LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. ClMS . 63 ft ,f~ \ Jlx Commercial Guide, Advertisements. CUNARD LINE. NOTICE. With the view of diminishing the chances of Collision, the Steamers of this Line take a specified course for all seasons of the year. On the Outward Passage from Queenstown to New York or Boston, crossing the Meridian of 50 at 43 Lat., or nothing to the North of 43. On the Homeward Passage, crossing the Meridian of 50 at 42 Lat., or nothing to the North of 42. FROM LIVERPOOL TO NEW YORK, BOSTON, THE MEDITERRANEAN, FRANCE, ETC, Abyssinia. China. Marathon. Saragossa. Algeria. Cuba. Morocco. Scotia. Aleppo. Demerara. Olympus. Scythia. Atlas. Hecla. Palmyra. Siberia. Batavia. Java. Parthia. Sidon. Bothnia. Kedar. Russia. Tarifa. Calabria. Malta. Samaria. Trinidad. Appointed by Her Majesty's Postmaster-General to sail for America EVERY TUESDAY AND EVERY SATURDAY. STEAMERS FOR NEW YORK AND BOSTON, from Liverpool, on Saturdays and Tuesdays. Fares: By non-emigrant steamers, First Cabin, 26: Second Cabin, *8 ; and by other steamers, Saloon Passage, 15 Guineas, 17 Guineas, and 21 Guineas. Return Tickets, .45 and 30 Guineas. Steerage at Reduced Rates. STEAMERS from NEW YORK and BOSTON on Wednesdays and Saturdays. Fares : First Class, |8o, $100, and $130. STEAMERS FOR GIBRALTAR, MALTA, SYRA, SMYRNA, AND CONSTAN- TINOPLE, once every Three Weeks. Fares : From Liverpool to Gibraltar, 10 ; to Malta, 15 ; to Syra, 18 ; to Constantinople, 20; to Smyrna, ^23 ; or, for the Round Voyage out and home, ^40. STEAMERS FOR GIBRALTAR, GENOA, LEGHORN, NAPLES, PALERMO, MESSINA, CORFU, AND PAT RAS, every Fortnight. Fares -.-From Liverpool to Gibraltar, 10; to Genoa, 13 13^. ; to Leghorn, 14 14$.; to Naples, ^15 15^.; to Palermo, .13 13^. ; to Messina, 14 14$. ; to Corfu, ^20 ; to Patras, .18. STEAMERS FOR GIBRALTAR, GENOA, LEGHORN, NAPLES, ANCONA, TRIESTE, VENICE, AND (sometimes) ALEXANDRIA, every Week. Fares : From Liverpool to Gibraltar, 10 ; to Genoa, ^13 135. ; to Leghorn, 14 14*. ; to Naples, .15 i$s. ; to Ancona, 21 ; to Trieste, 21 ; to Alexandria (via Italy), .20. STEAMERS FOR HAVRE, from Liverpool every Wednesday and Saturday. Fares: Cabin, i $s. ; Steerage, i2s. 6d. STEAMERS FOR GLASGOW (calling at Greenock), from Liverpool three times each Week. Fares: Cabin, izs. 6d.; Return Tickets, 1. Steerage, 6s. STEAMERS FOR BELFAST, carrying her Majesty's Mails, from Glasgow every day (Sundays excepted). Fares : Cabin, i2s. 6d. ; Return, 20*. STEAMERS FOR LONDONDERRY, from Glasgow every Wednesday and Saturday. Apply at the Company's Office, New York, to CHARLES G. FRANCKLYN, Agent ; at the Company's Office, Boston, to JAMES ALEXANDER, Agent; in Halifax, to WILLIAM CUNARD ; in Havre, to BURNS & MAC IVER, 21, Quai d'Orleans ; in Paris, to BURNS & MAC IVER, 12, Place de la Bourse ; in London, to William Cunard, 6, St. Helen's Place, Bishopsgate Street, E.G., and 28, Pall Mall, S. W. ; in Dundee, to G. & J. BURNS ; in Glasgow, to G. & J. BURNS, 30, Jamaica Street ; in Greenock, to WILLIAM SINCLAIR, Excise Buildings ; in Belfast, to A. G. S. McCuLLOCH & SON, Donegal Quay ; in Queenstown, to D. & C. MAC IVER ; in Liverpool, o D. & C. MAC IVER, 8, Water Street. Commercial Guide, Advertisements. WHITE STAR LINE. UNITED STATES MAIL STEAMERS. NOTICE. The Steamers of this Line take the Lane Routes recommended by Lieut. Maury, on both the Outward and Home- ward passages. Tons. Captains. BRITANNIC . . . 5,004 W. H. THOMPSON. GERMANIC . . . 5,004 CELTIC 3,888 ADRIATIC .... 3,888 REPUBLIC .... 3,707 BALTIC 3,707 OCEANIC .... 3,707 BELGIC 2,651 GAELIC 2,651 CHAS. W. KENNEDY. BENJAMIN GLEADELL. HAMILTON PERRY. S. G. PORTER. JOHN W. JENNINGS. H. PARSELL. J. METCALFE. W. H. KIDLEY. The first-class, full-powered, Iron Screw Steamships of this Line sail from Liverpool for New York every alternate Thursday, calling at Queens- town on Friday, returning from New York every alternate Saturday. These splendid Steamships, new and uniform in model and arrangements, have been specially designed to attain the highest possible regularity and speed, and to ensure the utmost comfort and convenience to passengers. The Cabin accommodation, comprising Ladies' Private Saloons, com- modious Smoke Rooms, extensive Libraries, Pianos, Bath Rooms, instant communication with the Stewards by means of Electric Bells, &c., is un- surpassed for elegance, completeness, and comfort. The Saloons will be found to afford unusual space, the whole breadth of the ship being devoted to this purpose ; they are light, lofty, well ventilated, and handsomely furnished, whilst the comfort of passengers in the colder portions of the year, is amply provided for by an extensive arrangement of hot water pipes, and capacious fire-grates. Being placed amidships, the Saloons are removed from the noise and motion experienced in the after -part of the vessel. These vessels are fitted to carry a limited number of Steerage Passengers, the accommodation being of the very highest order, and the lighting, ventilating, warming, and sanitary arrangements being unsurpassed in any vessel afloat. The vessels are constructed in seven water-tight compartments, and every precaution is taken to ensure safety. For full particulars of Passages, Rates, &c., &c., apply to ISMAY, IMRIE, AND CO., 34, LEADENHALL STREET, LONDON. 10, WATER STREET, LIVERPOOL. R. J. CORTIS, 37, Broadway, New York ;. ALFRED LAGERGREN, 120, East Randolph Street, Chicago ; H. GENESTAL and DELZONS, 3, Rue Scribe, Paris. Commercial Guide, Advertisements. -ALLAN" LINE OF MAIL STEAMERS, Under Contract with the Government of Canada for the Conveyance of the CANADIAN AND UNITED STATES MAILS, Running in connection with the GRAND TRUNK and other Railways, and forwarding Passengers on easy terms to all Stations in Canada and the Western States. S.S. Circassian. S.S. Scandinavian. S.S. Nova Scotian. ,, Polynesian. ,, Moravian. ,, Manitoban. ,, Sarmatian. ,, Corinthian. ,, Phoenician. Peruvian. Prussian. ,, Sardinian. ,, Nestorian. ,, Austrian. ,, Canadian. ,, Hibernian. Newfoundland. ,, Acadian. ,, Caspian. SAIL FROM LIVERPOOL TO QUEBEC EVERY THURSDAY, Calling at LONDONDERRY on the Friday for Mails and Passengers. %* During the Winter Months from the beginning of November until the first week in April the Steamers go to Portland instead of Quebec, the same Railway facilities being in operation there for Through Booking to all parts of Canada and the States. The route via Portland should specially commend itself to travellers to and from the EASTERN STATES. LIVERPOOL TO BALTIMORE, VIA HALIFAX. Royal Mail Steamers are appointed to sail from LIVERPOOL every Alternate Tuesday, for Halifax, Nova Scotia, calling at Queenstown on the Wednesday for Mails and Passengers. This is the most eligible Route to the Southern and Middle States. Rates of Cabin Passage Money to Halifax, Quebec, and Baltimore, 12, 15, and 18 ; through to Boston or New York, 12 i2S., 15 ios., and 18 IGJ. ; to Philadelphia, 13, 15 15^., and .18 18^. These Rates include Steward's Fee and Provisions, but without Wines or Liquors, which can be obtained on board. Intermediate, 7 js. and g gs. ; Steerage, at reduced rates. The Steamers of this Line are well known for their rapid passages. The Saloon and sleeping accommodation is unsurpassed for elegance and comfort, and the style of living is all that one could wish. THROUGH TICKETS can be issued to all parts of Canada and the United States. BAGGAGE taken from the Ocean Steam Ships to the Railway Cars free of expense. RETURN TICKETS, 22, 25, and 30. The attention of travellers to and from the WESTERN STATES is specially directed to this route. For further particulars apply in Portland and Montreal to HUGH and ANDREW ALLAN : in Quebec, to ALLANS, RAE, & Co. ; in Havre, to JOHN M. CURRIE, 21, Quai d'Orleans ; in Paris, to GUSTAVE BOSSANGE ; in Antwerp, to RICHARD BERNS ; in Rotterdam, to G. P. ITTMANN & ZOON, or VAN ESAU WAMBERSIE & RUYS ; in Hamburg, to SPIRO & Co. ; in Belfast, to CHARLEY & MALCOLM ; in London, to MONTGOMERIE & GREEN- HORNE, 17, Gracechurch Street ; in Glasgow, to JAMES & ALEX. ALLAN, 70, Great Clyde Street ; or to ALLAN BROTHERS AND CO., ALEXANDRA BUILDINGS, JAMES STREET, LIVERPOOL. Commercial Guide, Advertisements. ROYAL MAIL LINE FROM SOUTHAMPTON. The magnificent Clyde-built Steamers of THE NORTH GERMAN LLOYD. Horse- Tons, power. NECKAR 3500 700 ODER 3500 700 HANSA 3500 700 AMERICA 3500 700 HERMANN 3000 700 WESER 3000 900 RHEIN 3000 900 MAIN 3000 900 MOSEL 35 9 DONAU 3000 900 BALTIMORE 2500 500 BERLIN 2500 500 OHIO 2500 500 LEIPZIG 2500 500 BRAUNSCHWEIG 3000 600 NURNBERG 3OOO 6OO Horse- Tons, power. FRANKFURT 2500 500 HANNOVER 2500 500 KOLN 2500 500 STRASSBURG 35 7 KRONPRINZ FRIED- RICH WlLHELM 3OOO 5OO GRAF BISMARCK 3000 500 FELDMAR. MOLTKE . 3000 600 MINISTER ROON 3000 600 HOHENZOLLERN ...... 3OOO 7 SALIER 3000 700 HAPSBURG 3000 700 From NEW YORK on Saturdays to SOUTHAMPTON and BREMEN. Fare, ist cabin, $100 ; 2nd cabin, $60 gold. SOUTHAMPTON FOR NEW YORK DIRECT every Tuesday afternoon, at 2 o'clock, under Mail contract with Her Majesty's Government. Fares from Southampton to New York, First Class, ,23. Second Class, 15. SOUTHAMPTON TO BALTIMORE DIRECT on every Saturday. Cabin fare, ;i8. Fare from Baltimore to Southampton or Bremen, $100 gold. FROM HAVRE TO NEW ORLEANS (calling at Havana) on every alternate Saturday during the Season. Through fares from London via Southampton, First Class, ^31 icxr. Steerage, g. Fare from New Orleans to Southampton and Bremen, $150 gold. Agents in London : KELLER, WALLIS, & POSTLETHWAITE, 16 & 17, King William St., E.G. PHII.LIPPS, GRAVES, PHILLIPPS & Co., St. Dunstan's House, Idol Lane, E.G. Agents in Southampton KELLER, WALLIS, and POSTLETHWAITK. ,, Paris and Havre. .... LHERBETTE, KANE and Co. ,, New York OELRICHS and Co., Broad Street. ,, Baltimore A. SCHUMACHER arid Co. ,, Nev> Orleans ED. F. STOCKMEYER and Co. Havana H. UPMANN and Co. Commercial Guide, Advertisements. GENEVA. GRAND HOTEL DE LA PAIX, PROPRIETOR J. KOHLER. This splendid Hotel, situated in the finest position of the town, on the Quai of Mont-Blanc, near the English church and the landing-place of the steamers, surrounded with fine gardens, affords to foreign families all the desi- rable comforts. It contains 150 independent rooms and first-rate style furnished drawing-rooms, large and small apartments, and twenty balconies. From every window of the Hotel you enjoy a magnificent view over the Lake and all the ridge of Mont-Blanc. The delicacy of cooking is proverbial. Reading, Smoking, & well fitted up Bathing Rooms. UNIVERSAL REPUTATION. The Omnibus of the Hotel stands at the Station for the arrival of the Trains. Commercial Guide, Advertisements. GENEVA. HOTEL DE L'ECU. PROPRIETOR GVE. WOLFF. Proprietor also of Hotel Byron, near Villeneuve. This unrivalled and admirably conducted Hotel has long enjoyed an extensive and high reputation among travellers. Situated in the finest part of the town, and facing the lake, it commands a beautiful view of the environs. Its accommo dation is of so superior a character, that Tourists will find it a highly desirable place of residence or of temporary sojourn. Table d'Hote at i o'clock, 4 fr. ; at 5 o'clock, 4 fr. Arrangements made with Families during the Winter Months at very reasonable charges. New Reading and Smoking Rooms. Commercial Guide, Advertisements. GENEVA. GENEVA MUSICAL BOXES, BY SPECIAL APPOINTMENT TO H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALKS. PRIZE MEDAL, PARIS EXHIBITION, 1867. B. A. BREMOND, MANUFACTURER, PLACE DBS ALPES, GENEVA. (Facing the Lake and Mont Blanc.) SPACIOUS SHOW-ROOMS ON THE GROUND FLOOR, Manufactures himself MUSICAL BOXES and FANCY MUSICAL ARTICLES of every description, from 5 francs and upwards. This unrivalled Establishment is especially patronised by English and American families. Commercial Guide, Advertisements. GENEVA. HOTEL DE LA METROPOLE, DIRECTED BY MR. FREDERIC BAUR. This large and excellent Establishment, situated in the most favourable quarter of the town, facing the Pont du Mont Blanc, with the English Garden in front, which is well provided with flowers and shrubs, and shady seats, and goes to the edge of the lake. From the rooms in front there is a very fine view of the lake, and from those at the back the snow-capped summit of Mont Blanc is seen in the distance ; and from an Observatory at the top of the house, of very easy access, both can be seen, and a very extended view of the surrounding country. It contains 200 most elegantly furnished Bed and Sitting Rooms in every variety, and the Proprietor himself superintends all the arrangements. A Reading Room, with all English, American, French, and German newspapers, and a spacious Coffee and Smoking Room are in the Hotel ; in short, every comfort Visitors can expect in a first-class Hotel is at their disposition. The House, by its good ventilation, is exceedingly cool in summer ; and in winter is heated by large stoves. Charges are very moderate, and Pension during the winter. Table-d'Hote three times a day. Omnibus from the Hotel three times a day. Private Carriages and Cabs always ready. Commercial Guide, Advertisements. GENEVA. HOTEL DES BERGUES. PROPRIETOR F. WACHTER. IN A MATCHLESS POSITION, AND OF EUROPEAN REPUTATION, this large first-class Hotel was entirely re-arranged and freshly decorated in 1870 with the addition of a new superb SALON DE CONVERSATION. LIFT AND WINTER GARDEN. UNRIVALLED FOR ITS FINE CELLAR OF WINES, ITS DINNERS, AND PROMPT ATTENDANCE. Pension for the winter months at very moderate prices. Commercial Guide, Advertisements. THE BOYTON LIFE DRESS COMPANY. CAPTAIN BOYTON, General Agent and Demonstrator. MICHAEL P. BOYTON, Manager and Secretary. OFFICE: 449, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. Commwcial Guide, Advertisements. THE ICife INVENTED AND MANUFACTURED BY C S. MERRIMAN, OF NEW YORK. IMPROVED, PATENTED, AND INTRODUCED BY CAPTAIN PAUL BOYTON, Of the Atlantic Life Saving Service, U. S. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRESS. HIS dress, the result of experiments extending over many years, is made of the finest vulcanized India rubber. It consists of two pieces designed to envelope the entire body, first : a tunic, to which is attached a headpiece, with aperture for the face, the sleeves ending in gloves ; and, secondly : the trousers, of which the waistband is a resisting steel belt covered with rubber, and forming the watertight joint ; the legs terminating in boots. The dress is provided with five air-chambers three in the tunic, and two in the trousers inflated by small pipes ready to the hand, and fitted with stop valves. These chambers are shaped so as to fit accu- rately to the head, back, breast, and legs. CLAIMS ON BEHALF OF THE DRESS. 1. It is impervious to heat or cold, it sustains the normal temperature of the wearer, and it is adapted for use in all climates. 2. The wearer can assume, at pleasure, a horizontal or upright position in the water, and propel himself in any direction. 3. It takes up no more space than an ordinary suit of clothes, will fit compactly in an ordinary travelling bag, and weighs about 15 Ibs. 4. It can be adjusted by the wearer himself, who can put it on in two minutes, and use it without any instruction. 5. It can be inflated in the water, and when all the chambers are filled it has a floating capacity of over 300 Ibs. 6. The head-piece alone, inflated, will support the wearer on the sur- face of the water. 7. The dress not only sustains the wearer on the surface of any sea for an unlimited period, but keeps the body dry and warm at the same time. This latter claim has never been advanced for any known life pre- server, but is unquestionably sustained for this dress by innumerable practical demonstrations. Commercial Guide, Advertisements. ADVANTAGES AND USES OF THE BOYTON LIFE DRESS. In addition to the invaluable safeguard which this invention pos- sesses at sea, it is applicable to many other uses, a few of which follow : 1. In case of Shipwreck, if off the coast, as is the case in nine ship- wrecks out of ten (see Wreck Chart), a man equipped in the dress can carry a line to or from a stranded vessel, through any surf, where neither boat nor swimmer can live, and where a rocket apparatus would be entirely unavailable. If at sea, by means of an ingenious addition to the dress, provisions, signals, &c. can be carried for ten days. 2. To military and naval operations, crossing streams, taking soundings, pontooning, &c., and to the torpedo service. 3. To surveying expeditions, explorers of new countries, tourists, fisher- men, pilots, sportsmen, and numerous other classes, the dress will be found invaluable. RECOGNITION. The invention has received the sanction and approval of HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN (by whose express command dresses were manufactured for use in the Royal Yachts), H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES, His IMPERIAL MAJESTY THE EMPEROR OF GERMANY, H.M. THE KING OF THE BELGIANS, H.I.M. THE SULTAN, THE PRESI- DENT OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, and the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, together with a very distinguished list of patronage, embracing the highest naval and scientific authorities, and the nobility of Great Britain, and many of the Continent. The United States Government, after practical trial, has approved and adopted the dress for general use in the Navy ; ordered largely for the Coastguard and Revenue marine, and equipped the American Life Saving Service throughout. The Board of Trade and Underwriters of New York, among many other corporations, have endorsed the merits of the invention, and strongly recommend its use on all sea-going vessels. The severe tests with which CAPT. BOYTON has introduced it to public attention, at once stamp this dress as the safest and best pro- tection ever yet suggested against the casualties of the sea. The dress is now in use on several of the Transatlantic lines. These few facts, together with the countless commendations and unqualified approbation which this invention has evoked from the press and public of Europe and America, are respectfully submitted to the serious con- sideration of every Shipowner, Life Boat Institution, Humane and Shipwreck Society throughout the world. Commercial Guide, Advertisements. AGENCIES, ORDERS, INQUIRIES, ETC. Agencies are now being established and dresses are supplied at the earliest notice. All communications addressed to this office will receive prompt and careful attention. Dresses will be packed for export, and forwarded to any part of the world, with the fullest printed directions for their use and preserva- tion. SIZES. The same dress will suit most persons of ordinary proportions. But to enable the ordering of a correct size, attention is called to the follow- ing Nos. : From 5 ft. to 5 ft. 5 in. in height . . . No. 4. From 5 ft. 6 in. to 5 ft. II in. in height . . No. 5. From 6 ft. to 6 ft. 3 in. in height . . . No. 6. More corpulent persons of same heights, should have the half numbers, as No. 4^, No. 5, No. 6. PRICE. BEST QUALITY . . . 15 o o The extra dress has been specially manufactured for this market, and is of the best quality of rubber, finished in England, with latest im- provements, and is altogether a superior article. Accompanying the dress, if so ordered, is a Waterproof Bag, to hold the dress, and capable, when inflated, of containing Water, Provisions, &c., at an extra charge of i 10 o Boyton Paddles, jointed and otherwise i o o to i 10 o Address M. P. BOYTON, 449, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON ft CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. Complete Lists sent gratis to any address. "Another standard work ." Times. Just completed. A HISTORY OF MERCHANT SHIPPING AND ANCIENT COMMERCE. By W. S. LINDSAY. In Four Volumes, complete, cloth extra, with upwards of 150 Wood Engrav- ings of Ships, Charts, and Maps. In Four Volumes. (Vols. III. and IV. just published.) Price ,4 icxr. complete; or Vols. I. and II., 2U. each ; Vols. III. and IV. 24^. each. %* A quarto illustrated Prospectus of this fine Work sent gratis to any address by the Publishers. From tJie " Times" Review of Vols. I. and II. " Mr. W. S. Lindsay, late member for Sunderland, and a well-known ship-owner, has just published the first two volumes of an interesting and important work upon which he has been long engaged. Its aim is to give the reader as complete a history as possible of merchant shipping, from the earliest times to the present ; an arduous task, and one which Mr. Lindsay has so far performed with all the success which can be commanded by untiring industry and a competent knowledge of accessible mate- rials ..... A thorough acquaintance with everything that belongs to a sea life adds, all through the two volumes, a value which his work could never have received from a ' shore-going ' author, however clever with his pen. . . . He has a thorough know- ledge of his subject, he treats it with ability, and when his book is complete, he will have added another standard work to our libraries." " This work should find a place on the shelves of every photographer's library." The British Journal of Photography. A HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF PHOTO- GRAPHY. Translated from the French of Gaston Tissandier. Edited by J. THOMSON, F.R. G. S. Imperial i6mo., over 300 pages, and seventy-five Wood Engravings and a Frontispiece, cloth extra, price 6s. post free. OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. " The book is one we most cordially recommend to our readers." Photographic News. " This capital handbook will tend to raise photography once more to its true position as a science, and to a high place amongst the fine arts." Spectator. " The book is one which ought to commend itself to nearly everybody." Illus- trated London News. " We have plenty of handbooks of photography, but none so elegant as this. . . . In literary excellence it is far ahead of them all. . . . It is at once a handbook and a history of sun-painting. . . . Amateurs cannot fail to understand the simple way in which each successive process in the art is described.' 1 Tfie Scotsman. " He invests the story of the gradual developments of the photographic art with a charm and freshness that exercise no slight attraction on the reader." British Trade Journal. " Interesting to the general reader and useful to the operator." Practical Magazine. Of all Booksellers, or, sent post free, on receipt of 6s. by the Publishers. BLACK'S CONTINl^rrALT^ROUTE GUIDES. North of France, QS. 6d, Normandy and Brittany, 2s. 6d. Belgium, Holland, and the North-East of France, 5^. Paris, and Excursions from Paris, 3-r. Guide to the South of France and to the North of Italy, 55-. Switzerland and the Italian Lakes, 35. 6d. Guide to France, Corsica, Belgium, Holland, the Rhine, the Moselle, the South- West of Germany, and the North of Italy, i$s. Railway and Road Map of Switzerland, West Tyrol, and the Italian Lake Country, is. Full Descriptive List can be had of the Publishers. SAMPSON LOwosTC RIYINGTON, 1 88, FLEET STREET, LONDON, C.E. HANDBOOK EUROPEAN COMMERCE WHAT TO BUY AND WHERE TO BUY IT; BEING A KEY TO EUROPEAN MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRY FOR THE USE OF PURCHASERS AND MERCHANTS SEEKING DIRECT REFERENCES FOR BUSINESS PURPOSES; INCLUDING A COMPLETE GUIDE TO THE CHIEF MANUFACTURING CENTRES OF EUROPE; THE COST OF TRAVEL, HOTELS, ETC., ETC. BY GEORGE SAUER, For many years Correspondenjjjg tt& ffe^York Herald. LONDON: SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEARLE, AND RIYINGTON, CEOWN BUILDINGS, FLEET STREET. 1876. [All rights reserved.] Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, lay GEORGE SAUER, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. GENERAL CHISWICK PRESS: PRINTED BY WHITTINGHAM AND WILKINS, TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON. THIS VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY Defctcatrtr TO JAMES GORDON BENNETT, IN WHOSE SERVICES THE AUTHOR HAS VISITED NEARLY EVERY EUROPEAN CAPITAL, AND IN WHOSE INTERESTS HE HAS EXPLORED MANY NOOKS AND CORNERS WHILE ON THE STAFF OF THE NEW YORK HERALD. 1 04712 TO THE PUBLIC. 3E author is aware that a work which embraces much novelty in character, and deals with a variety of subject-matter, ^cannot lay claim to perfection in its first edition. Conscious of the difficulties he had to meet, and impressed with the extent of responsibility connected with the compila- tion of these pages, the author has endeavoured to direct his attention mainly to one object : to secure accuracy. Rather than incur the risk of departing from this rule, the scope of information has in several instances been restricted, and omis- sions have been made in cases where reliable statements have not been within reach. While he believes that, so far as possible, nothing has been neglected to attain absolute accuracy, the author expresses a hope that the omissions which have been unavoidable, will not militate against, but rather enhance the value of the present volume. To this he adds the assurance that no exertions will be spared to render the information thoroughly complete as the work progresses. INTRODUCTORY. 'EPRECIATED currency and increased burdens of taxation, the natural outpourings, as it were, of a prolonged civil war, have contributed, in the United States, largely to enhance the value of every description of commodity. With the rise in the premium of gold, prices of all necessaries of life advanced proportionately. Although we have returned to a period of peace and harmony, prices have not come down to the old level. Yet, much can be done to lighten the burden of increased expenditure. The shock which all branches of commerce sustained during the war of secession, has carried with it the necessity of a larger margin for profit and loss than exists in countries where there is no difference between paper and metallic currency. Ap- parently the difference is of a mere nominal character at the present moment, but, in reality, it continues to weigh heavily on international trade, and it necessitates the maintenance of large covering margins. Under the circumstances it is almost impossible for importers, wholesale and retail dealers to go on with moderate profits. The principal source of excessive expenditure is generally ascribed to the payment of high duties on many articles which it is necessary to import from Europe. Nothing, therefore, seems more natural than to discuss the relative advantages of free trade and protection. Without entering into the merits of the question, a little reflection will go far to demonstrate the fact that the mere abolition of protective duties cannot possibly furnish means sufficient to relieve us from fetters which INTRODUCTORY. vii keep American commerce in check. To undo -these fetters does not lie within the power of any government, especially in America, where self-reliance constitutes one of our principal boasts. In order to define the position, it may be necessary to have recourse to some points of practical illustration. There prevails in the United States a large and increasing demand for R. R. iron, and that important demand is, to a very large extent, met by imports from Great Britain. To those who are familiar with the iron trade there is nothing new in the assertion that Belgium produces a superior class of rail, and that the rolling mills of that country are better policed than any in the world. Yet it is seldom that the Belgian rail finds a way to the American market. The reasons for this are obvious. They rest with a lack of enterprise, or rather, it should be said, with the want of opportunities for developing enterprise. The argument of a president of an American road may probably be resumed in the following: "in England rails can be purchased at a fixed rate in sterling money per ton, delivered free on board at Liverpool or any other British shipping port." In Belgium the operation meets with much less facility. In the first place, negotiation, or correspondence, has to be carried on in a foreign language, and the next draw- back is that the manufacturers' price is fixed in francs per kilogramme, delivered at the works, situate probably some hundred miles distant from a shipping port. Then comes the uncertainty connected with the out-turn of the weight; the fluctuations in the rate of exchange, first in reducing francs into sterling, and then again into United States currency. Add to this the inconveniences, imaginary or real, in regard to the necessary control of transportation to a shipping port, as well as the probability of delay in placing the goods on board ship. The sum total of these complications involves an amount of annoyance and a degree of uncertainty which the practical mind of a business man would desire to avoid. And yet, on taking the trouble of going a little below the surface of the question, it cannot create surprise to find that what is looked upon as a peculiar mode of transacting business, involves really nothing very extraordinary. All the apparent difficulties can be bridged over. Wheresoever there IB a viii INTRODUCTORY. will, a way can easily be found for the removal of obstacles, which, under other circumstances, would be considered in- surmountable. Reference has been made to a transaction in R. R. iron merely for the purpose of affording a practical illustration. That illustration is applicable to nearly every other branch of trade or commerce. Thus, for instance, articles of silk are manufactured at Lyons, in France; in the neighbourhood of Zurich, in Switzerland ; at Crefeld and Elberfeld, in Prussia, and numerous other continental places, all lying many hundred miles apart from each other. Every locality has a speciality of manufacture ; a currency differing from that of others, as well as an opposing principle in calculating the measurement of goods. Precisely the same thing may be said in regard to woollen or cotton manufactures, of many staple articles, and all kinds of fancy goods. To grope along the winding paths of the existing labyrinth requires, above all, great energy and experience; in addition to which it demands a long purse. When all these points are taken into consideration, it will be seen that goods purchased on the continent of Europe cannot always be imported into the United States so as to place the trade on a footing to derive the full benefit claimed under the clause of the most favoured nation. There are means, however, by which the difficulties expe- rienced by many may be reduced to a minimum. All goods, manufactured in France may be purchased through agents or commission houses established at Paris. But once beyond the limits of the French metropolis these facilities cease, or at best are but sparingly offered. Even with cash in hand, you may wander from city to city without being able to find the special article, or the peculiar quality, which suits the American market. The most effectual way to meet the difficulties, and to over- come real or imaginary obstacles, seems to rest with the publi- cation of a commercial guide calculated to conduct the stranger through the manufacturing centres of Europe. To supply that want is the endeavour of this book. TABLE OF CONTENTS. IRELAND. Route. Page. 1. Cork to Dublin 3 2. Dublin to Belfast . 7 3. Dublin to London 11 ENGLAND. 4. Liverpool to London .... . 12 5. London to Leicester ....... 20 6. London to Nottingham 22 7. London to Worcester and Kidderminster ... 25 8. London to Leeds and Bradford 27 9. London to Sheffield and Huddersfield ... 34 10. London to Birmingham 46 11. London to Manchester . . . 53 12. London to Southampton 56 13. London to Harwich 57 1 4. London to Sheerness .- 57 SCOTLAND. 15. London to Edinburgh and Leith .... 58 16. Edinburgh to Glasgow ; . . 66 17. Edinburgh to Dundee 70 BELGIUM. 18. Ostend Bruges to Brussels 19. Brussels to Antwerp ...... 85 x CONTENTS. Route. Page. 20. Antwerp to Kotterdam 90 21. Brussels Liege to Verviers 91 22. Brussels Namur to Charleroi 99 23. Brussels to Grammont 104 24. Ghent to Courtrai 106 25. Antwerp St. Nicholas to Ghent . . . . 109 26. Brussels Namur to Luxembourg . . . . Ill NETHERLANDS. 27. Rotterdam to Amsterdam 118 28. Rotterdam to Cologne 129 29. Amsterdam to Emden 131 GERMANY. 30. Paris to Aix-la-Chapelle 136 31. Aix-la-Chapelle to Cologne 140 32. Aix-la-Chapelle to Crefeld Ruhrort . . . 147 33. Cologne to Hanover Berlin 153 34. Berlin to Dresden 177 35. Cologne to Elberfeld Cassel 178 36. Elberfeld to Lennep Remscheid . . . . 187 37. Cologne to Frankfort-on-the-Maine . . . . 192 38. Frankfort to Nuremberg 201 39. Dresden to Chemnitz Zwickau .... 209 40. Berlin to Leipzig 218 41. Leipzig to Hof 225 42. Berlin to Frankfort-on-Oder Breslau . . . 236 43. Lbbau to Zittau 239 44. Dresden to Gbrlitz Altwasser . . . . 241 45. Breslau to Raudten Custrin 247 46. Leipzig to Cottbus Guben 249 47. Berlin to Frankfort-on-the-Maine .... 253 48. Eisenach to Coburg Lichtenfels .... 259 49. Frankfort-on-the-Maine to Basle . . . . 264 50. Berlin to Hamburg 273 51. Cologne to Bremen 275 52. Bremen to Hamburg. 281 53. Berlin to St. Petersburg 285 CONTENTS. xi AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. Route. Page. 54. Dresden to Prague Vienna . . . . . 291 55. Zittau to Reichenberg 293 56. Vienna to Trieste 304 FRANCE. 57. Calais, Boulogne to Paris 311 58. Brest to Paris 323 59. Cherbourg to Paris ....... 326 60. Havre to Rouen and Paris ..... 329 61. Paris to Brussels 335 62. Paris to Rheims and Strasburg .... 337 63. Paris to B^sle 342 64. Paris to Neufchatel 344 65. Paris to Geneva, by Macon 346 66. Paris to Turin 355 67. Paris to Lyons Marseilles 358 68. Lyons to St. Etienne 370 69. Lyons to Tarare and Roanne 372 70. Paris to Orleans and Bordeaux ..... 378 71. Bordeaux to Bayonne and Irun . . . . 385 72. Paris to Metz and Bingen 386 SWITZERLAND. 73. Basle to Zurich, by Olten 394 74. Romanshorn to St. Gall 401 75. Zurich to Lucerne 404 76. Geneva to Basle, by Neufchatel .... 406 77. Geneva to Berne 412 78. Berne to Interlaken '. .416 EXPLANATIONS TO TRAVELLERS. |T is accepted, as a general rule, that guide-books are printed and published for the avowed purpose of serving tourists and pleasure-seekers. From this rule the present publication deviates essentially. It abstains from indicating the whereabouts of picture galleries ; it does not make it a rule to point out the sites of antiquated castles ; nor does it discuss the architecture of churches and other edifices. Neither is there any attempt to classify hotels, and to criticise the proprietors thereof. To the average business man these matters have undoubted charms, but only as agree- able accessories, and, therefore, we have not altogether dis- carded the ordinary objects of existing guide-books. The habit of retail houses is to make use of the columns of a newspaper, and otherwise to attract the attention of intend- ing purchasers; they have, moreover, show-rooms for a display of their wares. But these advantages are denied to wholesale dealers, and especially to the manufacturers of Con- tinental Europe. In the pages of existing guide-books the centres of manufacture are only casually mentioned, if not entirely omitted. These centres are partly situated in remote districts, and these districts are often far separated from each other, while, when reached after a tedious journey, there is generally no other resource for information than a city or rural directory, and to rely on what can otherwise be learnt through hotel clerks. Our endeavours will be directed to narrow down these difficulties. It is not intended to accom- plish this by tendering advice ; but, on the contrary, to confine ourselves to the task of bringing all the facts to light, to leave business men untrammelled in their judgment, and not to in- terfere with the jealousies and exclusiveness with which business is surrounded all over the world. XIV LANGUAGES. OT many persons who visit Europe for business pur- poses are totally unacquainted with foreign languages. A knowledge of either German or French is, as a matter of course, useful and valuable at all times, and for all purposes; but this knowledge is almost indispensable when the traveller turns from the high road into the bye streets and into narrow lanes for the purpose of discovering the sources wherefrom to draw his supplies, and by digging up fresh channels to obtain all advantages the trade can afford. The usual notice, "English spoken here," is not written up at the weaving sheds in Silesian or Bohemian villages. Inter- national exhibitions have undoubtedly contributed much towards familiarizing everybody with a variety of localities producing certain classes of goods. The facilities of travel have been greatly increased, so that nothing seems to prevent a merchant even from the far West making purchases of his own selection direct from the European manufacturer. PASSPORTS. 1 HESE are not exacted by the authorities except on entering Russian territory. Nevertheless, it seems advisable that a business man should provide himself with a passport. The possession of that document will often save endless trouble and annoyance, while in all cases it will tend to facilitate matters when no other means of identifica- tion are attainable, and at periods when loss of time is of consequence. Every American who is in a position to sign the declaration of allegiance can obtain a passport from any minister of the United States resident in Europe. Several consuls have likewise the power to furnish passports in countries where no legation is established, so that there is really nothing irksome connected with the matter, and every man should have a passport when he visits a country whose institutions are foreign to his usual habits, and especially when he is imperfectly acquainted with the language. More- over, disturbances, riots, or even war may suddenly interfere XV with ordinary travel, and in such cases it is positively dan- gerous to be unprovided against emergencies. The names of ministers and consuls are given at each place where they are resident. TRAVEL BY RAIL. ,HE cost of railroad travelling can be estimated roughly at an average of five francs (one dollar) 4S^ per hour. This estimate is slightly exceeded in France, where the tariffs have been raised since the war. In Germany, on the contrary, they are more moderate ; but, it is useful to remember that delays and stoppages are more frequent, and that consequently, even with ordinary speed in travelling, the number of miles per hour are greatly reduced, owing to waste of time at the stations. In England and also in France the first-class compartments afford superior comfort. In most parts of Germany the second class is equally good, with this exception that smoking is permissible everywhere saving a single compartment set apart for those who desire to avoid tobacco. On the French line the rule obtains not to smoke in the first class unless all your fellow travellers are agreeable to it. These remarks are worthy of note, because of the prevailing diversity of opinion as to the amount of fresh air to be admitted through the carriage windows. On short trips the accommodation afforded by either class makes but little difference, but on long journeys, and especially when night travel is involved, it will prove more profitable to take the first class, considering that you have more room for elbows and legs. With in- creased comfort you are at the end of a journey fresh for business. On the other hand, having been hemmed in for several hours in a close carriage necessitates rest, and hence arises a loss in time and money. xvi HOTELS. 'HERE is practically little or no difference of im- portance in the cost of living at different Con- tinental hotels. Wanton impositions are really of rare occurence, but, in the large caravansaries as well as smaller hotels errors will occur. The waiter will sometimes book items to your account which should be charged to that of a neighbour. This arises mainly from the endless variety of charges. A simple meal, in lieu of being charged in bulk, will occupy half a dozen lines on the bill, bread, butter, sugar, a slice of lemon, oftentimes even a piece of ice has its price. As to the total charges, it will be found on investiga- tion that the difference of one house against another is so trifling as not to be worth a man's while to be on the look out for economy. Suppose the charge, say for a breakfast, be a trifle lower at one place than another, the traveller will soon discover that the difference rests with the quality of the tea or the coffee ; a little chicory in the latter often accounts for the cheapness of the beverage. Again, at one hotel you will receive a liberal supply of sugar, while at another a given number, say four or five lumps, are dealt out to you, and, on making an additional demand for sugar, the item will be charged in the bill, so that although the breakfast is nominally rated somewhat lower, the extras tend to bring the total to a level with the charge of an apparently more expensive house. As a rule rooms should be ordered by telegraph at all times of the year. In the summer season all hotels are more or less crowded, and during the winter months a message, timely wired, will generally secure a good room and a cheerful fire. In most of the larger houses the traveller should be cautioned against climbing to the third or fourth story. Few houses have elevators ; the upper stories are generally ill provided with furniture, the number of towels are insufficient, and, finally, the attendants are generally of a different class to what they are in the lower stories. Of course exceptions occur to this rule, but these are not many, especially in the North of Germany. These remarks apply to hotels in a XVII general sense, every city differing, of course, as to arrange- ments. Hotel proprietors request travellers to lock up their bed- rooms ; the request should be complied with, although thieving is hardly ever heard of anywhere. Pay your bill once a week or oftener, and never let it stand over till the last moment prior to your departure. This seems the only safeguard against blundering. In Austria and some parts of the south the traveller may dine at his own convenience. Throughout Germany you are compelled to submit to discipline and dine at the table d'hote. Opposition to this rule will cost the traveller much money. MONEY. TABLE of the value of money with the equivalents in sterling and American currency is appended to each country. Now that Germany has abandoned the multifarious system which rendered it difficult to avoid mistakes or to guard against losses, English bank-notes or French gold (Napoleons) prove the most convenient for the purpose of defraying travelling expenses. French notes are not always readily taken in the north, while English notes invariably command a premium anywhere. So does French gold. The new German coinage assimilates British currency, i. e. one mark is nearly equal to one shilling sterling money. For business purposes it is necessary to be provided with approved bankers' credits. These credits may be on London, Paris, Vienna, or Frankfort. If you avoid falling into the trap of paying commissions twice over it will prove immaterial to draw on either of the places named. Differences in the exchange must occur, but of so trifling a nature as not to be worth an item of speculation. We have indicated the names of local bankers in the majority of cities and places of which we have given a description. XV111 BAGGAGE AND FREIGHT. JERSONAL BAGGAGE, not exceeding fifty pounds, is generally carried free of expense over the Conti- nental Railroads. There are, however, a few excep- tions. Everything above fifty pounds must be paid for, and the charge forms sometimes a heavy item. As to freight it will be found that in the larger cities we have indicated the names of forwarding agents, through whose agency the rates of freight from inland cities to the seaboard can be ascertained. GENERAL REMARKS, RELATING TO TRAVEL BETWEEN ENGLAND AND THE CONTINENT. ASSUMING that the traveller has obtained all the necessary information to pilot him through the high- ways and byeways of Great Britain, and that one of the numerous local Guide Books enabled him to acquire a know- ledge sufficient to wend his way through the streets of London, the necessary information for an exit from the British Metro- polis over the various routes is subjoined. Details of each local route are prefaced under the various sections. The most popular, because to a great extent the most ex- peditious route, lies through Dover and Calais. Next in im- portance stands the route via Ostend. Among the other routes there are several which offer a larger scope of comfort, while the majority of them are less expensive than the travel by way of Dover. However, nearly all these routes recommend them- selves only during the summer months, owing to the prolonged sea-passage across the Channel. The Dover-Calais-Ostend- Routes are the Mail Routes, but in close competition for travel between France and England stands the Folkestone- Boulogne Route known as the Tidal Route. The Boulogne Boats offer improved accommodation; moreover passengers are accompanied by an interpreter from London to Paris, but the arrivals and departures of trains are subject to the varia- tions of the tide on either side of the Channel; hence the ad- XIX vantages gained by this route are not the same in one week as another. Again, there is no expeditious night travel through Folkestone and Boulogne. The route via Newhaven and Dieppe is the cheapest, but, being subject to tidal arrange- ments, the journey is often rendered tedious. From South- ampton steamers leave every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday for Havre. The other French Routes, as well as those to Belgium and the Netherlands, will be found under the respective heads. The following tables show the fares, mileage, and time of travel which obtain between various continental cities, taking London and Paris as a starting point. Another table shoAvs the distances of Sea Routes which obtain between England and the Continent. SEA ROUTES. Miles. Dover to Calais 24 Folkestone to Boulogne ..... 30 Newhaven to Dieppe ...... 64 Southampton to Havre . . . . .120 Littlehampton to Honfleur . . . . .102 Dover to Ostend 68 London to Ostend . . . . . .136 London to Antwerp . . . . . .210 Harwich to Antwerp 140 Sheerness to Flushing . . . . . .100 London to Rotterdam . . . . . . 230 Harwich to Rotterdam . . . . .120 London to Hamburg . . . . . . 480 London to St. Petersburg 1620 The fares in the subjoined tables are based on the tariff rates for first class travel via Calais or Ostend. The rates via Harwich and Sheerness, by reason of cheap sea travel, are somewhat lower than those via Ostend. XX LONDON TO Hours. Miles. FARES. *. d. Dollars. Antwerp 12 200 2 11 6 12-80 Aix-la-Chapelle . 12 328 316 15-40 Basle .... 36 618 5 18 6 29-60 Barmen 20 388 3 13 18-75 Berlin. 32 737 5 19 3 29-80 Bordeaux 25 651 5 17 9 29-05 Bremen 22 505 4 19 6 24-90 Brussels 11 232 2 10 12-50 Brindisi 62 1475 12 1 9 60-40 Cologne 16 373 306 17-63 Crefeld 16 381 393 17-36 Dresden 27 794 673 31-90 Elberfeld . . 14 384 329 18-30 Frankfort-on-Maine 23 510 499 22-40 Florence S5 1078 969 46-70 Geneva 28 675 6 1 9 30-40 Hamburg 24 636 590 27-25 Leipzig 24 734 5 15 6 28-90 Liege .... 13 294 2 17 14-25 Lyons .... 25 605 589 27-20 Marseilles . 32 825 7 5 36-25 Munich 26 763 6 14 33-50 Naples 54 1490 296 62-40 Paris .... 11 285 300 15-00 Rome .... 49 1321 120 55-50 Strasburg 28 602 4 14 6 23-65 St. Petersburg 73 1760 13 6 3 66-60 Stuttgart 32 723 590 27'25 Turin .... 35 785 700 35-00 Venice 46 1055 986 47-15 Verviers 14 308 2 18 9 14-70 Vienna 49 919 8 13 6 43-40 Zurich. 43 677 679 31-90 xxi PARIS TO Hours. Miles. FARES. Francs. Dollars. Amsterdam H 330 60-50 12-10 Berlin .... 23' 788 119-40 23-88 Berne .... 16 359 68-15 13-63 Bordeaux .... 10 366 72-05 14-41 Brussels .... 7* 194 35-80 7-16 Brindisi .... 50 1190 216-10 43-22 Carlsbad .... 39 726 134-00 26-80 Cologne .... 12 307 58-95 14-80 Dresden .... 27 766 129-30 25-86 Florence .... 36 792 135-95 27-19 Frankfort-on-Maine . 22 466 85-60 17-12 Geneva .... 14 390 77'10 15-42 Hamburg .... 26 610 111-25 22-25 Havre .... H 143 28-10 5-62 Lisbon .... 80 1458 264.00 52-80 London .... WJ 285 75-00 15-00 Marseilles is! 540 106-30 21-26 Madrid .... 34 913 180-85 36-17 Moscow .... 73 1922 360-00 72.00 Munich .... 24 590 114-20 22-84 Naples .... 55 1200 227-35 45-47 Odessa 93 1500 335-80 67-16 Rome .... 47 1036 197-15 39-43 St. Petersburg . 65 1746 303-15 60-93 Trieste .... 44 906 191-95 38-39 Turin .... 23 500 102-25 20-45 Venice .... 35 772 157-30 31-66 Vienna .... 87| 853 177-45 35-49 Zurich .... IS 392 75-70 16-14 Commercial Guide, Advertisements. GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY, Shortest, Cheapest, and Best Route TO HOLLAND, BELGIUM, THE RHINE, GERMANY, SWITZERLAND, ITALY, DENMARK, AND RUSSIA. The Passenger Service to and from the Continent, via Harwich, will be as follows, unless prevented by unfore- seen circumstances : TO AND FROM ROTTERDAM. DAILY (SUNDAYS EXCEPTED). Leaving London (Liverpool Street) at . . 7. 30 p.m. ,, Harwich at . .9. 30 p.m. Arriving at Rotterdam at 9.0 a.m. Leaving Rotterdam at . 6. 15 p.m. ,, Harwich at . .5.10 a.m. Arriving in London (Liver- pool Street) at 7.5 a.m. TO AND FROM ANTWERP. EVERY MONDAY, WEDNESDAY, AND FRIDAY. Leaving London (Liverpool Street) at . .7.30 p.m. ,, Harwich at . .9.30 p.m. Arriving at Antwerp at . 10.0 a.m. Leaving Antwerp at . .4.0 p.m. ,, Harwich at . .5.10 a.m. Arriving in London (Liver- pool Street) at . .7.5 a.m. A. SWARBRICK, Liverpool Street Station. General Manager. Commercial Guide, Advertisements. GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY. THROUGH TICKETS ARE ISSUED AS FOLLOWS FROM THE COMPANY'S STATION AT LIVERPOOL STREET TO Aix-la-Cliapelle . Amsterdam . . Antwerp . . . Baden .... Basle . . . . Berlin .... Bonn .... Bremen .... Brussels . . . Coblenz .... Cologne .... Crefeld . . . . Darmstadt . . . Dresden Diisseldorf . . . Elberfeld . . . Ems Frankfort . . . The Hague . . Hamburg . Heidelberg . . Leipsic . . . . Magdeburg . . Mayence . . . Munich . Nuremberg . . Rotterdam . . . St. Petersburg . Spa Strasburg . . . Stuttgart . . . Vienna . . . . Wiesbaden . HOURS. FARES. FIRST CLASS. SECOND CLASS. s. d. s. d. 19 1 19 1 1 4 11 16 1 13 6 1 11 14 1 6 15 31 4 3 5 2 18 4 32 4 19 5 3 10 2 28 4 3 11 3 1 9 20 2 9 6 1 13 2 27 3 5 3 2 6 10 15 1 9 7 17 9 21 2 14 3 1 16 8 19 2 7 1 11 6 18 2 2 10 1 8 6 24 3 7 2 2 6 3 32 5 2 11 3 10 7 18 2 6 6 1 11 2 23 2 8 1 11 9 22 2 17 10 1 18 6 25 3 6 2 5 6 15 1 8 11 17 6 29 3 15 4 2 15 4 27 3 13 6 2 10 11 29 4 11 2 3 2 9 26 3 19 2 2 14 9 23 3 2 3 2 2 9 34 5 10 8 3 18 6 31 4 12 5 3 4 11 13 1 6 15 ... 11 5 11 8 9 10 18 1 17 1 1 3 5 31 3 13 10 2 10 7 29 4 5 5 2 19 9 44 7 10 5 8 2 24 3 3 6 2 3 3 Commercial Guide, Advertisements. 1 ANGLO -AMERICAN TELEGRAPH COMPANY, LIMITED. Direct Telegraph Communication be- tween the United Kingdom, Europe, &c., and the United States, Canada, Newfound- land, West Indies, &c. FOR RATES APPLY AT ANY TELEGRAPH STATION. The Lines of the Company are in direct communi- cation with all the Telegraph Lines on the Continent of Europe, India, etc. GENERAL OFFICES OF THE COMPANY : 26, OLD BROAD STREET, LONDON, E.C, Commercial Guide, Advertisements. ANGLO-AMERICAN TELEGRAPH COMPANY, LIMITED. Direct Telegraph Communication be- tween the United Kingdom, Europe, &c., and the United States, Canada, Newfound- land, West Indies, &c. FOR RATES APPLY AT ANY TELEGRAPH STATION. Senders of Telegrams in London or Liverpool are recommended to hand their Messages direct to the Company at 23, THROGMORTON STREET, LONDON, E.C., OR Al, THE EXCHANGE, LIVERPOOL, At which places receipts are given for the amounts charged. GENERAL OFFICES OF THE COMPANY : 26, OLD BROAD STREET, LONDON, E.G. Commercial Guide) Advertisements. AMERICAN OVERLAND ROUTE. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. The American Overland Route, organized on the completion of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railways in 1869, is now the direct thoroughfare between the United Kingdom and Japan, China, and Australasia. The American Overland Route comprises the steamship lines of the Atlantic Ocean plying between ports in Europe and Atlantic seaports in the United States and Canada ; the various railway lines from New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Quebec, converging at Omaha, and there connecting with the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railways to San Fran- cisco ; and the steamship lines of the Pacific Ocean between San Francisco and ports in the Sandwich Islands, Fiji Islands, and in Japan China, and Australasia. On the Atlantic, twenty- eight lines of steamers, afford from the United Kingdom twenty departures, and from the Continent, eight departures every week to United States and Canadian ports; on the American Con- tinent there are daily express trains to San Francisco ; and on the Pacific, a monthly line of steamers to the Sandwich Islands and Fiji Islands, New Zealand and Australia, and a fortnightly line to ports in Japan, China, and India. The traveller from Europe, whose destination is China, Japan, or Australasia, will naturally consider, in deciding upon choice of routes, the questions of cost of passages, the time to be occupied, the degree of comfort and safety, and the nature of the sights and scenery by the way. Commercial Guide, Advertisements. AMERICAN OVERLAND ROUTE, ATLANTIC CONNECTIONS FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM. FARES. STEAMSHIP LINES. Cabin. Return Cabin. Inter- mediate. " AMERICAN." Liverpool to Philadelphia *. ' 21 O * 8 8 Wednesdays. (Call at Queenstown the following day. ) In London, to CHARLES BOYD, 19 and 21, Queen Victoria St. ; and in Liverpool, to RICHARDSON, SPENCE, & Co., 17 and 19, Water St. "ANCHOR." Glasgow to New York 18 18 22 I 26 5 31 10 21 2A 7 8 8 Saturdays. (Call at 'Deny the following day.) London to New York direct Alternate Saturdays. HENDERSON BROTHERS, 19, Leadenhall St., London, E.G. "CUNARD." Liverpool to New York 16 16 13 13 16 16 IS 15 17 17 26 5 21 24 3 26 5 Saturdays. (Call at Queenstown the following day.) Liverpool to Boston 22 I 31 10 Tuesdays. W. CUNARD, 6, St. Helen's Place, Bishops- gate St., or West End Office, 28, Pall Mall, S.W. ; in Liverpool, to D. & C. MAC IVER, 8, Water St. " DOMINION." Liverpool to Quebec 17 I 7 22 I 26 o IO IO 31 10 45 o 21 O Every Wednesday. " FRENCH GENERAL TRANS- ATLANTIC." Plymouth to New York direct . . 12 12 14 14 17 17 22 I 71 IO Alternate Sundays. CHAMOT AND CAPEL, 65, Gracechurch St., or JOHN POTTER & Co., 15, Great St. Helen's, London. 11 GREAT WESTERN." Bristol to New York direct 15 15 18 18 24 3 42 o c c Fortnightly. 13 ' 3 Commercial Guide, Advertisements. AMERICAN OVERLAND ROUTE, ATLANTIC CONNECTIONS FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM. STEAMSHIP LINES. "GUION." Liverpool to New York Wednesdays. (Call at Queenstown the following day.) NORTON AND SHAW, 7, Garrick St., Covent Garden ; and for Freight or Passage to GRIN- NELL & Co., 7, Leadenhall St., London. "INMAN." Liverpool to New York Alternate Thursdays. (Call at Queenstown the following day ) EIVES & ALLEN, 61, King William St., City. " MISSISSIPPI." Liverpool to New Orleans At regular intervals. (Call at Corunna.) " NATIONAL." Liverpool to New York Wednesdays. (Call at Queenstown the following day.) London to New York Wednesdays. In London, W. S. ROWLAND & Co., 57, Charing Cross ; SMITH, SUNDIUS, & Co., 33, Gracechurch St. ; MOSSES AND MITCHELL, 55, Gracechurch St. ; Liverpool, to the National Steamship Co. (Limited), 23, Water St. "NORTH GERMAN LLOYD." Southampton to New York direct . . . Tuesdays. Southampton to Baltimore direct . . . Saturdays. PHILLIPPS, GRAVES, PHILLIPP, & Co., St. Dunstan's House, Great Tower St., E.G.; or KELLER, WALLIS, AND POSTLETHWAITE, 1 6 and 17, King William St., London, E.G. " STATE." Glasgow to New York Alternate Fridays. (Call at Belfast the following day.) FARES. Cabin. * 12 12 15 15 18 18 18 18 22 I 20 O 10 10 12 12 15 15 17 17 10 10 12 12 15 15 13 O 23 o 18 o 8 8 12 12 15 15 Return Inter- Cabin, mediate. *. 22 O 26 o 30 O 27 6 31 10 35 22 O 25 4 22 O 25 4 46 o 36 o 21 O 26 5 *. 8 8 Commercial Guide, Advertisements. AMERICAN OVERLAND ROUTE, ATLANTIC CONNECTIONS FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE CONTINENT. FARES. STEAMSHIP LINES. Cabin. Return Cabin. Inter- mediate. "WHITE STAR." Liverpool to New York J- 1C 1C * * Alternate Thursdays. (Call at Queenstown the following day.) ISMAY, IMRIE, & Co., 10, Water St., Liver- pool ; and 34, Leadenhall St., London, E.G. "WILSON." Hull to New York . . TR T lo 15 22 I 12 12 31 10 6 6 Alternate Wednesdays. (Call at Southampton the following Friday.) GELLATLY, HANKEY, SEWELL, & Co., 51, Pall Mall ; and THOS. WILSON, SONS, & Co., Hull ; or W. E. BOTT & Co., 10, Mark Lane, London. "FRENCH GENERAL TRANS- ATLANTIC." Fr. 625 Fr. QC.O Fr. -}8c. Alternate Saturdays. (Call at Plymouth the following Saturday.) In Plymouth, LUSCOMBE, BELLAMY, & Co. " HAMBURG-AMERICAN." Hamburg to New York R. M. 300 R. M. o"j Wednesdays. (Call at Havre the following Saturday.) Havre to New York direct 500 Fr. 37O Fr. Saturdays. SMITH, SUNDIUS, & Co., 33, Gracechurch St. "NETHERLAND-AMERICAN." Rotterdam to New York direct .... Alternate Saturdays. "RED STAR." Antwerp to Philadelphia and New York alternately direct . 600 Guild. IOO 150 200 Fr. 200 Guild. 1 80 270 337'50 Fr. Every twelve days. B. VON DER BECKE, Gen. Antwerp ; or, CH AS. BOYD, 19 and 21, Queen Victoria St., London. " WHITE CROSS." Antwerp to New York direct Every twenty days. STEINMAN AND LUDWIG, Antwerp j AUG. ANDRE, Antwerp. 450 Fr. 300 375 675 Fr. GREAT BRITAIN. N the smallest industrial district of Great Bri- tain possesses the advantage of local directories. In no other European country exists greater pub- licity, and under the circumstances it was hardly deemed requisite to include in the present work extensive records of British manufacturing centres. Moreover, Ameri- cans find the mother tongue spoken throughout Her Majesty's dominions, and the country is, by tradition, more familiar to the traveller than countries of Continental Europe. The pre- sent volume, therefore, may seemingly lack the advantage of presenting anything which has not been noticed elsewhere. Nevertheless, it claims novelty and originality. In the following pages we have carefully compiled a large amount of matter, summarizing information which otherwise lies scattered around the country. Commerce with Great Britain has a surpassing interest compared with other countries. The total exports to the United States of European produce and manufacture may be roughly computed at three hundred million dollars, and of this sum about one half is absorbed by merchandise of British origin. The decrease during the past three years has been remarkable, especially in the export of metalg and woollen goods, as will be seen from the subjoined tables, compiled from Consular returns. In the following pages will be found the itinerary routes to the great manufacturing centres of England, Ireland, and Scotland, together with lists of prominent firms engaged in various branches of industry which interest the United States. For London we have given the firms engaged in commerce and banking operations, and the respective addresses, in addi- tion to laist of continental firms represented either by branch establishments or through agencies. TABLE SHOWING THE DECLARED VALUE or EXPORTS To the United States of America from the undermentioned Consular Districts Great Britain, made up Sept. 30th each year. Values in British sterling. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. Birmingham 1,127,669 1,109,708 969,181 774,152 643,708 Bradford . . . 3,240,596 3,687,269 3,267,589 2,844,512 2,409,790 Bristol .... 24,990 46,157 23,748 62,870 76,455 Cardiff. . . . 1,679,826 1,584,582 688,806 102,191 91,714 Falmouth . . 10,198 11,547 11,110 12,419 11,460 Huddersfield . 632,409 942,810 822,247 605,126 586,404 Hull .... 19,816 21,737 16,099 16,359 16,545 Kidderminster . 239,332 194,781 143,158 96,880 48,937 Leeds .... 187,763 210,075 343,333 118,931 142,485 Leicester . . . 159,559 168,706 184,774 156,628 112,979 Liverpool . 6,310,814 7,579,907 7,419,523 6,534,796 5,611,285 London . . . 8,638,037 8,671,984 7,579,072 6,043,593 5,265,615 Manchester . . 4,000,000* 4,000,000* 4,000,000* 3,975,189 3,728,608 Newcastle-o/T. . 300,000* 300,000* 524,033 296,935 203,132 Nottingham . . 1,003,734 1,022,859 1,135,854 930,693 830,593 Redditch . . . 138,232 129,535 106,350 137,837 Sheffield . . . 1,401,501 1,616,598 1,781,563 1,393,162 757,119 Southampton 6,579 3,828 3,175 3,631 2,011 Tnnstall . . . 600,000* 820,259 865,423 598,623 559,625 Wolverhampton 111,881 141,776 106,748 53,485 41,576 Belfast . 1,718,885 1,412,991 1,533,442 1,569,085 1,473,976 Cork .... 29,084 36,609 30,333 23,713 16,476 Dublin .... 200,000* 200,000 239,334 187,160 158,360 Londonderry . . 10,000 22,507 10,152 34,659 1,150 Aberdeen . . . 33,464 41,713 54,712 69,099 63,792 Dundee . . . 1,239,503 1,528,397 1,457,487 1,306,358 1,052,487 Glasgow . 1,761,518 2,043,020 1,698,342 1,310,985 1,191,879 Leith 572,061 565,823 581,485 485,297 470,890 Total . . . 35,259,219 38,159,328 35,610,258 29,658,977 25,714,876 The items marked * are estimates, no official returns having been received. RECAPITULATION. England . 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 29,694,704 32,308,268 30,004,971 24,726,519 21,277,378 Ireland . . . 1,957,969 1,672,107 1,813,261 1,835,928 1,664,821 2,779,048 Scotland . . . 3,606,546 4,178,953 3,792,026 3,171,712 Total . . . 35,606,994 38,159,328 35,610,258 29,658,977 25,714,876 Compiled from Official Returns by GEORGE SAUER. / I UNIVERSITY X^Aurqg^ GREAT BRITAIN. IRELAND. ROUTES. Route. 1. CORK TO DUBLIN 2. DUBLIN TO BELFAST 3. DUBLIN TO LONDON Page 3 7 11 ROUTE 1. CORK TO DUBLIN. 164| miles. Fares, 1st class, 30s.; 2nd class, 22*. 6d. 