Phonography and Mnemonics Hnrdlnge THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES HSRDINGE'S MNEMONICS OB, THE ART OF MEMORIZING HISTORICAL DATES, FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS, ACADEMIES AND STUDENTS. COLUMBUS, O.: A. H. SMYTHE, Publisher. 1880. J. F. Earhart & Co., Printers, ColTimtns, 0. -*- preparing this work for publication, it has been the purpose of the author to set before the mind of the student a system of Phonography that does not re- quire a life-time almost of study and practice. It has cost the writer years of thought and study to effect this object. The best instruction is that which gives the student facility and skill in practice. It has been the determina- tion of the writer to invent a system of short-hand that would surpass all others, not only in rapidity of execution, but the facility with which it is mastered. The difficulty encountered by students of former works on Phonography is well known, either Isaac Pitman's, Ben- jamin Pitman's Lindsay's, Marsh's or Munson's, many a student has rejected these in despair. Though these sys- tems after long and tedious study may enable the skilled reporter to follow the speaker with ease and accuracy, yet there is not one system within the whole range that is so simplified that the student with but little study may ac- quire facility and speed in writing in a very short time, 452197 according to his ability and application. The less compli- cated a piece of machinery is the more ingenuity there is to be ascribed to the inventor. On this ground I claim the pre-eminence of the present system of Phonetic writing. The most simplified method cannot fail from being pro- nounced THE BEST. I would call the attention of the stu- dents of the old system to this the main characteristic of the present method. The rate of speed required in ver- batim reporting is from 100 to 200 words per minute, or from six to eight times faster than long-hand writing. To be enabled to do this requires double the amount of prac- tice by the ordinary old methods. The just claims of the present system can only be proven by close analysis and comparison. Phonography has not been treated with that care and ability which its importance demands. In this age of invention, steam-driving machinery, lightning ex- press trains, and continual hurry, the ordinary methods of writing are far behind the front ranks of the nineteenth century. A system of writing that will not weary the patience of the student is here presented, enabling him to write the words of the most rapid speaker verbatim. The mode of instruction here presented is the result of long and suc- cessful research, encouraging many to study it from its very simplicity. The first elements of every science must be plain, simple and easy of perception, and should be divested of every superfluity that may distract the atten- tion or clog the memory. This consideration has been al- together overlooked in all the works on Phonography. In the whole range of works of this character, not one has as yet met the demand for a concise and comprehen- sive method. Whoever professes to have improved the art of writing by sound must claim to know more about it than the generality of inventors of the same. The praise and excellence must needs be comparative, and only by comparison can the claims of the present work be con- firmed. Having undertaken and prosecuted this work with the hope of facilitating the study of Phonography, the author now presents his finished labors for the discernment of those to whom it is committed. How far he has succeeded in the execution of his design is left to the just decision of those who are qualified to judge. 'HE word Phonography is formed from two Greek words phonos sound, and grapho to write to write by sound. We will proceed to explain how we may write by sound, and not according to the inconsistent perplexities of English spelling. In works of this character the student is wearied with a long discourse upon language and the science of letters; in the study of Phonography we require no voluminous compendium. In this century of rapid progress time is too precious to be wasted in super- fluities in any of the arts. Laying all this aside, we will begin with the first lesson and so continue with each one in regular order, explaining them clearly as by word of mouth. We will not go back to the original alphabet of Cadmus and tire the student with that, that he has studied and seen in print time and again, but proceed as we would in oral instruction. LESSON FIRST. THE ALPHABET. Beginning on the right. Hard C or K. R Beginning at the bottom. Soft C or Z. Beginning at the top. V Beginning on the left. Geometrical Diagram of the Consonants. P^= a, ai, ah, au. e, eh. long i, short i. o, short o, oo, oi, ow. long u, short u. LESSON SECOND. Gombining the Letters to Form Words. 