal, eth-icks, ta-me, ta-n or fire, ta-acs or tax, te-rm, te-mpeft, te-mple, te-mion, tha-n, tha-t, the, the-m, the-re, the-nce, the-ory. It, ith, ti or ty, thy. Thefe are expreifive of entities, pro- perties, extenfions, and exiftences in general under the firma- ment, as it, ith or thine, time, thi-ef, thy, thing, thi-s, ti-11, it-m-e-rant. Ut, uth, tu, thu, are the return, fpring or extenfion of man and things in growth, generation, and volition by labor, induftry, and wifdom, as in ut as, ut-moft, ut-erus, ut-ili- ty, ut-terly, mo-uth, tu or thou, aber-thu, to facrifice, tu a houfe or poflefiions, tu-tor, tu-g. Ot, oth, to, tho, are the circle and extent of poflefiions, properties, motions, and things, as in hot, oth, from thy pofleffion, to, top, to-il, to-parch, tho, tho-rough, tho-ught. Ou is woe or a man out of the circle of life j and u u or w is the fpring of fprings. Of thofe forts of names are formed the more complex, fuch as thofe names, phrafes, or proportions called words merely by a combination of the proper forts, either with or without an elifion of confonants. In the latter cafe, the lefs expreflive, valuable, or neceflary may be cut off when two vowels occur in compofition, as its confonant will in fome meafure pre- ferve its found in company with a more worthy vowel j and all a&ive radical vowels ought to be dropped in the names of fubftances and things, as appears by the following examples, viz. blackifh or b-li-ack-ifh, a thing without light ; blefled- nefs or bi-il-eiT-ed-in-efs, life flowing down upon the world ; brutifh, or ab-ru-ti-ifo, he is from the property of truth ; cla- morous or ac-al-am-or-us, a great calling aclion about us ; cli- verly, or ci-liv-erly, like the water clan ; creating or ac-ci-ir- at-ing, the chief or firji motion to extenfion and aclion ; crocodile or ac-ir-oc-o-di-il, an angry afting, deceitful water animal ; dread orid-ir-ad, at the fire; fiow or a{-i\-ow,a fpring of the raysofthe fun; froftor af-oer-ft, the lower parts at a Jtandfromthe cold; and cold is from ac-ol-id to be without fun ; glorifying or ag-lo-ri- fying, the doing of an high attion in an extenfivs place ; gnaw or ag-in-w, the afting in of an animal; grafs or ag-ar-as, the affion upon the ground ; place or p-la-ce, a part of the earth's .\tenfioji ; property or pe-or-pe-er-ty, entity or pojfejfion of the LETTERS. 25 the farts of land and water or of this globe ; fcull or fi-cau-al, the fight Jhut ; Iky or is-kay, the covering of below ; flack or is-al-ack, a low orjlow aftion ; fmall or is-am-il, the rays of the fun about below ; fnail or fi-in-na-il, it is in without light $ fpeak or fi-pe-ak, the attion of the found part ; fpy or fi-pe-y, the feeing thing j ftar or fta-ir, the Jlanding fires ; trace or tir- race, the land race j and race or ir-ace, is a long attion. ARTICLE article, <*p9r, partakes of the nature of pronouns ; X and in apportion or concord with another name, either active or fubftantive, determines it to be a fubftantive, or the name of a fubftance, with its identity and number. There are two forts of articles, viz. the and an ; an becomes a or any before a confonant, and either of them being placed in appofition to an active convertible name, convert it into a fubftantive, as to form into a form ^ to chafe into a chafe. And, names being firft formed in the plural number, both thefe then flood as figns of the fingular number j but fmce plural names have been taken as fingular, and new figns have been added thereto to form plurals, the is alfo put in appofition to plural names, to indentify the perfon or thing meant or ipoken of. Example ; Some mayftill imagine the fignification of an ar- ticle or a letter, and perhaps more compound names to be in- definable, and the article to be ufelefs j tho' the definitions here given thereof evidently (hew the contrary ; and the Greeks and Romans not only made ufe of the genders o, H, TO, and hie, hajc, hoc, but alfo of a declining article at the end of nouns, as the Welfh did un and yr, which laft before a confonant funk into y the, inflecting with the following ra- dical confonant ; and other nations have made ufe of the ar- ticle. To difpute the utility of the article feems therefore ab- furd, but it may be a difpute, whether either determine any particular individual, or only fome third perfon alluded to, pointed $6 LETTERS. pointed at, meant or fpoken of in difcourfe, or in the line of jaofFeflion ; o, , TO, hie, haec, hoc, this that, yr, un, Je, ein and der exprefling as much, Of Nouns Subftantive. A Noun Subftantive denotes a fubftance ? as a fpirit, an animal, a vegetable, or any other thing that maybe con- ceived to fubfift, as agreeablenefi, agility* acceleration ; which, tho' their qualities, agreeable^ agile, accelerate, are indefinite or indeterminate, yet by the figns, nefs, ty, ion, fjgnifying fubftances, properties, and the fun's motion, acquire fuch a determinate meaning as to become fubftantives, and to fhew their meaning without being joined with any other word. And all names, whether of fubftances, qualities, or other things, to which the articles an or the, or any other fub- ftantive figns are joined or 'fet in appofition, are nouns fub- ffcantive. There are in the Englifh language more fubftantive names than feem to be necefTary for an univerfal language, befides the fynonymas of various other dialects, which are incon- gruous in fenfe, with the hieroglyfic figns, and tend to darken and confound the natural fenfe and founds of names and things. Tho' the Englifh vocables are explained elfewhere, we fhall here take notice of fome peculiarities of that nature in the Englifh fubftantives. Bl-ab, b-abe ; ebb, gl-ebe ; rib, tr-ibe ; kn-ob, gl-obe j t-ub, t-ube i where the final e fhould be dropped, and the remaining vowel marked with a grave accent, as tub, tub. B-ack, b-ake ; b-eck, b-eke j 1-ick, like, link j p-ock, p-oke, m-uck, p-uke. Thefe might be wrote as lie, 06 Ax, fex, ra-dix, ox, ux, as acs or ach as formerly. Ach, be-ach, fpe-ech, ft-ich, 1-och, n-och, touch. M-atch, 1-etch, itch, b-otch, fm-utch. H-ac, ar-fe, ace, dice, d-oce, d-uce. H-ag, 1-eg, g-ig, 1-og, h-ug. Age, b-adge, coll-ege, edge, fe-ige, br-idge, d-oge, I-odge, fubter f-uge, b-udge. Aight, eight, f-ight, f-ought, o-ught. Thefe eight laft clafles are made ufe of to exprefs the three fubfifting forts of actions, viz. the local or inanimate, the generative and en- ergic, when the firft might be expreffed by c, the fecond by LETTERS. 27 g, and the third by ch, as, ac ac, and 39 with a cedille, that is, the acute, the grave, and foft or feminine ; ag, ag, ag for the fliort, long, and foft of the generative fpecies of motion ; and ach, ach, and ach, the laft to be founded like the Welfli ch or the Englifti wh in what or where, for the acute, grave, and gutteral of energies and animal motions ; fo that thefe three letters, which the Welfti inflect fo as to exprefs the cafes and genders by the difference of acute, grave, and gutteral, mighr very well ferve for all the ufes of the eight laft clafTes of . names, fliould the whole be deemed neceflary. But, thofe of the third, fifth, eighth, and ninth clafles are compound founds exprefled by a combina- tion of characters, which ought not to be kept together but in terminations ; they having been corruptly introduced into languages by the Greeks and Romans, in order to exprefs qualities and pleafant founds contrary to the nature of things. Bre-ad, bl-ade, bf-ed, br-eed, ma-id, fi-de, c-od, c-ode, b-ud, pr-ude, fliould be wrote and accented as ud, ud. St-af, ft-ave, be-ef, be-eve, 1-ife, ol-ive, beho-of, beho-ove, c-ave, might be made ftaff and ftaf, as formerly. An-im~al, male, h-ell, h-eel, circ-le, Apr-il, v-ill, b-ile, car-ol, par-ole, c-ull, b-ull, m-ule, might be wrote and accented al, al, el, el, il, il, not eel, ol, 61, ul, ulj or as the Welfli and Spanifh afpirate 11. H-am, 1-ame, farc-afm, anth-em, th-eme, apoth-egm, cla-im, cl-ime, quiet-ifm, wifd-om, h-ome, mikrocofm, ch-um, h-ume, ufm. Here the final e might be dropped, and the Greek compounds have no particular meaning ; all being alike expreffive of the forms of fubftances ana things. Me-an, m-ane, g-ang, p-en, obfc-ene, chall-enge, p-in, p-ine, th-ing, mo-ti-on, t-ong, b-un, b-ung. Thefe iignify various exiftences and things, and are properly ac- cented; but the final e might be exchanged in writing, for the grave accent, man. j. Attend-ance, abftin-ence, prov-ince, fc-once, d-unce. Thefe may do as to orthography and accent, and fignify the ens or eflence of various things, as, ance of earthly fub- ftances, ens thofe of water, ince of things in general, once of motion, and unceof man, as in dunce or di-unce a privative of the human eflence. Ant, ag-ent, m-int, f-ont, h~unt, fignify the pof- feflion of the earth and water or property, properties in generaj, 28 LETTERS. general, the property of motion and human property, that is of hunting or driving to and fro in the pofiefiions. G-ap, g-ape, fle-ep, p-eep, tr-ip, tr-ipe, h-op, h-ope, f-up, d-upe, fhap, fhip, fhcp. Here the grave accent might ferve for the final e ; the meaning thereof being the divifion generally of matter into fubllances or parts, except the terminations fhap, fhip, and fhop, fignifying from high orhigh. Cell-ar, c-are s be-er,p-er, or pear, f-ir, fire, clam-or, ft-ore, c-ur, cenf-ure, am-our or am-ur, here the final e might be dropped ; and ar fignifies upon, ar earth, er fince, er water, ir high or to, ir fire, or from, or an extenfion of pofleffion, or a circle, ur or \vr a man. Lam-as, afs, g-aze, afh, be-aft, a&r-efs, fque-efe, fl-efh, ap-ifti-nefs, apt-nefs, ch-eft, bl-ifs, f-ize, f-ifh, 1-ift, m-ofs, d-oze, ofh, c-oft, b-ufs, f-uze, bufh, b-uft, might be all exprefied and accented as, as, as, afh, aft to exprefs the affirmations and energies of affedjgms, properties', and things. P-at, p-ate, p-et, def-ete, b-it, b-ite, kn-ot, m-ote, c-ut, mute, p-ath, t-eeth, fa-ith, m-oth, mo-uth. Thefe exprefs the identity and property of different parts or things, and the final e might be exchanged for the grave accent. Abili-ty, agili-ty, ami-ty, du-ty, antipa-thy, apa-thy, fympa-thy. Thefe fignify different general properties and qualities of things- Ariftocra-cy, oligar-chy, ordina-ry, mafon-ry, orator-y, lecher-y, grocer-y, orthodox-y, ha-y, ho-y. The cy and chy fignify different qualities, and the y is the Welfh the. Ma-w, me-w, mo-w, and s or es for fubftantives of a plural nature. This w fignifies different fprings. Subftantivesare diftinguifhed by grammarians into appel- latives or general names of things common to many indi- viduals, as man, river, month, wind; and proper names, ap- propriated only to individuals, as, George, Britain, London, Qttober, Libs, which admit of neither articles or plurality of numbers. But all words, excepting one or an, according to their natural meaning feem to me to be appellative and capable of being applied to things of a plural nature, were their primitive fenfe underftood, as for inftance, George, which originally fignified a chief of the circle nation, as an ap- pellative name of a magiftrate, in the fame manner as King, Prince, Duke, or any other ; but when its original meaning was loft, and it came to br adopted as a Chriftian name by LETTERS. 