'ONNECTING with the line from Queenstown, ex- press trains run from Cork twice per day. Passing successively the following stations : Charleville (35^- miles), Limerick Junction (58 miles), Thurles (78 miles), Maryborough (114 miles), Kildare (135 miles), and Newbridge (139 miles), we reach DUBLIN (Hotels : Shelborne ; Morrison ; Imperial), popu- lation, 320,000. The metropolis of Ireland. The city is divided into two equal parts by the river. The tables of export from Dublin to the United States do not afford any features of general interest. The chief item comprises salted skins, and hides, and next to it the shipments of beer stout and ale. Of poplin, the declared value of exports 4 I EEL AND. varies annually between ten and fifteen thousand pounds sterling ; but it may be fairly assumed that the actual value of this species of dress goods taken for the American markets is much larger, and that the shipments pass through other agencies. The following poplin manufacturers are established in Dublin : Richard Atkinson & Co., 31, College Green. Fry & Fielding, 26, Westmoreland st. William Fry & Co., 31, Westmoreland st. Jacob Geoghegan, 50, Francis st. Inglis & Tinkler, 7, Eustace st. O'Reilly, Dunne, & Co., 30, College Green. Pirn Brothers & Co., 22, William st. John Watson & Co., 15, Merchants' Quay. Balbriggan Hosiery. Smyth & Co., 37, Lower Abbey st. Charles & Thomas Cumiskey. Irish Lace Manufacturers. James Forrest & Sons, Grafton st. Patrick A. Keane, 2, Upper Sackville st. Irish Lace Depot, Grafton st. Grain, Timber, and General Merchants. Arnott & Co., Henry st. Todd & Burns, Mary st. Brown & Thomas, Grafton st. Thomas Synnott, Middle Abbey st. John McCann, Middle Abbey st. P. & A. Darcy, Fleet st. H. M. & P. Macken, Burgh Quay. James Macken & Son, Portby st. James M. Macken, Usher's Quay. Wm. Carrill, Custom House Docks. John Martin & Sons, North Wall. Thomas & Charles Martin, North Wall. R. & J. Carolin, Lower Abbey st. James Fitzsiinons & Son, Bridgefoot st. DUBLIN. Distilleries of Whisky, frc. Irish Whisky Distillery Co., Harold's Cross. John Jameson & Son, Bow st. Wm. Jameson & Son, Marrowbone lane. Johnston Distillery Co., Leixlip. Dublin Whisky Distillery Co., Jones' rd. Dublin & Chapelizod Distillery Co., Chapelizod. George Roe & Co., Thomas st. Sir John Power & Son, John's lane. Kinnahan & Sons, Boyne st. Drake & McComas, Exchequer st Breweries. Anchor Brewery, Usher st. Sir John Arnott & Co., Middle Abbey st John Caffray & Sons, South Summer st. City of Dublin Brewery Co., Blackpits. Findlater & Co., Russell st. A. Guinness, Son, & Co., James' Gate. Jameson, Pirn, & Co., North Anne st. Lichfield Brewery Co., East George st R. Manders & Co., James st. Phoenix Brewery, Watling st Tanners and Curriers. Kelley & Dunn, Watling st Cannon & Sons, Watling st Glass Bottle Manufacturers. Alex. Brown, Church st Dublin Glass Bottle Works, Sheriff st. J. Geoghegan, John st Irish Glass Bottle Co., Ringsend. Ringsend Glass Bottle Co., Ringsend. Plate Glass Manufacturers. Union Plate Glass Co., Cole Hill. Iron Works and Agricultural Implement Makers. Classon, Courtney, & Sons, Bridgefoot st Eagle Foundry, Church st. Hammersmith Works, Ball's bridge. Phoenix Iron Works, Parkgate st. 6 IRELAND. Thomas Mackenzie & Sons, Victoria quay. Henry Sheridan & Co., Bridgefoot st. Kennan & Sons, Fishamble st. Dublin has an immense trade in live stock ; sometimes four or five steamers a-day take their departure for England. The following are among the prominent cattle dealers. Andrew Ganly, Usher's quay. R. Cuffe & Sons, Smithfield. John Bull, Usher's quay. Whelan, Maher, & Kenna, Smithfield. John Wallis, Bachelor's walk. John Gavin, Queen st. American Consul. Benj. H. Barrows. Official Residence, 24, D'Olier st. All changes of Residence or Alterations in the Style of Firms, as well as Business Information for subsequent Editions, should be addressed to the care of Messrs. WHITTINGHAM AND WILKINS, Tooks Court, Chancery Lane, London, E. C. BELFAST. ROUTE 2. DUBLIN TO BELFAST. 112 miles. Fares, 1st class, 20s. ,* 2#c? class, 15.9. ROM the station at Amiens Street the road runs to BALBRIGGAN (22 miles), a place noted for its superior hosiery. Passing successively through Drogheda (32 miles), Dundalk (55 miles), we reach, after three hours' travel, BELFAST {Hotels : Imperial, Queen, Royal), population, 200,000. Next to Dublin the most important 4 city in Ireland. American Consul. James M. Donnan. Official Residence, 7, Donegall Square South. Vice Consul. William Simms. There is an extensive direct trade with the United States, the imports being wheat, Indian corn, and petroleum. Its manufactures are very extensive, and linen goods valued at between seven and eight million dollars are annually ex- ported from Belfast to the United States. These shipments comprise every variety of damasks, table and house linen, handkerchiefs, muslins, and twills. The following firms comprise the principal manufacturers and shippers of Belfast : R. J. Adams, Donegall st. Robert Brown & Co., Brunswick st. Bedford Street Weaving Co., Bedford st. W. L. & H. H. BeU, Bedford st. G. Betzold & Co., Fountain st. Blackstaff Spinning & Weaving Co., Linfield road. Bristow, Valentine, & Watson, Brunswick st. Brookfield Linen Co., lim., Donegall st. John S. Brown & Sons, Bedford st. W. Byson, Waring st. IRELAND. Gabriel A. Bulloch, Bedford st. J. M. Calder & Co., Bedford st. T. Carter & Sons, Upper Queen st. Castle Island Linen Co., Linen hall. W. Chaine & Co., Donegall sq. John & W. Charley & Co., Wellington place. Charley, Telford, & Co., Howard st. W. Clark, Donegall sq. Connor Foster, Linen hall. J. R. Christian, Donegall sq. south. D. Curell, jun. & Co., Linen Hall st. Darbishire Bros., Fountain lane. Dicksons, Ferguson, & Co., Linen Hall st. John Douglas, Donegall st. E. G. Duffin & Co., Little SackvUle st. Dunbar, McMaster, & Co., Howard st. W. Easdale & Co., James st. Eliza Street Spinning Co., Eliza st. John Elliott & Co., Bedford st. W. Ewart & Son, Bedford st. Ewing, Son, & Co., Donegall sq. south. Falls Flax Spinning Co., limited, Conway st. Fenton, Son, & Co., White Linen hall. John Ferguson & Co., Linen Hall st. Joseph Fulton & Co., Howard st. Gamble, Shillington, & Co., Donegall sq. Girdwood, Maxwell, & Co., White Linen hall. Gordon Bros. & Co., limited, Linen Hall st. Greenmount Spinning Co., Upper Queen st. James Glass & Co., Bedford st. Glass Bros. & Co., Franklin st. Robert Glass, Donegall sq. east. A. Gribbon, Bedford st. J. & A. D. Grimond, College st. W. G. Hanna, Wellington pi. Harden Bros., Harrison & Co., James st. James Hart, Franklin st. John Hind & Sons, Durham st. Jaffe Bros., Donegall sq. south. BELFAST. Johnston, James, & Co., Waring st. King Street Linen Co., King st. W. Kirk & Son, Bedford st. F. B. Lecky, Donegall sq. north. G. Lewis, Shankhill road. W. Liddell & Co., Bedford st. R. Lindsay & Co., Victoria st. Lipman & Co., Bedford st. A. J. Lutton & Co., Fountain st. T. H. Magee, Clarence st. Malcolm & Pentland, Bedford st. W. Malcomson & Co., Donegall sq. H. Matier & Co., Clarence pi. James Mautner & Co., Victoria st. S. Maze & Son, Clarence pi. James McCorry & Co., Linen Hall st. R. McCrum & Co., Linen Hall st. J. T. Mcllveen, Donegall sq. north. Mitchell Brothers, Crumlin road. J. Moore & Co., Donegall sq. Moore, Robinson, & Co., Waring st. Moore & Weinberg, Linen Hall st. Moreland Brothers, Donegall pi. J. Murland, Donegall sq. Murphy & Or, Donegall st. Northern Spinning and Weaving Co., Donegall sq. Pauley & Sands, James st. south. Preston, Smyth, & Co., Donegall sq. south. T. Pullmann & Co. , Ballymacarrett road. W. Rea & Co., Bedford st. Richardson Brothers & Co., Donegall pi. J. N. Richardson, Sons, & Owden, Donegal! sq. R. K. Richardson, Brunswick st. W. Shaw, Exchange pi. Shillington Brothers, Adelaide pi. W. Smyth & Co., Donegall sq. A. T. Stewart & Co., Wellington pi. S. Stewart & Co., Kent st. Robert Thompson, Son, & Co., Dougall sq. 10 IRELAND. James Thompson & Sons, Ormean rd. Todd, McCall, & Co., Linen Hall st. Ulster Damask & Linen Co., Linen Hall. Ulster Spinning & Weaving Co., Falls road. Gilbert Vance & Son, Donegall st. W. R. Walker, Fountain st. Watson, Armstrong, & Co., Donegall st. Watson, Valentine, & Co., Brunswick st. R. Whitworth & Brothers, Lodge Mills. Wilson & Russell, James st. John Woods, Bedford st. York Street Flax Co., York st. J. & R. Young, Brunswick st. There is direct communication from Belfast to Glasgow by excellent steamers. Other steamers run regularly between Belfast and Fleet- wood, Liverpool, and via Larne to Stranvaer (Scotland), thence to London, the channel passage occupying about 2 hours. A steamer leaves Belfast for Fleetwood every evening (Sun- days excepted) at 7.45 p.m., and is expected to arrive at Fleet- wood in time for the first trains to Birmingham, Liverpool, London, Leeds, and all parts of England. At Fleetwood the railway waggons run alongside the Quay. Agents at Belfast, Messrs. Henderson and Co., 20, Donegall quay ; and at Fleetwood, Thomas H. Carr. KINGSTOWN. 11 ROUTE 3. DUBLIN TO LONDON. 336 miles. Fares, 1st class, 62s. 6d.; 2nd class, 45s. 6d. STARTING from the Westland Row station for KINGSTOWN (6 miles), (Hotels : Royal, Marine, Anglesey Arms), passengers embark for Holyhead. There are four steamers, which alternate in the service. The sea-passage (66 miles) occupies about 5 hours, taking into account the difference of time (about 30 minutes) between Dublin and Greenwich. There are no finer boats in Europe, and the travel on board offers every comfort, so that even at seasons when rough weather must be encountered no unpleasantness may be expected. The railway on the Irish, as well as on the English shores, runs along the quay, and passengers may embark and disembark within a few yards distance. From Holyhead the train passes through Bangor, Chester, and Rugby. Express trains run from Holyhead to London with few stoppages, at a rapid rate, performing the journey (264 miles) within 7 hours, the entire transit between London and Kingstown occupying about eleven hours. ENGLAND. Route. Page 4. LIVERPOOL TO LONDON ..... 12 5. LONDON TO LEICESTER ..... 20 6. LONDON TO NOTTINGHAM ..... 22 7. LONDON TO WORCESTER AND KIDDERMINSTER . 25 8. LONDON TO LEEDS AND BRADFORD ... 27 9. LONDON TO SHEFFIELD AND HUDDERSFIELD . 34 10. LONDON TO BIRMINGHAM ..... 46 11. LONDON TO MANCHESTER ..... 53 12. LONDON TO SOUTHAMPTON .... 56 13. LONDON TO HARWICH ..... 57 14. LONDON TO SHEERNESS 57 ROUTE 4. LIVERPOOL TO LONDON. 201| miles. Fares, 1st class, 29.9. ; 2nd class, 2U 9d. IVERPOOL (Hotels : Adelphi, Washington, Water- loo, North- Western, George), population 493,000. With only two or three exceptions there are, properly speaking, no American mercantile esta- blishments in the port of Liverpool. The amount of tonnage of American vessels which arrived in Liverpool during the year 1874, amounted in the aggregate to 419,984 tons. Con- LIVERPOOL. 13 sidering the gigantic dimensions which the commerce between Liverpool and the United States has assumed, and taking into consideration the magnitude as well as the variety of interests which are at stake in moving the crops of cotton and grain, in addition to shipments of petroleum and all other staple articles, it seems surprising that all should be left to the care of English merchants. There are a great many firms, closely connected with New York and other shipping ports of the United States, whose members are naturalized citizens, and who may, to all intents and purposes, be considered Americans. Yet the fact cannot be overlooked that, during the War of Secession, Ame- rican interests were somewhat inadequately represented in Liverpool. It is, however, a noteworthy fact, that the mer- cantile world of the United States pays a high tribute to the reputation of British merchants. Americans place implicit trust in the integrity and judgment of Liverpool commission houses, to whose care and management valuable cargoes of produce are daily consigned. The communication by steam between the two countries is controlled almost exclusively by Liverpool shipowners, and America is contented with the ar- rangement. The same amount of confidence is extended, of course, in conducting the sale of American cotton and all other produce imported into Liverpool from the United States. The declared value of exports from Liverpool to the United States exceeds thirty million dollars, more than one-third of which comprises shipments of tin plates, and the next im- portant item comes under the head of chemicals. Among other articles of export leather, hides, and skins obtain pro- minence, as well as shipments of East India rice. A steady export of salt is noticeable, while shipments of iron, steel, and steel rails have largely decreased, in common with those of copper and yellow metal. The exports of glass ware and chemicals manufactured at Great St. Helen's have exceeded annually a value of three million dollars. American Consul. Lucius Fairchild, Tower Buildings, South Water st. W. P. Paull, Vice Consul. 4,121,514 4,253,642 6,310,814 7,779,904 1873 . 1874 . 1875 . . 7,023,085 . 6,546,000 . 5,611,285 14 ENGLAND. The total value of exports in British sterling, declared at the United States Consulate, Liverpool, have been as follows : 1869 1870 1871 1872 OCEAN STEAMERS. CUNARD LINE. Saturday for New York via Queenstown. Tuesday for Boston. Liverpool D. and C. M'lver, 8, Water st. Queenstown D. and C. M'lver. INMAN LINE. Thursdays, Liverpool via Queenstown. Liverpool Wm. Inman, 22, Water st. Queenstown C. and W. D. Seymour and Co. NATIONAL LINE. Wednesday, Liverpool via Queenstown. Liverpool 21 and 23, Water st. Queenstown N. and J. Cummins and Bros. WHITE STAB LINE. Thursdays, Liverpool via Queenstown. Liverpool Ismay, Imrie, and Co., 10, Water st. Queenstown James Scott and Co. AMERICAN LINE. Wednesdays, from Liverpool to Philadelphia. Richardson, Spence, and Co., 17, Water st. GUION LINE. Wednesday, Liverpool via Queenstown. Liverpool Guion and Co. Queenstown James Scott and Co. LONDON. 15 IONDON. Omitting all matter of detail, we con- fine ourselves to an enumeration of hotels situated at the various railway stations, or in their imme- diate proximity. All further information is readily obtained by a reference to local guide-books. Of these the most useful will be found: "The Golden Guide" and "Pascoe's." Hotels: London Bridge Railway Hotel; Cannon Street Terminus Hotel; Castle and Falcon, Aldersgate Street; Queen's, St. Martin's-le-Grand. Near Ludgate Hill Station are situated : Royal, Blackfriars ; Salisbury, Fleet Street. At Charing Cross, the Railway Hotel, and in close proximity, the Golden Cross, Morley's, and Craven. Near Euston Station are the Victoria and Euston ; at a short distance the Langham. The Great Northern Hotel is at the Company's station. The Midland Railway Hotel is likewise a new and exten- sive establishment at the St. Pancras station. At the Victoria Station is situated the Grosvenor, and at short distances, in the West End, the* Westminster Palace, Buckingham Palace, Alexandra, St. James', Fleming's Hotels. At Paddington Station, the Great Western Railway Hotel. The United States are represented in London as follows : His Excellency Hon. Edwards Pierrepoint, E.E. & M.P. Official Residence, 5, Westminster Chambers, Victoria St. Secretaries of Legation. Colonel Wickham Hoffman and Colonel W. H. Cheeseborough. Consul General. General Adam Badeau. Official Residence, Winchester House, Old Broad Street. Vice Consul. Joshua Nunn. U.S. Government Dispatch Agent. B. F. Stevens. Official Residence, 4, Trafalgar Square. 16 ENGLAND. Offices of American Newspapers, Publishers, SfC. New York Herald, 46, Fleet St. New York Tribune, 13, Pall Mall. New York World, 32, Fleet St. New York Spirit of the Times, 449, Strand. New York Daily Graphic, 32, Fleet Street. Anglo-American Times, 127, Strand. American Register, 449, Strand. American Traveller, 4, Langham Place. Sampson Low & Co., 188, Fleet St. Appleton & Co., 136, Strand. J. D. Lippincott & Co., 12, Southampton St. Triibner & Co., 14, Ludgate Hill. Henry Stevens, 4, Trafalgar Square. Whittingham & Wilkins, Tooks Court, Chancery Lane. Robt. C. M. Bowles, 449, Strand. New York Associated Press, Bartholomew Hse. The following list of bankers, shippers, commission houses, brokers, patent agents, and others, comprises the names of firms trading with the United States : Anglo- Californian Bank, 3, Angel Court. Anderson, Becker, & Co., 6, Billiter St. C. A. Auffm-Ordt & Co., 34, Finsbury Circus. Baring Brothers, 8, Bishopsgate St. Blatspeel, Stamp, & Co., 9, Warwick Court, Holborn. Louis Breslauer & Co., 85, Gracechurch St. Begbie, Young, & Begbie, 5, Lime St. Richard Brandt, 44, Palmerston Buildings. A. BeU & Sons, 8, Finch Lane. Brown, Shipley, & Co., Founder's Court, Lothbury. A. B. Bremner & Co., 9, Billiter Square. E. O. Blake, 49, Leadenhall St. N. M. Byers & Co., 9, Union Court, Old Broad St. Bowden & Willans, 34, Leadenhall St. David Brown, 148, Leadenhall St. Blake Brothers, 62, Gresham Hse., Old Broad St. Charles Berteaux Radou & Co., 16, Knightrider St. LONDON. 17 Central Pacific R. R. Co., 22, Moorgate St. A. E. Campbell, Roope, & Co., 19, Moorgate St. C. Churchill & Co., 28, Wilson St., Finsbury. Cook, Sons, & Co., 21, St. Paul's. W. H. Cole & Co., 85, Gracechurch St. A. Cronbach & Co., 37, Mark Lane. Coates & Co., 13, Bread St., Cheapside. H. Clarkson & Co., 20, Billiter St., E.G. Coventry, Sheppard, & Co., 1, Corn Exchange Ch. J. Caesar & Co., 17, Gracechurch St. Continental Life Insurance Company, 35, Lombard St. Corneille, David, & Co., 43, Mark Lane. Rob. De Clermont & Co., 98, Fenchurch St. Davis Brothers, 117, Leadenhall St. Deutsche Bank, 50, Old Broad St. John M. Davies & Co., 12, Milk St. Erie Railway Company, 12, Copthall Court, E. C. Equitable Life Insurance Co. of N.Y., 1, Princes St. Eives & Allen, 61, King William St., E.C. Fairbanks & Co., 34, King William St., E.C. Fore-street Warehouse Co., Fore St. Foster, Porter, & Co., 47, Wood St. Fred. Fink & Co., 29, Mincing Lane. Friihling & Goschen, 12, Austinfriars. Osgood Field & Co., 76, Mark Lane. Grinnell & Co., 7, Leadenhall St. J. & R. Grant & Co., 1, Leadenhall St. Galbraith, Stringer, Pembroke, & Co., 8, Austinfriars. Horstman & Co., 2, Crosby Square. R. Hendewerk, Seething Lane. Hofman, Schenck, & Co., 4, Vine St., Minories. C. Hofman & Co., 70, Great Tower Street. Halbert & Christensen, 4, Mark Lane. Hazard & Co., Piccadilly. 18 ENGLAND. Fredk. Huth & Co., 12, Tokenhouse Yard. W. & J. Hall & Co., 51, Old Broad Street. Hopkins, Ford, & Co., 34, Great St. Helen's. Horschitz & Co., 15, New Corn Exchange. Hasletine, Lake, & Co., 8, Southampton Buildings. J. R. Jaffray & Co., 7, St. Mildred's Ct. Henry S. King & Co., 45, Pall Mall. Kew, Stobart, & Co., 28, Fenchurch St. Kurtz, Stuboeck, & Co., 143, Milton St. Kleinwort, Cohen, & Co., 20, Fenchurch St. Lloyd, Lowe, & Co., 7, East India Avenue. London, Asiatic, and American Co., 26, Old Broad St. London & Burton Beer Co., 3, Philpot Lane. C. M. Lampson & Co., 64, Queen St. S. Lichtenstein & Co., Windsor Chrs., Gt. St. Helen's. Leech, Harrison, & Co., 30, Great St. Helen's. McCarty & Co., 3, Old Broad St. McKean & Co., 31, Lombard St. Jas. McHenry, 5, Westminster Chambers, Victoria St. J. S. Morgan & Co., 22, Old Broad St. Morton, Rose, & Co., Bartholomew Hse., Bartholomew Le. Melhuish, Sons, & Co., 29, St. Swithin's Lane. Marcus & Co., Dowgate Hill. Thos. Meadows & Co., 35, Milk St., Cheapside. MacCulloch & Co., 41, Lombard St. MacCalmont, Bros., & Co., 15, Philpot Lane. Maclean, Maris & Co., 33, Lime St. J. & R. Morley, 18, Wood St. H. C. Meyer, jun., 3, Fell St., Wood St. C. & J. Northcote, St. Dunstan's Hill. New York Life Insurance Co., 76 & 77, Cheapside. Saml. Norris, 31, Lombard St. W. P. Nash & Co., 12, St. Mary Axe. Geo. Offor & Co., 27, Leadenhall Street. LONDON. 19 John Patton, jun., & Co., 3, White Lion Court. Pile & Co., 34, Great St. Helen's. Pacific Mail S. S. Co., Windsor Chrs., Gt. St. Helens. Pattenden & Smith, 11, Southwark St. A. S. Petrie & Co., 11, Old Broad St. H. V. & H. W. Poor, 4, Gracechurch St. W. H. Roper, 5, Jeffrey's Square. J. G. Rollins & Co., 33, King William St. W. Ryle, 23, Great St. Helen's. N. M. Rothschild & Sons, St. Swithin's Lane. Remington's Sewing Machine Co., Victoria St. W. S. Rowland & Co., 57, Charing Cross. Schwann & Co., 62, Moorgate Street. Schwann, Modera, & Co., ,, Steinkopff & Co., 1, East India Avenue. Ed. Sheldon & Co., 112, Fenchurch Street. Schmolze, Rischmann, & Co., 21, Old Broad St. Schroeder & Boninger, 28, Fenchurch St. Stapley & Son, 11, Old Jewry. Wm. Simpson & Co., 17, Philpot lane. J. Henry Schroeder & Co., 145, Leadenhall St. Speyer Brothers, 1, Angel Court. Seligman Brothers, 3, Angel Court. Thos. Taylor & Sons, 29, Bread st. Thompson, Wyckoff & Co., 17, Fenchurch St. Temperleys, Carter, & Darke, 21, Billiter St. Union and Central Pacific R. R. Co., 22, Moorgate St. Valentine & Co., 173, Fenchurch St. Waltham Watch Co., Holborn Circus. R. D. Warburg & Co., 139, Cheapside. Wheeler & Wilson, 20, Queen Victoria St. Widemann & Broicher, 3, Love Lane, Eastcheap. James Wright, 61, Moorgate St. Young, Ehlers, & Co., 32, Great St. Helen's. ENGLAND. ROUTE 5. LONDON TO LEICESTER. -L miles. Fares, 1st claims, 13s. ; 2nd, 8s. Qd. HE Midland Railway, starting from the station at St. Pancras or from Moorgate Street, conveys us in a little more than two hours to LEICESTER (Hotels: Bell, Wellington, White Hart, George, Stag), population 105,000. Situated on the River Soar. A clean, well-paved city, with many noteworthy public buildings. The manufactures are principally boots and shoes ; cotton and woollen hosiery, gloves, elastic web, sewing cotton, &c., are likewise largely produced here, and the following firms are engaged in these branches : G. Anderson & Co., Wellington st. R. Angrave & Bros., Millstone lane. Atkins & Bros., Newarke st. J. Baines & Son, Belvoir st. Barber & Henton, Wellington st. Bahr & Melville, Jarrow st. A. & F. Burgess, 1, Belvoir st. E. & R. Charters, Belvoir st. J. P. Clarke & Co., King st. N. A. Corah & Sons, St. Margaret's Works, G. Cousins & Co., Belvoir st. Denton & Wright, Belvoir st. EmberMn & King, Humberstone gate. Evans & Stafford, Campbell st. F. & J. Ellis, Rutland st. E. France, Waring st. Gilbert & Smith, Upper Brown st. Richard Harris & Sons, King st. Harris & Parr, Wellington st. Hart & Lewis, Wimbledon Works. J. & W. Hawkes, Queen st. T. W. Hodges & Sons, Welford road. T. & J. Jones, Brown st. LEICESTER. 21 Kemp & Dyson, Mill lane. D. Marsden, Upper Brown st. John Molesworth, Nichol st. C. Noon & Co., limited, Granby st. G. & J. W. Padmore, Rutland st. W. & J. Pegg, Rutland st. Pickard & Goode, Railway bldgs. Pollard & Pochins, Wellington st. J. Pool & Co., Wellington st. Pool, Lorrimer, & Tabberer, Welford pi, Henry Poynton, Millstone lane. Preston & Sons, Wharf st. Rapp & Co., Eagle works, Maynard st. J. T. Raworth, Charles st. Russell & Rowlett, Welford pi. T. & J. T. Stevenson, Wellington st. Snow & Bennett, Welford rd. Stretton & Hutchinson, Granby st. Stead, Simpson, & Nephew, Belgrave gate. R. P. Swain & Co., High Cross st. J. & G. Thorp, Friday street Mills. A. Turner & Co., Bow bridge Works. Thomas Turner, Friars Mills. H. Turner & Son, Brunswick st. Luke Turner & Co., Deacon st. Toone & Partridge, Stamford st. Henry Wale, Belvoir st. Walker, Kempson, & Brown, Rutland st. R. Walker & Son, Rutland st. T. Wheeler & Co., Abbey Mills. M. Wright & Sons, Asylum st. The declared values of exports from Leicester to the United States have been as follows: 1872 . 168,706 1873 . 184,774 1874 . 156,628 1875 . 112,979 The consular agent for the United States is Joseph Barber Haxby. Official residence, 11, Belvoir st. From Leicester the travel may.be continued to Nottingham. For description of the latter place, see Route 6. 22 ENGLAND. ROUTE 6. LONDON TO NOTTINGHAM. 125 miles. Fares, 1st class, 17s. ; 2nd, 10s. Sd. pass over the same route as the foregoing, namely, through BEDFORD (47 miles), KETTERING (70^ miles), LEICESTER 97^- miles) ; or start by the Great Northern line from the King's Cross Station, and after three hours' ride arrive at NOTTINGHAM (Hotels : Maypole, Flying Horse), popula- tion 86,000. Situated on the Lene, on a rocky eminence overlooking the Trent Valley. The chief manufactures are lace goods and hosiery. Consular Agent of the United States. F. G. Rawson. The value of lace goods shipped from Nottingham to the United States reaches annually about three million dollars, and of hosiery about one million dollars. There are muslins and other white goods, crapes, velvets, and other cotton and linen textiles, all of which branches find a place in the export tables, with values varying from 30,000 upwards to 100,000 dollars; and to these items must be added ribbons and elastic wares. Of hosiery, the value of exports exceeds slightly one million dollars per annum. The following are manufacturers of lace goods, hosiery, &c. : T. Adams & Co. limited, Stoney st. Atkin, Son, & J. Milford, High pavement. W. B. Baggaley, Short hill. L. Baillon, Marygate. W. Ball & Sons, Broadway. T. Belton, Pilchergate. G. Berrey, Commerce sq. Billiald & Whitlock, St. Mary's gate. Birkin Brothers, King's pi. NOTTINGHAM. 23 T. J. Birkin, Sands, & Co., Broadway. W. B. Boggulbey, Short hill. A. Burrows, St. Mary's gate. Burrows Brothers, Pilchergate. S. Butler, Broadway. Carey & Clayton, Stoney st. R. F. Carey & Co., Stoney st. J. A. Clarke & Co., Forest road Mills. J. H. Clarke, Woolpack lane. W. J. Clarke, Stoney st. R. H. Dean & Co., High pavement. Doubleday & Co., Stoney st. Duclos, High pavement. Dunnicliff & Smith, Stoney st. T. Edwards & Co., High pavement. Farmer & Brown, Stoney st. Fewkes & Son, High pavement. J. Fisher, Broadway. Flersheim, Feilmann, & Co. J. & T. Fletcher, High pavement. Gadsby & Adcock, Commerce sq. L. Hamel, St. Mary's gate. Hamel & Wright, Pavement. J. Hardy & Co., Stoney st. C. H. Harris & Son, Pavement. J. Hartshorn, Stoney st. Heymann & Alexander, Stoney st. R. & W. Hopcroft, St. Mary's gate. John T. Hovey, Stoney st. J. A. Howitt, Stoney st. F. Hutchinson, Plumptre st. J. Jackson & Co., High pavement. Jacoby & Co., Stoney st. J. & J. Kirk, Commerce sq. H. Leavers & Co., Short hill. Leslie & Burton, Stoney st. R. Lightfoot & Sons, St. Mary's gate. W. Lockwood, St. Mary's gate. Maillot & Oldknow, Stoney st. J. A. Mair, Broadway. 24 ENGLAND. Mills & Gibb, Stoney st. John E. Minnitt, Stoney st. J. & R. Morley, Flechtergate. H. P. F. Newham, Stoney st. Nottingham Manufacturing Co., Station st., Trent st. T. Oliver, St. Mary's gate. Packer & Co., Stoney st. Pearce & Hobson, High pavement. T. Preston, St. Mary's gate. Proctor & Kirk, Stoney st. J. Reckless & Co., St. Mary's gate. C. Redfern, Broadway. T. Roe & Son, High pavement. S. Sansom & Co., Stoney st. T. Shaw, St. Mary's gate. S. Sims, Pilchergate. J. Spray & Co., New Barford and Marygate. E. Steegmann & Co., Plumptre st. T. G. Swanwick & Co., St. Mary's gate. R. A. Sylvester & Co., Broadway. Taylor Brothers, High pavement. H. Thorpe, St. Mary's gate. John Thorpe, Stoney st. Samuel Turner, Warsergate. S. Wallis, High pavement. H. Webster & Co., Stoney st. J. S. Wheatley & Co., Short hill. H. Williams, Halifax place, Pilchergate. E. Wood, Plumptre st. Herbert Woolley & Co., St. Mary's gate. The value of declared exports from Nottingham to the United States has been as follows, during the ten years ending September 30th :- 1866 . 654,036 1867 . 528,654 1868 . 581,925 1869 . 676,778 1870 . 699,972 1871 . 1,003,734 1872 . 1,022,859 1873 . 1,135,854 1874 . 930,073 1875 . 830,593 KIDDERMINSTER. 25 ROUTE 7. LONDON TO WORCESTER AND KIDDERMINSTER. To Worcester : 120J miles. Fares, 1st class, 15s. ; 2nd, 9*. ROM the terminus known as "Waterloo Station," we pass near the camp at Wimbledon, and reach FARNBOROUGH (33 miles). Thence proceeding through Basingstoke and Andover, we reach WINCHESTER (67 miles), (Hotels : Black Swan, George}, population 16,000 ; a city with many historical recollections. Crossing the River Itchen, we pass through Bishopstoke (74? miles), and reach SOUTHAMPTON (79 miles), (Hotels: South Western, at the Station; Radley, Dolphin), population 50,000. American Consul Win. Thompson. OCEAN STEAMERS. HAMBURG AMERICAN PACKET COMPANY. Agents : Smith, Sundius, & Co. NORTH GERMAN LLOYD. Agents : Keller, Wallis, & Postlethwaite. PENINSULAR AND ORIENTAL STEAM NAVIGATION COMPANY. Agent : Captain Black. Every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday evening, steamers leave for Havre. Through tickets to Paris are obtainable in London. This route, though not the shortest, offers really the cheapest and at the same time an agreeable journey between London and Paris. Southampton offers a market for the famous live stock Guernsey and Alderney cows which are sent for sale from the Channel Islands. SHEERNESS. 57 ROUTE 13. LONDON TO HARWICH. 70 miles. Fares, 1st class, Us. 6d.; 2nd, Us. 6d. [XPRESS trains leave from Bishopsgate Street Station, the terminus of the Great Eastern Rail- way, every evening. Passing through Epping Forest, Romford, and Breritwood, we reach CHELMSFORD (29 miles), (Hotels : Slack Boy, Saracen's Head), population 3,000. The next place of importance is COLCHESTER (51 miles), (Hotels : Red Lion, George}, population 25,000. At Manningtree Junction (59 miles) we leave the main line, and proceed to HARWICH (70 miles), (Hotels : Spread Eagle, Three Cups, The Great Eastern Railway Hotel, at the Station), population 6,000. There is daily steam communication (Sunday excepted) with Rotterdam, and three times a week with Antwerp. Travel over this route is less expensive than the Dover route. ROUTE 14. LONDON TO SHEERNESS. 54 miles. Fares, 1st class, Us.; 2nd, 7s. 6d. NEW, expeditious, and economical route recently opened, conveys the traveller from the terminus of the London, Chatham, and Dover line at Victoria or Ludgate to ROCHESTER (33 miles) and CHATHAM (341 miles), (Hotels : Mitre, Sun), population 38,000, and thence to CANTERBURY (62 miles), (Hotels : Fountain, Rose), popula- tion 22,000. Here connection is made with QUEENBORO (SHEERNESS), (Hotel: Royal Fountain), whence steamboats run to Flushing. Through tickets may be had for any Continental city at reduced tariff rates. SCOTLAND. ROUTES. Route. Page 15. LONDON TO EDINBURGH LEITH .... 58 16. EDINBURGH TO GLASGOW ..... 66 17. EDINBURGH TO DUNDEE ..... 70 ROUTE 15. LONDON TO EDINBURGH LEITH. 397 miles. Fares, 1st class, 64*. 6d. ; 2nd, 48s. ROM King's Cross Station, by the Great Northern line, the travel lies via York, and occupies 9^ hours. Another route from Euston Square by the London and North Western line, competes with the foregoing route, but the difference involves only a few miles. There is a third route from St. Pancras by the Mid- land line, which offers the advantage of Pullman's Sleeping Cars. EDINBURGH (Hotels : Royal, Balmoral, Waterloo, Ship, Waverley, Crown, Imperial), population 190,000. Its shipping port, LEITH, is situated about one mile from the centre of the city of Edinburgh. Linen goods are largely shipped from here, but manufactured in neighbouring cities ; the names of manufacturers will be found under the heading of Dunferm- EDINBURGH. 59 line, Kirkcaldy, and other places. The chief item of exports to the United States consists of beer (ales). American Consul : John T. Robeson. The subjoined list enumerates the various breweries at Leith and Edinburgh. William McEwan, Fountainbridge Brewery. Muir & Son, Caltonstill Brewery. John Jeffrey & Co., Grassmarket. William Younger & Co., Abbey Brewery. Robert Younger, St. Ann's Brewery. Archd. Campbell & Co., Argyle Brewery. Edinburgh & Leith Brewing Co., Canongate. D. Nicolson, Palace Brewery. J. & T. Usher, Park Brewery. T. & J. Bernard, North Back of Canongate. There are several important chemical and colour works doing a large export trade. The subjoined list shows the most important firms : Chemicals. Bonnington Chemical Co., Bonnington, Edinburgh. A. B. Fleming & Co., Caroline Park, Granton. Raines, Blanshard, & Co., Smith pi., Leith. Sang & Barker, Barony st. T. H. Smith & Co., Duke st. J. & J. Lundy & Co., Elbe st., Leith. Of other branches of industry engaged in the export trade, the following are of some importance : Biscuit Manufacturers. R. Middlemass, Causewayside. McKenzie & McKenzie, Earl Grey st. Typefounders. Miller & Richard, Nicolson st. Manufacturers of Printer's Ink. Ballantyne & Co., Paul's Works, Causewayside. Gelatine Manufacturers. J. & G. Cox, Gorgie Mills, near Edinburgh. 60 SCOTLAND. Vulcanite and Waterproof Goods. North British Rubber Co., Castle Mills. Scottish Vulcanite Co., Viewforth. A large book trade is carried on from Edinburgh. The principal publishing houses are found in the following list : A. & C. Black, North Bridge. Win. Blackwood & Sons, George st. W. & R. Chambers, High st. T. & T. Clark, George st. Edmonston and Douglas, Princes st. Andrew Elliot, Princes st. Fullarton & Co., Steads pi., Leith walk. Gall & Tnglis, George st. McLachlan & Stewart, South Bridge. Thomas Nelson & Sons, Hope Park crescent. W. P. Nimmo, St. James's sq. William Paters on, Princes st. The extent of business transacted at Leith and Edinburgh may be estimated by the fact that 'the amount of duties col- lected at the Custom House exceeds annually half a million sterling. The following list comprises the names of general mer- chants and commission houses at Edinburgh : Alison & Cowan, Constitution st. Anderson & Wallace, Quality st. J. W. Becker & Co., Bernard st. Beda, Esricht, & Co., Bernard st. A. & J. Beveridge, John's lane. Robt. Brotchie & Co., Mitchell st. Buchan & Johnston, Tollbooth Wynd. Edw. G. Buchan, Bells ct., Quality lane. Carstairs & Robertson, Giles st. J. H. Cromarty & Co., Middle Dock Gates. A. & A. Crawford, Quality st. Win. Crooks, Bernard st. A. G. Cuthbertson & Sons, Constitution st. Jas. Dane & Co., East Register st. Peter Dowie, Mitchell st. EDINBURGH. 61 Forrest & Turnbull, Constitution st. A. T. Garvie & Co., Quality st. ' P. & R. Gavin, Constitution st. Geo. Gibson & Co., Wet Docks. Gillespie & Catbcart, Bernard st. James G. Gilmer & Co., Baltic st. R. E. Harvey, Assembly st. Hutchinson Brothers, Middle Dock Gate. W. Kail & Co., Bernard st. John Low & Co., Quality st. Mathew & Theilmann, Baltic st. J. U. Menzies, Baillie st. William Menzies, Quality st. Miller Brothers, Quality st. Mitchell, Somerville, & Co., Bernard st. C. Morrison & Sons, Constitution st. J. & G. Morrison, Andrews st. Wm. Muir, West Dock. William Paterson & Co., Assembly st. Paterson Brothers & Co., Leith Walk. Christopher Salverson & Co., Bernard st. Sanderson & Paterson, St. Anthony st. Alex. Schultze & Son, Commercial pi. Alex. Smith, Bernard st. J. & J. Smith, Constitution st. Sorensen & Kidd, Constitution st. James Tainsh, Baillie st. Taysen & Co., Constitution st. Wm. Thomson & Co., Constitution st. Thorburn, Hay, & Co., Bernard st. A. R. Todd, Leith Flour Mills. Turnbull Brothers & Co., Sandfort st. John Warrack & Co., Constitution st. David Weir, Bernard st. Charles Williamson, Bernard st. The following mercantile houses are established at Leith : Adams, Sons, & Co., Constitution st. Aitken & Wright, Constitution st. 62 SCOTLAND. Robt. Anderson & Co., Timber Bush. Bolton & Co., Commercial pi. J. N. Campbell, Dock pi. T. B. Campbell & Co., Constitution st. Christie & Park, Timber Bush. Crudelins, Hirst, & Co., Citadel. James Currie & Co., Bernard st. Neil, Dryburgh, & Son, Mitchell st. Jas. Duncan & Co., Baltic st. G. Henry Ebsworth, Constitution st. Ferguson, Davidson, & Co., Leith Saw Mills. Wm. Gifford & Co., Dock pi. H. S. Hanser, Dock pi. Wm. Henry & Co., Constitution st. Hutchison & Co., Bernard st. Kidd, Ennsen, & Co., Quality st. La Cour & Watson, Commercial pi. Leechman & Gray, Quality st. Livingstone Weir, Assembly st. D. R, McGregor & Co., Bernard st. Walter G. Pattison, Bernard st. A. R. Rennie, Bernard st. John A. Simpson, Constitution st. J. & G. Stewart, Bath st. David Thorn & Co., Constitution st. Robt. Turnbull & Co., Constitution st. John Wilson & Co., Constitution st. Thos. B. Yule, Constitution st. The following list comprises the names of corn factors and provision merchants : Aitken, Gray, & Co., Bernard st. Robt. F. Bell, Constitution st. Bruce, Boyd, & Co., Constitution st. Cochrane, Paterson, & Co., Constitution st. Combie, Ree, & Co., Constitution st. Johnstone, Doig, & Co., Assembly st. Hugo Knoblauch, Constitution st. Robertson & Hope, Constitution st. KIRKCALDY. 6'3 Robinson, Marjoribanks & Co., Constitution st. Ross, Martin, Co., Insurance Brokers. The linen industry, as stated above, is mostly situated in Fifeshire, notably at Kirkcaldy and at Dunfermline. The manufacturing firms will be found in the following pages. EDINBURGH TO KIRKCALDY. 30 miles. Fares, 1st class, 2s. 6d. ; 2nd, 2s. 2d. Manufacturers of Linen Goods, Damasks, Hucks, fyc. Beveridge & Aytoun, High st. Geo. & Wm. Beveridge, High st. Andrew Blair & Co., Berrill st. A. Blyth & Co., Hawkley Muir Factory. Louis Chiffelle, Dunnikier. Ralph S. Eadie, Pathhead. John Eaton, Links. John Ferguson, Hill st. Charles Fyfe, Sinclair town. John Greig & Co., Pathhead. Peter Greig & Co., Sinclairtown. Thomas Harrow, Dysart. Robert Haggie, Kirkaldy Power-Loom Factory. Ireland & Wishart, Pathhead. Robert Jeffrey & Sons, Balmsby Works. Johnston, Hutchison, & Co., Roslyn Works, Sinclairtown. John & Thomas Kay, Sinclairtown. Wm. Lindsay, Linktown. John & Henry Lister & Co., Pathhead. N. Lockhart & Sons, Linktown. David Lornie & Sons, Pathhead Mills & Kinglassie. John Lornie & Sons, Pathhead. Thos. McLaren, Parkhead Factory, Sinclairtown. John Main, Denfield Power-Loom Factory. J. C. Mitchell, Sinclairtown. James Skirving, High st. 64 SCOTLAND. Robert Speedie & Sons, Sinclair-town Factory. Robert Stewart & Son, High st. Robert Stocks & Co., Abden Factory, Linktown. David Todd, Linktown. Robert Wemyss, Abbotshall Factory. EDINBURGH TO DUNFERMLINE. 28 miles. Fares, 1st class, 3s. 6d. ; 2nd, 2s. 4>d. Manufacturers of Linen Goods, Damasks, frc. James & Thomas Alexander, Camnore Works. Beveridge, Erskine, & Co., St. Leonard's Works. Berrils Brothers, St. Margaret st. Andrew Boag & Son, North Inglis st. David Donald, Golfdrum st. Charles Drysdale, Pilmuir st. Robert S. Drysdale, St. Margaret st. Hay & Robertson, Priory lane. Inglis & Co., Castle Blair Works. David Lightfoot, Golfdrum st. James Mathewson & Son, Bothwell Works. Andrew Reid & Co., Pilmuir st. Henry Reid & Son, Abbey Garden Works. Stoolbred & Son, Pittencrieff st. Wilson & Reid, Knabbie st. Coal Masters and Coal Proprietors in and about Dunfermline (With the names of the ports at which the coals are shipped). Margaret Grier ; Baldridge Colliery. Shipping Port. Charlestown. Henderson, Wallace, & Co. ; Halbeath ; Cuttlehill ; and Kingreat Collieries.. Shipping Ports. Burntisland, Charlestown, Dundee Docks, Kirkcaldy, Leith Docks, and Tayport. Lassodie Collieries Company ; Lassodie Collieries. Shipping Ports. Charlestown, Burntisland, Dundee Docks. Leith Docks, and Tayport. DUNFERMLINE. 65 Lochore and Capeldrae Cannel Company, limited ; Lochore, Capeldrae, and Crossbill Collieries. Shipping Ports. Burntisland, Alloa, Leith, Glasgow, and Greenock. Thomas Spowart & Co. ; Elgin and Wellwood Collieries. Shipping Ports. Charlestown, Burntisland, Dundee Docks, and Tayport. Townhill Coal Company ; Townhill Collieries. Shipping Ports. Charlestown, Burntisland, Dundee Docks, Leith Docks, and Tayport. West of Fife Coal Company ; Muircockhall Colliery. Shipping Ports. Charlestown, Burntisland, Dundee Docks, Leith Docks, and Tayport. 66 SCOTLAND. ROUTE 16. EDINBURGH TO GLASGOW. 48 miles. Fares, 1st class, 6s. 6d. ; 2nd, 4is. JLASGOW (Hotels: George, Queens, Royal, Maclean's), population 455,000. In commercial importance the city takes rank immediately after Liverpool. The value of declared exports to the United States from the Consular district of Glasgow will be seen from the following statement : 1871 . . 1,761,518 I 1874 . . 1,310,985 1872 . . 2,043,020 1875 . . 1,191,879 1873 . . 1,698,342 The chief item of export is composed of linen thread. Pig- iron forms the next important item, after which rank muslins, and other cotton and linen manufactures. The remainder is made up by goods of a miscellaneous character, including Paisley shawls, carpets, chemicals and paints, beer, sta- tionery, &c. American Consul. S. L. Glasgow. The following list comprises the most prominent manufac- turers of various branches of industry in Glasgow and its immediate vicinity : Chemical and Colour Works. British Asphalte Company, Union st. British Seaweed Company, West Regent st. Greenvale Chemical Company, Duke st. Hurlet & Campsie Alum Company, West George st. Hurlet Chemical Works, Bath st. Milton Oil Company, Dundas st. J. Berger, Spence, & Co., West Regent st. Charles Tennant & Co., St. Vincent st. The Alum & Ammonia Company, West st. J. Townsend, Crawford st., Pt. Dundas. GLASGOW. 67 Muslin Manufacturers. James Alexander & Co., St. Vincent st. John Blair, sen., & Co., Madeira court. W. & R. Brown, Cochrane st. W. & J. Cochrane, St. Vincent st. Crawford & Topping, Madeira court. Thomas Gould & Co., Maxwell st. James Hutcheson & Co., Hutcheson st. Lindsay, Eadie, & Co., St. Vincent st. M. McDonald & Co., West Nile st. Alexander Mackay & Co., Virginia st. M. Morton & Co., Victoria st. R. Muir & Co., Ingram st, James Orr & Co., Exchange sq. Wm. Robertson & Co., Queen st. Stewart, Moir, & Muir, Mitchell st. Stewart, Wilson, & Co., St. Vincent st. Watson & Co., Miller st. Alexander Whyte & Co., Queen st. James Wishart & Co., Queen st. Young, Strang, & Co., Gordon st. Manufacturers of Cotton Goods. John Bartholomew & Co., Dundas st. Clyde Weaving Co., Dalmarnock st. James Finlay & Co., West Nile st. R. Gilkison & Co., West George st. Lancefield Spinning Co., Miller st. Port Eglinton Spinning Co., Port Eglinton. John Robertson & Co., Bridgetown. Sommerville, Crawford, & Co., Frederick st. Flax Spinners and Linen Thread Manufacturers. Briggs & Co., Hunslet. Brown Brothers, Britannia st. and Gildersome. W. B. Holdsworth & Co., limited, Hunslet. Marshall & Co., Marshall st. Water lane. Titley, Tatham, & Walker, Water Hill Mill & School close. J. T. Fleck, Albion st. & Stanley Mills. Hives & Tennant, Bank Mills. 68 SCOTLAND. Alexander Paterson & Son, New Mill, Hunslet. Parker Brothers, Saynor rd. The principal merchants and export houses are included in the following list : Harvie Anderson. John Athya & Co. W. Baird & Co. Edward Bruce & Co. P. McT. Brown. Buchanan, Anderson, & Co. Carson, Warren, & Co. Cook, Wilson, & Co. Cross, Wedderspoon, & Co. J. & A, Dennistown & Co. Edmiston & Mitchell. Falconer Brothers. N. B. Falconer & Co. Forbes Brothers & Co. Gillespie, Cathcart, & Co. Hart, Macfarlane, & Co. A. S. Henry & Co. W. B. Huggins & Co. S. Irvin & Co. James Kelso, jun. Malcolm, Me George, & Co. J. McKie, jun., & Co. McLean, Leith, & Co. John McNair & Co. Pollock, Gilmour, & Co. Robinson & Marjoribanks. James Scott & Co. Sheppard, Macnab, & Co. A. T. Stewart & Co. D. Stprer & Sons. H. Young. R. & J. Henderson. At a distance from Glasgow of about 7 miles is situated PAISLEY. 69 PAISLEY {Hotels: George, Saracen's Head), population 50,000 ; an important manufacturing place, chiefly noted for its shawls, imitation of camel-hair shawls, crapes, threads, and various kinds of linen and cotton goods. The following list comprises some of the prominent manufacturing establishments : Shawl Manufacturers. Campbell, Sons, & Co., Forbes pi. Mark Cook & Co., Causeyside. J. Cunningham & Co., Causeyside. John Cunningham & Sons, Forbes pi. Matthew Gibb & Co., Causeyside. Matthew Greenlees & Co., Forbes pi. Robert Guthrie & Co., Forbes pi. A. S. Hamilton & Co., Causeyside. John Kerr & Co., Causeyside. James Kilpatrick, Causeyside. Kirkwood, Barbour, & Co., Causeyside. Logan & Gardiner, Forbes pi. James McKechnie & Co., Causeyside. John Morgan & Co., Causeyside. James Murray, Causeyside. Patent Convex Weaving Co., George st. J. & J. Robertson, Forbes pi. John Robin & Co., Caledonian factory. Charles Smith & Co., Causeyside. Walker, Son, & Co., Causeyside. Matthew Whitehill & Co., Causeyside. Wilson Brothers, George st. Young, Son, & Co., Causeyside. Thread Manufacturers. J. Carlile, Sons, & Co., Bankend Mills. William Clapperton & Co., New Sneddon. Clark & Co., Linside and Cumberland Mills. J. Clark & Co., Paisley Thread Works. J. & P. Coats, Ferguslee Thread Works. Kerr & Co., Underwood Mills. Ross & Duncan, Abercorn st. Wotherspoon & Co. 70 SCOTLAND. ROUTE 17. EDINBURGH TO DUNDEE. 51 miles. Fares, ls class, 9s. 6d. ; 2nd, 7s. 4:d. UNDEE (Hotels: Royal, British}, population 115,000. An excellent shipping port, with a tidal harbour and magnificent docks. The commerce of Dundee is extensive, with important ironworks, in addition to numerous factories, chiefly of linen goods. The export to the United States from the Consular district is re- ported as follows : 1872 . . 1,528,397 I 1874 . . 1,306,358 1873 . . 1,457,487 I 1875 . . 1,052,487 American Consul. Matthew McDougall. Official Residence, 81, Murraygate. Walter Baxter, Vice- Consul. Manufacturers of linen goods are comprised in the follow- ing list: Anderson & Glass, Mid st. Baxter Brothers & Co., King st. Thomas Bell, Belmont Works. Boase & Mudie, Bank Mill Works. Butchart & Don, Ladywell lane. J. K. Caird, Cowgate. Cox Brothers, Meadow pi. Andrew Douglas & Co., Douglas st. W. & J. Don & Co., Panmure st. James Duncan & Co. A. & D. Edward & Co., King st. Ewan Young & Co., Cowgate. Fairweather, Brodie, & Co,, Cowgate. Fairweather & Chalmers, Hop St. Mill. DUNDEE. 71 D. H. Fleming, Bain sq. Wm. Fergusson & Son, Dudbope Works. Gibson, Robertson, & Co., Craigie Works. G. Gilroy, jun., & Co., Panmure st. Gilroy Brothers & Co., Tay Works. Grierson, Lockbart, & Co., Cowgate. J. & A. D. Grimond, King st. Wm. Halley & Son, Wallace st. J. Henderson & Sons, Lindsay st. A. & S. Henry & Co., St. Andrew's st. Henry Boase, Wellfield Works. Lamb & Scott, Bell st. A. Low & Son, Cowgate. C. Lucas & Co., Seagate. Luke, Kimmond, & Co., Bain sq. J. Malcolm & Co., Bell st. Malcolm, Ogilvie, & Co., Royal Exchange pi. D. & G. McFarlane, Coupar's alley. R. E. McGavin & Co., Panmure st. Mclntyre & Co., Cowgate. Mitchell & Graham, Cowgate. John Moir & Son, Cowgate. A. Moncur & Son, St. Andrew's st. W. R. Morison & Co., Wallace Works, Dens rd. A. & J. Nicoll, South Ward rd. A. Ogilvie & Sons, St. Andrew's st. Edward Parker & Co., Cowgate. James -Paterson, Hawk hill. J. Prain & Sons, Cowgate. H. Ree, Panmure st. W. Ritchie & Sons, Cowgate. Hugh Samson & Sons, St. Andrew's st. G. Schleselman, Panmure st. Schulze, Gow, & Co., Trades' lane. Scott & Fyfe, St. Andrew's pi. H. & A. Scott, Cowgate. J. & W. Scott, Cowgate. J. Sharp, Miln St. Mill. Shaw, Baxter, & Moon, North Tay st. 72 SCOTLAND. Small & Boase, St. Andrew's st. J. Smieton & Sons, Cowgate. David Smith & Son, St. Andrew's st. Stewart Brothers, St. Andrew's st. Storrier, Brough, & Co., Panmure st. Henry Walker & Sons, Panmure st. P. & J. Walker, Murraygate. M. Watt, Coupar's alley. Wybrants Brothers, North Dudhope Works. Young & Macdonald, Queen st. In addition to the foregoing list there are other manufac- turing establishments of linen goods in Fifeshire and Forfar, of which we enumerate the following : W. Laird & Co., Forfar. J. Lawson & Co., Forfar. J. Shields & Co., Perth. B. Lumsden & Son, Freuchie (Fife). Wm. Thomson & Son, Strathmiglo (Fife). J. Cusin, jun., Falkland (Fife). Charles Jackson, Falkland (Fife). Lambert Birrell & Co., Auchtew*wrCEt7 (Fife). All information regarding New Firms, Changes of Resi- dence, #r., will be attended to in subsequent editions, if forwarded to the care of Messrs. WHITTIWGHAM AND WILKINS, Chiswick Press, Tooks Court, Chancery Lane, London, E. C. TRAVEL BETWEEN ENGLAND AND BELGIUM. 3. 1. Y steam from London to Antwerp. First-class steamers leave St. Katharine's Wharf at noon (twelve o'clock) every Tuesday, Thursday, Satur- day, and Sunday. The single fare is 20*. = 5 dols. Return tickets, available one month, 30*. zz 7*50 dols. By steam via Harwich to Antwerp. Every Monday, Wed- nesday, and Friday, special trains between London and Harwich run from the station of the Great Eastern Railway, Liverpool Street, City, at 7 p.m., connecting with the boats which leave Harwich at 9 p.m., the steamer reaching the wharf at Antwerp within twelve hours. First-class fares, 25*. IT 6*25 dols. Return tickets, 37*. 6d. 9*30 dols. The latter are available for two months, with permission to break the journey at Harwich. By rail to Dover, thence to Ostend by steamer. Two com- peting lines run between London and Dover, leaving to the traveller the choice to suit his convenience in the selec- tion of the departure station nearest to his residence. The London, Chatham, and Dover Company start trains at 7.35 a.m. and at 8.35 p.m. from their stations at Vic- toria and Ludgate Hill, or Holborn. The South-Eastern Company's trains start at 7.40 a.m. and at 8.45 p.m. from Charing Cross and from Cannon Street. 74 TRAVEL. 4. Bj rail to Dover, thence to Calais by steamer. The same trains above enumerated take the passengers from London to Dover. From the latter place the Calais and Ostend boats start almost simultaneously. The route via Ostend involves a sea passage of not less than four hours. During the winter season considerably more time is consumed, while the transit between Dover and Calais is generally performed within two hours. From Calais an express train leaves for the Belgian frontier immediately on arrival of the boat, en route for Brussels, but the Belgian railway authorities manage to delay the transit over their own lines in a manner to anni- hilate the advantages gained by the shorter sea passage via Calais. The trains carrying travellers via Ostend or Calais arrive at Brussels simultaneously, therefore, the preference given to either route, rests entirely with the passenger, and the indifference with which he regards the risks of sea-sickness. Fares. First Class. s. d. dols. London to Calais . . . 1 10 9 = 770 to Ostend . . 1 17 6 = 9'38 to Brussels via Calais . 210 = 12 '50 to via Ostend 2 6 6 = 11 '63 5. By rail to Sheerness, thence to Flushing by steamer, daily except Sundays. Fares : the same as via Harwich. BAGGAGE. If registered on leaving London, passengers' baggage is examined on arrival of the steamer or at the Belgian frontier (Mouscron). The first 56 Ibs. are not charged for, but all baggage exceeding that weight must be paid for. PASSPORTS are not needed. On stepping ashore travellers are required to give their names and state their nationality to the police officer stationed at the landing-stage. BELGIUM. ROUTES. KOUTK. PAGE. 18. OSTEND BRUGES TO BRUSSELS . 79 19. BRUSSELS TO ANTWERP ..... 85 20. ANTWERP TO ROTTERDAM ..... 90 21. BRUSSELS LIEGE TO VERVIERS . . . . 91 22. BRUSSELS NAMUR TO CHARLEROI . . . 99 23. BRUSSELS TO GRAMMONT . . . . .104 24. GHENT TO COURTRAI ..... 106 25. ANTWERP ST. NICHOLAS TO GHENT . . . 109 26. BRUSSELS NAMUR to LUXEMBOURG . . , 111 , established as a European state in 1830, though one of the smallest, is one of the most active and thriving countries of Europe. Upon the north it is bounded by Holland, upon the east by a portion of Prussia, and on the south by France. Its greatest extent, east and west, is about 160 miles, and north and south about 115 miles. The area of the country is 11,366 English square miles. These comparatively straitened limits, however, com- prehend within them an industrious, thriving, and contented population, by whom the natural resources of their country have been developed to the best advantage. The kingdom is divided into nine provinces, the population of which, as given in the official enumeration of December 31, 1866, were as follows: Antwerp 474,145 ; Brabant, 820,179 ; 76 BELGIUM. East and West Flanders, 1,441,581 ; Hainault, 847,775 ; Liege, 556,666 ; Limburg, 199,856 ; Luxembourg, 196,173 ; Namur, 302,719 total, 4,839,094. The ratio of the population of Belgium to its geographical area gives 430 per square mile, showing the kingdom to be more densely inhabited than any other country in Europe. About 58 per cent, of the inhabitants are Flemish, the rest Walloon and French, with rather more than 30,000 Germans in the province of Luxembourg. Belgium has two considerable rivers, the Meuse and the Scheldt, besides a great number of smaller streams. The whole country is well-watered, and contains a large extent of river-navigation. MONEY. The currency of Belgium has the same divisions and coins as the French. Their small coins, 5, 10, and 20 centimes, are made of nickel. French, Italian, and Swiss money is current in all parts of Belgium. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. The Kilogramme or Livre . = 2 '20 Ibs. avoirdupois. Tonneau = 2,200 Hectare . . . = 2 '47 English acres. (Dry measure = 2'75 imperial bushels. Hectolitre 1 T . J . , 00 -in ( Liquid measure rz: 22 imperial gallons. Metre = 3'28 feet. Metre Cube. . . = 35 '31 cubic feet. Kilometre = 1,093 yards. The mineral produce of Belgium is rich and varied, and, next to its abundant agriculture, constitutes the chief source of its national prosperity. The provinces in which these mineral treasures are most abundant are Hainault, Namur, Liege, and Luxembourg. They include coal, iron, lead, copper, zinc, marble, limestone, slate, &c. But most of these products are insignificant compared to the superabundance of coal from anthracite to the richest gas-coal and iron, in both of which Belgium ranks next to England. BELGIUM. 77 The quantity of coal exported from Belgium during the past years has exceeded 3 and 4 million tons, and nearly the entire of these exports find a market in France. 1866 . . 3,971,772 1870 . . 3,182,150 1867 . . 3,564,364 1871 . . 3,682,323 1868 . . 3,764,502 1872 . . 4,612,071 1869 . . 3,591,741 1873 . . 4,237,996 The manufacturing interest comprises chiefly lace goods; and next in importance are the Belgian fire-arms, with its centre at Liege. The woollen industry is situated at Verviers and the surrounding neighbourhood on the borders of Ger- many. There are extensive cotton factories at and near Ghent. The linen industry has been for some time on the decline, still, Americans are making extensive purchases of Belgian goods through Paris firms. The product competes favourably, both as regards price and quality, with other countries. Several thousand hands are employed in nail-making in the Belgian iron districts : wire-drawing is another extensive industry, and it is noteworthy to mention that the best tele- graph wire is manufactured in Belgium. Railroad iron is and has been largely exported to the United States at one time or another, but the supply has been irregular, mainly owing to the circumstance that the rolling mills prefer to make heavy rails, for which a market is readily obtained in other countries, while lighter rails are in demand almost exclusively for the American market. The paper manufacture of Belgium is worth attention. Window glass is produced in the neighbourhood of Charleroi, while there are other extensive works for the manufacture of various kinds of glass ware situated on the road between Namur and Liege. One of the largest iron foundries and locomotive works is that of the Societe Cockerill at Seraing. Several other works of a like nature, and hardly less in- teresting, are spread throughout the country, in addition to works which supply Russia, Spain, and other countries with railroad cars and other railroad materials. 78 BELGIUM. I s bO g n 1.1 ! -E: a) II cS 1 s I ?- g I -I ^ t i M s OH ^2 . bo o I ^ If *T -S II I I | gj s 1 1 CO CO I- CM "* O5 m ~ 05 Tf CO 1-^ m oo l ^ ^* O3 ii 00 * Tf 1 - m to o (N t ri O CO to oo PH CO J^ ~* -* 1-t CO ** co m ^ -I * O CO CO CO CO 05 O CO O5 CO t^. co t > * in CO O ^ 00 CO oo^ in^ f>T ^H . (7*1 O CO *" m IN * oo to co m oo O 00 O co o m co CO CO * -^ O5 * CO in rH n i i -* O 8 in m 05 00 r ~ t f T * i \ COlOt>-OOCOOiD O "3 rH to oo P " i-l i-i CO -< i-l --I i-l CO-N 168 GERMANY. The foregoing table shows the character of exports from the Prussian capital and the consular district. There are many articles shipped through Berlin from outlying districts which have been referred to under the various heads. A large number of the principal manufacturing firms at the capital are enumerated in the succeeding pages. Commission merchants and export houses are comprised in the following list: Kutter Lukemeyer, & Co., 48, Markgrafen st. Chas. Kretschmann, 17, Kronen st. Hardt & Co., 6, Unterwasser st. Forstmann & Co., 39, Krausen st. A. T. Stewart & Co., 12, Alte Leipziger st, Walter Bauendahl, 36, Mohren st. Stursberg, Zoll, & Co., 39, Kaiser st. E. von der Heydt, 29, Koniginn Augusta st. Fleitmann & Co., 51, Franzosische st. Behrend, Schmidt & Co., 36, Mohren st. Hinrich Schwarz & Co., 69, Sebastian st. Hermann Kadisch & Co., 3, Heilige Geist st. H. Messing, 29, Frazosische st. Auskunft letreffs Wohnung, order Fit-men, Veranderungen richte man gefalligst an MESSRS. WHITTINGHAM AND WILKINS, Chiswick Press, Toohs Court, Chancery Lane, London, E.C. Oder an D'HERRN MAX FRIEDLANDER, 2, Scharren st., Berlin, C. BERLIN. 169 Shawls, Plaids, Blankets, and other Woollen Goods. The statistics given above tend to show that this branch of trade ranks foremost in the export from Berlin. The following firms are engaged in the manufacture of woollen goods : Hirschfeld & Zickel, 12, Heiligengeist strasse. H. & F. Becker, 12, Alexanderstrasse. Eduard Bentheiin & Co., 4, Blumenstrasse. Bernhard Birkenthal, 12, Griiner Weg. Blanck & Hirsch, 16, Griiner Weg. Gebr. Bruck, 31, Alexanderstrasse. Caro & Rosenhaim, 27, Poststrasse. H. Caspersohn, 33, Blumenstrasse. Carl Cohn, jun., 64, Blumenstrasse. David & Silber, 76, Spandauerstrasse. Gebruder Falk, 8, Griiner Weg. Gustav Falk, 29, Alexanderstrasse. Eduard Fischel, 77, Blumenstrasse. E. Hessel, 17, Griiner Weg. J. W. Kiesling, 45, Landsbergerstrasse. Eduard Klauss, 6, Griiner Weg. Carl Koch, 104, Griiner Weg. B. Koenigsberger, 44, Krautstrasse. H. C. Lattermann, 13, Blumenstrasse. Levy & Lubosch, 3, Griiner Weg. D. J. Lehmann, 64, Spandauerstrasse. Marckwald & Werner, 22, Neue Friedrichstrasse. Mundt & Pick, 94, Pallisadenstrasse. Adolph Perls & Co., 79, Blumenstrasse. August Schneider, 30, Kaiserstrasse. Seckelsson & Heinemann, 24, Alexanderstrasse. Siegheim & Avellis, 49a, Friedrichstrasse. Sussman & Wiesenthal, 69, Augustastrasse. Gebruder Saulmann, 21, Friedrichstrasse. Weigert & Co., 1, Briiderstrasse. 170 GERMANY. Woollen Stuff's ; Plushes and Doubles Manufacturers. L. Dahlheim & Co., 75, Oranienburgstr. David & Co., 21, Fischbrucke. Jul. M. Friedlander, 17, Jerusalemerstr. A. Geleng, 13, Kl. Frankfurterstr. Hirschfeld & Zickel, 12, Heiligengeiststr. Itzig & Friedlander, 16, Breitestr. H. Kauffmann Nachf, 5, Poststr. Lebram & Co., 16, Spandauerstr. Lehwing & Birnholz, 19, Oberwallstr. A. Lindner & Jacobi, 14, Griiner Weg. M. Marx, 58, Spandauerstr. S. Meinert Sohne, 18, Kurstr. Wilh. Muller, 14, Oranienburgstr. Philipp Wolff, 21, Klosterstr. Siegmund Fabian, 57, Wallstr. D. J. Lehmann, 64, Spandauerstr. Weigert & Co., 1, Bruderstr. BERLIN. 171 Worsted Yarns, Knitted Fancy Woollen Goods Manufacturers. Bernstein & Becker, 76, Spandauerstr. Born & Joachim, 6, Molkenmarkt. Carl Engelhardt, 3, Stralauerbriicke. Gebriider Hartung, 35s, Blumenstr. Held & Hester, 35, Heiligengeiststr. Klumeck & Andreas, 16, Griinstr. H. Kriinitz, 10, Konigstr. Levy & Schwabach, 2, Griiner Weg. Gebriider Leviesohn, 12, Spandauerstr. Albert Meysel & Co., 14, Markusstr. Roy & Bodenstab, 27, Seydelstr. Schulze & Siebenmark, 11, Friedrichstr. Gebriider Securius, 18, Griiner Weg. Leonhard Sjorck & Co., 47, Konigstr. B. Vette & Co., 17, Magazinstr. Gumpel & Aschkinars, 78, Blumenstr. Manufacturers of Worsted Yarns. Bergmann & Co., 39, Krausenstr. Herz & Wegener, 39, Stralauerstr. Laer & Sohn, 11, Neu Kolln. Chr. L. Volkart & Sohn, 24, Breitestr. 172 GERMANY. There is a large export of ready-made ladies' goods, chiefly mantles, cloaks, also corsets and dresses. The following firms are engaged in this branch of industry : Bab & Birnholz, 4A, Werder Markt. Behrens & Baumann, 5, Oberwallstrasse. Bermas, Hahn, & Co., 52, Kurstrasse. Blumenreich & Meyer, 6, Werder Markt. Cohn & Selten, 33, Kronenstrasse. Eulenburg & Reinberger, 0, Oberwallstrasse. M. Goldmann, 23, Jerusalemerstrasse. Hain & Kruger, 26, Jagerstrasse. C. Isaac, 11, Hausvoigteiplatz. S. Landsberger, 28, Jerusalemerstrasse. Lichtwitz & Milchner, 18, Jerusalemerstrasse. V. Manheimer, 6, Oberwallstrasse. Grebr. Manheimer, 17, Jerusalemerstrasse. Th. Oppenheim & Freudeathal, 7, Schlossfreiheit. Miiller, Prochownick, & Co., 3, Schlossfreiheit. Herm. Oelsner Nachf, 21, Jerusalemerstrasse. Orgler & Fidelmann, 21, Jerusalemerstrasse. Kaesse & Klein, 30, Jerusalemerstrasse. J. G. Stand, 45 & 46, Kurstrasse. Grebriider Singer, 84, Kommaiidantenstrasse. Wallach & Rothenburg, 9, Breitestrasse. F. W. Wolff, 29, Kurstrasse. Pickhardt & Busch, 20, Jerusalemerstrasse. A. Selchow Nachf. Hausvoigtei pi. Hahn & Benjamin, 12, Oberwallstrasse. Buxensteui & Co., 27, Jerusalemerstrasse. Kraft & Lewin, 3, Werderstrasse. BERLIN. 173 The silk factories. of Berlin produce chiefly velvets, plushes, and brocades, suitable for furniture. Among the manufactories the following are noted, but there is now little doing for ex- port : E. Baudouin & Co., 3, Breitestrasse. Bergmann & Co., 39, Krausenstrasse. C. F. Haack, 6, Leipzigerstrasse. A. Hahn, 37b, Blumenstrasse. J. A. Heese, 1, Alte Leipzigerstrasse. C. A. Hovemann, 45, Ritterstrasse. Carl Knoblauch, 23, Poststrasse. H. Krantz, 34, Leipzigerstrasse. J. F. Kratzer & Co., 4, Schillingstrasse. Liebermann & Sohne, 1, Holzmarkstrasse. Ed. Neuhoff, 3, Bruderstrasse. C. W. Oehme, 74, Spandauerstrasse. H. Schoenau & Sohn, 63b, Blumenstrasse. C. F. Schiinemann & Sohne, 87, Wallstrasse. G. Friedrich Schultze, 6, Bruderstrasse. L. Vite, 7, Krautstrasse. W. Volker & Sohn, 17 & 18, Weinstrasse. Silk threads and dyed silk yarns for sewing and embroidery are manufactured by the following firms: Bergmann & Co., 39, Krausenstrasse. Liebermann & Sohne, 1, Holzmarktstrasse. 