'HE word consonant is formed from the Latin words con to know, and sonant sound, to know found. In ver- batim reporting we dispense with the vowel sounds almost altogether, only using them occasionally. In writing the consonants we have the skeleton of the word, the vowels sounding themselves. In the following sentence we have thrown out the vowels. Write right down the rights of the church rites. The short mark is an abbreviation signifying q/" the, which will be explained in a subsequent lesson, also the abbreviated sign for church. LESSON THIRD. Illusirating the I/owe/ Sounds. The Lord of all himself through all diffused, Sustains and is the life of all that lives. Nature is but a name for an effect, Whose cause is God. -HH 10 In some instances the vowel sound ^BBH ow may be joined to the consonant ap in the following word without. m Without our hopes, without our fears, Without the home that plighted love endears, Without the smiles from partial beauty won what were man or world without a sun ? LESSON FOURTH. PREFIXES AND TERMINATIONS. Con. Bene. Dis or Dif. Affect or Effect. Health. Circum. Mis or Mai. Magni or M*lti. Under. Per, Pro, ! or Pre. ability. ble or bly. ful. ing. ish. logical. cial, tial ment. ply, pie. cious or tious. ciate, tiate. Prate, OVER. Terminations, UNDER. LESSON FIFTH READING EXERCISE. N the above quotation, the vowel sounds are written by way of explanation for beginners. LESSON SIXTH. READING EXERCISE. m N this lesson the learner will observe that nearly all . the vowel sounds are left out. 14 Prepositions, Conjunctions and Abbreviated Signs for Frequent Words. Nevertheless. Notwithstanding. Altogether. Wherewithal. However. Moreover. Overwhelming. Henceforth. Whatever. Forever. Everlasting. End of sentence. 16 THE *ORLD + SIGNS, The world. Half the world. Coming into the world. Going out of the world. Around the world. Over all the world. In all parts of the world. By which the world has. Over all the civilized world. Over all God's vast creation. The universe. The regeneration of the world. In the world to come. The world would soon become. Throughout the world. From the foundation of the world. Before the foundations of the world were laiJ. In the history of the world. Occurring in the world. The creation. That the world has ever known. That the world has ever seen. The short-hand writer will find these signs of great service to him in verbatim reporting. These Signs are made LARGK. The Government. The Nation. The Country. The Constitution, The United States. The President of the United States. Throughout the United States. The Union. Congress. The Commonwealth. America. Under the authority of Congress. The salvation of the country. The state of the country. From all parts of the country. The flag of our country. Patriotism. All over the country. In the history of the country. Fellow citizens. Legislation. Representation. The Creator. The God-man. The glory of God. The grace of God. The angels of God. The throne of God. The kingdom of God. The Word of God. The Scriptures. The Apostles. The Evangelists. The Prophts. The Gospel. Justice. Kighteousness. In the life of our Lord Jesus Christ. In the life of Christ. In the future life. In the life to come. Everlasting life. A life of holiness. A life of unholiness. Hereafter. From everlasting to everlasting. Eternity. The Supreme Being. The Divinity. The Messiah. God. Jehovah. Jesus Christ. Christ Jesus. Jesus. The Christian Keligion The Savior. God our Savior. The Savior of the world. The Son of righteousness. The Lord our Savior. The death of the Savior. The Lord. Christ. 