29 different families, it was thence fuppofed to be a mere arbi- trary term, impofed as the name of an individual ; and fo as to Britain, London, O&ober, Libs, Thames, Avon, which were originally appellatives or common expreflions for tbefea coaji, long towns, the. eighth month from the firing, the ivejl foutb-we/f, or Libian wind, the limits of the Iceni, and Rivers. So that thefe names, fo long as their original mean- ings were underftood, were as much appellative or common expreffions, as man, river, month, wind, or any other common names, and as capable too of a plural or fingular fenfe, in concord with the articles or demonftrative pronouns ; as, a, the, this, or that, chief of the circle nation or long town, &c. H^nce the diftinclion of common and proper names feems to be frivolous and unnecefiary. All fubftantives were originally appellative and plural, and the articles and demonftrative pronouns were fet in apportion, or as terminations thereto, to determine their fingular nature as well as the identity of the individual. But as they are now moftly underftood as the figns of fmgle things, the JEng- lifh method of adding s or es as a plural termination, (hould be generally followed as the beft method ; unlefs fubftantives and their articles fhould be reftored to their original fenfe and ufe ; but in either cafe the particles, an or en, as terminations of plural names, when the fenfe will admit of their being fin- gular, and ep does not exprefs the male and female of the fame kind, as men docs both man and woman, feem to be improper. Nor is it beft fo to continue the ufe of fuch plurals, as mice, lice, teeth, feet, geefe, but rather mus, lus, toth, fot, gus, which are fo in their nature, as^xprefiing the little caters, the little family, the grinders, the movers and the water nation. Jt is however certain that the numbers of nouns are in their nature but two, fingular and plural, one and two or many, but whether they are exprefled by one or an, and two or as and es feems not to be very material, ,tho* as and es were the primitive figns, as, as fignified the mafculine gender, and es the feminine. And numbers and genders ought to be the fame. There were originally no other diftinction of genders of nouns than the mafculine and feminine, and which were dif- tinguifhable only by the fignification of vocables; and what- ever other arbitrary modes and diftinftions as to genders of nouns and their declenfions or inflections have been arbitrarily made by other nations, the Englifh ftill in fact adhere to the original mafculine and feminine genders, the only diftinction of nature, as and es j for were the meaning of fubftantives precifely $o LETTERS. precifely underftcod, they would all appear to be either mafcil-* line er feminine, at leaft, as relative to man and woman, or according to their active and pafiive, or hard and foft founds* Nor do the Englifh. adjectives or pronouns vary as to genders, numbers, or cafes, as has been fuppofed ; but naturally agree in concord, without any variation or inflection thereof, from their primitive ftatei Indeed if the Welfh modes of inflection derive their origiii from the original language^ which was mufical, and vocables could be reduced to their true primitive ftate, perhaps it might be the beft way, but as that might be impracticable or too arduous a tafk, we may as well ftick to our old Englifli voices, which deviate fo very little from the primitive language. And, as to any variation of cafes or the declenfion of hoiins, the Englifh ftill remains in the primitive ftate of language without any ; their prepofitions being ful 1 y exprefii ve of the fitua- tion and direction of aftions and things, and thofe of other nations being altogether arbitrary and calculated more for the fake of variety and prefervation of vocables, than from any neceflity, as their prepofitions and vocables might in their primitive ftate be as expreffive, and agree in concord, like the Englifh, which has no other ftate or cafe> than that in which names were originally formed, or the nominative, as will appear to any one, that will be at the trouble of a deli- berate confideration of the origin, frame, and conftruclion of the Englifh language, whatever may have been advanced by our modern grammarians, as to the variation of the genitive or pofleflive cafe. Of Pronouns or general Perfonates, PRONOUNS, fo called from their being fuppofed to be mere fubftitutes of nouns, ought according to their fignification to be deemed either fubftantives or adjectives ; for as general figns they ferve to perfonate, demonftrate, relate, and interro- gate perfons, things, and parts of difcourfes ; and being all demonftrative and interrogative, they are properly diftin- guifhable only into the following forts, viz* LETTERS. 31 Perfoiials. PoflelSves. Relatives. 1. I, me, myfelf ; my-own,minsj one, any, none. 2. Thou or you, thee, thy (elf ; thy- thine 5 this, each, every, either. 3. He, fhc, it, him, her, himfelf, herfelfj her, its - hersj that,fome,another,fuck, 4. We, us, ourfelves ; our - ours ; who, whole, whom. 5. Ye or you, yourfolves ; your - yours ; which. O.They, them, themfelves j their - theirs j what. Tho' the Englifh, Welfh, Greek, and Larin pronouns, are, with the other parts of fpeech, all defined in the vocabu- lary at the end of this eflay, it may not be Improper here to obferve in general, as to their fignification, that the firft per- fonal pronoun fubftantively, and not fubftitutionally fignifies man as an indefinitelineplaced alone or by himfelf in the centre of things before his extenfion or divifion into u the male and female fpring j the 2d, the-o-u or y-o-U, the of man or wo- man ; 3d, man extended into T, or in his race and pofleflions ; and hi and mi, the male and female forms and exiftences ; 4th, mankind ; 5th, the firft and fecond female perfons ; 6th, all mankind, perfons, and things, except the firft fe- cond and third perfons fingular. The pofleffives exprefs all things to be in man, as one univerfal pofleflbr ; and to relate to his defcendents as their qualities and properties. The relative and interrogative which is a compound of wch-ich fignifying the above aclion, as ich means the firft act of motion or crea- tion, and uch man's utmoft return of that act or fpring up- wards. And fo ufed as a general relative and interrogative of all actions, as who is of perfons, and what of things, and as to the reft they are particularly explained in^the vocabulary. The perfonal pronouns and fuch of the pofleflives and relatives as will not join with fubftantives in conflruc- tion, are fubftantives, and the reft are adjectives ; and pro- nouns like other Englifh nouns, have no variation or de- clenfion of perfon, number, gender, or cafe, but each is an original, diftinct name. So that to attempt any further diftinction of pronouns, like all other unneceflary diftinctions, would tend to the confufion, rather than the illuftration of language, and they perhaps might be better diftinguifhed by i, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or their original fignification of ift, 2d, 3d, perfons (ingular and plural ; tho* fuch names as have no foun- dation in nature, may require more arbitrary rules towards their explanation. Of 32 LETTERS. Of Nouns Adje&ive and Participle. ADJECTIVE and participle nouns arefldk&^tofubftantives and proportions, as expreffive of the attributes or qualities, affe&ions, and accidents of things, as in the folio wing example; The preying beaft was daring ; the aftoniihed guefe are fled, lojl, or ftolen ; and he is flill purfuing a fled, loft, or ftolen gus, in order to make zfweet morfel of its garbage ; but all fuch fenfations are naufeous to human nature. But qualities were originally expreffed by the verbal adtives, with few par- ticles, and the compounded forts were adjected thereto. And qualities being the effedts of light, heat, and motion, flowing upon, warming or penetrating bodies differently mo- dified in various degrees, and the fenfations thence pro- duced in us, as thofe of colours, taftes, founds and feeling, rather than any internal eflences or properties of matter or fub- ffcances, adjectives aflert or exprefs their fubfiftence as the attributes of various fubftances and things, as the following fpecimen of Englifh adjectives fliews. There are no adjectives terminating in b except ib, which fignifies life to beings, as in glib liquid, and bib to drink ; for ab, eb, ob, ub, fignifying from or out of life, would be Improper to exprefs life to things, as defcending upon, and penetrating them, fo as to give them motion, growth, gene- ration, and fenfation. Nor is there any adjetive terminating in the letter p, it being exprejflive only of the parts of matter, as divifor of a, e o, and t. Ac, ec, ic, oc, uc, and their fofter inflections, are ex- prefliveof the different modes of motion, as local, generative, and energic actions an'd their contraries, as in, weak, our aflion, black, Jbut from the light, flack and lag, a low or earthly aftion, meek, a feminine afiion, epic, an aftionpa/i, like the firjl aftion of light, high, man afting, light, its aftive pro- perty ^ coafting, afting along the edge or lower part of the pof- fejffionS) big, a thing fwoln with heat, nigh, atting /, mock, the motion of the cheek, ftrong, the property of the fun's motion below, much, the upper parts. Ad, ed, id, od, ud, fignify an addition and divifion of qua- lities emanating on men, animals, and fubftances of earth and water, as in bad, an earthly life, broad, an addition of country, dead, matter without the addition of quality, fad, a low addition or quality, glad, that of being high, mad, the ad- dition of being dumb, or, a brute, red, a diminution of the 2 colour ADJECTIVES. 33 colour of light, aged, a paft or diminljhed attion, cold, the paf- five quality of being deprived of the fun' s aftion, blind, deprived of animal light, mid^ dividing the center of exiftence, infipid, a thing deprived of the internal tajle, arid, the earth deprived^ calid, deprived of a covering from the heat, tid, property dimi- nijhed, acid, deprived of aftion, acrid, depraved attion of fire, wild, deprived of volition, odd, deprived of or out of the circle of poj/ejjion, ward, the fpring or the divi/ion of man and woman f rude, the privation of truth, crude, a rude aSlion. Af, ef, if, uf, with the inflections ave and ive, affirm the various ftate and fituation of men and things in life, as, deaf, he is deprived offenfe, fafe, he is Jlanding, flavifh, he is low, brave, be is a warm or fpirited being, chief, he is the firjt, active, it is the property of atlion, dative, he or it is giving to 9 accufative, it is atting at us, abufive, he is from us, captive* he is taken, abortive, he is from the border ofpoj/ejfions, adjective, it is cafl to, gruff, be is an angry men, bluff, be is an hairy man. Al, el, il, ol, ul, exprefs the qualities of earth and water, as to the parts of extenfion and place, the ilation of the fun's light thereon, all extenfion and human intelligence, as in, adtual, upon or in the Jlate ef aflion, aerial, in thejlate of air, adverbial, in the ftate ef an adverb, real, upon the return of matter, ufual, upon thejlate of us, genial, in thejlate of genera- tion, beftial, uptn the property of the lower beings, annual, up- on the return of the year, able, from hell, or being deprived of light, ample, an txtenfive place, genteel, the firjl race, level, the, place of the female extenfion, fingle, atling in a place, little, an extenfan of the rays of light, agile, the afiing light, chill, with- out light, civil, a race living together, evil, privation of light y idle, about a place, oil or all, a circle extended, whole, man's place of aflion, full, man enlightened, artful, the light of man upon properties, dull, without human light. Am, im, om, um, are expreflive of the different forms, modes, and exiftences of the circumambient bodies, as lame, the mode of crawling, warm, man covered about, dim, without extenfion, firm, thejire about t fome, the things feen and founded^ dumb, an earthly being. An, en, in, on, un, fignify exiftences of earth, water, and motion in general, and of man, as, mean, me in earth, human, an earthly one, fane, found one, profane, from purity, clean, an affion of light upon matter, afhen, the lower tne, oak being the higher, even, Jpringing, ferene, the Jlars in, di- vine, God in, fupine, the low and up in, benign, being in, twain, two in, one or un, tie fpring er man /, alone, in the C Jlatt 34 ADJECTIVES. Ji ate of one, none, no one in, boon, the food one, wrong, a man from atting upright, dun, the daily one, young, the growing one. Ar, er, ir, or, ur, are properties of earth, water, fire, extenfion, and human nature, as in clear, the aftion of light upon, dear, upon thee, near, the not upon, bitter, the bi>- ting water, eager, water from aftion, tender, thin water, dire, he is hot, intire, in poflej/ion, fore, from the lower, future, the man in embrio to be born, pure, a man's part, immature, too foon at man. As, es, is, os, us, affirm the different qualities of mankind and things, as, bale, a low or earthly thing, adverfe, afpring 4dW)iivards, diverfe, a divided fpring, worfe, a low man, aguifh, it is from afpring, apei(h, he is a [on, wife, he is man, atu- ofe, // is all aElive, clofe, itisalljhut, globofe, it is all round as a ball, jocofe, it is all joy, noife, // is all nofe, as voice is all vocal, or the found of the cheeks, upifh, he is up, abftrufe, from our property, aftorrifh, it is the tone of an afs or brutes, babifh, that of a baby, copious, a copy of man, ingenious, internally generated in us. At, et, it, ot, ut, with their inflections and compounds fignify property or in pofleflion and exiftenee, as, great, the aflion of fire at or upon the pojjeffions, laft, upon the lowejl pof- fej/ion, agaft, afting upon the lowejl pojfejfun, paft, a thing in the lowejl pojjejfion or exijhnce, vacant, a thing without pojjtjfion ar property, radiant, a divifton of rays upon the pojfej/ions, fweet and fecret, female properties, abfent, without poj/ejjion or property, agent, afting in pojjejjion, fit, it is property, apt, a proper thing, firft, the fir g of life to the lower pojjejjions, inftin<5l, in aft ion within, whke, the upper property, or the firmament, hot, the aftion of the fun on things, abforpt, without a part of tit circle of poJJ'effion, both, man and woman, moift and moft, things on the ground, abrupt, from the earth up into the pojfeffiom, juft, the property of mankind, curft, a man' s aftion of the lower property, occult, aflions without the property of light, ancient, cnefirjl in pojjejjion, decent, fair in pojjejficn, acute, afyring- ing property. Y, ly, ty, thy, are expreffive of properties, exiftences, and qualities generally, as in, any the one in attion or paffejjion, many, the more in afiion or pojjeffion, dry, the thing without water, a.hy 9 tbeair, afhy, the afh, barrenly, the barren race, brotherly, the brother race, happy, the hap, holy, the high all, fappy, the fap, forty, the four tyes, times, rounds or tens, fwarthy, the men of lower property, wry, from upright j and thus are defin- able all other Englifh, Greek, Welfh, and Latin adjectives. Thefe have been taken at random, and the Greek and Latin terminations of adjedives being all in as, cs, eis, os, 6f> oos, OUSj P R E P O S 1 T LO N S. 35 bus, us, on, and er, are mere affirmatives, by the fight, found, fprihg, and motion of things. So that adjectives and participles are names, which imply aflertiohs and attributes, as thofe of qualities, affections, and properties of fubftances and things generally ; but making no complcat fenfe, nor determining any particular thing without being joined to another word as a daring^ a daring man. In the Englifh language they are not varied in refpedl: to genders, numbers, cafes, or otherwife, except as to the degrees of comparifon. The three degrees of comparifon mentioned by gram- marians, are the pofitive, comparative, and fuperlative ; the pofitive is the ftate in which the name was originally put 3 the comparative is formed by adding J^ VERBS. 