GIFT OF Mrs. John 3. Casserly ORATORY SACRED AND SECULAR OR, THE SKETCHES OF THE MOST EMINENT SPEAKERS OF ALL AGES. BY WILLIAM PITTED GEE, Author of "Daring and Suffering." INTRODUCTION BY HON. JOHN A. BINQHAM, APPENDIX CONTAINING A " CHAIKMAN'8 GUIDE" FOR CONDUCTING PUBLIC MEETINGS ACCORDING TO THE BEST PARLIAMENT ART MODELS. l*fo gorfe: SAMUEL R. WELLS, PUBLISHER, 389 BROADWAY. 1808. I -B. c*v Entered according to Act of Congress, In the year 1888, By SAMUEL R. WELLS. In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the youtbern District of New York. EDWABD O. JENKIN8, PKINTER AND STEREOTYPER, 20 North William Street. PEEFACE. WHEN we first began to speak in public, we felt the need of a manual that would point out the hindrances likely to be met with, and serve as a guide to self-improvement. Such help would have prevented many difficult and painful experiences, and have rendered our progress in the de- lightful art of coining thought into words more easy and rapid. In the following pages we give the result of thought and observations in this field, and trust it will benefit those who are now in the position we were then. We have freely availed ourself of the labor of others, and would especially acknowledge the valuable assistance derived from the writings of Bautain, Stephens and Holy- oake. Yet the following work, with whatever merit or demerit it may possess, is original in both thought and arrangement. We have treated general preparation with more than ordinary fullness, for although often neglected, it is the necessary basis upon which all special preparation rests. As the numerous varieties of speech differ in compara- tively few particulars, we have treated one of the most 756957 IV PREFACE. common that of preaching in detail, with only such brief notices of other forms as will direct the student in applying general principles to the branch of oratory that engages his attention. We are not vain enough to believe that the modes of culture and preparation pointed out in the following pages are invariably the best, but they are such as we have found useful, and to the thoughtful mind may suggest others still more valuable. CONTENTS. PREFACE. Objects of the Work stated 3 INTRODUCTION By Hon. JOHN A. BINGHAM, Member of Congress 5 PART I . GENERAL PREPARA TION8. CHAPTER I. THE WRITTEN AND EXTEMPORE DISCOURSE COMPARED Illus- trative Examples 13 CHAPTER II. PREREQUISITES Intellectual Competency ; Strength of Body ; Command of Language ; Courage; Firmness; Self-reliance.... 18 CHAPTER III. BASIS OF SPEECH Thought and Emotion ; Heart Cultivation ; Earnestness 27 CHAPTER IV. ACQUIREMENTS General Knowledge ; of Bible ; of Theology ; of Men ; Method by which such Knowledge may be obtained.. . 34 CHAPTER V. CULTIVATION Imagination ; Language ; Voice ; Gesture ; Confi- dence ; References to Distinguished Orators and Writers 42 PART \\.-A SERMON. CHAPTER I. THE FOUNDATION FOR A PREACHER Subject; Object; Text; Hints to Young Preachers 65 VI CONTENTS. CHAPTER II. THE PLAN Gathering Thought ; Arranging ; Committing ; Practical Suggestions ; Use of Xotes 80 CHAPTER III. PRELIMINARIES FOR PREACHING Fear ; Vigor ; Opening Exer- cises ; Requisites for a Successful Discourse 96 CHAPTER IV. THE DIVISIONS Introduction, Difficulties in Opening; Discus- sion, Simplicity and Directness ; Conclusion 104 CHAPTER V. AFTER CONSIDERATIONS Success; Rest; Improvement; Practi- cal Suggestions 115 PART III. SECULAR ORATORY. CHAPTER I. INSTRUCTIVE ADDRESS Fields of Oratory ; Oral Teaching ; Lec- turing 123 CHAPTER II. MISCELLANEOUS ADDRESS Deliberative ; Legal ; Popular ; Con- troversial ; the Statesman ; the Lawyer ; the Lecturer ; the Orator 127 PART IV. EMINENT SPEAKERS DESCRIBED St. Augustine ; Luther ; Lord Chatham ; William Pitt ; Edmund Burke ; Mirabeau ; Patrick Henry ; George Whitefield ; John Wesley ; Sidney Smith ; F. W. Robertson ; Henry Clay ; Henry B. Bascom ; John Sum- merfield ; C. H. Spurgeon ; Henry Ward Beecher ; Anna E. Dickinson ; John A. Bingham ; William E. Gladstone ; Mat- thew Simpson ; Wendell Phillips ; John P. Durbin ; New- man Hall, and others 133 APPENDIX. THE CHAIRMAN'S GUIDE How to Organise and Conduct Pub- lic Meetings and Debating- Clubs in Parliamentary style 199 INTRODUCTORY LETTER. REV. WM. PITTKNGER : CADIZ, 0., 19th Nov., 1S57. DEAR SIR, I thank you for calling my attention to your forth- coming work on Extemporaneous Speaking. Unwritten speech is, in my judgment, the more efficient method of public speaking, be- cause it is the natural method. The written essay, says an eminent critic of antiquity, " is not a speech, unless you choose to call epis- tles speeches." A cultivated man, fully possessed of all the facts which relate to the subject of which he would speak, who cannot clearly express himself without first memorising word for word his written preparation, can scarcely be called a public speaker, whatever may be his capacity as a writer or reader. The speaker who clothes his thoughts at the moment of utterance, and in the presence of his hearers, will illustrate by his speech the admirable saying of Seneca : ' Fit words better than fine ones." It is not my purpose to enter upon any inquiry touching the gifts, culture and practice necessary to make a powerful and successful speaker. It is conceded that in the art of public speaking, as in all other arts, there is no excellence without great labor. Neither is it the intent of the writer to suggest the possibility of speaking effi- ciently without the careful culture of voice and manner, of intellect and heart, an exact knowledge of the subject, and a careful arrange- ment, with or without writing, of all the facts and statements in- volved in the discussion. Lord Brougham has said that a speech written before delivery is regarded as something almost ridiculous ; may we not add, that a speech made without previous reflection or an accurate knowledge of the subject, would be regarded as a mere tink- ling cymbal. I intend no depreciation of the elaborate written essay read for the instruction or amusement of an assembly ; but claim that the essay, read, or recited from memory, is not speech, nor can it supply the place of natural effective speech. The essay delivered is but the echo of the dead past, the speech is the utterance of the living present. The delivery of the essay is the formal act of memory, the delivery of the unwritten speech the living act of intellect and heart. The difference between the two is known and felt of all men. To all this it may be answered that the ancient speakers, whose fame still survives, carefully elaborated their speeches before delivery. The fact is admitted with the fur- 8 INTRODUCTION. tlier statement, that many of the speeches of the ancient orators never were delivered at all. Five of the seven orations of Cicero against Verres were never spoken, neither was the second Philippic against Mark Antony, nor the reported defence of Milo. We admit that the ancient speakers wrote much and practised much, and we would commend their example, in all, save a formal recital of written preparations. There is nothing in all that has come to us concern- ing ancient oratory, which by any means proves that to be effective in speech, what is to be said should be first written and memorised ; there is much that shows, that to enable one to express his own thoughts clearly and forcibly, reflection, culture and practice are essential. Lord Brougham, remarking on the habit of writing speeches, says : " That a speech written before delivery is something anoma- lous, and a speech intended to have been spoken is a kind of by- word for something laugh able in itself, as describing an incongruous existence." This distinguished man, in his careful consideration of this subject, says : '' We can hardly assign any limits to the effects of great practise in giving a power of extempore composition," and notices that it is recorded of Demosthenes, that when, upon some rare occasions, he trusted to the feeling of the hour, and spoke off- hand r " his eloquence was more spirited and bold, and he seemed sometimes to speak from a supernatural impulse." If this be true of the great Athenian \vho notoriously would not, if he could avoid it, trust to the inspiration of the moment, and who for want of a prepared speech, we are told by ^Eschines, failed before Philip, might it not be inferred that one practised in speaking, would utter his thoughts with more spirit and power when not restrained by a written preparation and fettered by its formal recital { Did not Fox often, in the Parliament, achieve the highest results of speech without previous written preparation; and is it not a fact never to be questioned, that the wonderful speech of Webster, in reply to Hayne, was unwritten ? In his admirable lecture on Eloquence, Mr. Emerson says : " Elo- quence that so astonishes, is only the exaggeration of a talent that is universal. All men are competitors in this art. * * A man of this talent finds himself cold in private company, and proves him- self a heavy companion; but give him a commanding occasion, and the inspiration of a great multitude, and he surprises us by new and unlooked for powers." * * Indeed, there is in this lecture of Mr. Emerson, in few words, INTRODUCTION. 9 much to sustain your theory. He says, " the word eloquence strictly means out-speaking ; the main power, sentiment the essential fact is heat, the heat which comes of sincerity. Speak what you know and believe, and are personally answerable for. This goes by weight and measure, like everything else in the universe. A man to be elo- quent must have faith in his subject, and must have accurate know- ledge of that subject. * * The author of power he is the great man who always makes a divine impression, a sentiment more powerful in the heart than love of country, and gives perceptions and feelings far beyond the limits of thought. Eloquence is the power to translate a truth into a language perfectly intelligible to the person to whom you speak. Such a practical conversion of truth, written in God's language, is one of the most beautiful wea- pons forged in the shop of the Divine Artificer. God and Nature are altogether sincere, and art should be as sincere." How can sincerity be fully attained in the great art of public speech, if every word to be uttered must be previously written down in the closet, and memo- rized and recited ? Was not Lord Brougham right in saying a speech written before delivery is inconsistent with the inspiration of the moment, and the feelings under which the orator is always supposed to speak ? What feelings ? The felt-conviction of the truth of what he has to say. What inspiration ? The inspiration which, at the mo- ment, clothes and expresses the honest thought in appropriate words. Surely the living voice, rightly cultivated, and rightly employed, is a power in the world, and to condemn you for calling attention to what you believe to be the most efficient method of human speech, would be one of those decisions of ignorant arrogance which it costs no labor and needs no intellect to pronounce. Is not the man who well and truthfully speaks his own thoughts, as Shakspeare and Bacon wrote, in some sense their peer ? Is not the mere reciter of their words, but their shadow ? It is said of Plato, that he poured forth the flood of his eloquence as by inspiration, and that, had the Father of the gods spoken in Greek, he would have used none other language than Plato's ; and yet this master of language takes pains, in reporting the apology of Socrates on trial for his life, to represent him as saying that it would not become him to speak " studied terms and expressions, but only the truth expressed in the plainest language." I quote the words of Socrates as given by Plato : "Among the false statements which my accusers made, there 10 INTRODUCTION. was one at which I especially marveled, namely when they warned you to take care not to be led astray by me, inasmuch as I was a powerful speaker. It did appear to me supremely audacious in them to make such an assertion, which must immediately after- wards be disproved by the fact ; for you will see that I have no skill in speaking, unless they call a man a powerful speaker be- cause he says what is true. If they mean this, I certainly must allow that I am a speaker of a very different kind from them ; for they, as I have said, have not spoken a word of truth ; from me you shall hear the whole truth ; and that not clothed in ornate sentences with studied terms and expressions ; you will have from me plain facts expressed in the plainest language. Indeed, Athenians, it would ill become me at my age to come before you with a studied discourse like a boy. And there is one thing, O Athenians, which I must beg and entreat of you : if I use, in my defense, the same terms which I have been accustomed to use in the market-place and in the shops where most of you have heard me talking, do not wonder at that, nor take offence. For this is the fact, I now enter a court of justice for the first time, though I am more than seventy years old ; I am, therefore, altogether strange to the kind of language used here ; and therefore excuse me, as if I really were a stranger, if I speak to you in that tone and in that manner in which I have been brought up. I ask you a thing which is, I think, reasonable, that you take no account of the manner of my address to you it might be better, it might be worse, perhaps but to consider this, to attend to this, whether I say what is right or not, for that is the virtue of the judge, as to speak truly is the virtue of the advocate." No matter if the speech be not clothed in ornate sentences with studied terms, it is the virtue of the judge to consider whether the speech is right, as to speak truly is the virtue of the advocate. It is only, it seems to me, when men speak wisely, truly and natu- rally, that the full significance of Quintillian's words can be rea- lized : u May I perish, if the all-powerful Creator of nature and the Architect of this world has impressed man with any character which so eminently distinguishes him as the faculty of speech." Let him who would use this faculty effectively, and attain to that great power which rules the minds of men, and moves the passions and affec- tions of the soul, see to it, that he speaks what he knows and believes, plainly and directly from the heart to the heart. Very truly your friend, JOHN A. BINGHAM. PART I. GENERAL PREPARATION. CHAPTER I. THE WRITTEN AND EXTEMPORE DISCOURSE COMPARED. THE special object of the following pages is to show the manner and requirements of extempore preaching. But as this differs from other methods of speech in its objects rather than in its external qualities, many of the thoughts we pre- sent will apply as well to the bar and forum as to the sacred desk. There is need that this subject should be enforced, par- ticularly on the ministry. A growing desire is manifested to give up plain, direct speech, and indulge in the ease and certainty of written sermons. Young me'n find themselves in places where it requires unwearied exertion to sustain their reputation, and satisfy the demands of a cultivated audience. They begin to fear that their spoken sermons may be defici- ent in polish and style, and at last they write. The people nearly always protest against the innovation, but to no pur- pose, for having convinced himself that he is right, the min- ister treats their murmurs as the effect of vulgar prejudice, and as a frequent result, his usefulness is permanently im- paired. This evil cannot be diminished by denouncing those who engage in it, for the supposed necessity they labor under is stronger than any other consideration. But it may be les- sened by showing that there is a better way, and making it plain. Such will be our endeavor. The two extremes of speech are, the discourse which is writ- ten and read verbatim, and that in which both words and (18) 14 PRE \C.HI\G WRITTEN AND EXTEMPORE. thoughts are left to the impulse of the moment. Between these there are many intermediate grades. The latter may be excluded from the classification altogether, for no wise man will adopt it except in some unforeseen emergency. True ex- temporization relates to the words alone, and leaves full room for the complete preparation of thought. Between this and the manuscript discourse there are various compromises which seek to combine the advantages of both. These, for the sake of convenience, may be called the recited, compo- site, premeditated and sketched discourses. It is useless to deny that the method of writing in full and reading, possesses many and great advantages. It secures time for the consideration of every thought. If the mind fags, the writer can pause until it is rested and begin again ; and in this way all the ideas and expressions that oc- cur for several days can be concentrated into one sermon. Then it can be revised, and the language improved to an in- definite extent, and the sermon, in its completeness, laid away for future use. But there are great disadvantages. Such a sermon may, by solidity of thought, and brilliancy of expression, command approval, but it will seldom move and sway the people. The very idea that all has been written out, and is merely read, will tend powerfully to neutralize its effects. We may re- monstrate against this if we will, and declare that our ser- mons should be judged by their substance, but this does not abate the preference of our auditors. They will retort, with truth, that they can read even better sermons at home, and dwell on them at their leisure. What they want in preach- ing is the living sympathy and guidance of the preacher ; his soul burning and glowing, and thus lighting up other souls ; his eye beaming on theirs ; his clear, far-seeing mind, excited "by the magnetism of truth, and appealing to their hearts with an earnestness that will take no denial. This fills the popular ideal of preaching, and no elaboration, no word music will atoue for the want of it. Men of great genius may succeed otherwise, but the mass of speakers cannot. PREACHING WRITTEN AND EXTEMPORE. 15 The plan of memorizing and reciting sermons would seem, upon a superficial view, to secure the advantages of reading without its defects. But another and formidable class of disadvantages come into being. Very few men can declaim well. For one who can speak from memory with ease and naturalness, twenty can pour forth their ideas in the words of the moment with energy and effect. A few have mas- tered the difficult art, and won enduring laurels in this way, but their number is too small to encourage others to imitation. This practice also imposes a heavy burden on 'the mind. To write and commit two or three sermons in a week, is a task that only those who are strong in mental and physical health can perform with impunity, and even then it requires too much time ; for no matter how perfect a minister's sermons may be, unless he fulfills other duties, he cannot be wholly successful. Most preachers who memorize, inevitably neglect pastoral work because they have not time for it. And another effect follows that is, if possible, still worse. Instead of growing daily in knowledge by diligent study, the mind is kept on the tread-wheel task of writing and committing sermons, and thus permanently dwarfed. A young man may take a higher rank at first by memorizing, than otherwise, but he will not retain it long, for the knowledge others ac- cumulate while he is conning his discourses, will soon place them above him. The practice of committing brilliant passages to be recited with the eyes withdrawn from the paper, or thrown into the current of unpremeditated discourse, we have termed the composite manner. It is open to all the objections urged against the last method, and a most formidable one in addi- tion the difficulty of making these sudden flashes fit into their proper places, and of preventing them from destroying the unity of the whole discourse. They differ so widely from the rest of the composition, that the audience are apt to see the artifice and despise it. A skillful man may join them pro- perly, but even then his own attention, and that of the au- 16 PREACHING WRITTEN AXD EXTEMPORE. dience will, probably, be so closely fixed upon them that the main design of the sermon will pass out of sight. These three varieties are much alike, and may be called branches of the word-preparation method. In them, words are carefully chosen, and form the groundwork of discourse. The next three are based on thought. The premeditated discourse comes nearest to the word method. It was the medium of the wonderful eloquence of the late Bishop Bascom. In it the ideas are first arranged, and then each thought pondered until it resolves itself into words, which are mostly recalled in the moment of speech. Men who speak thus usually have great command of lan- guage and much fixity of impression. Those who receive ideas readily, and lose them again as easily, could not adopt this method, for words previously arranged could not be recalled in the same order, unless they had been fixed by the pen. There is little objection to this mode of prepara- tion in the case of those who are adapted to it, provided they do not carry it so far as to feel burdened or confused. No words should be left in charge of the memory, and no conscious effort made to recall particular expressions. Stephens, in his admirable book called " Preaching Re- quired by the Times," advises ministers, when revolving and arranging their ideas, not to let them run into words. We can see no ill effect in this, provided the result is a natural one. All the- words must be retained easily in the memory, and not sought for if they do not spontaneously present them- selves in the act of speech. President Lincoln, who was :i most effective off-hand speaker, said, that he owed his skill in this art to the early practice of reducing every thought he entertained to the plainest and simplest words. Then whe*n he desired to enunciate an idea he had no difficulty in giving it a form that even a child could understand. The sketched discourse approaches very closely to the purely extempore method, and only differs from it in writing the Avhole matter in full, with no care for style, simply to practice in the art of expression, and to test our mastery of PREACHING WRITTEN AND EXTEMPORE. 17 the plan arranged. In it there is no intention of memorizing, or of using the same words again, except so far as the ideas in their simplest form may suggest them. This is only doing on paper what, in the last method, was done mentally. It may be of great advantage to those who have had but a lim- ited experience, and cannot so clearly grasp their ideas in the domain of pure thought as to be sure that they are fully adapted to the purposes' of their sermons. But at the slow rate of writing in the common hand, this requires too much time. If a person have mastered Phonography, or Tachygraphy, a valuable improvement of the former, more easily acquired and retained in practice, he may write a sermon in little more than the time it will take to preach it, if he only work at full speed and do not stay for the niceties of style. Then the defects in the arrangement or material, that before escaped his attention, will be brought to light. We can judge a sermon more impartially when it is placed outside of the mind, than if it were only mentally reviewed, and we still have time to correct whatever may be amiss. But the great method of which the two former are mere branches, and which in fact underlies every other, is that of pure extemporization. In this there is a firm, compact road of previously prepared thought leading directly to the object aimed at. When thus speaking, we always feel on solid ground, and each moment have the proper, selected idea, seek- ing expression, and clothing itself in the needed words. All men talk thus, and we cannot but regard it as the highest form of oratory. When we have obtained complete mastery of expression, and the ability to so arrange facts and ideas, that at the fitting moment they will resolve themselves into words, the high problem of eloquence is in a great measure solved. CHAPTER H. PREREQUISITES INTELLECTUAL COMPETENCY STRENGTH OF BODY COMMAND OF LANGUAGE COURAGE FIRMNESS. ALMOST every Speaker has at some time longed to obtain the golden power of eloquence. It always insures to its for- tunate possessor a strong influence in the affairs of men. It is needed in the promotion of every reform, and is the only means by which the minds of a community can be at once moved in a new direction. When employed in the service of error and injustice it is like a fallen archangel's power for evil. But its highest and purest sphere is in the promul- gation of revealed truth. It there brings the word of God into living contact with the souls of men, and by it molds them into a higher life. It is sublime to be a co-worker with God, and thus assist him in peopling heaven. Only the method of eloquence can be taught. Its refined and ethereal substance lies beyond the reach of all art. No preacher can be truly eloquent without the baptism of the Holy Spirit, and even the excited passion and burning enthu- siasm which are the human sources of this quality, can be acquired by no formularies. But they may be developed and properly directed where a capability for them exists. In this respect there is the widest difference of talent. Some men never can attain the wondrous power of swaying their fellow-beings. Others are born orators. The latter class is small, and it is never safe to conclude that we belong to it until the fact has been incontestibly proved. Neither is the class of incapables very large. The great mass of men lie (18) PREREQUISITES. 19 between the extremes. Their talents do not make them great in spite of themselves ; but if they make the proper ef- fort, and are favored by circumstances, they may become effective, and even eloquent speakers. To these it is of great importance to have the right road pointed out, along which they may travel, and by earnest toil gain the desired end. There is no " royal road" to eloquence, but here, as elsewhere, application and study will produce their proper effects. Yet certain prerequisites must be received from God himself, without which all cultivation \vill be vain as the attempt to fertilize the sands of the seashore. The first quality to which we will refer, is intellectual competency. By this, we mean a strength of intellect that can grasp an idea, and form a complete image of it ; one who is not able to think out a subject in its leading features, cannot speak on it, and if the deficiency be general, he is un- fitted to speak in public at all. We would not assert that none but men of commanding intelligence can profitably ad- dress their fellow-beings. It is not even necessary that the orator should be above the average of mental power pos- sessed by his audience. Franklin was entranced by the preaching of Whitefield, though in grasp arid compass of mind almost infinitely his superior. A man of comparative dull- ness may, by brooding over a particular subject, so master it, that the greatest intellect will listen to him with reverence and profit. The great German poet, Goethe, said, that he met few men from whom he did not learn something valu- able. But no man ought to address the people unless he can clearly comprehend the nature of his subject, mark out its limitations, understand its relations to other subjects, and so arrange and simplify it as to convey these ideas to his hearers. The Christian minister has to deal with a great variety of topics, and requires mind enough to grasp not one only, but many subjects. It is hard to determine just how much mental power is required to secure a moderate degree of success as an orator. No precise rules can be given on this point, and if they 20 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. could, egotism would prevent each from applying them to himself however correctly he might gauge his neighbor. The presumptuous would do well to remember that oratory is the highest of all arts, and to measure themselves with becoming humility; perhaps the following questions may aid in self-examination. Can you grasp an idea firmly ? can you follow its ramifications, perceive its shades of meaning, and' render it familiar in all its bearings ? Can you analyze it clearly, so that each separate part will be understood by it- self, and then again link these together and make each serve as a stepping-stone to the comprehension of that which fol- lows ? If you can do this with a single subject, you have the mental power to speak on that subject ; if on all, or many of the subjects of the Christian religon, vast and varied as they are, you can preach. No deficiency of intellectual power or originality need dishearten you. The fact of the close and mutual influence of body and mind is beyond dispute, although their connection is a sub- ject of deep mystery. When we see how much the faculties of reason and imagination nay, even of hope, love, and faith are affected by bodily conditions, we can only exclaim with the Psalmist, " I am fearfully and wonderfully made."' Especially is this mutual dependence forced upon the attention of the extempore speaker. In every effort he feels the subtle effect of physical causes, and often under the pressure of disease, strives in vain to realize the grand but intangible thoughts that float through his brain. The body is the in- strument of the mind in its communication with the outward world, and even if the most sublime and glorious conceptions existed within, they would be powerless if the bodily organs were unequal to the task of expressing them. A dumb man cannot be an orator, no matter how richly endowed ; and all other bodily defects will be felt as hin- drances even if they fall short of the deprivation of an organ of sense. The preacher needs to be a completely developed man physically, as well as mentally, though he may succeed in spite of many disadvantages. Feeble health will always PREREQUISITES. 21 detract from his power. The mind may for a time rise su- perior to it, but a crushing recoil will follow. This takes place when the ill-health is not extreme ; but when it fetters the ability of expression, and prevents the manifestation ot living power, the barrier is absolute. Many ministers utterly fail, because they forget that eloquence is the offspring of health ; others, perhaps, still more unfortunate have battled against disease and bodily infirmity for years, and yet have been doomed to feel, amid their brightest aspirations, that a power beyond their control was conquering them. It is ter- rible to sit helpless, and see a cloud stealing over the bright- ness of genius, and shading the whole future of life. Yet this has been the experience of thousands. We remember an impressive illustration of this in the case of one who pos- sessed the richest endowments. He was almost unequaled as a pulpit orator, yet, in the middle of life, saw his powers of usefulness withdrawn, and his fame fading only because his body could not bear the strain he unwisely put upon it. In view of the many facts of this kind, it would be well for the man who aspires to eminence in the fields of elo- quence, to examine himself, and see if he have the needed physical strength. With some the incapacity is no doubt total. How many ministers have had their light turned into darkness by a diseased throat, a cerebral affection, or a nerv- ous disorder? But the majority of men only need care and obedience to the laws of life to bring their bodies up to the standard of efficiency. In youth, at least, there is nothing so easily improved as health. By the golden rule of temper- ance in all things in voice and thought, as well as food and drink nearly all may render the body adequate to the mani- festation of mind. To an orator, the power of readily clothing his thoughts in words is indispensable. Language is the dress of ideas the means by which they are communicated to others. The thoughts that arise in our minds resolve themselves into words as naturally as the clouds do into falling showers. We use words to some degree in our most secret medita- 22 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. tions, and whenever the latter become clear and well defined they fall into language without conscious effort. To cause them to do this with precision and certainty is one of the problems of extempore speech. The thought is prepared in advance, but is to be coined into worcls at the moment. If the faculty of language is weak this cannot be done without such hesitation and embarrassment as greatly to diminish the effect ; but if strong, a tide of words will be poured forth without apparent effort. Even in common conversa- tion, a wide difference in point of fluency may be observed. In fact, it was this which gave Gall the first hint that led to the establishment of Phrenology. No doubt this faculty may be greatly cultivated and im- proved, but when its original strength is very small, it can not, probably, be made available for ready and powerful speech. There are persons whose voices seem to have no defect, who cannot learn to sing ; others, with eyes perfectly organized, are unable to distinguish between colors. The power of language may be equally deficient in an otherwise well-constituted mind. We once knew a man who could not find the words necessary to make the most common statement without long and embarrassed pauses. He for- got the names of his nearest neighbors ; and, when telling a story, required perpetual prompting wherever names oc- curred, and would often hesitate until some every-day term was suggested to him. No cultivation would have made him a speaker. He had as much education as his neighbors around, and was not remarkably dull. He was simply an almost wordless man. Many persons suffer in the same manner, though but few to the same degree. But the mere fact that a man is slow of speech is no bar even to the highest eminence as an orator. The proper test of the power of this faculty is in common conversation. There one feels perfectly at ease, and deals with matters he understands. If he have but a moderate share of fluency, he will have no difficulty in conveying his ideas. But if he does experience such difficulty, it shows a radical defect PREREQUISITES. 23 which art can never remove. But we should not be discour- aged if it is hard to find appropriate words when speaking on unfamiliar subjects, for we cannot have words to express ideas before possessing the ideas themselves ! Those who are deficient in language, but have strong powers of thought, are almost the only persons who really find relief in writing and reading their sermons. If they have time to wait, the right word may come to them, or they can search through dictionaries for it ; but in the hurry of speech there is no such leisure for selection. They have some excuse for writing, though it will still be questionable whether it would not be better for them to dash ahead with the loss of some precision, or if this cannot be done, abandon altogether a profession for which they are so obviously un- fitted. A man must have a degree of courage to place himself within reach of any danger, and remain there. If he be destitute of it, he will resign the hope of victory rather than encounter the perils by which it may be won. It is needed in extempore speaking as well as in any species of physical danger, for the perils to be encountered are not less terrible. To some sensitive minds these even amount to a species of martyrdom. They go to the desk trembling in every limb, and would feel wonderfully relieved if they could exchange their position for the tented field, where the warfare would be of the body only, and not of the spirit. Some of the greatest orators have never been able to entirely overcome this feeling, although they may have been free from the fear of failure. But it is difficult to be perfectly assured even against fail- ure. " There is nothing so fitful as eloquence," says the Abbe Bautain, who was well qualified to judge. The prac- ticed and prepared orator does not often dread losing com- mand of words altogether, and being obliged to close before the proper time, but fears that his rich and glowing concep- tions may fade, and his high ideal be unattained. Mere boldness does not suffice to protect a speaker from 24 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. these dangers. Of what avail is a man's courage if his brain be clouded and his tongue paralyzed ? He cannot brave the consequences, for the power of ridicule is too keen for any armor at least when it comes in such a concentrated vol- ume as falls on the head of the unfortunate speaker who can not finish what he has begun. At such a time the boaster's fate is worst of all ; for, while others are pitied, he is crushed beneath the scorn and triumph of his audience. There is no positive guard, against failure. Public speaking is a modern battle, in which the most skillful warrior may be stricken down by a random bullet the bravest slain by a coward ! What then is the benefit of courage ? We have placed it. in the list of essential qualities, and believe the orator can- not succeed without it. It does not operate by rendering failure impossible, or even materially reducing the risk, but by enabling us to endure all danger and press on. Bonaparte said that most generals failed in one point they delayed to attack when it became necessary to fight a great battle. The issue was so uncertain so far beyond the reach of human wisdom that they hesitated and deliberated until the favor- able moment had passed forever. In war this timid policy courts destruction, by permitting the adversary to choose his own time to strike. The same principle governs in other affairs. The risk must be taken. A man of courage derives new lessons from his failures, and makes them the introduc- tion to future triumphs. Especially in the field of oratory is there no possibility of success, if this indomitable, perse- vering spirit be wanting. Many persons of excellent talents have been condemned to perpetual silence, because they would not endure the perils of speech. Men who have instruc- ted the world by their pens, and in the privacy of the social circle have charmed their friends by the magic of their con- versation, have never spoken in public because they shrunk from the inevitable hazard. There is no difficulty in determin- ing whether we possess this quality or not. Let the trial be made, and if we do not abandon our posts and incur disgrace rather than speak, we have all the boldness that is needed. PREREQUISITES. 25 The quality of firmness in oratory is sometimes under- valued. While steady, persevering industry, working to- ward a definite end, is known to be essential in everything else, in this field genius is often supposed to be sufficient. There never was a greater mistake. Nature does lay the foundation broad and deep for some men, but they must build diligently upon it to make their gifts availing. The way to eminence, even for the favored few, is long and hard, requir- ing deep thought and earnest striving, and without a strong purpose fixed in the very beginning, and firmly adhered to through years of labor, there is slight chance of success. A few persons have risen to eminence without appearing to pay the price for it, but such exceptions are more apparent than real. There are times of great excitement, when some one before unknown is able to speak so as to fix the eyes of the nation upon himself, but unless he has been previously prepared, and continues to put forth resolute effort, his suc- cess is but transitory. The career of Patrick Henry is adduced as an instance of success without labor. He had little education in the schools, but learned much from Nature herself. His observation was tireless. It is said, that when he kept a country store, he would sit and question his customers by the hour, causing them to display their various dispositions. He was thus learning to play upon the human heart, and as this was only one manifestation of a ruling passion, it doubtless took a hundred other forms. When on those long hunting ex- cursions in the beautiful valley of Virginia, how many deep and ineffaceable impressions must have been made on his mind. He had a peerless genius, yet all we can learn of him leads us to believe that he cultivated it to the utmost, at least as applied to oratory. The familiar examples of Demosthenes and Cicero are not solitary ones. All who have acquired the power of effective speech have toiled long and patiently. The poor, weak waverer can never be an orator in the highest sense of the term, however he may, on special occasions, flash into mo- 2 26 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. mentary brilliancy. And as the minister of the Gospel must cultivate the most difficult field of eloquence, we advise no one to attempt preaching who is not conscious of a strong, unchangeable purpose a purpose that will bear delay, dis- couragement and weary waiting. Of course, the nature of all the results obtained through our firmness will depend on the direction of our efforts. If personal ambition, or pecuniary profit be the object toward which we bend our energies, the grand and holy character of the Christian ministry will be lost sight of. But let our aim be unselfish, and our success will be pure and noble. To him who has a mind to conceive, a body with strength to execute, language to coin the mass of thoughts into words, courage to bear the scrutiny of a thousand eyes, and firmness that will endure the toil of preparation to him the upward pathway is clear. He may not win great fame, but he will be able to present the truth in its native beauty, and make his words fall with weight and power on the hearts of men. CHAPTER IIL BASIS OP SPEECH THOUGHT AND EMOTION HEAET CUL- TIVATION. THOUGHT and emotion are two prime elements in the mani- festations of mind. All the products of mental action, unless it be the mysterious power of will, are divided between them, and by them, through various means of expression, we reach and influence the outward world. Thought springs from the intellect, and acts upon the facts received from every source, retaining, arranging and modifying them at will. Feeling is the mind's response to all these, and comprise? fear, love, hope, faith, hatred and all the sentiments and emotions that are described under the general name of " the heart." Speech is founded on these two elements, which meet and mingle in every human pro- duction, though seldom in the same proportion. The speaker who has greatest mastery of one, is often most deficient in the other. But if so, the whole range of eloquence is not open to him. He is only a half-developed orator, and his usefulness will be very much narrowed. A man of deep thought but sluggish emotion, may enchain the attention of an assembly by the novel and far-reaching views he presents and the ability with which he unfolds them, but the whole discourse will be dull and lifeless. He will find it very difficult to move his hearers to action. They may assent to every word he utters, and yet continue in their own course. Every minister's experience furnishes proof that it is not enough to convince, or it would be very easy (27) 28 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. to convert the world. At times it is right to use the sword of intellect alone. In controversy, for example, a solid basis of reasoning must be laid before anything else can be done. But it is not always enough. Men are led as often by their sentiments and intuitions as by their judgments, and we are allowed to use all lawful means to win them. Even the pure light of truth is not always to be discovered through the intellect alone. A mere feeling of what is right, or just, or true, often leads, in an instant, to a conviction that all subsequent reasoning can only strengthen. The ideal orator, therefore, is one who, even in argument, can show the truth, and then, by a flash of heavenly sympathy, change our cold assent into fervent conviction. On the other hand, a man of predominant feeling may make us weep, but as we see no reason for it, we resist the emotion to the extent of our power. If we yield, a reaction follows, and we go away ashamed of what we cannot justify. Of this class were some of the early Methodist preachers the weeping prophets, as they were termed. Their tears, and the feeling with which they spoke, were often irresisti- ble, and by the mere force of sympathy, men who had very little intellectual power were able to sway the passions of an audience at will. But had it not been for some of their brethren, who were men of thought as well as emotion men who had clear heads to organize and combine, as well as tears to shed, the effect of their labor would have been evanescent as the emotions they excited. Continuity is a highly important quality of thought. All men think ; they cannot help it, for the mind is ever active. But with most these thoughts are but random flashes illu- minated pictures that arise for a moment, and then vanish to give place to others. Powerful thinking consists in hold- ing these scattered images together in a chain, and making them run uninterruptedly from one point to another. There is no man who does not at times catch glimpses of far-reach- ing, profound thoughts ; but before he can combine them into harmony and place them in their proper relation to BASIS OF SPEECH. 29 other thoughts, they disappear, and he may search long before he will find them again. All persons see the beauties of natural scenery, but it is only the poet who can repro- duce the scattered elements and combine them into a har- monious description. Only the true thinker can gather the fragments of thought that flash through the mind, and give them form and consistency. This power is indispensable to the speaker. He must give, not a mere gallery of pictures, however beautiful they may be, but a succession of thoughts, naturally connected, by which the mind advances step by step through the discourse, without jar or interruption. We will endeavor to give some directions for the acquisition of this power, as far as may be necessary in extempore speak- ing. The capability of thought must indeed be possessed or all cultivation will be vain ; but if the mind have any native vigor, it can learn to think consecutively and method- ically, even as the unskilled but perfectly organized hand may be taught to carve beautiful and complicated forms. As a general rule, men can be more easily moved by appeals made to their feelings than to their reason, and find the most masterly dissertation cold and lifeless unless re- lieved by some touches of humanity and passion. A man who does not possess true feeling cannot so counterfeit it as as to reach the hearts of others, but he may, in a great measure, transform his own nature and acquire it. The most essential qualification for a religious teacher is a deep personal religious experience. One who has never passed through the mystic, mingled sorrow and joy of penitence and the agony of remorse has never watched with strain- ing eyes for the dawning light of salvation, and at last been enabled to say, " Abba, Father !" such a one cannot preach the gospel with power and success. His speech may glitter with all the flowers of rhetoric and the form of words be complete, but the vast power of the earnest soul sympathiz- ing with all the lips utter, will be absent. Without genuine experience, our preaching will be apt to fall into that loose generalization which can do no good. For it is only when 30 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. we plant our feet on living realities those we have tested and know to be sure, and deal in particular, specified facts, that we are able to pierce through all the folds of ignorance and self-love, and awaken an echo of the conscience within. As a mere form of knowledge, the experience of God's deal- ings with the awakened soul is more valuable than any other lore. But its great advantage to the preacher is not the increase of knowledge. It produces a tide of emotion that can never sleep until the judgment day. It connects the Cross and the divine Sufferer with cords of living sympathy that always thrill to the very centre of our being. Conver- sion invariably deepens and intensifies the emotions of our nature ; and if the speaker has passed through a strongly marked change he will have the power of imparting his im- pressions to others, and of giving to his descriptions the inimitable charm of reality. If his religious experience accords with the Bible, he can speak from his own heart with almost irresistible force. This was the secret of the power wielded by Luther, Wesley, Whitfield and others who have shaken the world. Thus prepared, John Bunyan wrote the most wonderful book of any age recorded the world's experience in religion, and made the cold, dead realms of allegory flash with life. He laid the spell of his genius on all alike, and the child prattles of the burdened pilgrim with the giants in his way, while the old man is cheered by the light that streams down from the high hill on which the city is built. The reason of his power is simply that he wrote his own spiritual experience in the language of truth. I Jo had stood at the bar of Vanity Fair, had fought with the fiends, and groped his way through the Valley of the Shadow of Death. From the depths of his own heart, torn by in- ternal conflict, or healed and made happy by a heavenly anointing, he drew the images that glow with ail the color of life in his marvelous book. Love is the mightiest of all forces, and Jesus was revealed to draw unto himself the love of the universe. Let the minister learn of him, arid he will be able to speak as he BASIS OF SPEECH. 