22 The birth of Christ. Christ's example. The Church. Christianity. All Christendom. God the Father. A God of Mercy. A God of Justice. an orator is speaking with unusual rapidity, we may use contractions, i. e. crossing the first word of the sentence with another occuring at the end the sense will supply the words omitted. The following words may be contracted, and as many others as the ingenuity of the student may devise. In \vriting these contractions care should be taken to cross the two principal words ; long sentences may in this way be contracted. The following sentences occur frequently ; it would be well for the learner to keep the form of each one con- tracted in his mind. It would have been. Could not have been. * It could be. Could it have been. It shall be. It should be so. As it might be. As if it had. As if it should have been. 4 It would not have been. It can be. It could have been. It has been. It should be. As it were. As it may be. As if it had been. It may have been. It might not have been. It' it could be. If it shall be. If we are. If it must be. It' it. may be. If it cannot be. It will not. It we were to. Which it. had. All which was most. Ir, was not at all. If it were possible for. It we could see. It is said. There are a great many. Greater than all the. Among th^m all. They could not be. Over all o'here. Why would it not be. It wa not without. Is undoubtedly. Ttu-y wuiild have doubted. Li doubt and uncertainty. D.irk and doubtful. M'/re than all others. Whenever we are in doubt as to the. It would seem. It see ins to be. Only those that are. It w;is not until h j . In the mid-t of th. From the beginning to the end. Ai.d that it has been. As lar HS ihf-y may. Neil lit r the -me or the other. Here as well as elsewhere. As if they were. If it had not been lor tue. If it might be. If it could have been. If it can be. It will not be. For it would have been. Which they had. Which of itself would have. It is not at all. If it is possible. If we could have seen. It was siid by them. Great as were the. Among them. All the rest. Over all the other. Or of any other. Why should it not be. Are undoubtedly. There is no doubt but that. Bevond a shadow of a doubt. I diiubt whether. It is doubtless the. Without which we cannot. It is not without. Had not yet been. It does not seem. Not only those of the. It is not alone. Not merely those of the. From the first to the last. From the highest to the lowest. From the least to the greatest. Nothing more nor less than. Such as a r e. Here and there. In regard to the. I would add that. To a great extent. With regard to the. With regard to them. In relation to. With reference to. Hence it Jollows that. Indispensibly necessary to. The circumstances under which it was made. On account of the. Agree in the conclusion that. Admitting the necessity of. Regarded by all men. Taking all these things into consideration. Inasmuch as. Again and again. It is utterly impossible. There may possibly be. It is a mistake to suppose. They are said to have been. Over and over again. May be compared with. Compared with those who. Compared with all the rest. There is no comparison. Comparing them to. At times we are. Let us at all times. There is no time to be lost. There are times when. A great many times. Successive periods of time. The spirit of the times. It was in the time of the. At a time when. From time to time. In modern times. A great many times. It will be found that there is no. With regard to their. To which we have referred. Contrary to. May be regarded as. Hence the necessity of. As far as the circumstances will permit. This might be accomplished by On the other hand. We cannot wonder that. It is necessary that there should be. In order that. In order to show. It is needless to. It is impossible. Could it be possible. It might have been possible. We will suppose then that. It might be said to be the. Compared with this. Compared with that which. Compared with one another. Compared with each other. Comparing the two. There is a time. From time immemorial. There is no time to lose. The timely interference. From the earliest periods of time. From the remotest periods of time. At so important a time. Only a question of time. At a time so remote. In subsequent times. As in the times of the. That it may be. That it might be. That it might have been. That it can be. That it will be. That it has. That it shall be. That it should be. That it cannot be. That it will never be. That it must never be. That it might never be. That it could be. That it, might have. That which is not. That they would. That they would have been. That which cannot. That which can never. That we may know. But there shall be. But also of the. But also of those. But there are some. But if it. But if it ever. But they may be. But it never may be. But it was not alone. But also of some of the. There is but one. There are but few. But when it does. But when they are not. But such as are. But when it is not. As well as of the. As weli as we can. It might be well for those. It might have been