174 GERMANY. Lace, Braid, and Trimming Manufacturers. Blumenthal & Michel, 7 & 8, Wallstr. F. Ebel Nachfolger, 35, Alte Jacobstr. Louis Friedberg & Co., 55, Lindenstr. Haase & Gesell, 5, Breitestr. W. & G. Kessler, 120, Alte Jacobstr. Schott & Hesse, 3, Niederwallstr. R. F. Wolff & Bacher, 73, Kochstr. Glove Manufacturers. C. Lehmann, 69, Kb'nigstr. Meyerheim & Co. 67, Prinzenallee. H. Schermann, 83, Potsdamerstr. Mittheilungen betreffs Wohnungs, oder Firmen, Ver'dnde- rungen ricnte man gefdlligst an MESSRS. WHITTINGHAM AND WILKINS, Chiswick Press, Tooks Court, Chancery Lane, London, E. C. Oder an MAX FRIEDLANDEB, 2, Scharren st. Berlin, C. B Ell LIN. 175 Artificial Flowers. During the Franco-Prussian struggle a lively trade sprang up in various parts of Germany for the manufacture of goods which hitherto had been supplied almost exclusively from Paris. The trade has partly reverted to the old channels, nevertheless we give in the following list the firms engaged in the manufacture of feathers and flowers : A. E. Barre, 9, Neue Ross-strasse. Budeweg & Evers, 5, Spittelmarkt. Julius Cohn & Peiser, 156, Oranienstrasse. Heinr. Conen, 85, Kommandantenstrasse. M. Dessauer, 52, Kommandantenstrasse. Eberlein & Stade, 39, Jerusalemerstrasse. Oiirtler, Allerdt, '& Co., 58, Frankfurterstrasse. Heyde & Guttmann, 87, Leipzigerstrasse. J. Gadicke, 2, Sparwajilsbrucke. Paul Laufler, 104, Leipzigerstrasse. P. Leuchtmann & Co., 84, Leipzigerstrasse. F. Louis, 43, Markgrafenstrasse. J. Ludtke, 14, Friedrichsgracht. Wilh. Mahtz, 126, Oranienburgstrasse. L. G. Miiller, 12, Spittelmarkt. Bruno Paschke, 41, Krausenstrasse. F. E. Pohl, 66, Kommandantenstrasse. August Preller, 50, Leipzigerstrasse. Alex. Reiss & Joel, 140, Oranienstrasse. A. Ring, 39, Briiderstrasse. H. Schmieder, 24, Friedrichstrasse. J. Stern, 48, Stralauerstrasse. A. Wessendorf, 15, Alte Leipzigerstrasse. Hermann Fritschel, 73, Leipzigerstrasse. Carl Lell, 15, Poststrasse. 176 GERMANY. Berlin is the emporium for the material for needlework on open canvas, commonly known as Berlin wool work. The printed pattern paper used in this work was first invented here, because all the requisites, such as canvas, wool, silk, beads may be purchased most advantageously at the Prussian capital. The firms engaged in this industry are enumerated below: Bergmann & Co., 39, Krausenstrasse. J. G. Bauerhin, 25, Linienstrasse. Bottcher & Weigand, 61, Friedrichsgracht. Bruno Bb'rner, 24, Gipsstrasse. Flatow & Wachsner, 21, Kronenstrnsse. Louis Gliier, 52, Friedrichsgracht. Hertz & Wegener, 39, Stralauerstrasse. Knechtel & Co., 28, Ross-strasse. Kober & Wartenberg, 3, Stallschreibstrasse. C. T. Kuttner, 4 & 5, Elsasserstrasse. C. Lehmus & Co., 20, Breitestrasse. Lowenthal & Wetzlar, 3, Scharrenstrasse. Schlesiche Canvas Fabriek, 6tf, Oranienstrasse. Adolph Maas & Co., 4, Kolln Fischmarkt. Fr. W. Meister, 1, Scharrenstrasse. Rudolph Mosisch Nachfolger, 35, Briiderstrasse. A. A. Reimann, 82, Charlottenstrasse. H. J. Schottmuller, 85a, Friedrichstrasse. Jacob A. Seligmann & Co., 22, Gertraudenstrasse. H. Siecke, 60, Prinzenstrasse. Sievers & Co., 27, Breitestrasse. Simon & Danziger, 31, Breitestrasse. B. Sommerfeld, 42, Leipzigerstrasse. Louis Specht Nachf, 154, Friedrichstrasse. Steffens & Hagemeister, 81, Kommandantenstrasse. J. H. Treue, 34, Leipzigerstrasse. A. Triibe, 1, Sparwaldsbriicke. Chr. Ludw. Volckart & Sohn, 24, Breitestrasse Wolfs & Jacoby, 15, Briiderstrasse. DRESDEN, 177 ROUTE 34. BERLIN TO DRESDEN. 118 miles. Fares, 1st class, 15'30 marks; 2tid, Il'50 marks. DESCRIPTION of the journey so far as Jiiter- bogk (40 miles), where the Leipzig- Halle Road diverges, will be given in Route 40. Thence we pass through several small stations, and reach FAL.KENBERG (70 miles), and after other minor stations RODERAU (87 miles). This is the junction of the Chem- nitz-Leipzig line. The next station is PRIESTEWITK (99 miles), whence a branch road connects with an important industrial district, notably GROSSENHAYN (described elsewhere), with many woollen and other factories. Passing through NIEDERAU we reach ROSWIG (110 miles). Here the line diverges. One branch of the road runs through MEISSEN (116 miles), (Hotels : Hirsch, Stern), population 12,000. The place derives celebrity from the Royal Porce- lain Factory, the produce of which is known as Dresden china. The other road runs through DOEBELN to DRESDEN (118 miles), (Hotels: Victoria, Rome, Bellevue, Europe, Saxe, France}, population 150,000. The residence of the King of Saxony. One of the most attractive cities in Germany. American Consul L. Brentano. There is a large export trade from Dresden to the United States, but principally derived from outlying districts which have been described elsewhere. Bankers. Robert Thode and Co. Louis Kaskell. 178 GERMANY. ROUTE 35. COLOGNE TO ELBERFELD AND CASSEL. 139 miles. Fares, 1st class, 30'80 marks; 2nd, 2370 marks. (ROM Cologne we travel through Miilheim, and two or three minor stations to OHLIGS WALD (15f miles), where connection is made for SOLINGEN (distant about 3 miles), (Hotel: Bairischer Hof), population 10,000. The most important f lace on the Con- tinent for the manufacture of cutlery, and celebrated for sword-blades. The speciality of its manufacture dates back to the twelfth century, when, it is said, the secret of temper- ing steel equal to Damascene blades was first introduced by Count vom Berg. The bayonets produced here furnish not only the German armies, but those of many other European nations. Scythes, scissors, penknives form other specialities. The entire population is engaged in the manufacture of these articles. The subjoined list embraces some of the names of prominent makers : David Everts. P. D. Hendrichs. Freid. Aug. Hermes. C. Dirlam Sb'hne. Gebriider Feist. P. D. Hartkopf. Gustav Grab. A. & E. Holler & Co. F. W. Altendorf. Gebriider Christians. Kayser & Wester. Wilh. Clauberg. Clemen & Jung. A. & A. Schnitzler. Pet. Aug. Rauh. ELBERFELD. 179 C. Liitters & Co. Pet. Dan Krebs. G. Weyersberg Sb'hne. Ed. Wiisthoff. J. A. Henkels. J. G. Rohden. Gebriider Liittges. Alex. Llineschloss. Reinhard Kirschner. C. W. Lauterjung Sohn. Dan. Kullenberg Sohne. A. L. v. d. Steinen. Leaving Ohligs Wald, we pass through HAAN and Vohwinkel, and reach ELBERFELD (27 miles), (Hotels: Weidenhof, Hasenclever, Mainzer Hof}, population 82,000. 15 miles east from Dus- seldorf, situated in the beautiful valley of the Wupper. It is the central locality of the cotton manufacture in Rhenish Prussia. The great staple articles are of a variety of forms ; linen, woollen, silk, mixed silk goods, ribbons, velvets, Italian cloth, and furniture goods, are extensively made and largely exported. There are numerous mills for spinning cotton twist, linen and worsted yarns, and also dye works, noted for the richness of their colours ; the Turkey red dyed goods and yarns especially have a great reputation. The production of aniline and alizarine colours forms an extensive branch of in- dustry among other chemicals. The following rank among the principal firms engaged in the manufacture of ribbons, tape, braids, trimmings, &c., at Elberfeld : Gebhard & Co. Julius Schmidt. De Weerth & Co. Meckel & Co. Hugo Baum. Benz & Co. J. A. Bergmann. Walther Blanck & Co. 180 GERMANY. P. E. Bockmiihl. Aug. Boddinghaus H. Boddinghaus & Sohne. F. Esser & Haarhaus. A. & G. Frowein. Kraus & Co. Nathan Loeb & Sohne. C. W. Ostermann. A. Platzhof & Co. Priesack & Nierhaus. Carl Obrig. H. & L. Ruedenberg. F. W. Schmidt. Schniewind & Scheibler. Schneegans & Schmidt. Schoett & Leitmann. Aug. Schulten & Co. C. W. Siebel. Gebr. Stohmann. Heinrich Stueraier. E. G. Wellhauser. W. Westip. Weber & Broel-Hoffbaiier. F. W. Windrath. Wolff & Co. BARMEN (Hotels : Schuizerihof, Vogler, Klier zur Pfalz), population 86,000. This city is a continuation of the city of Elberfeld, to which it is united by a bridge, forming one unin- terrupted street of about six miles in length. It is composed of an agglomeration of numerous little villages, now con- stituted into a municipality. The staple manufactures are ribbons, braid, tape, and trimmings, buttons, silk, cotton, and linen goods and chemicals. There are a few establishments for calico-printing, and the manufacturers are also celebrated for the excellence of the dye called Turkey red. This in fact forms the speciality of the place. American Consul Edgar Stan ton. BARMEN. 181 The following firms are chiefly engaged in the manufac- ture of buttons, ribbons, tape, trimmings : Banner Besatz Industrie. Bartels-Dierichs & Co. Becker & Thoene. C. H. Bellingrath & Linkenbacb. Abr. Bendt & Co. Pet. Berghaus. Melchior Bergmann Sohne. Bernhard & Starke. Dietr. Bestgen. Bischoff & Heynen. E. A. Bomefeld & Co. Brennscheidt & Thoene. Brocke & Blecher. Brogelmann & Bredt. Friedr. Busch. Gebr. Cleff. Dicke, Ran & Co. Dierichs & Aschoff. Aug. Drescher. W. Dulheuer. Rich. Duisberg & Co. Joh. Casp. Engels. Rob. Eykelskamp. Carl Gerwein. Greef, Bredt & Co. Otto Greeff & Schaffer. J. W. Greif. H. G. Grote. Halbach & Wolferts. Friedr. Hegmann. Alb. Heilenbeck. Hollweg & Meyer. Eduard Holzrichter. F. L. Huisberg. F. W. Hochdahl & Co. Hoffken & Wilkes. Carl Jung & Co. 182 GERMANY. Job. Pet. Jung Sohne. Kaiser & Dicke. Kamman & Co. Carl Karthaus & Co. Klingenburg & Co. C. & E. Langerfeld. Lekebusch & Co. Linder & Trappenberg. Lohmann & Co. Ed. Mann. J. D. Matthai-Verbriigge. Mebus & Riibel. Wilh. Middeldorf. C. Mittelsten-Scheid, P.-Sohu, F. Mittelsten-Scheid & Co. Friedr. Moog. Miiggenburg & Nieland. L. Neuhoff & Hardegen. Wilh. Osthoff. H. Overbeck & Co. Adolph Pieper. F. A. Pieper. Herm. Reinhard. Rittershaus & Sohn. Pet. Romer, jun., & Co. Aug. & Ludw. Saatweber. Saatweber & Westkott. Scheele & Hollweg. Abr. Scheib. Scheib & Gocke. Eduard Schmidt. Wilh. Schiiller & Sohn. Schurfeld & Dango. Wilh. Schiirmann. Joh. Pet. Seiler, sen. Pet. Seiler. Abr. Siebel Sohn. Smend & Westkott, Wiih. Sondermann. HAG EN. 183 Sporket & Cosmann. Steinberg & Potthoff. Aug. Steinkuhler. Friedr. Wilk. Thiemann. Thiel & Wurms. Ad. Otto Thunes. Ufer & Gericke. H. G. Ufer. Viefhaus & Co. Vormann & Leckebusch. Wilh. Weddigen. Westkott & Co. Wulfing-Luckhaus. Leaving Barmen we pass through Rittershausen and SCHWELM (34 miles). At the latter place the following manu- facturing firms are noted : J. W. Bouchsein. Kitz & Gottel. J. H. Sternenberg & Sohn. Robert Sternenberg. Julius Wirminghaus. Gebr. Busche. Fr. Krause. Friedr. Lohmann. Pet. Lohmann & Co. Aug. Miiller & Co. H. Wiemer. Passing through Milspe, Gevelsberg, and Haspe, at which latter place numerous iron works are situated, we reach HAGEN (43 miles), (Hotels : Lunenschloss, Deutsches Haus), population 12,000. Situated at the confluence of the Volme and Empe. Its inhabitants are chiefly employed in the manu- facture of woollen, linen, and cotton cloth, leather, hats, and ironware. Near is the important alabaster quarry. Anvils, axles, tyres, screws, scythes, and a variety of articles of hard- ware is manufactured at Hagen. Material for the construc- tion of railroads and telegraphs form the speciality of some 184 GERMANY. firms, while others confine themselves exclusively to the manufacture of locks in every variety. The following firms are among the most prominent : Krautmacher & Reininghaus. Gebriider Martin. L. Winkhaus & Sohne. H. Wiesener. Wilh. Hoeppern. Remy, Erkenzweig & Schemmann. Gustav Schoeneweiss. Kampmann & Van Toenges. J. H. Elbers & Co. Carl Asbeck & Co. Funke & Hueck. Otto Asbeck. F. Huth & Co. G. Strater & Sohn. Friedr. Beyermann. Tennhaeff, Hesse & Co. Joh. Diedr. Post. Kettler & Vogel. Joh. Peter Grliber. C. Evertsbusch. Rich. Harkort. Heyden & Kauffer. From Hagen a branch line runs to Siegen, and from one of the intermediate stations Letmath we reach ISERLOHN (Hotels: Sander, Hilgers), population 16,000. On the Baarenbach. Manufactures, various articles of vertu in brass, bronze, and iron ; cutlery, and leather ; zinc and iron furnaces ; rolling and puddling mills; also paper factories. A variety of hardware is produced at Iserlohn ; wire-draw- ing, the manufacture of needles, fish-hooks, &c., form the speciality of some establishments, while others are almost ex- clusively engaged in the making of umbrella frames ; and again, several other works are confined to the production of buckles and metal ornaments, requisite for harness-making and saddlery. Pewter ware, nickel and bronze gr~^s are ISERLOHN. 185 largely manufactured, and a few firms make a speciality of armour manufacture. The following forms a list of the houses engaged in all these varieties : Kissing & Mollmann. Christophery Gebriider. C. Ebbinghaus & Sohn. Gebriider Maste. Gustav Wiemer. Th. Schmole Sohne. Joh. Rentrop & Co. Winzer & Stehmann, Steph. Witte & Co. Turk & Staby. Heinr. Raffenberg. H. Mevius & Co. C. H. Hanebeck Wittwc. A. Hauser Sohne. Fischer & Grundmann. H. D. Eichelberg & Co. Goesser & Brass. J. D. Bomniiter. Aurand & Sudhaus. Borgatz & Co. Brause & Co. H. Andree, jun. H. Schlieper Sohne. Gebriider Eichelberg. Rumpff & Kruse. J. H. Schmidt Sohne. The next station is SCHWERTE (52 miles), then FRONDEN- BERG (62 miles), ARNSBERG (80 miles), MESCHEDE (93 miles) ; we pass through numerous other unimportant stations, and then reach WARBURG (139 miles), (Hotel: Brachi), population 8,000. Once an important city belonging to the Hanseatic League, but now, like all the above-named stations, without any com- mercial importance. Passing through HUMME and other small stations, the last of which is Monchhof, we reach 186 GERMANY. CASSEL (Hotels : Konig von Preussen, Scheriner), popula- tion about 42,000. Beautifully situated on both banks of the Fulda, 91 miles from Frankfort-on-Main. Its trade is in- considerable, but improving. It has manufactures of cottons, silk and woollen fabrics, kid gloves, leather, hats, carpets, playing cards, soap, gold and silver lace, earthenware, lacquered wares, linen, damask, &c. It has two fairs and a wool market annually. Cassel is connected by railway with Leipzig and Frankfort- on-Main. Wall paper is one of the industries, amd the following firms are engaged in this enterprise : J. C. Arnold Sohne. Bauer & Horn. A. Spoerer & Co. The following are engaged in the manufacture of kid gloves : Carl Breitbarth. Gebriider Cevey & Co. Th. Dubuisson. Wilh. Dubuisson. J. D. Grebe. Heinr. Hallaschka. J. J. Kugelmann. J. C. le Noir. Aug. Roesler & Co. Bernh. Schmetzer. RONSTORF. 187 ROUTE 36. ELBERFELD TO REMSCHEID. 15i| miles. Fares, 1st class, 1'60 marks ; 2nd, 1*20 marks. 'AKING the railroad either from Barmen or Elberfeld, we pass through RITTERSHAUSEN (3 miles), and reach * RONSTORF (7 3 miles), population 8,000, where we find important establishments for the manufacture of iron and steel goods, tools, steel and copper wire ; and various other branches of hardware are largely developed in this busy place. We enumerate the following names : Gebriider Kotte. C. Vorberg Sohne. P. Clarenbach & Co. Hiittemann & Frowein. Bleckmann & Freymann. Gebriider Hindrichs. Hessenbruch & Co. J. J. Lucas. Abr. Rothsieper. There are likewise manufacturers producing similar goods to those manufactured at Barmen, viz., ribbons, tape, trim- ming, and articles known as passementerie. The following are the firms : Diirselen & Von Carnap. Eller & Erbschloe. E. F. Kregeloh. Mohrhenn & Kreitz. Heinr. Nierhaus. Schmalbein & Raucamp. Friedr. Spiess & Co. 188 GERMANY. Widmayer & Schiissler. S. Clarenbach & Co. August Vogelsang. J. H. vom Baur Sohn. Leaving Ronstorf we reach LUTRINGHAUSEN (9^ miles), population 8,000. The in- habitants are engaged, similarly to their neighbours, in the manufacture of hardware and steel refining. C. Hasenclever. F. vom Baur. C. F. Stursberg. F. W. Erbschloe Sohne. The next station is LENNEP (11| miles), (Hotels : Berliner Hof, K&nig von Preusseri), population 10^000. Pleasantly situated in a valley on the banks of the Lennep. The most important place of the district for the manufacture of cassimeres, broadcloth, and other woollen goods. The principal manufacturers settled here are the following : Pet. Hammacher & Co. Gebr. Hilger. Alb. Karsch. J. W. Lausberg & Sohne. J. C. Miiller Sohne. Joh. Dan. Oelbermann. Oelbermann & Beckmann. Schurmann & Schroder. Wilh. Stursberg. Aug. Walther. Joh. WUlfing & Sohn. From here we reach REMSCHEID (14 miles), (Hotels: Deutsches Haus, Eng- lischer Hof), population 20,000. There are a few manufac- turers of silk and woollen goods, enumerated as below : Carl Gust. Pass. Joh. Jac. Pass & Sohn. But the great interest of this place centres in the production I UNIVERSI EEMSCHEID. 189 of steel and iron manufactures. It is the Sheffield of Germany ; upwards of 30,000 hands find ready employment in the making of files, tools, and every article coming under the denomina- tion of hardware or cutlery. Tools, from a heavy anvil down to a small gimlet ; tinned and japanned hollow ware ; coffee mills, skates, and every other article that can be imagined, is manufactured here in the greatest variety, and of ordinary and superior quality. The following names rank among the most prominent in the various branches of manufacture : P. A. Altena. Richard Altena. J. P. Arns. C. O. Arntz & Co. C. A. Blecher & Co. Robert Boker & Sohne. Gebriider Boker & V. d. Nahmer. P. W. Brand. G. Braunschweig & Co. C. Broch Sohne. Brockhaus & Co. P. A. von der Crone. E. Engels. J. W. Edelhoff&Co. Peter Ehlis. Ellinghaus & Pleiss. Frohn Gebriider. Jacob Grothaus. P. C. Hasenclever & Sohne. Hasenclever & Becker. J. G. Herbetz & Sohne. P. C. Hordenbach & Sohne. G. F. Hummeltenberg & Sohne. W. F. Klingelnberg Sohne. J. W. Kreitzberg & Co. Krumm & Co. Roll & Co. Korff& Housberg. Kotthaus & Busch. W. Lihn & Sohn. 190 GERMANY. Lindenberg Gebriider & Co. J. E. Lindenberg. E. Luckhaus. P. C. Luckhaus & Co. Otto Menghins. Gustav Offermann. Carl Peisler Sohne. A. Rottsieper. Wilh. Tillrnans. Meuser & Konigsberg. Peter Morbotter. J. Muller & Sohn. J. P. Muller Sohne. Justus Muller & Co. Neukirchen & Korff. P. W. Noll. Otto Richter. David Sieper Sohne. Franz Pollmann. August Roemer. Richard Sackermann. A. Schaaf & Sohn. Justus Scharff. J. B. Schmidt Sohne. Springorum & Kupferroth. Von Stein & Co. J. C. Wiebel. Gebriider Wirths. E. Winngassen. Wusthoff & Co. Schmidt & Ziegler. Gebriider vom Berg. From Remscheid by diligence to HUCKESWAGEN (8 miles), {Hotel: Konig von Preussen} population 3,000, situated on the right bank of the Wupper, with several factories where woollen goods and fancy trowser- ings are principally manufactured by the following firms : WERDEN. 191 Blecher & Clarenbach. Carl Bockhacker Nachf. Job. Dan. Clarenbach & Sohu. Ewald H. Fink. Job. Friedr. Hager. W. A. Johanny-Abhoe. H. W. Kipper. Lutgenau & Wiehager. Fr. Muller Sohne. D. W. Paffrath & Sohne. H. J. Paffrath & Co. C. & F. Schnabel. Gebr. Schnabel. Reinh. Schnabel & Schlieper. Carl Vorl Under & Volckmar. Erich Waldthausen. Passing Grafenberg and Ratingen, we reach KETTWIG (14i miles), population 8,000, where are situated some important factories of woollen goods, among which are noted the following : J. W. Bolten & Sohn. J. W. Eickelberg & Sohn. Hermann Scheidt. Ernst Scheidt & Co. Gottfried Scheidt & Sohn. After only a few miles' travel we come to the next station : WERDEN (17 miles), (Hotel: Stoffel}, population 6,000, where are found the following firms among the manufacturers of woollen goods : Gebriider Feulgen. Forstmann & Hoffmann. J. G. Teschemacher. Gebr. Huffmann. Ed. Obertuschen. Gebriider Overhamm. Otto Scholten. 192 GERMANY. ROUTE 37. COLOGNE TO FRANKFORT-ON-MAIN. 142 miles. Fares, 1st class, 16 marks; 2nd, 11 -50 marks. The order of the different stations is marked L. and R., referring to the left and right bank of the river, in ascending from Cologne to Mayence. 'HE banks of the river in the immediate vicinity of Cologne are flat and uninteresting, and the vil- lages passed by are of no importance until we [reach BONN (Hotels: Grand Hotel Royal, Goldner Stern), popu- lation 26,000. Pleasantly situated on a gentle acclivity on the left bank of the Rhine. There are a few mills and manufactories, the chief of which are of cottons, silks, and sulphuric acid. It is one of the most desirable residences on the Rhine. The city enjoys a high reputation for its University, founded in 1786. The library contains 200,000 volumes. The time occupied by the steamer from Cologne to Bonn is about li hours. The beauties of the Rhine become more developed here. Opposite Bonn we have a range of hills known as the Seven Mountains; at the foot of it is situated the village of OBERCASSEL (Hotel-. Eiesen Wolfsburg). The next place is KOENIGSWINTER, L. (Hotels : Europe, Berlin}, population 2,000. The Drachenfels, the most prominent of the Seven Hills, may be ascended from here. On the left bank of the Rhine we have MEHLEM (Hotels: Krone, Goldener Schiff}, and ROLANDSECK, R. (Hotels : Rolandseck, Roland, Billau). Magnificent views may be obtained here of the surrounding country ; in fact this is probably the point where the tourist will find the greatest attraction, as the scenery obtained is one of incomparable beauty. Proceeding on our journey we pass successively OBERWINTER, R. (Hotel: Fassbcnder) . AHRWEILER. 193 UNKEL, L. (Hotel : Claseri). As our object is not to describe scenery, and as these localities present little or no interest in a commercial sense, we indicate merely the halting places and various stations along the river. A notice regarding the production of wines from the Rhenish districts will be found under the head of Cologne (page 146). We next reach REMAGEN, R. (Hotels: Fiirstenberg, Konig von Preussen). The following are wine merchants : A. I. Wolf. Otto Carraciola & Co. Johann Lehmann. From Remagen the diligence may be taken to neighbouring wine-growing districts, the centre of which is AHRWEILER (Hotel: Krone, Stern), population 3,000. The following are wine merchants : Georg Kreutzberg. Adam Borgsitter. Sam. Heymann. M. J. Kreuzberg. Opposite Remagen is situated ERPEL, L., at the foot of a basaltic cliff. Further on we reach LINZ, L. (Hotel: Nassauer Hof), population 2,500, in the neighbourhood of which are important basaltic quarries. The wines grown here are much appreciated. On the right bank we pass Sinzig, on the left the village of Dattenberg. Visible through a ravine on the same bank we see the Castle of Arenfels and the villages of HONNINGEN and RHEINBRODL, while on the right bank are situated NIEBER-BREISIG and RHEINECK, a modern castellated resi- dence, from whence magnificent views are obtainable. On the left we pass BROHL, and on the right the villages of NIEDER- and OBER-HAMMERSTEIN, surrounded by vine- yards, the produce of which is highly appreciated. 194 GERMANY. ANDERNACH, R. (Hotels: Schafer, HackenbrucK), is the next station on the right bank of the river. On the opposite bank we pass NEUWIED, L. (Hotels: Anker, Wilder Mann}, population 7,500. The seat of the Moravian Brothers, usually known under the denomination of " German Quakers." There is con- siderable local trade at this station as well as cotton spinning and manufacturing. The schools at this place have an exten- sive reputation, and are much frequented by English and Americans. The following are wine merchants: . Anton Reinach. A. Neitzert Sohn. Kelle'rei des Briiderhaus. Gebriider Meyer. W. E. Mess. W. Remy Sohn. Continuing the route, on the right we pass WEISSENTHURM and on the left ENGERS and MUHLHOFEN. In the neighbour- hood of the latter village is a large establishment known as the Sayn Foundry, owned by Krupp. BENNDORF and VALLENDAR are passed on the left, and on the right, NIEDERWERTH and WALLERSHEIM. We next ap- proach COBLENTZ (Hotels : Giant, JBellevue, Anchor), population 29,000. This city owes its name to its position, being situated at the confluence of the Rhine and Moselle. The Romans built a fort here 13 years B.C., which they called Confiuentia. It became a part of the kingdom of Lorraine, when the three sons of Louis le Debonnaire partitioned the kingdom of Charlemagne, and subsequently passed into the hands of the Archbishops of Treves. Taken by Marceau in 1794, it be- came the chief town of a department of the French Empire. Since 1815 it belongs to Prussia. There is a considerable wine trade concentrated here. The following are wine merchants : H. Hiirter & Sohn. A. Jordan. BOPPART. 195 N. Schurz. Deinhardt & Co. A. Buhl & Co. H. & J. Espenscheid. Opposite to Coblentz is situated EHBENBREITSTEIN. A bridge of boats connects the latter with Thal-Ehrenbreitstein, a village below the heights on which the fortress stands. (Tickets of admission, good only for the day on which they are issued, may be had at the office of the Lieutenant Commandant at the entrance. A ticket for one, two, or three persons, 2 sgr. A gratuity is also expected by the attendant who conducts visitors). This fortress is first mentioned in history in 633. Leaving Coblentz, the first station on the right bank is CAPELLEN (Hotel: Stolzenfels), where by means of a steam ferry connection is made for EMS and Nassau. Above Capellen rises the Castle of Stolzenfels, a residence presented by the City of Coblentz to the present Emperor. Upon the right bank of the Lahn, which here flows into the Rhine, is the village of NIEDERLAHNSTEIN (Hotel: Douquei), population 2,500. Opposite, at a little distance, is the Castle of Lahneck, the property of an English gentleman. Upon the right bank is the village of OBERisAmtsTEiK (Hotels : Keizer, Wenzet), population 2,000. Containing a chateau of the Electors of Mayence, built in the fourteenth century. A little below is RHENSE, R. Close by the main road is the KONIGSSTUHL, a sort of open temple, where the German Electors met, in the open air, to deliberate upon the affairs of the empire. The ruins of the castle of MARXBURG, upon the right bank, crown the hill above the village of BRAUBACH, L. (Hotel: Philipsburg}. The next station is BOPPART, R. (Hotels : Post, Clossmann, Rheinischer Ho/}, the Baudobriga of the Romans, population 4,200. Its origin is due to a castle built here by Drusus. On the left bank is the village of Ehrenthal, near which there are mines of silver, lead, and copper. We now pass the villages of Nieder- 196 GERMANY. Kestert and Ober-Kestert, opposite to which, on the left bank, is the village of Hirzenach, with a church. Further on, upon the left bank, is ST. GOAR (Hotels : Rheinfels, Krone}, population 1,500. Opposite St. Gear is the village of ST. GOARSHAUSEN, L. (Hotel: Adler), population 1,000. Upon a rock in the rear of the village are situated the ruins of the CAT and MOUSE. Very pleasant excursions can be made from here. The river is bordered by high rocks. On the left rises the imposing LURLEI, which has been made the subject of many legends, the most celebrated among which are those by Brentano and Heinrich Heine. A rail- way tunnel has been made underneath this rock. We then reach OBERWESEL, R. (Hotels: Rheinischer Hof, Goldcner Pfropfenzieher), population 3,000. Opposite this, on the left bank, is CAUB, a village of 1,600 inhabitants (Hotel: Grunewald). It was at this place that, on the night of the 1st of January, 1814, the Prussian army, under the command of Bliicher, crossed the Rhine. We now proceed to BACHARACH, R. (Hotels: Post, Wasum). population 1,500. Long celebrated for the quality of its wines. Its name signifies " altar of Bacchus " (Bacchi ara). It is said that Pope Pius II. purchased a cask of this wine every year, and tradition states that the city of Nuremberg obtained its free- dom in return for an annual tribute of four casks of the wine of Bacharach, The following are wine merchants: I. P. Reinhardt. H. J. Amberg. C. Streulein. On the right bank, a little further on, are the ruins of the castle of HEIMBURG, overlooking the village^ of Nieder- Heimback. On the left bank, a little below, is the village of LORCH (Hotels: Schwan, Rheinischer Hof}, population 1,800, at the junction of the Wisper and the Rhine. After passing the village of Trechtingshausen, we see on the right bank the ruins of RHEINSTEIN or FALKENBURG, RUDESHEIM. 197 destroyed by the Rhine League in 1252. It was afterwards rebuilt. A little further we reach ASSMANSHAUSEN, L. (Hotels : Anker, Krone), near which a famous red wine of that name is grown. A little further on is the castle of RHEINSTEIN, one of the oldest upon the Rhine. It was purchased in 1825 by Prince Frederick of Prussia, by whom it was carefully restored. The interior is furnished in the style of the Middle Ages, and contains some good paintings and a rich collection of armoury. After passing the Bingerloch the river bends, and we see upon the right bank BINGEN, R. (Hotels: Victoria, Bellevue, Weisses Ross), population 6,000. Here connection is made for Creuznach. The following are wine merchants : Gebriider Scholz. Mayer & Coblenz. Allmann & Schnaubert. Andreas Harling. A. Goebel Sohne. Feist & Reinach. J. P. Grim. Friedrich Vogt. Heinrich Bruck. Opposite Bingen we see RUDESHEIM, L. (Hotels : Darmstadter Hof, Rheinstein) , population 3,000. Celebrated for its wines, which are grown upon the hills at the back of the town. They are among the best of the Rhine wines. A pleasant excursion can be made to the Niederburg, or Broemserburg, close to the Rhine. It existed in the time of Charlemagne, and afterwards belonged to the Archbishops of Mayence. The following are wine merchants : Dilthey, Sahl, & Co. Diettrich & Ewald. Jung & Co. Peter Espenscheid. Gebriider Schlupf. J. P. Schaffer. 198 GERMANY. Winkel & Rothenbach. Schulz & Reuter. The next station is GEISENHEIM, L. (Hotels: Schlitz, Stadt Frankfort}, popu- lation 3,000. The following are wine merchants : C. Sohnlein. A. Quittmann. Gebriider Hoehl. Rothe & Thorndike. Mattheus Miiller. At a short distance from the river rises the CHATEAU or JOHANNISBERG. The hill is completely covered with vines. Since 1813 this estate has belonged to the Metter- nichs. The chapel contains a monument erected by Prince Metternich to the memory of his tutor, the historian Vogt. The terrace in front of the chateau affords a magnificent view. According to the old chronicles, Ruthard, Archbishop of Mayence, founded a priory on the spot where the chateau now stands. It was burned in 1552. During the Thirty Years' War the Swedes destroyed what the flames had left standing. In 1716 the Abbot of Fulda purchased the estate, and having built a castle, planted the ground with vines. The vineyards occupy a little less than seventy acres. The best wine is grown close to the chateau, partly over the cellars. The next station is HATTENHEIM, population 1,000. The famous Marcobrunner wine is grown in the immediate vicinity. We pass ELTVILLE, L. (Hotel: ReiseribacJi), population 4,000. Here are several champagne makers. The scenery becomes less interesting as we reach MAYENCE (Hotels : d'Angleterre, Rheinischer Hof, Hoi- landischer Hof), population 43,000. Situated on the left bank of the Rhine, opposite to the mouth of the Main, and 20 miles west-south-west of Frankfort. The trade, particularly transit, is extensive, being greatly facilitated both by water communication and railway ; it has FRANKFORT-ON-MAIN. 199 in recent times greatly increased. The principal articles are wine, cereals, and timber. The manufacture and preparation of .fancy leather is of some importance ; hats, glue, vinegar, tobacco, and musical instruments are other branches of industry. The value of exports to the United States of fancy leather during the last two years varied from $200,000 to $300,000 annually, and close upon $100,000 worth of jewellery and precious stones figure in the export lists, while the item of wine, beer, and cider is valued at nearly $200,000. Drugs, chemicals, and dyes ex- ported to the United States were valued in 1874 at $47,906. Hops foot up during the same period $49,638. Other articles of importance comprise hatters' furs, fancy leather goods, stationery, printing ink, mineral water. The following are wine merchants : Oehlschlager & Schuster. H. Comely & Co. Gebriider Massbach. Abre'sch & Co. M. Kleemann & Co. J. Oppenheim & Co. Gebriider Walther. E. & F. Cantor. M. Strauss & Co. D. Gebhard. Hayn & Kriiger. M. B. Goldschmidt. Griinebaum & Sb'hne. G. M. Pabstmann Sohn. H. & G. Hirsch. Carl Schlitz. J. Heilbronner & Co. M. H. Arens Sohn. J. Mayer & Co. Henkell & Co. Gebriider Miehel. Jos. Falck. Feist & Reinach. Clemens Lautern. Gebriider Felix. Dennis Oechsner. Between Mayence two stations intervene Hocheim and Hattersheim, both celebrated for the wine produced there, when we reach FRANKFOKT-ON-MAIN (Hotels: Russie, Angleterre, Union, Swan, Roman Emperor), population 110,000. Until recently an independent city, but now incorporated with Prussia. This is a city of bankers ; immense wealth having accumulated here for generations. As such it has great interest to Americans, inasmuch as the investments in government and railroad securities by Frankfort capitalists exceed those of 200 GERMANY. any other section in Europe. The declared value of exports, as will be seen from the following table, are of some im- portance, but it is mostly derived from outlying districts, and described elsewhere under the various heads. Consul- General of the United States: W. P. Webster, 4, Gallus Street. MSC^OiOOf-HOiOOC^C^Oi OitOC^COC'lsOi lOS^C^t OiOS^OS OOMCqiOOOO-*i-IC-l?DlMl--T) I OFFENBA CH. 201 ROUTE 38. FRANKFORT TO NUREMBERG, BY WURZBURG. 147 miles. Fares, 1st class, 9'42 florins ; 2nd, ' 30 florins. HE first station after leaving Frankfort is OFFENBACH (6 miles), (Hotels : Stadt Cassel, Engel), population 25,000. A busy manufac- turing place, the chief produce being fancy leather goods, travelling bags, portmanteaus, pocket-books, purses, and an immense variety of fancy goods. The following firms are engaged in this branch of industry: Bial & Koch. Franz Klein. Ludwig Cahn. W. Klein. Dickerhoff & Co. Lippman & Lowenstein. Feldmeyer & Bock. J. Monch & Co. Franke & Crantz. E. Posen & Co. Goldschmidt Gebruder. F. A. Rust & Sohn. C. Haas & Co. Schwabacher & David. W. Herminghausen & Co. Strauss Gebruder. A. L. Hoffmann. L. Wolff & Co. S. Horn. Curriers and Manufacturers of Fancy Leather. H. J. Spichartz. Meyer & Feistmann. Maury & Co. There are several paper and chemical works. Oil-cloths and metal goods form other branches of industry, in addition to the manufacture of cigars and snuffs, which occupies several thousand hands, Machine Makers ; Brass and Iron Founders. Collet & Engelhard. Ph. Cranz. Ferd. Flinsch. A. R. Seebass & Co. Gebruder Schmalz. Ludwig Becker. 204 GERMANY. Wine Merchants. P. J. Wieber. Ferd. Doering. S. Wustefeld. Michel Oppmann. J. Manz Sohn. J. Siligmuller. A wool-spinning concern is carried on by the firm of J. Thaler, and a machine and paper factory at Oberzell, a few minutes from Wurzburg, is owned by Koenig & Bauer. The next station is KITZINGEN (95 miles), celebrated for the production of beer ; we then come, after passing numerous small inter- mediate stations, to Neustadt (124 miles), and reach FURTH (140^- miles), {Hotel: Drei Kronen}, population 20,000. The commercial interests of Fiirth are identical with those of Nuremberg, the speciality of Fiirth being the manufacture of looking glasses and fancy goods. Bankers. J. Emil Wertheimer. Rindskopf& Co. Commission Merchants, Dealers, and Manufacturers of Toys and Fancy Goods. Ullmann & Englemann. G. H. Benda Wittwe & Sohn. G. Gayersberger, sen. M. Besel. Stanglen & Eckart. Daniel Ley. D. B. Hollander & Co. Carl Briill. Leop, lUfelder, & Co. L. Lilienthal. Loohing-glass Manufacturers. P. Behringer. S. Benedict & Sohne. FURTH. 205 L. H. Gosdorfer Erben. S. D. Hechinger. G. Hechinger. L. Heilbronn. J. P. Leber. Jos. Offenbacher. S. Burdit & Sohne. Moritz Conn. L. Haussmann & Co. L. J. Fleischmann. L. Brandies, jun. J. W. Berlin. A. K. Weinschenck Sohn. Fleischmann & Co. J. Bache & Co. Manufacturers and wholesale dealers of Nuremberg goods, bronze powders, tin foil, leaf metal, and Iconic wares : G. Benda. J. Brandies & Co. C. Epermuller. G. L. Fuchs & Sohne J. Offenbacher. Paul Segnitz & Sohn. L. Stoeber Sohn. Gustav Lepper. Leop Kohnstamm. Eiermann & Tabor. Woollen Clothes and Hosiery Manufacturers. J. B. Ochs. Berolzheimers Erben. J. J. Brandeis. J. P. Heilbronn. Ph. Heilbronn & Sohn. W. M. Weikersheimer. Lead Pencils, SfC. Berolzheimer & Illfelder. 206 GERMANY. NUREMBERG (Hotels : Baierischer Hof, Strauss, Rothes Ross), population 80,000. Third city in the kingdom of Ba- varia ; once the greatest and most wealthy of all the free cities of Germany. It is situated on the Pegnitz, the Ludwig Canal, and the great Bavarian railway, from Augsburg to the frontiers of Saxony, 95 miles north of Munich. It stands in a sandy but well-cultivated plain, and presents a very striking appearance. It has a large carrying trade, being the centre of a net- work of railways which put it into direct communication with all the principal cities on the continent. As an indication of the rapid growth of this city it may be stated, that while in 1861 it had 61,000 inhabitants, the census of 1871 showed an increase of 11,000, or 16 per cent, in ten years. The manufactures and trade were at one time very exten- sive, and almost all the streets derive their names from the particular branches of industry carried on in them. Many important inventions had their first existence here, especially wire-drawing and fire-arms. It was in Nuremberg that watches were first made, being called from the form " Nuremberg eggs." An old saying, illustrating the flourishing state of com- merce, is, " Nurnberg's Tand geht durch's ganze Land," or, " Nuremberg wares are to be found everywhere." The chief articles manufactured now are, toys and lead pencils, the celebrated Faber pencils being manufactured at Stein, near the city. Pins, needles, bronze powders, silver and gold wire, gold leaf, beads, looking-glass, &c., are among the articles of export. The ultramarine and colour works of Heyne and Zettner are in the suburbs. Cramer and Klett manufacture locomo- tives and railroad cars in their extensive establishment near the city. This firm furnished all the iron -work for the mag- nificent rail way -bridge across the Rhine at Mayence. The hop trade is an important one in Nuremberg, a great deal being exported to France, England, Northern Germany, and even to America. The best hops come from the neighbourhood of Spalt and Kleinfeld, in Middle Franconia, from the Halledan district in Upper Bavaria, and also some from Bohemia. NUREMBERG. 207 Bankers. J. C. Knopf & Solm. J. Emil Wertheimer. Mayer Kohn. Vereins Bank. Merchants and Wholesale dealers in Nuremberg wares, Manu- facturers of Toys, Fancy Goods, Colours, #*c. Heyne & Zettner. Supf & Klinger. Araon & Caspart. J. A. Meissenbach. Beck & Koehler. Beit & Fleischmann. Berger & Ziegler. Paul Ruprecht. Eckart & Co. Paul Cnopf. Gugler & Co. Heinrich Scharrer. Fuchs & Co. A. Klein. Insam & Prinoth. A. Wahnschaffe. H. Schrag. Bauerreis & Miiller. G. G. Fendler & Co. Jesselsohn & Zahlweis. Hagg & Co. C. F. Eckhardt. M. C. Huber. Wilh. Fuchs. Mohrhardt & Zahn. Dormitzer & Co. Zimmermann & Co. Hirschmann & Co. H. & C. Reich. E. Lampe. Birckner & Hartmann. Fechheimer & Co. Fleischer & Co. G. F. Braun. Hecklers Erben. H. M. Kraft. G. E. Schaetzler. Pabst & Lambrecht. J. B. Sollner. Leonh. Taub. Hop Merchants. Scharrer & Sohne. Gerugas & Frauenfeld. Gebriider Bernert. Scharrer Gebrlider. Heinr. Hellmann. Forchheimer & Co. M. Gutermann. Leopold Alexander. S. Tuchmann & Sohne. Mayer Kohn. Seckendorf Levino & Co. Gebriider Lerchenthal. Bronze and Metallic Wire, Leonic Ware. C. Held. J. B. Stieber & Sohn S. H. Steurer. G. A. Beckh. J. P. Ammon. Weiss, Feiertag & Schlenk. E. Kuhn. Ernst Schwemmer. 208 GERMANY. Cramer & Co. J. G. Reich. Moritz Pohlmann. H. W. Weidner. Pencils, Slates, and Lithographic Stones. G. W. Sussner. Grosberger & Kurz. J. D. Wiss. Pabst & Lambrecht. J. Huber & Co. G. C. Beissbarth & Sohn. Schmidt Gebruder. L. D. Warbach. A. W. Faber. G. F. Faber. P. Staedler & Sohn. G. M. Gutenacht. Manufacturers of Drugs and Chemicals. Gebruder Gagstetter. Raum & Zirngoebl. Gotz & Neuschafer. Grundherr & Haertel. Decalcomania. J. G. Martin. Theo. Loeder. Martin Weigel. Schimpff & Hofstetter. Georg Bmnner. C. A. Pocher. Lithographic stones from the neighbouring quarries are largely dealt in at Nuremberg. The following firms are en- gaged in the export trade of this produce: Fischer & Kluge at Pappenheim. Actien Verein Solenhofen. Joh. A. Schindel American Consul. James M. Wilson. Official residence, 10, Further strasse. OEDERAN. 209 ROUTE 39. DRESDEN TO CHEMNITZ AND ZWICKAU. To Chemnitz, 52 miles. Fares, \st class, 8'10 marks ; 2nd, 5'40 marks. To Zwickau, 82 miles. Fares, 1st class, 10'40 marks; 2nd, 6'90 marks. >HE railway runs through a very picturesque valley, the Weisseritz. Passing the Plauen Grund, the Castle of Begerburg, Potschappel, and the Rabe- _ nauer Grund, it reaches THARANADT, 9 miles south-west of Dresden (Hotel: Deutsches Haus). Seat of a Royal Forest Academy. There are bathing establishments and several mills. The next station is FREIBERG (27 miles), (Hotels: Saxe, Hirsch, Schwarzes Ross), population 40,000. This is the great centre of mining operations of the district. The silver mines here produce annually the value of about one million and a half dollars. There is a mining school, the best probably in Germany, much frequented by American students. Leaving Freiberg we pass through magnificent scenery, especially on nearing OEDERAN (27 miles), (Hotel: Post, Railway), population 8,000. Here are situated several establishments for the manufacture of bed-ticks and other heavy cotton and linen goods, carpets, flannels, and a variety of other woollen and mixed fabrics. The following are engaged in these various branches of enterprise : Carl Schwan. H. Uhlemann. Adolph Beyer, jun, F. F. Foerster. C. F. Berger. C. R. Berger. Moritz Berger. 210 GERMANY. E. A. Foerster. W. Oertel. W. Schilling. Wimper, Witwe, & Sohn. The next station is FALKENAU (42^ miles), then follows FLOHA (44 miles). From this place branches off a railway to ANNABERG, an important manufacturing centre for ladies' white goods, curtains, trimmings, embroideries, &c. (For description see Route 26.) Passing Nieder-wiesa, we reach CHEMNITZ {Hotels : Romischer Kaiser, Stadt Gotha, Stadt Berlin), population 60,000. Situated in a beautiful well- watered valley at the confluence of the Chemnitz and the Kappel. Here is the principal manufacturing centre of Saxony, celebrated chiefly for hosiery, which rivals in quality and cheapness any other make. There are but few factories ; the stocking weavers for the most part work at their own homes. Several reputed machine factories, as well as others for wool- len and linen, damask and other goods, suitable for furniture, have a world- wide reputation, the latter occupying between 3,000 and 4,000 Jacquard looms. Three or four centuries ago Chemnitz was a free imperial city, and even at that time it had a reputation for its cotton goods. A century back it was esti- mated that 2,000 looms were at work, supplying all the cotton fabrics at that period used in Germany. Bankers. Kunath & Nieritz. Haase & Sohn. Calico Printers. E. Rein & Co. Carl Weber. Weber & Sohne. C. F. E. Wolf. Cotton Spinners. Burchardt & Philipp. Burger & Kuhne. CHEMNITZ. 211 Chemnitzer Actienspinnerei. E. J. Claus. Fiedler & Lechla. R. C. C. Franck. Hosel & Co. Hugo Heymann & Co. C. G. Hoffmann & Sohne. J. F. Hubner-Briickner. B. Kraner. Ed. Lochmann. J. D. Oehme & Sohn. C. M. Riedig. W. G. Schmidt. Germania (Schwalbe & Sohn). C. A. Tetzner & Sohn. Triibenbach & Reissig. Wangelin & Zeuner. J. C. Weissbach & Sohn. Zimmermann & Co. Manufacturers of Cotton Goods. Robert Albrecht. Becker & Schraps. F. Burger. Eckardt & Sohn. G. F. FeudeL Flade Gebriider. Heinrich & Maschner. Hosel & Sohne. C. F. Kohler. F. W. Liebscher. Neubert & Hunger. Iwan Satlow. F. W. Schott. C. G. Schreiter. C. W. Schuffner. A. F. Siegel. E. Stork. Carl Weber. 212 GERMANY. Weber & Sohne. F. H. Wilke. C. F. E. Wolf. Ziegler & Rein. Manufacturers of shawls, damasks, mixed woollen and cotton dress goods : Emil Arends. C. F. A. Beutler. Fuchs & Franke. Goeritz Gebriider. Hubsch & Rummler. C. W. Kluge & Sohn. F. Kohler. E. Kornick. C. E. Kmmbiegel. Ed. Lochmann. E. Lohse. Oppelt Gebriider. Julius Rothe. Schwabe & Schubert. Seyffert & Breyer. C. W. Seyffert. G. F. Sollheim. C. F. Thiimer. W. Vogel. . L. & W. Voigt. J. A. Wilde. C. F. Breitfeld. G. T. FeudeL Emil lahn. W. Lorenz. Adolph Schlansky. Hermann Buhler. Otto Findeisen. C. G. Heigis. Otto Hugenberg. F. L. Jacobi. Liebeskind & Reiche CHEMNITZ. 213 Marbach & Weigel. Carl May & Co. Otto Meyer & Co. Gustav Novack. A. Steidten & Co. F. Waldau. Manufacturers of gloves and hosiery: Wex & Sohne. Bretschneider & Co. E. Creutznach Nachfolger. H. Staerker. M. S. Esche. Gebruder Herfurth. Friedrich & Sohn. Gottlieb Hecker & Sohne. Neuber & Hauck. Heinr. Gulden. Otto Hinkel. Nottingham Manuf. Co. Ulrich & Pornitz. American Consul. Louis E. Cropsey. Chemnitz may with profit be turned into headquarters for excursions to neighbouring manufacturing stations. The majority of these stations can be reached by rail, and in the following pages will be found a few excursions, with the names of manufacturers. Leaving Chemnitz on the road running to Leipzig the first station is BAHRMUHL (4 miles), then we reach WITTGENS- DORF (6 miles), whence a branch line turns off to HARTMANNSDORF (2 miles). Cotton and silk hosiery manufacturers: Schmidt & Harzdorf. Kellner & Dehling. The next station is LIMBACH (4 miles), where are found the following hosiery manufacturers : 214 GERMANY. Reinhold Esche. C. F. Hertel. J. G. Hoyer. Huber & Co. C. W. Matthes. F. Naumann. H. G. Paul. Reichardt & Groljan. Scherf & Gerhardt. Leaving LIMBACH and returning to Wittgensdorf we con- tinue the travel on the main line, and next reach BURGSTADT (9 miles from Chemnitz). Here are resident the following Glove and Hosiery Manufacturers. C. G. Hahle-Winkler. Wilhelm Kiihn. C. B. Lindner, jun. Gustav Lungwitz. G. E. Wolf. Winkler & Gaertner. CHEMNITZ TO ZWICKAU. 30 miles. The road passes through Siegmar and Hohen- stein, and reaches GLAUCHAU (72 miles from Dresden), (Hotels: Deutsches Haus, Adler), population 25,000. On the bank of the Mulde a well-built city situated partly in a hollow, and partly on a series of steep and picturesque eminences. Woollen and linen goods are manufactured here, merinos, and other dress goods, carpets, shawls, and hosiery, Banker. Ferd. Hayne. The following firms rank among the most important : Gliesmann & Meyer. H. Bahr. Ernst Boessnek. ZWICKAU. 215 Carl Gotze. D. F. Grau. Kratz & Burg. L. Leuschner. Lindemann & Miiller. F. Petzold. Otto Reuter & Co. J. F. Schadeljun. Schumann & Heidner. Seydel & Sohne. C. W. Strauss & Co. G. A. Tasch Nachfolger. G. Baessler & Co. Bernhard Kuhn. C. A. Schirmer. The next station is MOSEL (77 miles), and then we reach ZWICKAU (Hotels : Wagner, Anker, Grune Tanne), popula- tion 25,000. 82 miles west-south-west of Dresden, situated in a beautiful valley watered by the Mulde, which is here crossed by three bridges. It has important chemical manufactures, wool-combing, machine-building. Wool -spinning, cloth and paper-making, as well as oil mills, and manufactures of porce- lain and glass, are the chief interests of trade. It lies in the centre of a rich coal district, and in its vicinity are about 200 furnaces for the burning of coke. In the neighbourhood of Zwickau are situated the follow- ing establishments : SCHLETTAU. Trimming Manufacturers. Louis Edelmann. H. Greifenhagen. August Schreiber. M. Greifenhagen & Co. 216 GERMANY. CHEMNITZ TO ANNABERG. Passing successively through Niederwiesa, Floha, Erdmanns- dorf, and Waldkirchen, we reach ZSCHOPPAU (Hotels : Hirsch, Post) ; thence through Scharfenstein, Wolkenstein, Wiesenbad, and Schonfeld. all of which are engaged in producing white goods, we come to ANNABERG. (Hotels : Wilder Matin, Gans, Museum), popula- tion 8,000, situated 1,800 feet above the level of the sea, among hills containing mines of silver, tin, cobalt, and iron. The manufactures are very important. The ribbon trade is carried on with all the most recent scientific improvements, and notwithstanding the competition of Lyons, yields large re- turns. The ornamental gauze, flower ribbons, silk stuffs, and oil cloth bear a high name. Manufacturers of lace goods, embroidery, trimmings, cotton and silk gauze, guipures, &c. : Eisenstiick & Co. G. Wilde & Co. Gebriider Haenel. E. C. Haenel. Holding & Knapp. C. Aug. Gerischer. Chas. Gerhard. T. M. Fischer. H. Springer. G. E. Hoefer. G. C. Muller. H. Roehling & Co. Brodengeyer & Co. In the vicinity of Annaberg is situated another industrious place, namely : BUCHHOLZ, where a number of firms are established who manufacture and deal in a variety of Trimmings and Embroidered Goods. G. F. Bach Sohn. Gustav Buchler. BUCHHOLZ. 217 F. Edelmann. Carl Grund & Co. Hammer & Schnabel. H. Helweg. C. Louis Hofmann. C. Mathesius. F. Muller. C. Roser. J. Schneider & Co. A. Swoboda & Co. Gebhardt & Langer. Alle Firmen, und Wbhnungs, Veranderungen oder sonstige Mittheilungen fur Kommende Auflagen richte man gefalligst an MESSRS. WHITTINGHAM AND WILKINS, Chiswick Press, Tooks Court, Chancery Lane, London, E.G. Oder an D'HERRN MAX FRIEDLANDER, 2, Scharren st, Berlin, C. 218 GERMANY, ROUTE 40. BERLIN TO LEIPZIG. 119 Miles. 1st class, 15.40 marks; 2nd, ll'SO marks. 'EAVING Berlin by the Anhalt Bahnhof, we pass, on the left, the Kreuzberg, and obtain a view of the tower of Teltow on the right. The first station is GROSS BEEREN (12 miles). Here a cast-iron obelisk is raised in memory of the victory gained over the French in 1813. Passing Trebbin and some minor stations, we reach LUCKENWALDE (31 miles), a small but industrious place of about 8,000 inhabitants, with many breweries, distilleries, and numerous woollen-cloth factories, viz. : C. G. Bock. F. KreUing. H. Bock. C. Laue. Ph. Bohme. Gebruder Munnich & Co. C. F. Bonicke. L. Otto & Sohne. H. Bossart. Salomon & Sternberg. C. Emisch, Jr. W. Schiefer. C. Emisch Sohne. Schliiter & Ginow. Gebruder Heinrich. Tannenbaum, Pariser, & Co. G. Hempke. Jul. Tietz. Gebruder Hiltmann. L. Zschokke. The next station is JUTERBOGK (42 miles), population 5,500, likewise celebrated for its woollen cloth manufacture. The following are among the most prominent : G. Kleinecke. Carl Mechel. Schiller & Wahn. F. E. Baatz. G. Weslau & Sohn. Passing by ZAHNA, we come to WITTENBERG (60 \ miles), {Hotels: Adler, Weintraube), We cross the river Elbe, and after three intervening stations reach LEIPZIG. 219 BITTERFELD (88 miles). Here the line branches off to Halle, thence to Erfurt and Cassel. (See Route 47.) Passing two more unimportant stations, we reach LEIPZIG (109 miles), (Hotels : Prusse, Russie, Rauffe, Baviere, Rome), population 115,000. Leipzig is the most important commercial place in Saxony, and among the wealthiest cities in Germany. It is situated in a vast plain, at the confluence of the Elster, the Parthe, and the Pleisse. The city boasts of the largest university in Germany, and also of the most renowned academy of music ; and here is like- wise a commercial college of great repute. The immense commercial prosperity of Leipzig has been acquired by reason of the annual fairs held here since time immemorial. With the extension of railways throughout Europe and the changes consequent thereon in commercial relations of the world, the importance of these fairs has some- what diminished. Nevertheless, the fairs continue still to serve as a nucleus to various operations. Leipzig has been to many branches of trade what the " clearing house " is to banking interests. The analogy seems clearly established when it is remembered that goods purchased at the Easter fair were generally expected to be paid for at Michaelmas, and if a customer failed to put in an appearance, he was, as a rule, looked upon as a defaulter. In former years, when the means of communication delayed the transit of goods for as many weeks as days are required at present, retail dealers, especially those coming from a long distance, were compelled to lay in stocks to last a long time, many of them lacking an opportunity to replenish stocks till the next fair came on. Of course, this has been vastly changed, but Leipzig holds its own, all the changes notwithstanding. As a rule the channels of trade are not easily diverted, but re- main in the old groove for a long period, and we still see con- gregated at the Leipzig fairs buyers and sellers from all parts of the globe. The fairs are held at the beginning of the New Year, at Easter, and at Michaelmas. Leipzig is the great centre of the German book trade. The German booksellers form an association which has its 220 GERMANY. seat and its Bourse or Exchange at Leipzig, to which they come every year during the Easter fair, to make their settle- ments. There are 200 book-shops, and 40 printing establish- ments employ 200 hand-presses, and 50 worked by machinery. Bankers. Frege & Co. Becker & Co. Vetter & Co. Hammer & Schmidt. H. C. Plaut. Knauth, Nachod, & Kuhne. The firms engaged as commission merchants and exporters of dry goods are of course very numerous ; below we enume- rate some of the most prominent firms : J. G. Trefftz & Sohn. C. Sonnenkalb. Northoff, Thomsen, & Co. G. M. Esche. H. Keilberg. Esche & Hager. Among other branches of manufactures we enumerate the following : Artificial Flower and Feather Manufacturers. W. Besser,jun. R. Fischer. Otto Rossbach. F. Schirmer. Ackermann & Hering. A. H. Bachmann. Erhardt & Grimme. J. Hoppe. A. Huller. A. Kuhmann. F. H. Lehmann. Neubiirger & Ehrt. Schultz & Bodenburg. LEIPZIG. 221 The trade in furs forms one of the most important features in the operations of Leipzig, especially during the spring, when buyers and sellers attend from all parts of the globe. Fitches and badgers, rock and pine martin, are brought from districts of middle Europe. The Dutch swan and goose, French and Polish dyed rabbit-skins, Siberian and Norwe- gian furs, ermine and astrakans, all are seen here exposed for sale. Last, not least, American furs of every description find their way to Leipzig, either direct or from the London auctions. The following are Fur Merchants. M. Brass. S. Frankel, senr. G. Gaudig & Blum. N. Handler & Sohne. C. A. Herpich Sohne. O. B. Hoette & Sohne. D. Kolner. J. S. Landsberg. H. Lomer. H. L. Magnus Sohne. C. G. Mann, jun. Maun & Schoch. J. W. Mieses. Oppenheim & Co. Carl Rasim & Co. Roediger & Quarch. J. Rosenthal. Schmidt Gebriider. Thorer & Keller. Pinny Wolff. J. Bresch & Co. Herm. Beer & Co. Max. Brass, jun. L. Bodeck. M. Bromberg. Eisenbach & Stem. M. Eckersdorff. 222 GERMANY. Franke & Kauffmann. Chas. A. Herpich & Co. Albert Halberstam. Heidlberg & Czillag. Sortir Keskari. Jules & H. Koenigswerther. H. Koenigswerther Sohne. Louis Littauer. Jm. Meyer. Johann Riso. Alexander Rapaport. Gustav Robolsky. Simon & Biittner. A. Servant. Eugen Schreyer. H. Zimmermann. Jos. Uhlmann. Next to furs, important transactions take place in raw hides, skins, and every kind of manufactured and fancy leather. Tanners from every part of Europe attend the fairs. The following firms trade in Leipzig as Leather Merchants. J. F. Fuchs. B. Goldschmidt. J. L. Graupner & Sohne. F. W. Grothe. H. Hirschfeld. Leonh. Kaupitsch. Georg Krahmer. G. F. Liebers. Emil Nathan. Pick & Friedlander. E. T. Rackwitz. J. Schwalbach. Louis Simoni. Louis Wapler. J. C. Weinold, sen. Weinold & Lange. LEIPZIG. 223 The following firms are engaged as Manufacturers of Fancy Leather Goods. Moritz Madler. Theodor Pfitzmann. C. E. Pilz. G. Scholtze. E. Von Vaemewyck. Otto Bahnann. Forstendorf & Schonecker. C. Kautsch. F. Kiihn. Schlegel & Co. F. L. Thiede. B. Goldschmidt. Louis Moni. S. Fuchs. The book trade, as already stated, has a degree of mono- poly at Leipzig. The following list comprises the principal publishers permanently established here, in addition to the firms who are dealers in books, doing a large business with the United States and all transatlantic countries : Publishers. F. A. Brockhaus. Bernhard Tauchnitz. Alex. Edelmann. B. G. Teubner. Ernst Keil. J. C. Hinrichs. Fr. Fleischer. Alphons Durr. Book Dealers. F. Volckmar. Franz Wagner. Bernhard Hermann. K. F. Koehler. Hermann Fries. 224 GERMANY. Hud. Hartmann. Ernst Bredt. L. A. Kittler. J. C. Mittler. The following firms are trading in drugs and chemicals : Bruckner, Lampe, & Co. Schimmel & Co. E. Sachsse & Co. The trade in raw silk as well as threaded silk is important ; the firms engaged therein are : Bergmann & Co. J. B. Limburger, jun. Berger & Voigt. Gerischer & Co. Baerbalck & Sohn. Louis Plantier. Many German manufacturers have business establish- ments in Leipzig, and keep a permanent stock, though their factories are situated elsewhere. Among them are the fol- lowing: Table Linen and Damask Manufacturers. C. G. Kramsta & Sohn. D. Waentig & Co. Friederici & Co. C. A. Becker. C. G. Nitzschke. G. A. Schmidt & Co. Auerbach & Co. Gerischer & Co. American Consul. John H. Steuart. Vice-Consul. Henry Van Arsdale. British Consul. Baron Von Tauchnitz. GEEA. 225 ROUTE 41. LEIPZIG TO HOF. 105 miles. Fares, 1st class, 16 '60 marks; 2nd, 11 '10 marks. i N leaving Leipzig by the station of the Bavarian lines, we reach first KIERJTSCH (13i miles), and passing Breitingen, the next station is ALTENBURG (24 miles), {Hotels: Preuss, Hof, Russie, Saxe), population 19,000. The capital of the Duchy of Saxe- Altenburg and seat of the government. There are a few in- dustries. Ribbons, gloves, and linen goods are manufactured here. There are an association for the promotion of com- merce and industry and some scientific and educational societies. J. L. Ranniger & Sohne are glove manufacturers, and their establishment may probably be taken as the most extensive in this branch of industry in Germany. The next station is GOSSNITZ (36 miles). Market town. On the left bank of the Pleisse. A busy little place, with saw mills, hardware factories, and woollen and mixed fancy dress goods. The firms are enumerated as follows : G. Diener. J. Fleischer. J. H. Franke. Alfred Koch. Adolph Meyer, jr. Muller & Stockmeyer. F. Weiske. Anton Wolff. Gebruder Wolff. From Gossnitz there is a branch line to Gera. Passing Schmolln, Nobdenitz, and Ronneberg, we reach GEEA (Hotels : Frommater, Russischer Hof), population 226 GERMANY. 23,000. Situated in a beautiful valley on the banks of the Elster : it has manufactures of woollen, cotton, and linen goods, porcelain, stoneware ; but the point of interest for American purchasers is chiefly centred in the manufactures of merinoos, thibets, and other fancy dress goods. The following firms are chiefly engaged in this enter- prise : Dress Goods Manufacturers. Bruhm & Nagler. Fiirbringer & Sohn. Focke & Luboldt. W. Focke & Co. Ueltzen & Volsch. Loblich & Josephson. Carl F. Mengel. Morand & Co. Pitschel & Landkrebe. E. Weber. F. F. Weissflog. Wittmer & Schonherr. A. Munch. Musical Instrument Manufacturers. Wagner & Co. Wilhelm Spaethe. Richard Dix. Gebriider Bufe. Porcelain Manufacturers. Leube & Co. From Gera, a line of rail continues to Saalfeld ; all along which route various branches of industry are exploited, the most important station being NEUSTADT-ON-THE-ORLA (20 miles), (Hotels: Bottcher, Lowe), population 5,000, where we find a number of Cloth Manufacturers. F. Baumbach. Franz Fritsche. Carl Franke, jun. E. Fritzsche. CEIMMITSCHAU. 227 W. Gobel & Sohn. Carl Gottschalt. C. F. Gottschalt. Gebriider Hansgen. A. M. Keiner. C. F. Konitzer. Ludwig Kolesch. Hermann Krahmer. C. A. Kuntzel. F. Muller-Albert. Hermann Pohle. Herm Kuntzel. R. Schwabe. Returning thence through Gera to Gossnitz, we resume travel on the main line, and on leaving the latter place reach CRIMMITSCHAU (42 miles), (Hotels : Schwarzer Adler)* population 10,000. Situated on the left bank of the river Pleisse. A busy manufacturing place. Principal manufac- tures : spinning of woollen yarn, weaving of woollen and cotton fabrics, cassimeres, merinoes, vestings, &c. Needles, buttons, and glue are made here, and among other minor in- dustries are dyeing and fulling. The following firms are among the most prominent factories of doeskin, woollen and worsted goods, and spinning mills : Beyer & Frohmeyer. Theodor Pfau. F. W. Bottiger. C. F. Dietz. Theodor Herbst. Victor Kiihn. Hiiffer & Co. F. W. Liebold. Hoffmann Gebriider. Ed. Beyer. H. Hiiffer. C. Dohler. F. Illgen. C. Moritz Schmidt. F. Wagner. Carl Sprengler. F. W. Weigel. Schmidt & Biltz. Weigel & Luckner. Lange & Miiller. Gebriider Kiichler. Grimm & Albrecht. Oscar Schonfeld. Gebriider Schb'n. Heinrich Schonfeld. Oehler Gebriider. Wilhelm Forster. Zeiner & Schumann. 228 GERMANY. At a few minutes' ride from Crimmitschau there are other factories situated at WAHLEN. C. F. Lederer. Wagner & Baumgarten. Spinners. Bruckner & Co. Hollmann & Co. These firms are engaged in spinning and weaving, chiefly doeskins and fancy dress goods. Leaving Crimmitschau we reach WERDATJ situated on the Pleisse (49 miles), {Hotels : Lowe, iSa.re,) population 8,000 (28 miles from Chemnitz). Manufac- tures of woollen and linen cloth ; dyeworks and numerous wool and worsted spinning mills. The names of cloth and doeskin manufacturers are enume- rated in the following list : C. W. Tschirner. C. B. Schon. Gebriider Leuthold. Otto Ullrich. Beyer & Querner. Gabriel Schon. Rud. Hopfer. J. T. Schroder. Carl Scharf. C. G. Baessler. David Kohn. From Werdau there is a branch to Zwickau, an important manufacturing place (described Route 39). We next come to NEUMARK (54 miles). Branching off* from Neumark, a short travel brings us to GREIZ (7 miles), {Hotel : Eisenbahn Sonne), population 6,000. It is the seat of the government of the Prince of Reuss-Greiz, situated in a valley on the right bank of the Elster. There are tanneries, dye, and bleach works. Calico and woollen printing, and other establishments for the manu- facture of shawls and fancy dress goods. GREIZ. 229 Ludwig Scharf. Scheibe & Meissel. Schilbach & Co. Schilbach & Heine. H. E. Schulze. J. G. Schulze. Schulze & Wagner. Carl Schweitzer. C. F. Seckendorf. C. A. Seifert. W. Seyffert. C. H. Strobelt. J. G. Wagner. Moritz Wagner. Libor Webendorfer. J. G. Weber & Feustel. Heinrich Winterer. Aurich & Koeker. Anton Feistel. Victor Golle. Ernst Heidt. Franz Miiller. H. Scheitz. E. T. Bauch. F. Dietsch & Co. Engelhardt & Rein. August Feustel. Frisch & Meister. Glamming & Schleif. A. Heller. Louis Muller. F. Pfenning. J. G. Reinhold & Co. Ludwig Scharf. Weismann & Otto. Louis Zippel. Continuing the route from Neumark the next station is 230 GERMANY. REICHENBACH (Lusatia), (Hotels: Lamm, Engel}, popu- lation 12,000. Has extensive woollen and cotton manu- factures, bleachfields, dye works, oil and vinegar works. The firms engaged in these various branches of industry are as follows : Brodbeck & Co. C. F. Foerster. Glass & Sohn. Theod. Liskowsky. Simon & Stellers. A. Wehnert. F. Bonitz. Scheiterer & Co. Ludwig & Zimmermann. Here branches off a line of rail to EGER-FRANZENSBAD, a celebrated Spa in Bohemia, with sulphur springs. Continuing our travelling on the main road, we reach HERLASGRUN (6 miles), then LENGENFELD (14 miles), (Hotels: Sachsischer Hof; Gol- dener Lowe), population 5000. Here are several cotton yarn spinners and cloth manufacturers. F. E. Bechler. Eduard Dohler. F. L. Ehrler. Hofmann & Co. M. Klug. C. F. Lenk. D. F. Paul. Herm. Petzold. Carl Ehrler. Olzmann & Co. Flannel and Felt Manufacturers. Gebriider Petzoldt. Fr. Schmutzler. Christ. Petzoldt. G. F. Thomas & Sohn. EIBENSTOCK. 