Albin Putzker GERMAN H ISTORICAL READING BOOK BY H. S. BERESFORD-WEBB EXAMINER IN GERMAN (PRELIM.) TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW WITH A MAP A v NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY F. W. CHRISTERN BOSTON: CARL SCHOENHOFF PREFACE THE following collection of extracts from German historians does not of course pretend to cover the whole range even of German history. This would be as impossible in a work of this size as it would be to guarantee parity of detail in each of the extracts. The Editor has aimed at including the most important periods in the history, in particular, of the continent of Europe, varying these with occasional sketches of character and of social re- forms. The Peninsular and Napoleonic wars have purposely been omitted partly because extracts from several works on these subjects have already been published both in French and German, and partly because these periods are better known than any others by students to whom it is hoped this volume may be useful, i.e. those preparing for the public examinations. Several distinguished his- torians, notably von Treitschke, are unfortunately not represented. This is owing either to unsuita- bility of style and subject, or to too great detail in comment and description. If the selections are the means of furnishing even a fundamental knowledge of some of the most im- vi PREFACE. portant events of mediaeval and modern history the Editor's object will have been attained. In the Notes his aim throughout has been to leave no historical allusions unexplained, though he is well aware that he may have fallen short of this ideal. Nearly all the places referred to in the text will be found in the Map, and to show their relative positions the present divisions of the various States are indi- cated ; but the student must remember that the boundaries varied considerably e.g. in the case of the Netherlands at the different periods treated of. Although the Editor has been careful to verify most of the historical allusions, he considers it extremely probable that some errors may have crept in, and will therefore esteem it a great favour if those who use the book will kindly point them out to him. H. S. B.-W. GODSTONE, SURREY, October 1892. CONTENTS In order of Difficulty. PAGE I. THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH .... (Hoffman) . i II. THE WARS OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION (Kohlrausch) . 26 III. SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS . . (Schiller) . 46 IV. THE STORY OF LUTHER . . . (Grube) . 64 V. JOSEPH II. AND HIS PEOPLE . (Grofz-Hoffinger) 78 VI. THE BATTLE OF SEMPACH . . . (Miiller) . 85 VII. GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS AND THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR (Raumer) . 95 VIII. FREDERICK THE GREAT IN SAXONY AND BOHEMIA (Kugler) . 109 IX. SPEECH OF FREDERICK THE GREAT . . . .125 X. CROMWELL AND THE PROTECTORATE . (Ranke) . 128 XI. GOTZ VON BERLICHINGEN AND THE PEASANTS' WAR . . . . (Grube) . 144 XII. CHARLEMAGNE AND HIS EMPIRE . . (Duller) . 155 XIII. THE ANCIENT GERMANS . . . (Freytag) . 161 XIV. ALFRED AND THE DANES . . . (Paul!) . 178 In Chronological order. I. THE ANCIENT GERMANS (from ist century B.C.) . . 161 II. CHARLEMAGNE AND HIS EMPIRE (771-814) . . . 155 III. ALFRED AND THE DANES (868-878) . . . .178 viii CONTENTS. PAGE IV. THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH (1096-1099) i V. THE BATTLE OF SEMPACH (1386) 85 VI. THE STORY OF LUTHER (1483-1521) .... 64 VII. GOTZ VON BERLICHINGEN AND THE PEASANTS' WAR (1503-1525) 144 VIII. SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS (1565) . ... 46 IX. CROMWELL AND THE PROTECTORATE (1599-1653) . 128 X. GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS AND THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR (1630-1632) 95 XL THE WARS OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION (1702-1713) . 26 XII. FREDERICK THE GREAT IN SAXONY AND BOHEMIA (1756-1757) i9 XIII. SPEECH OF FREDERICK THE GREAT . . . .125 XIV. JOSEPH II. AND HIS PEOPLE (1765-1790) ... 78 NOTES ..*...,... 189 INDEX TO NOTES 296 I. The Siege of Antioch. (From Historische Erz'dhlungen, by Dr. FRIEDRTCH HOFFMANN.) [The Crusades were the religious wars carried on at various periods for the right of access by pilgrims to the Holy Sepulchre, and subse- quently for the possession of Jerusalem. Under the Caliphs of Bagdad and the Egyptian Falimides the privilege was readily accorded to the nations of the West, but upon the conquest of Palestine by the Turks the pilgrims were subjected to all kinds of annoyances. These griev- ances had, during the whole of the nth century, been rankling in the in in s of the people, and the flame was fanned by various holy men \vho went about ' preaching the crusade ', the most noted of whom was Peter the Hermit ; but it was not till 1095 that Pope Urban n. decreed the First Crusade, and in the following year the armies departed. The crusaders, so called from the red cross they wore on their shoulder, were led by the most valiant knights of the time, among whom the most distinguished were Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lower Lorraine, Baldwin his brother, Robert Duke of Normandy, son of William the Conqueror, Raymond of Toulouse, Hugo the Great, brother of Philip of France, and Boemond, Prince of Tarentum. The first place they took was Nicaea in Asia Minor, a city which had given its name to the Nicenc Creed.] eer ber reu$faljrer nafjerte fidjj iiber imb toifia ber iuic^ttgeu @tabt 5Inttoc^en in tyrien; man Ijoffte fie ttertaffen p fiuben, itrie anbere (Stable, toeldje bic Xiirlen befeffen fatten, t>erna!)m after Mb, bafj fie, ntit aflent iDoIjt auSgeriiftet, etnen Ira'ftigen SStberftanb teiften toerbe.s ilnter bem rafen Robert uon ber ^ormanbie ttwrbe nun A THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. guerft ein ftarfer eerf)aufe auf unbfd>aft cutSgefdjicft; baiut brangen atte @d;aren bi gu ber fteinernen 23riide itber ben 3'hiB ^frtn Dor, roetdje tapfer Dertcibigt rourbe ; enbtid) aber roidjen bie Xiirfen nnb ba eer gog bi an bie tabt. s )iefe tear erft Dor brei^e^n $afyren Don ben Xiirlen in 33efi| genommen, nnb groar bnrd) $errdterei ; ber je^ige err barin iDar giirft 93agi @ijan, tDetdjer entjc^Ioffen tt)ar, bie @tabt mntDofl 311 Derteibigen. Hntiodjen (@pibapl)ne, Don bent na^en ap(;ne) tiegt faft 10 eine 2Mfe Dom 9Jleer in einem n^afferreid^en, frnd;tbaren ; fiibltd) Don ber @tabt ftromt na^e ber Oronte; nnb.OneHen lamen Don ben S3ergen, fo bag e faft !einem anfe an SSaffer gebrac^; nb'rblid^ raar ein grofjer @ee r an raetdjem ein @trom flog, iuetc^cr bie nieftfidjen X 5 SD^auern ber @tabt bei'pittte nnb fid^ in ben Oronte crgug. (Sine ^ot;e 50^aner Don fotdier S3reite ; bag baranf ein $ier= gefpann ptte fa^ren fomten, nmi'c^tog mtt Dieten Xurmen ben $(at}, ber raie 9tom anf fieben iigeltt erbant roar ; anf einem fjo^jen Serge tag ein fefjr fefte @d)Iog. 20 Sim 18. Oftober 1*097 riidte ba Setagentng^eer, roet(^c ungefdtjr mtt bem Xrog 300,000 9^ann ftar! roar, Dor bie fefte @tabt, bie e nic^t ganj einjnfd;ttegen Dermodjte. Ttic^t otjite groge Sefiirc^tnngen btidten bie giirften anf btejelbe J)in;; ber ran^je SBinter ftanb beDor; man fa^ ein, bag bie 25 S3etagerung ii)re grogen @d)roieng!eiten ^aben roiirbe. Xie giirften fjietten einen Stat ; mefjrere roaren ber 9}leinung, man fotte fid) gnriicfgie^en, in ben SSintermonaten nene SMfte fammetn, bie Slnfunft frifcfjer eert)anfen abroarten, nnb bie S3e(agenmg erft tm grunting beginnen. )agegen mad;ten 30 anbere gettenb, eine $er5ugernng roerbe bem geiube am metften 511 gute fommen ; er roerbe bie tabt ftdrler befeftigen, THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. fonrie er and) au ber -ftafye itnb gerne neue 3 u fitl)veu unb niadjtige eerfmufen Ijeran^ie^en luerbe. 9iadj tangerer 25e* railing fiegtc bie SMnitng ber lejjtereu, lueldje befonberS feom (Sh'afen 9faimunb gettenb gemadjt tuurbe . . * [The Crusaders, oblivious of their vows and the object of their ex- pedition, gave way to all sorts of excesses, and, certain of being shortly able to take the city, they so wantonly wasted their abundant supplies of provisions that ' want soon took the place of plenty and sorrow that of joy'.] tarter unb empfinbttdjer, at bte betoaffneten geinbe au 5 ber @tabt ba ^reu^Ijeer bebra'ttgten, bebrdngte bafetbe ein anberer SSiberfac^er, iuetdient man bet Dernitnf tiger !eit U)oI)I I)dtte eutge^eu lounen, na'mlidi ber ^linger. Itebtidie 2Sei^narf)tfeft ttmr nafje, ba ccr fa^> ifym ntit @d)recfen entgegen. 3 er f^ reilt iw Sanbe befanben fi(^ tiirltfdie 10 SRetteric^aren, Vuetdje biejentgen, bte gum gouragteren au= geidjtdt maren, oft bltfceid)neH unb mtt iibertegener 9JJad)t iiberfleten unb if)nen ba mufyefcoH efammelte toieber ab= na^nten; bte grojste unb aufo^fernbftc Xa^ferfett nrnr nid^t im ftanbe, au^ nur ba Unentbe!)rlid)fte ^erbetgujc^affen;'tn 15 ba Sager felbft tourben t>on frieblic^en tammen nur toentge ebenmittel gebrad)t; bte gufnljren, toetc^e au uro^a fommen follten, langten enttoeber gar nid^t, ober fe^r ungenitgcnb an^ (Sine tetltoeife Slbljitfe !am baburc^, ba einige ber tapferften g-iirften ntit ftarlen eeri)anfen in bil)er noc^ nidjt berii^rte 20 egenben aug^ogen unb fo gliicfli^ tuaren, ntit grogen S5or* raten ba Sager gu erreic^en, nadjbem fie Slngrtffe ber Xiirlen unb ^Iraber fiegreid^ guritcfgefdjlagen fatten. a njar benn Sufcel unb Sreube im eere, n^ctdje baburc noc Dermet^rt U)urben, bajs raf Biainuntb gerabe in benfelben Xagen bent 25 THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. tiirfifdjen ^eere einen fefjr betrad)ttid)en SSerluft beigebrad)t $atte. , SBalb ftmren aber bie SSorrate troij fparfatnen anl)alten toieber aufgejefyrt ; einen (Srfaij berfelben tyerbeigufdjaffen toar s unntoglidj, inbent ba Sanb angefogen toar, ein grower eil ber SBetoofyner bte $tud)t ergriffen fjatte imb 3 ll f u ^ en a i^ ber f^erne u ben grofiten (Settenfjetten gei)orten. $)a bte 2ebenmittet tmmer ute^r tm ^retfe fttegen, fo t>ennod)ten twr bte S^eic^en btefelben 511 tcwfert; bte Slrmen, n?enn fie 10 ntdjjt t)on t^ren tt)of)(tt)onenben erren tntt bem ^otigften atnterfiit^t itwrben, fatjen fii^ gejtoungen, 511 ben eMfyaftcften ^a^rnnggntittetn it)re 3 u f^ uc ^t u net) men, nm nnr it)ren nnger u fttlten. 9Jian berettete fid) 33rot an geftogetter SBoumrinbe, toelcfyer man ettoa ^teie gufe^te; (Stiicfe t)on 15 Seber tourben ge!od^t ober geroftet ; jeber fufjtte fid) gtucftid^, ber irgenb ein tebenbige Xier, andj ba ffeinfte, erbeitten fonnte ; t)iete ftarben nnger. Sine grugere 3^^ erlag onbred^enben biJSarttgen ^ranl^eiten, toetdje teit ben SHangel an gefunber 9^ai)rnng, teit burc^ bie SMfte nnb 20 geu^ttglett fyerbetgefiifyrt n;nrben r t)or njetc^er bie attmalirfj toerfaulenben S^ttc nid^t n fdjii|en t>erntod)ten. ie ftafyl ber Xoten njar oft fo grog, bag bie Ubertebenben fie !anm gn beerbigen im ftanbe n^aren. gnt Ungtiid fud^t ba er ben errn ; gar manege, toetdje 25 leidjtfinnig ba Sreug genomnten, entpfanben bittere 9iene iiber ifjre orte erfyoben, bie SBlicfe fyimmelft)art, Ittten gebulbig unb ftarben fcoft (rge* bung ; anbere aber iibertiegen fid) ber SSerjtoeiflung, bi ifyre 5 rafte entfdjjtoanben. ie giirften unb erren untertieen e aud^ nidjt, bte @cnjacen u ernmntern unb i^nen 9Kut gugnfprec^en ; bennoc^ lonnten fie e nicf)t ber^inbern, ba Dtete, icelc^e nocf) ^raft in fic^ fiiijtten, ntit 2Bdjr unb SBaffe ba Sager fjehntid^ tiertiegen, unt enttueber nad? @beffa, ober 10 nad^ Stlicien, ober nac^ Stjpern gu gelangen; felbft ein^etne fitter unb giifjrer betrcidjtUc^cr @djaren entfloljen, i^ren atten 9^u^m burd^ geig^eit jerftorenb. . . . (Jinen grofeen (Sinbntcf mac^te e unter ben Siirften, al fie crfa^ren mu^tpn, baft fetbft ber SJlann, beffen greubtgfeit unb 15 ottuertrauen fiir triete eine @tii|e geiuejen n?ar, fetge unb ntutlo bent gro^en Unteunefjmen ben 9tuden genianbt fjatte, ndmtic^ $eter ber (Sinfiebter. S(uc er, tt)e((^er mit tn= reijjenber SBerebjamfett ben ^reu^ug geprebtgt unb triete tanfenbe betoogen ^atte, jur SsBefretung be f)eiltgen 8anbe 20 ^eirnat unb au, SKeib unb Knb 311 berlaffen, and) er mar nut eiuem fitter ^eimtic^ entftofjen. ^anm toar jeboc^ bie 9?adjrtd)t in ber tiHe ben giirften uberbracfjt, fo ettte aud^ Xoitcreb fc^on ben gliic^tigen nadj unb jtoang fie jur 9tiidfet)r. Man Ijiett fiir geraten, bent $eere bie Xf)atjac^e 511 Der= 25 fdjiueigen, tegte jebod^ bent fitter eine Strafe auf, er nmfjte bor bem Qtlit 23oenutnb eine gan^e 9^ad)t ^iuburd; int greien jnbvingen, unt) nafynt beiben gtudjtlingen einen tb ab, bag fie bei bem >eere fcerbteiben iDoIIten. SSetdje SKanbtung atte baSfetbe erfatjreu! 9^nr n)enige 30 Saujenbe Don ben nnberttaufenben loaren nod) int ftanbe, THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. frd'ftiytid) bie SBaffen gu fitfjren; ein aufe SMterei fonnte gar nidjt mefjr aufgeftefft luerben, tubem Don 70,000 $ferben uur nod) 2,000 iibrtg gebtieben iuaren, Don benen ttrieberum mtr ber ftcinfte Xetl fid) bienfttaugfidj jetgte. SKenn in biefer 5 Sett em tiirtifd)e eer e en ^ngriff t>ou aufcen tier auf bie Setagerer imternommen Ijatte, fo ioiirbe ber Sreitjjitg auf etne fc^recfltc^e SSetfe fein Stet gefunben aben. ott aber tooflte e anber, obmo^t bie Setben ber SSattbriiber t^r (Snbe nod) ntd^t erreid^t fatten. 10 lt eine Xritbfat unb fc^iuere ^riifung bon ott gefanbt, faijen audj bie metften ^eerfii^rer i^r Ungtiic! an. @ie t)er= ^e^tten e ftd^ nid^t, bag ba|"e(be nirf)t uur etne ^otge ber untoeranttoortttdjen SSeric^iDenbung toar, mit it)elc^er man Dor '(Stntrttt be 28tnter bie nngcljeuren SSorrate Don 2eben= 15 mittetn Dergenbet ^atte, fonbern aitcf) eine roo^Iuerbiente trafe fiir ba iippige, jnc^ttoje unb (afterijafte Seben, bent fid) ba eer ergeben ^atte. 2Bar boc^ bafel6e feiner ^o^en TOffion, bie ijetttgen fatten, auf benen ber SBelt^eitanb geiuanbett, an ben cinben ber Ungtdubtgen gu befreieu, Dottig unein= 20 gebenf gemorben 1 2Bar bodj !aum ein Safter p erbenten, ba nidjt in ben Sagern Deriibt uiorben iudre! (Sine fotc^e Uppigfeit unb 'Sc^iuelgerei, fo Diet uft^udjtige^ unb nntautere SSejen luar bod) etioa Uner^orte in einem c^riftlidjen eere. 2)a faben bie giirften n;oi){ ein, unb at nun, urn bie emitter 25 nod) me^jr gu fdjrecfen, am 9eujafjrtage ein fjefttgeS (Srbbeben ba Sanb unb bie Sager erjc^iitterte, n;o^u fid^ noc^ etne na'djttidje (Srfd^einung gejettte, inbem p(b'|ttc^ am >immel bie iuet^en unb roten @tral)tcn eiue 9^orblt(f)t auf= unb ab= fdjoffen, fo fanben e alle ebenfo natiirUc^ at ijeitbringenb, 30 bag ber ^apftfic^e Segat, ber r^bifc^of Don tyuty, ein aHge- meine brettdgige ^often Derorbnete; baju luurben noc^ V THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. anberc ftrd&ftdje geiertidjfeiten beftimmt unb augefitf)rt. 3* gteicfjer Sett ftwrbe atte au bem Sager entfernt, toa bem Safter biente, unb bie ftrengften $erorbnungen gegen gtudjen uub @d)tt>oren, Sftaub, 'Siebftafjf, $etrug, 3urf>ttofigteit uub bergteidjen ttwrben gegeben. 2Jttt unnadj fid) tiger trenge s fytett man auf bte rfiittiing berfetben, unb tjtete erfu^ren biefetbe gletc^ anfang, n?a eineu ^ettjamen c^recfen toer* breitete. @ fcEjien, al ob ott bie ebete ber grommen er^ort ^abe ; bie Ijeftigeu Sftegengtiffe f amen jettener, bie rau^en 10 (Stiirme fd^iuiegen unb e n)el)ten faufte grut)Ungtiifte ; ber efunbf)eit^uftanb im Snger befferte fid) unb ferrate famen ctwaS retd)ltd)er u beneu, bte in ben ^agen ber 9^ot iijren errn crfannt fatten, rfreutic^ tuar e, ba ottfrteb tion 33ouitton t>on fcinen SBunben genejen toar, toeldje er bei ^5 5lntioc^ien in ^fyrtygien im ^ampfe mit einem S3dren em* ^fangen ^atte ; t)iel erfreuticfier iuar bie Slulfic^t, bie fief) pto^ lic^ barbot, bag man bie betagerte @tabt Dietteic^t one tuettere unb gro^ere SBtutucrgiefeen gcnjtnneu raerbe. @ ttwr nantttc^ ein neue Rafted erbaut iuorben, in melc^em 20 gerabe 3totmwtb bie SBefa^ung befef)Iigte, at einige fjunbert tiirftjc^e 3ieiter einen 5lufatt au ber @tabt marfjten. r Ijatte juuor einen interf)alt getegt unb iibcrfiet bie ba ^aftett Hmicfjmarmenben. S3ei biejer etegenfyeit njurben me^rere geinbe nieberge^auen, gugteid) aber ein jituger tiirftfc^cr 25 rteger au einer t)ornef)men gamilie gefangen genommen, JDelc^er fic bei greunb unb getnb einen grojsen Seamen er* iuorben; man riiljmte tion i^nt, er abc 1000 ^riften ertegt. eine SScrtoanbtcn fniipften Unterljanbdmgen mit SRoimunb an unb erboten fief), ein bebeutenbe Sojegelb fiir i^n u ja^ten ; 30 iRaimunb ging nic^t barauf ein ; nun nnttigten fie ein, einen 8 THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. Xurm anf ber Sftauer, beren 23eftmd)ung itynen antiertraut iuar, Ijeimnd) gu iifeerliefern, toobnrdj bie (Sroberuug ber @tabt f)oc^ft lualjrfcfjetnttd) nad) fnrgem amj)fe erfotgt fein nwrbe. 2lfle toar feft toerabrebet iuorben, at :ptotid) auf 5 ben 33efef)l be in SIntiodjien regierenben gurften, toelcfyent bie iibereinlunft Derraten rcorben rt)ar, bie bi^^erige S3efa^uug ben Xurm bertaffen mugte unb burd) eine anbere t)on treuen riegteuten erje^t raarb. 2)er efangene roar unfcf)ulbig, ebenfo maren e feine na'd)ften SSertoanbten, nnb e ttmr be= 10 fjalb fe^r graufam uub und)rifttic^ / bag ber junge Xurlenritter bennoc^ erft gemartert unb bann getotet rtJitrbe. @o raarb bie ^offnung auf eine fdjneUe Ubergabe ber Stabt getaufd^t. @ie touc^S h?ieber, at |3tD|Itc^ efanbte be agt)^tifc^en 15 ^alifen anfamen, toeldje ben Stjriften ein 33iinbni njiber ben gemeinfd^afttid^en ^einb, bie Xiirfen, anboten. 9}lit grower $reube nafjm man biefe Sotfdjaft auf ; bie iiberbringer luurben mit (S^ren iiber!)auft ; offenttid^e (Spiete tonrben angeftettt, ba gauge Sager njurbe mit griinen 3^^9 ett un ^ 93tumen ge* 20 fd^miidt nnb man tfjat atte, nm ben efanbten einen t)o!>en Segriff t>on ber enjanbtfjeit nnb Xa|3ferleit ber rieger au bent 5lbeub(anbe beigubrtngen. Xie (e|tere gn erfennen, bot fid^ aKerbing eine nid^t nn* toiHIommene etegen^eit bar. @ lam namtid) bie fidjere 25 -ftacfjridjt in ba Sager, bag in ber -ftafye ber S3urg $aarcm ein groge feinblid^e eer fte^e, raelc^eS bie benac^bartcn tiirlifc^en giirften gum @ntfa|e bon Slntioc^ien toerfammett fatten. Xa eer beftanb beina^e gang an Sleiterei, ber man nur bie ftafyl t)on 700 nocfj beritten @b(en entgegenfe^en 30 lonnte. 5ltte iibrigen fitter fatten ifjre $ferbe Dertoren, ober biefe roaren nntauglic| gum ^am^f getuorben. ^Diefe 700 THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. ita^tnen gemeinfam ba fjetlige ^Ibeubmaf)! unb Bereiteten fid) burclj eBet unb onbere djriftlidfje UBungen gum obefampfe mit bem iiBertegenen geinbe tior. 3n ber 8titte ber -ftadjt gogen fie ait bem Sager unb nctfjerten fief) bem anttodjtfdjen @ee, too fie gu tfjrem (rftaunen bie turftfdje s Sfteiterei, auf ber einen @eite an ben (See, cmf ber anbern an einen S5ac^ gete^nt, fcfjon aufgefteUt fanben. ie Xilrfen fatten einen Uberfall Befiir^tet, toe^alB fie @paf)er augge- fd^tdt fatten, burd) toetc^e i^nen fofort ba SIuSrMen ber c^rtftli^en Slitter gemetbet toorben toar. tefe Ie|teren Be* 10 fasten i^re (Seeten ott unb orbneten fic^ fo, ba fie fed)3 berfd^iebene efc^toaber Bilbeten, urn toomogtidj ben geinben i^re gertnge Hnga^I ju berBergen. 3Iuf biefe ftiirjten nun, i^re Bii)erige riegtoeife BeiBe^altenb, eingetne tiirlifd^e (Sd^aren, mtt S3Ii|efc^netIe i^re ^feile aBfc^iegenb unb bann 15 SuriicEf^rengenb. ^)ie fitter f)tetten biefe 5lngriffe mutig au unb brangen baBei immer fcorttmrtS, Bi fie auf ben ern be tiirlifd^en eere ftiegen. 3)a !am e nun u einem morberifd^en ^ampfe; bie fitter fodjten mit grower Xa|3fer!eit ; aBer aud^ bie Xiirfen, 20 ifyrer UBerga^t getoi, toiberftanben mit grower artnadig!eit unb anfang fd^ien fidfy ber (Sieg auf i^re eite neigen gu tooHen ; fiinf d)rifttid^e efc^maber fingen an gu toeid^en unb gum Xeit u ftie^en; ba brang S3oemunb mit feiner tapfern c^ar t)or unb nrie ein untoiberfte!)Iic^er ^ei( in bie bidjt* 25 gebrangten aufen ber geinbe ein; fein SBannerljerr fod)t neBen i^m, unb tior iijren tangen Breiten c^toertern fan!en gur rec^ten unb tinfen bie Siirfen bafjin. ie gtiictltd^e SSenbung be efed^te ermutigte Don neuem bie gurucfgemi* d)enen d^aren ; i^ren ^rteg^ruf auftogenb griffen fie an unb 30 jagten nadf) einem Btutigen ^amjjfe bie geinbe in bie gtud^t. io THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. $)ie (Sieger madjten grojse 33ente an !ftnnbt>orrat, fcfjonen SBaffen unb Sftoffen ; bie Qalji ber le^teren betrug iiber 1000 ; mit nngefyeurem J^nbet rourben fie bet ber SRiic!M)r in ba Sager anfgenomnten ; on ben (Sattetfnopfen fyingen bie opfe 5 mefirerer nnberte toon erfdjjtagenen Xiirfen, fcon benen bie nteiften anf SSnrfmafrfjinen in bie @tabt gefdjtenbert, anbere aber fcor bie 9ftaner auf Spfaljle geftecft njurben. Xie SBetagerten in ber 8tabt fatten tion bem Unterne^nten ber i^nen gu itfe itenbett genane ^enntni gel^abt; Dom io frii^eften 9Jlorgen an ttmrben (iiffine gemad^t, n^etd^e jebocfy t)on bem in ben Sagern gnriicfgebliebenen gn6t)ol! ntit grower apferteit guriidgejc^tagen tuaren. 9)lit bem inbrurfe, rt)et(f)en biefe !iil)nen SBaffent^aten ber S^riften anf i^re entiiter gemadjt fatten, lefjrten bie dgt)p= 15 tifdfjen efanbten u bem atifen gnriicf, begteitet t)on d^rift* lirfjen SSotfc^aftern, bie ba S3iinbni mit bem errn abfd^tiegen fottten. 2)ie !am bennod^ nic^t n ftanbe. ^alif ftettte 23ebingungen, raetc^e man nid^t eingefjen !onnte. (r rootlte namtid^ ben Stjriften groar bie SSaHfafjrt nad^ 20 Semfatem nnb n ben tyeitigen tqtten geftatten, aber bie $i(ger fottten nnbeiDaffnet fommen nnb nnr einen eingigen SJlonat in ^ernfatem tjeriueiten. SD^it 53erad)tnng Jt)iefen bie djriftlidljen giirften biefe gumutung gnriidf. iiber^au^t roar ber 9)int berfetben bnrdfj bie te^ten glitcf= 2$ lidEjen Unterne^mnngen nnb bnrc^ bie 3 u Stige, roetc^e an uropa antamen, fefjr geroac^fen ; (eiber ronrben bie iiber ba SJleer ^ommenben tiictfac^ Don Sc^aren betd'ftigt, bie an 2(ntio(f)ien fjeruorbrangen nnb in ber tfynen roo^t be!annten egenb nmt)erfd^rt)drmten ; be^atb befci^(o ber 9lat ber giir= 3 o ften nod) ein aftett gn erbanen, bnrd^ roetd^e ben Xiirfen ber libergang iiber beft g(n toerroefyrt roiirbe. . . . THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. n [A number of pilgrims, who had just arrived at the mouth of the Orontes and were on their way to the camp, were attacked by an ambush of the Turks, who defeated them, only a few escaping. But the Christians, who were awaiting them on their triumphant return, after a fierce struggle, in which Godfrey de Bouillon performed pro- digies of valour, completely routed the unbelievers, capturing an immense booty.] ber Sett an toagte fidj !eine tiirfifdje <3dfjar in ba 93Iad)felb. S)ie ieger aber gingen rafdj an ba 28erl imb banten ba aftefl. ( tag auf einem SHrd^of, toetdjen bte @inroof)ner 9fta- djnmarta nannten nnb beftanb an einem ntit SBatt nnb s raben gefd)n|en Dannie, ber bnrd) toei ftarfe Siirme tier* teibigt rtiurbe. (Sinige erga'Jjten, ba gerabe anf biefer Steffe bie im te^ten ^ampfe erfdjtagenen Xiirfen erft in ber ^adfjt t)orl)er begraben nnb t)on ben djriftlicfjen Strbeitern anfgefnnben h)orben feien, tooranf fie bie Seidjen fyerborgejogen nnb beranbt, 10 iiberbie nod) 300 ityfe a( iegeg^eidjen in ben @t. @imeon l^afen gejdjidt fatten. SBenn bie @rgdf)tnng ridjtig ift, fo be* gengt fie faft mefyr, at jebe anbere, bie 9iof)eit ber SBattbriiber. 5lftma()tierfcfjftmn= ben. 9lei(^Iice 3wfn^r lam bnrd) tenenter nnb ennefer; on^gefanbte (Sdjaren lonnten frei im Sanbe nm^ergieljen nnb fonragieren ; and^ bem 2ftange( an ^ferben njar abgefjotfen, ba me^rere tanfenbe erbentet toorben toaren, iiberbie ben giirften 10 unb bittern ^rad^tige, gnm XeU foftbar gefc^ntiitfte ^Rofje at efdjenfe bargebrac^t n?urben. anj anber toar e in ber betagerten tabt; bie faft gangtidje ^infdjtiegnng berfelben unb bie 28ac^|am!eit ber ^rengfa^rer t)er()inbcrte bie nnb ntit jebent Xage tt)n(^ ber 2Jtongel in ber tabt 15 unb toa^rfd^eintid^ ancf) bie ^offnnng anf balbigen @ntfa|, fo man nnr an^arrte, bemog ben gi^l'ten 5lntiod^ien, nm einen SSaffenftiflftanb p bitten ; bie d^riftlic^en eerfitf)rer gemdtjrten ba e[nd^ urn benfefben, tueit fie ^offten, ber SBaffenftiftftanb tuerbe gu ttJettern llnter^anblnngen iiber bie Ubergabe ber 2 o tabt fit^ren. ie Xfjore ber Sager nnb SSerfc^an^nngeit offneten fic^ nnb e bitbete fief) anfangtic^ eine Slrt freunb* fd^aftlid^en SSer!ef)r nnter benen, rcetd^e fid; f either fo feinb= fetig gegeniiber geftanben fatten, ^itgrime bejndfjtcn bie tabt unb Xiirfcn ba Sager ; man tierftdjerte fid) gegenjeitig jeiner 25 od)ad)tnng ob ber betoiefenen Xapferfett ; aber e blieb nid^t fo ; bie Xiirfen fatten lanm nene SSorrcite in bie @tabt ge= fii^rt, al fie ptoijtid) ben SSaffenftiUftanb bradjcn, ben Son* itetable SBato, einen fe^r tapfern fitter, iDelc^er nitbemaffnet in ber en iuerben, bie SSeranlaffung gnr UBergabe ber @tabi , . . 10 ( n?ar rtdjttg, bag ein fetnbtid^e^ eer unter 5tnfii^rung be terbitga Don 3ttoful auf 93efe()t be @uttan ber Stabt 511 gilfe gog ; e iuar iiber 300,000 3ftann ftar! nnb beftanb metft an 9leiteret ; bie ft)rijc^en tiu}jtltnge, bie giirften uon ama!u ; Don ^beffa nnb Seruialem, foiuie ein arabijcfjer 15 ^eeiljaufe, fatten fid) angej(f)(offen ; ioare bie eer iofort unb oljne (Sanmen anf Slnttodjten togegangen, fo njiirbcit bie (Sfjriften niifit f)aben miberfte^en fottnen ; fo aber og ba gettmltige eer Dor beffa nnb fyielt fid^ mit ber 93efagernng ber (Stabt auf ; baburrf) ttmrb ba ^reiije^cet gerettet. 20 er @mir Don ?(ntiodjien atte nid)t nur ben S3efe^t gegeben, bag biejenigen (StntDo^ner, njetdje noc^ SebenSmittel befdgen, bie d(fte baDon abliefern fottten, fonbern er briicfte and) etnjetne Segiiterte ber (Stabt unb erDregte Don ifjnen etb unb ut @o t^at er andj mit einem 9JJanite armentfcf)er 25 SIbfunft, iDetdjer mit feiner gamitie frii^er Sljrift geaiefen, aber rote Diele anbre nac^ ber (Srobernng ber (Stabt burc^ bie Surfen, jum 3Iam iibergetreten roar ; biefer 9Jlann, ber Diel= letcfjt f)eim(id) S^rifto jeine Xreue beroa^rt ijatte, befe^Itgte eiuen cfturm an ber SBeftjette ber @tabt unb ieg ^iru S(j 30 3arrab, bet ben 3lbenbldnbern $t)rr^u; obroofjt er feinen 14 THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. 5lnteit bei ber attgemeinen 33eftenrnng fcoflftcinbig entricf)tet fjatte, fo liejs t^m bocf) ber giirft bte a(fte fetner iibrigen SSorrdtc (jtittoeguefjmen unb gab fie tro atter SSorftettuugen unb SBitten nidjjt hrieber erau. Xte bradjjte ben eqiirnten s unb uadj ^Radje begtertgeu Slrmemer auf ben ebanfen unb gnte^t ^n bent feften SSorfa^, ben (Smtr mtt ber gau^cn tiirlijc^en 93et)5Iferung burc Ubergobe ber @tabt in SSer= berben u ftiirjen. Scrjemge Siirft, tuelc^er unter ben Surfeit bte grojjte 10 93eritf)mtf)ett (jatte, ben fie aud fur ben Slnfii Jjrer be Srcu5e ^cerc tettcn, loor S3oemiinb ; an Ujn luaubte fic gtrus ()eim= Ii$ unb fefjr balb einigten fid) beibe iiber bte libergabe be Xurnte. 9^un fain e barauf an, ba^ S3oemnnb nadj fetner err]d)fnc^t ben grogtmogtirfjen SSortett au btefem SSer^att* 15 ttiff e jog ; er UJQubte fid) bel)alb an ben ^iirftenrat unb ftettte i^m bor, ba er in fur^er geit unb oljne DicIeS S3tutt)ergieBen fit ber tabt bentac^tigen n^oUe, toenn man Ujm nac ber tnna^nte bte errjdjaft iiber biefetbe iibertaffe. SSon feinem inberftanbntffe mtt bent ^Renegaten erroafmte er ni(t ; 20 tjermutete man Singe ber Slrt unb raie ba Sluerbieten munb juritd ; befonberS roar e ber raf ^aimunb, roetdjer fic^ gegen einen berartigen SSertrag mit @ntfd)iebent)ett erflarte. SBoemunb ertrug bie gurilrfttJeifuttg mit ebutb unb troftetc fid^ mit bent ebanfen, ba^ bie geit fommen roerbe, roo man 25 leister unb fdjnefter feinen 5(nerbietnngen e^or geben biirfte. Unb fo fam e rairltid^; anf bie eriidjte, bajj fic unter be gelb^errn erbuga SBefe^I eine unge^eure 2Rac^t f)eran= rodtje, bie alte unterbriicfen roerbe, fie rourbe fogar auf 600,000 9ftann angegeben, bag ba3 gauge @etbfd)ucfen* 3 o retd) gegen ba ^reuje^eer fic^ erfjoben ijabe, fotgte anfang ^uni bie 23otfd)aft, ber ^einb fei iiber ben Gmpfjrat gegangen, THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. unb nun erfldrten bie gitrften, bag fie bie $orfd)Iage munbs pren toottten. 3 lt)ar r ^ e ^ ottfrteb, man fotte bent geittbe mit etm unb >arnifdj entgegen gefjen unb tfjn mit otte )t(fe befiegen ; aber er ttmrb itberfttmmt unb bie 2ln trage 93oemunb, roeldjer im ftttten einflngreidje banner fiir s fid) getoonnen ijatte, fo ben 93t(c^of t>on ^ut), tourbe ange nommen ; man fcertyracfj t^nt ben S3efi| toon Slntiorfjien, n;enn er ba eer errette. 2)arauf fefete ber giirft ton Xarent Ort nnb @tunbe ber Ubergabe feft ; nad) bent 9?ate be gim^ ftmrbe ein Xei( be 10 $eereS, 9leiter unb guBtoIf, ant 5lbenb be jtoeiten 3wntu h)te n einem treifjuge in ba eMrge gefu^rt, njo fie bie Iftadjt ^inbitrc^ im SSalbe f)in unb fjergogen; Dor ouncn* aufgang nci^erte ficl ein aufe, toelc^er au ^ormannen unb gran^ofen beftanb, ben Be^eidjneteit Siirmen ; SSoemunb fdjicfte 15 einen Dertrauten ^nap^en t)orau, bag er erfpd'^en foHe, ob a(Ie in Drbnnng fei ; batb fant biefer guriid nnb brad)te bie SBotfc^aft, bag afte gut ftel)e, bag man aber bie gacfetn bor* iiberlaffen fotte, mit iueldjen bie ^atrouiHen gingen, bie foeben biefen Xeil ber Sftauer iiberfd^ritten. (S toarb atteS rui)tg ; 20 ba gtng SBoemunb gu bent Xurme unb rief bent tatenter gu, toefdjer einen Strict Ijinabiuarf ; an biefen befeftigte ber giirft Don Xarent bie erfte Setter, fyotte bann feine Xruppen !f)erbet unb fpradj gu i^nen : rfteigt fidjern 9J^ute 5Intiodjien, e lt)irb in eurer anb fein, fo ott ioiH 1 " S)ic (Srften, tuetc^e 25 bie 2ftauer erfttegen, toaren granjofen, ber fitter gutter au Sl)artre unb beffen S3ruber; 58 Xapfre fotgten i^nen nai^ unb befe^ten fogleidj ben Xurm be giruj unb bie beiben gimad)ft getegenen Xiirme. ^Boemunb blteb mit ben iibrigen ^riegern eine !(eine trecEe Don ber 9ftauer in c^tac^torb* so nitng aufgefteHt, anf giinftige SBotfdjaft f)arrenb. benfo tt)ar 1 6 THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. tete giritg mit gdjn:*r$en, bag etne grofeere Wlafyt erfdjeinen ntodjie unb rief au * )a finb ber granfcn toenige ! too ift SBoemunb, ber unbefiegte elb? SBarunt bgert er?" S)a ftieg ein langobarbifdjer nappe bie Setter Ijjinab unb gab bem 5 giirften Sftadjridfjt, bag afle gefcfjefyen fci ; nun erfdjott au taufenb ^e^en ber erfte laute 3fiuf : ott lt)itt e ! /; unb afte ftiirjtc ber SJ^auer gu ; fie toarb erftiegen nnb jur rec^ten unb tinfen fcerbreiteten fic^ bie ^rieger, bie ntidjften SKerfe in S3efi^ uetjmenb unb atle niebernteletnb, rt)a ifjnen entgcgentrat. 10 2)ur^ ba etiumuel frmrb e tebenbig in ber tabt; anfoug atjnteu bie Xiirfen nid;t t)on bem, toa iljiten betior* ftaub ; nad)bem aber eitte 2(ufat{* ( ipforte geoffnet U)ar, immer ftarfere ^aufen in bie Stabt brangen, aud^ c^aren t)on ^riegern innerfjatb ber SSa'Ue gu ben )oren Ijineitten, um 15 biefetben gu 6,fnen, t)erbreitetc fid; bie unbe t)on bent, n?a gefe^efjen toar, toeiter unb tueiter in ber Stabt. 5(ud) bie in bent Sager gebtiebenen d)vifttic^en eerfc^aren fcernafjmett toof)! ben tuitben Xumutt ; bie ber tabt am ntid)' ften aufgefteUte S3efa^ung be S3riic!enfafte(I unterfdiieb too^I co ein ejdjrei toon SBeibern unb ^"tnbern, ba ben SEBaffentarm iibertonte, aber ettoa 8id^ere tuu^ten nur bie ^od^ften giifjrer ; bie rieger iagten, ^erbuga fei mit feinem $eere in bie @tabt gebrungen, toctfjrenb anbere in bem ejc^rei feine greube, (on* bern Sing ft ertennen raollten ; ba fa^ man im erften @onnen as ftrafjle ba btutrote $anier 93oentuub auf bem Serge, norblidj toon ber GutabeKe, rael)en unb e erflang feller Xrompetenton, au toelc^em fie er!annten x bag bie 9^ormannen in bie @tabt gebrungen toaren. 9^un ging eine SBeloegimg, tuie ein 23(i, burd^ bie braujsen aufgeftellten d;riftlidj:,. d^aren ; bem 30 Conner gleid) erfd^oll ber SRuf : ott toill e ! " unb wit nnauftjaftfamem Ungeftitm toarf fic^ jebe efd;iuaber auf ba THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. 17 tljin gegemiberfteljenbe Xljor; ber SDhtt ber Xiirten ttrnr ge* broken, ate fie fid) toon gmten uub Slu&en bebrangt fatjen ; if)r SBiberftanb roar ooftig ungeorbnet; an bie tette ber $erroeif(ung, mit ber fie nod) fodjten, trat batb ba f)eie SBerlangen, roenigften ba nadte Seben $n retten. )er Gnnir 5 roar au ber (Stabt entiotc^en ; in fnrger Sett tnaren atte Xtjjore genommen unb nnn ergoffen fid) bie toon a 6 utt ^ ^ ut au f s geregten ^rieger, it)ie ein cms feinen Ufern getretener S3erg* ftrom, burd^ aHe (Stragen, fjieben nieber, tua il)nen begegnete, brangen in bie cinfer unb ntorbeten reife, granen unb ^in* 10 ber ; nirgcnbg gab e einen @c^n^ fiir bie llngtMtidjen. @Ieic^ anfang fatten fid^ bie ftjrifdjen, armenifc^en unb griec^ifc^en (()riften in ber tabt mit ben eingebrungenen 93riibern ber* bunben unb fitljrten bie betuaffneten SSerfoIger in bie reidjften Confer nub bie fcerborgenften @d)tu^faiin!el. $DZan mad)te 15 leine efangenen unb t)erfd)onte leinen glie!)enben. einer @^ar fcon 3000 Xiirfen, toel^e ber tapfere bbetutet anfii^rte, getang e, bnrd) fefte 3ufommen= fatten aEe 5(ngriffe ber granfen gnrndgnfdjtagen unb bie SitabeEe u erreidjen, beren Xijore fc^tennigft tJerfdjtoffen unb 20 berramntelt tonrben. 93oemnnb ftiirntte nad) unb f)offte, ba SoKiuer! fdjneK einneljmen gu !onnen ; bie gelang fym jebod^ titd^t ; bie Xiirfen n?e!)rten fid) mit Der^tDeifeltem SD^ute unb ber giirft tjon Parent mugte fid) guriidgiefjen, nad^bem er felbft in ben (Sdjentei tjertounbet toorben roar. 25 Sin biefent Xage ftelen meljr benn 10,000 Xiirfen unter bent morbenben @d)roert ber SBaHbriiber ; biete bon benen, bie entflotjen roaren, ereilte nod) ber ob, fo aud^ ben greifen 93agi @ijan. @r ^atte fid) in ba (Sebirge gefUtditet, fan! aber oljjnmadjtig torn 9Rp6, ate er fcon einer ol)e ijerab bie 30 eroberte @tabt fff^ eine ^egteiter brad^ten i^n in ein be*. i8 THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. nodjbarteS SDorf itnfern be ftlofterS, iueldjeS Xancreb befepgt Ijatte; ba tooHte bet %\at\i raften, aber armenifclje 23auent fanben ifyn unb toteten iljn. <3ie fdjlugen ifjm ba feantyt ab unb bradjteu bafetbe famt feinem foftbaren SSefyrgefjen! bent s giirften con Xarent. Su ber (Stabt fetbft n>urbe e aHmafjtic^ rugger; man fing an, bte @traen gu reintgen unb bie Setdjen gu t)erfdf)nr* ren; banft fe|te man bte $tiinberitng ber dufer fort; tro^ ber fcfymerglidjen rfa^rungen, hjetd^e man t)or ber (Stabt 10 gemad^t ^atte, tergeubete man bie toentgen SBorra'te, bie man fanb ; aHe 3u^ttoftg!ett trat rtJteber entfeffelt f)erbor unb bie giirften toaren nid^t im ftanbe, ben SluSfd^tocifuttgen ein gtel gu fe^en. Unb bocf) n?ar e d'ugerft notn^enbtg, bag bie Drbnung 15 raieber in bie ungegitgeften SD^affen einfe^rte. $>rei Xage na^ ber roberung SlntiodjienS, am 6. 3unt, raar bie 93orfmt be ge[urd)teten eere au s DJofut an kr ijenbriide be Oronte erfc^ienen unb ^atte bie SBefatjung nteberge^auen ; fie brang bi an bie (Stabt fcor unb erfu^r ba 20 crft bie Sroberung berfetben. @d)Ieunigft tourbe bie itnhJtff fommene 9^ad)ri(^t bem S^erbuga mitgeteitt, toeld^er ba aupt Ijeer aufbrec^en lieg unb am 8. ^uni am norbtic^en lifer be Oronte t)or bem aftett, ba bie ^roben^aten befe^t ijietten, eintraf. (r fiatte befdjtoffen, feinen auptangriff auf bie 25 (Stabt, tro^ be untoegfamen ebirge, toon ber SBeftfette ^er n mac^en, raeijatb er fein eer iiber ben Oronte fit^rtc unb e gerabe ber raeftti^en eite gegeuitber auffteffte. Sim 8. Suui toarf er au^ SBerftdrlungen in bie SitabeUe, iiber luetrf;e er ben Oberbefe^t einem feiner Unterfelb^erren iibertrug; sofd^on am fotgenben Xage liefe er ben SBrucfenfo^f unb bie gauge SBeftjeite augreifen. THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. 19 gm 2Ingefid)te biefer grojjett efaljren roar plb'^ttd) bie Drbnung in ba eer ber renfal)rer gurMgefefjvt. S)er getnb roar nid)t roeniger, aU gu tieradjten ; befonbers? ttwrben bte SBaftbriiber burdf) eine er SSeiinft be ^reit5e!)eere toar bebentenb getoefen ; aber andf) erbnga ^atte t)iele Sente uertoren unb bejd)toJ3 ba^er, etne anbere tettung eingnne^men unb eine anbere ampf* tueije gu uerjudjen. r oerliejj be^ijatb bie 5In^5f)en, fii^rte 30 ba eer iiber ben Dronte guritcf nnb oevfc^angte fidj faft 20 THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. ouf berfetben @tefle, too ba Sager ber granfen gemejcn ftmr, ntit SKafl unb raben. $on ba au fudjte er burcf) abge* fanbte !teinere ober grojjere djaren bem getnbe alle 3 u f u ^) r abguidjneiben unb tfjn burd) fotttoaijrotbe SluSfattc au ber s Gutabefle gu ermitben. (So rufjte benn faft iiBeraE ber ^ampf, auger eben an ber Sttabette, IDO er oljne Unterbrei^ung faft unb S^ac^t fortgefe^t tourbe. Sin biefer (SteUe murben etbent^aten tjottbradjt, inbent bon beiben @eiten mit beir>unberungiiwrbtger Xapferfett gefam^ft irurbe. . . . ((enb unb ber gammer fc^tenen nun tmrfttdj ben erreic^t gu Ijaben: unter fortraa^renben ^ampfen mit bem getnbe, bet ber beftanbtgen gurd^t, and) Don aufeen fjer ntit itbeiiegenen ^raften angegriffen jit toerben, tuenig ober gar leinc rquirfung burc @petfe unb ran!; e gait nur, 15 ba Seben gu friften ; man frf)tarf)tete franfe ^ferbe, Gamete unb ()"et unb berjc^rte ba gteifcl) mit ben auten. SSor gunger bergingen bie ^rafte ber SOlenfrfjen unb Xierc. Site fo faft atte offnung jitr 9lettung berfd^rwnben mar, !am ^5eter S3artf)olomau, ein SJlann au ber ^rooence, nad^ 20 eintgen ein eifttidier, gu bem rafen ^aimunb unb erjafylte if)m: ber Sl^oftel SlnbreaS fei tt)m oiemtal erfc^ienen, l)abe if)n mand^e gefragt unb enblic^ ifjm geoffenbart, bag in ber !ird^e gu Slntioc^ien bie Sange in ber (rbe t)erborgen fei, bem errn am ^reuge bie @eite burc^ftoc^en fjabe; menu 25 man biefetbe auffinbe, fo roerbe aller 9^ot ein @nbe gemadjt tuerben. raf ^Raimunb teitte bie ben giirften mit, Don benen einige gtoetfelten, anbere glaubten, unb begab fic fetbft ntit etf feiner greitnbe in bie ^ird^e, urn bie Sange gu fudjen. @ie gruben com SKorgen bi gum Slbenb, o^ne fie gu ftuben j 30 ba forcing $eter mit btogen giigen unb nur mit einem embe beftetbet in bie rube, nt^t toett Uon ben tufeu be THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. 21 od)attar, uub betete iubriiuftig gum erru, bag er gur (Sfjre fehte fjeitigen Stamens, gum @iege be reuge uub gur @tar* !uug be 23otte bie Sange erfdjeiuen laffe. ^Ib'ijtidj erblidteu fie ba bte @pi|e berfelbeu, etn gubelruf erfdjofl, ba SHeinob toarb mil foftbarem ^urpur umrouuben uub beut erfreuten 5 SSolfe iu ber ird)e ge^etgt. Sn ber fotgeubeu ^Rac^t erfd^ieu abertual ber tjetftge 5Iubrea bem 5eter uub ertettte beu SBefe^t, bag @raf SRamttmb ber gefttgfett fetue @Iauben toegeu, bte t)et(ige Sange fii^reu foEe ; auc^ fotte ber ag, au toetc^em man fie gefuubeu, attegeit bet feiuer SSieberfe^r af 10 eiu Sefttag gefeiert toerben . . . %Ran tjatte bcm ^Boeutuub auf 14 age beu Oberbefel)! iiber ba gauge >eer iibergebeu ; biefer lief}, um biejenigeu ^rieger, bie fid) au Surest aHertei SSerftetfe gefudjt ^atteu, au t!)ren @d)Itt^)ftt)iuletu u tertreibeu, an ute!)reren @teffen Seuer 15 autegeu,fo bag 2000 ^a'ufer in Slfd^e fau!eu ; bie $erborgeuett ftiirgten uatiirlid) ^erDor, fieten utit S3eute belabeu gu 23obett, bie uteifteu iijrer ^eig!)eit fie!) fdjamettb, uub am fotgeubeu Xage bertangten fie mit grogem Sarm unb Xumutt, man fotte fie fcor ben geinb fii^ren, bamit fie uur nidjt bor unger ftitrbeu. 2 o btieb beu gu"rften aud ut(f)t toeiter iibrig, afe ba Se^te gu berfudjeu; auf bie fjeiUge Sauge uub anbere gottlirfje SSer* ijeiguugen baueub, toofften fie beu ^ampf tm fefteu laubeu gegen bie Uugldubigen tuagen; gut)or aber faubten fie $eter beu iufiebler, bem ein, ber arabifdjen @^)ra(^e luubiger raf 25 at Xolmetf^er mitgegeben ttwrbe, gu ^erbuga, gu $eter atfo rebete: 5(ntiod)ien fei burcj) ben IjeUigen eine rfjriftlidje @tabt uub er Jjabe lein ^ftec^t, bte ^reugfai)rer in biefetu SBefitc^e gu ftoreu; tooKe er felbft Shrift tuerbeu, fo toerbe man ifjnt ^utiodjieu iibergebeu." erbuga auttoortete : 30 ,,er u?oHe 5lutiodjieu ijabeu, ob mit Sftedjt ober Unrest, fei 22 THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. gtetd) ; bie (f)nfteu follteu bie @tabt itbergebeu, unb euttoeber gum 3Iam ilbergefjen ober fterben; e ftefje ifyiteu in ifjrer Sage gar utdjt 511, SBebingungen Dorgufd)reiben, fie fatten fid) fo fdjmeft ate moglid) gu untertoerfen." s rot biefer SBotfdjaft feljrte $eter in bie tabt guriicl ; man tuujjte nun, raa man $u ertuarten ^atte, uub ritftete fic gum te^teu, entfcfieibeitbeu ^ampfe. er $(an gur djtac^t ftmrb enttuorfen. 2)a eer tourbe in fed^ d^aren geteitt, beren Icjtc Soemuub anfil^ren foHte; e mar uod^ iiber 130,000 10 SJftaun ftarl ; fRaimuub toon Xoutoufe fotlte in ber @tabt gu* ritdbteibcu, um bte 93efajnng ber itabcHe tm Qanm u fatten. in breitagige gaften tourbe angeorbnet unb ba gauge eer genofj gur Xobeiuett)e ba 9J?a^t be errn. Site aHe SSorbereituugen fcoEeubet maren, ergiug am 28. 