31 never spoke before. He will strike the key-note of that song whose solemn music has rolled down through the centuries, and will wax louder and clearer until time shall be no more. The story of the Cross, with all that depends upon it, forms the principal part of the Christian orator's theme. But he has other duties. His work is broad as human life. He stands by the bed of sickness ; he weeps with the mourn- ers when the last flutter of life is stilled, and strives to lift their eyes to the victor over death ; he warns the impenitent of coming woe. It is his to deal with the highest and holiest emotions of the heart. And how can he touch these delicate chords gently, but firmly not shrinking from the infliction of necessary pain, yet never causing a tear to flow " in the mere wantonness of grief " unless he has passed through sorrow's deep waters ? He must have unfeigned sympathy for all, and be able to express it plainly and ten- derly. This power, both of feeling and expression, may be greatly increased by exercise. If the preacher will enter the abodes of rich and poor alike, and take a friendly interest in their hopes and fears, their joys and sorrows, he will find his heart drawn out toward them, and when he addresses them in public, it will be with far more intense anxiety for their good than if they were strangers. It will be comparatively easy for him to throw his heart into all he says. There are two methods of cultivating genuine emotion that we would cordially recommend to all desirous of sway- ing the hearts of the people. The first is prayer. We need not enlarge on its general benefits, but will notice its effect on sacred oratory. The man who often addresses God in prayer is in the very best school of eloquence. It brings us close to Him, and in the awful light of His purity, we more clearly see anything that is bad in our hearts and strive to cast it out. As we pray for others, and spread their needs before him, we cannot fail to be inspired with a stronger desire for their welfare. Then, too, religion becomes some- thing more than a mere form of words, and our hearts burn 32 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. with a stronger flame. "We speak now of prayer as it should foe a warm, pure, fervent outpouring of the heart to God. This is more difficult in the public congregation, for then many disturbing elements are brought to bear on the person praying. The listening people are apt to be in the preach- er's thoughts, and prevent him from enjoying simple and direct communion with heaven. It is the prayer " when none but God is nigh," that will stir his heart to its pro- foundest depths and put his mind in the right frame for delivering his sermons. Let any one pray earnestly for help from above all the time his sermons are in course of prepara- tion, and he will be surprised to find how much of the cold- ness and deadness supposed to belong to this species of composition will be swept away, and how beautifully over all will be spread the vivid charm of real experience. Yet we must not restrict our prayers to this time, for God may not meet us in loving friendship if we only approach him when we have a favor to ask. To reap the full benefit of prayer, it should be a habit woven into our life, and contin- ued on every occasion. This will rebuke sinful ambition and moderate that sensitiveness which has reference to the opinions of our fellow-beings. Thus armed, the preacher will come as the messenger of God, rather than the caterer to men's fancies. And from the mere operation of natural causes, he will speak with a boldness and earnestness that will draw the hearts of men as the magnet does the steel. But prayer is far more than the means of cultivating emo- tion. There is a direct influence that comes from God to man. The power of the Holy Spirit is no fable. A heav- enly anointing is sent down an unction that gives sweet- ness and power even to the most commonplace words. It is not bestowed unasked, for God desires that we should feel the need of His high gifts before they are granted. But when humbly implored, there is often breathed an influence from above, mighty to sustain the faithful minister in his task. What an encouraging but awful thought ! God him- self stands by us in the time of our weakness and gives us BASIS OF SPEECH. 33 His strength. If the minister would always go to the pulpit with this assurance, he would not fear the mass of upturned faces, but calmly view them with a heart stayed on the Mas- ter whose work he has to do. The Spirit's presence will not in the least absolve us from the need of complete preparation. In nothing is it more true that God helps those who help themselves. All that we contend for is such an influence as will cause the words uttered to penetrate the souls of those for whom they were spoken, remove the fear of man from^the preacher's heart, and make him bold in speaking the truth. It may be that clearer knowledge will be given, and the most fitting selec- tion of words suggested, but this can only be hoped for after all preparation is made. God does not duplicate his work, and that which he gives man faculties to discover, he will not afterward bring to him by an express revelation. The second method of imparting unction and feeling to the coldness of thought, is by meditating on the great truths and promises of Christianity. This subject is well treated in Baxter's " Saint's Rest," thougli not with reference to the wants of the orator. The power of long-continued and earnest meditation varies in different persons, but all can acquire it to some degree. It may be defined as a method of transporting ones-self from a sense of the present reality to an ideal situation reaching and experiencing the feelings that would naturally arise in that situation. Thus we may experience some of the pleasures of heaven and the society of the blest. We may walk the plains of Galilee with the Lord and behold his wondrous love there manifested, almost as if we mingled with the throng who hung on his gra- cious words ; we may turn to the time of our own conver- sion, and recall the passage from despair to conscious life ; or look forward to the day of our death, and think of its mingled sorrow and triumph. It is a kind of waking dream by which the mind is filled with one idea to the exclusion of all others. And when we select some high object of con- templation and return often to it, we acquire a susceptibility 2* 34 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. of strong and fervent emotion on that subject which it re- quires only a word to arouse. An illustration of this is often found in the case of an inventor or discoverer who has dwelt on one subject until his whole mind is filled with it, and he cannot hear it mentioned without the deepest feeling. How- ever cold and listless he may be on other subjects, touch but the sacred one of his fancy, and his sparkling eye and ani- mated voice tell how deeply you have roused the whole man. What an advantage it must be to the extempore speaker, with whom everything depends on feeling, to have all the cardinal facts he proclaims surrounded by fountains of holy emotion, continually supplied from the spring of meditation, and ready to flow copiously at the slightest touch ! Such trains of thought may be carried on in moments too often given to idleness, and thus, not only will a mighty power be added to our pulpit ministrations, but our whole life en- nobled and enriched. It has been conjectured that Milton's mind, while composing " Paradise Lost," existed in the state of a sublime waking dream, in which the forms of heaven and hell, chaos and creation, all mingled in one glorious vision. Something of this nature, though not necessarily continuous, must take place in the mental history of every true and powerful Christian minister. CHAPTER IV. ACQUIREMENTS. KNOWLEDGE, GENERAL OF BIBLE, OF THEOLOGY, OF MEN. THOUGHT is the workman of the mind, and requires mate- rials upon which to labor. We are such creatures of expe- rience that we cannot go far beyond a foundation of fact, or weave long trains of pure imagination. In the wildest fic- tion the mind can only combine and rearrange what was previously known. This necessity rests with added weight upon the preacher. He cannot invent his materials in the sense the poet can, but must confine himself to the state- ment of unadulterated truth. Fortunately, he has no nar- row field to explore, for all knowledge is related to his themes. He has to speak of God, by whom everything exists, and whose glory shines through all the works of his hand. The truths he utters apply to the whole circle of life and its duties, yet are so familiar and so often neglected, that he needs all his power to make them touch the popular heart. There is no science that may not at times be made available for illustrating or enforcing the word of God. The want of extended knowledge will be more severely felt by an extempore preacher, than by one who reads or recites. The latter has time for selection, and may take the parts of a subject with which he is familiar and pass over all others. But the former will find this very dangerous. Extemporizing should be free and unfettered. The speaker must be able to see his own way, and make it clear to his hearers. If he is always anxious to avoid dangerous obstruc- (35) 36 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. tions and steer around them, he will lose that free flow of ideas in which much of the beauty of unstudied speech con- sists. Let the man, therefore, who looks to the preacher's vocation, lay the foundation broad and deep in a complete education, not only in that of the schools, for the knowledge they teach is very defective, but let him know all the facts that hinge on common life ; the processes of the different pursuits and trades ; the subjects that most occupy the human mind ; the arts arid sciences in their wide depart- ments. We have no hesitation in affirming that preaching ought to be more scientific than it often is ; that is, when preachers deal with the phenomena of nature, they should speak of them in their true form, as revealed by science, and not indulge in loose generalities or popular misstatements. If he master these and all other branches of knowledge, he will have at hand a fund of illustration that will never grow old, and instead of being under the necessity of turning over books of sermons, and hunting out figures of speech that have done duty for generations, he will be supplied from nature's great volume with those that are ever fresh and new. They will be redolent of the morning dew, the sparkle of sunlight, the life of humanity, rather than the must of books. This knowledge constitutes only the rough material of thought. It is the dust out of which the body is to be formed, and into which the breath of life is to be breathed. The power of thinking comes from no accumulated intellec- tual stores, but springs from the living energy of the soul within. It is above all dead brute force, and fills a world of its own. But we would lay the foundation of success in oratory by giving the mind food, and providing for it a general acquaintance with the universe. This may be super- ficial, for it is not given to man to be profound in every- thing, but it will suffice to keep the preacher within the bounds of truth, when, for a time, he leaves his own prov- ince. But within that province, and on all topics he undertakes ACQUIREMENTS. 37 to discuss, his knowledge should not be superficial. He must here hold out no false light to lure mankind, but must speak because he knows the truth, and feels that others ought to know it. He will then speak and in his own department he has the right to speak " not as the Scribes and Pharisees, but as one having authority." To this end the preacher must study the Bible most thor- oughly. It is the book from which he obtains his subjects, and the most powerful arguments by which they are en- forced. He must meditate on it by day and night with ear- nest, loving zeal. There is not much profit in merely read- ing it through once or twice a year. Read it prayerfully. Study the sense. Strive to make it a living book. Realize the scenes it describes, the events it records, and the deep mysteries it unfolds. There is no study that will increase oratorical power more rapidly than the investigation of the Holy Scriptures. They are the best models of eloquence, the exhaustless armory from which the preacher draws his weapons. To be " mighty in the Scriptures " is one of the highest recommendations he can have ; and, on the other hand, ignorance of the book it will be his life labor to ex- pound, is unpardonable, and will expose him to merited con- tempt. Many books will be needed in forming a critical, living comprehension of the Bible. The student should become familiar with the present aspect of Palestine and the man- ners and customs of former ages. Judicious commentaries will help him to penetrate through the covering which thoughtlessness and familiarity have woven over the sacred page, down to its vital meaning. Ancient history and Bible dictionaries will make plain many obscure passages. But above all, the Holy Spirit throws a flood of light over the whole book, and makes its dark places shine with the radiance of truth. Get this first, in a living baptism, and all else will be easy. A knowledge of Theology is essential. It comes not with the same authority as the Word, for it is only man's inter- 38 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. pretation of what God has revealed, and no one has a right to bind others by the rule of his own weak judgment. Yet we cannot despise assistance even here. He would be very foolish who would insist on ignoring the light of science and the accumulated lore of ages, that he might dis- cover all truth for himself. Life is so short and man's intel- lect so slow, that an individual standing alone would never get beyond the state of a savage. We can weigh the evi- dence of truth in an hour that has taken years or ages to discover. There is no way but to accept the aid of others even in the matters that relate to God and our own souls, and use it to build up a complete system of knowledge, being careful not to surrender our independence of thought, nor do violence to our conscience. The knowledge of what men have thought and done in the field of revelation is indispensable. Without some de- gree of it no man is prepared for the sacred office. It need not all be attained before beginning to preach, but should be a constant aim. The preacher should always be a dili- gent student. He will never reach the end. Even when his head is whitening for the grave he will find the book of God an unexhausted mine, and the interest of newly-dis- covered truth will impart such charm and vigor to his dis- coveries that they will never grow old. Theology is a vast science, embracing all others an infinite field where man may exert all his powers, and never cease for want of new realms to explore. The preacher labors in the field of humanity, and aims to better the present and future condition of mankind. He needs to understand his ground, as well as the instruments of his labor. It is through him that divine truth reaches the hearts of the multitude. Unless he can cause the people to think new thoughts, and be ruled by new motives, wis- dom and learning and brilliancy are all in vain. A know- ledge of the heart, and of the best methods of reaching it, are of first importance. No matter if the preacher speaks a truth ; unless that particular truth has an adaptation to ACQUIREMENTS. 39 the present wants of those whom he addresses, it will be, in a great measure, unfruitful. The love of God, the story of the Cross, with many other things revealed in the Bible, are suited to all ages and all men. But the consolations intended for a time of sorrow would fall strangely on the ear of a bridal party. Exhortations to repentance would be lost upon a congregation of sincere Christians. Different shades of experience need to be met by appropriate instruc- tion ; and the minister who does not watch all changing circumstances, and carefully adapt his words to them, will fail of the highest usefulness. It may be objected that, in large assemblies, the presentation of any truth will benefit some person, and that all cannot be reached at once. This is partly true ; but the attentive minister will find currents of thought moving in his congregation from d,ay to day, and will be surprised to see how often the people are thinking about the same objects. At one time, the minds of many will be tinged with unbelief; at another, spiritualism will have its votaries ; and again, genuine, earnest searching for the truth will be apparent. He, who so. thoroughly knows the heart that he can detect the signs of these changes, has the advantage possessed by a general who is acquainted with all the plans of his antagonist. A close observer once said that a certain minister would never be a revivalist, be- cause he did not seem to understand the movements of the Spirit. There was truth in his judgment, although the de- ficiency was rather in understanding human nature. That preacher who can look over his congregation as he speaks, and discern something of the state of their hearts, can strike directly to the mark, while the strength of another might be wasted. A general knowledge of the motives by which men are governed will also be of service. We must employ proper arguments when we seek to influence our hearers, for truth may be so presented as to repel rather than attract. We should know how to appeal to self-interest, for most follow what they believe to be its dictates. We should be able to 40 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. excite their love and sympathy ; in short, we ought to ascer- tain what motive is powerful enough to move them, and em- ploy it. This quick and accurate knowledge of the heart is especially valuable to the man who preaches without notes. Looking into the eyes of the congregation, he will see their passing thoughts and emotions often indicated with great precision. He will thus know when it is best to dwell on any particular argument, and can press it home, or leave it, before the audience is wearied. He will, all the time, have the advantage of seeing his way distinctly, instead of stumbling along like a blind man who is conscious of no obstacle until brought into contact with it. To reap this profit, he must be able to read the expressions and changes that the heart throws over the countenance visible signs of its own state. The proper way to obtain a practical knowledge of men is to mingle with and study them. A preacher has great opportunities for this. He need not fear to lower his dignity or impair his influence by a free and easy intercourse with all classes. The people have acute perceptions, and will give him credit for all that is good in him ; and he has no right to demand more. Indeed, if he have not native good- ness and intelligence enough to retain the confidence of his people in the closest social intercourse, the sooner he re- linquishes his office the better for all concerned. It is no excuse to say that he cannot spare time from his studies ; for no labor will more surely bring a return of added power and eloquence than the study of his flock around their own hearths. The best books are only transcripts of the human heart, and here he can study the original in all its freshness. But merely to mingle with the people will not fully culti- vate this critical knowledge of character, unless it is made a particular study. A good way of doing this is to write down our first thoughts and impressions of persons we come in contact with, and test our correctness by subsequent ex- perience. We thus discover the source of our errors, and avoid them in future, and, at the same time, form a habit ACQUIREMENTS. 41 of observation which, if continued for years, will increase the acuteness of our perceptions until we are able to read men at the first glance. But most valuable of all means for attaining this power, is a thorough, 'practical acquaintance with Phrenology. Much ridicule has been thrown on this science by traveling imposters, who have practiced character-reading, together with witchcraft and fortune-telling just as astronomy and astrology were once joined. But such associations are not more necessary than that sometimes supposed to exist between geology and unbelief. Phrenology is a branch of the induc- tive sciences, established and tested by observation and experi- ment. Its two cardinal principles are : First, that the brain is the organ of mind ; second, that different mental functions are performed by different parts of the brain. The latter is no more unreasonable than to suppose that the different bodily actions, walking, lifting, eating, smelling, etc., are performed by different parts of the body. The first proposition is ad- mitted by all ; and if the second is allowed to be reason- able, it then becomes easy to determine whether the corres- pondence of faculty and organ in any case is sufficiently proved. The poets, Whittier and Bryant, Horace Greeley and the eminent educator, Horace Mann, all professed to derive great advantage from the study. Henry Ward Beecher, who stands among the first of living orators, attributes all his power "in making sermons^" to the early and constant study of Phrenology. It is an instructive fact, that although the different organs were discovered singly and at long intervals, yet when the contributions of 'many laborers have been brought together, the result is a most beautiful and perfect mental philosophy contrasting with the war- ring systems of metaphysics as the clear sunlight does with clouds and night. We give it as a deliberate opinion that it is better for the preacher to remain ignorant of any one of the natural sciences or learned languages, than to neglect that study which unfolds the laws of mind and teaches us to understand our fellow men. CHAPTER IY. CULTIVATION IMAGINATION LANGUAGE GESTURE CONFIDENCE. THE ability to convey our thoughts to others may be very greatly increased by culture. The vastest accumulations of learning will not be useful to the world unless there is an available channel by which they may be transmitted. We will consider a few of the elements that make a man ready in communicating his ideas. Imagination is often thought to be unnecessary to the sacred orator; but if he resign to the poet and novelist that faculty that deals with beauty in all its forms, the lovers of beauty will be apt to desert the churches and seek gratification where it can be found. Imagination, in its legitimate sphere, is as necessary as the power of reason- ing, or the sentiment of devotion. It deals with truth as well as fiction, and gives to its possessor the creative, life- breathing spirit of poetry. Listen to the description of any piece of natural scenery by a person of imagination and an- other destitute of it. They may describe with equal truth- fulness, and even allude to the same objects ; but one will give a dry catalogue of facts, on which the mind cannot fix without painful effort, while the other gives a picture that fills us with delight. The same difference is apparent in the commonest things. In relating a story or enforcing an argument, the man who has? this rare and wonderful power will make his words glow with life, and arrest our attention. It has been said of Henry Ward Beecher, who possesses so (42) CULTIVATION. 43 strong an imagination, that the people would listen with won- der if he were only describing the way a potato grew. This is literally true. He would see in it a thousand beauties no one else had thought of, and paint the picture with a force and accuracy that would command attention. His own con- ceptions are exceedingly clear, and while his knowledge is great, his imagination enables him to concentrate everything into a clear and vivid description. Even the Bible, which is the preacher's great example, is pre-eminently a book of imagination. Nowhere is there loftier or more beautiful imagery employed, or truth wrought into more exquisite forms. A few short and simple words paint pictures that the world looks upon with astonishment from age to age. The first chapters of Genesis contain as much poetry as Paradise Lost ; in fact, it is the poetry of these chapters interpreted by a mighty mind that illuminates the most sublime imaginative poem in the lan- guage of man. Job and Isaiah are without rivals in the mighty imagination that " bodies forth the forms of things unknown." Even the New Testament, which we usually consider as a plain narrative, sparkles with true poetry. Where will we find a more graceful thought than that of our Saviour's : " Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow ; they toil not, neither do they spin ; yet I say unto you, that Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these." The Book of Revelation is full of glorious and awful figures addressed to the imagination. With such sanctions, the preacher need not fear to em- ploy all of this faculty that God has given him. Many of his subjects are in the remote past, and can only be brought near enough to the people to awaken their interest by one who can view them as present. There is no possibility of nov- elty in our themes. Times are altered since Paul was ac- cused as a setter-forth of strange doctrines. Men have listened to the same stories all their lives. Yet if the preacher can make the sublime scenes of the Bible live in his own mind, he can describe them with the vivacity of an 44 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. eye-witness. All have noticed the interest excited in the midst of a dry sermon by a simple story. The reason is, that the preacher was, at first, dealing with abstractions- mere words, and nothing more but when he came to the story his heart and imagination took hold on it. The same interest may be excited in any part of a sermon if the speaker can but throw his own soul into it, and see what he describes. The account of the storming of Lookout Mountain, as given by Bishop Simpson, was a fine illustration of this. The incident is perfectly familiar, and in describing it he used simple words, without the false brilliancy that some- times passes for eloquence. There was no particular charm in his manner, but his imagination grasped the magnificent achievement, and it stood out in all its fullness before the eyes of the audience. They saw the old flag disappear in the cloud, and the long lines of blue wind up the mountain until they were hidden in the same obscurity ; heard the thunder that man's artillery made boom out of the bosom of the cloud ; then saw the flag emerge from the mist and heard the cheer of victory ringing down from the sky. The eflect upon the audience was overwhelming, and irrepres- sible tears streamed from the eyes of all.. Such glory may be thrown around the teaching of the Bible, and every word be true; and the audience will enjoy it more than if they were actually carried back to the olden time and witnessed its wondrous scenes with their own eyes ; for they will have what so many feel the want of when gaz- ing on memorable scenes some one to interpret their feel- ings and give them living sympathy. While illustrations and comparisons flow principally from the reasoning faculties, they derive their beauty from imag- ination. Without its influence they may explain and simplify, but have no power to interest the hearer or elevate the tenor of the discourse. Beecher excels in this as in so many other things, and while his similes may take hold of the most common things, they are always highly imaginative and appropriate. CULTIVATION. 45 How may imagination be cultivated ? It is said that " poets are born, not made ;" but the foundation of every other faculty is in nature, while all are useless unless im- proved and applied. It, too, will increase in power by use. Imagination is the faculty that forms complete images from the detached materials furnished by the senses. It takes from all sources, and mixes and mingles until a perfect picture is formed. Now, the proper way of cultivating it is by forming just such pictures. Let the preacher throw on the canvas of the mind every part of his sermon that is capable of sensible representation. It is not enough to have all the facts, but he must cast them into the very shape he wishes them to take. A great part of every sermon may thus be made pictorial, and be far more easily remembered, and more effectively delivered. Even in doctrinal sermons, use may be made of this principle, by forming clear mental images of the illustrations, which are mostly from material objects. When Henry Bascom was asked how he succeeded in preaching so well, he said that it was by painting every- thing vividly in his mind, and then speaking of it as he saw it before him. He was a man of unbounded imagination, and perhaps allowed it too much influence in his discourses ; but his example is most instructive to that large number who have not enough to prevent their sermons from being dim and dry. But the preacher must use this faculty with great care, for it is an edged tool. He deals in sacred things, and while he may approach the burning bush where the Lord is, he must go with naked feet and softest tread. Above all, truth and propriety may never be violated. That imaginative preacher who pictured to his hearers the bustle of a railway station, the rush of the train, the crowding of friends around to wel- come the passengers, and conspicuous among them, the gray- haired father of the prodigal son, hurrying with tottering steps to the edge of the platform, and there grasping the returning penitent by the hand, may have produced a vivid picture, but his sermon scarcely tended to edification ! 46 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. This faculty may also be cultivated by reading and pon- dering the works of those who have it in a high degree of perfection. The time devoted to the study of the great poets is not lost. They give richness and tone to the speaker's mind, introduce him into scenes of ideal beauty, and furnish him with many a striking thought and glowing image to be woven into his future discourses. Many of the sciences give as full scope to imagination in its best workings as the fields of poesy. Astronomy and geology stand pre-eminent in this particular. Everything about them is great. They deal with immense periods of time, immeasurable magnitudes and sublimest histories. Hugh Miller's " Vision of Creation" is as replete with imag- ination as a play of Shakespeare, and his other works sparkle with the same radiant spirit. Each science requires the for- mation of mental images, and thus approaches the domain of poetry. The dryness of mathematical and scientific study is a pure myth. A philosopher once said that poetry and the higher branches of science depended on the same powers of mind. He was right. The poet is a creator who forms new worlds of his own, and " gives to airy nothing a local habitation and a name." He pictures the idea that arises in his brain in all the vividness of outward form. The man of science is required to do the same thing, with the advantage, perhaps, of a few scattered hints. The geologist may have a few broken bones, a withered leaf, and some fragments of rock, from which to bring before him the true " forest primeval," through which roamed gigantic animals, and dragons more unsightly than ever figured in Grecian mythology. The astronomer has the half dozen phenomena he can observe with his telescope from which to conceive the physical appearance of distant worlds. In every science the same need for imagination in its high, truthful function exists, and the same opportunity is afforded for its cultivation. An eminent elocutionist once advised his class to employ all pauses in mentally painting the idea conveyed in the CULTIVATION. 47 coming sentence. By this means, he said, the expression of the voice would be made deeper and truer. If this is so important in reciting the words of others, how much more should we observe it when improvising sentences as well as modulations. Our conceptions may remain vague and intangible while within the mind, but they can only reach others by tak- ing the definite form of language. It by no means follows that a man who has important ideas and deep emotions, will be able to communicate them ; but if he have a moderate endowment of language it may be so cultivated as to answer all his requirements. We have no doubt that diligent and long-continued practice in the methods indicated below will enable the vast majority of men to express their thoughts with clearness and fluency. There are certain laws in every language, made binding by custom, which cannot be transgressed without exposing the transgressor to ridicule. These constitute grammar, and must be thoroughly learned. If a man has been under the influence of good models in speech from childhood, cor- rectness will be a matter almost of instinct ; but the reverse of this is usually the case. At the present day, there is little difficulty in learning to write in accordance with the rules of composition; and when the power has been attained, we have a standard by which to judge our spoken words. But it is not enough for the extempore speaker to be able, by long effort, to reduce his sentences to correctness. That should be the first and spontaneous form in which they present themselves. He has no time to think of right or wrong constructions, and the only safe way is to make the right so habitual that the wrong will not once be thought of. In other words, we must not only be able to express ourselves correctly by tongue and pen, but the very current of thought which is flowing ceaselessly through our brain, and which is usually clothed in unspoken words, must be in accordance with the laws of language. When we have attained the power of 48 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. precise and accurate thinking, we will have no difficulty in avoiding the ridiculous blunders sometimes supposed to be inseparable from extemporaneous speech. Correct pronunciation is also of great importance. Usage has the same authority here as in the collocation of words, and has assigned to each one its proper sound, which no speaker can mistake without being exposed to misconception and damaging criticism. A deficient knowledge of pronuncia- tion is apt to produce another and extremely hurtful effect. The mental effort necessary to determine between two dif- ferent sounds that may be suggested, is liable to divert the mind from the subject it is engaged upon, and thus occasion embarrassment and hesitation. That accuracy in the use of words, which is the charm of spoken no less than written composition, may also be impaired ; for if two or more terms for one object flash into the speaker's mind, only one of which he is confident of his ability to pronounce, he will be strongly tempted to use that one, even if it be the least suitable. He ought to know how to pronounce all common w^ords, and be so familiar with the right sound and accent, that no other will ever enter his mind. Then he will be able to select the terms that convey his meaning most clearly and strongly. One blunder in pronunciation should be particularly shunned by every person of good taste. This is the omis- sion of the sound of " r" in places where it rightly belongs. It is strange that this shameful perversion of language should be popular in certain circles. It is so easily observed and corrected that the poor excuse of ignorance is scarcely admissible, and in general it can be attributed only to silly affectation. This sound is as musical as most others, and the attempt to improve the melody of our speech by its omission is on a par with the efforts of our great-grand- mothers to improve their beauty by affixing patches to their cheeks and noses. Fluency and accuracy in the use of words are two qual- ities that have often been confounded, but are really distinct. CULTIVATION. 49 They are of equal importance to the speaker, while the writer has most need of the latter. All words have separate and well-defined meanings. They are not the product of a day, but have been building up through long ages. By strange turns, and with many a curious history, have they glided into the significations they now bear ; but each one has become imbedded in the minds of the people as the representative of a certain idea. No two words are pre- cisely alike. They are delicate paints that, to the untutored eye, may seem of one color, but each of which has its own place in the picture created by the hand of genius, that can be supplied by no other. Many ways have been sug- gested to learn these fine shades of meaning. It is often supposed that the study of the so-called learned languages Latin and Greek was the best and almost only method. This will certainly give a large amount of information con- cerning the origin and formation of words ; but it can- not fix their signification at the present day, for radical changes of meaning often take place. A linguist can use his knowledge to great advantage ; but the man who knows no language but his own need not consider himself as de- barred from the very highest place as a master of words. He can obtain the same knowledge in. a more condensed and accessible form by the study of a good etymological dic- tionary. In general reading, let him mark every word he does not perfectly understand, and referring to the diction- ary, find what it came from, the meaning of its roots, and its varied significations at the present day. This will make the word so familiar, that, when he meets it again, it will seem like an old acquaintance, and he will notice if the author uses it correctly. He may not be able thus to study every word in the language, but will be led to think of the meaning of each one he sees ; and from this silent practice will learn the beauty and power of the English tongue as perfectly as if he were master of the languages of Greece and Rome. If this habit is long-continued, it will teach him to use words truly in his very thoughts, and then he cannot mistake even in the hurry of speech. 3 50 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. Translating from any language, ancient or modern, will have just the same tendency to teach accurate expression as careful original composition. In either case, improve- ment comes from the search for words that will exactly convey certain ideas, and it matters not what the source of these latter may be. The use of a good manual of syno- nyms a thesaurus, or storehouse of words may be of service, by showing all terms that relate to any object in one view, and allowing us to choose the most suitable. But none of these methods will very greatly increase our fluency. There is a difference between merely knowing a term and that easy use long practice alone can give. Elihu Burritt, with his fifty languages, has often been surpassed in fluency, force and variety of expression by an unlettered rustic, because the few words the latter knew were always ready. This readiness will always increase by use. The blacksmith's arm, hardening by the exertion it puts forth ? is a trite illustration of the effect of exercise ; and the man who is always applying to ideas and things the verbal signs by which they are known, will increase the facility with which he can call them to mind. If he does not employ them properly, his manner will not improve, and with all his fluency he will speak incorrectly. But if he speak in accordance with established usage, his ability will daily increase. Conversation is an excellent means for this kind of culti- vation. We do not mean a running fire of question and answer, glancing so rapidly back and forth as to give no time for premeditating or explaining anything, but real, rational talk an exchange of ideas, so clearly expressed as to make them intelligible. The man who deals much in this kind of conversation can scarcely fail to become a master of the art of communicating his thoughts in appro- priate language. Talk, express your ideas when you can with propriety, or when you have an idea to express. Do it in the best way possible. If hard at first, it will become easier, and thus you will learn eloquence in the best and most pleasing school. For the common conversational CULTIVATION. 51 style that in which man deals with his fellowman is the germ of true oratory. It may be amplified and system- atized ; but talking bears to eloquence the same relation the soil does to the tree that springs from its bosom. But the best thoughts of men are seldom found floating on the sea of common talk. If we wish to drink the deepest inspiration, our minds must come often in loving contact with the words of the great and mighty of every age. There we will find " thought knit close to thought ;" and, what is more to the present purpose, words, in their best acceptance, so applied as to breathe and live. We can read these passages until their spirit sinks into our hearts, and their melody rings in our ears like a song of bliss. If we commit them to memory, it will be a profitable employ- ment. The words of which they are composed, with the meanings they bear in their several places, will thus be fixed in our minds, and ready to drop on our tongues when they are needed. This conning of passages is not recom- mended for the purpose of quotation, though they may often be thus used to good advantage; but to print the individual words of which they are composed more deeply on the memory. This may be effected also by committing selections from our own compositions. What is thus used should be pol- ished, and yet preserve, as far as possible, the natural form of expression. When this is done to a moderate extent, it has a tendency to elevate the character of our extempor- aneous efforts by erecting a standard that is our own, and therefore suited to our tastes and capacities, at the very highest point we can reach. But if this is made habitual, it will interfere with the power of spontaneous production, and thus contribute to destroy the faculty it was designed to cultivate. Ministers who write and commijb all their ser- mons, are accustomed to read from a mental copy of their manuscript ; and the force of habit binds them more and more closely to it until they cannot speak otherwise. When such persons are unexpectedly called upon to make a speech, they 52 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. do it, not in the simple, easy language that becomes such an occasion, but by throwing together bits of previously-com- mitted addresses. They hfive made what might be an agent of improvement, the means of so stereotyping their minds that they can only move in one channel unless time is given them to dig out another. There is no means of cultivating language that surpasses extempore speech itself. The only difficulty is to find occa- sion to speak often enough. The pioneer Methodist itiner- ants, who had to preach every day in the week, enjoyed this mode of cultivation to its full extent ; and whatever may be thought of their other merits, their fluency of speech is be- yond question. But long intervals of preparation bring counterbalancing advantages at the present time. Let these be improved in the way indicated hereafter, and the preacher will come to the sacred desk with a power in- creased by each effort. When a thought is clearly understood, it will fall into words as naturally as a summer cloud, riven by lightning, dissolves into rain. So easy is it to express an idea, or series of ideas, that have been completely mastered, that :i successful minister once said: " It is a preacher's own fault if he ever fails in a sermon. Let him prepare as he ought, and there is no danger." The assertion was too sweeping, for there are sometimes external causes that will prevent full success. Yet there is no doubt that the continuance of this thorough preparation, in connection with frequent speaking, will give very great ease of expression. " The blind, but eloquent" Milburn, says, that he gave four years of his life the time spent as chaplain at Washington to acquire the power of speaking correctly and easily without the previous use of the pen, and considered the time exceed- ingly well spent. His manner is that most difficult to ac- quire the diffuse, sparkling, rhetorical style so much prized by those who prefer flower to fruit. An earnest, nervous, and yet elegant style can be acquired by most persons in much less time. CULTIVATION. 53 There is another thought that those who complain of defi- cient language would do well to ponder. No one can use words well on any subject of which he is ignorant. The most fluent man, who knows nothing of astronomy, would find himself at great loss for words if he attempted to ex- plain the phenomena of the heavenly bodies. Even if he were shown an orrery, and thus led to comprehend their motions, he would still be ignorant of the proper terms by which such knowledge is conveyed. If he attempted to explain what he understood so imperfectly, he would be apt to hesitate, and finally use words and names incor- rectly. As our ideas become clear and defined, there is an intense hungering for the terms by which they are ex- pressed ; and this hunger will lead to its own supply. Let us increase our fluency by extending the bounds of our knowledge ; but ask of language nothing more than belongs to its true function to furnish means of expression for the ideas we already possess. The voice, assisted by gesture, forms the immediate link between the speaker and his audience. Its qualities are of great importance, although, in some quarters, over-estimated. A good voice, well managed, gives powerful and vivid ex- pression to thought, but cannot answer as a substitute for it. Neither is it indispensable. We have known many and great instances of success against much vocal disadvantage ; but this only proves that its absence may be compensated by other excellencies. We can never be indiflerent to the charm of a well-modulated voice, bending to every emotion, and responsive to the finest shades of feeling. It makes ordinary talk so smooth and pleasant as to be generally ac- ceptable, but can never raise it to greatness. The instances that are given to prove this, do not seem capable of bear- ing such an interpretation. Whitfield is sometimes spoken of as an instance of what can be accomplished by masterly elocution ; but he was a man of fervent, if not profound thought. His emotion was overpowering, and his voice, with all its melody, was only an instrument for its expres- 54 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. sion. Let a bad or indifferent man have Whitfield's voice and manner in completeness, and he would be but a dis- gusting declaimer. It is soul that must speak through the voice to other souls, and only thus can the mighty effects of eloquence be produced. We do not think there is much virtue in the merely me- chanical training of the voice. To teach the pupil just what note on the scale he must strike to express a particu- lar emotion, how much of an inflection must be used to in- dicate sudden joy or sorrow, and how many notes down the scale mark a complete suspension of sense, is absurd. Speech can never be set to music. But from this let it not be inferred that the cultivation of the voice is useless. It is the instrument for the expres- tion of thought, and the more perfect it can be made the better it is fitted for its high office. It would be well for the preacher to spend some time every day for years in vocal training, for there is nothing more susceptible of im- provement than the voice. The passion excited during animated speech will demand almost every note and key within its compass, and unless it has been previously trained on these, it may fail. To prepare in this way by exploring the range of the voice, and testing all its capabilities, has in it nothing mechanical or slavish. It is only like putting a musical instrument in tune before beginning to play. Nothing contributes so much to give ability to manage the voice as the separation of words into the simple ele- ments of sound, and continued practice in the enunciation of these. They can be best learned from the short-hand system of tachygraphy or phonography, or from the pho- netic print. In these we find sound resolved into its ele- ments, which are but few in number, and on which we can practice until every difficulty in enunciation is overcome. If there is a fault in our articulation, we will find just where it is, and can bring all our practice directly to its remedy. When we are able to give clearly each one of the separate sounds of the language not many over forty in number CULTIVATION. 55 we can easily follow them into all their combinations, and are thus master of the tirst great excellency in speaking good articulation. Nor is this all. We can then practice on the same elements, at different degrees of elevation on the musical scale, until we can strike every one in full round distinctness at each point, from the shrillest note used in speech to the deepest bass. Then the whole field of oratory is open before us. But there is still another advantage : if our strength of voice be not so great as we would wish, we can take the same sounds, and by practicing upon them with a gradually- increasing effort, attain all the force our organs are capable of, and even increase their power to a degree that would be incredible, were it not so often proved by actual experi- ment. When engaged in these practices, we will notice a distinction between the vowel sounds that while some of them may be prolonged indefinitely, others are made at a single impulse. Following out these ideas, we will increase the rapidity of the second until they can be struck with all the suddenness of the report of a pistol, and one after an- other so rapidly that the ear can scarcely catch the distinc- tion between them. This will enable us to avoid drawling, and help us to speak with rapidity when we desire it, with- out falling into indistinctness. We next learn to prolong the other vowels, and thus to make them carry the sounds of words to the greatest distance. The full, deliberate enunciation of a word is audible much further than the most violent shout. The passenger calling to the ferry- man across the river does not say OVEE in one single violent impulse, or, if he does, he is not heard, but o-o-ver ; and even if his tone is gentle, the hills ring again, and the ferry- man is aroused. Let this principle be brought into use in public speaking, and soon no hall will be too large for the compass of the voice. The different extensions of sounds, as well as their pitch on the musical scale, and variations of force in enunciation, constitute the perspective of the art of oratory, and give it 56 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. an agreeable variety, like the mingling of light and shade in a well-executed picture. A dull, dead uniformity, in which each word is uttered on the same key, with the same degree of force, and each sound enunciated with the same rapidity, would be utterly unbearable ; while a perpetual variety, reflecting in each rise and fall, each storm and calm of sound, the living thought within, is the perfection toward which we must strive. Little can be done in training the voice beyond these ele- mentary exercises. The expression in the moment of speech may safely be left to the impulse of nature. Supply the capability by previous discipline, then leave passion to clothe itself in the most natural forms. We believe there is such a connection between the emotions of the mind and the dif- ferent tones of voice, that emphasis, inflection and intona- tion need not be taught. They will well up from the heart itself. Reading may require more teaching, for its very nature is artificial ; and it behoves those who read their sermons to study hard to supply the want of emotion and naturalness by the resources of elocution. But the only effect of rules upon the speaker, so far as he heeds them at all, is to make him a cold and lifeless machine. The child that is burnt needs no instruction to find the right tone to express its pain, so that every one who hears it knows that it is suffering. It strikes the key-note of joy and every other emotion with equal certainty. Let nature but have her way, untrammeled by art, and every feeling that arises will mold the voice to its will, and every heart will recognize and respond to the sound. We may in this way miss the so-called "brilliancy" of theatric clap-trap, but our voices will have that " touch of nature that makes tiie whoie world kin." Something may be done by observing the world closely and thus becoming more deeply permeated by that at- mosphere of sympathy and passion that wraps all men into one family, and forms a medium of communication deeper and more wide-spread than any language of earth. CULTIVATION. 