231 The entire population is engaged in the manufacture of mus- lin, embroidered cotton goods, laces, curtains, and underclothing. The firms engaged in the various branches of industry are as follows: C. E. Baumgartel & Sohn. J. G. Eichler Sohne. Hermann Hofmann. C. H. Mothes. J. G. Muller,jun. C. H. Pechstein. Moritz Reuter. C. F. Roth. B. R. Schneider. C. W. Schneider. Eduard Wettengel. Rudolph Schmidt. F. Mossdorff. Bernhard Schneider. F. W. Seyffert. We next reach AUERBACH (18 miles), where, as at the foregoing place, the inhabitants are devoted to the manufacture of white goods, viz.: Laces, trimmings, fringes, ribbons, curtains, and all kinds of embroidered goods. Julius Hoffmann. C. L. Doss & Co. Baumann & Co. Carl Hartenstein. Uhlig & Hetzer. Gustav Glaus. C. G. Pannert. August Knoll. Carl Knoll. Ottomar Muller. Julius Krickauf. From Auerbach may be reached by diligence other manu- facturing places, first : EIBENSTOCK (13 miles), (Hotels: Stadt Leipzig, Rathhaus). 232 GERMANY. Manufacturers of White Cotton Goods, Trimmings, Laces, and Embroidered Goods. Haertel & Heymann. R. Miiller & Co. Troll & Uhlmann. Louis Unger. C. G. Dorffel Sohne. Rudolph & Georgi. Carl Wahming. Emil Schubart. E. Priem & Co. Ernst Siegel. B. Meischner. August Brandt. Continuing the route, we reach KLINGENTHAL (14 miles) Concertina and other Musical Instrument Manufacturers. C. F. Doerfel Steinfelser & Co. C. F. Glier, sen. J. F. Grimm. C. G. Herold. F. F. Hess. F. C. Meinel. F. A. Meinhold. C. G. Meisel, sen. Mertz Gebriider. A few minutes further we come to SCHNEEBEBG. Lace and Embroidery Manufacturers. A. H. Beuth. Dankwarth & Co. Glass & Ludwig. L. Gunther. C. & G. Hanel. Korner & Co. Koster & Uhlmann. Lindner & Oelschig. OELSNITZ. 233 Maimel & Handler. Paully & Kirchner. Hermann Polil. M. Schatz & Co. A. Sommer. From Schneeberg may be reached also by diligence SCHONHEIDE. Embroidery and Lace Manufacturers. G. F. Baumann. G. F. Klotzer. A. Kreyssig & Klotzer. Kuntze & Meyer. C. G. Lenk. Merkel Gebriider. Adam Aschatz & Sohn. C. A. Schlesinger. C. G. Tuchscheerer. H. A. Wahnung. Emil Wild. G. F. Gerischer & Leistner. Retracing our steps and returning to Auerbach, we thence resume travel on the railroad to Eger, and pass through FALKENSTEIN (21 miles). Trimmings^ Lace, Gauze, Muslin and other White Cotton and Silk Goods Manufacturers. Gerisch & Sohn. Klappenbach & Co. Klein & Sohn. Schmitz & Sohn. We then reach OEI.SNITZ (36 miles), (Hotel: Engel), population 5,000. Another important seat for the manufacture of goods as de- scribed above, as well as of fancy dress and cotton goods. The firms are as follows : Cotton and Dress Goods Manufacturers. Carl Klober. R. Kretzschmar, jun. 234 GERMANY. Gebriider Michael. C. Uebel. Carl Kemnitzer. Kretzschmar & Co. Gebriider Patz. Michael & Schellenberg. Patz & Co. Stengel & Ebert. Resuming the journey at Reichenbach we pass through Netzschkan and Jocketa, traversing a magnificent country and beautiful scenery, and reach PLAUEN (75 miles), (Hotels: Deutscher Kaiser, Gruner JBaum), population 12,000, beautifully situated in a valley on the left bank of the river Elster (west-south-west of Dresden 80 miles). Manufactures : machinery, scientific instruments, watches, leather, oil-cloths. There are several cotton mills. Muslins, cambrics, lace, and embroidered goods form the staple production. Among the principal houses are the fol- lowing : Anders & Goldermann. J. Bauerfeind. F. L. Bohler & Sohn. J. J. Bodemann & Co. Julius Dreysel. Erbert & Sohn. Anton Falcke. Gebriider Graef. O. Hartenstein. Hoffmann & Grohlich. Johle & Possler. Klemm & Steger. F. Kracker & Co. Listner & Buchheim. F. A. Mammen & Co. Meinhold & Nitzsche. A. H. Miiller. Miiller & Zschweigert. R. Neubauer. HOP. 235 G. F. Schmidt. Schnorr & Steinhauser. Schb'ppler & Tannschmidt. Stoffregen & Stauss. Zschweigert Gebriider. Leaving Plauen, we pass through several unimportant stations. The people around here are excessively poor ; still they are very industrious. Leaving Saxony, we enter the domains of the King of Bavaria, and reach HOF (104 miles), (Hotels : Goldener Hirsch, Goldener Lowe), population 15,000. Situated on the Saxon and Bava- rian Railway, 28 miles north-east of Baireuth. Has manu- factures of woollen, linen, and cotton cloth, several breweries and cotton mills ; calico dyeing and printing establishments. The Turkey red cloths manufactured here have a well merited reputation. The goods manufactured here have a large outlet to Eastern markets. The following are among the principal establishments : Gebruder Gebhardt. Georg Miinch & Co. C. A. Rahm. D. Regensburger. J. P. Hoffmann. G. F. Fischer. J. G. Gahm. J. F. Puttner Sohn. H. Gebhardt & Sohn. J. A. Unger. F. W. Naundorf. Prior to reaching Hof an excursion can be made to MARKNEUKIRCHEN, a place where nearly the entire popula- tion is engaged in the manufacture of musical instruments, guitars, violins, accordions, &c. The following are among the export firms : Alb. Bauer, jun. Leander Schultz. Ch. Aug. Hammig, jun. GERMANY. ROUTE 42. BERLIN TO FRANKFORT-ON-ODER AND BRESLAU. 224 miles. 1st class, 28*60 marks ; 2nd, 21 '70 marks. O intervening stations of importance occur between Berlin and Frankfort. We pass Rummelsburg ; Kopnick (7 miles) ; Erkner (15 miles) ; and Fiir- stenwalde (30 miles), population 5,000 ; here are a few manufacturers of linen and woollen goods. The succeeding stations are Briesen, Pilgram (44 miles), and Rosengarten. The express trains, however, make no stoppages, and in little more than an hour and a quarter we reach FRANKFORT-ON-ODER (Hotels: Deutsches Haus, Goldner Adler, Prinz von Preussen), population 42,000. Little or no interest attaches to the city in a commercial point of view : still it can be made the centre for excursions to visit the numerous woollen factories situated in the immediate neigh- bourhood, and the adjoining country, called the Nieder Lausitz. The majority of manufacturing places are situated along lines of rail connecting Frankfort with Leipzig, Dresden, and Breslau. One of these routes is the following, viz., from FRANKFORT TO BENTSCHEN, THENCE TO GUBEN. 62 miles. 1st class, 8 marks ; 2nd, 6.90 marks. The first station on leaving Frankfort is Reppen (13 miles), 4,000 inhabitants, with two factories of worsted yarns, viz. : C. L. Dobbecke. C. F. Kruger. We pass the stations of Sternberg and Kunersdorf, and reach SCHWIEBUS on the Schwemme (41 miles), population 7,000, with numerous woollen cloth factories of more or less im- portance. We give some of the names of firms engaged in this branch of industry, viz. : GUBEN. 237 Jul. Balke. Kurtze & Masekowsky. C. Janicke. Gebriider Marggraf. J. Kallmann. C. F. Simpler. R. M. Kiepert. Robert Sckerl. Gebriider Kramm. Ad. Sckerl. Aug. Kramm. . Continuing the route to Bentschen we change direction and take the rail to Guben ; the first station being Bombst ; the next is ZULLICHAU (18~ miles from Bentschen and 51 miles east- south-east from Frankfort), population 5,500. Numerous woollen, linen, and fustian factories. Like nearly every town in this district the place is walled in with several suburbs. The scenery is not picturesque, but all these little towns, situated in a fertile plain, are full of business and activity. Some of the woollen factories are given in the following list ; there is likewise a factory of silk goods, and another where common carpets are produced. Aug. Eckardt. J. Morgenstern. C. Hemmerling. G. Schultz. J. G. Kaiser. Silk Goods. E. Baudouin & Co. Carpets. J. Frost. We next reach Rothenburg (29 miles), and then CKOSSEN (43 miles), (Hotels : Albrecht, Drei Kronen), popu- lation 7,500. There is an iron foundry and several earthen- ware factories, also two important establishments of woollen cloth : A. Fleck Sohne. J. Schultz & Vetter. Continuing the line of rail 8 miles further, we resume travel on the road from Frankfort to Breslau, reaching GUBEN (62 miles from Bentschen and 81 miles from Frank- fort), (Hotel: Blauer EngeV). This is the largest town of the district, having a population of nearly 18,000.; it is situated at the confluence of two small rivers, Lubst and Neisse. 238 GERMANY. There are several worsted spinners and woollen goods manu- facturers, amongst which we note the following : L. Baack & Co. A. Wolf Sohne. F. A. Hennig Sohne. Julius Schlief. E. Michel. E. Driemel. Seydell & Pochhammer. And the following are hat manufacturers : C. Wilke. Langoer & Sohn. Leaving Guben the next important stations are : SOMMERFELD (97 J miles), and SORAU (114^ miles), both manufacturing places of some interest. Passing through HANSDORF and several minor stations, we reach KOHLFURT (140 miles), an important junction where the road diverges to Dresden and Gorlitz. The next station is BUNZLAU (156 miles), (Hotels: Deutsches Haus, Kron- prinz) ; population 6,000 ; another manufacturing place, and a speciality for china and earthenware. From here we pass through Kaiserswaldau and Haynau, and reach LIEGNITZ (184 miles), (Hotels: RautenJtranz, Schwarzer Adler); population 23,000. There are several woollen fac- tories and other branches of industry. NEUMARKT (204 miles) is the next station, after which we reach BRESLAU (224 miles), (Hotels : WeisserAdler; GoldneGans); population 180,000. The third city of the Prussian dominions, and divided by the Oder, but connected by more than 100 bridges. It is the seat of government for the province, has a branch of the mint, national bank, and office for mining pro- ductions. It is also the first market for wool on the con- tinent. Its manufactures are gloves, plate, jewellery, silks, woollens, linens, and stockings. ZITTA U. 239 ROUTE 43. LOEBAU TO ZITTAU. miles. Fares, 1st class, 2'80 marks, 2nd, 1'80 marks. i ROM Loebau, the station given in the foregoing route, the railroad branches off to Zittau. Passing through Cunnerad (6 miles), we reach HERRNHUT (9f miles), (Hotel: Gemein Logis), a pleasant village, very remarkable in appearance, inhabited by Mora- vians, a religious sect known as Herrnhuthers. The population is engaged in the manufacture of linen goods. One of the principal firms is : Abr. Durninger & Sohn. ' Leaving Herrnhut, the next station is OBER-ODERWITZ (14 miles) and NIEDER-ODERWITZ. At both these places there are numerous factories of linen goods, enumerated as below: NIEDER-ODERWITZ. W. Glathe. H. Michel. C. F. Hauptfleisch. B. Reichel. A. Ludwig. C. A. Schneider. C. G. May. OBER-ODERWITZ. C. F. Bartsch, jun. C. G. Reichel. C. H. Bartsch. J. Rudolph's Erben. F. E. Bartsch. G. Schobel. C. F. Berndt. C. S. Wenzel. C. A. Deckert. Zschuppe Gebriider. A. Ludwig. Passing through Scheibe, we reach ZITTAU (21-i miles), (Hotels: Sachsischer Hof, Sonne), population 16,000. A manufacturing town, on the Mandan,near 240 GERMANY. its junction with the Neisse, 49 miles east-south-east of Dres- den, with which it is connected by railway. It is the centre of the linen trade of Saxony, and has also numerous print-fields, bleach-fields, dye-works, paper and other mills. In the vicinity are mineral springs and baths. All surrounding villages are engaged in the manufacture of linen and mixed cotton goods, enumerated as follows : Bankers. Beyer & Co. Manufacturers, Spinners, and Yarn Merchants. Edelmann & Stoehr. H. C. Miiller. G. F. Hirt. T. C. Miiller. L. Guisberg. M. Beckert & Co. Beyer Freres & Co. J. W. Camphausen. J. Danneber. F. T. Sthamer. F. A. Bernhardt. G. F. Haebler. Schmitt & Aesche. Waentig & Co. GROSS-SCHONAU. C. F. Hsebler. C. G. Hsebler Sbhne. Lieske & Hsebler. Ch. D. Waentig & Co. G. Weber. WALTERSDORF near ZITTATJ. Damask, Towel, and Bed-Tick Manufacturers. G. W. GShle. J. H. Gulich & Sohne. WEHRSDOEF. 241 ROUTE 44. DRESDEN TO GORLITZ, THENCE TO ALTWASSER. 65 miles. Fares, 1st class, 10'50 marks; 2nd, 7*00 marks. ASSING successively RADEBERG (10 miles) and BISCHOFSWERDA (23 miles), we reach BAUTZEN (36 miles), (Hotels: Lamm, Adler, Traube), population 14,000. This is the centre of industry of the province of Upper Lusatia, and the sur- rounding villages where linen and woollen goods are manu- factured are of easy access from this station. At a short distance is situated WEHRSDORF. Woollen, Linen, and Damask Manufacturers. J. G. Bohme Nachfolger. J. G. Bohme & Sohne. J. G. Richter & Sohne. J. Fleischer. Muller & Stockmeyer. F. Weiske. Leaving Bautzen and passing successively through KUB- SCHUTZ and POMMERITZ, (the district of which is rendered historical by a series of battles which were fought here under the first Napoleon ; the allied forces under Blucher were repulsed by the French at Bautzen on May 21st, 1813,) We next reach LOBAU (49 miles), (Hotel: Bahnhof), population 10,000. A majority of the inhabitants here are of Sclavonic descent, and differ essentially in their social relations from the German population. The next station is REICHENBACH (55 miles), and then we reach GERSDORF (57^ miles). The place is divided into two communities, Old and New Gersdorf. The goods manufactured R 242 GERMANY. here consist of cotton and woollen mixed coating and trouser- ing fabrics, as well as alpaca and other dress goods. The following are the names of some of the manufacturers : GERSDORF, ALT. A. Albrecht. W. Berndt. C. G. Fiedler. J. G. Gebauer. A. Hoffmann. F. Klippel. GERSDORF, NEU. H. Herzog & Sons. H. W. Herzog. A. Albrecht. C. G. Albrecht. C. E. Bitterlich. J. G. Franz, Sohne. H. W. Herzog. Hielle & Wiinsche. C. G. Hoffmann. F. Hoffmann. J. G. Klippel. We then reach GOERLITZ (65 miles), (Hotels : Rheinischer Hof, Victoria, Krone}, population 40,000. Situated on an eminence above the left bank of the Neisse. It has manufactures of woollen and linen cloth, tobacco, and starch, worsted, and other mills and dye works. Among the woollen cloth manufacturers are the following firms : Krause & Sohne. Langen & Sohne. Lincke & Uhlmann. A. Hoffmann & Co. Miicke, Ender, & Co. Theodor Miiller. Ernst Geissler. , LAUBAN. 243 Gorlitz may be reached by a more direct route from Berlin, it being situated on the Berlin- Vienna Railway. Another road connects Gorlitz with Breslau, the journey thereon affords an opportunity to visit the linen districts of Silesia. Subjoined is described the route so far as Altwasser, whence 40 miles more brings us to Breslau. GORLITZ to ALTWASSER, 81 miles. Fares, 1st class, 9*60 marks; Znd, 7 '50 marks. Passing two unimportant stations, we reach LAUBAN (16 miles). The following names are those of manufacturers of linen goods : C. E. Burghart. P. Heynen. August Lassmann. Ernst Lassmann. M. Mendershausen. Adolph Pietschmann. J. G. Queisser. J. F. Rost. A. Weinert. J. G. Zimmer. Passing through Langenole, we reach GREIFFENBERG (22^- miles), population 3,000, on the right bank of the Quiess. The next station is HIRSCHBERG (46 miles), (Hotels: Lowe, Deutsches Haus, Weisses Ross), population 8,000. A very ancient city, beautifully situated in a valley at the foot of the Cavaliers- berg on the bank of the Bober. This is the central depot for the linen industry, which is extensively earned on here. Hirschberg may be found convenient as a starting point for excursions into the surrounding district, which is studded with small villages, all of which are more or less engaged in the production of linen and mixed cotton goods. A few of them are here enumerated : 244 GERMANY. Ulrich & Sackers Hermsdorf. Ant. Kuhn Schomberg. E. Scholz Carl Schiffner Herrnstadt. Gebriider Mane J. G. Franz Aug. Scholz Pfaffendorf. Alex. Schuster Richard Seifert Gustav Thiel F. G. Wagner Carl Walter C. Bittner Ernst Rischer Freidr. Schmidt F. C. Rosenberger ,, Franz Grossmann's Sohne Tannhausen. Meyer Kauffmann Leaving Hirschberg, we pass through Schildau, Jannovitz, and Merzdorf to RUHBANK (60f miles). From this place the diligence conducts us to LANDESHUT (Hotel : Drei Berge), where are found the following manufacturers in linen and other white goods : J. Buttennilch. M. Buttermilch. Cramer & Co. Caskel Frankenstein & Sohn. J. Rinkel. From Ruhbank we reach, likewise by omnibus or diligence, other reputed places for the manufacture of linen goods; among them ranks foremost LIEBAU, where we find the following manufacturers of the class of goods described above : P. Ansorge. Paul Hanswald. A. Knappe. H. Wihard. ALTWASSER. 245 Returning to Ruhbank, we reach from there : GOTTESBERG (71 4 miles), thence DITTERSBACH (75 miles). Manufacturers in Linen Goods. Jul. Buchaly. J. Blau. C. Just. Wilh. Ludwig & Sohn. The next station is WALDENBURG (77^ miles). Linen Goods Manufacturers* Petzold & Hoffmann. Puschmann & Ottersbach. We then reach ALTWASSER (81 miles), situated 1,200 ft. above the level of the sea, with well reputed alkaline and chalybeate springs. From here can be reached in a few hours, again by diligence or other conveyances, many villages where linen and mixed and woollen goods are manufactured, and which are found enumerated below, viz. : Maschinen-Wollen-Weberei, N. Reichenheim & Sohn, at Wuste-Giersdorf. Friedr. Pohl, at Nieder-Wiiste-Giersdorf. Tschorn & Burgel. F. A. Gocksch, at Wuste-Waltersdorf. Carl Roessner Aug. Trautvetter Trautvetter, Wiesen, & Co. E. Websky & Hartmann C. J. Dietrich, at Dittmannsdorf. C. B. Wagner Sohne Gebriider Wahner, at Lehmwasser. From Altwasser the return route may be taken direct to Breslau (44 miles), or a halt be made on this route at the second station, viz. : KONIGSZELT, 14 miles from Altwasser ; here a road branches 24f> GERMANY. off, along which are important places for the manufacture of linen goods. On leaving Konigszelt, we pass successively Schweidnitz, Jacobsdorf, and Faulbriick ; we then reach REICHENBACH, prettily situated, fortified, and historically of some interest. The trade is not unimportant ; the following being among the prominent manufacturers of linen, damask, and mixed cotton goods, drills, and fancy trousering : F. B. Junge & Sohne. Franz Katzer. Fr. Aug. Metzig. Emil Michael. Wilh. Winter Nachf. In the immediate neighbourhood of REICHENBACH, distance about 6 miles, is situated LANGENBIELAU, the most important centre of this district ; the following names rank among the manufacturers : Christian Dierig. Jos. Felgenauer. G. F. Flechtner. W..A. Franz. Carl Gebel. Julius Oellrich. C. S. Girndt. E. F. Hain. Gottlob Jung. C. G. Klinkhardt & Sohne. Gebr. Matthias. Eduard Miiller. Ed. Neugebauer. Julius Neugebauer. Jos. Rasel. J. G. Rauscher. Benj. Riedel. CAMENZ. 247 ROUTE 45. BRESLAU TO CUSTRIN. miles. Fares, 1st class, 1970 marks; 2nd, 15 '80 marks. 5 HE first station, after leaving Breslau, is SCHMIEDEFELD (3^ miles), and passing through various unimportant stations we reach RAUDTEN (47 miles), in the neighbourhood of which are situated numerous woollen cloth manufacturers, especially at CAMENZ. F. Bleil. Gruben Gebriider. Robert Kloss. Adolph Minckwitz. August Miiller. J. T. Miiller. F. Nosske. H. Nosske. Wilhelm Nosske. Thence we reach GLOGAU (60 miles), (Hotels: Westphal, Deutsches Haus), a fortified place on the river Oder. Here are several mills for the manufacture of worsted yarns. A branch line runs from here to Sorau and Cottbus. Passing through Bentschen (72 miles) and Neusalz (80 miles), we reach GRUNBERG (88 miles), (Hotel: Deutsches Haus}, population, 10,000. An important manufacturing place of woollen cloths and mixed goods. Eichmann & Forstmann. Vereinsfabrik, Fallier, & Co. Albert Goetze. 248 GERMANY. Benno Korn. Reinhold Sander. Schles. Actien-GeseUschaft fiir Tuchfabrikation. Sommerfeld & Schoenknecht. The next station is ROTHENBURG (96 miles), and thence the route continues to REPPEN (138 miles). CUSTRIN (157), (Hotels : Adler, Eisenbahri), population 12,000. A strongly fortified place, situated on the direct road between Berlin and Konigsberg. The direct journey, so far as Frankfort-on-Oder, has already been described. (See Route 42). Wohnung oder Firmen Veranderungen, so wie sonstige mittheilungen, fiir die nachst Kommende Auflage sende man gefdlligst an MESSRS. WHITTINGHAM AND WILKINS, Chiswick Press, Tooks Court, Chancery Lane, London, E.G. Oder an HERRN. MAX FRIEDLANDER, 2, Scharren st. Berlin, C. FINSTERWALDE. 249 Route 46. LEIPZIG TO COTTBUS AND GUBEN. 116 miles. Fares, 1st class, 16'90 marks; 2nd, 1270 marks. i ROM Leipzig we take the route through TAUCHA and JESEWITZ (9 miles), and thence reach EILENBURG (14^. miles), situated on an island in the Mulde, population 9,000. A busy little place, with a large cattle trade and several annual fairs. There are a few cotton factories, also calico printing establishments of some repute. The next station is TORGAU (32 miles), population 6,000. On the left bank of the Elbe. The place is fortified, and has a considerable trade in cereals. There are likewise some woollen and linen cloth manufacturers. We next reach FALKENBERG (60 miles), population 2,000. And then we come to FINSTERWALDE (64 miles). This is the seat of important woollen cloth manufactures ; of those engaged in them we name the following : Aug. Bieger. G. Mende & Sohn. G. M. Bieger. Traug. Mende & Sohn- Carl Botticher. Aug. Rossler. H. A. Fischer. Rud. Schafer. C. Freygang. Joh. Schnabel. Julius Garbe. Fr. Schulze. C. G. Haberland. Carl Straube. , Ferd & Aug. Haberland. Mor. Tietze. T. Haberland. Ed. Triibe, jun. Carl Hahn. E. Trube, sen. C. G. Kosswig. Gottlob Wolff. C. G. Liebach. Friedr. Zerning. Rud. Liebach. Traug. Zwick. Carl Liebe. 250. GERMANY. Leaving Finsterwalde we pass through CALAU (78 miles), and reach COTTBUS (93 miles), (Hotels : Deutsches Haus, Eiseribahn}, population 10,000. One of the oldest cities in Lusatia. Woollen and mixed goods are manufactured here. C. S. Elias. Heinr. Jager. J. S. Kittel & Sohn. Heinr. Kittel & Sernow. Louis Kittel. Adolph Koppe. Gebr. Koppe. Hermann Korschel. C. G. Korschel. Ludwig Liersch Sohne. Gebr. Lutze. F. L. Matthesius. W. Michovius. Eduard Michovius. Oskar Prietsch. G. L. Schmogrow. C. G. Schrebian. M. & O. Sommerfeld. H. Yalte. Georg Voigt. Cottbus has direct railroad communication with Berlin, and Frankfort-on-Oder, but continuing the above route, we reach, on leaving Cottbus, GUBEN (116 miles) ; for details refer to Route 42. From Cottbus the road runs to SORAU (23 miles), see Route 42. From Sorau we can reach GOLDBERG, where the following firms are among the linen goods manufacturers : Heinr. Bernhardt. C. H. Bernhardt. F. A. Bormann. Gust. Neumann. W. Schindler & Co. Baer & Ruffer. FORST. 251 And on this line the first station is FOBST, population 5,000. Situated on an island of the Neisse, and two suburbs, Alt and Neu Forst. The following are the names of woollen cloth manufacturers located here . NEU FORST. H. Buchholz. . Jul. Exner. Louis Grass. Aug. Gebhardt. W. Hammer. Ernst Hammer. R. Hammer. W. Heine. Heinrich Hubner. Jul. Jacovius. Reinh. Jackeschki. Gebr. Medefind. Ernst Menzel. Gebr. Neumann. C. G, Ortmeyer Sohne. W. Riidiger. Chr. Schmidt. Fritz Schmidt. Julius Schmidt. Gottl. Thomas. Wilh. Thomas. Gebr. Traute. Fritz Werner. Heinr. Werner. Fr. Wilde. Wilh. Wilcke. ALT FORST. Fr. Klingberg. G. Krabsch. Fried. Menzel. G. Mossdorff. W. Noack. H. Vitzky. 252 GERMANY. A. Wenzel. G. Ziegler. SPREMBERG. Fr. Richardt. Gust. Schmidt. OBER PBTERSWALDAU. Carl Aug. Ertel. F. Hofrichter jun. Julius Jaeschke. J. G. Marx. Aug. Sussbrich. MITTEL-PETERSWALDAU. E. Entner Bliimich. W. Hirchberger. B. Lichey. Nitsclie & Kugler. F. A. Peter & Co. . Chr. Reichmann. Carl Schmidt. NIED ER- PETE RS w ALD AU . G. Dierig. Ferd. Haase. C. G. Liebich's Sohne. B. Langer. R W. Rausch. B. Siissbrich. BITTERFELD. 253 ROUTE 47. BERLIN TO FRANKFORT-ON-MAIN (VIA EISENACH). 335 miles. Fares, 1st class, 47 '90 mark*; 2nd, 36'80 marks. i ROM Berlin we travel over the same road, as described in Route 40, so far as Jiiterbogk, and thence proceed to WITTENBERG (60^ miles), (Hotels: Weintraube, Stadt London), population 13,000. It is situated on the Elbe. Here it was that Martin Luther, some time a monk, and afterwards a professor of theology at the once famous Uni- versity of Wittenberg, posted up his 95 theses. Passing BERGWITZ (62^ miles), and BURGKEMNITZ (76 miles), we reach BITTERFELD (83 miles). This is the junction of the Magdeburg-Leipzig Railway. Four small intermediate stations are passed, and then we reach HALLE, on the Saale (101 miles), (Hotels : Stadt Hamburg, Kronprinz). Population 50,000. The manufactures include woollen, linen, and mixed goods, hosiery, leather, starch, and chemical products ; but the most important of all is salt, obtained from springs, which have been known from a very early period, and are supposed to have given the town its name (Greek, a\c, salt). The annual produce is estimated at 12,000 tons. Bankers. A. & H. Zeising. H. F. Lehmann. Passing through Ammendorf we reach MERSEBURG (110 miles), (Hotel: Sonne), population 14,000. 254 GERMANY. An interesting place, with several cloth and hosiery manufac- turers. CORBETHA (116 miles). Here the line from Leipzig falls in, and the next station is WEISSENFELS (120 miles), {Hotels: Schutze, Scliwaari), is a town of 14,000 inhabitants, situated on the Saale, and has a fine port. The body of Gustavus Adolphus, who fell at the battle of Lutzen, was brought here and embalmed. From here a railway branches off to Gossnitz and Gera. For description of both places refer to Route 41. The first station on this road is ZEITZ {Hotels: Kronprinz, Lowe), population 8,000. On the left bank of the White Elster. It has manufactures of calico, merinoes, cassimere, bomba- zine, leather, hosiery, gloves, and ribbons. Several potteries, breweries, and distilleries, and a trade in corn. The following are among the names of manufacturers : Filler & Sohn. Gebruder Eisselt. A. Casiraghi. J. Marthaler. NAUMBURG (129 miles), {Hotels: Saechsischer Hof), population 15,000. Beautifully situated in the valley of the Saale, in an amphitheatre of hills, covered with gardens and with vineyards. The manufactures consist of carriages, playing cards, woollen cloth, hosiery, and leather ; the trade is in these articles, in oil, wine, wool, horse-hair, and feathers. Manufacturers of Hosiery and Trimmings. Gebruder Tiersch. C. F. Eberhardt. Fried Brettschneider. The next station is KOESEN (134 miles), {Hotels: Ritter, Kurzhah). Saline WEIMAR. 255 baths and extensive salt works. In the immediate neighbour- hood is situated Auerstadt, where Napoleon, in October, 1806, won an important victory over the Prussians. We next pass through Grossheringen and Suiza, and then reach APOLDA (146 miles), (Hotel: Traube), population 6,000. A busy place, with extensive manufactures of hosiery. The following firms are engaged therein : Tepperwein & Wigand. C. Zimmermann & Sohn. Burgel & Roeder. J. G. Bohme Sohn. Spoer & Franke. August Wachter. Carl Weber. C. W. Hahner. Gebruder Wunscher. F. A. Martini. W. Leutloff. From Apolda may be reached, at an easy distance, by dili- gence, the celebrated University of JENA (Hotels : Baer, DeutscJies Hans'), population 10,000. Proceeding from Apolda we reach WEIMAR (160 miles), (Hotels: Elephant, Erbprinz, Russie), population 15,000. Here Goethe lived, as well as Herder, Schiller, and Wieland. Some of the apartments occupied by them are on view. The Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar has his residence here. Leaving Weimar we pass through Vieselbach, and imme- diately reach ERFURT (169^ miles), (Hotel: Romischer Kaiser), popu- lation 40,000. Advantageously situated near the centre of Thuringia, on the Gera, a great thoroughfare between Frank- fort and Dresden. The place is strongly fortified, and is of great importance as a military depot. The manufactures consist chiefly of woollen, cotton, and mixed goods ; leather, candles, bells, ironmongery, chicory, and liqueurs. There are extensive factories of boots and shoes . 256 GERMANY. Erfurt is also rendered famous by its nursery gardens. Large quantities of plants, and vegetable and flower seeds, are sent to transatlantic countries. Among the principal seedsmen are the following firms : Ernst Benary. J. C. Schmidt. F. A. Haage, jun. The well-known " Student Lamp" is manufactured here at the establishment of the inventor, C. A. Kleemann. DIETENDORF is the next station ; here a line branches off to Auerstadt. GOTHA (1867 miles), (Hotels : Wunsch, Deutscher Hof), population 15,000. Pleasantly situated on the Leina, crossed by several bridges. The manufactures consist chiefly of woollen, linen, and cotton tissues, hats, carpets, leather, por- celain, musical instruments, and articles in gold and silver, and in the immediate neighbourhood of the city are situated the industries described in the subjoined notice. Manufacturers of Toys, Buttons, frc., at Ohrdniff. Franke & Co. C. F. Kling & Co. C. Jacobs. Wittwe Carl Paegers. Schaedel & Co. Gustav Straube. E. E. Wenige. Toy Manufacturers at Waltershaussen. J. D. Kestner, jun. D. Schneegass & Sohne. H. Schuchardt. Wiesenthal, Schindel, & Kallenberg. A. Wislizenus. At a distance from Erfurt of about 15^ miles, we reach EISENACH. 257 SOMMERDA. The celebrated factory of Dreyse, the inventor of the needle-gun is situated here. At the works of N. von Dreyse, which establishment claims to be the most extensive of continental Europe, about 1,800 hands are employed in the manufacture of fire-arms and breech-loading ammunition. The other establishment, known under the style and firm of Dreyse & Collenbusch, has had for a number of years a monopoly for the supply of percussion caps and other articles of war material for the use of the German army. Resuming the travel from Gotha, the next station is WUTHA (201 miles). From this station may be reached by diligence distance, 5^ miles RUHLA (Hotels: Traube, Rose), population 4,000. A small watering place on the Ruhle. The entire population is engaged in the manufacture of briar, meerschaum, and other pipes ; some of the articles produced here are of great repute. Among those engaged in the enterprise are the fol- lowing firms : Johann Fleischmanih F. Gentsch. Grosch. & Schiitze. C. Grunewald. J. G. Hellmann & Co. Gebriider Lux. H. Schenk. Gebriider Ziegler. G. Ziegler, Sohne, & Co. C. Schiitze Sohne. Donat & Deussing. The next station after Wutha is EISENACH (205 miles), (Hotels : Rautenkranz, Grossherzog v. Sachseri), population 14,000. This place is*rendered his- torical in connection with Martin Luther, who was incarcerated at the Castle of Wartburg, situated in the immediate neigh- bourhood. Manufacturer of Paints. Friedrich Eichel. 258 GERMANY. From Eisenach a road conducts us through Coburg to the Bavarian frontiers. A description of the travel is given in Route 48. Continuing the road towards Frankfort, we reach, after an unimportant intermediate station, GERSTUNGEN (220 miles), where connection is made with lines running to Northern Germany. We then come to BEBRA (232 miles). Here again is a junction. On the road to Cassel, branching from here, is situated MELSUNGEN, where several woollen, buckskin, and doeskin manufacturers are situated, namely : A. Gleim & Sohn. H. Katz & Sohne. Gebriider Muller. Ferd. Schreiber. Gebr. Zilch. There is likewise a manufactory of gloves : Roessler & Co. The next station is : HERSFELD (240i miles), (Hotel: Post), population 8,000. There are several woollen cloth manufacturers ; their names are subjoined : Gebriider Braun. Conrad Sauer. Georg Braun. H. W. Otto. Ph. Rechberg. H. & C. Rehn. P. Roessing. We pass successively : FULDA (268 miles), (Hotel: Kurfiirst), population 16,000; and HANAU (322^ miles), (Hotels: Adler, Karlsburg), popu- lation 22,000 ; and, passing through Offenbach, reach FRANKFORT (335 miles). SCHMALKALDEN. 259 ROUTE 48. EISENACH TO COBURG AND LICHTENFELS. - 95 miles. Fares, 1st class, 13'80 marks; 2nd, 9'20 marks. QUITTING the station ; at Eisenach we enter a tunnel, and on emerging come to MARKSUHL (9 miles), where we enter the valley of the Werra, and then reach SALZUNGEN (17^ miles), (Hotel: Curhaus), population 6,000. Here are saline baths and vapour baths. The next station is IMMELBORN (20 miles), in the neighbourhood of which are the baths of Liebenstein. WERNSHAUSEN (26f miles), a-small station whence a branch line connects with SCHMALKALDEN (Hotels : Adler, Krone), population 6,000. An antiquated place of very picturesque appearance, with dark, narrow streets, but a busy, enterprising population engaged in the manufacture of iron and steel ware, shoe- maker's tools, and others ; files, gimlets, &c. There are also wire-drawing and needle factories. The following names are those who are engaged in these industries : R. & E. Lesser. Kiirschner & Witte. Joseph Erbe. Ad. Fuchs. Uttendorfer & Eichel. H. & A. Wolff. Burckhardt, Kaupert, & Co, Beyer, Buttstadt, & Co. Arnholdt & Kohler. Simon & StrobeL After Wernshausen we pass -through Wasungen and Wall- dorf, reaching next 260 GERMANY. MEININGEN (39 miles), (Hotels: Saxe, Hirsc h), population 10,000. This is the seat of the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen ; very pleasantly situated. GRIMMENTHAL (42 miles) and THEMAR (51 miles) are the intervening stations, the next being HILDBUBGHAUSEN (59 miles), (Hotels : Rautenkranz, Eng- lisher Hof), population 8,000. Here are several : Papier-Mache and Toy Manufacturers. Andreas Voit. W. Simon. The next station is EISFELD (62 miles), (Hotel: Post). Toy Manufacturers. Gebruder Kraus. In the immediate neighbourhood toys, slate pencils, and fancy goods are manufactured. Among the most prominent we notice : GRAEFENTHAL. Slate (School) Pencils, Marble, $*c., Manufacturers. Unger Schneider & Co. Gustav Griinthal. Hutchenreuther & Co. H. Miiller. E. Proschold. A. Rischpler. Gebriider Schippel. David Windorf. COBURG (82 miles), (Hotels: Leuthduser, Goldne Traube, Griiner Baum, Victoria). Residence of the Duke of Saxe- Coburg. A branch line runs from Coburg to the most important business place of the district, namely : SONNEBERG (12^ miles), (Hotels ; Krug's, Lowe), popu- lation 8,000. The following are engaged in the manufacture and ex- portation of toys, masks, and fancy goods produced in the surrounding district : SUHL. 261 E. Beyer. Emil Bischoff. Theod. Escher. L. Illfelder & Co. Louis Lindner & Sohne. J. N. Lutzelberger. C. G. Miiller & Sohn. J. G. Escher & Sohn. C. Bischoff & Co. Julius Dorst. H. Engelhardt. A. Fleischmann & Co. Motschmann & Hiifner. Miiller & Strassburger. Cuno & Otto Dressel. H. & B. Dietz. J. C. Lindner. Louis Jacob. J. P. Fleischmann. Hart wig, Spear, & Bergmann. Georg Spindler. In the neighbourhood of Meiningen, distant about 13 miles, is situated SUHL (Hotel: Deutsches Haus), population 9,000, on the Lauter, 32 miles from Erfurt, has long been the centre of important manufactures in iron and steel, including fire- arms, as well as in woollen and linen tissues, particularly fustian. Manufacturers of Fire- Arms, Scythes, Bayonets, SfC. Friedr. Schleicher & Co. Spangenberg & Sauer. . J. H. Schilling. Ernst Wilhelm. Fr. Jung & Sohne. J. Funk & Co. Lorenz Bossel. J. Dorsch. 262 GERMANY. V. C. Schilling. Goebel & Schaller. Chr. Gruber & Co. C. G. Haenel. Several establishments enumerated in the foregoing list are capable of turning out from 20,000 to 25,000 rifles annually. One or two of the firms have been in existence for more than a century. There are several establishments for the manufacture of fustians and other cotton goods. Manufacturers of Porcelain Goods. Erdmann Schlegelmilch. Reinhold Schlegelmilch. SONNEBERG is the entrepot of large quantities of mer- chandise, manufactured in the Thuringian Forest. Sub- joined are some of the more important firms whose establish- ments can be reached by diligence from Sonneberg. Manufacturers of Porcelain, China Goods, Glass-ware, Glass Marbles, and Beads. Swaine & Co. at Huttensteinach. Gebruder Schoenau Eugen Eichhorn Steinach. Elias Greiner & Sohn Lauscha. Ens & Greiner Greiner & Co. Bohm & Greiner Kaempfe & List Neuhaus. Ed. Kessler ., Aloys Muller Gebriider Heubach Lichte. Carl Haag Limbach Porcellan Fabrick Limbach. Heubach, Kaempfe, & Sontag Wallendorf. Dressel, Kister, & Co. Scheibe. Macheleidt, Triibner, & Co. Volkstadt. Sitzendorfer Porcellan Fabrik Sitzendorf. Hertwig & Co. Katzhutte. SONNEBERG. 263 Conta & Bohme at Poessneck. Job. Ch. Eberlein Ernst Bohne Sohne Rudolstadt. C. & F. Arnold! Elgersburg. Carl Schmidt Schleusingen. Manufacturers of Toys, Masks, Papier-Mache Goods, Water Colours, 8fc. Christoph Witthauer at Neustadt. F. Witthauer-Schrader Fischer & Neumann Illmenau. Ernst Gerhardt Saalfeld. Heinze & Keil Eduard Knauer Lichte. Schwartze & Co. Schleusingen. Kid Glove Manufacturers. Dinkier & Co. at Illmenau. American Consul. H. J. Winser. Official Residence, Coburg. Continuing the route from Coburg we pass through Nieder- fiillbach and Ebersdorf, and reach LICHTENFEI.S (95 miles), (Hotels : Anker, Krone), popula- tion 8,000. Here connection is made for Bamberg, Erlangen, and Nuremberg. Baskets and wickerwork are manufactured and exported from Lichtenfels and the vicinity by the follow- ing firms : Georg Krauss. Joh. Krauss. Arnold Gosser. Conrad Gagel. Heinr. Krauss. S. A. Gosser & Co. 264 GERMANY. EOUTE 49. FRANKFORT TO BASLE BY HEIDELBERG. 214 miles. Fares, 1st class, 30'35 marks ; 2nd, 21 '10 marks, ! AVING crossed the Main, and leaving Sachsen- hausen on the left, we pass several small stations, viz. Langen, Egelsbach, and Arheiligen, after which we reach DARMSTADT (16^ miles), (Hotels: Traube, Darmstadter Hof}, population 35,000. It is the residence of the Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt, pleasantly situated, with many branches of industry, and a flourishing local trade. Saving its commerce in wine, the city has little or no interest from a business point of view. Leaving Darmstadt we pass along the foot of a well- wooded and vine-clad range of hills, through a very pleasant expanse of country. The railway follows the main route of the old post-road called the Bergstrasse. The next station is AUERBACH* (29 miles), a pleasant village containing a mineral spring, which is much frequented in the summer. An ancient castle is situated on an eminence, in ruins. Passing BENSHEIM, in the vicinity of which are the ruins of the celebrated Abbey of Lorsch, consecrated during the reign of Charlemagne ; we reach HEPPENHEIM (32f miles), population 5,000. It has a church, likewise erected in the time of Charlemagne. Near the station Hemsbach is the seat of one of the Rothschilds of Frankfort. The entire district is renowned for the excellency of the wines, which are cultivated largely around the hills and in the expanse of country stretching to the Rhine. WEINHEIM (39^ miles), (Hotels: Karlsberg,Pfalzer Hof), population 7,000. There is an extensive wine trade at this place, also many tanneries, and factories of fancy leather. Leaving this station, the Neckar is crossed at MANNHEIM. 265 LADENBURG (46 miles), a fortified place with a handsome church. Soon after we reach FRIEDRICHSFELD (48 miles), where the rail from Mannheim to Heidelberg falls in. MANNHEIM (55 miles), (Hotels: del Europe, Pfalzer Hof), population 32,000. Situated on the right bank of the Rhine, and near the Neckar, which is crossed by a fine suspension bridge. The Palace contains a good theatre, a picture gallery, a collection of plaster casts, and a cabinet of natural history. A lively trade is carried on here, especially in tobacco and hops. There are glass works and a looking- glass factory in the neighbourhood; also zinc mines. The wine trade is of some importance, and the manufacture of fancy paper and chemical produce attracts some attention. The following firms are chiefly engaged in the tobacco trade : Gebruder Zimmern & Co. V. Steiner & Sohne. Stern & Co. Gebruder Lorsch. Gebruder Abenheim. Herschel, Enthoven & Co. Keller & Aberle. Jacob Hirsch Sohne. Sussmann & Bodenheim. J. Weissmann & Co. Gustav Maas. Melchior Im. Hof & Sohne. Bankers. Kb'ster & Co. W. H. Ladenberg. D. Oppenheim. Resuming the direct route at Freidrichsfeld, the next city reached is HEIDELBERG (56 miles), (Hotels : de T Europe, Prinz Karl, Schrieder, Victoria), population 18,000. Most delightfully situated on the left bank of the Neckar, at the foot of the hill called Konigsstuhl. Its chief importance is derived from its ancient University, founded in 1386. Its schools of law and 266 GERMANY. medicine are highly celebrated. It has a library of 170,000 volumes, and a museum of antiquities and natural history. The students are addicted to fighting duels in an inn called Hirschgasse, on the right bank of the river, near the bridge. The Castle is an interesting ruin. That part of it called Friedrichsbau is richly decorated. The fagade is adorned with statues of Charlemagne and other sovereigns. Bankers. Koster & Co. The place has no commercial importance whatsoever. Leaving Heidelberg we pass through an uninteresting country, and reach LANGENBRUCKEN (71 miles), celebrated for its sulphur baths. At BRUCHSAL (73 miles) the line to Stuttgart, Ulm, Munich, and Vienna branches off. We next come to DURLACH (87 miles), there is a ruined castle, with a watch-tower, once the residence of the Margraves of Baden- Durlach. There is a branch from this station to Pforzheim, distant about 20 miles, passing through Wilferdingen, Konigs- bach, and other unimportant stations. PFORZHEIM (Hotels : Becker, Schwarzer Adler), population 18,000. At the confluence of the Euz and Nagold. It has manufactures of woollen and linen cloth, ordinary and mo- rocco leather, chemical products, copper and iron ware, and several spinning, oil, saw, and other mills. But the chief article of manufacture is cheap jewellery ; there are between 200 and 300 firms engaged in this branch of trade. Some of them export largely cheap trinkets to all parts of the globe. Hankers. Aug. lingerer & Co. The following are among the most prominent manufacturers of jewellery : Chr. Becker. Benckiser & Co. A. De Brancas & Sties. Dennig & Co. Dienner & Co. CAELSEUHE. 267 Dittler & Co. Gesell & Co. El. Gscbwindt & Co. C. Giilich. G. Keller. G. L. Kiehule. J. Kiehule. Ladenburger, Maishofer, & Co. Mayer & Bissinger. G. Mayer. Riess & Schutz. Rupp & Marold. C. Schroth, jun. S. Wanzeried. H. Witzenmann. There is a machine factory owned by Beuckeser Gebriider, also several chemical works as under : Albert lingerer. J. A. Benckiser. Bohnenberger & Co. Continuing the main route from Durlach, we reach CARLSRUHE (88 miles), {Hotels: Grosse, Erlprinz, (TAngleterre), population 30,000. The capital of the Grand Duchy of Baden. It is built on a peculiar plan, the palace forming the centre, from which diverge fan-like all the streets. Here are situated the well-known factories of bronze and plated goods of Christofle & Co. and Mayer & Co. There are some paper factories, but though a most delight- ful and desirable residence, it has no interest whatsoever as a business place. Leaving Carlsruhe, we reach ETTLINGEN (95 miles) ; has manufactories of cotton, velvets, and paper. The former enterprise is worked by a joint-stock company. The paper factory is owned by Gebriider Buhl. 268 GERMANY. Passing through a fertile and well cultivated district, we then come to RASTADT (106 miles), (Hotels: Post, Kreutz), a fortified place of 14,000 inhabitants, once the frontier defence of the Germans. Beyond Rastadt we cross the Murg and pass, on the left, the chateau formerly occupied by the Margravine Sibylla. At Oos (111 miles) there is a branch line of three miles to BADEN, commonly called, for the sake of distinction from other places of the same name, BADEN-BADEN (Hotels: Victoria, de Russie, de Hollande, dAmerique, de France, de VEurope, Angleterre}, population about 9,000 ; situated in the valley of Oos, and surrounded by hills that form part of the range of the Black Forest Mountains. The town is built partly on the slope of a hill, and pleasant villas and gardens rise above it. It was anciently a Roman settlement, under the name of Civitas Aurelia Aquensis. The next station on our road to Basle is APPENWEIER (133 miles) ; a branch turns off to Kehl, 8 miles distant, and thence to Strasburg and Paris. Before reaching this station, on the right, the spire of Strasburg Cathedral may on clear days be discerned in the distance. The Castle of Staufenberg, built in the eleventh century, is seen on a height to the left. A few miles further we come to OFFENBURG (137 miles), (Hotel: Fortuna), population 5,200 ; there is a statue of Sir Francis Drake, who introduced the potato into Europe. Good wines are grown in the neigh- bourhood. A cotton spinning company is doing a thriving business here ; there is also a paper factory : G. A. Loeffler. Hatters' goods are manufactured by E. Stoeckler & Co. From OfFenburg a branch road runs to Immendingen and Stuttgart, passing through VILLINGEN (54 miles), where wooden clocks and musical instruments are largely manufactured. FEIBUEG. 269 The following are engaged in this enterprise : F. Umhofer. Chr. Maier. Herzer & Stoecker. M. Schreiber. Goth & Hocker. There is also a woollen factory, and other branches of enterprise flourish in this busy place. At Wiesenthal, near Zell, there are two cotton spinning establishments, viz. : Sam. Lanz. A. Koechlin. There is likewise a wire-drawing factory of Theophile von Brunn at Wiesloch ; also the porcelain and earthenware factory of J. F. Lenz. The next station is DINGLINGEN, in the immediate vicinity of which is situated Lahr. Woollen and cotton goods as well as hosiery are manu- factured here. There are likewise paper factories, tanning establishments, and distilleries. The following firms are engaged in the various branches of industry : Zuercher Gebriider. M. Schott. Schweikhardt & Kurz, Geo. Scballer. Zimmermann, Wieser & Co. J. F. Heidlott. C. F. Dreyspring. B. Kraemer. FRIBUBG (176 miles), (Hotels: Zahringer Hof, Deutscher Hof), population 22,000. It is situated on the borders of the Black Forest, forty miles from Strasburg. It is an open, well- built town. The walls and ditches with which it was formerly surrounded are converted into promenades and vineyards. The Kaufhaus (Exchange) is a curious Gothic edifice of 270 GERMANY. the sixteenth century, built on arches decorated with gilt frescoes. The portal is adorned in a similar manner. There is rather an important trade here, especially in leather. A factory of some renown is that of Porcelain Buttons, and Studs. Riesler, Dutfoy, & Co. Paper Manufacturer. Ferd. Flinsch. Woollen Card Manufacturer. J. Riesler. Near Friburg are several cotton factories, among them are the following establishments situated at STAUFFEN : Gebriider Mutterer. L. J. Grosskopf. F. J. Gyssler. Johann Brodbeck. C. Kapffer & Grauer. MULHEIM (196 miles). Four miles from this station is BADENWEILER (Hotel : Romerbacfy, population 5,000. It is a fashionable watering-place, with a warm sulphur spring used in cases of gout, rheumatism, &c. The remains of Roman baths are the most perfect in Europe. There are large deal- ings in wine : the celebrated brand known as " Markgrafler " coming to market here. Kirschwasser is likewise largely ex- ported. The following firms are interested in the trade : B. Blankenheim. Gebriider Blankenheim. G. Fuenfgeld. Krafft Gebriider. G. E. Gemlin. Continuing the road from Miilheim, we pass several unim- portant stations, and then reach BASLE (215 miles), (Hotels : Drei Konige, Kraft, Euler, Schweizer Hof). (For description of Basle, see Route 73.) LORRACH. Ill BASLE TO LORRACH AND SCHOPFHEIM. 14 miles. Fares, 1st, 2'50 francs; 2nd, I'SQ francs. From Basle an excursion can be made with profit into the neighbouring district of the Black Forest, where many indus- trial establishments are situated. The first station is RIEHEN, and then follows STETTEN (4^ miles), (Hotel : Trots Rots}. Here are several cotton and woollen factories, also silk, ribbons, and elastic web, shawls, and printed goods. The following firms are interested in the various enter- prises: Koechlin, Baumgartner, & Co. G. Grether. Gebriider Grossmann. Sarasin & Co. Van Hove & Co. The next station is LORRACH (6 miles), (Hotel : HirscTi). In the neighbour- hood are numerous cotton manufacturers of importance. The following are amongst the most important : REUTTELN. Felix Sarasin & Heusler. Dolfiis Mieg & Co. Louis Merian. STEINEN. Geigy & Co. MAULBERG. Paper Manufacturers. Thurneisen & Co. There are many other flourishing manufacturing places, principally engaged in cotton spinning; in the production of muslins and other textile fabrics ; shawls and printed 272 GERMANY. goods forming other branches. The paper factories are like- wise of importance. There are several chemical works and dyeing establish- ments. The principal places are ZELL and WEINBACH. Both of them may be reached from SCHONAU. Beyond Lorrach we reach SCHOPFHEIM (14 miles), (Hotels: Pfug, Drei Konige}, where the following establishments are situated: Cotton Spinners. Gottschalck & Grether. Paper Manufacturer. J. Sutter. The entire district abounds in fruit, and a large export trade exists, notably in nuts, cherries, and prunes. Firmen und Wohnungs, Veranderungen, so wie sontige Mit~ theilungen fur die ndchste Auflage bestimmt, richte man gefal- ligst an MESSRS. WHITTINGHAM AND WILKINS, Chiswick Press, Tooks Court, Chancery Lane, London, E. C. Oder an DEN HEERN MAX FRIEDLANDER, 2, Scharren Sir., Berlin, C. ROSTOCK. 273 ROUTE 50. BERLIN TO HAMBURG. 179 miles. Fares, 1st class, 27'20 marks; 2nd, 20' 10 marks. ROSSING the river Spree and passing by the royal residence of CHABLOTTENBURG, we reach SPANDAU (7 miles), (Hotel; Adler), population 10,000. This is one of the Prussian strongholds, with extensive arsenals, military storehouses, cannon foundries and powder mills. Leaving Spandau we travel successively through Nauen (22i miles), Neustadt (47 miles), and Glowen (63i miles), after which we reach WITTENBERGE (80 miles), (Hotel : Eisenbahn), population 5,000. Situated on the Elbe, with a considerable trade, chiefly in agricultural produce. The railroad here diverges, the river being crossed by an immense bridge connecting with the road to Magdeburg, Dresden, &c. Soon after leaving Wittenberge we enter Mecklenburg territory at GRABOW (102| miles), and reach LUDWIGSLUST (107 miles), Hotels: (Weimar, Grosskerzog), population 8,000. The residence of the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. A charming place, with a park and pleasant environs. The next station is HAGENOW (120 miles). This is the junction for the Baltic ports, enumerated as follows : WISMAR (37 miles), (Hotel: Stadt Hamburg), population 15,000, with an excellent harbour and a large export trade in wheat and other agricultural produce. ROSTOCK (58 miles), (Hotels : Russie, Sonne), population 30,000. The city takes rank among the wealthiest and most extensive ship-owning places in the Baltic. It is situated on the Warnow, 9 miles distant from the sea ; the outport being Warnemlinde. 274 GERMANY. STETTIN may likewise be reached from the Hagenow Junction on the road via Strasburg and Stralsund. (For description see Route 53). Beyond Hagenow we reach BOITZENBURG and BiicHEN (150 miles). Here the road diverges again and forms connection with LUBECK (29 miles), (Hotels: Stadt Hamburg, Fiinf Thiirm), population 38,000. This is the third city of the once powerful Hansa-Bund. A very interesting old city, but in a commercial sense it has lost its former prestige. Never- theless there is a considerable trade with the Scandinavian ports, especially in timber, wine, and agricultural produce. Consular Agent of the United States. Jacob Meyer, jun. From Biichen we pass successively through Schwarzenbeck and Bergedorf, when we reach HAMBURG (179 miles), (Hotels : Streits, Europe, St. Peters- burg, Victoria). (For further details refer to route 52). OSNABEUCK. 275 ROUTE 51. COLOGNE TO BREMEN. 193 miles. Fares, 1st class, 22'30 marks; 2nd, 17'85 marks. 'ORMERLY travellers were taken over the road to Minden and Hanover, but a great improvement has recently obtained by opening a new route through Westphalia. The travel to Bremen and Hamburg has thus been shortened 70 and 45 miles respec- tively. Starting from Cologne we reach OBERHAUSEN (43f miles) in the manner described in Route 33 (Cologne to Berlin). Leaving Oberhausen, the intermediate stations, until we reach Bremen, present so little interest in a commercial sense that we confine ourselves to the following itinerary. The first station is BERGE (49 miles), then ALTENESSEN, WANNE (54^ miles), and HALTERN (59 miles). Here is the junction for the direct route to Paris, via Emmerich. We then proceed through DULMEN and AppELHfrLSEN (74 miles) to MONSTER (85^ miles), (Hotel : Konig v. England, Moor- mann), population 28,000. Situated in a wide plain on the Aa. The manufactures consist chiefly of woollen, linen and cotton goods, leather, starch, tobacco, and refined sugar. The trade, which is considerable, includes, besides the above articles of manufacture, a large export in hams. This is the great centre for Westphalian cured hams; a large export to transatlantic ports is carried on through Bremen and Hamburg. Passing through several unimportant stations we reach OSNABRUCK (116 miles), (Hotels: Dittting, Schaumburg), 265 GERMANY. population 20,000. There is a large trade in tobacco, and numerous cigar manufacturing establishments. Formerly the place had a great reputation for its table and household linen, but the industry has lost its importance since hand looms have been replaced by steam looms. The intermediate stations are as follows : DIEPHOLZ (149 miles), BASSUM (162 miles), KIRCHWEYHE (ISSi miles), and then we reach BREMEN (193 miles), (Hotels: Europe, Hillmann, Sieden- burg), population 83,000. One of the old Hanse towns. Until lately the city maintained complete autonomy, but after the Franco-German war lost its independence. The following list comprises bankers and shipping and com- mission houses doing business with the United States and other transatlantic countries : Fritze & Gerdes. J. D. Koncke Sohn. A. W. Gruner Sohne. Dietrich, Lichtenberg, & Co. Carl Ed. Meyer. A. K Schiitte & Sohn. E. C. Schramm & Co. Gebriider Plate. Traub & Co. Chr. Papendieck & Co. H. Bischoff & Co. Seekamp & Tewes. Spitta, Meyer, & Co. Adolph Stucken & Co. Louis Delius & Co. Anton Unkraut & Co. Louis F. Kalckmann & Co. J. & G. Hopken. Hegeler & Sohne. Siedenburg & Wendt. Gildemeister & Ries. J. W. Bastian Sohne. D. H. Waetjen & Co. BREMEN. 277 C. Melchers & Co. St. Luermann & Sohn. Ludering and Co. H. H. Meier & Co. Gebriider Kulenkampf. H. von Fischer. C. L. Brauer & Sohn. Joh. Acheles & Sohne. G. C. Mecke & Co. Bremen holds an exceptional position among the tobacco importing markets of Europe. It is a fact universally ad- mitted that tobacco forms, not a luxury, but rather a neces- sary of life, for a large portion of the male inhabitants of Germany. It is regarded by them as an article of daily expenditure quite as much as bread or meat. The fact that Bremen merchants monopolize so important a branch of trade implies in itself an immense source of wealth; but it will appear in a still stronger light when it is remembered that the aggregate consumption in Germany of tobacco is estimated to exceed annually 150 million pounds in weight. Appor- tioning this quantity amongst the tobacco consuming com- munity, which is estimated at about 26 per cent, of the entire population, it follows that each smoker consumes about 15 Ib. per annum, and Bremen shares nearly one half of this trade, which yields an annual revenue to the national govern- ment aggregating 4 million dollars, or 800,000 sterling. This sum includes receipts of import dues and the tax levied on home-grown tobacco. Bremen lies about 50 miles from the mouth of the river Weser, which shortly before reaching Bremen separates into two arms, the " Large " and the " Little " Weser : both of these arms intersect the town, and reunite again on emerging from its precincts. The depth of water at Bremen itself is not more than about 7 feet ; large vessels are therefore unable to ascend the river so far as the town, but are obliged to dis- charge their cargoes at one of the ports lower down the river. The Weser ports belonging to Bremen are 278 GERMANY. BREMERHAVEN and VEQESACK, the latter being of very insignificant import. The ports belonging to Prussia and Oldenburg are Geesteiminde, Brake, Elsfleth, and some minor places; but Bremerhaven takes about 70 per cent, of the entire trade, while Geestemiinde ranks second. At Bremerhaven there is an excellent harbour and every accommodation for shipping, viz., three large wet docks (an additional one is to be built), dry docks, hydraulic cranes, and lines of railway running along the quays which are connected with the main line running to Bremen. The docks are spacious and deep enough for the largest vessels ; the average depth of water at Bremerhaven (at low water) is about 22 feet. Bremerhaven is open to navigation all the year round, even when nearly all other ports of the North and Baltic Seas are closed by ice; powerful tug-boats are always in readiness for assisting ships entering the Weser at moderate charges. The various port charges at Bremerhaven and at Geestemiinde (which adjoins the former port) are moderate, ^s will appear by the following table, viz.: (1.) Harbour dues : At Bremerhaven 0*10 mks. (5i cents) per last per month. Geestemunde 0-12 (6 cents) (2.) Light dues (so-called "Town" dues) : At Bremerhaven "J 0'20 mks. (about 10 cents) per last of and > the cargo, charged upon all goods des- Geestemiinde . ) tined for Bremen. (3.) Pilotage charges, at Bremerhaven or Geestemunde : 1. Sea Pilotage. (a.) For ships inwards, per foot: Dols. From February 16 to April 15 . . . . 2 30 April 16 to September 15 . . . 2 06 ,, September 16 to November 15. . . 2 30 ,, November 16 to February 15 . . . 3 04 BREMERHAVEN. 279 (ft.) For ships outwards, per foot : Dols. From March 1 to April 15 . . 2 08 April 16 to September 15 . . . 2 24 September 16 to October 31 . . . 2 08 November 1 to March 1 . . . . 2 48 If during winter time two pilots are placed on board, an additional one-half of the above rates has to be paid. 2. Harbour Pilotage. These amount to 2i to 5 dol. gold for ships, inwards or outwards, having a tonnage of 50 to 500 lasts. Although the pilotage charges are moderate, the pilotage regulations, especially those for the mouth of the Weser, continue to give rise to well-founded complaints. The pre- sent state of the laws is prejudicial to the interests of ship- ping in general, and especially to the interests of the Heligo- land pilots, who are often of great use to ships approaching the mouth of the Weser at times when the regular German pilots are not to be met with, but, by the present state of the pilotage laws, find themselves almost debarred from ren- dering services. The communication between Bremerhaven and Bremen is carried on partly by smaller sailing vessels, steamers, and lighters, and partly by railway. All ships arriving at the town of Bremen are enabled to discharge their cargoes directly into the warehouses, or into the trucks of the railway. Lights in the Weser. Since the termination of the Franco- German war the lighting and buoying of the river Weser, which was suspended during the war time, has been improved. The establishment of a telegraph station on the Island of Wangeroog (west of the mouth of the Weser) will lead to the erection of a signal-station for ships bound for the Weser. The Bremen Chamber of Commerce has also made to the German Government a report upon the desirability of estab- lishing, by means of international treaty, a uniform system of lights along the coasts of Northern Germany, Holland, and Great Britain. 280 GERMANY. Taxes on Commerce. Bremen being a free port, there are no duties payable on goods imported or exported. A trifling tax, called " transfer tax," is levied on the purchase money of all merchandize at the rate of ^ per cent, if the goods be sold for the first time, and of -^ per cent, if the tax has already been paid before for the transfer of the same object. The tax is levied on all sales of movable articles (including ships) in cases where bargains are being concluded within the territory of the State. Exempted from the payment are : 1 , sales which are cancelled before delivery of the goods ; 2, sales of live stock, second-hand furniture, bullion, papers, unwrought silver and gold, books, and articles subject to the consumption tax ; and, 3, the first transfers of productions of Bremen handicraft, and sales in which the value of goods does not exceed 50 Bremen dollars. Besides the tax just mentioned, a " declaration " duty of yL- per cent., for statistical purposes, is levied on all goods im- ported into, or exported from, Bremen. Exempted from pay- ment (but not from the obligation of declaration) are: 1, goods in transit : 2, cereals, flour, cattle and provisions conveyed into or out of Bremerhaven for consumption on the spot, or for provisioning of ships, if such articles are brought from the neighbouring province of Hanover ; and, 3, goods not exceed- ing the total value of 10 dollars gold, and all articles passing through the post-office. American Consul. Wilson King. British Consul. W. Ward. There is direct steam communication between Bremen and the United States : to New York, Baltimore, and New Orleans; a large fleet of steamers being owned by the North German Lloyd. HAMBURG. 281 ROUTE 52. BREMEN TO HAMBURG. 71 miles. Fares, 1st class, 8'40 marks; 2nd, 6'70 marks. [XCEPTING Harburg, no interest whatsoever attaches to any of the stations intervening be- tween the two rival cities. The itinerary is as follows: ROTENBURG (26 miles), TOSTEDT (44 miles), and HARBURG (64 miles), (Hotels: Weisser Schwaan, Konig v. Schweden), population 15,000. There are several important chemical works, manufactures of rubber goods ; the well-known firm, H. C. Meyer, jun., has likewise an establishment at Harburg, but its trade depends more or less on the neighbouring Hanse town. The Elbe is crossed, and we approach the city by means of a bridge. HAMBURG (307 miles from Cologne, 176 miles from Berlin), (Hotels: V Europe, St. Petersburg, Victoria, Streits). The following list of bankers, shippers, and commission houses comprises the names of firms trading with the United States and other transatlantic countries : Brunckhorst & Dieckmann. R. J. Robertson. Lappenberg & MUller. Chas. Hoffmann. Carl HoUe. J. H. Ramsegger & Co. Brock & Schnars. Deutsche Bank. T. & J. Eimbcke. Georg Kolberg. Kottebohm & Co. J. G. Buhrow. Miinchmeyer & Co. Em. Nolting & Co. 282 GERMANY. Hartmann, Goldenberg, & Co. L. Roster Sohn & Co. Rabe & Co. Philip & Speyer. Scharrer, Booth, & Co. G. J. H. Siemers & Co. Kleinwort & Oldach. L. & J. Wulff. Arnthal & Horschitz. Wachsmuth & Krogmann. S. Robinow & Sohn. Falck & Co. Wilh. Gossler. F. L. Neumann. J. Berenberg, Gossler, & Co. D. Lippert. Schubart Gebriider. Julius Auer. A. O. Meyer. E. Wilczynsky. Biancone, Klee, & Co. Warnebold, Gleistein, & Co. Richard & Boas. Julius Sandtmann & Co. J. & G. Rittershausen. Soltau, Trautmann, & Co. Burmester & Stavenhagen. S. & L. Klemperer. G. W. A. Westphal & Sohn. Berkefeld & Michahelles. W. Oswald & Co. A. H. Sillem & Co. J. A. Schuback Sohne. A. J. Schon & Co. Schroder Gebriider & Co. Albrecht & Dill. L. Behrens Sohne. Haller, Sohle, & Co. Lutteroth & Co. Jas. R. MacDonald & Co. L. Isermann. A. M. Leffmann. S. Lewisohn, jun. C. Boysen. Bischoff & Rodatz. H. L. Muhle & Co. Ernst Niebuhr, jun. Bb'hling & Stohlmann. Alfred Nobel & Co. A. M. Goldschmidt, jun. Ed. W. Maas. Jul. Barsdorf. Fried. Westenholz & Co. J. P. H. Hagedorn & Co. Oetling Gebriider. Alex. Oetling & Co. Holtz & Dircks. H. C. Meyer, jun. Johs. Schroder. F. W. Burchard. Cohn, Lazarus, & Co. H. Fett & Sohne. W. Grallert. W. Mauke Sohne. H. Ad. Meyer. Tesdorpf Gebriider. Otto Radde. I. Tiedemann. Uhlmann & Co. M. Otto W. Moller. Von Lind & Co. J. Arthur F. Meyer. Woltereck & Robertson. Math. Rohde & Co. C. Bertheau. Job. W. Kuck. HAMBURG. 