43 The feminine or endearing inflexions of the fecond per-r fons tbou and ye have been omitted, as needlefs, fince they all agree with the pronouns you and ye, and the only changes are from are and be to art and bee/ft, have to baft, were tQ wert, fhall and will to /bait and wilt, and might to mighteji, and do to doft ; but to make ufe of them in the mafculine gender, would be depreciating it. And the participle perfect, being fu- perfluous, it has been likewife omitted ; or as ing the prefenti$ compleat, fois^forthepaftortheprivativeof fpringsor actions. The fignification of the conjugating verbs in the four lan- guages is as follows, viz. i. Am, mae, ft/, fum, in full form of exi/ience ; be, fi, $ve>, fio, / live ; can, dichon, JW*//au, poflum, in aft or able to act ; may, amhay, inftead of Jhaked^ ivhich, notwithftanding its long eftablifhment by vulgar cuf- tom ought to be rectified accordingly ; and fo as to fwear, heave, freeze, abide, ftrike, dig, and various other inftances, where the e has affumed the place of a, a of o, oof a, e, j, or u, of i, or any other change of vowels from the prefent, to form the paft tenfej except fuch as do and did^ which are different words, and of themfelves incapable of any inflection. And the Englifh terminations an and en, borrowed from the northern dialects, add nothing to the meaning of our names, but the Englifh, or Engli-Saxon names, are of a fouthern or ' Celtic origin, and as fully expreffive of the meaning to which they are applied without them ; except where they are added to form the itngular number, or to active names as fubftan- tiving articles, as in all other Celtic dialeds. ADVERBS are certain energic or active particles or ad- ditional verbs added to, or joined with other names in pr. irofmons, to denote the degrees and manner of things, as to ADVERBS. 45 to quantity, fituation, quality, motion, and reft. Of quantrty, as lefs, leflcr, leaft,much, rhore, moft, great, greater, greateft, long, longer, longeft, fhort, {horter, (horteft, broad, broader, broadeft. Of fituation or place, as where, whither ? up, down, above, below, high, higher, highett, here, there, yonder, far, farther, fartheft, within, without, upwards, downwards, forwards, backwards, and fuch as are expreffive of the fituation of bodies in motion, or at reft. Of quali- ties, as wifely, knowingly, fenfibly, decently, likely, fair- ly, warmly, fooliftily, beaftly, coldly, hardly, and fuch as exprefs intentional qualities. Of motion and reft ; as compre- hending affirmatives, interrogatives, inter] e&ories, and thofe improperly called adverbs of time, as, when ? now, anon, then, yefterday, to-day, to-morrow, henceforwards, ever, never, how often ? often, oftener, ofteneft, once twice, thrice, feldom, however, away, begone, adieu, fpeedily, flowly, verily, yes, yea, no, why, however, perhap, alter- nately, as, alack, ha, alas, ho, oh. There are no other forts of adverbs, expreffive of the order, time, or manner of things, as appears by the definition of thofe of the four languages in the vocabulary; nor does it thence appear that there is in fact above three forts of ad- verbs, namely, quantity or extenfion or bulk @f bodies ; qua- lity or an illation of light, heat and motion thereon, and pene- trating the fame, exprefled by fy t as ty does extenfion in fub- ftantiving qualities ; and motions energic, animate, and lo- cal, with the ccntraries, as privation, reft, and matter. And the degrees, like adjectives, are compared by adding er and eft^ as comparative and fuperlative, to the pofitive or the ftate or degree of beings and things in adt, or putting more or mo/I in appofition thereto. The degrees of diftance and fituation, are reckoned like prepofitions, upon lines, upright, acrofs, or flantways, ex- tended from the centre of action or exiftence in our fyftem where man is fuppofed to ftand ; or upon man as a mikrocofm ftanding up with arms extended ; his head reprefenting the unfeen celeftial fyftem, being the fuperlative degree upwards, the extent of his fight or the fky, the comparative, his body or the world, the pofitive, upwards, downwards, and crofs- wife, his limbs below the parts of generation, as reprefent- ing the parts below the earth's furface or growth part, the comparative downwards, and beyond it the fuperlativei the extent of view, the comparative fideways, and beyond it the fuperlative, as appears by the definition of Adverbs in the vo- cabulary. And tho' interjections are fuppofed to add nothing to 4& SYNTAX. to the fentence, they certainly exprefs the forts and degrees erf energy with which the whole is affirmed. SYNTAX, HAVING thus explained the feveral parts of a rational grammar, it now remains only to lay down fome gene- ral rules for their coriftru&ion, into fimple and compound fentences, according to their natural concord, government, and arrangement; All the parts of fpeech, which were originally only par- ticles of one or two letters, having naturally coalefced and united, in more complex names, and words or proportions, without the afliftance of art, fo in all languages, like the Englifh, in which refpect both the fimple and complex names ftill retain their primitive ftate, without any lofs of their natural powers of conftru&ion, by any arbitrary addi- tion Xtf combination of artificial figns or modes of concord, like the Greek and Latin, the parts both fimple and complex being precifely underftood, will ftill be governed by their meaning, and naturally coincide in fentences, in the fame manner as the ideas of a perfon unacquainted with the artifi- cial, rules of Iog*ck, are by their natural relation logically connected and formed into regular thefifes, hypothefifes and fynthefifes. As for inftance ; a perfon, who perfectly knows the meaning of the parts, can in his mind form and exprefs the following fentences ; two and two of any thing are, is or is to be founded four, and not three ; and fhould they hap- pen to be horfes, whether with or without fhoes, they muft be the horfes of fome man, rather than thofe of a cow j but if they are delivered, in whatever place they ftand, it muft be to and from fome place, and by and to fome body, or if they Ihould only be called, it ought to be done by their right names. Orj fuppofing Adam, /', or any one know myfelf or himfelf to be the firft man, inhabiting fpace, and that his length and breadth of extenfion, was at all times or upon all motions, and as much more, as he or i might by the exten^ fion of the arms acquire, without difpoflefling another, were our own property, i might, as the firft exiftence and proprie- tor here of the kind, call myfelf the firft, one, or i. If I had a wife and a fon, who had a wife and a fon, and had been taught to tell feven in Englifh, with their precife mean- ing, SYNTAX. 47 ing, I might as my next relation, as well as the fecond per* fon in exiftence, name my wife two or thou, my fon, as the third in being and pofTeffion, I might name he, him, or three, which make up the number of the fingular ftock ; and as to the plural number or ftock, the firft and fecond perfon of the fmgular, and the fon which fprung from them, with his fon being four in number, and the firft fpring of the fecond ftock might be named zve, as the firft perfon plural ; the two wives ye, the fecond perfons plural of the kind or genders j and all other perfons excepting thofe of the fmgular number, as thegrandfon and his offspring, thefixth perfon from the firft or the third in the fecond generation or plural number, they. Then if the firft man or any other perfectly underftood the meaning of all other names and energies, which appear to be as equally related to the nature of things as thefe, he could have no difficulty of putting them together according to true concord, as the meaning and fignification would not permit him to err ; nor indeed is the Englifh to be taught by any other fignificant rules. The parts of fpeech being precifely underftood, the beft way then of acquiring the right Eng- lifh conftruclion, is carefully to obferve the manner and ftyle of the beft Englifh writers, /and to procure an habit thereof by reading and writing, rather than be perplexed by innumerable tedious and unmeaning rules of phrafes, fentences, diftinctions, and variations of names, from their natural order ; for which there is no fryt of foundation in the Englifh, or any other language of nature. But fmce the Englifh language is that here propofed as an univerfal one, it may not however be improper to take fome little farther notice of the rules of Englifh Syntax. In all languages to form a right fentence the words muft agree in conftruclion with one another, as to cafe, number, gender, and perfon, either according to the natural order of things, or fome arbitrary mode of concord and government, by a varia- tion of the terminations fubftituted in lieu thereof in particu- lar languages. But the Englifh doth fo only from the fenfe of the words, without any variation of terminations, except that es or s fignifying the feminine gender, is fometimes add- ed to form the plural number of fubftantives, and the fub- ftantive verb tV, or the pronouns /'/, with its inflections, to form the third perfon fmgular of verbs, and as and es in fome inftances, to exprefs the mafculine and feminine genders. And though it has no other cafe but the nominative, or any variation of cafes at all, yet all Englifh verbs agree with the fubftantives in number and perfon, without any exception ; and 48 VOCABLES. and the ftate or fituation of fubftantives are exprefled by pre- pofitions fet in apportion thereto in the fame manner as the articles ; nor have the adje&ives any variations, befides the degrees of comparifon ; and yet both they and participles agree with the fubftantives in gender, number and cafe ; and when two fubftantives of different forts of things come toge- ther, the place, ftate, or cafe of the kft is exprefled by the prepofition ofor-'s, fignifying of his ; unlefs the latter fubftan- tive is of the fame fort with, or explains the former ; in which cafe they are both of the fame cafe, ftate, or fituation. Conjunctions, adverbs, and relatives, ferve to connedl: fen- tences, as prepofitions do words. The relatives who, what, and which, and all other Englifh names as well as things, muft agree with the antecedents as their originals, whether perfons, ad-lions, or fubftantives. When two verbs come to- gether, the latter is to be in the infinitive mode. An additional vocabulary of primitive nouns defined, with a Jepa- rate explication of bronouns, adverbs, conjunctions, and prepo~ fetions ; which cempleats what has been already publijhed, of the Engli/h, Wel/h, Greek, and Latin primitive names, and fully explains the nature and origin of all the vocables and parts of thofe feveral languages. ABnoR, DETEST, HATE ; CASHAU, TROI YMAITH ; MUDASOMAI, STUGEO, AVERSOR, ODIO HABEO. Thefe fignify to turn from one with a fcornful note of excla- mation, or fcornful motion or manner. ABLE; GALLU, DICHONIJ DUNAMAI, POSSUM. To be up or high in exiftence. ACCEPT, TAKE, SNATCH; CYMERYD, DERBYN, Ci- i*io; DECHOMAI, LAMBAKO, ARPASO ; ACCIPIO, CA- PIO, RAPIO. To enter into pofleflion of places and things. ACCURATE ; DYFAL, MANWL ; AKRIBOS ; EXQUISI* TUS. A&ive in running to, feeing fmall things, and above active in things. , ACORN, A P ACORN ; MES ; BALANOS ; GLANS, the Idler or beaft food. ACT, Do, MAKE; Ac, EGNI, GWNEID ; AGO, POIEO ; AGO, FACIO, the moving or adting quality or property. ADD, GIVE, PUT ; RHOI, DODT, DODIAT ; DIDOMI, TITHEMI, EPITITHEMI ; Do, ADDO, PONO, to aft, put, or add, from one thing to another. ADMIRE, WONDER ; RHYFEDDU, ANRHYFEDDI ; AGAO, THUMASO ; DEMIROR, ADMIROR, to divide or advert thea&ion of the great high light or the fun. ADORN, DECK, DRESS ; HARDDU ; KOSMEO, KAZO, AGALLO ; ORNO ; t add to, or upon the lower covering. ADVERB ; RHAGFERF ; EPIRREMA ; ADVERBIUM, fig- nify additional or increafed verbs. See the vocabulary of ad- verbs. AGREEABLE, GRATEFUL, THANKFUL ; DIOLCHGARJ LAROS ; GRATUS, acting together with equal fpring or warmth, or equally in the divifion of the high light. AIR; AUIR j AER ; AER, water and fire, the earth's fpring. ALE, BEER ; CORW; ZUTHOS ; CEREVISIA, thenou- rifhing, feeding, and rejoicing liquid in a fecondary fenfe. ALL or OLL, WHOLE; OLL, CUBOL ; PAS, OLOS ; OMNIS, TOTUS, all fpace, extenfion, and exiftence. AM, to be ; BOD, MAE ; EIMI ; SUM, to live or be in exiftence. AMAZEMENT, ASTONISHMENT ; SYNDOD ; THAM- BOS ; STUPOR, the lower exigences or beings without fight. ANCHOR; ANGOR ; ANKURA ; ANCHORA, from a&- ing. ANOTHER ; AIL, NAILL, ARALL ; ALLOS, ETEROS ; ALIUS, ALTER, from their pofTefftons, or the country, or luminaries from in a primary fenfe. ANT, PISMIRE ; MYRGRYG ; MYRMOS; FORMICA, the community, or the little active millions in a fecondary fenfe. PE, MONKEY, BABOON; EPA, MONCI ; PITHEX, KERKOPITHEKOS ; CERKOPITHECUS,, CYNOCEPHALUS, a man dog, an offspring or a dog like man. APPLE, PUPIL of the EYE ; GLEINIJ GLENE ; PUPIL- LA, ouradtion, fpring, or part of light. B E ARRIVE, COME; DYFOD, CYNHYRCHU ; ERCHOMAI ; VENIO, to be together upon one fpot or poffefiion. ARROW, DART, JAVELIN; SAETH, PICCELL, TAFL $ OISTOS, BELOS, ATOS ; SAGITTA, TELUM, JACULUM, upon the line, ftretch or fpring. ARTERY; RHEDWELI; AORTE ; ARTERIA, the fpring of life. As MUCH ; CYMAINT ; Tosos j TANTUS, the firft action or motion feen in extenfion. ASH ; ONEN ; OREINE : ORNUS, FRAXINUS, the loweft, higheft, or brittle one. ASK, SEEK, SEARCH ; CEISIO, CHWILIO, DYMUNO ; EROTAO, Dizo, ETAZO, DEOMAI, ZETEO ; QUJERO, EXAMINO, QUJESO, adting after, feeing for, &c. ASSEMBLY, COMPANY, MULTITUDE ; CYNLLEIDFA, LLIOS, TURFA, CYMANFAI ; OMILOS, AGELE, PLE- THOS ; C-ffiTUS, GREX, TURBA, many living or being together in the fame part, place or country. ASSIDUOUS, DILIGENT; DIVID, PARHAUS ; LIPARES, EPIMELES ; ASSIDUUS, DILIGENS> it is flavifh, everlafting t>r never-failing. B. BANQUET, FEAST: CYFEDDACH; EUOCHIAJ CONVI- VIUM, living high together. BASHFULNESS; GWILDER j AIDOS ; VERECUNDIA, a man full low and ina&ive. BASTARD ; ORDDERCHFAB ; NOTHOS ; NOTHUS, a lefTerfon of the houfe, as born of a concubine, dwelling in the houfe, and not fpurious, as when the father is un- known. BE, BE BORN, Go; BOD, WYF, MYNED ; GEINOMAI, Eo, TUNCHANO ; SUM, Fio, to be, move or live within fhe circle of exiftence. BEAKE, BILL ; PIG, GYLFIN ; RHUNCHOS ; ROSTRUM, the place of food, the nofe or fmall divided end or edge. BEEHIVC; CYCHGWENYN ; KUPSELE ; ALVEARE, a fhut upon bees. BEETLE ; CHWIL ; KANTHAROS j SCARABJEUS, the blaft race. BEG ; GOFYN ELUSEN ; LLSSOMAI ; IMPLORO, adding or afking earneftly for food or the palace gift. BEGUILE; TWILLO ; DELEO j DECIPIO, to be without light or fight. BLAMELESS j C H BLAMELESS ; DIGWL ; AMUMON ; INCULPATUS, t6 be unculled, or without detraction. BOLD or BALD ; HY ; ITES j AUDAX, the high antf a&ive. BOND-SERVANT or SLAVE j GwwsCAETH; LATRIS j SERVUS, a confined fervant. BosoM ; MYNWES ; KOLPOSJ. SINUS, the hollow infide part of man. BRANCH; CANGENJ ERNOS j RAMUS, a fpring on a lower. BRANDISH ; CYNHYRFU ; PALLO ; VrBRo, to lift up or move the foot, arm, or other thing, with a fpring fo as to give it a {hake. BRIGHTNESS; DISGLEIRDEB ; AIGLE ; SPLENDOR, the a<3ion of the high lighten the lower parts. BROIL ; CRASU ; OPTAO j TORREO, to heat without water. BRUSH, YSCUBO ; KOREO ; VEKEO, to fpring upon the lowef parts. BUG or WOODLOUSE; CYNRHON; LORIS; CIMEX, a thing with a fpear end acting into another thing. C. CABBAGE ; BRESYCH ; KKOMBE J BRASSICA, a filUt upon the fpringing up. CABLE j RHAFANGOR; KALOS ; RUDENS, a fhut from adting. CANAL j CANOL, CAFN ; SOLEN ; CANALIS, a fhut- ting in. CANON j CANON j KANON ; CANON, a fhut upon action. CARD ; CRIBO ; KNAPTO ; CARMINO, a&ing into a thing with an edge. CARVE; CARFIOJ GLAPHO i SCULPO, ading into or upon a thing. CATTLE j ANIFALTYN j KTENOS ; JUMENTUM, the acting or drawing animals. CAVIL j CELLWAR j SKOPTO j CAVILLOR, a&ing or feeking to catch one flyly by words. ^ us CAVITY; CEUEDD ; KOTULE ; CAVITAS, iplar from fight. > to r e CHAFE or be ANGRY 5 DIGIOJ ECHTHEOJ lND ar P^ * to be heated or fired. J) 2 A.TBRKITT J CHAPEL; CAPAL ; KLISIA ; CAPELLA, the primitive places of devotion being open and uncovered like Stone- Jienge, thefe fignify fuch places covered at the top. CHAPMAN; MERCHNATUR, PORTHMON ; EMPDROS ; MERCATOR, the portman or marketman, or the chief of buying and felling, formerly fet over all forts of fales and markets. CHARJOT j CERBYD; RHAIDON, ARMA ; CURRUS, RHEDA, the running or fighting car or carriage. CHASTE; DIHALQG ; AGNOS; CASTUS, undefiled or covering or keeping clofe the female property. CHICKEN 5 Ciw ; POLOS j PULLUS, the firft of the ani- jnal, CLOSET ; CELL ; MUCHOS ; CELLA, a fliut out of fight, or the refort of the Mufes. COAL ; GLO ; ANTHRAX ; CARBO, a thing that has the action of the fun or fire, that is, a burning thing. COFFER, COFFIN ; ARCH, CIST ; KIBOTOS ; ARCA, a covering upon man or other thing. COMB; CRIB; KTEIS; PECTEN, fee CARD. COME; CYNHYRCHU j IKNEOMAI ; VJENIO, to be to- gether in one place. CONDUIT; MYNEDIAD ; AMARA ; MEATUS, a water /hut fo inclofed as to go together. CONE j CYN ; CONOS ; CONUS, a thing high and folid. CONJUNCTION ; CYSYLLTJAD ; SUZEUXIS ; CONJUNC- TION, a joining together. See the lift of conjunctions hereafter. CRAB, CRANC ; KARKINOS ; CANCER, an inclofed thing in the water. CRIER ; RHYNGYLL ; KERUX ; PR^CO, one that calh or fpeaks between. CROW; BRAN; KORAX ; CORVUS, a braying or croak- ing animal. CROWD; GYR ; AGURIS ; COETUS> a company of meii cr animals. CRUDE or CRYSTAL ; CRYSIAL ; KRUSTALLOS ; CRYS- T^LjtvSy a fining thing with the cruft or covering , ion. p l 'BE^ pYFpCHpRj KUBOSJ CuBUs, equal fides. or aflcir BEGL p it or i. D. DAMAGE; DAMUEN, COLLED; BLABE i for the place of the cattle. DANGER; PERYG!; KINDUNOS; PERICULUM, aplace tvhere the fire afts upon the parts. DASH ; YSIGO, TARO ; PROSKROUO ; ALlmo, to aft or throw from high to the ground. DAUGHTER ; MERCH ; THUGATER ; FILIA, my race or female offspring* DEFILE, HALOGI ; MiAifro ; FJEDO, to aft in or upon one, or deprive one of his daughter. DEPTH; DYFNDER; BATHOS j PROFUNDIT AS, theground of a dark part. DINNER; CJNIO ; ARISTOS ; PRANDIUIVJ, a meal at the breaking up of the firft plowing of the day. DISSIPATE; DIFRODI ; DJASPAO; DISSIPO, fo deprive the country. DISTASTE ; CAWDD ; PTAISMA ; OFFENSA, fepaxate or go ofF this part ? Do; GWNEID ; AGOJ AGO, to a& or move. DOWRY ; CYNESGAETH ; PHERNE ; Dos, the female gift. DRONE; Einw, DIFFIGR ; PHUKOSJ Fucus, one de- prived of his fight or other energic force. DROUGHT; SYCHDER; AUCHMOS ; SICUTAS, the ae- tion of the firmament upon the lower parts, or being deprived \ of water. DWARF ; COR, NAR ; NANOS ; NANUS, one not high grown, or juft upon the ground. E. ENnEvoR ; YMGAIS ; PEIRASO^ CONOR, to get up from being down or below. ENRAGE ; SWMBYLU ; KENTEO ; STIMULO, to aft or prick into. EQUAL ; GWASTAD, CYSTAL ; OMALOS ; ^Equus, even, upon the fa me ftand or together. ESTABLISH ; SEFYDLU ; BEBAIO ; STABILIO, to reft the beaft, or make them (land upon a particular part or fpot, D 3 ETERNITT 5 F I ETERNITY ; TRAGWYDDOLDEB ; AIDIOS, AION r /ETERNITAS, the circle of motion or action in extenfion, this world or during all fpring. EXCUSE ; ESGUSODI } APOLOGEOMAI ; Excwso, to fpeak for the abfent. EXERCISE; YMARFER; ASKEO; EXERCEO, to be out upon the fpring. EXTINGUISHED ; DIFOD j SBENN.UQ; EXTINGUO, to put a thing out of its exiftence. F. FABLE ; CHWEDL ; AINOS ; APOLOGUS, fpeaking of actions paft. FABRICATE ; GWNEITHR ; TEUCHO ; FABRICO, the action or work of a man, or man's hand, or in building. FADE ; GWIFO ; MARAINO ; MARESCO, to be from fpringing, or growing, or dying. FAN; WYNTYLL; LIKMOS ; VENTILABRUM, wind fprung by the hand. FASTING; IMPRYDIOL; NESTIS ; JEJUNUS, leflening food or the feafon of feeding. FASTEN or Fix; YMWTHIO ; PEGNUO ; COMPINGO, acting a thing lower in. FATE ; COEL, DAMWAIN ^ AISA; SORS, where the action ftands ftill or the thing falls. FATHER; TAD; PAPPAS, PATER; PAPPA, PATER, the feeding property, or a part of our property. FEMALE; BENW; THELUS ; FEMINA ; fignify the mo- ther of the male. FESTIVAL ; GWIL ; EORTE ; FESTUM, the feafon. FETTER ; TROEDOG ; PEDE ; PEDICA, a fhut upon the feet. FIBRE ; MANWYTHI ; Is ; FIBRA, the founding fmall veins within. FIELD; MAES; AGROS; ACER, pafture or ploughed ground. FILE ; LLIF ; RHINE ; LIMA, the fliarp flower. FILL ; LLENWI ; ADO ; SATIO, adding to place or ex.* tended parts. FILLET j TAfcAiTH 5 KREDfiMNON j VITTA, upon or about the bead, FIL.TH { F ti FILTH; BYDREDDI; THOLOS; SORDES, the things along the ground. FINISH } DIBENU ; ANUO ; PERFICIO, to be in. FIRTREE ; FYNIDWYDD; ELATE; ABIES, the long ftratt growth. FLEAS; CHWAINJ PSULLOS; PULEX, the leapers or flyers. FLOURISH j BLODEUO ; THALLO ; FLOREO. See the next. FLOW; LLIFO ; RHEO ; FLUO, in a primary fenfe figni- fy an jlation of the fun's rays, or of its return of life, as growth, the flowing or reflowing of water, and other fimilar things. FLY ; HEDEG ; IPTAMAI ; Voto, to fpring forward or lengthwife. FLY ; GWYBED ; MUIA } MUSCA, the blown things. FORBID ; GWAHARDD ; EIRGO ; VETO, the adtion of woe, or flopping upon an adlion of driving. FORM ; FURF ; MORPHE ; FORMA, things in the circle of life or exiftence in their primitive fenfe. FOUNDATION; SYLFAEN ; THEMELON ; FUNDAMEN- TUM, the quality of things, or the origin of property. FOUR ; PEDAIR ; TESSARES, TETOR ; QUATUOR, are expreflive of the firmament or light, mentioned in Genefis to be the work of the fourth day of the creation, as appears by my former treatife upon this fubjeft. FREE; RHYDD ; ELEUTHEROS ; LIBER, in their primary fenfe fignify the action or flow of the fun's rays. FRIEND; CYFALL; PHILOS ; AMICUS, another equal. FRIGHTEN; DYCHRYNU ; ATUSO ; TERREFACIO, from the aftioh of the high fire or thunder. FRINGE; GODRE ; KROSSOSJ FIMBRIA, the edge round a thing. FROTH ; EWIN j APHROS ; SPUMA, fpringing on the water* FULL ; LLAUN ; PLEOS ; PLENUS, in their primary fenfe fignify the hand or other things extended with bodies. FUNERAL; ANGLADD ; KTEREA ; EXEQUIJE, an in j terring. FURY ; CYNDDAREDD - t ERINNUS 3 FURJA, an infu* fion of fire. 04 G. li A G. G ARDFN ; GARDD ; ORCHOS ; HORTUS, were the _ " firft inclofed grounds, which in Britain and other coun- tries from an apprehenfion of deluges, were at firft on the entrances of mountains, promontories or garths. GATHER; CITYRRU ; AGEIRO j CONGREGO, to heap together. GAZE; YMSYNIED ; THEAOMAI j CONTEMPLOR, to think or look on a thing or place. GIRD j GREGISU ; ZONNUO ; CINGO, about a man's lower covering. GLEBE ; GLYB, PORFA j BOLOS ; GLEBA, the place of feeding or growth. GLITTER ; DISGLEIRIO ; AMARUSSO ; FULCO, the a&ionofthe high light upon the lower parts. GNASH ; RHINCIAN ; RHOIGEO ; STRIDEO, the found of acting between two things. Go or MOVE; MYNED ; BAINO ; Eo, man going, mov- ing or fpringing. GOOD; DAIONUS; AGATHOS or Evs; BONUS, the root or fpring of us. GRAPE; GRAWNWIDD.; STAPHULE ; UVA, a growth from fire and the fpring of life, GRASSHOPPER or LOCUST j LOCUST or EDNOGUN ; AKRIS ; LOCUSA, things or generations that cover the ground. GREEDY; AWYDDUS; LABROS ; AVIDUS, for growing or increasing. GROVE ; LLWYN ; ALSOS ; Lucus, a part extended with woods. GROUND ; LLAWR ; OLJDAS ; SOLUM, the part of the earth under and round about us. GUEST ; LLETEIWR ; XJSNQS ; HOSPES, a lodger and boarder for a fhort time. H. HALF; HANER; HEMISUS ; DIMIDIUS, divided in the middle. HALTKR; TENYN ; PHIMOS j CAMUS, a thing to draw up. HAMMER; MORTHYL ; SPUVRA ; MALLEUS, a great flroke to drive in a lower thing. HAPPY; I N HAPPY ; DEDWYDD ; OLBIOS ; FELIX, a joyful thing or fpringing property to man, all life and Uigh life. HEARTH; AILWYD ; ESCHARA; Focus; a thing un- der or covered by fire. HEIGHT ; UCHELDER ; UPSOS ; ALTITUDO, the high pofleflion or the parts feen upwards. HELM; Lnw ; OIAX ; GUBERNACULUM, the driver or chief of a family, country, a (hip or other thing. HELMET; HELM; KORUS; GALEA, a covering upon the upper part. HELP; CYMORTH ; ONEMI ; Juvo, to affift one up, or with food, or other comforts of life. HOARSENESS; CRYGDER ; BRANGCHOS ; RACEDO^ a ftoppage in the throat. HOBGOBLIN or ELF; ELLYLL ; MORMO ; LARVA, light or appearances in the night. HOGSHEAD ; CERWIN ; KERAMOS ; DOLIUM, a large veflel, a wine vefiel, or the head or chief veflel. HOPE ; GOBETH; ELPIS ; SPES, the future, high or all joyful thing. HOSTAGE ; GWISTYL ; OMEROS ; OBSES, a pledge gueft. HOWL ; UDO ; OLOLUSO ; ULULO, the noife of a dog, an owl, &c. HUMMING; BWM ; BOMBOS ; BOMBUS, a low noife or found, which has not the leaft refemblance to the human voice, like that of a bittern or heron. HUMBLE; UFEDD ; IKETES; SUPPLEX, from being high. I. IAMBIC; TROED-IO; IAMBOS ; IAMBUS, the principles of fpeech and mufic, the fhort and long feet, or the lopaean fong and dance. JAVELIN ; PICELL ; AKON ; JACULUM, a thing acting up or darting. JAUNDICE ; CRYDMELUN ; IK.TEROS ; ICTERUS, the yellow (baking. IMPLORE ; IMOFYN ; LISSOMAI ; IMPLORO, acting with force about, or earneftly feeking things. INFANT ; IFANC ; NEPION ; INFANS, life juft in alion or exiftence. INNUMERABLE ; 'ANIBEK^J MURIOSJ INFJMTUS, with- out end. INTERPRET L INTERPRET ; DEONGLI ; ERMENEUO ; INTERPRETOR? to prate between, or to divide or diftinguifh a confufed mafs of fpeech or things. INTIRE; CYFANJ OULOSJ INTEGER, together or in one place of exiftence. ISTHMUS; ISDWIFOR j ISTHMOS ; ISTHMUS, the land betwixt two waters or feas. ITCH ; CRACH ; PSORA ; SCABIES, a covering upon, from the lower parts. JUDGE ; BARNU j DIKASO ; JUDICO, the bar one or the chief fpeaker. K. KERNEL ; CNYLLUN ; PUREN j NUCLEUS, the in-* clofed pure one, or part of the nut. KICK ; Puio j PAIO ; FERIO, to fpring the paw or foot. KNEEL ; CAMUGLIN 5 OKLASO j GENUFLECTO, to bend the knee. KNOT ; COLWM ; KOMBOS ; NODUS ; fhut altogether. KNUCKLES ; CYMALBYS ; KONDULOS; DIGITI ARTI- CULUS, the joints of the finger. LEAKE ; TRWYDDO ; KATARREO ; PERFLUO, to gd through. LEAN; CUL ; ISCHNOS; MACER, a thing a&ing or growing only in length. LEATHER; CROEN ; BURSA; CORIUM, the (kin or covering of an animal ftretched. LEAVEN ; SURDOES, CHWYDDDOES ; ZUME ; FR- MENTUM, the four, fwoln, or heating pafte. LENGTH; HYD; MEKOS, LONGITUDO, adion or ex-* tenfion lengthwife. LEISURE; SEGURYD; SCHOLE ; OTIUM, being with- out motion or found. LEVEL; GWASTADHAI ; NASSO ; ^Equo, to be ftand- ing together, even, either high or low, or up or down. LIKE ; CYFELIB ; ALINGKIOS ; SIMILIS, in their pri- mary fenfe fignify life and light, which are alike. LOIN ; LWYN ; ISCHIS ; LUMBUS, upon an animal within. LOITER ; YMAROS ; IAUO ; COMMOROR, to fiand ftill without motion% LUXURY 5 N E LUXURY ; TRYTHYLLWCH; STRENOS; Luxus, a&ing beyond the power or property of man. M. MEADOW J GWERGLADD, IvEIMON ; PRATUM, the place of the greater growth or fpring. MECHANICK, ARTIFICER; SAER 3 BANAUSOS j ME- CHANICUS, a worker in arts. MELT; TODDI ; MELDO ; LI^UEFACIO, to diminifh or deftroy the compa&nefs of a body, to make it flow or re- femble honey. MEMBER; AELOD; ARTHRON ; MEMBRUM, the fpring parts, branches or {hanks about a man. MERCURY ; MORIWR ; ERMES ; MERCURIUS, the great feaman, his wings alluding to the fails of {hips and their fvvift motion. MERCY ; TRUGAREDD ; ELEOS ; MISERICORDIA, in their primary fenfe is to help one over or out of the water, and emblematically out of any other trouble. It may be no improper phrafe to be made ufe of to the old carrier of Acheron. MIDDLE ; CANOL ; MESOS j MEDIUS, the moil in- clofed or {hut of all. MILD ; GWAR ; PRAOS ; MITIS, a thing without much fire or action, MILT ; BLEDDYN ; SPLEN ; SPLEN, the life or fpring of the human flood or its circulation. MIND, SOUL ; MEDDWL, ENAID j THUMOS, Nous j A NIMUS, the life and light of man. MINGLE; CYMYSGU j KERANNUMJ; COMMISCEO, to be together in, or poflefling one place. MISFORTUNE; ANFORTYN, ANDDAMWEN; DAIMON; INFORTUNIUM, no force, ftrength or comfort to man. MONSTER; ANGENFIL ; PELOR ; MONSTRUM, a man with a female belly or a privative male. MYRTLE; MYRWYDD j MYRTOS j MYRTUS, nume- rous leaves on its top. N. NEcK; GWDDF; AucHENj CERVIX, the breath in- clofure. NECKLACE ; AURDORCH ; ORMOS 3 MONILE, furround- jng the neck or a golden torques, 5 NEIGHBOUR ^ E NEJIGHBOUR ; CYMYDOG; GEITON ; ^ICINUS, lini in the fame place or together. NERVES ; GIAU ; NEURON ; NERVUS, the fpring of growth or life. NlPPLE ; TlDEN ; THELE ; PAPILLA, the flowing part. NOISE ; TROEST ; DOUPOS ; STREPITUS, the found of the two feet. NUMBNESS ; FERDOD ; MALKE ; FRIGUS, a great pr?- vation of heat. O. OAR; RHWYF; ERETMOS; REMUS, the rank or order of rowing. OATH ; LLW ; ORKION ; JURAMENTUM, upon the light of man. OBSCURE j, TYWYLL ; AMAUROS ; OBSCURUS, the circumambient air without light. OINTMENT ; IRAD ; MURON j UNGUENTUM, afoften- ing at the fire. OLD AGE ; HENAINT ; GERAS; SENECTUS, acting t the laft or utmoft action. ONION ; WINWYN ; KROMMUON ; C-ffiPE, a round, inclofcd or fliut thing. ORGAN; ORGAN; ORGANON ; ORGANUM, the human tone, fong or mufic. OVERTAKE; CYRHAEDD ; OREGO; PORRIGO, acting or reaching the confines or borders. P. PAGE; GWAS TROED; AKOLOUTHON ; PEDISSEQUUS* a foot-fervant, a follower, or a horfe follower. PALPITATE ; LLAMU ; PALLOMAI ; PALPITO, to leap. PAVEMENT; PALMENT; DAPEDON ; PAVIMENTUM, a good footing in the houfe or pofleflions. PEACE ; HEDDUCH ; HESUCHIA ; PAX, from action. PEBBLE; CARREGAN ; KOCHLAX ; LAPILLUS, a little ftone. PEEL j RHISGLO ; OLOPTO ; DECORTICO, all off the covering or lower part. PENTHOUSE; PENTYS; GEISON ; SUGGRUNDA, th top of the lower houfe. PERFORATE ; P R PERFORATE ; TVLLU ; TRUPAO ; PERFORO, in, to or through a thing. PERFUME; PERAROGLI ; THUMIAOJ SUFFIO, fweet fmelling exhalations, as thofe of fruit, flowers, &c. PERSON; PERSON ; PROSOPON; PERSONA, are defined in the former Lexicon, to fignify fweet found from per-fon ; but per alfo figniries an apple or any other ripe fweet fruit, as figgs or figes, according to theWelfh, which referable that which perhaps gives man the denomination of perfon, or the found of the apple ; and the word vices feems to derive its origin homages; the v confonant and the digamma being of the fame fignification, and g its other half, only the inflection of the radical c, and diafatand fall, the WeHh nam^s of the devil or fallen angel, being from afal an apple, as the Englifh word fall feems to be. PITCHER; DYFR LESDR ; KROSSOS ; HYDRIA, a water veflel. PLEASE; LLONNI ; ILIAO, ADEO ; PLACEO, PROPI- TIUS SUM, an ilation, emanation or addition of good qua- lities from above on the lower parts. PLOW; ARU ; AROO ; ARO, to fpring or dig up the earth. PLUCK; DEORI; DREPO ; DECERPO, acting or draw- ing a thing up or from. POCKET; COD; PERA; PERA, a thing to (hut upon. POOL; PwLLorL/LYN; LiMNEj STAGN^M, the part of ftanding water. POTAGE ; CAWL ; ZOMOS ; JUSCULUM, the pot actir on, the common or kitchen right, and culinaries. POUND j Pwis ; LITRA j LIBRA, one round or a fmall thing. PRAISE; MAWL; AINOS; LAUS, a great fpring of light upwards from below. PRECIPICE; GORWARED; KREMNOS ; PRJECIPITIUM, up downward, or from an high part to a lower part. PREPOSITION; RHAGTHODIAD; PROTHESIS, PREPO- SITIO, a thing or word put before another word or thing, with which it has fome relation or connection. PRESENT ; OFFRWM ; PROSPHORA ; OBLATUM, a thing fent before a vifit by way of gift, as anciently accuf- tomed, or an offering for an altar. PRINCE; BRENIN; KOIRANOS ; PRINCEPS, the chief or firft in action or moft ancient. PROMISE; ADDEWID; ENGUISISJ SPONIO, a faying pr anfwering for a thing in action., PRONE ; R O PRONE or READY; PAROD ; PRICES; PRONUS, the part from in. PRONOUN; RHAGENW; ANTONUMIA ; PRONOMEN, inftead of a noun ; or rather a primitive or firft noun. PROVOKE ; GYRRU ; ERETHO ; IRRJTO, to heat or re. PROW; YELAEN ; PRORA ; PRORA, the part from before. PUFF ; CHWIFF ; PNOE j FLATUS ; a flowing up from a man with his breath- PUSH ; GUTHEQ; OTHEO; PELLO, to fpring the foot or put from. QUARREL; IMRAFAELIO; ERESCHELEO; RIXOR, the lower a&ing for being higher. QUICK; CUIT; OKUS ; VELOX, the a&ion of the Pper light. RAoE ; CYNDDAREDD; LussA ; RABIES, a great growth or a&ion of heat. RAIN; UMBREDD ; OMBROS ; IMBER, the water ipringing all about. RAW; AMRWD; OMOS; CRUDUS, without boiling or fire. REFUSE; YMWRTHOD ; ANAINOMAI, RENUO, to jpring back. REMAIN; AROS ; MENO; MANEO, to be upon or with- in a thing or place. REMEMBER; ATGOFIO ; MNAOMAI ; RECORDOR, to fpring back to the mind or memory. RESOUND ; ATSYNIO ; ANTECHEO ; RESONO, to fpring back, or return a found or echo. RETURN; TROIAT; NESTED; REDEO, to fpring to- wards or nearer tp. RIBBAND; RHYMIN; AM?UX ; VITTA, a thing about the upper part of a man, or the high band. RISE ;DECHREU; PHUOMAI ; ORIOR, ASSURGO, to fpring up. ROAD ; FORDD ; POREIA ; VIA, APITUS, the part fy om to. s o ROD ; GUIALEN ; RAPIS ; VIRGA, the fpringing one. ROPE; RHAF 5 AMPRONJ FUNIS, about a lower thing, s. SALUTE; CYFARCH ; ASPASOMAI; SALUTO, to bow the head or knee, or to meet together with the like addrefs. SCARIFY ; FLEIMIO ; SKARIPHAOMAI ; SCARIFICO, to aft into the lower parts or into man. SEARCH; CHWILIO ; ICHNEUO ; SCRUTOR, to be up- on the adtion of feeing or looking. SECT; TYB NEULLTUQL ; AIRESIS ; SECTA, a flying or differing from the general opinion. SELL; GWERTHU j POLEO ; VENDO, to put a price or value upon animals. SEVEN ; SAITH ; EPTA ; SEPTEM, action {landing ftill. SHOOT; BRIGIN ; PHRYGANON; SURCULUS, its end out of the earth in exiftence. SHRUB ; PRYSWYDD ; THAMNOS; FRUTEX, the lower, lefTer or underwood. SIGH ; OCHAIN ; GoAO ; GEMO, the a&ing or found- ing of woe, or the interjedlion O. SIGN ; ARWYDD ; SEMA ; SJGNUM, the fight or view of any thing within. SIMPLE; IMPLYG; APLOOS; SIMPLEX, one part, place or action. SLANDER ; ENLLIBIO ; STEMBO ; CALUMNIOR, to leflen in the land. SLOW; DIOFAL ; GLicHROS ; LENTUS, being from a high fpring or not alert. SNEEZE ; Tissio ; PTAIRO; STERNUO, afting or found- ing up in the lefler founding part. SNOW ; ODI ; NIPHO ; NINGO, the privative water. SOB ; EBYCHIO ; Luso; SiNcutTio, man's founding or fpringing upwards. SOCK ; SOCH ; EMBATES ; Soccus, a fliut or covering about the foot or lower parts. . SOLE; PLAN, GWADAN ; PESA; PLANTA, a thing upon the furface of the ground. SOME ; RHIW j ENIOS ; QUIDAM, one fpring or ex- iftence. SOMEBODY ; RHIW UN j AMOS j ALIQUIS, one perfon pr man. SOMETHING ; S T SOMETHING; RHIW BETH ; Ti ; ALIQUID, fome cx^ tenfion or property. SOMEWHAT; YCHYDIGBETH ; OLIGON -, ALIQJJAN- TULUM, a little or a thing. SON in LAW ; CHWEGR ; GAMBROS ; GENER, born be- fore marriage. SOVEREIGNTY ; PENADURIATH ; ARCHE, PRINCIPA- TUS, the chief of the land. SOUTHWIND ; DEHLUWINT ; NOTOS ; NOTUS, the wind of the right or funfide. SPARKLE ; GUREICHIONEN ; SPINTHER; SCINTILLA, a fingle fpringing out of the fire. SPECTATOR ; EDRICHWR ; THEOROS ; SPECTATOR, the man a&ing to fee things. SPH RE ; PEL ; SPHAIRON , SPHAIRA, the extenfion of parts as feen. SPIDER; PRYFGOP; ARACHNES ; ARANEA, the acl- ing or inclofing worm. SPOT or BLEMISH; MAN, BRICHEUN ; KELIS ; MA- CULA, the place one ftands or acts upon in its firftfenfe, and al'lufively any hidden part or blemifti. SPOUSE; PRIODASENJ NYMPHA ; SPONSA, our rib or female part. SPRING; GUREDD ; EAR; VER, the action of man and of the lower parts upwards, or the return of intentional qua- lities ilating and penetrating bodies. SPRINKLE; YS^EINTIO ; SKEDASO ; SPARGO, thelefler parts of water acting upwards. SPUNGE or SPONGE; YSBCNG ; MADR; SPONGOS; SPONGIA, a heap growing on a lower thing. SQUEEZE; GWASCU ; BLITTO; EXPRIMO, to bring things from, put, to, in or together, and fqueeze is from ex-weeze. STAKE ; CLEDR; SKCLOPS ; PALUS, inelofed parts or things. STAMMERING ; ATAL ; PSELLOS ; BALBUS, a flop from fpeaking up. STAMP; SATHRU ; KATAPATEO; PRCCULCO, to ftand upon a thing or place. STICK; BACH, PASTWN ; BAKTON; BACULUS, a thing to fhut upon another thing. STRAIT ; UNION, JAWN ; ORTHO ; RECTUS, fignify the rays of light darting in a direct line upon and giving in- creafe to our globe for the common utility of man and beaft ; which being the diftrubution of Providence gives a general 2 tide s w title to the benefit, ufe, and enjoyment thereof, as tenants in common, but fo as not to exclude any co-partner of Ma exiftence. But when mankind became corrupted and fond of dominion and diftindtion, Providence was pleafed to divide the earth amongft different families or nations, as appears in Genefis, and ancient authors ; and thofe nations ana families have granted their poffeflions and rights to one another, which feems to be the only natural origin of exclufive rights and do- minion ; though political rights may derive their origin from conveniency. STRANGLE; TAGU; ANCHO ; STRANGULO, to flatten the neck* STRAY; CRWYDRO; ALAOMAI ; VAGOR, to be upon the round in the country. STREET ; CWM ; KOME ; Vicus, long villages, in which tribes or certain portions of the people co-inhabited. STREW; TANU ; STORED; STERNO, to extend upon the furface of the ground under the fky. STUMBLE; TRJPIO; PTAIO ; C-SSPITO, the foot up from the pofleflion of the lower parts. SUCH; CYFRIW ; Toios; TALIS, the above and be- low equal. SUFFER; GODDEF; PACHO ; PATIOR, it is an a&ion of woe. SUNBEAM; PELYDR ; AKTINJ RADIUS, the aftion of the firmament towards the earth. SUPPLANT ; BACHELLU ; SPHALLO ; SUPPLANTO, to fpring the foot or lower part. SUPPOSE; DODI DAN ; UPOLITHEMI ; SUPPONO, to put the loweft or laft, up or firft. SUSPECT; EDRYCH AT ; ANABLEPO; SUSPECTO, to look at our actions. SWARD or SURFACE; ARWYNEB ; EPIPOLE; SUPER- FICIES, at the place of the foot, upon the face of the earth ojf downward. SWARM ; HAID ; SMENOS; EXAMEN, it is gone, or all about. SWEAR; TYNGU; OMNUM! ; JURO, by man or all his internal property. SWEETNESS; MELYSDER; DEUKOS ; DULCEDO, the property of the high great light on things below. SWORD ; CLEDDYF ; XEPHOS^ AOR 3 ENSIS, a thing to a& with or keep from. T. T JL THiNK ; MEDDYLIO ; ENNOEO; CQGITO, trie action or exercife of the internal light. THIRST j SYCHED ; DIPSA ; SITIS, the water drawn up by fire. THONG; CARAI ; IMASJ LORUM, a ihut about an under thing. THRESHOLD ; RHINIOG j BELOS ; LIMEN,. the limits