15 3utri ber 33efel)t gum Sluriicfen au ber @tabt ; er ttmrbe mit ^ubet uub SSegeifteruug aufgeuommen. @c^ar auf @d;ar gog iiber" bie Droutebriide, nm ben SRawn grt)if^en bent @trom unb bent ^ebirge au^gufutten, bamit jebe Umge^ung t)er{)iubert miirbe ; boran mar ba gugbol!, bann fotgte etue Heine @djar 20 ber fitter. etftU^e uub ^ond^e in toeigen ^(eibern gtngen t)or ben (Sdjtacljtorbnuttgen ^er mit ^efciugen, roafyrenb aubere auf ben Saltern inbriiuftig um 6ieg flel)ten. te erfte (Sdjar fitJjrte @raf ugo, ber SBruber be ^ouig ton grattfretdj ; ottfrieb folgte; baun !amen bie (Sdjtacljtorbrwugen be ^5 rafen Don glaubern uub ber ^ormaubie; barauf ber Stfd^of t)on $u^ mit fetuem SSotfe unb einem Xeit ber ^rieger be rafen SRaimuub, metdjer mit bent anbern in ber or ; in biefem Slugenbticf, ate gerabe Xancreb in bie (5rf)tad)ttinie einritrfen toottte, ftiirmte eine tii;ifd^e d^ar 15 9leiterei auf bem SBege t>on (St. (Shneon^afen, bic^t ant (55e* birge Doriiber unb bebro^te bie recite glanfe ber ^roben^aten, foiote bie c^aren $8oemunb im Stitcfen. liefer, and) nodjj t)on anbern eiten unterftii^t, ^ielt ben @to ta^fer au, ging bann felbft um 2lngriff iiber unb toarf bie ($egner in bie 20 gluc^t. S)ie SSerfotgung iibertieg er Xancreb unb nafym fetbft feine tettung ftrieber ein, um aud^ ben ampf an anbern (SteHen entfdieiben 511 fonnen. ^>ie ^roben^alen traren, obtoofyf in i^rer Sto!e bebroijt, ntutt)ott tJorlDdrt^ gejc^ritten ; am Ufer be DronteS ftanb ber 2 5 ^ern ber tiirlifc^en Xru|)pen, toatjrfdjeintidj unter eigner 5lnfu^rung, unb biefe toeljrten fic mit grower leit. a tr)el)te ifjnen ber SStnb einen furdjtbaren Quatm entgegen ; bie S^eiterei namtidj, niel^e bor Xancreb f(o^ tyatte ba bid^te biirre ra in S3ranb geftedt, njomit ber S3oben 3 beiDac^fen tDar, entiueber um bie SSerfotgung 511 erfc^iueren, 24 THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. ober urn erbuga ein geidjen u geben. $)a ergriffen bie ur!ntanen bie Sludjt, fo ba ber tinfe Stitgel, ben ^ 9Ctten gegenitber, in ooftiger 2htf(ofung begriffen tear. oereinigte fid) SBoemunb mit ($ottfrieb unb Robert con 5 bern, fotoie Robert Don ber 9^ormanbie ; in gefcfyloffener Sinie, eifig nnb nnanffyattfam brangen fie t)or ; ba gab tobnga ben S3efeI gnm 9tiicf5itg. Orbnungto, in n)i(bem etiimmet erfotgte berfetbe; ber feinbtic^e geMjerr, n)elc^er bon einem itget fjerab noc^ bie SCnftofnng feine eere angefe^en ^atte, 10 fto^ ntit toenigen efd^rten, erreic^te Aleppo, fammette einen Xeil ber gerfprengten !Jftannfd)aft unb gog bdnn nac^ SftofuL S)ie $8erfolgnng ber ^rengfatjrer toar nnr fdjaiac^, tueil e an fraftigen ^ferben gebrac^ ; Xancreb fe^te aber ben Ungtdnbigen bi (Sonnennntergang nac^; t)iele berfelben ftmrben t)on ben 15 armenifc^en (tPjjriften erfc^Iagen. %m Sager ber $einbe fanben bie S()riften groe nnb reidje Center t)iete ^oftbarfeiten an ($otb unb (Sttber, einen gro^en SSorrat an SebenSmittedt, eine Sftenge ^ferbe, Gamete unb @c^tac^tt)ie^ ; befonber^ tieb n?aren ben riegern bie rto!)ter^a(tenen <e f n^elc^e fie fanben. 20 28dljrenb bie SBattbruber int gangen Sager fic^ entitjeber ntit 95eute betuben, ober im frozen etiintmet mit @^eife unb Xran! labten, fd^ritt ber 23ifrf)of t)on $nt) gang geriiftet unb bie !jei(ige Sange tragenb, burcfj bie affen be Sager baijin, unb forberte bie Sieger auf, bem errn gu banlen, tueldjer bie SSaffen ber 25 (!)riften gefegnet ^atte. SDie Sitabette ergab ficfj an ^Boemunb. S5ie (Stabt tourbe gefciubert, bie ^irc^en ttmrben nen gert)ei^t ; atte iiberlieg fid) ber 9tu^e unb rfjotung nad^ fo Dieten ubermunbeneu efa^ren unb ertragenen [The Crusaders were now anxious to proceed to Jerusalem, and the Caliph of Egypt expressed his willingness to admit them, provided THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. 25 they would come unarmed. But the Christians would be satisfied with nothing less than the complete surrender of the city, as this was the object with which they left their homes. They therefore advanced to the siege of Jerusalem, which, after investing it for five weeks, they took by assault, putting the garrison to the sword. Godfrey of Bouillon was chosen King of Jerusalem, and he and his successor reigned till 1187, when Saladin put an end to the kingdom of the Christians.] It The Wars of the Spanish Succession. (From Deutsche Geschickte, by F. KOHLRAUSCH.) tnandjeS Ungtiic! fant iiber un, toeit feit betn jctfjrigen riege unfer SSatertanb in aHe |>anbel ber europcitfdjen SSotler fjineinge^ogen toorben, toenn fie tf)m audj fremb ftmrett, unb ttjeil e meiftettteitS ber rfjaitplat} gelDorben tft, auf toetdiem s bte anberen tijre riegftmt augetoBt ^aben. S5antm finb bie (Sbenen in @ac^fen, (S^tuaben nnb SBaiern mil bem 9^amen fo bieter rfjtad^ten Begei^net, unb ^aben bie Ufcr ber @tbe, (Saale, Ifter, fo toie ber $>onan, be ec^, S^n unb SftecfarS, ben eifernen Su^tritt be ^rtege fo fc^toer gefiiMt. 10 5luc^ im ^nfang be 18. 3al)rf)iinbert ntugie bie @rfd)ut-- terung, toelrfje bie fiibttdje ci(fte t)on (nropa traf, gum gro^en Xeite auf beutfdjen gtitren auge!am^ft toerben. te SScran laffung ba^u n^ar ber Xob ^onig ^art II. t>on @|)anien. 3rt)ei errf(^er*efc^Ie(^ter fatten bamats ben grogern Xeil is (Suro^ia inne : bie ciufer fifterreic^ unb bourbon; jeneS teilte ftd^ in ba etgent(id) ofterreirfjifcfje unb ba oflerretdj* f^anifd^e au ; je^t rt)ar ber 2lngenbticf gefontmen, too beibe n^ieber in etn gufamntenfc^melsen fonnten. 3^^ r fy a tte Snbn)ig XIV. bie attefte djtoefter be t)erftorbenen ^onig t)on 20 @^anien -ge^eiratet, otletn fie fyatte bei biefer S^erbinbung feiertic^ auf bie fpanifdjen Sanber SSergic^t geteiftet. S)ie THE WARS OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION. 27 giueite Jtmr an atfer Seopotb Dermafjlt ; fie l;atte feine fotdje S3ergid;tleiftuwg auSgeftettt, nub tl;re @of)tte fatten bafyer ba wcidjfte (rbred)t ; benn il;re Softer, toetdje an ben Shtrfiirften Don SBaiern, 9ftar.twtiUan Gnnannel, Dermcif)(t iuar, nutate Dor ber S3crntal;lwwg ebewfalte after (Srbfotge in (Spanten s cwtfagew. Slffetn granfreicl) fotooljt, ate 93aiern, JuoHten bte ^Berjtdjtletftnngen nidjt gotten (affen, Juett jene ^ringefftnnen ti)ol)t fitr fid), aber ntc^t fitr iljre 9larfj!oinmen fatten entfageu fonnen. Sltle btefc Sftticfyte arbetteten nnn, nod) bet $aii II. SeBgetten, eine jebe bnrd) tljre efanbten, ba!)tn, ba ber ^onig 10 etn Xeftontent gn iljren nnften ntadjen ntod)te; nnb ^art, win (Spawiew ant fetbftfta'nbtgj"ten gn ert^alten, ernannte ben batertfdjen Slwr^ringew, 8ofe^f) gerbtnanb, jw fetnem yiafy folger. Slber ber ^itngltng ftarb, im Sa^re 1699, fritter ate ber ^ontg, nnb ber (Strett gtutfd^cn ben (infern SBowrbon nnb 15 fifterretd) er^ob fid; bon ncwem. Seopotb ^fittc letdjt ben @teg bauou tragcn Kmnen, n^enn er etnen !tiigern efawbtcn in 3Kabrib nnb felbft ine^r njdjloffen^eit getjabt I;dtte ; benn bie fyamjdje ^'onigtn nnb ber ttridjtigfte SJ^ann ant ofc, Sarbiwal ^ortocarero, r^btfdjof Don Xolebo, n;aren ofter* 20 retdjtjd; geftnnt. Slber Seopolb efanbter, raf Don ar* rad;, etn ftotger, gei^tger nnb unbeijotfener SJlann, mngte ber geiuanbten S^nnft be fran5oft|d;en SJiarqwte Don arconrt ba gelb rannten; btejer gert)ann etnen ber fpamfdjen rojjen wad; bent anbern, enblid; aw<^ ben S^arbinat nnb bnrc btefen 25 ben owig ; ^art wtac^te ein ge^ctmeS Xeftament, nnb ate er nnn, ben 1. -ftoD. 1700, ftarb, fanb ntan barin ben (n!el Snbimgg XIV., ergog $^itip^ Dow 5Injou, ate (rben ber gawsew fpantfd;en 9JJonard;te ernannt. Xer ^aifer rt)ar bnrd^ ben wwertuartetew c^tag an atter gaffnng gebrac^t ; er l^atte 30 ba 3}ltggefdjtc! fid; fetbft gn^ttfdjreiben ; benn fritter, ate ber 28 THE WARS OF THE fpanifdie of ntefjrntate brtngenb geforbert f)atte, bog (r^ fjergog art, fein (Safyn, mil einent Heinen eere felbft nadj (Spanien fontme, ate nod) ber oorige rieg gegen granfreidf) bauerte, tooftte ber Mfer au Unentfdjloffenfyeit nidjt ein* s ttriftigen. Subnrig XIV. ttwgte itio^I, ba, ungead^tet be Xeftamente, bte S3eft^na^me ton pcmien fiir fetnen @n!et nid^t o^tte Slrieg mogtid^ fein h)erbe ; benn Ofterreid^ njar gn f)art t)er(e^t, unb bte iibrtgen (Staaten (nro|)a fat)en bte Uberntad^t be aufe 10 S3onrbon gtetrf)faE fefyr ungern. SBil^etm III., ^ontg Don (Sngtanb nnb (Statffjatter ber 9?teberlanbe, ber ton je^er fc^on Snbtt)tg etferfiid)ttger ^etnb it)ar, fc^to fiir feine beiben Sdnber ein 93iinbnt ntit Ofterrei(f) ; e toar unt fo njidjtiger, ba Gntglanb nnb ^ottanb bte reirf)ften unb ntarf)ttgften taaten 15 gn @ee toaren. 5)a^er bebarfjte ftc^ Sttbnrig etnige 5lugen* btide, ob er ba Xeftament be fpaniftfjen ontg anne^men fotte; bann berief er einen @taatrat, nnb ate biefer ein* ftimntte, entfc^to er fid) bagn. %n einer gro^en SSerfantm* Inng be ofe er!(drte er fetnen (n!et gum ^onige fcon 20 panien unb beiben ^nbten. 5lt er, ben ^rin^en an ber anb, an feinent abinette trat, fprad^ er : 9JJetne erren, @ie fe^en I)ier ben ^onig t)on (Spanien. $>ie S^atnr !)at if)n baju gemacfyt, ber terftorbene ^ontg if)n ernannt, ba SSotf njunfd^t i^n, unb id) tutttige ein." 25 2)iefe tear ba 2ofungn)ort u bent neuen furd^tbaren Slampfe in (Jnropa. ^eutfc^Ianb n?ar (eiber ntit ftcl) fetbft entgn)eit ; ^rengen, ^annober, ^Pfat unb einige anbere, h?aren t)on 5(nfang an fiir ben aifer ; ^urfiirft Sftarjntiftan @ntanue( Uon S3aiern, jugteid^ (Statt^alter ber fpanifdjen S^iebertanbe, 3 o tear attf fran^ofifd^er @eite, unb Subrt)ig fjatte ifjm, fetner auf bie fpanifdje rbfi^aft rtegen, fdjon iuSgeljeim SPANISH SUCCESSION. 29 bie Sftiebertanbe oerfprodjen. 5lud) ber SBruber SftarjmilianS, ber Shtrfitrft Don 6ln, folgte biefem 23eifpiele uub naljm fran^ofifd^e Xruppen in fein Sanb auf. Sfctfcutg be3 ^tteged, 1701. ^rtnj tgitgest. ^aifer eotoo(b befd)Iojs ofyne $ergug ein eer nadj gtalten gu fenbcn, s bte bortigen ftoanifdjen Sanber, SJJaitanb unb S^eapet, in 33efi^ gn ne^men. gnm Slnfitljrer berfetben befttminte er ben ^rtngen grang (Sngen bon (SaDotjen, einen ber erften gelb^erren unb taatmtinner fetner geit, fo tote ber gangen efd)id;tc. (Sr ftamntte au einer eitenlinie be fat)o^tfc^en 10 aufe ^er unb toar in feiner gugenb gum geiftltr^en @tanbe beftintmt ; ober fein eift gog i!jn in ben rafdjen (Strom be tljatigen ^?ebeng, too bie Shaft fic er^robt unb bem nac ^n^ine begierigen 30?anne ber Sorbeer totnlt. Site 8toan$t(j ja'Ijriger gnngfing bot er feine 2)ienfte bem Stonig ^nbtotg an ; 15 biejer ti)ie tyn ab, unb riet iijm im geiftlid^en taubc gu bteiben. @ugen Juanbte fic^ nac^ Ofterreicf), too ber Xiirfen* Meg ifjm bie 53afm ju offnen fdjien, unb geidjuete fic^ Balb fo fefjr au, bag ber ^aifer ifjm nac^ ber SSefreinng t)on SSten, 1683, n)obet er ta^fer mitgefocfjten fjatte, etn ^Reiter^egiment 20 tjertief). er^og ^art uon Sotfjringen erlannte ben elben fd)on bantate in i!)m unb fagte oorauS, nm er bem f'aifer* aufe einft fein toerbe. Seopolb ernannte ifyn, 1693, gum getbinarf^atte, unb nun Ijatte i^n ^onig Subn;ig gern toieber fiir fic^ gemonnen ; er tie i^nt bie (Stattfjatterfdjaft oon 25 (Sijampagne unb bie SKurbe eine 9Jlarfd)aH Don Snmfreid) anbieten ; aber @ugen antroortete bem Slbgeorbneten : @agen @ie Q^rem Slonige, bag icfj faifertic^er gelbmarf^att bin, toelc^eg eben fo Diet toert ift, ate ber frangofifdje 9Jlarfc^aIIg ftab." (ugen eift umfagte fomoi)( ba3 roge, ate ba 30 30 THE WARS OF THE SHeine, forgte fiir ben $tan ber (3d)lad)t fo gut, aU fiir bie Keinften SBebnrfniffe be eere, unb fein gatfenauge nnijste, mit ber grofjten djnelligleit, bie mtft be 2lugenbtid nub bte ge^Ier be egner3 gn ergreifen. 3U Sftenfd) iuar er s ertjaben, toett er bie ^itnfte be griebenS fjofjcr ac^tete, at ben fctenbenben 9^u^m be ^riege, unb n?eil feine S3e|c^etbcit* ^eit jeben nefcen ftd^ bulbete, fogar anberen fief) gern nnter* orbnete, toenn nur bie @ac^e felbft baburdj geforbert lunrbe. SSon ^orper tt)ar ngen !(ein, unb toenn er in jeinent graucn 10 Sftantef gefjiiHt bnrc^ bie affen be gelblager ging, fo er* fannte rao!)I !einer teidjt ben iDe(tberttf)mten eerfiil)rer in i^nt, al tiper ba gener in fetnent bnn!eln 3(nge gu beuten ftmfjte. 3nt aJJarg 1701 Brac^ (ngen mit einem fatfertt^en eere, 15 Bel toetrfjem aud^ 10,000 SCftann s ^reugen nnb gteid)fa(( i)annot)erifd;e |w(f --23 ulfer njaren, nac^ ^totien auf. 23et SloDerebo fammelte fic^ ba eer nnb erftieg bie ebirge; aber jenfeit njaren fc^on aEe Sfaffe non ben gransofen beje^t, e fd)ien nnmogtic^, ^inab^nfontnten. 2)od) ber gelbfyerr Iie 20 bnrc^ feine rieger, bte i^nt mit SBegeifternng geljorcEjten, einen SKeg t)on fed&8 SJJeiten burd) ?yetien unb iiber ^Ibgrnnbe Batinen nnb e!)e ber getnb e a^ute, brad) ba eer an ben fnrc^tbaren SBergen Berber unb ftanb in ben (benen ber (Stjc^ bei SSeroua. nrd| gloei iege, bei Sar^i unb (J^iari t>er* 25 trieb (ugen bie grangofen? au einem Xeite t)on Dber^taUen nnb fdjlug bort fetn SKintertager anf, ^ottaub unb ba ^ctttfrfjc Oteidj ttc^s men ^eit. 1702. 9ttat*t&imntgf). 9lo^ tm ^erbfte 1701 nntrbe ba S3unbni giuiidjen nglanb, ben enerat* @taaten nnb bent ^aifer gejd^toffen. 2)ie @eemcid)te madjten SPANISH SUCCESSION. 31 bte SBebingnng, bag fie affe ifjre (Srobernngen in bem fpanifdjen Snbien a( (Sigentnm befallen nwrben ; bafiir fcerfpradjen fie bem aifer bte fpantfcfjen -ftieberlanbe, Sftattanb, 9?eape( nnb @t$ilien erobern n fyelfen. S)a englifc^e $ott roiirbe nid)t fo tfjatigen 9InteiI am riege gettommen fyaben, tuenn nid^t 5 Subioig tf)ortrf)tertt)iefe e fetbft erbittert t)dtte. (Sngtanb ^atte ba au (Stitart, femes? (SiferS fiir ben latfjoltfc^en lauben iuegen, t)om Xl^rone Dertrieben unb SBtl^elm toon Dranien barauf gefe^t ; Snbtutg bagegen na^m bte Dertriebenen (Stuarts auf, befdjii^te fie unb erfannte je^t, 1701, ba ber ^rdtenbent 10 3a!ob II. in granfretdj ftavb, beffen (Sofjn, Safob III., at ^onig Don SBrttannien an ; e Derbrettete fic^ ba criidjt, er toerbe ti)n tnit etnem fran^ofifc^en .Jjeere nac^ ben ^iiften @ng tanb ^tniiberfe|en. ^)ie erbitterte ba engttfdje SSo(! fo fet)r, bag onig SBtl^elm ftatt 10,000, jefet 40,000 9ftann 511 btejem is 3Mege bom ^arlamente bemittigt ertjiett. Gr tt)d'^(te ben (^rafen, na^^erigen er^og t)on SJlartborong^ gnm getb* fyerrn. @ein S 2(uge ^atte gut gettmfyft ; ^arlboroug^, ber nnter bem 'grogen Xiirenne ben Slrieg gelernt atte, ftanb an gelb^ !f)errngriJJ3e feinem feiner $eit nac^. (r tuar etn geborener 20 eerfiit)rer ; groB, fd)5n, Iraftuoll, Don foldjem Stnftaube nnb folder getfiigen Uberlegenljeit, baJ3 fic^ bie emitter nnnriff* fiirlic^ t)or i^m beugten. 5In meitidjlic^er SSiirbe ftanb er nnter (Sngen; e fettle i!jm bie trene, eble @inneart, Jueld^e grojse (Sebanfen nnb gn;ec!e Ijo^er geadjtet, at ba eigene 25 etbft ; and) n)irb er befdjnlbtgt, me!)r ats biUig bem angen bltdlidjen eiuinne nac^getrac^tet gu fjaben. SO^arlboroug^) ging im 9Jlcir5 1702 nad) ben ^iebertanben Ijinitber nnb fteUte fic^ an bie jntje be engtifc^^oHdnbtfd^en eere ; fetn ndd)fte $id roar, bie ^ran^ofen an bem ^ur* 30 fitrftentnme ^otn jn Dertrciben. tonig SBtftjetm ftarb 32 THE WARS OF THE in bent donate, after feine -ftacOfoIgertn, onigin 5tnna, blieb gang feinen (Jnttoiirfen getren, unb ber rieg nafym feinen $ortgang. SBei ben ernftttc^en SRiiftmtgett ber $remben entfd)foJ3 fidj 5 andfj ba bentfdje Sfteidj pr Xettnafjme an bent rtege gegen feinen (Srbfetnb. $)te rieg*@rHdrnng erfotgte ben 6. Oftober 1702. tm @nbe begfetben ^eit e: ,,gran!ret(^ ^abe nid)t untertaffen, ttm ur S3e)(^tmpfnng nnb gdngtirfjen llnter* briidnng ber beutfd^en Nation geretdjen fonne, nnt babnrc^ 10 enbticf) gnr t)or(d'ngft fo eifrig gefud^ten UntDerfaI'9Jlonar^ie befto e!)er jn gelangen." 2)a S3etragen be nrfiirj"ten bon latent fjatte gtetc!f)fatl ben @nt)d)tn ber itbrtgen 9^ei(f)* gtieber beforbert; er, ber ^artnacEig an granfreid) feft^tett, fjatte eine anjefjnlidje ^riegmad^t berfantntett, nnb am 3. @ep= 15 tentber p(i)^(ic^ bie freie ^etc!^[tabt lltnt iiberf alien unb in genommen. Xa ntnfjte bie iibrtgen fanbe erbittern. bie er^oge t)on ^raunid^njeig, au nod^ immer fortn)(if)renbein Unft)tIIen iiber bie tjannobertjdje ^nr)t)urbe, tergaBen ftrf) fo fe^r, bafe fie fiir ^ran!reic^ SSerbungen an= 20 ftellten. Xa fie tiielfdltige SBarnungen nid)t adjteten, tonrben fie bnrd^ ben Shirfiirften t>on annotier in biejem ^a^re, 1702, mtt ematt entioaffnet, nnb ntngten nnn bent SSitten be ^'aifer nnb ^Reid) fotgen. flbrigenS rtJitrbe in bent ^afyu toeber am $tf)tin bnrc^ ben 25 taijerlidjen gelbljerrn Snblm'g toon S3aben, noc^ in ^tatien bnrd) @ngen r etn)a 93efonbere nnternommen. liefer ioar bagn ; nnb e fd)ien, at toottten bie egner iiber= ifjre ^rdfte im fteinen aneinanber berfud;en. QIC ^atern in Strol, 1703. 2)a ndd^fte %afyic mar 30 fcfjon t{)atenreic^er. S^arlboroug!) manbte baSfelbe nr @ro SPANISH SUCCESSION. 33 bernng fefter $Ia|c an ben ren^en ber -ftieberlanbe an; er nafjm SBonn, Songern, nl), Simbnrg unb (Mbern toeg. 3m fiibtidjen )entfd)lanb ging e nic^t fo gliidlicl). ner getang e bent fran^ofifdjen 9ftarfon S3aben tuanbte fid) gegen bte 3)onan, iua^renb 10 @ugen an ben SRtjetn jog. 2)ie SBaiern fatten etnen Xeil il)re eere auf bem (Sd^ettenberge bei $)onautuertfy in ein fefteS Sager getegt, nm ben Ubcrgang ber )onau n erjc^tueren; fie nmrben aber bort angcgriffen nnb nad^ tapferer egentne^r in bie ^(nd;t getrieben ; i^r Sager fte( in $einbe aub. 15 ^ad) biefem Xreffen tie^en bie SSerbiinbeten bem Shtrfiirften ^riebenantrdge madjen, nnb boten i^m anfetjnlid^e SSorteile an, njenn er Don bem fran^oftfc^en SBiinbntffc abtaffen r njanfte fc^on nnb njar im SBegriffe, ben $ertrag ber foijttung n nnterfc^reiben, at ein Sote antiinbete, 20 % a liar b fei mit einem frifdjen eere gn feiner iilfe im Sln^uge. S)a roarf ber Shirfiirft bte fjeber aii ber anb nnb nntergeid^nete nid^t S)er Sftarfdjjatt !am, aber gitg(etc mit ifjm (Sngen, ber ifjm gefolgt nmr, nnb nun gn 2)larl6orong^ ftiefj. 2)en alten unbtegfamen ^pringen uon SBaben fenbeten 25 fie gnr S3elagernng t)on Sngolftabt ab, bantit er i^nen ben i^tac^ttag nidjt ucrberbe; mit bem bejdjeibcnen (htgen ba= gegen foc^t ber engfijdje eerfiii)rer gern gufammen, it)ei( biefer fiir ba elingen ber (Sadje bem eigenen 9iut)me n;iEig entjagte. 30 5lnt 12. 5tngnft ftanben beibe gelbljerren ben grongofen nnb SSaiern bei bem gtecfen >od)ftabt gegenitber; nnb am 13ten SPANISH SUCCESSION. 35 begannen fie bie @cfjladjt. )ie geinbe fatten eine, burdj SOlora'fte fefyr gut gebecfte, (Stellnng. Sftarlborougl) fnfjrte ben redjten gliiget, ber au (Sngtanbern intb effen beftanb, gegen bte grangofen, Ghtgen ben tinfen gegen bie SBaiern. )te djtadjt itmr eine ber fyeftigften, nnb ntefjrmalg lunrben bie $lngreifenben bnrd) ba fnrrfjtbarfte geuer be @efc^u^e 5itructgett)orfen ; ba ftet Xatianne, ber ein turge efid^t fiatte, in bie tinbe ber eutjc^en. 2)er ergog benn|te bicfen Stitgcnbttd ber Unorbmntg nnb brang in bie grangofen ein ; nun fto^en fie, nnb ber ^nrfitrft, at er ifyre gtuc^t \afy, 10 ttriii) ntit ben fetnigen aud^ gitriicf. 28 ^Bataittone nnb 12 djnjabronen ber grangofen oerfncfjten nod^, fid^ im 5)orfe S3Iinbf)eim gu Mjcnipten ; fie tuurben aber eingef^Ioffen nnb ge^tunngen, ftd^ gn efuiigeuen 511 ergeben. @ tear ein grower @ieg ; 20,000 gran^ojen unb 33aiern lagen anf bent 15 @d)(acljtfelbe, 15,000 ioaren gefnngen, unb nnter biefen ber 3Jlarjdf)att Xattarb, ntit feinent (So!)ne nnb 818 Offi$teren. 2(n 93ente fatten bie Sieger eine reic^e ^rieg!affe getoonnen, 117 ^anonen, 24 3Jl6rfer nnb 300 ge%eidjen; iiberbieg 5000 SSagen, 3600 e^ette nnb giuet (gdjipriirfen. SSon 20 biefent Xage an tonte 9Jlarlborougi) 9^ame in Siebern bnrd^ S)enif(f)tanb ; ber ^nifer er^ob if)n gum ^eid^^furften. ^nrfiirft bon SSaiern fa^ fid) ge^niungen, ntit ben grangofen itber ben Dll^ein gu ge'Ejen-, fein Sanb n?urbe toon ben ^aiferlid^en befejt, unb feine ema!)Iin beljiett gu tfjrent 25 Unterfjatte nnr bie tabt nnb ba Sientamt 9Jinnc^en. (So nnglucftic^ enbigte fiir i^n ber getbgitg bon 1704. 3m fotgenben ^afye, 1705, ftarb ^aifer Seopotb I. an ber ^BrufttDafferjiK^t, roenig betranert tjon ben einigen , benn bie Sentjetiglett, toontit bie giirften 10 Iciest bie Bergen berer 30 geiuinnen, tuetc^e iim fie finb, befag er nic^t. ^)a ert>or* 36 THE WARS OF THE ftedfjenbfte in feinem SSefen itmr eine ftrenge otteSfurdjjt, aber eine foldje, toefrfje itjn Don bent SBiflen feiner eiftlidien gan# abfyangig ntadjte nnb gegen $nberbentenbe in Unbulb* famfeit auartete. (Sonft tuar er gettriffetrfjaft unb feljr mi(b* 5 tfyattg gegen Slrme, Ie|tere bod) mtt c^njdc^e, jo bafe ber grobfte 9^tBbran^ bamit getrieben ttmrbe. 2)en fd)rt)eren ^iten, bie er ertebte, nnb etnem egner, tine Subtuig XIV., war Seopotb nirfjt geiuac^fen. S^m fotgte jein attefter 10 @incn Shtgenbticf snjetfelte man, ob 3ofe^ fiir feinen SBruber ^arl aitc^ ben rteg mtt gleic^ent ifer fortje^en ruerbe; btejer niar, im Safyre 1704, felbft nad panten obgegnngen nnb in lragonten, ^atatonien nnb SSatengia rairltid^ ot ^onig anerfannt. Sofe^)^ tnbe erKdrte ftc^ 15 entfdjieben fiir bie na(f)brnd(icf)e gortfe^ung be ^riege, unb fjielt SSort njurbe in biefent ga^rc, 1705, im gelbe ntd)t (Jngen ging nac^ S^ a ^ en / lim Da ^ bortige niebergefdjlagene eer inieber Qnf^nrtc^ten ; me^r lonnte er 20 aber and^ in biefent 8a^re nid^t beujerffteltigen. 9^aiiborong^ tt)ar in bie S^ieberlanbe -jnrucfgefefyrt ; nnb and^ er mnBte luieber frifdfie Srafte famntetn. gn S3aiern aber brac^, ber S3ebriic!nngen ber ofterreid^ifd^en SBeamten nnb 93efa|nngen rt)egen, ein ijeftiger Slufru^r an. 8Jlan gniang bie gugenb 25 be Sanbe gnm 6fterreid;tfc^en SJtenfte, nnb biefe e)t)altfam< feit entporte ba Irdftige nnb fetbftanbige bairifdje @ ergriff bie SBaffen, befreite bie augef)obene jnnge fd^aft, iiberfiel ein^etne ofterreic^ifdie anfen, unb bnrc bag erfte (Mingen angefenrt, fammetten fic an 20,000 Sanbteute, 30 unter 5Infut)rung be (Stnbenten ^XJlaint. @ie lonnten e ttwgen, fogar bie geftungcn S3raunau unb (Sdja'rbing an= SPANISH SUCCESSION. 37 gugreifen, unb gftmngen bte ffeinen SBefaijnngen ^ur fibergabe. S)ie Dfterreidjer mnfjten nut ifynen nntertjanbetn unb fdjloffen, nidjt tme mit $Iufrufyrern, fonbern toie mit einem fefb* ftcinbigen geinbe, ehten 28affenftiftftanb ; biefen aber benn^ten fie, ein IteineS SMdj^eer cm ben benadjbarten reifen ^nfammen^nrufen ; mit beffen itlfe trieben fie bie aufen ber SSauern in bie ^(nd)t, na^men ifynen eine @tabt nad^ ber anbern tuieber ab nnb fteHten bie Sftiifye einigermafeen J)er. Bet 9lamifnc unb ^uritt, 1706. ijatte befc^toffen, in bent folgenben getb^nge feine 10 anptlrnft cjegen bie 9^iebertanbe gn tefyren, nnt lt)o ntogtirf) in bem reic^en o(tanb bie SRittet gum fernern ^riege n ^olen. ( U)nrbe anc^ ba fd)onfte frangofifdje .geer, it)et(^e noc^ in biefem Slriege eric^ienen raar, in gelb gefteEt, aber fein ^it!)rer, SftarftfjaU SSiHeroi, tt)ar bem !iil)nen Sftartborougf) 15 nid)t getuad)jen. $8on eitter 3 l tterfid^t getrteben terlie er feine fefte tettung bei SotDen, nm ben egner, ben 22. 9ftai, in ber (Jbene t>on ^amiUieg an^ngreifen. Xa tDiinjdjte 9Jlartboroug!) ; er tjatte feine @teKnng bnrdj 50^ord[te nnb SBafjergraben trefflic^ gebecft, nnb aU bie geinbe nnn anftiirm= 20 ten, !onnten fie ben fdjiuacljen @tellen feiner @d)tad)torbnnng ntd^t bei!ommen, n)ei( bie 9fatnr fie fd)n^te, er bagegen toenbete feine gan^e ^raft gegen etn^elne ^nnlte ber i^rigen unb burdj* bradj fie. 9Sor ber c^Ioc^t !)atte ein fran^ofifc^er Dberft gemgt : ba eer fei fo trefftid^, ba^, raenn fie fyente nid)t 25 fiegten, fie nie tmeber Dor bem SIngefidjte ber $einbe erfc^etnen bitrften. Unb bennod} tourben fie gefd^Iagen; feine Xapfer* !eit !onnte bie begangenen getter gntmadjen. fiber 20,000 5D^ann ttwrben bertoren, ba^u 80 ga^nen, felbft bie $au!en nnb (Stanbarten ber f imigftcfyen @arbe ; nnb gtoei donate 30 38 THE WARS OF THE Dergingen, efje fid) ba franjofifcfje eer tm'eber redjt fammetn fonnte. )er ieger bagegen bnrd^og Brabant imb gtanbern, naf)m afte tabte be Sanbe ein, nnb lieft bafelbe arl III. fcf)tt>oren. Su SBriiffel ttwrbe in be nenen onig -sRatnen 5 tin or. 5)er giirft Don 55effau fiil)rte any bem tin!en S^iiget bie $renen gegen bie Skrfdjan^ungett, bann 20 fotgten bie SSiirtemberger nnb $fatjer in ber S^itte, nnb bie otfyaer anf bem red)ten ^tiiget; gu g(ei(f)er Qtit tf)at raf )aun einen SluSfalt an ber geftung. er ^cintpf tourbe jel)r tiortndcfig. 3^ei 5lngriffe ber Xentfdjen ranrben guritc!* gejd^lngen; enblic^ nod) ^roeiftiinbiger SIrbeit, erftiegen guerft 25 bie ^reufjen nnb batb anc^ bie iibrigen bie @c^anen. S)ie SSerrairrnng ber geinbe raarb nm fo grofjer, ba i^nen bie 23ejaijnng Don Xnrin in ben Sftiicfen fie(, nnb ba i^re Beiben oberften gelbljerren, ber er^og Don Orleans nnb raf SJlarfin, Derttwnbet ba (^(adjtfetb Dertnffen mnfjten. Sftarfin 3 o ranrbe gefangen nnb ftarb am folgenben Xage u Snrin ; 5,000 Xote nnb nocf) me^r SSerlDnnbete bebecften ben ^ampfDtatj, nnb SPANISH SUCCESSION. 39 bie iibrigen flo^en in folder $eriuirrnng iiber bie ebirge nadj graufretdj, bag toon bent gangen 80,000 9)lann ftarfen eere laum 16,000 beifammen blieben. $)ie grofjen SSorrate, bie n ber SBetagerung jufamntengebradjt toaren, 213 @tiid e)dj% 80,000 gaffer $u(t)er nnb eine 2ftenge Shigetn, fief en 5 in bie anbe ber ieger. Xie gotgen ber @djladjt iuaren noc^ grower, af biefer erfte elt)inn ; bie grcmjofen bertoren fd)nett einen $ta^ in St a ^ e " na c& ^ em anbern nnb nmftten bie fo= genannte enerat*$apitnlation abjd^Hegen, nac^ tueli^er fie Qtatien ranmten unb Derjpradjen, iua'^renb be gangcn 10 fein eer toieber bortljin jit fdjtd'en. @o ^errtic^ (Sugen feine adjen i)ier augefiil)rt ; fein 9?ante erft^ott nun no^ tauter bnrd) nropa, ot8 Dorljer ; ber SMfer fc^enlte i!)m einen foftbaren 2)egen nnb ernannte il)n gum enerat= ^ ftattl)atter in SWailanb. 15 a ^al)r 1707 brac^te and) bag britte Sanb ber fyanifdjen rbjdjaft, S^eapet, in be ^aifer 33efi^; bie Sontbarbet nnb bie -Dliebertanbe iuaren il)in burd) bie beiben grogen @d)tad)ten be tjorigen S^^ r c getuonnen. S^eapet, too nur ein geringer fpantfc^er -Jpeerfyanfe iuar, tonrbe ol)ne 3Jcitf)e eingenommen, 20 unb granfreic^ ^atte nun bie lefcte tii^e in gtatien t)er(oren. 5Ind) in ben 9?tebertanben loiutte bent erjoge tion 9ftar(* boroug^ nid)t toieber abgetoonnen toerben. 9^ur ant Ober= r^ein fanb 5nig Snbtoig einen @rfa^ burd) bie Sangfanttett be ?Retd)I)cereg ; ber atte ^ei^^felbmarf^aH, Subtoig toon 25 SBaben. ftarb 1707; tym folgte ber toenig nnternef)inenbe SftarfgrafOonSBairentf), unb burc^ beffen Unentfdjloffent)eit gelang e ben grangofen toieber, bei <3tragbnrg iiber ben 9itjein nad) granfen unb @(^n)aben ju geljen. @ ift berec^net ioorben, bag fie in 3^it t)on gtoei SJ^onaten an 9 SCRiKionen 30 ulben bnrc^ SSranbjc^a^nngen guiantniengetrieben f)aben. 40 THE WARS OF THE S)er neue SReidjSfetbljerr tegte jtoar, 511 atter greube, ben O6erbefef)( Balb nieber, unb an feine Stefte !am ber faljigere urfiirft eorg Subtoig bon annot)er; aber aitrf) tijn t)er Ijinberte bie fdjfed)te SBerfaffnng be SMotyen ju, ettte SHellje Don geftnngen, gnr uutftigen idjerljeit gegen graitlreldj, abgetreten toerben. )iefe afte geftanben bte frangofifdjen efanbten nadjeinanber 511 ; nnr bte elite, In ber Xfjat entetjrenbe, BU* 5 mutnng tonnten fie nidjt Belotttigen, bag itantll^ SubtDtg, toenn fein @n!el $llipp paitten nidjt giitlulttig raitmen tooHe, felbft ^etfen fotte, ln nut eiualt baran gn Dertreiben. S)iefe c^anbe tooftte er nld^t auf fic laben, bte S5erf)anblungen hJitrben nnterbrodjen, itnb ber .^rteg fiitg n^teber an. to Sftittlertoeile iuar fc^on etn Xett be @ommer 1709 tier* floffen ; (Sugen nnb 3}?artborong^ eKten nun ble no(^ iibrtge gelt n beniijen. @le eroberten 2)ornid nnb gingen anf 3fton Io. tefe iDoEte ber franjofifdje 9^arfd^atl ^8lttar beden nnb t)atte elite fefte tellnng bei Sftalplaqitet, t)or i S 9J^on, genomnten. Slber bte belben fiegretd^en getb^erren griff en in ^ter, ant 11. September, o^ne S^ubern an, nnb gtoangen i^n jirat ^iid^uge nad^ btutigcr, aber faft unent* fdjiebener djtadjt. ngen felbft erfjlelt gtetc^ anfang elnen (Stretffc^ug ant ^opfe ; aber ru^ig ftedte er fein dntnpftnd) 2 o nnter feinen nt nnb fii^rte fetnen i$lu$et toetter iu gener. njurbe 2ftoit erobert. biefent gelbguge faf) Snb)t)tg XIV. ftd^ ge^nngen toon nenem ben grteben anjubieten; er belDtEtgte alle, tua ber^ tangt rtar, fogar Oolite er, nm nur nid^t feine eere gitr SBer 25 treibung feine @n!el an panien teil^en gn mitffen, ben SSerbnnbeten iitfgetber gu biefent gtoede entridjten. SKau ertoiberte tfjm je^t : fo lange ^fn'lipp V. in (S^anien fei, fiinite man ben SSerf^red^nngen feine ^abtnett nic^t tranen, nnb nberl)au^)t ntiifsten atte gorbernngen ber SSerbnnbeten btnnen 3 o gniei SRonaten erfiittt fein, efye an elnen eigentttc^en $rie= ben^fdjtnfe fonne gebad^t iDerben. 9Zac^ fo Barter ^(ntiuort fing SPANISH SUCCESSION. 43 ber rieg toieber an, unb (ugen nub Sftartbcrougf) nafmten nod) einige (Stable an ber frangofifdjen (Srenge toeg. (Spanien aber lant bie Sftacfjridjt, and) bort tjabe fid) ba getoenbet, arl (General, taljrenberg, fjabe $f)tlipj) eer in bie gfadjt gefcfjtagen, unb arl tyabe am 28. (September 1710 5 feinen feterti^en ingng in Sftabrib gelfjatten. 5)ie 9^ot be alien franfen ^onig Subioig tear anf ba !)oc^fte geftiegen unb er fdjten o^nc Settling berloren. 9^ad^ fo uielen, fur bie roe feine tautens gefiifjrten triegen, nad) ber Slufo^ferung t>on fo t>iet taufenb 3Jlenf(^enIeben r fottte nun 10 ba gan^e ebaube in nidjt gufammenfatlen, er foUte fogar toon fetnent alien 9leidje Opfer bringen. Barter fdjten noc^ ba (sd^idEfat ben, ber fic^ auf bent (Styfel ber @roe getroffen gu Ijaben. 5lber bie fiegetrun!enen egner fatten ben redjten 2lngenblic! gteid)fall terfaumt ; auc^ fie 15 iuaren burd^ ba IM iibermittig getoorben unb barnm berforen fie einen grofeen Xeil ber grnd)t il)rer @iege. SSier gihiftige reiguiffe riffen granfreic^ auf einmat an ber grogen 9^ot, unter uield^er e barnieberlag, unb berfd)afften i^m einen ertraglic^en grieben; e uiaren: er turg be gergogSso toon 9^arlboroug^ bie (Siege ber franofifd)en $artei in (Spanien, ber Xob be ^aifer Sofep!) nub ba Xref[en bei S)enain S : n nglanb, too 9JlarIborongl) greunbe bister ben @taat gelenlt fatten, bilbete fic toafjrenb feiner Slbtoefentjeit in ber 25 (Stefte eine egenparfei; ifjre 3ftitgtieber beftanben au Xorie, ^oniglic^gefinuten, S0?artboroug!) 5lni)dnger aber-au 853^ig, SSoKSfrcunbcn. Sjtorlborougf^ (Streben tonrbe ber ^onigin 5Inna uerbac^tig gemadjt, feine enta^Iin, bie bitjer bie ^b'nigin gang befyerrfdjt ijatte, burd^ Sabt) 3J?aff)am ptoijlid) 30 Derbrangt ; ein neue ^arlament t)on Storied tourbe im 44 THE WARS OF THE 1710 genmfytt, nnb nun trat in (Sngtanb bie -fteigung jum grieben an bie tette ber rieghtft. Sftarlborougf) be^ielt gtoar ben Dberbefdjt uocf) einige geit, after ntit grogen (Sin* fdjranhmgen, nnb balb nadjfjer gab er iijn gang ab. s 3u ber grieben^eigung trng andj) ber Xob be ^aifer Sofep^, ant 17. SIprU 1711, nidjt )t>enig bet. (5r ftarb an ben ^oden, int 33. Safjre feine 2eben, nnb nrirb aU etn felbftt^atiger, rafter Siirft, ber feinent SSater tote feinem 93rnber Itjett iibertegen iuar, Don ber ($efd()icfjte geriitjmt. @etn ($etft 10 tear fa^ig, bie gro^ten eban!en u faffen, nnb barum fanb anc^ ngen, ntit feinen grojsartigen Slnftc^ten, bet i^nt ben nteiften ingang. 2)a ber ^aifer ofjne @rben ftarb, jo njar fein S3ruber ^art ber (Srbe feiner Sanber. a ftanb nun bie $rage iiber ba ^8er^attni ber TOcfjte in (Suropa, fo tme 511 15 ^aifer ^arl V. geit : ob e na'ntlicf) ratfant fei, bag biefer art, at ber fed^fte, njenn bie ^eutjdjen Ujit njatjtten, n?ie jener fitnfte, atb (Suro^a be^errfc^e, unb ba au Ofterrei^ fo ubermarfjtig merbe? ^arl VI. befag atte Scinber ^art V., JDenn er bie gauge ofterreirfjifdje unb tyauifrfje SO^ouardjie 20 oereinte. en anberen, bejonber ben (See^dd^ten, fdjieit biefe Uoermadjt gefci^rtic^, nnb fie befb'rberten nun tieber bie ^aifeilua{)t art3 VI V unt ifjm nac^^er einen Xett ber fpauifd;en Scinber a&uft>red)en. @r n^nrbe ben 22. ^egember 1711. ge!ront. 25 3 n pcnuen ^atte ^art iiberbie !einen feften gug nte^r, er ^atte e nad^ !urem 93efi^e burd^ ben gefdjirf'ten frangofifd^en gelbijerrn, ergog Don Skubome, rt)tebcr Dertoreu; biefer fdjlug feiue eere unb erouerte einen Saubfirid) ttad; bem anbern filr $ljUtyp V. SPANISH SUCCESSION. 45 [At length, in 1713, a treaty in which England was chiefly con- cerned, was signed at Utrecht, by the terms of which Philip was to have Spain and India, and Charles the remainder, the former at the same time renouncing all claims to the throne of France in order that the two crowns might never be united on one head. Hudson's Bay and Newfoundland were ceded by France to England, while Portugal received possessions in South America. Prussia obtained some acces- sion of territory, and was acknowledged by France as a kingdom, and Gibraltar and Minorca were ceded to England by Spain. Austria was now left independent of her allies to make her own terms with France. Refusing to accept the proposals of this power, the war was at once renewed, with the result of a series of reverses for Austria,. Eugene being defeated at Denain and Marchiennes. At length the Treaty of Rastadt was drawn up, the Emperor receiving the Spanish Netherlands, Milan, Sardinia, Mantua and the Tuscan ports, while Bavaiia and Cologne were relieved of the ban of the Empire and reinstated in their former position. This treaty was signed at Baden in 1714.] III. Spain and the Netherlands. The Conspiracy of the Nobles 1565. (From Geschichte des Abfalls der vereinigten Niederlande, by FRIEDRICH VON SCHILLER.) [The following extract from Weber's Weltgeschichte gives a clear account of the sta f e of the Netherlands previous to, and at the time of, the Conspiracy of the Nobles : )tc 9?iebertcmbe befaen t>on uratten 3etten $er fcerbrtefte 3ted)te unb greil?etten, n?orunter (Steiterbettntfigung burcty bte einfyeimifcfyen tanbe, iuiab(;dngige3 <$end?tgn?efen unb Sernjwttung fpanifcfcer Xruppcn unb 53eamten obenan ftanben. 2)iefe 3?ed)te ivurben frfjon 5 unter $ar( \ r . l)tn unb tvtcbcr fcertejjt; attcin bte 3Sorttebe be^ $aifer fiir ba^ ntebertcinbtfrt^e 5Botf, unter bem er geboren unb beffen ttten unb SBefen er Uebte, er^utete gro^ere^einbfeltofetten. ^^ittvu bagegen n>ar etn ftotjer panter, ber bie ^tebertanbe a(^ unterworfene ^3rot>tnj anfaty unb t^re angcftammten Re(^te melfciltig 10 erle^tc. @r ernannte fetne )atbfd;rt)efter 3Wargret(a ton partita, eine grau on mannltrfjem eifle, jur tatt^atterin in 93ruffe(, fteltte if>r aber einen taaWrat jur @ette, wortn etn 2tu0Idnber, bcr ^arbinat ranella ben 33orft^ fu^rte, unb tiefl etne fpantfc^e S5efa^ung im Sanbe. 5lm meijlen jeboc^ fit^ten ft^ bte ^teberldnber, ou benen 15 fid) tttete ber ettangettfdjen ^e^re junetgten, erle$t, at^ ber $ontg jur Saf)rung beg reinen faubenS unb ber ftrt^tic&en )rbmtng bte e fc^drfen unb ofyne S3efragung ber @tdnbe bte tner bi^ 93t^tumer urn tuerjefyn neue tjerme^ren lie^. 2)tefe 2tnorb* 40 SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS. 47 mtng bejir>ecfte bie aflma'Dtitfe Qrinfiifyrung ber fpamfc&cn 3"<1t^ion, unb ber $arbtnal ranttetto, ber afS (rs Mf#&of on 2#ec&eln afle biefe SPiStumer unter ft$ f>atte, fityrte berettS fen ttel etnetf tO$3n((ttifftw& Slfle Serfage ber ttater- Icinbifcfyen ^artei, an beren @pi$e 2Srtf)efm &on Dranien unb raf 5 Grgmont flanben, burc^ ^Btttgefuf^e ben ontg git beivegen, ba er bie 2anbe3etnnd)tungen a^te r bie $c$erc|efe$e mtlbere unb (aitben^^ frei^ett geftatte, btieben erfolgto^. ^^iltpp antwortete: ,,er it?c(te lieber taufcnbmat fletben, aI3 bie geringfie SSercinbernng in ber Religion geflatten." I0 Die neue $irrf;e ^atte nur unter bent Sitrgcrfknbe 5ln^cinger; ber 5lbel t?ielt noc^ groftentctl^ am atten (JHauben, mar aber entf^Icffcn, fid; ber 3nqnifttion aits^ aden jl'rciften ju miberfe^en. 3 bent (Snb= jwecf unterjetc^neten etiua terl;untert ^Delleute ben fogenannten ^ompromi nnb entn?arfen eine petition um 2Inf(;ebung ber $e$cr* X 5 gefe^e unb (Stn(lel|itng ber 3nqntfttion^projefTe.] SSa()renbbent, bag man im @taatrate bie gro^e Sragc abfyanbelte, ob bie Nation elenb toerben fottte, ober nic^t, lt)al)renb bag ttjre Beeibicjten (Sac^toatter aHe ritnbe ber SSernunft unb ber 53iHtgleit n t^rem S3eiftanbe anfboten, ber 20 93nrcjerftanb unb bag $ot! aber in eiteln ^lagen, 2)ro^ungen unb Settounfd^nngen fid) Suft madden, fefete fi(^ ein Xeil ber Nation in an b lung, ber unter aHen am loenigften bagn attfgeforbert fc^ien, nnb anf ben man am toenigften geac^tet atte. 9J^an rufe fic jene Piaffe be ^lbel in ebactutg *$ guriicf, t)on tuetdjer oben gefagt toorben, bag ^!)iU^p bei feittem BiegierungSantritt nic^t fiir notig erad^tet ijabe, fid^ t^rer Xienfte unb SBebiirfnijfe n erinnern. ^Bei nieitem ber grofjte Sett berfetben f)atte, einer toeit bringenbern Urjad^e at ber btogen ^re tDegen, anf SBeforberwtg getoartet. SSiete unter 3 iljiten iuarcn tief in d^ulben toerfunten, ait benen fie fic^ burd; eigne $itlfe nidjt nie^r emporjuarfieiten t;offen fonnten. 48 SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS. $)aburdj, bafj $t)itipp fie bet ber <5tettenbefe|ung iiberging, fyatte er etroa norfj raeit cfjttmmereS, ate itjren (Stotg, be* teibigt; in biefen 23etttern tjatte er fief) eben fo triete miigige Sluffe^er unb uubarmt)ergige 9lid)ter feiner Xtjaten, eben fo s triete fdjabenfrofye antmter unb SBerpfleger ber -fteutjeit er* gogen. a mit intern S&ofytftanbe iJjr oc^mut fie ntc^t gngteidj bertieg, fo toud^erten fie jefct notgebrungen mit bent einjigen ^a^itale, ba nid^t gu beriiugern getuefen fear, mit i^rem 5(bel nnb mit ber repnblitanifc^en SBid^tigfeit ttjrer 10 D^anten ; unb brarfjten eine SWunje in Umlanf, bte nur in einem fotd^en Scittaufe, ober in !etnem, fiir gute 3^tung gelteit lonnte, i^re ^5rote!tion. TOt einem etbftgefu^Ie, bent fie urn fo mefyr 9laum gaben, njetl e nod^ i^re ein^ige abe raar, betrad^teten fie fief) jetjt a( bie beteutenbe TOttet* 15 mac^t jtDtfc^en bent @outerain unb bent 93nrger, nnb gtaubten fic bernfen, ber bebrangten SRepnblif, bie mit Ungebntb auf fie, ate auf ttjre te|te @tii|c, njartete, u iitfe ju eUetu Xiefe 3o^e mar nur inforoeit lad^erlid^, ate t^r SigenbiinM baran 5lnteil ^atte; aber bie SSorteile, bie fie bon btefer 20 SMnung gu jic^en rau^ten, roaren griinblic^ genng. Xte ^roteftantifd^en Slaufteute, in beren anben ein grower Xei( be niebertcinbifd^en 9teidf)tunt fief) befanb, unb melrf)e bie unangefodjtene Ubung i^rer Religion fiir feincn $rei gu teuer eiiaufen gu !onnen gtaubten, Derfciumten nid^t, ben 25 eingig mogtic^en ebraud^ bon biefer SSoIf!(affc gn mac^en, bie miifjig am 9JJar!te ftanb, unb roetdjje niemanb gebingt fjatte. lber fo biet fic^ bon einer herein igung biefer Sftenfcljen berfpred^en lief?, fo grnnbtoS unb tacfjerttd^ mare e gemefen, soirgeub eine offmmg auf einen ingetnen nnter itjnen gu griinben; unb eg roar nirfjt fo gar teid^t, biefe SSereinigung SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS. 49 511 ftiften. olte nnb ton d^toargenberg in ben Mebertanbcn Deriueilen, tueldje nid^t nntertaffen, ^oi)e @riuartnngen ton nadjbarlidjem SBeiftanbe gn erineden. 6djon einige Qeit boiijer tjatte raf Snbtoig ton 9Zaffan gtetci^e Slngelegen* tjeiten ^erfonttd^ an terfdjiebenen bentfdjen ofen Betrieben. 20 Sintge tootteu fogar ge^eime ejdjciftstra'ger be SlbmtratS Solign^ nm biefe 3 e it in 93raBant gefeijen tjabe after Billig noc^ bejloetfett it)irb. SSenn ein potitiic^er 5Ingenbtid bent SBerfndje einer rnng giinftig toar, fo tt)ar e biefer. (Sin 28eib ant ^Rnber c;, be @taat; bie ^rotingftatt^alter terbroffcn unb pr ^ac^* fidjt geneigt ; einige taat^rcite gan anger SBtrffamleit ; feine Slrntee in ben ^rotin^en; bie h)enigen Srnp^en fci^on (a'ngft iiBer bie gnrudgeljattene 3I)tnng fdjttrierig, nnb gu oft fc^on bnrd) fatjdje SSerfprec^nngen Betrogen, nm ficfj bnrc^ nene 30 toden gn tafjen ; bieje Srn^en nod) anfjerbem ton Offt^ieren u 50 SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS. angefiiljrt, toetdje bie gnqinfttion toon eren terarfjteten, unb erroiet Ijaben ttwrben, nur ba @d)toert fiir fie 511 I^eben ; tein (Mb im (Sdjaije, um gejdjnrinb genug neite Xritppen git toerben, unb eben fo ttenig, um autodrtige gu mieten. S)er s gof 511 SBriiffet, ftrie bte brei 9ftatterfammlintgen, burd) innere gttrietradjt geteitt, unb burc^ ittentoftgleit tierborben; bie S^egentin oljne SSottntai^t, unb ber 6mg toeit enttegen ; fein . Sluing gertng in ben ^rotrinjen, unftrf;er unb mitttoS ; bte ^aftion galjtreid^ unb madjtig ; gioei S)rttteile be SSoI! gegen 10 ba ^apfttnm aufgeregt, unb nac^ SSerdnberung litftern luetc^e unglitcEli^e S5(oge ber Sftegierung, unb n)ie t)ie( nn* gtitclUdjer noc^, bag biefe Sloge Don ifjren getnben fo gut gelannt tear. 9^ocf) fe^tte e, fo triete ^b>fe s^edmagig u berbtnben, 15 an einent Slnfii^rer, unb an einigen bebeutenben Seamen, um tfjrem 93eginncn in ber ^epitblif ein eniirfjt gn geben. 33etbe fanb fic^ in bent rafen Subn)ig Don ^affau, unb einrid) Sreberoben, beibe au bent borneljnnften Slbet be Sanbe, bie fid) fretttrittig an bie (Spi^e ber Unternel)nmng 20 ftettten. SubiDig fcon S^affau, be $rtttgcn t)on Oranten S3ruber, tjeremtgte tiiete gtanenbe (Sigenjrfjaften, bie i^n roiir* big ntatfjten, auf einer fo tuidjtigen SBiiljne jn erjd^einen. (1565.) Singer biefen betben traten t)on bent tiorneljmften nieberlanbifd^en SIbet uo^ ber junge raf ^art ton SD^ann* 25 f etb, ein Sofnt beSjenigen, ben ttrir unter ben eifrigften 91 o^* atiften gefunben ^aben, nebft nteijrern anbern gu bent 95unbe, ber um bie 3ftitte be ^ooember^ im 8- 1565, im aufe eine gett)tffen ton amme, SBa^^en!onig torn golbnen Allege, gu ftanbe lam. @ed) SDienfrfjen niaren e, bie f)ier 30 ba c^tdfal tt)te S5aterlanbe, n)ie jene (Sibgenoffen einft bie fd^ei^erifc^e greKjcit, ent^teben, bie gacM eineS tier* SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS. 51 gigjd'^rigen rteg an^iinbcten, unb ben runb einer greiljeit legten, bie tfynen felbft nie gu gute fontmen foflte. 2)er 3 toed ber SSer&ruberung nmr in folgenber SibeSformel entljalten, unter toeldje $l)ilipp Don SSarnir. guerft fetncn tauten fefcte. s 9?ad)bem getoiffe 'iiBelgcftnnte ^Perfonen, unter ber Sarbe eine frommen GiferS, in ber X^at aber nnr an 5lntrteb il)re ($eige nnb il)rer errfd)Begierbe, ben onig, nnfern gnabigften errn, Derteitet IjaBen. ba DeraBf^ennnggtoiirbige eric^t ber 3^c|nifition in biejen Sanbfc^aften etngitfuijren > (ein erid^t, ba alien menfdjlic^en nnb gottltc^cn efe^en jtttotberlduft; nnb atte barbarijc^en ^Inftalten be blinben eibentnm an Unntenfdjlic^leit l)inter ficfj la'^t, ba ben Snqni{ttoren jebe anbere etDalt nnterlDiirfig mac^t, bie 9ften* fdjen n einer imntertoaljrenben ^ned)tfc^aft erniebrigt, unb 15 bnrd) feine 9^adjftellnngen ben red^tfd)affenen Siirger einer eiDigen Xobeangft aufe^t, jo, bafj e einent ^3riefter, einem trenlofen greunbe, einem @|?anier, einent fdjledjten ^terl iiber* aupt frei ftetyt, fo balb er nnr ii)iH, unb toen er toill, bet biefem erid^te an^nllagen, gefangenfe^en, oerbamnten unb 20 ^inrtc^ten 311 laffen, oljne ba e biejent tergonnt fei, feinen Slnftager n erfaljren, ober 95ert)eife t)on feiner Unfcfinlb 5U fii^ren) ; fo Ijaben tuir SnbeSunterfc^riebene un oerbunben, iiuer bie ic^er^eit unfrer gamilien, nnjrer liter unb unfrer eignen ^erfon 511 tua^en. SStr t>erpflid)ten unb t)ereinigen 25 un gu bent @nbe bnrd^ eine lieiltge SSerBriiberung, unb geloben ntit einem feierlic^en c^iour, un ber (Sinfitljrung bie(e eric^t^ in biejen Sanbern na(^ nnjern Beften ^ra'ften n toiberfe^en, man uerfnc^e e fyehnfid) ober offentlid^, unb unter toeldjem tauten man and^ n;olle. SSir erllaren gngleic^, bag 30 toir iueit entfernt finb, gegen ben mtig, unjern errn, 52 SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS. efe|uribrige bantit 511 meinett; t>telmef)r ift e unfer aHer linger anberlidjer 23orfa, fein loniglirf)e Regiment 511 unter* ftittjen unb gu fcertetbigen, ben $rieben 51: erfjalten unb jeber (fntporung nadj SBermogen gu fteuern. SDtefem SSorJa^e ge= 5 mtijs fyaben ftrir gefdjtooren, unb fdjtooren jet njieber, bte SRegiernng fjeiltg 511 fatten, unb tfjrer mtt SSorten unb Xfjaten gn fd^onen, be 3^ u 9 e i e i ^ er ttflntdcfittge ott ! SBeiter geloBen unb fc^njoren mtr, un ioerfifetgnietfe, etner ben anbern, 511 alien Sdten, an alien Orten, gegen iuetc^en 1 5lngrtff e aud^ fet, gu fd^it^en unb ju bertetbigen, ange^enb bie Slrtifcl, toclc^e in biefent ^om^romiffe toerjetdjnet finb. SBir berpflidjten un ^temtt, bag fetne 5(nllage unfrer SSer* folgung, ntit tuelc^cm Seamen fie and) auSgefdjmiicft fetn nioge, fie ^et^e SfteBellton, Slufftaub, ober audf) anber r bte Slraft j s fjaben foil, unfern Gib gegen ben, ber befcfntlbtgt tft, auf* gufjeben, ober un unfer SSerfprcc^cnS gegen tljn u entbtnben. teine anblung, tuet^e gegen bie gnquifttton geridjtet ift, tan ben ^anten ber mporung tjerbienen. SSer alfo um etner folc^en Urfai^e triUen in SBerfyaft genommen iuirb, bem 20 Derpflicfjten n)ir un ijier, nad) unfernt SSermogen u ijelfen, unb burrf) jebe nur intmer ertaubte %Rittd feine SJrci^eit tuieber u tjcrft^affett. $ier, ft)ie in alien iibrtgen 9?egeln unferS SSerfjalten^, fonberltrf) aber gegen ba eric^t ber Ququifition, ergeben totr un in ba aHgemetne utad^ten 25 be 93unbe, ober and) in ba Urtetl berer, njelifje vuir ein= ftimntig gu unfern ^Ratgebern unb giUjrern ernennen Juer= ben. 3nt 3^9ttt beffen, unb gu 95eftattguitg biefe S3unbe, bernfen nnr un auf ben fjettigen -ftanten be Icbenbigen 30 otte, @d)5:pier uon tmniet unb (Srbe, unb allem, n?a bartnnen tft, ber bte ^ev^en, bie eiuiffen unb bie ebanfen SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS. 53 priift, imb bie SRetntgfett ber unfrigen fennt. SKir bitten iljit um ben SBeiftanb feine fjettigen etfteS, bag liicf unb (f)re unfer SSorljaben frone, gur SSerfjerrlidnmg feineS 9iamen, unb un[erm SSatertanbe gum egen unb eurigen grieben." s SMefer ompromiJ3 raurbe fogfeirf) in me!)rere (S^rad^en uBerfefet, unb fdjnett burd^ aHe ^roftinjen gerftreut. 