283 American Consul. James M. Wilson. Vice- Consul. Otto Moller. British Consul. G. Aimesley. The city is among the finest in Germany, and its commerce surpasses all other cities in point of importance in the north of the European continent. It has a tidal port, distant about 80 miles from the North Sea, and vessels are subject to the following charges : Port Charges for Vessels of all Nations. Arriving with cargo, per last, K. mks. 0*60. Arriving with lumber, wood, staves, cement, guano, salt, empty bottles, ice, oak bark, &c., the port charges are re- duced to, per last, 0'30 mks. No port dues at all are paid for ships arriving in ballast, or with coal, cinders, patent fuel, and leaving again in ballast. E. mks. Pilotage from Heligoland to the Bosch . . 1T50 Pilotage from Bosch to port, about . . 475 Pilotage down the river again . . . 4'75 Noting protest ...... 9*40 Harbour master ...... 10'60 Entering the ship inwards .... 19'00 Clearing 45 '00 Sea protest (if -necessary) .... 50'00 Inspection of damaged cargo (if necessary) . 12'50 Consular fees according to flag. Towage (if necessary) according to the distance and draught of water up and down the river. The water on the bar differs from 12 to 20 Hamburg feet, generally 15 to 18 feet, and ships of a greater draught must accordingly unload part of their cargo into lighters. Lighterage per 50 tons, 75 to 90 R. mks. The Hamburg foot is equal to 11^ inches English. Hamburg is trading with all parts of the world, the staple 584 GERMANY. article being coffee, in which commodity the Hamburg market exercises a dominating influence. Marine insurance forms an important branch of the Ham- burg Exchange, the value of property insured against sea- risks being reported to have exceeded the amount of 80 millions sterling during one year. The great exodus of German emigration passes principally through Hamburg. There are regular lines of packet ships to Australia and to South American ports. The Hamburg- American Steam-Ship Company possesses a large fleet of fine steamers. The departures for New York are weekly, and bi-monthly for other ports of the United States. The outport of Hamburg is Cuxhaven, about 29 miles down the river STETTIN. 285 ROUTE 53. BERLIN TO ST. PETERSBURG. 1042 miles. Fares, 1st class, 144 marks; 2nd, 109 marks. (EFERRING to Route 45, details will be found of the road between Berlin and Custrin (69 miles) ; the next station is LANDSBERG (79 miles), (Hotel: Konig v. Preussen), population 19,000, situated on the Warthe. There are several iron foundries, machinists, and boilermakers. Passing through Friedeberg (98 miles), and Driesen (106 miles), we reach KBEUZ (117 miles). Here the road branches off for Stettin, and although this city can be reached from Berlin by a more direct and shorter route, we give here the follow- ing description in connection with the other Prussian ports on the Baltic. STETTIN (84 miles from Berlin), (Hotels : Prusse, Drei Kronen}, population 75,000, situated on the left bank of the Oder, connected by four or five bridges with a suburb. The place is strongly fortified. The general trade of Stettin is not without importance, and the following firms are among the principal banking and export houses and commission merchants : Fried. Mann. Fried. Poll. Ferd. Brumm. C. A. Domcke. C. Fraude. R. C. GriebeL L. Heyn. Jacobs & Stevenson. J. Krasemann. Oscar Kisker. H. Langhof. J. G. Ludendorff. Gustav Metzler. 286 GERMANY. Geo. von Melle. Edw. Sedyell. W. Schlutow. Carl. Wichards. C. H. Schroder. Paul G-ollreider. Schiller & Degner. F. W. Otto & Co. Julius Fritz. F. Evers. W. Liidke & Co. Retzlaff & Schober. F. W. Voigt. Ferd. Spiller. American Consul. John D. Buckelew. British Consul. J. A. Blackwell. Stettin is situated 23 miles from the seaboard, the outport being SWINEMUNDE (Hotel .- de Prusse), population 10,000. From Kreutz we proceed a distance which requires no special notice. The stations are SCHNEIDEMUHL, the junction for BROMBEEG (Hotels : Moritz, Schwarzer Bar), population 26,000, with an important trade of a local character, as well as several branches of industry to serve neighbouring as well as Polish markets. There are many intermediate stations of no interest until we reach DIRSCHAU (287 miles), (Hotel: Kronprinz) on the left bank of the Vistula, with a branch line to DANTZIG (Hotels : Englisches Haus, Waller), population 90,000. This is another large shipping port with an extensive trade in agricultural produce. American Consular Agent. P. Collas. British Consul. W. White. KOENIGSBERQ. 287 The following firms rank among the principal mercantile houses : J. Bischoff & Co. J. W. Pahncke. Jacob Arendt Friedr. Heyn. Job. Paleske. P. V. Frantzius. G. F. Focking. Geo. Link, R. Seeger & Co. W. Wirthschaft. H. Weinberg & Co. Alex. Gibsone & Co. J. L. Engel. Aug. Wolff & Co. Theo. O. Schultz. Leaving Dirschau, we come to MARIENBURG (298 miles) (Hotel: Koenig v. Prussen), population 8,000, a very ancient place, harbouring many his- torical recollections. The next station is ELBING (306 miles), (Hotels: Royal, Stadt Berlin), popu- lation 30,000, an interesting commercial city. Passing through BEAUNSBERG (351 miles), (Hotel: Schwarzer Adler), popu- lation 8,000, we reach after three or four minor stations KOENIGSBERG (389 miles), (Hotels: Nord, Sans-Souci, Prusse), population 110,000. Koenigsberg is the great mart for amber. The port is the outlet for the farm produce of the neighbouring Polish provinces. Consular Agent of the United States. L. Moll. Leaving Koenigsberg we pass through Wehlau, and Norkitten to 288 GERMANY. INSTERBURG (448 miles), (Hotel: Russie), population 11,000. Here the road for Tilsit diverges. We proceed from Insterburg to Gumbinnen (462 miles), and come to the last German station at EYDTKUHNEN (485 miles), From here we have little less than a mile to the Russian frontiers at WIERCZBOLOW (German WIRBALLEN). Passports are required here, and passengers' baggage examined. From here to St. Petersburg, the distance is 556 miles, the itinerary being as follows : Wilna, 118 miles; Dunaburg, 227 miles ; Korsovka, 305 miles ; Ostroff, 348 miles ; Pskoff, 392 miles ; Luga, 462 miles ; Gatschina, 519 miles ; and passing Czarskoe-Selo (542 miles), we reach St. Petersburg. WoKnung, und Firmen, Veranderungcn, fur die nachste Auflage, richte man gefdlligst an MESSRS. WHITTINGHAM AND WILKINS, Chiswick Press, Tooks Court, Chancery Lane, London, E.G. Oder an D'HERRN MAX FRIEDLANDER, 2, Scharren st. Berlin, C. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. ROUTES. ROUTE. PAGE. 54. DRESDEN TO PRAGUE VIENNA . . . 291 55. ZITTAU TO REICHENBERG .... 302 56. VIENNA TO TRIESTE . 304 'USTRIA-HUNGARY is bounded on the north by Prussia and Saxony ; on the east by Russia, and territories which are placed under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire ; on the south by Italy, the Adriatic and Turkish provinces ; on the west by Italy and Switzerland. The empire is divided into two political divi- sions, the CIS-LEITHAN and TRANS-LEITHAN provinces, the borders being determined by the course of the river Leitha. The Cis-Leithan division, with Vienna as the capital, in- cludes the provinces of Lower and Upper Austria, Bohemia, Moravia, Tyrol, Voralberg, Styria, Carniola, Carinthia, Bucko- wina, and Dalmatia. The Trans-Leithan division, having Buda-Pesth as its capital, includes the Hungarian Provinces, Croatia, Slavonia, Transylvania, and what is known as the military frontier. The German-speaking population comprises about 40 per cent, of the Cis-Leithan portion of the empire, and nearly 20 per cent, of the Trans-Leithan division. The Magyars form about one half of the population of the Hungarian kingdom, and the Slavonian races about equal the number in the Cis- Leithan division 290 AUSTRIA. MONEY. A paper currency is almost the only medium of circulation. It comprises notes of every description and value between one florin and one thousand. The exchange for gold or silver is effected only by payment of a large premium, which varies, with the oscillations of the money market, from 10 to 20 per cent. During the past year the average value of the Austrian paper florin varied from 43 j- to 44 cent. Silver is the legal standard, based on the florin (gulden), and subdivided into 100 kreuzers. The equivalent of a florin is about 2s. sterling, or 50 cents American gold. The gold pieces in circulation are of the value of 8 florins, which, for practical purposes, may be considered equal to a 20-franc piece, 16.v. sterling, or 4 dollars American gold. Weights and Measures. The Centner =100 Pfund . =. 123i Ibs. avoirdupois. ,, Eimer . . . . ~ 14*94 wine gallons. Joch . . . . zr T43 acre. Metze . . . . 1'7 imperial bushel. Klafter . . . = 67 cubic feet. ; , Meile = 24,000 Austr. ft. = 8,297 yds., or about 4J miles. BODENBACH. 291 ROUTE 54. DRESDEN TO PRAGUE VIENNA. To Prague : 122 miles. Fares, 1st class, 18'80 marks ; 2nd, 13-50 marks. To Vienna: 378 miles. Fares, 1st class, 48'70 marks; 2nd, 38-70 marks. i ROM Dresaen we travel along the banks of the river Elbe through the beautiful valley generally designated " Saxon Switzerland," and reach PIRNA (13i miles) ; and KONIGSTEIN (24i miles), (Hotel: Blauer Stern), a for- tress rising about 800 feet above the river. The next station is BODENBACH (41 miles), (Hotels : Post, Railway Station), population 6,000. This being the Austrian custom-house station, there is a long detention. Opposite Bodenbach, on the right bank of the Elbe, is situated TETSCHEN (Hotels : Stern, Krone), population 6,000. It stands at the foot of a lofty sandstone rock, crowned by the Castle of Tetschen. There are several breweries and dis- tilleries, some shipping, and a considerable trade, particularly in fruit and cereals. In the immediate vicinity the world-renowned Bohemian glass industry is centered, especially at KAMNITZ-STEINSCHONAU (Hotels : Langers, Gewerbhaus), population 12,000. The following firms are engaged in the manufacture of glassware : J. Conrad & Co. J. R. Muller, Sohn & Co. Czerney & Co. Johann Muller. F. Gunther. Rudolph Muller. J. Heinrich & Sohn. A. Neumann. F. A. Helzel & Co. Koenig, Paline, & Co. Kittel, Stelzig, & Co. Elias Palme. G. C. KnechteL S. Weidlich & Co. Krause Gebriider & Co. Jos. Zahn & Co. 292 AUSTRIA. Another glass manufacturing place, which may be con- veniently reached from here or Prague, is : GABLONZ, 56 miles north-east from Prague. The speciality comprises glass beads. Upwards of 10>000 persons are occupied with this industry in the surrounding district. The following are the principal firms : E. Dressier. Anton Rb'ssler. Duisberg & Co. T. Sarder & Co. Adolf Hubner. Schuster & Rogner. J. H. Jeiteles & Sohn. A. Thirbuin & Co. Anton Kirchhof. A. Waller. W. Klaar. Anton Weiss. E. Neuss. Meltzer & Co. B. Pfeiffer & Co. Reinhold F. Wolff. On leaving Bodenbach, we pass AUSSIG, from whence a line connects with TEPLITZ, a watering place celebrated for its alkaline springs. We pass through extensive coal regions. The most important stations which intervene are LOBOSITZ (65 miles), (Hotels : Schiff, Eisenbahn) ; and RAUDNITZ (77 miles), (Hotel: Eisenbahn}] shortly after which we arrive at PRAGUE (122 miles), (Hotels: JEnglischer Hof, Blauer Stern, Schwarzes Ross), population 155,000. Capital of Bohemia on both sides of the Moldau, here crossed by a remarkable stone bridge of sixteen arches. Its manufactures consist of gold and silver embroidery, silk, woollen, and cotton goods, buttons, hats, paper, soap, refined sugar, vinegar, liqueurs, refined salts, quills, sugar of lead, candles, musical and mathematical instruments, fire-arms, porcelain, and jewellery. The trade is of importance owing to its central position, its situation on the Moldau, and its facilities of transport by road and rail. American Consul Horace N. Congar. The export to the United States comprises porcelain and glassware, woollen goods, and kid gloves. The export of paper to England and America is not un- important. In 1828 it was estimated that the value of manu- factured paper amounted to about 300,000 dollars, while thirty SRT7NN. 293 years later, i.e. in 1858, the production had increased to nearly 25,000 tons, valued at three and a- half million dollars. There are at present at work in Austria ninety paper factories with 140 machines, producing an estimated value of more than twentyfour million dollars. Among the principal factories are: L. F. Leidesdorf & Co., at Ebenfurch. F. Lorenz & Sohne, -at Arnau. O. Knepper & Co., at Klein Neusiedl. A. Reichle, at Franzensthal. F. Giidl, Dir. of Imp. Factory at Pitten. Chas. Hellmann, at Prague. P. Haas and Sohne, at Prague. Imperial Mills, Schallswitz, near Prague. CIGARETTE PAPER. Griinhut Briider, at Vienna. C. Schaabl & Co., at Vienna. C. Schiitz, at Vienna. Leaving Prague we reach KOLIN (39 miles), (Hotel: Post), population, 6,000. In the immediate vicinity was fought the great battle in 1757, when Frederick was beaten by the Austrians. The next station is PARDUBITZ (65 miles), (Railway Hotel), population 6,000. About twelve miles from here is situated Sadowa, where the Prussian victory was obtained over the Austrians in 1866. We next come to BOHM : TRUBAU (102 miles), where connection is made for OLMUTZ. Thence we reach ZWITTAU (113 miles), (Hotel: Post), population 4,000. Manufactures of woollen and linen goods. Passing numerous small stations we arrive at BRUNN (160 miles), (Hotels: Neuhansen, Kaiser von O ester - reich). Population 55,000. Fortified town, near the con- fluence of the Schwarza and the Zwittawa, which almost en- circle it. The number and extent of its woollen, silk, and cotton manufactories have obtained for it the name of " a second Bradford." Its woollens are particularly prized. The 294 AUSTRIA. other manufactured articles are chiefly silks, ribbons, cottons, yarns, glass, soap, tobacco, dye-stuffs, leather, and vinegar. The following list comprises the most prominent manu- facturing firms : L. Auspitz Enkel. Otto Bauer. Bauer & Widmann. Johann Bochner. Albert Basch. B. Engel & Sohn. Fischl & Reibhorn. M. Habernek. Heinr. Herschman & Sohn. A. Hofmann & Co. Joh. Hlawka. Briider Hartmann. Jac. Hechts Sohne. Kafka & Popper. Briider Kurschner. Adolf Low & Sohn. Max Low Beer A. & J. Low Beer Sohne. Wenzl Maeh. Josef Maschat. Max Kohn. T. H. Oflermann. Gebriider Popper. Adolf Popper. Heinr. Pisko. Reibhorn & Friedl. Friedr. Redliclu Briider Samek. Skene & Co. C. Sternistie & Co. Sal. Strakosch Sohne. S. Schonfeld. Briider Strakosch. Strakosch & Weinberger. VIENNA. 295 Abr. Schiiller & Sohn. Josef Schiller. Rudolf Strakosch & Co. Strakosch & Stossel. Gebriider Schoeller. Adolf Schoeller. S. Spitz. WoUwaren Industrie Gesellschaft. The following are Woollen and Worsted Spinners : J. V. Flesch. Moritz Kafka. Josef Keller. Franz Schuldes. Briider Swoboda. Jos. Teuber & Sohn. The following are Commission and Export Houses : Johann Briill. Joh. C. Bum & Bruder. Carl Forster. Moritz Gurtler. Josef Jilek. Klim & Elster. Plachki & Stegner. A. Samek. Schwarz & Fischer. Tugenthal & Weiner. The commercial intercourse between Briinn and the United States has been important, the declared values of exports to the United States having reached nearly half-a-million of florins. Consular Agent of the United States. Gustavus Schoeller. Leaving Briinn we have the choice of two roads : the one leading through GRUSSBACH being about equal in distance to the other road, on which the more important stations are Lundenburg and Ganserndorf, after which we reach 296 AUSTRIA. VIENNA (Hotels : Austria, Erzherzog KarL Grand Hotel, Goldnes Lamm, Imperial, Metropole, National, Weisses Ross), population 1,020,000. The capital of Austria Proper (Kaiser- stadt, e. g. residence of the Emperor). The city has greatly improved during the last decade, and takes rank immediately after Paris among European cities, forming, in many respects, a most desirable residence. The United States are represented by His Excellency E. F. Beales. Secretary of Legation. J. F. Delaplaine. Consul General. Philip Sidney Post, The British ambassador is Sir Andrew Buchanan. Secretary of Legation. F. C. Ford. The principal bankers, general merchants, export and commission houses, are enumerated in the following list : Anglo-Austrian Bank. J. S. Appel. M. J. Biach & Co. Beck, Roller, & Co. Jos. Boschan Sohne. M. L. Biedennann & Co. Dutschka & Co. Victor Erlanger. EUissen & Schloss, L. Epstein. A. H. Fischbach. Gutermann Briider. W. Kaiser. Carl Kanitz. M. Konigswarter. Joh. Liebieg & Co. Theo. JS>uss & Co. S. M. von Rothschild. J. H. Stametz & Co., Nachf. F. Schey. VIENNA. 297 J. Scharmitzer Neffe. H. Todesco Sohne. M. H. Weikersheim & Co. Moritz Wodianer. The manufacturers engaged in the various industries which prosper at and near Vienna are specified in the follow- ing list : Manufacturers of Carpets, Blankets, and other Woollen Goods. Adler Gebriider. Blaschka & Co. J. Backhausen. Alois Edlmann. J. Ginzkey. P. Haas & Sohne. G. Heil. A. C. Lechleitner's. M. Lichtenauer, Erben, & Sohne. Anton Melan. C. F. Rasch. Schaumann Gebriider. Jacob Schwarz. Josef Springer. Sternickel & Giilcher. A. Stulik. F. Thuma. Glove Manufacturers. G. Autenrieth. Franz Illing. Georg Jaquemar. Franz Lixl. Logemann & Mourner. A. & H. Oehring. Josef Reidinger & Krinbaum. Richter Gebriider & Co. Josef Schrandolf. Franz Stangl. Franz & Max Stiasny. 298 AUSTRIA. W. Tostmann. J. Zacharias. Manufacturers of Pipes and Meerschaum Goods. More than a century ago meerschaum was brought by Turkish traders to the Austrian capital. The raw material is brought to the Vienna markets in chests 7 by 30 in. and 14 in. high. In the beginning of this century no more than 20 or 25 persons were engaged in the making of meerschaum pipes. In 1850 the annual sales of meerschaum were re- ported to comprise 800 chests, at an average value of about 500 florins ; while twenty years later (1870) the sales exceeded 10,000 chests, and the average market value had remained nearly stationary. G. Ananian. F. G. Beisiegel. F. Bohle & Berger. J. Brix. F. A. Christ. E. Falk. J. Friedrich. M. Goldmann. S. M. Hock. R. Hoffmann. F. Jabureck. E. Kanitz. Carl Kober. J. Lichtblau & Sohn. A. B. & M. Maier. G. C. Matthess. J. M. & B. Naprawnik. Josef Putz. Ignaz Rosier. Schuler & Wurth. J. Sedlacek. Arnold Trebitsch. Johann Wagner. VIENNA. 299 Karl Wenzel. Anton Zapletal. Amber Goods Manufacturers and Amber Merchants. The trade in amber is risky, just as it is in meerschaum. The raw material cannot be thoroughly tested before it is actually in the artificers' hands. The annual quantity of amber brought to Vienna is estimated to exceed a weight of 50,000 lb., at an average value of about 25 to 30 florins per pound. A. Falck. Andree & Spiller. F. Bohle & A. Berger. L. Cohl & Bauer. Max Sonnenberg. B. Gorlizer. Julius Hubsch. J. Lang & Co. G. C. Matthess. E. Wertheim. Sieg. Fein. Jak. Vinier. Manufacturers of Matches, Vesta-lights, Sfc. Anton Beyer. Blau & Gebriider. Hermann & Gabriel. Karpeles Gebriider. A. Koch, jun. Johann Lutz. Neuburg & Sb'hne. Oesterreich. Zundwaaren-Fabrik. A. M. Pollak. Ernst Schickh. F. Stein. F. Kempny & A. Wawra. F. Wirschitz. 300 AUSTRIA. Fancy Leather Goods. The manufacture of fancy leather goods at first took the form of fancy book-binding pocket-books, &c. The exhibi- tion of 1845, however, gave an impetus to a trade which since then has been largely developed. In 1847 was established the firm of Aug. Klein, and his goods, as well as those of other Vienna houses, enumerated below, have gained a world-wide reputation. Ausch & Rosespitz. Em. Beach & Co. Eisele & Schmid. Hasseck & Hoffmann. J. M. Hess. Aug. Klein. A. F. Krippel. J. P. Mook. Julius Nouak. Anton Xeumayr. F. Rausskopf. Rodeck Gebriider. S. Spitzer & Co. Carl Stenzel. Franz Theyer. M. Waizmann. Gustav Walker. Umbrella and Sunshade Manufacturers. This branch of industry has been extensively developed in Vienna. Upwards of 3,000 workmen are employed in making parasols and umbrellas. It is claimed that the Vienna pro- duct is among the cheapest on the continent of Europe. J. Backer & Co. Michael Hammer. L, Karolyi. R. Kienast, C. MachaUa, A. W. Mickl. VIENNA. 301 Franz Paasdorfer. K. Pleiner. Mathias Reiner. J. Schaller. Moritz Spitzer. Fan Manufacturers. The first wooden fans were made in 1862 from maple. Other kinds have since then come into use, and Vienna is now doing a large export trade. Upwards of 4,000 persons are employed in a trade which originated with the wood-carvers of Tyrol, Styria, &c. M. Erdody. F. Herrmann & Co. Ignaz Luksch. F. Melzer. Carl Reinisch. F. Strobel. J. & E. Tanzer. Wohnung und Firmen Verdnderungen, so wie alle Auskunft fur kommende Auflagen, richte man gefalligst an die Re- daction unter Addresse MESSRS. WHITTINGHAM AND WILKINS, Chiswick Press, Tooks Court, Chancery Lane, London, E. C. Oder an D'HERREN HAASENSTEIN & VOGLER, in Wien. 302 AUSTRIA. ROUTE 55. ZITTAU TO REICHENBERG. 38 miles. Fares, 1st class, 5'50 marks; 2nd, 3'80 mfc-hs. 'ASSING successively through Grottau (26 miles) and Kratzau (31 J miles), both busy manufacturing places, we reach REICHENBERG (Hotel : Franks; Eisenbahri), population, 35,000. It consists of the town proper, and a suburb called Christianstadt, and is, after Prague, the largest town in Bohemia. Linen and woollen cloths are extensively manufactured, and form important branches of trade. Next to Brunn it is the largest industrial place in Bohemia. The subjoined list comprises a list of Manufacturers of Woollen Goods. Anton Demuth & Sohne. J. Liebieg & Co. Neumann & Buren. F. Schmidt & Sohne. Carl Josef Schiitze Sohn. Wenzel Siebeneicher. A. Trenkler & Sohne. Siegmund, Neuhaus, & Co. Wenzel Siegmund. Adolf Simon. E. J. Trenkler. F. Tschorner. Josef Konig. Ferd. Leubner. F. Leubner Sohne. Wenzel Leubner. Franz Liebieg. A. Miiller & Co. REICHENBERG. 303 W. Muller Sohne. Josef Posselt. Reich, Lowy, & Simon. A. E. Rohn. F. Salomon, jun. J. J. Salomon. Leopold Schmidt. G. Tugernann. Valentin Bayer. Anton Elger. Wilhelm Freiberg. Tuchmacher Genossenchaft. Anton Ginzel. F. Ludwig Ginzel. Hiebel & Hubner. Anton Hoffmann. J. Hoffmann, jun. A. J. Horn. Anton Hiibner. Lorenz Kahl. A. Kasper. Adolph Ullrich. Anton Ullrich & Sohn. J. Zimmermann. Wohlmuth Suchy & Co. J. P. Schmidt & Sohne. 304 AUSTRIA. ROUTE 56. VIENNA TO TRIESTE. 363 miles. Fares, 1st class, 28'26 florins ; 2nd, 2I'2Q florins. ASSING the Imperial residence of Schonbrunn, the first station we reach is BADEN (16 miles), (Hotels: Hirsch, StadtWien, Schwarzer Adler), a fashionable resort for the Vienna aristocracy. There are warm springs, of which sul- phate of lead is the chief ingredient. The next important station is WIENER NEUSTADT (29 miles), (Hotels: Hirsch, Ungar. Krone), population 12,000. This is a busy manufacturing place, and the centre of commerce to the surrounding villages, which abound with industrial establishments. We next reach GLOGNITZ (46 miles), (Hotel : Eisenlahri), situated at the base of th/3 Semmering, over the heights of which is carried one of the most remarkable railroads of continental Europe. The road gradually ascends to a height of nearly 3,000 feet, crosses an immense aqueduct, numerous bridges, and about fifteen tunnels, the longest of the latter being 4,518 feet. Descending the Semmering Alps the line reaches MURZZUSCHLAG (81 miles), (Hotels : Elephant, Brauhaus), population 8,000. The next station is BRUCK (106 miles) (Hotel : Mitterbvau, Adler}, population 10,000, and passing numerous small stations we arrive at GRATZ (139 miles) (Hotels : Erznerzog Johann, Elephanf), population 80,000. A very pleasant city, with numerous at- tractions to the tourist. Leaving Gratz we pass successively through LEIBNITZ (160 miles), MARBURG (178 miles), and PRAGER- HOF (190 miles). From the latter place the railway connects with Pesth, the capital of Hungary, via Stuhlweissenburg. We then reach TRIESTE. 305 CiLLi(219 miles), (Hotels : Eisenbahn, Krone), and shortly afterwards STEINBRUCK (236 miles), (Hotel : Eisenbahn). From here a railway connects with Agram. Continuing the route we reach LAIBACH (273 miles), (Hotels : Eisenbahn, Elephant), and subsequently LOITSCH (296 miles), from whence an excursion can be made to the neighbouring quicksilver mines, near IDBIA (15 miles from Loitsch) (Hotel : Schwarzer Adler). After Loitsch follows ADJUBRSBERG (312 miles), (Hotels : Krone, Lowe), and NABRESINA (351 miles), where the Adriatic is approached. A branch line connects here with Venice. Leaving the station we reach TRIESTE (363 miles), (Hotels: Victoria, de la Ville, de France), population 120,000, beautifully situated at the foot of a range of hills forming a semicircle. It has important ship- ping interests and an extensive trade. The Austrian Lloyd steamers make the port their chief station. There is regular steam communication with India and all Eastern ports. American Consul. British Consul. A. W. Thayer. Captain Burton. The following information relates to the charges of port dues, &c. : The total charges in the cases of four American vessels during the past year were as follows : 519 tons .... 234-79 florins 383 . . . . 101-79 400 . . . . 703 225 . . 100 Value of the florin, 48 1 cents. All vessels arriving at Trieste are required to be immediately measured, and charges paid, according to Austrian tonnage. There is draft of water for all classes of ships. American Shipping Agents Emilio Monti & Co. FRANCE. ROUTES. ROUTE. PAGE 57. CALAIS TO PARIS ...... 311 58. BREST TO PARIS 323 59. CHERBOURG TO PARIS ..... 326 60. HAVRE TO PARIS 329 61. PARIS TO BRUSSELS ...... 335 62. PARIS TO STRASBURG 337 63. PARIS TO BASLE 342 64. PARIS TO NEUFCHATEL ..... 344 65. PARIS TO GENEVA 346 66. PARIS TO TURIN 355 67. PARIS TO LYONS MARSEILLES .... 358 68. LYONS TO ST. ETIENNE 370 69. LYONS TO TARARE & ROANNE .... 373 70. PARIS TO BORDEAUX ..... 375 71. BORDEAUX TO IRUN ..... 385 72. PARIS TO METZ & BINGEN .... 386 i RANGE has a coast-line of 585 miles along the Atlantic, 525 miles along the North Sea and the Channel, and 360 miles along the Mediterranean. In the north it is bordered by Belgium and Ger- many ; in the west by Germany and Switzerland ; and by Italy in the south-western regions. The south is bounded by Spain and the Mediterranean. Previous to the outbreak of the Franco-German war, France had an area of 207,480 square miles, with a population ex- FRANCE. 307 ceeding 38,000,000 souls. The loss of Alsace and Lorraine involves a territory of 5,580 square miles, and a decrease in population of about 1,500,000. Thus the present area com- prises 201,900 square miles, with about 36,500,000 inhabitants. There are nearly 300 navigable rivers, the most important among them being the Rhone, Loire, Gironde, and Seine. The principal mountains are the chain of the Cevennes, west of the Rhone, the low and rounded chain of the Vosges, the Jura, and the chain of the Alps, which forms the boundary between France, Italy, and Switzerland as far as the Jura. Another Alpine ridge takes its rise in the department of the Dr6me, and crosses the Cote-d'Or, as far as Dijon. The Pyrenees, in the south, stretch from Cape Creuz to the Bay of Figueras, on the coast of Spain. The highest peaks in the Pyrenees, the Maladetta and Mount Perdu, attain an elevation of 10,886 feet and 10,994 feet respectively. The French portion of the Alps includes several of the highest mountains and most elevated passes of the range, as Mont Blanc 15,774 feet, Mont Iseran 13,272 feet, Mont Cenis 11,457 feet, and the pass of Little St. Ber- nard 7,190 feet, that of Mont Cenis 6,770 feet above the level of the sea, &c. There are in France upwards of 177 seaports trading with foreign countries. The aggregate value of exports and im- ports is estimated to exceed 1,000,000,000 dollars, or in round numbers 200 million pounds sterling, and about one-half of that is estimated to be the trade by land. This number in- cludes all the small ports, but there are fourteen large ports viz., four in the Mediterranean, and ten on the Northern and Western coasts. Bordeaux stands third in the list as to the extent of trade, Marseilles and Havre ranking first and second. The port of Bordeaux has great natural advantages for in- tercourse with foreign countries. Of the above-named account, manufactures enter for about two-thirds, while the remainder comprises the value of natural product of the soil. Textile fabrics first silk, and secondly woollen goods, head the list of exports. Next in importance comes wine. Fancy goods, toys, &c., are fourth on the list. Of other natural products the value of raw silk is the most 308 FRANCE. important, followed by wool and eggs in the second and third rank. Weights and Measures. The metric system was adopted by France almost simul- taneously with the inauguration of the Great Republic towards the close of the last century, but the importance of a system of uniformity in weights and measures was not sufficiently understood by the people, and for a long period it made little or no progress. It was not till the year 1837 when, under Louis Philippe, a law was passed rendering illegal the use of the old system. Sufficient time, however, was given for the complete introduction of the metric system. The law passed in 1837 enacted that on and after January 1st, 1840, all weights and measures other than those constituting the metric decimal system were prohibited, and it was rendered illegal even to keep or expose the old weights and measures in stores r warehouses. The unit of length is the metre, and it forms the basis of the entire system. The unit of capacity the litre -forms the tenth part of a metre (decimetre), and the unit of weight the gramme is obtained from the hundredth part of a metre by cubing it. The monetary system of France is closely connected with the foregoing. The basis of coinage, with a unit of weight of one gramme, rests upon the metre, the latter being exactly the ten-millionth part of the quadrant, the fourth part of the meridien ; " le metre est un dix-millionieme d'un quart du meridien ; 10 millions de metre zr -L du meridien." The subdivisions of a metre are : decimetres, centimetres, and millimetres, and multiplied upwards there are : deca- metres, hectometres, kilometres, and myriametres. A square of ten metres forms the unit of superficial or land measurement, and, as stated above, the litre or one-tenth of a metre forms the unit of capacity. The kilogramme is the weight of a litre of distilled water at its greatest density "4 degres au-dessus de zero." Thus it will be seen the principal weights and measures have a clear and undivided relation to each other. FRANOE. 309 The American and British equivalents are given in the following statement : The gramme is equal to . . 15'434 grains troy. kilogramme 2 Ibs. 3i oz. litre ,, . . 0-22 galls, or 1|- pts. metre . . 3-28 ft. or 39'37 in. kilometre . . 1,093 yards, metre cube . . 35*31 cubic feet. ,, kilometre carre . . 0*386 square mile. 1 Ib. is equal to ... 0*454 grammes. 1 cwt. ... 50'797 kilogrammes. 1 gallon ... 4*54 litres. 1 yard ... 0*91 metres. 1 mile ... 1-609 kilometres. Money. The mercantile value of one pound sterling, or 5 dollars American gold, is usually reckoned 25 francs, though the rate of exchange varies from 25'15 to 25*30 francs. The gold coins in use are pieces of 100 frs., 50 frs., 40 frs,, 20 frs., 10 frs., 5 frs. The value of gold is variable, but usually taken at the rate of 155 pieces of 20 francs to one kilog. weight. The silver coins are pieces of 5 frs., 2 frs., 1 fr., fr., i fr., i fr. The franc is coined of 5 grammes of standard silver containing one -tenth of copper alloy. The following tables give the equivalents of prices, with comparative weights and measures, to calculate the relative prices of goods sold in French money, and vice versa : ; a. d. cents. 1 franc per litre . . zz 4|- or 8f per Ib. 1 metre . . zz 8 or 16per yard. 1 litre . . zz 3 7 or 86 per gall. 25 cents or 1*. per Ib. . 2' 78 frs. per kilog. ,, 1*. per yard . 1*38 frs. per metre. 1*. per gallon . zz 0'28 frs. per litre. 10 francs per hectare zz 3*. 2irf. or 77 cents per acre. 1 dollar or 5*. per acre zz 15*56^ francs per hectare. The foregoing calculations are made at the average ex change of 25'20 francs per pound sterling. 310 FRANCE. Statement showing the Declared Value of Exports to the United States of America from the undermentioned Consular Dis- tricts in France for each Twelve Months ending September 30th. Paris Lyons and Etienne Marseilles Bordeaux Havre . Rheims . Cognac and llochelle . Nantes Nice ('aim's & Boulogne Total 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 St.' 25,975,061 $ 38,680,838 35,887,008 I 36,703,877 $ 37,492,923 17,008,333 16,860,435 1 2,394, IcO 12,014,9SO 13,088,937 2,890,522 3,340,974 2,185,893 1,875,545 2,220,383 2,612,342 3,388,914 2,987,419 2,206,872 3,275,400 1,942,894 2,486,865 1,240,914 2,093,460 1,8^9,002' . 1,875,507 2,526,040 2,364,786 1,928,474 1,927,451 La 1,664,078 1,948,717 2,006,239 1.785,139 1,719,876 234,798 185,156 174,869 107,^79 67,481 82,170 93,207 214,834 334,260 136,099 gne 1,559,834 570,483 55,845,539 70,081,259 69,456,112 59,025,739 61,767,484 All changes and corrections will receive attention for sub- sequent editions if addressed to the care of Messrs. WHITTINGHAM AND WILKINS, Chiswick Press, Tooks Court, Chancery Lane, London, E. C. Or to M. R. BEAUFORT, Care of Messrs. MENNONS & Co. Patent Solicitors, 52, Basse du Rempart, Bouvt. des Capucinea, Paris. BOULOGNE. 311 ROUTE 57. CALAIS TO PARIS. 184 miles. Far A, 1st class, 36' 55 francs ; 2nd, 27 -40 francs. 'ALAIS (Hotels: Dessain, Flandres, Railway Station), population 14,500. This is exclusive of St. Pierre lez Calais, which may be considered as a suburb of Calais. It has a population of nearly 20,000, and boasts of an important industry in lace-making and the manufacture of cotton tulle. A large number of English workpeople are employed in this trade. The manufacturers are almost entirely dependent on American and British markets. Lace Manufacturers. Gloppe & Tragen. Duden & Cie. Bonne ville & Garcerie. N. Viellot. Ch. Lecomte & Cie. Brochet & Lavesere. Among the articles of exportation, rags form an important item. In 1873 the export exceeded 1,000 tons, the entire of which was taken for the American and English markets ; but since then it has fallen off, owing to the fact that the large stock of old military clothing is no longer available. There are upwards of 40 coal-pits at work in the country around Calais. The production of coal had rapidly increased during the past decade, but further progress received a de- cided check by reason of continued strikes and a consequent rise in wages and curtailment in the hours of labour. Consular Agent of the United States. Jacques P. Vendroux. Leaving Calais, the first station of importance is BOULOGNE-SUR-MER (19 miles), (Hotels: Cristol, Pavilion, Imperial, Louvre, Bains}, population 42,000. The upper part of Boulogne, or Ville Haute, was in former times strongly forti- fied, but the ramparts have been converted into promenades, from which, in clear weather, Dover can be discerned. The lower part of the city comprises the seaport. 312 FRANCE. There are daily steamers direct to London, making the sea passage in about nine hours. A service twice a day is entertained with London vid Folkestone. The English community forms a large portion of the resi- dent population of Boulogne, and numerous hotels and board- ing-houses are provided for the accommodation of visitors. The harbour is too shallow for large ships ; it was, however, considerably enlarged and improved by Napoleon I., and also more recently, so that at high water larger vessels can pass in and out with less danger than formerly. Between Boulogne three stations of no special interest are passed until we reach ABBEVILLE (59^ miles), (Hotel : France), population 20,000. Situated on the river Somme, a manufacturing place of some interest, and doing a large trade in flax and hemp. We again pass several stations of no importance, and reach AMIENS (95 miles), (Hotels: France, Angleterre), popula- tion 56,000, situated on the river Somme, and at a distance of about 25 miles from the sea coast. There are very numerous establishments of woollen goods and other textile fabrics, the speciality being velvets. A few of the manu- facturers are given in the subjoined list : J. Maison & Caille. A. Fusilier & Cie. Payen & Cie. D. Lavallart & Cie. Vasseur & Cie. Lenoel Freres. Durand & Fils. Bulot & Shotellier. Jules Boquet & Cie. Auguste Treuet. Barbier & Fouquerolle. Decaix & Vilin. E. Percheval & Cie. H. Gumbert. Mollet Desjardins & Cie. Hazart & Royez. P. Poitron & Cie. Laroziere & Fils. Jumel & Desavoye. Fournier & Cie. After Amiens we pass successively through Breteuil (117 miles), Clermont (135 miles), and Creil (144). From thence we reach Chantilly, then St. Denis, and arrive presently at the terminus known as the " Gare du Nord a Paris." There the traveller is kept waiting from 20 to 40 minutes until the bag- gage is cleared. PARIS. 313 PARIS. O select hotels in a large city like the French metropolis would require too large a space even in giving a bare description. Some of the larger hotels, on or near the Boulevards, have enjoyed American and English patronage, owing to the advantage that travellers are not subjected to the necessity of taking all meals at the hotels without paying exorbitant rates for ordinary sleeping accommodation. Near the Opera are situated the following hotels: Grand, Splendide, Capucines, Chatham, Westminster, Mirabeau, Hollande, Orient, Rastatt, Bade, Parlement. But we have given elsewhere a list, which is believed to be nearly com- plete. The local guide books give the key to sightseeing, and afford information on every detail. There are some excellent books ; Murray's and Galignani's cannot be excelled. The United States are represented by His Excellency E. B. Washbourne, E. E. and Min. Plen. Official Residence, 95, Rue de Chaillot. Secretaries of Legation. Col. R. R. Hitt and Henry Vigneau. Consul General. General A. T. A. Torbert. Official Residence, 5, Rue Scribe. Vice- Consul. Colonel Hooper. American Newspapers, Reading Rooms, Physicians, 8fc. New York Herald . . 61, Avenue de T Opera. New York Tribune . . 23, Rue de la Paix. American Register . . 3, Rue Scribe. A. & W. Galignani . .130, Rue de Rivoli. Dr. Thomas W. Evans . 25, Rue de la Paix. Dr. Johnston . . . . 10, Bouvd. Malesherbes. 314 FRANCE. The following list of bankers, export houses, and commission merchants, comprises the firms doing business with the United States: A. T. Stewart & Co. . . . 18, Rue Bergere. G. A. Girod & Cie 21, Newall, Smith, & Co. . . . 30, Fould & Co 22, H. B. Clafiin & Co. . . . 41, Rue de 1'Echiquier. D. H. Holmes 4, Elliot C. Cowdin & Co. . . 19, Rue du 4 Septembre. Lherbette, Kane, & Co. . . 52, ,, L. Maillard & Co 76, Rue d'Aboukir. H. Hennequin & Co. ... 35, C. Berteaux & Radoux . . 10, Aitkens & Miller . . . . 13, Rue Richer. G. Honegger & Co. . . . 23, A. Hersant & Cie 13, Straus, Bianchi, & Cie. ... 24, F. Junet & Co. ..... 4, R. D. Warburg & Co. . . . 22, De Clermont & Co. . . . 11, Rue Barbette. , A. de GreifF 56, Rue des Petites Ecuries. Godchaux Freres .... 10, John M. Davies & Cie. ... 28, C. F. Hovey & Co. ... 55, Rue de Chateaudun. J. Levois 8, Tiffany, Reed, & Co. . . . 57, C. A. Auffm-Ordt & Co. . . 9, Rue Halevy. Jas. W. Tucker & Co. ... 3, Rue Scribe. Lane, Lamson, & Cie. ... 7, Chs. Le Gay 1, Munroe & Co 7, Van Bergen & Co. . . . 17, Rue de la Banque. Leon Pierre 12, Rue Martel. Koch Freres 6, Levallois & Coquet .... 52, Rue d'Enghien. Lanman & Kemp .... 36, J.' Heidenheimer 26, PARIS. 315 I A- hmaier Brothers .... 49, Rue Lepelletier. Hecht, Lilienthal, & Cie. . . 19, Strange Brothers .... 48, Faubourg St.-Denis. Weil Brothers 50, Rue des Marais. C. H. A. Charter .... 5, Rue Auber. Pierson & Ilarriman ... 3, Rue Chauchat. Arnold, Constable, & Co. . . 21, Rue d'Hauteville. Nicol, Davidson, & Cie. . . 35, Hughes & Crehange . . . 12, Place des Vosges. Kaindler & Co 5, Rue du Conservatoire. G. Wehry 7, Rue de Trevise. R. Fourcade 7, Rue Neuve St. Mery. II. Closterman & Boyle . . 9, Avenue des Amandiers. C. Behrend ' . 32, Faubourg Poissonniere. J. Verspuy 32, C. Morlot & Cie 37, A. Wolf 35, Allain & Co 2, J. Sescau & Co 39, J. R. Jaffray & Cie. ... 14, Brevet & Cife 54, Vogel & Co 9, Mennons & Cie 52, Basse Rempart. Sternfeld Freres & Cie. ... 8, Rue Rougeraont. Passavant & Cie 6, Cite May, Firnhaber, & Cie. . . 50, Bouvd. Haussmann. John F. H. Vogt .... 15, Rue Paradis (Poissonniere). Gueble & Nippert .... 40, Goupil & Cie 9, Rue Chaptal. W. II. Ilorstinann & Son . . 28, Rue Meslay. A. Hernsheim & Cie. ... 16, Rue Bleue. Neumann & Cie 14, Lazard Freres 40, Rue Ste.-Cecile. A. Guniet 30, Rue Bauden. I. Schieb 24, Rue Druot. F. J. Hotop & Cie 6, Rue du Caire. J. Glaenzer & Cie 35, Bouvd. Strasbourg. Talamon fils & Cie 64, Rue Richelieu, 316 FRANCE. Wm. Huffer & Cie. . . . 18, Rue de Londres. Pillett, Will, & Cie. ... 7, Rue Moncey. Perier Freres & Cie. ... 59, Rue de Provence. Hottinguer & Cie 38, Seligman Brothers & Cie. . . 32, Bouvd. Haussmann. F. S. Ballin & Cie 28, Drexel Harjes & Co. ... 44, L. Callaghan & Cie. ... 33, Rothschild Freres . . . . 21, Rue Lafitte. Pedro Gill 6, Bouvd. des Capucinea. Societe Generale .... 1, Place de 1'Opera. Marcuard Andre & Cie. . . 31, Rue Lafayette. Gay, Rostrand & Cie. ... 66, Rue Chaussee d'Antin. Emile Erlanger & Cie. . . . 21, Rue Taitbout. Toutes rectifications ou changements de domicile doivent etre adressees pour la prochaine edition aux soins de Messrs. WHITTINGHAM AND WILKINS, Chiswich Press, Tooks Court, Chancery Lane, London, E.C. On a M. R. BEAUFORT, Chez Messrs. MENNONS & CIE., 52, Basse du Rempart, Bouvd. des Capucines, Paris. PARIS. 317 Statement showing the Declared Value of Exports to the United States from the Consular District of Paris during Twelve Months ending September 30th of each year. 1873 1874 1875 $ $ $ Books and Engravings 199,725 183,440 234,708 Boots and Shoes 92,934 82,866 88,756 Bronzes and Works of Art . 786,123 785,077 849,824 Buttons and Trimmings 1,541,282 1,455,567 2,141,345 Chemicals .... 555,742 752,544 731,046 Clocks and Watches . 176,753 175,095 263,611 Clothes and Costumes 167,321 215,679 935,172 Cotton Goods 413,967 350,175 819,494 Qrugs and Medicines . 72,954 78,356 62,100 Dye Stuffs . ] 99,044 269,053 201,083 Fancy Goods 1,384,934 1,444,180 1,374,098 Flowers (Art.) and Feathers 1,184,932 1,432,447 1,775,410 Furniture .... 194 r 651 121,279 274,508 Glass and Porcelain . 695,788 839,345 883,838 Gloves .... 613,324 844,297 821,107 Hair (Human) . 406,619 230,382 149,665 Hats and Hatters' Goods . 1,133,577 1,127,119 1,083,803 Jewellery .... 1,083,293 942,447 1,341,820 Laces and Tulles 631,620 515,047 589,902 Leather and Calf-skins 3,374,331 3,619,822 3,322,325 Linen Goods 614,770 473,703 197,954 Merinoes, Bombazine, &c. . 2,080,460 1,427,531 Miscellaneous 3,975,998 2,137,942 Miscellaneous Dry Goods . 2,209,420 10,679,755 9,106,031 Optical and Surgical Insts. . 255,468 180,246 548,520 Pianos and Musical Insts. . 88,443 84,616 115,805 Seeds and Plants 55,651 64,348 57,026 Shawls .... 616,260 953,466 614,477 Silks and Velvets 1,719,500 1,028,160 427,344 Stationary .... 274,965 147,286 205,244 Toilet Articles Perfumery 419,425 365,842 524,945 Wines and Liquors Woollen Goods . 97,606 1,796,395 56,600 1,802,109 74,607 5,436,013 Total . 35,525,787 36,703,877 37,492,923 318 FRANCE. Aluminium Goods. Societe Anonyme, 21, Boulevard Poissonniere. Clermont & Martin, 104, Temple. J. Zoeller, 5, Grenetat. Amber Goods. Gottschalck & Cie., 76, Faubourg St. Martin. Mourot & Guilleaume, 68, Faubourg St. Martin. C. Scheidel & Cie., 66, Boulevard Sebastopol. J. Bracher & Fils, 11, Lauzan. Artistic and Fancy Bronze Goods. Carmant & Normant, 26, Rambuteau. E. Gascon, 30, Reaumur. Leblanc Freres, 7, Reaumur. E. Carriere, 60, N. D. de Nazareth. A. Franchette, 38, N. D. de Nazareth. Daniel & Cie., 7, Bonaparte. Bouron & Dallbergue, 12, Chariot. Francois Legendre, 53, Chariot. Martinet Freres, 71, Chariot. Berthet & Fils, 18, St. Gilles. H. Desartre & Cie., 26, Saintonge. Boyer Freres, 64, Saintonge. Trioullier & Fils, 1, Vieux Colombier. Ganneron & Motet, 74, Amelot. Broquin & Laine, 59, Faubourg Temple. Pauwels & Fils, 39, Faubourg Temple. Cambrics. A Bieriot & Cie., 25, Clery. G. Simmonet, 40, Clery. Vinchon & Basquin, 13, Mulhouse. Antoine Menard, 23, Sentier. Bricout-Mollet, 10, Sentier. PARIS. 319 Cachemir and other Shawls. M. Dalseme, 22, Provence. C. Oulman & Fils, 2, Drouot. E. Caillieux & Fils, 51, Aboukir. H. Hennequin & Cie., 35, Aboukir. Tabourier, Perreau, & Cie., 6, Aboukir. Penicaud & Naude, 23, des Jeuneurs. Collett, Dubois, & Cie., 31, du Mail. L. Planche & Cie., 23, du Mail. B. Wulveryck, 13, Mail. Verde-Delisle, Freres, & Cie., 80, Richelieu. Chemicals, Drugs, and Dye-stuffs. Arnette Freres, 4, Barbette. C. Huvelle, 10, Quai Marne. Guinon, Fils, & Cie., 10, de Jouy. Armet de Lisle & Cie., 46, Mather. Ch. Collin, 15, Quincampoix. M. H. Deiss, 15, Volta. Cheve & Gerard, 36, Verrerie. A. Marion, 78, Avenue St. Germain. J. B. Defay & Cie., 115, Boulevard Magenta. Ch. Nolot, 15, Linne. Bardon & Asseline, 11, St. Croix Bretonnerie. Dubosc & Cie., 75, Vieille Temple. Fleuriet, Delattre, & Cie., 5, Renard St. Merri. Lamoureux & Gendrot, 48, Franco-Bourgeois. Diamonds and Precious Stones. E. Bigot-Dumaine, 13, Saintonge. B. Herz & Cie., 37, Chateaudun. Maurot & Guilleaume, 48, Faubourg St. Martin. Ochs Freres, 100, Boulevard Sebastopol. Ch. Buquet, 15, Buci. J. Halphen & Cie., 6, Lepelletier. Hadamard & Bruhl, 15, Bleue. E. Fallek & Fils, 11, Lafitte. L. Rouvenat, 62, Hauteville. 320 FRANCE. Cameo-cutters and Merchants. J. P. Barri, 170, Temple. C. Scbmoll, 132, Turenne. Staiger & Cie., 78, Quai Hotel de Ville. Francati & Santamaria, 52, Bondy. G. Bissinger, 46, Victoire. Ed. Guyetant, 19, Bouvd. Montmartre. Dress Goods, Woollen, Silk, and other Textile Fabrics for Ladies' wear, Furniture, Sfc. Collet, Dubois, & Cie., 31, du Mail. Guybert & Langlois, 1, du Mail. E. Joriaux & Cie., 39, Sentier. O. Koechlin Freres, 33, Sentier. Schluinberger, Fils, & Cie., 36, Sentier. Aime, Selliere, & Cie., 30, Sentier. Feray & Cie., 29, Sentier. Catteau & Cie., 23, Sentier. Carlhian & Louvet, 26, Sentier. A. Tavernier, 3, Sentier. Gros, Roman, & Cie., 8, Ste. Cecile. E. Huber & Cie., 20, Quatre Fils. Dauant & Cie., 7, Coq-Heron. A. Chicotet, 77, Rambuteau. Braquenie Freres, 16, Vivienne. Massein, Loussel, & Cie., 50, Sebastoppl. Felix Colliard & Cie., 52, Hauteville. Talamon, Fils, & Cie., 64, Richelieu. Scheurer-Rott & Fils, 4, Rougemont. Ch. Piot & Fils, 14, Aboukir. Estragnat & Susse, 4, Clery. Lantz Freres, 53, Ours. PARIS. 321 Fancy Leather Goods. D. Guillot, FHs aine, 117, Temple. C. Kothe & Cie., 129, Boulevard Sevastopol. W.Marx, 15, du Chaume. G. Toiray-Maurin, 4, des V. Haudriettes. Guille & Cie., 21, Chapon. Midocq & Fils, 121, Temple. Rubei & Cie., 62, Turbigo. Glove Manufacturers. P. Aigony, 98, Boulevard Sevastopol. Chs. Berr & Cie., 37, Rue J.-J. Rousseau. Berrier-Jouvin & Cie., 1, Rougemont. Boissonade Freres, 17, Thevenot. Cheilley, jne., & Cie., 66, Tiquetonne. Chs. Courvoisier & Cie., 126, Lafayette. Vve. Jouvin & Cie., 6, Boulevard Montmartre. H. Liotard, 122, Rue Montmartre. J. & B. Remy, 14, Petit Carreau. Trefousse & Cie , 26, Baudin. Henry Landron, 46, Boulevard Haussmann. H. Cerf, 6, Frangaise. Meerschaum Goods. Schlesinger & Cie., 21, Martel. Gottschalck & Cie., 76, Faubourg St. Martin. Crawley & Henry, 17, Beranger. Foegly & Dorsch, 240, St. Denis. Jules Fex aine, 5, Montmorency. Guill. Korner, 190, St. Martin. Lerchenthal & Ries, 16, Montmorency. Philippart-Moulin, 8, Montmorency. 322 FRANCE. Perfumery Manufacturers. Arbelin & Cie., 40, Rue d'Enghien. Briquet & Cie., 47, Rue d'Enghien. E. Joubert, 10, Rue d'Enghein. V. Achard & Cie., 44, Petites Ecuries. E. Gouty, 92, Avenue Batignolles. F. Crucq, 11, Trevise. Deraarson, Chetelat, & Cie., 71, St. Martin. Gelle Freres, 35, D'Argout. Mero & Boyveau, 16, D'Argout. A. D. Lavandier, 4, Salm de Caus. J. V. Bully, 67, Montorgueil. Pinaud & Meyer, 37, Boulevard Strasbourg. L. T. Piver, 40, Boulevard Strasbourg. Rigaud & Cie., 3, Vivienne. E. Rimmel, 17, Boulevard Italiens. Roger & Gallet, 38, Hauteville. Cottam & Cie., 79, Rivoli. Vibert Freres, 28, Boulevard Sebastopol. Felix Prot & Cie., 55, Ste. Anne. Porcelain and China Goods. H. Ardent & Cie., 8, Martel. Hache & Pepin, 27, Paradis (Poissonniere). Chs. Pillivuyt & Cie., 46, Paradis (Poissonniere). Collet Freres, 5, Paradis (Poissonniere). A. Claretie, 8, Paradis (Poissonniere). Lebeuf, Milliet, & Cie., 61, Faubourg (Poissonniere). Seigle & Chavoit, 11, Petites Ecuries. Leullier, Fils, & Bing, 48, Faubourg St. Denis. Gibus & Cie., 67, Faubourg St. Denis. Faugeron & Dupuis, 146, Faubourg St. Denis. ST. BEEIUC. 323 ROUTE 58. BREST TO PARIS. 387 miles. Fares, 1st class, 76'75 francs ; 2/zd, 57'55 francs. (Hotels: des Voyageurs, Lamarque), popu- lation 66,000. Situated on the west coast of Brittany, ranking among the principal stations of the French Navy ; as such, its chief trade is in connection with contracts for naval stores and provisions. Apparently a lack of enterprise similar to that experi- enced in neighbouring ports prevails at Brest ; the export trade with England is exceedingly limited. The whole district produces a considerable excess of its requirements in cattle, horses, cereals, fruit, and vegetables ; however, little or nothing is shipped here; while the neighbouring- smaller ports, Morlaix and St. Brieuc, entertain direct steam communication with England and the Channel Islands. It is strongly fortified, and the city is situated on an eminence, with steep and irregular streets. American Vice- Consul. E. Le Pommelee. British Consul. H. Raynals. The first station is LANDERNEAU (11^ miles), (Hotel: PUnivers), population 7,000. A busy and very interesting old city. We next reach MORLAIX (37 miles), (Hotels: Provence, Europe), popu- lation 15,000. Situated on a tidal river or creek. Linen manufacture and various industries contribute to the pros- perity of this quaint and interesting place. There is a weekly steam communication between Morlaix and Dartmouth.. Passing several unimportant stations we come to GUINGAMP (75 miles), and then to ST. BRIEUC (92 miles), (Hotel: TUnivers). A weekly steam communication has been established between this place 324 FRANCE. (Port Legue) and Guernsey, Jersey, and Plymouth. It tends to promote the export of agricultural produce, cattle, &c. Passing successively Lamballe (105 miles) and Broons (122 miles), we reach the ancient capital of Brittany, viz : RENNES (156 miles), (Hotels: Grand Hotel, Julien), popu- lation 53,000, situated near the confluence of the He and Vilaine. It is the centre of an extensive industrial district. Various branches of manufacture are prospering, especially leather dressing and tanning; there are likewise several glove makers. At Rennes is the junction of the lines to Nantes, and St. Malo. Continuing the route we reach VITRE (178|- miles), (Hotels : Sevigne, T Univers), population 9,000. Affords a favourable specimen of a mediaeval town. The fortifications are, for the most part, in good preservation. The castle is now a prison. And the next station is LAVAL (201 miles), (Hotels: de France, Paris'), popula- tion 28,000 ; on the Mayenne ; presents much the same characteristics as Vitre. The industry of the place consists principally in the manufacture of linen and cotton goods and thread. Handkerchiefs, table linen, and bed-ticking, form the chief articles of production. The intermediate stations are unimportant, and the. next place of interest is LE MANS (257 miles), (Hotels: Boule a" Or, Dauphin), population 46,000. A large business is done here in hemp and flax, and other agricultural produce. There are a few industrial establishments, mostly calculated to supply local wants. Passing through a beautiful expanse of country watered by the Huisne, we reach LA FERTE-BERNARD (282 miles), a town of about 2,700 inhabitants, with a beautiful church and a fine Hotel de Ville. ' The next station is NoGENT-LE-RoxRou (295 miles), (Hotels: du Dauphin, de la Gare), population 7,000. It occupies an attractive situation on the Huisne. RAMBOUILLET. 325 After two or three intermediate stations we arrive at CHAETRES (333 miles), (Hotels: de France, du Due de Chartres), population 20,000. It is an ancient town, built on the slope of a hill overlooking the river Eure. The Cathe- dral, one of the largest and most imposing ecclesiastical structures in Europe, with its lofty spires one of them rising to a height of more than 400 ft. stands on the summit of the hill. Leaving Chartres, we cross the Faubourg St. Jean over a viaduct of eighteen arches, and afterwards the Voise, and the valley through which it runs, on a viaduct of thirty-two arches, and presently reach MAINTENON (345 miles), situated at the confluence of the Eure and Oise, and then reach EPEENON (350 miles), after which follows RAMBOUILLET (358 miles), and thence, passing through Versailles, we reach Paris. 326 FRANCE. ROUTE 59. CHERBOURG TO PARIS. 239 miles. Fares, 1st class, 4575 francs ; 2nd, 34'25 francs. HERBOURG (Hotels: VAigle, VUriivers, des Bains], population 40,000. Situated at the head of a deep bay on the northern extremity of the peninsula of the Cotentin, on the English Channel, and opposite the Isle of Wight. One of the principal stations of the French Navy. It has numerous docks and basins, and a spacious harbour. It is protected against hostile attempts by its powerful fortifications. The advantages which Cherbourg possesses, with its magni- ficent roadstead, commodious harbour, and its direct railway communication with the interior of France, represent sources of great wealth, the development of which, in a commercial sense, has never yet been attempted. As a port of call, Cherbourg is advantageously situated, but there is apparently a total absence of enterprise among the resident mercantile community. American Consul. Emile Postel. British Consul. H. Hamond. After leaving Cherbourg we pass through a rich agri- cultural district. The inhabitants are largely trading with England, exporting eggs, butter, poultry, and cattle. The female portion is occupied in the manufacture of lace. After leaving Cherbourg we reach VALOGNES (17^ miles), {Hotel: du Louvre}. Next to it Montebourg, and Carentan (35 ~ miles) ; Lison (47^) ; and then BAYEUX (64 miles), {Hotels: Luxembourg}, population 10,000. The principal object of interest is the celebrated Bayeux Tapestry, said to have been worked by Matilda, wife of William the Conqueror. It consists of fifty-eight com- LISIEUX. 327 partments, representing incidents connected with the Norman invasion and conquest of England. The following are manu- facturers of lace goods : Norman, Fils, & Chandon. Auguste Lefebvre Freres. We then pass through ANDEIEUX (70 miles), and BEETTEVILLE (74 miles), after which we reach CAEN (82 miles), (Hotels: d 'Angleterre, Humby's), popula- lation 45,000, comprising a considerable number of English residents. The quarries in the neighbourhood supplied the material for the old London Bridge, the White Tower, Henry VII.'s Chapel, the cathedrals of Winchester and Can- terbury, and many other churches throughout England. The manufacture of lace is important, occupying a large number of the female population throughout the whole district. The following list comprises some of the firms engaged in the export thereof: Carroz, Dubuisson, & Cie. Lepeltier Freres. A. Deloge & Cie. E. Chapel. Francfort & Elie. G. Jouanne. The next stations are Mazidon (97 miles), Mesnil-Mauger, (101 miles) ; then follows LISIEUX (113 miles), (Hotels: Commerce, Espagne), popu- lation 20,000. Has a plainly-built cathedral of the thirteenth century, in the adjoining chapel of which are preserved the vestments of Thomas a Becket. It is a manufacturing place of some importance ; flax spinning and weaving; cotton goods, flannels, and mixed fancy dress goods are produced. Bankers. J. Dufresne Fils aine. Mallet, Prat, & Cie. Comptoir d'Escompte de Caen. The next station is BERNAY (132 miles), (Hotels : Cheval filanc, Lion cTOr), population 6,000. A small manufacturing place ; there are 328 FRANCE. Hax, wool and cotton spinners, fustians, swansdown, as well as ribbon and tape manufacturers. Passing through several un- important stations, we reach EVREUX (162 miles), (Hotels : du Grand Cerf, Mouton Couronne), population 12,000. There is a noble cathedral, with the Episcopal Palace adjoining it. This is another in- dustrious place ; hosiery and various cotton, worsted, and linen goods are manufactured here. After passing Evreux we go through a long tunnel, and reach Bueil (179 miles), and MANTES (194 miles). From hence to Paris (35 miles). See Route 60. Toutes rectifications ou changements de domicile doivent etre adressees pour la prochaine edition a Messrs. WHITTINGHAM AND WILKINS, Chiswick Press, Tooks Court, Chancery Lane, London. Ou a M. R. BEAUFORT, Chez Messrs. MENNONS & CIE., 52, Basse du Rempart, Bouvd. Capucines, Paris. HA VBE. 329 ROUTE 60. HAVRE ROUEN TO PARIS. 143 miles. Fares, 1st class, 28' 10 francs ; 2nd, 21 '05 francs. AVRE (Hotels: Europe, Frascati, Normandie), population 87,000. The second in importance of French shipping ports. Extensive works were commenced several years ago for the enlargement of the port. In the outer port there is at spring-tide about 32 feet water, and at neap-tide rather more than 25 feet, while at the entrance of the two principal docks there are re- spectively 35 and 31 feet at spring-tides. Many improvements have been made and are in course of completion, so that Havre is enabled favourably to compete with rival ports on the Atlantic coast. The shortcomings of the railroad management have tended to inflict great injury on the commercial interests of the port. The high rates of freight which rule between Havre and the great centres of industry of France, Switzerland, &c., threaten to annihilate the prestige of Havre as an entrepot for cotton. The same evil affects the movements of German and Swiss emigrants. Various prospects are on foot with the view to break down the monopoly held by the railway company, and thus to remedy existing evils. While the tonnage, inwards and outwards, of the ports increased from 1,799,349 tons in 1865, to 3,373,766 tons in 1874, the railway accommodation of to-day remains the same as ten years ago. CONSULS : Austria E. Troleux. Great Britain Fred.Bernal. Belgium A. Kreglinger. Italy P. Braceschi. Brazils E. Ferreira-Alves. Russia J. D. Neilissow. Germany O. Peyer. Spain J. C. Couder. United States John A. Bridgland. Vice-Consul John Hunt. The importance of Havre as a cotton market is illustrated 330 FRANCE. by the following statement, showing the imports of cotton wool during the past five years : COUNTRIES. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. Bales. Bales Bales. Bales. Bales. United States . 293,984 183.517 232,250 233,494 341,329 Brazil . . . 58,622 60,782 99,744 33,532 43,207 Other countries 115,680 274,191 209,401 121,489 204,514 Total . . 468,286 518,490 541,395 378,515 589,050 Port charges. The following statement shows the expenditure to which vessels of 1,000 tons register are subject, coming to Havre from any part of the world. The weight of cargo per ton delivered is fixed by government, and varies, according to the nature of the merchandize, from 150 to 1,000 kilos. : Francs. Cts. Protest at the tribunal of commerce Surveyors on the cargo Sanitary dues . Haulers into dock Bridge men Pilotage in Help boat in Dock dues Tonnage dues Life-boat dues Passport and clearance Pilotage out Help boat out Haulers out of dock Stamps, printing, pei Brokerage in, per to Capt. C. Brown, an American, has been established many years at Havre as general commission merchant and shipping agent for several transatlantic lines of steamers. ibunal of commerce . 14 45 ; cargo ... 95 150 00 00 k 35 00 7 20 395 85 30 00 750 00 1,000 00 60 00 irance ... 2 25 88 10 30 00 ock . 19 50 , petty expenses . . 12 r ton of cargo delivered 00 50 HA VRE. 331 The most prominent shipping houses, as well as commission merchants trading with transatlantic ports, are comprised in the following list : L. & Ch. Le Roux & Cie. Masurier, Le Jeune, & Fils. Rispal Freres. G. Rosenlecher. De Coninck Freres & Cie. Ferret, Alleaume, & Cie. Meinel Freres & Cie. George Lockhart. P. Devot & Cie. Fehr & Cie. Draper & Wood. Ph. Engels. J. G. Schmidt & Cie. F. Hartog & Cie. Ed. Borel & Cie. F. W. Barlow & Cie. Haas & Heny. Albert Kreglinger & Cie. Yrigoyen Freres & Cie. Langer & Cie. Haase & Cie. Lherbette, Kane, & Cie. R. Dumoutier & Cie. Busch & Cie. W. Iselin & Cie. Lefebvre Freres. F. Dumont & Cie. J. Barbulie & Cie. Batalla & Leliere. A. D. Bordes. A. Brostrom & Cie. Clerc, Urbain, & Cie. Georges Ferrere & Cie. F. Foerster. E. Grosos. 