between the ins and outs. THROW ; TAFLU ; BALLO ; JACIO, to fpring a thing up or flantwife. TIARA ; TALAITH ; KIDARIS ; TIARA, a covering, upon the chief actor or proprietor. TIE ; TIDO ; DEO ; LIGO. Thefe in their primary fenfe fignify thg property or attraction of the firmament. TONGUE j TAFODJ GLOSSA; LINGUA, the flow of things. TOP; CRIB; KOLOPHON ; FASTIGIUM, the fky or covering the high end. TOUCH ; CNITHIO ; THEGO, PSALLO ; TANGO, adding upon the upper covering or Ikin. TRACK; OL ; ICHNOS ; VESTIGIUM, the {hadow or fign of a perfon or other thing going before another, or a continued adtion upon the ground. TREAD ; TROEDIO j PATEO j CAico, to put the foot upon the ground or pat. TRIPLE; OVERBETH ; LEROS ; NUGAMENTUM, pof- feffion without place, or a thing without fpring. TRIUMPH; GORFOLEDD ; THRIAMBOS ^ TRIUMPHUS, the praife of a man. TROUBLESOME or DIFFICULT ; CALED ; CHALEPOS ; DIFFICILIS, the high part of a rock. TRUMPET j UTGORN j SALPINGX ;. TUBA, the fpring- ing horn. TRUNK; CYFF ; KORMOS ; TRUNCUS^ an anima) in- clofure or fhut ; or what is ufed as fuch. TUMB or TOMB ; BEDD ; TAPHOS ; TUMBA, the covering or inclofing of a body. TWIG; BLAGURYN; LUGOS ; VIMEN, a growth up. TWIN; ILL DEUODD j DIDUMOS j GEMINUS, a double? offspring or race. V. W fc v. VEHEMENT; ANGERTHOL ; SPHODIOS ; a great action or the property. VEIN ; WITHEN ; PHLEPs ; VENA, the place of life, as containing the water of life. VENERABLE ; URDDASOL ; AIDESIMOS ; VENERABILIS, a good and high a the little hot {linger. VIRTUE ; GWREDD ; ARETE ; VIRTUS, the fpring or 1 property of man. UNDERGO ; MYNEDTAN ; UPDUOMAI ; SUBEO, to move below an upper. UNJUST; ANGHYFIAWN ; ADIKOS ; INJUSTUS, un- equal right, or an unequal divifion of that property inherently in man. VULGAR; y CYFFREDIN, yBoBL; PLETHOS, 01 POL- LOI ; Vuicus, PLEBS, thofe of cattle underftanding ot living together without diftin&ion. W. ALK ; CERDDEDJ BAINO ; AMBULO, amanupon WANTON ; ANLLAD ; ASELGES ; LASCIVUS, living with women. WAR ; CAD ; MACHE ; PUGNA, at action, upon the fpring, great a&ion or the paws in action. WAISTCOAT; HUG; CHITON; TUNICA, under the upper or lower coat. WEAVE; GWEI; UPHAO ; TEXO, ading the web, or making or covering the lower. WEB ; GWE, YSTOF ; ISTOS; STAMEN, TELA, the lower ftrata or its covering. WEEP ; WYLO; KLAIO ; FLBO, to be from the rays of light, as plants weeping. E ^ w d WET, WATER j DYFRIO ; DEUO j RIGO, to fpring trp water. WHALE; MORFIL; KETOS; COETUS, the chief or greateft fea animal i WHETSTONE; HOGALEN ; AKONE; Cos, acYmg upon the edge or upper part of a thing. WHEY; MAIDD ; ORROS; SERUM, the water part of the cattle liquid, after a feparation of the coagulated parts. WHISPER; SISIAL ; THRULLCS ; &USURRUS, alefleror lower found than calling or talking. WHISTLE; CHWIBANU ; POPPISO ; SIBILO, the pipe found of man or other animal. WICKED ; ISGELER j ALITROS ; SCELESTUS, below heaven. WILLOW; HELIG ; ITEA ; SALIX, the water kind. WILD BEAST ; GWYDDFIL, THER ; FERA, the wood er country animal. WINE; OWIN ; OINOS ; VINUM, a divine liquid. WING ; ADEN ; PTERON ; ALA, a thing towards the fky, or from below, up or high. ALA or MACHALE alfo fignify the arm-pit, or below the arm or wing of man ; from whence the wings of birds are named. WITNESS; TYST; MARTYR; TESTIS, a dying for his country. WOMB; CROTH ; METRA ; UTERUS, the mother earth or covering of the human fpecies. WONDER ; RHYFEDDU ; THAUMASO ; MIROR, the energy of man and animals on beholding or contemplating the fun, with its emanation upon the lower orb. WOOD, WILD ; COED, WYLLT ; HYLE ; SYLVA, the place of the higheft growth or fpring ; and emblematically the origin of the fpring, fiow or growth of human fpeech, or articulate founds of voice, as coming from the tree of know- ledge of good and evil ; mankind being probably before the fall capable of feeing each others ideas or thoughts, fo far as they were capable of converfing or difputing in the ftate of innocence. And this fort of converfe may be that of the Set pent and Eve, and may not be improperly termed fpecies , gvjedd or eidas* whence idiom, iaith, and idioma. WORM; PRYF ; SKOLEX, VERMIS, the firft form of exiftence. WORSHIP; ADDOLI ; THRESKEUO ; COLO, to the holy, or holy Trinity. Prepofitions PREPOSITIONS. 6 9 Prepofitions of the Englifh, Greek, and Latin. ABOVE, on, up, upon; ar, gar, ub j ari, uper; fuper, fupra. Ar hieroglyfically means a man's arfe and in a general fenfe the earth upon which we are, as er does the females, and the paflive element water ; hence ari ; up, ub, is the fpring of p or the higher parts; on, is the circle of motion and pofleflion ; fo that upon is to be upon the fpring or in motion ; fuper, uper and fupra is the fpring from below up ; above, the upper fpring or bounds of the human fight. Below, beneath, under, down ; tan, odditan, ob, obri ; kat, upo, upenerthe j fub, fubter, infra. Under, not fprung up the pofleffions; down, from fpringing or being up ; below, from being up ; beneath, a thing not in the pofTefiions ; infra, in the earth part 3 fub, below up ; fubter, below the upper pofTefiions ; upo, from up ; kato from the top covering ; upenerthe, from fpringing to the top ; obri, from fpringing ; ob, from life ; tan, under the furface of the earth ; and fome of thofe in the hieroglyfic fenfe alfo fignify the generative parts. In, with, within, into, unto, at, to, towards ; in, cyn, oddifewn, intho, at, i, tuagat ; en, xun, entos, para, es, pros ; in, cum, intus, inter, intra, apud, ad, verfus. In, fignifies man placed in the middle of exiftences, and as be- twixt matter and fpirit ; with, from u-T or th by inflection, is the fpring of i, man, into male and female, and his line, race and poflefiions ; within, is the fame in the circle of pof- feflion ; to, is the circle of motion and property under the fky ; into, the fame within the pofleflions ; unto, at, ad, to- wards, the fame, fpringing to man or the line of pofleffion, or at T or the tree ; inter, into, intra, intho, oddifewn, entos, fignify in the pofleflions ; tuagat acting towards ; cum, xun, together as one ; i, the line of life towards the fun, or man in an hieroglyfic fenfe ; para, the part upon ; pros, the part upon from ; verfus, a fpring towards us. Out, of, from, out of, without ; O, or, oddiwrth, od- diallen ; ek, extos, peu, apo ; ex, de, a, ab, extra, fine. Ut, fignifying the part a man poflefles, out, is from the part jnan poflefles or -{lands upon ; O is the circle of view from E 3 any ?o PREPOSITIONS. any place one is upon or poflefles ; or, is a material foun4 upon O, fignifying a border ; of, the border or pofleffion part ; from, the furrounding parts ; without, out of the line or circle of pofleffion ; oddiwrth, oddiallan, and the reft, fig- nify out of the pofleffions or parts. About, for ; am, amfi ; amphi ; circum. About, is the things within the circle of man's pofleffion ; am is duration and exiftences, beings and things about him in this life or world ; amfi, amphi, the things about me ; circum, things together, furrounding or adding about a man ; for, is the things of the circle of pofleffion. Afore, before, againft ; rhag, cin, oflaen, erbyn ; pro, gar, antijpro, pras, ante. Cin is adti n in or the chief or firft adtion pr motion ; rhag, the fire, or firft action or motion, afore and before, in or from the borders of pofleffion ; gar, adting before; pro and pr-e the firft pofleffiqns or countries ; erbyn, the feen in or fpringing before ; ami and ante, the firft or beginning of earthly pofleffions ; contra, far from being together within. /'fter, behind, fmce, according to; gwedi, arol, tuol, ynol ; upo, epi, ufteron, epithen, kata ; poft, ex, fecun- dum. The Greek terms fignify the parts from ; after, from T or the pofll-ffion ; behind, to be after hi or man in the pofleffions; fmce, to be after being together; according to, agreeing together in adling ; poft the part from the poflef- fions ; ex, out of adtion ; ar ol, upon the made or the part covered from the fun behind a perfon ; tu ol, the made or form from ; yn ol, in the {hade ; gwedi, an adtion paft. By, through, over, over and above, befides, beyond, ex- cept ; wrth, trwy, eithr, tros, tros hynu, ond hynu, draw, tu draw ; dia, ana, peri, pros, atar, pera ; per, trans, prater, ultra. By, the living or dwelling part ; with, the pofleffions by man -, dia, the part of the earth .poflefled ; per peri, praeter, pera, the part upon either of earth or water ; trwy and through, pofleffions of land and water beyond the circle of view ; over, from the view of the part upon ; tros, trans and pros, the part from both of earth and water ; except, taking out ; ond hynu, but that ; drau or tu drau, the other fide or off the fide of the part one poflefles or place he ftands upon ; bcfides, by the fide or below the parts ; ultra, be- yond the pofleffions or parts feen ; beyond, by the upper covering. Between, betwixt, among, amongft ; rhyng, ymyfg; ei, en, metaxu ; inter. Thefe fignify the line i, dividing the things in the circle of pofleffion, and the things in and about the circle of pofleffion. The CONJUNCTIONS. 71 The Conjunctions of the Englifli, Welfli, Greek, and Latin. AN D ; a, ac, ag ; te, kai ; et, que. And or ond, on in divifion or difcourfe j ac, and ag, its inflection, and alfo, a, dropping the c and g before a confonant, fignify ac- tions in general j te, et, yet, and the Welfh etto, fignify, again ; kai and que, fignify an adtioo. If, unlefs, except ; os, ai, oni ; ei, me ; fi, nifi. Ai, ei, is it the action of the earth or water ? If, life, or is it life ? Os, is it feen off or from ? Si, is it, or is it feen. Nifi, is it not ? Unlefs, my fpring out; except, taking from the parts of the pofTeffion ; Oni, not from ; Me, from me. But, yet, ftill, alfo, likewife, notwithftanding, although ; .ond, etto, erhyn, eifoes, ynlleiaf; aute, eti, omos, alia; autem, fed, tamen, quoque, etiam, lix, licet, etfi,faltem. But, by man and things feen ; etto and yet, it is or it fprings ; hence, eti, aute, autem, tamen, etiam ; alfo, on fo ; ond, it is moving ; likewife, the fame way ; ftill, light on things, although, upon to ; notwithftanding, not oppofing the former action - t however, be the fpring of aftion as it may ; never- thelefs, without any fpring ; erhyn, eifoes and omos, hither- to ; fed, fee it or if it be feen ; quoque, ailing therein, or and in which ; the reft fignify to be above ground at leaft. For, becaufe, therefore, as, as well as ; er, am, mor, fel, am hynu, or achos, herwydd ; eri, gar, dia, oti, os, ara, ar ou ; propter, nam, tam, tamquam, quia, ergo j for, is the proving by the evidence of the things within the circle of pofleffion or in the world 3 there, in therefore, er, eri and herwydd, fignify the fpring, and, therefore, the parts and fpring within the circle ; as, the earth feen ; as well as, its furface or under it out of fight ; wherefore, the parts in which circle ; gar and ara, by the earth growth ; am, am hynu, nam, tam and tamquam, by all things exifting about us ; o% by the vifible circle of things j dia and oti, by the things pof- fefled ; quia, by your own exiftence ; ou, by the fpring of the circle ; becaufe, by the acYions of the vilible things of this world or our own actions ; mor, by the things about the circle or world j fel, by the light j or achos, by the actions of the part of the world about us. E 4 Or, 7 2 PRONOUNS. Or, either ; neu, ai, aill ; nai, eite ; nae, aut, vel, five. Or, fignifies the circle of pofleflion and of and from, as it is at a diftance from us, but in this refpe and erne, from am-i or iam, fignify this i or line, exifting or extended with its ambient pofleflions. Hence T, which is this line extended, under heaven, came to be the hierogly- fic expreflion for extenfion and general things ; and P its divider, for pofleflions, properties, terreftial parts and parti- cular things ; ego or egu, the fpringing u or man j emou and mei, its genitive or pofieflive cafe, fignify the things and pofleflions about man; mine is my in, in me or my property ; emos and meus fignify the things feen about us ; fi and fy inflect from mi. You or thou, thee, thine ; ti, dy; fu, fos ; tu, tuus. You from y-o-u fignifies the off man, thou from th-o-u, the pff man or woman ; thee, ti, and tu, are the fame ; thine, is the off man's in or pofleflions ; dy, thy pcfleffion ; fu the female y or woman ; lyus, and fos, the female pofieflions. PRONOUNS. 