57 It is also profitable to listen to the great orators who have mastered the mysteries of speech, not for the purpose of imitating them, but that we may appreciate better what true excellence is. Yet it is hurtful to confine our attention too long to one model, for excellence is many-sided, and if we view only one of its phases, we are apt to fall into slavish imitation the greatest of all vices. We avoid this by looking upon many examples, and making use of them only to elevate our own ideal. Then, without a conscious effort to reproduce anything w r e have heard, we will be urged to greater exertions, and the whole level of our attainments raised. There are abundant faults to mar the freedom of nature ; and the speaker who would be truly natural must watch vigilantly for them, and, when found, exterminate them without mercy. The sing-song tone, the scream, the lisp, the gutteral and tremulous tones, must be weeded out as they come to the surface ; and if the preacher's own egotism is too great to see them, or his taste not pure enough, some friend ought to point them out for him. At the bar, or in political life, the keen shaft of ridicule destroys such things in those who are not incorrigible ; but in the pulpit they are too often suffered to run riot because the sacred nature of its themes prohibits ridicule, and causes every one to en- dure in silence. But there is one fault that over-tops all others, and con- stitutes a crying sin and an abomination before the Lord. Would that every hearer who suffers by it had the courage to go to his minister and tell him of the torture he inflicts. He could not long endure such an overwhelming fire brought to bear on him. It is what is sometimes designated as the " solemn or holy tone." It prevails to an alarming extent. Men who, out of the pulpit, are varied and lively in their conversation, no sooner enter it than it seems as if some evil spirit had taken possession of them and enthroned itself in their voice, which at once sinks into a measured, or rather measureless drawl, with each word sloping down a precipice 58 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. of falling inflections. It conceals ideas as perfectly as ever Talleyrand did ; for surely no idea, even of living light, could penetrate through such a veil. Men who thus neutralize their talents and contribute to render religion distasteful, will surely have to answer for it at the great day of account. Let our style in the pulpit be simple, earnest and manly. Let each emotion clothe itself in its own language and tones, and then we will be above all rules, and all censure too, for we will be under the infallible guidance of nature and the Spirit of God. Should we use a conversational tone in speaking ? This question has often been discussed, and although there is a great difference of opinion, yet it seems to admit of satis- factory answer. The language of conversation is the lan- guage of nature, and therefore it should be the basis of speech. The same intonations that are used in it should be employed in every branch of oratory. But the manner of conversation is not always the same. The man who talks with a friend across a river would not use the same tones as if he held that friend by the hand. And if a man is speak- ing to a number at once, the very need ot being heard will cause him to speak somewhat louder than in addressing a single person. With this exception, it might be safely laid down as a rule that a speech should be commenced in the same manner as we would speak to an individual. But should it be continued in that way ? The oratund tone is calculated to make a deeper impression than a higher key, or a less degree of force. But there need be no solicitude about its employment. Begin as a man who is talking to his friends upon an interesting subject would do, and then, as the interest deepens, throw away all restraint of voice. Let it follow passion, and it will naturally fall into the way that will best express that passion. It will deepen into the thunder-roar when that is needed, and will become soft and pathetic at the right time. But beware of thinking that you must be loud, in order to be impressive. Nothing is more disgusting than that CULTIVATION. 59 interminable roar, beginning with a shout and continuing all through the sermon. It is worse than monotony itself. The very loudness of voice that, applied at the right place, would be overpowering, loses all power, and becomes as wearisome as the ceaseless lashing of ocean waves to the storm-tost mariner. Strive to have something to say, keep the fires of passion burning in your own soul, and the voice, which has previously been diligently cultivated, will not fail in what should be its only office the bringing of your thoughts into contact with the souls of others. Books on oratory properly devote much space to the con- sideration of gesture, or the eye needs to be addressed and pleased as well as the ear. But we doubt whether the marking out of gestures to be imitated is calculated to do much good. The principal use of training seems to be, first, to overcome the backwardness that might freeze both speaker and congregation ; and second, to discard awkward and repulsive movements. The first can be accomplished by a firm resolution, and is worthy of it. We have all seen most eloquent men who did not move at all, or who moved very slightly in the course of their address, but never without feeling that the want of gesticulation detracted just so much from their power. It is unnatural to speak standing still, and none but a lazy, sick, or bashful man will do it. Yet many who do not hesitate to make their voices reverberate to the roof, will fear to move even a finger. Let this tim- idity be thrown off. Even an ungraceful gesture is better than none at all. But after the first fear has been overcome, and the speaker has learned to use his hands, he next needs to guard against bad habits. If anything is truly natural, it will be beauti- ful ; but we are so much corrupted by early example that it is hard to find what nature is. There is hardly a public speaker who does not, at some time, fall into habits that are unsightly or ridiculous. The difference in this respect is, that some retain all the faults they once get, hanging and accumulating around them ; while others, from the warning 60 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. of friends or their own observation, discover their errors, and cast them off. A good method of testing our own manner, from which we should not be deterred by prejudice, is by speaking before 'a mirror. There is reason for the common ridicule thrown upon this practice, if we recite our sermons for the purpose of marking the proper points of gesture, and of noting where to start, and frown, and wave the arm, so as to make the whole mere acting. But what we advise is to speak before the glass in as earnest and impassioned a manner as we can command, not for practice on the subjects we are to discuss, but that we may " see ourselves as others see us." In ordinary speaking we can hear our own voice, and thus be- come sensible of any audible errors that we may fall into ; but we need the glass to show us how we look, and to makp us see any improper movement that we may have uncon- sciously contracted. We do not advise the recital of a ser- mon before the glass. There is something cold and irrev- erent in the very idea. But the same objection does not apply to ordinary declamation. By these two processes pressing out into action under the impulse of deep feeling, as strongly and freely as pos- sible, and by lopping off everything that is not graceful and effective, we will soon attain a good style of gesture. All mechanical imitation, all observance of artificial rules, and especially all attempts to make the gesture descriptive, such as pointing toward the object alluded to, placing the hand on the heart to express emotion, etc., will do more harm than good. The best gesticulation is entirely uncon- scious. Freqiiently the speed or slowness of the gesture reveals more emotion than its direction or form. The stroke, when it falls upon a particular word, aids to make it emphatic, even when there is no observable connection between the kind of movement made and the sentiment uttered. Let the mind, intent on its subject, take full possession of the whole body, as a medium of expression, and every action CULTIVATION. 61 will correspond with tone and word, and the soul of the hearer be reached alike through eye and ear. We have already spoken of boldness as an indispensable requisite for an extempore speaker. But more is needed than the courage that leads us to encounter the perils of speech. Some speakers master their fears sufficiently to begin, yet continue to experience a nervous dread which prevents the free use of their faculties. This clinging tim- idity may hang around an orator, and impede his nights of eloquence as effectually as an iron fetter would an eagle on the wing. The speaker must confide in his own powers, and be willing to trust to their guidance. It is not necessary that he should have this confidence previous to speaking, for it is then very difficult to exercise it, and if possessed, it may assume the appearance of ego- tism and boastfulness. Many a man begins to speak while trembling in every limb, but soon becomes inspired with his theme and forgets all anxiety. But if his fear be greater than this, and keep him in perpetual terror, it will destroy liberty and eloquence. A man under such an influence loses his self-possession, becomes confused, all interest evapo- rates from his most carefully-prepared thoughts, and he finally sits down, convinced that his effort was a failure, while, perhaps, he had in his brain the necessary power and material to sway the assembly at will. Such a one must learn to fear less, or seek a higher support under his trials. There is no remedy more effectual than to do all our work under the immediate pressure of duty. If we speak for self-glory, the frowns or approval of the audience become a matter of vast importance to us, and if we fail, we are deeply mortified and bewail our foolishness in exposing our- selves to such risks. On the contrary, if we speak from a sense of duty, if we hear the cry, " woe is me if I preach not the Gospel," sounding in our ears, it is no longer a mat- ter of choice, and we go forward, even trembling, to obey the imperative command. Our mind is fixed on our theme, and the applause of the multitude becomes of small moment 62 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. to us except as it is the echo of God's approval. We feel that we are his workmen, and believe that he will sustain us. Men have thus been forward in the Christian ministry who would otherwise never have faced the dangers and exposures of public speaking. They were driven to it, and therefore threw themselves bravely into it, and often at- tained the highest eminence. A want of proper confidence is one great reason why so many with superior talents for off-hand speaking seek refuge in their notes. They try, and fail. Instead of copying the school-boy motto " try, try again," and thus reaping the fruition of their hopes, they give up conclude that they have no talents for the work, and sink to mediocrity and tameness, when they might have been brilliant in the field of true oratory. The possession of confidence while speaking secures respect and deference. The congregation can pardon timidity at the beginning, for then their minds are fixed on the speaker, and his shrinking seems to be but a graceful exhibition of modesty and good sense. But after he has once begun, their minds are on the subject, and they associate him with it. If he is dignified, respectful and confident, they listen attentively, and feel the weight of his words. This is far different from bluster and bravado, which always injure the cause they advocate, and produce a feeling of disgust toward the offender. The first seems to arise from a sense of the dignity of the subject ; the second from an opinion of per- sonal importance an opinion no speaker has a right to enter- tain when before an audience, for, in the very act of speak- ing to them, he constitutes them his judges. He may have confidence in his own power to present the subject faithfully, and he will speak with only the more force and certainty if he is well assured of that, but he must not let it be seen that he is thinking of himself, or trying to exhibit his owii genius. A speaker needs confidence that he may avail himself of the suggestions of the moment. Some of the best thoughts he will ever have, will be out of the line of his preparation, CULTIVATION. 63 and will occur at a moment when there is no time for him to weigh them. He must reject them immediately or begin to follow, not knowing whither they lead, and this not in thought alone, but in audible words, with the risk that they may bring him into some ridiculous absurdity. He cannot even stop to glance ahead, for the least hesitation will break the spell he may have woven around his hearers, while if he rejects the self-offered idea, he may lose a genuine inspira- tion. A quick searching glance, that will allow no time for his own feelings or those of his hearers to cool, is all that he can give, and it is necessary in that time to decide whether to reject the thought, or follow it with the same assurance as if the end were clearly in view. It requires some bold- ness to do this, and yet every speaker knows that his very highest efforts thoughts that have moved his hearers like leaves before the wind have been of this character. It also requires some confidence to begin a sentence, even when the idea is plain, without knowing how it is to be framed or where it will end. This difficulty is experienced very often in speech even by those who are most fluent. A man may learn to cast sentences very rapidly, yet it will take some time for them to pass through his mind, and when he has finished one, the next idea may not have fully condensed itself into words. To begin, then, with this uncertainty and go on without letting the people see any hesitation, demands a good deal of confidence in one's power of commanding words and forming sentences. Yet a bold and confident speaker feels no uneasiness on such occasions. Sometimes he will prolong a pause while he is thinking of the word he wants, and hazardous as this appears, it is really safe, for the mind is so active when in the complete possession of its powers that, if necessary, as it seldom is, something extra- neous can easily be thrown in, that will fill up the time until the right term and the right construction are found. This necessary confidence can be cultivated by striving to exercise it, and by assuming its appearance where the reality is not. Let a person make up his mind that he will become 64 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. an extempore speaker, and patiently endure all failures and mistakes that follow, and he will thus avoid the wavering and shrinking, and questioning in his own mind that other- wise distress him and paralyze his powers. If he fail, he will be stimulated to a stronger and more protracted effort. If he succeed, that will be an argument upon which to base future confidence, and thus, whatever is the result, he is forwarded on his course. And in regard to the difficulty of sentence-casting, he will make his way through so many perplexities of that kind, that the only danger will be that of becoming careless, and constructing too many sentences without unity or polish. He will acquire by long experience so much knowledge of the working of his own thoughts, as to be able to tell at a glance what he ought to reject, and what accept, of the un- bidden ideas that present themselves. He will be ready to seize every new thought, even if it be outside of his prepa- ration, and, if worthy, give it instant expression ; and if not, dismiss it at once and continue unchecked along his intended route. There is only one direction that we can give for the acqui- sition of the confidence that is respectful and self-assured, and yet not forward nor obtrusive. Be fully persuaded as to what is best for you, and make up your mind to take the risks as well as the advantages of extempore speaking. Then persevere until all obstacles are overcome. We have thus glanced at a few of the more important acquired qualities necessary for public speaking. These do not cover the whole field, for to speak aright requires all the faculties of the mind in the highest state of cultivation. There is no mental power that may not contribute to the orator's success. The whole limits of possible education are comprised in two great branches : the one relating to the reception, and the other to the communication of knowl- edge. The perfect combination of these is the ideal of ex- cellence an ideal so high that it can only be aspired to. All knowledge is of value to the orator. He may not have CULTIVATION. 05 occasion to use it directly in his speeches, but it will always be at hand to select from, and give his views additional breadth and scope. If his materials are few he must take, not what is best, but what he has. If a wide extent of knowl- edge is open before him, the chances are that he will find exactly what is needed for his purpose. The improvement of the power to communicate knowledge is, if possible, still more important. A great part of the value even of a diamond depends upon its setting and polish, and the richest and most glowing thoughts may fail to reach the heart or charm the intellect, unless they are cast into the proper form, and given external beauty. Let the man, then, who would speak well not fear to know too much. He cannot be great at once. He must build for future years. If he wish a sudden and local celebrity that will never increase, but molder away, even in his own life- time, he could, perhaps, attain it in another way. He might learn a few of the externals of elocution, and then, with great care, or by the free use of the material of others, prepare some finely-worded discourses, and read or recite them as often as he can find a new audience. It is true that by this means his success will probably not be as great as he would wish, but he can be sure that what he achieves will be sufficiently evanescent. He will not grow up to the measure of greatness, but become daily more dwarfed and stereotyped in intellect. But on the other hand, let him " intermeddle with all knowledge," and make his means of communicating what he thus gathers as perfect as possible, and then talk to the people out of the fullness of his treas- ures, and if no sudden and empty acclaim should greet him, he will be weighty and influential from the first, and each year that passes will bring him added power. The aim of the sacred orator should be the full and harmonious develop- ment of all the faculties that God has given him, and their consecration to his great work. PART II. A SERMON. CHAPTER L THE FOUNDATION SUBJECT > OBJECT TEXT. WE have thus far discussed the subject of preliminary training, and have endeavored to show what natural quali- ties the preacher must possess, and how these can be improved by diligent cultivation. The importance of a wide scope of knowledge, and especially of that which bears upon oratory; of understanding and having some command of the powers of language ; of having a personal experience of Christ's pardoning love, and a heart filled with desire for the salva- tion of our fellow men ; of believing that God has called us to the work of the ministry ; has already been pointed out. When a man finds himself in possession of these, and is still a diligent student, growing daily in grace, he is pre- pared to preach the Gospel in " demonstration of the spirit and of power." He is then ready to consider the methods by which all his gifts and acquirements may be made avail- able, and wielded with mightiest effect in, the service of his Master. Some of the directions given in this and succeeding chap- ters are of universal application, while others are to be re- garded only as suggestions, to be modified and changed according to individual taste, or particular circumstances. A plan is necessary to every sermon. A rude mass of brick, lumber, mortar and iron, thrown together as the ma- terials chance to be furnished, does not constitute a house, and is worthless until each is built into its appropriate place, in obedience to some intelligent design. A sermon must be 70 EXTEMPORE SPEAKIXH. constructed in a similar manner. It may contain much that is good, or useful, or striking, and be replete with sparkling imagery, and full of ideas that will command the attention of the audience, and yet completely fail. The only safe method is to have a well-defined plan marked out from be- ginning to end, and to work according to it. It is always better to have this plan previously constructed. Sometimes when we speak on a subject we have often thought over, its whole outline will flash upon us in a moment, and we will speak as well as if we had employed months in pre- paration. But such cases are rare exceptions. The man who attempts, on the spur of the moment, to arrange his facts, draw his inferences, and enforce his opinions, will find the task very difficult, even if his memory promptly fur- nishes all the necessary materials. Every discourse, of whatever character, should have a sub- ject and an object. A sermon requires a text also, and these three constitute the foundation upon which it is built. We will consider them separately. A good plan cannot be constructed without an object in view. Why is it that at a particular time a congregation assembles, and sits silent while a man addresses them ? What is his motive in standing up before them and asking their attention ? Many of the people may have been drawn together by the lightest influences, but the minister, at least, should be actuated by a noble purpose. If he has a clear aim before him, it will tend powerfully to give unity and consistency to his discourse, and prevent him from falling into endless digressions. It will bind all detached parts together, and infuse a common life through the whole mass. We cannot be too careful in the selection of such a ruling object, for it will affect the whole superstructure. Our purposes should not be too general. It is not enough that we should wish to do good. Probably no minister ever preaches without that general desire. But the important question is, " What special good do I hope to accomplish by this sermon ?" When he has decided this, he will then be THE FOUNDATION. 71 prepared to adapt his means to the end proposed, and the whole discourse will acquire a definiteness and precision that would never otherwise have belonged to it. The more we sub-divide our objects, the more will this precision be in- creased, although there is a limit beyond which it would be at the expense of other qualities. If we desire the salvation of souls, it is well, and most powerful sermons have been preached with that object in view. But if we narrow our immediate aim, and keep in view only one of the steps by which the soul advances to God, it will give our discourse a keener edge, and we can plead with those who have not yet taken that step with more prospect of immediate success, than if we at once placed the whole journey before them. For example, many sermons may be preached with " repent- ance " as the central object, and this duty enforced by various motives and innumerable arguments. We may show that it is a duty, that man is lost without it, that Jesus calls him to it, that God assists, that salvation follows it, etc. Our objects usually have reference to the action of those who hear us, and the more fully that action is understood, and the more earnest our desire to produce it, the greater our persuasive power will be. If we do not exactly know what we wish to accomplish, there is very little probability that our audience will interpret our thoughts for us. We may, it is true, labor to convince the judgment of our hear- ers, and make them understand truth more clearly than before, but this is usually because of the influence thus ex- erted on their actions. The objects that should govern our sermons are compara- tively few, and ought to be selected with great care. Much of our success depends on having the right one of these before us at the right time ; for if we aim at that which is unattainable, we lose our effort. If we preach sanctification to a congregation of unawakened sinners, no power of treat- ment can redeem the sermon from the cardinal defect of inappropriateness. If we preach against errors which no one of our hearers entertains, our logic is lost, even if the 72 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. very errors we battle against are not suggested. Let us carefully note the state of our audience, and select for our object that which ought to be accomplished. There is a difference between the subject of a discourse and its object ; the latter is the motive that impels us to speak, while the former is what we speak about. It is not uncommon for ministers to have a subject without any very distinct object. Their engagements require them to speak, and a subject is a necessity. That which can be treated most easily is taken, and all the ideas they possess, or can collect about it, are given forth, and the matter left. Until such persons grow in earnest, and really desire to accomplish something, they cannot advance the cause of God. The object of a sermon is the soul, while the subject is only the body ; or, we may say, the one is the end, and the other the means by which it is accomplished. After the object is fixed the subject can lu> chosen to much better advantage ; for instance, if it be our object to lead the peni- tent to the Cross, we may select any of the themes con- nected with the crucifixion and dying love of Christ ; we may show the sinner his inability to fulfill the requirements of the law, and that he needs an atoning sacrifice to save him from its penalty ; we may show that the salvation pur- chased is full and free. Many other branches of the same great topic will be found suitable for the purpose in view. This order of selection may sometimes be reversed to good advantage. When a minister is stationed with a certain congregation, there are many objects he wishes to accom- plish, and often no strong reason for preferring one in the order of time to another. It will then be well for him to take that subject which may impress him, and bend his mind toward an object he can enforce most powerfully through it. On other occasions there is a particular end to be attained, which is for the time all-important, and which thus furnishes the proper object. Nothing then remains but for the preacher to choose a subject through which he can work to the best advantage. THE FOUNDATION. 73 This is one great advantage the Methodists have in pro- tracted meetings. An object is always in view, and the congregation expect it to be pressed home with power. No plea of general instruction will then save a sermon from being thought worthless, if it does not produce an immediate result. And even the much calumniated " mourners' bench " con- tributes most powerfully to the same result. There is something proposed which the congregation can see, and through it judge of the preacher's success or failure. An outward act is urged upon the unbelieving portion of the audience, by which they signify that they yield to the power of the Gospel ; and the very fact of having that before him as an immediate, though not an ultimate aim, will stimulate the preacher's zeal, and cause him to put forth every possi- ble exertion. After all, the order in which subject and object are selected is not very material. It is enough that the preacher has a subject that he understands, and an object that warms his heart and enlists all his powers. Then he can preach, not as if dealing with abstractions, but as one who has a living mission to perform. Every subject we treat should be complete in itself, and rounded off from everything else. Its boundaries should be run with such precision as not to include anything but what properly belongs to it. It is a common but grievous fault to have the same cast of ideas flowing round every text that may be preached from. There are few things in the universe that have not some relation to everything else, and if our topics are not very strictly bounded, we will fall into the vice of perpetual repetition. Thus, in a book of sermon sketches we have examined, nearly every one begins by proving that man is a fallen creature, and needs the helps or is liable to the ills mentioned afterward. No other thought is introduced until that primal point is settled. This doc- trine is of great importance, and does affect all man's rela-* tions, but we can sometimes take it for granted, without endangering the edifice we build upon it, and occasional 4 74 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. silence will be far more impressive than that continual itera- tion, which may even induce a doubt of what seems to need so much proof. Ministers sometime acquire such a stereotyped form of thought and expression that what they say in one sermon wall be sure to recur, perhaps in a modified form, in all others. This kind of preaching is intolerable. There is an end to the patience of man. He tires of the same old ideas, and wishes when a text is taken that it may bring with it a new sermon. The remedy against this evil is to give each sermon its own territory, and then guard rigidly against trespass. It is not a sufficient excuse for the minister who preaches continually in one place, that what he says has a natural connection with the subject in hand, but it must have a closer connection with it, than with any other he may use. By observing this rule, we make each theme the solar centre around which may cluster a great number of second- ary ideas, all of which naturally belong to it, and are undis- turbed by satellites from other systems. The subjects from which a preacher may choose are innu- merable. The Bible is an inexhaustible store-house. Its histories, precepts, prophecies, promises and threatenings, are almost endless. Then all the duties of human life, and especially those born of the Christian character; the best methods of making our way to the end of our journey ; the hopes after which we follow ; the dangers that beset our path ; the mighty destinies of time and eternity, are a fe\v of the themes that suggest themselves, and afford room enough for the loftiest talent, during all the time that man is allowed to preach on earth. If we would search carefully for the best subjects, and, w r hen found, isolate them from all others, we would never need to weary the people by the repetition of thoughts and ideas. While, as a rule, we ought to shun controversial points, we should not be afraid to lay hold of the most important subjects that are revealed to man. These will always com- mand attention ; heaven and hell, judgment, redemption. THE FOUNDATION. 75 faith, the fall, and all those great doctrines upon which the Christian 'religion rests, need to be frequently impressed on the people. It is also profitable to preach serial sermons on great subjects. The rise of the Jewish nation and economy would afford a fine field for instruction. The life and work of Jesus Christ would be still better. This latter series might consist of discourses on His birth, baptism, tempta- tion, first sermon, His teaching in general, some miracle as a type of all others, transfiguration, last coming to Jerusa- lem, Gethsemane, betrayal and arrest, trial, crucifixion, resur- rection, ascension and second advent. Many other subdi- visions might be made. Such linked sermons, covering a wide scope, instruct the people better than isolated ones could, and afford equal opportunities for enforcing all Chris- tian lessons. Yet it would not be well to employ them exclusively, or even generally, as such a practice would tend to wearisome sameness. The subject must be well defined. It may be of a general nature, but our conception of it should be so clear that we always know just what we are speaking about. This is more necessary in an extempore speech than in a written one, although the want of it will be felt severely even in the latter. A strong, vividly defined subject will give unity and life to a whole discourse, and often leave a permanent im- pression on the mind. To aid in securing this, it will be well for the preacher, when he has chosen a subject, to re- duce it to its simplest form, and then by writing it as a phrase or sentence, stamp it on the mind, and let it ring in every word that is spoken ; that is, let each word aid in carrying out the great idea, or in leading to the desired object, and be valued only so far as it does this. Those intermin- able discourses, that seem to commence anywhere and end nowhere, may be called sermons by courtesy, but they are not such in reality. The word " sermon " signifies " a thrust," which well expresses the concentrativeness and aggressiveness that should distinguish it, and which no- thing but a well-defined theme can give. It ought not to 76 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. glitter with detached beauties, like the starry heavens, but shine with the single, all-pervading radiance of the sun. This unity of theme and treatment is not easily preserved. It is hard to see in the mind's eye what we know would please and delight those who listen, and turn away and leave it, but it is often necessary to exercise this more than Spar- tan self-denial, if we would not reduce our sermons to mere random harangues. Not that illustration should be dis- carded, for the whole realm of nature may be pressed into this service, and a good illustration in the right place is often better than an argument. But nothing, whatever its nature, should be drawn in, unless it so perfectly coalesces with the parent idea, that a common vitality flows through them. If this is the case, the unity will be unbroken, though even then it often happens that the idea would pro- duce a better effect in connection with another theme, and should be reserved for it. Usage has established the practice of employing a ]>. of Scripture as the basis of a sermon. This is of great ad- vantage to the minister, for it gives the discourse something of divine sanction, and makes it more than a popular addivss. Opinion is divided as to whether it is best to select the text, and arrange the discourse to correspond with it, or reversing this order, to compose the sermon first, and thus secure the harmony that arises from having no disturbing idea, and at the last moment choose a text of Scripture that will fit it as nearly as possible. No doubt the comparative advantages of these methods will be to a great degree determined by the occasions on which they are used. When a subject is of great import- ance, and we wish to be precise in explaining it, we may adopt the latter method, but the former is more generally useful. There are so many valuable ideas and important suggestions in the words of Scripture, that we can ill afford to deprive ourselves of this help. For the Bible, with all its ideas, is common property. No minister need fear the charge of plagiarism, when he borrows, either in word or THE FOUNDATION. 77 thought from its inspired pages. He is God's ambassador, with the Bible for his letter of instruction, and the more freely he avails himself of it, if it be done skillfully, the better for the authority of his mission. We may often select a subject that appears dark and confused, but when we have found a passage of Scripture embracing the same idea, there may be something in it that will solve every doubt, and indicate the very thoughts we wish to enforce. For this reason we believe that under ordinary circum- stances, the practice of first constructing the sermon and only at the last moment before delivery, tacking on a text, is not the best. Another reason in favor of previously selecting the text is worth consideration. The people, who are not supposed to know anything of the subject, expect, when we read a passage of Scripture, as the foundation of our remarks, that it will be something more than a mere point of departure. They anticipate that it will be kept always in view, and fur- nish the key-note to the whole sermon. This is but reason- able, and if disappointed, they will not so well appreciate what is really good in the discourse. We would not sacri- fice unity to a mere rambling commentary on the words of the text. Let the subject be first in the mind and bend everything to itself. But let the text be next in importance, and the whole subject be unfolded with it always in view. It may be feared that the work of sermonizing will be ren- dered more difficult by observing this double guidance, but if a proper text be chosen one that, in its literal meaning, will embrace the subject the labor will be much lightened. It is a common fault to take a passage of Scripture con- sisting of a few words only, and put our own meaning upon it, without reference to the intention of the inspired writer who penned it. This borders very closely on irreverence. If we cannot use God's words in the sense he uses them, we had better speak without a text at all, and then our sin will only be a negative one. The taking of a few words divorced from their connection, and appending them to a discourse or 78 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. essay, that has no relation to their true meaning, is not less a profanation than it would be to prefix the motto, " Perfect love casteth out fear," to a fashionable novel. But when, on the other hand, we take a text that contains our subject, and expresses it clearly, we are prepared to compose a ser- mon to the best advantage. The subject present in our own mind runs through every part of the discourse, making it a living unity, instead of a collection of loose and disordered fragments ; while the text, being always kept in view by the hearers as well as by the speaker, leads all minds in the same direction, and gives divine sanction to every word that is spoken. It is not without reason that the people, whose tastes are nearly always right, though they may not be able to give a philosophical explanation of them, complain of their preacher when he does not " stick to his text." It is right that he should so adhere. A man of genius may neglect this precaution, and still succeed, as he would do, by mere intellectual force, were he to adopt any other course. But ordinary men cannot, with safety, follow the example of Sydney Smith. His vestry complained that he did not talk about the text he took, and, that he might the more easily reform, they advised him to divide his sermons as other preachers did. He promised to comply with their request, and the next Sabbath began, " We will divide our discourse this morning into three parts ; in the first place we will go vp to our text, in the second we will go through it, and in the third we will go FROM it." It was generally allowed that he succeeded best on the last division, but preachers who have not his genius had better omit it. These rules in relation to the absolute sway of object, subject and text, may appear harsh and rigid, but cannot be neglected with impunity. A true discourse of any kind is the orderly development of some one thought, with so much clearness, that it may ever afterward live as a point of light in the memory ; other ideas may cluster around it, but one must reign supreme. If it fails in this particular, nothing THE FOUNDATION. 79 else will redeem it. Brilliancy of thought and illustration will be wasted, as a sculptor's art would be on a block of clay. A man of profound genius once arose to preach before a great assemblage, and every breath was hushed to listen. He spoke with power, and some of his passages were full of thrilling eloquence. He poured forth beautiful images and deep solemn thoughts, with the utmost profusion. Yet when he took his seat a sense of utter disappointment filled the hearts of all present. The sermon was confused. No subject could be traced that bound it together, and made a point of union to which the memory might cling. Had he not read his text no one could have guessed it. It was a most impressive warning of the necessity of laying a founda- tion before erecting a magnificent structure. Had he adhered to the thoughts expressed in his text, which was one of the richest in the Scriptures, his eloquence and power would not have been thrown away. CHAPTER II. THE PLAN THOUGHT - GATHERING ARRANGING COM- MITTING. THE logical order of sermon preparation is, first, to gather the materials of which it is composed ; second, to select what is most fitting, and arrange the whole into perfect order ; third, to fix this in the mind, thus making it available at the moment of use. These processes are not necessarily separated in practice, but may be best considered in the order indicated. When we choose a subject for a sermon, and allow the mind to dwell upon it, it becomes a centre of attraction, and naturally draws all kindred ideas toward it. Old memories that have become dim in the lapse of time, are slowly hunted out and grouped around the parent thought, and each hour of study adds to the richness and variety of our stores. The relations between different and apparently widely-separ- ated things become visible, just as new stars are seen when we gaze intently toward them. Everything that the mind possesses is subjected to a rigid scrutiny, and all that appears to bear any relation to the subject is brought into view. A considerable period of time is usually required for the com- pletion of all this, and the longer it is continued the better, provided the interest felt is not abated. Such continuous reaches of thought form a principal ele- ment in the superiority of one mind over another. Even the mightiest genius cannot, at a single impulse, exhaust the ocean of truth that opens around every object of man's con- (80) THE PLAN. 81 templation. And it is only by viewing a subject in every aspect, that we can guard against superficial and one-sided impressions. But the continued exertion and toil which this implies are nearly always distasteful, and the majority of men can accomplish it only by a stern resolve. This ability, whether acquired or natural, is one of prime necessity, and the young minister, at the very first, should learn to thor- oughly investigate and finish every subject he undertakes, and continue the habit during life. This will generally de- termine the question of his success or failure, at least from an intellectual point of view. Thought is a mighty archi- tect, and if you keep him fully employed, he will build up, with slow and measured strokes, a gorgeous and enduring edifice on any subject within your mental range. You may weary of his labor, and think the wall rises very slowly, and will never be completed, but wait. The work will be fin- ished at last, and will be no ephemeral structure to be swept away by the first storm, but will stand unshaken on the basis of eternal truth. M. Bautain compares the accumulation of thought around a subject, to the almost imperceptible development of organic life. Striking as is the illustration, there is one marked point of dissimilarity. The growth of thought is voluntary, and may be arrested at any stage. Even a cessation of con- scious effort is fatal. To prevent this, and keep the mind employed until all its work is done, requires, with most per- sons, a regular and formal system. Profound thinkers, who take up a subject, and cannot leave it until it is traced into all its relations, and mastered in every part, and who have at the same time the power of long remembering the trains of thought that pass through their minds, may not need an artificial method. But these are exceptions to the general rule. We will give a method we have found useful for securing sermon materials, and allow others to adopt it so far as it may prove advantageous to them. Ideas are not always kept equally in view. Sometimes 4* 82 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. we may see one with great clearness, and after a little time lose it again, while another, at first invisible, comes into sight. Each one should be secured when it occurs. After the subject has been pondered for a sufficient length of time, write all the thoughts that are suggested on it, taking no care for the arrangement, but only putting down a word or brief sentence that will recall the idea intended. After everything that presents itself has thus been rendered per- manent, the paper containing these items may be put away, and the subject recommitted to the mind. As other ideas arise, let them be recorded in the same way, and the process extended over days together. Sometimes new images and conceptions will continue to float into the mental horizon even for weeks. Most persons who have not tried this simple process, will be surprised to find how many thoughts they have on the commonest topic. If some of this gathered matter remains vague and indefinite, it will only be necessary to give it more time, more earnest thought, and all obscurity will vanish. At last, there comes a consciousness that the mind's power on that theme is exhausted. If we also feel that we possess all the requisite material, this part of our work is ended. But more frequently there will be a sense of incompleteness, and we are driven to seek what we need elsewhere. The next step is the obtaining of new facts. We have thus far dealt with what the mind itself possesses, and have only sought to make that previously-accumulated knowledge fully available. But when this stage is reached, we hunger for more extended information. We read the works of those who have treated on the themes we are discussing, converse with well-informed persons, observe the world closely, and at last find the very idea we want. We receive it with joy, and from thenceforth it becomes a part of our being. We place the treasure on paper with other items, and con- tinue to search until we have all we desire. It often hap- pens that we do not find exactly the object of our search, but strike on some chain that guides us to it through the THE PLAN. 83 subtile principles of association. It is only the more wel- come because we have thus traced it out. We have on paper, at last, and often after much toil, a number of confused, unarranged notes. The whole mass relates to the subject, but much is unfitting, and all requires, by another process, to be cast into order and harmony. The first step in this direction is to omit everything not necessary to the purpose of the sermon. This is a matter of great importance. It has been said that the principal difference between a wise man and a fool is, that the one utters all his thoughts, while the other gives only his best to the world. Nearly every man has, at times, thoughts that would profit mankind, and if these are carefully selected from the puerili- ties by which they may be surrounded, the result cannot but be valuable. And if this cautious selection be needed on general topics, it is still more imperative in the ministry of the Word. The preacher must beware of giving any- thing repugnant to the spirit of his mission. And the neces- sity of a purpose running through his whole discourse, which we have before enlarged on, compels him to strike out each item at variance with it. It is well to carefully read over our scattered notes after the fervor of composition has sub- sided, and erase all that are unfitting. Sometimes this will leave very few ideas remaining, and we are obliged to search for others to complete the sermon. This can be continued until we have gathered a sufficient mass of clearly connected thoughts to accomplish the object in view. Next follows the task of constructing the plan for the intended sermon. Unless this is well done, success is im- possible. The mightiest results are obtained in oratory by the slow process of words, one following another. Each one should bear forward the current of thought in the right direction, and be a help to all that follow. And as, in ex- tempore speech, these words are given forth on the spur of the moment, it becomes necessary to so arrange that the proper thought to be dissolved into words, may always be presented to the mind at the right time. 84 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. In some cases this disposition of parts is quite easy. A course indicated by the very nature of the subject will spring into view, and relieve us of further embarrassment. But often this portion of our task will require severe thought. Many different kinds of plans have been specified by wri- ters on Homiletics. We will be contented with four divis- ions, based on the mode of construction. The first, we may call the narrative method. It is princi- pally used when some scripture history forms the basis of the sermon. In it the different parts of the plan are arranged according to the order of time, except when some particular reason, borrowed from the other methods, intervenes. When there are few or none of these portions which give it a com- posite character, the development proceeds with all the sim- plicity of a story. Many beautiful sermons have been thus constructed. A second method is the textual. Each part of the sermon rests on some of the words or clauses of the text, and these suggest the order of its unfolding, although they may be changed to make it correspond more nearly to the narra- tive, or the logical methods. This kind of plan has an ob- vious advantage in assisting the memory by suggesting each part at the proper time. The logical method is the third we will describe. A topic is taken, and without reference to the order of time or the words of the text, is unfolded as a proposition in Geometry each thought being preliminary to that which follows, and the whole ending in the demonstration of some great truth, and the deduction of its legitimate corollaries. This method is exceedingly valuable in many cases, if not pressed too far. The last method, and the one employed more frequently than all the others, is the divisional. It is the military arrangement, for in it the whole sermon is organized like an army. All the detached items are brought into related groups, each governed by a principal thought, and these again are held in strict subordination to the supreme idea ; or, to change the figure, the entire mass resembles a tree, THE PLAtf. 