3eber t)on ben SBerfd^njornen trieb, toa er an greunben, SSer* tuanbten, Sln^angern unb S)ienft(euten atte, jufammen, um bent SBunbe fd^neH eine 3Kaffe gu geben. ro^e aftma^te 10 tuurben ge{)atten, nieti^e gauge Xage tang bauerteu. SSer fic ba einfanb, unb jeber toar iuittfommeu, tourbe bnrc^ guborfommenbe greunbfdjaftStoerfidjermigctt niiirbe gemac^t, bitrd^ SSein cr^tfet, burc^ ba SBetfpiet fortgeriffen, unb iiber= luattigt burc ba geuer einer totlbeu SBerebfamlett. SSielen x s fit^rte man bie anb gum Untergeidjnen, ber 3 lr)e U e ^be it)itrbe gefcfjotten, ber SSergagte bebro^t, ber Xreugefinnie uberfc^rteen ; manege barunter ujufeten gar nid^t, iua e eigenttic^ mar, morunter fie i^re -ftamen fd^rieben, unb fcfjdntten fic ; erft lange barnai^ gu fragen. 3)er attgemeine 20 dnuinbet Itefe feine SSa^t iibrig ; t)tele trieb blower Setd^tfinn gu ber ^artei, eine gtcingenbe ^amerabicfjaft lotfte bie geringen, ben furdjtjamen gab bie groge Slnga^I ein erg. 9Jlan ^atte bie Sift gebraud^t, bie tauten unb (Sieget be ^riugen t)on Oranien, be rafen fcon (Sgmont, t)on oorn, t)on 2 5 9ft eg en unb anberer fdlfd^Uc^ uac^uma^en, ein Shmftgriff, ber bem 33unbe triete fjunberte getuaun. S3efonber mar e ouf bie Dffigiere ber Slrmee babei abgefe^eu, um fid^ auf afle gd'tte t)on biefer cite gu becfen, menu e gu ematt* tljd'tigfciten fomRieu foffte. (S gtiicfte bei bieleu, tiorguglic^ 30 bei ubaltenten, unb raf SBreberobe gog auf einen 54 SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS. rid), ber fid} bebenfen njoftte, fogar ben $)egen. Sftenfdjen an alien SHaffen unt) @tanben unteqetdjneten. $)ie ^Religion ntadjte fetncn Unterjdjieb, fatljotifdje ^defter fefbft gefeflten fid) ju bent SBunbe. $)ie SBetoeggrunbe itmren ntcfjt bet alien 5 biefetben, aber ifyr SSorwanb njar gletd). en ^atfjottfen tear e btog urn 5luf^ebnng ber Snquifition nnb 9Jltlt)eritng ber btfte 511 tfjuit ; bie ^roteftanten jtelten anf eine nn* cmgejd^ranle emtffenSfrci^ctt. (tnige Derttjegenere ^'o^fe fiifjrten ntd)t eringereS tm d^itbe, al etnen gan^idjen 10 Umftnrj ber gegenindrtigen SRegterung nnb bie 2)itrftigften barunter griinbeten mebertrdd)tige offnnngen auf bie attge* nteine 3^ r ^uttnng. (Sin StbfdjtebSntafjt, toctd)c nm eben btefe 3 e ^ &ent tafen uon Sd^ttjargenberg unb ol(e in Sreba, unb furg bnranf 15 in ogftraten, gegeben ttwrbe, gog t)tete tjom erften Slbet nad) betben ^ta^en, nnter benen fic fc^on nte^rere befanben, bie ben ^ontpronttfc bereit nnterfdirieben fatten. Slnd^ ber $rinj t)on Oranien, bie rafcn oon gmont, ton oorn unb Don 9J^egen fanben fic!^ bei biefem aftnta^te ein, boc^ o^ne 20 SSerabrebuug nnb oljne felbft einen 5Intei( an bent SSnnbe gn ^aben, obg(etd) einer Don @gmont eignen (gelreta'ren, unb einigc ienft(eute ber anbern bemfelben offentltc^ betgetreten n;aren. SBei biefem aftma^te nun erllarten fid) frfjon bret* ijnnbert fur ben ^onttoromig, unb bie ^rage !ant in SBetoegung, 25 ob man fid) beroaffnet, ober unbenjaffnet, ntit einer 9vebe ober SBittf thrift, an bie Oberftattfjatterin n^enben fotttc. oorn unb Oranien ((Sgmont njottte ba Unterneljinen auf feine 2Beife beforbern) raurben babei u ^Ric^tern aufgerufen, me(^e fiir ben SSeg ber 23efd)eibenf)eit unb Unterrtierfitng entfd)ieben, 30 eben baburd) aber ber SBejdjutbigung ^Raum gaben, bag fie bn ilnterfangen ber SSerfdjiuornen auf eine nidjt fel)r terftec!te SPAIN ANfi THE NETHERLANDS. 55 SBeife in djiij genommen Ijcitten. Wan befcfjtojs atfo, nn* beioaffnet wtb mit einer SBittfdjrift eingufommen, unb beftimmte einen ag, too man in SBriiffel gufammentreffen tootttc. >er erfte SBin! Don biefer $erfd;roorung be 3lbet lourbe ber @tattf)alterin burdfj ben rafen Don 9#egen gfeicf) nadfj s feiner gnriidfunft gegeBen. @ toerbe eine Unterneljmnng cjefdjiutebet," lieg er ficlj Dertauten, bret^unbert Dom 2Ibe( feten barein DcrtDidEett, e gette bie Sftetigton, bie Xeifne^mer fatten fid^ bitrc^ einen (Sibfc^lDnr Derpftirfjtet, fie red;nen fetjr auf audto&ttigen 93eiftanb, batb iuerbe fie ba SBcitcrc erfa^* 10 ren. /; 3M)r fngte er ir nicf)!, fo nad)briic!(id) fie and; in ifyn brang. in betmann f)abe e iljin nnter bent Siegel ber ^8erfrf)tt)icgenl)eit anDertrant, unb er Ijabe il)in fein (5l)renlDort Derpfcinbet." (Sigenttic^ h?ar e n?o^{ ioenicjer biefe SDetifateffe ber @I)re, al Die(mel)r ber SBiberiuiHe gegen bie 3nqnifition, 15 itnt bie er fid) nid)t gern ein SSerbienft ntadjen luoEte, tua i()n obfjatten tnodjte, fic^ njeiter ju erKaren. 93atb nnc^ il)in iiber* reidjte raf (Sgntont ber 9legentin eine Slbfdjrift be ^ont* ^romiffc, toobci er i^r anc^ bie 9^anten ber SSerfdjiuornen, bi auf einige toenige, nannte. gaft gu gfeidjer geit f^rieb i^r 20 ter $rin Don Or an ten : e luerbe, toie er t)ore, eine 5(rmee geit)orben, 400 Offi^iere feien bereit ernannt, unb gtoangig, taufcnb S^anit )t)iirben mit nadjftem unter ben SBaffen erfc^ei* nen." @o JDitrbe ba eriic^t burd) immer neue 3"Ififec abfidjttid) iibertrieben, unb in jebein SJ^unbe Dergrofjerte fic^ 25 bie efal)r. ie Oberftatttjatterin, Dom erften djredten biefer 3eitung betciubt, unb burd; nid)t3, al ifjre gurd^t, geteitet, ruft in after @i(e gufammen, tuer au bem @taat^rate foeben in SBritffet gugcgen war, unb labet sugleic^ ben ^ringen Don Oranienso nebft bem rafen Don oorn in einent bringenben c^reiben 56 SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS. em, tfjre fcerlaffenen teflen tm (Senate tmeber eingnnefjmen. (l)e biefe nod) anfommen, beratfdjtagt fie fidf) nut gntont, 2ftegen nnb SBarfaimont, tt>a in biefer mifjtidjcn Sage gn befcfytiegen fei. S)ie grage roar, ob man lieber gteidj) u ben 5 SBaffen greifen, ober ber 9^otit)enbtg!eit iueid^en nnb ben $er fdjnjornen ifjr efud^ Benriftigen, ober ob man jie bitrd) SSerfpre* d^ungen nnb eine fcfjeinfcare ^ad^igieBigMt fo tange ^tn^atten fofte, bi man geit gert>onnen fytitte, SSerfjaltunggregetn an panien u fjoten, nnb fic mit elb nnb Xruppen gn tierfe^en. 10 3u bent erften feijtte ba notige elb nnb ba ebenfo notige ^8ertranen in ber 5{rmee, bie ton ben SSerjc^njornen t)ie(Ietcf)t fd)on getDonnen luar. a gioeite toiirbe bon bent Sllmtge ntmmerme^r gebilltgt iuerben, nnb and^ e^er bagn bienen, ben Xro^ ber SSerbnnbenen n er^eben, a( nteber^ufc^Iagen ; ba 15 im egenteite eine toofyfangebradjte efc^metbig!eit nnb eine fdjneEe imbebtngte SSergebnng be ejc^e^enen ben 2Infrnf)r t)tet* tet^it nod^ in ber SStege erftiden Juiirbe. Se|tere Sfteinung tunrbe toon 9Jlegen nnb gmont befjauptet, Don 33artai= mont aber beftritten. a eriid)t l^abe iibertrieben/' 20 fagte biejer; nnmogtid) !6nne eine fo furc^tbare SSaffen* riiftung fo ge^etm nnb mit folder efcfjUJinbigfett Dor fid^ gegangen fein. @in gufammentanf ettid^er fd^tedjten Seiitc, t)on jlcei ober brei nttjufiaften anfge^e^t, ntc^tS iueiter. 3Iffe toitrbe rnfjen, luenn man etnige ^opfe abgefd^tagen Ijiitte." 25 3)ie Oberftatt^atterin befc^fiegt, ba utad^ten be ueriam- metten @taatrat ^n erttwrten ; boc t)erfja(t fie fid) in btejer Stoifc^engeit nid)t miifjig. ic geftnngtt)erle in belt nrid^ttg- ften $(ci|en raerben befid^tigt, nnb rao fie getitten ^aben, iuieberljergeftetft ; iE)re SBotfc^after an fremben b'fen erl)alten 3 33efef)(, ire SSirlfamfcit n tierboppetn : tlfcoteu merben itac @panien abgefertigt. 3 ll 9^tc^ bemiitjt fie fic^, ba eritdjt SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS. 57 toon ber nafjen Slnfunft be b'nig auf neite in itnttauf 511 bringen, itnb in ifjrent augerltcfjeu SBetrogen bie geftigfett unb ben tetcfjmut u eigen, ber ben Slngrtff eruwrtet unb nicfyt ba 2lnfef)n I)at, tfjm 511 erttegeu, SJltt 2lugaug be SRarj, alfo toier tootle donate nadj 2fb* 5 faffung be ompromiffe, toerfammelte fid) ber ganje (Staat^rat in SBriiffel. ier brad)te man fc^on toerfc^iebene 33riefe gum SSorfd^etn, bie toon bent $tane ber $erftf)ltoorung ua^ere S^ac^* rid^t gaBen. &ie jtremttat, toortn bie Dberftattljalterin fid) befanb, gab ben SJliguergniigten eine SBid^tiglett, toon ber fie 10 nid^t unterliegen, je|t ebranc^ 311 madden, unb itjre lang unterbriicfte (Sm^finbti(^!eit bei biefer etegen^ett jur (Sprac^e fommen gu laffen. 2Kan erlaubte fic bittere S3efd)lt)erben gegen ben of felbft, unb gegen bie Sftegierung. @rft neu= tic^/' Iie fic ber ^rin^ toon Or ant en ^erauS, ,,fc^i(fte ber 15 onig 40,000 otbgutben an bie cnigin toon d^ottlanb, urn fie in tfyren Unternt^mungen gegen (Snglanb gu unter* ftii|en unb feine Sftiebertanbe tafet er unter i^rer anptgegeuftanb nici^t, h?ie geftern, unter unnitjeu 25 ^(agen 511 Dertieren, eifte bie iftegeuttit bieSmat fogletc^ 511111 gtete. ;/ Sreberobe/' fagte fie, tDirb, iuie unfre ^adjrirfjtcn tauten, im tauten be SBitnbeS urn Sluf^ebung ber gnquifittou unb SOiitbermtg ber @bi!te Bel un etnfomnten. Xa Urtetl TiielneS SenatS fott mid^ befttmhten, tuag ic^ if)m anttoorten 30 foil ; aber e^e @ie g^re SRetnungen Dortrageu, Dergonnen @ie mir, etnjal 2Benige Dorai^ufdjiden. 2Jlan fagt ntir, ba& e SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS. 59 triefe, mid) fetbft imter Stjnen 9 e ^ e / toetdje bie Iaubenebi!te be aiferS, ntehteS S3ater, nut offentttdjem Xabet angreifen, imb fie bem $ol!e at unmeufdjtidfj unb barb artfrf) abjdn'tbern. 9te frage id) @ie fetbft, fitter be SBIiegeS, SRate enter Sftajeftat unb be on Dranien anfiiljrte. 9iid;t foiDoIjt ber S93al)rt)eit unb UniDibertegbarteit feiner 25 riiube, iueld;e Don ber entfc^eibenbften 9J?et)r!)eit im (Senate intterftii&t tuurbe, at Dietmeljr bem tjerfaHenen 3 u ftfntbe ber ^riegSmad^t unb ber rfdjttyfung be @d)ai^e, mobnrc^ man fcerf)inbert toar, ba egenteit mit getoaffneter anb bnrd^= gufe^en, atte ber $rinj Don Dranien e ju ban!en, bag feine 30 SSorfteHungen bieSiuat nidjt gang oljne SBirfung btieben. Um 60 SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS. toenigften ben erften (Sturm ab^ntoefyren nnb bie notige $eit gu geftrinnen, fid) in etne beffere $erfaffnng gegen fie u feijen, lam man iiberein, ben SBerbnnbenen einen Xett ifyrer gorbe* rnngen jii$itgeftef)en. @3 tonrbe befdjtoffen, bie trafbefefyle s be aifer gn mttbern, nn'e er fie fetbft mttbern roiirbe, tuenn er in je^igen Xagen n)ieberanferftanbe tuie er einft felbft, iinter a'^nUcfien Umftcinben, fie gu mitbern nic^t gegen fetue SSiirbe geac^tet. SDie S^quifition foffte, IDO fie noc^ ntdjt eingefii^rt fei, unterbteiben ; too fie e fei, auf einen gelinbern 10 S^B gcfe^t roerben, ober anc^ gdn^tid^ rn^en, ba bie 3nqutfi= toren (fo briidfte man fid^ au, nm ja ben ^roteftanten bie !Ieine 2uft nic^t jn gonnen, bag fie gefiirc^tet njiirben, ober bag man ifjrem 5(nfncen eredjtigleit jugeftiinbe) t>on bent nenen ^Sapfte nod^ nicfyt beftcitigt toorben iuciren. em ge* 15 ^eimen ^onfilium )t)nrbe ber Slnftrag gegeben, btefen be @enat o^ne ^Ber^ug anS^ufertigen. @o tiorbereitet tuartete man bie SSerfrfjtoornng. nun bte 2IufriU;m or ben ^3afafi ber tattfcalterin jogen, geriet btefe in 35ef}u'rjung. 1)a fagte etner ber neben ityr fte|)enben 20 3? cite, |te fotfe or btefen lumpen (gueux) inc^t bange fetn, etn Sort, bai? beu Serbiinbeten l;tnterbrac^t unb con btefen jum 25a(;r= jeta)en i()re^ 33unbe$ genommcn wttrbe. (2te nannten fta) etifen unb trugen fortan am a(fe etne @cf)aumunje mit bent 33tfr>m3 be^ 5tontg^ unb ber 3nfdmft: etreu bem Jtonig big jum 53ettel= 35 facf." >te petition bltcb o&ne (Srfotg. Die $eer n>urben an grei^eit, ut unb Seben geftraft. 'Seffenungeac^tet fanb bte reltgiofe ^euerung tmmer mel)r Stngang; ^3fatmen murben gefungen, bte ofterS'tm $ttiv\ ge^attenen ^rebtgten eangeltfrf;er ctfKtc^en Don Xaufenben befitrf;t, -Jftb'ncfye, 9J?artenbttber unb |>et(ige egenftanbe . (nbltc^ fam in 2lntn?erpen, 93ruffet unb ganj S3rabant bie tangtterfyaftene 2But be^ ^Solf^ iiber ben 5?eltgton6brucf jum Slu^bruc^. Sin ben unterften ^itaffen ange^b'renber 5Jpf&$aufen terftummelte bie am SBege fte^enben ^rujtfire unb |)ei(tgeiibtlber; SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS. 61 bait) ttergriff fi$ bte nxicfyfenbe 3flenge an $ir$en unb Sfoflern unb becu'ng aflerlei ftrrfjenfdja'nberifcfye grefcef. 25tefe 5Sorfa'tIe fu&rten eine paltung tyerbei. )ie emafngten fcfyloffen fid? an bie Rcgenttn an unb unterftiifctcn fte bet ber 33ejhafung ber $u(* btgen. $n fitrjem u>ar tie Orbnung fyergefieflt unb Stfargarettya 5 net jur Sftilbe unb 2krf6f;nltct;fett, n>cburc^ attein baj? ?anb auf bte Waiter beru|)icjt werben fonnte. 2tbcr t(;re 35orf4>(age fanben in 9)?abrtb !etn el;or. (3 nnirbe be(4)(ofTcn, ben ^arien 211 ba mit fpantfrf;en |)eeren narf; ben 9iieberlanben ju fct)icfen, urn bnrd) trengc nnb ewatt ba^ $otf ju jwtngen. I0 !Dte SRac&rtc&t yon 2llba5 Slnfunft trteb bte ^teberlanber fc^aren* tueife jur gdtdjt. 203t(t;clm tton Oranteiv ein befonnener, umft^tiger SWann in ber selfen firnft ber 3^e, entf^Ioffen, ttyatfrafttg unb fc^n?etcjfam/' unrf) bem tnrme au nacf) 2)eutfc|)* lanb. 5Wit X|>ra'nen trennte er ftc^ on ggmont, ben er umfonft X 5 ju gteicfyem c^ritt ^u bereben {jefurfjt. (SomoutS ^etterc S^atur cjtanbte nict)t an bie fpanifofye ^u'rfe, yor ber H;n Oranien iDarnte. (Sr ertraute auf fetne fru^eren Serbienfie urn ba$ |)ab^burgtf4)e |)enfcberl;ait^ unb blieb. $aum aber tt)ar Sllba nut unumfc^ranf* ter SSottumc^t in Sruffel angelangt, fo Hcf er ben argtofen @gmont 2 <> unb ben tapfern |>oorn fefinefjmen unb &or bem neuerric^teten SRat bc0 2lufrutyr$" be^ ^oc^^errat^ anHagen, ivorauf betbe nebfl ac^tjet;n anbern ^betleuten auf bem 3)?arftylafce ju 55ruffel ent- I;auptet ivurben. liefer 3?at be^ Slufru&r^, on ben 5^teberla'nbern ^lutrat" genannt befivafte ^teranf nut uncr^orter trenge unb 25 raufamfett fott)Ol;I bte 5lni;a'n(]er ber ct>angeltfc^en ?el;re alg bte jlanb^aften 3Serfec^ter ber einf;euntf$en 9?ed;te unb @tnrt(^tungen. Sie SRegenttn, emport iiber biefe rcuet, entfagte il;rer tetle unb begab ficfy nac^ 3talten. Sfr Stnbcnfen blieb in (l;ren. 2ltba aber errtcfytete in 5tntn?erpen eine SitabeUe unb itbte fec^^ 3^^ ^ n 9 3 (1567-73) eine britrfenbe enjatt^eirfc^aft tt>etct>e ber grei(;ett nnb bem 2BoI;Ifhmb bie grofiten 2?unbcn fct;tug. )&ne 9tiicfftc^t auf bte Sonbeggefe^e, na$ tt^elc^en bie teuern t>cn ben tauben j'eber Sanbfc^aft fetbfl beunlligt unb auf bie jmecfmdfigfte Seife erl;oben njeiben fottten, tegte Sltba bem Sanbe eine jlanbigc tetter auf unb 35 fcerteilte fie auf eine ben >anbet unb 3SerfeI;r l;6d;^ nad;tei(ige 2lrt, 62 SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS. inbem er aujser bet 33ermogen3fteuer etnen tyofyen $aufacci3 ein* fiifyrte. )er Unntut uub bte (rbtttcrung be3 33otf3 iiber biefe briicfenbe 33efteuerung unb iiber bte umnenfdjltd)en reuel, ivetdje bie fpantfcfyen ruppen aitf 2Uba3 23efefyl in einigen bcr nnbcrfpcn* 5 ftigeu icibte fceru'bten, erjeugte jiite^t cine folc&e aiming int ganjen Sanbe, ba man in 2ftabtib 5(lba^ 5lbberufung befcfclofj. 2)ie 9?ac|rict;t ba^ etne aben, ba 2ltba SScrfnj?rcn nic^t jum 3tf^ fu^re. 55alb nad;bem ber |)erjog bie ^icberlanbe oerfaffen, ertjoben bie norblirf)en taaten auf ber pnobe ju X>orbreri;t ben (aU>fnf6mu< jur ^anbe^religion, n'a(;men 15 ben |)eibetberger ^atecl)i^mu^ an unb errid;teten in ber tabt Seibcn (jum So^n fur ben f>od)|>er$tgen Stbcrflanb ber 33iirgerfd)nft gegen ba3 fpantfdje 35etagerung^eer) eineproteftantifc^e Uniocrft'tat. SUbaS ^adjfolgcr (2ubn)ig on 3nni3^ UH& ^cquefen^), (job ben 9?at be^ 5tufru^r^ auf unb fucfjte burn; milfereS 3?erfa^ren panien^ 20 manfenbe >errfrtaft in ben ^tebertanbcn tuieber ju bcfejligen ; aber ber |>afj be^ Solf^ gegen bie fremben Xruppen, beren 3"9ftlofigfett mit iebcm 2age ?uo)^ ; (jtnberte bie SScrfo^nitng. etbfi fetn teg auf ber Sftoofertjeioe, n?o jn?ei 35riiber Oranien^ ben f)e(bentcb fanben, blieb c|>ne bie ern?artete SBirfung. 3\wi 3^te nacb(;er 25 ftarb 3uniga. @^e fein 5Ra4)fotger 5) on 3" toon Sluftrta, ^(;i(tpp^ tapferer afbbrubfr, bad fa)tt)ierige 2lmt antreten fonnte, erreic^te ber Itbermut ber tternntberten, unbeja^tten 2^ruppen ben tyod)ften rab. ie fitttten bie reicfyen tabte 2)?aflrt4)t unb 2lntu>erpen wit 3f?aub, 9)Zorb unb graufenl;after 33eru>uftung. Ta 30 gctang e^ bent ftugen Oranien, fa'mttid;e ?anbfd)aftcn in bem enter SSertrag ju bem 33ef$lufj ju cereinigen, fic^ gegenfeitig mit ut unb 55hit ^ur 53ertreibung ber fpantfc^en |)eere beijufhtyen; unb 2)on $mn tt)ar nxifjrenb feiner furjen SBirffamfett in ben Sftiebcrlanben nicl;t int ftaube, bie burcfy btefen 35ertrag erfc^iitterte 35 >errfd;aft ber pauier n?tcber feft 311 begriinben. 3:oc^ mar fo Slleranber SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS. 63 garnefe on farina, @o(;n ber tatt&aftcrin baraitf bebadjt, tie Gnferfudjt unb ben <5tainme3neib bcr fubltc&en faatcn aeflcn bte ncrbttcfjen ju nal;ren, in jencn bie fatMifd;e iitrdje bet tl;ren 9tcct;ten jit er(;alten unb fomit ber fpantfdjcn fterrfctaft wentgftend ben iiben ju retten. Stefen ^31an bitv^ 5 frf;aute Oranten unb iiberjeugt, ba$ ,, (ffntrac^t anc^ bte (ScfytoarfKn ftarfe mac^e/' terciiugte er bnrdj bte lltrec^ter Union bie norb* lichen @taaten (^odanb, eelanb, elbern, tltreci;t grte^Ionb) in . eincn engevn 55unb ju gemeinfamem SBirfen. )iefer 2?crtrag murbe bie @ritnt>Iage ber ^ereinigten (Staaten ber proteftantifdjen 10 . WEBER, Wtltgesckifktt* IV. The Story of Luther. (From Charakterlrilder aus der Geschichte und Sage, by A. W. GRUBE.) 9lm 10. 9?ot)emBer 1483, am Slbenbe ttor bem Martin^tag, ttmrb git (SHSteben einem armen 23ergmann an Sutler ein ofjnlein geboren, ba am fotgenben age getanft unb, bem fjeil. Martin n (Sfyren, MartinnS genannt lt)iirbe. an 5 Sutler toar bom orfe Mora, untoeit be Xpringer SSalbeg mit Margaret^e, feiner jungen S^efrau, ttad) isteben ge^ogen, um ^ier burcfj angeftrengten 5^tB ft(^ fetnen 2eBenunterf)aIt ju fc^affen. oi^ er fanb ba itid)t tua er fudjte. S)er jiutge Martin rt)ar Imtm ein i)atbe Sa^r att, at bie (SItern (Si(e6en 10 uerliefjen, nnb nac^ bem 5 (Stnnben entfernten tablemen Manfetb gogen, ba bie Slrbeit in ben bortigen SSergtuerfen einen befferen So^n fcertjiefs. 5I6er aud^ fjier mu^te bie gamitie erft mit bitterer fcnnt Icim^fen. Mit ebet nnb ottuertrauen .;nb toon feiner frommen nnb tndjtigen an= 75 frau unterftiiijt, arbeitete inbe an Sutler riiftig fort nnb ber err fegnete f einen Steifc, fo bag er roei S^uer (@rf;met5* ofen nnb djjmiebe) erluerBen lonnte, nm feiner He^d^affen* ^eit U)itlen anc^ balb in ben 9tat ber @tabt erlt)d!tt iuurbe. 3Son feinem rtJo^leriuorbenen nt macfjte er ben beften e= 20 bran^, ta, toemt er eine freie (Stnnbe fyatte, in guten SBiic^ern, G-l THE STORY OF LUTHER. 65 tub audfj ofterS bie etftltc^cn unb djutteljrer be Drte3 an feinen ifdj, fo bag ber fteine SKarttn fdfjott frttf) tnaurfjeS gute SBort gu tjb'ren be!am. Oft fniete ber SSater Dor bem SBette be inbe unb betete laut unb inbriinftig, bag fein @ofm ben tauten be >errn int ebadjtnis beljatten unb gur (u* 5 breitung ber gottlidjen SBa^r^ett it)tr!fam fein moc^te. >iefe Daterlid;e ebet tft ^errtic^ erfjort tDorben ! 2)er SSater frfn'cfte fein @o()ntein fritt) in bte (Sdutte, unb bet fcf)tec^tem SBetter nai)m er e aud^ tool]! fetber attf bie Slrnte, um e ^tn^utragen. S)te 3 u <^t in bantaliger 3^it n)ar Io fefyr ftreng. 3^ auje tt)te in ber cfyute tuurben bie inber i)a'uftg ntit 9ftuten geftric^en unb oft ubernta'Btg. @etn Se^rer pritgette ben t)iettetd)t etn)a ungeftiimen naben einft 15 mat an einem SSormtttage unb fetbft bte Gutter M;ttgtc i^n cinmat njegen enter afetnuj3 fo !f)art, baft 23utt ftojj. 15 Xurc^ fotdje (Strenge toarb be ^inbe einitt eingefdn'id)* tert. oc!^ ternte Martin flei|3tg bte ^apttet be ^ated^tgntuS, bte jeljtt ebote, ba SBaterunfer, bie c^riftlic^en efdttge unb bie tateinifdje rammattf. Slt er 14 Sflfyre ott geiDorben fear, fanbte ifyn ber SSater * nad^ Sftagbeburg gu ben gran^i^fanern in bie @dntle. 5)a tjatte ber .Vtnabe eine fc^toere Seljr^eit. greunbe unb (Conner / tjatte er ntrf)t, feiner troftete itjn r unb Dor feinen ftrengen Severn jttterte er. Xabet mufete er burrf) @tngen Dor ben Xt)uren ber tuoljlfyabenben S3iirger fic^ ba tdgtid^e SBrot *s Derbtenen. lt bie ttern Don ber ^ot ire (5o^ne prten, fc^icften fie tfin frfjon int fotgeuben ^afy nac^ ifettacfj auf bie (Sc^ute ; in biefcr Stabt fatten fie SSernjanbte unb fie tjofften, bag it)r Martin bort eine tii^e fdnbe. 2)od^ biefe SSeriuanbten, 30 fetbft arm, fonnten i^m gar !eine Unterftii|ung bieteu, unb 66 THE STORY OF LUTHER. fo mufjte ber junge Sutljer mcmcfyeit 2lbenb fyungrig gu 33ette gefyen. (ine age aber, ba er im er i^n fo fefjultcf) nerlangte. SBatjrenb feine 25 tDurben iljnt bie atlerbrilcfeubften ejc^nfte anfgebiirbet @?r THE STORY OF LUTHER. 67 mujjjte bie ird)e onSfegen, bte Striken anf= iinb giifdjtiefien, bie urmu)r auf^iefjen, bte Unretnigfeiten be Iofter au3= tragen, ja fogar mit bem 23ette(|"ade in (Srfurt nmtjernmnbern. $)a mar iljm urn fo empftnbM)er, ba jebermann ben 9ftagifter famtte unb itidjt feften bie Sente mit $ingern ouf if)n geigten. 5 S(ber Sutler ertrug alle in 2)emut unb $nrd)t otte. . . . 3m 3af)re 1502 fjatte ber ^nrfurft bon ac^ien, ^rtebric^ ber SSeije, in feiner Sftefiben^ SBittenberg eine Uniuerfitcit geftiftet; e fe^tte aber nod) ein tiid)tiger Setter ber ^fyilo* fop()ie ; nub ei* gab bem r. tanpi^ ben 5(nftrng r if)m 10 jemanb ba^n in SSorjdjtng gu bringen. liefer badjte gleic^ an Sutler nnb tnb ben 33ruber Martin ein, nad) SSittenberg 511 fomnten. )em ^merinitttgen 5D^anne moHte bn nidjt in ben (Sinn nnb er meinte, ba^u jet er nidjt getefjrt genng. 5lber 8taupi| liej? nic^t nn(^, nnb fo jog Sniper 1508 im 15 25. SaEjre feine TOer nad^ SSittenBerg nnb na^m feine SBo^nnng in ber 3efle Ptne SlngnfttiierflofterS, bie man nod) je|t ben DMfenben 3 ei 9t. S^nn joEte Sutler and) einmat ^rebigen; aBer ba^u luottte fic^ ber btobe 9Jlann gar ntd)t berfte^en. ,,err Softer/' jagte er jn @tanpi bringt mid) nm mein Seben; id) raerbe e nid)t ein ja{)r treiben." 5)od) (Staii^i^ brang burd), nnb fte^e! gteid) bie erfte ^rebigt mac^te geroaltige Stnfje^en, benn Sutler ^rebigte etnfad) nnb frdftig im eifte ber ^eiltgen djrift, nnb )ua er fagte, ba fam it)m an bem ^erjen. S)a ntadjte 25 man ifm gum s ^rebiger an ber Unifcerfita'tSftrdje, bie nun Don anbdc^tigen gnljorern jeben onntag uBerfiittt tuar. 23alb barauf im 3al)re 1510 lunrbe er in S 21ngelegen()eiten feine Orben benn anc^ aU ^rofeffor mar er 3lnguftiner= mond) gebtieben nad) ?Rotn gefc^idt. ier (ernte er in ber 30 9?alje bie SSerborbeui)eit ber fatfyotifdjen eifttic^feit fennen, 68 THE STORY OF LUTHER. itub d'rgerte fid) befonberS iiber belt grofcen Seidjtfimt mit toe(d)em bie ^riefter beu ottebienft fcerridjteten. aum toar er t>on fetner 9ietfe priicfgefefyrt, fo erljiett er bie befonbere Slu^etdjimng, 511111 Softer ber fjeotogte er= 5 nanitt 511 lucrben. S)er fturfiirft fjatte tljn eintnat prebigen gefyort unb ttwr fo fetjr burdj ifyn erbaut tuorben, ba^ er fetbft bie Soften 311 feiner 3Intter!)oI)nng fjeugalj. Dlun U)ar be @tubieren lein @ube, beitu er luoHtc fetner neuen SBiirbe auc^ @f)re tnarfjctt, unb fuc^te ntit entfigem $teige ba nadi^u* 10 ^oten, um er in feiner 3itg^nb nid^t !)atte ternen fonnen. (in SBorfatt gab inbe feinem eiftc ^toyic^ etne ganj neue 9lid)tung. (Sin )ominifaner 9)lon(^, name 8o^ann Xejel, reifte bamal^ in gan^ 5)entfc^(anb permit, 5lb(af35ettet n Derfaufen, itnb !am bi 3ii ter ^9t bm Sfteilen Don 15 berg. S)ie ^irc^e t)at f^on feit ten dtteften geiten ba geiibt, ben ^rifteu fiir if)re (Siinben eine S3itf3e anfgittegen, and^, toenn fie fic renig unb bufsfertig jeigteit, it)nen bie trafe abjiifitr^eu. S)arau entftanb aber int ^8olfe ber 5lbergtanbe, bie ^riefter lonnten bie iinben bergeben unb 20 ben (Siinber toon ber etoigen Strafe, Don ben Seiben im gegefeuer Ioiprec^en. @o(c^e benu^ten bie ^a'pfte unb fdjicften 5lbta^t)er!aufer in Sanb, bie fiir elb ben Seuten Slbta^^ettet tocrfauftcit, bie ben Seuten fe{)r toiltfomnten iuaren, ba fie fid) nun tuegen itjrer iiitben beru'Ejigt fii^Iten. SSer 25 5. S3. bie GrrlaubniS fyaben tuottte, in ber gaften3eit Gutter unb ^a'fe u effen, ber faufte fid) fiir etnen rofdjen fotd^ einen Qettel. S)amat foar Seo X. $apft, ein Dergnugnngyjudjtiger, ))rad)tltebenber SD^ann, ber Diet etb braudjte. SBefonberg 30 erforberte ber 93an ber ^eterfirc^e ungeljeure (Mbfiunmen, unb unt biefe 511 erfjatteu, lunrbe ein atlgenteiner 3(b(a6 THE STORY OF LUTHER. 69 gefdjrieben. Unter ben TOagberMufern, bie in S)entfd)(anb nmfyeqogen, roar aber fetner nnt>erfd)dmter, al eben jener Se^el, etn ntd)turiirbiger 3ftenfrf), ben ba erbitterte SSolf frfjon einntat Ijatte ertrdnfen tooHen. $iefer fefcte jefct eine 9J^enge Don Slbtafeettetn ab. SSenn er nad) einer @tabt s fain, fo fyiett er immer etneu feiertidjen tn^ug, bamit ba 5SoIf redjt jujammentaufcu fottte. ie pdpfttidje SButte, n)ortn ber 5lbIaB t)er!itnbtgt tuar, iourbe cmf etnen fanimetnen ^iffen Dorangetragen ; bie ^riefter unb 9Jlonce, ber 2ftagtftrat unb bte 8d)ulen gogen im nut Bergen unb ga^nen entgegen nnb 10 gotten 11)11 etn ; alle @(oden ttinteten, man begteitete i^u in bie fHrdje, iuo er be $npfte ^anier, ntit einem roten reue ge^iert, aufrtdjtete, nnb nnn begann ber anbet. @r tjatte gtnet S'afteu bci fid) ; iit bent einen toaren bie 3ettet, in betn anbern ba e(b, nnb er ^ffegte luot)( n rnfen : /; 6obatb ba etb 15 im ^aften fftngt, bie 8ee(e au bent gegefeuer in ben 4)tmntet fpringt ! " (S tuaren StblaBbriefe fitr aEe SSevgetjen 511 Ijaben, fitr Xicbfta^t, 9Jieineib, elualttljat 2)lorb. 3n Suterbog! luarb aber Xe^et mit eigeuer SO^nnge Beja^It. @in fitter ntetbete \\d), ber einen 5Ib(a bege^rte, n;ett er jentanb anf ber 20 ^anbftrage gn berauben Dorljabe ; benn man fonnte and^ fiir iiubcn, bie erft in ber gufunft begmtgen iuerben fofiten, einen 5lb(afeettet erfjaften. ,,@t/' fagte Xe^et, ,,foldjen Settet mugt bu tetter be ( ^al)Ien 1 ;/ Xer ^rei tonrbe tfjm gern gejat)It ; nnb ber 3lb(aB!rdmer fuf)r mit feinem fd)raeren (Mbfaften ab. 25 5l( Xeel in einen SSatb !ommt, fpreugt ptotjtid) etn fitter mit mefjreren ned)ten auf i^n ein, !)d'It ben SBBagcu an nnb , nimmt ben Gotten etbfaften in SBefifc. Xe^et Derflnd^t ben Slcinber, bodj biejer geigt itjtn Iddjetnb ben 5IbIafeehet mit ben Shorten : ^ennft bit mid^ nidjt me()r ? " 2)er teere aften 3 iuirb noc^ anf bent 3ftatt)anfe n Siiterbogl 70 THE STORY OF LUTHER. 5)er mnbet mit biefen 2tb(aggetteln madjte bie Seute ganj gerciffenfoS, bettn fie mugten am @nbe gtanben, eine (Siinbe Ijabe nid)t Diet -ju bebeuten, ba man fie mit etnigen (Srofrfjett, f)od)ften mit einigen Xfjateru lofen lonntc. Unb Xt^l leijrtc 5 gerabe^u, ber TOag fei bie fjodjfte imb after to ertefte abe otte. a Slbtdftfreuj mit be $apfte SBappen bcrmogc cben fo Diet ate G^rtftt ^reug, raie benn aiic^ unfer eilaub bem ^apfte aHe Stftadjt iibergeben fjabe. Xa mar e benn fein SBiutber, bag ba nnmiffenbe SSoII bem Xegel nadjlief. 10 5(6er SuttjerS frommeS cmiit em^orte firf) ob folder SBetrii* gerei ; er fing an 511 prebigen nnb ^n leijren gegen ben Unfng. eine ^rebtgten regten mcic^tig ba SSot! auf nnb ber gubrang raar nm fo grower, je !ii^ner nnb nngetDofynticfyer fie luaren. @^ !am ba manc^e ^nr @prad)e, iua jeber rec^tfdjaffene 15 Shrift jrf)ou fetbft gebadjt, aber nnr ntc^t angm"prec^en geiuagt iiatte. Slber bamit tuar ber fenrige Xoltor nod) nidjt pfrteben. @r feeing am 31. Ottober 1517 einen grofjen S3ogen an bie Xpr ber @d)(oJ3fird)e n SSittenberg, anf mefdjen er 95 @d^e (theses) gefdjrieben ^atte, bie er gegen jebermann munbtic^ 20 unb fdjrifttid^ berteibigen mottte. @ roar befonber^ anf Xe^etn abgefe^en, aber ber ptete fid) loo^l, nac^ SSittenberg ju fommen unb mit bem Softer Sutler gn bi^utieren. @r madjte, bag er an ber (Segenb oon 2Bittenberg forrtam nnb tieg fid) bort nic^t roeiter fefyen. 2)agegen it)urben Sutf)er @d|e mit SBegierbe 25 OOH jebermann getefen. 3n dteten tanfenb Slbbriideit ftogen fie fcfyneK bnrc^ entjd)Ianb, fo bag man binnen t)ier SBodjen fie fc^on iiberaH fannte. Unb allerorten fprac^ man oon bem mntigen 9Jlond;e aii SSittenberg nnb toa nnr nod^ an ber @a(^e roerben moc^te. Sin bie groge ^irc^enfpattnng bad)te 30 nod) feiner. 33efonber roaren bie ^otninitaner, ol)ne^in ben Kuguftiner* THE STORY OF LUTHER. 71 mondjen nidjt freunb(id) geftmtt, bofe cmf Sutler, benn jener Drben fiifyrte ba eintrdgtidje (Sefdjaft be 2l&Iafjprebigett. Sit ^rebtgten unb @djrtften gogen fie nut iuittettben djmaf)* reben gegen bie f)efe (08, fdjalten ben SBerfaffer ofyne 28eitere einen eer unb nafynten babei bie SQBenbuitg, bag ein 2Ingriff 5 anf ben 5(6Iag aud^ ein Slngriff anf ben $apft nnb bie fjeilige ^ird)e felber fet. Sutler aber entmidette feine Sefyren auf einer SSerfatnmtuttg ber SCugufttnermdndje in ^eibelberg, gab etne vlla'rung unb SSerteibigung fetner X()ei"e I)eran unb iiberfdjicfte fie bent $apfte mit ber SBtttc nut eine ntfdjeibung, 10 in ber er bie @thmne S^rifti gu tjerne^nteu tjoffte. citte nun Seo X. ben 5lbtag ober iuenigften^ bie argerlidjften Mipra'udje berfetben abbeftettt, fo ^citte u)of)t Sutler, bei fetner nod) fort* banernben Ijrfur^t gegen ben papftfidjeu tiil)t, gefd^rtjiegen. Slber Seo X. befatjl, Sutler fotte binnen 60 Xagen in 9ftom 15 erfdjeinen, nut fid) luegen feiner Sleben uub (Sc^riften u t>er* anttuorten. ier tudre e il)in iibel ergangen, aber glMHdjer* nieije ging er uic^t fyin. 2)er Shirfiirft griebrid; ber SSeife f)atte it)n fd^on banta( tuegen feiner gtfimutigfeii fo Heb ge* iDonnen, bag er erftdrte, er toerbe nid)t gugeben, bag man ben 20 Softer Sutler nad) ^Rom fc^Ieppe. @r bradjte e ba^in, bag Seo feinent efanbten, bent ^arbinat ^ajetan, SBefet)t gab, Sniljern in 5lugburg gu tierfjoren. al)in reifte and) biefer ab, unb tt)ar u ?^uge, uom urfiirften ntit 9fieifegelb unb (mpiei)(ungbriefen an einige oorne^me 9lat[jerreu uerfeljen. 25 Xer ^arbinal empfiitg ifyn freunblid), forberte aber ftreng, er fotte feiue grrtiimer loieberrufen, fidj fiinftig berfelben euttjalten, unb in often (Stiiden fic^ bent ^apfte getjorfam betueifen. Unerfdjroden anttoortete Sutler, er fet fid^ feiner ^rrtiimer Betoiigt, unb uerteibigte, h?a er ge(el)rt ijatte, mit (^riftlic^em 3 o SRut. od) uerfprad) re $it id)iueiaen. tucnit nitdi fcinen 72 THE STORY OF LUTHER. egnern (StiEfdjtoetgen auferlegt toerbe. Xantit toar aber ber arbinal iefjr ungufrieben; er fjief? it)n gefyen unb nidjt tmeberfontmen, toenn er nidjt nad)geben tootle. 5)a berliejj Sutler auf SRat unb mit 33etf)ittfe jeiner greunbe fdjnett unb 5 tjetntlid) bte @tabt 2(ugburg, unb !ant nac^ 1 1 Xagen n)ieber in SKtttenberg an. 3)od) ut)or ^atte er noc^ in egentoart me^rerer 3^ugen t)on bent iiBetberi^teten ^a^jft an ben beffer gu beric^tenben appelliert, unb bie)"e SBerufung ntd)t nur an ben S)mn u 3lugburg ange|d^Iagen, fonbern and) bent 10 arbtnal iiberfc^tden laffen. Xagegen t)ertangte ber ^arbinat, ber Shtrfurft t)on ad^fen fot(e nun Sutfjern nad^ Sflom jdjiden, imb ber ^pa^ft befta'tigte bte TOajsprebigten unb erllarte Sutler fiir einen ^e|er. (Sr ^atte an ajetan geic^rieben: fo bit fetu mac^tig toirft, tuotteft bit i^n ja too^I nub getuife is Derumljreu taffen, bi fo tange bu t)on un ftjettere SBefeljte er^attft, aitf bag er tior un geftellt n^erbe. SSo er in fetner alftarrig?ett Be^arrt, nub bu fetuer nic^t fannft nta'djttg iuerben, fo geben li)tr btr gtetc^e emalt unb 9)?ad)t, an aUen Drten eutfd^(anb t^n unb affe, jo iljm an^angen, fiir ^eijer, 20 SSerftud^te unb SBermatebette u ^ublt^ieren.'' S)iejc S^tebe trteb Sut^eru iuetter ; er appettierte t)on bent $apfte an elite attgemetne ^irc^enuerjammtung. 9l\m tjerjuc^te Seo X. Sitt^ern bitrc^ 3Jlitbe gu geiuinnen. @r itbertrug feinem ^ammerfjerrn ^art Don SJiilti^, etnent 25 betmann an bent ^eij^neridjen, bent ^urfiirfteu Don @adjen elite gotbeue Sftofe, al nabe^eid^en be $atofte, 511 uber= brtngen unb bet btejer etegen^eit bte @treitig!eiten mit Sutler in^itte bei^ulegen. SOlttti^ Hep Sutler it nac^ Sllteitburg fontmen, unb burdfy fetne 9Kitbe uub gvenubttdjfeit getang e i^nt aitc^, 30 bag er ben ^oftor ba^u beiuog, einen iiberau^ e^rerbtetigen JBrief an ben $apft ju j^retben unb bent pdpftti^en THE STORY OF LUTHER. unb ber romifdjen ird()e bie tieffte rgebentyeit oua briicfen. Slber nm SKittifc aufeubauen toerfudfjt Ijatte, gerftorte tmeber $r. Solemn (cf, $rofeffor ber X^eologie 511 Sngolftabt. Xiejer, em gelefjrter unb gettmnbter Sftann, aber audj Ijefttg $ unb ftolj, gtaubte meljr ate afle egner Sutlers au^urtc^ten ober biird^ bie getnfieit feiuer 5)iputierliinfte t^n nieberjdjtagen 511 !omten. @r forberte bafyer i^u unb anbere njittenbergi)c^e Xljeologen u einer offentlirfjen ^)iputatton nac Sei^gtg. Site Sutler mit einigen anbern ^rofefforen fic auf ben SSeg ntai^te, 10 begletteten fetnen SBagen an 200 tnbenten, bte mit ptefeen unb eHebarbeu nebenfjer lief en. ie guteu Seute toottten forgcn/ ba^ t^rem getiebten Server letn Seib gejd^c^en jottte. 3)te Sei^giger Xt^utation banerte me^rere SSorfjen ; e luavb aber mdjt entfdjteben, benn jebe Cartel fd^rieb fid^ ben teg 15 ju. SSo^t aber fii^lte fid^ nun Sutler angetrieben, ben Uriprnng ber ^apftmadjt nci^er u unterfud^en, urn bie fjettfofe Slnma^ung fo tneler $a>fte an Sic^t ju gteljen. @e!)r erbtttert retfte S)r. rf nac^ iRom ab unb ben;og ben ^a^ft, eine S3uUe gcgen Sut^ern gu erlaffen. gn biejer 93utte tourben 41 @ci|e 20 cm Sut{)er (Bc^rtften ate lejertid^ tjerbammt, ba SBerbrenueit btefer @df)riften anbefo^Ien, er felbft, toofcrn er binnen 60 Xagcu nic^t totberrufen luiirbe, mit bent SBaune bebro^t, unb aHen beutjc^en Dbrig!eiten aubefoljlen, i^n unb feme Slnpnger gefangen gu ne^men unb nac^ SRom 511 fenben. 3 ur S3efannt= 25 mac^ung unb SSoHgie^uitg btejer papftfiormittag 9 Ut)r, t)or ba (Sifter tlj or, begleitet Don einer SKeuge o!toreit unb (Stnbenten. ort iuar ein djeiter^anfen errtdjtet unb 15 ange^uubet, unb Sutler iuarf eigenljtinbig bie Sdjrtften iiber ba todpfttidje ^Redjt, bie nnber i^n ertaffene S3nEe unb anbere (Sdjriften feincr egner in SCHCV, iuobei er bie btblifc^en SBortc fpradj : 28eit bn ben elligen be errn betritbet l^aft, fo betriibe unb Der^efyre bic^ ba eluige geuer ! " S)amtt 20 it>ar ber entfdjeibenbe c^ritt getl)an, bnrd) luetdjen er fid) auf immer Don ber fatfyotijdjen ^irc^e trennte, an ber glomme be 6d)eiterl)anfen foUte fid) batb bie gadet etneS furdjtbaren 9teligionlriege ent^unben, ber unfer fdjb'ne^, Don ott ge* fegnete SSateiianb in eine (Sinobe Dertoanbelte. [Luther was now summoned before the Emperor Charles v. at Worms, and in 1521 he appeared there before the Diet of the Empire to answer the charges brought against him. His writings having been produced, he was asked whether he acknowledged them as his, and whether he would recant. To the former question he replied in the affirmative, and asked and obtained till the following day to reply to the latter. On his appearance the next day before the Emperor, Princes, and Prelate?, he was interrupted in his defence by one of the THE STORY OF LUTHER. 75 last mentioned, who requested him to state plainly, and without further parley, whether or not he was prepared to retract the charges of his opponents. To this categorical question he gave the following simple but decisive reply : ] benn SMferfidje 2Kojeftot, fur* unb furfttidje naben etne fdjlidjte, einfattige, ridjtige Slnttoort begefjren, fo nrifl id) eine geben, bte toeber Corner, nod) Qaljnt Ijoben foil, namtid) atfo : (3 fei benn, bag id) mil 3engntffen ber fyeitigen @d)rift, ober nut !(aren nnb fjeften riinbeu iiberhriefen iuerbe, jo lann s unb tutH ic ntd^t twberrnfen, melt e nic^t geraten ift, etitmS irjtber ba eiuiffen gn t^un. ier fte^c i^, tcfj lann nid^t anberg, ott etfe mir, SImen ! " 3Jltt bicfcit Irafttgen SSorten trot Snt^er ab ; ober er Ijatte nic^t uergeben gerebet. a frenbtg nnb mnttg abgetegte j o 93efenntm ber SBa^r!)ett ijatte i()in t)tele ^er^en, anc^ nnter ben giirften, gemonnen. S)er alte (Srirf), ^ergog Don ^8rann< fd))uetg, fouft ein grower geinb ber 9ieforntation fdjidte if)m etne fitberne ^anne bott tnbecfer S3ier, bag er fid) bantit erqutcfe. Sutler fragte ben 23oten, n)etd)er giirft jeiner fo in 15 Oimben gebcidjte, nnb ba er drte, bag e @rtd) fei nnb bag er fefbft border Don bent SBiere getrnnfen, fo fiird)tete er feine SSergtf tung, fonbern tron! be^)er5t barau unb fprad^ : 2Bie !f)ente ^er^og @rtd) nteiner gebadjt, atfo gebente fetner unfer err ^rtftuS in feinem (c^tcu ampfe." @rid^ tergag biejer 20 SSorte nic^t nnb ertnnerte fid) nod) berfetben auf feinem terbebette. 83efouDer ober I)atte fid) griebrid) ber SSetfc itber Sut^er gretmutiglett gefrent, nnb er d'ngerte noc^ ben= fetben Slbeub gegen @|jototiu : SRedjt fd;on l)at 2)oltor Martin gerebet Dor bent errn aifer unb atten giirften unb Stanben 25 be 9fteid) ; er ift mir nnr jn fyer^aft gemefen." einmat Derfnc^te mon, fiutljeru 511111 SSiberrnf 311 be^ 76 THE STORY OF LUTHER roegen ; after er antroortete : gft nteiite arfje nidfjt au ott, fo urirb fie ftalb nntergefyen ; ift fie after on ott, fo fount ir fie nidjt bampfenl" -iftnn erfyiett er bie @rtauftnt ab* gureifen iinb tjerlieg SBormS am 26. Sfyrtl ; benu aifer arl 5 fjtett tf)tn ba berfprodjene fidfjere e(eit, fo fefjr and? ber papfttidje efanbte ifjm ^urebete, eutem ^e|er ftraudje man lein 28ort 511 fatten. (r antmortete bem Segaten mit Seftig* !eit : %tf) mag nidjt erroten tote einft @igimunb 1 " ^)a gegen ranrbe Sutler in bie ^Heic^gad^t erftart. (S ^te^ in 10 bem S3ej(i)Iuffe, Sutler ^afte nid^t at Sftenfcfj, fonbern otS ber ftofe $einb in eftatt etne SKenfd^en mit angenommener SJlonc^sfutte t)ieler ^eufc^en lange 3^it Derftorgen geftlieftene, Derbammte eerei in elite fttnfenbe $fii^e gefammett iinb fetftft ettic^e ^e|ereten Don neuem erbad^t. 2)arum foKe t>om 15 14. 3Rai an niemanb biefen Sutler aufcn, t)ofen ; titjen, tranfen, nnb fetne 33iicf)er fofte niemanb faufen, t)er!anfen, lefen, ftefjatten, aftfcfiretften, brnden nnb aftfc^reiften unb brntfen laffen u. f. f. $)iefe ^Serorbnung tuurbe and) ba SBormfer Sbi!t genannt. 20 3^ ar fe^tte e bem atfer an 3^it nnb SO^ad^t, biefe (Sbtft in lufiirnng n ftrtngen, after bod^ lt)ar bie efafyr, in tt)e((f)e Sutler gertet, grojs nnb bringenb. [To obviate this danger the Elector Frederick the Wise had him seized when on his way to Eisenach and brought to the Wartburg, but his place of confinement was kept a profound secret, and his existence was only known by the writings he issued from time to time. Among these were a translation of the Bible, a new liturgy, and a collection of hymns to which he contributed both words and music. In 1524 he put aside his monk's cowl and married, and, turning his attention to the education of the people, introduced many improvements, and com- piled a catechism for their religious instruction. In 1529 Charles V. summoned a Diet at Spires in Bavaria, in which the quarrel between the Catholics and Lutherans was reopened, and the latter were granted THE STORY OF LUTHER. 77 free exercise of their religion, provided the reading of the mass was retained and all innovations renounced. Against this the Lutherans protested, and were henceforth termed 'Protestants'. In 1530 the Augsburg Confession, a statement of the protestant theses, was drawn up, but rejected by the Catholics. Nevertheless the new religion con- tinued to spread rapidly. Luther died in 1546 in Eisleben, his birth- place.] V. Joseph II. and his People. (From Geschichte Josephs des Zweiten, by A. J. GROSS-HoFFlNGER.) [On the death of Francis I. of Austria, Emperor of Germany and husband of Maria Theresa, in 1765 (see Introduction to Frederick the Great, Piece vii. foot-note), their son Joseph, then 24 years of age, became Emperor, though during the lifeiime of his mother, who died in 1780, he had very little real power in the empire. He was not in any sense a great ruler, but the reforms he introduced into his Austrian dominions were sufficient in themselves to hand down his name to posterity, if not as a prudent, yet as a beneficent guardian of his people. Some of these reforms are detailed in the following ex- tracts.] S)ie 3eit toon 1773 bi 1777 ift in bet ejdjid&te 3ofeplj nidjt befonberg reid) an Xfyaten, bemt 2)kria Xfyerefa fjatte fiir gut gefnnben, ben 2Btrfiuigfrei$ UjreS (So!)ne3 nidjt attube$tten. 3)emnngead)tet fanb biefer manege fdjoite e= 5 tegenljeit u gtuecfmciBigen Uittentef)mimgen r luetdje itjnt ben 33et[att ber 2lufge!(cirten ertuarben. SSaren fie aud) ntdjt fc^r n)ic^ttg fiir ba^ SBofyt unb bie roge be @taate ; fo eriuieieu fie fic^ bod) erfotgreid), iubem fie feinen rebit betm SSolfe, in^befonbere aber bet ben SBtenern tJenneJjrten. 28a iljre I0 3ufricbeuctt mtt 3ofep Deumeljrte, luar bie orgfatt, iueldje er an ben Xag tegte, bent SSiener s $ub(i!nm ftets neue S3e= qncmtid^leiten 511 ucrfcjaffen, bie OneKen be offenttic^en 3Ser= guilgcuS $n bcrme^reu unb 311 reinigen. 2ftan promenierte batb JOSEPH II. AND HIS PEOPLE. 