73 He, {he, him, her, his, hers, it ; fe or fo, hi, ith or ei ; autos, aute, auto ; ille, ilia, illud, is, ea, id, ipfe, ipfa, ipfum, fuus, fua, fuum. He or hi, the higher acting man ; flie, the lefler, lower, or female man ; him, the higher man about ; her, the more paffive fpring ; his, of man ; hers of a woman ; it, ith, id, ille, autos, &c. fignify man's extenfion in his race and pofleffions. We, us, ours ; ni, ein ; hemeis, hemeteros ; nos, nof- ter. We or wi, thofe in pofleffion ; us, the men feen ; ours, of man ; ni, the men in pofleffion j ein, belonging to us ; emeis, the men about ; nos or nus, in us ; nofter, our pof- feffions ; emeteros, our furrounding pofleffions j o-ur, being the circle of man. Ye, you, yours ; chwi, eich ; umeis, umeteros ; vos, vefter. Chwi, the from us ; ye, thofe from ; umeis, the females about ; vos, thofe from v yours, of thofe from ; eich, of the from us ; umeteros and vefter, the female pofleffions. They, them, theirs ; hwynt, eu j autoi, ekeinoi, fphe- teroi ; illi, ifti. Thefe fignify mankind, their race, fpring, and pofleffions. Thus far as to the perfonal and pofleffive pronouns ; now as to the demonftratives and relatives. This, that ; hwn, hon, hyn j autos, aute, touto, ekei- nos ; hie, is, ille. This, the man feen ; that, the pofleffion at ; hwn, the man acting in ; hyn, he in action ; hie, the man acting ; is and ille, the man feen ; ekeinos, the man feen acting in the circle of pofleffion ; autos the fame. Any, fome, one ; un, yr un, peth ; oftis, eis, enios, deina ; aliquis, quidam, quicunque, ullus. Un fignifies man in exiftence, as a mikrocofm reprefenting our fyftem of beings ; one, is from un ; any, is the earth in exiftence ; fome, the feen exiftences ; yr un the one fpring of exiftence j enios and eis, in exiftence j ullus, a man leen j aliquis, another man feen; oftis, the things about in the pofleffions j peth, a part or thing. None ; neb ; outis, oudeis ; nullus. Nullus, no man feen ; outis and oudeis, no thing or pofleffion ; none, no one ; neb, nobody. Another; arall ; allos, eteros ; alius, alter, uter. Arall, allos, alius, fignify the fecond ; alter, uter and another, the fecond pofleffion. Who, which, what, that j pwi, pa, pa un ; os, he, o, poios, poia, poion, tis, os, ti ; qui, quae, quod, quis, quae, quid, is, ca, id. Thefe as interrogatives fignify which pne, and what part or thing, and that one or thing ? and as relative pronouns ferve to exprefs any antecedent part, mem- ber 74 ADVERBS OF PLACE. fcer or thing in a fentence, as who or wch-u, the above man, which or wch-ich, the above action and what or wch-at, at the above; qui or uch-i, the above man, xjuaeor uch-ae, th,e above woman, and quod, the above thing. Adverbs of Place, W.ITHIN, here, endwife, ftraight, upright j in the? yma, ofeun, tu fewn, infyth, cyfing, ar inion ^ endon, entautha, orthos, ftenos, en brachei, eifo ; intus, intrcrfurn, hie, vere, arrecte, ftridtim, angufte. Within, intho, emlon, intus and jntrorfum, fignify the line of man's exiftence, as his houfe, pofleffion, or the part of fpace occur pied by him, or taken up by his extenfion ; end wife towards the fky or bounds of view ; cyfin, fhut clofe together, in length without breadth ; ftrait, aright, arre.te and ftri&im ? to be fhut or pent up from roving to and fro ; orthos, the pofleflions within the borders ; ftenos, to be within the pof- feffions ^ en brachei, in the high country ; inion, in the line j in fyth, in the place ftanding upon j here, the length poflefled by one'} hie, him acting j ima, man or the Mne in the centre of exiftences or things j entautha, things in pofleffion ; eifo, within the circle or borders of the pofleffions. Above, aloft, atop, upwards, lengthwife, Ipngwife ; uchod, bri, ar hyd, arfynu, ar dyn, ar hir bell ; uperthen, ana, elkedpn 5 fupra, furfum, liiblime, tradim, longule. Traclim, the fun's property of drawing upwards, above, from or beyond the bounds of view ; bri, the high country or the firmament part j ar fynu, upon the upright ; ar hyd, upon the length ; ar dyn, upon the fun's attracting property, or upon a draft ; uperthen, the upper part of the line of pof- fcflion ; elkedon, the line of fire drawing upwards ; ano, the iky ; fupra, above the earth ; furfum, above the part poflefled, or man {landing up ; fublime, up in the region of light ; aloft, high from or above the part poflefled ; atop, at the top or the fky ; upwards, upon the fpring up j up, the fpring of p. Beneath, below, aground, down, under ; ifod, obri, tan, ilavvr ; upo, upenerthe, arden ; fub, fubtcr, humi, dcorfum, funditus. Ifod, below the circle of pofleffions j ilav/r, to the ADVERBS OF PLACE. 75 the ground ; arden, from being up j funditus the bottom ; deorfum and humi, from or below the part a man is upon j the reft are explaiued under the prepofitions. Out, without, outwards, abroad, of, from^ around ; o, allan, oddiallan, o amgjych ; exo, ektos, exothen, thurafe, amphi ; ex, foras, circum, extrorfum. Extrorfium ? out of the border of a man's inhabited pofleflions ; allan, above the place inhabited j O, the circle of pofleflions ; around, the circle of the earth inhabited ; abroad, from the neighbour- hood ; foras, below the part of the circle j exothen, out of the inhabited pofleflions ; the reft are explained under the prepofitions. Before, facing, onwards, forwards, ahead, throughly ; mlaen, rhagbron, ir trwyn, oflaen, peneithaf ; pros, porro, pauuge ; coram, prorfum, porro, penitus. Before, the part from man's view ; facing, the part feen in a$ion j porro, the part from ; prorfum, the part from man's ftanding or being; coram, the border of the pofleflions ; peneithaf and penitus, the fartheft end j ir trwyn, to the end of the pof- fefiions. Behind, aftern, after all ; in pi, yn olaf ; ta uftata ; poftremo. Yn ol, in the {hade of the man in pofleflion ; yn olaf its fuperlafive degree ; after all, off the pofleflion of the (hade ; aftern, below the pofleflions upon ; behind, to be at the back ; poftremo, the laft part of the place poflefled ; ta uftata, the laft pofleflions. Near, nigh ; agos ; engus ; prope. Prope, the part from ; agos, engus, and nigh, the firft motion or action from ; ne#r, in the part upon. Far, faraway; o lar bid, imhell, hirbell ; porrothen, apo- then, makran ; longe, procul, ultra, ulterius, eminus. Thefe fignify beyond the neighbourhood or the part inhabited upwards and fideways ; as far, from the part upon ; o lar byd, from the dwelling place ; imhell, out of the fight upon the line of life ; hirbell, very much fo ; porrothen, apart from the place inhabited ; longe, an extenfive place ; procul, the upper country ; ultra and ulterius, the country feen above. Amongft, amidft, intermixedly, aftray, largely, widely, hither and thither ; rhong, rhoth, amilg, ar led, inganoi, ima a thraw 5 metaxu, ana mefon, deuro, kakeife, plateos, dapfilos ; large, late, intermixte, ample, medie, hue atque illuc. Amyfg, amidft, amongft, metaxu and intermixte, Separating the things in the lower ckcle of pofleflions ; alb ay, 76 ADVERBS OF PLACE. aftray, acting below the pofTeffions j hither and thither, from the part poflefled to the firmament ; rhong, dividing the things within the circle of pofleflion ; inganol, inclofing all y ar led, large, late, upon a wide place at large about the ground ; ima a thraw the part upon, and that from ; dapfilos, the coafts from the part upon ; rhoth and euros, the extenfion of the particles of light below j medie, dividing the parts poflefled, as earth and water; hue atque illuc, to the man in pofleflion, and him out of pofleflion, the race of man or him in the fky ; ample, the place about. There, thereabout ; yno, aco, o amgylch ; ekei, au- tothi j illic, ibi. There, upon T or in the firmament ; illic, ibi, and circker, the firmament ; os, ofonte, ekei arid autothi, the circle of the pofleffions in the fky ; y no, aco and o amgylch, the circle of the poffeflions about a man. Hence j oddiyma; enthcnde; hinc. Oddiyma, from the pofleflions about a man ; hinc and hence, from him in pof- ieffion or action ; enthende, from the part in pofleflion. Thence ; oddiyno; autothen ; illinc. Illinc, from the place in the firmament here ; thence, from the fky ; O ddiyno and autothen, from the pofleflions yonder. Hither, hitherward, homeward, toward this way, hitherto, hereabout ; tu ima, tu ac ima, fordd ima, dyro ; profeti, entha, deuro, mechri, taute; hue, adhuc, hactenus, horfum, aliquorfum, retro, erga, verfus. Tu ima, this fide of the pofleflions ; tu ac ima, the ftde of the pofleflions acting here ; fordd ima, the way to thefe pofleflions ; hyd yma, upon the length here ; profeti, the part from to the pofleflions ; entha, into the pofleflions ; dyro and deuro, acting or coming here ; mechri, about act- ing into the pofleflions ; taute, the poflemon from that of man ; hue and adhuc, acting towards man ; hactenus, that part into pofleflion ; horfum, he from, to where man is ; aliquorfum, another, which is from, to where man is ; re- tro, returning from the pofleflions from ; hither, from the firmament herej towards and the reft fignify upon the fpring to or home. Thither, thitherto, that way ; tu aco, fordd aco ; ekeife, tcde, ode j illuc, iftuc. Thither and thitherto, from the iky or top of T, to the pofleflions at its bottom ; tu aco, to the pofleflions from the fky ; ekeife, from the pofleflions in the fky lower ; tede, from the high pofleflions at T ; ode, from the circle of T j illuc, from the place of light hither; iftuc, from the place above to the lower poffeflions. Where, fomewhere, any where, whither, fomewhither, wkich way, wherein, whereto ; pale, ible, tuafle, i riw le, tua ADVERBS OF PLACE. 77 tua riw le, i riw fan ; pou, poi, poi ti ophelos, epiachou^ pothi ; ubi, quid, quo, quoquo, quorfum, aliquo, aliquor- fum, alieubi, ufpiam. Where, fomewhere and any where, a6Hng or fpringing upwards from the part one is upon ; whi- ther,- fomewhither, wherein, whereto and which way, a&- ing upwards from one part, place or pofleflion to another ; the Welfh fignify, what place, to what place, towards what place, to one place and to fome place, and are fully explained elfewhere ; poi and pou the part from up ; pot ti ophelos* the part from up, towards what or fome place ; epiachou, from the part adting upwards ; pothi, the part from the pof* feffions j ubi, fpringrng to the high parts ; quo, from up- wards ; quorfum, from the place of man's exiftence upwards; aliquorfum, from another place of man's exiftence upwards; alieubi and ufpiam, from the part of man's exiftence upwards above the fky. Elfewhere ; yn lie arall, yn yr uchelder ; allachou, alia- thi ; alibi. Elfewhere, from the lower place to the upper fir- mament ; yn lie aral, in another or high place ; yn yr uchelder, in the firmament ; allachou, in the place above; allathi, in the high pofTeffions j alibi, the high firmament. Acrofs, afkant, afkew, awry, aflant, aflope, athwart, crofswife, traverfe, oblique ; yn groes, ar wyr, ar ofgo, as* draws, ar gam ; plagios, parableden, endiaftrophos ; oblique, ex obliquo, torte. Torte is a top one on the upright line ; oblique, from being an upright line ; endiaftrophos, an hori- zontal or meridian line ; parableden, a traverfe or contrary to an upright line ; plagios, a plane one ; ar gam, one upon the fuperficies of the earth ; ar draws, one upon the traverfe; ar ofgo, upon the (lope ; ar wyr, from an upright ; traverfe, turned towards the furface ; athwart, at the earth part ; af- lope, low to the place part ; aflant, low towards the ground ; awry, from an upright fpring ; afkew, acting lower than the fpring ; afkant, acting low towards the ground. Apart, afunder, afide, befides, feparately, feverally, a- piece ; urtho i hun, ar neilldu, ar ben i hun, heb lau hyn, ar ddidol ; choris, idia, kath ekafton, epi toutois, alia te; feorfim, feperatim, fingulatim, praeterea. Apart, a divided piece of earth or thing ; afunder, the ground under j afide, the part by the fide ; leparate, a part of the earth or thing out of or below the pofleflions ; feveral, below the high {pring ; urtho i hun, a man by the fide of the pofleflions ; ar neill du, upon the other fide ; ar ben i hun, at his own end ; heb lau hyn, without the afllftance of this hand ; ar ddidol,, upon the divifion of place or culling j choris, below the bor- ders ; 78 ADVERBS OF TIME. ders ; idia, the divided part ; kath ekafton, by himfelf below the pofleffions ; epi toutois, above the extent of the lower pofleflions ; alia te, the upper or another pofleflion ; feorfim, below the circle or- bo-ders. of the parts poflefled; fmgulatim > the low inhabitant beholding or contemplating immenfity ; praeterea, before the pofleflions of earth and water. Everywhere ; pob, pob lie, pob man ; pantachou ; ubi- que. Thefe feem to exprefs fpate, as pob, the parts from ; pob lie and pob man, the parts of extenfion and exiftence of matter ; pantachou, all upwards ; ubique, beyond the higher parts, though inadequate to the ideas of fpace or extenfion. No where ; nid yn uh man, nid yn un lie ; oudame, ouda- mou j nufquam. Thefe fignify in no part or place, or the negatives of where, which have been already explained. Adverbs of Time. WHEN, whence ; pan, pa bryd, or hyn, o hyn am- fer ; otan, opothen ; quando, quum, unde. Pan* the part in ; pa bryd, the part in feafon ; o hyn amfer, from this circle upon j otan, the circle in pofleflion ; opothen, the circle from the pofleflion ; when and whence, (bringing or acting in j unde, the fpring in pofleflion j hence quum and quando. How long ? how often ? pa hyd, cynfynyched, pa fal gwaith ? mechri ou, pofakis ? quamdiu, quoties ? How long, what length of fpring or action ; how often, what action above in ; pa hyd, what length of action or pofleflion ; cynfynyched, how often from the firft ; pa fal guaith, what fpringof action ; mechri ou, what acting about from the firft ; pofakis, what