85 with its single trunk, its branches subdivided into smaller ones, and all covered with a beautiful robe of leaves, that rounds its form into graceful outlines, even as the flow of words harmonizes our prepared thoughts, into the unity of a living discourse. A subject will many times arrange itself almost sponta- neously into several different parts, which thus form the proper divisions, and these again may be easily analyzed into their sub-divisions. Even when this is not the case, we will see, as we examine our jottings, that a few of the ideas stand out in especial prominence, and with a little close study of relations and affinities, all the others may be made to group themselves around these. The individual ideas which we put down on the first study of the subject, usually form the sub-divisions, and some generalization of them the divisions. It is well not to make the branches of a subject too numer- ous, or they will introduce confusion, and fail to be remem- bered. From two to four divisions, wth two or three sub-divisions under each, are in a majority of cases better than a larger number. The tendency to multiply them almost 1 infinitely, which was formerly very prevalent, and is still too common, receives a merciless, but well-de- served rebuke from Stephens, in his " Preaching Required by the Times." He is criticising a popular "Preacher's Manual " : " These more than six hundred pages are devoted exclu- sively to the technicalities of sermonizing. We almost per- spire as we trace down the tables of contents. Our eye is arrested by the * divisions ' of a subject and here we have no less than ' nine kinds of divisions :' the * Exegetical Di- vision,' the ' Accomodational Division,' the ' Regular Di- vision,' the ' Interrogative Division,' the * Observational Division,' the ' Prepositional Division,' etc, ; and then come the ' Rise from Species to Genus,' the * Descent from Genus to Species.' And then again we have exordiums : * Narrative Exordiums,' ' Expository Exordiums,' 'Argument- 86 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. ative Exordiums,' ' Observational Exordiums,' ' Applicatory Exordiums,' ' Topical Exordiums,' and, alas for us ! even ' Extra-Topical Exordiums.' Ones thoughts turn away from a scene like this spontaneously to the Litany, and query if there should not be a new prayer there. " But this is not all. Here are about thirty stubborn pages to tell you how to make a comment on your text, and we have the ' Eulogistic Comment ' and the ' Dislogistic Comment,' (turn to your dictionary, reader ; we cannot stop in the race to define), c Argumentative Comment ' and the c Contemplative Comment,' the ' Hyperbolical Comment,' the 4 Interrogative Comment,' and the list tapers off at last with what it ought to have begun and ended with, the ' Expository Comment.' " And even this is not all. Here is a section on the ' Dif- ferent kinds of Address,' and behold the astute analysis : ' The Appellatory, the Entreating, the Expostulatory, the Remedial, the Directive, the Encouraging, the Consoling, the Elevating, the Alarming, the Tender, the Indignant, the Abrupt.' t This is the way that the art l Homiletic ' would teach us when and how to be ' Tender,' ' Indignant,' ' Consoling,' and even c Abrupt !' l Nonsense !' " Yes, { nonsense !' says any man of good sense in looking at this folly : a folly which would be less lamentable if it could only be kept to the homiletic professor's chair, but which has still an almost characteristic effect on pulpit elo- quence not only on the form of the sermon, but as a natu- ral consequence on its very animus. This tireless author gives all these outlines as practical prescriptions. He even presents them in a precise formula. We must yield to the temptation to quote it. ' There are,' he says, ' certain tech- nical signs employed to distinguish the several parts of a discourse. The first class consists of the principal divisions, marked in* Roman letters, thus : L, II., III., IV., etc. Xext, the subdivisions of the first class, in figures, 1, 2, 3, etc. Under these, subdivisions of the second class, marked with a curve on THE PLAN. 87 the right, as 1), 2), 3), etc. Then, subdivisions of the third class, marked with two curves, as (1), (2), (3), etc. ; and under these, subdivisions of 'the fourth class, in crotchets, thus : [1], [2], [3]. As- " ' I. Principal division. 1. Subdivision of first class. 1). " second class. (1). " " third class. [1]. " " fourth class. " Mathematical this, certainly ; some of Euclid's problems are plainer. As a ' demonstration ' is obviously necessary, the author proceeds to give the outline of a sermon on ' The Diversity of Ministerial Gifts? from the text * Noio there are Diversities of Gifts? etc. He has but two ' General Divisions,' but makes up for their paucity by a generous allowance of 4 Subdivisions.' His ' General Divisions ' are, I. 'Exemplify the Truth of the Text. II. Derive some Lessons of Instruction, etc., an arrangement simple and suitable enough for any popular audience, if he were content with it, but under the first head he has two ' subdivisions,' the first of which is re- duced to thirteen sub-subdivisions, and one of these thirteen again to seven sub-sub-subdivisions ! The second of his sub- divisions again divided into eight sub-subdivisions, while the 1 homily ' (alas for the name !) is completed by a merciless slashing of the second ' general division ' into no less than eight subdivisions. The honest author, when he takes breath at the end, seems to have some compunctious misgivings about this infinitesimal mincing of a noble theme, and re- minds the amazed student that though the plan should be followed ' in the composition of a sermon,' the ' minor divi- sions ' can be concealed from view in preaching; and he concludes the medley of nonsense with one sensible and very timely admonition : ' If a discourse contain a considerable number of divisions and subdivisions, care should be taken to fill up the respective parts with suitable matter, or it will be, indeed, a mere skeleton bones strung together ' very many and very dry !' " 88 EXTEMPOKE SPEAKING. "When we have accumulated our materials, stricken out all not needed, and determined what shall be the character of our plan, the remainder of the work must be left to individual taste and judgment. No rules can be given that will meet every case. We might direct to put first what is most easily comprehended, what is necessary for understanding other portions, and also what is least likely to be disputed. But beyond these obvious directions little aid can be given. The preacher must form his own ideal, and work up to it. He may profitably examine sermon skeletons, to learn what such forms should be. And when he hears good discourses he may look beneath the burning words, and see what are the merits of the frame-work on which they rest. This may render him dissatisfied with his own achievements, but such dissatisfaction is the best pledge of earnest effort for higher results. A certain means of improvement is to bestow a great deal of time and thought on the formation of plans, and make no disposition of any part without a satisfactory reason. If this course is faithfully continued, the power to arrange properly will be acquired, and firm, coherent, and logical sermons be constructed. There are certain characteristics that each sermon skeleton should possess. It must indicate the nature of the discourse, and mark out each of its steps with accuracy. Any want of definiteness is a fatal defect. The orator must feel that he can rely absolutely on it for guidance to the end of his dis- course, or be in perpetual danger of embarrassment and con- fusion. Each clause should express a distinct idea, and but one. If it contain anything that is included under another head, we fall into wearisome repetition, the great danger of extempore preachers. But if discordant and disconnected thoughts are grouped together, we are liable to forget some of them, and in returning, destroy the order of the sermon. A brief plan is better than a long one. Often a single word will recall an idea as perfectly as many sentences would do, and will burden the memory less. We do not expect the draft THE PLAN. 89 of a house to equal the building in size, but only to indicate the position and proportion of its apartments. The plan cannot supply the thought, but, indicating what exists in the mind, it shows how to bring it forth in regular order. It is a pathway leading to a definite end, and like all roads, its crowning merits are directness and smoothness. Without these, it will perplex and hinder rather than aid. Every word in the plan should express, or assist in express- ing an idea, and be so firmly bound to it that the two can- not be separated by any exigency of speech. It is per- perplexing in the heat of discourse to have a prepared note lose the idea attached to it, and become merely an empty word. But if the conception is clear, and the most fitting term has been chosen to embody it, this cannot easily hap- pen. A familiar idea may be noted very briefly, while one that is new requires to be more fully expressed. Most ser- mon skeletons may be brought within the compass of a hun- dred words, and every part be clear to the mind that con- ceived it, though, perhaps not, comprehensible by any other. It is not always best to present the divisions and sub- divisions in preaching. The congregation do not care how a sermon has been constructed, provided it comes to them warm and pulsating with life. To give the plan of a sermon before the sermon itself, is contrary to the analogy of nature. She does not require us to look upon a grisly skeleton before we can see a living body. It is no less objectionable to name the parts and numbers of the sketch during the dis- course, for bones that project through the skin are very uncomely. The people will not suffer, if we keep all the divisions to ourselves, for they are only professional de- vices to render our share of the work easier. Much of the proverbial " dryness " of sermons arises from displaying all the processes we employ. A hotel that would have its beef killed and dressed before its guests at dinner, would not be likely to retain its patronage. Whenever we hear a minister state his plan in full, and take up " firstly " and 90 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. announce the sub-divisions under it, we prepare our patience for a severe test. What the people need, are deep, strong appeals to their hearts, through which shines the lightning of great truths, and the sword of God's spirit smites not dry, dull divisions through which " it is easy to follow the preacher " a compli- ment often given, but always equivocal. A tree is far more beautiful when covered with waving foliage, even if some of the branches are hidden. Let the stream of eloquence sweep on in an unbroken flow, bearing with it all hearts, but giving no indication of the manner in which it is guided ; or, better still, let it move with the impetus of the cannon ball, overthrowing everything in its path, but not proclaim- ing in advance the mark toward which it is flying ! We should go as far in the plan as we intend to do in the sermon, and know just where to stop. Then we arise with confidence, for we are sure that we have something to say ; we know what it is ; and most important of all, we will know when it is finished. Most objections against extem- pore preaching apply only to discourses that have no gov- erning plan. When this is firm and clear, there is no more danger of saying what we do not intend, or of running into endless digressions, than if we wrote every word. Indeed there is no better way to compose a written sermon, than by first arranging a plan. But it may be urged that this laborious preparation this careful placing of every thought will require as much time as to write in full. It may at first. The mind needs to be trained in the work, and it will be of great advantage even as a mental discipline. But it grows easier with practice, until the preparation of two sermons a week will not be felt as a burden will only afford grateful topics of thought while busied at other labor. The direct toil of a mature preacher may not exceed an hour per week. The sermon is now clearly indicated. A plan has been prepared that fixes each thought to be expressed in its proper place. There is no further danger of the looseness THE PLAN. 91 and desultoriness that are not unfrequently supposed to be peculiar to extemporaneous speech. It is possible, in the moment of utterance, to leave the beaten track, and give expression to any new ideas that may be suggested. But there is a sure foundation laid a course marked out that has been deeply premeditated, and which gives certainty to all we say. But it is not enough to have the plan on paper. As it came from the mind at first in detached items, it must, in its completed state, be restored to it again. Some ministers are not willing to take the trouble of committing their skele- tons to memory, but lay the paper before them, and speak on one point until that is exhausted, and then look up the next, which is treated in the same manner. This tends powerfully to impair the unity of the discourse, which should be unbroken, and to make each note the theme of a short, independent dissertation, rather than an integral part of the whole. The minister reaches a point where he does not know what is to come next, and on the brink of that gulf looks down at his notes, and after a search, perhaps finds what he wants. Had this latter thought existed in his mind, it would have been taken notice of in time, and the close of the preceding one bent into harmony with it. The direct address of the preacher to the people, which they value so much, is interfered with in the same way, for his eye must rest, part of the time, on his notes. The divisions also of the sermon are apt to be mentioned, for it is hard for the tongue to refrain from pronouncing the words that the eye is glancing over. For all these reasons we believe that notes should seldom, if ever, be used in the pulpit. They remedy none of the acknowledged defects of extempore speaking, but add to them the coldness and formality of reading. Those who cannot trust the mind alone had better go further, and read their sermons with what earnestness they can command, and thus secure the elegant finish supposed to be attainable only in written compositions. 92 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. But not all who use notes thus abuse them. Many employ them merely to prevent possible forgetfulness, and perhaps do not look at them once during the sermon. Yet it is still better to carry them in the pocket, and thus avoid the appear- ance of servile dependence, while they would still guard against such a misfortune as befel the Abbe Bantam, who, on ascending the pulpit to preach before the French king and court, found that he had forgotten the subject, plan and text ! By committing the plan to memory the mind takes pos- session of the whole subject. It is brought into one view, and if any part is inconsistent with the main discussion, the defect will be seen at once. If the plan is properly con- structed, the mind is then in the best possible condition for speech. The object is fixed in the heart, and will fire it to earnestness and zeal, and the subject is spread out before the mind's eye, while the two meet and mingle in such a way as to give life and vitality to every part. This is just what is needed in true preaching. The speaker's soul, heated by the contemplation of his object, penetrates every part of his theme, investing it with an interest that compels attention. All the power he possesses is brought to bear directly on the people. We can scarcely imagine a great reformer one who has shaken the nations to have adopted any other method of address. Think of Xavier or Luther with their notes spread out before them, while addressing the multi- tudes who hung on their lips ! The Presbyterian elder who once prayed in the presence of his note-using pastor: "O Lord ! teach thy servants to speak from the heart to the heart, and not from a little piece of paper, as the manner of some is !" was not far wrong. It is well to commit the plan to memory a considerable time before entering the pulpit. There is then less liability of forgetting some portion of it, and it takes more complete possession of the mind. This is less important when we preach on subjects with which we are perfectly familiar, for then " out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speak- THE PLAN. 93 eth." But we are not always so favored. Even if the salient features are well known, some of the minor parts may require close consideration. This cannot be so well bestowed until after the plan is completely prepared, for before that time there is danger that much of our attention may be given to some idea which may be ultimately rejected, or changed with the plan. But when the plan is finished, each idea has set- tled into its place. If obscurity still rests anywhere, it will be seen at once, and the strength of the mind brought to bear on that particular point. The impressions then made are easily retained, because associated with a part of the prepared outline. Such deep meditation on each division of the sermon can scarcely fail to make it original in the truest sense of the term, and weave it together with strong and massive thought. After the plan is committed to memory, we can meditate on its different portions, not only at the desk, but every- where. As we walk from place to place, or lie on our beds, or at any time find our minds free from other engagements, we can ponder the ideas that cluster around our subject until they grow perfectly familiar. Even when we are read- ing, brilliant thoughts may spring up, or those we possessed before take stronger and more definite shape. This course we would strongly urge on the young speaker. If diligently followed, it will be invaluable. Arrange the plan from which to speak as clearly as may be, and memorize it ; turn it over and over again ; ponder each idea and the manner of bringing it out ; study the connection between all the parts, until the whole, from beginning to end, appears perfectly plain and simple. This method of preparation has been so fully tested by experience, that its effectiveness is no longer questionable. It is important to grasp the whole subject, as nearly as possible, in a single idea in the same way that the future tree is compressed in the germ from which it springs. Then this one thought will suggest the entire discourse to the speaker, and at its conclusion will be left clear and positive 94 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. on the hearer's mind. It is true that some acute auditors may outrun a loose speaker, arrange his scattered fragments, supply his omissions, and arrive at the idea which has not yet formed itself in his own mind. Such persons often com- mend preachers who are incomprehensible to the majority of their audience. But it is not safe to trust their applause for they are exceedingly apt to be in the minority. After the plan is memorized, it is often of advantage to sketch the discourse in full ; if this is done in long hand, there is danger that its slowness will make it more of a word-study than what it is intended to be a test of ideas. Here short hand is valuable ; and its use in this manner will at once detect anything that may be wrong in the plan, for if all is well arranged there need be no pause in the most rapid composition. If we are able at one eifort to throw the whole into a dress of words, we can be confident that with the additional stimulus supplied by the presence of a congregation, it will be easy to do the same again. There should be no attempt, at the time of speaking, to recall the terms used in writing, but our command of language is usually improved by having so lately used many of the terms we will need again. Frequently there are fine pas- sages in the sermons thus struck off at white heat which we would not willingly forget, yet it is better to make no effort to remember them, for we are almost certain to rise even higher in the excitement of speech. Those who cannot write at a speed approaching that of the tongue, and who wish a little more assistance than is fur- nished by the plan, can make a brief sketch of it a compact and intelligible model of the whole subject. A discourse that requires an hour in delivery may be compressed into a wonderfully small compass, without a material thought being omitted or obscurely indicated. Such a sketch differs from the plan in clearly expressing all the ideas that under- lie the discourse, while the latter would be unintelligible to any but the writer. The one is only a t'e\v marks thrown out into the field of thought, by which an intended path- THE PLAN. 95 way is indicated ; the other is an exceedingly brief view of the thoughts themselves, without adornment or verbiage. Some speakers who might feel insecure in trusting" the notes and hints of the plan, would feel free to enlarge on a statement of their thoughts, so brief as to require only two or three minutes for reading. But this is only an expedient, and need not be adopted by those who have confidence in their trained and cultivated powers. The method of committing to memory a skeleton for the purpose of securing our accumulations, is widely different from the systems of Mnemonics that were once so current. Ideas are linked together by natural, not artificial asso- ciations. It is the grasping of one thought that points to another, or dissolves, as we gaze upon it, into minuter ones, and is, in most instances, based upon that rigid analy- sis which cannot be dispensed with even by those who would think exactly. All who write their sermons would do well to adopt it. Strict analysis and broad generaliza- tion are the foundation of all science, and if the preacher builds upon them the world of spiritual truth will yield him its treasures. After a plan has been fully prepared it may easily be pre- served for future use, by being copied into a book kept for the purpose, or, what is more convenient in practice, folded into an envelope, with the subject written on the back. By the latter means a large number may be preserved in such form as to be readily consulted. These can be improved as our knowledge increases, so as to be, at any time, the com- plete expression of our ability on the theme treated of. CHAPTER m. PRELIMINARIES FEAR VIGOR OPENING EXERCISES. IT is an anxious moment when, after having completed his preparation, the preacher awaits the time for beginning his intellectual battle. Men who are physically brave often tremble in this emergency. The shame of failure appears worse than death itself, and as the soldier feels more of cold and shrinking terror while listening for the peal of the first gun, than when the conflict deepens into blood around him, so the speaker suffers more in this moment of expectancy than in any that comes after. He sees the danger in its full magnitude without the inspiration that attends it. Yet he must remain calm and collected, for unless he is mas- ter of himself, he cannot expect to rule the multitude before him. He must keep his material well in hand, that it may be used at the proper time, although it is not best to be con- tinually conning over what he has to say. The latter would destroy the freshness of his matter, and bring him to the de- cisive test weary and jaded. He only needs to be assured that his thoughts are within reach. It is very seldom possible to banish all fear, and it is to the speaker's advantage that he cannot. His timidity arises from several causes, which differ widely in the effects they produce. A conscious want of preparation is one of the most distressing of these. When this proceeds from willful neglect no pity need be felt, although the penalty should be severe. If the speaker's object is only to win reputation to pander to his own vanity he will feel more terrified than (96) PRELIMINARIES. 97 if his motive were worthy. Such is often the position of the uncalled minister. He can have no help from on high, and all his prayers for divine assistance are a mere mockery. But if we speak because we dare not refrain, a mighty point is gained, for then failure is no reproach. And the less of earthly pride or ambition mingles with our motives, the more completely can we rely on the help of the Spirit. Another cause of fear is less unworthy. The glorious work in which we are engaged may suffer from our insufficiency ; for, while God will bless the truth when given in its own beauty and power, there is still scope enough for all the vigor of intellect, and the strongest preacher feels the respon- sibility of rightly using his powers resting heavily upon him. A general dread, that cannot be analyzed or accounted for, is perhaps more keenly felt than any other. Persons who have never spoken sometimes make light of it, but no one will ever do so who has experienced it. The soldier, who has never witnessed a battle, or felt the air throb with the explosion of cannon, or heard the awful cries of the wounded, is often a great braggart, while " the scarred veteran of a hundred fights " never speaks of the carnival of blood with- out shuddering, and would be the last, but for the call of duty, to brave the danger he knows so well. A few speak- ers never feel such fear, but it is because they do not know what true speaking is. They have never felt the full tide of inspiration that sometimes lifts the orator far. above his ordinary conceptions. They only come forward to relieve themselves of the interminable stream of twaddle that wells spontaneously to their lips, and can well be spared the pangs that precede the birth of a profound and living discourse. This kind of fear belongs to oratory of any character, but especially to that which deals with sacred themes. It resem- bles the awe felt on the eve of all great enterprises, and when excessive, as it is in some highly gifted and sensitive minds, it constitutes an absolute bar to public speech. But in most cases it is a source of inspiration rather than of repression. There is a strange sensation often experienced in the 5 98 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING presence of an audience before speaking. It may proceed from the united electric influence of the many eyes that are turned upon the speaker, especially if he catches their gaze. It may enchain him and leave him powerless, unless he rises superior to it, and, throwing it backward to its source, makes it the medium of his most subtile conquests. Most speakers have felt this in a nameless thrill, a real something, pervading the atmosphere, tangible, evanescent, indescribable. All writers have borne testimony to the effect of a speaker's glance in impressing an audience. Why should not their eyes have a reciprocal power ? By dwelling on the object for which we speak, and en- deavoring to realize its full importance, we will in a measure lose sight of the danger to be incurred, and our minds be more likely to remain in a calm and tranquil state. But no resource is equal to the sovereign one of prayer. The Lord will remember his servants when they are laboring in his cause, and grant a divine influence to prepare them for the work. No change in the plan should be made just before speaking, for it will almost inevitably produce confusion. Yet this error is very difficult to avoid. The mind has a natural ten- dency to be going over the same ground, revising and test- ing every point, and is liable to make changes, the conse- quences of which cannot at once be foreseen. After all necessary preparation has been made, we should wait the result quietly and hopefully. Over-study is possible, and when accompanied by great solicitude, is a sure means of driving away all interest from the subject. If the eye be fixed too long upon one object, with a steadfast gaze, it will be unable to see at all. So the mind, if confined to one point for a great period, will lose its vivacity, and grow weary. Nothing can compensate for the want of elasticity and vigor in the act of delivery. It is not enough to enu- merate a dry list of particulars, but we must enter into their spirit with the deepest interest. This cannot be counter- feited. To clearly arrange, and weigh every thought that PRELIMINARIES. 99 belongs to the subject, lay it aside until the time for speech, and then enter upon it with only such a momentary glance as will assure us that all is right, is doubtless the method to make our strength fully available. To await the decisive moment with calm self-confidence, is very difficult, especially for begin- ners, but the ability to do it may be acquired by judicious prac- tice and firm resolution. M. Bautain, whose experience was very extensive, says that he has sometimes felt so confident of his preparation, as to fall asleep while waiting to be sum- moned to the pulpit ! But those who misimprove the last moments by too much thought, form the smallest class. Many, through mere indo- lence, permit the finer lines of the future discourse, that have been traced with so much care, to fade out. This not unfre- quently happens to those who preach a second or third time on the same subject. Because they have succeeded once, they imagine that the same success is always at command. This is a hurtful, though natural error. It is not enough to have the material for a sermon where it may be collected by a conscious and prolonged effort, but it must be in the fore- ground. There is no time, in the moment of delivery, for reviving half obliterated lines of memory. We once witnessed an instance of most unexpected failure from this cause. The speaker was much engrossed with other duties until the appointed hour, and then, having no leisure for preparation, he selected a sermon he had preached shortly before, and with the general course of which he was no doubt familiar. Yet when he endeavored to produce his thoughts they were not ready. He became embarrassed, and was finally compelled to take his seat in the midst of his intended discourse. It is well, during the last interval, to care for the strength of the body, for its condition will influence all the manifesta- tions of mind. It is said that the pearl-diver, before ventur- ing into the depths of the sea, always spends a few moments in deep breathing, and other bodily preparation. In the excitement of speech, the whirl and hurricane of emotion, it 100 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. is necessary that our physical condition should be such as to bear all the tension put upon it. Mental excitement wears down the body faster than muscular labor. To meet all its de- mands we must reserve our strength for the time it is needed ; for any illness will operate as a direct reduction of the orator's power, and he must not hope, under its influence, to realize full success. Holyoake makes the following pertinent observations in reference to this point : " Perhaps the lowest quality of the art of oratory, but one on many occasions of the first importance, is a certain robust and radiant physical health ; great volumes of animal heat. In the cold thinness of a morning audience, mere energy and mellowness is inestimable ; wisdom and learning would be harsh and unwelcome compared with a substantial man, who is quite a house-warming." The picture painted in romances of a speaker with atten- uated form, and trembling step, scarcely able to sustain his own weight as he ascends the platform, but who, the mo- ment he opens his lips, becomes transfigured in the blaze of eloquence, is more poetical than natural. Let the instru- ment be in perfect tune, and then can the hand of genius evoke from it sweet and thrilling music. As the time for speaking approaches every fatiguing exer- tion should be avoided. In the " Rudiments of Public Speaking," Holyoake gives a passage from his own experience which well illustrates this : " One Saturday I walked from Sheffield to Huddersfield to deliver on the Sunday two anniversary lectures. It was my first appearance there, and I was ambitious to acquit myself well. But in the morning I was utterly unable to do more than talk half inaudibly and quite incoherently. In the evening I was tolerable, but my voice was weak. My annoyance was excessive. I was a paradox to myself. My power seemed to come and go by some eccentric law of its own. I did not find out till years after that the utter exhaustion of my strength had exhausted the powers of speech and thought, 101 and that entire repose instead of entire fatigue should have been the preparation for public speaking." Absolute rest is not generally advisable, for then the preacher would enter the pulpit with languid mind and slowly beating pulse, and would require some time to over- come this state. A brisk walk, when the health is good, will invigorate and refresh all his faculties, and in part pre- vent the feebleness and faintness of a listless introduction, by enabling him to grasp the whole subject at once, and launch right into the heart of it. Should any one doubt the power of exercise to produce this effect, let him, when per- plexed with difficult questions in his study, start out over fields and hills, and review the matter in the open air. If the minister cannot secure this kind of exercise he may eas- ily find a substitute. If alone, he can pace back and forth, and swing his arms, until the circulation becomes brisk, and pours a stream of arterial blood to the brain that will sup- ply all its demands. Another simple exercise will often prove of great advan- tage. It is well known that many ministers injure them- selves by speaking too much from the throat. This results from improper breathing from elevating the upper part of the chest instead of pressing the abdomen downward and outward, causing the air to pass through the whole length of the lungs. To breathe properly is always important, and does much to prevent chest and throat diseases. But it is worthy of the most careful attention on the part of the speaker, for by it alone can he attain full compass and range of voice. But in animated extempore speech there is no time to think of the voice at all, and the only method possible is to make the right way so habitual that it will be adopted instinctively. This will be greatly promoted if, just before beginning to speak, we will breathe deeply a number of times, inflating the lungs completely to their extremities. At this last hour, the speaker must not dwell upon the dangers he is about to encounter, or picture the desirability of escape from them. He has taken every precaution and 102 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. made every preparation. Nothing remains for him but to put his trust in God, and bravely do his duty. The order of opening services is different in the different churches, but in all they are of great advantage to the min- ister by overcoming excessive timidity, and giving an easy introduction to the audience. The hymn, or psalm, is to be read, which is not a very embarrassing task, and in doing it he becomes familiar with the sound of his own voice. Yet it requires many rare qualities to read well. Good sense and modesty are essential. The theatric method, sometimes admired, exaggerating every tone, and performing strange acrobatic feats of sound, tends to dispel the solemn awe and reverence that should gather around the sanctuary. Let the hymn be read quietly, with room for rise as well as fall, and all be perfectly natural and unaffected. The sentiment ex- pressed by the voice should correspond with the meaning of the words. Even in this preliminary exercise, it is possible to strike a chord that will vibrate in unison through the hearts of preacher and people. Prayer is still more important. When it is read, the same remarks apply as to the reading of the hymns. Each word should be made the echo of an inward feeling. But in most American churches prayer is extempore. The minister ad- dresses heaven in his own words, on behalf of himself and congregation. The golden rule here is to pray really to God. That minister had no reason to feel flattered, whose prayer was commended as the most eloquent ever offered to a Boston congregation ! The mass of humanity before us should only be thought of, in order to express their wants, and to intercede for them at a throne of grace. The simpler our language the better it is fitted for this purpose. Gaudy rhetoric, and even the charm of melodious words, if in the slightest degree sought for, is out of place. The only praise that should be desired from a congregation, in regard to their pastor's prayers, is the acknowledgment that their holy yearnings and aspirations, as well as their needs, have been clearly expressed. All beyond this is disgust ing. PRELIMINARIES. 103 Neither should fervid utterance be strained after. If deep emotions arise, and express themselves in the voice, it is well. But without these, mere loudness of tone will be empty noise ; the prayer will be the hardest part of the service ; and complex metaphors and profuse poetical quota- tions will afford very inadequate relief. But if the heart be full it is easy to pray, and this renders all the remainder of the service easier. A bond of true spiritual sympathy unites the preacher with all the good in his congregation, and as he rises to speak, their prayers are given for his success. CHAPTER IV. THE DIVISIONS INTRODUCTION DISCUSSION CONCLUSION. THE sermon is the culmination of ministerial labor. Other duties are important, but preaching is highest of all. Ex- ample, conversation, private influence, only prepare the way for the great Sabbath work. In it the minister can speak to the assembled multitude with the freedom and boldness of truth. The believer receives deeper insight into God's ways, and directions for his own walk. The careless listen while he denounces impending wrath and shows the only means of escape. He wields tremendous power, and if sin- cere and unselfish, he cannot fail to win stars for his heavenly crown. We will consider the sermon under the three parts of introduction, discussion and conclusion. It is often divided more minutely, but these will be sufficient for our purpose. Nothing is harder to frame than a good introduction. It is indispensable, for, however we may approach our subject there is a first moment when silence is broken and our thoughts introduced. The rustle of closing hymn books and the subsiding inurmur of the audience, tell the speaker that the time has come. If he be sensitive, or has never spoken before, his pulse beats fast, his face flushes, an inde- scribable feeling of faintness and fear thrills every nerve. He advances to the pulpit, and reads from the Bible the words that are to be the warrant for his utterances, and breathing a silent prayer for help, opens his lips, and hears the tremulous echo of his own voice. There is a vast difference between reciting and extempor- 104 THE DIVISIONS. 105 izing at first, and the advantage is all on the side of recita- tion. Every word is in its proper place, and the speaker is perfectly calm and self-confident. He is sure that his mem- ory will not fail in the opening, and will usually throw his whole power into it, causing his voice to ring clear and loud over the house. But it is diiferent with the extempore speaker. He is sure of nothing, and the weight of the whole speech is heavy on his mind. He is glancing ahead, striving to forecast the coming sentences, as well as caring for those gliding over the tongue, and his first expressions may be feeble and ungraceful. Yet this display of modesty and timidity will conciliate the audience and secure their good will. We can scarcely fail to distinguish an extem- porized discourse from a recited one, by the difference in the introduction alone. Some persons commit the opening passages of the sermon, to avoid the pain and hesitancy of an unstudied beginning. But while this may accomplish the immediate object, it is apt to be at the expense of the remaining part of the dis- course. The mind cannot pass easily from recitation to ex- temporization, and the voice, being too freely used at first, loses its power. The hearers having listened to highly pol- ished language, cannot so well relish the plain words that follow, and the whole sermon, which, like the condor, may have pitched from Alpine summits, falls fast and far until the lowest level is reached. A written introduction may be modest and unpretending, but unless it is exactly like un- studied speech there will be a painful transition. A favorite method of avoiding these difficulties is to make no formal introduction, but plunge at once into the heart of the subject. Occasionally, this can be done to good advan- tage, and tends to prevent a monotonous uniformity. But as a rule it is better to prepare the minds of our hearers by all needed observations, and gradually lead them to our sub- ject. The introduction should not be left to the chance of the moment. It requires more careful study than any other 5* 106 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. part of the sermon, for the tide of speech, which may after- ward bear us over many barriers, is riot then in full flow. But the preparation should be general, and not extend to the words. A first sentence may be forecast, but much be- yond this will do harm. For the introduction should not be the part of the discourse longest remembered. It would be better to omit it, than to have the attention distracted from the main subject. For this reason nothing far-fetched or hard to be understood should be admitted. But, beginning with some familiar thought closely connected with the text, it should remove difficulties and open the whole subject for discussion. Much is gained if, at the outset, we can arrest the atten- tion and w r in the sympathy of our hearers. They come together from many different employments, with thoughts fixed on various objects, and it is a difficult task to remove these distracting influences and cause the assembly to dwell with intense interest on one subject. Sometimes a startling proposition will accomplish this end. Earnestness in the speaker tends powerfully toward it. But sameness must be carefully avoided. If every sermon is carried through an unvarying number of always-expressed divisions and sub- divisions, the hearer knows what is coming, and loses all curiosity. We have heard of a minister who made it a rule to consider the nature, reason and manner of everything he spoke of. He would ask the questions : " What is it ? Why is it ? How is it ?" The eloquence of Paul would not many times have redeemed such an arrangement. A considerable degree of inattention is to be expected in every audience at first, and the speaker's opening words may be unheard by many and unheeded by all. It is useless to attempt by violent means and loudness of voice to awaken them from their indifference. The preacher may safely bide his time. If his words have weight and his manner indi- cate confidence, one by one w r ill listen, until that electric thrill of sympathy, impossible to describe, but which can be felt as easily as an accord in music, will vibrate through the THE DIVISIONS. 107 hearts of all present. Then the orator's power is fully de- veloped, and it is delightful to use it. This silent, pulsating interest is more to be desired than vehement applause, for it cannot be counterfeited, and indicates that the hearts of the assemblage have been reached, and fused by the fires of eloquence, and are ready to be molded into any desired form. Happy the minister who has this experience, for if his own heart is enlightened by the Holy Spirit, he can stamp on the awakened multitude the seal of undying truth. The introduction should be plain, simple and direct. But its very simplicity renders it more difficult to construct. Preachers who are great in almost everything else, often fail by making their introductions too complicated, thus defeating their own purpose as surely as the engineer who gives his road such steep grades, that no train can pass over it. Others deliver a string of platitudes that no one wishes to hear, and the audience grows restive at the very beginning. When from these or other causes, the sermon is misbegun, the consequences are likely to be serious. The thought is forced home on the speaker, with icy. weight, that he is fail- ing, and this conviction paralyzes all his faculties. He talks on, but grows more and more embarrassed. Incoherent sentences drop from him, requiring painful explanation to pre- vent them from degenerating into perfect nonsense. The out- line of his plan dissolves into mist. The points he intended to make, and thought strong and important, now appear very trivial. He blunders on with little hope ahead. The room may grow dark before him, and in the excess of his discomfort, he ardently longs for the time when he can close without absolute disgrace. But, alas ! the end seems far off. In vain he searches for some avenue of escape. There is none. His throat becomes dry and parched, and the com- mand of his voice is lost. The audience grow restive, for they are tortured, as well as the speaker, and if he were malicious he might find some alleviation in this. But he has no time to think of it, or if he does, it reacts on himself. No one can hoi}) him. At last, in sheer desperation, he cuts 108 EXTEMPORE SPEAKI> 7 G. the Gordian knot, and stops perhaps seizing some swelling sentence, and hurling it as a farewell volley at the audience or speaks of the eternal rest, which no doubt appears very blissful in comparison with his own unrest then sits down bathed in sweat, and feeling that he is disgraced forever ! If he is very weak or foolish, he resolves that he will never speak again without manuscript, or, if wiser, that he will not only understand his discourse, but how to begin it. The passage from the introduction to the discussion should be gradual. To make the transition smoothly, and strike the subject just at the right point, continuing the interest that may have been previously excited, is a most important achievement. A strong, definite purpose materially assists in this, for it dwells equally in all parts of the sermon. The object is clearly in view, and we go right up to it with no wasted words, while the people cheerfully submit to our guidance because they see that we have an aim before us. But if this be absent we may steer around our subject, and are never quite ready to enter upon it, even if we are not wrecked at the outset. A careful preparation of the plan will do much to prevent this, but it is not enough, for the words and phrases are not to be prepared. With every precaution, the best of speakers may fail at this point, and the more brilliant the introduction the more marked will the failure be. When this danger is safely passed, he is in the open sea, and the triumphs of eloquence are before him. There is great pleasure in speaking well. An assembly hanging on the words, and thinking the thoughts of a single man, gives to him the most subtile kind of flattery, and he needs to beware how he yields to its influence, or his fall will be speedy and disastrous. The triumphs of oratory are very fascinating. The ability to sway our fellow men at will to bind them with the strong chain of our thought, and make them willing captives produces a delirious and intoxicating sense of power. But this is very transient, and unless taken advantage of at the moment, to work some enduring result, it fades, like the beautiful cloud-work of morning, before the THE DIVISION. 