79 nuf ber (ptanabe ^oifdjen fdjouen Meen, too man fritter in (SdjinuJ nub @rf)famm Oerjanf, mtb in ber atten gaoorite ober bem Slngarten, ber am 30. Slprtt 1775 bem gefamten S 4?nbftfum eroffnet nnb imnier oerfd)5nert tonrbe. ( toar bicfer beniljmte arten eljebem bfofc etne Stemife fiir bte s faifertidjeu gagb^iige nnb guljrtoerte, loo anf gofep^g 33efet)t atte arten!nnfte erjcfjopft lonrben, inn ben SStenern einen na^en pa^iergang 511 oerfc^affen. (Seinen (Stngang aierte bte diaraftertftijc^e Uberic^rift : 5Iden SO^enfdjen geioibmeter S3e(nftignngort oon tfjrem rfja^er." (eic^erioetie tonrbe 10 ber prater geoffnet, ber bigger nnr brei Donate im galjre nnb nur fiir ijerrfd^afttic^e qnipagen often fianb. @d)aren= loetfe ftrornten bte frozen Oiiuoo^ner ber auptftabt {jierfjer, unb 2Bten fa^ jum erften 9Jla(e aHe tdnbe an einem gemein* fdjafttic^en llnter^attmtgort oerfantmett. Slttein ein Xeit be is SStener 3(bel beffagte fid& bitter iiber bieie SSerle^mtg iEjrer ftididjioeigenben ^rioilegten. 2)ie fettfamfte Deputation feit bem SSerfad oon Slbbera begab fid) gu bem 9}lonarc^en nnb bat ifyn ben Slugarten unb prater fiir ben ^obel 511 jdjliefcen nnb nnr ^erjoueu oon fyofyer eburt ^nm ennB ber freieu 2 Suft an biefen Orten ju^ntaffen. 5lttetn gur grogen $reube ber SSiener bi'trgertidien SanaiHe " gab ber Slaifer fotgenben Sefdjeib : ,,2Benn id) immer nnter metne leidjen fein tooflte, ia ntitBte id) gn ben e^riuitrbigen ^. ^apn^tnern in bie !aifer= Udje ruft fteigen nnb barin meine Xage ^ubringen. 3>d) tiebe ^ bte 3Henjd)en ofyne (5infdrdn!nng unb nur ber fjat einen SSor^ug Oor auberen bei mir r ber gut benlt nnb efjrttd) Ijaubelt, aber nic^t ber, ioefctyer !ein anbere SSerbienft anf* ioeifen faun, at bag er gitrfteu feine SlEjnCjerreu nennt." 3ofepf) forgte jebod) nic^t fiir ba SSergnitgen feiner llnter= 30 tljanen, otjue ^ugletd) auf bte SSerbcfferung be So JOSEPH II. AND HIS PEOPLE. ber (Sitten unb bee pradje 9liicf|td)t ju nefjmen, Utelmetyr tear bte (ciu ganptangeimterf. $)er t>on jebem guten Ofterreidjer gejegnete gfretljerr 3l- & on oiwettfelS arbettete im etfte uub auf 2lnorbnnng 3J e PP f ur erftettung Der bentfdjen s djaubiiljne unb Unterbrndnng ber afbernen $8otffpetta!et mil bent anh)itrft. Sm 3 a ^ re 1774 inar ba SMrntfyer= X^or^eater (Opcrn^au) au fetnem (Sdjutte U)ieber er[tiegen unb ba SBurgtljcater bitrc bte tiebenbe ^Pftege 3ojep elite ^attonatbitljiie. 8l" e V5 ltn ^ @onnenfet finb bemnac al bte 10 riinber btejer beriifjmten, in $)entjrf)tanb etn^tgen 5lnfta(t 511 betrad^ten, iuo man nicf)t bem 5lftergej(^macfe ber $tit, ben befoubereu ^etgnngen be ^ubtitumS fro^nt, nnb in ben nn= enttueUjten Xempetn X()atien nnr ber nnbeflecften flafftfdjen SKufe ben 3tritt geftaltet. Xabnrc^, baB 3ofep ba beut{d;e 15 Xfjeater fiir etgene ^Recljnnng iibenta^m, njnrbe ba(e(be nnab= ^cingig uon ber groJ3ten ^etnbin be gnten eu^ntac!, ber Sftobe, nnb nur babitrc^ erfyiett e fetnen nnbeflecften ^Riitjin bt anf Die nenefte 3dt. Um bie innere SSernjattnng erUJarb ftdj 3 i e ^5 in btefem 20 3 e i* raume eiutge nirf)t nnbebeutenbe SSevbleufte. etneu @i* fal)rnngen anf ^etfen fjatte man e gn Derbanfen, ba}3 eine ftrenge 58erorbnung gegen bte 3i9 eu ^er ergtng, tuetdje Diete egenben ber 9Jlonarc^ie bnr^ ^dnbereien nnb Xtcbfta'ljle unftdjer marten unb in Ijetmatfofen erben ba 5Retd) Dun 25 etnem bi jnm anbern @nbe burc^^ogen. @ie fatten ifjve befonbere iebfprac^e ; fttdfc^iDeigenbe efe^e nnb ebraudje unb marten ben ^Ibergtattben, bte gurrf^t nnb bte 5l(bernl)eit ber Sanblente gu ifjven ergtebigften (Srnjerbqnetten. 3^ r ^ SScrme^rung tierantagte bie grofjten S3ejorgnifje, nnb bte c- 30 fa^r mar um fo grofeer, ba man ben iiberatt 3^'ftveuten in 9Jlaffe beifommen foitute. ^aifer 3o)epl) tieg ben JOSEPH II. AND HIS PEOPLE. 81 )eimattofen iftre SHnber toegnefjmen, tiefj btefe auf @taat!often ergiefyen unb fcerbot tfjren ttern, intter $Inbrol)img ber ftreng* ften trafen, in getten 511 tooljtien. (r gab iljuen 2BoitpIafce unb Scfer gu bebauen nnb ntadjte fo au lanbegefctf)rlid)en SBagabimben nnb SBegetagerern niifcltdje Untert^nnen. 5 3m Sa^re 1776 (am 1. Snnnar) gclang e ben fufefattigen SBitten be ofrat @onncnfet, SJlaria Xfjerefa gur Slbfcfjaf* fung ber Xortnr gu beiuegen. @r I)at fic boburd; em nnfterb- tid^eS SSerbtenft urn bie 9^en[cl)l)ett ernjorben, nnb ber rii^renbe Content, too er mit Straiten im 5luge auf ben 10 ^nieen gu ben giifeen fetner giirftin lag, berbteut in ber e= frf)id)te )fterretcf) geiui^ emeu ber erften Ijrenplajje. Sofe^I) II. ot feinen Slntetl an biejem SSerbteuftc. gtoeite Slbfd^nitt ber pottaettidjen SSerorbnungen in ben |ofej>l)tntfdj>en efe^buc^em begtmtt mtt gtuecfmagigen SSor* 15 fc^riften ^tnftc^tlt^ ber Siidjtlmge, iiber it;re STit^tantoenbbar* leit 511 SKititfirbienpen, bie 2lrt unb SBetfe i^rer SBefc^afttgimg bet aUgemein nu|tic^en unb offentttc^en SIrbetten, unb entfjdlt folgenbc 33efc^reibung ber trafe be d^iffjie^cnS, gu toelc^er SSernrteitte toertoenbet tourben : 20 ,, 5)te fc^redttcfie Strafe ber gum <5d)tffgtef)en t>erurtetlten SJliffet^ater !ann fic^ fetn 9Kenfc^ tjorfteffen, ber fie nic^t ent= toeber felbft gefe^en ober eine too^r^afte Sefd^reibung babon geljort at. ie border in bem Slrreft ouSgentergeltcn unb tion unger augegei)rten SBerbrec^er toerben gum Sdjiffgietyen 25 abgegeben, too fie atfo augef^anut toerben, bag fie in ber SReifye burc SD^orcifte unb Staffer iiber ben fjatben Setb unb bi an ben al bnri^toaten, gugtetd; gte^en miiffen. (Stofjt einem unb bem anbern eine Sftattigfett unb 6^)tva(^e gu, ba^ er baran F 82 JOSEPH II. AND HIS PEOPLE. ftirbt, luirb er au3gefcf)foffen uub etngegraben ober in ba on ben ben 14. Dftober jinn djiff^nge abgegebenen 46 3w^^" l 9 en 4 ^rante in 10 @5egebin berbtieben, 29 ^opfe fefjr fdiiuac^, bann 26 aflbort eingeriicft unb 20 bation t)erftorben ftnb/ ; @ine ber grofUen SSerbtenfte S"iepl) tear feine (Sorgfatt fiir ba ^trmeniuefen, ba in ber 9)Zonard)ie einer njejcnttidjen Untgeftattnng briugenb beburfte, ba bie bi()ertge Slrnten^flege 15 meift nnr jnfaHig nnb rege((o anSgeiibt unirbe ; ein Ubel, ba einerieitS mittiuifiigen Setllern nnb arbeitSnntuftigen Saga* bnnben SSorfcub letftete, auberjeitS Unglitd(id)e t)itf(oS fennt ben Suffrmt) ber ofpttciter nnb SevfovgmtgS* 20 anftatten im ac^t^etjnten S^Wunbcrt tei( bnrd) Xrabition, tetl bnrc!) uort)anbeite d^riftcn. gaft in bem gan^cn ge= fitteten (Snropa toar eine abe nnb SSerpflegnng pour I'amour cle Dieu fiir ben S^otbiirftigen nnb l^raiifen, ber fie an^nnc^men ge^unngen umr, ba fidjerfte S^idjeit, bag er an 25 ber anBerften reitje menfrfjltd^en ((enb angelangt fei. git gan^ S)eutfd)tanb luar bie (S^itatfu^^e /; atS bie bitnnfte befannt, unb bie SSerpflegung in offentlidjen ^ranfen= ^anfern U)ar nic^t ntinber ein egenftaitb be 8d)reden, al ber fdjiuere Verier. Xie baljin ebradjten galten in^geincin 30 fiir uerfoveu fiir bie menfdjlidje eiellfc^aft. ier ntad)ten jnnge, unerfa^rene Srjte itjre erften ^unftproben an ben JOSEPH II. AND HIS PEOPLE. 83 franfeu Slrmen, uub bie fdjauberljafteften ^erimente ttmrbeu on foldjeit Unglucfltdjen ntdjt fetteu ^loangStDetfe fcorgeuomnten. Unreinttdjteit uub Uuorbuung bradjten regetmdjsige pita!* feudjeu " fyeruor, toetdje oft iu tueuig agen bie uugtMidje 93et>i)Iferuug ber of}ritd(er bafyiu rafften. 3n eugeu uuge= s fintben ^iciiimeu luurbcu ^ter raufe Dou alleu 33efd)affeut)etteu giifainmeugeidjid)tet uub ttadj etuer ottgemetneu ^orm 6e= tjattbelt. ^\\ beit 3rreu{)dufern fjerrjdjte DoHfoiitntene e= faugutSorbitmtg ; bie franfeu tmtrbeit gletd) SSerbvedjent Mjaubett, baijer and) ber bautal fo betiebte ebraud), gertiiffe 10 SBerbredjer ^ter mit beu SBa^uftuuigeit etnjuf^crren. ic 3tt)augjade, bie eutje^ndjfteu 2ftif$aubfuugeu, gafteu bei Staffer uub S3rot unb @ut^iel)uug ber uotig[tcit Sequeutlit^feit, ba Joareu bie gelt)5t)ulid)eu >ei(mittet, loomit utau @eifte* fraufe befyaitbette. 15 3U8 3)lufter fiir bie fdmtlidjeu rbftaateu luurbe ba jaupt= f^jttat in SBieu ueu erridjtet uub bie bamit Derbuubeueu 2lrt* flatten Don bem ^atfer au eigeneu 9)litteln orgauifiert. 2)ieje 2uftitut ift etue ber jcpufteu 2)enfmciler, luetc^e 3ofep^ lu'utertnffeu, juv SBerljerrltdjuug feinc 9^amen ; feiue t>or= 20 trefftidje (Siuridjtuug !ounte uidjt uur beu ^rooiu^eu, foubern gmi3 (Suro^a ^um ^Sorbilbe bieueu. 23ei feiuer (Srdd)tuug bcnufete Sofcp atle feiue auf ^Reifeu gefammetteu rfafyritugeu uub fud^te bie auffaSeubfteu SSorgitge etngelncr utiifter^after 5luftntteu be 5(nIaube iu etue @efamt!)eit gu fcereiuigen, 25 bie git ifjrer fy'it itjre^gtetc^eu uidjt ^atte. SJlit ber grofjten SSott!ommeuI)eit uereiuigte biefe 5-tuftaIt auc^ etue faft uugtaub* Iid)e SSerriugeruug ber Soften offeuttid)er SSol)Itt)dtigfett ^m UuiueriaII)ofpitat in SSten loftete bie jd^ilic^e Uuter^attuug ber ^raufen uid)t mefjr at 50,000 ulbett, it)ontit ade ge 30 teiftet umrbe, iua ber SBeftimmung ber ^luftatt gemd geleiftet 84 JOSEPH II. AND HIS PEOPLE. toerben foflte. Wtin biefe rtyarniffe fdjeinen u getoefen gu fein, iinb in ber ^otge imtrbe bem ^atfer tttrfjt ofjne runb gum SSoritJurf gemadjt, bag er mdjt, ftatt etne Uni= beffer organtjierte !(eme ^itciter emdjtet VI. The Battle of Sempach. (From Die Geschichte schiveizerischer Eidgenossenschaft, by J. VON MULLER.) [Switzerland, or Helvetia, as it was then called, was in the thirteenth century a dependency of the German empire, and was under the dominion of SRetcfyCttogte or governors, who exercised a tyrannical rule over the inhabitants. Later on the southern part of the country came into the possession of the dukes of Savoy, while in 1264 Rudolf of Habsburg acquired a large inheritance in the northern portions of the territory. The latter acted as protector, responsible to the empire only, over the three cantons of Schwytz, Uri, and Unterwalden, the SSalDflcittC or Forest Cantons as they were called. In 1273 Rudolf was elected German Emperor, and, driving out of his dominions Ottokar, King of Bohemia, Moravia and Austria, took possession of the latter territory, his sons being styled Dukes of Austria, and the Habsburgs soon after sought to bring these cantons under the supremacy of the Austrian dominions. This high-handed measure was however vigorously opposed by the three cantons ; Albrecht, son of Rudolf, was murdered, and his brother Leopold defeated at Morgarten in 1315. The cantons were joined by the Austrian town of Lucerne and formed a confederacy ((Sttgenoffenfcfydft) which was soon after joined by other places. Duke Leopold, the second of that name, mentioned in the following extract, was the grandson of Albrecht. He marched against the Swiss in 1386, and opposed them in the battle of Sempach.] er^og Sftarfjt 509 ficlj gufantmen bet SBaben tm 9largau, am gteidjett Drt, too fcor em imb fie&aig Safjren ba eer, toetcfi.eS ben @trett bet SOlorgarten tfjat 2tt ber ergog Ijorte, ftrie ftarl ber $ern ber (Sibgenoffen mtt alien 33iirgent 86 THE BATTLE OF SEMPACH. 3urtdj DeriDaljrte, befdjfofc er in bem &riegrat fotgenben $tan : )er etoa{tf)an[en be eer Don Dfterretd) foil uuter bem oberften SBefeljl be gretfjerrn 3ofjanne3 Don SBonftetten um SBrugf im 2largau Sager nefjnten, 311 nafye bet 3Mrf), a( 5 bajs bie tabt oljne gurdjjt fetn biirfte, imb Dor flberfaffen fitter burrf) bte 5(are unb 9ftit; er, ber giivft t)on Oiterreicl), bie erren, bte fitter unb ifjre ^nec^te njoHen ba Sanb fyinanf gte^en, loo ^targau, gn^ar faft nnmerltid) unb in ntd^tgen iigetn, ftd^ er^ebt ; e ge^teme bafe be Sanbeg err 10 bie 9tebeHen gn Sentpac^ ftrafe nnb {)ieranf au bem 3ftoten= burger 5lmt, lt)e(c^e bttrcf) bie nngerecfjte eiuatt if)in entrtffen toorben, bte @tabt Snaern, bie SSormauer ber SSatbftcitte, burclj liberrafcfinng einne^me, e^e bie 3Jlannfd)aft fid) getraue, Siiric^ 311 tjertaffen, unbertoa^rt toiber 93onftetten." ^ie ib^enoffen, 15 fobalb fie ben SlufbrucE) beg giirftcn Dernommen, luaien burd) bie ^enntntg, njetc^e fie Don feiner emiit3art fatten, anf einmat jtDeier 2)inge geiuig : erfttid), bag ba ^itljitfte unb rogte an bem Drt IDO er felber ^tn^iefje, unb nic^t oljite ifjn gejcfyefyen luerbe ; jwettenS, ba^ feine t)ortei(f>afte SSaffent^at, fo 20 (ang nic^t Seopotb fetber gefcfjtagen toerbe, ba litcf biefe ^riege entfdjetben lonne. arum fasten fie fotgenben 8d)UiB : ie 3u"rd)er, ^u beren Setagerung bem >errn Don SBonftetten and) ber notige 3 eu 9 f e ^ e ' fotten auf jebe fdjnette Sift Don feiner @ette luac^fam unb geritftet fein. 5)ie eibge= 25 nojfifc^e 93efa|ung foU atfobatb an^ieljen, iiber bie $uJ3, burc^ bo 9lotenburger Slmt, in Ober^Iargau, na^ entDad). S)tc 3uger unb (arner foden i^rer Sanbmarten mo^t niarten: biefe tvegen bem aufe 9Jiontfort, iuegcn aftern, SRapper* fdjiutit unb efeter ; bie 3itger, anf bag nid^t Sonftetten fd)itett 30 ba 9Hi^tf)at ^erauf, u attgemeiner SSermirrung Otabt unb tot p(o^tid) nbenuattige. 3)ie itbdgeu foffen tDtber ben THE BATTLE OF SEMPACH. 87 fteljen, obfd)on toenige toiber bie ntetjreren, nttt ott fiir ba Sattb.'' 5l(jo bradjen biefe cwf ; u Siiridj tourben bie Xiirme unb Sftauent bemadjt fcon ben 23iirgern. SDie ibgenoffen tljaten iljreit 3ng nut ununterbrodjener ilfertigleU ; triefe Don 3 11 9 5 uub laru, triele Dom (Sntttbuc^ unb an ben ^orfern, too fie bitrcfijogeu, ba fie bie djtoet^er totber ben erjog an eine cfytodjt eilen fa^en, gefettten fic if) it en bei. 2ln bemfelben Xag, at bie ibgenoffen in Slargau famen, erfc^ien ba $triegt)o(! ber @tabt Sern, toenig Stnnben 28eg Uon @em= 10 parf>, uor ben afenbnrg bet S&iflifan : ^toor bnrd) 5Inta6 etner @treitiadje luiber SJJaria, rcifin SBUttoe bon SSatangtn, boc^ ift toaljrfdjetnnd), bag, tocnn ber ^erjog ofyne djlac^t, ober nad) etnem teg auf Su^ern ge^oc^en toare, Sent t^it befe^bet, unb Dielleic^t toermittelft eiue Uberfatt tut Sliirfeu 15 ober einer Xrennung uon 3 u fnc unb ii(fe ben ^tbgenoffen elegenljeit gegeben (jaben toitrbe, ben Sdjaben ber ^8erfdum* ni^ ober ber mifttuugenen @c^tad)t toieber gut gu umdjen. SSon bem @tetn 511 SBaben gog ber er^og iiber bie S^iiB burc^ bie freien Stutter Slargau fjinauf iiber (Surfee nod) empac!^. 20 S)iefc Heine @tabt tiegt bei brei @tunbeu Don Su^ent, oben an eiueut gtoei (Stunben langctt @ee, bie Ufer, frudjtbar unb augene^ut, erfyeben fic^ au SBiefen in ^ornfelbern, unb iiber bteien ftaub ein SSatb. %n ben SSatb famen bie (Sibgenoffen. @ie fa^cn ben geiitb am neuuteu euntonat, eine gafyfretdje, 25 toofjtberittene unb fcfyon geriiftete 9leiterei ; jebe Xienerfdjaft uuter i^ren 33aron, bie 2Jtomtfdjaft jeber Saubftabt unter i^ren @d)iitt^et^ unb jebe SaubcS erren 511 beSfetben Sanbe banner georbnet ; il^re ^ned)te, eigene Seute unb otbner in gorm etne $uJ3t)otf ; feiue getbftitrfc ; nur toaren 511 ber 30 Sklagerung tunt eut^ac^ gro^e Siicf)fen in fd^toerem Iaug= 88 THE BATTLE OF SEMPACH. foment Sluing. . . . $or oflem SSotf gtan^te aflerorten $er$og Seopolb Don Ofterretrf) fetbft, feineS Sitters in bent fiinf unb bretfjtgften So^re, ma'untid) fcfyon, fjodjgemut unb fcofl ($efut)t, Dott >etbenfeuer, fiegprangenb auS tnandfjem 5 njotjtoottbradjtem rieg, radjbegierig, burftig $ur @dj(acf)t. ( iuar ber @rnte gelt ; fein SSot! nta^te orn ; bie @bten f^rengten an bie SDtonern, urn ben 93iirgern o^n 511 fprec^en, feft in bent ntfdjtujj, bie (Scfjtuei^erBauern perionttc^ unb o^ue ba gugtjotf aHein gu frfjtagen. 2l(S ber ergog ben 10 getnb in ber obern egcub fa ; Dergag er (roenn er je fonft etiua touSte), ba cine Sleiteret toorteifljafter ben 5(nfaH tfjnt bergan, atS t)on oben ^erab ; er fjtett fiir nottoenbig, bie $ferbe jn entfernen, obfc^on bie fcfytuere SSaffenriiftung ben 5lbe( 511 ben S3etDegnngen etne ^ut)otf unbefiutftid^ ntadjjte. 15 Oft at cine tuo^tgeiibte 9letterei burd^ @to unb d&nefltg* feit ein 5n6tiolf gebro^en ober iiberfliigeU unb gef^tagen, aber nientafs fjat etne unbeugfame 3 n f anter ^ e etnem beffern SugDol? toiberftanben. 2)er ergog befall ^terauf, ba ber 5lbel eng jufantmentrete ; biefem ftarfen ^riegf)aufen gab er 20 burd^ bie @piee, toeld^e bi jum Dierten Ueb Ijertoorragen molten, etne unburc^bringlic^e ntorberifd^e Bronte ; faft iuie e onig 3l(brecJ)t fein roguater in ber @cf)fad)t am afenbiif)t nut (rfofg Derfud^te gegen bie batrtfc^e Sfteiterel . . . SBenn er fid) barauf etnrtdjjtete, ben feinbtic^en SCnfatt u empfangen, 25 fo t^at er ntit iiberlegener SRenge, h;a ber geringen ga^t beffer julam ; aber n)a^rf^etn(i($er beftimmte ttjn gum gu6geferf)t eine SKetnung ber bamatigen Slitter unb @beln, baft, roer in einem ^ampf burd) ungleid^e SSaffen ober fc^neHe Sift itberurinbe, ben $rei8 ber (jocfjften Xa^ferfeit uuentfrfiieben 30 taffe ; fie ^ietten biefe fiir uneljiiicfj, unb Seo)3otb fetbft war burd) feine Xugenben Uielme^r ber fyoljen ^Hitterfd^aft $\w ai THE BATTLE OF SEMPACH. 89 etn gefdjidfter $etb!)err burcf) (inficf)t in bal roge eineS Wt> 3of)anne toon afenBurg, grettjerr, etn grauer rieg3* maun, toetdjer bie (Stettung unb Orbnung ber $einbe gefefyen, ben trotjigen 2lbet toarnte, offart fei $n nidjts gut, unb e 5 totire njoljtgettjan, errn an bon S3onftetten fagen gn (affen, bafj er eitenb ^tnanfgte^e/' tjtelten fie feine atte ^lug^eit filr iinebet. @o, at einige bem er$og fetbft SSorfteHnngen marten, ttrie @(f)la(^tfelber ba SSatertanb unDorgefe^ener 3ufafle feien; tDte bem giirften nfomme, fiir aEe n UJoc^en, unb ifjnen, fiir bte 10 gemeine ac^e u firettcn, unb ttrie triet t)erberB(tc^er bent eer ber SSertuft feinel au^te at etniger tieber fetn tt)urbe/' f)3rac^ er anfang (arfjetnb, aber enbtic^ ungebulbtg : (Sott benn Seopotb t)on Juettem pfc^auen, n)ie feine fitter fiir i^n fterben ? ier in nteinem Sanb fiir mein SSotf, mit eud^ ttrid 15 ic^ fiegen ober untfommen." 2>ie ibgenoffen ftanben an ber of)e bebecft t)om SSatb: fo lang bie fitter fa^en, beudjte ifjnen fd^iuer, in ber (6ene ben to irer 5[Renge 511 beftefjen, unb fici^erer, in bem anfdfjei* nenben 3Sorteit i!)rer (Stettung ben 5InfaH aug^u^arren. @teg f) off ten fie, er raerbe burc^ bie (Snnunterung be fiir ben Weg entfc^eibenb toerben ; i^ren Xob Betrad^teten fie aU ben SSeg u ettrigem 9lu^m unb at einen >porn fiir bie i^rigen, bom geinb it)re 9lad^e 511 fud^en. 5tt3 ber 5lbet abftteg, 3ogen bie (Sibgenoffen au bem SSalb in ba getb 25 fjerab; fie beforgten auc t)ietteid^t eine inter(tft obcr eine fcfjnelle S3en)egung ber itbermdd^tigen ftafyl in ber Bebecften egenb. @ie ftanben, in fdjmater Drbnung, mit fur^en SSaffen, uier^unbert Su^enter, neun^unbert SRann au ben brei SBatbftatten nub ungefa^r fyunbert tarner, 3"Qcr ; 30 evfaiter, (JntUBurfjer unb ^otenBurger, unter i^ren $annern, 90 THE BATTLE OF SEMPACH. imter bem djuttfjetjj ber tabt Sujern imb itnter bent Saubammann eineS jebeu f)a(; etutge tnigeu bie eHe= barben, womit im $aJ3 bei Sftorgarten ifyre Sl^nen geftritten : einige fatten, ftatt 6d)itben, ein fteine 93rett urn ben tinfen 5 5Irm gebunben. rfaljrene rieger faljen ifyren SJhtt. @ie fieten auf bie niee itub beteten 311 ott, Ttad^ invent atten ebrauc^. ie erreu banben bie etme auf ; ber fdjtug fitter. ic onne ftanb ^od^, ber Xag iuar feljr ie djiuet^er, nadj bem 8c^tad)tgebet, rannteit mitten 10 burc^ ba ^ctb an ben $einb in t)oUem Sauf mil rtegge* fdjrei, tuetdjeS atle anfeuert, unb raeit fie off ten, burdjju* bred^en intb alSbann red)t unb tin! md) i^rem 2So{)(gefalIen 511 oerfaljren. Xa tuurben fie empfaugen t?on @c^i(ben ; alS t)on einer Waiter, unb t)on ben fyer&orragenben S^iegeu, iuie 15 Don einem SSatb eiferner @tad;e(n. S)a ftritt mit itngebnlbi* gem 3oni bie $auptmauufd)aft Don Sn^ern unb finite jtutjc^cu ben @pieBen einen 28eg an bie, U)etd)e biejetben tritgen. in= njtcberum beinegte ber getub mit fiirdjtertidiem epraffel fetne in bie 33reite angebet)nte Orbnung, ol u einem i)at6en s D^onb, 20 ttjomit er bie geinbe 511 umge^en gebadjte. . . . >a rief lant $err Slutout 511 $ort, ein geborner ^aita'nber, gu ^(iieten im Sanbc Uri fepaft : @d)taget anf bie (cue, fie finb i)ol)t." XicfcS ti)aten bie SSorberften mit ftarfer unb angeftreugter grower raft ; fie 5eridjinetterten ettid^e ($(ene, raeldje ton ben 25 ^intern fofort erfejjt iuuvben ; ba fiet ber ^u $ort. 9hir mar bie feinbtidje Drbuuug bnrd) bie S^atur i^rer SBaffeu unb ou 9)langet ber llbung unbetjittftid) 511 ber S3i(bung eiucS ftalben SDlonbcS; im iibrigen ftanb fie ungebrocfyen, feft. edj^ig @c^n?ei5er tuaren erfd)tagen iuorben. 9JJan befiirc^tete bie 30 plotjticfye SSirfung einer uubemerften S3eraegung ber inter= Ijitt ober Uberrajd)ung Don bem etuatt^aufen SBonftettenS. THE BATTLE OF SEMPACH. 91 $)iefen 5lugenb(td banger Unfdjtitjfigfeit entfdjieb ein t)om Sanb Unteriuatben, Slruolb trutijan fcon rieb, fitter. (r fprarfj 511 feinen SriegSgefeften: ,,3d> ttrift end) eine affe marfjen;" fprang plojjlid) au ben Sftetfjen, rief mit tattler timme : orget filr mein S&eib unb fur 5 metne inber: trene, tiebe tbgenoffen, gebenfet tnetne efc^ted^tg ! " tuar an bem getnb, nmjd)(ng mit jeinen Slrmcn. etnige pte^e, begrub biefetben in feine Srnft, unb rtne er benn ein fe^r grofjer unb ftarfer 9Jlann iuar, brMte er im galle fie mit fief) auf ben SBoben. ^(o^tic^ feine ^rieggejeHen 10 iiber feinen Setc^nam iu ; ba brangen atle tieber ber @ibge= noffeu=9ftannfcf)aft mit auger fter eiuatt, feftgefdjtoffen, i)inter= einanber an. ^tnmiebernm bte ^Retljen be erftannten geinbe ipre&ten fic^, fie anf^une^men, tuobitrdj, bnrc^ @djrecfen r (Site, 9^ot unb $tjje, t)iete ^erren in i^ren arnifdjen, nnuerlDunbet, 15 erftidten, inbeffen au bem SSalb ^erab^nlaufenbeS SSoIf bte djiuei^er ettigft Derfta'rfte. . . . SSiete eblen fitter fanben nun ifjren Xob. S5a fpradj) Seopolb : ift fo mandjer raf nub err mit mir in ben Xob gegangen, ic^i raid mit ifynen e^rtic^ fterben-/' tierbarg 20 ftc feinen greunben, toon SBe^mut unb SSerjtociflnng {)tnge= rifjen, uermijdjte fic^ in bie fetnblidien anfen, fnc^te feineu Xob. $8on alien Orten iuar bcr getub etngebrodjen ; mit grower 9^ot I)ietten faum bie @d)itttf)eiJ3en ber Slargauer table ifjre banner aufrec^t. 3 m ebrcing ber djaren fiet ber 25 ^erjog jur @rbc; Uott djIadjUvut rang er in ber fdjiuereu 9tuftung, raeil er nidjt ungerodjen umfommen toottte, urn fidj empor 511 ^elfen. @iu unanfe^nlidier 9^ann au bent Saube C^ID^ fanb i^n iiber biefer SBemit^uug; ba rief Seopotb ijitf(o: ,,3^ bin ber gftrft uon Ofterreid) I " >iefe ^orte 30 iener ntdjl, ober er gtattbte itjin nidjt, ober e behd)te i^m, bie 92 THE BATTLE OF SEMPACH. (3d)fad)t lj)ebe alle SSurbe auf. 5tt ber ^er^og burd) bie ftatur ber SBunbe ben @etft alfobalb aufgegeben, erbticfte ifw toon ungefafyr err Martin SKalterer, ber ba banner ber @tabt $reiburg im 33reigau trug ; fcerftetnert ftanb er, ba s SBanner fiet t^m au ber anb. ^lofcttdj toarf er fid) iiber Seopo(b Seid^nam I)in, bamtt er ntcfjt t>on ^ctnben nub greunben beflecft unb gequetfcfit luerbe; er erttmrtete imb fanb ijter (etnen etgenen Xob. 5ln eben 'biefem )rt ftrttt bis in ben Xob ^ubotp^ ber arra6, err t>on (Scf)ona 10 meifter be er^og. 3)te Slugcn ber djaren fut^ten ben ^iirften, ba ttmnbte fic^ auf etnmat bte gan^e 3Jlac|t t)on Dfterreic^, granenttott anf bie gtnc^t ; affo fourteen aKe (Sbetn : Xie ^Sferbe batjcr, bte $ferbe ba^er ! " a geigte i^nen fanm ber 15 feme @tanb ben 28eg ber $Iurf)t, auf ben ein ungeirener @raf, t)tettetd)t an t)on Dberftrd^, fie Icingft mit foutgeriffen. S^nen, in brilcfenben ^itftnitgen, in nnertrdgttdjer ^ntje, er- Wopft Don SDnrft unb Slrbett, btteb iibrtg, if)ren errn n rftd^en, unb, jeber wie er fonnte, fein Seben, mo nic^t 5U retten, 20 bod) teuer ju tierfaufen . . . ^nbeffen uerblulete an uteten SESunbeit ber (Sc^ultfjet^ ^etermann feon unbotbtngen. in Su^erner etlte an ben Drt, )DO er (ag, urn feinen (e^ten SBitten 5U oerne^men. ^)er c^ittt^etB, fern toon cbaitfcu etneS ^pritjatmaunS, gab ifym nr SIntiuort: age unfern 9)lit 25 burgern, fie foEen feinen @d)it(tI)eiB longer at ein 3^r an bent 5lmt taffen, ba rate ifjnen ber nnbolbingen, unb er !t)nnfd)e i^nen gtiicfftdje 9legieritng unb @teg ; " unter )netd)en SSSorteu ba Seben ifjn bertte^ . . . SBatb fiet auc^ ber @d)itttI)eiB s JZifo(au utt, unbeluntmert feine obe, aber 30 be SBannerS, ba bte 9)litburger uon 3^gen feiner anb antertrauten ; bamit fid) feme fetnbltdje erneine beffen u THE BATTLE OF SEMPACH. 93 riUjmen fjabe, rig er e in @tMen, unb itmrbe unter ben Xoten gefimben, ben @tocf be 23anner nrifd}en feinen 3^) nen feftfyattenb ; Don bent an liegen feine SOlitbiirger bie @cf)ult= Ijeigen frfjiooren, ber tabt ^Banner oon gofingen fo 511 Bitten, true ber djitltfjetB SfaMauS utt." ecpfjnnbert fecpunb= 5 fuufetg nmr bte ^n^a^t ber erjcf)tagenen (Skafen, erren nnb fitter, fo bag ber lan^ ber fiivftlic^en of(ager fiir tiiete Sa^re unterging unb im Saube ^efproc^en rt)urbe : (Sott fet 511 erid^t gefeffen iiber ben mutmifligen Xrofe ber erren t)on 5lbeL" 9?adjbem anf beit>en eiten faft afte SBefe^t^aber fo 10 ober anberS gebtieben, untertag ber 3^rn ber Sieger ber Arbeit unb te be Xage; ru^ig fotgten bie Ofterretdjer ber 33egierbe be SebeuS, bte @c^n;eter, ba fie u bem Xrog gelommcn, ber 93egierbe ber 33eute. 2)iefe nbe natjin ber groge Xag ber @empad)er (S^tad^t, 15 in metier taolb trut^an oon 28in!etrieb mit 5lnfopferung feine Sebeu bie SBIiitc be fc^toei^erifc^en aKonnfc^tift bon i^rem Untergang, ba SSatertanb oon dngerfter (Sefafyr gerettet. @ ift toa^r, baB bie geinbe bie llnbet)ilflic^!eit ifyrer @cf)Iac^t orbnung, i^re llnge)rf)ic!(i(f)!eit im gnfegefec^t, i^re unloiffenbe 20 geinbeSoerac^tung unb i^re ftiirmenben ^ittertugenben fetbft toiber fic^ fatten. Unfere SStiter fannten bie egenben be SanbeS unb bebienten fic ber $ovtei(e, tuelc^e biefetben bt auf biejen Xag taufenbfdltig barbieten. Stn gerttgfeit in J&anbgrlffeit nnb manc^erlei ilbungen tourben fie auc^ bamat^ 25 iibertroffen : i^r ^r'teg toar (toie iijre eit fotcfje (Seifter nie ben 311 einer fyotjern SKett Ijtnteitenben $aben gftitj ent Beaten tonnen, (rfa|3 in aftrologijdjem Slftergtauften finben taffen ; uftafc Slbotf fyingegen imi&te mit eigener fefter fiber* s jengnng bie $)ntbnng SlnberSgefinnter 511 t>eretnen, imb tocnn etnige tabetnb fyterttt nut @taot!tugfeit fe^en toottten, jo tjerga^en fie, bajj ber ^oc^fte tanbpunft ber le^ten ijter mit bem iua^rljaft rfjrifttic^eu gnjatttmenftifft, tua leiber gerbtnanb II. nie einfefjen fortnte imb iDottte. @o juaren 10 beibe, SBnttenftein unb ber ^ntfev, obgleid) itntereinnnber fetjr Derfdjieben, boc^ nur rjcugniffe einer franteu gett nnb S3eforberer biefer ^ranf^ctt, uftao Slbotf after em e(b, ber ba Jjo^er ftanb nnb fterufeu fd)ien fie gn Ijeifen. Slfle fatijotifc^en @(f)riftftetter ftejeitgett einftimmig nnb 15 in ben (eb^afteften 5lnbriicfen, bag nftaD Slbotf cinerfeit erafttaffuug nnb SD^itbe, anbererfeitS bnrc^ ftrenge c^t bie attgemcute Siefte enuorben; bag ^tngegen betm fatfeilic^cn $eere arge Unorbmtng, Slaiiftiiic^t, Uitgc* fjorfam u. bgt. ^u aitfc genjefen fet. ^iemanb, fagt ber 20 e)d)id)t)c^reiber f)et>entn'ller, titt S3efc^iuerben Don nftat) SlbolfS eere. 2Ber etb fjatte, beaa^tte; tuer fcin fjattc, natjm mit bem SSorlieft, iva er ftefam ; baljer bie Sfnmo^tttt fie ijeftig tieftten, bie ^aifertic^en after tjagten, tjerfotgten nnb, n?enn fie tfjrer mdc^tig iuerben !onnten, felftft nieber* 25 marten. uftaU SlbolfS otbaten, fteric^tet ein anberer )iftori!er an Derfcfjiebenen tellen, finb gebntbig nnb an* bauernb im Ungtiid, tapfer nnb imermubttrf) in .ber @d)fad)t, gegen SSirte nnb (Simuoljiter befdjeiben nnb ningdnglic^ ; bie nnfern bagegen 511 Stnftrengnngen nngebntbig, tnffig in ber 30 d)(ad)t, fredj unb nnertrag(id) gegen bie (giniuofyner. uftaD ?lbotf Ijictt eine ftrenge, mufterfjafte, ftemnnbcvn^iunrbige THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR. 99 unb forgte, bajs itofH&Jflttfl u no 28eid)tid)feit feinen fcerberbe. $)afelbe be^eugt S&affenberg mit bent Riv- faje: aufer feien nidjt gebulbet tuorbeu. $appu3 enbtid) erja^It: bie @imuof)ner be ScmbeS, bie oon mu unb of fcertrieben iuaren unb ntdjts mefyr u tjertteren fatten, fto^eu 5 in ba fdjiDebifdje Sager tuie 311 @cf)u|gottern. fiber bie riegetnrtd)timgen beiber ^arteien, toefdje in manrfjen tuefenttidjen ^unlten intteretnanber abiuic^en, mogen fjter fotgenbe 5tnbeutungeu $ta^ finben. ingeborenc bttbeten ben ern be fd^Juebtfdjen eere ; fpciter iuurbe inbeffen ber 10 Slbgang meift au beutfdien gretiuiUtgen, ingefteHten ober efangenen cr^t. 3Me ^aifertidien jd^tten tm gau^en metyr Sntdnber at bie (Sd^ifeben unb er^oben eine 5lbgabe Don benen, bie felbft nic^t S)ienfte t^aten. 9Jlan gab bi 25 Sfjater anbgelb, oft aber trat aud) Sttjang ein, unb im 15 Slugenblicfe ber 9^ot tjieg jebe TOttet erlaubt. eiuuljulic^ n?ar ber @otb in jenen 3^ttcn (too man ba Stjftem allge= uteiner inftettnng uoc^ uidjt tjoKtg augebi(bet {)atte) l)o()er al je^t, unb nebenbei toarb auc^, tuenigften^ in ber $ett be breiBtgjciI)rigen riege, tDtH!ur(id) genomnten nub geptiinbert. 20 Xem S'Jainen uad^ gaben bie ^aiferttdjen ntefjr al bie @d)aie* ben, attein fie jnfjtten nid)t iinnter ^iinlttid) unb marten bann ^Ibjiige mandjerlei Slrt. S3ei ifjuen foUte ein Regiment 5Kei= terei fiinf (Sdjiuabronen gn 150 9ftann, uub ein Regiment ^iit)ot! gefjn ^ompanien gn 300 2Jlann fjaben ; aber fie 25 iuaren fetten ooHja^lig, unb ein Regiment gugool! 5. 95. in ber @djtad)t bei Seip^ig nur ettoa 1500 9}lann ftari 9lo^ grofjere SSerfd)teben^eit fanb fic% bei ben d^lueben, fo ba^ ein Regiment balb ad^t, balb lt)5tf ontpanien gd^Ite. 3m 3flte 1635 fdjtug man beim eere be er^og Don SSeimar 133 SBatotttone gu&toolf unb 38 8c^n)abronen, auf ioo GUSTA VUS ADOLPHUS AND fe an. gur 3 e ^ bt iueftfcittfdjen griebenS (too bte anbfd)nl), nielc^e 30 au6eu Don gegtiebevtem SJletaff, iniuenbig Don Seber toaren. 3u gtei^em gmecfe bienten grofee fteife tiefel mit fiber= THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR. 101 gebogenen ^Happen. >ie @attet toaren t)od) gebant imb fetbft bie 3^ umc wit gefdjfagenem biegfamem (Sifen betegt, bie $)eg,en gerabe, fpijj unb ntit einent Danbgefafje tierfetjen. gnt Sattet ftecften ginet grofje ^iftoten mit bentfdjen on tnterpommern bi 9!}JecfIeubiirg ge!outmen n;aren, IteB ^iil^ 15 ben ^pfan, bie Dber 511 becfen, notgebnmgen fatten unb fam* ntette atte rdfte, urn bie @tbe u fatten nub t>or attem ba tt>id()tige 3}lagbeburg ju erobern. Xiefe @tabt ^atte friifjer ben aifertic^en gutiebe gar Diet gettjan unb geaafytt ; at fie aber ben nntttiirUdjen, iminer fteigenben ^orberungen nidjt 20 geniigen unb au gered)ter gurdjt feine taiferlic^e 93eia^nng aufnefymen iooflte, inntagerte fie SSattenftein im 3 a fy re 1G29 acltunb^an^ig 2Bod)en tang, jebod) t)ergeben. Xnrd) biejen (Srfotg anfgemnntert, tuiberfprad) bie S3iirgevfdjaft bie @rueu* nung be i^tjeqog^ Seotootb gum ^bi^ofe Don SRagbe- 25 burg, natjm ben eine geittang Dertriebenen SSerluatter be @tifte, tjrifttan SSitfyetm Don SSranbenburg, luieber oitf, unb Dertraute bei fteigenber efa^r ben eigenen ^rciften, n)ie frember ttfe. 8ene erfc^ienen aber, feitbem Xittt) atte feine 9Jlad)t ^ier Dereinigt tjatte, fetir un^itreidjenb, nub bie in THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR. 103 Setyjtg Derfamntetten proteftanttfdjen giirften toaven intent* fdjloffen ober ungeriiftet; uftaD Slbolf enblid) glanbte bie (Srobentng otberg nnb grantfnrt, bie SBefefttgnng Don tetttn nnb panbau, bie 2Iuju()ming mit SBranbenburg miiffe etntretcn, beDor er iiber bie (Ibe gefyen bitrfte. gefct 5 luaren btefe jpinbentiffe ge^oben, nur Sac^fen iuoflte (unge= adjtet atter bafiir betgebradjten riinbe) bent ^onige iueber Unterftii|nn(] nod) ben 5)nrdj^ng Derftatten, unb ^offte irrtg, e !5nne 511 gleidjer gcit iu unb ben aijer git greintben Ijaben unb ber rteg gang Don feinen rengen abljatten. 10 Sluf bie Don ^otsbam ait bringenb luieberljolten Outrage: ber ^uvfiirft ntoge jeine SKannfd^aft gum fd)iuebifc|en eere fto^en taffen, ober btefem JoenigftenS freien 2)nrd)gug burd) @acf)fen nnb iiber bie beffaner SBriicfe Derftatten, belant nftaD 5lbotf nbteljnenbe, nngeniigenbe Slntioorten. SBd^renb 15 anf btefe SBeife llnentfdjtoffen^eit, Surdjt, 9^eib nnb offnnng Denniid)t tuir!ten, ging bie foftbare Qtit Derloren, nnb bie S^ot ftieg in 9J^agbebnrg anfS t)5d)fte. Xro| ber f)etben= miitigften SSertetbtgintg, njobet fetbft SSetber unb ^inber ttjdtig n^aren, eroberie XiHt) aftmafyu'd) aQe 8lu|en)per!e ; 20 bie tuenigen 8d)iueben, luetc^e nnter be tapfern gnlfenberg Slnfutjnntg in bie tabt gefommen, erfjo^jten nte^r ben SRut al bie 9^Qc^t nnb bie eljnfiidjt, mit ber man (^uftaD 5IboIf nnb ba grojjere ^eer ermartete, ftjarb tcigtid^, ja ftiinbtic^ getdufdjt. Settler fatten bie 93etagerten o^jne ?Rudfid)t anf 25 XtHt) SSarnungen unb ^ro^nngen, jebe SSerfjanbtung gnriicf= getutefen ; jefct ntufeten fie i)iegn bie anb bieten unb fe^nten fic^ nad) einent bitligen lbfd)tuffe. SSiete Don ben SBetagerern giirnten jeboc^, bag fie, roenn bie tabt bnrd) SSertrag itbergefje, aUe So^nS nnb aHer 30 S3ente Dertnftig geljen biirften; iDe{)atb raf 104 GUSTA VUS ADOLPHUS AND enter ber angefef)enften faiferticfyen Slnfufjrer, einen Jjemttidjen Slngriff anorbnete, lua^reub ftdjj bie burrf) Stnftrengung unb jftadjtrtjacljett erfcfyopften Surfer, int SSertrauen auf bte ein= geteiteten Unterfjanbtungen, utn Xeil ber SRulje ergaben. 5 Ungeadjtet ber Uberrafcfyung unb Uberntadjt irmren bte @ttt* gebrungenen burdj ben e(benmut ber SBetagerten faft juriicf* getuorfen; ba tuarb ^affcnberg getotet, Sf)rtfttan terttmnbet, in fcerftarfter 3^1 ctttcn bte ^atferlic^en toon alien etten fjequ, intb au ehtem aufe, ba ^a^peuljeim fjatte anjiinben 10 laffen, tjcrbrettete fic mit unge^eurer cfjueftigfeit etne entjej^ ttd^e gcitergbrunft. S)tc tabt luar erobevt, nub ^(ugljeit, erec^ttgfett nnb 9Ken|rf)ti$fett fcfirieben gleic^md^ig ben tegern t)or, nttt 6c!)nefligfeit unb Srnft bte Orbnung ^er* jnfteffen. @tatt beffen ruiiteten, inbefonbere bie $ 15 fjetnter, SSaUonen unb ^ronten, auf etne ntc^tiuurbige fcegtitgen bie a'rgften reuet, jeber nur benf&aren Slrt, unb tm toie Xt(I^ meljrlen burc ifjr SBenefjmcn bte , ftatt fie 511 uttnbent. (Setbft ber fattjolifd^e Slje&eit* ^tEerfagt: ?8a fitr etn jammer, @(enb unb 9^ot getuefen, 20 faun ntdjt befdjrtebcu ober auge)prorf)en locrben. Xretuub= fiiufgig ^Serfonen, nebft SBetbern, bie ftc^ in bte ^atfjebralfirc^e gefliidjtet fatten, iuurben bie opfe abgefjauen. SSertaffene ^inber fudjten ii)re Item, bcren SRamen fie ntdjt einmal angeben fonnten ; tjtefe fa^en neben unb auf ben Seicfjuamen 25 bevfelben nub riefen in Kagtic^er ^er^DeifTung : o SSater, o Gutter ! anbere fjietten tfjre 9J?iitter im Xobe nod^ mit ben Slunieu feft umfc^litngen, ober fc^rten faft tjer^mtgert ; ba e eiuen (Stein ^atte erbarmen ntogeu." injctnc !aifeiitdje Dfft^iere, bie ftc^ fjttfreid^ ^eigten, forberten bafiir faft utter- 30 fcfytoingtidje Softtng, bi bte geiterbrunft, rafttoS urn ftc greifenb, iegern unb 33efiegten gteidj) gefafjrttd) iuarb. Un* THE THIRTY YEARS WAR. 105 Scifjftge, bie fid) auf 33oben ober in Mern toerftedft fatten, uerbrannten ; 6440 eid)en hwrben, taut eineS 33erid)t, in bie @lbe getoorfen, bie Safyt after Umgetommenen fdjtug fetbft $appenl)eim auf 20,000 an. pater, at fidfj ba Kief toon ben aifertid)en iuanbte unb ber a| ob ber 23et>anbtung 2ftagbeburg fiir fie nadjteitiger ttmrb, at$ bie $u runb geric^tete @tabt i^nen nu^te, furfjte jeber bie @d^ulb einem aubern oufgutoalgcn. XiHt), fo ^eifet e, bemeinte ba fat 9ftagbeburg unb be^eidjnete ^appen^eim at $ t)eber be flbet ; abgefe^en aber bat)on, ban e eine etenbe 10 ntfd^ulbigung fitr eineu getbtjerrn tuare, lueun feine Unter* gebenen bergteidjen toiber feiuen SStfleu fatten Derantaffen biirfen, fte^t feft : bag er bie breitdgige ^tiinberung ertaubte, erft am trierten Xage, ben 14ten 9Jlai, in bie tabt lam unb gum cfjluffe be entfe^tic^en Xrauerfpiet ben om lat^otifc^ 15 njeitjen unb unter greubenfdjuffen ba err ott 5)ic^ toben mir " fingen tieg.. SBaS ferner s $appent)eim anbetrifft, fo faun niemanb fetnen unbe3tuingti(^en 9Jlut nub feine groge Xt)a'tig= leit im getbe leugnen ; altein auc^ er luar angeftedt t)on ber gemiittofen 2fteimmgumt jener Seit unb betra delete in einem 20 djreiben an ben Shtrfiirften bon 33niern bie "^retiet unb ba @tcnb, iua er gutenteit tjerantaBt unb gen)i nidjt DerJjinbert fjntte, at eine tjofyere Siigung unb eine Strafe, ioetcfye ott fiir bie SSerbrec^en 2ftagbeburg tuie einft 3erufatem, fo ge* red)t at angemeffen tier^a'ngt tjabe 1 25 [Gustavus now advanced into the territories of the Elector of Saxony, and by a treaty concluded at Wittenberg obtained the assistance of the latter, both in money and troops. With these he encountered Tilly at Leipsic, where, in 1631, though superior in numbers, the imperial general sustained a defeat at the hands of Gustavus. The Emperor, now becoming alaimed, more especially when Tilly was defeated for a second time on the Lech and slain, recalled Wallenstein, who had io6 GUST A VUS ADOLPHUS AND fallen into disgrace, and who so harassed the Swedish king that he is said to have lost 30,000 men. The subsequent events of Gustavus's life are related in the following extract.] (Sobalb @uftaD $bolf Don bent Slbmarfdje nad) afle nnbjd)aft befommen fyatte, brad) er ben 16ten ftoDember Don -iftaumbitrg anf nnb 509 iiber SSeifjenfetS gen Silken. llnteriDeg fingen bie @rf)toeben einen faifertidjen 5 Sftittnteifter, ber be^arrtic^ anSjagte : ^appenljeim fjabe fid) toieber mit 2SaKenftein Dereinigt ieran htiipfte fid) etne neue ilbertegung, ob man angretfen fotte ober nidjt ; etntge !oftbare tunben Uertoren gtngen, tua()tenb beffen lenftettt etnen (Silboten iiber ben anbern an $appent)eim 10 fc^tcfte unb tt)n gur jd)nell[ten 9ftitd!et)r anfforberte. getoann nftat) Slbotf etnen njtdjttgen (SngpaB bet unb fteEte fein eer, etma 25,000 SJlann ftarl, in ber egenb Don Sii^en in @djlad)torbnitng. 2lnf ben <3etten ftanb bie ^eiterei, in ber s Jftitte ba gngDotf; ben 9ied)ten 15 befeijligte er, ben tinlen ^)erog Sernf)arb, ben ftarfen i)att ^nip^anjen. 2)a gange eer irjar fo DoHer 3u;trauen nnb er^ob ben S^onig bergeftaftt, ba biefer bret Sage Dor ber @d)lad)t feinem ofprebiger gabritut gejagt ^atte: S^ fiirc^te, metn lieber 2)o!tor, e ftel)t un ein gropes Ungliid 20 beoor, ott luirb nn ftrafen, benn ifyr mad)t n Diet au< ntir armem a^enfd^en, i^r Dergottert ntic^ ! uftaD 5lbolf, bent SSorte nnb S3erebi"am!ett 511 ebote ftanben, befenerte fetne SO^annfdE)aft bnrd) eine fnr^e, fra'ftige 5(nrebe: 8r tie ^ ett DieBgefeEen (fo fprad^ er), giett redjt 25 nnb fdn'ejst geiptfe, td^ Dertaffe mid) anf enre Xngenb nnb Xapferleit ; mit breier (Stunben SSer! nnb Arbeit oierbet tf)r mic^ ^iim erften ,^onig ber 2Bett madjen. SSnIIenftcin fteUte fein eer nad^ a'lterer SSeife in tiefe ^anfen, tjtelt aber feine THE THIRTY YEARS 1 WAR. 107 SInrebe an baSfetbe. ein 23 fief unb bie trenge feine cf)iueigen gab bent(id) gu fcerftefjen, er tuerbe atte nad) Sftafjgabe tf)re3 23enef)nten reidj belofjnen ober ftreng be* ftrafcn. 3)ie fdjmebifdjen Xrompeter btiefen nad) be ontg S3efet)I : (Sin' fefte SBurg ift nnfer @ott " ; brauf fang er ben 67ften ^fatrn : @ iroUe ott im gncibig fetn ". Urn elf Hljr, af ber btc^te 9lebet eintgerma^en uerfcfjttmnb unb ben efid)t^lrei erljeKte, ritt er fcor unb fagte: 9iim U)oHen tutr bran, ba limit' ber ttebe ott I $0ltt lauter ttinme rief er jefct : $err 3efu, Sefit, tjitf mtr ^eut' ftretten gu ^ciligen 9^amen Grfjre ! 5Run begann bie @djladjt. Dbgtetc^ SSaHenftein^ t)orbere @eite burd) etnen wnb tiefen raben gebecft Juar, nnb feme Sftannfcfiaft tapfer lutberftanb, fiegten bie djiueben unter uftau SlboIfS gunning. S3ebenHtc ^tngegeu ftanbcn bie adjen anf bent 15 anbern Slitget, tue^alb i^m uftatj 3lbotf gu ^ilfe fonmten tooHte. 9Kit toemgen 95egtettern ettte er ben einen uoran ; ba ftjarb fetu $ferb bnrd) ben at nnb er bnrd^ ben 5Irnt gejdjoffen. S n bent 3tugenbttdfe ot er S9 Stonj t>on Sanenbnrg, ber 511 feiner eite ritt, iu au bent efedjte 20 l)tinuegfitl)ren looUte, f^rengte etn faifeiiidjer better, ben nientanb fiir fetnblic^ ^iett (e iuar ber Dberfttentnant galfen= berg), bi anf %tyn 8drttte fjeran unb fd^o^ ben ^oiitg bnrd) ben SRiicfen, bafe er gn SBoben ftitrjte. SSa'fjrenb ^ergog SrcmsenS taHmeifter ben Dberftfeutnant mit bem S)egen 25 beriuuubete nnb abetfin, einer t)on uftat) 5Ibotf betteuten, i^m bergebtic^ aufgit^elfen fndjte, lamen brei anbere laijerlidje better fyergu, iDetc^e forberten, SaSbelfin foUe iljiten ben efaKcuen nennen. Unbegniigt ntit ber 2lnttt)ort : e fei ein Dffijter, trafen fie SaSbetfm fo bag er 30 fitnf Xage barauf ftarb. SDer imtg aber tuarb t)on itjnen io8 THE THIRTY YEARS* WAR. rein cmSgepIiinbert, nodjbem er mtt )egen unb ^iftoten nod) ntefjrere totlidje SSunben empfangen fyatte. Site 23ern!)arb Don SBeimar unb Shtipfyaufen (ber ben Ijatt Befeljftgte) toon bent fcfjrecfftdjen Uufaffe serfn'etten, anfjerte btefer: bie 2ftann?rf)aft fei in fo gnter Orb* nung, bag ber <>ergog eincn fdjonen SRiirfgng madjen fonnc ; btefer anttoortete aber giirnenb : ntdjt an jo feigen 5lnrueg, an @ieg nnb 9lad^e miiffe man benfen. (r iiberna^m, atte er* ntutigenb, ben D6erbefe^I be gangen eere, ftac eiuen 10 Dberfttentnant, ber nic^t ge^orcfjen )t)oEte, 511 JBoben unb feeing ben gnjeiten gtiiget SSattenfteiuS an bent gelbe. %n biefem 5(ngenblic!e brac^ inbe ^appenfjetnt mtt feinen Shaven Jjerbor unb etne brttte @cl)(acf)t begann, nidit ntinbcr eftig ate bie tjorigen. @rft nacfjbem btefer erjdjoffen luorben, iuarb bie 15 3fud)t ber Mjerttdjen attgentetn, (^ejdjii^ unb eptid; gtitg bertoren, btnncn toeing Xagen ra'umten fie ganj e erft in SSeienfe( aUgemetn mil idjerfjett be ^onigS 2;ob erfu^r, fjtett btefen SSerluft fiir unenbfic^ grower ate ben etoinn ber (Sd)tad)t. ^)od) gingen cljnterj unb Xrauer utc^t in SSerjagtljeit iioer; trielmeljr bcfc^tour S3ern!)arb t)on 25 SSeimar atte bei bent ^Ru^me, ben fie uuter uftat) SlbotfS gunning getoonnen : fie foUten auf ber glorretd^en 95a!)n be* Barren, feinen Xob rdd^en, feine $(ane burc^fu^ren unb ber ganen SSett betoeifen: bag fie ben onig unubertoinbtid) gemac^t fatten, unb er nod) ttad) fetnem Sobe ba (Sdjreden 30 atter geiube fei. a gauge eer rief : 2Btr tooEen bir folgen fcte an ba @nbe ber SBett I VIII. Frederick the Great in Saxony and Bohemia. The opening struggles of the Seven Years' War. (From Geschichte Friedrichs des Grossen, by FRANZ KUGLER.) [There were in Silesia certain duchies, a fief of the crown of Bo- hemia, then an independent kingdom, which, on the extinction of the ducal line, were to lapse to the House of Brandenburg. But, on the death of the reigning duke in 1675, tnev were artfully annexed by Leopold I., Emperor of Austria and King of Bohemia, without a pro- test from the then Elector of Brandenburg. These duchies Frederick now felt himself strong enough to claim, and an unexpected occurrence presented the desired opportunity. The Emperor Charles vi. dying in 1740, without i.