well for. That we could ever have been. That it does not seem. So that we may. That they are more. That it is not alone. Wherever it may be. Wherever they may be. Wherever we may go. Wherever they may be found. Wherever there are any. Wherever it had been. Wherever it might be. Where'r we see. Where'r they may be seen. Where'r we are. Where'r we may be. But there may be. But there might be. But there could be. But there should be. When we are. When they are. When it is. When we shall. When we would. When we can. When we cannot. When we should. When we should be. When it may be. When it shall be. Whether they are. Whether it is. Whether it would have been. Whether it should have been. Whether it could be. Whether it could have been. Whether it must be. Whether it might be. Whether it mav be. 2T It is well for us. It may be well for us. It would be well for us. Whether we cannot. Whether they can. Whether they cannot. Whenever we are. Whenever they are. Whenever it is. Whenever we may be. Whenever it has been. Whenever it shall be. May we not have. Should we not have. Miyht not have. Whatever may have been the. Whatever might have been the. As they have ever been. Whether it might][have been. Whether it may have been. Whether we can. As we have seen. That there would have been no. Have we not. Have they not. Have they ever been. There will be no. There may be no. There must be no. There might be no. If there were no. That there may be no. That there will be no. That there might be no. If there were no other. Before the learner will be enabled to write the words of a speaker verbatim in short-hand, it will be necessary for him to write and re-write speeches, sermons and the like, from books, newspapers, etc. His phonetic writing will come to him, in this way, almost unconsciously. tt)e ^Lrt of Memorizing %Listoncal !Dates. E have now entered upon one of the most inter- esting studies in the whole range of our knowl- edge, viz.: Mnemonics, or the art of memorizing historical dates, aiding the memory in fixing numbers indel- ibly upon it. Few persons have the faculty of remembering numbers that no operation of the mind can blot them out. For the aid of such and for the student of history, the following system of memorizing numbers is of inestimable value. In connection with his system of Phonetic-writing, the author has seen fit to apply the several sounds of the mouth in articulation to the nine digits and cipher. By the compression of the lips we utter the first sound B; in the Abyssinian and ancient Irish languages B is the first letter of the alphabet and is confounded by the Germans with P, uttering these two letters by the compression of the lips we call the first sound. They are called labial, because they are given by the agency of the lips, by pressing the whole length of the lips together and filling the mouth with the fullest sound possible, and, giving the breath its emission, we give these two letters utterance. "< 39 D is one of the Roman consonants approaching near to the sound of T. It may be considered a lingual sound as coming through the agency of lingua, the tongue. By the emission of the breath through the teeth we hear this the second sound. Of many of the Oriental languages, the Greek, Hebrew, Phenician, Chaldea, Syriac and Samaritan, G was said to be the third letter. It is formed by pressing the tongue against the roof of the mouth with the emission of the breath. By this, the emission of th^reath through the teeth we say, J, G, Che, TShe, the third sound. Forcing the breath through the teeth ajjfl roof of the mouth, we have the hard sound of C or K. The French do not use the hard C, on account of its harsh sound, ex. cept in a few borrowed words of terms in the arts. Hard C or K we term the fourth sound. L is classed with the semi- vowels on account of its soft sound. Its power is obtained by touching the end of the roof of the mouth, and breathing with a sound which we call the fifth sound. The letter M likewise has been considered a semi-vowel. It may be considered as implying a nasal sound. Next to the L it is the sixth sound. N is also & semi-vowel. It is sometimes lost in words, as in condemn, contemn, etc. It is considered a nasal con- sonant, as it is partly formed by the nose. The Hebrews call it nun, which signifies child, being the offspring of M. On account of its resemblance to that letter, it is naturally the seventh sound. Q, is considered a consonant of a mute order, and may be sounded with the hard C and K. R