332 FRANCE. F. Kronheimer. Latham & Cie. Eug Lecoq. C. Brown. F. Mallet & Cie. Th. Breckenridge. Amtmann & Cie. Quesnel Freres & Cie. Delaroche & Cie. Victor Germain. Les Fils de C. Fischer E. Dubosc & Cie. Masquelier Fils & Cie. Monod Freres & Cie. F. Perquer & ses Fils. P. Kerdyck. Zellweger Freres. E. Wanner. C. Berard & M. Gautier. Marcel & Cie. The neighbouring ports of Havre, viz., Honfleur, Trouville, &c., are doing a large export trade in fruits, butter, eggs, and cattle. Of eggs alone 16 million dozens are shipped annually, chiefly to England. After leaving Havre the railway runs for some distance near the banks of the Seine. The first station is HARFLEUR (4 miles). We then pass successively BENZEVILLE (16i miles), Alvimare (25 miles), and reach YVETOT (32 miles), (Hotel: des Victoires'), population 9,000 ; with a considerable trade in cattle and agricultural products, and manufactures of cotton and linen. There are likewise several manufactures of cotton and mixed goods, chiefly bed-ticking. The Lord of Yvetot is styled " Roi d'Yvetot " in old chronicles, and antiquaries have been much puzzled to account for the origin of the title. Passing several places of no interest to the tourist, we go through a tunnel more than a mile and a quarter in length, before reaching ROUEN. 333 MALAUNAT (50 miles), and shortly afterwards arrive at ROUEN (56 miles), (Hotels: Albion, Angletcrre, Pm), population 150,000. One of the largest manufacturing places of France ; it has likewise some importance as a shipping port. During the past year 720 sailing vessels and steamers with an aggregate tonnage of 146,332 tons were reported at Rouen, and it is stated that a vessel of 1,700 tons, drawing 17 feet, has been able to come up at spring tides. A stone bridge and a suspension-bridge connect the Fau- bourg St. Sever, on the left bank of the river, with the city, which is at once one of the most picturesque and one of the busiest places in France. Some of the streets are well built, with modern stone houses, but the greater part of Rouen is old, with tall, narrow, quaintly carved and gabled houses. Consular Agent of the United States. Louis Guebert, 52, Rue de Crosne. A variety of textile fabrics in wool, cotton, and flax is produced here, printed cotton goods being among the specialities. There are many establishments on a large scale both in spinning and weaving, and a very large number of smaller factories. Among the most prominent manufacturing firms are the following : Societe Cotonniere. Pouyer-Quertier, fils. A. Manchon & Cie. Lemonnier Freres. Jules Dubosc & Cie. Girard & Cie. A. Goulon. Lemaitre-Lavotte. Armand Dieusy. Fauquet Lemaitre. F. Bertel. A. Riviere & Cie. J. Lepicard. A. Thouroude. L. Guebert. 334 FRANCE. Taking our departure from Rouen, we pass through several cuttings and tunnels, on emerging from which we have a beau- tiful view of the Seine and of the city. We next reach OISSEL (65 miles), at which place we find upwards of twenty cotton mills of more or less importance. We next pass PONT DE L'ARCHE (69 miles) and ST. PIERRE DE VOURY (77 miles). Here a line branches off to LOUVIBRS (Hotel: Grand Cerf), population 12,000. An important manufacturing place. Woollen and mixed cloths, stuffs and fancy dress goods are produced here. The next station is GAILLON (85 miles), and then we reach VERNON (95 miles), (Hotel: du Lion dOr), population 12,000 ; and here again are found a small number of cloth manufacturers, cotton velvets being the principal article. Passing throiigh ROSNY (104 miles) we reach MANTES (106 miles), (Hotels: Cerf, des Postilions), re- nowned as the place where William the Conqueror, after reducing the greater portion of it to ashes, met with the injury that caused his death. The scenery about the Seine is very pleasing as we proceed towards TRIEL (121 miles), in the church of which there is a paint- ing of the " Adoration of the Shepherds." The next station is POISSY (127 miles). The largest cattle market in France. We now cross part of the forest of St. Germain to MAISONS LAFFITTE (132| miles), (Hotel: Talma). This hotel was once the residence of the great tragedian of the name. The chateau was occupied for a time by Voltaire. Leaving Maisons, a journey of less than half an hour brings us to Paris. ARRAS. 335 ROUTE No. 61. PARIS TO BRUSSELS. 193 miles. Fares, 1st class, 35'8Q francs ; 2nd, 26*81 francs. OR the journey from Paris to Mauberge (143 miles), refer to Route No. 30. After Mauberge we reach FEIGNIES (145 miles), the last French station ; and a few minutes more brings us to QUEVY (147 miles). Here is the Belgian custom-house. A delay of twenty to thirty minutes occurs. Passing through Frameries and Cuesmes, we arrive at MONS (156 miles), (Hotels: Couronne, Singe d" Or), popu- lation 30,000. This is the great centre of the Belgian coal district. Between Mons and Brussels no stations intervene which have the slightest interest so far as commerce is concerned. The foregoing is the newest and shortest route between Brussels ; but there is no night travel on this route, nor has it any commercial importance. The other route lies via Amiens, and thence Brussels can be reached via Douai and Valenciennes, or via Lille ; at the latter place the train joins the Calais line to Brussels. The route so far as Amiens has been described under No. 57. From there we reach, after a travel of about 40 miles, ARRAS (120 miles from Paris), (Hotels: Griffon, de I Eu- rope), population 25,000; a fortified place on the Scarpe. The ramparts, adorned with fine trees, afford agreeable pro- menades. This is a manufacturing place, chiefly lace. There are numerous distilleries and oil mills, tanneries, and sugar refineries. Also a large trade in cereals. From Arras, we proceed through Lens and Bethune, to HAZEBROUCK (160 miles), and here we gain the road over which the mail route from Calais leads to Brussels. 336 FRANCE. From Hazebrouck we have 28 miles to LILLE (Hotels: V Europe, de France), population 155,000. This is an important fortress, situated on the Deule, in a level, fertile district. The streets are wide ; there are several fine squares ; and the houses, mostly in the modern style, are well built. This is a wealthy city, populated by an exceedingly industrious and energetic race. There are nume- rous and extensive flax and cotton spinning establishments. "Lille Thread," and the fabrics produced from it, are known throughout the world. There are likewise extensive ironworks and foundries. Several sugar refineries, oil mills, and other branches of industry are prospering. Consular Agent of the United States. C. D. Gregoire. British Vice- Consul. W. Wilson. Among the more prominent flax spinners and thread manufacturers are the following firms : C. Crespel, Veuve & Fils. A. & E. Maquet. Henri Detailleurs. C. Paillot & Cie. A. Sarrazen. P. Vrau & Cie. D. & V. Picanet. Crespel & Descamps. Mallet & Darras. Humbert Freres. Curtis & Cie. Lemaitre Desmeestere & Cie. Among the manufacturing firms the following may be enumerated : Jules Wallaert & Cie. A. Leleux. A. Veda! & Cie. Jules Scrive & Fils. Pauris Freres. Billau & Delahaye. Colomb & Cie. Danset Freres. J. Casse & Fils. E. Genin & Cie. From Lille we pass through BOUVINES BAISIEUX and reach the Belgian fontiers at BLANDAIN, where passengers' luggage is examined. Passing through Tournai (see Route 23), Ath, and Hal, we reach Brussels (see Route 18). E PERN AY. 337 ROUTE 62. PARIS TO STRASBURG. 312 miles. Fares, 1st class, 60'55 francs; 2nd, 45'30 francs. IT the extremity of the Boulevard de Strasburg is situated the terminus of the Eastern Railway Company. The road runs through PANTIN, Bondy, Chelles (12 miles), Lagny (17^ miles), and then we reach MEAUX (28 miles), (Hotels: Trots Rois, Cerf), population 12,000. Situated on the Marne. There are several establish- ments for the manufacture of agricultural implements, weigh- ing machines, &c. After leaving Meaux we cross the Marne, and, passing through the tunnel of Armentieres, recross the river, and arrive at LA FERTE sous JOUAHRE (41^ miles), (Hotels: de France, du Pore-epic), population 4,600. The Marne is here agree- ably diversified with islands. The place is famous for its quarries, producing millstones which are largely exported to England and to the United States. Passing NANTEUIL (46- miles), the road continues through a charming scenery along the river, reaching CHATEAU-THIERRY (60 miles), (Hotel: d'Angleterre},TpQTp\\- lation 6,000. Situated on an eminence overlooking the Marne. We pass successively the following stations: Megy (65 miles), Dormans (73 miles), Damary (84 miles), situated in a beautiful valley, and then approach the Cham- pagne district, reaching EPERNAY (89 miles), (Hotel: de TEurope), population 12,000. A small but clean and pleasant place, second only in importance for its trade in Champagne wine. The following establishments are situated here : De Venoge & Cie. Moet & Chandon. Dufaut & Cie. 338 FRANCE. Perrier Jouet & Cie. Eckel Freres. J. Roussillon & Cie. Jules Fournier. H. Piper & Cie. A branch line of about 19 miles runs from here to RHEIMS, or REIMS, as it is now called (108 miles from Paris), (Hotels : Lion cT Or, du Commerce), population 70,000. Situated on the Vesle, tributary to the river Aisne. This is the great centre of the Champagne district and its wine trade. American Consul. A. G. Gill. The following firms are resident at Rheims, engaged in the exportation of champagne wines : George Goulet & Cie. A. Helegard. Pommery Vve. & Fils. Max Sutaine & Cie. Vve Cliquot & Ponsardin. Ruinart & Fils. De St. Marceaux & Cie, Boll & Cie. Eugene Cliquot. Association Vinicole. Charles Heidsieck & Cie. Heidsieck & Cie. Boom & Cie. E. Irroy & Cie. G. H. Mumm & Cie. Jules Mumn & Cie. Louis Roederer. Theophile Roederer & Cie. C. Farre. F. Gautier & Cie. Kunkelmann & Cie. A. Delbeck. Fisse, Thirion, & Cie. Binet, Jeune, & Cie. E HE IMS. 339 Rheims has numerous factories of woollen and worsted goods. Upwards of 8,000 hands are employed in spinning and weaving, but there is very little export trade. There are numerous other champagne houses outside of Rheims situated within easy distances ; their whereabouts are detailed in the following list : AVIZE. Giesler & Cie. A. Sergent & Cie. C. Francart & Cie. Barra & Cie. J. Bumiller. J. Koch Fils. AY, Deutz & Geldermann Walch & Cie. Alfred Aubert Fils. F. Folliet, Streck, & Cie. Vautrin & Fils. J. Bellinger. Ayala & Cie. A. Duminy & Cie. MAREUIL-SUR-AY. Foucher, Olivier, & Cie. Bruch-Foucher & Cie. Alfred de Montebello & Cie. Bouche, Fils, & Cie. A. Terrier jne. VEBZENAY. Jos. Perrier jne & Cie. Moet & Chandon. Lanson Freres & Fils. Louis Roederer. Pommerey & Fils. Louis Guenardelle Returning to Epernay and continuing the route to Stras- burg ? we reach 340 FRANCE. CHALONS SUE MARNE (108 miles), {Hotel: de la Haute Mere Dieu), population 18,000. Here again is a considerable trade in champagne. One of the establishments, near the station, possesses cellars six miles long, excavated from the chalk rocks. The following champagne makers are established here : Jos. Perrier, Fils, & Cie. Jacquesson & Fils. Aubertin & Cie. Freminet & Fils. B. & E. Perrier. A. Colin. J. Coerg & Cie. At a short distance from the city is situated the military camp. Chalons is connected by a branch road with VERDUN, a fortified place about twenty-six miles from Metz. The next station is ViTRY-LE-FRAN9Ais (128 miles), and the stations then successively passed are BLESMES (136 miles), and REVIGNY (149 miles), after which we reach BAR-LE-DUC (159 miles), (Hotels : Lion cFOr, Grand Cerf). There are a few cotton spinning and weaving establishments and other industries ; the most noteworthy is that of a large trade in preserved fruits. COMMERCY (184 miles), (Hotel: du Commerce). Leather dressing and tanning is a prominent industry. The confec- tionery of the place is noted throughout France. The barracks seen at a distance was formerly a castle belonging to Stanislaus, king of Poland, who resided here. We cross the Meuse and reach TOUL (199 miles), (Hotels : Angleterre, Cloche d'Or), a strongly fortified place, the spires of whose cathedral are visible from a great distance. In the Church of St. Etienne is preserved " a nail of the true cross." The next station is FROUARD (245 miles). Here a junction is made with the railway leading through Metz to the German frontiers and Belgium. We presently reach NANCY (220 miles), (Hotels : de France, de Metz, d Angle- NANCY. 341 tern?), population 50,000. It is situated on the left bank of the Meurthe, and is divided into the old and new town. In the former we may observe the remains of the old palace of the Dukes of Lorraine, part of which is devoted to a collection of antiquities. This is considered one of the handsomest towns in France, and as such earned the name of a " petit Paris." This might be correct if Nancy did not lack the vitality and expanse of activity of the metropolis. There are numerous factories of tulle, lace, and embroidered goods, and some of the establishments enjoy a well-merited reputation. LUNEVILLE (240 miles), (Hotel: Faisan), population 16,000. A busy manufacturing place. Several tanneries and kid glove manufactories. The next station is AVRICOURT (260 miles). Here is the German custom house, and we enter Alsace, the first station being SAREEBOURG (269 miles), (Hotel: Sauvage), the next being SAVERNE (285 miles), (Hotel: Bceuf Noir), and passing through a rich agricultural district we reach STRASBOURG (313 miles), (Hotels: Ville de Paris, Angle" terre), population 85,000. 342 FRANCE. ROUTE 63. PARIS TO BASLE. 323 miles. Fares, 1st class, 64'30 francs; 2nd, 48'25 francs. PARTING from the terminus of the Eastern Railway Company (Chemin de Fer de 1'Est), we pass through Noisy and Rosny-sous-Bois and reach NOGENT SUB MARNE (10 miles), the seat of numerous manufacturers of cutlery. We then pass successively Villiers, Gretz-Armainvilliers (24 miles;, Verneuil (33 miles), Nagis (50 miles), and reach . LONGUEVILLE (551 miles), (Hotel: TEcu de France), population 5,000 ; we then pass Nogent-sur- Seine (70 miles), where repose the remains of Heloise and Abelard, and arrive at ROMILLY (76 miles), (Hotels: Lion a" Or, Chemin de Fer), population 5,000. The inhabitants are almost exclusively engaged in the manufacture of hosiery, woollen and cotton. Baskets and wicker-work form another branch of industry. We traverse a beautiful fertile country, prosperous in agri- cultural pursuits and various branches of industry. Passing numerous small stations we reach TROYES (104|- miles), (Hotels : France, Couriers), population 38,000. A very interesting old city. Hosiery is manu- factured here in every variety. The following firms pro- duce cotton, silk, and woollen hosiery : Damoiseau Freres. Klott & Cie. T. V. Maillot & Fils. Menneret & Richette. Henri Vinot. Regnier & Argentin. Bezart & Montaru. Gerard & Fevre. MULHOVSE. 343 E. Derrey Jeune. Cauchois & Paris. Bazin & Cie. Routte & Jacquin. Marot Freres. Leaving Troyes, we pass Bar sur Aube (140 miles), and several intermediate stations, when we reach CHAUMONT EN BASSIGNY (106-*- miles), {Hotels: TEcu, Che- min de Per), population 9,000. Here are tanneries, and several factories of kid gloves and various other industries. No further interest attaches to intervening stations till we reach LANGRES (185i miles), (Hotels : Europe, Pastes), popula- tion 10,000. A busy place, manufactories of cutlery, tan- neries, and other industries only of local importance. The following stations intervene: Charmoy (202i miles), Jussey (217 miles), with a branch line to Grey, and Pont d'A teller (225 miles), after which we reach VESOUL (238 miles), (Hotel: Cigogne, Commerce}, popula- tion 8,000. Several iron and brass works. We pass Lure (257 miles), and reach BELFORT (177 miles), (Hotels: Posies, Tonneau d 1 Or), popu- lation 8,000. A strongly fortified place. The next station is Altkirch (297 miles), after which we arrive at MULHOUSE (307 miles), (Hotels : Romaine, Wagner), popu- lation 58,000. Important cotton-spinning factories, muslin and calico printing establishments, also several chemical works. Among the manufacturers are the following prominent firms: Schlumberger & Cie. Dolfus-Mieg & Cie. P. Laederich & Sohn. S. Wallach & Cie. Ed. Vanober & Cie. Koechlin, Steinbach, & Cie. A. Wappler. Penicaud, Naude, & Dussuet. 344 FRANCE. ROUTE 64. PARIS TO NEUFCHATEL. 317 miles. Fares, 1st class, 56'20 francs ; 2nd, 42- 50 francs. over the same ground as described from Paris to Dijon (196^ miles), reference will be had for this portion of the journey to Route No. 67. The first station on leaving Dijon is MAGNY (205i miles), then passing Genlis, Collonges (212 miles), and Auxonne (216 miles), we reach DOLE (226 miles), (Hotels : de Geneve, France}, population 16,000. Situated on the Doubs, amidst beautiful scenery. It is a busy place, with an extensive local trade. In the neigh- bourhood, at Fraisans, are the steel and iron works of the " Societe des Hauts-Fourneaux de Franche-Comte." Leaving D61e we traverse a portion of the immense forests of Chaux, passing through Montbarrey (236 miles), and Arc- Senans (242 miles), thence reaching MOUCHARD (246 miles). Here a branch road conducts the traveller towards Lons-le-Saulnier and St. Claude, in the Jura mountains. In these regions nearly the entire population is engaged in making watches and clocks, musical boxes, spectacles, optical and various scientific instruments. At Sainte- Claude, toys and fancy goods are produced, while Morez is the centre for watches and spectacle makers. Passing through Andelot (261 miles) and Frasne (274 miles) we reach POXTARLIER (285 miles), (Hotels: Lion d 1 Or, National] , population 5,000. Here are numerous distilleries producing cordials and liqueurs, the speciality being absinthe. The growth of herbs, " hyssop and wormwood," used in the PONTARLIER. 345 manufacture of absinthe, is largely carried on here. There is likewise a large trade in cheese. Absinthe Distillers, Dubied & Fils. A. Junot & Cie. Traversing the valley of the Doubs, we enter Swigs terri- tory, passing Couvet (301 miles), Auvernier (314 miles), and reach Neufchatel (317^ miles); for description refer to Switzerland, Route No, 76, Toutes rectifications ou changements de domicile doivcnl etrc adressees pour la prochaine edition a MESSRS. WHITTINGHAM AND WILKINS, Chiswick Press, Tooks Court, Chancery Lane, London, E.C. Ou o M. R. BEAUFORT, Chez MESSRS. MENNONS & CIE., 52, Basse du Hempart, Bouvt. des Capucines, Paris. 346 FRANCE. ROUTE 65. PARIS TO GENEVA. 376 miles. Fares, 1st class, 77*15 francs; 2nd, 57*85 francs. BETWEEN Paris and Dijon the route is the same as described under the head of Route No. 67. DIJON (196 miles), (Hotels: Jura, Cloche), population 42,000. Once the capital of Bur- gundy, situated at the confluence of the Ouche and Suzan, at the foot of vine-clad hills. The city has an important wine trade. One of the wine jurors for Great Britain at the Vienna Ex- hibition of 1873, Mr. Henry Vizetelly, has published a version of his Reports on Wines, and the following information regard- ing the various qualities of Burgundy wines are extracted from those reports : " Since the year 1840 the grand Burgundy vintages number less than half a score. The natural strength of the finer Bur- gundy growths ranges from 19 to 22/ of proof spirit, although in exceptional years they have shown as much as 24 and as little as from 13 to 15 / , while wines vintaged from the Gamay species of grape frequently contain even less than 10*/ of proof spirit. The fine white wines ordinarily contain from 20 to 30 / , the Maconnais and Beaujolais growths averaging from 18 to 20 / of proof spirit. The wholesale prices on the spot of the grand wines of the Cote d'Or range from 400 to upwards of 1,000 francs the piece of 50 gallons (300 bottles), according to vintage and age ; vins ordinaires as low as from 100 to 150 francs the piece. The finer wines of the Maconnais command from 200 to 400 francs, and those of the Beaujolais from 150 to 250 francs the piece of 47 gallons. The generous vinous growths of Burgundy have always been in high renown, and centuries ago the product of this favoured DIJON. 347 province passed as presents from one royal personage to another. The inhabitants of the Cote d'Or (the Golden Slope), for the purpose of classifying the produce, divide the district into the Cote de Nuits and the Cote de Beaune, the former boasting of what they technically term their best climats, the most esteemed being at Vosne, whence come Romanee-Conti, La Tache, and Richebourg. Of these the first-named is re- cognized king. The characteristics of these splendid wines are body, com- bined with extreme finesse, velvety softness, rich ruby colour, and delicate bouquet. Genuine Romance is rarely met with, for a prolific vintage never exceeds four thousand bottles. The name may figure in thousands of prices current, but at the best you can only expect to obtain Romance St. Vivant, or some other member of the extensive family of Romance ; good enough wines in then* way, but occupying merely second or third rank among the Burgundy climats. La Tache and Riche- bourg are equally fine wines with Romanee-Conti, and the former has the extra merit of being what the French term corse, meaning a stout wine, all the component parts of which are intimately mingled. Moreover, a wine of this character forms a deposit without becoming thin. Ordinarily, even moderate age wears out the best Burgundies. Clos de Vougeot is usually classed after Richebourg, although connoisseurs generally are disposed to give the palm to Cham- bertin, which is a finer kind of Volnay, and the vin veloute par excellence of the Cote d'Or. To considerable body it unites a fine flavour, and a suave bouquet with great finesse, and has, moreover, the much-prized merit of not becoming thin with age, as the majority of the Burgundy growths do. The Clos de Beze, on the northern side of the Chambertin vineyard, produces a wine of a more piquant character, less soft and delicate, still one which, while impressing the taste, suggests neither the smallest sense of acidity nor any excess of vinosity. Clos de Vougeot can certainly lay claim to a more decided and characteristic bouquet than Chambertin can boast of. It is likewise a firm wine, less refined in flavour, it is true, than Romance and the other grand Vosne crus, with a suggestion, too, of bitterness, such as exists in the Medoc growths when young, 348 FRANCE. and which is due to their tannin. On this account it requires to rest four years in wood. One of the most delicate wines of the Cote de Nuits is Musigny. Among the more spirituous growths, distinguished by remarkable body and flavour, but deficient in refinement, prominence must be given to St. Georges. Among common growths may be mentioned those of Morey and the Clos de Laroche. The grand wines of Volnay, firm and delicate, with a dis- tinctive and refreshing flavour, slightly suggestive of raspberry, but a seductive bouquet, are unrivalled by any other growth of the Cote d'Or. Les Petits Caillerets, Clos du Chene, and Les Bouches d'Or are specially mentioned. From Santenay comes a red wine which ranks with Gorton. From Aloxe comes a wine with that fine, full flavour which distinguishes the Gorton wines. Gorton takes equal rank with Volnay, and is not unfrequently classed above it, owing, no doubt, to its greater richness, and its quality of outliving less robust rivals. The product of Beaune includes a variety of fine intimately blended wines, with a clear, pure flavour, the finest being the produce of the Feves vineyard. The Clos des Mouches furnishes a somewhat delicate and mellow wine, the Cras one of a stouter growth, and the Greves a wine remarkable for body combined with finesse. Of the Pommards some are singularly round, but inclined to be dull and heavy, while others combine robustness with an almost vivacious flavour ; and others again, from the Clos de Citeaux, are agreeably delicate and mellow. Santenay produces a wine possessing roundness and body, with the drawback of an occasional gout de terroir. Chassagne, whose red wines are not especially remarkable, enjoys, with Puligny, the honour of producing the finest white wine of the Cote d'Or at once it is Chateau d'Yquem, Johannisberg, and Tokay the renowned Montrachet, which every native-born Burgundian maintains to be the grandest white wine in the world. The distinguishing characteristics of Montrachet are finesse, fullness, absolute homogeneity, and softness, combined with a powerful yet delicate flavour and DIJON. 349 immense richness. It has, moreover, a most characteristic and eminently suave bouquet very distinctly developed, and will keep, as is said of all the grand white wines, almost any length of time, without losing a single one of its splendid qualities. This is the Montrachet aine, the veritable wine coming from a vineyard half-way up the slope of the hill whence it takes its name ; two other and less commendable varieties, known as the Chevalier and the B&tard, being severally vintaged, the one at its summit and the other at its base. The former of these wines has great and even delicate flavour, whereas the latter, although with a taste slightly re- sembling the real Montrachet, is heavy, harsh, and altogether wanting in finesse. Genuine Montrachet commands a fabulous price, and even the Batard, in good condition, is held at high rates by retailers. The species of vines most cultivated in Burgundy are the Pineau Noir and the Gamay, the former of which produces wine of high quality, deep in colour, and spirituous, while the latter, which is the most prolific bearer, and the prevailing grape throughout the Maconnais and the Beaujolais, yields wine paler in colour as well as somewhat acidulous. All the white wines are produced mainly from the Pineau Blanc." Bankers. Mairet & Yillet. Gaulin-Dunoyer & Cie. Guiot & Cie. The following are the names of the most prominent wine growers and wine merchants : L. A. Grosperrin. Clement Fils. Lucien Clement. Bailly & Gallimard. Robert Perreau. Artaux Fils. Jules Regnier. Bordet Freres. Abel Bresson. J. B. Sebille & Cie. 350 FRANCE. Polack & Meyer. Polack jne. H. Audiffret. H. Fontagny. Frederic Mugnier. De Beuvrand. Union des propres de Vignes. Lejay Lagoute. Paul Guillemot. Paillet & Fils. Mustard, is an article for which Dijon has a great reputa- tion. It is manufactured by the following firms : A. Poupon. Gros Freres. Pernot-Gille. Leaving Dijon we pass through Gevrey, and reach VOUGEOT (207 miles). The following are wine growers and wine merchants : Jorrot Pere & Fils. Pely-Gouvy. Groffier- Joseph. In the vicinity is grown the celebrated Clos de Vougeot, of which estate the following are joint owners : Comte de Rochechouart. Marquis de Lagarde. Comte de Montalembert. The manager of the estate is M. Pignolet. Jules Regnier, owner of La Tache Romance. Comte de Yogue, owner of Musigny. The next station is NUITS (210^ miles), {Hotel: Croix Blanche), population 3,700. Here are the following wine merchants and wine growers : G. Tisserand. V. L. Thomas & Fils. J. M. Duvault-Blochet. Simard & Fils. BEAUNE. 351 G. Chemardin. B. Sirugue. P. Marey-Monge. Marey & Liger-Belair. Jules Lemaire. Vve. Grisot. Chauvenet-Chauvenet. Laboure-Gontard. Laboure-Roy. A. Ligeret. Geissweiler & Fils. F. Hasenclever. H. de Bahezre. Fr. Andre -Argot. Paul Dupont. Viennot & Fils. Passing through Corgolin (214 miles) we arrive at BEAUNE (219 miles), (Hotels: Chevreuil, Poste, France), population 12,000. This is the chief centre of the Burgundy wine trade. There is a very large number of wine merchants and dealers, among the principal firms are the following: E. Laussot & Cie. Maire & Fils. Moreau Voillot. Bouchard Pere & Fils. Etienne Poulet & Fils. Bouchard aine & Fils. Louis Lavirotte. Patriarche Pere & Fils. Gauthey Cadet & Fils. Aug. Billeroy. Laligaut, Chameroy, & Fils. Andre & Voillot. Louis Latour. Charles Steer. Adolphe Fougeres & Cie. J. E. Naigeon. Chanson Pere et Fils. 352 FRANCE, Charles Bernard. H. Pothier & Fils. Forest aine & Cie. Champy Freres. Labussiere & Cie. Joanain & Labussiere. Vve. J. Vincent. Poulet, Pere & Fils. Some of the foregoing firms are of very old standing, amongst others the last named has been established more than a century. In the immediate neighbourhood of Beaune are several villages where an extensive wine trade is carried on. They are not accessible by rail, but some of the places enumerated below are of a certain importance : VOLNAY. Jules Bernard. J. Chouet. Baron Du Mesiiil. Raphael Malivernet. J. M. Duvault-Blochet. J. de Montille. Du Mesnil-Marigny. Adolphe Buchard. Boillet Freres. J. Noiret-Both. SAVIGNY-LEZ-BEAUNE. Gorges Freres. Etienne Dumoulin. Adam Lequeux. Leonce Bocquet. Nicolas Fournier. Camille Gombault. Alexis Maldaut. POMMARD. J. M. Duvault-Blochet. CHALONS. 353 Girard Freres. Alph. Marey-Monge. Baillot-Fauleau & Fils. SANTENAY. Albert Passier. J. M. Duvault-Blochet. Baise & Meray. Ridard Freres. Francois Dunot. F. Barault-Lucotte. Leaving Beaune we pass through MEURSAUI/T (224 miles), where the following are among the wine-growers and wine merchants : L. & P. Grapin. Chas. Serre & Fils. Revirard & Adrien. C. Duverger-Taboureau. Boch Freres. Adrien Doucey. Labaume Pere & Fils. Jean Petit. Jobard & Bernard. Vve. J. Vincent. The last-named firm has been in existence for more than forty years and ranks among the first business houses of the district. Many of the wines made in this neighbourhood are white Burgundies, as already described in preceding pages. The next station is CHAQNY (229 miles), after which, passing through Fontaines, we reach CHALONS SUE SA6NE (239 miles), (Hotels: Chevreuil, Europe), population 1(5,000. It has a considerable wine trade. From Chalons we proceed to MACON (275 miles), (Hotels: Europe, Champs Elysees), population 18,000. Situated on the right bank of the Sa6ne. On the river-side are handsome quays, with two commodious 354 FRANCE. harbours. It carries on an extensive trade in the excellent wines grown in the vicinity, known as Vin de M&con, as well as in cereals, cattle, &c. It has also manufactures of watches and jewellery. The following are wine-growers and wine merchants : Piot Freres. Emile Deinarquet & Cie. Lacharme Freres. Debaune & Charton. Portier Neveu & Cie. Piquand & Savin. Ferret Freres & Cie. Hilt & Cie. Joubert & Cie. A. Martin. The intervening stations are unimportant till we reach BOURG (298 miles), (Hotels: Europe, Midi), population 14,000. The next station is AMBERIEU (317 miles). Here connection is made for Lyons. It is a small place, with a few factories of blankets, &c. We now arrive at CULOZ (334 miles), whence the line continues through Chambery towards the Italian frontiers (Mont Cenis). See description, Route No. 66. Branching off, we arrive at BELLEGARDE (French custom-house), and, entering Swiss territory, we reach, in less than one hour, Geneva ; for descrip- tion of which see Route No. 77. CHAMBER?. 355 ROUTE 66. PARIS TO TURIN. 487 miles. Fares, 1st class, 102-80 francs ; 2nd, 76'60 francs. REFERENCE to Route No. 65 suffices to show the travel so far as Culoz, the station where the road diverges, on the one side leading towards Geneva, on the other to the Italian frontiers. On leaving Culoz the road skirts the Lake of Bourget, on the opposite side of which is observed a range of hills, among them the " Dent du Chat." Abandoning the lake, the road branches off towards AIX-LES-BAINS (363 miles), (Hotels: Imperial, Venat, Poste), population 4,000. An agreeable watering-place, celebrated for hot aluminous and sulphurous springs, the temperature of which ranges from 100 to 117 Fahr. The waters, under the name of Aquce Graliance, were in repute with the Romans. Returning to the proximity of the Lake we arrive at CHAMBER Y (373 miles), (Hotels : de France, le Petit Paris, de VEurope), population 20,000. This was formerly the capital of Savoy ; it is beautifully situated in a rich vine- clad valley, between two ridges of hills. From here an excursion may be made to the monastery of La Grande Chartreuse, about 15 miles distant in a direct line. Excursions are more frequently made to it from Grenoble, distant from Chambery by railway about 39 miles. It stands 4,268 feet above the level of the sea, in a lonely and secluded position, surrounded by woods. The chief revenues of the monks are derived from then: cattle, and from the manu- facture of the excellent liqueur which takes its name from this place. The Grande Chartreuse dates from 1034. There were formerly about 200 convents belonging to the order, among them the Charterhouse in London. 356 FRANCE. From Chambery a line of rail connects with Grenoble, Valence, and Lyons. GRENOBLE (39 miles), (Hotels: Europe, Monnet, Trois Dauphins), population 45,000. A fortified place on the Isere. It is a very attractive city. There are cotton and other manufactures, distilleries, and tanneries. The kid gloves produced here have a well-merited reputation; sub- joined are the names of manufacturers. Fra^ois Calvat & Cie. V. Xavier Jouvin. Francoz & Cie. Ernest Calvat & Fils. Navizet. Moriquand. Pinet. Jouvin, Doyon, & Cie. Reboud & Cie. Alexandre Zenon. P. Guerin & Fils. Bertier Freres. F. Rouillon & Cie. Ollivier Freres. V. Terray & Fils. Of English firms the following are represented at Grenoble : Dent, Alcroft, & Cie. Leaf, Sons, & Co. The Fore Street Warehouse Co. Resuming our travel at Chambery we proceed along a beautiful valley, leaving the Castle of Batire on the left, and on the right Mont Grenier (5,700 ft.). A little further on is the Chateau Bayard, where the famous knight of that name was born. We then reach successively Montmelian (382 miles), Aiguebelle (396 miles), St. Jean de Maurienne (416 miles), and MODANE. 357 ST. MICHEL (413 miles), (Hotels: Paste, Samaritaine) . This was formerly the starting point across the Alps. The next station is MODANE (431 miles). Here we enter Italian territory. Examination of luggage ; the Custom-house officers are ex- ceedingly obliging. Good buffet and table d'h6te in the station. Trains through the tunnel commenced to run regu- larly on the 17th of October, 1871. The great Alpine Tunnel commences near Modane. It is 7-^ miles in length, and was completed on Christmas Day, 1870. Boring operations were carried on from both the French and Italian sides by means of engines worked by condensed air. Near Modane is the magnificent Fort 1'Essillon, or Bramans, standing on a rocky height, connected with the road by a bridge called Pont du Diable. At the other end of the tunnel we emerge at BARDONECHE ; thence we pass through numerous tunnels over a very interesting road ; passing Salbertrand, Bussoleno, and other stations, we arrive at TURIN (487 miles), (Hotels: Turin, Europe, Feder, Trom- betta). Toutes rectifications ou changements de domicile doivent etre adressees pour la prochaine edition a Messrs. WHITTINGHAM AND WILKINS, Chiswick Press, Tooks Court, Chancery Lane, London. Ou a M. R. BEADFORT, Chez Messrs. MENNONS & CIE., 52, Basse du Rempart, Bouvt. Capucines, Paris. 358 FRANCE. ROUTE 67. PARIS TO LYONS AND MARSEILLES. To Lyons, 319 miles. Fares, 1st class, 63 '05 francs; 2nd, 47'30 francs. To Marseilles, 536^ miles. Fares, 1st class, 106-30 francs; 2nd, 7975 francs. iROM the Boulevard Mazas the line passes through Bercy to CHARENTON (4 miles), on the right bank of the Marne, near its junction with the Seine, with a Lunatic Asylum capable of accommodating 500 patients. We pass successively through Maisons, Alfort, Villeneuve, St. George, and Montgeron, after which we reach BRUNOY (14 miles). Here are the ruins of a castle of the Dukes of Rochefoucault. The intermediate stations are unimportant. The next stoppage is at . MELUN (28 miles), the Melodunum of Caesar. We pro- ceed through the charming valley of the Seine and reach FONTAINEBLEAU (36^ miles), (Hotels : de France, Ville de Lyori), population 12,000. In the midst of a forest, with a fine Palace containing 900 apartments. MONTEREAU (49^ miles), where there is a delay of five minutes. Celebrated for the great battle in which the allies were totally routed by the French under Napoleon. It is situated near the confluence of the Yonne and the Seine. We next reach SENS (70i miles), (Hotel: de Paris), population 12,000. A busy place with many tanneries, and various other branches of industry. The Cathedral here was built by the same architect who constructed the choir at Canterbury. Passing through Joigny (91i miles), Laroche (97 miles), and St. Florentin (108 miles), we reach TONNERE (123 miles), celebrated for its Hospital, one of MA CON. 359 the finest in France. In the neighbourhood is a waterfall known as the " Fosse Dionne." The next station is TANLEY (128 miles). On both sides of the road are observed numerous castles and ruins, dating mostly from the period when the Dukes of Burgundy reigned supreme over the country. The stations we pass successively are : Nuits sous Ravieres (140 miles), Les Laumes (161 miles), Verry (175 miles), Malain (185 miles), and after some other minor stations we reach DIJON (197 miles), (Hotels: Jura, Cloche), population 40,000. For description of Dijon and for details of the Burgundy wine district, refer to Route 65. We travel over the ground already described, so far as MACON (275 miles), (Hotels: Europe, Champs Ely sees], population 18,000. There is a considerable wine trade; the Maconnais wines are mostly known as Thorins, Beaujolais, and others. We quote again the authority of Mr. Vizetelly, respecting the produce of this district : '* There are a couple of tolerably good red Macon wines, and a single distinguished white one, with less than half-a-dozen Beaujolais, light and agreeable wines enough, but occupying inferior rank. And even the two red Macon wines of repute require very special conditions to merit an approach to the character of fine wines. Possessing no high vinous qualities, they are ordinarily at their best as early as their third or fourth year. Of Thorins there are' several possessing considerable cha- .racter, and others have the drawback of unmistakable harsh- ness. The inferior red growths from the vineyards of Prisse, St. Amour, and Creusenoir offer nothing requiring special notice. There is some really good white wine among the specimens of Pouilly, distinguished as dry and spirituous, with a slight nutty flavour and fine bouquet. Of other white Macon wines those of Fuisse, Solutre, and Chaintre often lack finesse and generosity, although the first-named at times exhibits con- siderable character. The vineyards of Mont Brouilly, Chesnas, Julienas, St. 360 FRANCE. Etienne, Fleurie, and Morgon, on the southern slopes of the Beaujolais hills the last-named taking its name from the little river which flows close by are among the best the district yields. The majority have a delicate bouquet, are light in body without being at all thin, as well as pleasing to the palate, although most of them possess that slight medicinal flavour, due in all probability to some peculiarity of soil, which characterizes these wines. All excel in their rich sparkling colour." Leaving Macon we pass several stations of minor impor- tance, and reach BELLEVILLE (290 miles), population 4,000, and VILLEFBANCHE SUE SAONE (299 miles), (Hotels : Europe, Paucon), population 14,000. A manufacturing place, pro- ducing nankins and various textile fabrics. There is likewise a wine trade of some importance. The road continues through a fertile and picturesque country. We pass successively : Anse, Trevoux, Couzon, and other small but busy places. We reach LYONS (319 miles), (Hotels: de Lyons, rUnivers, Collet), population 325,000, situated at the junction of the Saone and the Rh6ne ; the latter river is crossed by eight bridges, and nine connect the two banks of the Saone. This is the great centre of the world for silks, and by far the greater part of the population is engaged in this trade or the manipulation connected therewith, namely, spinning, dyeing, and weaving. Every variety of silk piece goods, from cheap taffetas to the most costly brocades, is produced at Lyons. Ribbons, trimmings, laces, hosiery, and all other silk goods in endless variety. The dyeing department has, of necessity, created large establishments where colours and chemicals are manu- factured. The progress made in science has rendered these establishments famous, and some of them are among the finest in the world. There is a large business in the manufacture of mixed dress goods for ladies' wear. Fancy woollens, blankets, and embroidered goods are not of less importance. By reason of the necessary manipulations of dyeing, calendering, making - up, packing, &c., a large amount of business must be left to the care of Commission Houses. LYONS. American Consul. J. P. Osterhaus, 15, Quai Guillotiere. Vice- Consul. F. Feschotte, 2, Place de la Bourse. British Vice- Consul. C. S. Haden, 1, Quai St. Clair. The following are export and Aries Dufour & Cie. C. Berteaux & Radow Richd. Chandler Rylands & Sons P. Gavard & Cie. W. Greulich & Cie. Leisler & Sommerhof Jules Hess & Cie. Kessler Fibres & Cie. Hardt & Cie. Louis Mas & Cie. Hecht, Lilienthal, & Cie. A. T. Stewart & Cie. C. Wichelmann & Cie. ' Kutter, Luckemaier, & Cie. H. Billon & Cie. Eug. Despres & Cie. S. Beaucaire Bradbury, Greatorix, & Cie. E. Louvet & Cie. C. A. Auffen, Ordt, & Cie. Oppe & Cie. F. Vogel & Cie. Streissguth & Cie. Franklyn & Cie. J. & C. Boyd & Cie. R. Bentley & Son Carpentier Freres T. H. Johnson J. & E. Waters & Cie. Salvador Lopez & Cie. V. Knobloch Jas. Buchanan, Sons, & Co. Clave, Guit, & Montjoulat commission houses : 19, Place Tholozan. 18 8 18 21 23 27 19 24 27 22 3, Rue du Garet. 8, Rue de la'Bourse. 4 35 43 6 9, Rue Victor Arnaud. 5 8, Quai de Retz. 6 6 1 40, Rue Arbre Sec. 17, Rue Gentil. 9, Quai St. Clair. 2 1 9 9 17 11 2 3 FRANCE. V. Deyme & ses fils Arguinaris, Kaspar, & Cie. R. Propach & Cie. C. S. Haden J. J. & G. Cooper & Cie. Cook, Son, & Cie. J. & W. Campbell & Cie. Elliot C. Cowdin & Cie. A. Mombrim & Cie. Evesque & Cie. Rattier & Roche P. Garin & Cie. Sauvage Freres & Cie. L. Tresca & Cie. R. D. Warburg & Cie. Ja-y & Cie. G. Goudchaux & Cie. Gilles, Andrieux, & Cie. E. Levi & Fils A. Ramie & Cie. Martin, Hubsch, & Cie. C. Chartier & Cie. J. & T. Rosenthal Victor Deschamps Fore Street Warehouse Co. Wiedemann, Boucher & Cie. C. F. Dainbmann & Cie. L. Henking Laude Frs., Perrieu & Cie. Thompson, Pattinson & Cie. Sebastien Dupont Kolp & Sinner M. Schuster A. Mayot-Paturel Felix Freres Petrus Mondon 12, Quai St. Clair. J7 3 1, Place St. Clair. 9 3 9 21, Rue de 1'Algerie. 21 31, Rue Puits Gaillot. 4 4 1, Rue de Lyon. 3 8 3 6 6 4, Rue Bat d' Argent. 18 6 14, Rue Royale. 13 13 2 5, Quai Royale. 24, Rue Lafont. 20 2 8 8, Place des Penitents. 3 11, Place Croix Paquet. 5, Place des Cordeliers. 1, Rue Hotel de Ville. 31, Rue des Capucines. L YONS. I I I ^. ^ Ii 6 -:-:------ s t^i>-oot^oo^Sc5avco'-c^<^3as 55 o t-^ C > i-l * OS I I Op I TO t- p O ; W CO C< r-i t^ t-- g oT" , . , y?ccr, 'TJI -^ I-H ^< m TJ< ( < n oo . ~- t* ic -^ c o c^ -^" d^ ccj o ' >o_ t-ootoiot-^osos t-; 1 -;.. ^Ht^'oo'o t-^w trTotT cocT ^ . ?9 S * g oo ' 2 364 FRANCE. Leaving Lyons, we pass successively through Feysin, Chasse (332 miles), and Estresiin to VIENNE (339 miles), (Hotels: Louvre, Ombry), population 25,000. An ancient place, which formerly held a position in the silk trade, but now, of course, superseded by Lyons ; there are still, however, many important establishments here. Passing through numerous small stations, we reach VALENCE (385 miles). Here connection is made with Grenoble, an important place for kid gloves, described in Route 66. The next station is LIVRON (397 miles). A number of small stations intervening, we reach MONTELIMAR (413 miles), and ORANGE (445 miles), and then AVIGNON (463 miles), (Hotels : Europe, Louvre), popula- tion 35,000. For a long period this ancient city was the residence of the popes. A large trade prevails in raw silk, and there are numerous silk throwsters and spinners, but the speciality of the commerce of Avignon consists in madder and madder roots (garancine), which is extensively cultivated in the vicinity of Avignon. Among madder merchants and manufacturers, the following are enumerated : Clausen Fils & Cie. V. Rieu & Cie. Verdet & Cie. V. Escoffier & Cie. W. F. King & Cie. Favre & Cie. Parme & Feraud. Moustier Fils & Cie. Thomas Freres. F. Granier & Cie. The next important station is TARASCON (472 miles), (Hotel: Empereurs), population 16,000. There is a trade in oil, leather, wax, and cereals. Tarascon has many hat manufacturers. We then reach MARSEILLES. 365 ARLES (485 miles), (Hotels: Faucon, Nord), population 26,000. The place is noted for the beauty of its women. There is considerable trade in olive oil and agricultural produce ; several uninteresting places intervene, and passing successively St. Chamas (508 miles) and Rognac (520 miles), we reach MARSEILLES (536j miles), (Hotels: du Louvre et de la Paix, de Noailles, Grand Hotel de Marseilles, des Empereurs), population 300,230. This is the first seaport of France and of the Mediterranean. Its harbour is formed by an inlet of the sea running eastward into the heart of the city, and from its extent (nearly 70 acres) and its great natural advantages it is capable of accommodating 1,200 vessels. The New Harbour consists of four docks or basins, divided by cross piers, that allow vessels to pass from one into the other ; and at each extremity of the series is an outer harbour, or avant- port, opening to the sea. This series of basins extends up- wards of a mile, with a width of 450 yards. The first dock, or Bassin de la Joliette, is the great rendezvous of steamers for all parts of the Mediterranean. It communicates with the sea by an avant-port, and with the Old Harbour by a narrow basin or canal. Next comes the Bassin de PEntrep6t or du Dock, by the side of which are extensive warehouses and the dockyard terminus of the railway. Adjoining the northern avant-port is the Bassin Napoleon, which accommodates the steamers of the Peninsular and Oriental Company, and the larger sailing vessels. North of this is the Bassin Imperial. The new docks cover a space of 430,000 square yards, and the Old Harbour 319,000, making altogether 170 English acres. The city of Marseilles comprises the Old and the New town. The former, which occupies the site of the ancient Greek settlement, Massilia, is composed of narrow and dirty streets, bordered with crowded and ill-built houses. The new portion, which comprises "nearly two-thirds of the whole, is equal in beauty to any city of France. The streets are broad and straight, and the buildings remarkable for elegance. The new part of Marseilles is separated from the old part by one of the finest streets in Europe. Towards the centre of 366 FRANCE. the city this street expands into a beautiful promenade planted with trees and adorned with fountains, and it here takes the name of the " Grand Cours." The port charges and expenses for a vessel of about 400 tons are as follows : Francs. Pilotage, inward and outward, 12 feet . . 109*85 Gratuity to pilot (optional) .... 10*00 Stamps for manifest . . . . . 5 '60 Stamps at excise office, outward manifest, &c. . 12 '00 Custom-house passport ..... Noting and registering protest at the Tribunal . 10*85 Accompanying manifest of outward cargo . . 6 '25 Permit to land and re-ship chronometer . . 11*95 Boat for running lines ..... 15 '00 Boat hire for taking pratique .... 5*00 Health Office interpreter ..... 5*00 Ballast, 2 francs per ton . . . . ' . 125*44 Health Office fees 38*20 Water . . .... 15*00 Pilot for changing ports ..... 15*00 Towage in or out 80*00 Quarantine flag 2*00 Certificate of Lloyd's opening hatches . . 20*50 Use of cook house, per day .... 1 *50 Commission for procuring freight, 6 per cent. Draft of water for all class ships. Shipmasters derive much benefit by the services of an American, John Stephen Martin, who has been established at Marseilles for many years as a shipping agent. American Consul. Frank W. Potter, 108, Rue Sylvabelle. British Consul. E. W. Mark, 92, Rue Dragon. English Church, 100, Rue Sylvabelle, Consular Chaplain, Rev. Gordon Thompson, B.A. Service Sunday Morning, 10*30 ; afternoon 3.0. Evening Service at 7.0 p.m. MARSEILLES. 367 Steamers of the Anchor line make occasional trips be- tween Marseilles and New York, calling at intermediate ports on the Spanish coast. The export from Marseilles comprises a great variety of articles. Among fruits, there are nuts and almonds, olives, capers, &c. ; canary, and a variety of other seeds ; madder and madder roots ; cream of tartar, argols, verdigris ; gums, Arabic and others ; sponges ; olive oil. sesame oil, and essences. The manufacture of soap forms a speciality among the industries of Marseilles, produced chiefly from ground nuts and sesame seeds (arachides). The white wines of Cette, and red wines from the dis- tricts of Narbonne and Carcassonne, find an outlet through Marseilles. There is also a large export of alcoholic drinks, vermout^ syrups, and cordials. Among other articles are a great variety of drugs and chemicals, sulphur, corks, corkwood, liquorice, and lead. The exports from Marseilles to the United States have been as follows : $ $ 1870 2,;>49,845 1873 2,185,822 1871 2,890,521 1874 1,851,545 1172 3,340,974 1875 2,220,333 The following list enumerates firms of bankers, and shipping and commission houses, engaged in transatlantic commerce : Vidal Freres & Cie. ... 46, Rue du Sylvabelle. Easily, Valieri, '& Cie. . . 71, W.Puget 25, H. Folsch & Cie 30, 368 FRANCE. Adolphe Nait & Cie. . . . 35, Rue de Noailles. Spartali & Cie 2, Boulevard du May. C. Cayol 121, Rue Consolat. H. Amoretti & Cie. . . . 52, Rue Cannebiere. J. Pellissier & Cie. . . . 18, Rue de la Republique. J. Cruvellier & Cie. ... 20, Dehesa & Ruting .... 36, Hugueniot Freres & Cie . . 1, Rue d'Arcole. Matthieu & Martin . . . 51, Rue Dauphine. Aubert Freres 11, Rue Dominique. Rivet Fils aine & Cie. . . 12, Rue Arcole. Vassal & Guiet . . . . 12, Boulevart du Nord. A. Hesse & Cie 9, Rue Lafon. J. Camoin & Cie 26, J. Oulonne & Cie. ... 85, Rue Paradis. N. Paquet & Cie 4, Place Centrale. Aug. Fabre & Fils. ... 35, Rue de Pretueil. J. S. Martin Hi, Quai de Rive Neuve. J. B. Pastre & Cie. ... 54, Rue du Paradis. Jules, Lartigue, & Cie. . . 39, Rabaud Freres & Cie. . . 101, Pascal Fils & Cie. ... 40, Rue Montgrand. Louis Degrand & Cie. 14, Suzan, Lemaignon & Cie. . 62, Roux, de Fraissinet, & Cie. . 56, Droche, Robin, & Cie. 9, H. Naegely & Cie. ... 14, Cours Pierre Puget. Camille Julian . . . . 16, Boulevard Dugommier. Felix, Abraham & Cie. 6, Aries, Dufour, & Cie. ... 7, Place Paradis. Richardson & Ladouce . . 23, Rue Sainte. Giraud Freres & Cie. . . 42a, Lutcher & Cie. . . . 20, Rue Place St. Michel. Gustave Loubon Fils & Cie. . 13, Boulevard du Musee. Rosenburger Freres . . . 1 la, Boulevard Notre Dame. Chs. de Possel & Fils. . . 3, Henri Bergasse & Cie. . . 6, ,, E. Couve & Cie 24, Rue Grignan. F. Gamier 4, Rue Delille. MARSEILLES. 369 Louis Reboul Ytier Freres Leonce Belin C. Cauvet & Cie Ralli, Schilizzi & Cie. . . A. G-ondran & Fils. . . . Schloesing Freres .... Deville & St. Alary . . . Gugenheim, Freres, & Cie. . Eug. Debourg Zickerman & Gabcke . . Wai-rain & Cie. .... Alex. Ralli V. De Meezemaker & Cie. . A. Moutte & Cie C. Mouron & Cie Peirano, Danovaro, & Cie. . Valery, Freres & Fils. . . Peninsular & Oriental S.S.Co. 15, Rue Lafayette. 34, Cours du Chapitre. 108, Rue Sylvabelle. 7, Boulevard du Musee. 2, Rue Papere. 6, Rue Ventomagy. 16, Rue des Princes. 4, Rue de Belloi. 53, Rue Sylvabelle. 102, Rue de BreteuiL 84, 15, Rue de 1' Arcade. 3, Bouvd. Longchamps. 16, Rue Venture. 5, Place de Rome. 2, Rue de Baussett. (Italian Steamers) 58, Rue Vacon. 7, Rue Saffren. 9, Rue de Noailles. Toutes changements et cTautres renseignements doivent etre adressees pour la prochaine edition a MESSRS. WHITTINGHAM AND WILKINS, Chiswick Press, Tooks Court, Chancery Lane, London. Ou a M. R. BEAUFORT,- Chez MESSRS. MENNONS & CIE., 52, Rue Basse du Rempart, Boulevard des Capucines, Paris. B B 370 FRANCE. ROUTE 68. LYONS TO ST. ETIENNE. 36 miles. Fares, 1st class, 7'15 francs; 2nd, 5'50 francs. ,ETWEEN Lyons and St. Etienne we traverse vast coalfields and iron districts. The first sta- tion is OULLINS (4 miles). We then reach VERNAISON (8 miles) ; glassworks ; and GRIGNY (10 miles) ; with several porcelain and china-ware factories, and an establishment producing stained window- glass. The next station is GIVORS (13 miles), (Hotels: St. Nicholas, Provence), population 10,000. Extensive ironworks, potteries, and glass factories chiefly bottles. There are likewise several silk-houses and tanneries. The road crosses the Canal de Givors. "We pass several large tunnels and numerous coalpits. After some intermediate stations, we reach RIVE-DE-GIER (22^ miles), (Hotels: St. Jaques, AW), population 15,000. The coal-mines and ironworks are mostly managed by stock companies. The annual production ex- ceeds that of the northern coal districts of France. Window- glass, bottles, crystal, and various kinds of fancy glass are produced here. We pass successively Grand Croix, St. Cha- mond an important place for lace goods and trimmings and Terrenoire ; after which we reach ST. ETIENNE (36 miles), (Hotels: Commerce, Europe, Nord), population 96,000. Silk and velvet ribbons, trimmings, and silk velvets, plush and taffetas for hatters, &c., form the main staple of manufacture. There is a Government factory, and numerous private establishments for the manufacture of small arms and side arms. Files and other tools, as well as many articles of hardware, form another branch of industry. ST. ETIENNE. 371 The following list of bankers, export and commission houses, comprises firms doing business with the United States, and other transatlantic countries : Aries, Dufour, & Cie . . 9, Place Mareugo. Leaf, Sons, & Cie. ... 8, Soleliac Freres .... 5, Albert Peuvergne ... 2, Victor Paliard .... 19, Fraisse Merley .... 5, ,. J. Augier 13, Tamet, Michel, & Cie. . 10, Place de 1' Hotel de Ville. H. Descours 10, E. Barlet & Cie. ... 12, P. Gattet 6, Girard, Ogier, & Cie. . . 15, C. A. Auffm.-Ordt & Cie. .1, C. Candy & Cie. ... 15, F. Brioude & Cie. ... 9, Richard Chandler ... 10, Henri Gaisman .... 12, R. D. Warburg & Cie. . . 4, Place Mi-Careme. S. Gondre 4, Girard & Lyonard ... 9, Howell & Co 4, F. Savoye 4, Jules Hess & Cie. ... 4, Rue des Jardins. Balay Freres & Cie. . . 13, H. Hardorff & Cie. ... 28, Hervieu Polard, & Cie. . 13, Rue de la Republique. F. & R. Strange Bros. . . 13, Fleury & Fils .... 8, J. Barralin & Cie. ... 3, Soulie & Vende .... 3, F. Colombet 5, Bosch, Falck, & Cie. . . 7, Raverot & Cie 1, Rue de la Loire. Cainille Brim .... 3, Rue de Roanne. Revel aine & Cie. ... 6, Rue Gerenter. 372 FRANCE. Eugene Garand .... 2, Rue Gerenter. Guerin Deville & Brossard 2, Peuvergne Freres . . .14, Rue Balay. A. Levy Freres . . . . 2, Rue de Foy. Girin Freres 4, Rue Richelaudiere. J. B. David 16, Rue de la Bourse. Lucien Thiollier. ... 4, Gde. Rue Mi-Careme. J. Faure 7, Rue Brossard. Fraisse, Brossard Fils, jne. 6, Rue de la Paix. L. Robichon & Cie. . . 10, L. Bonjean Place St. Charles. A. Chapin & Cie. ... Consular Agent of the United States. F. Guyot. Bankers. Banque de France ... Place Marengo. Societe Generate .... Place de 1' Hotel de Ville. Credit Lyonnais .... V. Guerin & Fils .... Brechignac & Cie. ... 1, Rue de Foy. TAR A RE. 373 ROUTE 69. LYONS TO TARARE AND ROANNE. 57 miles. Fares, 1st class, 11 '20 francs; 2nd, 8'50 francs. AINT GERMAIN AU MONT D'OR (12f miles) is the first important station after leaving Lyons ; then follows : L'ARBRESLE (20^ miles), after which we reach TAEA.EE (32 miles), (Hotels: Poste, Lion cF Or), population 15,000. This is the great centre of a district where the majority of the population is engaged in the manufacture of white muslin goods. Cambrics and embroideries in endless varieties are produced here. The following firms are engaged in these branches of industry : Bellon, Cazaban, & Gallet. Collangetti & Chatard. Brun Freres & Denoyel. Chatelard Pere & Fils. Coquard & Chatelus. Devillaine, Madinier, & Breguet. Etienne, Matagrin, & Cie. Ferouelle Fils & Gilet. Estoul Pere & Fils. Hartmann, Dumoitier, & Cie. Meunier & Cie. Madignier & Matray. Margand aine, Mazerand, & Cie. Mottin Freres. V. Raffin & Fils. Theodore Rauch. Salmon-Rouze & Nottret. Thivel-Michon. A. Guyot, Fils aine. Estragnat & Susse. S. Forest-Treppoz & Janin. 374 FRANCE. Giraud & Josserand. Lepelletier & Cie. Mignard Fils & Girin. Dumas & Guillermet. Dubost Freres. A. Massard. David- Trouillier & Adhemar. C. A. Huffier Freres. From Tarare we pass through Amplepuis, Regny, and Le Coteau, places which are all more or less engaged in cotton or silk manufactures. We then reach ROANNE (57 miles), (Hotels : Commerce, Nord), population 20,000. Situated on the Loire and the Canal Digoin. Nu- merous manufactures of stuffs and ladies' dress goods. There are tanneries and cotton spinning and weaving establishments. Porcelain and a variety of other goods are produced. The following are stuff manufacturers : Groussot Freres. Dechelette & Lapoire. Brisou-Daumont & Cie. Ant. Labarre. E. & A. Baffin Freres. Michalon & Poude. A. Merle, jne. Darme & Cie. Canteloup & Dauvergne. E. Duperay. LIMOGES. 375 ROUTE 70. PARIS TO BORDEAUX. 360 miles. Fares, 1st class, 7275 francs ; 2nd, 54'25 francs. PROCEEDING by what is known as the Chemin de Fer d' Orleans, we leave Paris along the left bank of the Seine through : CHOISY-LE-ROI (6^ miles), several chemical works and pottery factories, and then Savigny-sur-Orge (13^- miles) ; thence we pass successively Bretigny (20 miles), Bouray, and Chamarande (29 miles), after which we reach ETAMPES (35 miles), {Hotel : du Bois de Vincennes), popu- lation 9000. A large trade in bees'-wax and honey ; several flour mills, tanneries, and coachbuilders. The next stations are ANQEEVILLE (47 miles), and ARTENAY (63i miles), after which we reach LES AUBRES, the outer station of ORLEANS (77 miles), (Hotels : Trois Empereurs, d 1 Orleans), population 52,000. There is a large wine trade here, and many distilleries, chiefly making vinegar ; there are many other branches of industry, one of the specialities being the manufacture of blankets. At Orleans the road diverges, and VICHY, the fashionable watering place, may be reached from here, though there is another and more direct route from Paris. On the road diverging from Orleans is situated : LIMOGES (110 miles), (Hotels: Richelieu, de la Paix, Boule cC Or}, population 56,000. Here are situated the potteries and porcelain factories of France. Limoges ware, faience as well as enamel, has a great reputation. The trade has again revived, but is not what it was when the manufacturing firms could be numbered by hundreds. Consular Agent of the United States. F. Berthet. 376 FRANCE. The declared value of porcelain exported from Limoges to the United States has been as follows: Francs. 1869-70 . ' . . 2,002,537 1870-71 . . . 2,604,300 1871-72 . . . 3,348,822 1872-73 . . . 3,645,289 1873-74 . . 2,665,080 The Consular Report in reference to the late decrease, says that it can only be accounted for upon the assumption that large quantities of goods have been consigned to agencies at other points for legalization. The belief is expressed that in reality there is no falling off in the export. The following firms manufacture porcelain, china ware, and enamelled goods : Pallier Freres. Haviland & Cie. F. Alluaud aine. Delhomme & Massaloux. J. Poujat. H. Ardaut & Cie. H. Chabral. Laporte & Noussat. Gibus & Cie. Sandemoy Freres. H. Johanneaud. L. de Fontambert. Leon Sazerat. Peytavey, & Fils. There are numerous distilleries producing a variety of cordials, liqueurs, and brandies. Tanneries and numerous other industries, among them an extensive type foundry, are successfully carried on. At a distance of about 20 miles from Limoges may be reached, by a road newly opened, ST. JUNIEN (Hotels : Bernet, Commerce), population 9,000. The seat of numerous leather-dressers and manufacturers of kid gloves. An interesting excursion can be made on return- NANTES. 377 ing from St. Junien by way of Angouleme in lieu of again taking the rail at Limoges. In the meantime we resume our travel from Orleans, or rather from Les Aubres,the outer station which connects the city with the main line. We pass several small stations and reach Meung, then Beaugency (92 miles), and Menars (105i miles), after which we arrive at BLOIS (HOi miles), (Hotel: tC Angleterre), population 20,000. There is a considerable trade in agricultural pro- duce, and especially in cheese ; there is likewise a wine trade of some importance. In the neighbourhood of Blois is situated the Chateau Chambord. Numerous small stations intervene, which possess no special interest except to the historian. The country is interesting, and studded with ancient castles. Passing Veuves (124 miles) and Limercy, we reach AMBOISE (132 miles), an ancient chateau where Abd-el- Kader was imprisoned. At about three miles' distance is situ- ated the ironfoundry of Ponce. We then pass through VOUVRAT (140 miles), a small village which may be reached from Tours ; it is celebrated for its wines. We now come to ST. PIERRE, an outer station, connecting the main line with TOUBS (146 miles), (Hotels: de FUnivers, Boule cCOr, Bordeaux}, population 42,000. The largest printing estab- lishment in France, the property of Messrs. Mame, is at Tours. There are a few woollen factories, and a considerable wine trade is carried on. This city held formerly a prominent place in the silk trade. There remains only a shadow of it, and at present this trade is confined to a few factories situated at Tours and in the neighbouring district. From Tours a branch road leads through Angers to NANTES (267 miles from Paris, 120 from Tours), (Hotels : France, Commerce), population 118,000. This city does not show the same enterprising spirit to which is owing the rapid progress of cities like Marseilles and Havre. The cause is attributed to the comparative absence of foreigners, there being no emulative disposition on the part of the inhabitants. The most important articles are preserved fish, meats, fruit, and vegetables, especially sardines, of which from 20,000,000 to 30,000,000 of boxes are annually put up. As for vegetables, 378 FRANCE. the export of peas alone is computed at 1,200 tons per annum. There are tanneries and factories of patent leather, and there is also a limited quantity of ready-made shoes exported. The city is situated on the river Loire ; large vessels cannot reach it, but remain at St. Nazaire or Paimboeuf. British Consul Captain Clipperton. Official residence, Rue de I'Heronniere, No. 6. American Consul F. Olcott, Esq. Official residence, Rue Sully, No. 1. The following bankers, merchants, and commercial houses are doing business with transatlantic places : Lecour & Cie. Meade & Simon. Noel Vincent. Bastard & Bonnemant. Berthault, Fils, & Pitau. Brouckhorst & Cie. Gabriel Lauriol. Ed. Lavalley. Louis Leveque. Denis Crouan. Brousset & Fils. E. Dennery. HinchclifFe, Chapman, & Cie. Philippe & Cie. Amieux Freres. Jos. Peneau. Henri Suser. Starting again from Tours in pursuit of the journey to Bordeaux, we cross the Loire ; the viaduct, resting on fifty- nine arches, is about half a mile in length. We pass MONTS (153 miles), in the neighbourhood of which are the powder mills of Ripault, the largest powder manufactory in France. Next we come to SAINTE MAURE (166^ miles), and, after several minor stations, we reach ANGOULEME. 