-sue, left the affairs of the empire in a very unsettled state, for, although he had obtained before his decease the consent of all the great powers (called the Pragmatic Sanction 1 ) to the accession of his daughter, Maria Theresa, there were seveial other claimants to the throne. This state of confusion was taken advantage of by Frederick n. of Prussia, who was also Elector of Brandenburg, to assert his right by force of arms. At the same time he informed Maria Theresa, that if she would acknowledge his claim, he would support the election of her husband, Francis of Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany, to the imperial dignity. 2 This she refused to do, and the J A Pragmatic Sanction (Greek Trpay/ia, 'business') is of ancient origin, dating from the Byzantine Empire. It is a solemn decree issued by a sovereign or his parliament on any important matter. 2 Maria Theresa, who of course did not acknowledge Charles VII., made her husband Francis co-regent with herself and commander of her troops, and on the death of Charles in 1745 he was elected Emperor. 109 I io FREDERICK THE GREAT first Silesian war broke out, as a result of which the whole of Silesia was ceded to the victorious Frederick. The latter now supported the candidature of Karl Albrecht of Bavaria, who in 1742 was crowned at Frankfort by the unanimous votes of the electors (fiurfiirfleil) under the title of Charles vn. Frederick's next step was to form an alliance with France and espouse the cause of the Emperor ; and the Second Silesian War, which was disastrous to the arms of Austria, confirmed the King in the possession of Silesia. But such an accession of territory was not only distasteful to Maria Theresa, but also to the other great powers, who viewed with feelings of jealousy the aggrandisement of a rival state, and when it became evident that the intrigues of Maria and her minister Graf Kaunitz had been the means of procuring the friendship of France, Russia, Sweden and Saxony, while Frederick's only ally was George II. of England, the Prussian king considered that the moment had arrived to strike a decisive blow. He proceeded to Dresden, and, having obtained from the Saxon archives copies of the negotiations between Austria, Russia and Saxony, he published them as a justification of his conduct. Thus was commenced, in 1756, that remarkable series of battles, known in history as the ' Seven Years' War,' the preliminary struggles of which are described in the following extract.] gviebrid) fjatte ben $tan gefafjt, feine egner rafdj angu> greifen, et)e fie mtt ifyren SRiiftungen fertig jein toiirben, imb fotdljergeftalt ben rteg, ntit bem fie ifjn bebrofjten, t>on ben renjen feineS eigenen @taate abgutoenben. $on ben Sftuffen 5 nmfste er beftimmt, bafj fie auger ftanbe fein nwrben, nod) im laiifeubeu ^afyre ettt>a 511 nnterneb,nten ; nad) biefer @ette fyin geniigte alfo, fiir ben S^otfatt, eine iuenig bebeutenbe SSerftar* lung ber 55efat^ung fetner b'fttidjen ^rouinjen. Xie au|3t= madjt ber pren^ijctjen 5(vntee fottte gegen ad)fen unb SBiJljmen io gefiifjrt luerben. ^n (Sadjfen bejd)Io griebrtdj fid) uorerft pcfjer 511 ftetten, nm burd) biefe Sanb bie SD'lar! SBranbeuburg gu beden nnb eine fefte runbtage fitr feine Unterttefytmtttgen gegen SBofimcn u geiuinnen. Wt SSeranftaltungen jur 2fu= fiifjritng biefe $Iane maren ebenfo fcerfdjiuiegen, trjie fdjitett 15 in 28er! gerid;tet iuorben ; nnr bie Dertrantefien ^el IN SAXONY AND BOHEMIA. in ftw&ten um griebrtcp 2lbftd)ien ; bie 23rigabegenerate erfttfjrcn erft am Sage ttor bent femarfdje, toofjht ber 39 geridjtet fein foftte. Sfat 29. Sluguft ritcften 60,000 fflann preufcifdjer Xru^en in brei SMonnen in @ad)fen ein. -ftiemanb ftmr fjier auf fo ptopdjen 2Iubrud) be rtege fcorbereitet. git grogter (Site iuurben bte fadjfifdjen Xrn^pen, beren Sat)( ftd^ auf 17,000 belief, att ii)ren (Stanbqnartteren in ein fefteS Sager Bei gnjantmenge^ogen ; ^intig 5Utgttft unb fein 9)lintfter ratto in ber allgemeinen ^eriutrrnng, uertiegen reben nnb > fudjten im Sager @d^u&. 9Jcan ijatte jnerft bte Slbftdjt, mit ber fadjfifdjen Irntee nad^ 93ofjnten ^u ge!)en nnb fic^ ntit ben Ofterretcfjent u tierbinben ; anf ben wnfidjtigen $iat be franjoftfd^en efanbten, be 9Jlar[($alI S5rogtie, entfc^tog man fidj jebod), bie giinftige tettung, tuetd^e ba Cager bet $irna 15 barbot, gu benu^en, bamit grtcbric^ burc^ ba^fetbe anfgeljalten nnb ber ofterretdjifdjen 5(rntee Qeit gegeben tuerbe, bie ange* fangenen SRuftmtgen gu boKenben nnb gnm @d)ufce ^cranjufommen. S)ie @ad^fen befe^ten nnnme^r b plateau, iDetdjeS fid^, in einem Umfange t)on Dier 9Jle:len, 20 tni(c^en ^pirna unb bent ^onigftein er^ebt. @tette 5Ibf)dnge fd)uijen bafetbe t>on alien (Seiten gegen feinblid)en 5tngriff; Sitr SSerteibigung ber tuenigen 8u$n$t f bie cm^orfit^rten, iunrben mannigfa^ie SSer^ane angetegt. griebrtd^ !f)atte fomit ba gnnje 2anb offen gefnnben, 25 SSittenberg, Xorgau, Seipgig unb t>iete anbere (Stcibte n;aren otme SStberftanb befefct; in Xreben f)tett grtebrid^ am 9. September feuten tnjug. 3n ber ^ci^e ber ^Refibeng tier* einigten fid) nun bte Derfdjtebencn (Jorp ber ^reugifc^en 5(rmee unb ttal)inen elite teHung, bttrci^ toetdie fie bent fa'd)fif(f)en 30 Sager bte emeinfc^aft mit bent Sanbe abfc^nitten. ii2 FREDERICK THE GREAT griebrid) erflarte, bag ifyn bie SSerfjaltniffe be rtege nb'ttgten, ba facf)[ijd)e Sanb at Unterpfanb in SSertuafjrJam gu neljmen, imb bag er bafelbe nad) abgetoenbeter efaljr bent urfurften guriicferftatten luerbe. (Sinftweilen aber itwr* s ben bie looljfoerfeljenen gengfyanfer &mt 3)reben, 28eiBenfel itnb 8^*8 auSgeraumt unb S03affen unb efc^ii^ nac^ SKagbe* burg gefii^rt. Xorgan luurbe befeftigt nnb nttt preitJ3ifd)en Xrnp^en befefet, ba foc^fifc^e Sftmifterinm aber anger X^citig* !ett gefe^t ; bie ^an^teten tourben Uerfiegett, bie ^ottegtenfdte 10 gefc^toffen, etne ))rengtfd)e 2anbet>ertt)attimg in reben an* georbnet nnb im gan^en Sanbe enbtic^ bie furfiirftttc^en ^affen in 33efd)(ag genommen. ^)abei it)nrbe jebod) mit fo grower SKttbe al moglid^ Derfa^ren. 5)ie prengijdjen Xrn^pen lour* ben bcfc^Iigt, bie genauefte ^rteggnd)t 511 beobad)ten. a JS (Sigentum ber Untertfjanen iuarb auf alle SBeife gefd^ont. griebric^ felbft beiuie fid^ in Xreben angerft guuorfomntenb gegen jeberntann; er f)iett tcigtic^ offene Xafet nnb be^eigte nantentlid^ ber ema^tin 5Ingnft nnb ber gefamten lonig* tid^en SantUie, bie in reben 5uriidgeb(ieben tt)ar, alle 20 irgenb erforbertic^e oflid)!eit. ^nbe l^atte biefe ^to^ttd^e SBeftfjnafyme Don ac^fen atte SBelt oufmcrlfam gemad)t ; griebrid^' egner maren auf eifrigfte bemit^t, fetn Unternefymen at etnen Sanbfrteben* brnd) barjnftetten. 2)er ^aifer ertieg an griebricf) ein lb= 25 ma^nnnggfd^reiben, in toetcfyem er iijn batertic^ft anfforberte, ton feiner nner^orten, I)odjft fret)el!f)aften nnb ftraf(id;en mporung ab^ntaffen, bem ^onige Don ^oten affe Soften 511 erftatten unb ftitt nnb rnfjig nad) aufe 511 gefyen." 3g^icf) tt>arb alien prenfjifcfjen eneralen nnb ^riegoberften t)om 3oatfer anbefo^len, ,,il)ren gottlofen errn gu tjerlaffen nnb feine entfe^ltc^en SSerbredjen nid^t u teilen, hjofern fie fid^ IN SAXONY AND BOHEMIA. 113 iiirfjt ber 9fljnbung be 9Retd)toberl)anpte3 blojsftellen tooftten." @id) gegen foldje SSoriuiirfe, bie er berettg DoranSgefefyen, ju redjtfertigen, fyatte $riebrid) befdjloffen, bie gan^e SMljenfolge ber gu feinem $erberben angefponnenen SSerljjanblnngen, bte er in Slbfdjriften an3 bent 3)rebener 5lrdn'o in anben tyatte, 5 bnrdj ben rucf gn fceroffentftdjen. S)amtt aBer bte egner anfjer tanb ge(e^t njiirben, bie (Sdjtfjett biefer SSerijanblnngen gn teugnen, iuar c notig, fid) ber ) right atfdjrif ten gn be< ntcic^ttgen. 2)oc^ fyatte man fid) ait($ fdd)fifd)erfeit anf einen foldjen gatt bereit gefctBt gemac^t. 5)a Slri^it) foUte nadj 10 $olen gef^idt iuerben ; bei ber 9^d'^e ber @kfaf)r Jjatte man bafelbe einft)t)ei(en in bie entcidjer ber ^onigin gebradjt, unb fie, bie eine ebenfo er!lcirte ^veinbin gran!rei<^ n?ar ttrie S3riif)t, belt)af)rte felbft bie @d)(itffet gu ben Sd^ranfen. @ie faty fid^ inbe genotigt, bie djliiffel Ijeran^gngeben ; iljr Sonbern, if)re 15 bitten n?aren nntfonft ; bie (Sdjranfe maren geoffnet, nnb ba ^Ircfiit) tuanberte nntJer^iigtid) nad) 35er(in. 3n iDenig Xagen erfdjien eine anfiil)r(ic^e ntit alien Urfnnben belegte ^)ar ftellnng jener SSerljanblnngen int Xrncfe. 35on feiten ber egner erfolgte Ijieranf eine 9ftenge Don ^egenfc^riften, bie 20 inbe nidjt bie @(^tl)eit ber Urtnnben, fonbern nnr bie @(^ln* folgernngen, ioeldje griebric^ an iljnen gieljen mnfete, an griffen. 9Kit onig 5lngnft tjatte griebric^ feit feinem (Sinntarfdje in (Sad)fen in nnangefe|ter ^orrefponbeng geftanben. (Jr 25 fcerlangte toon i^m entroeber bie tfya'tlidjen 93ett)eife einer Uott* fomntenen -ftentralita't ober, noc^ lieber, eine SSerbinbung ju gemeinfantem 2Sir!en gegen Ofterreidj. griebrid^ Ijatte bie SD'iittet, feinen $nforbernngen einen energifd)en 91ad;brnd 511 geben. @in tunn anf ba fcidjfifc^e Sager fc^ien gniar, toenn 30 ntd;t nnau^fiiljrbar, fo bod) ntit alljnmelem SlntDergie|en H ri4 FREDERICK THE GREAT toerbnnbcn. 2lber ba Sager ioar toon aEen @eiten fo fcft bnrd) preufjtfdjje Xrnppen eingefdjtoffen, bag ben adjfen jebe etegenfyeit genomnten ftmrbe, fid) ntit ;iftaljrungnutteln, baran fie fdjon Mangel 511 teiben begannen, 511 toerfefjen ; nur fiir bie s Siidje onig 2hrgnft, ber toon ntbetjrnng feinen SBegrtjf Ijatte, tear freier XranS^ort toerftattet ioorben. Sugteid^ tag e in ber etgentiimHrfjen tettuitg ber (Sadjfett, bag etn Slttgriff toon i^rer (Sette anf bie ^reujsen t!)nen ebenfotoicl efa^r bringen ntugte, h)ie ber nmgeMjrte gait iijren egnern. @o 1 burfte ^riebritf) t) off en, bafj ber ^linger fie in fitrjer Stift gnr rgebung gtoingen loitrbe. S)oc gab Sluguft ben Sin* tragen grtebrtd) !ein toeitere^ el) or, at ba fid^ (caterer mit bent SSerfpred^en ber S^eutratttat begniigen moge. Sluf ein fo oHgemeineS SSerfpred^en t)in tjatte aber griebrtd^ nid)t is Sitft, fein eer itad^ SBo^men ^n fiitjren ; bte frittieren fc fatjrungen in (Sadjfen fatten it>n tjinreic^enb bte Qkfatjr fennen getetjrt, ber er fid) au^fet^e, menn er ein fetnbttdjeS eer im fRitden befyatte. @o btieb e bei ber ftrengen (SKnfdjttcfjmtg be fdd;fifd)en Sager ; biefe nat)m jebod^ ben grb'^eren 20 fetner Xrnppen in 2ln|^ruc nnb toertjinberte ifyn, mit brncf gegen bie ofierreidjifdje tonee in S3ot)nten aufjutreten. 3)ie tei^tere t)fttte fic^, grt)ar intnter nod^ nid)t ntit attent S^otigen aitggeriiftet, in giuei (otp gegen bie ren^en toon ad^fen nnb toon djtefien gnfammenge^ogen. Sent einen 25 (Jor|3 trat eine befonbere ^rengifc^e Slrntee, nnter d^njerin, an (Sd^teften entgegen. S)oc^ be$ogen bie Ofterreid^er t)ier ein fo toorteittjafte Sager, bag babnrd) jebe @d)tact)t toermieben btieb nnb gnrijcfjen biefen toneen nur nnbebentenbe efedjte toorfaEen fonnten. S)agegen tjatte onig Sluguft etegentjett 50 gefunben, bent ofterreidn'fdjen ofe fcine ta'gti^ bebroljttdjere toorgufteEen nnb nnt fdjtennigen ^uljaj n bitten. @o IN SAXONY AND BOHEMIA. 1 1 5 erljtett nun ba groeite Qorp ber Ofterreic^er, toetdfjeS ber getbmarfdiall SBrohme anfiifyrte, ben SBefefyt, gnr 23efreiung ber adjfen entfdjeibenbe djritte gn tfyun. SBrotone fcerfammelte feine Slrutec 511 23ubin unb fdjirfte fidj an, iiber ben fcorguritden. s 3ur SBeobadjtuug biefe ofterreicfjtfdjen (orp tnar Don griebrtt^ berjenige Xett feiner Xrn^pen, ben er bei ber @in* (^tiefeung be jcic^fifd^en 2oger entbe^ren fonnte, berett gegen bte boljntifc^e Avenge t>oraugefc^idt. @ic bemad)tigten jic^ ber ngpaffe, iueldje bte SSerbinbnng gtDtfc^en @a(^(en 10 unb SBoButen tierteibigten, unb benadiri^ttgten grtebrid) Uon ben 33elt)egungen be geinbe. Xie SSerbinbuug ber Ofter* retdjer mit ben ac^fen gu fcerfjtubern, ntugte je^t griebric^S t)or5ugM)fte Slugcmuerl fetn ; er entfc^tofe fic, jenen mit ben tjorau^gcfenbeten Xruppen, etncnt freilid^ nur geringen Xetle 15 feiner SJlac^t, fofort entgegen 511 ge^en. ($r eilte jn tl)nen unb fiii)rte fie au bem ebirge gegen bie (Sbenen ber (be ^inab. 93et bent gtecfen Somofi^ an ber (Sl&e, metier am ?tu?gang ber 93erge tiegt, trafen bte Beiben SIrmeen auf* etnanber. S3eiben roar bte gegeujeitige Slnncifjerung gerabe 2 o an btefer @teHe unertuartet ; grtebrid^ gctoann ben SSorteif, baB er gttrifdjen ben SBcrgcn, ineldje feine trafee auf betben (Seiten etufdjtoffen, etne fefte (SteHung etnne^men fonnte. Sim 99?orgen be 1. OltoBer ftellte grtebrid^ feine 5Irmee in Sdjfadjtorbmrag. SIber ein bidjter 9^ebel attc fid^ iiber 2 s bie @bene gelagert unb tterfytnt'erte bie ^egenftanbe beutltdj 311 uuterfc^etben. SSie bitrd) einen glor fa^ man nnr ben Ort SoitJofi^ t)or fic^ unb gur eite etnige $aufen feinbtid^er Dleiterei. 2ier (infe gUtget ber preitfjifdjen 5Irmee rourbe, at er aitfriidte unb bie Slu^fi^e gur tinfen erftieg, burd^ ein 30 uer(ovene ^knje^rfeuer empfangen, ba anf bem SBeinbergen, ii6 FREDERICK THE GREAT tt>e(d)e fie!) ier gur (Stbe fytnabgocjeit, unterfjaften ttmrbe. ( iuaren ein paar taufenb ^anburen, bte gutter ben 9)?auern ber SSeinberge berftccft lagen. SlUe biefe lieB Sriebrtel) bermuten, e fei nicfyt bte gauge fetnbtidje Slrmee, fonbern nur s nit t>oraugefenbeter Sett berfetben, toa ii)m gegeniibcr ftelje. (Jr Ite^ au fetnen efc^it^en aitf bie ofterretcfytfcfyen 9letter fjaitfen feuern, ttnb ba bie fntrf)tto btteb, fenbete er gluaitstg c^mabronen 2)ragoner ab, fie gu gerftrciten intb ben ^ontpf gn beenben. iefe brangen riifitg anf ben geinb ein unb 13 toarfen nieber, toa i^nen entgegenftanb. Sl( fie aber bie gtuc^tigen bcrfolgten, tunrben fie toon born unb tomt ber (Sette burc ein tebl)afte gttnteit* nnb @efd)it^feuer empfangen unb um fRiicfpge genotigt. griebrtd) erlannte jefct erft, bag er atterbing ba tjottftdnbige Sorp, h)e(d)e il)m um mefyr at 15 ba boppette iibertegen njar, t>or fic tyabe. r fenbete einen Slbjutanten gu fetnen Xragonern, um btefe in eine aubere (Stedung gu beorbern ; aber fc^on fatten >ragoner unb ^iiraf ftere bereint, fief) aufs nene ber fetnblic^en 9leiterei entgegen* geftiir5t, biefe, trofe beSfetben geuer unb tro| be ungiinftigen so Xerratn, guritcfgebrnngt unb bi na()e Uor bte @c^(a(i)t= orbnung ber Dfterreicfjer uerfotgt. 3^t aber njurbe ba eidn'ti^fener ber le^teren fo ftarf, bag fie rweberum gum Mcfguge genotigt iuaren, ber tubes in befter Orbnnng Dor fief) gtng. @o loar nocf) tntnter nicf)t (Sntfcf)eibenbe gejcfje^en. )er 25 9^ebe( begann inbe gu finfen unb man lonitte gu angemeffenen 9JJagregetn fc^retten. grtebrtc^ fudjte nnn fetne tettung, tro^ ber fetttbftdjen Ubermac!)t fo guuftig al' mog(tef) gu ue^men unb fief) nut SInfpannmtg aHer S'rafte ba (Sdjicliat be Xage geneigt gu ntadjen. a ^pauptaugenmer! be geiitbe 30 tuar je|t anf ben ttnfen preiigifcfjeu gtiiget geric^tet, ben man uon ber 5liu)b'f)e, attf ujelcfjer er fid) befaitb, gu oertreiben IN SAXONY AND BOHEMIA. 117 fndjte. 9Iber trie ^reufjen brangcn unerfdjroden t>or, er* fantpften in ben SBeinbergcn eine rengmaner narf) ber anbern, fttegen irt bie (bene fyinab unb fcerfotgten bie gehtbe, toon benen ein Xtil fid) in bie ((be ftiir^te, toaljrenb ein anberer fidjj in Sotoofijj feftfejste. -fteiie b'fterreid)ifd)e eed)aufen 5 fteHten fi($ ben ^reit^en entgegen. 2)iefe fatten fid^ bnrc^ iedjsftiinbtgeS genern Derfdjoffen itub broken nnn, ba i^nen $u(uer unb S3(ei fe^tte, iitutto 511 luerben. 3)oc!) ber erog uon 93eDern, ber biefen Xet( ber prengtidjen fcnee fnfjrte, rief ben @einen ^eitern 9D^nte 511 : SBnrfdje, feib unbefummert ! 10 28efya(b ptte man end) getc^rt, ben getub mtt gefdtttem eiue^re an$ugreifen ? " Xieie SSorte tuedten aHen 9Kut fetner (Sdjaren, unb obg(eid) bie feinblidjen eer!^anfen fid) intnter me^r t)crftcirfteu nnb nament(id) an Sotuofi^ einen fefteit (Stii&puntt fanben, fo marfen fie bod) mit gefcitttem 15 SBajouett aUe t)or fid) nieber, brangen in Sotoopfc, jtuifdjcn ben ^dnfern, bie je^t in geiicr anftoberten, Ijinein nnb trteben ben gan^en Xei( ber cfterreidjijdjen ^trniec, ber ifynen ^ier eutgegenftnnb, in bie ghidjt. @o tuar ber @ieg, nm gtuei ll^r nad^ SDltttag, ermngen, aber 20 nidjt o()ne grofse Opfer. 2)ie SSertnfte griebrid) iuaren bebentenber at bie ber 6fterreid)er. Sluc iungte ^clDnmrfc^all SSroimte fetncn gefc^tagenen rec^ten gtiiget bnrc^ ben linfen fo gefd)ic!t n becfen, bag er fid) o^ne tuciteren ^Serluft juritdf^ie^en fonnte. er recfjte S^get ber prengifdjen 5lrmee, bei toefdjem 25 fic^ befanb, fjattc mit Innat)ine ber SSerfttirtnngen, er bent Iin!en gnfenben mu^te, gar nidjt an ber eigent* tidjen d^tad^t tettnc^meu fonnen. @ npirb er^a^It, ba griebrid) nad) 33eenbigung ber (Sdjtad^t ermitbet, ba er brei Sage unb iuei 9^d'd)te nid^t gefcfytafen ^atte, fic^ in eineu 30 SBagen gefe^t ^abe urn ein tDenig aug^urnlien. ^Stb'^Iic^ fet/ ii8 FREDERICK THE GREAT al tton ofterretdjifdjer @eite ber SRetraitefdjnfj gefdja!) unb fjiegn eine {djjarf getabene anone genommen umrbe, bie uget biefe on ber o!)e be ^omgfteinS ben Ofterreicfjern ba 10 3etc^en jiim 5lngriff anf bie ^rengijc^en ^often, iuetc^e f)ier itod^ ben adjjfeu entgegenftanben, geben fottten. 5lber ber turnt be immet iiberfc^adte bie ^anouenfdjttige. S3roit)ne btteb in feiner (SteEnng. @oim'e bie adjfen bie ofjen t)on $irna terltejen, raaren and^ bie ^Srengen emporgebrnngen nnb 15 ber 9?ad)trab nnb ba e^cide in i^re anbe gefaKen. S^nn iunrben anc^ bie prengijdjen $often jenfeit ber @(6e tierftartt nnb bie (Sac^fen anf nene in ber nnluegfamen @egenb einge* fcfjloffen. S3i gnm 14. Oftober Carrie SBrolune an; bann fe^rte er, beffen eigene SteHnng mit jeber (Stunbe gefa^rOoHer 20 iDitrbe, nad) ^Boijmen gnriid. 3^ e ^ lll bfiebig bange tunbeit brac^ten bie entfra'ftigten (Sadjfen unter offenem ^intmel, bet auljaltenbem ^Regen, o^ne 9^a!)rnng nnb otjne @dfjlaf 511. unb ber ^onig, bie fid) anf bent feften ^ontgftetn atter nnb aHe @enuffe erfrenten, geboten t)er^oet= 25 flnngnoften 5(ngrtff; aber bte fti(f)fifdjen (Generate fa^en bie gdnjttc^e Umnoglid)!eit etn. @ie t)erfud)ten je^t, bnrdf) etne eljrenUoHe Capitulation t^re greifyeit gn ertangen. @raf ^ntoiuffi, ber OberbefeI)M)aber ber Sac^fen, faubte etnen Officer mit feinen ^Bebiiigungen an SSinterfetb. liefer tier* 30 ficfyerte jeboc^, ba^ er ba^u t)om ^ontge feine ulaubntg 120 FREDERICK THE GREAT fitfjrte jetten, bamit ben adjfen and) ber tefcte (Shimmer be SJhiteS genommen toerbe, felbft burd) bte gauge ette ber ftt3Bt|tfdjen ^often unb entftefj il)n enblidjj mit ber ^Innmfnng, er moge bent (Srafen Shttotoffi nnr eine genane 33efd)reibung 5 ber preugifdfjen (Steftung madjen. @o blieb ber gefamten fad)ftfd)en $rmee nid)t iibrig, aU fidj ber nabc be ^reujst* fdjen ^onig jn ^rtegggefangenen 511 iibergeben. amtlid^e 9?egimenter mujsten ba ($enjet)r ftredfen. griebrtdj fam bie SRetfjen ^eranfgerttten, i)ie bte fetnbltc^en (Generate, ate btefe 10 i^m mit entbtogtent au^tc entgegentraten, ad)tnngt)ott imK* fontnten unb (nb fte gn feiuer Xafet. Unter bte fyalbberljim* gerten (Solbaten luitrbe retdjltd^ Srot au^geteitt. S5ie fadjft* fd^en Offigtere er^tetten, ate fie i^r (Sfjremnort gegeben fatten, ba fie toaljreitb btefe ^rtege nic|t gegen bie -preujsen lampfen 15 Jt)ollten,bie (Srlanbntg, nac^ aufe jurticfgnfefjven. ie Solbaten aber, iiber beren Unter^att unb SBetoaJjrung man in SSerfegen- ^ett it)ar, tunrben genotigt, nr prenfnfdjen ga^ne 511 fdjluoren. @te befamen ^rengifd^e Unifornten, ^rengifdje Dffttere, nnb tuurben jnm Xeit unter bie preufjijdjen 9legimenter tjerteitt, teite 20 btteben fie gr-ij beifammen. grtebrtdj Derme^rte bnrc^ fie fein eer anfe^nltd), aber er l^atte babei nid^t auf ba S^ationat* gefiifyl ber @ad)fen gerec^net ; bie $)ienfte njelc^e fie i^nt leifteten ioaren gering, unb me^rfad^ gingen nac^mate gauge Stegtntenter gum $einbe itber. 25 iermtt n?ar ber erfte Setb^ng u @nbe. onig 5Inguft, ber t)ont ^onigftein au S^nge ber efangenfc^aft feine eere geioefen iuar, erbat ftc^ $affe tout griebrit^ unb ging mit feinen jiingften (Soijnen unb mit SBruIjf uad^ SSarfd^au, DO er ficfl in gtaujenbeu ^offefteu 311 erl)o(en bemii^te. Xod) btieb 30 feme emafylin in 2)rebeit guriicf unb tiejs e fid^ fort unb fort angelegen fetn, feinblid) geljeim gegen grtebric^ gu urirfeu. IN SAXONY AND BOHEMIA. 121 3)ie prengifdjen fcneen ftmrben au SBo^nten gnritcfgegogcit unb ber (Srenjcorbon gwr (Sidjerung ber S&interquartierc erridjtet. 5lber ber erfte gelbgug ttmr imr ba SBorftriel 511 nngleidj geioattigeren SBeftrebungen. $>ie itf)nf)eit, mit ber griebrid) 5 feinen egnern gnDorgefommen tear, relate tfjre (Siferfudjjt jum gliUjenbften affe. er ^atfer mad^ie ben ^ampf ^ ^^ 5lttgetecjenfjeit be beutfd^en ffteic^eS unb ber fattyotifdjcu ^irc^e; griebrtd^S 2lbftd)t fottte aitf bte Unterbritdung ber lejjtereu gel)en ; ate 8leic^ftanb foUte er ber Sld^t tierfadeit 10 fcin, unb in ber Xfyat lam e fdjon je|t fo toett, bag ber 9fletc^* tag, bet bent ber ^nrfiirft Don adOfen feine ^lage eingeretc^t ^atte, gegen il)n, tm ganuar 1757, etne ,,eUenbe @jelntion^armee " anfbot, gn beren gii^rer ber 9ic marfc^att ^rtnj 3ofe^)^ 9ftaria grtebric^ SBU^etm ottanbiiut 15 Don @ad)fen=,gilbBnrgf)anfen ernannt lunrbe. 2)nrd) etnen fc^Iimmen 2)rnctfet)(er in ber offenttidjen ^nnbrnadjung biefe 5(nfgeBote iuar aber bie eilenbe " Slrmee bereit tiortdnfig ate etne etenbe " bejetd^net, nnb ate foldje trat fte anc^ nadjtnate, o^ne fid) itbergro^er (Site n befleigigen, ^ert>or. a bentfc^e 20 Sfteidj, ate fold^e^, n;ar fdjon tange n einem teeren Sdfjatten* bilbe ^erabgejnn!en. 93ebentenber n)ar bte efaf)r, bte Don ben aunwrttgen SJldditen bvo^te. S)er fran^ofifc^e of erfldrte, ba er ben infaE griebrid^S in @ac^fen ate eine SSerte^ung be n;eft= 25 fdUfdjen grtebenS, ^effen 93iirge granfreid^ fei, betradjte. Qn ben fdjon Dorfyanbenen riinben be affe n;aren neue gefom* men. Xie ^onigin Don ^olen luar bie Sautter ber emafytin beg anp!)in Don granfreic^ ; an Ie|terer fanb ber onig eine toiUfommene ^8nnbegenofjin gegen griebridj, nnb gngleic^ 30 ftimmte mit feinen 5Infid;ten bag franjofifc^e 3Jiintfterinm 122 FREDERICK THE GREAT iiberein, bent e twr erfreutid) ttmr, tuenn ber @ee!rieg mit (Singtanb, bent SSerMnbeten grtebridj, in etnen Sanbfrieg gegen annot>er bertoanbeti Untrbe. Man riiftete bafjer ein breifadje eer, urn bagfelbe iiber ben 9Kjein gegen annot)er itnb gegen s ^rengen 511 fittjreit. (Sdjiuebeit, luo bie gafttonen be 2(bet int SSeft^e ber gerrjdjaft iuaren, ntngte bent ^ntereffe gran!ret<^ fotgen; t)on biejer @eite tuurbe ber (Sntfdjhig gefagt, ben Xeit t>on SBorpommern, ben erloren ba gntereffe fiir ben totditigeren ^ant^f, ber fic^ je^t fcorbereitete, an ben 5Iugen. S)er of bac^te nnr baran, bie rengen t)on an not)er gegen feinbtidjen infaH gu beden. ^riebric^ !onnte bie 2S fjannotJerfd^en Xrup^en nid)t bert>egen, ben fjrangofcn eine Slrntee iiber ben 9l^cin entgegengnfc^ideii, nnb ba er feine eigenen Srafte nic^t gerfptittern burfte, fo fa er fic genotigt, SSefet, 'bie anptfefte feiner njeftfaltfc^en $rot)inen, anfeu* geben. 30 3nr SScrftar!uno fetner eigenen S^ac^t, in ber fomit aUein fein $cil bernijen fomtte, nutfete t!)m guuad^ft adjfen, ba IN SAXONY AND BOHEMIA. 123 mmmeljr cit eroberte Sanb betradjtet nmrbe, bie TOttet f)er= geben. @ mu&te fid; gu eiuer cmjefjnltdjen rtegfteuer, jur Steferung Don SRelmten unb 9laf)rimgmitteltt berfteljen; bie gum Sett iiberfliiffig augebelntten exalte ber SBeamien ttmrben Derrtngert ober gan$ eiuge^ogen ; bie ungeljeuren 5 ^or^eflanDorrate au ber metjjner gabrif hntrben filr grtcbrid& iRe^nimg ucrfaitft. n fomgtid^e 6d)toB in S)rebett, autfj bie ^unftfd)d|e, njetd^e ^onig Sluguft mit grojsen Soften ge= famntcft attc ; tiefe griebrid^ inbe unberiit)rt. @r befudjte tua^renb be 28inter, beffen grogte S^it er in $reben 511= 10 bradjte, me^rfad) bie bortige enicitbegaterie unb madjte in ifjr fetne tubten 511 ber annulling, bie er in @anionci anjntegen gebad)te ; bie Sluffeljer ber aterie, njetc^e bie ant)er= tranteu c^ii^e in ebanfen fc^on eingepadt unb nad; ^Berlin gefiiljrt fa^en, ttjitrben babei reidjtidj bcfd^enft; unb al fic^ 15 grtebridj ba S3itb ber tjeitigen SJlagbalena t)on S3attoni, an bent er 28 ofytgef alien fanb, fopieren lajfen nioHte, untertie^ er e nidjt, befonbeve enefjmignng Don feiten be fa'c^fifdjcu ofe einfjolen. 3 m iibrigen erfreute er fid) an ber Dper unb on ben ^on^erten, fitr beren 5lnfu()rung S)rebcn trefftidje 20 Mittet barbot, foiuie an alien benjenigen S)ingen, luelc^e bafyeim feine Mufjeftintbeu augefitllt fatten. 9fttt bent ber ^onigin t>on ^Polen unb il)ve o^ne, be lunrben nad) it)ie Dor bie notigen ofii(^!ettbe5eugungen ge)ued){elt $ocf) butbete griebrtdj nify, ba^ fie fic^ auf 25 irgenb eine SSeije in feine SSermaltitng be fa'c^fifdjen Sanbe ntijc^ten; nub at er bie ^onigin in SBerbadjt einer eifrigen Storrefponbenj ntit ben 6fterreid>ern Ijatte, orbnete er an ben SEfjoren eine fo ftrenge ^oulrotte an, ba^ man and) balb im Snneru einer enbung Don SSurften, luelclje angeblic^ gum 30 (Seidjent fiir eine ^reunbin ber tonight beftimmt loar, bie 124 FREDERICK THE GREAT. SBrteffrfjaften entbecfte. $)ie fyatte toenigftenS ur golge, bag man fid) bei ben toeiteren Sftitteitungen einer grogeren SBorftc^t befletgigte. [The subsequent course of the Seven Years' War. Frederick had now in alliance against him 174,000 Austrians, 105,000 French, 100,000 Russians, 32,000 Imperial troops, and 22,000 Swedes, but nothing daunted he advanced to Prague with an army of 100,000 men and gained a victory over the Austrians in 1757, being in turn defeated by them at Kolin in Bohemia ; and though various successes were gained by the French and Russinns, it was only a temporary lull, and in the same year a Prussian army of 20,000 defeated 50,000 French and Imperial troops at Rossbach, in Saxony. Frederick now returned to Silesia where, in the same year, 1757? he gained another victory at Leuthen, near Breslau, the Austrians having to evacuate this province with the exception of the fortress of Schweidnitz, which he subsequently recaptured. An annual subsidy from England of 4,000,000 thalers (,600,000) enabled Frederick to carry on the war. The Russians were now checked in their advance on East Prussia by the battle of Zorndorf, near Frankfort-on-the-Oder, and fortune for a period went against the Prussian king, who sustained a severe defeat at Hochkirch^ a village in Saxony, while Frankfort-on-the-Main was taken by the French and his Hanoverian allies defeated at Bergen in Hesse-Cassel. But the French were soon driven back, and an army of 70,000 Russians under Soltikoff repulsed at Kunersdorf in 1759; but Frederick was unable to follow up his victory, being suddenly attacked by the Austrians in the rear. In 1760, after a defeat at Lands hut in Bavaria and a victory at Liegnitz in Silesia, he advanced to the relief of his capital, which was hard pressed by the Austrians and Russians. He now again lost ground in Silesia, Schweidnitz capitulating to the Russians, and when England under George in. withdrew its subsidy, he felt that all was lost ; but in 1762 this fortress was recaptured, and by a victory over the Austrians he regained possession of Silesia. Thus the Prussian king was able to hold his own against fearful odds, and both parties, their resources being nearly exhausted, were ready for peace. The Treaty of Huberttisburg was signed in 1763, Frederick giving up Saxony in return for the Silesian province of Glatz.] IX. Speech of Frederick the Great to his General Officers before the Battle of Leuthen, 1757. , meine erren, ift e betannt, bafj e bent art Don Sot^ringen geUmgen ift, @rf)ttjetbni& 511 erobern, ben ^er^og con 23et>ern gn fdjtagen itnb fid) gum Sfteifter Don 23reian $n madden, rcafyrenb id) gejiuungen lt)ar, ben Sort* Britten ber gran^ofen unb 9fletdjt)ol!er in^att gn tl)im. 5 (Sin Xett t)on (Sd^tefien, meine anptftabt nnb aKe meine barin Beftnbltc^ geluefenen $riegbebnrfniffe finb baburd^ Dertoren gegangen, nnb nteine SStbertoarttgfetten aiilrben aiifs ^oc^fte geftiegen fetn, je^te tc^ nirfjt ein unbebtngte SSertrauen in 3f)ren 3^t, Sfye (Stanb^aftigfeit unb 3^re SSaterlanb^Iiebe, IQ bie @ie Bei jo uielen (Setegen^eiten mir bettriejen t)aben. $3) erlenne biefe, bent SSatertanbe nnb mir geteifteten >tenfte nttt ber tnnigften 9luf)rnng meine eqen. @ ift faft feiner nnter 3i)nen, ber fic nid^t burc eine grofee, e^renooUe anb= lung anSge^eid^net ^citte, unb idfj fd^met^te mir ba^er, @te 15 ioerben bei oorfaHenber etegen^ett nid)t an bent mangetn laffen, ltw3 ber @taat ton S^jrer Xapferfeit jit forbern be= rec^tigt ift. liefer 3eit^)un!t riicEt fjeran ; id^ miirbe gtanben, nic^t getfyan gu ^aben, lie^ ic^ bie Sfterreidjer int 33efi^e Don 6tf)fejten. Saffen @tc e ftdf) alfo gefagt jetn : tc^ luerbe gegen ^ 125 126 SPEECH OF FREDERICK THE GREAT. afle Sftcgelu ber unft bie beiuatje bretmat ftartere 9lrmee be3 $rtngen arl angreifen, too id) fie fiube. ( ift fjier nidjt bte grage Don ber SIn3at)t ber Sehtbe, nocf) toon ber SBidjttgfett UjreS gettmfylten $ofteu, afte bie)~e, Ijoffe id), ttrirb bte 5 er^aftigteit meiner Sruppeu itttb bte Hd^ttge S3efotgung nteiner 2)tfpo{tttonen 511 iiberiptnben fuc^en. 3$ ntuj btefen @d)ritt iuagen, ober e ift atte Dertoren; it)ir miiffen ben getnb frfjtagen ober itn atte t?on feinen S3atterieu begraben taffen. @o beule ic^, fo loerbe ic^ !f)anbeln. 10 SOladjen @ie btefen iiteinen @ntfctn6 alien Offeieren ber 5(rmee befannt ; beretten @ie ben gemetueit 9ftann git ben 5luftrttten Dor, bte batb fotgen njerben, unb fiinbigen @ie i^m an, ba ic^ ntt(^ fiir bere^ttgt fjalte, mtbebtngten efiorfam t)on i^m n forbern. SSenn @ie iibrtgen bebeufen, bafj @ie ^renfeen i S finb, fo toerben @ie gen)t bieie ^or^igg fid) nic^t nntuiirbtg ntad^en. 8ft aber @tner ober ber Slnbere nnter 3^eit, ber fid) fitrc^tet, aHe efa^ren mil mtr 511 teiten, ber !ann no<^ Ijeute feinen Stbjc^ieb er^atteit, o^ne uon mtr ben geringften SSornjnrf 511 leiben. (,/SBir fotgen Surer 2ftajeftcit in ben 20 Xob ! " nt nub SBtut fiir iinfern ^b'nig ! " riefen bie t)er= famntetten Offeiere, nub ber ^b'nig bemerfte nut greuben bie SBegeifternng, n^eldje feinen SSorten fotgte ; bann fnr er fort :) (5d)on tm t)oran iett ic^ mid) itber5eugt, ba fetner t)on 3()iten mid) oerlaffen tottrbe; id) redone atjo ganj auf ^tt 25 treue 4?tlfe u^b auf ben geiuiffen 6ieg. /y (SoUte id) bteiben nnb @te fiir Stjre mir geteifteten 3)ienfte nidf)t beto^nen founen, fo mug e ba 5Satertanb tf)itu. el)en @te nun in ba3 Sager unb n)teber{)oteit S^en SHegimentern, iua @ie je|t oon mir gef)5rt f)aben. 2)a Regiment adatterie, roetd)e nid)t g(eid), 3 o toenn e befol)Ien n)irb, fic uuaitf^altiam in ben geinb ftiiqt, laffe id) gtetc^ nac^ ber djladjt abfi^eu unb mac^e e 511 eiuem SPEECH OF FREDERICK THE GREAT. 127 ba 23ataiEon 3ufcmterie, ^ ag / loorauf e luotte, nitr 511 ftu^en anfdngt, tievliert t)ie itub bie abet itub id^ laffe tfym bte Morten bon ber Sftontierwtg abfc^netben. 9^iiu tebeit @ie ioofyt, metne erren ; in fitr^em f)abeu luir ben gcinb gejdjtagen, ober totr fe^en un 5 nie ipteber. Cromwell and the Protectorate. (From Englische Geschichte, by LEOPOLD VON RANKE.) Shift im Sftai 1540 nmr bie 23ermaf)tnng >einrirf) VIII. tnit 5lnna Don ((eDe burd) ein grofie Xurnier gefeiert toorben. SBei biejer $erntaf){ung ttwltete bie 2tbfirf)t Dor, ben onig Don (Sngtaub in bie eugfte SSerbtnbung mit ben beitt)d)en $ro= 5 teftanten 511 bringen. er SKanu, metier bie legislative Xreitnitng ngtaubs Don 9tom ^anptfad^n^ bnrc^gefit^rt, nnb fic^ an bie @ptfce ber bitrcf)greifenb reformatorifdjen 93eftrebimgen geftettt f)atte, ber ro^fiegetbeiDa^rer XfyomaS ^rommctt, bamat art Don (Sfier., ertcartete, inmitten ber 10 getnbjeligfeiten einer entgegengefe^ten Cartel Don ber neuen emat)tin be ^onig, beren $eimfuljrung eben fein eigene SSer! war, Sfiii^alt nnb Unterftii^mig. 33ei bent SKajfenfDiet nnn, ba ur ^eier biejer in eminentem @inne proteftantiic^ett SScrma^tung in SSeftminfter ge^alten tonrbe, tf)at fic^ nienianb 15 gtangenber ijerDor, at 9lic^arb 2BiHiam, etn geborner SBctf^man, tDet^er ben -iftamen Srontrtjett toegen einer gamttienDerbinbnng mit bent ntad^tigen @taatmann ange= nontmen i)atte; er tDar bei btefer etegen^eit jum fitter gefdjtagen njorben; ber ^onig gab itjm 5nm 3^i^cu feineS 20 SBeifatt einen biantantenen 9^ing. S)ie(er ^id^arb SromtueU i[t ber Urgro^Dater OliDerS, be $rote!tor. 93ei ben gettmtt* 128 CROMWELL AND THE PROTECTORATE. 129 famen Gmt^iefynngen ber geifttidjen liter nmren ifynt jiuet reidje 23enebiftinerabteten, tnd)tnbroo! bet .Jpitntingbon iinb SRamfet) in berjelbeu raffcfyaft 511 tett geiuorben. $ber bie 23ermcif)(ung $eutrtdj init Slnna gog gan^ aubere Sotgen, at man erroartete, nad) fid). @tatt jnr SBefcftignng, futyrte fie s imter bent SBiberftanb ber fatfyotifdjen unb ariftofratifc^cn Cartel 511 bent turjc X^onta ronuuetts nnb feiner in= ric^timg. 9lt^arb 28tltiam SromtDett war ber etn^ige 9ftann ant ofe, ber Xraner fur tf)n anlegte; e getang Ujm, fic tin SBeft^ feiner (SilDerbnng unb in ber uabe be ^ontg u 10 beljaupten. @etn pradjtfiebenber nnb freigebiger (Sotjn enrt) mag biefen SSoijtftanb ntc^t gerabe fcermefyrt Ijaben ; aber er Jjinter* Ite^ eine saljtretdje 92ad)fomntenfd)aft, fed)y @ot)ite nnb fiinf Xodjter, burc^ beren ntannigfntttge unb ange^ene $erbin= 15 bimgen ba au in bent oftlidjen (Sngtanb nun erft red)t SSur^et fafete. (Sine toon ben Xod&tern Derntatjttc fid^ mit SSttliant ampben t)on reat=$antpben ; etue anbere mit ^Rtdjarb SS^affe^ bon Jetton; jene ift bte Gutter 3o^n ^antpbenS, btefe be (o(one( (Sbloarb SSB^attet). SSoit ten 20 @oi>nen beljauptete ber dltcfte, Sir Otit)er, bte Stantmgiiter : er liefs fii^ ntdjt ne^men, 6ntg 3a!ob I. bet feiner erften 5ln!unft in (Sngtanb feftltc^ in ^indjinbroo! u beiutrten. Slber audj bie jiingeren iuu^ten fic^ eine fetbftdnbtge (Sjiftenj u gritnben: unr finben fie bei 9ftantfet) ober in unttngboii 25 angeftebelt. $ier fdidig namentlic^ ber gioeite <5of)n Robert in etnent ftatttic^en, altua'terifdien ^aufe, u bent eine S3rauerei ge^orte, am (Singang be Orte3, fetnen @i^ anf ; er roar mit einer ame uermci()(t, bie ifyre $erlunft t?on bent fonigttdjen aufe ber @tuart abtettete, aber fidj gngteid^ at eine 30 arbettfame, jujammen^adcnbe oufrou erroie : fie fatten I 130 CROMWELL AND THE PROTECTORATE. miteinanber gdjn inber : ba fiinfte berfetben ift Dtiuer, ber gu einem fo grogen @efdn'cf beftimmt toar : geb. am 25. 5tyril 1599. 2lnd) filr bie gamilien giebt e etnen geifttgen runb unb 5 23oben, ouf bent fie fid) beroegen : an ftotjen (Srinnerungen fatten fie mit 28of)fgefallen feft. SBottte man @t)inpatt)ien unb 5lntipatf)ien angeben, bte fid) in biefen SBitttamS Srom* h)eH t)oranfe|en laffen, fo mujsten bte erften ben pro* teftantifdjen ruitbfafeeit, bie einft ber madjttge (SiegelbetDa^rer, 10 , ; ber amnter ber 9QZoitd^e ", t)erfod)ten tyatte, bie anbern ben (^egnern getten, benen berfelbe ertegen h?ar : nod) immer bauerte ber atnpf 5njifd)en beiben fort. 5Bei ben ^inbern 9?obert !am bann jener 3iifainnten^ang mit bent fonigUd^cn efrf)ferf)t ^ingu, ba fo nnernjarteteriueife 15 &ur ^errfd^aft in ngtanb gefommen tuar, nnb man bcgreift e, hjenn aHe ba in ber erregbaren Xiefe eine jitngen ($e* miite ftolge nnb bunfte .Jpoffnnngen ^ertortrieb. gn tritben Xagen einer franfijaft nteland^oUfd^en 5Innianb(nng fo er* gafjtt man meinte ber jnnge Olioer eine gigantifdje eftaft 20 p erbticfen, toetdje i^m anfitnbtgte, bag er einmal ber grojite 9Jlann oon (Snglanb toerben foUe. ^8ertt)et(en toir aber nid)t bei btefem intergrnnbe be 2e* ben ; ber 2ftenfcf), tuie er in ber SBett anftritt, n?irb bann boc^ bnrcf) bie 3uftanbe ber 3eit unb bie onfti!te feiner etnge* 25 bornen 9^atur mit benfelben gebttbet Dlioer SromlDett ftxar nic^t oljne (Stnbten ; er fjat fid) eine 3eit tang in einem (Jottege gu Sambribge aufge^atten ; be* fonbern SinfhtB ^aben fie nid)t anf ifjn au^geitbt. itrcf) ben Xob fetne SSaterS faft adjnfritf) felbftd'nbig gemorben, ^atte er 30 eine (Spodje, iuo er fid) ben 3erftreunngen einer oergnitgmtg> fud^tigen, tobenben unb oerfd)iuenberif(^en JJugeub fjingab. CROMWELL AND THE PROTECTORATE. 131 )ie erfte ernfte Grinftiirtnng, bte hrir an iljm luafyrnefjmen, riiljrte toon ben Sefjren be3 ftrengen $nritammn Ijer, ber bamatS bon einem jener Sectnrer, luetrfje man afferorten ber Ijerrfcfjenben trrf)e entgegeufeijte, be -ftarnenS 23earb, in ^nmtingbon geprebigt ftntrbe. 2Bir finben tyn bann in ben s geiDattfanten %itationen be @emute, iueld^e ben UBergang toon tueltHc^er ^erit)i(bernng u retigiofer SSertiefnng nnb Um= !efjr be^eid^ten. 9^ur in ben feparatiftijc^en oncjregationen, bem t)ott!ommenften 5(ubrn(f ber gtanbigen enteinjc^aft, fanb er S3efriebigung. 10 9[Rit biefer efinnnng berBanb fidj in i^m tt)te in fo bieleu anbern politifd^e O^pofition gegen bie 9legierung)ueife ^art I. 93ei Srontiuett erfd^eint fie gnna'rfjft in foMen lngelegen^eiten. ilnter anberm ttriberfefcte er fid^ ber Slbfic^t ber ^Regientng, bie tabttterfafjung t>on ^wntingbon u ueranbern. Slflentfjatben 15 auf gruftere tabilitat 33ebac^t neljinenb, toottte biefelbe ftatt ber ialjrttc^en 28a()Ien pm emeinberat, 28a!)ten auf 2eben= tang einfii^ren; Srontiuett ftanb an ber jrifce berer, metc^e bie tiberalere gorm ja^rtic^er SKa^ten Befyaupteten ; er terfu^r babet ntit fo nnge)Dol)nter ^uc!)ic^t(ofig!eit, bafe tnan if>n 20 bef)atb gnr ^eranttoortung ge^ogen tjat. S5ei bent ($efcf)cift ber 5tntroc!imng ber Bena^barten 9ftarfd)en berfotfit er ntit gteic^ent (Sifer ba S^ec^t ber @tabt, it>etdje man babet fitr t)erle|t f)iett. roge @rfo(ge tiegen fic^ bafcon nic^t erluarten, noci^ toarb er felbft baUon befriebigt ; er ge^orte gu benen, 25 roetcfje baran batten, ifjre Sbeen t)on biirgerlici^er nnb reti* giofer gretfyeit jenfeit be SBe(tmeere u fcernnrnidjjen, a( bie 5)inge in (Sngtanb eine SBenbung na^men, tion ber fic etn Untjd^tag attrf) in bem SJlntterlanb eriuarten lieg. 93ei bem 5(nfel)en, in metc^em feine ^amilie ftanb, nnb feiner perfon= 30 Urfjen attung lonnte e i^m nidfjt fefjlen, bet ben 132 CROMWELL AND THE PROTECTORATE. im erbft 1640 bnrd^nbringen ; fo trie! man ioeig, Ijatte er nod) bte befonbere (5?m:pfel)fang fetne SSetter* 3>of)n >ampben fiir fid) : er trat aU Sftttglieb fiir Sambribge etn. SScire e in bent $aiiament auf regelmafjtge 2)ebatten an* s gefommen, fo toiirbe SrontRieft, ber fdjon in ben erften gafyreu arl I. $arfamentimtglteb getuefen iunr, o^ne bemerft gu tuerben, auc^ in biefem feine Sftotte gejpiett ^aben. @r fiel burc^ feine (Srf^einnng, fcernadjttifftgte ^teibnng, entflannnte efic^tsf arBe, tanbmanntiljnHdje Battling, faft at ein @on* 10 :>erling anf. SDlit fc^netbeuber ttmnte brac^te er SBemerlintgen uor, burc iueld^e bie beftetjenbe SBcrfaffung be taate Dertefet nwrbe, nnb bei benen man etitmal ben 5(ntrag mac^te, il)n an bte SBarre be anfe^ gn Deriocifen, urn fid^ 511 entfdntlbigen. (Sben barin aber, bafe enblidj burdjgretfenbe SSerdnbernngen 15 erreidjbar erjdiienen, tag fiir (Jrontiuett ber S3elueggrnnb fetne tebenbigen 5lnteil an ben parlantentarifdjen SSerljanbdtngen. 3n ben teitenben 9fta'nnern ber ^SerfammUtng gefjorte er nid)t : in ber 2)ebatte fonnte er nic^t gtcin^en ; baju fetjtte e il)m an ntomentaner S3emeg(i(^!eit be eifte nnb etner anf etne 25 grogere Slnga^I 3J?enfc^en t)on ntannigfalttgen timmmtgen mirffamcn 9lebegabe. 28ie fet)r aber irrt man, toenn man meint, er fei bamatS o^ne SBebeutung nnb (Stnflng gebHeben ! SSir lennen bie gorberungen be $arlament, bnrc^ toeld^e in ber stoeiten atfte be 3a^re 1641 etne 5lufo^nnng mit 35 bent onig unmogtid^ lt)itrbe. SromioeU f)at ben grojjten 5Intett an ber Slufftettung berfelben. SSon t^m nnb ift bie 53tff angegangen, toetdje eine Slnf^ebnng b ft)ftem i)on rnnb anl forberte ; uerft (Jrommett I;ot baranf aitgetragen, ba6 ber )berbefef)t^)aber iiber bte 2KUtj be 30 Sanbe nicfjt njie bt^^er bnrcf) ben omg, fonbern bitvd^ ba gefe^t tuerben folle, nnb 5tuar anf fo tange biefe CROMWELL AND THE PROTECTORATE. 133 fetbft beftimme, otfo ofjne bent I'b'ntg bo SRedjt ber (nt= fefcung 511 taffen ; em $er(angen, ba einen Sftonat fpd'ter fcon aIerig n einem llmfang ertoettert nwrbe, bag fid) baron ber trett n'ber ba 9ted)t be mititarifdjen Dberbefef)t ent* giinbete. @o toor e and) (^romtDell, ber ben 5lntrag auf bie s (Sntfernung be Sorb S3riftol aii bent State be ^b'nigS etn= Bronte ; U)ir fallen tote btefe Slbfid^t, auf $)tgbt) augebei)nt, Dorne^nttic^ ba^u beitrug, ben 6nig gu jenent tngriff in bie partantentarifrfje Unab{)dngtg!ett ju befr>egen, ber ben 93rud^ unmittetbar tjerbetfiifyrte. 10 Sntpnlfe nnb 5(nregnngen fonftttuieren aber nod^ tange fein offentUdje Sebeu ; fur romtoett erflffnete fic^ elite feinen etgeutunttidjen Xatenten eutfprec^enbe aufbai)it erft, a( man t)on ben SStnbungen ber ^ontrofcerfe n bent SBafienfantpfe iibergtng. 15 3n bem 5Iugenbtirf, ba bie beiben ^arteten \idj fd^ieben, al and^ in (Jambrtbge bie tlmtJerfitdt bie eine, nnb bie @tabt, beren SSertreter SrontiueH toor, bie anbere ^artet ergriff, berfdjaffte er ben S3iirgern bie @rtonbni ; fief) n betuoffncit, nnb eilte bann fetbft bai)tn. (Sinige ^oHegien ber llnitierfitd't 20 tooHten ifjr on fo i)iet SSermogen, bafj fie letnen @otb gu nefynten brandjten, ton einer bet ber Slrbeit be Sanbbaue erprobten unb ge* ftarften ^or^erlraft. 5lber e ntnjjten and) banner Don per= 25 fontidjer ergf)aftig!eit fein ; (rontft)ell ^at iuo^t bie in ifyrer ^Bilbitng begriffene @c^ar bnrc^ einen ptojtfidjen UberfatI ge* ^riift nnb bie auSgeftofjen, bie babei ben 9Jhtt berloren. @ie ntngten bie geringften 3)ienfte tfiun, bei ifjren ^Pferben anf ber tren fdjtafen nnb fiir fie 8orge tragen ; benn anf n)of)t= 30 gefjattene ^ferbe, glanjenbe nnb fdjarfe SBaffen !am e i^m nit. SSor allem ftjaren fie jut ftrengften ^ann^nc^t t)er CROMWELL AND THE PROTECTORATE. 135 pflidjtet. $)er imter ^rinj Rupert cw ben nt?atieren gebit* beten SReiterei, bie in ben @d)tad)ten 9hit)m ertoarb nnb ba Sanb mit Hjrem cfyrecfen erfiittte, tuoHte (ronttoell eine ebenfo tapfere, ftreitfdfyige nnb fiegeSbnrftige d)ar eutgcgcnfteffeu. (Sir nrteUte, n?a8 bie egner ftar! ntadje, ba fei Ijauptfadjlidj 5 ba ^rin^ip ber @f)re, etn $rinji^, ba na<^ ben Sbeen be SKtttetatterS mit bent be 3)tenfte nnb ber |3erfon(id)en S5er* |)flt(i)tnng gujammeitffiSt ; bent ntitffe man etn anbcreS, ba nic^t fc^iudc^er fet, entgegenfejen. Side feme Sente ttmrben bnrc^ bie gteicfje retigiofe Xenbenj, bie ber fetnen entf^rad^, 10 beretnigt; fie ftmren fo fenrtge epartften tuie i^r ^iii)rer felbft: fie fdjhtgen nid)t fomol)! filr bie partantentarifdjen Slnfprndje, bie nod^ einen frnpet gnrudiie^en, ob man ioiber ben gebornen ^onig bie SBaffen trageu fonne, ofe fiir bode retigiofe 5lntonomie nnb fociate leic^ftednng. @ tuar eine 15 ^enoffenfc^aft tjon retigio*po(itifd)en ganatifern, bie aber bnrd) bie (Srorternng ber grogen treitfragen, tuelc^e in ben leljten S a ^ ren ^^ e 5lnfmer!fant!eit befdjiiftigt fatten, iiber bie SSert)a(tntffe jiuifc^en SSol! nnb giirft, ber e^tffo^aten ^ird^e unb ben elten intedeltnett gefdjtttt, nnb nun nnter ftrenger 20 gild)! 