is called the canine letter, because it is uttered with 30 some resemblance to the growl cr snarl of a cur, thus in- curring that name. It is the eighth sound. S is termed a semi-vowel, answering to the soft C, and is the ninth sound. To the French, this letter is, to a considerable extent obnoxious, on account of its hissing sound, and in our own language, from its frequent usage. The letter V is considered a semi- vowel. Approaching to the F, it has a vocal and jjoreathing sound at the same time. The V and F we term the tenth and last intonation answering to the cipher. The following will be found to be a table of these sounds, with their relative numbers : B, P 1 D, T. 2 G, Che, She 3 Hard C or K 4 L 5 M 6 N 7 R 8 Soft C, S or Z 9 F, V, /O Now we want to remember the exact date, number for number, of the world's creation. Historians tell us the world was created* 4004 years B. C. By association of ideas, we remember tacts and events. Thus we would say, when God formed the first man, Adam, there was no hu- man habitation for him to dwell in he dwelt in Eden, with no other shelter irom the sun and storm than the * Scientific reseaich disproves this date. See my work on the creation of the world. 31 trees and rocks. We will suppose then, that Adam dwelt in a Cave-of-Oak. Here we have the four sounds, C, T>, F, K. Turn to the table of the sounds of the mouth to find the corresponding numbers. So we would say, Abraham offered up his son Isaac. urn-a-boy would be the words that immediately occur to the mind. Turn to the table again, and find the numbers corresponding to these words. In like mann-er we memorize all the dates in his- tory from the creation to the present time. The following table of dates the student may memorize by this method : CHRONOLOGICAL + DSTES OF THE Most Important Events of Ancient and Modern History. 4004 Creation of the world. 1921 Call of Abraham. 1871 Abraham offers his son. 1867 Settlement of the Israelites in Egypt. 1732 Birth of Moses. 1652 Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt. 1612 Death of Moses. 2247 Tower of Babel built. 1700 Babylon, the Capital of the Chaldees. 1556 Athens founded. 1493 Cadmus introduced alphabetical letters into Greece. 1263 Argonautic Expedition. 1184 Burning of Troy. 2200 Founding of the City of Babylon by Nimrod. 2700 Menes, King of Egypt. 2000 Invasion of the Hyksos or Shepherd Kings. 1444 Syrians subdued by the Egyptians, under Thotrties. 1320 Rameses, the Great King of Egypt. 1095 Saul, first King of Israel. 1055 David reigned over Israel. 1015 Accession of Solomon. 1012 Temple of Solomon built. 975 Secession of the Ten Tribes and division of the Kingdom of Israel. 971 Jerusalem taken by Shishak, King ot Egypt. 878 Carthage founded by the Tyrians, Dido presiding. 776 Laws of Lycurgus established and date of the first Olympiad. 721 Samaria taken and end of the Kingdom of Israel during the reign of Hoshea. 752 Rome founded by Romulus. M= ^ ^^ 33 698 Invasion of the Kingdom of Judah by Senacherib and the miraculous destruction of his army. 670 Paper made in Egypt. 720 Lydians settle in Asia Minor. 625 Taking of Nineveh by the Medes. 588 Jerusalem taken bv Nebuchadnezzar. 587 Tyre taken by Nebuchadnezzar. 568 Croesus commenced to reign. 546 Croesus taken prisoner by Cyrus. 538 Babylon taken by Cyrus. 536 Restoration of the Jews by an edict of Cyrus. 529 Cambyses ascends the throne of Persia after the death of Cyrus, the King. 525 Belusiane taken and Egypt subdued by Cambyses. 521 Death of Cambyses and election of Darius to the Persian throne. 514 Insurrection at Athens. 509 Tarquinius expelled. Era of the Republic. 494 The first of the Tribunes. 492 First invasion of Greece by the Persians and de- struction of their fleet off Mt. Athos. 490 Second invasion of Greece by Darius and defeat of his army at Marathon, by the Athenians, under Miltiades. 485 Death of Darius and succession of Xerxes to the Persian throne. 483 Aristides, the Just, banished from Athens. 481 Invasion of Greece, by Xerxes, defense of Thermop- ylae and battle of Salamis. 471 Rome becomes a Democracy. Law of Volero. 461 Pericles' accession to the throne of Athens., 449 End of the Persian war. 445 Intermarriage permitted between the Patricians and Plebeians. 429 A violent plague broke out in Athens. 415 Expedition against Sicily under Alcibiades. 401 Retreat of the Ten Thousand. 400 Death of Socrates. 34 391 Rome taken and burned by the Gauls. 359 Philip ascended the throne of Macedon. 336 Assassination of Philip by a young Macedonian. 