acting and (landing ftill ; quamdiu, what rounds of the divifion of the fpring ; quoties, in what pofleflion. Once, only, only but ; un waith, un amfer, yn unig ; apax, monon ; femel, tantum, folummodo. Once, one action ; only, one quality ; un waith, one action, or going ; un amfer, one round of what is upon ; yn. unig, in one ac- tion ; apax, from the action or firft action ; monon, the motion of the circle or one motion ; femel, upon the lower round ; tantum, whilft in pofleflion. Twice, ADVERBS OF TIME. 79' Twice, fecondly ; dwywaith, ailwaith ; dis, deuteron ; bis, fecundo. Thefe fignify a divifion of the lower circle of motion or action. Thrice, thirdly ; teirgwaith, yn drydydd ; treis, triton ; ter, tertio. Thefe fignify the action of the third day's crea- tion, viz. the divifion or feparation of land and water. Four times, fourthly j pedairgwaith, yn bedwaredd ; te- trakis, tetartos ; quater, quarto. The divifion of the lumi- naries or the action of the fourth day. Often, ofteirtimes, many times ; mynych, Haergwakh ; pol- lakis, pollofton, funachos; faepe, multoties, faspenumero. Often off or above ten ; oftentimes, above ten times ; many times, the fmall things ; mynych, bordering on the higheft ; Jlawar gwaith, the action of the circle of the hand upon the fingers, 3 well as a part of the action of the whole circle j pollakis, a part of all the lower action ; pollofton, a part of the lower poiTefiions ; funachos, from the firft action- ; fepe, a thing from (landing ftill ; faepenumero, a thing from {landing ftill in the fpring of exiftence. So often ; cynfynyched ; tofakis ; toties. So often, the lower circle above ten ; cynfynyched, the firft action border- ing on the higheft ; tofakis and toties, the action of the lower or leiler circle of life. Yefterday ; doe ; echthes ; heri. Her!, the action from ; yefterday, or yeft-heri-day, the action of the day paft j dee, the divifion or day from or paft ; echthes or ech-doe, the d inflecting into th, the action of the paft divilion. r , Erft, at firft, in time paft, formerly, before hand, before time, heretofore, yore, aforetime, agcne, long ago, a great while ago, laterally ; erhyn, cynt, cynhyn, or blaen, er ys talm, ymlaen Haw, gynt oil, er ys meitin ; archen, protos, emprothen, pro tou prin, apotoude, enteuthen, palai ; primo, antehac, olim, antea, abhinc, jamdudum, pridem. Jamdudum, during the fpring of time ; prin, primo, protou, protos, firft, emprothen and pridem, from the be- ginning of fire or motion in the lower exiftences ; er, the fpring ; erft, the fpring of the lowei pofiefiions ; formerly, the fpring of forms ; ago, the action from ; while, the flow- ing of the upper light ; cynt, the firft action of worldly pof- feffions ; cyn hyn, before this time or exiftence ; or blaen, ymlaen, and ymlaen Haw, from or before the exiftence of this place - f gynt oil and olim, before all exiftence here ; an- tehac and antea, in the pofleffion before the prefent j archen, tbe beginning of the prefent earth ; er ys meitin, er ys talm, and er hyn^ this fpring or pofleffion j abhinc, from the be- ginning so ADVERBS OF TIME. Binning of action ; yore, the circle of time from ; palai, the part upon action. Betimes ; yr inion bryd ; en deonti ; tempore. Thefe fig^ rify directly in feafon- Now, already, ever, evermore, always ; yn aur, erioed, aui 1 hon, byth, pob amfer, yn waft adol, pryd hyn, yndragywydd ; nun, aei, diapantos, ede; nunc, jam, jamjam, femper, fempi- ternum, perpetuo. Now, nun, and nunc, ynaur, aur hon, evef and evermore, in the fpring ; byth, the life ; pryd hyn, the part upon the length j yndragywydd, in the duration of the fpring ; yn waftdol, in the ftate of all things ; jam, the exiftence ; femper, the exiftence part ; already, ready up ; always, upwife ; aei motion or action ; hede, the length } diapantos, all pofleflions ; erioed, the fpring of age. Never; erioed ni fu, byth ni bu ; oude pote, medc pote ; numquam. Thefe fignify not in life, fpring or exiftence* To-day, in the morning, to-morrow ; heddiw, yn y bore, y fory ; temeron, proi, aurion ; hodie, mane, eras* Day, heddiw and hodie, is the divifion of action ; temeron, the part in action ; morning, bore and fory, the fpring of all terreftial exiftences; proi, the part from in ; aurion, the fpring in motion ; mane, the fpring in the earth ; eras, the action of the fun or light below. A night ; yn y nos ; nuktos ; nodte. In y nos, in no fight or light ; noctu and the reft, in no firmament act. Next ;t ong, nefaf ; engiftos ; proxime. Ong, mov^ ing on ; next, the out to us ; nefaf, the thing from us ; the reft are the fame. Still, yet, alfo, item, likewife, alike, again, eftfoon, encore* afrefh, anew, while* well nigh, almoft ; hyd hyn, etto, hefyd, ymhellach, yn debig, drachefn, eilwaith, yn newydd, tra, hyd tra, hyd oni, cyd ac, trwy, pan, pryd, agos, oddieithr ych ydig, haeach ; eti, alia, all' ede, omos, aH'omos, omoios, mechri tou, mechri nun, profeti, au, authis, empalin, neofti, achris, an, eos an, mikron dein, para mikron ; adhuc, tamen, etiam, fimiliter, dum, ite- rum, rurfum, item, nove, recenter, fere, ferme. Still, an emanation of light upon the lower parts ; yet, etto, eti, etiam, item and iterum, the firmament upon the lower parts ; alfo, another found or found up ; again, adl- ing in ; eilwaith, another action ; au, a fpring ; authis, the fpring of the lower pofleflions; empalin, things up in exiftence ; pan, a part or thing in exiftence ; alia, being up ; all' ede, it is up \ omos, all together ; aH'omos ADVERBS OF TIME. 81 all'omos, up all together ; mechri tou, until this time ; mechri nun, until now ; profeti, from the firft to this time ; neofti, newydd, nove and anew, it is in fpring, acti- on, or pofleflion ; an, the earth in ; eos an, the from in ; while, the emanation of the high light; well nigh, fpringing up in action ; almoft, up from below the furface ; hyd hyn, this length ; tra, the earth's duration ; hyd tra, fo Jong as the earth endures ; hyd oni, fo long as life or motion ; cyd ac, action together ; truy, the duration of fpring 5 pryd, the part upon the length ; agos, the action from ; haeach, the action from ; oddieithr ych ydig, little from the pofleflion ; mikron dein, until in pofleflion ; para mikron, until the part upon ; adhuc, to this time j tamen, the parts about in; dum, the fpring of matter; rurfum, the return of fpring to the parts about man ; fere and ferme, the fpring about ; recenter, a return of action upon the pof- feflions. Anon, forthwith, immediately, prefently, quickly, foon 5 ar frys, ar fyned, ynfuan, yn gyfiym, ar fyr; autothen, pa- rautika, autika de mala, amefos, tacheos ; illico, protinus, immediate, ftatim, cito. Anon, upon moving or going ; cito, together ; foon, fo ori ; forthwith, from the pofleflions with ; immediate and immediately, me at thee in the line of pofleflion ; prefently, before fent for; quickly, acting to you ; ar frys, upon hafte ; ar fyned, upon going ; yn fyan, fpeedily ; yn gyflym, haftily j ar fyr, fhortly ; autothen, Springing from hence ; para autika, fpringing from any part to him in pofleflion ; autika de mala, fpringing to the pof- feflion from any place of exiftence ; amefos, in the midftj tacheos, on the fame part together ; iliico, from hence $ protinus, the part from to the pofleflions ; ftatim, from ariy part or coaft to the pofleflions. Henceforth, henceforward, hereafter ; o-hyn-allan, ynol hyn, rhag Haw j apo toutou, exes ; dehinc, deinceps. Thefe fignify from hence, from this time, and from hence below or forward. Then ; yno ; tote, tune. Tune, the things or pofleflions in action ; then, the things or pofleflions in ; tote, the things is the circle of beings ; yno, in the circle. Thence, thereafter, thenceforward, thenceforth ; othyno, arolhynu; autothen, opote; illinc, pofteaquam. Thefe are defined before. Soon after ; yn fuan arol ; oligo ; paulo poft. Oligo, after the action from ; paulo poft, little after j the reft are explained before. F SomewhUe.3 82 ADVERBS. Somewhile, awhile, fometimes, longwhile; rhiw amfer, ambell waith, v/eithia, enyd o amfer, yn hir o amfer ; epi chrcnon, pote, makran den ; aliquamciu, aliquando, longe diu. Rhiu amfer, the fpring of exiftence; chronon, the round of exiftence ; makran, things acting about 3 the reft are explained before. Seldom ; yn anaml, yn anfynych ; fpanios ; raro. Spa- nios, a lefs part in motion ; feldom, lefs acting about ; yn anaml and yn anfynych, things and exiftences lefs numerous 5 raro, things from the earth. . Prematurely, overfoon ; cintymor; prooros ; prsemature. Cin tymor, before the circle of exiftence ; prooros, before the term ; prjemature, before the things in poffeffion; over- foon, an action before its fpring or feafon. Annually, yearly ; pob blwyddyn ; kat etps ; quotannis. Yearly, every fpring upon earth ; annual, every fpring up of the earth's exiftence ; kat etos, every fpring of motion, age or action ; pob biwyddyn, every Jiie or exiftence upon the fpring. Alternately, one after another ; pob yn ail ; enallax ; al- ternating Pob yn ail, every other in ; enallax, in another action; alternating another into poffeiHon. At lengtn, laftly, finally, ultimately ; mhen enyd ; yn olaf, yn dliweddaf; yr divvedd ; pote, talentaion, ta uf- tata, echutos; tandem, poftremo, ultimo. Mhen enyd, at the end of a length ; yn olaf, the aftermoft ; yn ddiweddaf, the endrnoft ; yr diwedd, the end; pote, out of poffeffion ; ta uftata, the laft part of poffeflion ; echa- tos, the utmoft round ; tandem, after or below the part in pofleflion ; poftremo, after the things or poflemons in being ; ultimo, futurity or laft time; at lengtn, the end of a line, pofleflion or other thing j laftly ? the place of the loweft pof- feflions. Adverbs of Quantity, Quality, and the Manner or Motions, Energies, and reft of Things, HO W many, how much ; pa nifer, pa rifedi, pa fawl un, pa g^'maint ; pofi, ofon,' pofon ; quot, quantum. T hefe fignify the parts of fprings, aclions and things inter- rogatively. So much, fo many ; yn gymaint, cynifer; tofon, tofou- ton > taatum, tot. Thsfe fignify the parts 'and adions feen. ADVERBS. S3 More ; mwy ; mallon ; magis. Thefe fignify a greater fpring of many and much. Lefs ; llai ; elatton ; melon ; minor. Thefe fignify the beginning of action or the edge of place. Abfolutely, wholly 5 yn hollal ; entallos ; abfolute. Thefe fignify the whole or all, as quality ; the qualities of the dif- ferent forts of things being exprefled by al, el, il, ol, nl, and their tranfponents, according to the nature of the expref- fion, and generally in the Engliih, by/y the flow of the fun's rays, or y the, to form Adverbs from Adjectives. Adjectively ; yn adroedd ; epitheton ; adjective. Thefe fignify fomething caft to, as its quality to a fubftantive. Affectionately, paffionately, pathetically; yn hoffus, yn ofy- dus ; yn wynfydus ; pathetikos, agapetos ; pathetice. Thefe are expreflive of the qualities or energies of thofe paflions. Agedly ; yn henaidd ; palaios j feniliter, the qualities of age or being long in action. Articulately ; yn gymalog ; enarthros ; articulatim, arti- culate founds, or the founds of the joints. Bodily; yn gorphorol; fomatikos; corporaliter, likethebody. Circumftantially ; yn amgylcheddol j periitatikos j cir- cumftantialiter, like ftanding about. Coldly ; oerlyd 3 pfuchros ; frigide, as deprived of the fun's heat. Fiercely ; ynfyrnig ; agrios ; ferociter, as the action of fire. Naturally ; yn naturiol, anianol ; kata phyfm ; naturaliter, as the internal properties of things diffufed towards man. Ufoally ; yn arferol ; koine ; ufualiter, as ufual. Wifely ; yn fynwyrol ; fophes ; fapienter, like the fight of man. Worthily ; yn yrddafol ; axios j digne, like the property or value of man. As ; mal ; os ; ut, the furface of the ground, the pof- feffions extended or the earth feen. Why, wherefore ; pa achos ; par o ; cur, what action, motion or fpring. Therefore ; Telly ; outos ; ita, ergo, the action, fpring or thing as feen. Alack, alas ; pch, ai ho, gwaefi; ai, O, omoi, ouai ; ah, eh, hei, heu, ehu, vae. Thefe are interjections or energies of the paffions of diflike and lamentation. Aha ; aha, wi ; euge ; euge, a good fpring or pleafmg interjection. Adieu, hail, farewell ; bydd iach ; vale, falve, live well, fpring and enjoy the ilation of the fun. Amen ; amen ; amen, outos genoito ; amen, ita fiat. Am~en for heaven, and let it be fp. 3 Some 84 ADVERBS. Some Iketches of the creation, the original and prefent ftate bfmen and animals incur fyftem of beings, the fall of man and other obfcure fcenes of antiquity, have been drawn from the facred characters made ufe of by the Priefts and Druids to preferve their original, ancient and fecret knowledge, in order to illuftrate the prefent fubjedr, and fetting the prefent ccnfufed, deluded, or enchanted ftate of language and know- ledge in a right courfe and direction. But the prefs not ad- mitting of their being exhibited in that order and mode, \vhich feemed to be neceflary for a compleat tranfmiffion of the facred hieroglyfics, the following fpecimen muft fuffice for the prefent. d- 3 r ~> 5 ^^ "^ cr o , or , 6 c). 7 >