511 einent ftar!en ntitita'rifc^en ovper tjereinigt ioaren. @inen $falnt anfttntmenb, im Seamen be Medjodjften ", iuarfen fie fic^ in ben geinb ; fie gaben leinen Carbon ; man fafy fie jutoeilen gnriidtuetc^en, aber nur nm befto (jef tiger an-- ftitrmen ; niemat JDiirbe etner bie gwcfyt ergriffen ^aben ; 25 in ber Sftegel be^ielten fie ben $Iatj. ie (Stfenfeiten (vom* iued gatten in fnrgent al eine Xrnp)3e Don nniutberftel)tid)er apfer!eit. ^5)er 9tuf i^rer Xl^aten betoog bie teid;geftnntcn im Sanbe, fid) ifynen an^ufc^tiegen nnb i^re adje 511 ber eigenen 511 madden, t)on ber fie bie Uber^engnng ^egten, bag fie 30 bie 6ac^e otte fei. 136 CROMWELL AND THE PROTECTORATE. 2)a bie Gnttfdjeibung in bem grogen rettgioien nub potiti= frfien ampfe toon bem fegang ber SBaffen abln'ng, fo tiegt am Stage, toelcf) eine tettiutg etn ^arfamentgmitglieb empfing, ba gugteirf) iiber eine ^eevjdjar oon biefer (Starfe imb Gntergte 5 gebot. Ob nun ber (Sinn (ronnueflg toon 5lnfang ba^tn ging, ftc^ ber oberften Slutortttit 311 bemac^ttgen ? (Sine fanm anf^ii= iuerfenbe, gehjig ntdjt mtt einem rajc^en 28ort ^u eutfdjeibenbe ^rage. ^5a efii^I enter grofeen Seftttnmuitg, bag i^m 10 innerooljnte, ntag bnrc bte (Sueigniffe beftatigt unb er{)oi)t n?orben fein; aber aHe fetne anb(nngen tm etn^etnen t)on etncm $(an ^er^nteiten, toenoicfelt in einen nnn;af)ren bie Ujirffamften S^otioe t)erbitn!etitben $ragmattmug. @r f)at einmat fetbft gefagt: S)er fomme am njeiteften, ber nicf)t toiffe, 15 lt)o!f)tn er gefje. $)er Slntrieb n feinem Xljnn nnb Saffen entfprang i^nt meift an ben 9^otmenbigfetten beg SD'lomenteS. @etn inn it)ar intmer, bie geinbjetigfetten, bie i^m uortagen, gn bnrcprecjjen, gu ii6erir)d(tigen, ebenfoit)oi)( burc^ Sift, at im offenen ^ampfe. S^m bode 28a^r^aftig!eit beignmeffen, 20 ein Sob, ba t)ietleic^t feinem ehtjtgen ber taatgrndnner ber pocfje gufommt it)are etne Uberfcfya^itng ber pomp* aften SSorte, bie er tiebt. . . (Sigenttid^ finb eg brei groge anbtnngen, bnr(f) iuetcEje er fetne perfonltdjje SJJad^t begriinbet ^at; fie tragen aHe bag 25 eprage er^iunngener Slbtoe^r, energifc^en ntfc^Inffeg unb einer $orbereitnng, bie e^er bag egenteif ermarten liefe. ie erfte ift bie Umbitbung ber 2lnnee in ben Saljren 1644-45. @g mar ber foment, in iuetdjem SronnueH tro^ ber SSerbienfte, bie er fid) bei SJlarfton^oor ertoorben, ober 30 t)ietmel)r infotge berfetben, ba fie ifyn einen fo grogen Slntjang tjerfc^afften, t>on ber fcfyottifc^pregbtjteriauifcfjen Combination, CROMWELL AND THE PROTECTORATE. 137 an ber trie bornefjntften banner be @taate unb be eere Slntett naljmen, gu runbe geridjtet loerben foffte. %\i biefer efafjr fitfjrte er bie et&ftentaufjeritngSafte burd) : fie entfjielt ba entfdjeibenbe Sftittet, bie (Srofjen toon ber Slrmec 511 ent= fernen, unb fie, fo ttrie anbere fetner egner, i{)re tjorne^men 5 tnftuffeg 511 berauben. @ ift fd^on auffattenb itnb onftogtg, ba^ eiu retigiofeS SJlotit) bap bienen tiiugte/eiite^artetmaBregel 511 empfefjten unb jur 5lufiif)rnng jit Brtngen : lute t)iet me^r, ba jie nur auf einen Mann leine 5lint>enbuitg fanb, nchnticf) eben auf i^n, t)on bent fie auSgegangen luar. Ob ba nun 10 aber bon toornljerein feine beiuu^te Slbfid^t rt)ar, toer tuilt e entjc^eiben ? ( giebt etne SSorau^fic^t beffen toa t)on fetber fotgt, bie efyer SSorgefii^t at 5lbfid)t 511 nennen ift. ie gro^en e^ceptionetten (SteEungen in ber 28e(t nierben iiberfjaupt attma"^ti(^ erttjorben : metjr burdj) inftiuftavtige^ 15 efu^t al burdj S3erec^nung ntag fie ber (()rgei in 5luge faffen ; int foment ber @ntfdeibung bieten fie fid) tijm plo^tic^ bar, unb njerben bann ntit einemmate in 93efi|j genomuten. urc ben @teg t)on S^afebt) tourbe romtocll 9ftetfter Don (Sngtanb. SBer I)d'tte e niagen fonnen, i^n einer 3ttegatita't 20 p ei^en, inbem er bon @ieg u @ieg fortfrfjritt, unb ben grogen @treit entfcfjieb, in njetd^em bie Nation ntit attem i^rem X^un unb )enten Begriffen tt)ar. (Sr n;ar nur (General ber ^rntee, unb in bem ^artament nid^t meiter at ein TOt* gtieb ; aber er Be|errf($te bie eine burd) ba ^erbienft, ba er 25 urn fie fyatte, unb fein perfonfidjeg 5lnfefjen r unb itbte baburdj auf ba anbere einen ntaggebenben influg au. (Seine ^ofition toarb burd^ bie gnjiefac^e runbtage, bie fie fjatte, t)on einer unfcergteidjltdjen @tcirfe. (Sr niar ntit (Sinem ber ntac^tigfte 9^ann don Gntgfanb geiDorben. ... 3 e Sromtoett ben ebanlen, ba ^onigtum ju ftur^en, fo 138 CROMWELL AND THE PROTECTORATE. mngten cmcij trie partamentarifdjen banner fatten, toetc^e ntit bemfetben em S(b!ommen 511 trejfcn fudjten, molten fie friifjer feine grennbe getoefen fetn ober nid)t. (Sr er!(drte e fur eine 5Crt ton Ianbena!t, benn ttur toon ifjrer tdgtid) anfdjnjettenben s 28nt gegen bie SluSertoaljlten otte teitete er ifyr SSer^atten fjer, bag er ba ^arlament t>on t^nen reinigte. $)a Ober ^au toarb aufgeljoben : ber omg ent^auptet ; in bent llnter= ^aufe, njetrfjeg nun aU ba ^artament erjrfjten, tcnrben nnr bie banner t)on einer a^ntic^en, alien Sot)aHta't3cjefitf)t baren 10 efinnnng gebutbet, bie ntit ifjnt gingen. . . . 3n biefen 3at)ren toar n JDieber^oIten 9Ka(en in 3frfcwb, etnntat auc^ fdjon in (Sngtanb bie 5(bfic^t gefaJ3t toorben, $nr SSertDaltung ber oberften en;a(t einen ^roteftor anfgiifteHen : ein Xitel, ber bent engtifdjen Ofjr nidjt frentb tantete, ba fic^ in 15 fritfyeren S^iten nte^r at einntal eigemnd'^tige @tedt>ertreter minberja^riger giirften aU $rote!toren be^eid^net fatten, nnb ber bod) !einetoeg eine befinitttte (Srnenerung ber monarc^i* fd>en $egiernngform in fid^ fc^tog. SromrtJeH foUte nnn al Sorb=^rote!tor ber 9?epnbtt! aner!annt toerben, jeboc^ nid)t ntit 20 nnbefdjranfter, noc^ erbtic^er eiuatt. cnn bie boripattenbe Slntoritat int SReid) n^urbe nod^ ntei)r ber 5(rmee beigelegt a( bent (General fetbft : er fottte gmtticfyft bnrd^ einen ijanptfddjtid) an 9ftifitcir niannnengefe|ten @taatrat befdirdnft njerben. Sambert t)erfate ntit einigen anbent Dffigieren eine 5(rt Don 25 $erfaffnngnrtnnbe ^nftrimtent ber 9iegiernng genannt, h)etc^e bie S3erl/d(tniffe nd^er beftimntte. 5)ent $vole!tor ionrben barin (hitennnngen nnb nabenbe^eic^nnngen t)orbe fatten : fiir bie uricfytigften @taat^anb(nngen fottte er an ba ntac^ten be @taatrat gebnnben fein. iefem ttmrbe 30 iiberfjan^t eine fefjr fetbftdnbige tellnng eingerdnmt : eigen= nt(id)ttg foUte ber $rote!tor lt)eber barin anfnel)nten, noc^ CROMWELL AND THE PROTECTORATE. 139 baranS enttaffen ; bet entftetjenben SSatanjcn ftdj an bte au feiner SJZitte tfjm fiir bie (rfenng gu ntacjjenben SSorfdjtage gu fatten fjaben. S)em taatrat ttwr ba nnenblitf) toirfjtige $orrec!)t gngefprotfjen, einft nad) betn Slbgang (ronttt>elt beffen -ftadjfotger gu ernennen. ($emetnjd)aftUd() nun mit s btejem @taatrat foUte romloeH bie S)tpofition iiber bie trettfrafte ber Nation, bie @nt|"ceibitng iiber ^rieg iinb grteben befifcen, fo iuie bie 33efiigni, biubenbe efefee git crlaffeit, bi ba ^arlantent beiiammen feiu tperbe. enn bieien beibcn enge uerbimbeuen eirmttett, foflte eht po)3iitare I0 $artament gtir @eite trcten. S3ei ber 2Baf)( befetben iDoHte ntan bie runbfafce einer gleidjma'Bigen ^Re^refentation feft* fatten, nnr bafe aEe bie bat)on aitge)d)(ofjen bteiben follten, toefdje an bent ^riege gegen bie SRepnbtit teitgenontnten fatten, toarc ba an^ nnr mit Sftat nnb 33etf)i(fe ber gaU geiDefen ; in X 5 biefer 95efc^rcinfnng aber nnb gniar eben urn ifyrer tottten fotttc ba ^arlantent nnt fo bebentenbere fonftitntioneUe ^Rec^te anSiiben. fottte bie tegi(atiue eiualt in tJoKem Um= fang befifcen ; bie toon i^jnt befc^toffeuen tatuten foKten fetbft bann in Kh'cift treten, tuenn fie ber ^5rote!tor in einer beftimmten ZQ grift nid)t beftcitige. 5)ie 23euriflignng ber 6tenern fottte t)ott* fta'nbig Don im abfjangen : bte geit feiner @i|ungen foEte ber ^roteftor rtieber berjogern noci^ abfitrgen. in gtuar noc^ nidjt tooflftanbig an^gebitbeter, aber boc fef)r ntertftmrbiger SScr{iic, eyefittitie unb tegietatitie etoatt 2 s tJoneinanber gntrennen; ein SBorbilb ntoberner ^onftitntionen, h)ie ja and) fo toiel anbere^, tua in biefer (Spodje erfc^etnt, Xenbengen einer toeit fpateren fteit, namentticE) be nennge^nten anlitnbigt I) at Derftdjert, er abe toeber bon ber 9leftgnatton 3 getjabt, at iJjrn bie Urfnnbe bariiber attf ^ergantent 140 CROMWELL AND THE PROTECTORATE. gefcfjrieben iiberbracfjt ttnirbe, nodj t>on bent JJnftrument ber SRegiernng, at man e ifym Dortegte ; er fjabe e angenommen, toeit er gefelfjen, bag feine (Setoalt eine befd)ran!te fein toerbe. . . . s onig, Sorb unb $arfament !>atte romroefl an ber (Spiije ber Slrmee niebergetuorfen nnb Dernidjtet: ber politifdjen SSerfaffung be ^Retcfie^ gegeniiber erfd^ien er at etn greyer gerftorer. ^Setter aber moUte er nic^t ge^eit; fobatb bie 5(n{)a'nger feiner Cartel eine SRicfytung etnjc^tugcn, toetc^e bie 10 biirgerlic^en 3itftanbe nnb ba fociate Seben bebro^ten, fanben fie in tijm t^rcn gro^ten nnb njirffamften $einb. enn in bent 93efi| ber 9ftarf)t namentUc^ ber ntttttdrifdEien Itegt bie ^otlDenbigfeit, bie runbtagen ber gefeftfrfiafttidjen Orbnnng, auf benen fie fetbft bern^t, n er^altcn. 15 5Int 16. ^e^ember 1653 nafynt ^romtoeH bon feiner SSiirbe feierlid) S3efi|. 3Kit einem getotffen ^ontp fonnte bie grope llfnrpation in Seben treten : eben bort, rt)o ber legitime ^onig toerurtetlt luorben ioar, in SSeftmtuftcr $att. 2Iuf einem reid^en Xep|jic^ fyatte man ben @taatfeffet fitr ba nene 20 (5taatober{)au|)t anfgefteHt. 3)en a'npern 9f?anm na^men bie Dffijtere be ^>eere, Sorb 9JJat)or nnb Sllberrnen in ifjren fd^ar(a(f)nen Sftoben etn ; ben innern bie SDfttgtieber be @taat* rate nnb bie SRicfjter in t{)rer 3lmttrad)t ; benn anf bie SSereinignng tion SiDtt nnb ^itita'r fam e an; bent effet 25 gimacfjft fa^i man anf ber einen @eite SromtDett fetbft, anf ber anbern bie S3eraaf)rer be grogen @ieget, aHe unbebedt. ie ^anbtnng erb'ffnete Sambert, ber an ber SBorbereitung ber* fetben ben grogten Slnteil genommen l^atte. @r bot bent Sorb* (Scnevat im ^anten ber 5lrmee unb, tt)ie er fagte, ber bret 30 9totionen ba ^rote!torat an, tuie e in bent gnftnmtent ber SRegierung nci^er befd^rteben tuerbe; ba gnftriuuent iuarb CROMWELL AND THE PROTECTORATE. 141 fcertefen: Sromtoeti leiftete ben barin toorgefdjriebeneu (ib. Xartu t>erpflid)tete er fid) nid)t aEein, ben 23efttmmungen be* fefbcn $otge 511 Ictftcu, fonbern iiberfyaupt bie Nation nadj iljren efejjen, Statnten nnb (Sktoofyufyeiten gn regteren, grteben unb cred)tigfeit 511 Ijanbljaben. Snbem er bann auefpradj, s er nef)me bte fjofye s JSitrbe an, toeil er barin ben SSnnfd) ber SSerfammetten nnb ben 28tf(en otte erfenne, fiigte er bod^ in grofeartigent Sdjiuung ber @eban!en fjtn^u, feine 9Jfarf)t moge nidjt longer bauern, at fie mtt bent 2Berfe otte in t)ott!omiuenein (rinflang ftelje, nr gorberung be (Stiangettum^ 10 nnb nr @rt)attnng be 3So(fe bet feinen ^Redjten unb feinem igentum gereidje : {)tevanf bebedte er fid) unb tiejs fic^ in ben @effet uieber. ie 6iegelbetua!)rer iiberreidjten i!)m ba gro^e ieget Doit (Suglaub, ber Sorb SKatyor ba <3d)n)ert; er gab fie i()uen guriid ; ber Sorb SQcaijor trug bann, immer unbebedt, J 5 ba @djU)ert t)or ifjin ^er. 2)er @d)rt)nr ber taat^rate atte Bit)er anf Xreue gegen bie republtfanifd)e Siegierung, otjne onig, einen ein^etnen 9?egenten, nnb ofyne ein an bon Sorb getantet. 3efet fdjiuoreu fie nnr, ba ifjnen anuertraute 2lmt uac^ ueftem 3Ser 20 ntb'gen ^u uenuatten, nub bet ber SSa^t eiue 9^ad)folger im ^roteftorat unpartetijd), otjue ^iidfidjt auf itnft, 9Serfpred)en nub SBetofynnng, nub o^ue gnrc^t jit oerfafjren. SDnrc^ eiue befoubere ^(aufet int gnftrument luaren bie SJlttgtieber be aufeS tuart Don bem ^roteftorat auf imnter ange)d)Ioffen. 25 $)enn ba fiigte man tDot)f, ba bie neue SSitrbc eine togie mtt bem ^ouigtum {)abe: in ben duben eine gttebe ber Derjagteu gamitie JDiirbe fie ju etner Skftauratton gefiiffrt ^abctt. fiaraftertftii^e be SBerfa^ren lag eben barin, ba 30 3 er ftorte gerftort btetbeu, bie em])orge!ommeue eiualt 142 CROMWELL AND THE PROTECTORATE. aber in enter ber atten SSerfaffnng anatogen gorm fonftitutert itterben fottte. Sftan tooflte etne Sftonardjte ebenfaflS be= fdjranlt tote bie atte, aber in enter ifyr entgegengefefcteit, nub anf eitrig Don ifyr getrennten 2lrt nub SBetfe. @ loin nnr 5 barauf an, eine SBerbinbung ber toerfdn'ebenen (entente 511 einer ftarfen tootitifdjen 2uttoritat 511 ftaube ju bringen. ar= rifon SBerfud) luar mifetungen ; man ntngte nun fe^en, twe lueit man anf bent Don Santbert angegebenen SSeg fomnten tuiirbe. gtuet ntcidjtige ^arteten gab e tm Sanbe, bie fiir bie neue 10 (Sinric^tnng ntmnternte()r getuontteu iuerben fonttten : bie 9tot)ati[ten, beren @t)mpatien ber alten SSerfaffung be galten, nnb bie burdt) ben tnr^ berjelben ifyr eigene bertoren, nnb bie 5htabapti[ten, bie foeben gnr fyvung einer rettgib'fen Umbilbnng ber SBett 511 ge* 15 tangen getjofft fatten nnb nun I6|ti(f) Derbrangt nnb ange* fi^toffen tuaren. Sue einen n^ollten ben $rote!tor nidjt nn ber (SteEe ire omg fe()en ; bie anbern fonnten i^m ben SBiber= ftanb niema( Der^ei^en, ben bie infii^rung ifyrer retigtojen SBettorbnung in it)m fanb. , , . 20 We bie aber, luetcfye in bent 23eftef)en ber biirgertiijen Orb= nung ber SDinge, bie man eben bebroljt geje^en (jatte, ba >ei( erbtirften, begriifeten ba ^roteftorat mil grenben. @ie Der= bargen fief) nidjt, ba e nicf)t gefetjlicfy genannt tcerben fb'nne. 5lber fie fyietten bafitr, bag e fcfyon genng fei, an ben unge* 25 fe^tic^en ^anbtungen, bnrif) iuetc^e btefe eiontt gebtlbet toorben, nidjt teitgenommen u ^aben. llnter ifyr jn btenen ^tetten fie fiir ertaubt. $n nngefe|ti(f)en ingen nnter einer geje^ttrf)en etuatt bie ,!panb ju bteten, erfc^ien i^nen frfjltm* nter, at geje^Udje S5iuge unter einer ungeie^Udjen etuatt gu 30 bot^iefyen : benn bieje 511 unterlaffen, raiirbe ba offentUdje gefnfjvben. . . . CROMWELL AND THE PROTECTORATE. 143 gn ber auptftabt ttmrb bie ^reclamation ber neuen S&nrbe toon bem $ott e^er tnit einer geiwffen S^onte atS mit Sett* nafjme anfgenommen. 23et bem (Smpfang (romiueff in ber (itt), 8. gebrnar 1654, fprad) ber SRecorber bie etgette X^eortc romiDcttS aii, baJ3 bie 9tegierung jtnar gotttic^en UrfprungS, s aber bie ^orm beufetbeu 9Jlenfd)entt)er! uitb ber SSerdnberung mttertoorfen fet. @r jagte fentcr: ott gebe fo t)tet Sic^t, bajj man bie efe^e ber meujdjlidjeu cjefijc^aft erlenueu unb feftfe^cn foune, aber ur 5tufiif)riing berfelben gejjore ba c^mert : ber SBimfc^ ber 55iirger get)e ba^in, bag ba bitrger= 10 ticfje cfjluert in ber anb, in bie e getegt jei, fiir ba offenttic^e SSo^t ebenfooiel rfotg ^aben moge, iuic einft ba miUttirifrfje in berfetben anb. S)ie neue 5Iutoritat trat in SeBen unb fanb e^orfam. . 3n ben offeutlidjen Slften erfdjetnt bie gormet ;/ OUbariu? 15 ^roteftor " tute einft ,,^arotn ^e?: ". od) fie^t man iuof)(, baJ3 bie neite 9^egterun05form nnr at elite burc bie affgcmeine SSertutrruug unb efal)r gebotene SluSluuft angejefyen tuurbe. mitfste fid) erft jeigen, intotefern fie fid) nac^ au^en unb nad) innen bettmfjren toiirbe. 20 XL Gotz von Berlichingen and the Peasants' War. (From Charakterbilder aus der Geschichte und Sage, by A. W. GRUBE.) I. Gotz von Berlichingen and his Iron Hand. 2Bof)I toar gu Slnfang be fed^efynten gal^rljmtbertS bereit jene gelt fcoriiber, tuo ber frete Xeittfdje feme anbere SBefdjafti* gung fitr feiner foiirbig erfannte, at ben rieg; bod) tear jener etft noc^ fetneiueg au^geftorben, gumat in bemjenigen s Sette be SSotfe, metier fic^ ftotj fur bie aHetn ec^te 9?acf)= fommenfc^aft ber atten fretcn 55eutfdjen tett, bie itnr gum ^riegen unb ^errjc^eit geboreit luaren, unter bem 5IbeL liefer fe^r ja^treid^e tanb, luetc^er nur nocf) tetltoeis mit itteru uttb SSitrgen bcrfe^en h?ar, bennocf) aber jeben biirger* 10 tidjen ^at)ntng5rt)eig beradjttid) bon ftc tote, tt>ar fe^r iibet beraten, mcnn e nid^t irgenbiuo ^rteg gab ; ja manner abetige fitter mugte au 9^ot etit fRduberteben fii^ren. aijer SO^ajtmiUan I. fe|te tnbe bem Sauftredljt !rcifttge d^ranfen; er fcerbot nicfit nur jebe elbft^ilfe, fonbern fe^te aud^ ein 15 ericfjt ein an erfa^renen SO^cinnern, ba 9ieic slant mer= gertcfjt, t)or njetd^em fetbft jeber 9ftei(f)fiirft betangt iDerben tonnte unb bet bem jeber 5)eutfcfje fein 9^ed^t fuc^en foKte. @ belam feinen @i^ anfang in granffurt a. -Ottl., nac^matg in (Speter nnb ^nte^t in SBefctar. llm bie Drbnnng beffer n Ifinneit, teittc 9Jlajimitian ba beutfd^e 9^etc^ in 144 GOTZ VON BERLICHINGEN. 145 reife em, bie toon -ftorben nadj iiben geved)itet fotgenbe toaren : ber toeftfatifdje, oberfadjftfrfje, uteberfadfjfifdje ; ber bitrgmtbifdje, uieberrf)einifd)e, franftfdjje, oberrl)einifd)e ; ber fdjitmbifdje, baU rtfdje unb ofterreidjifdje. 28er fid) ben 33efd)(iiffen be SReid)* !ammergeriif)t twbevfe|te, ftwrb in bie $Reidjad)t erfldrt unb elite $eid)3armee innate bteje tjod^ie^en. @o tooUte mittan einen etuigen Sanbfrteben fyerftetten. 5lber fobatb toar bie Sampfluft be beutf^en 5lbe nid)t gebroi^en. Manner ebte Slitter, ber feine raft finite, luoUte tieber (eine ge^be mit bent djioerte in ber anb an= 10 fec^ten, at einen Iangn)ei(igen ^ro^cg fit^reu unb Dor bent ^antmergeridjte fic^ ftetten. @o gefdjnJ) benn anc^ nad^ ber SSerliinbignng be Sanbfdebenl nod) ntaudjmat etU)a, ba u bent @pric^nti SSerantaffung gab : @3 ift bent Sanbfrieben uic^t u tranen ! " 28a a6er me^r al !aiferlid)e S3efet)(e bie j s yjlafyt be 5(bet braci^, tear bie jur S3(iite gelomntene SJlac^t ber tdbte unb bie neu entftanbene SO^ad^t ber ^iirften, tte fid) mit ben SBiirgern berbanben, unt ben @tol unb Ubermut ber fitter n bredjen. Saju !ant bie (Srfinbnng be ^ultjcr^ toetdje bie fc^toeren efc^iile IjerUorrief, benen toeber bie 20 Saltern ber Sftttterburgen, noc^ bie ganger unb amifdje ber fitter rt)tberfte(jen fonnten. (5 gab aber uoc^ mandje arte I'a'mpfe, ef>e bie ueue 3^it 5nnt ^)nrd)brud^ !am. ilnter ben ftifynen bittern, bie mit UntoiHen bie nene 9tei(^orbimng ertrngen, mit ^ngrimm bie 25 guneljmenbe gnrftenmac^t fafjen, war aud^ @o t>on S5er* lidjingen mit ber eifernen anb, ein 3)lann tiott @treitfnd)t nnb tanbcftotj, aber audj t>ott bentfd^er S3ieber!eit, ber fid) mit feiner eifernen Sauft felbft ^Redjt gu fd^affen fuc^te irotj S!aifer unb Sieid). 3 Ilnter ber SHegiernng be faifer 2ftajimtlian ftarb 1503 K 146 GOTZ VON BERLICHINGEN ber >ergog ($eorg Don 23atyern=8anbf;)nt ; nadf) ben trdgen fottte bie errfdjaft an Gilbert Don S3at)ern gefangen, aber ber Serftorbeue fjatte in einem Xeftantent feme gange )interlaffenfd)aft feinem Xodjtermatme Sftutorecfyt, @o!nt s )e ^urfiirften Srtebridj Don ber $fatg, ttermadjt. S)aruber beganu em bofer tnnerer ^rteg, 9iupred^t unb fetn SSater, mit gran!reic Derbiinbet, tDnrben in bie 5l(f)t erfta'rt, aber fie fatten etn eer Don 55eitttd)en nnb Q35^men getoorben nnb iue^rten fic^ tapfer. 3) a bot SftayhnUian ba 9tei(^ gum iQ^ampf gegen bie ttJtberfpenftigeit er^oge anf nnb o^ Don 33erti(f)ingen ftettte fid) gum eere ber SBunbeygenoffen, bo t)om fc^tocrcu efcptj ber 9^iiremberger geidjiiijt umrb. aub* ijnt mnrbe umgtngett. ^fat^graf s Jtnprec^t Dertetbtgte btefe @tabt mit ben tapferfteu feiue 3Sot!. Xdg(ic,gef(^Q^en 15 SIngriffe, gteic!^ bditig auf betben etteu unb !einer gang cut* fdjetbenb. o^ iuar iiberaH im efec^t nnb fein SUJnt nrie fetne efc^tc!(idj!eit ermarben fic Sitter Sldjtuug. 28o fein e(m= bufi^ iue^te, ba fieten bie nebe am bid^teften. @o n?ar er audfj eine Staged tief tin efecfjt; bie ^iirnberger ?5elb= 20 fdjtangen miiteten ntcic^ttg nnter ben ^Betagerten, bie einen 2lnfatt gemad^t fatten ; in ba birfjtefte ^anftgentenge ge= rid^tet, Derfd^onten fie iueber grennb nodf) getnb. S)a ger= fd^metterte ein nngtudttcfier (Sdfjufc ba @ciuert be Slitter^, brdngte bie d(fte be (Sd^njertfno^f^ in bie Slrmfcfytenen 25 feine gangers unb gerfc^lug ben red)ten Slrm fo geioattig, bag bie gerfptttterte aub nttr nod^ an ber ant feft fjing. 2)er itamttdje @cu6 ftrerfte feinen egner, $abian Don SSattborf, mit ttJetc^em er eben fdmpfte, tot gur (Sube. ^attbtutig frfiante o^ auf biefe SSerttwftung ; er Ien!te fein $ferb farfjt bent Sager 30 gu, n)o!)in er mit itfe eine alien ^nap^en getangte. 3)ort erft fonnte ber Slrgt gernfen toerbeu ; aber fetn SSerbanb l)alf, AND THE PEASANTS* WAR. 147 feme Oatbe rettete bie anb, man tofte fie bem Xapfern fcom 2lrm, um einem SBranbe fcoraubeugen, ber fein Seben bebroljte. *ftid)t nur bie greunbe unb enoffen be fitters fatten innige 9ftitteib nut feinem Ungfticf, audj bie geinbe bebanerten 5 ifjn. (So erbittert er^og Sftuprecljt audj ftmr, jo fcerljiejs er bem Sranfeu boc^ gern fid^ereS e(eit unb freien 5(ufentf)alt in Sanb^nt, roo beffere ^pflege at im Sager 511 eriunvten tear. $)ocf) brad^ in ber tabt batb e.ine bo^arttge ^ranf^eit au unb bie SSunben be 9iitter t)erfc^(immerten fic^. 'SDer (55e= 10 banfe, Ijmfort ein unnufeer 9Kann fetn 511 miiffen iuurbc i^m britrfenber at je ; er ftrengte ba^er aHe ^ra'fte ber @eete an, urn TOttet 511 erfinnen, rtjoburd^ er fic^ iiber fcin Ungtud er!>eben mocf)te. @teter grtebe rt)ar feinem eifte unteibtic^, rteg fein Siebtinggeban!e r unb (S^re ber 5lbgott be elben. 15 9lo(f) flo jugenbli^e SBtnt in feinen Slbern, noc^ ueretnigte firf) raft mtt bem SBtClen unb $)rang tel)rte tljit erfinben. Oft erinnerte er fief) auf fc^taftofem rauten(ager ber rja^ lungen bon einem f)of)entof)if(f)en 9teiter;ber tro^ bem SSertufte fetner anb bi an fein (Snbe in ^riegbtenften gebtieben fei, **> unb neue offnung betebte ifjn. @r fetbft erfann eine anb Don @ifen unb fanb emeu gefcf)ic!ten SSaffenfc^mieb, ber feinen ebanfen 28tr!tic^!eit gab. urc^ fitnftlidje 3^f^^ 5 menfe|ung tneinanber gretfenber $ebern lunrbe bie anb fo brauc^bar, bag fie bie giiget fatten fonntc. Sltte iiberftanbene 25 emadj tear tjergeffen, atte triiben ebanfen luaren t)er= fc^munben, at ber emfige Slrbeiter mtt bem 9fteiftertt>er! feiuer ^itnft in ba 3^ mmer trat unb ber fitter feinen tierfammelten greunbcn bie ^rcifte biefer anb geigte. SSon nun an ttrnr er tjottig genefen, er uerliejj Sanb^^ut unb og, mtt eiferner 3 9tecf)te betuefirt, auf fein tammftftfof 148 GOTZ VON BERLICHINGEN II. Gotz and the People of Cologne. Sfadjbem ber fitter fid) in gagt$attfeit mit einem bratoeit SSetbe toermafylt unb iuieber mandjerlet SMmpfe unternommen Ijatte, begann er im gafyre 1509 etne gefjbe mil ber bamaf fefyr reidien nub madjtigen SRetdjSftabt 6In. o| fjiett ba s fiir etne itratte, IfyeiUge SBeftimmung be SlbelS, ben toon unterbriirften c^ttjac^en u ilfe 311 gte^en. inbetfinger, d^neibernteifter an tnttgart, l^atte 511 6(n im 3telft^te6en ba Sefte, 100 ntben im SSert, enuorben. Slber man entjog ifjm bie SBeloijnnng bnrrf) fc^taue 10 ^Rau!e unb ttefe il)n mit leerer anb nac^ anfe jtefjen. gebermann mij3bt(Iigte ba 33etragen biefer ^Heirfjgftabter unb erjog U(rtd) (toon SKitrttemberg) of(ente toerljieBen i^m @d)it^ unb SBeiftanb. (Sin @d)reiben toon ben ^8ontel)mften am ofe r unter benen and) @)o$en @d)U)ager toon adjfeit 3 15 f)eim itoar, forberte ben fitter nr 9)lititoir!iing auf. (Sr fiinbigte ben ^olnern fogteic^ ge()be an nnb gog mit einer getoorbenen 9}lannfd)aft an, fie an ifyven S^'fld)ten nnb ^anf= lenten 511 pfcinben. S u bw SSetteran ftieft er anf nemt fdnuer betabene SBagen, tueti^e ben ^b'tnern retdje SBaren ufitt)rten. 20 5^ naljm fie in 93ejd)tag ; raeit aber feine unb fetner e^ ijilfen S3efi^nngen 511 fern ttmren unb er ben alien !ran!en $()itip^> toon ^ronberg, ber tfjm feine SSefte geoffnet ^atte, uidjt in SSertegenfjeit bringen rootlte, tieg er bie dja'^e rateber tebig nnb erloartete fc^icftidjere etegen^eit jur 9ftad^e. 8ie 25 fam. 3^ci foluifd^e ^anftente, SSater unb ofjn, reiften anf bie SReffe nad) Seipaio/ ^er o fii^rte beibe gefangen nad) 3flj;t^aufen. a baten fie tyn, menigften (Stnem bie Sort* feeing ber 9?eife ju ertanben, bamit fie i^jre SSaren toerfanfen unb ein titd)tige Sojegetb anfbringen fonnten. b'^ geitoa'^rte AND THE PEASANTS' WAR. 149 tf)re SBitte uub enttteg ben $ater, bem fetn fd)itmd){td)ere Sttter ol)iiebie bie efaugenfdjaft Barter madjte, unter bem eiblidjen SBertyvedjen, nad) geenbigter SKeffe urieber ju fommen unb fid) unb feinen oljn ju tofen. (Sin nappe be fitters fottte U)it 311 SBamberg eruwrteu unb auf bem SRiidiuege fidjer uad) s Scijtfiaujen getetten. 2lber ber Sltte bracf) @d^tDur unb Xrene unb tJerriet ben ^nappen an ben S3i(c^of Don 33amberg, eorg Don Simburg, ber tf)it gefangen nef)men Iie. 9lac tangent uergeb(td)en Barren erfu^r i)J bieje Xrcutoftgfett unb fdjicfte etn $lb= 10 maf)nnngfd^rctben an ben 93Uieber gen S3amberg u ftetten. S)a ben fitter i)^ fo, bag er bem 23ijd)of gcfjbebrtefe unb ettigft eiitc ftarle Sln^a^I Sfteiter unb ^nedjte gegen tyn toarb. S)te @ad^e tocirc batb gejd)tid)tet toorben, lua're etn Slnjc^Iag jur 5(nfiif)rung gefommen, ben SBifd^of, ber 5ur 20 SBnntitenfiir nac opjriugen retten Ujottte, gefangen gu ueljinen. SIber enter ton 8^cnS enoffen gtng Ijin unb toarntc ben '95if(of, ber in @i(e uad) SBamberg gurudreifte. SSoHt' tt)m," fagte o^ t>on 93erltd)tugen, ba 33ab gejeguet unb i^ii iDeibtic^ abgetrodnet tjaben ! " ^ ie fb'tner ge()be beruridette ben fitter in t)iete anbere, namentlid) mit bem rafen t>on anau unb bem errn Don >utten. 3^ gteic^er 3^it griff $l)iftpP @tumpf ben b'^ an unb Derbrannte i^m etnen of unb eine SWu^te. S^un bnrfte er ntc^t fetern unb nutfcte jebe ^raft aufbieten, um mit @t)ren 30 fitnf egner 511 beftreiten. 3et tt>ar er im ^art^anfer SSatb 150 GO TZ VON BERLICHINGEN iittb fyieb beg tuntpfeng letter -mfantmen unb jejjt ftnnb er ttrieber nrie im gtuge bei (Srfurt unb madjte fidj errn grobin Don utten furdjtbar, ber tfym nnr nttt genaner 9?ot entiotjdjen tonnte. @o gerhtg and) be fitters frtegerifc^eS efotge iuar, 5 fo gefa^iiid^ btteb bodf) bamat, rt)o nod^ !eine fte^enben eere bent 9)ld(f)ttgen gn ebote ftanben auc^ em !(etner nuttiger , beffen 5(ngriffe oft unt)erfe^en gefrfjafyen. l^atte fec^^e^n Xage tang cwf feinen tretfjfigcn faft feme titnbe rn!)tg gefdjtafen, at er tin SSovbeiftreifen nnfern 10 be 9JJain ein @cf)(oB feine $reunbe (SnftacE)tii Don X^itvingcn erretc^te. ter gebad^te er be tang eutbeljvten @ctafe }ic 511 frenen. (5r fam tute gernfen ; benn o^ ntit bent eifernen 5lrm unb 9Jlnt luar iiberaH twftfontmen, mo ritterttc^e XC)aten gejc^e^en fottten. ^5a (Sdjtog tag Dott 15 toefyrljafter fitter uitb itnecbte, nnb SBerltd^tngen, Don ber Srcunb)c^aft anfgeforbert, Derfc^ob ben euufe be nadjtltdjen (SdE)(nmmer noc^ etnmat, nm ben 5lnfd)tag fetne ^Betters gegen ben SBtfdjof gu uuterftu^en. Urn SDfcittewadjt bracf) ber aufe, an 9tettern unb gitjlnecfiten betrddjttic^, anf; 6 20 immer unter ben Dorberften. @te erretdjen ndd)tlic|er SSette ben Sftain, fe^en g(ud(td^ bnrd) elite tooljl&efamtte gurt, ne^men gmet ftjo^tbenjaffnete @ciffc U)eg unb fiif)ren ferf^eljn SSagen !aufmdnnij(f)er SBaren nad; Sftenfenburg. nbtic^ getang e bem guten rafen Don ^onigftetn etne 25 SSerntttttung ber fotner getjbe in ang u brtngen. @r fdjrteb etnen Xag jiDifc^en ben ftreitenben Xetten nad^ gran!* furt an3, Dergtid) t^re 93efcmerben u toedrfetfeittger gufneben* ijett unb ertofte babnrd) anc^ feinen greunb o Don feinen iibrigen egnern. AND THE PEASANTS' WAR. 151 III. The Peasants' War. [The 3?aitmifrieg or Peasants' War broke out early in January 1525 and lasted throughout the year. The peasants had many grievances, the chief of which were the introduction of the Roman code of laws, which resulted in the abolition of many of their traditional rights and privileges, and their exclusion not only from taking any part whatever in the administration of justice, but even from a knowledge of its working. Moreover the new code was inadequate and unsuitable to the conditions of the peasant class of that day, while the inconsiderate manner in which it was administered by irresponsible officials made the burden still more heavy to bear. Further friction, too, was caused by exactions and extortions inflicted on the peasants by the nobles, who co.ild devise no other means than this of raising money to defray the expenses of the increased luxury they were fain to indulge in. These burdens would have fallen more heavily on the free peasants, whom they desired to bring under the yoke of va-salage. In addition to this, the breach between rich and poor was further widened by the perver- sion of Luther's teaching into an idea of communistic equality, an inter- pretation never dreamt of by him. Matters were thus ripening for an outbreak. The standard of rebellion was first raised in Suabia, for it was here that oppression, particularly on the part of the prelates, was more rigorously exercised than elsewhere. Towards the close of the 1 5th and the beginning of the i6th century, several more or less futile risings took place, till at last a fresh and more successful attempt of the peasants of the Abbey of Kempten in Suabia was the sigral for a general rising in the south of Germany. But want of war material and organisation greatly marred their successes, as they had to contend against the disciplined soldiers of the Suabian confederation under the Truchsess (or Seneschal) of Waldburg. A document of twelve articles setting forth their grievances was drawn up, which concluded with the singular and peremptory decision that ' their demands must either be conceded or refuted from the Bible. ' The convents and castles of such as refused to subscribe to the articles were sacked and burnt to the ground, and many other atrocities committed (see note to p. 153, 1. 21). Members of the ' lower nobility ' and gentry espoused the cause of the peasants, and among them Gotz von Berlichingen, whom they appointed BetoOcillptlltann or Commander of their forces. One of their fiercest engagements was at Wiirzburg, where the insurgents were defeated in *5 2 5 by the troops of the Suabian League and 8,000 of them slain. Other reverses at Konigshofen and Pfeddersheim speedily crushed the rebellion, and many of the peasants and their adherents were most 152 GOTZ VON BERLICHINGEN unmercifully put to death. One writer says : ' By this war Germany lost more than 150,000 of its inhabitants. Only in a few states did any good result from it. In most of them the unfortunate peasants had cause bitteily to repent the steps they had taken.'] 9Int 9?eujaf)rtage 1525 ftanben bie SBauern be 2lbte Don emtoten aiif imb fceruwfteten ba (Stift. 35tefe f)at nmr gteidfjfam ba ofung)uort fiir atte iibrigen SBaiteru in itb= beutfdjfanb, ifjr god) gu jertrumntern, beitu bte (Srbitternng s iiber bte gronbtenfte unb fr^iuere Slbgabeu mar aUgemetn. SBatb ftanb bte gait^e beutfd^e SBauernfrfjaft in SSaffen unb tjeriniifiete ba Sanb mit geiter nnb @rf)iuert, nttt itumenjc^* Itc^er ranfamfeit gegen ben 5lbet luiitenb. o^ Don S3eu(t(f)tngen tuar anf (etnem ornberg bi^er noc^ 10 in SRnfye gebtieben ; aber ba bie efab.r na'I)er ritrfte, ir>ar e itotig, anf S^tttet gu fetner nnb ber Seinigen ^Rettung 511 finnen. ^!a er bet aflein SSot! bettebt iuar, al ein 3freunb ber gvetf)eit nnb SBefrfjiijjer t^ver Slec^te, fo offtc er, feine S3er* njenbnng bet ben SBaueru iuerbe ntd^t nn|to fein. Sluf ben 15 SSnnfd) feine S5ruber, ber bantatS 3ajtl)aufen beiuotjitte, rttt er nac^ Sd^ontljat nnb erftmrb \^\\\ bet ben ^panpttenten bie ng be griebeu?. Slurfj fitr fid^ fetbft bat er nm foflte er biefe nid)t (ange gcntejsen. aum jn ben einigen gnriicfgefetjrt, erfdjten fein 20 ber t)on ben Pattern beanftragt iuar, ben gunler ^u it^ren anpt(enten narf) iinbeIE)eim ^u rnfen. 6^, itjrer Slnfidjt unfnnbtg, rttt f)in nnb erfnfyr gn feinem c^reden, er foUe bie Dbrift=auptmannftette bet tfyrem eere anne!)inen. W\i 93itten nnb SSorfteHnngen t)erfu$te er c8, fie Don biefem 2 5 SSorfa| ab^ubringen, fanb an$ e{)or bet alien Gotten ; nur bie o1}entol)if(f)en ergriffen fein ^5ferb nnb jtuangeii t^m einen @tb ab, fid) be anbern Xage bet ifynen in 33nd)an etn^nfinben. AND THE PEASANTS' WAR. 153 SDem (Sib getreu unb bange fi'tr bie Sotgen, toenn er it)it Bremen luoUte, erfd)ien er am fotgenben Xage. ;/ ott erfemtt unb njetfs, tuie mir toar, unb id) tounfdjt' mir, bafj id) efjer in bem bofeften Xnrm tag', ber in ber Xiirfet toare." S5te 23anern notigten ifyn ab^nfteigen, fdfjtoffen etnen fefteu ^ret nnb loiebcr* 5 gotten brofjenb ben 3lntrag ber anptmannjrf)aft. 3l( er fid) h)eigerte r broljten fie mtt bem Xobe; ba^n famen t)iete o^e nnb 9liebere t)om Slbetftanb nnb baten 5i3, bie @tette an3n ne^men, toeil er t)iet Ungtiid nnb manege ranjnmfeit Der^iiten lonnte, nm djufc ber ^iirften nnb be gefamten Slbet. I0 ritnbe betoogen ben fitter, narfjbem iljm feft ber @e* fetner Untergebenen jngcfic^ert iuar, etnen 9Konat lang fid) an bie ^)i^e be SBnuern^cereS 511 ftetten. 3n ben Urfunben nnb d^trmbriefen, bie er lucifyrenb btefer 3ett nnter feinem Seamen an^fertigen (ieJ3, tuirb er Ob rift* J 5 getbfjan^tmann ber SBauern geuaiutt. Slber nnr n^enige age banerte bie greube be eere itber ben nenen Slnfii^rev, benn er ^ielt ftreng auf Orbnnng nnb Qnfyt, terbot 9?anb nnb 83ranb nnb ftrafte mtt unerfcf>rocfenem @ntft. Xennod^ toorb e tljm unmoglic^, fid^ aUgemeine Solgfntfcit bei ben Ur^ebern 20 be 28einberger ^Btntbabe^, HJO bte SBanern fetbft bie toeljvlojen SSeiber nnb Stnber ntd)t berfdjont fatten, ^n er^roingeit; ba nnb bort brannte nod) ein @c^Io6 ober 35orf nnb itmvbe etn Sltofter an^geptiinbert. $)er Itdjte ^paufe, beranfd^t t>on l unb ftrenger Qufyt erft enttaufen, erregte bafjer 2 s nnb mporimg gegen ben getb^anptmann. (r trat aber r tro^ ber SBarnungen fetner grennbe, mit mcinnlid^em Sftut, ioie ber @d)ulblofe unter ^Berbrec^ern, in i^re 9^itte, fc^att ifyre Xrentofig!ett nnb i^ren llnge^orjam nnb enttoaffnete bnr^ feine Unerfc^rocfen^eit bie bo^^aften Wnfc^Iage feinerso SBiberfadjer. 154 GOTZ VON BERLICHINGEN. S)ie 33auern jogen tyiercmf fcor SSiiqbitrg nnb belagerten ba @rf)(oJ3, unb bort betub fid) SBerUcfyingen anf neue ntit bent af{e tljrer 2Infitrer bnrd) ben SSerbad^t etneg SSerftdnb= niffeS mit ben S3etagerten, ba fie int ge^etmen 9?at bejdjtoffen, s tijtt mtt bem (Sd^toevt fjtngimdjten. Snbeffen ^atte ber fd>n)a= btfd)e Snnb ein Jt)o^geruftete eer auSgefanbt, bie @m= ^ornng gu btimpfen ; bie S3auern unteulagcn in ber @rf)(ae 5 gab, fo berief er bie Stcinbe u einem $eid)tag auf 9Mfetb (too bie $eerfd)an geljattcn umrbe)nnb gebot ben Sreten, ba^in gu fommen (breimat tm gatjr foHten fie in ber SBotfSber Inng erfrfieinen) ; bann trug er bte efe|e bor, unb erft Me guftinttnnng be SSoIf (b. i. ber grcten) nnb ber 10 ftcinbe (b. i. ber fyofjern Seamteu, ioe(tticf)en ioie geifttic^en) ttmrben fie giitttg. S)er ^auptjttjecf ber @e)"e|e aBer, tt)e(c^e er gab, toar: bie ^riegntad)t uneri'c^utterttc^ 511 macfyen, bie offenttic^e Sic^erljett nnb bie ittettjudjt ^er^nfteden nnb ^n er^atten, bie @rfurd^t t)or ber Religion nnb i^ren tenern 15 aftgemeiner an^^nbreiten, anbet unb etoerbe gnr S3(iite git bringen, nnb enbtid) bie S5ern;attnng be $eicp. $6c^ft mid^ttg n?ar e fiir art, 511 atten geiten ein tt>of)k geriiftete^ eer nr anb 511 ^aben ; barnm toaren feine eje^e iiber ben eerbann " fe^r ftreng. %&w greie, iuetc^er bier 20 SJlorgen Sanbe befag, ntngte fid) ntimlid) anf eigene Soften ntit S&affen, ^teibern nnb Seben^mitteln anf brei donate ^nm ^riege be ontg ritften nnb in getb giefyen, Jno^in btefer e gebot ; bie, n)etd)e gar !ein (iegenbe nt befagen, ntugten je 311 fihtf gnfammenfte^en nnb gemetnfc^afttid) an i^jrer fa^ren- 2 s ben abe ben fedjften SOlaitu ritften. SSer baiuiber f)anbe(te, lt)nrbe an feiner fafyrenben a6e gebiifet, iuer ba eer berlie^, ntit bem Xobe beftraft. SSeit nun ^art faft Sal)r fiir Sa{)r in hen enttegenften Sciubent Slriege gu fitfyren ^atte (ju iuelc^en er nbrigen and) feine Scfjn^tente unb eine eigene olbuevi'djar 3 Ijeranjog), fo ttmrbe ber ftrenge eerbann ben greien eine nner= tragtidje Saft, nnb @rnnb unb S3oben tierobete bet ber @utfer CHARLEMAGNE AND HIS EMPIRE. 157 nung ber riiftigften Scanner. 3)ic rafen, iueldje a(3 !6nigtid)e SSeantte in ben auen, al beren SBorftefjer, ben )eerbamt au^nfdjreiben fatten, niifj&raudjten ifjre eftmtt gar Ijauftg gn ifyrem eigenen SBortetl iinb pfagten burd) ifyre SSSittfiir bie greten oft fo tang, bi btefe fcerarntten unb ifyr 5 nt ben' Unterbriic! ern 511 ef)n iibergaben, toeit fie bann Don ifjren neuen erren giinftiger beljanbett tuurben, ober gar at (igentmn, tuett fie nacf) bent SSerluft ber greiljeit nic^t nte^r jinn ^rtegebtenft ge^rtJimgen toerben lonnten. Urn nun bie greten gegen bie S3eamtent^rannei gu fc^u^en, ernannte arl to (Seubboten," luetcfie alljcifyrttdj bnrcf) einen geiDiffen SSe^ir! reijen, unb in jebem ^Sierteljatjr eine SBotfgfceriariunfung fatten, bie ^tBBrduc^e einfefyen unb abfteHen unb bent Sfteicptag iiber ben guftanb be anbe getreu bertc|ten foEten. Solder @enbboten roaren fitr jeben S3eir! gtuet beftetlt, etn geiftltdjer 15 unb etn iueltlici^er. aburd^ erf)ielt ba SSot! aud^ bei ber 9ed)tpflege einen 9ftiicEf)att, lueit jeber, ber fid) im SRerfjt gefrcinlt glaubte, fid) an bie @enbboten roenben lonnte. ertc^t in ben auen tear atfo beftettt : ber raf (gerD ein im @au begiiterter @D(er) ober fein tetfoertreter fag im 20 an bemfetben t)or, i^m gur @eite bie c^offen (nie weniger at fteben), freie banner, iuelc^e, ftatt ber friifyeren 9?ac^en= burgen, unter ber 2luffid)t be enbgrafen frei gerua^tt ruurben; bie Jt)iejen ba 5Red)t unb f^radjen ba Urteif; ber raf uoK^og e8. 28o ber onig fetbft u erid)t fag, umgaben 25 i^n bie toettlidjen unb getftlic^en ro^en ftatt ber (Sdjoffen; an il)n ober feinen telloertreter, ben Spfatggrafen/' ging bie te|te S3erufung in 9^ed)tfad)en. Xreimal im ^a^r fyiett ber raf ein ,,ungebotene aubing /; ; au^erbem gab e gebotene, 511 iueldjen bie ^arteien Dorgetaben tuurben. Unb h3eit ber 30 vaf g(eid)fam im tauten be ^o'nig^ aB f)6d)ften 158 CHARLEMAGNE AND HIS EMPIRE. ba toar, fo rtdjtete er unter onigbann " ; !am ber 23e!tagte Qitf bie britte Sabttng ntdjt, fo cerftel fein ut bem ontg* Bann", 5lucf) ber 23(utbann " (bie obeftrafe) nmrbe bama( eingefiifjrt, unb aujserbem ntandje eibeftrafen, gu* 5 gfeid) aber aud^ ba ^tec^t be ^ouig, 511 Begnabtgen ; ba 5Re(f)t ber elbftradje iuurbe abgefrfjafft. agegen beftanb nod) ba3 SBergetb; benn ber S3egriff t)on ber eine @rf)abenerfa|e Jt)itrelte gar ttef im beutfrfjen gefii^t. Slt S3etDeimittet galten noc immer ber 10 ba otteurtetl unb ber (Sib, ber rt)nrbe bnrc^ ibef)etfer " tierftdrft, toetc^e fc^tunren, bag fie an bte 28a^r()afttg!ett be @(^tt)orenben gtanbten. %n ben fteineren SBe^trfen ber (Saue ridjteten Sentenare " gerabe fo tote bie rafen in alien (Sadjen, toetd^e ni(f)t ba Seben, bie Smfyeit ober ba 15 eigentnnt angingen. 2)amat ift and) ba ^ir(^e nifd)e)9f?e^t in )eut|d)tanb altma^ic^ anfgefontmen, befoitber in SBegiefjnng anf (Sfjen nnb Xeftantente. Sfftit beuntnbernng^lourbiger etfte^fraft nnb toarmer Siebe ftrebte ^art, ba beutfdie SSot! n bilben. lt runb- 20 tagen ber S3itbung betradjtete er nid)t btog bie Religion, bie Mrgerticfie Drbnung bnrc efe| nnb bie itttic^feit, fon* bent andfj ben SSoljtftanb, unb al runbtagen beffen fnd^te er toieber bie Sanbnnrtfc^aft, ben anbel unb bie etoerbe fjergufteHen. gu ber Sanbftnrtfdjaft ging er felbft (auf feinen 25 2JJeierf)ofen) mit bem beften SBeityiet uoran, nnb gab and) meife efe|e, urn fie toieber ur S3Iiite u bringen. >em og er r na(f)bem ber ^anatbau in S3aiern unterblieben , eine Sanbftrafje ton 9^orben mitten burd) Xentfdjlanb bi an bie onau ^inab ; bte fiifyrte itber 93arbetuid, 3)iagbe= 30 burg, (Srfftrt unb gordf)f)etm bi 9^egenburg. 5lffentl^atben baute er bent aufmann 93riic!en unb J)ielt i^m 2Mrfte unb CHARLEMAGNE AND HIS EMPIRE. 159 SSege fidjer. (Bute 2Kune fdjuf er nnb fdjitf gfeidjeS SSou aflem, toa ber SBoben be bentfdjen Saube nub ber SBBerlfTetfe fjerfcorbvadjte, 9 a ^ er ^ e ^uSfiiljr fret ; nitr Derbot er in fdjlueren 3 e ^en bte ber 2eBenmitte( unb 311 af(en 3eiten bte ber SEBoffeu ; and) bte infnfyr befaftete er ntcfjt ; ba famen s batb gar Dtete ^attfteute on ben Sanbern ber Inuen nnb (SMerfjen nut iljren SSaren naci^ $)eutfd)Ianb, nnb immer teb* Rafter ttwrbe ber SSerfefir. 3 n ^ en a ^ ten tabten, in be ^ontg ^fat^en nnb ^eiereten, in ben @i|en ber S3i(d)ofe lDud^ anc^ fdjon bte (^en)erbt^atig!ett ritfttg Derail ; aber bie 10 anbtt)er!er itmren, n?te anc^ bie SBaueru, nocf) orige, ober t)on ben grofjen Sef)entrdgern abf)cingig. te etn SSater fiir bte (Srgie^nng feiner ^inber, alfo jorgte fiir bie be 9Sol!. ^)a^n fcertoanbte er bie 9}iond^e nnb faf) ftreng baranf, bag fie in tfjren ^(oftern Bitten antegten 15 nnb benfelben ntit (Sifer tiorftanben. ^8tele gejdjicfte SKetfter im rfiretben, 9Rec^nen unb ingen tiefe er au3 gtalten !om* men, um ba S5ol! gn untertuetfen, beffen ein^tge ^unft bi je^t ber Shieg geicefen tuar. S)nr(^ feine eigene Sernbegierbe gab er benfelben etn fdjone SSorbilb. 9^ac^ fo t)telen icgen, co in fo grojser 9}?ad)t nnb ^errlidjleit, iuar e itjm bie (iebfte grenbe, in atten c^rtften gu tefen, tt)ie aud^ getetjrte banner um fid) gu ber{amnte(n unb im fcertraultdjen efprdc ifjre ^RateS 11 geniefjen. lm fjodjften t)on alien btefen e^rte er ben 31 tin in, einen angetja'c^fifc^en 9^6nd^ Don ebtent eift unb 25 fanftem ergen, tuetdjem er neb ft ben nridjttgften getftttd^en efc^aften anc bie Settnng be ct)titii)efen anDertraute. 9Je6en Sltlutn luaren i^m auc^ gin^arb, fetn (Mjetmfdjreiber, (nietdier feine Sebengefcf)ic^te aufgejeid^net Ijat), unb bte ge* Iet)rten banner ^eter Don $ifa nnb $anlu 2)ialonu, 30 etn Songobarbe, gar tieb unb tuert. 5Ind) bie fcpnen ^itnfte, 160 CHARLEMAGNE AND HIS EMPIRE. berett fyerrtidje SBerte er in gtafien !ennen geternt Ijatte, fncfjte er in 5)entfd^(anb Hjeimifdf) 511 niadjen, befonber3 bie 23aufnnft. $lber ein fcor aflem ift e, toobnrd) er fein beutfdjeS redjt tnnb gab, bie iebe mit toctd^er er bie bentfcfye p s ^ftegte, bie teuere rbgnt be SSot! ! 2Bie eine garte ridjtete er fie bom btutbe^w|len SBoben anf, nnb tuartete i^rer af forgfanter, trener (Partner, bag fie tm Sauf ber Qeiten nm ftarlen t)ietdftigen SBainu ^erann)itc^ nnb madjttg raufc^te, tt)ie bie fjeitigen (Sid^en. Unb toie fid^ nnfere better einft nm 10 btefe, gn ^ebet nnb Opfer, n ^erid^t nnb 93eratnng gemetn* famen 28o^I, oerfamniett fatten, fo fanben fid) bie 2)entfd)en fpciter, nadjbem ^arl nnge^eitere ^Reic^ n^ieber gerfatten U)ar, unb graufe SSertpirrung I^eveinbradj, an aUen egenben an bent ebfen, ferngefnnben tantnt if)rer @prad)e ioieber at 15 S3riiber gnfamnten, aU nengeboreneg, fetbftanbige SSoIf. $)entfd) fotlten bie ^riefter (e^ren nnb prebigen, gebot ^art; bie bentfdjen e(bentieber lieg er fantmetn, nnb inbent er bie freten Sante ber bentfc^en @pradje feftbannte in ber djjrift, toie bie evgingen ben ^)entjc^en fed)5e^nl)iinbert Sa^re, in beuen fie gegen bie 20 romtfdje yRafyt fam^ften ober t^r bienten, nnb in ftrenger 5lbl)angigfett uon romtfdjer Stlbung afltndi)Iic^ 511 ehtem ^ulturtjolle tuurben. 