321 Defeat of the Romans by the Samnites at Camden Forks. Romans made to pass under the yoke. 331 Alexander, the Great, invades Egypt and founds the City of Alexandria. 323 Death of Alexander at Babylon. 300 Permanent division of the Empire of Alexander. 280 Invasion of Greece by the Gauls. 2b'4 Beginning of the first Punic war. 255 Regulus defeated and taken prisoner. 250 Death of Regulus by torture. 241 End of the first Punic war. 218 Commencement of the second Punic war. 216 Romans defeated with great slaughter at the battle of Canna, by Hannibal. 212 Death of Archimedes and end of second Punic war. 202 Hannibal defeated. 150 Third Punic war. 146 Carthage taken and destroyed by the Romans. 70 Revolt of Spartacus. 63 Conspiracy of Cataline. 63 Judea becomes tributary to Rome. 60 First Triumviate formed, composed of Julius, Pompey and Crassus. 55 Invasion of Britain by Caesar. 50 Cicero slain on a litter. 48 Burning of the great library of Alexandria. 44 Caesar assassinated ia the Senate House. 43 Second Triumviate formed, composed of Octavius, Mark Anthony and Tepridus. 42 Battle of Phillipi ; death of Cassius and Brutus. 31 Augustus the first Roman Emperor ; defeat of Antony and Cleopatra by Octavius 30 Death of Antony and Cleopatra. 29 Octavius returned to Rome and was hailed with the A D title of Augustus, the first Emperor of Rome. 10 Roman army defeated and destroyed by the Ger- mans. 35 14 Death of Augustus, and accession of Tiberius, his step-son. 33 Age of Virgil, Livy, Ovid and Horace ; Crucifixion of Christ. 37 Death of Tiberiws. 41 Death of Caligula by the Praetorian Guard. 600 Pope Gregory presented the famous iron crown to one of the Queens of the Lombards. 571 Birth of Mahomet. 622 Flight of Mahomet. 632 Death of Mahomet. 651 All Persia conquered by the Saracens. 655 Capture of Cyprus and Rhodes by the Saracens, and destruction of the famous Colossus of Phoebus. 640 Alexandria besieged, and the great library burned the second time. 711 Spain conquered by the Saracens. 762 City of Bagdad founded on the River Tigris. 768 Charlemagne became sole ruler of the Franks. Commenced his happy reign in the city of Bagdad. 732 Charles Martel defeats the Saracens and rescues Europe from tbe Mohammedan yoke. 800 Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III. 814 Death of Charlemagne. 827 Egbert became the first King of Britain, and gave to the country the name of England. 244 Gordian was successful, but was assassinated by an army mutiny. 249 Emperor Philip, in an insurrection under Detius, was slain. 260 Valerian was taken prisoner by the Sapor, who practiced great cruelties upon him. 268 Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, defeated and taken prisoner. 270 Death of the glorious monarch, Claudius. 275 Tacitus came to the throne. 323 Constantine, after an eighteen years' war, became sole Emperor of the Roman Empire. 337 Death of Constantine. 36 ffeu'ditige'^ f ) h i oi)ogr'aph,y 325 Famous Council of Nice, to define the doctrines of the Church. 455 Rome pillaged by the Vandals and the Moors. 476 The fall of the Western Division of the Roman Empire, and the beginning of the period known as the Dark Ages. 535 Justinian reigns and introduces a new code of laws. 534 Belisarius defeated the Vandals in Africa and recovered the Provinces. 565 Death of the Emperor Justinian. 568 The Lombards enter Italy and conquer the entire Kingdom. 54 Emperor Claudius poisoned by his wife in order that Nero might assume the purple. 68 Death of Nero by suicide. 69 Galba, the successor of Nero slain and accession of Qtho. 70 Total siege of Jerusalem by Titus Vespasian. 79 End of the reign of Vespasian, who commenced the Coliseum ; Age of Pliny, the naturalist. 79 Destruction of Herculaneum and Pompeii. 81 Death of Titus Vespasian. 96 Domitian, the successor of Vespasian, and the last of the Emperors called the twelve Caesars, was assassinated. a 38 Death of Adrian. 161 Death of Antonius Pius. 180 Death of Marcus Aurelius, the last of the five good Emperors ; Decline of the Roman Empire. 192 Commodus was strangled in his bed after a diaboli- cal reign of twelve years. 207 Death of Septimus Severns and Caracalla. 222 Heliogabalus was killed and thrown in the Tiber. 235 Alexander Serins assassinated while marching against Germany. 238 Maximin, who succeeded Servius, reigned three years, and was killed by a Pretorian guard. 865 Russians made an attack upon Constantinople. 771 Alfred the Great came to the throne of England. '881 Oxford College founded by Alfred the Great. 