379 CHATELLERAULT (187 miles), (Hotel: Tete Noir), popu- lation 15,000. This is the seat of French cutlery manu- facturers ; sabres and bayonets form the speciality of some firms. The government likewise possesses extensive works, occupying generally between 1,500 and 2,000 men, though during the late war part of its machinery was moved further south. Some minor stations are passed and we reach POITIERS (208 miles), (Hotels: Du Palais, de France}, population 32,000. A very interesting old city with many historical recollections. The trade is entirely of a local character, chiefly to serve the neighbouring gentry, who, being among the wealthiest in France, have chateaus and country seats in these provinces. From Poitiers an excursion may be made to NIORT (48^- miles), (Hotels: France, Etrangers), popu- lation 22,000. There are many tanneries, and about 1,000 hands are employed in the manufacture of kid gloves ; mili- tary gloves forming a speciality. There are likewise three or four establishments where the manufacture of blouses for the use of workmen forms another speciality. On leaving Poitiers we pass successively through Civray (240 miles), Moussac, and Var, after which we reach ANGOULEME (278 miles), (Hotels: Poste, France), popu- lation 28,000. The manufacture of paper forms a speciality of this place. Thin post or foreign letter paper, as it is often termed, is largely manufactured here and exported to all parts of the globe. Even in England the paper of Angou- leme is largely in use. There are likewise many distilleries, and the proximity of the Cognac district gives full scope to the production of lower grades of cordials which find an outlet mostly in French markets. It is curious, but not less true, that comparatively little or nothing of the superior brands of Cognac brandy finds a sale at home. By far the greater portion is taken to supply an ever increasing export demand. The paper makers at and near Angouleme are the fol- lowing : Laroche Freres, De Larochandry, & Cie. Oscar Lacroix & Cie. 380 FRANCE. Lacrois Freres. Laroche-Joubert, Lacroix, & Cie. Alphonse Labrousse. Fourvel & Cie. C. Becoulet & Cie. G. Chertier & Cie. Henry Lacourade & Cie. From Angouleme a branch line diverges towards La Rochelle, passing through COGNAC (32 miles from Angouleme), (Hotels : Commerce, Orleans, Londres), population 10,000. The entire community is, more or less, interested in the pro- duction and the sale of brandy ; it is needless to say, therefore, that the number of dealers and merchants is legion, but the following firms are among those longest known in connection with the exportation of brandies : James Henessey & Cie. J. & F. Martell & Cie. Salignac & Cie. Otard, Dupuy, & Cie. Jules Bellot & Cie. Godard & Fils. C. Huvet & Cie. Jaques Nicot & Cie. Henri Mounier & Cie. A. Drouillard & Cie. Boutillier & Cie. Augier Freres & Cie. Denis Mounie & Cie. Guerin Freres. C. Jobit & Cie. Serres & Fils. Renault & Cie. Gaillard Freres. American Consular Agent E. Dodart. The English market is of first importance to shippers of brandy, the annual export exceeding now 60 million gallons. COGNAC. 381 The declared value of exports to the United States during late years will be seen from the following figures : S 1870 . . . 775,988 1871 . . . 2,040,714 1872 . . . 1,225,990 1873 . . . 1,147,063 1874 . . . 1,234,707 1875 . . . 1,174,374 In regard to these shipments it may be useful to quote a passage from one of the late Consular Reports, which runs thus : " So many considerations affecting price and quality of brandies can be pleaded by the seller, as to leave the deter- mination of these points entirely at his option, and the American purchaser, who is seldom a profound expert, is often the victim of deception." " Certain it is that American dealers have been accustomed to pay for the older grades of brandy prices that European merchants would regard as simply usurious." From Cognac the rail continues to LA ROCHELLE (76 miles), (Hotels: France, Commerce), population 20,000. American Consul Richard N. Brooks. British Consul Hon. H. Verecker. With La Rochelle rival two other ports of immediate prox- imity, namely, Rochefort and Tonnay, the latter port being, properly speaking, the shipping port of Cognac. One of the characteristics in the export tables of Tonnay is the exhibi- tion of the growing preference given to the shipment of brandy in bottles usually in cases of one dozen each. The tables show that shipments of this kind have nearly trebled in ten years, and that even in unfavourable seasons the tendency to augment them has continued. Resuming our travel on the main line from Angouleme, we pass through LA COURONNE (285 miles), and Coutras (331 miles). Hav- ing entered the vine regions we arrive at 382 FRANCE. LIBOURNE (341 miles), (Hotel: de V Europe), population 15,000. This is, next to Bordeaux, the most important place in the wine trade. Passing a few minor stations, we reach BORDEAUX (360 miles), (Hotels: de France, Etrangers, de Paris), population 200,000. One of the most agreeable residences, and at the same time the most opulent city of France. Situated on the left bank of the Garonne. The harbour is very capacious, and it carries on a considerable commerce with nearly all parts of the world. The Garonne is spanned by a magnificent bridge of 17 arches, and 532 yards in length, built by Deschamps in 1811-1821. The city lies about seventy miles from the sea, offering safe navigation for vessels of the largest tonnage half way up the river to Pauillac, and for ships of about 800 tons all the way up to the city. Bordeaux, moreover, communi- cates by river and canal with the Mediterranean, Spain, and the manufacturing centres of France. Favoured by its geographical position, as well as by a climate comparatively equable, owing to the latitude and the proximity to the ocean, Bordeaux takes a large share of the benefits conferred on France by the comparative freedom of trade. The increased exportation of late years is accounted for by the greater use of the port by South American countries. American Consul B. Gerrish, jun. Official residence, 35, Quai des Chartrons. British Consul Thomas Carew Hunt, Official residence, 34, Rue Borie. The following list comprises the firms of bankers, wine merchants, exporters, and commission houses. Barton & Guestier. Klipsch & Fabre. Cotard & Dumoulin. P. Chabaneau & Cie. H. De Longuerue & Cie. E. Capdeville. J. J. Duvergier jeune & Cie. Cantenat Freres. Piganeau & Fils. Closmann & Cie. Lafargue & Cie. Currie, Paul, & Cie. Laplante Freres. Ed. Maxwell & Cie. BORDEAUX. 383 B. Bert & Cie. Alex. Eyquem. Feist & Cie. Cuvillier Freres. Cutler, Palmer, & Cie. Nathl. Johnston & Fils. P. A. Hue. Schroeder, Schuyler, & Cie. E. Renault & Cie. Forestier Freres. Lestapis & Cie. Johns & Cie. C. Montague & Cie. Seignouret Freres. A. Pouget jne. Tampier Freres. Schmidt & Cie. A. D. Bordes. J. Petit-Laroche & Cie. J. B. Clerc & Cie. Cunliffe, Dobson, & Cie. De Luze & Cie. P. Dumont & Cie. Lynch Freres. Geo. Bouvet. Alphonse Cahuzas. Lopes, Dubec, & Cie. Blanchy Freres. P. J. de Tenet & E. de Georges. A. Lalande & Cie. J. H. Wustenberg. Alfred Morton & Cie. Jourme Freres. De Gernon & Cie. Keyl & Cie. Eschenauer & Cie. S. Holler & Cie. The vineyards of the Bordeaux district cover upwards of 470,000 acres. Under the action of a rare combination of favourable circumstances, advantages of an even clime, the absence of severe frosts, the production of wines is both extensive and profitable. On the left bank of the Garonne is situated the true region of the real Bordeaux wines, pro- ducing the white wines of Sauterne, the grand red wines of Chateau Lafitte, Haut Brion, and Chateau Margaux, and other principal growths, while on the right banks of the great river is found the St. Emilionais and Frousandais. The entire production of the department of La Gironde may be estimated in round numbers as exceeding 300 million gallons per annum. Regarding shipments of Bordeaux wines to the United States, it may be useful to give, from a consular report al- ready quoted in the preceding pages, the following remarks : "It is to be regretted that the better brands of wines but seldom find their way to our markets. From a care- ful revision of invoices of wines shipped to the United 384 FRANCE. States, I find that in general they range among the Vin Ordinaire and Cargaison, the very lowest grades." These facts are attributed to the former scale of ad valorem duties, but as these exist no more it is to be hoped that a better class of wines will now reach the American markets. From the subjoined statement it will be seen that in addition to wines, oils, dried and preserved fruits, are largely shipped from Bordeaux. The export of sardines has greatly fallen off. Six years ago the shipments to the United States exceeded a value of 800,000 dollars. Statement of the Value of Declared Exports to the United States. 1872 1873 1874 1875 Wines .... $ 1,195,775 1,283,553 $ 1,118,940 Brandy . Oils Sardines . Dried and Preserved Fruits . Miscellaneous Cream of Tartar, &c. 137,179 127,342 672,584 421,921 834,143 93,282 128,165 590,534 100,611 791,275 83,697 113,261 117,298 151,758 621,919 > 1,350,996 94,283 293,403 861,561 246,342 447,463 Total 3,388,944 2,987,420 2,206,873 3,275,400 Toutes changements et tfautres renseignements doivent etre adressees pour la prochaine edition a MESSES. WHITTINGHAM AND WILKINS, Chiswick Press, Toohs Court, Chancery Lane, London. Ou a M. R. BEAUFORT, Chez MESSRS. MENNONS & CIE., 52, Rue Basse du Rempart, Boulevard des Capucines, Paris. BATONNE. .385 ROUTE 71. BORDEAUX TO BAYONNE IRUN. 148 miles. Fares, 1st class, 29*05 francs; Ind, 21'95 franc*. ,E pass a sterile sandy tract of land, on which the government has expended much pains and money with the view of raising fir plantations. These attempts have been crowned with certain suc- cesses, and a large trade in turpentine is springing up. After several minor stations we pass LAMOTHE (25 miles), where connection is made by a branch road with ARCACHON ( Grand Hotel), an agreeable and fashion- able resort during the bathing season. The next stations are SOLFERINO (61 miles), RION (77 miles), and DAX (92^ miles), (Hotels: Figaro, Europe), population 9,000. Considerable local trade. Porcelain and china-ware factories, and distilleries. The road diverges here, and one branch runs to Pau and other watering places in the Pyrenees. Several unimportant stations are passed till we reach BAYONNE (123^ miles), (Hotels: Commerce, St. Etienne), population 27,000. A shipping port situated at the con- fluence of the Adour and Nive ; strongly fortified. We next reach the station connecting BIARRITZ (130 miles), (Hotels: Ambassadeurs, France, Maison Ronge). We then pass through BID ART and ST. JEAN DE Luz (144 miles), reaching the French frontiers at HENDAYE, from which place there are little more than two miles when we arrive at IRUN, the first Spanish village. Direct railway communi- cation with Madrid (395 miles). c c 386 FRANCE. ROUTE 72. PARIS TO METZ AND BINGEN. 383 miles. Fares, \st class, 70'15 francs ; 2nd, 52 francs. JNTIL we reach Frouard the travel is the same as described in Route 62. At Frouard the road diverges, the first station being PoNT-A-MoussoN (227 miles from Paris), (Hotels : France, Poste), population 8,000. After which we pass PAGNY (233 miles), the last French village, and then arrive at NOVEANT (236 miles), where the German custom house is established, and where passengers' baggage is examined, after which we reach METZ (245 miles), {Hotels: Metz, Europe), population 40,000. A strongly fortified place, now in the hands of the Germans. On leaving this unfortunate city the next station is Remilly, then St. Avoid and Benningen, where the road branches off to Strasbourg. After this we reach Fo REACH (288 miles), (Hotel: Chariot a" Or), population 5,000. This was formerly the last French village. There are important ironworks, collieries, and other mining estab- lishments in the neighbourhood. The next station is SAARBRUCK (295 miles), (Hotel: Rhin, Zix), population 12,000. The river Saar is here rendered navigable, and there is considerable trade in cereals, wine, leather, coal, &c. The river is crossed by two substantial bridges, and the place connects with ST. JOHANN (Hotels : Gueprat, Zimmermann). There are manufactures of glass and earthenware in the neighbourhood. From Saarbriicken we pass through a rich vine region, the first station being NEUENKIRCHEN (308 miles), (Hotel: Jochum). Important iron industry. Here are the junctions of the lines to Kaisers- lautern and Mannheim. BINOEN. 3&7 Passing St. Wendel, Birkenfeld, and other minor stations, we reach OBERSTBIN (341 miles), (Hotel : Scriba), population 4,000. The inhabitants of this place are occupied in the manufacture of a cheap kind of jewellery : agates and imitation onyx being set in gold and other metal. The polishing mills are situ- ated at ID AH (1 miles distant from Oberstein), (Hotel: Schiitzen- haus). Passing several unimportant stations we reach KREUZNACH (375 miles), (Hotels: Berliner Hof, Goldner Adler}, population 10,000. Celebrated for its sulphurous spring. The water is tepid, and considered very efficacious in scrofulous diseases. There are several woollen and cotton factories. Leaving Kreuznach we arrive at BJLNGEN or BINGENBRUCK (383 miles), where connection is made with the Rhenish Railway between Cologne and Mayence. For description refer to Route 36. SWITZERLAND. ROUTES. ROUTB. PASB 73. BASLE TO ZUBICH 394 74. ROMANSHORN TO ST. GALL .... 401 75. ZURICH TO LUCERNE ..... 404 76. GENEVA TO BASLE 406 77. GENEVA TO BERNE 412 78. BERNE TO INTERLAKEN . . . . .416 the north the Swiss Republic is bordered by Germany, on the east by Austria, on the south by Italy, and on the west by France. The extreme length from east to west is about 200 miles ; and its breadth, north and south, is 156 miles. The entire area covers 15,230 square miles. Two-thirds of the surface of the country consist of lofty mountain chains and valleys, and the remainder is a plain, 1,300 feet above the level of the sea. This plain extends across the country in the direction of north- east and soiith-west, between the Lakes of Constance and Geneva, and separates the chains of the Jura Mountains from the main ranges of the Alps. In the south-western portion of Switzerland the mountains consist of two principal chains, between which is the valley of the Rhone. The extreme south of these chains is called the Pennine ; on the northern side of the Rhone the Bernese Alps. Near the point where these two chains diverge is St. Gothard, which forms the nucleus of ranges extending over eastern, south-eastern, and 390 SWITZERLAND. central Switzerland. The higher parts of the Alps rise above the line of congelation, and immense quantities of snow ac- cumulate on their summits. The population of the republic is formed by three nation- alities, distinct by their language, as German, French, and Italian, but the first constituting the great majority. The German language is spoken by the majority of inhabitants in sixteen cantons, the French in four, and the Italian in two. According to the late census, 384,561 families speak German, 134,183 French, and 30,293 Italian. The Confederation consists of 22 cantons, 3 of which are politically divided, viz. : Basle, Appenzell, and Unterwald. A general census is taken every ten years : at the last, De- cember, 1870, there was a population of 2,669,025, being about equally divided between males and females, and giving an average density of population of 175 souls per square mile. The official returns of the Swiss customs show that the im- ports of raw material have increased during the last decade upwards of 70 per cent. The exports of textile fabrics and yarns have increased in a higher degree. The valuations ne- cessarily form only a rough estimate, chiefly owing to a want of proper classification of different kinds of goods. The information obtainable is unfortunately of an uncertain cha- racter, inasmuch as from a remote inland position it is impossible to indicate with any degree of exactness the exportation to the respective countries. Moreover, a con- siderable portion of exports from Germany to Italy find their way through Switzerland. This item, as a matter of course, adds to the general confusion. The extraordinary develop- ment of Swiss industry must be conceded to personal energy and perseverance. The Swiss trader transacts all business personally, superintends the factory and exports the pro- duce, dispensing with foreman, cashier, and clerks, as far as possible. Ever remaining in contact with his workmen, he exercises his influence; he always resides close to the factory, and lives altogether in a most frugal and economical style, however wealthy he may be. It would be difficult to find a Swiss manufacturer whose personal expenditure, in- cluding that of his family, will exceed 2,000 dols. a year. Thus SWITZERLAND. 391 it is that he is enabled to compete successfully with other countries, and it is the secret wherewithal Switzerland has attained its present importance. This economy enables him to be satisfied with small profits and to compete successfully in seasons of depression. The rates of wages have risen during the last few years, still they are from 20 to 30 per cent, below those of England. It must be added, however, that neither in physical strength nor energy and activity, is the Swiss work- man equal to the British. Many factories in Switzerland are situated in remote locali- ties, and difficult of access. It follows that the manufacturers have to pay heavy freights for the raw material as well as for the carriage of their manufactured goods. The extra expense, however, is compensated by the low rate of wages and the constant and unlimited supply of water power. The imports of silks of all kinds have of late years exceeded 8,000,000 Ibs. The number of silk manufacturers is 130 ; all, with the exception of ten or twelve, are in the canton, or near the lake, of Zurich. There are upwards of 80 ribbon factories, employing about 10,000 looms, one-fifth of which consist of power looms, employing about 30,000 hands. Of cotton the estimates vary, but it is supposed that the number of spindle's considerably exceeds 2,000,000. The cotton yarns produced have a wide range, varying from No. 10 to 300. It is employed chiefly for coarse calicoes and coloured tissues, the higher numbers being exported to France. The number of looms may be roughly estimated at 60,000, of which again about one-fifth are power-looms. In the canton of Saint Gall a large number of persons are employed on embroidering machines men and women included number about 16,000. The gross imports of cotton are estimated at 60,000,000 Ibs. The foregoing seems to give a fair exhibit of what Re- publican institutions can achieve when tempered with Con- servatism at home and protected by natural barriers from external ambitions. Nature has provided Switzerland with a fortress which no armies can reduce. The little Republic may justly congratulate itself that, whatever the emergency, commercial prosperity is dominating all other forces. Trade statistics relating to the intercourse between the 392 SWITZERLAND. United States and Switzerland present a peculiar interest, from the fact that the tables of export have no place among the annual returns obtained from the Custom House. Being an inland State, Switzerland sends her produce and manu- factures through foreign ports, and thus helps to swell the importance of trade returns of other countries. It will be seen from the tables given on the other side that the shipments during the last ten years have gradually and steadily increased. The export of gold and silver watches has more than doubled since the year 1864. The declared value of invoices, which in 1872 exceeded $3,500,000, repre- sents, however, only a small portion of the actual export of watches to the United States. In the first place, it is well known that very few American tourists return home from European travel without having purchased a watch, and it is well understood that there are various other ways by which large numbers of watches are brought to the United States without ever attracting the attention of the Custom House authorities. The Consular returns represent the average ex- port from Geneva to be about $700,000, comprising mostly gold and the more costly time-measuring instruments, while the larger shipments are invoiced through Basle, comprising the cheaper kind of watches, chiefly silver, manufactured by inhabitants of the Jura Mountains. Silk ribbons form the staple export of the district of Basle, while silk goods are produced in the villages along the Lake of Zurich. The total production of silk dress goods is estimated at nearly $20,000,000 annually ; it follows therefore, that the United States takes nearly one-fourth of the entire production. These silks consist chiefly of light, cheap goods. The trade is in a very flourishing condition, realizing large profits to those engaged therein. Nearly half a million dollars' worth of Gruyere and other cheese, the produce of the " Emmenthal," finds its way to the United States. This is a curious incident, considering the fact that on the other hand American cheese can be found at nearly every Swiss or other Continental hotel. The article is usually palmed on the customer as Cheshire cheese, but to those who know, the origin is unmistakable. Qi Qi ^O Q^ GO CO GO GO i CO 00 -H* ^O TjT GO" CO THS* 00 TH e*' . CO"TH" TH" GO" | GO O * ' Sfe: ni CT> CO GO 6- T-J N" *O O^ GO Oi tO 'O 00 CO <3* || 3 394 SWITZERLAND. ROUTE 73. BASLE TO ZURICH. 63 miles. Fares, 1st class, IQ'75 francs ; 2nd, 7*55 francs. the heads of Germany and France we have described the Routes (see Nos. 49 and 63) where- by to reach Switzerland. BASLE (Hotels: Trois Rois, Euler Suisse, Kraft, Schreider), population 54,000. One of the most exten- sive cities of Switzerland, pleasantly situated on the Rhine, and divided by the river into Great and Little Basle. As a com- mercial and manufacturing centre, it is the most important in Switzerland. This is due to some extent to its geo- graphical position. It produces paper, silks, gloves, leather, &c., &c., but the chief interest centres in the production of silk ribbons. The following names rank among the manufacturers, some of the firms being of very old standing : H. B. Burckhardt & Sohn. J. De Bary & Sohne. A. Hinder mann & Cie. Fichter & Sohne. Gebriider von der Muhll. Triidinger & Cie. Dan. Preiswerk & Cie. Sarasin & Cie. E. Staehelin. J. J. Linder. Horandt & Miiller. 'Lucas Preiswerk. Von der Muhll-Burgy & Cie. Gebriider BischofF. Richter Linder. Hans Franz Sarasin. Forcart- Weiss & Burckhardt. BASLE. 395 Frey, Thurneysen, & Christ. J. J. Bacofen & Soha Staehelin & Seller. Emanuel Hoffmann. Eduard Meyer & Cie. A considerable trade is carried on in raw silk, and the fol- lowing firms are among those engaged in the exportation of this commodity : H. & C. Amans. A. Vischer & Cie. Hoffmann, Weber, & Cie. Rhyner & Sohne. Silk thread and yarns are likewise exported, and one or two firms are engaged in the manufacture of silk tissues for um- brellas and sunshades. Basle boasts of several establishments engaged in the manufacture of aniline colours and various chemical products, of which the following may be enumerated : Bindschedler & Busch. Louis Freund. A. Gerber & Uhlmann. John R. Geigy. L. Durand & Huguenin. Emil Hindenlang. Two other establishments engaged in the manufacture of chemicals, one of them located in Alsatian territory, may be mentioned here, as doing their export mostly through Basle. Ferd. Petersen, at Schweizerhalle. B. Imbert, at Mulhouse. And to this may be added the photographic establishment of Ad. Braun, at Dornach, American Consul H. Erni. Vice-Consul H. Strohl. English Church Service at St. Martin's Church twice every Sunday. Shortly after leaving Basle, we cross the valley of the Bins, and traverse the slopes of the Jura. 396 SWITZERLAND. Entering the valley of the Ergolz, we proceed to LIESTAL (6 miles), {Hotels: Falke, Schliissel), population 4,000. The Council House is adorned with curious paintings. There are two factories here : Gebriider Spinner. Seidenzwirnerei " Tanzbar." The railway gradually ascends for a considerable distance. Near Laufelfingen (18 miles), we pass through a tunnel, 2,700 yards long. A fine view is obtained of the chain of the Bernese Alps. Crossing the Aar we jreach OLTEN (23 miles), (Hotel: de la Gare). On an eminence to the left is the Castle of Neu-Wartburg. Here a line branches off to Lucerne, and another road, leading to the west, continues along the right bank of the Aar to AARATJ (31 miles), (Hotel: Wilder Mann}, population 6,000. Here are several well renowned establishments for the manu- facture of articles of cutlery ; it is likewise the seat of a large cotton industry; silk ribbons and trimmings are pro- duced, and various other branches of industry are prospering. The following firms are engaged in exporting to American markets : F. Peer & Cie. E. Feer-Grossmann & Cie. J. Frey-Feer & Cie. Herzog & Cie. F. & L. Schmutziger. H. Rucker, jun. From Aarau a line of railway conducts us through Lenz- burg and Dietikon to WOHLEN (20 miles). This is the seat of another noteworthy industry, namely, the manufacture of straw bonnets and horsehair goods, the ex- port of which is considerable, as will be seen from the tables given elsewhere. The following firms are engaged in this trade : Bruggisser, Meyer, & Cie. J. A. Isler. J. Isler & Cie. BEUGG. 397 Kilchmann & Muller. Notter & Luthy. J. Notter. J. Schlatter-Fischer. Stockli & Cie. J. Wohler Freres. J. M. Wietlisbach. C. Walser. Wohler-Moesch. Aloys, Isler & Cie. Other firms engaged in the above industry located in the neighbourhood, are enumerated in the subjoined list: Gebriider Abt, at Blinzen. F. Durst, at Bremgarten. Gebriider Fischer, at Schwanden. C. Halter, at Mettingen. Rud. Hegnauer, at Seengen. Siegrist-Luscher, Eich & Cie, at Lenzburg. In the immediate neighbourhood of Aarau, at a few miles' ride, are the baths of Schintznach (Grossergasthof ), celebrated for efficacy in cases of rheumatism and cutaneous diseases. Returning to Aarau we continue the road to Zurich and reach the next station at BRUGG (42 miles), (Hotels : Rossli, Rothes Haus), popu- lation 4,000. Situated near the confluence of the Aar, the Reuss, and the Limmat. At this point once stood the Roman town of Vindonissa. The Schwarze Thurm (Black Tower) is a Roman structure, of the time of the Later Empire. Here are several straw plait and bonnet manufacturers. Ls. Debrunner. A. Dothee. About 2 miles to the south-east is the Abbey of Konigs- felden. Crossing the Reuss, we reach Turgi Junction (44 miles), whence there is a branch to Waldshut. Thence the road runs on the left bank of the Limmat to BADEN (47 miles), (Hotels: Stadthof.Limmathof). The Baths, 398 SWITZERLAND. situated about a quarter of a mile from the station, were known to the Romans. They are still much frequented, and the neighbourhood affords many pleasant excursions. Passing through a tunnel under the hill, we see, on the left, the Cister- cian Abbey of Wettingen, now a college. The landscape becomes more interesting as we proceed. The Alps are finely in view on the right as we approach ZURICH (63 miles), {Hotels : Baur an Lac, Baur en Ville, Belle Vue), population about 50,000. Beautifully situated at the north-east extremity of the lake of the same name, where the Limmat issues from it. Connection is made by railway with all parts of Northern Switzerland. In no Swiss city is the spirit of industry and enterprise more strikingly manifest. The manufactures of silk and cotton, including dyeing and calico printing, are extensive and successful ; those of can- dles, soap, tobacco, paper, leather, and machinery are also considerable. There are upwards of eighty silk manufacturing establish- ments in the Canton Zurich, employing about 36,000 hands. The number of handlooms is estimated to exceed 12,000, while there are barely 1/200 mechanical looms. The following list shows the principal firms engaged in the exportation of silk goods to the United States : Henry Bodmer. Henry Brunner. Bodmer & Hurliman. Chs. Berteaux-Radou & Cie. Feliser & Co. G. &. R. Fitzler. Friedr. Hardmeyer. Ferd. Hotz. Hirzel, Schulthess, & Cie. Honegger & Lavater. Hausherr & Sohne. C. Kummell. G. A. Mathey. Henry R. Mahler. J. R. Naef & Sohne. Naegeli, Wild, & Blumer. ZURICH. 399 Notz & Diggelmann. Pestalozzi-Hirzel. A. Person, Harriman, & Cie. RUbel & Abegg. C. S. Rutschi & Cie. Ruegg-Heitz & Cie. Louis Ris. R. Stehli-Hausherr. Emil Schaerer & Cie. Gustav Seemann. Zeuner, Hiini, & Cie. The following New York firms are represented at Zurich : H. B. Claflin & Cie. Kutter, Luckemeyer, & Cie. A. T. Stewart & Cie. R. D. Warburg & Cie. All the foregoing firms are to be found in the city of Zurich, but there are many establishments scattered in the villages situated along the Lake of Zurich. The places are all of easy access, either by means of a short carriage drive or by the steamers plying on the lake. In either case the trip ensures an agreeable and pleasant excursion. The following comprises a list of these silk manufacturers: Baumann & Streuli ... at Horgen. Stapfer, Huni, & Co. ... Stiinzi & Sohne Naegeli & Co Fierz Stapfer J. Burckhardt- Weiss ... Streiff & Co. . . . . . . Hottingen. Egli & Sennhauser .... Gebriider Meyer .... Ritter & Co Zeller & Pestalozzi .... Hirslanden. Kaegi, Fierz, & Co. . . . Kiissnacht. Bleuler & Keller .... J. G. Lurlimann .... Richterswyl. 400 SWITZERLAND. Fr. Aug. Arbeng .... Richterswyl. J. Schlapfer & Co Riesbach. Wirz & Cie Arbens & Seun Hardmeyer Gebriider ... R. BoUeter & Cie Wettstein & Cie .... Russikon. Schwarzenbach-Landis . . Thalwiel. Schwarzenbach-Suter ... Dutschler & Cie . . . . . Ebnat. Mechanisclie Weberei . . . Adliswyl. E. Scheubiger & Cie. . . . Uznach. Caspar Roth Neumunster. Suermann & Co Meilen. American Consul. S. H. M. Byers. British Church Service twice every Sunday at St. Anne's Church. Chaplain, Rev. Dr. Heidenheim. Toutes changements de domiciles et dautres renseignements pour la prochaine edition, doivent etre adressees aux soins de MESSRS. WHITTINGHAM AND WILKINS, Chiswick Press, Tooks Court, Chancery Lane, London, E. C. Ou a M. R. BEAuroRT, Aux soins du Consulate Americain, Geneve. ST. GALL. 401 ROUTE 74. ROMANSHORN TO ST. GALL. 73 miles. Fares, 1st class, 12'20 francs 2nd, 8'50 francs. ROM Romanshorn the road passes through Wein- felden and Frauenfeld to Winterthnr (35 miles), (Hotels : Krone, Sonne], population 9,000. Prettily situated on the Ghoss, 12 miles from Zurich. The small community is very wealthy and largely engaged in the commerce of the world. Leaving Winterthur we pass successively through Wyl, Flawyl, and Winkeln. The entire district is occupied in the manufacture of cotton and other goods. We next arrive at ST. GALL (Hotels : St. Gall, Hecht, Hirsch), population 18,000. Situated in an elevated valley on the left bank of the Steinach, 18 miles south-east of Constance. It has extensive manufactures of woollen, linen, and cotton goods, fine muslins, and prints, numerous cotton mills, bleach-fields, and tanneries. It has an important trade, (partly furnished by the canton itself, and by cantons Appenzell and Thurgau, of which it is the entrepot,) a weekly market, and two annual fairs of considerable importance. The great feature is the production of embroidered cotton goods. A few years ago say, 1865 the export exceeded barely $100,000, while for several years past it has exceeded $2,000,000, and the manufacturers have always orders in hand for the United States which employ all available labour. There are two distinct articles under this head namely, hand embroidery and machine embroidery. The first named gives employment to upwards of 12,000 persons, mostly women and children, whose wages vary from 25 to 50 cents per day. Hand embroidery consists of cotton tulle and muslin, used for curtains, handkerchiefs and numerous articles of ladies 1 D D 402 SWITZERLAND. dress. The tulle used as ground- work is imported from England or from neighbouring factories in Alsace. Machine embroidery gives employment to nearly 20,000 persons. Each machine is worked by an able-bodied person, and a female assistant to thread the needles, with an addi- tional assistant for every two machines to mend defective places. Wages are paid per hundred stitches ; the price of labour, varying according to the skill of the operator, averages about $1 per day, the assistant female earning about 30 cents. The machines formerly employed in most kinds of embroidery consisted simply of a kind of frame, while those now in use are of an exceedingly ingenious character, increasing manifold the rapidity of working as well as giving greater variety and more richness in design. The needles have a point at each end, with eyes in the middle, attached to a kind of carriage. They travel over the web, passing the threads in and out, while pincers take hold of the needle at one end of the web, and send it back to the other. Machines have lately been introduced capable of working more than 100 needles at once, thus producing an infinite variety and beauty of patterns. Till very lately the working of the new system had been .kept secret, but this has ceased since a machine has been publicly shown and worked at the Vienna Exhibition. The web employed for common embroidery consists of cotton cambric, which, as well as the thread, is produced in Switzerland and Alsace. Articles of exquisite beauty are produced at St. Gall on what is known as " Swiss muslin," but these better classes of goods continue to be produced by hand-looms. There are at present more than 6,000 em- broidery machines at work, while in 1868 the number scarcely exceeded 2,000. It is hardly necessary to add that this branch of industry has afforded an immense source of wealth to the district. It must be understood that the value of ex- ports to America is considerably larger than would appear from the tables of exports given on page 393. Immense quantities are sent from St. Gall in the raw state to England, there to be bleached, calendered, and finished for shipment to the United States. Thus the goods are invoiced through British consulates. ST. GALL. 403 The following firms are engaged in the export trade of the rarioua branches of cotton manufacture muslins, cambrics, and embroidered goods : J. J. Baenziger & Co. Kuhn & Co. Baumann & Co. G. A. Paganini. A. Goldy & Co. Guggenheim, Geismar, & Nordlinger. Duden Gebriider. M. P. Emden. C. Staeheli-Wild. Gebriider Niederer. * Schlapfer, Schlatter, & Kiersteiner. Sennhauser & Cie. Bolton, Hitchcock, & Wilson. Beare & Co. Moutarde. Forrer, & Co. F. MacArthur & Co. Gebriider Ikle. J. J. Schlapfer. H. Wohlgenannt. Gebriider Wetter. Hirschfeld Gebriider & Co. B. Rittmeyer & Co. U. de G. Vonwiller. F. Strauss & Co. Scherrer, Beyer, & Co. Geo. Sand. L. M. Weil & Co. Lawson Brothers. American Consular Agent Emile Meyer. 404 SWITZERLAND. ROUTE 75. ZURICH TO LUCERNE. 38 miles. Fares, 1st class, 6 '50 francs ; 2nd, 4'55 francs. IFFOLTERN (15^- miles) is the first station, and crossing the Lorze, we reach ZUG (24^ miles), (Hotels: Couronne, Bellevue). Situated on the Lake of Zug, Avhich is about 11 in length and 2| miles in width. The road runs, along the north shore of the lake and enters the valley of the Reuss, when we reach LUCERNE (38 miles), (Hotels : Schweizer Hof, National, Beau Rivage, Schwann, Luzemer Hof, Englischer Hof), population 12,000. There is some transit trade, but the manufactures are unimportant. They consist chiefly of cabinet work, and the preparation and spinning of floss-silk for hosiery, gloves, ribbons, and neckcloths. Some cotton, hemp, and flax is also spun and made into goods which find their chief market in Italy. In the immediate neighbourhood of Lucerne is the EMMENTHAL. This is properly " the valley of the Emmen," and has a continental fame, richly deserved for its cattle, and horses, forest, and flax culture, and numerous thriving manu- factures. The cheeses of the Emmenthal, commonly known as Gruyere, have a world-wide reputation. The following list comprises the names of the principal dealers engaged in the exportation of cheese : Lehmann & Cie. at Kirchberg. Christ Probst, at Langnau. Johannes Lemann ,, S. Rubi, at Kiesen. A. Nyffenegger, at Thun, Ch. & J. Gerber C. Mauerhofer- Joost, at Triibschachen. EMMENTHAL. 405 Fehr & Co. at Burgdorf. Gebriider Mauerhofer Jacob Steiner, at Landshut. Geissbiihler & Huber, at Signau. All the foregoing are located in the Canton Berne, and the respective places may be easily reached either from Berne or Lucerne. From the tables of export given elsewhere, it will be seen that cheese forms an important branch of Swiss commerce. Toutes changements de domicile et d'autres renseignements doiuent etre adressess pour la prochaine edition a MESSRS. WHITTINGHAM AND WILKINS, Chiswick Press, Tooks Court, Chancery Lane, London, E.G. Ou a M. R. BEAUFORT, Aux soins du Consulat Americain, Geneve. 406 SWITZERLAND. KOUTE 76. GENEVA TO BASLE BY NEUFCHATEL. 170 miles. Fares, 1st class, 27'35 francs j 2we?, 20- 5 francs. 'RAVELLING so far as Bussigny over the line described in Route No. 77, the valley of Venoge is entered, and, passing through two tunnels, we reach Chavernay. A fine view is obtained westward of the Jura Mountains as we approach YVERDUN (61 miles), (Hotels: Londres, Croix Federale), population 5,200. Situated on the southern bank of the Lake of Neufchatel at the influx of the river Orbe. The river is crossed and the road skirts the lake to the village of Grandson, with an ancient castle, which is now used as a snuff manufactory. We pass successively the following stations : Concise (68 miles); Bevaix (75 miles); Boudry, and Colombier (79 miles). The entire district is populated with watchmakers, or persons engaged in the production of watchmakers' tools and materials. Each item of manufacture forms a speciality. Some villages produce principally dials, while in other places the inhabitants are skilled in the making of screws, springs, &c. ; the making of watch-cases forming again a separate industry. The next place reached is NEurcHATEL (83 miles), (Hotels: des Alpes, Bellevue), population 12,000. Situated on the shores of the lake to which it gives its name. The city is built on a deep slope at the influx of the Seyon. The lake is 25 miles in its greatest length, with an average breadth of about four miles. Here is the commercial centre of the watch and clock industry, though the city is not exactly the seat of manufac- ture. The work is carried on by the people at their own CHA UX-DE-FONDS. 407 houses in the surrounding district, and as already observed, the subdivision of labour is so admirably arranged that each workman confines himself to a speciality. The final manipu- lation of the different elements to complete a watch, the encasing, and the finishing, again, are all left to separate departments. There is a factory where telegraphic instru- ments are produced, owned by M. Hipp, one of the directors of the Swiss telegraph department, and inventor of an auto- maton telegraph apparatus. Chocolate is produced and largely exported by the well- known firm of Ph. Suchard. The following firms are among the most prominent export houses of watches and watchmaking materials : Oh. Herman & Cie. Bord & Courvoisier. Jeanjaquet Freres. From Neufchatel a branch road leads us to LA CHAUX-DE-FONDS (19 miles), (Hotels: Aigle, Lion d 1 Or), population 10,000. Situated in a deep valley of the Jura, 3,000 feet above the level of the sea. The entire community is engaged in the production of watches and clocks, and mechanical contrivances for scientific purposes, as well as the manufacture of toys of an exceedingly ingenious character. The following are the principal firms : K Robert-Bornaud & Fils. Billon Freres. Th. Bloch Freres. Henri Beguelin. Jules H. Ferret. Henri Picard & Freres. Jacob Gutmann. Reuther-Mathey. Julien Gallet. Nordmann Freres. P. H. Limburger. Grosjean Freres. 408 SWITZERLAND. Frederic Nicoud. Fayette S. Giles. A. R. Stauffer & Fils. Jacot & Gerard. M. Silberschmidt & Cie. Chs. Ad. Juvet. Leon Siehel. Adolphe Stebler. Henri Leuba. Alexr. Bonsack. Fritz Russer. Saltzman & Veuille. Veuille & Fils. An important trade has lately sprung up at Neufchatel in the export of asphalt, produced at Val de Travers, about twelve miles from Neufchatel. Bituminous or tar substances have of late attracted increased attention, especially asphalt, by reason of the variety of uses to which it has been applied. The mines at Val de Travers were known in the early part of the last century, and it appears that at that period the pro- duce was much used for medical purposes. In 1837 a French company purchased the mines and erected a factory at La Presta, situated on the right bank of the River Reuse. The operations have been very prosperous ever since. Asphalt is now used without any previous preparation, or rather, it should be said, without adulteration, and thus is eminently suited for pavement of public thoroughfares. The increased demand for the article has been followed by a considerable rise in the value. At the beginning of operations, in 1837, the price realized was about fifty cents per ton, while at the present day it yields $4 per ton. About 100,000 tons have been extracted during the last thirty years. Three years ago the federal government instituted inquiries to be made regarding the extent of existing mines. The result of these inquiries has established the existence of extensive layers, comprising an area of 300,000 cubic yards. Calculating two and one-half tons as the yield of a cubic yard, it is estimated that 750,000 tons may be extracted from the mines near Neuf- chatel. LOCLE. 409 Leaving Chaux-de-Fonds, the railway conducts us to LOCLE (24 miles), (Hotels : Croix cC Or, Trois Rois\ popu- lation 10,000. Situated on the Bied. Here, as in the entire neighbourhood, the male population is engaged in watch and clock making. The women are making lace which is very much esteemed. The principal watchmakers are enumerated in the following list: Favre & Andrie. E. Favre-Brandt. Ch. F. Tissot & Fils. C. J. & A. Perrenoud & Cie. Ginnel & Ottone Freres. Jules Jiirgensen. Chs. Ad. L'Hardy. J. Hugenin. L. A. Favre-Brandt. Montaudon Freres. H. L. Matile & Fils. Lutz Freres. Ulysse Huegenin. Justin Schwaar. H. Leo Mathey. H. Houriet & Cie. E. Peregaux. Jacot Freres. Georges Faure. Georges Roulet. Jules Huguenin-Schward. In addition to the above, there are several exporting firms in the neighbouring villages of Locle, the names of which are included in the following list: Perret & Fils at Brenets. Guinand Freres L. Borel-Petitpierre & Fils . . . Couvet. Henri Raiguel Sonvilliers. Paul Laval St. Imier. Ernest Francillon F. L. Gagnetin-Meyrat 410 SWITZERLAND. At Couvet, one of the places above mentioned, will be found the distillery of Edouard Pernod, a firm which produces and largely exports liquor known as " absinthe." We return to Neufchatel and resume the route to Basle. Continuing along the shore of the lake we reach ST. BLAIZE and LANDERON. The latter place is situated on the point of the influx of the Thiele into the Lake of Bienne. We then reach NEUVEVILLE, or NEUENSTADT {Hotel: Couronne), popu- lation 1,200, on the border of the Lake de Bienne or Bieler See. The latter is 10 miles long by 3 broad. Its scenery is not remarkable, and it owes its chief interest to the lie St. Pierre, for some months the residence of Jean Jacques Rousseau. Continuing along the shore, we pass Nydau, with its im- posing castle, and reach BIENNE (German Biel), (102 miles), {Hotels: Couronne, du Jura, Croix Blanche), population 7,000. It is situated on the lower slopes of the Jura, at the entrance of the valley of the Suze, and is surrounded by vineyards Here again are numerous watchmakers, producing for the most part cheap silver watches. One of the principal exporting firms is Bourgoin Freres. Passing some minor stations we reach SOLEURE (German Solothurn) {117 miles), (Hotels: Couronne, Cerf, La Tour), population 6,000. It is situated at the base of the Jura, on the Aar, which divides it into two unequal parts, connected by two bridges, one of which is only available for foot-passengers. There are cotton, spinning, and weaving establishments ; also an iron-foundry and a glass manu- factory. The next station is HERZOGEN BUCHSEE (126 miles), {Hotels: Krone, Sonne), population 5,000. ZOFINGEN. 411 There is a wool-spinning mill and there are several manu- facturers of woollen and mixed cloth, also of silk ribbons and trimmings. Born, Moser & Co. Gebruder Miiller. Wilh. Jaeggi. Jacob Locher. Gebruder Bally, at Schoenenwerd. From here we proceed to Olten. The travel between this place and Basle has already been described in Route 73. At Olten we make likewise connection for Berne, as well as for Lucerne. On the road to the latter place the second station is ZOFINGEN (9 miles), (Hotels : Schweizerhof, Couronne), population 2,000. On the right bank of the Wigger, with important trade in cotton and silk manufactures, chiefly supplying the Italian markets. Among the names of manu- facturers are the following : Gebruder Suter. H. A. Senn. Gigax & Meissner. Rotzler & Co. Carl Roth. Hofer & Co. Diiby & Co. Bolleus & Andre*. 412 SWITZERLAND. ROUTE 77. GENEVA TO BERNE. 165 miles. Fares, \st class, 28'60/rawcs; 2nd, 20'20 francs. ["HE route No. 65 gives details of the travel between Paris and GENEVA (Hotels: des Bergues, Beau Rivage, de la Paix, Metropole, Russie, National, TEcu), population 60,000. Capital of the Canton. Situated on the declivities of two hills. A prosperous and rapidly extending city. Among its important manufactures are watches, musical boxes, and jewellery. Considerably more than 100,000 watches are annually turned out. The chief trade, in addition to its staple manufactures, consists in supplying the surrounding district with colonial products and numerous minor articles. American Consul. Chs. H. Upton. Among the principal watchmakers we enumerate the following : Patek, Philippe, & Cie., Agents for Tiffany & Co., New York. The other firms are as follows : Ve Vacheron & Cie. H. Ekegren. J. M. Badollet & Cie. John Darier. T. Frankfeld. Dufour & Zentler Freres. Ch. Martin & Cie. The following rank among the principal jewellers : Rossel & Fils. GENEVA. HOTEL BEAU RIVAGE, PROPRIETORS MAYER AND KUNZ. This hotel (the largest in Geneva) is situated on the north side of the Lake of Geneva, has three fronts, and from its position commands VIEWS OF MONT BLANC AND ITS RANGE, AND OF THE BEAUTIFUL LAKE AND ITS BORDERS, Unattainable from any other hotel at or near Geneva. ENGLISH AND AMERICAN TRAVELLERS WILL FIND EVERY CONVENIENCE AND COMFORT, UNEXCEPTIONAL ATTENDANCE, AND MODERATE CHARGES. A Lift of the best construction conveys guests to each floor of the hotel, GENEVA. 413 A. Glaton & Cie. Hunger-land & Thorel. J. Me. Mast. E. Delesvaux. A. Lejeime. Tissot & Gay. Delatre & Martin. Manufacturers of musical instruments: B. A. Bremond. A. Rivenc & Cie. S. Troll Fils. Conchon & Cie. Leaving Geneva we skirt the north shore of the lake. The first station is COPPET (10 miles). The chateau was for some time the residence of Madame de Stael, and previously of her father, M. Necker. In the grounds is a chapel where she and her father are buried. We next pass NYON (the Roman Novidununi), from which there is a carriage road up the hills to St. Cergues, the most convenient spot from which the ascent of the Dole may be made. Con- tinuing the road along the lake we come to ROLLE (22 miles), (Hotels: Couronne, Tete Noir). The neighbourhood abounds with vineyards, which produce, amongst other wines, the celebrated kind called La Cote. On the other side of the lake the summit of Mont Blanc may be seen, and, a little further on, the heights of Meillerie and the opening of the Valais. The next station is MORGES (31 miles), (Hotel: la Couronne), a town of 2,800 inhabitants, situated on the lake. We see the castle of Vufflens, reputed to have been founded by Queen Bertha in the tenth century. We now leave the borders of the lake and proceed to the junction at BUSSIGNT (28i miles), where connection is made for the line to Yverdun and Neufchatel. The change of trains, how- ever, seldom takes place until reaching LAUSANNE (31 miles), (Hotels : Gibbon, Richemonf), popula- 414 SWITZERLAND. tion 22,000. Situated on a spur or lower slope of Mount Jarat, north-west of Geneva. It has scarcely any trade, and its limited manufactures are confined to leather, pipes, beer brewing, and cotton and woollen spinning. Leaving Lausanne the road ascends, and offers an exceed- ingly fine view over the Lake of Geneva before reaching the tunnel, which ends close to CHEXBRES-VEVAY (47 miles), the station for Vevay. Pass- ing some other stations, we have a view of Mont Blanc be- fore reaching ROMOTST (66^ miles), beautifully situated on an eminence overlooking the Glane. The old castle was built in the tenth century by the kings of Burgundy. From Romont a branch road extends to BUL.LE, a place where the population is occupied in the production of straw plaiting and straw bonnets. The follow- ing are the names of manufacturers engaged in the export of this produce : Louis Compondy. Albert Tanner. L. Spuhler-Deneresz. Chas. Breuchaud. Societe de Molcson (J. B. Peyraud). Leaving Romont there are no stations of importance along the line ; the scenery, however, is most interesting till we reach FRIBURG (81 miles), (Hotels: Zahringer Hof, de Frey- burg, des Merciers), population 10,600. It is the capital of the canton of the same name, and occupies a wild and romantic situation on the Saarine. There are some fine churches, the most remarkable being the Cathedral of St. Nicholas, a handsome Gothic structure of the fifteenth century, containing an organ which has 7,800 pipes and 67 stops, and is considered one of the finest instruments in Europe. Leaving Friburg there is nothing note worthy along the line, though the stoppages are somewhat numerous. We now arrive at BERNE. 415 BERNE (98 miles), (Hotels : Bernerhof, Bellevue, Schweizer- hof, Faucori), population 30,000. Capital of the canton, and seat of the Federal Government and of the Diet of the Swiss Confederation, 59 miles south-west of Zurich and 39 miles west- south-west of Lucerne, bounded on three sides by the river Aar, and on the west side defended by fortifications. Berne is one of the most pleasing cities of Switzerland, and remark- ably clean and regularly built. There are a few factories of linen, cotton, and printed goods, clocks and watches, deli- cate mechanical and philosophical instruments, straw hats, leather, &c. Berne being the seat of the Federal Government, diplo- matic representatives are resident here. Hon. Horace Rublee has for a series of years resided here as Minister Resident of the United States. Great Britain is represented by his Excellency E. Corbett ; Secretary of Legation, G. Jennet, Esq. There is an English church service throughout the year ; Chaplain, Rev. James Rathbone. As a place of business, Berne has little importance. There .are several cotton- spinning establishments in the canton ; also a silk factory : Mechanische Weberei (Ed. Simon, Director). Razors, manipulated from steel wire used for watch springs, and consequently of superior temper, are manufactured and largely exported by Jacques Lecoultre. Of carved wood works and fancy goods, a large establishment is that of J. H. Heller. The principal seat of this industry, however, is at and near Interlaken. 416 SWITZERLAND. ROUTE No. 78. BERNE TO INTERLAKEN. Rail to Thun, 19 miles; thence by Steamer across the lake to Neuhaus (15 miles). Fares, \st class, 5 '15 francs ,- 2nd, 3*20 francs. 'ROCEEDING along the valley of the Aar through an exceedingly fertile and well cultivated country, we reach THUN (19 miles). (Hotels: Bellevue, Baum- garten), population 4,000. Pleasantly situated. There is a military college. Cheese is largely exported from here. Reference to this trade has been made elsewhere. From Thun the lake is crossed by steamer, and passengers thereby are landed at Neuhaus, whence they are conveyed, by a short road of two miles, to INTERLAKEN, beautifully situated, as the name indicates, 4 ' between the lakes," namely, the lakes of Thun and Brienz, on the left bank of the Aar in the valley of the Boedeli. The population is engaged in the production of articles of carved wood; and the following firms at Interlaken and neighbouring villages are exporting largely to all parts of the globe : Christ. Ritchard .... at Interlaken.. C. von Bergen & Cie. ... ,, Sesti & Briigger .... C. H. Schuh ...... Ch. Steiner J. F. Klein & Cie Meiringen. J. Kehrli-Sterchi .... Thun. Jager & Cie Brienz. J. Fliick J. M. Roetter & Cie. APPENDIX. the following pages the purchaser will find alphabetically arranged the various classes of goods manufactured in different localities of Europe. This classification will admit a com- parison of the relative merits, values, and fitness for exporta- tion. There are many articles manufactured at one end of France which may be purchased with equal advantage in a remote corner of Germany or elsewhere. In these cases the time and cost of transportation to the seaboard becomes a con- sideration, and great care has been taken to ascertain as nearly as possible the advantages of competitive routes. These items will be found under the respective heads. Absinthe. A cordial, the flavouring agent being com- posed of herbs grown in the Alps. The genuine article is manufactured on the Franco-Swiss frontiers. See Couvet, p. 410 ; also Pontarlier, p. 345. See also Liqueurs. Accordeons. There are several makers at Gera. See p. 225. See also Musical Instruments. Agate is found in Rhenish Bavaria and manipulated by lapidaries at Oberstein. See p. 387. Agricultural Implements. Makers of agricultural machines are found all over Europe. See: Birmingham, Sheffield, Leeds. On the Continent they are found at Brus- sels and Verviers, in Belgium ; at Lille and Paris, in France ; at Berlin, Hanover, Cologne, and Aix-la-Chapelle in Ger- many. E 418 APPENDIX. Alabaster. The chief storehouse is Italy. Exported from Genoa, Leghorn, and Florence. There is an alabaster quarry in Rhenish Prussia. See Hagen, p. 183. Albumen is largely exported from Paris, p. 319. Ale. The Scotch breweries are enumerated under the head of Leith and Edinburgh, p. 59. See also Breweries. Alkali is manufactured at and exported from Newcastle- on-Tyne. See likewise Chemical Works at Glasgow, p. 66 ; Leith, p. 59. Alpaca. Chiefly manufactured in Yorkshire. The firms are enumerated under the head of Bradford, p. 81, Leeds, p. 27, and Huddersfield, p. 39. In Germany similar kind of goods are manufactured, chiefly in Saxony. See also Stuffs. Aluminium. Goods manufactured of this metal are found at London, Paris, p. 318, Vienna, and Berlin. Amadou may be purchased advantageously at Vienna. See Manufacturers of Tinder and Matches, p. 299. Amber. The raw material is obtained from the shores of the Baltic, Konigsberg being the chief market. The manufactured articles mouthpieces for pipes, bracelets, neck- laces, &c. are found at Vienna, p. 299, and Paris, p. 318. Aniline Colours are produced by chemicals, near the various coal regions, notably Lyons, p. 361, Elberfeld, p. 179, Offenbach, p. 201. See also Chemicals and Dyes. Anvils. Birmingham, p. 47, Sheffield, p. 34, Iserlohn, p. 184, Solingen, p. 178, Hagen, p. 183, and Remscheid, p. 188. Argols are shipped from Bordeaux and Marseilles. Arms. Every variety of firearms, e. g-., cannons, guns, rifles, pistols, as well as side-arms, swords, and daggers, are manufactured at Birmingham, p. 49 ; and in Belgium, at Liege, p. 93. In Germany, guns and rifles are produced at Suhl, p. 261, at Sommerda, p. 257 ; and in France, at St. Etienne, p. 371, and Tulle. The speciality for manufacturing swords and bayonets APPENDIX. 419 centres at Solingen, p. 178, in Germany, and at Chatellerault, p. 379, in France. Cannons are manufactured on the Continent, principally at Essen, Krupp's factory, p. 156, at Liege, p. 93, and at Creusot. In France there are large works at Angouleme, p. 378, and other places, but the establishments are Govern- ment monopolies. Artificial Flowers. See Flowers. Asphaltum is produced in various parts of Europe, namely, in Hanover, (Limmer) ; in France ; and in Switzerland. See p. 409. Awls. Brad-awls : speciality at Sheffield, p. 34 ; and in Germany, at Schmalkalden, p. 259. Axles. Birmingham, p. 47, Sheffield, p. 34, Duisburg, p. 156, and Essen, p. 156. Barege. Mixed goods of worsted and silk, mostly pro- duced in France. Barytes exported from the district of Mayence, p. 198. Baskets and Wickerwork are exported from France and Germany, notably through the agency of Berlin, p. 165, Lichtenfels, p. 263, Frankfort-on-the-Maine, p. 199, and Boulogne-sur-Mer. See also Wickerwork ; Willows. Bayonets. In England the best cast-steel are produced at Birmingham and Enfield. On the Continent the mo- nopoly is held by manufacturers at Solingen, p. 178, Suhl, p. 261, and Chatellerault, p. 379. Beads. Glass beads for ornaments are produced in great variety at Birmingham. On the Continent Venice was the emporium, but the manufacturers have now to compete with lower-priced articles produced at Nuremberg and Fiirth, p. 207, Aix-la-Chapelle, p. 140, Sonneberg, p. 260, and Gablonz, p. 292. Most of the manufacturers at these points produce, at the same time, glass buttons, a variety of orna- mental goods, dolls' eyes, and other kinds of toys. 420 APPENDIX. Beaver. Refer to the article Furs, for which the chief market is Leipzig, p. 221, inasmuch as the fairs held there have the tendency to ascertain the balance between supply and demand, and thereby to determine the market value for the ensuing season. Beer. See Breweries. Beet-root Spirit is largely manufactured in France, Belgium, and Germany ; in the latter country many of the larger farms have distilleries, especially those in the Provinces of Eastern Prussia and Brandenburg; for the former section the principal market is Stettin ; for the latter, Berlin. Time bargains in this commodity are among the features of Bourse operations of the Prussian capital. Balbriggan Hose is manufactured at Balbriggan. See p. 4. Imitations are produced at Nottingham and Chemnitz. Berlin Work e. g. Berlin needlework, or embroidery on open canvas ; silk and worsted yarns, beads, printed pat- terns, and other requisites are produced at Berlin. See p. 176. There are likewise establishments of a similar nature at Frankfort-on-the-Maine and Vienna. Bessemer Steel. See Steel Billiard] Cloth is produced chiefly at Verviers, p. 95, where several establishments make its manufacture a speciality. Birds (Canary) are reared in the Harz Mountains. There is a market for them at Brunswick, p. 160, whence several thousand dollars-worth are annually exported. Blankets. Yorkshire takes the lead, and next in favour is the Scotch produce. There are likewise factories at Kid- derminster. The Austrian manufacturers produce a very superior article ; there are factories near Liege and Verviers, competing successfully. In Germany, Aix-la-Chapelle and Diiren manufacture blankets and travelling-rugs. There are numerous places in France where different descriptions of woollen rugs are manufactured, notably: Amberieux, Bar-le- Duc, Lille, Roubaix, Tours, and Troyes. APPENDIX. 421 Bobbin-Net is manufactured in the Nottingham dis- trict, in Alsace, and various parts of France and Germany. Bombazin. Has its origin in the manufacture at Nor- wich, but it is largely produced in France as well as in Ger- many. Bottles. Common wine and beer bottles are produced chiefly at Newcastle-on-Tyne, Sunderland, and neighbouring places. There are factories at and near Birmingham, p. 46, also at Dublin, p. 4. Extensive glass works are in the neighbourhood of Charleroi, where all varieties of green bot- tles are produced, as well as demijohns, carboys, phials, and glass bottles for the use of druggists and chemists, p. 99. See also Glass-Ware. Boots and Shoes. There are large factories at North- ampton and Leicester, also in Staffordshire and in the vicinity of London. The factories in France are not on an extensive scale, except those who contract for the army and navy. Fancy goods may be purchased advantageously in Paris, also at Vienna. There are a few places in Germany, notably Erfurt, p. 256, where cheap boots, shoes, and slippers are produced. Low-priced goods are likewise manufactured at Berlin, while the articles produced at Mayence, Offenbach, and Frankfort-on-the-Maine, p. 201, enjoy well-merited reputation. Brass Wire. See Wire. Briar Pipes. See Pipes. Bristles. Are exported from the Consular district of Frankfort-on-the-Maine. See p. 199. Britannia Metal. Birmingham and Sheffield produce every variety of Britannia metal goods. On the Continent similar kinds of goods are manufactured at Liidenscheid and Hagen. Braids, Braiding. Used for coach-making or up- holstering purposes or wearing apparel; is manufactured at Nottingham, Leicester, Paris, Lyons, Elberfeld, and Barmen. Brandy. The best French brandy comes from Cognac, see p. 380, and is produced from the grape grown in the 422 APPENDIX. Charentes. The process of distilling wine results in a yield of about fifteen gallons of spirit from one hundred gallons of wine. The brown or auburn tinge of brandy is supposed to be derived by keeping the spirit in oaken casks. The Limou- sin oak, grown in the district of Limoges, is considered pecu- liarly favourable for the purpose ; but, as results are obtain- able only in course of time, artificial means aid or replace the natural process of colouring. The raw material is manipu- lated with burnt sugar or other substances. Brandy distilled from wine is made in other parts of France, and likewise in Spain. In other countries so-called brandy is not derived from wine. Grain, potatoes, and other vegeta- ble substances are put through a process of distillation. Burnt sugar, argols, catechu, fusil oil, and so forth, do the rest to imitate real brandy as near as possible. Large quantities of this stuff are shipped from Dutch ports and the north of Germany, notably Hamburg. Breweries. The most celebrated English ale brew- eries are situated at Burton-on-Trent : Bass & Co. and Allsopp & Co. In and near London there are likewise large ale breweries : Fuller & Co., Sich & Co. The Scotch ale breweries are found under the head of Leith, p. 58. The brewing of porter-beer has its monopoly in London, the firm of Barclay & Perkins taking the lead ; in fact, the establishment has a rank among the sights and curiosities of the metropolis. More than 100,000 gallons of water are daily consumed ; the fermenting tuns are capable of holding more than 250,000 gallons. The firm possesses storing vats of colossal dimensions, some of them are gauged for 100,000 gallons. There are several other large breweries, among them: Reid & Co., Henry Meux & Co., Combe, Delafield, & Co., Truman, Hanbury, & Buxton, and others. Dublin has acquired fame in the brewing of stout, the firms engaged are enumerated on p. 8. In France the largest breweries are situated at and near Paris, Besan9on, and Lyons. Belgian beer is very inferior in quality. Strasburg beer was famed throughout France, but since the annexation to Germany the produce has been superseded. APPENDIX. 