5Iber tange 3^it noc^ jenem Sentonen ftanb ftrieber ein Xentfc^er aus ben SBergen ber 4)ermnniDitren ju 9tom. @r ta mit fromnter (Sinfalt am ^[(tar ber 5(ugitftU 25 nerfird)e bie rontifdje SKeffe; ba brang ludljrenb ber fjeitigen ^anbtung gud^ttofer Qimtf feiner romiidjen OrbenSbriiber fo iuiberrudrtig in fein SDfyr, bag ti)m bie ^itjic^t fant, bie Joiner, toeldie fett bent >eibenpriefter S3onifactu bie cbanlen fetneS 1 3)a 2Bovt, tueld(>e tev rinnifc^e icf)tev S'uuiuei gebvaud^te, tvav ambactus, got. andbahts, ber @cfo(gemann; andbahti, bag ^mtet, 2lnit. THE ANCIENT GERMANS. 163 geridjiet fatten, leieit rndjtoie inber ber olle. Uitb er lofte ben bentjdjen etft Don 9him. S)tei~e fed^efjnljnnbert gafjre Don bent intbrerfnege bt auf Sniijer ninfaffen ba erfte Sngenbalter bev bentjdjen Nation, etne lange toolttifdje ejcfyidjte, Doll Don SBIut nnb SBolfer* s niorb, Don nngefjeuern ^tjaten nnb nnenueBlirfjen Setben, Don frb'Ijlid) griinenbev Sot!fraft nnb Don Devberblidjen (Stiirmen, in luetd^en bie jungen Slilteu luelfteu. . . . $5ie enntni ber alteften 3ftcinbe imjerer Nation Derban= fen lutu ben (Sdjuiftftedevn bev anttfen 2Be(t ; beuiniidjft 10 nnbel)i(f(idjen ^Infgeid^nnngen, luetdje nn an bem friifjen SDiittelaltev iibeu (Sc^idiate, ^Red^t, $oefie, lanben nnferer SSorfa{)reu evfjnlten finb; enb(id) Dtelein, toa ntit nnferer pradje tin SSotfe {clbft at a(te Uuertteferung, Sebenorbnnng, ebranc^, 5lbergtaube bt ur egeniuavt lebenbig btieb. 15 bie fietmtjd^en Xrabittonen ergnn^t nnieve e{d^ic^t* t^aft bie 93end)te ber rtec^en nnb Joiner. Unter biefen ^Bevic^ten ift un bie erntania be XacituS fo fefjr bie ^aitDtqnefle, ba ioiv ben SBert aller anbern 9^ad)rid)ten an frii()erer obev niidjj'tipnter 3^it battad) fc^ci^en 20 ntitfjen, ob fie bie @djrift be Stacitn^ beifttmmenb ergdn^en ober ob fie ifyr )Dtbevjprec^en. 5)ie @tabt 9fioin bot tin Safyre 98 nac^ (fjr. rei^ltc^ @ele* genljeit, ^nnbe itber ermanien ein5iijte{;en. 3^W^td) luoren bie @!(aDen nnb gretgelaffenen bentjd)er ebttrt, in ber 25 bentic^en Setbnmdje ber STaifer ftanb manner benmnberte SRaun, ba^n famen Dorne^me eiiet, flitc^tige fjitrften nnb dnptlinge nnb fjaufige ejanbtjdjaften finger SSotf^fii^rer. 5Inc^ ntiiffen bie Slften be @enat nnb ba latfertid)e ^abtnett letjrretdje 33erid)te romijd^er ren^beainten er^alten fyaben. 30 fte^en im SSorbergrnnbe ber ermania 164 THE ANCIENT GERMANS. foldje (Sinbritcfe, nrie fie ein angefeljjener Corner in Xentfdjtanb fetbft unb im perfon(id)en SSerfefjr mit germantfdjen aupt- lingen empfangen ntngte. S)ie ($efd)id)tfd)reibnng be Sitter* tum fannte nidjt ba reidjlidje (Sintvagen fletner fdu'tbentber 5 Siige, tue(d^e unS feit bent Slufbliifyen ber SfomanUteratnr lieb getDorben ift, fie befag bafiir einen rljetortjc^en S^f^fe/ ^ en ^ir gern entbe^ren. SacituS t)ollenb mar tein 3)ctattmaler ; ba aber eine 9teil)e fe^r tebenbiger Slnicfjanungen in fetner eete tebte, al er bte ermania fd^rieb, ift tro ber !nap^en Sorm 10 be 33iic^tein unt)er!ennbar. Slnf fotdjen Slnf^anungen, iuie fie nnr ber Sinn eine frembcn SBeo6acter feftfyalt, rnl)t ba abniagenbe Urtetl iiber Urfprnng unb ^attonalcfiarafter ber 3)entfd)en, iiber ba 5lu3fe^eu ber Saubicfjaft, itber bie SBalfeu* it)dnbe unb bie gtan^euben gorben am iebel ber a'nfer ; bag 15 bartn fitberne Xafetgefc^irr gtetd)muttg nnter bent irbenen aurat aufgefteUt tuerbe ; baranf ferner bie djttbernug be Xage(ebeu int aufe unb ber SBefjanbhtug be (^afte, bie SBefd^reibung ber S^atitjeit nnb ba ftrenge Urtetl iiber erften unb SSet^en'SlIe/ ein (^etran!, ba gn einer l[)ntic^fett 20 ntit SSein gufammengefatfcfit fei /; ; barauf bte SBeobadjtnng iiber ben Unterfcfyieb ber $etr8cfe bet ^einta'nbern unb S3innenbeutfd)en, bte SBemerfuug, bag bie ingetnen fo uu piinfttid^ bei ber S5ol!t)erfammtnng erfd^einen. SSor attbeum aber be5eid^net bie teHnng be 33eobad)ter, bag bte aufiil)r= 25 Itd^fte ader c^tlbernngen bte be bentfc^en efotgetuefen ift, unb stuar gerabe fo, n?ie e fid^ im ouijatt eine tinpt(tng3 barfteEte. ^5)en perfontiden SSer!e^r be fragenben ^omer ntit etnent llugen ^ot?I)anpte terrat anc^ bie !urje SDeittnug manner 3 o @ittcn : ber SSertobnng^branc^e, ber $f(id^t nnb tyre be bent* fc^en 2Beibe, U)ie ein 50lann tranent miiffe, bag ber THE ANCIENT GERMANS. 165 tm @piel berbunben fei, fidj ber berlorenen greifyeit %n ent* aufeern, mit bent bertounberten 3ufae be Corners: ,,tt)ueu fjetjst bag SReblidjfeit." ***** SSir aber, fjaben ttrir ein Sftedjt, un ate otyne ber atten (Skrmanen git betradjten, benen ber Corner Slutett betmeS? 5 $)ie grage ift nid^t unuufe, fie tft gutuetten auc^ t)on beutfc^en ele^rten bemeinenb beanttuortet tuorben. Sftcm nt f etten unb 8Iat)cn grogen Xeil an unferm SBIut nub SBefcu guge^ fc^rteben, unb man fjat t>on anberer @eite mil befferent ruubc gete^rt, ba unfere SBilbung hjeit nie^r auf ber romifdjen SSelt, 10 at auf ber S&ei^ett alter oten nub (sigainbrcr beru^c. Site Slutinort ouf biefe Srage fet fjier ein larger SSefdjeib geftattct. @ ift ttmfyr, tuir 2)entfc^e finb, ftrie jebeg Slntturtjot!, nic^t nur bitrrf) ben nnabldffigen 3 U P U 6 frember (Sinluanberer in ben a^tge!)n^itnbert ga^ren unferer efcf)td)te mit frentbem 15 SSolfStum gemijd^t, e ^at ftc aud^ ein guter Xeil be mobernen bentfc^en Seben auf ftauifc^ent (Srmtbe emporgerungen, unb tt)cr eine in SSatjr^eit unau^fuljrBare edjtit^ung ioagen tt)ofltc, toie t)iet germanifrf)e unb it)ie t)iet fvembeS Slut in unfern Slbern rottt, ber ttwrbe too^t ein 2)ritteil unferer 20 93et)o(!erung au frentbem Urquett obletten bitrfen. @ ift ferner tua^r, ba rt)ir bte ruubtagen unferer geiftigen abe bem ffaffifdjen Slttertum berbanlen, unb bag SDlitttonen ftot^er ^ermaneuhneger bevborben finb, bamit lt)ir Slboptit)en!et ber romifc^en SBett tuerbeu founten. Slber unfer cmutIeben, bie 25 SSetfe, U)ie tuir bie SEelt in unfern @eeten aufnetjiuen unb abfpiegdn, unfere cf)ara?tedfttfcf)en 9^etgungen nub cftiuac^en, unfer gbealiSmuS, and) bie rnubtagen unferer itte finb jo gut rote ber olbf<^a| unferer (Sprac^e ein gamiltenerbe ber ermanen be Xacitug, ein (rbe, raetc^e mit unroiberfte^tic^er 30 i66 THE ANCIENT GERMANS. nn alien emitt, ($ebanfen, (Srfinbnng im beutfrfjen eben auSbilbet. 3)te ift etn nngerftorbarer 23efi, ber troij trieten S&anbtnngen in ber $?it nnb troij unaolciffiger intoirlnng be gremben nn rigentumftdj nnb ebenfo original 5 gebfteben tft, tote beutfdjeS SBefen in ber Urett ioar. S)urd& i^n urirb aHe frentbe SBIut, ba in nnfere S3et>o(!ernng rtnnt, in beutjctye 5(rt umgefe^t. SBtr tjermogen bie tromnng biefer SSoHSrraft, toetdje jet brett bat)tn fltegt, in nnnnterbrodjener ^otge bi gn ben (Stdimuen gnrndgnfii^ren, toetd^e bie (fc* 10 mania " nennt, unb be^a(6 ftnb n)ir in SBaljjrfjeit bie 9^ad)= fontmen jener TOen, nnb toer t>on iJjnen bericljtet, fprid)t t>on unfern Sl^nen. 3nr 3eit be Xacitn tt)ar ber @ermanen SBeftgrenje ber 9?t>ein, itbgrcnje bie SDonan; im ^orben beiuo^nen fie ben i 5 grogten Xett Sfanbinauien^, im Often fatten fie eBiet bon nngemeffener 5lnbe!)nnng nodj toeit itber bie 2Betd)fet l)inan inne. @eit jener 3ett ijaben fie atte @t^e im Often ben latien iibertaffen, ba Sanb aber im iiben ber S)mtau nnb einige Sanbfd^aften jenfett be 9i^ein eriDorben, einen grogen Xeit 20 be ebiet^ giuifdjen (lbe nnb SSeic^fet Derloren nnb aneber* gelDonnen, anfjerbem ngtanb, @c^ott(anb nnb bie entfentten 9Zorbinfetn befe|t. 3)ie rcngen iijrer @i|e anf bent fjfeftlanbe ftnb atfo gegen jene 91omer5eit nic^t auffafleub tjeranbert ; fie im Often einMgten, tjaben fie im SSeften unb iiben 25 Xeit angefitgt. SIBer e ift nnr bie Heinere dlfte ber atten ermanenbotfer, beren @n!e( biefe^ Sanbgebtet fitften. S)ie gro^ere atfte !)at firf) in gtatten, (Sallien, tfpanieu gn ben atten Sanbebetool)nern nnb fremben (Stniuanberern gefettt, bie lieimifc^e pradje tjertorcn nnb etn neucS SBolfStitm geforbert, 30 toelc^em ber gennantfdje 3 u f a ^ ^i e ^raft gtt leben gab. ^m batttfdjen 9Zorben ijat germantfcf)e SBtnt gebanert, tion THE ANCIENT GERMANS. 167 lanb au in neuer geit mit ber alien otoniften!raft frembe SSelttetle nntertoorfen. &er$angn&t>08 aber fiir bag (rbenfd)ic!fal ber (35ermanen gwif^en 2Beid)fet imb SRJjeitt ift bi ur (Segenttmrt ber Urn* ftanb getuejen, bag fie gut SRSmergett in bent 2Jttttellanbe 5 (SermanienS nidjt atttjetimfrfj attgefiebett ioaren. @erabe fjier umfdjfoB ein IjoljeS SSalbgebirge att rtcfiger geftuiigttjatt brei 6etten einer tuetten Sanbfc^aft, bte nur nad) ber $)onau ^in bent tnftromen ber SSBIfer gcoffnet tear. 3" ^ em ^utt? gen S3o!)men t)atte fidj mitten nnter ^ermanen ber tettifdje 10 @tamm ber 33ojer fyinter ben ^Bergen Befjanptet. (Srft fjnnbert 3af>re t)or 5lugnftn getang eo(!erter (Srn^erb. ^)a bie TOttettanb ($ermanien ntd^t bnrt^ ange= 20 ftamutte 93et)5Ilernng befiebelt raar, beren etUgtittner nnb ^)einiatgefn^t an bie (Sdjotte banben, ba ift ein d)ttmd()e i68 THE ANCIENT GERMANS. beutfdjer Nation erttdren, e roar Oietmetjr ein roetcf)e auf ber 23itbung be beutfdjjen 23oben unb ber Urge* fdn'cfjte unferes? 2ot!e ritf)t. 3n ben (Srengldnbern ber $)onau unb Ober entftanben im SKittelalter Sftarfen, roetctye attmctfjttd) 5 ber ern grb'gerer (Staaten rourben, ba crgtanb ermantenS tag fremb t)inter getfeu unb 2Bdtbern; in langen 3^ifcf)en= rdumen brad^ bort ein nrilbeS Megfeuer auf, tDe(d^e iiber bie ^ebirge fafjrenb bie beutfdje ntiotcfelung ftorte. Site enbltd^ bem Sanbe bie beutfd^e Oberljerrfc^aft aufgegttmngen 10 n?ar, fie( e u bem @iiben, bem e geoffnet tag, aber noc^ eute bauert bort, rings ton ^entfctien umgeBen, eine frembc 9^ationatitdt. ^n bem iibrigen 2)eutfc^tanb fagen bie ermanen, ate fie ben ^Romern befannt JDitrben, bereit feit unbenflic^cr 3^it. 15 ^ein SBertc^t eine 9iomer, fetne t)eimifd)e (Stammfage ^at eine (Srinnerung an ben erften iitgug Don Often belualjrt, ja nrir biirfen an ben fpater erfnnbenen SBanberfagen ber Sran!en unb arfjfen fc^tiefeen, ba ben eutfd^cn fetbft fd)on in ber Slfimerjeit bie (Srinnernng an frii^cre SBo^nfijje oer= 20 bdmmert tear. 6ie toaren bie ingeborenen, bie X^inba/' ba SSot! r i^re 8prac^e im egenfatj 511 jeber fremben bie tfjinbifca, SSol!f praise, ba Sanb itjr $etm, fie erlannten einanber fdmttirf) a( tammgenoffen, njetc^e in bieten ia* tetten biefetbe @prad)e rebeten, anf bemfetben ^ottergtauben 2$ unb benjetben ^ec^t^anfc^annngen itjre Soutitie, (Semeinbe nnb ^oefie entfattet fatten. 33ittertid^ ^aberten bie etnjelnen SSotfer um 5lcfertanb nnb rengen, fie btieben fid^ anc^ im tottic^en >affe n^o^IbetonBt, bag fie uon bemfetben gotttidjen Sl^n^errn tjerlamen, unb bag ifyre dlteften tainmtjetben 30 53riiber toaren. rofee Soifergruppen toaren bnrd) gemein= fame eitigtiimer unb uttuftdtten oerbunben, burc^ THE ANCIENT GERMANS. 169 ber gurften unb burd) erprobte $unbetreue tm ampfe. @ic fatten itratte Gteneatogien audj ber Golfer. S)anadj orbneten fid) bie Golfer gnrifdjen Ober itnb 9Qein in brei (Sruppen. gn Sftieberbeutfd&Ianb tootynten bie ofyne be gngo. $)ie rftgeburt unb ba eiligtunt feine anfe ioar bet bent 5 ^8ol!e, toefd)e3 nttt prieftertid)ent tauten SD'iarJeit, fonft S^anfen IjteB. Su biefem ^ef^tedjt geprten unter anbern ^tmbrer nnb griefen. 3m 9if)eintanb fagen bte (So^ne be Sfto auf tanggebefynter ren^e; ntc^t fo feft toar it)r gomiiicnbunb, ber ^ampf nttt ben Stontern {)atte bet ifynen fdjon gerftorenbe 10 SBirluitg getfjan. 9^ajorat be anfe nnb -getltgtum ftanb Bet ben igambrem (^ambritJtern). Qn biefent getjorten SljamaDeu, SBrutterer, fatten, 33ataDer, Uft|ner, Xenltrer. %m Sinnettbentfc^tanb niaren bie SHnber erntin angeftebclt, beren 9Jief)raf)t at uebeu in grower 15 (tbgenoffenfd)aft tiereintgt ftanb. 5Ittertunrbe unb 23unbe= ^eiligtum befaBen bte entnonen. 3^ biefer groBen gamtttc gafylten fic^ bie (S^eruSfer, erntunbnven, 9JJar!ontannen, Onaben, Sangobarben ; Don ben 5lngeln unb it)ren 9Zad)barn, toefdje gufammen bie (Senoffenjt^aft ber ^ertfynSDblfer bil* 20 beten, tft ^toeifelfjaft, ob fie gn ben ^inbern ^ngo' ober ermtn' ge^orten. Dft(id) t)on biefer breigeteilten 9Kaffe faften in bent toctten glacfjtonb ber Ober bie SBurgunber nnb ber groge -SBunb ber SSanbalenftantnte ; fie ftettteu in pradje unb itte ben Ubergang 511 ber grofjten gamtlie beutfdjer 25 Roller bar, gu ben @oten, unter benen utonen, eruler, Siugier, epiben ju bent norblic^eu 3^ e ^9 e / 93aftarner, 2Uanen, Oft* unb SBeftgoten nnt fiibltdjen ge!)6rten. . . . 5ln ber S^orbgrenje it)re 9lei(^e unb in ber 9Mt)e be 3W)etn ftiegen bte Sftomer mit ben ermanen jufammen ; Don 30 bte[eit Minpfen nnb ben SSolferu, luetc^e bavin 9tiil)m nnb 170 THE ANCIENT GERMANS. Untergang fanben, ift nn bie meifte mtbe iibertiefert. 5luf ben ofttidjen $ol!ern tiegt nod) bnrd) mefjrere fynnbert Satire tiefe Xitnfet. emnngead)tet ift bie Slnnatjme irrig, bag bie befte raft ber (fcmanen unb ifjre fyodjfte national nttur 5 an ber ^omergrenje gelDefen fei. $iele nieift baranf ^in, bag bie ftarlfte eluatt bentfc^er S^atnr fic^ in ben grogten SBeiljaftutffeit fern tin ftitteit Often geregt ijabe. enn nic^t am SRljein, fonbern tin Often beu (Hbe toaren ^ie etligtiimer ber gro&teu ibgenoffenfdjaften, im bentfdjen S^orboften finb, 10 fo lueit nnjere nnbe reidjt, gnerft nnb am Ijaufigften gotbene Sdjanntiingen geprdgt, bort bie ga^treic^ften 9tnneninfd)riften gefnnben toorben. S m Often tjatte fic^ and) fcei nteijreren 586I?ern bereit^ ber alte locfere SSerbanb ber SDorfgenteinben unb aue u einer feftern politifdjen (Sin'fjeit nnter ^onigen 15 gufantmengegogen. Slu biefent fernen Often ergoffen fic^ luenige ^a^r^nnberte fpa'ter bie ebten (Stcitnnte ber oten, SBanbaten, Santjobarben, 93nvgnnber iiber ba 9i6iuerreid), unb gerabe biefe SSotfer ermiefen ^o^ere @mpfangUd)feit fiir rontifc^c 23i(bnng afe bie ^)eittfc^cu be Rf)etu nnb ber 97orb^ 20 fee, ja fo anffadenb fc^ncfle Mnfitgmtg, baJ3 iuir ntit Sidjerljeit auf etne ni(^t geringe l)eimifd)e ^orbtlbung be^ (^eifteS nnb euiiite fdjtiefjen biirfen. 5lud) barf man nicfyt metnen, bag bie oftlidjen ermcmeu ganj anger 93erii!)rnng ntit antifer SBitbung getebt ^aben. 2$ S&tifyrenb bie Xentjdjen am SvEjetn bnrd) adter nnb 9iumer toon ber fremben SBett be>3 @iiben erfnfyren, brang 311 ben b'fttic^en SSoIfern uon ben cHenen fjer anbere ^nnbe. SBeuig betreten iuaren bie ^anbelSftraBen, luetc^e an etla burdj ba @ft)tf)entanb nad) ber Oftfee fit^rten, aber fie beftanben 30 feit nratter $t\t, nnb unr iutffen, bag eine- berjetben ba Obcr= tljat enttang tief. 9ftit ben ^(bentenrern, iue(d;e baranf jdjritten, THE ANCIENT GERMANS. 171 gog cmrfj mandjer getftige rluerb au bem griednfdjen Sebeu tit ba beutfdje : SBanberwei^ett, tgeu fid;, fie I;aben ntc^t geuwJ3t, ban bie iugeboveuen unter romifdjem c^ujc ftefjen, unb fie finb bereit ba Saub iuieber 511 fcerlaffen. 2)o Slbfomntcn iutrb gefd)foffen, ber Pouter nber giebt bem eer* ug tdufdjenbe SBoten mit, iueldje ifyn auf llmiuegeit in einen 15 interljatt locfen ; bort iiberfdHt fie ber toilful bei ^oreja in Mrnten. Xer erfte feinblidje 3ffttntenfto6 ber ermanen unb Corner mirb burc^ djurferet etne Corners ^erbcigefu^rt. 5lber bei btefer erften @c^tad;t fc^teitbern and) bie hotter ber betben ^ationen i^re SBIt^e in ben ampf ber banner. Sin 20 euritter tierfitnbct nac^ ermanengtauben ben gorn ber ^intmlijc^eit ; iueim uuljeil&ebeutenber age( auf bie c^ilbe fdjmettert, iemt bem SJlenfc^en beu ampf ab5itbred;en. 1 liefer gufaU rettet bie gefd)(agenen Corner Dor ^ernic^tung. 3)ie crntaucu nber iueic^en tro^ ifjrem @ieg au bem romi* 25 fdieu @djiii^Ianb nad) attien. 1 3)er|"dbe (au6e ter JDeutf^en $ilft bem Jtaifeu 9J}avc 9luret jit feinem gvo^cit teg iibei- tie Quaren, er be^cvvfrtjt aitd> noc$ tie c^iififidjen granfen. @o Kcreitelt ter -agd tm 3at;re 537 tie SDiVbpldne tev Svutec 6$.(ut$ar, fte uitt i^r Jpecr werfen fid? itnter ben @d;tlten $u sBoten unb bitten ott urn JBeqeifwng, bag fie etnjaS gegen i^v SBlut untcvnommen ^aten. ('eitfo t>erinbcrt tm 3a^re 537 ein emitter bie c^tad;t jtoifc^en ben Sofyncn S^fot^art. 172 THE ANCIENT GERMANS. biefer erften SBegegmmg erfufjren bie Corner SftaljereS bon ber brofyenben efaljr. 3)ie gremben ioerben balb imbrer, batb Xeutonen genanut ; ifyre Qafyl ift unermejjtidfj, fie tmrb anf 300,000 aupter gefdjafct, and) biefe Sftenge {off 5 nodi unter ber SStrHtdjfeit fein, fie fiifyren SSetb imb htb anf gebedten SSagen mit fid^, bn^u ^Roffe, 3oc^t)te^ imb unbe; fie beritfjteu, ba^ fie au fernem 9^orben ^erangefomnteu ftnb, tt)o nod; ein Xett ir)re @tammc8 rooljue, ja^retang finb fie gelnnnbert, im SStuter fjaben fie unter fremben SSotferu geraftet 10 imb fid) gejdjtagcn, in guter gal^re^eit finb fie iuetter ge^ogen. @ie ttmren, rt)ie e fi^eint, guerft mit ben SBojern in 936men 11 ^ampf unb enoffenft^aft gefommen, imb ,Mtenf)cmfen fatten fic an fie angefdjfoffen, aber bent ^ern nad) iuaren fie ein frembe $o(f. 15 S3ier ^atjre (ang fyaiifen fie in aGien, o^ne bie romifdje renge ju tjerte^en. ier tritt it)nen im ga^re 109 etn giueite ronttfd)e ^eer entgegen, toieber mn gafltfd^e aft* freunbe ju fdjii^en. SDie Siwbrer fudjen nic^t ben ant^)f, fie fenDen gum ^onfnt @itann unb bitten bringenb i^uen Sanb 20 an^nfteifen, fie JDotten bafiir ben SRomern ^rieg^bienfte t^un. er ^onfut aber ^ie^t iJ)nen fofort entgegen unb greift fie an, er toerliert bie 8d)Iad)t, fein Sager, ba eer ; ber S^eg nad) gtatten ftetjt ben ermanen offen, in 9ftom ^errfd^t grower (Sdjreden. oc^ n)ieber bredjen bie gremben nid)t in romifc^e 25 ebiet ein, fonbern fie fenben eine efanbtfdjaft an ben @euat unb ttrieberfyoten bie SBitte urn Sanbamuetfung ; auc^ aU btefe fcertoeigert n?irb, ad^ten fie bie rontifdje renjc unb fenben t^re SBaffen gegen fettijdje aue. SBieber uergingen bier ga^re, brei groge romifdie eere ftanben im romifc^cn aHien 30 an ber $tf) one. >a erfte eer unter 9ftarcn 5Iure(iu tagerte, fo fd)eint e, aitgert)alb be^ romifc^en e= THE ANCIENT GERMANS. 173 biete ; er imtrbe ganjficfj geidjtagen unb a(3 efangener ttom SHmbrerfomg in ber SBerjammlung niebergeftojjen, im $om ober jur Slbroenbnng eine bofen Omen, tuett er Dor ben crmancn bie Corner imbefiegbar genannt Ijatte. &um giiljrer be anbern >eere fanbteit jefct bie ftegreidjen ermcmeu auf 5 neue etne Sotfc^aft, 511111 bvittcnmatc fudjten fie ben grieben, baten urn Sanb unb nm aatforu, ber fjodjfafyrenbe cruiliuS Scipto aber fiigte ben cfanbten folc^e cfjmad) jit, bag fie faum nut bent Sebeu bauonfamen. SDa t^aten bie ermancu nacf) l)eimif(^em Sranc^ i^r fdjjtoereS ^rac^tengetubbe, atteS 10 im feinbttc^eit eer ben ottern n fenben, tuenn bteje ben @ieg uerlteljeu. Sim nod^ften Xage ftiirmten fie bet Slranfio ba befefttgte Sager be^ ^oniut nub uerutc^teteu gfetdj barauf in eiuer ueueu @cf)Inii)t and) ba britte romifdie eer unter Sueju aKaHiu. 120,000 ronui^e ^rieger nub Srofeleute 15 foUen in biefen @cl)tad)ten geblieben, nnr jefyn 9JJonu entronnen fetn. 2Ba Don Content nic^t im ^antpfe ftet, lunrbe ben ottern getotet, atte iftoffe erftodjen, ade ^Riiftungen ger fc^tagen, atte ^ricgSbeute, aHe otb nnb ifber be romU fdjen Sager gn anf getragen, nnb tief in ben S^onftrom 20 tterfeuft. Slber tudtjrenb 9lom itterte unb bie ueriDeic^tic^ten tabtteute in bie djtffe ftiir^ten, um au 3talicu gn fliel)en, maitbten fid) bie Sieger jum brittemnate abiodrtS gegen bie ftrettbareu ^Sotferjdjaften ber ^tyreutien unb ber 33etgen. $)te Pouter gemannen )uei 3 a ^) ve 3 e ^/ ben ^anifdjen eere. ie ^imbrcr gogen bem geinoe eutgegeu, unb fanbten narf) fyehmjrfjer ^dmpferart bem 9RariiiS ba pftirfje efnd^, Qtit unb Drt ber SBalftatt 511 beftinunen. SJlavtuS ludljtte ben nddjften Xag 20 unb bie raitbtjdje (Sbene, iDit^te aber ba ^eer ber ^imbrer n iibcvrajd^en, beoor e georbnet tear, unb erfoc^t niit feinem ^ottegen atn(u einen gtan^enben @teg. SBieber fcimpfteit bie S^eit ber ermanen, al bie Scanner gefatten ober gefangen niaren, tange trieben fie bie anftiirmenben Corner 25 t)on ber SSagenburg ab. Xann erftadjen unb erbroffelten fie bie ^inber unb einanber, fd^Iangen ba Seitjeit urn ben al unb pettfdjten bie 9floffe, ridjteten bie 3)eid)fefn ber SBagen auf nnb fyingen ftc^ baran. Ungd()(ig umr bie SRenge ber grauen, toeldje fid) fetbft toteten/' fagt ber romifdje 33erid^t. . , . 3 o @ett bem ^imbrerfrtege rann ba 33(ut ber ermanen auf romifdjen c^tac^tfetbern in @tromen bafjin, tlnge^euere^ THE ANCIENT GERMANS. 175 hwrbe tton ifynen geiibt nub gebnlbet, aber tein Slufturm gegen ba SRomerreidj, fetbft nidjjt bie entfdjetbenbeu Siege Caterer Safyrtjunberte geigen btc tottbe rofjartigfeit, bte aftertitmlidjc Ijerbe itte unb bie t)eti)dngni3uoHe 93egabnng be beutjdjen @tannne fo mdcfytig, at3 jener erfter SHQ. s 28o!^( etnc albc Million ermanen iuar in bent 5tuotf= jn^rigen $ampfe t)ertt(gt ; bte bonier aber fottten mcrfen, ba bte etn fletner Xeil be neuen $otfc luav. . . . e nnb itfet be StnguftuS fiifjrten bie romtic^en tief in bie 2Batbjd)(ud)ten be gefafyrtidjen 10 2anbe, i^re gfottcn fuljreu in bie SBofferftrafecn, luetrfjc 9^orb^ nnb Oftfee berbanben, i()re Segaten fdjan^ten StafteKe an beut)cf)en riegpfaben, if)re @taat!unft ^e^te 3So(f gegen SSolf, ^cinptltng gegen ^anptttng. SCRefyr at einmnl tcurben romiic^en Segionen uenttci^tet, aber and^ bie Golfer giDijdjen 15 9if)etn nnb ((be lunrben gerrieben nnb t)er!teinert. 9JUt faft periobiic^er StiegelntciBigfeit ftiarb ba3 SJiduuerbtut auf bent* fc^em runbe Dergoffen, SSetbcr, Sfinber nnb eerben in bie romtidjen tanblnger getrieben, beutidje @o(bner[d)aven in romifc^en $)ienft genommen unb filr lijaltung be laate 20 oerbranc^t. @o getang e bent d^njert nnb ($otb ber @iib= Id'nber burc^ fa ft fynnbert ^afyvt, ntc^t ermanten 311 be= fjerrfc^en, aber tuentgften ben Uberfdntfj beutfdjer ^raft, ber uor^er iiber bte rcnjen geflutet fjatte, im Saube felbft ^u toermdjten. 2)od) md^renb btefer nnanf^orltc^en Arbeit, bie^s 93eDo(fernng be fnrdf)tbaren anbe 311 Derbiinnen, erla^nttc bte romifdje raft Uidte e am SRIjeiue, bte 5lnn)anberer ab^niue^ren, fo ftiegen fie an ber 2)onan gegen bie ren^en. 9^ad) ben riegen 9Jlarc 5(nreB njurbe i^r Slnbrang iiber= ntddjtig, Don nenent begann gerntanijdje iBe[iebetnng be ronti= 30 frfjeu SBobeuS, intmer rucffic^ttofer, intnter beengenber. 1 76 THE ANCIENT GERMANS. 2Bof)f afjttte ber Corner felt ben imbrerlriegen, ba$ er= manen bie SBegnringer be iuettbeljerrfdjenben 9iom fein lonnten. gn beu SBeridjten iiber biefen erften (Sinbrnd) tft djrecf, rauen unb nriberuritttge SBettwnberiutg 511 faft 5 poetifdjen garben gemifdjjt. 2)a]3 f)ier ein flrojjartigeS unb feljr eigentiinttid^e 9Sotftitm gum ^ant^f gegen bie atternbe ontife S3Sett tjeranSforberte, tourbc attgemetn empfintben. Unb bie efiiljt ber @c)eu unb be @c^rec!en t)ertoren bie Joiner fcttbcm nt(f)t, tt)ie oft fie and) iiber gcrntanif^e eere fiegten. 10 SHefelbe unbefttmmte Surest tauerte gutter it)rer grenbe, tDenn fie gefangene ^ut'ften ber Xentfc^en int Xriumpt) auf fu^rten, tuenn i^r gufj anf rontifc^er X^iirf(f)tuelte an einen Bcroufd^teu beutfc^en Xrobanten i^rcS aifer3 fttcfe, toenn bie beutfdjen efangeneu im 9tm^|U$eattc einanbcr gegeufeitig 15 niebenne^etten, iuenn bie faiferUrfje er fremben SfUejen. gn unabtciffiger @orge ijingen and; bie S3Iide be romifc^en @taatmaune an ber ^orbgren^e be 9teidje ; 25 bort gnjifd^en ehtgetnen unfrnc^tbaren @tegen bie grofitcu ^iebertagen, bie argften S)emutignngen, eine nie enbeube efa^r ton SKenfc^en, toetdje iiberreic^ fj a ^ en / iua ^ e beftcu ber Corner fc^mer^Iid) an i^rem SSoIle tiennigten. 2Ba bem Statiter anfftet, iuar giinadjft bie ^atnrgetuatt so be fremben SSo(!e ; bie i)ol)cn Setber, ba bfonbe aar r bie lueifee ai!t mil bem milben 9^ot ber SStengen, ber fdjarfe THE ANCIENT GERMANS. . 177 itnb trofeige SBticf ber Blaitcn 9lugen. 3fttt 28 ofjfgef alien fafj ber Corner nuf bie fr&fttgen 3 u ge be beittfdjen SlnttifceS, er fanb nid)t Rationales barin, ft>a feinen @djonl]eitfinn ab= ftiefj, toie 5. 95. bte giegenaugen in ben etnformigen efidjtern ber ^erfer. Stafj germanifdje tattlicijtett and) turn bent mo* 5 bifcfjeu SRom geitjiirbigt ftmrbe, Bert)etfen bie SSerm^e romifd^er Stamen, fic ein bentfd^e 5lnfel)en 511 geben bnrd) btonbe ^eriicfen, beren aar au S)ent)rf)tanb jiigefntjrt ttmrbe, unb bnrc^ 93enn^nng ber rotlid) farbenben aarb'(e nnb eifen, iuonrit bie S?rieger ber ermanen ifyr Iange aar oor ber 10 (Sd)(ad)t ftrdfjtten. @o fdion erfcfjien ber jugenbtic^e Serb ber Xetttfcfjen bent iibla'nber, ba ber neue (^^rtfiengtaube ben 93oten be errn, ben @ngeln, unb einigen eitigen germanijdien X^uS uertiei). 5(t ber romijrfje tabt^rafeft, tuelc^er fpa'ter $apft regor I. lourbe, auf bent (Sf(at>enmar!t 15 ^naben an Slngetn anfgefteUt \afy, iueld^e ein dnbter int* ^ortiert ijatte, frng er uor ben btonben Socfen, ben roeifjen eibern nnb ijotben inbevgefirf)tern : too^er finb fie n* gebradjt?" SSon ber 3>nfel 93ritannien, bort fe^en bte Jfteufdjen fo au." SBieber frug er: ,,finb bie Sente bort 20 Cnjjriften ober ^eiben?" 9Jltin fagtc U)m: fie finb |>et= ben." $)a ienf^te er tief nnb rtef: SSe^e, bag ber cift ber ginfternt SCRenf^en nmfangt, bie fold^ ftraf)= Ienbe Slutltfc tjaben; Itebttc^ finb bie Socfen i^rer tint unb bod^ entbefyrt i{)re eele ber emigen ntb. SSie t)eit 25 il)r $olt? y/ 9)can berfcfetc: ,,fie rcerben 5(nge(n genannt." Unb er rief : Wlit gutem gng, benn fie ^aben ein @ngel&= augefic^t nnb foflten SJltterben ber (nge( tm tmmet fein." S)nrauf ging er gum ^apft, bat biejen r ben 5lngeln einige Wiener be Sorted gu fenben, unb erbot fid; fetbft 511 bent 30 SSerf. M XIV. ^Elfred and the Danes. (From Konig Alfred und seine Stelle in der Geschichte Englands, by Dr. REIN HOLD PAULI.) [In giving a summary of Alfred's conflicts with the Danes it must be premised that the term ' Danes ' is supposed to have included at that time all the Scandinavian nations, and that the majority of those who invaded our shores were in all probability Norwegians, a hardy, brave, and warlike race, as is evident from their many successful struggles against the Anglo-Saxon tribes. The so-called Danes, then, having already invaded Northumbria and East Anglia in 868, penetrated into Mercia, the central portion of the country. In their distress the Mercians appealed for help to Ethered and his brother ^Elfred, but they soon after found it advisable to treat with the invaders, and for a while obtained a respite. In 871 Alfred himself took part in nine great battles against them, for they had advanced into the territory of the West Saxons, then comprising the whole of the South of England from Essex to the Eastern boundary of Cornwall. In two or three only of these battles were the West Saxons victorious. It was in this year that Alfred succeeded his brother Ethered on the throne of Wessex, he being then in the 23rd year of his age. In his first engagement with the invaders at Wilton he was defeated, but the Danish troops were so weakened by his valiant resistance that they abstained for some time from further attack. Finding, then, that he was unable to drive them out of England, he equipped a small fleet to harass them on the Humber and the Thames, and this may be said to have been the commencement of the naval greatness of England. In 876 the Danes renewed their attacks, but, being pursued by /Elfred, were forced to bind themselves over to evacuate his territory. Notwithstanding this engagement which they had made, two years after they are again found continuing their depredations, but Alfred's power seems to have 173 ALFRED AND THE DANES. 179 been so much weakened, and that of the Danes strengthened by reinforcements, that lie was compelled to give over his land to the merciless ravages of the invader and take refuge himself with a few faithful followers in a remote part of his dominions.] Sttfreb tebte, unb in ifym ba fefte SBeftwfjtfeitt, bag eine gittige $orfef)ung tfjit 511 ifyrem ampfer, gum $erfed)ter ber ef)re ttom ^reu^e unb gum ei(anbe unb (rf)atter be fa'd)fi= fdfjen @tamme auertoren fyabe. -Jlnr fconbieferUbeqeitgung befeeft t>ermod)te er jeben (^ebanfen, ber in ttjm aujd)IieBtic s iiber bie etgene Settling unb ber nienigeu, bie i^m burrf) bie SBanbe be 53tut unb ber Xreue am na'd)ften ftanben, auf= fteigen modjte, in fic^ ju unterbriicfen. @etn rirf)tiger S3ttcf in ber ^od^ften 9^ot, at er ba Sanb ring^um tjernjiiftet unb fein SSotf abgefaKen nnb unterjotfjt fafy, it)ie i^nt bte egenb an, 10 in ber er fid) 511 Uerbergen I)attc, unt mit lt>enigen enofjen ben unterbrodienen $ampf luieber au^intef)men. ^\\ bem toon (Sumpflanb, fte!)enben SKafferu, 33iniengeftrnpp unb SBufdj* nialb pfabtojen nub unfrudjtbaven @aue ber Sumorsseten, n)0 in bamattger $eit ber Slcferbau fawn begonnen l^atte, ber 15 2Btftmt ben Soben ab^ngeiutnnen, fnd)te er mit ruenigen Segtettern, unter benen nur Stljetitott), ber ^atborman jener cgenb, genannt ioirb, feine gt!fttt$t$(>rt. ortf)in fotgten i^m iein SSeib unb fetne ^inber, t)ielleid)t bie @rf)ftriegerntutter, bie (fitoeftcr, nnb nm fonft nod) bem ^onig^^auje Don 20 SSeffer. ange^orte, urn gebufbtg mit i!)m jebe @ntbel;rung unb jcbe3 S3ebra'ngni 511 ertragen. @3 ift etne in ber 28ettgeid)id)te birt)eilen n^ieberfe^renbe XI)atiad)e r ba tion einer abgetegenen ^robin^, non einem t>on ^ntitr rau^en ober umuegfamen Sanbftrid^ bie Settling etne 25 gnn^en 9fieid^ unb bie SSertreibnng frember roberer auge= gaugen ift. 5(nf bent jd;ma(en S3ergritden 9ijturien3 tegte i So ALFRED AND THE DANES. o, ber te|te (Sprog ber oten unb ber fcon SSnnbern begfettete >etb (5panien, g(eid) nadjbem fein SSotf gefaHen, ben erften runb 511 ber freilidj erft nad) fieben gafyrfynnberten DoHftanbig erfotgten SBefrehtug bet atbinfe( tton ben 9ftauren. 5 $on bett 5ftttcfjen ren5en ^reufjenS erfd)ott ber erfte 9hif 511 ben SSaffen, tDetdjer bie SSertretbung ber |)eere Napoleons auS 2)euticl)tanb gnr Sotge fiatte. @ ift fc^on nnb erqnicfltrf), toenn etn ta^)fere SSotf felbft nad) 3al)rtjiuiberten fic bauf bar ber egenb ertnnert, in ber einft feine 9tettnng au grower 10 efatjr i^reit Urfprnng genonunen, nnb luelcfye iijnt bie SSiege feiner $reifyett btieb. SDarnm ttjeift benn audfj nod) Ijeiit^ntage bet ber riualjmmg SlfrebS, feiner Seiben nnb feiner Xljateu ber ugtdnber ben guembeu init tol^ auf ba Xteftanb t)on omerfet in. J 5 $n jener nntt)irtfamen egenb alfo fatten S(freb nnb bie etnen me^rere SStntermonate 511 bertebeu. 55on bem SJJaitget, ben fie bort erbiitbeteu, fann man fid) je^t im etn* getnen fetne SSorfteHung madien, man !ann fic^ nnr benfen, lute in ber SOiitte ber (Siintpfe bamaB geunjj nur fpdrtidje 20 9iat)vung ^n finben ftmr, nnb differ erga'^It, bag ber fio'nig nttt feiner fteinen euben, 2)er bit bod) aflju oft bie Detfjen un^ gterin terfd;Iungen ? " d^on ber ^e^ameter, ber fidj) in bie torofaifc^e eingefdjHdjen, mad)t btefetbe toerba'c^ttg, beutet uu aber an, 30 ba ba gau^e SSolBgefang getuefen. 5)ie frommen 53etra(f) tungen, luelc^e ber anonpte 33iogratof) @t. 9^eot an bie ALFRED AND THE DANES. 183 efd)id)te anfnityft, tragen loertig bagn bet, fie glanbljafter 511 madjen. 3)er ontg (oft fid) in ben erften 3^reu feiner SRegternng in jugenbtidjem Ubermute Ijodnnittig gegen feme llntergebenen benommen unb tfjre (agen nnb 23efd)ioerben barfd) abgemiefen fjaben. 3)arnber ^abe fid) fein SBlutStoev* s toanbter, ber ijeilige 9Zeot, inetdjer bantat^ nod^ ant Seben fieioefen, tief betriibt nnb in propfyettfcljem eifte i^m bte !ont= ntenben geiten be Uncjtiicf^ fcortjeroertiinbet. Slber Stfreb !^abe beffen nicfyt gead)tet, bt^ ber gottttd^e 9hd(jter jene @trafe itber feine XI)ori)eit bcrtjdugt nnb i^n fo tief gebcnuitigt ^abe, 10 bag er t>om Xf)rone bertrteben nnb bon aHent notiuenbtgen entblofet fetbft bort, too er ein Obbadj gefnnben, mtg^anbelt ionrbe. ***** (5 ttmr bte Oftergcit be 3^ re 878 ^eraugefommen, bie im SBinterf^tafe erftarrte 9latnr begantt tvieber anfsuteben, 15 nnb tnit ifyrem rtoac^en frfjhtgen bte toentgeit tapferen ^per^en ijofjer, bie no<^ an ber 2ft6a,Hd)feit feftl)ie(ten, bag ^Batertanb n befreien. ^)er ^onig nnb feine SBegleiter uertiegen i^re ^iitten nnb Sdjtnpfnrinfet, in benen fie fid^ oor ber ^a'lte be 2Bittter unb ben Slacfyfteftnngen ber geinbe oerborgen geijatten ; an 20 etnem Orte, ber fid^ bnrd^ feine Sage uortreff(id) ba^n etgneie, luarfeu fie ntit oeretnten ^rciften eine ^Serfc^an^nng anf, bie unter bent -ftatnen 5ttf)eltnga=eig (gnfantntenge^ogen : Stfyetnety, b. i. ^ringeninfel) !)od^ beriifyntt geioorben ift al ber s $nnft, don nietc^ent Slfreb jur SBiebererobernng feine Sanbe an* 25 gog. iefe Snfet tag in ber ^dtje be t)eutigen @omerton, ofttidf) oom garret, an ber 'Stefte, too er fidf) ntit bent gtti^en X()one oerbinbet, nnb beftanb an einer @rt)ofinng, bie an ber fcud^ten unb bnrc^ 3uftrotnungen be 90^eer ^d'nfig unter SBaffer geje^ten Hntgegenb emporftieg. Xie Unsnga'ngHd^feit 30 184 ALFRED AND THE DANES. btefer @teftung beburfte nur gertnger unb teidjter 9?ad)t)ilfe tton Sftenfdjenfjanb ; nod) 511 5lugang beg fiebjeljnten 3 a ^) rs f)unbert toar bie SBefcfjafjenfyeit jenes ($aue !riegerifd)en lln* ternefjmungen entfdjieben ungwtftig. S)af3 aber Slfreb biefen s ^laij mit fdfjarfem getbfjerrnbticfe getoatjtt, unb bag er fetbft bort eine fteit lang fcertoetlte, bafiir biirgen un auger ben efcfytd}tbiid}ertt ba mer!tuitrbtge Sutoel, toeldfyeS in fpdterer gelt eben bort gefimben tuitrbe unb toelc^e ben -Jtomen be Sl6ntg trcigt, fotute bie frontme @tiftnng, loe(d)e btefer au 10 Xan?bar!eit auf ber S3urg fetner ojfnnncj ervic^tete. 8luf ber gefte t)on 5(tf)elne^ tie SCtfreb o{)ne grage fetn ^Banner entfalten, jenen gotbenen 3)rad;en, ber etnft in ben d^tac^ten gegen 9Jlercien unb gegen bie SBriten gegtdngt ^atte, unb ber tin ^ant|3fe mit bent norbijd^en Sftaben nur nac^ tangent J 5 SSiberftanbe tjatte iuetd)en ntiiffen. obatb ba !Cot! in ber rfc^aft (einer anfic^tig murbe unb Uernatjm, ba ber nod^ tebe, eitte afte freubig ttjnt gn, unb ber 9Jhtt be gann ben $ergagten jurud^ufe^ren. @ tuaren befonberS bie (Sbetteute ber Sumorsseten, tuetcfje ftd^ ntit i^ren efotgfc^aften 20 guerft einfanben unb ttjatigen 2lnteit na^men an ben 5Iu0fatten, tuetdje ununterbroc^en gegen banif^e treiffc^aren unternmn* men rourben. SDa fteine eer mar in beftanbiger Ubung, nnt balb ben tiid^tigen ^ern etne3 grogeren u bitben. 3lugerbem gatt e ben geinben gu getgen, ba fie noc^ nici^t unbeftrittene 25 ^perren be Sanbe nmren, e gatt ben entmutigten SBemotjnern ber iibrigen fac^fifd^en aue ba erannaf)en i^rer (Srtofung anjufinibigen unb fie aufeuforbern, gteic^fatt gu ben SSaffen 5U greifen. 9^ad)bem eine lurge grift berftrtd^eu unb fetne rafttofe S3cmuf)ung ntit bent erwarteten (Srfotge gelront raar, 30 gtaubte 2'Wfreb, ber 5(ugenbtid fei ba, luo er jum offenen 2In* griffe iibergeljen lonne. r riicfte in ber fiebenten 2Bod)e nad; ALFRED AND THE DANES. 185 Oftern, gtoifdjen bem 5. itnb 12. 2Jtot atfo, an einem feftge* fe|ten Sage Don feiner 33nrg au nadj @cgber()te*'ftan (SBrij* ton), int Often be 3&a(be anb jufammen. gauc^genb begriigten fie ben bietgeliebten ^ontg, ber nad^ tangent Seiben inie Don ben Xoten auferftanben n)ar. Stfreb, ber jejjt gum erftenmale n?ieber ein 10 ^peer nm fic^ Derfanimett fafy, gonnte i(jm loaljrenb ber 9hd)t bie 9^nf)e be @djlaf ; ant anbern SJJorgen aber brad; er nut bem $rii)rote anf, in ber ^Rtd)tnng nac^ 9?orboften, nm ge* rabegn anf bie fatten, njetc^e nod) immer in (fyi:ppen()am if)r @tanb(ager ^ielten, (opste$eit. 2ln einem Orte, ber (Jcglea J 5 Ijieg, tunrbe JDdl)renb ber fotgenben S^ac^t geraftet ; bann ging e unDer^ugtic^ raeiter, bi man am 9tad;mittage bei Stfyan* bnne auf ben geittb ftieg. @ rt)ar bie gane >eeremad)t ber ^eiben, bie fid) bei ber erften vmbe Don bent 3$iebererfd)einen be ^onig eittg gefammelt ^atte nnb entfc^Iofjen iDar, ifyre 20 S3ente gegen ben red)tma'J3tgen 33efi^er gu Derteibigen. (Sogletc^ entfpann fid^ ber erbittertfte ^ampf. Stfreb lieg bie Seinen in einer bid^tgefdjtoffenen @d)tad)torbnnng fec^ten unb errang, nadjbem er ban! biefer a!ti! afien Ijil^igen 5Ingriffen ber 9lorbmanner, oi)tte roeicfjen u miifjen, mil 9#nt nnb Slnsbaner 25 (ange ttriberftanben ^atte, einen Dottftdnbigen @ieg iiber bte Setnbe. SStele berfelben n^nrben auf ber gludjt niebergemad)t ; unb als ba gefdjfagene eer anf feiner 53urg, nnter ber man roofyt S^)ippenl)ant fetbft 511 Derftet)en at, anlangte, ttwrben nod) Dor ben XEjoren Don ben Siegern Diele efangenen, foftrie 30 $ ferbe nnb ^RinbDiet) etngetrteben. Xte erfteren fieten fogleid) 1 86 ALFRED AND THE DANES. unter ben treidfjen be @djtoert. Stlfreb begann afbann ben 5rt u betagern. )a tear ein grogartiger 2Bed)fe( be (uc!, fo jrfofclidj, lute er nur f)od)ft fetten im 9ftenfdjenteben ein^utreten pftegt. s $ln bem oerbannten unb fur uertoren gead^teten onige luar in toenigen Xagen ein fiegenber ^elbfyerr gemorben; er, ber nod) lurg nt)or fid^ in ber 28ilbni fjatte tierfteden miiffen, fat) feine llntertf)anen freubig gn ber gafyne etten, unb, tua ba grofjte U)ar, er ()telt ben ern ber geinbe ntit bem gefiirdjtet* 1 ften ^onige an ber pt^e in tfjrer 33urg feft etngefdjtoffen. ^Sier^e^n Xage bauerte bie SBetagerung, at bie eiben biirrf) ^linger, Mtte unb 5lngft gejunmgen unb in i^rer S^ot 6t ^ur du^erften SSer^meiflung gebrad^t, bei Sttfreb um Slb^ug uac^* fudjten. @ie fcf)tugen i^m Dor, er ntoge fid^ au bem ^)eere 15 fo biete eifedt at er iuode auSfut^cn, toogegen fie and) nidjt etnen ein^igen Sftann oon it)m oerlangten : ein augergeiuoljjn* Iic^e QvQffiaribnti, in iDetdjem bie aneu fi(^ fiir befiegt er-- lldrten. 3 u 3^ierrfd)aft, fonbern auc fiir ben 10 faitben feine 9So(l2, unb freubig mu^te er bie etegenfjeit ergretfen, njo ber erfte anen!onig erfttirte, 311 biefem (anben itbertreten 511 iuotten. Unuer^iigttc^ gab er bafyer feine gu ftiiumnng 511 bent SSertrage, unb bie S)d'nen bnrften nac^ 9^orben ab^iefjen. (Sieben SBodjen barauf erfc^ien utfjorm 15 mit breigig ber ebetfien fetne >eer im gclbfager Stlfrebg, ba iuicber in ben an ber Sumorsseten, uac^ 3ltre ; einem Orte unlueit St^etnet), uertegt Juar. <&<* mitfj etne ftot^e begetfterte tunbe fiir Slfreb geftefen fein, at er ben ittljorm unter ben geierttcl)!etten ber ^trd^e 20 an ber Xaufe ^ob unb if)n unter bent fodjftfdjen tauten fe)elftan an o^ne tatt annatjiu; fein Sanb toar frei, fetn erfter egner Shrift geiuorbcn, fetn ftanb^afte er fcicrtc ben fd^onften Xrtttntpt). uttjorm tjertoettte mit ben SSegleitern, bie fief) luie i^r giivft fatten taufen laffen, jiootf 25 Sage am facfyfifdjen eerlager; am acfjten Xage fanb 511 SBebntore bie feierftdje Sofung ber Xaufbtnben ftatt, h)etd)e Severn onte ber (Salborman Stfyelnott) uerric^tete. S)ie 3nfamnien!unft ber betben ^itrften, bie in ben erffen Xagen be S^ti ftattfanb, Ijjatte aber nod) etnen anberen Stued 30 nur auf getftltdjem SBege burd) bie Xanfe foil btc i88 ALFRED AND THE DANES. etnanberfe|nng nnb ber frtebfirfje $erfef)r jtoifrfjen ben betben ermanenftdntmen angebafjnt toerben, and) ein ttietttidjer SSertrog foflte fie ftnatSred&ttid) feftfteden. SSeffej tear Don belt S)anen befrett, fie aber g(eid)fall au bent iibrigen 5 (Sngtanb gu tiertreiben, baju fjatte man nidjt bie SDfcadjt. (: luar ba^er ein tuetfer ebnnfe Sllfreb, bn^ er ben getauften eefontg in jenen attgtifdjen SBeft^ungen tiefe, bie er feit me^reren ^a^ren fc^on bte feinen naunte; biefe 5lnfiebe(itng ber 35cinen ift in ber ^otge etne luabre SBo^tt^at fiir bie $nfe( 10 getoorben, inbem biefetben 53anbe ber Religion nnb be $er- !e^r bie beiben SSotfer nad) imb nac^ fricblic^ uerfnitpften. ^n SBebntore, wo nnd^ ben Xagen ber Unterbrittfitng luteber ba erfte toeftfatfjftfcfje 58itenagemot ftattfanb, tourbeit fol genbe nod) ^ente ertjattene Seftimmungen feftgefe^t. Sffrcb 15 nnb aHe SBitan ber SSeftfac^fen einerfeit, foftrie ut()orm nnb bie erren nnb 23ett>of)ner Oftnnglien onf ber nnberen @ctte fainen iiberein, bn^ bie renje jloifc^en ben beiben ^Reic^en tion ber 90^iinbnng ber X^emfe !jer ba gliiB^en Sen enttang bi 511 feiner Ouette l)tn(anfen nnb firf) red)t nac^ 20 SBebforb bie Oufe fjinauf bi3 jur SBattingftraBe tuenben fodte. SDabnrd) fie( ein bebentenbe ien beioa^rt. 3)te iibrigen gnebenbeftimmitngen entfjntten bie rimbgiige be t)5(ferrecf)tUdjen SBerfe^r, iuelrfje 25 ben an3 gteirf)er OneUe geftoffenen (^eiuol)nt)ettred)ten ber beiben ^ationen entnommen mnrben ; gumat anf ben Xotfifjtag uiurbe ba^ietbe ^Bergetb feftgefefct, nnb ii6er einige nnbere ftrettige ?5d(le, bie ntit bent ur Sotonte luerbenben eere f>aufig Dorfontmen ntn^ten, bay 511 beobacf)tenbe gertcfytfuije ^Berfa^reu 30 georbnet. Unter ben 9lad)fo(gern ber beiben .Stb'nige nwrben bem SSertrage nod) S3eftint]nitngen iiber bie !trd)tic^en SSer= pttniffe fyin^itgefugt. NOTES I. The Siege of Antioch. 1. I. SWarofd), Maros or Neumarkt, a district in the centre of Transylvania, on a river of the same name. 2. Slntiodjen, in the north of Syria on the river Orontes not Antioch in Phrygia mentioned in St. Paul's travels (Acts xi.), where ' the disciples were first called Christians'. 2. I. CUtf $lint>fd>lft 'to reconnoitre'; the technical word is refopo^cteren. 3. 3fatN> or Afrin, or Ufrenus, a river which flows into a lake of the same name to the north-east of Antioch. 10. rcafferretd? 'well watered'. 13. gebrecfyen ' to lack ', like its more common equivalent fefyten, is impersonal : 'I lack or want' e3 fefylt liltt an (dat.). Hence bd @ebre$en 'infirmity' and gebrecfyltd; 'infirm'. 16. 23iergefpCUItl 'a team of four horses abreast' yoked to- gether ($ufammenorfte&en 'to impend'. 31. ju gute fommen ' to profit or benefit '. 3. I. foiVte 'as well as'. 2. la'ngerer 'somewhat long', like the Latin comparative. 5. euipfinbttC^, here ' keenly ', ' severely '. The adjective also means 'sensitive', 'touchy'. 7. SStbetfacfyev, one who has a mailer (<2act;c) against another i.e. an ' adversary'. 14. aufopfernb 'self-sacrificing'. 15. and) nur 'even*. 189 190 NOTES. [P. 3-6 3. 19. tetfitwfe 'partial'. These compounds of SBetfe (* way or manner ') cannot as a rule be used adjectively, as they are essen- tially adverbs in construction and meaning. Cf. English likewise. 4. 5. au^gefogen 'exhausted', fiom faugen 'to suck'. Cf. the force of auS in ailSrcfcen 'to say all one has to say', au$truifcn ' to drain ' (a cup, etc. ) 7. gefyoren jit ' to be one of. 13. geftofen ' pounded '. 16. trgenb Ctn 'some or other'. 