109 rising sun. Even during the continuance of a sermon it is hard to maintain the influence of a happy moment. Persons not unfrequently give utterance to some great and noble thought, that echoes in the hearts of the audience, and the nameless thrill of eloquence is felt, but some irrelevant phrase, or common-place sentiment dissolves all the charm. To avoid this, the whole discourse must be of a piece, and rise in power until the object is accomplished. Diffuseness is often supposed to be an essential quality of extemporaneous speech. It is not such, though many speak- ers do fall into it. The reason of this fault is that they are not content to place the subject in a strong light by one forcible and luminous expression, but say nearly what they mean, and continue their efforts until they are satisfied. They furnish no clear view of anything, but give a sort of twilight intimation of their idea. But serious as this fault is, it may easily be overcome. Exquisite finish, and elabor- ate arrangement are not to be expected in off-hand speech, but we may give force and true shading to every idea just as well as in writing. To express exactly what we mean at the first effort, is one of the greatest beauties of a spoken style. The hearer is filled with grateful surprise when some new and living idea is pjaced before him, clothed in a single word or sentence. But a diffuse speaker gives so many premonitions of his thought, that the audience comprehend it before he is half through the discussion, and are forced to await his ending, in listless weariness. He never receives credit for an original idea, because his advances toward it call up the same thought in the mind of his hearers, and when formally presented it has lost all novelty, and seems to be trite. The same study that will impart the power of condensa- tion in writing will do it in speech, for it can only be ob- tained in either by earnest, persevering effort. Frequently forecast what to say, and drive it into the fewest possible number of vivid, expressive words ; then, without memor- izing the language, reproduce the same thought briefly as 110 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. possible in the hurry of speech. It may be less compact than the studied production, but if so, let the effort be re- peated with the knowledge of where the defect is, and this continued until it can be cast into bold, well-defined outlines at a single impulse. This process, often repeated, will give the ability to condense, but in order to exercise it success- fully another quality is needed. We must be able to resist the seduction of fine language. No sentence should be introduced because it glitters or sparkles, for a single un- necessary word that requires others to explain its use, may damage a whole sermon. Let the best words be chosen with reference to beauty and impressiveness as well as strict appropriateness, but the latter must never be sacrificed. The danger of showy language in speech is greater than in a written composition, for if the writer be drawn too far away, he can go back and begin again, while the speaker has only one trial. If beauties lie in his way all the better, but he must never leave his path to search for them. Bishop Simpson's lecture on " The Future of our Country," was a model of compactness. Every gaudy ornament was discarded, and short, simple sentences conveyed ideas that would have furnished a florid speaker with inexhaustible material. The whole discourse was radiant with true beauty the beauty of thought shining through the drapery of words, and each idea, unweakened by any pause of expecta- tion, struck the mind as new truth, or the echo of what was felt, but never so well expressed before. We have seen directions for " expanding thought," and have heard young speakers admire the ease and skill with which it was done. But thoughts are not like medicines which require dilution in order to be more certain in their effects, and more readily taken. It is far better to give the essence of an idea, and go on to something else. If thoughts are too few, it is more profitable to dig and delve for others, than to attenuate and stretch what we have. We need deep, burning, throbbing conceptions that will live without arti- ficial aid. THE DIVISION. Ill A similar error exists in regard to the kind of language best adapted to oratory. High-sounding epithets and latin- ized words are sometimes supposed to be the proper dress of eloquence. These might give an impression of our learn- ing or wisdom to an ignorant audience, but could not strike the chords of living sympathy that link all hearts together. Language is only available as a medium, so far as hearer and speaker understand it in common. If we use a term the congregation have seldom heard, even if they can arrive at its meaning, it will lose all its force whilst they are striving to understand it. But one of the homely Saxon words that dwell on the lips of the people, will unlade its meaning in the heart as soon as its sound strikes the ear. For while uncommon words erect a barrier around thought, familiar ones are perhaps not noticed at all, leaving the feeling to strike directly to its mark. The only reason why Saxon derivatives are so powerful, is because they are usually the words of every-day life. But the test of usefulness is not in etymology. If terms of Latin or French origin have passed into the life of the people, they will serve the highest purpose of the orator. Of course, all debased and slang words should be rejected. We do not plead for " the familiarity that breeds contempt." The two great requisites in the use of words are, that they should exactly express our idea, and be familiar to the audience. Melody and association should not be despised, but they are secondary. Every sermon should have strong points upon which especial reliance is placed. A general has his choice bat- talions reserved to pierce the enemy's line at the decisive moment, and win the battle. It is important to know how to place these reserved thoughts, that all their weight may be felt. A crisis occurs in nearly every sermon a moment when a strong argument or a fervent appeal will produce the result intended, or when failure becomes inevitable just as a vigor- ous charge, or the arrival of reinforcements, will turn the 112 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. scale of battle, when the combatants grow weary and dis- pirited. The speaker, knowing what his object is, should so dispose his forces as to drive steadily toward it, and when within reach, put forth all his power in one mighty effort, achieving the result for which the whole speech was intended. If neglected, such chances seldom return, and an hour's talk may fail to accomplish as much as one good burning sentence thrown in at the right time. This should be foreseen, and the idea, which we know to be the key of our discourse, care- fully prepared in thought, not word. Quotations, either in prose or poetry, may be often used to good advantage, but should be short, appropriate and secondary. The grand effect of an extempore discourse must not depend on a borrowed passage, or its character will be changed, and its originality lost. We have all along taken it for granted that deep thought underlies the whole discourse. Without this, a sermon or any serious address deserves no success. Under some cir- cumstances nothing is expected but sound to tickle the ear. This is play, while the eloquence of the pulpit is solemn work. The very fact that the speaker has a solid and worthy foundation, gives him confidence. He knows that if his words are not ringing music, he will still have a claim on the attention of his auditors. It is not necessary that our thoughts should extend far beyond the depths of the common mind, for the most weighty truths lie nearest to the surface, and within the reach of all. But most men do not dwell long enough on one subject to un- derstand even its obvious features, and when these are fully mastered and presented in striking form, it is like a new rev- elation. A good illustration of this is found in the sublimity that Kitto imparts to the journeyings of the Israelites. Very few new facts are stated, but all are so arranged and vivified by a thoughtful mind, that the subject grows into new mean- ing. Let the preacher, by speaking extempore, save his time for investigation and study, and his sermons will soon have a charm beyond any jingling combination of words. THE DIVISION. 113 Is the minister, as he stands before a congregation with their eyes fixed upon him, to expect them to be overwhelmed by his eloquence ? Such a result is possible, but is seldom attained, especially when sought for. If persons attempt what is beyond their power, the only result will be to render themselves ridiculous. But good sense and solid usefulness are within the reach of all. Any man who studies a subject till he knows more about it than others do, can interest them in a fireside explanation, if they care for the matter at all. He communicates his facts in a plain style and they understand him. Many persons will sit delighted till mid- night to hear a man converse, but will go to sleep if he address them half an hour in public. In the first case he talks, and is simple and unaffected ; in the other he speaks, and uses a style stiffened up for the occasion. When Henry Clay was asked how he became so eloquent, he said he knew nothing about it ; when he commenced an address he had only the desire to speak what he had prepared (not com- mitted), and adhered to this until he was enwrapped in his subject and carried away, he knew not how. This is a char- acteristic of the modern, as opposed to the ancient, school of eloquence. The latter memorized, while our greatest speak- ers only arrange, and speak in a plain, business style, until hurried by the passion of the moment into bolder flights. If this does not happen, they still give a good and instruct- ive speech. These few considerations may be of use when the speaker stands in the pulpit, but he must rely on his own tact for the management of details. Closely observing the condi- tion of the audience, taking advantage of every favoring circumstance, he moves steadily towards his object. With an unobstructed road before him, which he has traveled in thought until it is familiar, he will advance with ease and certainty. As he gazes into the intent faces around, new ideas arise, and, if fitting, are woven into what was pre- viously prepared, often with thrilling effect. Each emotion kindled by sympathy will embody itself in words that touch 114 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. the heart as nothing prepared could do, and each moment his own conviction sinks deeper in the hearts of his hearers. There are three principal ways of concluding a sermon. The first, and most graceful, is to condense a clear view of the whole argument, and leave the audience with the comprehensive impression thus made. This is admirably adapted to discourses the principal object of which is to con- vince the understanding. To throw the whole sweep of the argument, every point of which has been enforced, into a few telling, easily remembered sentences, will go far to make the impression permanent. The old plan of closing with an exhortation, is perhaps the most generally beneficial. An application is the same thing in substance, only a little less pungent and personal. In it the whole sermon is made to bear on the duty of the moment. It should be closely connected with what went before; for a general exhortation, fitting the end of every sermon, cannot well apply to any. All the sermon should be gathered up, as it were, and hurled as a solid mass into the hearts and consciences of those whom we wish to affect, thus making it a real " thrust," of which the exhortation is the barbed point. It should be short, and no new matter introduced at the time the audience are expecting the end. The third method is to break off when the last item is finished. If the lines of the argument are few and simple, or so strong that they cannot fail to be remembered, there is no need to recapitulate them. And if the exhortation has kept pace with the progress of the sermon, there is no place for it at the close. If both these coincide, a formal conclu- sion would be a superfluity. It is only necessary to finish the development of the plan, care being taken that the last idea discussed shall be one of dignity and importance. This is simply stopping when done, and is certainly an easy method of closing, though, in practice, too often neglected. CHAPTER Y. AFTER CONSIDERATIONS SUCCESS REST IMPROVEMENT. WHEN we have concluded a fervent discourse, especially if successful, there comes a feeling of inexpressible relief. For the burden of a speech accumulates on the mind, from the time the subject is chosen, until it grows almost intoler- able. When we begin to speak all our powers are called into play, and exerted to the limit of their capacity. The excitement of the conflict hurries us on, and although we may not realize the gigantic exertions we put forth, yet when we pause, with the victory won, the sense of relief and security is exceedingly delightful. Yet we must not indulge too deeply in the self-gratulation so natural at such a moment. If we have conquered, it has been in God's name, not our own, and the first thing to be done is to offer him thanks for our preservation. This is but the complement of the prayers made at the beginning of the service, for if we ask help with fear and trembling, before the real perils of speech begin, it would be very wrong, in the hour of triumph, to cease to remember the arm upon which we leaned. But by pouring out our thankfulness to God, we are at the same time preserved from pride and undue exultation, and encour- aged to depend upon Him more fully the next time we speak. If the effort has been an earnest one, both mind and body need rest. There are speakers who profess to feel no fatigue after an hour's labor, but these seldom occupy a place in the first class. If the soul has really been engaged, and all the (115) 116 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. powers of mind and body bent to the accomplishment of a great object, relaxation must follow, and often a sense of utter prostration. It is well, if possible, to abandon ones- self to the luxury of rest that utter repose so sweet after severe labor. Even social intercourse should be avoided. A short sleep, even if only for a few minutes, will afford great relief, and it is much to be regretted that circum- stances so often interfere with the enjoyment of such a luxury. After the morning service, especially if the minis- ter has to preach again in the evening, all labor, even in the Sabbath-school, should be avoided, although, before preach- ing, such toil will only form a grateful introduction to the duties of the day. No practice is more pernicious than that of inviting the minister to meet company, at dinner-parties or elsewhere, immediately after service. This is objection- able for two reasons; the conversation at such parties sel- dom accords with the sanctity of the Sabbath, and if unex- ceptionable in this respect, a continued tax is made upon the already exhausted brain a tax greater during such a state of relaxation and languor, than ten-fold the labor would be at another period. Let the preacher, when he can, retire to the privacy of his own home, and there enjoy the freedom of untrammelled rest. It is well to ponder closely the lessons derived from each new experience in speaking. The minister can never exactly measure his own success, and may often lament as a failure that effort which has accomplished great good. He has in his mind an ideal of excellence by which he estimates his ser- mons. If this be placed very low, he may succeed in com- ing up to it, or even pass beyond it, without accomplishing anything worthy of praise. But in such a case he is apt to be well satisfied with the result. And often the sermons with which we are least pleased, are really the best. For in the mightiest efforts of mind the standard is placed very high sometimes beyond the limit of possible attainment, and the speaker works with his eye fixed upon the summit, and often, after all his exertions, sees it shining above him AFTER CONSIDERATIONS. 117 still, and closes with the conviction that his ideas are but half expressed. He feels mortified that there should be such difference between conception and execution. But his hearers, who have been led over untrodden fields of thought, know nothing of the heights still above the orator's head, and are filled with enthusiasm, or have received new im- pulses to good. This is the reason why we are least able to judge of the success of sermons that have been long medi- tated, and are thoroughly prepared. The subject expands as we study it, and its outlines become grander and vaster, until they pass beyond our power of representation. And each separate thought that is mastered also becomes familiar, and is not valued at its full worth by the speaker. If he had began to speak without thought, intending to give only the easy and common views of his subject, all would have been fresh to him, and if a striking idea presented itself, its nov- elty would have enhanced its appreciation. This is no rea- son against diligent preparation, but rather a strong argu- ment in favor of it. It should only stimulate us to improve our powers of expression as well as of conception. But with all these sources of uncertainty in our judgment of our own productions, we should not be indifferent to our perceptions of success or failure. In the, greater number of instances will be correct, and we can very frequently dis- cover the cause of either, and use this knowledge to future profit. Even if we imagine our failure to be extreme, we have no need to feel unduly discouraged. God can, and does, often work with the feeblest instruments, and the sermon we despise may accomplish its purpose. The writer preached one evening when very weary, and almost unprepared. From first to last a painful effort was required to find anything to say, and to prevent utter failure the intended plan had to be abandoned, and new, detached thoughts thrown in as they could be found. And yet that discourse, which was scarcely worthy of the name, elicited warmer approval, and apparently accomplished more good, than any one from the 118 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. same preacher ever given at that point. But such instances should never lead us to neglect all the preparation in our power, for usually when failure springs from a real defect, the verdict of the people will coincide with our own. However we may judge of our success it is not wise to ask any of our hearers for their opinion. We may observe any indications of the effect produced, and, if the criticisms of others are offered spontaneously, it is not necessary to repulse them, especially if they are marked by a spirit of candor and good will ; but all seeking for commendation is debasing. It is sweet to hear our sermons praised, and most of men can endure an amount of flattery addressed to them- selves, that would be disgusting if applied to others ; but if we indulge this disposition it will become ungovernable, and expose us to well-deserved ridicule. It is pitiable to see a man who is mighty in word and thought, who wields the vast powers of eloquence, stooping to beg crusts of indis- criminate praise from his hearers. Nothing contributes more to destroy our influence, and make our audience believe that we are merely actors, unaffected by the sublime truths we declare. It is well to think over our sermons after they have been preached, and if any defect appear, amend it in the plan, and add all the new ideas that may have been suggested dur- ing speech. This prepares us to preach still better when we have occasion to use the same plan a second time. Some ministers are accustomed to write their sermons after delivery. This may do well, especially when the theme is of great importance, but in general, it is questionable whether the advantage is great enough to warrant the ex- penditure of so much time. But to review and correct a verbatim report of our ser- mons would be far more profitable. If some short-hand writer a member of our family, or any other who is willing to take so much trouble will preserve our words for us, a revisal of them on Monday would be of immense benefit. The offensiveness of pet phrases, which we might otherwise AFTER CONSIDERATIONS. 119 be unconscious of for years, would be detected at once. Faults of expression, and especially the profuseness of words, in which extempore speakers are apt to indulge, would be forced upon our notice ; and if any really valuable ideas occurred, they could be preserved. There would be little use in writing the sermon over in full, for we would com- monly find that it might be reduced to one-third or one- fourth its bulk without material injury. The habitual con- densation of our sermons after delivery, would teach us to express our thoughts compactly even in speech. The only difficulty in applying this capital means of im- provement, is the small number of persons who can write short-hand with sufficient rapidity a difficulty that may be less in the future than it has been in the past, and can now be obviated by the minister's wife or daughters, who may have sufficient perseverance and devotion to master the laborious, but precious art for his sake. PART III. MISCELLANEOUS ADDRESSES. CHAPTER I. INSTRUCTIVE ADDEESS. WE will give only a brief consideration to the various fields of oratory outside the pulpit, because the greater num- ber of principles already laid down can be applied, with slight modifications, to any kind of speech. The different varieties of secular address may be divided as follows : I. Instructive Oratory. II. Legal " III. Deliberative " IV. Popular " Y. Controversial " We apply the first term to all oral teaching, more con- nected than question and answer, and to all lectures that have instruction for their primary object. This species of discourse differs from the sermon in the absence, of persua- sion, rather than in its positive character. The lecturer should thoroughly understand the topic he attempts to unfold, and place it in the clearest possible light. Much illustra- tion is needed, for the subject is usually a novel one to the greater portion of the audience, and can be best explained by comparison with familiar objects. It should have its strong central points, which can be easily remembered, and around which the minor parts of the discourse may be grouped, for if the whole consist of isolated facts poured (123) 124 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. forth without generalization or arrangement, no distinct im- pression will be left. Appeals to passion and emotion are less necessary in lec- tures than in most other kinds of speech. Yet so closely are heart and intellect connected, that we can arouse atten- tion, and secure a more durable result, if the facts we nar- rate are linked with the experiences and emotions of life. The practice of writing is even more prevalent when applied to lectures than to sermons, and the reasons urged in its favor have more plausibility. As the lecturer does not aim to move his hearers to immediate action, the advantauvs of direct address are less required. Still he wishes to inter- est them, and it may be questioned whether this can, in any case, be so well accomplished from manuscript. But it is urged that in a scientific lecture there are often too great a number of detached facts to be easily remembered. This may be true, but it suggests another important question : if they cannot be recalled by the speaker wlio has reviewed them again and again for days together, how can it be expected that those who only hear them read over once, will retain any distinct impression ? A clearer generalization of the whole discourse, and a proper arrangement of each fact under the principle which it illustrates, would go far to obviate both difficulties. Yet, in the use of statistics or other items, about which the speaker wishes to be precise, though lie may only care to give the audience a general con- ception of them, notes will be a great relief to the memory, and the statement of principles deduced can be still made in direct address. After a man has become so famous that each word he utters will be listened to with profound attention, because it comes from him, he may write safely. This is especially the case with those who have become authorities in their own departments of knowledge. What they say is received rather as a conclusion to argument, than as an assertion to la- weighed, and the calm, deliberate reading of such final state- ments has all needed inipressiveness. But if we have not INSTRUCTIVE ADDRESS. 125 attained this position, we had better employ every legiti- mate means to interest our audiences. It is often claimed by the advocates of reading, that a literary lecture must be written to secure the polish and smoothness needful in the treatment of such themes. It will not do, say they, to give, in our words and manner, an illustration of the absence of the very qualities we praise. But surely men can speak on a subject they understand in good grammar and fitting language, without having first placed each word on paper ! And if they attempt much beyond this they lead the mind of the hearer from the sub- ject to a consideration of the skill of the lecturer. We are ready to grant that compositions should be read, not spoken, when ever they cease to instruct about something else, and become an exhibition in themselves. A poet is right in reading his poem ; and even in prose, if we wish to call attention to our melodious words, and our skill in literary composition, instead of the subject we have nominally taken, it will be well to write. But the resulting composition will not be a lecture. The field for instructive lectures is constantly enlarging. In former times they were monopolized by university pro- fessors, and very few persons sought to teach the people. But this has changed. There are now many more schools where courses of lectures are given on various topics, and every town of any pretention has its annual lecture course. Even these are not sufficient to meet the increasing demand, and, as every community cannot pay Beecher or Gough from one to five hundred dollars for an evening's entertainment, there is abundant scope for humbler talent. Strolling lec- turers, without character or knowledge, reap a rich harvest from the credulity of the people. Even the noble science of phrenology is often disgraced by quacks, who perambu- late the country and pretend to explain its mysteries some- times telling character and fortunes at the same time. So far has this prostitution of talent and opportunity gone, that the village lecturer is often placed in a category with circus 126 EXTEMPOEE SPEAKING. clowns and negro minstrels. But this should not be, and no class could do more to prevent it than the clergy. If they would each prepare a lecture or two upon some important subject they have mastered, they could extend their useful- ness, and teach others besides their own flocks. Lecturers are becoming more numerous and popular. ISTew sciences and arts are continually springing into being, and there is no way that a knowledge of them can be so readily diffused among the masses of the people, as by public ad- dresses upon them. Even the oldest of the sciences As- tronomy has been brought to the knowledge of thousands who otherwise would have remained in ignorance of its mys- teries. It was thus that the lamented General O. M. Mitchel succeeded in awakening public interest, and in securing funds for the erection of his observatory at Cincinnati. Benefit lectures are very common. In these the services of the lecturer are given gratis, or for a nominal compensa- tion, and persons are induced to purchase tickets that some good cause may be benefited by the proceeds. This is the most pleasant of compromises, and is surely better than fairs, gift drawings, etc., although when the patronage of the pub- lic is thus secured for a lecture that has no real merit, the benefit is more questionable. The most important point in a lecture is that the subject be thoroughly understood, and so arranged that there may be no difficulty in grasping the whole thought. Vivacity and life will prevent the audience from growing weary ; wit, if it be true and delicate, will add to the interest, and has a far larger legitimate sphere than in a sermon. Ornaments, too, may abound, provided they do not call attention aVay from the subject, or weaken the force of expression. The plan of a lecture may be constructed in a manner similar to that of a sermon, as the end in view is not very different. If this be well arranged, and all the principles, facts and illustrations be properly placed, no need of writing will be felt. CHAPTER H. MISCELLANEOUS ADDRESS LEGAL DELIBERATE POPULAR CONTROVERSIAL. THE speech adapted to the bench and bar presents some peculiar features. The lawyer deals with facts and living issues. He works for immediate results, and therefore uses the means best adapted to secure them. The use of manu- script, which increases in proportion as we remove from the sphere of passion, finds no place when life and property are at stake. The lawyer who would read his appeal to the jury in an exciting case, would have few others to make. At the bar the penalty for inefficiency is so rapid and cer- tain, that every nerve is strained to avoid it. To argue with a lawyer against the use of written discourses, would be like proving the advantage of commerce to an Englishman. His danger lies in the opposite direction that of caring too little for polish, and of making the verdict of the jury his only aim. A lawyer should never -contend for what he believes to be wrong. Yet the common estimate of the morality of attorneys is not based on fact. They may have greater temptations than some others, and many of them may fall, but another reason than this accounts for the grave imputa- tions cast on them. In every suit, at least one party must be disappointed, and it is natural that, in his bitterness, he should throw discredit on all the agencies by which his hopes were destroyed. But this is most frequently ground- less. The lawyer may be counsel for a man whom he knows to be in the wrong, but he ought never to take his stand on (127) 128 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. a false position. He may show any weakness in his adver- sary's case, and see that all the provisions of the law are faithfully coraplie'd with, but must not endeavor to distort the truth. An adherence to this determination will soon give his words a power and influence that will more than counterbalance all disadvantages. Let him seek for the strong points in his own case, and then throw them into the simplest and boldest shape, not forgetting the importance of appealing to the heart, as well as head, of judge and jury. The judge differs from the advocate in having both sides of the case to present, and in seeking truth rather than vic- tory. As he stands upon the law, and unfolds its dictates, which are obeyed as soon as known, he has no need to appeal to passion, and can give his words with all calmness and certainty. Under the most absolute monarchy there are always some things that men are left to settle according to their own pleasure, and when a number of persons have equal interest and authority this can only be done by discussion. In our own land the people bear rule, and the field of deliberation is almost infinitely widened. City councils, State and na- tional legislatures, the governing societies of churches, par- ties, companies, and all organizations, have more or less of power to be exercised. If this were vested in a single will, silent pondering would determine each question, but in assem- blies these must be decided by discussion, argument and vote.* There is ofle general peculiarity that marks the speeches addressed to such a body ; their main object is to give infor- mation. All are about to act, and are supposed to be diligently looking for the best course to be taken. This secures an interest in everything that really throws new light on the subject, while it often renders such an assemblage intolerant of mere declamation. In representative bodies there is also constant reference to the opinions and wishes of those for whom they act. * See rules for these in Appendix. MISCELLANEOUS ADDRESS. 129 Such speeches are frequently intended to be read beyond the bounds of the audience where they are delivered, and for this reason are often elaborately prepared, and read at first. If they do truly give information, either in reference to principles or facts, they suffer from this less than any other class of addresses. They may be dry and unattractive in form, but if each concerned, feels that he is obtaining new facts for guidance, he will listen with patience. Yet, even then, a greater impression would be produced if the same accuracy and sureness of statement were embodied in spoken words. Let there first, be broad, statesmanlike views, a clear comprehension of the effects of measures, and perfect confi- dence in what we advocate, and then all the graces of speech may be added with the certainty that their effect will be that always produced by true eloquence. A popular address differs from a lecture in having an ele- ment of persuasion in it. In fact, this is its principal char- acteristic. When we desire to incline the hearts of the peo- ple to some favorite cause, we assemble them together, and labor by all the arguments we can command, to induce them to adopt our views and enter on the course we recommend. Energy and earnestness are the qualities most uniformly successful. The people care little for the subtile niceties of speech, but they require that the man who addresses them should believe what he says, and feel the power of his own reasoning. A deep, strong, unfaltering conviction is always an element of strength. Many speakers think it an advantage to adopt with the prejudices of the people, but they are mistaken. Temporary applause may be won, but second thoughts are apt to detect the lurking insincerity, even if they do not overthrow the prejudice itself. If the speaker be really under the influence of the same misconception as the audience, this is a different matter, for hearty devotion, even to the wrong, is contagious. But calm reasoning and truth are always best. These gave Abraham Lincoln the superiority over Stephen A. Douglas, making him more effective with the people than the latter 130 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. was, notwithstanding his fervid eloquence. The one appealed to the reason of the people, the other to passion. Humor has its place in the popular address not second to any other quality. A telling anecdote, or a good illustration (the homelier the better, if it be not coarse), will arrest atten- tion and dwell longer on the memory, than the strongest argument. Controversial oratory partakes of the nature of a battle, but should be something more than strife for victory. There is little danger of languid attention in this species of ad- dress, for opposition arouses both speaker and hearer. The golden rule in all controversies, is to be certain of a solid basis of fact, and follow the guidance of true princi- ples. Then we deserve success. But fair means only should be employed. It is so hard to see an adversary triumph even, when convinced of the correctness of his position, that we can scarcely forbear employing every artifice to prevent such a result. But we should never misrepresent our opponent. Even if he has been unfortunate in his explanations, and leaves the way open for a natural misconception, we should use our best efforts to understand what he really means, and give him the credit of that. We must also allow his reason- ing its due force. No just argument ought ever to be weak- ened. Let us bring forward our views, and, if possible, show that they are truer and more firmly based than his. And if we see that this cannot be done, there is only one manly course left to surrender at discretion. If we cannot maintain our views by clear proof, we should abandon them, and seek others that need no questionable support. PART IV. EMINENT EXTEMPORE SPEAKERS. AUGUSTINE LUTHER CHATHAM PITT BURKE MIRABEAU PATRICK HENRY WHITEFIELD WESLEY SIDNEY SMITH P. W. ROBERTSON CLAY BASCOM SUMMERFIELD SPDRGEON H. W. BEECHER BINGHAM GLAD- STONESIMPSONWENDELL PHILLIPS J. P. DURBIN. EMINENT SPEAKERS. USE OF EXAMPLES. NOTWITHSTANDING the popularity of unwritten speech, and the innumerable arguments in its favor, there is an im- pression in some quarters that the very highest excellence cannot be attained without the previous use of the pen. It may be shown that it is more natural to find the words in which our thoughts are clothed at the moment of expres- sion ; that a stronger and better frame-work of thought can be constructed, if the mind, in preparing for speech, is occu- pied with that alone ; that the speaker and hearer may thus be brought into closer union ; that this, in short, is the order of nature, which leaves the solid frame-work of the tree standing through many winters, but each spring be- stows its graceful robe of leaves upon -that which was pre- pared to receive it. But this is not enough to produce lasting conviction. It is still maintained, almost with obstinacy, that in the highest fields of oratory, words must be previously chosen, fitted together, and polished. This nearly every speech-writer proves from his own ex- perience. The efforts that have afforded him most satisfac- tion were those in which nothing had been left to the chance of the moment. But it is easy to see how even experience may mislead in this particular. We can judge the comparative merits of another in his different modes of address with some approach to accuracy, for our mental state that of listeners continues the same under them all. But it is different when we judge ourselves. When w r e extemporize, our best ex- (133) 134 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. pressions fade from the mind after they have been given forth, and can only be recalled by a strong effort. On the other hand, when we have wrought our language slowly, and lingered over each sentence, we see all the beauty it contains, and begin to admire our own production. If we see anything faulty, instead of lamenting it, as we would an unfortunate, spoken sentence, we change it, and take credit for the keenness of our critical taste. Is it wonderful that when we come before an audience with an address made as nearly perfect as we can construct it in every line, and the whole clearly written, or firmly engraved on the memory, and then repeat it, with a full appreciation of each beauty as we pass along, that we consider it to be of far higher merit than the impassioned torrent poured forth on another occasion, when we scarcely knew that we were using words at all ? If the people do not seem to appreciate it, their want of taste and culture affords a ready excuse for them, even if the speaker is not too much occupied with his own eloquence to notice them at all. He is always ready, too, with the examples of Massillon and Bossuet, or of Chalmers, to prove that it was thus the most powerful orators spoke. We do not deny that great effects may be produced, under certain circumstances, by committed words. The fact that many actors have won great fame by repeating the words of others, proves how much may be done in this direction. It is but reasonable, that if some gifted minds can thrill an audience to tears, and rouse every feeling to its highest bent by merely copying others, that those who, in addition to this ability, possess the power of framing their own thoughts in suitable words, may accomplish as much. John B. Gough is an instance of the power that may be wielded in this man- ner. But such men cannot occupy the highest position in the temple of fame. They are but actors. When they speak they will be listened to with eagerness and pleasure, as great performers always are, but it will be as performers rather than as authorities. They have placed themselves on a level with those who deal in unreal things, and there EMINENT SPEAKERS. 135 they must be content to remain. Doubtless it is more noble to speak the sentiments and feelings that we once possessed, in the language adapted to that time, than to deal in those belonging to another person, but the resemblance between the two is very close, and the people feel it so acutely that they make no discrimination. But we maintain that even in momentary effect the quality which is supposed to belong peculiarly to the pow- erful declamation of prepared language extempore speak- ers have passed beyond all others ; while in power of thought and lasting influence, there can be no comparison. There is no single quality of speech that cannot be reached as well without writing as with it, while perpetual readiness, vast and profound knowledge (which writing extensively leaves no time to acquire), and weight and authority with the peo- ple, belong almost exclusively to the extemporizer. These assertions may seem bold to many, but we are pre- pared to substantiate them. In the preceding pages we have aimed to show how this species of address may be ac- quired, and improved to an almost unlimited degree. The ideal thus sketched is not an impossible or imaginary one. It has often been attained, and for the encouragement of those who may be disposed to throw away their manuscripts, and trust to the method of nature, the following examples are selected. These are chosen because of their eminence, and also because of the wide variety of qualities displayed in their eloquence. Many more might be given, but these are sufficient for our purpose, which is to show that in every department of speech the highest eloquence that ever flowed from the lips" of men has clothed itself in unpremeditated words. In these sketches we, of course, make no pretention to originality, but have compiled what was adapted to our purpose from every available source. And as the matter so obtained has been frequently abridged, and two or three differ- ent accounts woven together, it has sometimes been impos- sible to give full credit. We are under especial obligation to 136 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. the " New American Cyclopedia," Mosheim's Church History, Stephens's History of Methodism, Harsha's "Orators and Statesmen," " Kidder's Homiletics," with the current biog- raphies of the speakers treated of. Much of the oratory of antiquity was recited. This has been used as an argument to prove the comparative inferior- ity of that speech which is the offspring of the moment, forgetting the great difference between ancient and modern life a difference arising from the greater diversity of the latter, and the nobler aims to which it gives birth. The typical Grecian oration is as much a work of art as a statue. It was made to be admired, and if, by the beauty of its ar- rangement, the melody of its language, and the elegance of its delivery, this object was achieved, the orator was satis- fied. It was so, to a less degree, in the classic age of Rome. The form of the oration was of greater importance than its matter, and it was judged that this would be best perfected by the use of the pen, and of the memory. Yet the prac- tice of antiquity on this point was far from uniform. Some of the noblest orators spoke extempore, and have less fame than those who adopted the opposite plan, only because at that time the art of reporting was too imperfect to preserve their eloquence. The effect they produced remains, and from it we obtain a faint view of their greatness. Pericles spoke without previous writing, and the sway his speech established over his countrymen was more undisputed than that of Demosthenes. The latter had an assemblage of talents that, with his tireless industry, would have made him eminent in any mode of address that he might have adopted ; but even he did not recite exclusively. The great rival of Cicero, Hortensius, whose wonderful power excited the emulation of the former, spoke from the impulse of the moment, as did many of the more eminent of the Roman orators. Cicero was a man of tireless energy. He applied himself to the study and practice of eloquence with a singleness of aim, and a concentration of purpose that may well command our admiration. He accumulated vast EMINENT SPEAKERS. 137 stores of knowledge, perfected his logic, and improved his voice until it became music, and brought all the resources of a mighty mind to bear on oratory. It is not wonderful that he was listened to with profound attention, while he recited what he had previously composed. But some of his most brilliant passages were extemporaneous. The outburst that overwhelmed Cataline when he unexpectedly appeared in the senate, was coined, at white heat, by the passion of the mo- ment. The reason why so many of the ancients committed their speeches, was because they could not be preserved other- wise, unless the orator could remember and write down what he had said. Every unwritten speech perished, and left nothing but a dim memory of the results it had pro- duced. This is the reason why the extempore speakers of the ancient world are less known than the reciters. But the art of short-hand has effected a revolution in this par- ticular, and the most impassioned speeches are now photo- graphed for the admiration of future generations. The man who wishes his speech preserved is no longer compelled to write it. EARLY PREACHING IN THE CHURCH. We may be sure that the preaching of Christ and the Apostles was without notes. It seems scarcely less than profanation to picture even the latter as reading from a pre- viously prepared manuscript, after they had been promised the help of the Spirit in the hour when help was needed ; and it is inconceivable that the Saviour should have taken any other mode of imparting His wisdom to men, than that of direct address. Paul deprecated the eloquence of mere words, although the sketch of his sermon on Mars' Hill, with other addresses, shows that he did not neglect the elo- quence of thought, and the strength of orderly, logical arrangement. We have no direct evidence of the manner of preaching in the first century, but from all intimations we are led to conclude that sermons were composed without the 138 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. use of the pen, and consisted of easy, familiar scripture expo- sitions and deductions of moral lessons. Origen, the most celebrated divine of the third century, preached without manuscript, and Eusebius says of him : " Then, as was to be expected, our religion spreading more and more, and our brethren beginning to converse more freely with all, Origen, who they say was now more than sixty years of age, and who, from long practice, had ac- quired great facility in discoursing, permitted his discourses to be taken down by ready writers, a thing which he had never allowed before." This shows not only that he had been accustomed to preach extempore, but that he would not permit the sketches of his sermons which could be made by the imperfect re- porting of that day, to be published until late in life. This would be very natural, when unstudied explanation was the main object of the address, but very unnatural if the sermon had been written according to the rules of rhetorical com- position. In the sermons of Chrysostom there are many passages which could not, from their nature, have been prc- composed, and these are among the most brilliant of all. But Augustine, who flourished in the fourth century, affords us a still more conclusive proof of the power of the natural mode of address. AUGUSTINE. The father of this great man was a pagan, but his mother was a Christian. She was a most remarkable woman, and from her he doubtless inherited some of the strongest elements of his character. Her prayers for his conversion were almost continual, but for many years produced no apparent result. lie plunged into many excesses, and lived a most irregular life, but from this he was aroused by the death of his father, and by the study of philosophy. For a time the latter seemed to satisfy his ardent mind, but soon he saw its in- sufficiency, became an earnest searcher for truth, and ex- EMINENT SPEAKERS. 139 plored the writings of the sages of antiquity without being able to find anything on which he could rest. The problems of life pressed upon him with a terrible weight, and he was too profound a thinker to be satisfied with any superficial explanation. The doctrine of the ancient Persians that of the two antagonistic principles of good and evil in the world for a while charmed his imagination, but its influence over him soon passed away. During all this time he was rising in fame as a teacher of rhetoric and eloquence, and had es- tablished a school in Rome which became widely celebrated. His reputation as a teacher caused him to be summoned to Milan, where the Emperor then was. The great preacher, Jerome, then in the zenith of his power, officiated in that city. Augustine heard him, and felt that his doubts were answered. But it required a terrible struggle before he could yield, and it was only after he had passed the whole series of Christian doctrines in review, and tested them by all his mighty power of argument, that he at last reposed in the truth. The joy of his good mother can scarcely be con- ceived at this answer to her unceasing prayer, and she soon passed away triumphantly. He spent a short period in seclusion and profound meditation, was then baptized, and four years after began to preach. The success of Augustine was as great in preaching as it had been in teaching, and he was promoted to the office of Bishop. His power was soon felt all over the Christian world. He at once entered on a course of labor like that of Whitfield and Wesley, but still more varied. He preached once every day, and sometimes twice ; visited the sick and poor with great assiduity; governed his diocese wisely; was the Christian champion against almost innumerable forms of heresy all over the world ; composed some most beautiful hymns; wrote extensive commentaries that are still valued ; kept up a vast correspondence with emperors, kings, and church dignitaries everywhere ; and indited works of theology, literature, criticism, and philosophy in immense profusion. Some of these will live as long as the language 140 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. in which they are written is known. For thirty-five years he remained at his post, and died at last, while his city was beleagured by a barbarian army, in time to escape witness- ing the ruin that burst on the flock he had so long loved and served. The power of Augustine as a preacher can scarcely be overrated. Everywhere the people flocked to hear him, and the most enduring fruits followed his ministry. Hi mons were not calculated simply to win admiration for the preacher, but pointed to the holier life, and led men to love and strive after it. He was the real founder of what is known at the present day as Calvinism, and by his vast power made it the prevailing doctrine of the church for cen- turies after his death. There can be no question about his sincerity and earnestness, and just as little regarding the influence of his solemn eloquence. He quieted tumults, changed the opinions of whole towns, and wielded assem- blies at his will. He left a large number of sermons in a fragmentary condition, but fully justifying all that his con- temporaries have written of him. It is not possible that such a man should have read or recited his discourses. To have done so would have left him no time for such grand works as the "Confessions," " City of God," and others too numerous to mention, which will endure while the world stands. But he has not left us in doubt as to his mode of preaching. He enjoins the "Christian teacher" to make his hearers comprehend what he says, " to read in the eyes and countenances of his audi- tors whether they understand him or not, and to repeat the same thing by giving it different terms, till he perceives that it is understood, an advantage which those cannot have who, by a servile dependence on their memories, learn their ser- mons by heart, and repeat them as so many lessons. Let not the preacher become the servant of words ; rather let words be servants to the preacher." In his charity, how- ever, he does allow of reciting under certain circum- stances. "Those who are destitute of invention, but can EMINENT SPEAKERS. speak well, provided they select well written discussions of another man and commit them to memory for the instruc- tion of their hearers, will not do badly if they take this course." LUTHER. The name of Luther is so well known that it will not be necessary to give more than a very brief sketch of his won- derful life. The peasant, who was raised by his virtues to more than kingly power, and to be the leader of the great- est religious movement of modern times-, cannot be a stranger to the world. Luther was bred in the midst of poverty and almost of want. As he grew older, his father, who was a kind-hearted, though stern man, began to rise in the world, and found means to send him to school. The patronage of a wealthy lady named Cotta, was also of great benefit to him. He was distinguished very early for quickness and profundity of intellect, and the highest hopes were formed of him. But in the midst of flattering prospects, he was deeply convicted of sin, and terrified concerning his spiritual state. After he had spent a long time in mental struggles, full of agony, he resolved to become a monk, as the surest way of allaying all doubt, and obtaining the spiritual rest for which he longed. His father never forgave this step, until his son stood in direct opposition to the power of Rome. But the ardent heart of Luther could not find peace in the dull routine of a convent life, and every spiritual trial was redoubled. At last, while he was reading in an old copy of the Bible, which he had found in the library of the convent, the great doctrine of justification by faith dawned upon him with all the freshness of a new revelation. He at once began to teach the people the same blessed doctrine, with the most gratifying results. His preaching was marked by great power, and soon his sphere widened. He was made a doctor of divinity in the University of Wittenberg, and began to lecture on Paul's Epistles, and the Psalms. He was still a devoted adherent of Rome, although he taught 142 EXTEMPOKE SPEAKING. the students under his care to look to the Scriptures as the fountain of all authority. But the germs of the Reforma- tion were already hid in his own mind, and it only required circumstances to bring them into vigorous life. These were soon supplied. When a monk came to Wit- tenberg, selling pardons for every kind of sin, even that which was to be committed, Luther felt it his duty to warn the people against any dependence on such sources of for- giveness. The Pope took part with the monk in the strife that followed; and the contest went from one point to an- other, until the Pope hurled a decree of excommunication at Luther, which he burned, in the presence of his adherents, as a token of defiance and contempt. The reformation spread wonderfully, and although surrounded on every side by threatenings and enemies, the life of this great man was spared, and for years he exerted an influence in Germany not second to that of the Emperor himself. When he fell at last, in the midst of his labors, the people mourned for him as for a personal benefactor. All through his life, Luther had the secret of reaching the hearts of the people in a wonderful manner. No other of the great men who abounded at that time possessed a tithe of his power in this respect. It has been said "that his words were half battles." His discourses were not smooth or graceful, yet it was not for want of ability to secure these qualities, for he had great command of every style of lan- guage, and loved softer and more ornamented speech in others ; but he was too much in earnest, with an empire, and the vastest hierarchy the world ever saw, arrayed against him, to stay to use them. Whenever he preached the peo- ple would flock together from great distances, and listen as to a prophet, while he unfolded the grand and simple plan of salvation in the plainest words. He had every element of a great preacher. His imagination was most vivid, and he did not fail to use it to the utmost. He could paint a scene in all the completeness of action before his hearers, and awaken their tears or smiles at his will. He used no manuscript, but EMINENT SPEAKERS. 