423 From Germany there is an export demand of beer at Mayenee and of Bavarian produce ; shipments are made from Bamberg, Bayreuth, Culmbach, Erlangen, Munich, and Kitzingen. Bricks (Dutch Clinkers). See Gouda, p. 129. Bronze Colours and Bronze Powders. See Birmingham, p. 46 ; also Nuremberg, p. 206. Brushes and Combs. See Birmingham, Sheffield, London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna. Buckles. All kinds of buckles for personal wear, for harness and saddlery, are produced at Birmingham and Shef- field, pp. 46 and 34; also at Hagen and Remscheid, pp. 188. Buttons. Cloth buttons are manufactured at Birming- ham, p. 34, at Elberfeld and Barmen, p. 180, and at Lyons, p. 360. See likewise Trimmings. Glass buttons are likewise found at Birmingham, p. 46, at Aix-la-Chapelle, p. 140, Nuremberg, p. 206, Namur, p. 111. Horn, ivory, pearl, and numerous other substances manu- factured into buttons, studs, &c., are found at Birmingham. Vienna, p. 295, Berlin, p. 340, Fribourg, p. 270. Buttons (Metal). Birmingham, p. 46; Solingen, Hagen, and Remscheid. Calico and Calico Printing. See Cotton Goods. Cambric. Under this denomination are generally under- stood the finest and thinnest of linen fabrics. Belfast pro- duces this class of goods, see p. 7. In France they are manu- factured at St. Quentin, and also at Tarare, p. 373, and Paris, p. 318. Cameos. Italy is the market for the raw material as well as for the gem which has passed the skilful hand of the lapidary. There are depots in Paris as well as prominent artists. Among them, M. Ed. Guyetant, who, being the suc- cessor of the famous Michelini, is one of the most distinguished artists. See p. 323. Canes. Walking and umbrella sticks, rattans, bamboo, and all other descriptions in the raw state are most ad van- 424 APPENDIX. tageously purchased at the periodical sales in the London Docks. The manufactured article, ready for use, has a market in Hamburg, where the firm of H. C. Meyer, jun., is favour- ably known among others in the trade. Candles. Stearin, paraffin, and wax candles^ are largely produced in England. Price and Co. rank among the most prominent. There are, however, numerous establishments in France, Belgium, Germany, and Austria for the manufacture of composite candles. Wax Candles and fancy wax-work is more or less monopolized by manufacturers in Catholic coun- tries. See Vienna, p. 295, Nuremberg, p. 206, Wurzburg, p. 203. Cards. Playing-cards. Delarue and Co. in London are among the best makers. For French cards there are large depdts in Paris. Cards. Wire carding for cotton, flax, and other fibrous matter. The more reputed factories are in Yorkshire and Lancashire. In Germany the produce of Aix-la-Chapelle is in great favour. See page 140. Carpets. In former times carpets were designated by the name of the seat of manufacture. This is no longer the case. So-called Brussels, Wilton, or Turkey carpets are now manufactured everywhere. In England the seat of carpet manufacture centres in Yorkshire, Axminster, and Kidder- minster. See p. 25. In France the manufacturers at Au- busson hold a monopoly ; the majority of them have depots in Paris. Besanqon likewise produces carpets. In Germany there are manufacturers at Hanau, p. 202, Stuttgart, Berlin, and other places, but they have hitherto not been able to participate to any great extent in the export trade. There are several important establishments in Aus- tria, see Vienna, p. 296. In Belgium, carpets are produced at Tournai, p. 104. Cheap carpetings are found in Holland. Cashmere Shawls. They can be purchased in London or Paris. For wholesale dealers in the latter city, see p. 3l9. Champagne Wines. The chief mart is Rheims, Chalons-sur-Marne, and adjacent places. See p. 338. Several APPENDIX. 425 * Champagne houses are represented in London, as will be seen on another page. There are a few other districts in France where sparkling wines are produced, but they are of a cheap order. Spurious champagne is largely made up both in France and Germany. Labels, corks, packing, and all inci- dental matters are imitated so closely, that the fraud is some- times difficult to detect. Sparkling Moselle and Rhenish wines are made up at Coblentz, Eltville, Hochheim, and Mayence. The wine dealers at these points are enumerated between pp. 192 and 199. In Switzerland, likewise, cheap sparkling wines are made up. Cheese. The most profitable market for English cheese is London. Dutch cheese has a market at Gouda, see p. 129. For Swiss cheese see p. 404. Chemicals. Works of chemical produce are enumerated in the following places : Glasgow, p. 66, Leith, p. 58, Bir- mingham, p. 46, Dublin, p. 3, Leeds, p. 27, Paris, p. 280, Berlin, p. 165, Brussels, p. 89. See also Colours and Dye- stuffs. Chicory. The mills at and near Magdeburg, see p. 161, are exporting largely ; also those in the district of Bruns- wick, p. 160, and Hanover, p. 158. There are exporting firms in Belgium, see Leige, p. 92, and Namur, p. 111. Chocolate is principally shipped from Paris, though the manufacturers are scattered throughout the country. The article is also exported from Switzerland and Berlin. Coals. The chief place of export is Newcastle-on-Tyne, Sunderland, and all adjacent ports. Next in importance are the Welsh ports, Bristol, Cardiff, and others. Of Scotch coal . ports a few have been enumerated, p. 64. Colours (Artists'). Articles of superior quality are purchased in London and Paris. Cheaper grades may be had in Berlin and Munich. Dusseldorf, see p. 153. Colours (Paints) are shipped from Hull, London, Glasgow, and Edinburgh. Combs. See Brushes. Indiarubber combs are manu- factured by several firms in London. There is a large factory at Harburg. See also Rubber Goods. 426 APPENDIX. Corks. Marseilles, p. 365, is the place of export, also Barcelona and Lisbon. The Franco- Spanish frontiers offer the largest supply, but the Portuguese cork wood is con- sidered superior in quality. Corsets. There is a large export to the United States from Stuttgart ; but Paris and London participate largely in the trade. Cotton Goods. In the Manchester market may be purchased every variety of cotton goods produced either in Lancashire, or elsewhere in England, the next market being Glasgow. There is no central market on the continent of Europe, if we except Paris, where the principal manufacturers of France have depots or agencies. Rouen, St. Quentin, and Roannes are among the chief places where cotton goods are produced. In Alsace, cotton manufacturers are situated at Mulhouse and Colmar. The German cotton industry lies scattered all over the country, the chief seat being in Saxony, see Chemnitz, p. 210, and Zitfcau, p. 240, Elberfeld, p. 179, Berlin, p. 165, Hof, Ett- lingen, Reutlingen, and Kempten. But there are numerous small places, nearly all of them embracing a special description of goods. Cotton mills in Switzerland are likewise scattered ; but Zurich, Aaran, Berne, and Glarus are the Cantons where the principal factories are situated. In Belgium the chief seat of the cotton industry is at Ghent, St. Nicholas, Roulers, and other places. Cotton Spinning. The trade, as in goods, centres in Manchester, but there are numerous cotton-spinners in Not- tinghamshire, Yorkshire, Cheshire, Leicestershire, &c. Cotton-spinners on the Continent are found in the following places : Ghent, p. 80, Alost, p. 81, Chemnitz, p. 210, Cologne, p. 145, Bonn, p. 192, Hanover, p. 159, Bayreuth, Stuttgart, Ettlingen, Reutlingen, Kempten, Wurzburg, p. 203, Mul- house, p. 343, Rouen, p. 333, Zwolle, p. 131, Eschede, and Haarlem, p. 121. APPENDIX. 427 Cream of Tartar is exported from Bordeaux, see p. 382, and Marseilles, p. 365 ; also from Mayence, p. 199. Damasks. See Linen Goods. Diamonds. Under the head of Amsterdam, see p. 122, are found the principal firms engaged in the trade. There are many diamond merchants in London and Paris. The latter are found enumerated, p. 319. Dimity. See Cotton Goods. Distilleries. The Irish whiskey distilleries are men- tioned on p. 3. Some of the Scotch firms are enumerated on p. 66. The Schiedam houses are found on p. 120. Nearly every other description of cordials and alcoholic drinks will be found under the various heads of the denomination. See also Liqueurs. Diving Apparatus are made in London by Siebe & Gorman. In France the firm of Denayrouze has some notoriety. Doctors. Steel doctors are produced at Sheffield, and at Bochum, in Westphalia ; also at Essen and Dortmund, p. 156. Dolls. See Toys. Drugs. Under this head are generalized a variety of produce which has been mentioned under its proper heading so far as possible, whenever it forms a speciality for exporta- tion. Earthenware. Staffordshire is the seat of manufacture of printed ware. The neighbourhood of Burslem has the most extensive potteries. A great variety of other descrip- tions of earthenware, porcelain, and so-called china is manu- factured everywhere, but almost exclusively for local wants. The exporting places from Germany are the following : Son- neberg, p. 260, Magdeburg, p. 161, Mayence, 198. See also Toys. 428 APPENDIX. Eau de Cologne. See p. 145. Eau de Vie. See Brandy. Ebonite. See India-rubber Goods. Edge Tools. Birmingham, p. 46, Sheffield, p. 34, Hagen, p. 183, Iserlohn, p. 184, Schmalkalden, p. 259, Langres, p. 343. Embroidery. White embroidered goods for curtains, and articles for ladies' wear, are manufactured at Nottingham, see p. 22. It forms a speciality at St. Gall, p. 401. In Saxony entire villages are exclusively occupied with the production of white embroidered goods. See Plauen, p. 234, also Chemnitz, p. 210, and district thereof. This branch of industry in France centres at Tarare, p. 373, also Nancy, p. 340. Essences, Essential Oils are largely exported from Nice and Marseilles. See also Perfumery. Esparta Grass is exported from Spanish ports, espe- cially Corunna. Largely used in the manufacture of paper. Pans. The emporium for goods of this character is sup- posed to be the French metropolis. During the last decade Vienna has successfully competed with French manufacture. Upwards of four thousand persons are engaged in the making of fans at Vienna. See p. 295. Files. The speciality for the manufacture of files centres at Sheffield, at Remscheid, p. 188, at Solingen, p. 178, and at Amboise, p. 377. At these places it forms a speciality, but files are made in almost every tool-making establishment. See also Tools. Fire-arms. See Arms. Fire-irons. See Hardware. Fishing Tackle. The best fish-hooks are made at Redditch, see page 51, and at Limerick, in Ireland. Every other item of fishing apparatus is manufactured there. On the APPENDIX. 429 continent of Europe the fisherman's requirements are met by manufacturers at Aix-la-Chapelle, p. 140, Altena, and Nurem- berg, 206. Flowers. French taste and ingenuity have enabled the Parisian manufacturers to reign supreme in this branch of industry. Still, the German manufacturers participate largely in the trade, probably owing to cheapness. See Berlin, p. 165, and Leipzig, p. 220. Natural flowers, or their seeds, are shipped through London and Paris. There are also extensive nurseries at Nice, May- ence, Erfurt, and Berlin doing a large export trade. Ghent takes the lead in Belgium, and Haarlem in the Netherlands. Fruit. Dried fruit, exported from France, comprises almonds, chestnuts, and a great variety of other nuts, mostly shipped from Marseilles, p. 365, while French prunes and raisins are almost exclusively shipped through Bordeaux, see p. 377. Magdeburg is another shipping place, p. 161. Candied fruit is exported from Paris, Bordeaux, p. 377, Nantes, p. 372. Preserved fruit from Bar-le-Duc, p. 340, Bordeaux, Paris, and Nantes. Furs. Dressed furs for garments have a principal market at Leipzig, see p. 220. There are wholesale fur dealers in nearly every city of Europe, but the fairs at Leipzig exercise a controlling interest over the entire trade. See also Hatters' Goods. Glass. Crown glass, window glass, bottles, and fancy glassware is produced mainly at Birmingham. There are large glass works at Great St. Helen's, near Liverpool, and also in the neighbourhood of London and Newcastle. In Belgium the principal glass works are situated in the neighbourhood of Charleroi, see p. 102. Window glass is produced at Lodelinsart. Namur, p. 1 12, and Mont St. Guibert, produce crystal and fancy glass ware. The Verreries Reunies have a depot at Brussels, A. Cuttier, manager, Rue du Marche, No. 1. For Bohemian glass see Gablonz, p. 292, and Steinchonau, p. 291. 430 APPENDIX. Gloves Kid. French gloves, i.e. what are called Paris-made gloves, have attained a prestige over all other makes. The names of Paris manufacturers are found on page 320. Next to Paris large quantities of kid gloves are exported from Lyons, p. 360, and from Grenoble, p. 356, where upwards of 20,000 persons are employed in the trade. After them, refer to Luneville, p. 341, St. Junien, p. 376, and Niort, p. 379. The Franco-Prussian war has admitted other European countries into successful competition. Belgian as well as Luxemburg makes are much sought after. The tanneries in these localities have long been favourably known, and the kid is pronounced by many superior to French, yet Belgian gloves do not range so high, owing to the inferiority in sewing. The salary paid to sewing women in Belgium is considerably lower than in Paris. The names of Belgian manufacturers are found p. 84, those of Luxemburg, p. 112. In Germany kid gloves are made in many localities, with varying success in regard to quality. A good make will be found at Aix-la-Chapelle, p. 140 ; Darmstadt and Hanau produce kid gloves, also Berlin, p. 174. Other manufacturers are found at the following places : Cassel, p. 192, Halberstadt, p. 161, Altenburg, p 224, and Sonneberg, p. 260. In Austria several good makers are located at Prague, p. 292. Gloves made at Naples, as well as at Turin, compete suc- cessfully as a cheap class of goods. English gloves are made at Yeovil, Woodstock, and Wor- cester, see p. 25. Cotton, worsted, and other textile gloves, are made at Leicester, Nottingham, and various other points in England. Chemnitz, in Saxony, p. 210, is the centre of the textile glove trade in Germany. Throughout the kingdom of Saxony and the Duchies (Thuringia) the industry prevails. Silk gloves are made at Lyons, p. 360. See also Hanau, p. 203. Hair. Human hair. See Paris, p. 314, Frankfort-on-the- Maine, p. 199, Leipzig, p. 218. APPENDIX. 431 Horse hair and Hair seating. See Birmingham, p. 46, Ber- lin, p. 165, Basle, p. 394. Hammer. Steam-hammer. See Birmingham, p. 46, Essen, p. 155. Hardware. This denomination comprises a variety of articles which have been referred to under their proper heads. The following are the principal manufacturing places of hard- ware : Birmingham, p. 46, Sheffield, p. 34, Wolverhampton, Charleroi, p. 99, Liege, p. 92, Aix-la-Chapelle, p. 140, Hagen, p. 183, Iserlohn, p. 184, Solingen, p. 178, Nuremberg, p. 206. See also Metal Ware. Harmonium. See Musical Instruments. Harness is largely manufactured at Birmingham, Berlin, Darmstadt, and Vienna. Harness Mountings. Birmingham, see p. 34, Solin- gen, p. 178, Remseheid, p. 193, Hagen, p. 183. Hatters' Goods. Under this head appear important items in the export lists to transatlantic places. The items comprise various articles. In the first place we have the raw material known as cony furs, rabbit and hare skins. Lon- don, Paris, Brussels, and Frankfort-on-the-Maine have the monopoly of this trade. The plush used for silken hats is manufactured at Lyons and in Alsace, the manufacturers having depots at Paris. Crefeld and Berlin likewise produce hatters' plush. Lyons also produces the thin gauze lining, as well as braids and hatbands. The latter goods are also manufactured at Barmen and Elberfeld. Hooks and Eyes are manufactured at Redditch, p. 51, also at Aix-la-Chapelle, p. 140. Hoops. Bale hoops are largely shipped to the cotton ports from Birmingham. See p. 46. 432 APPENDIX. Horn Goods. Birmingham furnishes a variety of articles for cultery, knife-handles, combs, &c. Ink. Printers' Ink. See Leith, p. 95, Frankfort-on- the-Maine, 200, Mayence, 198, Leipzig, 218. Instruments. (See also various descriptions). Artifi- cers' instruments are made at Sheffield, page 34, Solingen, p. 178, Hagen, p. 183, Paris and London. Mathematical, medical, surgical, and scientific instruments are produced at Birmingham, p. 46, Sheffield, p. 34, Leipzig, p. 218, Frankfort-on -Maine, p. 200, Berlin, p. 165, Sonneberg, 206, Nuremberg, p. 260. Optical instruments at Paris, Birmingham, London, Vienna, Berlin, Besanqon, and Pontarlier. Musical instruments at Gera, p. 225, Klingenthal, p. 238, Leipzig, p. 218, Markneukirchen, p. 235, Vienna, p. 295, Sonneberg, p. 206, Geneva, 412, Neufchatel, 406, Paris, 315. Many firms have depots in London and Paris. Isinglass. Exported from Mayence, p. 199. Ivory. Carved ivory is produced largely at Dieppe, and brought into the trade by Paris dealers in fancy goods. Other goods made of elephants', rhinoceros, and various tusks are found at Vienna, especially billiard balls and clavichords. Jewellery. Cheap jewellery is manufactured at Sheffield, see p. 34, and Birmingham, p. 46. A better class of goods, but still of light make, is produced at Pforzheim, p. 266. At Hanau there are numerous establishments rivalling with French lapidaries, see p. 202 ; see also Geneva, p. 412. French jewellery, if made for home trade, is of a superior standard ; but for exportation the goods are not subject to Government control, and therefore no regard is paid to quality. Kirschwasser is manufactured in Switzerland and in the Black Forest. APPENDIX. 433 Knitted Goods. Woollen knitted goods are exported in great variety from Berlin. See p. 170. Lace Goods. The emporium for real lace is Brussels. See p. 83. All that is manufactured in Belgium finds a depot at that city, and some of the merchants hold a stock of produce manufactured elsewhere. Bruges, p. 79, Malines, p. 85, and other places produce lace ; but it must be remem- bered that those for hand-made lace are not what may be termed factories, the lace being produced mostly at home. At Grammont, p. 105, black lace is manufactured almost exclusively. In France lace is produced at the following places : Alenqori, Caen, p. 311, Calais, p. 311, Chantilly, p. 136. But nearly all these places have their depots in Paris. In Germany lace goods are produced in Saxony and Silesia. See Plauen, p. 234, Schneeberg, p. 232, Eibenstock, p. 231. Irish lace can be purchased at Limerick and Dublin, p. 3. Nottingham is the central mart in England for machine-made lace and all species of white goods. Many manufacturing firms have establishments in London. Several Paris and Brussels firms are likewise represented in London, among them Duden & Co., 7, Argyle St., Regent St. Leather Goods. Fancy articles, albums, portmonnaies, &c., are manufactured at Berlin, Offenbach, p. 201 ; Vienna, p. 300; Paris, p. 321. Leonic Ware. See Birmingham, p. 34 ; Nuremberg, p. 208. Linen Goods. Belfast and the vicinity thereof produce the finer goods, p. 7 ; Barnsley and other places in Yorkshire produce domestic goods and table linen ; while Scotland, chiefly Dundee, produces heavy goods, pp. 64 and 70. In Germany the lead is taken by Bielefeld, p. 157. But there is likewise an extensive linen industry throughout Silesia and Saxony. In Belgium the flax industry has reached the heightx>f per- fection. Linen goods are manufactured chiefly in the neigh- bourhood of Courtrai, p. 106. F r 434 APPENDIX. Liqueurs. A variety of cordials and alcoholic drinks are known under specific denominations, which appear in alphabetical order as under: Absinthe, see pp. 409 and 345. Anisette has its origin at Bordeaux, p. 377. Chartreuse, p. 355. Cherry brandy at Copenhagen, but is also exported, of wood quality, from Mayence, p. 198. Curasao is principally produced at Amsterdam, p. 122. Geneva, or Hollands. See Schiedam, p. 119. Goldwasser originates from Dantzig, p. 286. Kirschwasser is produced in the Black Forest and in Swit- zerland. Kiimniel, also known as Alash, has its origin in Russia, but the trade is mostly supplied from Berlin, p. 165. Marasquino is manufactured at Zara, the capital of Dal- matia Whiskey. See Dublin, p. 4, and Leith, p. 68. The foregoing comprise the places where the genuine article is obtainable ; but, of course, similar productions can be had from many of the large distilleries throughout Europe. The imitations are often of very poor quality ; but in many cases a very superior article, imitating the original, is obtained. Holr land and Belgium have a large share in the export trade, also Hamburg. There are large and numerous distilleries in the Rlienish provinces. In the north of France many distilleries carry on a large business, and the manufacturers at Limoges, Angouleme, and Bordeaux largely supply the trade with every variety of cor- dials, syrups, &c. Matches. The common lucifer matches are made by machines of a very ingenious character. There are a few very extensive factories in England, likewise in Sweden and Filmland. Nuremberg, see p. 206, is prominent among the German factories, but Vienna, p. 299, produces an infinite variety of pipe and cigar-lights, as well as wax tapers. Of the latter extensive factories are found at Marseilles, p. 365, also in Belgium and Germany (Berlin), p. 165. APPENDIX. 435 Meerschaum. The raw material is found in Spain and Asia Minor, and has a market mostly at Vienna, where it is cut and carved into pipes. See p. 298. Paris likewise produces real and imitation meerschaum articles, p. 321. Carbonate of magnesia is employed in various parts of Germany, notably at Bielefeld, p. 156, and at Ruhla, p. 257. See also Pipes. Metal ^fare. Tin-foil, leaf-gold, bronze, copper, nickel, and pewter goods, are mostly manufactured at Birmingham, see p. 34. The district of Hagen, p. 183, competes in the same branches ; also Nuremberg, p. 206. Muslin. Nottingham, see p. 22, Glasgow, p. 73, Belfast, p. 7, St. Quentin, Tarare, p. 373, Mulhouse, 343. Oils. Italian oils are shipped from Lucca, Genoa, Naples, and Bari. French olive oil is shipped principally from Marseilles and Bordeaux. Linseed oil is produced at Hull and other ports in the north of England. Rape oil is mainly produced in Belgium and the north of France. Paper. The principal paper-mills of England are near London, along the banks of the Thames. The coarser kinds are produced in the north of England. In France, Angouleme takes the lead in this branch of in- dustry, p. 379. The Belgian paper-makers are in the proximity of Namur and Liege. In the Rhenish provinces the paper factories are situated at and near Diiren, p. 144. There are also numerous factories in Saxony. The Austrian paper-mills are described on p. 293. 436 APPENDIX. Pencils. Lead Pencils. The Cumberland produce has !i great reputation, the pencil being manufactured from the raw material found at Borrowdale, near Derwentwater. But the factories at and near Nuremberg take the lead in the trade. The largest is the establishment of A. W. Faber, at Stein, p. 208. Several of the larger establishments have depots in London and Paris. Hair pencils, see Nuremberg, p. 206. See also Brushes. Perfumery. The Paris manufacturers are enumerated p. 322 ; Vienna and Berlin are important in this branch. Pipes. Porcelain, wooden, and other pipes are manu- factured in the Thuringian forest. See Ruhla, p. 257. Dutch clay pipes are manufactured at Gouda, p. 129. See also Meerschaum. Porcelain, Pottery. At the head of the list of porce- lain factories stands the government establishment at Sevres. The two rival establishments are the Royal Factory at Berlin, and at Meissen (Dresden). In England the Worcester and Staffordshire potteries manufacture at the same time common earthenware, porcelain, Wedgwood china, Parian, and the most costly and artistic goods that can be imagined. In France, Limoges wares take a high rank. See p. 376. But much of the porcelain produced in the provinces is brought to Paris for the purpose of being decorated, p. 322. The old Delft ware has almost entirely disappeared, p. 120 ; but there are still a few porcelain factories in Belgium. See Namur, p. 112. In Germany there are porcelain factories near Berlin and Dresden, also at Munich and Stuttgart. There are numerous porcelain and china factories in the Thuringian forests. See Sonneberg, p. 262, also near Magdeburg, p. 162. Ribbons. Silk Ribbons are principally manufactured at St. Etienne, see p. 370, at Basle, p. 394, and at Coventry. APPENDIX. 437 Elberfeld and Barmen, p. 180, take the lead in ribbons manufactured for domestic wear, cotton, half silk, and other materials ; also braids, tape, and hatbands ; while the district of Crefeld, p. 150, produces velvet and silk ribbons. Rolling Mills. Birmingham, see p. 46, Sheffield, and Leeds have the largest number of rolling mills. In Belgium they are situated in the district of Charleroi, 99, and at and near Liege, p. 92. fe The north of France and the district of St. Etienne take the lead in France. In Germany there are numerous establishments in the Rhenish provinces, in Silesia and Saxony. Rolling Stock. In various parts of Great Britain are extensive works for the construction of rolling stock. The majority of railway companies, however, have their own es- tablishments. In Belgium there are establishments at Liege, Ottignies, and other places. Paris boasts of several large works, and in Germany, Berlin, Hanover, and Hamburg are foremost in the construc- tion of railway waggons, passenger and freight cars. Sardines. Bordeaux, see p. 382, Nantes, p. 377, La Rochelle, p. 380, and Marseilles, p. 365. Sprats are often substituted for sardines. Sausages, German, are exported from Brunswick, see p. 160, also from Gotha, p. 256. Shawls. The depots of Cachemir or camels' hair shawls are in London and Paris, p. 319. Paisley shawls have a great reputation, p. 68. In France the manufacturers of Nismes and Lyons are competing in every style of shawls. The Paris dep6ts are found, p. 319. Germany exports mostly through Berlin, p. 169, Chemnitz and Elberfeld. 438 APPENDIX. Silk Goods. Saving a few isolated establishments, the silk industry centres at given localities. In France Lyons takes the lead. See p. 360. In Switzerland, the Canton Zurich has the monopoly, see p. 398. In Germany it centres at Crefeld and the immediate neigh- bourhood, p. 150, Bielefeld, p. 156. Silk velvets, ribbons, hosiery, &c., see under their respective heads. Slate and Slate Pencils. Nuremberg, p. 206, Sonneberg, p. 260. Steel. See Birmingham, p. 34, Sheffield, p. 46, Charleroi, p. 99, Liege, p. 92, Duisburg, p. 156, Bochum, p. 181, Hagen, p. 183, Remscheid, p. 188, Lyons, p. 360, and Lille, p. 336. Straw Goods. Italian straw goods are exported through Leghorn and Florence. In Switzerland, straw plaiting and straw hats are manufactured at Bulle. See p. 414. . Sumach. The island of Sicily produces this article ; it is also exported from other Mediterranean ports. Swords. After the Toledo blades the supply of swords is provided for by Sheffield and Birmingham, Liege, Solingen, Iserlohn, Liidenscheid, Chatellerault, and St. Etienne. Tacks. See Nail Manufacturers. Talc. (Silicate of Magnesia) is exported largely from Marseilles. See p. 365. Tanners. The greatest reputation is enjoyed by Bel- gian tanners, and next to them are the establishments in the Rhenish provinces and Westphalia. In England there are large tanning establishments at Leicester and Manchester. In Paris tanning operations are largely carried on at the southern side of the city. The number of tanneries is esti- mated to approach 800. APPENDIX. 439 Thread. Cotton and linen threads are produced at Man- chester and Leeds and in the vicinity of both cities, as well as at Glasgow and Paisley. On the Continent Lille takes the lead. Both lace and sewing threads are manufactured in Belgium. The German manufacturers are located in Saxony, Bavaria, and Baden. Tobacco Pipes. See Pipes. Tortoise Shell. Is worked up into fancy articles at Birmingham and at Paris. Toys. Nuremburg produces nearly every conceivable species of toys, made of a variety of materials. See p. 206. In the Thuringian forest common wood toys, china toys, and dolls are produced, the chief markets being Coburg^ Gotha, and Sonneberg, p. 260. Toys made of tin and lead are made at Cassel, p. 18(>. Hanover, p. 159, and Berlin, p. 165. Tyrol produces large quantities of common wood toys. Steel and other metal toys are produced at Birmingham. Mechanical toys, more or less of a costly nature, are made In the Jura mountains. See Neufchatel, p. 406. Paris offers principally high-priced dolls and toys of a scien- tific nature. Turkey Red. Yarns and cloths are dyed at Barmen, see p. 180, at various places in Switzerland, and at Glasgow, p. 66; also at Hof, p. 235, and Zwolle, p. 131. Type Founders. The Scotch firms are enumerated on p. 58. Ultramarine. See Nuremberg, p. 206, and Brunswick, p. 160. Upholstery. Textile goods applied to house furmtmv are of a variegated nature, and have for the greater part been enumerated under different heads, e.g. silk brocades, woollen damasks, and horsehair cloth. 440 APPENDIX. Vegetables, preserved in tins. Nantes, see p. 372, also Bordeaux and Paris. In Germany they are exported from Brunswick, see p. 160, and Liibeck. In London the largest exporting firm is Crosse & Blackwell. Velvets. The principal manufactories of silk velvets are at Lyons, see p. 360. Next in importance ranks Crefeld, p. 150. For cotton velvets, see Manchester and Amiens, p. 321. Watches. In the Jura mountains, both on the French and Swiss side, almost the entire population is occupied in watch and clock-making ; in the manufacture of the compo- nent parts of clocks and watches, or in the production of tools for making them. The central mart is Neufchatel, see p. 406, and for the higher class of manufacture, Geneva, p. 412. On the French side of the Jura mountains the trade centres at Besancjon. The highest priced watches are made in London and Liverpool. The cheapest, machine-made, in Birmingham and the United States. The Waltham Company has a depot in London, for the sale of cheap goods. Elastic web. Leicester, p. 20, Nottingham, p. 22. Web for surgical purposes is manufactured at Bir- mingham, p. 46. Wedgwood "Ware. See Pottery and Porcelain. Whips. Are manufactured at Birmingham, Berlin, Vienna, and Paris. Large establishments are found at all these cities. Whiskey. The Irish distilleries are enumerated under the head of Dublin, see p. 5. . Wickerwork and Willows. Fancy baskets form a branch of industry on the French coast, near Boulogne and Havre. From Germany large quantities are likewise exported through Berlin and Nuremberg. See Lichtenfels, p. 263. Willows are exported chiefly through Havre and Dieppe. APPENDIX. 441 Wine. Bordeaux wines, see p. 382. Burgundy, see from p. 346 to 354. Champagne wines, see Rheims and dis- trict, p. 337. For Rhenish wines see Cologne, p. 145, and route to Mayence, p. 192. Wood Carving. The Swiss goods, chiefly made in and about the Bernese Alps, have a great reputation. See pp. 415 and 416. The Tyrolese goods are likewise much esteemed ; the chief mart is in the Salzburg district. Ischl, Halstadt, and Mollen do the principal trade. In the Bohemian mountains upwards of 4,000 families are occupied with wood-carving and turning. The bulk of the produce consists of toys, and the market is more or less under control of the dealers in Saxony. In the Thuringian forests and the district known as the Voigtland,the population is employed with turning and carving ; the market for these goods is Sonneberg. See also Toys. Woodwork. Fancy woodwork, work-boxes, writing cases, and other useful or ornamental articles, are produced at Birmingham, see p. 46. Spa, p. 138, and other watering- places, have specialities of woodwork. Switzerland, see Inter- laken, p. 416, Berne, p. 415, Sonneberg, p. 260, Tyrol, and Nuremberg, p. 206. ^Vorsted Goods. Under this denomination are com- prised bombazines, camlets, crapes, druggets, flannels, meri- noes, serge, stuffs, vestings, and other kinds. For the majority of them refer to the respective heads, or to woollen goods. Worsted Yarns. Are produced in Yorkshire and Lancashire, and in Scotland. There are numerous worsted-spinners in Belgium, in the Rhenish provinces, in Saxony, and at Berlin. In France the worsted-mills are found at Rouen, Lisieux, Elbceuf, and Lille. Woollen Goods. Bradford, p. 29, Leeds, p. 27, Hud- dersfield, 39 ; other Yorkshire mills at Keighley, Halifax, &c. will be found under the foregoing heads. Aix-la-Chapelle, p. 140, Lennep, p. 188,Diiren, p. 144, Berlin, p. 169, Branden- burg, p. 163, Burg, p. 162, Finsterwalde, p. 249, Luckenwalde, 442 APPENDIX. p. 218, Cottbus, p. 250, Goerlitz, p. 242, Briinn, p. 293, Rei- chenberg, p. 295, Vienna, p. 298, Elboeuf, Lisieux, Rouen, Roubaix. Zinc. A wealthy company, styled the " Vieille Mon- tague" having its seat at Chenee, near Liege, monopolizes the zinc trade. There are extensive smelting works near Liege, at Mannheim, and in Silesia. The company has agencies in Paris and London. In England there are smelting works at Birmingham, Bristol, and Sheffield. Zinc White. Is manufactured likewise by the above- mentioned company. The article is rapidly replacing white lead. Numerous mercantile establishments of Continental Europe are represented in London, either by branch houses or through agencies. The names and addresses of representatives, so far as notice reaches us, will be enumerated in a separate list in all future editions. It is likewise intended to record hereafter continental firms frequenting the fairs at Leipzig for the transaction of business. HOTELS. OR greater convenience a complete list of Euro- pean Hotels is given in the following pages. They are alphabetically arranged for each coun- try, without any distinction or classification. AGRAM. Kaiser Oestreich. Schwarzer Adler. AUSSEE. Traube. Sonne. Post. Johannesteig. BADEN. Griiner Baum. Casino. Schwan. Stadt Wien. BOZEN. Victoria. Kaiser Krone. EGER. Kaiser Wilhelm. Zwei Erzherzogen. FELDKIRCH. Krone. Engel Gabriel. Lowe. Feldkircher Hof. AUSTRIA. FRANZENSBAD. Post. Kaiser Oesterreich. GASTEIN. Straubinger. Moser. GRATZ. Elephant. Goldness Ross. Erzherzog Johara. Graudenz. ISCHL. Bauer. Post. Stern. Kaiserin Elizabeth. Kreutz. Krone. LAIBACH. Lion d'Or. Stadt Wien. PESTH. National. Hungaria. P EST H con tin ued . Erzherzog Stepban. Tisa. Stadt Paris. Europe. Konig von Ungarn. Queen of England. PRAGUE. Golden Engel. Eriglischer Hof. Etoile Bleue. Schwarzes Ross. Stadt Wien. SALZBURG. Europe. Erzherzog Karl. Hirsch. Nelboeck. Mohr. Traube. TRIESTK. Orme. Daniel. France. 444 HOTELS. AUSTRIA. TRIESTE contin ued. Aquila Nera. Pellegrino. Nazionale. VIENNA. Grand. Imperial. Britannia. VIENNA continued. Munsch's. Metropole. Archduke KarL Kaiserin Elizabeth. Wilder Mann. Ungarische Krone. Stadt London. VIENNA continued. Wandl's. Tauber. Kb nig von tmgara. Oesterreicher Hof. Rbmischer Kaiser. Goldnes Lamm. Weisses Ross. BELGIUM. ANTWF.RP. DlNANT. NAMUR. St. Antonie. Tete d'Or. Belle Vue. Grand Laboureur. Postes. Harscamp. Europe. GHENT. OSTEND. BRUGES. Royal. Fontaine. Commerce. Flandre. BRUSSELS. Postes. Commerce. Due de Wellington. France. Commerce. Prusse. Bellevue. LIEGE. Bains. Mengelle. France. Suede. Angleterre. Allemagne. Suede. Europe. SPA. Flandre. Univers. Orange. Europe. Saxe. Univers. LOCKEREN. Quatre Sceaux. Postes. York. Flandres. Pays Bas. CHAUD FONTAINE. LoUVAIN. ToRLEMONT. Des Bains. Suede. Quatre Saisons. CHARLEROI. Cour de Mons. Flandres. Pays Bas. Grand Monarque. MONS. Couronne. VEIIVIERS. Chemin de Fer. COURTRAI. Royal. Pays Bas. Commerce. Aigle Noir. Pommelette. Bellevue. Singe. HOTELS. 446 HOLLAND. AMSTERDAM. HAARLEM. MAESTRICHT. Old Bible. Lion d'Or. Casque. Amstel Hotel. Krone. Levrier. Stadt Elberfeld. Armes d'Amster- Central. dam. ROTTERDAM. Doelen. Leeuweryk. New Bath. BREDA. Flandre. HAGUE (THE). Belle Vue. Pays Bas. Europe. Victoria. Gouden Leeuw. Paulez. Europe. UTRECHT. FLUSHING. Due de Wellington. Commerce. Vieux Doelen. Bellevue. LEYDEN. Lion d'Or. Pays Bas. Belle Vue. ZEVENAAR. GOUDA. Doelen. Saumon. Soleil d'Or. Rynland. Belle Vue. Armes de Zaandam. Armes d'Amster- dam. Harthuis. Verhaaf. FRANCE. ABBEVILLE. AMBOISE (Loire). ARCACHON. Tete de Boeuf. Faisan. Grand. St. Jacques. Lion d'Or. Empereurs de France. Commerce. AMIENS. France. France. ARRAS. AGEN. Univers. Griffon. France. A.NGER8. Commerce. St. Jean. Cheval Blanc. Europe. Aix. Le Roy. AURAY. Louvre. D'Anjou. Du Pavilion d'en Des Princes. ANGOULEME. Haut. A IX-LES-BAINS. France. AUCH. Europe. Postes. De France. Univers. Emp6reur. Poste. ANNECY. De Geneve. AUTI'N. La Poste. ALEN9ON. Angleterre. De la Cloche. Grand Cerf. ARLES. AUXKRRK. Normandie. Du Forum. Leopard. La Poste. Du Nord. La Fontaine. 446 HOTELS. FEA NCE. AVIGNON. L'Europe. Louvre. Luxembourg. BAYONNE. Commerce. St. Etienne. Bains. CALAIS. Dessein. Meurice. Midi. CAMBRAI. AVRANCHES. Bretagne. Angleterre. France. Providence. BEAUNE. Beauquis. De 1'Europe. CANNES. Beau Site. Pavilion. BIARRITZ. Angleterre. Europe. Commerce. France. Londres. Arbre d'Or. Du Chevreuil. BEAUVAIS. Du Cigne. D'Angleterre. Gray et d'Albion. Square Brougham Des Princes. Britannique. Splendide. Grand. BEL ALP. Europe. BAGNIERES DE Bi- GORRE. Bel Alp. Paix. Angleterre. Londres. France. De Frascati. Providence. Grand Soleil. BAGNIERES DELucHON. Grand du Pare. BELFORT. Postes. Tonneau d'Or. BLOIS. D'Angleterre. De Blois. Chateau Tete. CARCASSONE. Bonnet. St. Jean Baptiste. Bernard. CHAMBERY. France. Grand de la Poste . De France. BREST. Des Princes. Des Bains. D'Angleterre. BAREGES. France. Paris. Des Voyageurs. La Marque. Grand Monarque. Provence. Tour d'Argent Nantes. Paix. COGNAC. Orleans. France. CHANTILLY. BAR LE Due. BORDEAUX. Cerf. fT Du Cigne. France. Cigne. Grand Cerf. Nantes. CHAR i RES. Lion d'Or. BAVENO. Nord. Marine. Paris. Grand Monarque. Due de Chartres. Belle Vue. Richelieu. CHATEAUDUN. Zanoli. Beau Rivage. Sept Soeurs. Princes. Grand Monarque. Place Imperiale. BAYEUX. Ambassadeurs. CHERBOURG. Du Luxembourg. Le Grand. Lion d'Or. CAEN. Angleterre. Humby's. Espagne. Bains. L'Umvers. L'Aigle. L'Amirante. BESANCON. Paris. Nord. Place Roy ale. St. Pierre. St. Barbe. CHATELLERAULT. Esperance. Tete Noir. HOTELS. FRANCE. 447 COMPIEGNE. GRENOBLE. LISIEUX. La Cloche. Monnet. France. France. Trois Dauphins. Espagne. Soleil d'Or. Europe. CoUTANCES. France. HAVRE. Frascati. LYONS. Lyons. Collet. Angleterre. DIEPPE. Royal. France. Europe. Louvre. Bayard. Europe. Univers. Des Bains. HONFLEUR. Pare. De la Plage. Cheval Blanc. DIJON. Jura. Bourgogne. Cloche. De la Paix. HYERES. Hesperides. Des Ambassadeurs. MACON. Champs Elysees. Europe. Etrangers. lies d'Or. MARSEILLES. DOLE. D 'Orient. Louvre. Geneve. De 1'Europe. Noailles. DOUAI. Flandre. Commerce. Alpes Maritimes. LANORES. Europe. "Pai*ic Empe>eurs. Univers. Ambassadeurs. Marseilles. DUNKIRK. Jraris. Chapeau Rouge. LAON. MONTAUBAN. Sauvage. Ecu. Europe. EAUX BONNES. Banniere. France. Grand Soleil. France. LA ROCHELLE. Princes. France. MONTPELLIER. L'Europe. Croix d'Or. Midi. Richelieu. LAVAL. France. EAUX CHAUDES. Paris. MOULINS SUR ALLIER. France. France. Paris. Londres. Tete Noir. Lion d'Or. ELBEUF. BtEufd'Or. Royal. LlBOURNE. MOUTIERS. Commerce. EPERNAY. France. Princes. Couronne. Europe. Syrene. ETAMPES. LILLE. Europe. Paris NANCY. France. Commerce. Grands Courriers. i tins. Nouveau Monde. Angleterre. FECAMP. Flandres. Europe. Bains. TVT *] LIMOGES. NANTES. JNord. Boule d'Or. France. FoNTAINEBLEAU. Perigord. Nantes. Londres. Richelieu. Colonies. France. Aigle d'Argent. Commerce. 448 HO TELS.FR A NCE. NlSMES. PARIS continued. ST. OMER. Luxembourg. Suisse. Porte d'Or. France. Lafitte. Angleterre. NICE. Buckingham. Violet. ST. QUENTIN. Nice. Anglais. Bergere. Baviere. Cigne Angleterre. Windsor. Russie. Boule d'Or. Etrangers. Chauvain. Castille. Alha SEDAN. Paix. Alpes. Princes. XxlUd. PERIGUEUX. Messageries. Europe. Croix d'Or. France. SENS. ORLEANS. Orleans. PlERREFONDS LES Cathedrale. Ecu. Boule d'Or. JjAINS. xSains. Paris. Loiret. Pierrefonds. TOUL. PARIS. Etrangers. De Metz. Louvre. Ruines. De 1'Europe. Du Palais Royal. PLOMBIERES. Pavilion Rohan. Ours. TOULON. Wagram. Bains. Marine. Meurice. Tete d'Or. Croix de Make. St. James. St. Etienne. Paris. Londres. Europe. Croix d'Or. Castiglione. Liverpool. Castille. Vouillemont. Bristol. POITIERS. Des Palais. De France. Trois Piliers. TOULOUSE. Souvelle. Empereurs. Paris. Rhin. RENNES. Midi. Mirabeau. Grand. Chaubaud. Westminster. France. Dupin. Hollande. Orient. AmirautS. Julien. Commerce. ROUEN. TROYES. Grands Mulcts. Rastadt. Deux Mondes. Splendide. Grand Hotel. Capucines. Parlement. Athenee. Canterbury. Bedford. Albion. Angle terre. Alger. Empereurs. France. Nord. Midi. ST. JEAN DE LUZE. VICHY. Ambassadeurs. Princes. Pare. Suede. Richelieu. Louvre. Rhone. St. Petersburg. Grande Bretagne. Helder. Etienne. Europe. France. Centre. Bonnet. Paix. HOTELS. GERMANY. AHRWEILER. BERLIN. Krone. Royal. Stern. Rome. AlX-LA-ClIAPELLE. Des Princes. Meinhardt. Grand Monarque. Kaiser Bad. Thiergarten. Arnim. Hoyer. Jiigel. Europe. France. Nuellens. Russie. Nord. Nord. Elephant. Adler. Angleterre. Petersburg. ALTENBURG. Russie. BIEBERICH. Saxe. Du Rhin. De 1'Europe. ASCHAFFENBURG. Freihof. BINGEN. Eisenbahn. Victoria. AUGSBURG. Cheval Blanc. Drei Mohren. Griiner Hof. Weisses Lamm. Wiirtemberg. BONN. Goldener Stem. Rheineck. Royal. BADEN-BADEN. Victoria. BOPPARD. Darmstadt. Rheinisch Hof. Angleterre. Russie. BRANDENBURG. Europe. Schwarzer Adler. Ville de Bade. Brandenburg. Zahringer Hof. Stadt Petersburg. BREMEN. Hirsch. Hillman. Royal. Caspar. BAIREUTH. Anker. Du Nord. Siedenburg. Alberti. Krone. BAMBERG. Schaper. Lindenhof. Drei Kronen. Frankfort. Bamberg Hof. Europe. BARMEN. BREMERHAFEN. Vogler. Beermann. Schiitzenhof. Lloyd's. G G 449 BRESLAU. Weisser Adler. Goldene Gans. Nord. Lowe. BRUCKENAU (BAD.) Sinnthalshof. Curhaus. BRUNSWICK. Prusse. Deutsches Haus. Blauen Engel. CARLSRUHE. Grosse. Erbprinzen. Roth.es Haus. Gold. Adler. CASSEL. Kb'nig v. Preuseen. Ritter. Schirmer. . Royal. Nord. CASSEL. Wilhelmshohe. Garni. Schombardt. CHEMNITZ. Rb'mischer Kaiser. Stadt Berlin. Engel. COBLENTZ. Geant. Bellevue. Troves. Anker. COLOGNE. Disch. Europe. St. Paul. N ord . Holland. D6me. Ernst. 450 HOTELS. GERMANY. COLOGNE continued. EISENACH. FRIEDRICHSH AFEN . Victoria. Rautenkranz. Bellevue. Russie. Goldner Lowe. Constanz. Bellevue. Anker. Allemagne. CREFELD. Grossherzog. Post. Adler. ELBERFELD. T, t ULDA Wilder Mann. Anker. Victoria. Post. Kurfiirst. T^rkcf CREUZNACH. Weidenhof. Jr OS!* Pfdlzer Hof. ELBING. FuRTH. Du Nord. Royal. Kronprinz v. Preus- DANTZIG. Angleterre. Berlin. EMDEN. sen. Eisenbahn. Thorn. Post. GEISENHEIM. Walter. Holland. Bellevue. DARMSTADT. EMMERICH. Stadt Frankfort. Darmstadter Hof. Holland. GlESSEN Traube. Eisenbahn. Kuhne. DETMOLD. EMS. Einhorn. Lippischer Hof. Stadt Frankfort. DESSAU. Four Seasons. Russie. Darmstadt. GLOGAU. Deutsches Haus. Kb'nig. Angleterre. GMUNDEN. Hirsch. -p Bellevue. Goldener Beutel. Rb'mischer Kaiser. Hirsch. DRESDEN. Kronprinz. Sonne. Saxe. JKronprinz. Victoria. Goldner Engel. Stadt Prag. Bellevue. France. Eisenbahn. FRANKFORT O/MAINE. Russie. AngleteiTe. Paris. Roman Emperor. Schwaan. GODESBERG. Bellevue. Billinger. GOSLAR. Kaiserwerth. GOTH A. Rome. Stadt Wien. Union. Union. Landsberg. Nord. Deutsches Haus. Wiinsch. Stadt Coburg. DUISBURG. Angleterre. FRANKFORT O/ODER. Kaiser v. Russland. GoTTINGEN. Krone. DUREN. Deutsches Haus. Stadt London. Mommer. Post. Adler. HALBERSTADT. Eisenbahn. FREIBURG (BADEN). Prinz Eugen. DiJSSELDORF. Europe. Victoria. Pension Lang. Kb'nig v. Preussen. HALLE. Konig v. Preussen. Breidenbach. FREIBURG (SAXONY). Buchwald. Stadt Hamburg. Stadt Zurich. Deutsches Haus. Schwarzes Ross. Eisenbahn. HOTELS.-GERMANY. 451 HAMBURG. Europe. Petersburg. Bargstadt. ISERLOHN. Quincke. JENA LiJNEBURG. Wellenkamp . Stadt Hamburg. Russie. Victoria. Streit. Waterloo. Schwarzer Bar. KAISERSLAUTERN. Eisenbahn. MAGDEBURG. Erzherzog Stephan. Schwaan. T J Kronprinz. HAMM. Bellevue. KAISERSWERTH. London. Stadt Prag. Prinz v. Preussen. Pfalzer Hof. MANNHEIM. HANAU. Adler. KEHL. Post. Deutscher Hof. Du Palatinat. Carlsberg. Weiss es Lamm. MARBURG. HANOVER. KIEL. Pfeiffer. Russie. Germania. Ritter. Union. British Hotel. T) , Marsily. Stadt Copenhagen. MAYENCE. Rhin. Royal. Harburg. Lohrs. KlSSINGEN. Kurhaus. Angleterre. Holland. HEILBRONN. Falke. Sanner. Angleten-e. MEMEL. British. Hildesheim. KONIGSBERG. Victoria. Wiener Hof. Nord. METZ. Rheimscher Hof. HERFORD. Victoria. Deutsches Haus. Europe. Metz. Stadt Berlin. Preussischer Hof. Berliner Hof. KoNIGSWINTER. MUNICH. Four Seasons. HOF. Europe. Baviere. Wiesses Lamm. Berlin. National. Goldener Lowe. Goldener Hirsch. LANDECK. Post. Bellevue. Angleterre. HOMBURG (Es-Monts ) Eisenbahn. Rhin. Victoria. Russie. Rhin. LEIPZIG. Bavi&re. NASSAU. Naussauer Hof. Angleterre. Rome. NAUHEIM. Hessischer Hof. Sedan. Europe. Quatre Saisons. Prusse. Bellevue. Goldener Adler. Pologne. Goldner Engel. INGOLSTADT. xtussie. NEUWIED. Miinchner Hof. LlCHTENFELS. Hotel Craemer. Goldener Adler. Krone. Goldner Anker. INNSPRUCK. Sonne. Europe. Adler. Goldner Anker. LUBECK. Stadt Hamburg. Drei Thiirme. NORDHAUSEN. Romischer Kaiser. Deutsches Haus. Berliner Hof. 452 HO TELS. GERMANY. NuRNBERG. Rothes Ross. Baviere. Goldner Adler. ROSTOCK. Nord. Russie. STARGARD. Prinz v. Preusseu. STETTIN. RU'DESHEIM. Nord. OBERWINTER. Rheinstein. Deutsches Haus. Lahneck. Bellevue. Kb'nig v. Preussen. OFFENBACH, Darmstadter Hof. STRALSUND. Krone. RUHRORT. -Lowe. Nord. Russie. Stadt Cleve. SwiNEMUNDE. OFFENBURG. ScHMALKALDEN. Drei Kronen. Adler. Eisenbahn. PADERBORN. Eisenbahn, Sonne. Krone. ST. GOAR. Schneider. Rheinfels. Kronprinz. THARANDT. Deutsches Haus. THORN. Sans-Souci. POSEN. ST. GOARSHAUSEN. TREVES. Europe. Adler. Maison Rouge. Dresden Rome. SCHANDAU. ULM. Forsthaus. De Russie. POTSDAM. Stellwagen. Kronprinz. Deutsches Haus. Einsiedler. SCHLANGENBAD. Hirsch. Lamm. PUTBUS. Bellevue. Nord. PYRMONT. Stadt Bremen. Krone. QUEDLINBURG. Weissen Hahn. Hessischer Hof. Nassauer Hof. SCHLESWIG. Stadt Hamburg-. Stehn. SCHWA LBACH. Tivoli. Privat Hotel. WEIMAR. Russischer Hot'. Erbprinzen. Elephant. WEISSENBURG. Engel. WESEL. Dornbusch. Baer. Herzog von Nassau. WlESBADEN; RATISBON. Drei Helmen. Russischer Hof. Post. Victoria. Quatre Saisons. Rose. RATZEBURG. Stadt Hamburg. Raths Keller. SPEYER A RHEIN. Wittelsbacher Hof. Rhine. Angleterre. Adler. REMAGEN. STRASSBURG. Ville de Paris. WlLDBAD. Fiirstenaug. Caraciola. Ville de Vienne. Rothes Haus. Bellevue. Poste. T> Russie. ROLANDSECK. STUTTGART. WlLHELMSBAD. Decker. Ritter. Marquardt. Adler. Badhaus. Ducal Palace. HOTELS. GERMANY. 453 WlTTENBF.no. Krone. Sonne. WORMS. Hartmann. Alter Kaiser. WOLFENBUTTEL. WuR/BURG. Goldner Lowe. Russie. Goldner Engel. Kronprinz. ZlTTAU. Blauer Engel. Stern. ZWICKAU. Griine Tanne. Weille. SWITZERLAND. A A RAN. Wilder Mann. Ochs. Cigogne. ALTORF. Adler. Krone. Baer. A RON A. Albergo d'ltalia. Albergo Royal. BASLE. Trois Rois. Kraft. Michel. Goldener Kopf. Kuler. Schweizerhof. Schrieder. Storch. Wilder Mann. BELLAGIO. Bellagio. BKRNE. Bellevue. Falken. Bernerhof. Schweizerhof. Victoria. BEX. Balance. Commerce. Bains. BIENNE. Victoria. Jura. Croix Blanche. CHAUMONT. Chaumont. CHAUX DE FONDS. Fleur de Lys. CLARENS. Pension du Lac. COIRE. Luckmanier. Steinbock. EviAN. Nord. France. Alpes. Bains. FRIBOURG. Fribourg. Zaehringen. GENEVA. Beau Rivage. Russie. Bergues. National. Metropole. Ecu. Paix. Couronne. GERSAU. MUller. GLARUS. Glaner Hof. Raben. Eidgenossen. GRINDELWALD. Glacier. Aigle d'Or. Ours. HERZOGEN&UCHSEE. Einhorn. INTERLAKEN. Jungfrau. Victoria. Alpes. Belvedere. LUCERNE. National. Schweizerhof. Beau Rivage. Lucerne. Angleterre. Balance. OUCHY. Beau Rivage. Angleterre. RlGI OR RlGHI. Rigi Kulm. Rigi Staffel. SOLEURE. Couronne. Tour Rouge. 454 HOTELS. SWITZERLAND. ST. GALL. St. Galler Hof. Hecht. ST. MAURICE. Du Lac. SAXON (Baths of) Bains. SCHAFFHAUSEN. Chateau de Lauffen. Couronne. Bellevue. Schweizerhof. SCHWYTZ. Roessli. Pension Lutz. WlNTERTHUR. Krone. Sonne. YvERDUN. Londres. Croix Federate. ZERMATT. Monte Rosa. Mont Cervin. ZUG. Hirsch. Ochs. ZURICH. Baur. Bellevue. Baur au Lac. INDEX. SACHEN, 140. Aarau, 396. Abbeville, 312. Adelfingen, 308. Adelsberg, 305. Adliswyl, 400. Affoltern, 404. Agram, 305. Ahrweiler, 193. Aiguebelle, 356. Aix-la-Chapelle, 140. Aix-les-Bams, 355. A lost, 81. Altenburg, 225. Altwasser, 245. Amberieux, 354. Amboise, 377. Amersfoort, 131. Amiens, 312. Amsterdam, 122. Andrieux, 327. Andernach, 194. Angouleme, 379. Annaberg, 216. Anrath, 150. Ans, 92. Antwerp, 85. Apolda, 255. Appenweier, 268. Arcachon, 385. Aries, 365. Arlon, 112. Arnheim, 130. Arras, 335. Aschaffenburg, 197. Assmanshausen, 197. Ath, 104. Auerbach (Saxony), 237. (Baden), 264. Auerstadt, 255. Aussig, 291. Austria, 289. Avignon, 364. Avize, 339. Avricourt, 341. Ay, 339. 456 INDEX. Bacharach, 196. Baden-Baden, 268. Baden (Switzerland), 397. Baden ( Austria ), 304. Badenweiler, 270. Balbriggan, 7. Bardoneche, 357. Bar-le-duc, 340. Barmen, 180. Basle, 394. Bautzen, 241. Bayeux, 326. Bayonne, 385. Beaugency, 377. Beaune, 351. Bebra, 258. Bedford, 22. Belfast, 7. Belfort, 343. Belgium, 75. Bellegarde, 354. Belzig, 164. Bensheim,264. Bentschen, 237. Bergwitz, 253. Berlin, 165. Bernay, 327. Berne, 415. Bernese Alps, 415. Beuzeville, 332. Beveren, 109. Biarritz, 385. Bielefeld, 157. Bienne, 410. Binche, 103. Bingen, 197, 385. Bingerbriick, 197. Birmingham, 46. Bischofswerde, 241. Bitterfeld, 219. Blois, 377. Bodenbach, 291. Bonn, 192. Boppart, 195 Bordeaux, 382. Bossu, 103. Boulogne, 311. Bourg, 354. Bradford, 29. Brandenburg, 163. Bremen, 276. Bremerhafen, 278. Breslau, 238. Brest, 323. Bremgarten, 397. Brenets, 409. Brienz, 416. Brohl, 193. Bromberg, 286. Bruchsal, 266. Brack, 304. Bruges, 79. Brugg, 397. Bninn, 293. Brunoy, 358. Brunswick, 160. Brussels, 81. Biichen, 274. Buchholz, 216. Biickeburg, 159. Bulle, 414. Biinzen, 397. Bunzlau, 238. Burg, 162. Burgdorf, 405. Burgstadt, 214. Burtschied, 143. Busigny, 137. Bussigny, 413. Caen, 327. Calais, 311. Calau, 250. Camenz, 247. Cappellen, 195. Cargolin, 351. Carlsruhe, 267. Cassel, 186. Caub, 196. Chagny, 353. Chalons-sur-Marne, 340. Chalons-sur-Sadne, 353. Chambery, 355. Chantilly, 136. Charenton, 358. Cbarleroi, 99. Chartres, 325. Chartreuse, La Gde., 355. INDEX. 457 Chateau Thierry, 337. Chatelet, 99. Chatelineau, 99. Chatellerault, 379. Chaumont, 343. Chavernay, 406. Chemnitz, 210. Cherbourg, 326. Chexbres-Vevay, 414. Choisy-le-Roi, 375. Cilly, 305. Ciney, 112. Civray, 374. Cliercq, 101. Coblenz, 194. Coburg, 260. Cognac, 380. Colchester, 57. Colombay, 406. Cologne, 145. Commercy, 340. Compiegne, 136. Contich, 85. Coppet, 413. Corbetha, 254. Cork, 3. Comely miinster, 143. Coswig, 177. Cottbus, 250. Courcelles, 103. Courtrai, 106. Couvet, 41O. Crefeld, 150. Creil, 136. Creuznach, 387. Creutzau, 144. Crimmitschau, 227. Crossen, 237. Cuchenheim, 145. Culoz, 354. Custrin, 248. Dampremy, 103. Danzig, 286. Darmstadt, 264. Dax, 385. Delft, 120. Denderleuw, 81. Dettingen, 203. Deutz, 145. Dietikon, 396. Dietendorf, 256. Dijon, 346359. Dinant, 112. Dinglingen, 269. Dirschau, 286. Dison, 97. Dittersbach, 245. Doeblen, 177. Dole, 344. Dordrecht, 90. Dort, 90. Dortmund, 156. Dresden, 177. Driebergen, 129. Drogheda, 7. Dublin, 3. Duisburg, 156. Dundalk, 7. Dundee, 70. Dunfermline, 64. Diiren, 144. Durlach, 266. Dvisseldorf, 153. Ebnat, 400. Edinburgh, 58. Ehrenbreitstein, 195. Eibenstock, 231. Eilenburg, 249. Eisenach, 257. Eisfeld, 260. Elberfeld, 179. Elbing, 287. Eltville, 198. Emden, 131. Emmenthal, 404. Emmerich, 130. Ems, 195. Enghien, 104. England, 12. Ensival, 98. Epernay, 337. Epernon, 325. 458 INDEX. Erfurt, 256. Erkner, 236. Erpel, 193. Erquelines, 137. Eschweiler, 143. Esemael, 92. Esschen, 90. Essen, 156. Etampes, 375. Ettlingen, 267. Eupen, 138. Evreux, 328. Euskirchen, 145. Eydtkuhnen, 288. Falkenau, 210. Falkenberg, 249. Falkenstein, 233. Feignies, 335. Fexbe, 92. Fifeshire, 72. Finsterwalde, 249. Flawyl, 401. Flbha, 210. Fontaine 1'Eveque, 101. Fontainebleau, 358. Forbach, 386. Forfar, 72. Forst, 251. France, 306. Frankfort o/M., 199. Frankfort o/O., 236. Frauenfeld, 401. Freiburg (Saxony), 209. Freibourg (Baden), 269. Fribourg (Swiss), 414. Friedrichsfeld, 265. Frouard, 340. Fulda, 258. Fiirstenwalde, 236. Fiirth, 205. Gablonz, 292. Gaillon, 334. Ganzerndorf, 295. Geisenheim, 198. Gembloux, 111. Gemiinden, 203. Geneva, 412. Gera, 225. Germany, 132. Gersdorf, 241. Gerstungen, 258. Ghent, 79. Givors, 370. Gladbach, 148. Glasgow, 66. Glauchau, 214. Glogau, 247. Gloggnitz, 304. Goar, St., 196. Goldberg, 250. Gbrlitz, 242. Gosselies, 101, 103. Gb'ssnitz, 225. Gotha, 256. Gouda, 129. Grabow, 273. Grafenthal, 260. Grammont, 105. Gratz, 304. Greiz, 228. Greiffenberg, 283. Grenoble, 356. Grigny, 370. Groningen, 131. Gross Beeren, 218. Gross-Schbnau, 240. Griinberg, 247. Grussbach, 295. Guben, 237. Guingamp, 323. Haarlem, 121. Hagen (Pruss.), 183. Ha gen (Baden), 271. Hagenow, 273. Hague, The, 120. Hal, 104. Halberstadt, 161. INDEX. 459 Haldensleben Neu, 166. Alt, 166. Halle, 254. Hamburg, 281. Hamm, 1.56. Hanau, 202. Hanover, 159. Harburg, 281 . Hardewijk, 131. Harfleur, 332. Hartmannsdorf, 213. Harwich, 57. Havre, 330. Hazebroeck, 335. Heidelberg, 265. Hendaye, 385. Heppenheim, 264. Herbestal, 138. Herford, 158. Herlasgriin, 230. Herrenhut, 239. Hersfeld, 258. Herzogeubuchsee, 410. Herzogenrath, 147. Hildburghausen, 260. Hirechberg, 243. Hirslanden, 399. Hochheim, 199. Hof, 235. Holland, 107. Holy head, 11. Horgen, 399. Hottingen, 399. Houdeng, 101. Hiickeswagen, 190. Huddersfield, 39. Hiittensteinach, 262. Huy, 137. Idar, 387. Idria, 305. Igel, 113. Immelborn, 259. Ingelheim, 219. Ingenbroich, 139. Insterburg, 288. Interlaken, 416. Ireland, 3. Irun, 385. Iserlohn, 184. Jemelle, 112. Jemmapes, 100. Jena, 255. Jeumont, 137. Johannisberg, 198. Joigny, 358. Jumet, 102. Jiiterbogk, 218. Kaiserslautern, 386. Kamnitz-Steinschb'nau, 291. Katzhiitte, 262. Kettering, 22. Kettwig, 191. Kidderminster, 25. Kieritsch, 225. Kiesen, 404. Kildare, 3. Kingstown, 11. Kirchberg, 404. Kirkaldy, 63. Kitzingen, 204. Klingenthal, 232. Knippmiihle, 144. Koesen, 255. Kohlfurt, 238. Kolin, 293. Kbnigsberg, 286. Kbnigszelt, 245. Konigsstein, 291. Kbnigswinter, 192. Kbpnick, 236. Koswig, 177. Kreuz, 285. Kreuznach, 387. Kiissnacht, 399. 460 INDEX. Laeken, 78. Ladenburg, 265. Lahneck, 195. Lahnstein (Ober), 195. Lahnstein (Unter), 195. Laibach, 305. Lamballe, 324. Lamothe, 385. Landen, 92. Landerneau, 323. Landeshut, 244. Landrecies, 137. Landsberg, 285 Landshut, 405. Langenbielau, 246. Langerwehe, 144. Langnau, 404. Langres, 343. Laroche, 358. Lauban, 243. Laval, 324. La-Chaud-Fonds, 407. La Louviere St. Vaast, 102. Lauscha, 262. La-Couronne, 381. La-Ferte-Bernard, 324. La-Fert-S. Jouarre, 337. La Rochelle, 381. Le Chateau, 137. Leeds, 27. Lehrte, 159. Leibnitz, 304. Leicester, 20. Leiden, 121. Leipzig, 219. Leith, 58. Le Mans, 324. Lengenfeld, 230. Lennep, 188. Lenzburg, 397. Lessines, 105. Les Aubres, 375. Leyden, 121. Libourne, 382. Lichte, 262. Liegnitz, 238. Lichtenfels, 263. Liege, 92. Liestal, 396. Lille, 336. Limbach, 213. Limerick Junction, 7. Limoges, 375. Linz, 193. Lisieux, 327. Liverpool, 12. Lobositz, 292. Lbbau, 241. Locle, 409. Lodelinsart, 102. Lbhne, 159. Loitsch, 305. Lokeren, 110. London, 15. Longueville, 342. Loochristy, 110. Lorch, 196. Lbrrach, 271. Louvain, 91 . Louviers, 334. Liibeck, 274 Lucerne, 404. Luckenwalde, 218. Ludwigslust, 273. Luneville, 341. Liitringhausen, 188. Luxemburg, 113. Lyons, 360. Macon, 354359. Maestricht, 92. Magdeburg, 161.. Magny, 344. Maintenon, 325. Maisons, 334. Malines, 85. Malmedy, 139. Manchester, 53. Mannheim, 265. Mantes, 328. Marburg, 304. Marchienne-au-Pont, 100. Marienburg, 286. Markneukirchen, 235 Marksuhl, 259. Marseilles, 365. Marseuil sur Ay, 339. Maulberg, 271. INDEX. 461 Maubeuge, 137. Mayence, 198. Meaux, 337. Mecan, 103. Mehlem, 192. Meilen, 400. Meiningen, 260. Meissen, 177. Melsungen, 258. Melun, 358. Meppel, 131. Merse'burg, 254. Mettingen, 397. Meursault, 353. Metz, 386. Meung, 377. Meyringen, 416. Minden, 159. Modane, 357. Moerdyk, 90. Monceau, 100. Mons, 335. Montjoie, 139. Mont St. Guibert, 111 Monteliman, 356. Monts, 378. Morges, 413. Morlaix, 323. Mosel, 215. Mouchard, 344. Mulheim, 153. Mulhouse, 343. Miinster, 275 Miirzuschlag, 304. Nabresina, 305. Namur, 112. Nancy, 340. Nantes, 377. Nanteuil, 337. Naumburg, 254. Netherlands, 115. Neufchatel, 406. Neuendorf, 164. Neuhaus, 262. Neumark, 228. Neumiinster, 400. Neu Ruppin, 164. Neustadt-on-Orla, 226. Neustadt (Ebersw.), 218. Neustadt (Wiener), 304. Neuwied, 194. Nieder-Oderwitz, 239. Nieder-Wiesa, 210. Niort, 379. Nogent le Rotrou, 324. Nogent cur Marne, 342. Nottingham, 22. Noveant, 386. Nowawees, 164. Noyon, 136. Nuits, 350. Nuits s/Raviere, 359. Nuremberg, 206. Nyon, 413. Oberhauseu, 130, 267. Oberlahnstein, 195. Ober-Oderwitz, 239. Oberstein,387. Oberwesel, 196. Ober winter, 192. Oederan, 209. Oelsnitz, 233. Oeynhausen, 159. Offenbach, 201. Offenburg, 268. Ohligs Wald, 178. Olmiitz, 280. Olten, 396. Oos, 268. Oppenheim, 211. Orange, 364. Ohrdruff, 256. Orleans, 375. Oschersleben, 161. Osnabruck, 275. Ostend, 79. Osterwieck, 160. Ottignies, 111. 462 INDEX. Pagny, 386. Paisley, 68. Paimbceuf, 381. Pardubitz, 293. Paris, 313. Pepinster, 138. Pesth, 304. Peterswaldau, 252. Pforzheim, 266. Pilgram, 236. Pirna, 291. Plauen. 234. Poniard, 353. Poissy, 334. Poitiers, 379. Pont-a-Mousson, 386. Pontarlier, 344. Pont de PArche, 334. Pont St. Maxence, 136. Potsdam, 164. Pragerhof, 304. Prague, 292. Priestewitz, 177. Pritzwalk, 165. Queenstown, 3. Quevy, 335. Richterswyl, 399. Richterrath, 147. Rittershausen, 183. Rieben, 271. Riesbach, 400. Rive de Gier, 370. Roannes, 374. Rochefort, 377. Roderan, 177. Rolandseck, 192. Rolle, 413. Romanshorn, 401. Romilly, 342. Romont, 214. Ronstorf, 187. Roosendaal, 90. Rosny, 334. Rostock, 273- Rothenburg, 237. Rotterdam, 118. Roulers, 107. Rouen, 333. Riidesheim, 197. Ruhla, 257. Ruhbank, 244. Ruhrort, 152. Rummelsburg, 236. Russikon, 400. Riiysbroek, 104. Ryswick, 120. Radeberg, 241. Rambouillet, 325. Rapperschwyl, 401. Rastadt, 268. Raudnitz, 292. Raudten, 247. Redditch, 51. Rehme, 159. Reichenbach, 230. Reichenerg, 302. Remagen, 193. Remscheid, 188. Rennes, 324. Reppen, 236. Rheims, 338. Rheinstein, 197. Rheydt, 147. Saalfeld, 263. Saarbriicken, 386. Sachsenhausen, 209. Sadowa, 293. Salbertrand, 357. Salzungen, 258. Santenay, 353. Sarreburg, 341. Saverne, 341. Savigny, 352. Saxon Switzerland, 291. Schaerbeck, 91. Scheibe, 262. Schiedam, 119. Schlettau, 216. Schmalkalden, 259. INDEX. 463 Schneeberg, 232. Schoenberg, 139. Schbnbrunn, .SOI. Schonheide, 233. Schopfheim, 272. Schwanden, 397. Schwiebus, 236. Schweizerhalle, 403. Scotland, 58. Sedan, 120. Seengen, 397. Semmering, 304. Sens, 358. Sheerness, 57. Sheffield, 34. Signau, 405. Sitzendorf, 262. Solenhofen, 208. Soleure, 178, 410. Solingen, 171. Soers, 143. Sb'merda, 257. Sonneberg, 260. Sonvilliers, 409. Southampton, 56. Spa, 138. Spandau, 273. Spremberg, 252. St. Brieux, 323. St. Denis, 136. St. Etienne, 370. St. Gall, 401. St. Germain Mont D'Or, 373. St. Goar, 196. St. Imier, 409. St. Jean de Luz, 385. St. Jean de Maurienne, 356. St. Johann, 386. St. Junien, 376. St. Maure, 378. St. Michel, 357. St. Nazaire, 378. St. Nicholas, 109. St. Pierre, 377. St. Quention, 136. St. Trond, 92. St. Vaast, 102. St. Vith, 139. Stavelot. 98. Steiubriick, 305. Steiuschb'nau, 291. Steinach, 262. Steinen, 271. Stetten, 271. Stettin, 285. Stolberg, 143. Stolpe, 164. Strasburg, 341. Stuhlweissenburg, 304. Suhl, 261. Swinemiinde, 286. Switzerland, 389. Tanley, 359. Tarare, 373. Tarascon, 364. Teplitz, 292. Tergnier, 136. Terneusen, 79. Tetschen, 291. Thalweil, 400. Tharandt, 209. Theux, 98. Thun, 404416. Tirlemont, 91. Tonnay, 379. Tonnere, 358. Torgau, 249. Toul, 340. Tournai, 104. Tours, 377. Treves, 113. Triel, 334. Trieste, 305. Treuenbritzen, 165. Trpyes, 342. Triibschachen, 404. Triiban, 293. Turin, 357. Uerdingen, 152. Unkel, 193. Utrecht, 129. Uznach, 400. 464 INDEX. Valence, 364. Vallendar, 197. Valonges, 326. Venice, 305. Vernaison, 370. Vernon, 333. Verzenay, 339. Verviers, 95. Vesoul, 343. Vevay, 214. Vichy, 370. Vienna, 296. Vienne, 364. Viersen, 149. Vieu Dieu, 85. Vilvorde, 85. Vitre, 324. Vitry-le-Fran$ais, 340. Volnay, 352. Vougeot, 350. Vouvray, 377. Wiesloch, 272. 1 Winchester, 56. Winterthur, 401 . Wismar, 273. Wittenberg, 253, 218. Wittenberge, 273. Woerden 129. Wolfenbiittel, 160. Wohlen, 396. Worcester, 25. Wunstorf, 159. Wiirzburg, 203. Wutha, 257. Ypres, 107. Ysselmunde, 82. Yverdun, 406. Yvetot, 332. Wahlen, 228. Waldenburg, 245. Waliendorf, 262. Waltersdorf, 240. W altersh ausen, 168. Warburg, 185. Wasserbillig, 113. Wehrsdorf, 241. Weimar, 255. Weinheim, 264. Weismes, 139. Weissenfels, 254. Werdau, 228. Wernhausen, 259. Wesel, 130. Zeist, 129. Zeitz, 254. Zell, 272. Zevenaar, 130. Zittau, 239. Zofingen, 411. Zschoppau, 216. Zug, 404. Ziillichau, 23?. Zurich, 398. Zwickau, 215. Zwittau, 293. Zwolle, 131. Zwyndrecht, 90. CIHSWICK PRESS : PRINTED EY WHITTINGHAM AND WJLKINS, TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE. 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