3? 912 Normandy founded by the Northmen. 1009 Feudal system commenced. 975 Second invasion of the Russians upon Constanti- nople. 1013 Soveyn, the first Danish King succeeded to the throne of England. 1017 Canute, surnamed the great sole monarch of England. 1066 Harold defeated by William, Duke of Normandy at the battle of Hastings. 1097 William the II, surnamed Rufus the Red, came to the throne ; Nice taken by the indignant cru- saders. 1100 William II and Henry the V came to the throne. 1135 Stephen became King of England. 1141 Matilda, first Queen of England. 1154 Henry II, first of the Plantagenets, came to the throne. 1076 Capture of Jerusalem by the Turks. 1170 Thomas, a'Becket Archbishop of Canterbury, slain during the reign of Henry. 1172 Conquest of Ireland, completed, by Henry. 1189 Richard, the first son of Henry, came to the throne of England. 1199 King John came to the throne. 1213 First naval engagement between France and Eng- land. 1215 King John compelled to sign the famous Magna Charta. 1225 Second great crusade against the Albigens, ordered by Louis the VIII, under direction of the Pope. 1229 War closed against the Albigens, and the accursed inquisition established under Pope Boniface. 1216 Henry the III came to the Ihrone on the death of his father, John. 1258 Termination of the great Saracen Empire. 1265 House of Commons instituted by Simon DeMont- ford, Earl of Leicester. 1269 Invasion of Asia Minor by the Ottoman Turks. 1272 Edward I came to the throne. 1298 Scottish wars, defeat of Wallace. . 3 1283 Conquest of Wales, title of hereditary descent of the King's eldest son, viz. : Prince of Wales. 1314 Battle of Bannockburn. 1320 Proper mode of making gunpowder. 1333 Defeat of the Scots under Robert Bruce ; Subjuga- tion of Scotland. 1340 Edward III destroyed the French fleet in a naval battle. 1401 The first English martyr burned at the stake, by order of the Pope of Rome. 1415 John Huss burned at the stake. 1415 Henry V defeated five times his own number in the French battle at Agincourt. 1420 Treaty of Troyes brought about by the marriage of Henry V to the daughter of the French King. 1429 Joan of Arc inspired Charles' troops and led them on to battle. 1453 Constantinople taken by Mohammed II ; End of the Eastern division of the Roman Empire called the Greek Empire. 1457 Book of the Psalms of David published in German by Faust and Schaffer. 1483 Richard the III came to the thrpne. 1492 Discovery of America by Columbus. 1492 Granada conquered by Ferdinand. 1497 John Sebastian discovered the main land of North America. 1497 Doubling of the Cape of Good Hope by Vasto da Gama. 1509 Henry VIII came to the English throne. 1512 Discovery of Florida by Prince de Leon. 1513 Pacific Ocean first seen by Balboa. 1521 Henry VIII called the defender of the faith by the Pope of Rome on account of a treatise against Martin Luther. 1517 Commencement of the great Reformation by Martin Luther. 1540 The Jesuits began their order, under Loyala their leader, a Spanish soldier. 1541 Mississippi River discovered by De Soto. 39 1565 First permanent settlement made in North America at St. Augustine, by the Spaniards. 1523 Edward VI was poisoned on account of his friend- liness to the Protestants, at fifteen years of age. 1523 Lady Jane Grey beheaded for her Protestant pro- clivities. 1587 Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots. 1603 Death of Queen Elizabeth. 1605 Discovery of the gunpowder plot. 1607 First permanent English settlement in Jamestown. 1609 Dutch settled New Amsterdam, now New York. 1612 King James' translation of the Bible. 1620 Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers. 1624 Richelieu, Minister to France. 1625 Death of James I. 1628 The Petition Right established by law of Parlia- ment. 1638 Origin of the Order of Covenanters, to resist the religious observances of Charles I. Long Parliament. 1640 Success of Cromwell at Marston Moor. 1649 Charles I beheaded by Cromwell's Council. 1650 Defeat of the Scots at the battle of Dunbar. 1651 Charles II concealed in an oak tree after his defeat at Worcester. Navigation act, confining trade to English vessels. 1652 Long Parliament dissolved and Cromwell protector 1657 Death of Cromwell. 1660 Defeat of the Dutch in a naval engagement com- manded by the Duke of Albermarle. 1665 Great plague in London and the great fire. 1679 Habeas Corpus Act. 1680 Popish plot to burn London, assassinate the King and deliver the country