143 spoke from the vast fulness of knowledge he possessed on every subject. His pen was employed as well as his voice. By it he not only produced a great number of books that advanced the cause of the Reformation almost as much as his spoken efforts, but by the combination of the two methods of expression writing to meet the eye and speaking for the ear, he taught himself both accuracy and readiness, and was thus prepared for the part he was called upon to act. Added to these, were his strong emotions, and indomitable will, which gave him an energy that bore every thing before him. For beauty and grace in themselves he cared nothing, but when they came unbidden, as they often did, they were wel- come. He rightly estimated his own character and work when he said " that he was rough, boisterous, stormy, and altogether warlike; born to fight innumerable devils and monsters, to remove stumps and stones, to cut down thistles and thorns, and to clear the wild woods." LORD CHATHAM. It may well be doubted whether the eloquence of this great and wonderftil man did not surpass that of either Ci- cero or Demosthenes. It is certain that the effects he re- peatedly produced have never been surpassed. And he had not to deal with a populace easily moved, although cultiva- ted in some particulars, as they had ; but his mightiest triumphs were won in the British Parliament, from an acute, critical, and often hostile assembly. His example, with that of his son, who was almost equally great, afford an irrefu- table answer to those who doubt the capacity of unwritten speech to convey impressions as mighty as any ever pro- duced by man. He was born in 1708, and was educated at Oxford, quit- ting it without a degree, but with a brilliant reputation. Soon after he entered Parliament, and gained such power that he was shortly advanced to the office of Prime Minis- ter. This was in the reign of George II. and at the opening of the Seven Years War, by which England won the province 144 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. of Canada, and became the most powerful empire in the world. But when he took the reins of government it was far different. The armies of the nation had been beaten in every quarter, and the people were almost in despair. But he infused new spirit into them, and by his energy and far- sighted combinations, won the most glorious series of tri- umphs that ever crowned the arms of England. His fame did not cease when he left the ministry, and, in America at last, he is best known for his friendly words to us during the revolutionary war. He opposed with all the strength of his wondrous eloquence the oppressive measures that provoked the colonists to revolution. Yet there was no element of fear or compromise in his disposition. He only opposed the ministry in their government of our country because he be- lieved their measures to be unjust. But when, after seven years of defeat and disaster, the body of the nation became convinced that the Americans never could be conquered, and the proposition was made to recognize their independence, Chatham fought against the accomplishment of the separa- tion with all his vigor. He made his last speech on this subject, and while the house was still under the solemn awe that followed his address, he was stricken down by apo- plexy and borne home to die. We have little upon which to base an estimate of this almost unequalled orator, save the effect he produced upon his contemporaries. Nothing has been preserved of his speeches, but a few passages that stamped themselves indeli- bly upon the minds of his hearers. Yet through his elo- quence, backed by his strong will, he was for many years virtually dictator of England, and even when most alone, scarcely any one dared to meet him in debate. Many curious instances are given of the uncontrolled as- cendency he obtained over the House of Commons. His most celebrated rival was Murray, Earl of Mansfield, who had just been promoted to the office of Attorney-General, when the incident narrated below occurred. Chatham made a speech, really intended to overwhelm Murray, but on a EMINENT SPEAKERS. 145 totally different subject. Fox says " every word was MUR- RAY, yet so managed that neither he nor anybody else could take public notice of it or in any way reprehend him. I sat near Murray, who suffered for an hour. At its close he used an expression that at once became proverbial." After the unhappy Attorney had writhed for a time, and endured the terrible, but indirect, satire of Chatham until endurance was scarcely possible any longer, the latter stopped, threw his piercing eyes around as if in search of something, then fixing their whole force on his victim, exclaimed, "I must now address a few words to Mr. Attorney ; they shall be few, but they shall be daggers ! " Murray was agitated ; the look was continued, and the agitation became so uncontrollable as to be noticed by the whole house. " Felix trembles" roared Chatham, in a voice of thunder "he shall hear me some other dn.y. n Murray was too completely stricken to attempt a reply. On another occasion, having finished a speech, he walked out of the house with a slow step, being at the time a ha- bitual invalid. There was a profound silence until he was passing through the door. Then a member started up, say- ing, " Mr. Speaker, I rise to reply to the right honorable gentleman." Chatham caught the sound, turned back, and fixed his eye on the orator, who instantly sat down. He then walked slowly to his seat, repeating in Latin, as he hobbled along, the lines from Virgil, in which is described the terror of the Grecian ghosts when ^Eneas entered the dark realm : 44 The Grecian chiefs When they beheld the MAN with shining arms Amid those shades, trembled with sudden fear, and raised A feeble outcry ; but the sound commenced, Died on their gurgling lips'' 1 Reaching his seat, he exclaimed in a tone that terrified the whole house, " Now let me hear what the honorable gentle- man has to say to me." There was no response, and the 7 146 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. whole body was too much awed to laugh at the situation of the poor orator. Yet he did not deal in the terrible and overpowering all the time. In a most eloquent speech in opposition to a measure that he believed violated the sanctity of the Eng- lish home, he gave the following description of that privi- lege which is justly the proudest boast of an Englishman. A single passage is all that remains, but it will not soon be forgotten : " The poorest man may in his cottage bid defiance to all the forces of the Crown. It may be frail its roof may shake the wind may blow through it the storm may enter the rain may enter but the" King of England can- not enter ! all his forces dare not cross the threshold of the ruined tenement ! " Lord Macautay, who was in no sense friendly to the great orator, gives him a glowing eulogy : "His figure, when he first appeared in Parliament, was strikingly graceful and commanding, his features high and noble, his eye full of fire. His voice, even when it sank to a whisper, was heard to the remotest benches; when he strained it to its full extent, the sound rose like the swell of the organ of a great cathedral, shook the house with its peal, and was heard through lobbies, and down staircases, to the Court of Requests, and the precincts of Westminster Hall. He cultivated all these eminent advantages with the most assiduous care. His action is described by a very ma- lignant observer as equal to that of Garrick. His play of countenance was wonderful ; he frequently disconcerted a hostile orator by a single glance of indignation or scorn. Every tone, from the impassioned cry to the thrilling aside, was perfectly at his command." He was a truly extemporaneous speaker, and seldom attempted any other style. When he did he failed. His memory was strong and retentive, and his mind so fully stored with information on every subject that he was always ready for debate. Some of his grandest efforts were called forth by an unexpected circumstance, or a single glance of his eye. Once, while replying to Suffolk, he caught a view EMINENT SPEAKERS. 147 of the tapestry on which was painted some of the achieve- ments of the ancestors of that lord, and instantly seized the hint it conveyed and gave expression to one of the noblest bursts of eloquence in any language. One of his contempo- raries says : " When without forethought or any other preparation than those talents nature had supplied, and education cultivated, Chatham rose stirred to anger by some sudden subterfuge of corruption, or device of tyranny then was heard an elo- quence never surpassed either in ancient or modern times. It was the highest power of expression ministering to the highest power of thought." WILLIAM PITT. The manner in which the younger Pitt succeeded to the talents and position of the elder is one of the most wonder- ful things in history. His father trained him from his in- fancy in the models which he himself had imitated so suc- cessfully. Some of these means of improvement, which at least assisted in producing the peculiar character of the eloquence of lather and son, are worthy of our attention. They both translated from the best classical authors, com- mitted to memory choice passages from the poets, and prose writers they valued, thus acquiring great command of words. With such previous training, it would have been useless for them to write even in their most elaborate efforts. When the younger Pitt had finished the traditional college course and was admitted to the bar, he also entered Parlia- ment, being then only twenty-three years of age. He de* livered his first speech, which was entirely unpremeditated, only about a month afterward. It took the house by storm. In the midst of that brilliant assembly, accustomed to the eloquence of Fox, Burke, and others worthy of any age, there was a universal burst of enthusiastic admiration. When some one remarked, " Pitt promises to be one of the first speakers ever heard in Parliament," Fox replied, " He is so already" 148 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING When only twenty-four years of age he was made Prime Minister, and held the post for seventeen years. Although there is room for a wide difference of opinion regarding many of his acts during this time, there is none concerning his ability. Among other reforms that he advocated was the abolition of the slave trade. He made a speech on this sub- ject that is still celebrated. Wilberforce said that " for the last twenty minutes he really seemed to be inspired." Wind- ham declares " that he walked home lost in amazement at the compass, until then unknown to him, of human eloquence." Pitt died at the comparatively early age of forty-seven, hold- ing the highest office in the gift of his country. Brougham gives a glowing account of his power as an ora- tor. " He is to be placed without any doubt in the highest class. With a sparing use of ornament, hardly indulging more in figures, or even in figurative expression, than the most severe examples of ancient chasteness allowed with little variety of style, hardly any of the graces of manner he no sooner rose than he carried away every hearer, and kept the attention fixed and unflagging until it pleased him to let it go ; and then " 4 So charming left his voice that we awhile Still thought him speaking, still stood fixed to hear.' " This magical effect was produced by his unbroken flow, which never for a moment left the hearer in pain or doubt, and yet was not the mean fluency of mere relaxation, requir- ing no effort of the speaker, but imposing on the listener a heavy task ; by his lucid arrangement, which made all parts of the most complicated subject quit their entanglement and fall each in its place; by the clearness of his statements which presented a picture to the mind; by the forcible appeals to strict reason and strong feeling which formed the great staple of the discourse; by the majesty of the diction ; by the depth and fullness of the most sonorous voice and the unbending dignity of the manner, which ever reminded us that we were in the presence of more than the mere advo- EMINENT SPEAKERS. 149 cate and debater, that there stood before us a ruler of the people. Such were the effects invariably of this singular eloquence; nor did anything, in any mood of mind, ever drop from him that was unsuited to the majestic frame of the whole, or could disturb the serenity of the full and copious flood that rolled along." Macaulay says : u At his first appearance in Parliament he showed himself superior to all his contemporaries in com- mand of language. He could pour out a long succession of round and stately periods, without ever pausing for a word, without ever repeating a word, in a voice of silver clearness, and with a pronunciation so articulate that not a letter was slurred over." These men, father and son, were never excelled in debate. They were always ready. Every advantage that the occa- sion allowed was taken at the time, and the favorable mo- ment never went by while they were preparing. They each attained a power they never would have possessed had it been necessary for them to use manuscript or depend on their memory. The time others have wasted in writing spe- cial orations, they employed in such wide culture, and in accumulating such vast stores of knowledge, that they were always ready. They were able to come to great intellectual contests with their minds fresh and unfagged by previous composition. But it may be said that with all their power they were destitute of polish and beauty. In such fragments of their speeches as have been preserved, it is true that gracefulness is less conspicuous than force, and the opponent of unwritten speech may imagine that this is a necessary consequence of the manner in which they spoke. The advantage they gained was worth the cost, even if this lack of the finer and more elegant qualities of speech was inevitable. But that this does not necessarily result from extempore speech, is abundantly proved by the example of their great rival 13* 150 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. EDMUND BURKE. This prince of imaginative orators was an Irishman. He was born in 1730, and graduated in Dublin University at the age of twenty. For a short time afterward he studied law, but soon grew weary of it and turned his attention to philosophy and literature. The productions of his pen speedily won an enviable reputation. A "Vindication of Natural Society " was speedily followed by the celebrated " Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful." His appearance in Parliament, the great arena of British eloquence, was comparatively late in life, but as soon as elected he gave promise of the great brilliancy he afterward displayed. For more than thirty years he had no superior in that august body, and scarcely an equal. He stood side by side with Pitt in defence of America, and endeared him- self to every lover of liberty in both hemispheres. The great impeachment of Warren Hastings was mainly brought about by his influence, and afforded room for all his powers. The war with France was the last great theme upon which his eloquence was employed, and in it his strongly conserva- tive views alienated him from most of his former friends. During all this time his eloquence was a wonder both to friend and foe, and in its own style was never equalled in the House of Commons, or in the world. His speech on the impeaching of Warren Hastings, made at the bar of the House of Lords, was an unparalleled effort. It extended over a period of four days, and bore everything before it. On the third day of this great speech, he described the cruelties inflicted on some of the natives of India by one of Hastings' s agents, with such vividness that one convulsive shudder ran through the whole assemblage, while the speaker was so much affected by the picture he had penciled, that he drop- ped his head upon his hands, and was for some moments un- able to proceed. Some, who were present, fell into a swoon, while even Hastings himself, who disclaimed all responsi- EMINENT SPEAKERS. 151 bility for these things, was overwhelmed. In speaking of the matter afterwards he says : " For half an hour I looked upon the orator in a revery of wonder, and actually felt my- self to be the most culpable man on earth." Lord Thurlow, who was present, declares that long after, many who were present had not recovered from the shock, and probably never would. Soon after, the great speech of Sheridan was delivered. Like Burke's, it was extempore, and no report of it, worthy the name, remains. It was only inferior to the mighty effort that preceded it. A clergyman who came to the house strongly prepossessed in favor of Hastings, said at the close of the first hour, to a friend who sat by him, "This is mere declamation without proof." When another hour had passed, he remarked, " This is a wonderful oration." Another hour went by, and again he spoke: "Warren Hastings certainly acted unjustifiably." At the end of the fourth hour he said: " Hastings is an atrocious criminal." When the speech closed at the end of the fifth hour, he vehemently declared, " Of all monsters of iniquity, Warren Hastings is certainly the most enormous." For seven long years this unprecedented trial went on. More than one-third of those who sat on the judge's bench when it began were in their graves. When, at last it drew to a close, Burke made to the Lords a closing charge worthy of his genius : " My Lords," said he, " I have done ! The part of the Commons is concluded ! With a trembling hand we con- sign the product of these long, tony labors to your charge. Take it ! Take it ! It is a sacred trust ! Never before was a cause of such magnitude submitted to any human tribunal. . . . My Lords, it has pleased Providence to place us in such a stage that we appear every moment to be on the verge of some great mutation. There is one thing, and one thing only that defies mutation that which existed before the world itself. I mean JUSTICE; that justice which, ema- nating from the Divinity, has a place in the breast of every one of us, given us for our guide with regard to ourselves 152 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. and with regard to others ; and which will stand after this globe is burned to ashes, our advocate or our accuser before our great Judge, when He comes to call upon us for the tenor of a well spent life." The effect of this speech upon the auditory was such that it was only after some time had elapsed, and after repeated efforts, that Fox, himself a giant in eloquence, could obtain a hearing. The character of Burke's eloquence is well summed up in the following account, given by Wraxall, one of his contem- poraries : " ISkiture had bestowed on him a boundless imagination, aided by a memory of equal strength and tenacity. His fancy was so vivid that it seemed to light up by its own powers, and to burn without consuming the aliment on which it fed : sometimes bearing him away into ideal scenes crea- ted by his own exuberant mind, but from which he, sooner or later, returned to the subject of debate; descending from his most aerial flights, by a ixentle and imperceptible grada- tion, till he again touched the ground. Learning waited on him like a handmaid, presenting to his choice all that anti- quity has culled or invented, most elucidatory of the topic under discussion. He always seemed to be oppressed under the load and variety of his intellectual treasures. Every power of oratory was wielded by him in its turn ; for he could be, during the same evening, often within the space of a few minutes, pathetic and humorous ; acrimonious and conciliating ; now giving loose to his indignation or severity ; and then, almost in the same breath, calling to his assist- ance wit and ridicule. It would be endless to cite instances of this versatility of his disposition, and of the rapidity of his transitions, ' Prom grave to gay, from lively to severe,' that I have, myself, witnessed. . . . What he was in public he was in private ; like the star which now precedes and now follows the sun, he was equally brilliant whether he 4 Flamed in the forehead of the morning sky, 1 or led on with a milder luster the modest hosts of evening." EMINENT SPEAKERS. 153 A Frenchman gives a graphic description of one of his speeches. At first he was disappointed in his appearance. " I certainly did not expect to find him in the British Par- liament dressed in the ancient toga ; nor was I prepared to see him in a tight brown coat, which seemed to impede every movement, and above all, the little hat-wig with curls. . He moved into the middle of the house contrary to the usual practice, for the members speak standing and uncovered, not leaving their places. But Mr. Burke, with the most natural air imaginable, with seeming humility, and with folded arms, began his speech in so low a tone of voice that I could scarcely hear him. Soon after, however, becoming animated by degrees, he described religion attacked, the bonds of subordination broken, civil society threatened to its founda- tion. . . When in the course of this grand sketch, (to show that England could depend only on herself,) he men- tioned Spain, that immense monarchy, which appeared to have fallen into a total lethargy : ' What can we expect,' said he, 'from her? mighty indeed, but unwieldy vast in bulk, but inert in spirit a. whale stranded upon the sea shore of Europe? The whole House was silent ; every mind was fixed ; . . . never was the electric power of eloquence more imperiously felt. I have witnessed many, too many political assemblages and striking scenes where eloquence . performed a noble part, but the whole of them appear insipid when compared with this amazing effort." Burke was an extemporaneous speaker in the sense wo have used the word in the preceding pages. He thought over the ideas of his speech as fully as his time permitted, and when he spoke, threw them into the language of the moment. At the conclusion of one of his speeches on the American question, his friends crowded around and urged him to write what he had said for the benefit of the world. He did so then, and also on five other occasions. Of the hundreds of other speeches he delivered only broken and imperfect fragments remain. Burke exerted himself in conversation, and thus im- proved his powers of language in the method we have recommended. Dr. Johnston says of him in his oracular way : 154 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. "Burke is an extraordinary man. His stream of talk is perpetual ; and he does not talk from any desire of dis tinction, but because his mind is full. He is the only man whose common conversation corresponds with the general fame he has in the world. Take him up where you please, he is ready to meet you. No man of sense could meet him by accident under a gateway to avoid a shower without being convinced that he was the first man in England." MIRABEAU, The career of Mirabeau more resembles a strange romance than a sober history. He was of a good family, but during his childhood and early manhood his father treated him like a brute. His very appearance was peculiar. His head was of enormous size, his body so much misshapen that his father, who persecuted him for his deformity, declared that he looked more like a monster than a human being. The whole of his early life presents a picture of dreariness and misery exceeding that of almost any other man who has risen to greatness. Several times he was imprisoned once for three years and a half by order of his unnatural parent. Finally he began to use his pen, and soon won general admiration. His father, having failed to crush him, now became recon- ciled, and allowed him to assume the family name, which he had not permitted before. By this time he had a wide experience of vice, and was deeply in debt. His struggles for several years were still severe. But at length the great revolution came, and he found his true element. The powers of speech which had already been displayed to a limited extent, were now exercised in a noble field. The people soon recognized in him the qualities ne- cessary for a leader, and elected him to the General Assem- bly of France. Here he was feared and respected by all. He had no party to support him, but worked alone, and often by the mere force of his genius bent the Assembly to his will. During his whole career there, he was not an ex- Jreraist, and for a time before his death was engaged in EMINENT SPEAKERS. 155 upholding 1 the crown and the cause of constitutional govern- ment against the party of anarchy and death. This lost him his unbounded popularity with the fickle populace of Paris, and they began to shout for his blood. He was charged in the Assembly with corruption, and treason to the cause of liberty. This only prepared the way for his triumph. The very tree was marked on which he was to be hung. But he did not quail before the storm. When he reached the hall, he found himself in the midst of determined enemies already drunk with blood, and with no friend who dared to speak on his behalf. But the mere force of eloquence prevailed. He spoke in words of such power that the noisy multitude was stilled, and the tide turned. After this triumph he took part in every measure, and was really the guiding power of the state. The king leaned on him as the only stay of his reign, and the moderate of every party began to look to him as the hope of France. Sometimes he spoke five times in one day, and at the sound of his magical voice the anarchical Assembly was hushed into reverence and submission. But his exertions were beyond his strength. At last he was prostrated. Every hour the king sent to enquire of his health, and bulletins of his state were posted in the streets. It seemed as if the destiny of France was to be decided in his sick chamber. He died, and the whole nation mourned, as well it might, for no other hand than his could hold back the reign of terror. It is indeed a problem whether that terrible tragedy would not have been prevented, if he had but lived a few months longer. Some of the speeches of this remarkable man were recited, but in these he never attained his full power. A French writer well describes him : " Mirabeau in the tribune was the most imposing of ora- tors, an orator so consummate, that it is harder to say what he wanted that what he possessed." Mirabeau had a massive and square obesity of figure, thick lips, a forehead broad, bony, prominent ; arched eye- brows, an eagle eye, cheeks flat, and somewhat fleshy, fca, 156 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. tures full of pock holes and blotches, a voice of thunder, an enormous mass of hair, and the face of a lion. His manner as an orator is that of the great masters of antiquity, with an admirable energy of gesture, and a vehe- mence of diction which perhaps they had never reached. Mirabeau in his premeditated discourses was admirable. But what was he not in his extemporaneous effusions ? His natural vehemence, of which he repressed the flights in his prepared speeches, broke down all barriers in his improvisa- tions. A sort of nervous irritability gave then to his whole frame an almost preternatural animation and life. His breast dilated with an impetuous breathing. His lion face became wrinkled and contorted. His eyes shot forth flame. He roared, he stamped, he shook the fierce mass of his hair, all whitened with foam ; he trod the tribune with the supreme authority of a master, and the imperial air of a king. What an interesting spectacle to behold him, momently, erect and exalt himself under the pressure of obstacle ! To see him display the pride of his commanding brow ! To see him, like the ancient orator, when, with all the power of his un- chained eloquence, he was wont to sway, to and fro in the Forum, the agitated waves of the Roman multitude. Then would he throw by the measured notes of his declamation, habitually grave and solemn. Then would escape him broken exclamations, tones of thunder, and accents of heartrending and terrible pathos. He concealed with the flash and color of his rhetoric, the sinewy arguments of his dialectics. He transported the Assembly, because himself transported. And yet so extraordinary was his force he abandoned himself to the torrent of his eloquence, without wandering from his course ; he mastered others by its sovereign sway, without losing for an instant his own self-control. PATRICK HENRY. The fame of this great man cannot soon be surpassed. He not only produced a great impression at the time he gpoke, but had an agency, by his eloquent words, in bring- EMINENT SPEAKERS. 157 ing about the most important changes. He was more than the mouthpiece of the American Revolution. He not merely interpreted the feelings of the mass of the nation to itself, but in a large degree originated the enthusiasm that led them through war to independence. It is certain that the aristocratic and powerful colony of Virginia would have occupied a far different place in the struggle for liberty, if it had been deprived of his almost irresistible influence. It is hard to speculate on what might have been the result if temporizing measures had carried the day, and the union of the colonies been interfered with by want of cordial sym- pathy. The political wisdom of Franklin, and the military skill and constancy of Washington, did not contribute more to final success than the bold councils and fervent utterances of the country lawyer who is the subject of our sketch. Patrick Henry was born in Hanover county, Virginia, in May, 1736. In childhood he acquired the common elements of education, and some knowledge of Latin and mathema- tics, and was not the ignorant youth that some of his admi- rers delight in representing him. But he was exceedingly fond of hunting and fishing, and would often spend the hours in this way, that might have been devoted to more useful employment. But he became a great day dreamer, thus at once revealing and exercising the unbounded imagi- nation he possessed. He loved to wander alone, that he might give full play to the visions and reveries that floated through his brain. When about fourteen, he heard the celebrated Presbyte- rian minister, Samuel Davies. His eloquence was the most powerful that Henry had hitherto enjoyed, and awakened in him a spirit of emulation. All his life Henry delighted to do him honor, and attributed the bent of his own mind to oratory and a large measure of his success to this man. In business, the future statesman was uniformly most unsuc- cessful. He twice failed as a storekeeper, and once as a farmer. But all this time he was really studying for his future pro- fession. He was fond of talk, and by indulging in it freely 158 EXTEMPORE SPEAKIXG doubtless improved his power of language. He would re- late long stories, and do it so well that those who thronged his counter took as little note of time as he did, and yielded their hearts as fully to him as larger audiences did after- ward. As a last resort he studied law, but for a time his success was no better in this than in his previous occupations. But after two or three years, during which he lived without practice, and in a dependent condition, he was retained in what seemed merely a nominal capacity as defendant in the noted " Parsons case." The preachers of the established church were paid so many pounds of tobacco per annum. But when the price arose, in a time of scarcity, the Legisla- ture passed an act allowing all persons to pay their assess- ment in money at the rate of 2d per pound, which was much less than it was worth at that time. After an interval this law was declared void by the king and his council. Then the clergy instituted suit to recover what they had lost du- ring the time the act was enforced. There was no doubt of the legality of their claim, although more of its intrinsic rightfulness, and the law question was decided in a test case, almost without controversy. This really surrendered the whole matter, and the only issue then was as to the amount of damage they had sustained a very plain question, appa- rently affording no room for argument by the defense. A vast array of the clergy were present, and on the bench was Henry's own father. No circumstances could be im- agined more unfavorable for the maiden speech of a young lawyer. The case for the plaintiff was clearly and forcibly stated by a leading member of the bar, and Henry began his reply. It is no wonder that he faltered, and that his sen- tences were awkward and confused. The people, who were present in great numbers, and who were intensely hostile to the preachers, hung their heads, and gave up the contest. The father of the speaker was shame-faced and dismayed. The preachers smiled in derision, and exchanged congratu- latory glances. But it was too soon. The power of elo- EMINENT SPEAKEKS. 159 quence began to assert itself. The strong mind of Henry mastered all embarrassment, and was brought to bear, with irresistible force, upon his subject, and upon those around. All eyes were drawn to the almost unknown speaker. His rusticity of manner had disappeared ; his form became erect, and his piercing eyes shot forth lightning. " A mysterious and almost supernatural transformation of appearance" passed over him. Every pulse beat responsive to his, and throbbed with his own mighty indignation. He turned his withering invective upon the clergy, speaking of their greedi- ness, oppression, and meanness, until they fled from the court. Spectators say that their blood ran cold and their hair stood on end ! When he concluded, the jury in an in- stant brought judgment for one penny damages ! a new trial was refused, and the young but unparalleled orator was borne away in triumph by the shouting multitude. His first appearance in the house of Burgesses was not less brilliant, and far more important in its results. The majority of the Assembly seemed to be bent on new petitions and remonstrances against the oppression of England, when Henry introduced his celebrated resolutions, declaring in plain phrases that the acts complained of were unconstitu- tional and void. This, which was little short of a declara- tion of war, was received, even by well-meaning patriots, with a storm of opposition. A most bitter debate followed. Henry at first stood almost alone, with the wealth and talent of the Assembly arrayed against him. But his clear con- viction, determined will, and powerful eloquence turned the scale, and the resolutions passed, committing Virginia to the cause of resistance. When Henry attended the first Congress he found an array of men, whose fame was already becoming world- wide. But he soon won his way to the very highest rank among them, and maintained it to the close. His extraordinary eloquence excited the same astonishment on this broader field, as in seclusion of the Virginia hills. It was " Shakes- peare and Garrick combined." When he took his seat after 160 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. his opening speech, the first speech that had broken the silence of the great assembly, there was no longer a doubt that he was the greatest orator in America, and probably in the world. This pre-eminence he maintained all through the exciting struggle. His voice was ever like an inspiration, and the people looked up to him almost as a prophet. His vast power remained until the close of his life. The last great speech, made in a contest with John Randolph, when he was nearly seventy years of age, and only three months before his death, was equal to any of his former efforts. "The sun had set in all its glory." These few sketches will sufficiently illustrate the eloquence of this wonderful man. It only remains to state what is known in regard to his methods of preparation. He never wrote. His mightiest efforts were made in situations where the use of the pen would have been impossible. The Vir- ginia resolutions were written on a blank leaf in a law book, and during the whole of the terrible debate which followed, he was ever ready, and mastered all opponents. He thought much, but wrote little. He spoke only on great occasions, while in political life, but gave attention to all that was passing, and by keen observation learned the characters of those upon whose minds he wrought. Thus he was prepared to drive every word home to its mark. He was a great stu- dent of history, and this knowledge doubtless contributed very greatly to the clearness and precision of his views upon the great struggle in which the country was engaged, as well as gave him an ample fund of illustration in his speeches. Study of character and of history, cultivation of the power of narration and of language, seem to have been the means by which his wonderful natural genius was fitted for its triumphs. GEORGE WHITFIELD. Few men of any age have been instrumental in accom- plishing more good than the subject of our present sketch. Without deep logical powers, and with little claim to origi- EMINENT SPEAKERS. 161 nality of thought, he chained vast multitudes by his elo- quence, and was one of the foremost actors in a mighty religious movement. None of the converts Whitfield gathered into the church ever passed through a more strongly marked experience in personal religion than he did. The agony of conviction he underwent was terrible, and he struggled long and despe- rately before he obtained peace. " God only knows," he exclaims, " how many nights I have lain upon my bed groan- ing under what I felt. Whole days and weeks have I spent in lying prostrate on the ground, in silent or vocal prayer." His mind almost failed under the violence of his mental con- flicts, and he endeavored, by wearing the meanest apparel, and almost continual fasting, and many works of self-morti- fication to find relief. But all this was in vain. We see in it an indication of the terrible earnestness and sincerity of the man qualities which never passed away from him. These months of vivid emotion affected his whole life, and imparted an intensity to his pictures of sin, and a vividness to his realization of its horrors, that he never would have had otherwise. At last his health gave way beneath the pressure of his spiritual trials, and he fell into a long sickness. At the end of seven weeks he found peace, and his raptures became as great as the horrors of conscience had been. " But oh ! with what joy, joy unspeakable, even joy that was full of glory, was my soul filled, when the weight of sin went off, and an abiding sense of the love of God and a full assurance of faith broke in upon my disconsolate soul." This rapturous experience continued with few interruptions through life, and really formed the spring of his wonderful exertions. For thirty-four years his soul glowed in all the fervors that he had experienced at his first conversion, and he put forth his great strength in unwearied efforts to bring others to the same blessed enjoyment. His career opened with wonderful brilliancy. The first sermon preached after his ordination as deacon, was said to 162 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. " have driven fifteen persons mad," a kind of madness that soon became common in England. Everywhere the people flocked to hear him in crowds, and soon no church would contain the multitude, even when they were opened for him. Once, when preaching with " great freedom of heart and clearness of voice," with thousands of persons standing out- side of the church, after hundreds had gone away for want of room, he was struck with the thought of preaching the word in the open air. Friends discouraged, but the die was soon cast, and from that time forward his mightiest triumphs were won in imitation of his Master, " who had a mountain for His pulpit, and the heavens for a sounding board ! " This was the proper theater for the display of his wonderful power, and his spirit felt the beauty and grandeur of the scene. Sometimes as many as twenty thousand people were gathered together. The theater of his most marvelous triumphs was at Moor- fields during the Whitsun holidays. The lowest class of London population was then poured forth, and the most riotous scenes enacted. He resolved to begin early, in order to secure the field before the greatest rush of the crowd. Ten thousand people were gathered impatiently waiting for the sports of the day. " He had for once got the start of the devil," and soon drew the multitude around him. At noon he tried again. The odds against him were greater. Between twenty and thirty thousand people were present, and shows, exhibitors, and players were all busy. He shouted his text, " Great is Diana of the Ephesians," and began the battle. It was waged fiercely, and stones, dirt, and rotten eggs, with every other means of annoyance, were brought to bear on the steadfast preacher. " My soul," he says, " was among lions." But soon his wonderful power transformed the multitude into lambs. At night he renewed the assault on the stronghold of the adversary. Thousands had been added to the throng, and their leaders, who had lost much of their day's gain by his preaching, were determined to endure it no longer. A har- EMINENT SPEAKERS. 163 lequin attempted to strike him with a whip but failed. A recruiting sergeant, with many followers, and with drum and fife, made the next effort. But Whitfield called to the people to make way for the king's officer, and the people yielded before, and closed up behind him, until he was in this manner conducted harmlessly out of the crowd. Next, a large number combined together, and taking hold of a long pole charged furiously on the assembly, roaring like beasts. But they too were foiled, and threw down the pole, many of them joining the hearers. At times the tumult rose like the noise of many waters, drowning the voice of the preacher, who would then resort to singing, until silence re- turned. He kept the field to the last, and gathered mighty spoil into his Tabernacle that night. Very different were the sermons he preached at the man- sion of Lady Huntingdon, but they were marked by the same power. Courtiers and noblemen joined in praising him, and Hume declared that he would go twenty miles to hear him. No one seemed to be impervious to his wonderful eloquence, and even in this selected circle he gathered trophies of the Cross. He passed and repassed from England to America several times, and was everywhere as a flame of fire. The languid zeal of lukewarm churches was revived, and the careless and immoral led into new lives. He was soon looked up to as an apostle by thousands who dated their first religious impres- sions from the time when they listened to his fervid words. But opposition was not wanting, and once he very nearly received the crown of martyrdom. After he had finished preaching in Dublin, he was attacked by an immense mob of infuriated Papists. His friends fled for their lives, and left him to the mercy of the rioters. Stones from every direction struck him, until he was breathless and dripping with blood. He found a momentary refuge, when almost at the point of death, but the inmates of the house which he had entered, fearing it would be demolished, en- treated him to leave. He was offered a disguise, but refused 164 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. it, and in his proper dress passed through whole streets of threatening Papists, and as soon as he had reached a place of safety, and had his wounds dressed, began to preach again ! Thus year after year passed, crowded full of labors. He considered it an indication of great feebleness that for a short time he could only preach one sermon a day. Thousands in Europe and America called him blessed, and everywhere countless multitudes crowded to hear him speak of the grace of God. For the lifetime of an ordinary generation his un- equaled power and untiring labor continued. After speaking he frequently vomited great quantities of blood, which he regarded as relieving his over-taxed lungs. His death was romantic and beautiful, as befitted such a life. There are few more touching, and yet more happy in the records of biography. He preached his last field sermon at Exeter. It was con- tinued for two hours, and was among his most powerful efforts. He reached Newburyport, Mass., the same evening, where he intended to preach the next day. While at supper, the pavement, and the hall of the house where he sat, were crowded with people impatient to hear the wonderful orator. But he was exhausted, and said to one of the clergymen who accompanied him, " Brother, you must speak to these dear people ; I cannot say a word." He took a candle and started for his room, but before he reached it, his generous heart reproached him for even seeming to desert the people who were hungering for the bread of life. He paused on the stairway, while the piece of candle he had taken when he started cast its flickering light on the crowd below, and began to speak. The people gazed with tearful awe and affection on his venerable Torm. His musical and pathetic voice flowed on in words of tenderness and exhortation until the candle went out in its socket. Before the morning he was dead ! His remembrance did not die with him. Europe and America vied together in mourning for him, and Methodists, Churchmen, and Dissenters revered him as a departed prophet. EMINENT SPEAKERS. 165 What was the secret of his unparalleled power with the people ? Clearly its spring was his own profound and over- whelming emotions. It is sometimes thought that his almost perfect elocution explains the fascination he exerted, but it does not. He is classed by many as one who committed and recited his discourses. But it may be safely assumed that he could not have commanded one tithe of his success in that manner. He may have done this at the beginning of his career, before his marvelous genius was fully developed, but not after. It is indeed given as a reason of his embarrass- ment when he began to preach in the open air, that he had not long been accustomed to preach extempore. He says that often, in his own apprehension, he had not a word to say either to God or man. Think of a person who has a fully committed sermon, making such an assertion, and afterwards thanking God for giving him words and wisdom! The very best possible evidence that his sermons took their external form at the moment, was that he complained of the reports that were made of them. If they had been written be- fore preaching, he would have had the means of making these as perfect as desired. Yet he repeated sermons on particular subjects very often. Foote and Garrick estimated that they improved up to the thirtieth and fortieth repetition. Going over the same ground so often, many striking phrases would doubtless fix themselves in his mind, but he would still be free to introduce new matters as he wished. His illustrations, too, many of which were gathered from his own wide experi- ence, would be given in nearly the same manner on successive occasions. But he was a fine talker, and by his unlimited practice in speech improved the power of language to such an extent that it was fully capable of expressing the ocean of feeling that flowed in his soul. His published sermons show few traces of the pen, but bear every mark of impas- sioned utterance. Untroubled by doubt, all that he preached was felt to be present reality. He was a pure and holy man, moved by the Spirit to the work he entered on, and endowed with a heart of fire, a soul of love, and a power of expression 166 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. such as is given to few mortals. No wonder that the multi- tude felt him to be little less than inspired. JOHN WESLEY. Both Henry and Whitefield were men of such vast genius as to be lifted above ordinary rules. When we look upon them we feel imitation to be almost hopeless. But we will give an instance of an altogether different kind, and thus show how easily unwritten speech may be the medium of every species of address. John Wesley was not an impas- sioned or impetuous orator, and yet he wielded an almost boundless influence. He was fluent and easy in his language, but exact and logical, leaving no careless word on which an enemy might seize. Yet his power was great, and even the scenes of excitement that marked the preaching of WhitefieM, and other early Methodists, were even surpassed under his clear calm words. ,We have no intention of sketching the life and great achievements of Wesley, but will only consider a few events that bear on his character as a preacher. Before he found peace in believing, which he did not until he had preached for years, his sermons were not characterized by any extra- ordinary power. They were strong, clear, fluent, and no more. But after his return from his final voyage to America, there was a great change. The external characteristics re- mained nearly the same, but the fervor and power of the spirit that breathed through his mildest words, soon produced the opposite effects of exciting bitter enmity and of drawing the hearts of the people toward him. It mattered not what the nature of his congregations might be, there was some- thing in his manner and words adapted to all. He began field preaching about the same time that Whitefield did, and sometimes gathered as many as twenty thousand into one congregation. While he spoke the whole assembly was often bathed in tears, and frequently many fell down as dead. He gathered those who were convinced by his preach- ing into societies, and these scon spread over the whole coun- EMINENT SPEAKERS. 167 try. He was thus required to exercise more authority in caring for them than any bishop of the Established Church. For upwards of fifty years he averaged fifteen sermons a week. Although Wesley was the founder of Methodism, yet he differed widely from the typical Methodist preachers. He dressed neatly, was most courteous and polished in manners, graceful in the pulpit, and considered violent exertions of the voice or furious gesticulation to be little less than sin. His published sermons are models of thoughtful analysis, close reasoning, and orderly arrangement. Yet he always spoke without manuscript and without memorizing. Wesley would certainly have been justified, if any person ever was, in reading his discourses. For he was surrounded by those who had been led into the way of life by him, and who treasured up every word that fell from his lips, while on the other hand, unscrupulous enemies misrepresented him continually, and sought for occasion to accuse him of teaching pernicious doctrine. Yet amid such ceaseless preaching, he was always able to command the very words to express his ideas, and was never compelled to retract an unguarded sentence. The volumes of sermons which he published are to be regarded as mere abstracts of his teaching, recorded for the benefit of his societies, and not as the very words he used upon particular occasions. In his later years he came before the people, as a father instructing his children, and imparted to them the weighty truths he thought they ought to know, in all simplicity, and without the slightest care for outward ornament or word-nicety. SIDNEY SMITH. This eccentnc, whole-souled, humorous, and eloquent cler- gyman was born in 1771, and died in 1835. He graduated at Oxford, received a fellowship, worth five hundred dollars a year, and thought to study law, but at the instance of his father, changed hie mind and entered the Church. In con- 168 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. nection with three others he started the Edinburgh Review, and for years contributed sparkling articles that did much to establish its reputation and popularity. He also became known to a wide circle for his brilliant conversational powers, and, like so many extempore speakers, took great delight in this most pleasant means of improvement. At first his preferment in the Church was slow, but his favor with the people was undoubtful. While he preached in London large and fashionable audiences were drawn wher- ever he officiated. Finally he was presented with an obscure country living, and after some delay went to it. It was a desolate place, far away from all the centers of intellectual life, and pre- vious incumbents had resided away from it for more than a century. He says, " When I began to thump the cushion of my pulpit, on first coming to Foston, as is my wont when I preach, the accumulated dust of one hundred and fifty years, made such a cloud that for some minutes I lost sight of my congregation." He soon made a change for the better in all the affairs of the parish ; built an ugly but comfortable parsonage, and won the devoted affection of his people. lie passed much of his time in literary avocations, and after fourteen years, received preferment to more desirable churches. During the remainder of his life he used his pen so as to greatly increase his already wide reputation, and became still more noted as a preacher. He was very witty, and cared little for the common rules of sermonizing, but had a power and earnest- ness that compensated for every defect. The following ex- tract will indicate his method of preparation : "Pulpit discourses have insensibly dwindled from speaking to reading ; a practice which of itself is sufficient to stifle every germ of eloquence. It is only by the fresh feelings of the heart that mankind can be very powerfully affected. What can be more ludicrous than an orator delivering stale indignation and fervor a week old ; turning over whole pages of violent passions, written out in goodly text ; reading the tropes and apostrophes into which he is hurried by the ardor EMINENT SPEAKERS. 169 of his mind ; and so affected at a preconcerted line and page that he is unable to proceed any further !" F. W. ROBERTSON. No minister of the present generation has lived a purer life, or left the stamp of his thought more deeply on the public mind than the young incumbent of Trinity Chapel in Brigh- ton. His sermons, not published until after his death, are meeting with an unparalleled sale, and every scrap of his sermon preparation, no matter how fragmentary, is seized for the press with the greatest avidity. He now addresses a far larger and more important audience than ever during his life time. F. W. Robertson was born in 1816 and died in 1853 only thirty-seven years of age. He received the traditional Eng- lish education at Oxford, and had a strong inclination for the military profession. This he was induced to renounce by the expressed judgment of his father himself a military officer that Frederick was better fitted for the Church. After he had received ordination, he acted as curate for twelve months at Winchester. His health being by this time broken, he took a trip to the continent under the advice of a physician. He was gone a year, and during this time entered into marriage. When he returned he served for four years in the parish of Cheltenham. Here the field for the exercise of his talents was comparatively narrow ; but many persons were led to a higher life by his ministry many more than he, with his habitual self-depreciation, was willing to believe until years had passed. After this he spent two months at St. Ebbs, in Oxford, receiving a miserably small salary. During this short time his talents became known, and he was offered the rich, aristocratic, and intellectual church at Brighton. The offer was refused at first, and was only accepted at last through the urgent solicitation of the Bishop, who felt that this was his proper field. Here his popularity became unbounded. The working people, who 170 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. had almost deserted the Establishment, flocked to hear his bold, true words. His biographer says : " His eloquence and originality could not fail to be marked. And if the congregation was intellectual he was pre-emi- nently so. The chapel became crowded. Sittings were scarcely ever to be had. For six years the enthusiasm never slackened; it grew and spread silently and steadily, and when he died broke out in a burst of universal sorrow. . . . But he put no faith in mere excitement, the eager upturned face, the still hush of attention. ' What is ministerial success ?' he asks. ' Crowded churches full aisles attentive congrega- tion the approval of the religious world much impression produced ? Elijah thought so ; and when he found out his mistake, and discovered that the applause of Carmel sub- sided into hideous stillness, his heart well nigh broke with disappointment Ministerial success lies in altered lives, and obedient humble hearts; unseen work recognized in the judgment day.' " That success was his. James Anderson says : "I cannot count up conquests in any place or by any man so numerous and so vast conquests achieved in so short a period, and in many instances over the hearts and con- sciences of those whom, from their age or pursuits, it is al- ways most difficult to reach as were the conquests of that devoted soldier of the cross of Christ." But his labors were too great for his strength. For at least two years before his death he preached in continual pain, and yet there was no abatement in his power. Many of the sermons by which he is best known were then pro- duced. We can scarcely realize as we read his calm sen- tences, radiant with beauty, and full of profound thought, that they were spoken during the ravages of a cerebral dis- ease, that was soon to still his eloquent voice forever. When he died, having preached almost to the last, the city (con- taining sixty thousand inhabitants) was draped in gloom, and mourning was universal. A monument was erected, to which the working-men contributed a touching memorial. The manner in which so many of Robertson's sermons were preserved, is, when we consider his manner of preaching, EMINENT SPEAKERS. 171 very remarkable. He spoke extempore, and never wrote out a sermon before delivery. His leading thoughts were indi- cated by short notes, and the whole subject was carefully arranged in his own mind. But his words and his most powerful illustrations sprang from the inspiration of the mo- ment. Usually he took a small piece of paper containing the headings of his thoughts with him into the pulpit, but never referred to it after the first few moments had passed. His sympathizing biographer thus describes him : " So entirely was his heart in his work, that in public speaking especially, he lost sight of everything but his sub- ject. His self-consciousness vanished. He did not choose his words or think about his thoughts. He not only pos- sessed, but was possessed by his idea ; and when all was over and the reaction came, he had forgotten like a dream, words, illustrations, almost everything. . . . After some of his most earnest and passionate utterances, he has said to a friend : * Have I made a fool of myself ?' "If the most conquering eloquence for the English people be that of the man who is all but mastered by his excitement, but who, at the very point of being mastered, masters him- self apparently cool, while he is at white heat so as to make the audience glow with tire, and at the same time re- spect the self-possessed power of the orator the man being always felt as greater than the man's feelings if that be the eloquence that most tells upon the English nation, he had that eloquence. He spoke under tremendous excitement, but it was excitement reined in by will. He held in his hand a small piece of paper with a few notes on it when he began. He referred to it now and then ; but before ten minutes had gone by it was crushed to uselessness in his grasp ; for he knit his fingers together over it, as he knit his words over thought. His gesture was subdued ; sometimes a slow mo- tion of his hand upward ; sometimes bending forward, his hand drooping over the pulpit ; sometimes erecting himself to his full height with a sudden motion, as if upraised by the power of the thought he spoke. His voice a musical, low, penetrative voice seldom rose ; and when it did it was in a deep volume of sound which was not loud, but toned like a great bell. It thrilled also, but that was not so much from feeling as from the repression of feeling. Toward the close of his ministry he was wont to stand almost motionlessly 172 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. erect in the pulpit, with his hands loosely lying by his side, or grasping his gown. His pale, thin face and tall, emaci- ated form, seeming, as he spoke, to be glowing as alabaster glows when lit up by an inward fire. And, indeed, brain and heart were on fire. He Avas being self-consumed. Every sermon in those latter days burned up a portion of his vital power." But though thus surrounded by an admiring congregation, and weekly giving out thoughts that were worthy of still wider notice, when some of his people, who realized that his words were too precious to die, raised a subscription to em- ploy a short-hand reporter, with a view to the publication of his sermons, he refused to sanction the scheme, aud wrote the parties a characteristic letter, telling them that he had no time to correct, and, without it, the discourses were not fit to be given to the public. Yet a number were preserved in this way, and though not published until after his death, they are almost faultless in form and expression. Other ser- mons were written out briefly by himself, after beinsj; preached, for the use of some private friends. It was thus that those almost incomparable discourses were preserved, which are without doubt the most valuable contribution that has been made to their department of literature during the present century. We will give two extracts showing the power that may be wielded over language without the use of the pen. The first is from a speech made to a workingman's institute opposing the introduction of infidel works into their library. He is speaking of the compassion that should be shown to the honest doubter : " I do think that the way we treat that state is unpardon- ably cruel. It is an awful moment when the soul begins to find that the props on which it has blindly rested so long are many of them rotten, and begins to suspect them all ; when it begins to feel the nothingness of many of the tradi- tionary opinions which have been received with implicit con- fidence, and in that horrible insecurity begins also to doubt whether there be anything to believe at all. It is an awful hour let him who has passed through it say how awful EMINENT SPEAKERS. 173 when this life has lost its meaning, and seems shriveled into a span ; when the grave appears to be the end of all, human goodness nothing but a name, and the sky above this universe a dead expanse, black with the void from which God Himself has disappeared. ... I appeal (for the truth of the pic- ture drawn) to the recollection of any man who has passed through that hour of agony, and stood upon the rock at last, the surges stilled below him, and the last cloud drifted from the sky above, with a faith, and hope, and trust, no longer traditional, but of his own, a trust which neither earth nor hell shall shake thenceforth for ever." The second passage we will quote is an illustration from a sermon on the doubt of Thomas, showing how weak are all arguments for immortality, except those that are exclusively Christian. He speaks of many things that are valuable as suggestions, but worthless as proofs, and next shows how the same suggestions may point the other way : " Six thousand years of human existence have passed away. Countless armies of the dead have set sail from the shores of time. No traveler has returned from the still land be- yond. More than one hundred and fifty generations have done their work and sunk into the dust again, and still there is not a voice, there is not a whisper from the grave to tell us whether, indeed, those myriads are in existence still. Besides, why should they be ? Talk as you will of the grandeur of man ; why should it not be honor enough for him more than enough to satisfy a thing so mean to have had his twenty or seventy years life-rent of God's uni- verse ? Why must such a thing, apart from proof, rise up and claim to himself an exclusive immortality ? . . . . Why may he not sink, after he has played his appointed part, into nothingness again ? You see the leaves sinking one by one in autumn, till the heaps below are rich with the spoils of a whole year's vegetation. They were bright and perfect while they lasted, each leaf a miracle of beauty and contrivance. There is no resurrection for the leaves why should there be one for man ? Go and stand, some summer evening, by the river side ; you will see the May-fly sporting out its little hour in the dense masses of insect life, darken- ing the air a few feet above the gentle swell of the water. The heat of that very afternoon brought them into existence. Every gauze wing is traversed by ten thousand fibres, which 174 EXTEMPORE SPEAKIXO. defy the microscope to find a flaw in their perfection. The omniscience and the care bestowed upon that exquisite anat- omy, one would think cannot be destined to be wasted in a moment. Yet so it is. When the sun has sunk below the trees its little life is done. Yesterday it was not ; to mor- row it will not be. God hafl bidden it be happy for one evening. It has no right or claim to a second ; and in the universe that marvelous life has appeared once and will ap- pear no more. May not the race of man sink like the gene- rations of the May-fly ? Why cannot the Creator, so lavish in His resources, afford to annihilate souls as He annihilates insects ? Would it not almost enhance His glory to believe it?" Such language Robertson was able to employ without the use of the pen. But the art was not attained without a long and laborious toil. He committed much memorizing the whole Testament, both in English and Greek, and storing his mind with innumerable gems from the poets. He also studied the modern languages, particularly German, and de- lighted to translate their treasure into his own tongue. He read much, but not rapidly, dwelling upon a book until he could arrange the whole of its contents with precision in his mind. Thus he attained an almost unequalled mastery of both thought and language. If he had been required to write every sermon, he could never have pursued such a thorough and long continued course of cultivation, besides mastering such a vast amount of knowledge. We have dwelt less upon the general character of his preaching, with its strong originality, than upon the beauty, force, and accuracy of his language, because these are the qualities usually believed to be unattainable without written composition. But it is safe to say, that in these respects he has not been surpassed by any preacher ancient or modern. HENRY CLA.T. We will take Henry Clay as an example of the American political eloquence of the last generation. He was one of a bright constellation of great men most of them, like himself, extemporaneous speakers. In some respects he was, perhaps, EMINENT SPEAKERS. 175 superior to them all. His hold upon the public mind was great, and even yet he is regarded with love and reverence all over the Union. This, however, is not the result of his genius alone. In some points his great rivals were more un- fortunate than himself. Calhoun's influence was immense ; but the effect of his teaching has been so deadly that it is not to be wondered at if his fame is of an equivocal kind. The badness of Webster's private life, and his unfortunate course on some great questions, caused his reputation to decline, and his really great abilities to be undervalued. But the genial, large-hearted orator of the West is still a favorite with the people. Clay was a Virginian by birth. His father was a Baptist preacher, very poor, who died when Henry was quite young, leaving a large family of children. Henry obtained all his schooling, which was meager enough, in a log school-house. The young boy was employed first as a clerk in a store, and afterward as an assistant in a lawyer's office. Next he be- came an amanuensis to Chancellor Wythe, who treated him kindly and gave him an opportunity to study law. Finally, he was admitted to the bar, and removed to Kentucky. He immediately acquired practice, and met with a hearty wel- come from the rough backwoodsmen of that section. He tells us how he acquired the ability to speak with fluency and power: "I owe my success in life to one simple fact, namely, that at an early age I commenced and continued for some years the practice of daily reading and speaking the contents of some historical or scientific book. These oif-hand efforts were sometimes made in a corn-field ; at others in the forest ; and not unfrequently in some barn, with the horse and ox for my only auditors. It is to this early practice of the art of all arts that I am indebted for the primary and leading impulses that stimulated my progress and have shaped and molded my destiny." An amusing instance is given of Clay's first attempt at debate. He was so much embarrassed that he forgot where he was, and called the chairman " Gentlemen of the Jury." 170 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. Yet when this difficulty had been overcome, he soon made a powerful impression. In fact it was spoken of by some as not inferior to any of the addresses in which he achieved a national fame. The policy of emancipation was then under debate in Kentucky, and young Clay gave it his full sup- port. But although he had almost unbounded influence on any other subject, the people of his State loved slavery better than any man, and the measure was defeated. The vast power of Clay as an orator was early displayed. When only twenty-two years of age he, with another very able speaker, addressed a popular meeting. While the other spoke there was great applause and deafening acclamations, but Clay's address was so much more thrilling and effective, that the popular feeling became too deep for utterance, and he closed amid unbroken silence. It was some moments be- fore the crowd recovered sufficiently to give vent, in thun- dering cheers, to the emotion that he had kindled. It is hardly necessary to follow the career of Clay through all the years that were devoted to the public service, for the country is still familiar with it. Many of the measures with which he was connected may not meet our approval, but no one will question the honesty of his motives, or the ability with which they were advocated. In Congress he had scarcely a rival. Calhoun was equally active, and more logical, but had not the magic of voice and eye, the nameless graces of delivery that distinguished the Kentucky orator. Webster spoke more like a giant, but was hard to call out in his full force, and on ordinary occasions did not speak nearly as well as Clay. The voice of the latter was an in- strument of great power, and he well knew how to use it. "Nature," he said on one occasion, referring to an effort made years before, " had singularly favored me by giving me a voice peculiarly adapted to produce the effects I wished in public speaking. Now," he added, "its melody is changed, its sweetness gone." These words were pronounced as if in mockery, in tones of exquisite sweetness. One who had heard him often, says : EMINENT SPEAKERS. 177 "Mr. Clay's voice has prodigious power, compass, and richness ; all its variations are captivating, but some of its base tones thrill through one's whole frame. To those who have never heard the living melody, no verbal description can convey an adequate idea of the diversified effects of those intonations which, in one strain of sentiment, fall in whispering gentleness like the first words of love upon a maiden's lips, and anon in sterner utterances ring with the maddening music of the main." A gentleman who witnessed an oratorical encounter be- tween Clay and Webster describes it as inconceivably grand : " The eloquence of Mr. Webster was the majestic roar of a strong and steady blast pealing through the forest ; but that of Mr. Clay was the tone of a god-like instrument, some- times visited by an angel touch, and swept anon by all the fury of the raging elements." Clay, Webster and Calhoun were all extempore speakers. Webster sometimes prepared very elaborately, but never confined himself to his preparation. And some of his very best efforts were made on the spur of the moment when cir- cumstances conspired to arouse his vast but somewhat slug- gish genius. Both the others prepared their discourses in thought alone, and those who were obliged to rely on their manuscripts or their memories stood no chance at all with them in the fiery debates through which they passed. HENRY B. BASCOM. It may be doubted whether the late Bishop Bascom is properly classed among extempore preachers. His mode of preparation certainly bordered on the memoriter plan. But he did not write. He would first construct a skeleton, usually very simple, and then throw each point into words mentally. His memory was very great, and the fine expres- sions he coined, as he rode through the forest or meditated in his study, were impressed on his mind so strongly as to be recalled afterward. It was a common practice with him to repeat his sermons over and over again to himself, till every line of thought and every strong expression became perfectly 178 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. familiar. Bascom once stopped at a backwoodsman's house, and left it to take a short walk. Soon a neighbor came rush- ing in, declaring that he had seen a crazy man walking back and forth on the edge of the woods, swinging his arms wildly, and muttering to himself in a strange manner. The neigh- bor was told not to be alarmed, but to come to church the next day and he would see the crazy man again. He did so, and listened to strains of eloquence as admirable as ever charmed his ear. The sermons which were thus prepared, were preached a great number of times, and each time reviewed and improved. Bascom traveled a vast extent of country, and the sermons which thus combined all the strength of his really powerful mind, for years together, soon became famous. Probably no preacher ever did so much with so few discourses. His delivery was wonderful. Henry Clay, who was well qualified to judge, pronounced him the finest natural orator he had ever heard. His form was almost perfect, his carriage noble and graceful, every movement light and springy, so that, as some of his hearers have declared, " he scarcely seemed to touch the ground." He dressed with great taste, and on this account was often objected to by the early Meth- odists, and came very nearly being refused admission into his Conference. But he soon became a general favorite with the people, who would throng to hear him from the whole country for miles around. When he entered the pulpit he seemed nearly borne down by the weight of his accumula- tions, and it was only after he had begun to make headway that he became easy and self-possessed. Then he poured forth torrent after torrent of highly wrought eloquence, until the hearers were lost in admiration of the vast powers he displayed. A very partial biographer considers it as very strange that he took but little part in any Conference discussions, or debates on general topics. The truth is, that with his mode of preparation, carried as far as he carried it, he could not. There was no time to forecast his sentences, and EMINENT SPEAKERS. 179 slowly build up a gorgeous fabric, and he therefore remained silent. He had a mighty imagination, and could so represent any object he undertook to describe, that it would live before the eyes of his hearers. But he cared so much for beauty that he wandere-d too far from his way to seek it, and the conse- quence was that the object of his discourse " Passed in music out of sight," and his hearers after recovering from their rapture and as- tonishment remained as they were before. He drew vast audiences together, wrought effectually for the building up of some colleges, collected much money for various agencies, was made a Bishop of the M. E. Church, South, in compli- ment to his eloquence, but in real work was far inferior to many a Methodist minister whose name is unknown to fame. JOHN SUMHERFIELD. The eloquence of the good and noble, but early fallen Summerfield was in sharp contrast with that of Bascom. A lady who had hea-rd them both, gave the preference, in some neat verses, to the latter, on the ground that he was more grand, awe-inspiring, and tempest-like. The melody and pathos of Summerfield she compared to the mild zephyr, and thought this was necessarily inferior to the earth- shaking storm. But the world has not agreed with her. Bascom held assembled thousands for hours beneath the charm of his voice, weeping, smiling, or shouting, at his will. Yet when all had passed, and the spell had been dissolved, the only impression that remained was one of simple wonder. The man and his own eloquence had risen so far above the subject he was to enunciate that the latter faded from the mind. More earnestness for truth and sympathy with it, would have enhanced his real power a hundredfold. But it was very different with Summerfield. His soul was full of earnestness, and he moved in an atmosphere of tender- ness and pathos. The eloquence of the great Whitetield 180 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. might be compared to the whirlwind, prostrating everything in its path ; that of Bascom to an iceberg glowing in the rays of the morning sun, displaying a thousand colors, but cold and impassive ; and that of Summerfield to the light of the sun, calm and genial, shining on fields of green, filling the air with life and light. His speech was simple, easy, and un- adorned, flowing right out of his own heart, and awakening an answering echo in the hearts of all who heard. The ser- mons which he has left are mere fragments sketches such as he employed in his preparation, and of course give no idea of the real power he wielded. Stephens thus describes his method of preparation : " Though in the delivery of his sermons there was this facility felicity we might call it in their preparation he was a laborious student. He was a hearty advocate of ex- tempore preaching, and would have been deprived of most of his popular power in the pulpit by being confined to a manuscript; yet he knew the importance of study, and par- ticularly of the habitual use of the pen in order to success in extemporaneous speaking. His own rule was to prepare a skeleton of his sermon, and after preaching it, write it out in fuller detail, filling up the original sketch with the princi- pal thoughts which had occurred to him in the process of the discourse. The first outline was, however, in accordance with the rule we have elsewhere given for extempore speak- ing, viz., that the perspective of the entire discourse the leading ideas, from the exordium to the peroration should be noted on the manuscript, so that the speaker shall have the assurance that he is supplied with a consecutive series of good ideas, good enough to command the respect of his audience, though he should fail of any very important im- promptu thoughts. This rule we deem the most essential condition of success in extemporaneous preaching. It is the best guarantee of that confidence and self-possession upon which depends the command of both thought and language. Summerfield followed it even in his platform speeches. Mont- gomery notices the minuteness of his preparations in nearly two hundred manuscript sketches." This great man died at the very early age of twenty-seven, having preached seven years. But from the very first he produced a profound impression. Dr. Bethune thus describes EMINENT SPEAKERS. 181 one of his earliest efforts in this country. He was then scarcely known. It was at an anniversary of the Bible Society, and an able man had just spoken with great ac- ceptance : "The chair announced the Rev. Mr. Surnmerfield, from England. 'What presumption!' said my clerical neigh- bor ; ' a boy like that to be set up after a giant !' But the stripling came in the name of the God of Israel, armed with ' a few smooth stones from the brook ' that flows ' hard by the oracles of God.' His motion was one of thanks to the officers of the society for their labors during the year ; and of course he had to allude to the president, then reposing in another part of the house ; and thus he did it : ' When I saw that venerable man, too aged to warrant the hope of being with you at another anniversary, he reminded me of Jacob leaning upon the top of his staff, blessing his children before he departed? He then passed on to encourage the society by the example of the British institution. ' When we first launched our untried vessel upon the deep, the storms of op- position roared, and the waves dashed angrily around us, and we had hard work to keep her head to thfc wind. We were faint with rowing, and our strength would soon have been gone, but we cried, ' Lord, save us, or we perish ! ' Then a light shone upon the waters, and we saw a form walking upon the troubled sea, like unto that of the Son of God, and he drew near the ship, and we knew that it was Jesus ; and he step- ped upon the deck f and laid his hand upon the helm, and he said unto the winds and waves, Peace, be still, and there was a great calm. Let not the friends of the Bible fear ; God is in the midst of us. God shall help us, and that right early.' In such a strain he went on to the close. ' Wonderful ! wonder- ful !' said my neighbor the critic ; i he talks like an angel from heaven.' " C. H. SPTTRGEON. No minister now living has been heard by so many people in the same number of years, or has been the subject of so much controversy as Spurgeon. The great populace of Lon- don has been moved to its depths by his preaching, and he has met with the same enthusiastic reception wherever he has preached. He is yet very young only thirty-four years 182 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. of age and had become celebrated before he was twenty- one. Such speedy recognition is certainly a proof of great merit, and his example is well worth our attention. Spurgeon's parents were poor but respectable his father and grandfather being Independent ministers. He early felt it his duty to preach, and even when a child was accustomed to preach to his playmates. His father wished him to go to college to qualify himself for the work in regular form, but after giving the matter careful consideration he declined. Even when he became usher at Cambridge, and began to preach occasionally, he refused the tempting offer of a college course, and gave it as his opinion that he was called to go to the work at once, and not to waste years in preparation. We can hardly tell what effect a long course of training, that would have allowed time for his fervid zeal to cool, would have had upon his after life. About the same time he left the church of his fathers and united with the Baptists, believing that immersion was the proper baptism. His oc- casional ministrations were marked by modesty and good sense, as well as loving earnestness. He was soon called to take charge of an old, but decayed church in London. Its forlorn condition did not dismay him, and under his vigorous care and mighty preaching the congregation became overflowing. The building was en- larged, but the congregation grew still larger. Immense public halls were taken, and these too were soon overflowed. His congregation built a new church of extraordinary size, which has been packed full on each preaching occasion ever since. Several volumes of his sermons have been published, and have met with a ready sale. He preaches nearly a ser- mon a day, corresponds with a newspaper, writes books, su- perintends a ministerial school, speaks for and aids a number of charitable institutions altogether performing more labor than perhaps any other preacher of our day. Yet these mul- tiform labors are performed with such ease and certainty that he hardly ever appears tired, and gives no indication of breaking down. EMINENT SPEAKERS. 183 What is the secret of the power by which this man has reached the hearts of the poor more fully than any other man for many years ? It is admitted on all hands that he is not a man of profound intellect. There is no trace of unusual powers of thought either in his published or spoken ser- mons. But there is a more than ordinary force of arrange- ment, illustration and expression. He may not be in the first class of great men, but he is surely foremost in the second class. He also possesses wonderful enthusiasm. His faith is too clear for a doubt, and he is never troubled with any mis- givings regarding his own power of presenting the truth. Confidence is a part of his nature, and enables him to bear unmoved any amount of opposition, and, while preaching, to follow out any suggestions of his genius. His power of lan- guage is very great. From beginning to end of his discourse he never falters, nor uses the wrong word. His voice is strong, clear, and melodious, making the tritest thought in- teresting. But above all, he is a good man, and works solely for the good of his hearers. This is the reason why he is not intoxicated by his great success. He feels that the Holy Spirit labors with him, and that the blessing of God rests upon him. Spurgeon is an extempore preacher in the best sense of the word. He studies and meditates as fully as his time will permit, and at any period is ready to give what he thus mas- ters to the public. " I can't make out," said a minister to him, u when you study, Brother Spurgeon. When do you make your sermons ?" " Oh !" he replied, " I am always studying I am sucking in something from everything. If you were to ask me home to dine with you, I should suck a sermon out of you." One who had known him, thus writes: " With respect to his habits of composition, he assured us that not one word of his sermons is written before delivery, and that the only use he makes of his pen upon them is to correct the errors of the stenographer. His happy faculty of mere mental composition, and of remembering what he thus composes, saves him much time and drudgery. He can 184 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. exercise it anywhere ; but probably with more success in the pulpit, while he is giving utterance to what he has prear- ranged in his mind. Learning not to read manuscript out of the pulpit is the best preparation for not reading it in the pulpit, and he who in his study can think well, independently of it, will, in the pulpit, think better without it; for the ex- citement occasioned by speaking what he has premeditated if that excitement does not produce too deep feeling will summon new thoughts to fill up the old ranks, and lead whole divisions of fresh recruits into the field." The almost irresistible attraction of Spurgeon's ministra- tions may he inferred from the following facts : "It was no unusual sight on a Sunday evening to see pla- cards put up outside of the building (Exeter Hall) announcing that it was full, and that no more could be admitted. In his own church it has been found necessary for the police to be present at every service, and the pew-holders are admitted by ticket through a side door. This accomplished, at ten minutes prior to the commencement of the service, the doors are opened and a rush commences ; but it is speedily over, for the chapel is full not only the seats but every inch of standing-room being occupied, and the gates have to be closed, with an immense crowd of disappointed expectant hearers outside. The church has, indeed, reason to be deeply grateful that amid the vice and immorality of London, a voice so clear and loud has been lifted up for the cause of the Redeemer." HENRY WARD BEECHER. Perhaps no American minister has ever become so well known to the whole body of the people as Henry Ward Beecher. He has been bitterly criticised and opposed even by members of his own denomination, but has triumphed over every attack, and won a proud place among preachers. He has even become a power in the political world, and his devotion to the cause of liberty has endeared him to thou- sands who might otherwise have never heard his name. This great orator was born in 1813 in the State of Connec- ticut. His father, Lyman Beecher, was a clergyman of great force and celebrity. Young Beecher graduated at Amherst College at twenty-one, and studied theology with his father EMINENT SPEAKERS. 185 at Lane Seminary, Cincinnati. When this was concluded, he was first settled over a small Presbyterian church at Law- renceburg, Ind., where he remained two years, and then re- moved to Indianapolis, and preached eight years with great acceptance. His first sermon was so earnest and powerful that it led to the conversion of twelve persons. A course of lectures, which he gave during this period to young men, attracted great attention, and he was soon after called to take charge of Plymouth Church in Brooklyn. It was then a feeble organization ; but under his care has increased to vast proportions. It has now a membership of 1,700, and the largest regular congregation by far of any church in the land. The income of the church from the rent of pews is nearly $41,000! As a lecturer, Beecher stands among the very first. He speaks every year, in nearly every prominent city of the Union, and thus contributes powerfully to the success of the various reforms he advocates. He early gave the anti-slavery movement the support of his powerful eloquence, and preached and lectured against the great evil so effectually that no man was more denounced and hated at the South than he. In the heat of our civil contest he passed some months in England, and there spoke for the cause of liberty and Union. He met with the most embittered opposition ; the rabble, who had been incited by handbills to come out and put him down, often roaring until his voice could no longer be heard. He would calmly watch them until the noise for a moment subsided, and then speak again with such effect that the vic- tory was soon declared in his favor. No man contributed more powerfully to allay the prejudice of England against our nation during her sore contest. We do not wonder at the great popularity of Beecher. He possesses much greater intellectual acuteness than Spur- geon, and is inferior in this particular to no one of the orators of the present day. The 'variety of topics he discusses is immense, and he brings such good sense and sound logic to bear on them, that the people feel him to be a teacher indeed. 186 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. They go to hear him, expecting that he will apply high spir- itual truth to every day life, and are not disappointed Beecher is a giant in reasoning power, and gives no light, superficial views of anything. His feelings are very acute, and by the mere force of sympathy he has the smiles and tears of his audience at command. His power of illustration is wonderful ; the most abstruse subject grows plain under the light of his luminous comparisons. While his command of language is very great, and he never hesitates for a word, his taste is so pure that he never uses an unnecessary or ob- jectionable term. In fact, he speaks for the press as much as for the congregation before him. For years his sermons have been taken down by short-hand writers, and read all over the world. Sometimes they do not even receive a final correction from him. This is a convincing evidence of his marvelous popularity. His sermons are first preached to a vast assembly, and then spread before hundreds of thousands of readers. Not only newspapers oi his own denomination, but of others, count it a great attraction to be able to an- nounce a weekly or semi-monthly sermon from this gifted man. On several occasions we were privileged to hear him, and will give some account of the first time we listened to his eloquence. A large number of people gathered long be- fore the hour for service, and waited impatiently for the opening of the door. Ten minutes before the hour the crowd was admitted, and every vacant pew almost instantly filled. Then seats were folded out from the ends of the pews into the aisles, and these filled until the whole vast space was one dense mass of living humanity ; on the ground floor or in the second or third galleries there was no unoccupied space. Many even then were forced to turn away from the door. The preaching was plain, logical, deep, and clear rather than brilliant. There was no florid imagery, but the light of im- agination gleamed through the whole discourse. The subject was naturally analyzed, every part powerfully illustrated, and the application pungent enough to reach every heart not en- EMINENT SPEAKERS. 1ST tirely impervious. Several times a smile rippled over the faces of the congregation, but lasted only for a moment, and was generally the prelude for some deep and solemn im- pression. Beecher prepares his discourses with care, but neither memorizes nor reads them. On one occasion we noticed him lay his manuscript on the desk before him and begin to read. The description was beautiful, but the congregation seemed indifferent, and gave no evidence of close attention. Soon he pushed the paper away. Then every eye was bent upon him with intensest interest. Beecher's ordinary lectures give but little indication of his real power. They are written and read in the same form to numerous audiences. But his genius finds free play only when the manuscript is abandoned. Then, when he speaks for a cause in which his heart is enlisted, we have an example of what mortal eloquence can be. We once heard him at a large meeting which he had visited as a listener. A long and rather dull speech had been made by the orator of the evening. But Beecher was seen, recognized, and called out. Every murmur was stilled. Laughter and tears succeeded each other with marvelous rapidity ; but he closed by a dar- ing apostrophe, spoken in a low tone, that thrilled to every heart, and held all spell-bound for some moments after he had ceased to speak ! It seemed the full realization of every dream of the might and power of eloquence. ANNA E. DICKINSON. This lady was born in 1841, and while quite young became celebrated as a public speaker. She has riot won her present position by a single brilliant effort, but by long continued exertions and the display of solid talent. She is a member of the Society of Friends, and early imbibed the hatred of oppression and slavery for which that denomination is dis- tinguished. Her principal public speeches have been given in the service of freedom, and to secure a higher position and 188 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. a wider range of employments for women. Her own exam- ple, as well as her teachings, has been one of great value to her sex. When Miss Dickinson began to speak she had no powerful friends to aid, and for a time her audiences were quite small. But she was too firm and devoted to the cause she advo- cated to grow discouraged. And there was something so attractive in her manner, that opposition was soon over- come, and her audiences grew continually. She was so truth- ful, earnest, elegant, and strong, that before she was twenty- two years of age she was recognized as a power in the politi- cal world, and few voices more eloquent than hers were lifted up on behalf of liberty and justice during our civil war. She has also taken part in political canvassing with great success. Her reputation as a lyceum lecturer is fully established. In all the cities of the United States where she has spoken large and enthusiastic audiences have greeted her. In speaking, she is modest, graceful, and unconstrained, with an air and manner of perfect naturalness. There is no elaborate ornament in her words, but they are always well chosen, and flow with the utmost ease. Her discourses are logical, and usually bear upon a single point with overwhelm- ing force. Without the slightest attempt at stage effect, she frequently displays deep emotion, and becomes totally ab- sorbed in her subject. Her voice is full, clear, melodious, and perfectly distinct ; it is persuasive, well modulated, and equally capable of expressing pathos, and scorn, and com- mand. With such abilities she cannot fail to be popular, and her influence, which is always for good, is steadily widening. Yet in order to display her full power, she requires a subject that enlists her sympathies, and in a mere literary lecture, although always instructive, she does not produce the same vivid impression as when roused by some injustice, or plead- ing the cause of the oppressed and feeble. The manner of preparation by which this lady, who takes rank with the best of American orators, has acquired such EMINENT SPEAKERS. 189 power over words and hearts, merits attention ; in response to our inquiry, she says : " For the first three years of my public life, speaking, with me, was absolutely extempore ; that is, I gave a general look over the field before I rose to my feet, then talked. Since then, I consider my subject let it lie in my mind, and gather fresh thoughts statistics what not almost uncon- sciously as a stone gathers moss. ' When I wish to make the speech, I arrange this mass in order and form make a skeleton of it on paper, and leave the filling in till I reach the platform then some things I have thought of are omitted, and others thought of at the time, are substituted. The speech changes here and there for some time, and then gradually crystalizes that is all. I mean, of course, what is called a regular lyceum speech. The political speeches are made very much on my old plan." JOHN A. BINGHAM. We selected one American political orator of the genera- tion that has just gone by as a specimen of the capabilities of extempore speech, and will now give an instance of the pres- ent. The speaker we have chosen is widely known. Many have listened to his eloquent words, and in the stormy events of the last few years, his name has become a household word. We make this choice the more readily because the charac- ter of eloquence for which Bingham is noted, is that which many persons suppose to be most incompatible with a spon- taneous selection of words beauteous, elegant, melodious, and highly adorned. Bingham graduated, was admitted to the bar, and speedily became a successful lawyer. He also turned his attention to political affairs, and became known as a most efficient public canvasser for the doctrines of the party with which he acted. This is one of the best schools in the world for ready and vigorous speech, but has a tendency to produce carelessness of expression, and to substitute smartness for logic and prin- ciple. This tendency he successfully resisted, and became distinguished for the deep moral tone, as well as for the beauty of the language of his addresses. He was elected to 190 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. Congress from an Ohio district, and become known as one of the most eloquent members of that body. He took a prominent part in the opposition to the Kansas and Nebraska bill, and met the entire approval of the people. When the Southern States commenced to secede in the winter of 1860- Gl he brought forward a force bill to compel them to submit to national authority. This was defeated by those who thought that other means would avail. Time proved the wisdom of his views. All through the contest that followed, his voice was heard on the side of liberty and Union. He soon became known as one of the leaders of the Republican party, and has nobly held that position to the date of writing. Mr. Bingham, in speaking, is calm, clear and pointed. His manner indicates confidence, and his words flow freely. Imagination is allowed full play, and the spirit of poetry breathes everywhere. He abounds in lofty and beautiful imagery, that places the truth in the clearest light. While the subject is never lost sight of, a thousand graces and beau- ties cluster around it from every hand. From the elevation and certainty of his language, many casual hearers have been led to imagine that his speeches were written and committed. But the reverse is the case. Some of his highest efforts have been made with no time even for the prearran^ement of thought. This is one secret of his great success as a de- bater. He is always ready, with or without warning, to speak the thoughts that are in his mind. But he prefers, of course, to have time to arrange his matter in advance. The following passage will illustrate the force of Mr. Bing- ham's thought and expression. It is from a speech in reply to Wadsworth, and was entirely unstudied : "As the gentleman then and now has chosen to assail me for this, I may be pardoned for calling his attention to the inquiry, what further did I say in that connection, on that day, and in the hearing of the gentleman ? I said that every loyal citizen in this land held his life, his property, his home, and the children of his house, a sacred trust for the common defence. Did that remark excite any horror in the gentle- EMINENT SPEAKERS. 191 man's mind. Not at all. I undertook, in my humble way, to demonstrate that, by the very letter and spirit of the Con- stitution, you had a right to lay the lives and the property and the homes, the very hearth-stones of the honest and the just and the good, under contribution by law, that the Re- public might live. Did that remark excite any abhorrence in the gentleman, or any threat that fifteen slave States would be combined against us? Not at all. I stated in my place just as plainly, that by your law you might for the common defence not only take the father of the house, but the eldest born of his house, to the tented field by force of your con- scription, if need be, and subject him to the necessary despo- tism of military rule, to the pestilence of the camp, and the destruction of the battle-field. And yet the gentleman was not startled with the horrid vision of a violated Constitution, and there burst from his indignant lips no threat that if we did this there would be a union of fifteen slave States against the Federal despotism. I asserted in my place, further, that after you had taken the father and his eldest born away, and given them both to death a sacrifice for their country, you could, by the very terms of the Constitution, take away the shelter of the roof-tree which his own hands had reared for the protection of the wife and the children that were left be- hind, and quarter your soldiers beneath it, that the Republic might live. And yet the gentleman saw no infraction of the Constitution, and made no threat of becoming the armed ally of the rebellion. But the moment that I declared my con- viction that the public exigencies and the public necessities required, that the Constitution and the oaths of the people's Representatives required, that by your law the imperial mandate of the people the proclamation of liberty should go forth over all that rebel region, declaring that every slave in the service of these infernal conspirators against your chil- dren and mine, against your homes arid mine, against your Constitution and mine, against the sacred graves of your kindred and mine, shall be free, the gentleman rises startled Avith the horrid vision of broken fetters and liberated bond- men, treason overthrown, and a country redeemed, regener- ated, and forever reunited, and cries, No; this shall not be; fifteen States will combine against you. Slavery is the civi- lizer; you shall neither denounce it as an 'infernal atrocity,' nor overthrow it to save the Union. I repeat the word which so moved the gentleman from his propriety, that chat- tel slavery is an ' infernal atrocity.' I thank God that I learned to lisp, it at my mother's knee. It is a logical se- 192 EXTEMPORE SPEAKING. quence, sir, disguise it as you may, from that golden rule which was among the first utterances of all of us, ' whatsoever ye would that men should do unto you, do ye so even unto them.' " The second instance is taken from a speech on the proposal to furnish relief to the Southerners who were in a destitute and starving condition after the close of the war. " No war rocks the continent, no armed rebellion threatens with overthrow the institutions of the country. The pillars of the holy temple of our liberties do not tremble in the storm of battle; the whole heavens are no longer covered with blackness, and the habitations of the people are no longer filled with lamentation and sorrow for their beautiful slain upon the high places of the land ! Thanks be to God ! the harvest of death is ended and the sickle has dropped from the hands of the 'pale reapers' on the field of mortal combat. "Sir, you may apply in the day of war the iron rule of war, and say that the innocent and unoffending in the l>e- leagured city shall perish with the guilty; but when war's dread alarm has ended, as happily it has with us, when the broken battalions of rebellion have surrendered to the victo- rious legions of the Republic, let no man stand within the forum of the people and utter the horrid blasphemy that y they are under the strict govern- ment of parliamentary law. CONTINUED MEETINGS. When any body holds sessions at intervals, it becomes necessary to bear in mind what has been previously done. This is accomplished by having the minutes of each meeting read at the beginning of the next, and if any mistakes exist they are corrected. This enables the assembly to take up the business where it closed, and proceed as if there had been no interruption. It is also well to have a certain order of business fixed, which shall always suggest what is proper to be done and prevent confusion. This order will necessa- rily diifer in the various kinds of meetings. Legislative bodies, from the great variety of business brought before them, can seldom fix on any order that can be followed from day to day, but they often establish a regular order for a certain time. Matthias suggested the following arrangement for business meetings of bank directors, railway stockhold- ers, etc. : 1. Presenting communications from parties outside of the meeting. A communication is read, and motions for action on it may be made, amended, and passed or rejected. After 206 APPENDIX. this has been done, or if no motion is made, the next commu- nication is taken up. 2. Reports of standing committees. The chairman will call for these in their order, and each one, if prepared, will be read by the chairman of the committee. It should close with a resolution of some kind, and when it is moved and seconded that this be adopted, it may be discussed and de- termined as the assembly see fit. The minority of a com- mittee may make a separate report if they wish. 3. Treasurer's report. 4. Unfinished business. 5. New business. II. GENERAL RULES OF ORDER. QUORUM RULES DECISION. 1. In bodies which have a fixed number of members, a cer- tain proportion must be present to make the transaction of business valid. The number may be fixed by the expression of the assembly, or its general custom. In the absence of any other rule, a majority is sufficient. The chairman should not take his seat until he sees that a quorum is present, and if the assembly is at any time reduced below this number, noth- ing but adjournment is in order. 2. The assembly may make its own rules in whole or in part, but whatever it does not determine, shall be subject to the common rules of order. Any member has -a right to insist on the enforcement of the rules, but this duty belongs especially to the chair. 3. In the absence of any special rule, the consent of a ma- jority of the members voting is requisite to determine any point. A plurality, where more than two issues are pre- sented, is not sufficient. OFFICERS. Presiding and recording officers are necessary in every meeting, and must be chosen by an absolute majority. When the assembly has financial matters to manage, a treasurer must also be elected. PRESIDING OFFICER. This officer is known by various titles, such as chairman, president, speaker, moderator, etc. We will use the first. The chairman represents the assembly, declares its will, and (207) 208 APPENDIX. obeys it implicitly. He must be treated with great respect, although his power is only a delegated one, and may be set aside by the declared will of the assembly. His principal duties are : 1. To begin the session by taking the chair and calling the members to order. 2. To announce business in its order. 3. To submit all motions and propositions. 4. To put all questions and announce the result. 5. To restrain members within rules of order. 6. To receive all communications and announce them to the assembly. 7. To sign public documents. 8. To decide points of order, subject to an appeal to the assembly. The chairman should fully understand all the rules of busi- ness, be kind and courteous to all, but prompt and firm, for on him, more than any other, the order and harmony of every meeting depends. In the absence of the chairman, the vice-president takes the chair, and when there is no such officer, a temporary chairman must be elected. The chairman may read while sitting, but should rise to state a question or take a vote. RECORDING OFFICER. Secretary or clerk is the name usually bestowed on this officer. We will employ the first. It is his duty to keep a true record of all that is done in the assembly. Speeches and motions that do not prevail, need not be recorded. But it is sometimes customary, when it is intended to publish the proceedings, and no reporter is present, for the secretary to make the minutes take the form of a journal. 2. The secretary must keep all papers that belong to the society in safety ; read them when ordered ; call the roll ; notify committees of their appointment and business ; and sign all orders and proceedings of the assembly. APPENDIX. 209 3. A temporary secretary must be elected during the ab- sence of the permanent one, unless there is an assistant to take his place. 4. The secretary should always stand in reading, or calling the roll. MEMBERS. 1. All members are on a footing of absolute equality, and in every form of business the same courtesy and attention should be shown to each one by the chair and by all other members. 2. Every member is expected to observe strict decorum in his behavior. Standing, walking about, interrupting speak- ers, hissing, whispering, taking books or papers from the speaker's table, are all breaches of decorum. 3. Any member accused of disorderly behavior may, when the charge is stated, be heard in his own behalf, and is then required to withdraw, until the assembly decides as to his guilt and punishment. He may be reprimanded, required to apologize, or expelled. MOTIONS. 1. Business can only be introduced into an assembly by a motion. Persons, not members, may make communications, or send petitions asking for the doing of certain things ; but these must be taken by one of the members, and by him read or presented to the assembly. It is then before the body for consideration, but nothing can be done with it until a motion is made by some one belonging to the assembly. 2. An assembly expresses its opinion by a resolution, com- mands by an order, and determines its own action by a vote. A member who wishes to secure either of these, draws it up in the form he desires it to bear, and moves that the assem- bly adopt what he proposes. He must first obtain the floor. This is done by rising and addressing the chairman by his title. If there be no previous claimant, the chairman re- sponds by mentioning the speaker's name, when he is at liberty 210 APPENDIX. to go on. When he has made his motion, another member must second it before the assembly will receive it or pay any attention to it. The chair or any member may insist on the motion being written, unless it is one of the kind that have a certain form, such as to adjourn, etc. The motion when sec- onded, is to be stated by the chair, when it becomes the prop- erty of the assembly, and is ready for debate or such other action as may be preferred. Suggestions and modifications of the motion may be made, or it may be withdrawn alto- gether, before this ; but not after, without leave of the assem- bly formally expressed. No other motion, with some excep- tions to be hereafter explained, can be entertained until the first is disposed of. When a motion is made the assembly may do one of five things with it. 1 . Decide it in the shape it then has. 2. Suppress all consideration of it or action on it. 3. Postpone it until a future time. 4. Refer it to a committee to be put in a better form. 5. Amend it themselves before deciding it. We will consider these different ways of treating a ques- tion in their order. 1. DECISION. It is always to be taken for granted that the assembly is willing to decide a motion at once, unless some one moves to adopt one of the other courses. It may be repeated first, and when no one rises, the chair asks if they are ready for the question ; if no one responds, it is put to vote. 2. SUPPRESSION. 1. Sometimes the assembly does not wish to discuss a mo- tion at all. In that case a member may move that it be in- definitely postponed. If this is debated, the matter remains as it was before. If it prevails, the matter is ended, and can only be brought up as a new question. 2. The motion to lay a subject on the table has nearly the APPENDIX. 211 same effect. If it prevails, the subject cannot be taken up without a motion to that effect. 3. The famous " previous question " has a totally different purpose in this country and England. There it is used to postpone a question. Its form is, " Shall the main question now be put ?" and it is moved by those who wish to obtain a negative decision, the effect of which is to remove the ques- tion from before the house for that day, and by usage for the whole session. 4. In this country it is used to prevent debate, and is only moved by those who wish an affirmative decision. When this is carried the question must be voted upon without further remarks. A majority ought to use this power of stopping debate very sparingly, and never without good reason. 3. POSTPONEMENT. If the assembly is not prepared to act upon a question, or has more important business before it, the proper course is for some one to move that it be postponed until a certain time. If no time is fixed the question is suppressed alto- gether. If the assembly is dissolved before the appointed day, the effect is the same. 4. COMMITMENT. If the form of the motion is crude, it may be given into the hands of a committee to perfect. If it first came from a com- mittee, it may be given back to them, which is called a re- commitment. - The whole or a part of a subject may be committed, and the assembly may, by vote, give such instruc- tions as it desires. This motion is sometimes made use of for the purpose of procuring further information. 5. AMENDMENT. The assembly may alter, increase, or dimmish any propo- sition at its pleasure. Its nature is often changed entirely. 212 APPENDIX. 1. Every complicated question may be divided by a regu- lar vote. This is usually done, if no objection is offered, without a vote, but it cannot be required by a single member as is sometimes stated. A motion to divide should specify the manner of division. 2. If blanks are left in resolutions, these must be filled by motion. If these embrace figures, and several numbers are proposed, that which includes the others may be put to vote first. But it is usually as well to put first that which is moved first. 3. All motions to amend, except by division, must be to amend by inserting or adding, or by striking out, or both. 4. An amendment may be accepted by the mover of a res- olution, if no objection is made, for then general consent is presumed ; but not otherwise. 5. It is strict parliamentary law to begin with the begin- ning of a proposition, and after the latter part is amended, not to return to a former part ; but this is seldom insisted on in common societies. 6. Every amendment is susceptible of amendment, but this can go no further. But the second amendment may be de- feated, and then a new one made to the principal amend- ment. 7. Whatever is agreed to, or disagreed to by the accept- ance or rejection of an amendment cannot again be changed. 8. What is struck out cannot be inserted by another amendment, unless with such additions as to make it a new question. Neither can what is retained be changed. 9. Before putting the question on an amendment, the pas- sage should be read as it was ; then the amendment ; lastly the passage as amended. 10. A paragraph that is inserted by vote cannot be changed, but it may be amended before the question is put. 11. When the amendment is both to strike out and insert, these two may be divided by vote or general consent, and then the question is taken first on striking out. APPENDIX. 213 PREFERRED MOTIONS. When a motion is before the assembly, it must be disposed of before anything else can be brought forward, with the exception of three classes of questions. These are privi- leged, incidental, and subsidiary questions. 1. PRIVILEGED QUESTIONS. 1. The motion to adjourn takes precedence of every other, except when it has been moved and defeated, when it shall not be moved again until something else has been done. It cannot be moved while a member is speaking, or a vote being taken. But to be entitled to such precedence, it must be a simple motion to adjourn, without question of time or place. If these are added, it must take its regular turn. An adjourn- ment without any time being fixed, is equivalent to a disso- lution, unless this has been provided for by custom or especial rule. At adjournment every pending question is taken from before the assembly, and can only be brought up again in the regular way. 2. Any question affecting the rights and privileges of members, as in quarreling, the intrusion of strangers, etc., comes next in order to adjournment, and displaces every- thing else. 3. If the assembly fix on an order of business for a certain time, when that time arrives, a motion to take up this order has precedence of all questions, but the two preceding. 2. INCIDENTAL QUESTIONS. Incidental questions are those that grow out of other ques- tions, and must be decided before them. 1. Questions of order. If there is a breach of rules it is the duty of the chair to enforce them, and any member to call for their enforcement. This should be done at once. When there is a doubt as to what constitutes a breach of the rules, it is first decided by the chair, subject to an appeal to the assembly, which may be put in this form, " Shall the 214 APPENDIX. decision of the chair stand as the decision of the assembly ?" On this the chair may debate as well as others, but the vote is final. 2. When papers are laid on the secretary's table for the information of the assembly, any member may demand to have them read ; but other papers can only be read after a regular motion is carried to that effect. 3. After a motion is stated by the chair, permission may be given to withdraw it by a regular vote. 4. A rule that interferes with the transaction of any busi- ness may be suspended by a unanimous vote, or in accord- ance with the provisions of a special rule which points out the majority requisite, such as two-thirds, three-fourths, etc. 3. SUBSIDIARY QUESTIONS. These relate to the principal question as secondary planets do to their primaries. They are of different degrees among themselves, and with a few exceptions are not applied to one another. 1. " Lie on the table." This takes precedence of all the subsidiary motions. If carried, it takes the principal ques- tion and all that belongs to it from the consideration of the assembly, and they can only be brought up by a new mo- tion. If decided in the negative, this question, like all the others of the same class, except the previous question, has no effect whatever. 2. " Previous question." This motion can only be super- seded by that to lay on the table. If lost, the question is not before the house for the remainder of that day. 3. A motion to postpone may be amended by fixing the time or changing it. If several days are mentioned, the longest time should be put first. 4. A motion to commit takes precedence of a motion to amend, but stands in the same rank with the others, except to lay on the table, and cannot be superseded by them, if moved first. 5. A motion to amend may be amended. It is not super- APPENDIX. 215 seded by the previous question, or a motion for indefinite postponement, but is by a motion to postpone till a time cer- tain, or to commit. It is very important that the order of these secondary ques- tions be carefully observed, as there may be many of them pending at once. DEBATE. Debate in a society organized for the purpose of discussion, and in a deliberative body are quite different. In the former reply is expected, arid may be bandied back and forth several times. In the latter the object is supposed to be giving in- formation, and each member is limited to one speech, unless special permission is received to speak again. The chair must not take part in debates. 1. When a member wishes to speak, he obtains the floor in the same manner as if to offer a motion. The mover of a resolution is usually allowed the floor first, but this is a mat- ter of courtesy rather than right. 2. When a speaker gives up the floor for any purpose, he loses his right to it, though as a favor he is often allowed to continue his speech. 3. No names are to be used in debate, but when it becomes necessary to designate an individual, some description may be used, as, the gentleman on the right, etc. 4. Every member must stand, when speaking, unless sick or disabled. 5. Motions to adjourn, to lay on the table, for the previous question, or the order of the day cannot be debated. 6. No member shall use abusive language against any of the acts of the assembly, or indulge in personal denunciations of ether members. Wrong motives must not be attributed to any one. If a speaker digresses widely from the subject, and appears to misunderstand its nature, he may be called to order. 7. A member who is decided to be out of order loses his right to the floor, but this is seldom insisted on. 216 APPENDIX. 8. A member cannot speak more than once on the same question without special permission, which must not bu given until all have spoken; but he may speak on amendments, and on the same subject, when it is returned from a committee. 10. A member who has been misrepresented has the right to explain, but not to interrupt any one who is speaking for that purpose. 11. Debate may be stopped by the previous question ; by determining in advance that at a certain time, the question shall be decided ; or by adopting a rule limiting each mem- ber to so many minutes. In the latter case, the chair an- nounces the expiration of the time, and the member takes his seat. 12. Every member should be listened to with respect, and no attempt made to interrupt him, unless he transgress the bounds of order. Calling for the question, hissing, cough- ing, etc., should be restrained by the chair if possible. The speaker may learn from these things that the assembly does not wish to hear him, but he is not bound to heed them. If necessary, the chair will name the obstinate offenders for punishment, who may be heard in their own defence, but must then withdraw while the assembly determines what punishment should be inflicted. But if all means of pre- serving order fail, and the chairman's repeated calls are un- noticed, he is not responsible for this disorder, although it would be better then to resign an office that he can no longer make respected, unless so bound by public duty that he can- not take this course. 13. If a member in speaking makes use of disorderly words, notice should be taken at once. The words used, if the offence is serious, should be reduced to writing while fresh in the memory of all. If necessary, the assembly may deter- mine what words were used, whether they were offensive or not, and at its pleasure require an apology, censure, or expel the offender. If other business is done before attention is called to the disorderly words, they cannot again be taken up. APPENDIX. 217 PUTTIXG THE QUESTION. When discussion and all preliminary matters are finished, the next step is to ascertain the will of the assembly. There are six ways of doing this. We will put first those that are most used: 1. The chair asks, " Are you ready for the question ?" No objection being made, he first puts the affirmative, asking those who favor the motion to say, " Aye ;" those who are opposed, " No." He judges from the volume of sound, and declares which he believes has the majority. If any one doubts this, he may require the vote to be taken in a more exact way. 2. In place of saying " aye," the affirmative may be asked to hold up their hands ; then when these are down the same is asked of the negative. The determination in this case IP the same as in the former case. 3. The affirmative may be required to rise to their feet and be counted ; and when seated the negative will rise. These will also be counted, and this is the mode most commonly re- sorted to, when the result as declared by the chair, from the former methods, is doubted. 4. In this the affirmative and negative may stand up at once, but in different parts of the house, and be counted. This is a real " division." 5. The method by ballot may be employed; each man writing his wish on a ticket. These are collected and counted. This mode is often employed in the election of officers, but seldom in the determination of simple questions. 6. The roll may be called by the secretary, and each man in his place answer, " Aye," or " No." These are marked by the secretary, and others who keep tally, and the result an- nounced. Sometimes the names are entered on the journals, in two lists of " Aye " and " No." The word " Yea," is often used in place of " Aye." The chair has a casting vote in case of equal division. A member who voted with the affirmative may move the 10 218 APPENDIX. reconsideration of any question, and if his motion is carried, the whole matter is opened up as it was at first, and may be discussed as before. COMMITTEES. The use of a committee is to give a subject more careful consideration than it could receive in a full assembly. They are of three kinds. From their great importance they are said to be the eyes and ears of the assembly. 1. Standing committees are those that are appointed to take charge of all subjects of a certain character during a session, or other specified time. 2. Select committees are appointed to take charge of some one thing, and when that is finished they are dissolved, al- though they may be revived again by a vote of the assembly. In appointing a committee, the first thing is to fix on a number: if several are named, the largest should be put first. The committees may be chosen by ballot; appointed by the chair; or elected by nomination and vote. The latter is the regular mode when there is no special rule, but the second is most frequently practised. Sometimes a committee is ap- pointed to nominate all other committees, but this is not usually the case. The mover and seconder of a resolution should have place on a committee appointed to consider it, and, as a general rule, none but those who are friendly to the object to be accomplished should be appointed. Those op- posed can make their opposition when it is returned to th assembly. It is the duty of the secretary of the assembly to make out a list of the members of a committee, and hand to the person first named on it, who is its chairman, unless the committee shall choose to elect another. The assembly can fix the times and places of the meeting of a committee ; if this is not done, it can choose for itself, but cannot sit while the assembly is in session without a special order. In all forms of procedure the committee is governed by APPENDIX. 219 the same rules as the assembly, but a little less strictness is observed in their enforcement. Disorderly conduct in a committee can only be noted down and reported to the assembly. When any paper has been referred to a committee, it must be returned as it was, with proposed amendments written separately. They cannot reject any matter, but can return it to the assembly without change, stating their reasons for taking no action. When a committee is prepared to report, its chairman announces the fact, and he, or an other member, may make a motion that the report be received at that, or some other specified time. If nothing is said, it is assumed that the as- sembly is ready to receive it immediately. At the time fixed, the chairman reads the report, and passes it, with all the papers belonging to it, to the secretary's table, where it awaits the action of the assembly. Any report from a committee may be treated by amend- ment, etc., just as if it originated in the assembly. The final question is on the adoption of the report; if this is agreed to, it stands as the action of the whole assembly. 3. The third form of committee is the " committee of the whole." It embraces the entire assembly. When the assem- bly wishes to go into committee, a motion to that effect is made, seconded, and put ; if carried, the chairman nominates a person as chairman of the committee, who takes his seat at the secretary's table. The chairman of the assembly must remain at hand in readiness to resume his seat when the committee shall rise. The secretary does not record the pro- ceedings of the committee, but only their report. A special secretary must be appointed for their use. The following are the main points of difference between the " committee of the whole" and the assembly: 1. The previous question cannot be moved, but the com- mittee may rise and thus stop debate. 2. The committee cannot adjourn ; it may rise, report progress, and ask leave to sit again. 220 APPENDIX. 3. In committee a member may speak as often as he can get the floor; in the assembly, but once. 4. The committee cannot refer a matter to another com- mittee. 5. The chairman of the assembly can take part in commit- tee proceedings. 6. The committee has no power to punish its members, but can report them. When the committee is prepared to close, a motion is made and seconded that it rise; if carried, the chairman leaves his seat, the chairman of the assembly takes his usual place, and the committee report is given in the same form as from a special committee. This brief synopsis has been compiled from various sources. The excellent manuals of Gushing and Matthias have been especially consulted. It is believed to embrace all that is essential for conducting business in ordinary assemblies. The man who masters these simple rules, which may be done in a few hours, is prepared to assist in the performance of any public business, and if called upon to act as chairman, as any one may be, he will be free from embarrassment. Sent Prepaid by Post at Prices Annexed. PUBLISHED BY SAMUEL R. WELLS, No. 389 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. American Phrenological Journal and Life Illustrated. Devoted to Ethnology, Physiology, Phrenology, Physiognomy, Psychology, Sociology, Biog- raphy, Education, Art, Literature, with Measures to Reform, Elevate and Improve Mankind Physically, Mentally and Spiritually. Edited by S. R. WELLS. Pub- lished monthly, in quarto form, at $3 a year, or 30 cents a number. It may be termed the standard authority in all matters pertaining to Phrenology and the Science of Man. It is beautifully illustrated. See Prospectus. Constitution of Man ; Considered in Relation to External Objects. By GEORGE COMBE. The only authorized American Edition. With Twenty En- gravings, and a Portrait of the Author. 12mo. 436 pp. Muslin. Price, $1 75. The " Constitution of Man " is a work with which every teacher and every pupil should be acquainted. It contains a perfect mine of sound wisdom and enlightened philosophy ; and a faithful study of its invaluable lessons would save many a promis- ing youth from a premature grave. Journal of Education, Albany, N. Y. Defence of Phrenology? Containing an Essay on the Nature and Value of Phrenological Evidence : A Vindication of Phrenology against the Attack of it opponents, and a View of the Facts relied on by Phrenologists as proof that the Cerebellum is the seat of the reproductive instinct. By ANDREW BOARD- MAN, M. D. 12mo, 222 pp. Muslin. Price, $1 50. N These Essays are a refutation of attacks on Phrenology, including " Select Dis- courses on the Functions of the Nervous System, in Opposition to Phrenology, Mate- rialism and Atheism. One of the best defences of Phrenology ever written. Education : Its Elementary Principles founded on the Nature of Man. By J. G. SPURZHEIM, M. D. With an Appendix by S. R. WELLS, containing a Description of the Tern eraments, and a Brief Analysis of the Phrenological Faculties. Twelfth American Edition. 1 vol. 12mo, 384 pp. Illustrated. Price, $1 50. It is full of sound doctrine and practical wisdom. Every page is pregnant with in- struction of solemn import ; and we would that it were the text-book, the great and sovereign guide, of every naolo and female in the country with whom rests the respon- sibility of rearing or educating a child. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. Education and Self-Improvement Complete; Comprising "Phy- siology Animal ail Mental" " Self-Culture and Perfection of Character," " Memory and Intellectual Improvement." One large vol. Ulus. Muslin, $4. This book comprises the whole of Mr. Fowler's series of popular works on the application of Phrenology to " Education and Self-Improvement." Lectures on Phrenology. By GEORGE COMBE. With Notes. An Essay on the Phrenological Mode of Investigation, and an Historical Sketch. By ANDREW BOARDMAN, M. D. 1 vol. 12mo, 391 pages. Muslin, $1 75. These are the reported lectures on Phrenology delivered by George Combe in America in 1&39, and have been approved as to their essential correctness by the author. The work includes the application of Phrenology to the present and prospective condition of the United States, and constitutes a course of Phrenological instruction. 14 SAMUEL R. WELLS' PUBLICATIONS. Matrimony ; Or, Phrenology and Physiology applied to the Selection of Congenial Companions for Life, including Direction? to the Married for living together Affectionately and Happily. Thirty-Fourth Edition. Price, 50 cents. A scientific expositor of the laws of man's social and matrimonial constitution : exposing the evil* of their violation, showing what organizations and phrenological developments naturally assimilate and harmonize. Memory and Intellectual Improvement, applied to Self-Educational and Juvenile Instruction. Twenty-Fifth Edition. 12mo. Muslin, $1 50. This is the third and last of Mr. Fowler's series of popular works on the applica- tion of Phrenology 10 " Education and Self-Improvement." This volume is devoted to the education and development of the Intellect ; how to cultivate the Memory ; the education of the young ; and embodies directions as to how we may educate OUR- SELVES. Mental Science. Lectures on, according to the Philosophy of Phren- ology. Delivered hefore the Anthropological Society of the Western' Liberal Insti- tute of Marietta, Ohio. By Rev. G. S. WEAVER. 12mo, 225 pp. Illustrated, $1 50. This is a most valuable acquisition to phrenological literature. It is instructive and 'beneficial, and should be made accessible to all youth. Its philosophy is the precept of the human soul's wisdom. Its morality is obedience to all divine law, written or unwritten. Us religion is the spirit-utterings of devout and faithful love. It aims at and contemplates humanity's good the union of the human with the divine. Phrenology Proved, Illustrated and Applied ; Embracing an analy- sis of the Primary Mental Powers in their Various Degrees of Development, aud location of the Phrenological Organs. Presenting some new and important re- marks on the Temperaments, describing the Organs in Seven Different Degrees of Development : the mental phenomena produced by their combined action, and the location of the faculties, amply illustrated. By the Brothers FOWLER. Sixty- Second Edition. Enlarged and Improved. 12mo, 492 pp. Muslin, $1 75. Self -Culture and Perfection of Character ; Including the Manage- ment of Children and Youth. 1 vol. 12mo, 312 pp. Muslin, $1 75. This is the second work in the series of Mr. Fowler's " Education and Self-Im- provement Complete." " Self-made or never made." is the motto of the work which IB devoted to moral improvement, or the proper cultivation and regulation of the affec- tions and moral sentiments. Self -Instructor in Phrenology and Physiology. New Illustrated. With over One Hundred Engravings, together with a Chart for the Recording of Phrenological Developments, for the use of Phrenologists. By the Brothers FOW- LER. Muslin, 75 cents ; Paper, 50 cents. This is intended as a te.tt-book, and is especially adapted to phrenological examiners, to be used as a chart, and for learners, in connection with the Phrenological Bust." Moral Philosophy. By GEORGE COMBE. Or, the Duties of Man con- sidered in his Individual, Domestic and Social Capacities. Reprinted from the Edinburgh Edition. With the Author's latest corrections. 1 vol. 12mo, 834 pp. Muslin, $1 75. This work appears in the form of Lectures delivered by the Author to an associa- tion formed by the industrious classes of Edinburgh ; they created at the time consider- able excitement. The course consisted of twenty consecutive lectures on Moral Phil- osophy, and are invaluable to students of Phrenology. Lecturers on Morality and the Natural Laws of Man. Address, SAMUEL R. WELLS, No. 889 Broadway, New York. SAMUEL R. WELLS' PUBLICATIONS. 15 MISCELLANEOUS WORKS ON PHRENOLOGY. Annuals of Phrenology and Physiognomy. By S. R. WELLS, Edi- tor of the Phrenological Journal. One small yearly 12mo volumo. For 1865, '66 and 1867. The three, containing over 150 illustrations, for 40 cents. For 1867. one small 12mo vol.. 58 pp. Containing many portraits and biographies of distin- guished personages, together with articles on ''How to Study Phrenology," u Bashfulness, Diffidence, Stammering," 1 etc., 20 cents. For 1808, 12mo, 70pp. Containing an elaborate article on " The Marriage of Cousins," etc., etc., 25 cents. Charts for Recording the Various Phrenological Developments. Designed for Phrenologists. By the Brothers FOWLER. Price, only 10 cents. Chart of Physiognomy Illustrated, Designed for Framing, and for Lecturers. By S. R. WELLS, Author of New Physiognomy. In map Form. Printed on fine paper. A good thing for learners. Price, 25 cents. Domestic Life, Thoughts On ; Or, Marriage Vindicated and Free Love Exposed. By NELSON SIZEK. 12mo, 72 pp. Paper, 25 cents. This is a work consisting of three valuable lectures, part of an extended course delivered in the city of Washington. The favor with which they were received, and the numerous requests for their publication, resulted in the present work. Phrenology and the Scriptures. Showing the Harmony existing between Phrenology and the Bible. By Rev. JOHN PIERPONT. Price 25 cents. " A full explanation of many passages of Scripture." Neio York Mirror. Phrenological Guide. Designed for Students of their own Character. Twenty-Fifth Edition. Illustrated. 12mo, 54 pp. Paper, 25 cents. Phrenological Specimens ; For Societies and Private Cabinets. For Lecturers ; including Casts of the Meads of most remarkable men of history. See our Descriptive Catalogue. Forty casts, not mailable, $35. Phrenological I?n.st. Showing the latest classification, and exact loca- tion of the Organs of the Brain, fully developed, designed for Learners. In this Bust, all the newly-discovered Organs are given. It is divided so as to show each individual Organ on one side ; and all the groups Social, Executive, Intellectual, and moral properly classified, on the other side. It is now extensively used i.i England, Scotland and Ireland, and on the Continent of Europe, and is almost th? only one in use here. There are two sizes the largest near the size of life ie sold in Box, at $1 75. The smaller, which is not more than six inches high, and may be carried in the pocket, is only 75 cents. Not mailable. Phrenolosry at Home. How can T learn Phrenology ? What books are best for me to read ? Is it possible to acquire a knowledge of it without a teacher ? These are questions put to us daily ; and we may say in reply, that we have arranged a series of the best works, with a Bust, showing the exact location of all the Phrenological Organs, with such Illustrations and Definitions as to make the study simple and plain without the aid of a teacher. The cost for this " Stu- dent's Set," which embraces all that is requisite, is only $10. It may be sent by express, or as freight, safely boxed not by mail to any part of the world. 66 Mirror of the Mind ;" Or, Your Character from your Likeness. For particulars how to have pictures taken, inclose a prepaid envelope, directed to yourself, for answer. Address, SAMUEL R. WELLS, No. 380 Broadway, New York. SAMT/EL R. WELLS' PUBLICATIONS. STANDARD ^OI\K ON PHYSIOGNOMY. New Physiognomy ; Or, Sitfiis of Character, as manifested through Temperament and External Forms, and especially in the " Human Face Divine." With more than One Thousand Illustrations. By S. R. WELLS. In three styles of binding. Price, in one 12mo volume, 768 pp., handsomely bound in muslin, $5 ; ID heavy calf, marbled edges, $8 ; Turkey morocco, full gilt, $10. This work systematizes and shows the scientific basis on which each claim rests. The " Signs of Character " are minutely elucidated, and so plainly stated as to render them available. thorough , eral Principles of dicative of Charac Nose, the Eyes, the Cheeks, the Ears, the Neck, etc. ; '" The Hands and ! " Signs of Character in Action." 1 the Walk, the Voice, the Lauirh. Shaking Hands, the Style of Dress, etc. ; Insanity;" "Idiocy:" "Effects of Climate;" " Ethnol- ogy :" " National Types;' 1 ' Plivsfognomy of Classes," with grouped portraits , iu- crading Divines, Orators. Statesmen, Warriors, Artists, Poets, Philosophers, Inven- tors, Pugilist*. Surgeons, Discoverere, Actors, Musicians; "Transmitted Ph\>ioL'- nomies ;" " Love Signs ;'' " Grades of Intelligence ;" ' Comparative l'n\ - " Personal Improvement; or, How to bo Beautiful;" "Handwriting;" "Studies from Lavater ;" " Physiognomy Applied :" " Physiognomical Anecdotes," etc. It is an Encyclopedia of biography. Acquainting the reader with the career and char- acter, in brief, of many great man and women of the pa>t one thousand years, and of the present such for instance, as Aristotle. Julius Ca-sar. Shakspeare. Washington, Napoleon, Franklin, Bancroft, Bryant, Longfellow, Barnes, Irving. Rosa Bonneur, Theodosia Burr, Cobden, Bright. 'Lawrence. \Vliatelv, Thackeray, Knox, Richelieu, Dickens, Victoria, Wesley, Carlyle, Motley, Mill, Spencer, Thompson, Alexander, etc. APPARATUS FOR PHRENOLOGICAL j^ECTUF^ES, Phrenological Specimens, for the use of Lecturers, Societies, or for Private Cabinets. Forty Casts, not mailable. May be sent as freight. Price. #35. These specimens were cast from living heads, and from skulls. They afford an excellent contrast, showing the organs of the brain, both large and small. Lecturers may here obtain a collection which affords the necessary means of illustration and comparison. This select cabinet is composed, in part, of the following: John Quincy Adams, Aaron Burr, Georsre Combe, Elihu Burritt. Col. Thomas H. Benton, Black Hawk, Henry Clay, Rev. Dr.^Dodd, Thomas Addis Emmet, Clara Fisher, Dr. Gall. Rev. Sylvester Urahain. M. I).. (Josse. Gottfried. Harrawaukay, Joseph C. Neal, Napoleon Bonaparte. Sir Walter Scott. Voltaire, Hon. Silas Wright. Water- Brain, Idiot, etc. MASKS of Brunei], Benjamin Franklin. Haydn, etc. CASTS FROM THE SKULLS of King Robert Bruce. Patty Cannon. Carib, Tardy. Diana Waters. A Cast from the Human Brain. A Human Head, divided, showing the naked Brain on one side, and the Skull on the other, and the Phrenological Bust. The entire list, numbering Forty of our best phrenological specimens, may be packed and eeut as freight by railroad, ship, or stage, to any place desired, with perfect safety. Human Skulls, from $5 to $10, or $15. Articulated, $25 to $60. Human Skeletons, from $35 to $75. French Manikins, to order. Sets of Forty India Ink Drawings, of noted Characters, suitable for Lecturers. Price, $30. On Canvass, in sets, $40. Oil Paintings Portraits, can be had to order, from $5 each, upwards. Anatomical and Physiological Plates Mounted. WEBER'S, 11 in number, $50. TRAIL'S, 6 in number, $30. LAMBERT'S, 6 in number, $20. Kb- LOOO'S, from the French of Bourgeoise and Jacobs. Very fine. 20 in number, $15. We can supply all Works on Phrenology, Physiology, Anatomy, Hydropathy, etc., Maps, Charts, Manikins, Skulls, Skeletons, and Apparatus, for the use of Lecturers. SAMUEL K. WELLS' PUBLICATIONS. 17 WORKS ON PHYSIOLOGY. Food and Diet, A Treatise. With observations on the Dietetical Regimen, suited for Disordered States of the Digestive Organs, and an account of the Dietaries of some of the Principal Metropolitan and other Establishments for Paupers, Lunatics, Criminals, Children, the Sick, etc. By JONATHAN PEREIRA. M. D., F. R. S. and L. S. Edited by CHARLES A. LEE, M. D. Octavo, 318 pp Muslin. $1 75. An important physiological work. Considerable pains have been taken in the pre- paration of tables representing the proportion of some of the chemical elements, and of the alimentary principles contained in different foods. The work is accurate and complete. Fruits and Farinacea the Proper Food of Man. Being an attempt tc Prove by History, Anatomy, Physiology and Chemistry, that the Original. Natural and Best Diet of Man, is derived from the Vegetable Kingdom. By JOHN SMITH. With Notes and Illustrations. By R. T. TRALL, M. D. From the Second London Edition. 12mo. 314 pp. Muslin $1 75. This i< a text-book of facts and principles connected with the vegetarian question, and is a very desirable work. Her;2iro. 307 pp. Muslin. $1 50. This .t one of the nest treatises on the management of infancy extant. Few others are ^-0 well cuh'iihted to supply mothers with the kind of information which, in their circumstances, is especially ueened. Philosophy of Sacred History, Considered in Relation to Human Aliment and the Wines of Scripture. By GRAHAM. 12mo, 580 pp. Cloth, #3 50. A work highly useful, both for study and reference, to all who arc interested in the great question of Biblical History in "relation to the great moral reforms, which are acknowledged as union? the most prominent features of the nineteenth century. It in among the most valuable contributions to Biblical and reformatory literature. SAMUEL R. WELLS' PUBLICATIONS. Physiology, Animal and Mental : Applied to the Preservation and Restoration of Health of Body and Power of Mind. Sixth Edition. 12mo, 312 pp. Illustrated. Muslin, $1 50. The title of this work indicates the character of this admirable phvsiological vork. Its aim is to preserve and restore health of body and power of mind. The motto is, " A sound mind in a sound body." Physiology of Digestion. Considered with relation to the Principles of Dietetics. By ANDREW COMBE, M. D. Follow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Tenth Edition. Illustrated. 18mo, 310 pp. Price, 50 cents. The object of this work is to lay before the public a plain and intelligent description of the structure and uses of the most important organs of the body, and to bhow how information of this kind may be usefully applied in practical life. Practical Family Dentist. A Poptilar Treatise on the Teeth. Ex- hibiting the means necessary and efficient to secure their health and preserva- tion. Also, the various errors and pernicious practices which prevail in relation to Dental Treatment. With a variety of useful Receipts for Remedial Compounds. Designed for Diseases of the Teeth and Gums. By D. C. WERNER, M. D. $1 50. This is a work which should b in the hands of all who wish to keep their teeth in a good and healthy condition. The author treats on the subject in a practical manner. Principles of Physiology applied to the Preservation of Health and to the Improvement of Physical and Mental Education. By ANDREW COMBE, M. D., Physician Extraordinary to the Queen of England, and Consulting Physician to the King and Queen of the Belgians. Illustrated with Wood Cuts. To which are added Notes and Observations. By Mr. FOWLER. Printed from the Seventh Edinburgh Edition. Enlarged and Improved. Octavo, 320 pp. Muslin, $1 75. " One of the best practical works on Physiology extant." Science of Human Life, Lectures on the, By SYLVESTER GRATIAM. With a copious Index and Biographical Sketch of the Author. 12mo, 651 pp. Illustrated. Muslin. $3 50. We have met with few treatises on the Science of Human Life, especially among those addressed to the gem-nil reader, of equal merit with this one. The subjcft is treated, in all its details, with uncommon ability. . . . These lectures will affoid the unprofessional reader a fund of curious and "useful information in relation to the onrani/ation of his frame, the laws by which it is governed, and the several causes which tend to derange the regularity of its functions, which he would find it difficult to obtain from any other source. Eclectic Journal of Medical Science. Sober and Temperate Life. The Discourses and Letters of Louis Cornado, on a Sober and Temperate Life. With a Biography of the Author, who died at loO years of age. By PIERO MARONCELLI, and Notes and Appendix by TOHN BURDELL. Twenty-Fifth Thousand. IGrno, 228 pp. Paper, 50 cents. This work is a srreat favorite with the reading public, as evinced by the number of editions already sold. The sound principles and maxims of temperance of the " old man eloquent," are, though centuries have elapsed since his decease, still efficient in turning men to a sober and temperate life. 22 SAMUEL R. WELLS' PUBLICATIONS. MISCELLANEOUS WORKS. JEsop's Fables, The People's Edition. Beautifully Illustrated, with nearly Sixty Engravings. 1 vol. 12mo, 72 pp. Cloth, gilt, beveled boards, $1. It is gotten up in sumptuous style, and illustrated with great beauty of design. It will conduce to educate the eye and elevate the taste of the young to the appreciation of the highest and most perfect forms of grace and beauty. Mount Holly Herald. Chemistry, and its application to Physiology, Agriculture and Com- merce. By JUSTUS LIEBIG, M. D., F. R. S., Professor of Chemistry. Edited by JOHN GAKDNER, M. D. Twelth Thousand. Octavo, 54 pp. Paper, 50 cents. Essays on Human Rights and their Political Guarantees. By E. P. HURLBUT, Counselor-at-Law in the City of New York now Judge. With Notes, by GEORGE COMBE. Sixth Thousand. 1 vol. 12mo, 249 pp. Muslin, $1 50. Fruit Culture for the Million. A Hand-Book. Being a Guide to the Cultivation and Management of Fruit Trees. With Descriptions of the Best Varieties in the United States. Illustrated with Ninety Engravings. With an Appendix containing a variety of useful memoranda on the subject, valuable receipts, etc. By THOMAS GREGG. 12mo, 163 pp. Muslin, $1. Gospel Among: the Animals ; Or, Christ with the Cattle. By Rev. SAMUEL OSGOOD, D. D. One small 12mo vol., 24 pp. Price, 85 cents. Home for All ; Or, the Gravel Wall. A New, Cheap, and Superior Mode of Building, adapted to Rich and Poor. Showing the Superiority of this Gravel Concrete over Brick, Stone and Frame Houses ; Manner of Making and Depositing it. With numerous Illustrations. 1 vol. 12mo, 192 pp. Muslin, $1 50. " There's no place like Home." To cheapen and improve human homes, and espe- cially to bring comfortable dwellings within the reach of the poor classes, is the object of this volume an object of the highest practical utility to man. How to Live : Saving and Wasting, or Domestic Economy Illustrated, by the Life of Two Families of Opposite Character, Habits and Practices, in a Pleasant Tale of Real Life, full of Useful Lessons in Housekeeping, and Hints How to Live, How to Have, How to Gain, and How to be Happy ; including the Story of " A Dime a Day." By SOLOK ROBINBON. 1 vol. 12mo, 343 pp. $1 50. Immortality Triumphant. The Existence of a God, and Human Im- mortality Practically Considered, and the Truth of Divine Revelation Substan- tiated. By Rev. JOHN BOVEE DODS. 1 vol. 12mo, 216 pp. Muslin, $1 50. Movement-Cure. An Exposition of the Swedish Movement-Cure. 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