26. boten afle$ auf, lit. 'sacrificed everything', 'did all in their power '. 27. fpenben (Latin expendere, Anglo-Saxon spendan, English spend) has now only the meaning of ' to give away ' (charitably), ' to dispense '. 5. 8. gufprecfren (3Hltt, rOft, etc.) ' to inspire with'. 9. 2Bel;r ullb 28affe 'arm and defence ', an alliterative dupli- cate expression like f)etinat imb >auS (1. 21), etb imb @ltt (p. 13, 1. 25), and etm Ullt) fiXtrmfcf} (p. 15, 1. 3). Luther's celebrated hymn begins : (Sin 1 fefte 55urfl tfl iinfer ott @fn' flute SBe^r unb SSaffen. 5)ie SSc^r ' defence '. 55a (also bte) 2Bef)r c wear ', ' dam'. IO. (Sbcfffl. Baldwin, Godfrey's brother, having previously quarrelled with Tancred, left the Crusaders and founded the pro- vince of Edessa on the Euphrates. 18. (Stnfteblft 'hermit', from fifbetn 'to settle'. elitng 'settlement', 'colony'. fytnretfJenb 'impressive'. 25. fleraten, adj. for rat f am 'advisable'. 6. 2. gar nicfjt metyr ' not now possibly '. 3. u'brtg bletben 'to remain over', ' to be left'; e$ blctbt nic^tS JU tDlinfc^en iibrtg ' there is nothing more to be desired '. 8. SBcittbrilber or SBattfa^rer ' pilgrim' ; the first part of the word is from ftatldl (Old High German walldn 'to wander') f to go on a pilgrimage '. SBattfatyrt ' pilgrimage ', 17. lt?ar bO P. 6-9.] THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. 191 of the affirmative ' it was surely' (bod)) and the interrogative ' was it not ? ' by which it is best rendered in English. 6. 23. SBefen, here 'doings', 'goings on'. The old infinitive tt)efen ' to be ', hence the p. part. gett>efen and our was. 24. emitter is used with def. article to denote 'the minds of men '. 7- 5- Ulinac$ju&tt8 'unrelenting'. 6. f>ielt auf 'attached importance to', ' insisted upon '; auf jemanb or etn?a$ iel fatten 'to think much of. 7. biefelbe, i.e. bie trencje. 14. erfannt, say ' sought '. 18. Ofwe UWtere3 ' without further ado or trouble '. 20. Rafted ' fort '. 23. bte ba$ $afkfl Umfcfywarmenben 'those swarming round the fort'; note how a participle, even when used as a noun, can govern a case which precedes it. Cf. the Latin timeo Danaos et dona ferentes. 29. fniipften an 'opened'. 30. erboten ftcf> ' offered '. To offer to do a thing is ftcfy erbieteit, to offer anything to anybody is Clllbieten. 8. 4. feft Derabreben 'settle' ; erabreben 'to discuss and settle'; ft$ ^erabrebcn 'to come to an agreement'. 6. btCl;evtg 'present', from bte(;er 'hitherto', 'as yet'. 22. Stbeublailb 'west' where the sun sets in the evening, Stforgenlanb 'east'; 2fttttag 'south', 2ttttteruacf)t 'north' are poetical. 9. 7. getet;nt is here a military expression. We should say 'with the lake on one flank '. 11. befallen 'commended ', a biblical use of the verb befetyfcn. SBater, icfybefefyle meinen eijl in beine >cinbe (Luke xxiii. 46). 12. ef$n)aber 'squadron '. The word @d;U>abVOn (escadron) is now of more common use. 18. -Kem, lit. 'kernel', 'main body'j $emtVHpptn, 'picked troops '. 19. fttefj en auf ' fell in with '. 192 NOTES. [P. 9-12. 9. 26. Sannerfyerr ' banneret ', in rank between a knight and a baron. 10. I. Sftunb&Orrat 'provisions'; SBorrat would mean supplies of all kinds, e.g. ammunition, etc. 6. SBurfmafcfytne 'ballista', a machine for throwing darts or stones. 18. $attf, lit. * successor ', from the Arabic khalafa ' to succeed '. They were supposed to be representatives of Mahomet, and in the Mahometan religion corresponded to the Popes in the Catholic. 23. 3untlltun(J, say 'idea' or 'proposal'. The verb JtUlUtten means can be expected of a person ; ba3 fa 11 11 man 3^ lien nifyt Jltmuten ' that can't be expected of you '. 24. iiberf)aupt might here be rendered ' indeed '. The writer sums up what he has previously stated by the comprehensive assertion that their courage revived. 25. Unternefymungen. See note on p. 42, 1. 28. 11. 2. 33taef)felb ' plain '; the derivation of Mad) is doubtful ; query =ffa$, II. @t. tmeon^bafen, a port at the mouth of the Orontes. 14. fanben ftcfy etll ; the verb ft$ etnftllCen is the exact equi- valent of our familiar 'to turn up', ' to put in an appearance '. Not to be confused with ftd; befinben ' to be ' (se trouver}. 20. dtS barilber beraten IDltrbe 'when the question was dis- cussed '. The impersonal passive : eg ttntrbe beraten ' there was a discussion '. 12. 8. tt>ar abge&Olfen. A good example of the apparent passive with fetn. The want had previously been supplied, and the required number was now complete. 2Bur.be abgel;olfni, the true passive, would mean that the supply was still proceeding the want was still being supplied. Cf. bte Sicfyter ttmben angejunbet and bte ?. roaren angejfinfret. IO. foftbat gefc^mudt ' richly caparisoned '. 15. fo mail, etc. ; fo is antiquated for n?enn and of constant use in Luther's translation of the Bible. Luther also uses it as a relative pronoun. P. 12, 13.] THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. 193 12. 25. ob ber apferfeit; ob (for n?egen) as a preposition with the dative or genitive is now obsolete except in an elevated style of prose. HEINE has ob feineS 2ftange(3 an 3beatitat" 'on ac- count of his matter-of-factness ', and SCHILLER ,,ob bent nciten 9te{jintent ", 'on account of the new rule'. According to HEYSE (Deutsche Grammatik} the genitive construction is incorrect. 27. (oniietabte ; the Constable of France was an officer of high rank, holding the chief command over the army, and having supreme authority over all military offences and matters of chivalry. 30. $ranfen ; the French nation was the one chiefly represented at the First Crusade, but ' Franks ' was a term applied indis- criminately to all the Western nations. Few Germans, however, except those on the left bank of the Rhine, took part in it. IS- 3- SWofltt, a district of Turkey in Asia, intersected by the Tigris, and supposed to have given its name to muslin. 4. bereitf n ' to prepare ' has, in connection with a noun, various English equivalents: fine $rcube berettCll 'to afford pleasure or a treat '. Translate the whole phrase here by ' to over- throw or annihilate'. 6. traf ' took '. Phrases with treffen : 2lnftatten tr. ' to make preparations'; C?turtd)tltngen tr. 'to make arrangements'; cine 328af)l tr. 'to make a choice'; cineu cutf$ tr. 'to effect an exchange'; et'n Ubereuifommen tr. 'to come to an agreement'; etn 2Mtb (or 95ortrcit) tr. ' to make a good likeness' (bd3 tft $* cjetroffen! 'that's a good likeness'); jcmcinb jit !>aufe tr. 'to find at Lome '. 7. $mit gcmctuen 23efhn 'for general use' (lit. 'welfare'); the dative of ba$ Sefte. %tf) wilt nur betn 33efte$. 3um 35eficn ' for the benefit ' (of). 3entatlb gum SScften J>Clben is used ironi- cally in the sense of ' to make a fool of any one '. 18. fo aber ' but as it was '. 19. fctelt ftd; aitf mtt ' delayed in ', ' put off*. 24. nnjelr.e S3egutcrte 'some wealthy persons'. (in$etn ' single', implying that he coerced them as individuals. N 194 NOTES. [P. 13-16. 13. 26. GtJmfr, other cases (&riften, 'Christian'. 'Christ' is , declined as in Latin (cf. 1. 29), fcor G&rifH ebltrt=B.C.; 28. 36fam (z>. 'salvation') ' Mahometanism '. iibergetreten 'gone over'. Ubertreten, insep. (p. part. Ubet.tr Cten) = ' to transgress '. 14. 4. brcicfyte auf ben ebanfen, etc. 'put into the head, and finally determined' (bractyte ju bent fefren $orfci). something one sets before one as a task, hence ' resolve '. 13. e$ faltt Daraitf an 'it was important or essential'. Q Yontmt barauf an 'that depends' . . . eg fommt barauf an, ob . . . ' it depends upon whether . . .' 20. )ina,e 'circumstances'; notice the plural not OillQer, which would mean things having actual existence ' articles '. 29. @e(bf$ltcfenmcfy. The Seljuks were originally a Tartar tribe whose dominions in the nth century spread over the greater part of Southern Asia. 15- 3- ttUt e(m Itnb fwrnifd) ' fully equipped ', i.e. bravely, with the intention of righting, not of suing for peace. 6. fo ' as for example '. 23. fyerbet ' up ' (to the spot). 24. ftcfyern 2J?ute3 ' confidently '. Sftttt has here the meaning of English cognate mood, as in the phrase e$ tft llttr traurtg JU Sftltt ' I feel sad ' (i.e. I am in a sad mood). 16. 2. t>a$ ft'nb ber granfen tvenige ' how few of the Franks there are!' 4. fan$obarbtfc& 'Lombard'. The Lombards inhabited a portion of Northern Italy. They were subdued by Charlemagne, and at this time were subject to the Franks. 6. 0tt ttnfl e3 ! was the watchword of the Crusaders. At the invitation of Pope Urban II., an assembly of 300 bishops and abbots met at Clermont in Auvergne, and upon the Pope exhorting the people to take up arms against the infidels, the assembly 'with one voice ' shouted : ' It is the will of God '. 8. bte ncicfyften 2Berfe 'the nearest works ' (i.e. fortifications). The only way to mark a distinction between nearest and next is P. 16, 17.] THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. 195 to render the former by am nac&fteii getegen, e.g. t>a$ am narf)ften getegene >orf. 16. II. Clljnten nitf)t$ 'had no presentiment'. 18. tternatymen tt>o(;t, and l. 19 unterfd;ieb tt>otyf; the tt>o(;l here = ' doubtless*. SSctne^men is to perceive either with the eyes or ears, i.e. either ' to see ' or ' to hear '. 21. ttntiJten, not fannten, though with an accusative. They knew certainyizvt. Idioms with ttn'ffen : 33efcfyetb un'ffen 'to know what to do ', 'to know one's way about ' ; fofctel i$ tt>et{j ' as far as I know'; nt(l)t bajj icf) ivu'^te ' not that I know of ; nnffen @te wa^ ' I '11 tell you what ; itnffen laffen ' to let know' (i$ iverbe @te ttnffen laffen) ; Sanf tt)tffen 'to feel grateful'; id) tt)itt ntcfyt (or ntc^t^) \>on ibm ttnffen ' I won't have anything to do with him '. 31. nnauftjaltfam ' headlong ', from auf^atten ' to delay } , ' to keep back '. 17. 5- Gnnir, i.e. chief or lord, a title among the Turks. It is also given to all the descendants of Mahomet. It is the first part of our word admiral (amlr-al). 8. Cllt3 fetnen Uferil Cjetreten 'which has overflowed its banks'. 9. tt>ae tl;nen begegnete ' whatever they fell in with '. Note that the construction of begegnen is usually reversed in English : ' I met him ' et begegnete mir. 10. @rei (Fr. grtSy Engl. grizzly) 'a (grey-headed) old man'. 11. gtetd; anfang^ ' at the very first'. 15. @^lltpftt?tn(el 'hiding-place', 'corner', from fdjliipfen 'to slip'. 16. i?etfd;0nte; ' to spare ' (from injury or from wear and tear) is frfjonen; 'to spare', i.e. to save up, (er)f^Qren; 'to do with- out' entbe(;ren; ba6 fann id) niri;t entbcl;ren ' I cannot spare or do without that'. SSerfcfyoneil, as the prefix implies, is more thorough, i.e. to save from death. The Angel said to Abraham 196 NOTES. [P. 17-19. who was about to sacrifice his son : bit fydfl beine$ Ctgencn ofyiieS ntcfyt tterfcfyont urn meinetuntten (Gen. xxii. 12). (Scfjone betne efltnbfyett ' spare your health'. 17. 30. Ofyntliacfyttg 'in a faint'. In Old High German d was a nega- tive prefix, and d-maht (' no-power ') became Onidcfyt, which popu- lar etymology corrupted into )fynilia$t as if connected with ofyllC. SJiOp is corrupted from a probable word hrossa (Old Saxon hross, hence our word horse KLUGE, Etym. Dictionary}. It is the last component of walrus, i.e. whale-horse, 'supposed to be so called on account of the neighing sound it makes' (SKEAT). 18. 4. Sffie^rge^enf/ a richly ornamented shoulder-belt, 'baldrick'. French baudrier. 7. fcerfcfjamtl ' to bury ', from (Barren * to scrape or scratch '. The French dechirer is borrowed from this verb. Skrfcfyarre 11 im- plies a rough and ready mode of burial. 8. fcfcte . . . fort: * To continue ' (transitive) is fortfe^en ,, (intransitive) is fortDdltertt ,, (i.e. to go on) is fortfatyren. 3d> fcfce mcine SRetfe fort; ber Sarm bauert fort; tc^ fa^re fort ju fd)rctbcn. 19. ntcber(jel;auen ; the imperfect of fyaiten (^tcb) arose from the tendency to harden the final consonant. A German almost pronounces |)aub >ant, alb Mp, etc., so the imperfect of $OUWen (bieit)) became ^tct>. ba erft ' only when there '. 30. SBrttrfenfopf, lete de pont, 'bridge-head', a kind of small fort erected at the end of the bridge, facing the enemy, to defend its passage, or the end of the bridge only. 19. 3. nt$t3 IVem'ger, af$ . . ., lit. 'anything but (worthy) to be be despised', i.e. ' by no means to be despised '. 4. 2lQli(anen, a Turkish tribe. 6. gepdujert 'clad in mail'. (?tn ^CUljerfcfylff ' an ironclad'. ftXU nteniCUlb ; not gab C^, which means ' there was ' in a much wider sense, i.e. 'there existed'. <&$ if} fctue tnte tilt Stntenfcip, but e$ giebt SWenf4>en, ivc((l;c . . . P. 19-21.] THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. 197 19. 16. gefc&e&en * to happen', 'to be done'. 2>etn SBille (LORD'S Prayer). 25. erft bci ' only when there'. 27. 3$erlltft is masculine, being the noun from Oerltcren, like $roft from frteren (but bte SSrunfl from brennen). It has no con- nection with bte Sllft ' pleasure '. 20. 2. bltr$ dbcjefanbte; translate * by despatching ' . . . ; a con- struction similar to ncid) ttoflbracfytet I;at * after doing the deed', nci$ geenbtgtem tilde (GOETHE). 8. tnbent gefdmpft ttHirbe ' the fight going on', the impersonal passive construction e3 ttnrb flefptelt ' play goes on'. 11. unter ' during' or ' amid '. 12. i)0n OU^en ^)er; as fcon has the double meaning of of and from, some additional word is required in the latter case for clear- ness' sake. We had on 1. 2, &01t td dUd * from there '. 14. C$ fjfllt nut '*'/ ne s'agissait que de\ ' it was only a ques- tion of '. 15. frtften 'to prolong', from gttft 'set time', 'respite'. fcfytdcfytete; tOten cannot be used of animals; other words for animals only are freffen ' to eat ', faitfcn ' to drink ', frepteren 'to die'. 19. lia$ etlUgen ' according to some '. 23. bte ^etcrcfircfye ' St. Peter's' ; similarly bie ^aul^ftrc^e in Bonbon, ' St. Paul's '. 21. i. inbrftnflig 'fervently', from bte 3nbrilll^ ' fervour', a com- pound of 33ritufh from brennen ' to burn '. 3 n * as a prefix is not so common as etn*, but both are of the same origin, the latter, generally speaking, implying no motion. 3 n fwft 'contents', 3nbegriff 'conception', ^NflttMHl 'wrath', 3 n fd 'occupant', 3nf$rtft ' inscription '. 4. ^letnob 'jewel', 'valuable', ' precious stone ', etc., is from llctll 'small', and a suffix 0b (6t). Plural StetliObe or ^tetllO- btcn. 10. bet fetner 2Bfeberfc^)r, not ' on his return' which would be bet fetner JRucffe^r, but 'on its (i.e. the day's) recurrence', i.e. anniversary. Hoffmann does not relate the sequel to this story of 198 NOTES. [P. 21-23. the Sacred Lance. The account given by RAUMER is, that upon some dissensions arising among the princes, Boemund accused Peter of descending into the excavations, thrusting an old rusty Arab lance into the ground, and then, favoured by the darkness and the crowd of onlookers, producing it again as the Sacred Lance. When challenged by Arnulf, chaplain to Robert of Normandy, and by others, he offered, in order to prove the truth of his assertion, to go through fire, carrying the lance in his hand. This he did, coming out apparently uninjured on the other side, and even although he died the next day, many still refused to discredit his statement, attributing his death to the treatment he received at the hands of the spectators, who, in their delight, rushed upon and overwhelmed him with demonstrations of their joy. 21. 16. antegen, say 'made'. Lit. to lay on wood or coals. 20. ftiirben ; this U-form of the imperf. subj. of strong verbs is used to prevent confusion with the indicative; ftcitben would be too like fhrben. 21. t>0l3 Sfte, ' the last resource'. 25. t>cm ctn ; the ein belongs to funbiger rcif, and the order is ein raf fiinbicj ber arabtfcfren pradje. $unbig 'having a knowledge of, ' acquainted with '. 22. i. g(eid) ' immaterial '. >a3 tft (or gtU) tmr cjleicf). 2. ftc(;e . . . JU ' was not becoming'. 8. beren lcte ' the last of which '. II. 3GUIU ' bridle ', figuratively ' check ' ; bet 3^"" ' hedge ', * fence '. 13. jut ot>edtt>ei(>e, lit. ' as a consecration of death ', ' as a pre- paration for death'. )a$ 5Wci()(, usually 2lbeilt>ruaf)f 'supper'. 16. aufgenontmen ; cf. note, p. 31, i. 9. 1 8. Uutgef;iW{J, with the accent on the second syllable (from the inseparable verb itmge'(;en ' to go round and avoid '), ' any escape or evasion '. 21. (Bd;Iarf)tort>nungen 'lines'. 23. 3. ftotfllj laffen @ie ftrf; JUCf;t ftoretl ' don't let me interrupt you '. P. 23-26.] THE SIEGE OF ANTIOCH. 199 23. 1 1. ttmmitng ' feeling ', * disposition '. 20. tvnrf ... in tie tucfyt, niore usually in bit $. f$ta{jen. 21. iibcrlicji; to leave (to a person) to do is iiberloffen ; to leave (behind), flururffaffen/ liccjCll (or fte^eil) IcifjVn; to leave (in a will) (Nnter.(afF?n (insep.);to leave (in the lurch), to quit tterfaffcn ; to leave (over and above) iibng laffen. 28. Ouatm (suffocating) ' smoke '. 24. 2. Xltrfmanen (or urfoma.nen), originally a Turkish tribe which invaded Persia, but it is often used with a wider meaning for various tribes in Turkistan. 3. in ttOtttger 2lllfl6fltng, etc., 'was utterly demoralised'. 2litfl6fltng = dissolution. 33egrtffen fein 'to be engaged in', im 33ait befjrtffen 'in course of construction '. 5. in gefcfyleffener Suite ' in close order '. 8. bcrfelbe refers to 9i(icf$ug. II. jerfprengt 'scattered', 'dispersed'. 27. gcfciubert ' cleaned ', 'tidied up', ' put in order '. (gaufcet * clean ', ' spotless ', ' tidy ', has no connection with the English sober (Latin sobrins}. II. The Wars of the Spanish Succession. 26. i. breifngjafyriger $riec|. See p. 95. 2. f)ant>ef, besides ' trade ', ' commerce ', means ' quarrel ', generally in this sense occurring in the plural. 5. ait^getobt; ait3*, among other meanings, implies exhaus- tion ; so dUStoben is to storm or rage till one can do so no more, 'to spend one's rage'; similarly ciltiJtruifen 'to finish' (one's glass), ' to drink to the dregs ' ; au^DCtfaufcn ' to sell off' ; ait3- ganfen ' to scold ' (i.e. to say one's say), and below (1. 12) (Ut3- gcfcimpft. 8. The Gf (fkr is a 1. tributary of the Saale. See map. 10. Gfrfcfyuttftuncj ' commotion ', ' agitation ', ' convulsion \ 1 turmoil '. 14. $)errfd)er^efd;(e^t 'dynasty'. 16. eicjentlt^), adv. ' properly '. Say * of Austria Proper '. 200 NOTES. [P. 27-29. 27. 2. au^OCfteftt; au3fMen ' to draw up ' a document. Say here ' signed '. 5. SSmncityfltnft and >etrat refer to the institution of mar- riage, f)CCt;jett to the ceremony. 7. jjdten taffen, lit. ' allow to hold good ', ' agree to '. 9. dtbettcten . . . bafytn, t>afj ' tried to prevail upon ', lit. * worked to this end, that . . .' 13. ^Itrprtnj ' heir to the Electorate '. 20. ivaren Ofkrretcfyifcf) gcftnnt 'had Austrian sympathies'. ^Dfterretcfetfc^ is an adverb qualifying geftnnt ; fcfjlecfjtcjeftrmt ' ill- disposed '. 22. Ultbefyotfen ' clumsy ', ' awkward ', ' injudicious '. 24. roen ' grandees ', a name applied to noblemen in Spain, from the Spanish grand e. 28. ^ittpp i)0n 5lll|OU had Spanish blood in his veins, his grandmother, Maria Theresa, being the daughter of Philip IV. of Spain. At this time he was only 17 years of age. 30. ait alter S^iTung gebracfyt ' completely disconcerted '. 5Iud bcr gf. bringen ' to disconcert ', au$ t>cr . fonnnen ' to be disconcerted or upset ', ttC %. VeiUercn ' to lose one's head '. 28. 11. tten je^er (or &on je I;cr), lit. from all-times (|e) to the present (fyer), i.e. ' who had ever been '. 20. beifce 3 n t>ten ; Spain assumed this title on account of its possessions in Asia and the West Indies. 29. bte fpaiufcfyen 9?teberlant>e comprised the whole of the present Belgium and Luxemburg, together with a small portion of the adjoining German territory. The Netherlands Proper (Staclt- holder William ill.) were conterminate with the present Holland. 31. 2dlfprii$e. See p. 27, 1. 4, seq. 29. 6. SWaManb * Milan ' ; the duchy of Milan was given, in 1540, by Charles v. as a fief to his son Philip II. of Spain, husband of our Queen Mary. 5^eapet ' Naples '. Ferdinand of Spain agreed, in 1501, to divide Naples, whose throne was then occupied by a prince of the house of Arragon, with Louis xn. of France, but he succeeded in P. 29, 30.] WARS OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION. 201 ousting the latter, and it remained in sole possession of the Spaniards until this period. 29. 10. ettcnttllte ' lateral branch '. Prince Eugene, who was descended through his father from the ducal house of Savoy, was a French subject by birth, being a son of the Comte de Soissons, and born in Paris in 1663. 13. ftcfy erprofct ' is put to the test ' (^Jrobe). 14. nnnft 'beckons'. 21. $arl ttOtt ?0t&rhigen (Lorraine) was the commander of the Imperial troops who came to the relief of Vienna. 26. ($aiHpagnt, a province in the North East of France, was once a semi-independent territory whose Counts were constantly involved in troubles with their neighbours, particularly with France. In 1284 it became, by marriage, united with the crown of France. 29. n)C((|e3, neuter, as referring not to the person himself, but to the abstract dignity of Field-Marshal. 2Ba$ would here have been equally correct. 30. 2. UMtflte l\\ ergretfen, ' knew (how) to take advantage of, is more concise than the uncontracted form UMtfJtf trie Ct Crgretfeit fcnnte or fottte. ' 1 knew how to do it' id; wujjte wte id? c3 t&un fcllte (not n>ie t$ &U t^Ull). SBiffeil JU also means ' to manage', 'to succeed'. 3$ tt>uf*te t&n litest ju iiberreben 'I could not manage to persuade him '. 5. erfya&en 'sublime', 'exalted', 'noble-minded' an alter- native form of the perfect, partic. erfyoben, used only as an ad- jective. Cf. SCHILLER, Triumph der Liebe: $ronenb auf erfyabencm @i$. (Sr(;abene Strbeit 'relief, 'embossed work'; iiber etma^ er^aben fein 'to be above doing a thing'. 12. at3 tt>er t>a3 fy\lW, etc. '(no one) but he who knew how (or was able) to interpret ', etc. 16. u(f$356Ifer, usually fitf$truppen ' auxiliaries'. 17. SRo^erebO in the Austrian Tyrol, on the left bank of the Adige. 22. bafnien ' to level, clear or make practicable ' used of roads ; from 33a$lt, any smooth or level surface for traffic, hence @tfenba$n 202 NOTES. [P. 30-32. 'railway'; Gngbaljn or cfyltttfcfjutybcifyn ' skating-pond (or place)'. 30. 23. etftf'Adige'. 29. eneraf*taaten ' States-General ' or Dutch Parliament. 31. 6. C$ etbittert; the neuter pronoun refers to $0If. 9. nat;m auf; aufliefyinen is 'to receive' with the idea of pro- tection or welcome ; empfailQfn 'to receive' in a formal or cera- monious manner ; erfycittcn ' to receive ', i.e. take into one's possession (of letters, etc.) ; bcfommen 'to get' familiar. 17. neicfo&frtg, from na$$er 'afterwards'; cf. btg{)erig from bte^Ct ' hitherto '. JftarlborOltgl), the second son of Sir William Churchill, be- came page to the Duke of York, afterwards James II. Subse- quently obtaining a commission, he distinguished himself in Tangiers agiinst the Moors as well as in the Netherlands. Having been created Baron Churchill of Sundridge by James, though he accepted a command with the object of opposing the landing of William of Orange, he deserted to that prince, who on his acces- sion created him Earl of Maryborough, and though he was not even then true to his new master, William could not but recognise his abilities, and gave him the command of the allied forces in the Spanish War. As a reward for his services, after the battle of Blenheim (see note on p. 35, 1. 22), the king granted him some crown lands at Woodstock in Oxfordshire, whereon a castle was erected for him at the expense of the nation. This was called Blenheim House, and still remains in possession of the family. 19. ftanb liad) ' was second '. 21. $lnftanb ' bearing '. 22. t>te emuter; say ' men's minds '. 32. 2. natym feinen gortgang 'proceeded'. 4. bet ben SRufhtugeu ; bci='on the occasion of, 'in view of. 8. 33efct)impfung; cfytmpfis the insult itself, SSefdHitipfinui the act of insulting. We seem to want a word ' insultation ' to render it by. 9. gereicfyen 'to conduce'; t>a geretd)t t&m jur re 'that redounds to his honour '. P. 32-33.] WARS OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION. 203 32. 10. ttorldncjft 'so long' = tor longer 3ftt 18. I;ann6cnfff;e $imvurbe; Hanover had only a short time before been raised to the dignity of an electorate. 20. iJtetfdlttQC * oft-repeated '. 27. iiberfyflUpt; translate by 'in a word', and place before eg fc^ten. 28. im ffetnen 'on a small scale'. 33. i. feftet ^5(a^ ' stronghold ' = $efhtng 'fortress*. 10. iDerfung ' covering ', ' defence '. 14. The 33reiiner, south of Innsbruck, is a mountain pass 4700 feet above sea-level on the road leading into Italy. 18. Stmtntaiin, any one holding an office or position of trust, 'steward', 'magistrate'. Cf. the anbainmann of SCHILLER'S Wilhelm Tell y which Dr. Buchheim renders by ' chief magistrate '. 20. ftiirjen is either used transitively as here, meaning ' to push', ' to thrust ', or intransitively ' to rush ', ' to dart '. 34. I. >OCf)jMt>t (or )6cfyfldt>t) in Bavaria, on the left bank of the Danube, 24 miles north west of Augsburg. This battle is better known in English history by the name of Blenheim, after the village of Blindheim or Blenheim close by. It is nothing uncom- mon for battles to be designated by different names in different countries. Waterloo, for example, is better known in Germany and France as the battle of La Belle Alliance. 11. onailU>ertl; is a little lower down the Danube than Blenheim. 21. im Slnflltfle ' approaching ', from aujtffyen ' to march on '. 24. fHe& ; ftofjen \\\ 'to join'. 28. eltngen is the infinitive of geltncjen ' to be successful', used as a noun ; hence it refers to the act of succeeding, i.e. the process by which the prosperous result is brought about, whereas Qrrfofg ' success ' points rather to that result (from folgen, i.e. what follows out of a right method of proceeding). 35- 7. efti&t = (i) 'face', pi. @eftd;ter ; (2) ' sight ', 'vision', no pi. ; (3) 'vision' i.e. apparition, pi. eftcfyte. 13. be^aitpti'U 'to hold their position'. 14. ju ffcuif|eiifU 'as prisoners' ; the 511 of purpose. 204 NOTES. [P. 35, 36. 35. 20. qeft for t>er 3tft ' tent ' is used in a higher style of prose. 21. in Siebern; we give as an example the first verse of one of these ballads, (fcer a<) Dretfalttgfeit is Trinity Sunday.) au3 511111 Jtampfe, ivie tout fc traurig fcet trommel JUang 1 jiel)t ait8 jum .Rampfe ; ob fyeim, fcag njeifi nut @ott ! J&etm ivtd er rt)ietev fcljren am Sag' vcifa(tigfctt; Dretfaltigfett ift fommen, tod) fcletbt er auS jur 3eit. 22. 3Retcfy0furft 5 ne was further granted the territory of Mindels- heim in Suabia, but was deprived of it without compensation when the peace was signed. 26. SRentamt 'bailiwick' the estates belonging to the city. 3?ent(initmann, steward managing the estates of a corporate com- munity. 29. SQSaiTerfltcfrt 'dropsy'. UC^t has no etymological connec- tion with fiK^CU ' to seek ', but comes from the Gothic verb siukan, German fiecfyen 'to be ill' (English sick). It therefore means 'sickness or disease'. (B$U>int>fltcfyt 'consumption'. geiUfucbt 'epilepsy' (\.\\z falling sickness as it is sometimes called). In many compounds it signifies a morbid desire or mania : e.g. efatlfucfyt, a desire to please (gcfallen), i.e. 'vanity'; e&nflicfyt 'longing'; 3cfyfurf)t ' I-sickness', a very expressive word for 'egotism 5 . 'A favourite word of Jean Paul which has altogether failed to find favour in German. I am not aware of any other writer who has used it ' (TRENCH, English Past and Present). 30. Scutfeltgfett 'affability'. @ettg is from Old High German s<g 'blessed', '.salutary'. 2)?etn feligcr -IWann 'my late hus- band'. ettgfett 'bliss', In compounds: gtucffettg = ' blessed with luck', 'happy'; teutfctig, bringing happiness to the people, i.e. 'affable'. The *feltg in triibfetfg, mityfeftg, and faumfeftg should be spelt fdlfg, as it is the ending of ritbfal, 2)?u(;faf, and (Saumfdl with the suffix *tCJ. 31. fyerttOtfttcfjenb 'prominent', from fyerttOrftccfyen 'to project'. 36. i. SBefen, here 'character'. For derivation, etc., see note to p. 6, 1. 23. 3. 2(ntcr^benfenbC 'those holding other opinions', 'dissentient'. P. 36-39.] WARS OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION. 205 36. 4. fonft ' in other respects '. 6. grobfte 'coarsest', 'most glaring'. 8. gewacfyfen, the perfect participle of ivad)fett ' to grow', used as an adjective, but only predicaiively, 1 means 'a match for'. 1 19. ntebcrgefffylagen 'depressed', 'demoralised'. 26. emporte, from cmpor 'up', is here used literally, 'to stir up', 'to rouse'. It as frequently has the metaphorical meaning of ' to incense ', ' to disgust '. 31. SBrauiiait Itnb <3rf)CirbtNoUanb. Notice the use of the definite article when an adjective precedes a proper noun : ber arme 'poor Charles'. Except, of course, in the vocative atmer 17. 26 WClt, Louvain, in Belgium, about 20 miles north-east of Brussels. 27. biirftetl 'they would never be likely' the conditional of doubt. 38. i. ftcty fammcln 'to rally'. 8. gefyort Jit 'belongs to ', i.e. 'is one of. 10. 50 Sftetfen^ about 240 English miles. A German mile = rather more than 4'68 English miles. But distance is now calcu- lated by Kilometer, each of which = 1093 '633 yards. In other words, I mile =16104- metres, or, roughly speaking, 8 Kilometer = 5 English miles (accurately, 4 miles 1709 yards). 21. raf >CWn was the clis'inguished father of the yet more distinguished son, who reorganised the Austrian army and signally defeated Frederick the Great in the Seven Years' War. t\)at ctnen Slugfaft. &un and mad;en are often used indiscriminately: tt>Cl$ Jmbcn @ie Cjemaci)t (or get(;ail)? 'what have you been doing?' 39. 2. 2ftaitn is the accusative of measure after ftatf, on the analogy of etnen gufj long. 1 Though one can say ker etnem fclcfyen llntcrnc^mcn nic^t . gcwa^fene Qliann, gewacijfen is not here used attributively, as this construction is only elliptical for ctn OJJann ter fctefem 11. nid^t gcnudjfcn ifi. 206 NOTES. [P. 39, 40. 39. 13. fdjenfte. Notice the construction of frbnifen 'to present with ', i.e. accusative of the gift and dative of the recipient. 26. ifym fotgte 'he was succeeded by'. $o(i}eu cannot be used in the passive. 27. befjeil. The demonstrative bet, bie, bag is used for the possessive fcin (tf)r, etc.) to refer to the latter of two nouns previously mentioned. er rnf roar emport iibcr bag 33e iie^men on feinem ^effen uni? bcffen $inbmi (i.e. the nephew's children). Ctnen $tllbern would mean his, the count's, children. 29. granfen ' Franconia ' now comprises three circles (or dis- tricts) in the north of Bavaria, and cfyUKlbcn 'Suabia' one in the south-west. They originally enjoyed a sort of semi-indepen- dence under feudatory princes, the latter having been a duchy of much greater extent than the present circle. In fact only the names can be said to survive. 31. 33railbfcfya$ltng : a contribution levied from a town or district under the threat of destruction by fire if it is not paid. From 33ranb 'burning' (cf. ' brand-\\zw ', ' fire-^ra;/^'), and f$a$ett ' to levy' (not to be confused with fct?ci$eil ' to estimate ', ' to appreciate ; ). jufammnitretben 'to collect'. 40. I. flflct is not the dative agreeing with greube. 3. COIQ 2ubn)tftcn 'in the following years'; in ben ncicfyfhn Xatjen ' within the next few days '; natfyfienfl ' shortly'. 12. $atl v. of Germany was engaged in constant strife with Francis I. of France for the possession of Northern Italy. In 1536 he invaded Provence, unsuccessfully besieged Marseilles, devastated the districf, and lost nearly half his army. Subsequently he invaded Champagne, but without success, and peace was made in 1544- 15. (Jr. jfyerjog $arf, the claimant of the Spanish throne, son of Leopold and brother of the Emperor Joseph. The younger sons of the Austrian imperial family bear the title of Archduke. P. 40-42.] WARS OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION. 207 40. 27. intt 33ejtt)ingilH(J. U^e the present participle ' pocketing ' m 41. i. fanrten barcuif 'aimed at '. JU beretten, lit. ' to prepare '. See note to p. 13, 1. 4. Say here ' to make his humiliation still more severe '. 10. Sipffel, the Flemish for Lille. 15. (ilte. This was a notable frost even in England, remark- able as much for the time it lasted (December to March) as for its extraordinary severity. 18. cuiSgefogen 'drained'; the oilfl* implying ' exhaustion '. Cf. note on p. 26, 1. 5. 20. iwerfci;n>inglicl;, that cannot be afforded (erfffyttnn$en 'to afford'), 'unobtainable', ' not forthcoming '. 30. t>d3 (lfafj. By the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War, a great part of Alsace was ceded to France and the remainder by the peace of Ryswick in '1697. It remained in possession of the French till the Franco-German War of 1870-71, when it was ceded to Germany. 42. 6. QutttuHifJ 'voluntarily'. 12. Somtcf, the Flemish for Tournay, a town about 10 miles east of Lille. 18. er()telt etnert tretffcfcuf 'was grazed by a bullet', from fireifcn ' to graze '. 28. 2Serfprect;itiigen. There being in many cases two forms for the verbal noun, (i) the infinitive as it stands, (2) a feminine in ung, when the word occurs in the plural the latter is preferred : ba3 SBerQiiiigen 'pleasure', tie ^ergniigungen unferer $tnber; ber @egen 'blessing', @egmtru]en (SCHILLER, Elegie] ; ba3 llbertreten etncS ebotg ('commandment'), itbertretunfleii (Prov. x. 12) 'transgressions'; Untmie&men, *itngen, p. 10, 1. 25; StnerbtCtcn -Itligen, p. 14, 1. 25.! Properly speaking, the noun in -ling denotes the act, the infinitive the result. 29. iiberi)0itpt j translate here, 'in any case'. This adverb comprises and sums up all the preceding statements. 1 All the same, the plural of the noun in -en does occur, though less commonly : Die Scgcu fceineS CatevS gefyeit ftitfer, term tie @cgett meiner ffiorcltevn (Gen. xlix. 26). 208 NOTES. [P. 42-44. 42. 31. fonne gebadjt tterben; we should say, 'before a treaty could be thought of. Verbs which require a preposition after them can only be used impersonally in the passive : ' the bird was fired at' e3 rourbe auf ben $ogel gefdjoffen, or, inverted, auf ben SSogel tt>urbe gefcfyoffen. 2ln ber ttorbern @ette unrb eben gebaut (SCHILLER) 'the front is just being built at' (i.e. worked at or completed). 43- 7- Ciuf ba$ (>6d?fte gefKegen ' reached its climax '. 19. barnieberttegen, lit. 'to lie sick', 'to be affected'. 26. egenpartet 'opposition'. 27. ^ontgltcfygeftnnte; for this meaning of geftnnt, see note on p. 27, 1. 20. 29. erbcicfytig gf macfyt ; tterbacfyttg is not here ' suspicious ' but * suspected '. The order will have to be changed : ' Queen Anne's suspicions were raised as to Marlborough's aims '. feme ema{;ltn. Queen Anne was led to a great extent by the Duchess of Marlborough, who had been appointed Lady of the Bedchamber before her accession, and who exercised consider- able influence over her. The Queen inclined towards the Tories, but the Duchess, an ardent Whig, was sufficiently powerful to surround her sovereign with members of her own party. This was carried so far as to cause an estrangement with the Queen. The Duchess fell into disgrace and dragged her husband with her. Marlborough retired to the continent until the accession of George I., who appointed him Captain-General and Master of the Ordnance, which offices he held until his death in 1722. 44. 7. bie ^Ocfen 'small-pox'. Notice the plural (it should be spelt pocks in English also). But many names of diseases are plural in German: Slattern 'blains' (also popularly used for 'small-pox'), fDtafern 'measles', 3R6te(n 'scarlatina'. 8. felbfHfytittg 'independent'; rafcfy, here 'hasty', but it is very commonly used to mean merely ' quick '. ii. fanb . . . GnilCjang 'was most frequently admitted to his intercourse '. 14. SBertydltmtf ber 2J?ticf)te ' balance of power'. 23. abfpr.e$eu ' to abjudicate ', ' to deny ', ' to withhold '. P. 46, 47.] SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS. 209 III. Spain and the Netherlands. 46. I. For the extent of the Spanish Netherlands, see note to p. 28, 1. 29. crbrtcft 'chartered'. 23erbriefen (from S5rtef 'letter') ' to furnish with letters or documents '. )er (jrofie gretbrtcf ' Magna Charta '. 2. (SteuerbninUigmig, say ' the levying of taxes'. 33ctt>tUigeu ' to grant '. Lit. ' the power of levying taxes'. etllfycuntfct; 'inland', 'native', 'home'. 3. gcrnl)a(tUH{j ' keeping away ', 'withdrawal'. 4. Obcimn fhinben, lit. 'stood at the top', 'took the foremost place '. 5. \)\\\ lUib lineber ' from time to time'. 6. untcr bCtn er geborcn. Charles was born at Ghent in 1500 and inherited the Netherlands from his father, Archduke Philip of Austria, who married Joanna of Castille, heiress of Ferdinand and Isabella. 7. ISkfcft, mode of being or existing, say 'character', and cf. note on p. 6, 1 23. 9. angcftcmittit 'inherited', from @tamm 'stem', 'stock', tribe'. Otclfdlttg 'on manifold occasions'. 10. Margaret of Parma was the daughter of Charles v. and a lady of the Netherlands, and married the Duke Octavio Farnese of Parma. 13. ranttella, Bishop of Arras, was the son of Charles v.'s Chancellor. 16. SBnlmtng 'protection', 'upholding'; from ttJO^ren 'to pay heed ', from which come the French garer, and the English be- ware. The prefix iva(;vnc(;nteu ' to notice', 'to perceive', is from the same root. 23a()r ' true' has no connection. 47. i. *>erfo!gung0fuct>tig 'fond of persecution', 'obnoxious', ' odious '. 3. 2tte$etn or Malines. O 210 NOTES. [P. 47. 47- 5- William of Orange, surnamed * the Silent ', was the great- grandfather of William in. , subsequently King of England and hus- band of Mary, daughter of our James II. When still a young man he rose rapidly in the favour of Charles v. This favour was sufficient to arouse the jealousy of Charles's son, Philip. After the abdication of the former he embraced the Protestant faith. Philip's hatred was intensified on his discovering that William was in possession of information concerning a secret treaty between France and Spain for the persecution of the Protestants in both these dominions, and henceforth William set himself the task of frustrating Philip's odious designs. The Count of Egmont was also a favourite and a faithful servant of the same emperor, under whom he learnt the art of war, and Philip appointed him commander of the cavalry, in which position he distinguished himself at the battles of St. Quentin and Gravelingen. It had always been his aim, though himself a Romanist, to bring about a reconciliation between the two parties in the Church, and he eventually espoused the cause of the Protestants, solely owing to the disgust with which he viewed the oppressions of the Spaniards. At first, to avert sus- picion, Philip appointed Egmont governor of Artois and Flanders and exempted his estates from taxation, but eventually he de- spatched Alva with instructions to get rid of his enemy. Alva was treacherous enough to invite him and his friend Count Horn to dinner, and when there, to have them seized and thrown into prison. Eventually, after a mock trial, they were condemned to be executed, the sentence being carried out in Brussels in June 1568. 7. ant>e$etnttd)tungen 'institutions (lit. arrangements) of the country '. 15. 2lilft>ebung 'repeal'. 19. beett>tgt 'certified', 'qualified', from (lD 'oath', ri'tnbe 'reasons', 'arguments'. 20. 33t(Iigfett 'right', 'justice', from Mtltg 'fair', 'reasonable*, hence ' cheap '. 22. ftrf? Suft marten in ' gave vent to'. 23. fcer refers P. 47-49.] SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS. 21 r 47. 23. baju aufgefotbert 'called up', from aufforbern 'to chal- lenge '. 31. Derfunfen, lit. 'sunk and disappeared' (Oer) 'relapsed'. 48. I. bablttcfy, bflf-t, etc. ' owing to Philip's passing over them*. 4. 2luffef>er 'overseers', 'inspectors', 'critics'. 5. ammfer unb SerpjTeger 'collectors and cultivators', /.*. in contradistinction to those who ' picked his actions to pieces', they eagerly sought out and nurtured all that was new. 7. ttntdjew 'to practise usury', 'to make capital of. Say: ' they lived on the only capital '. 12. ^JrOtefttOn 'patronage', not 'protection', which is @cf>ll$, ^JrOteftOr 'patron'. (5etbfigefiif>l ' self-consciousness '. 19. baran Slntetl Datte 'had a share in or was the cause of it*. 20. nntfhen 'contrived'. (r roujHe mtcfy ju iiberreben 'he managed to persuade me '. 23. unanflefocfyten 'undisputed'. fiir feinen ^m$, etc. They believed that no price would would be too dear to pay, no sacrifice too great. 26. bte miifHg, etc. ; a reference to Matt. xx. 6, 7, the parable of the labourers in the vineyard : ' Why stand ye here all the day idle ? They say unto him, Because no man hath hired us '. jDingen (past part, also cjefoltngen) is from ing, the original meaning of which is 'judicial proceeding', 'day of trial', 'meeting', 'coun- cil'; cf. Hustings ( = house-Mz'wg 1 , i.e. council). The Swedish and Danish ting have this meaning; hence CtllQCn is 'to try a case', 'to negociate', 'come to an agreement', 'to hire'. )tngen is now only used of persons ; see below, note on p. 50, 1. 4. 28. fo ttiel jl$, etc., 'however much might have been expected from '. 49. I. fKften ' to found', ' to establish , ' to bring about'. 2. ing -iDZittel fcfytagen ' to intervene'. 3. fonben fid? 'existed'. The same expression on line 8 means ' met ', ' joined '. (French se ttouver. ) II. e^ fatten SBtnfc ' hints are dropped*. 14. e3 muiJ fid? fiigen ' it must needs happen'. @t$ ffigen 'to 212 NOTES. [P. 49-51. turn out', lit. 'to fit in', from ^U$e 'joint'. Hamlet's ' Time is out of joint' is translated by SCHLEGEL : cg ; notice here the neuter, ' both things'. 28. SBappenfoniCJ ' King-at-Arms'. The order of the Golden Fleece was founded by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, and was said to have been instituted to commemorate the immense revenue he derived from wool. 30. Gncgenoffen. Reference is here made to the meeting on the Riitli Meadow of the representatives of the three cantons, Uri, Schwytz, and Unterwalden. (Cf. Introduction to Piece vi. and SCHILLER'S Wilhelm Tell, Act ii. Sc. 2.) 51. 2. jit gute fommen ' to profit'. 7. CUtS Stntrtcb ' prompted by'. 12. jUUHberlciuft ' contravenes or militates against'. 13. Iwtter ftd; Inflt lit. ' leaves behind'; 'outstrips', 'throws in the shade'; an Umnenfcfyltdtfeit 'in (i.e. as regards) inhumanity '. 18. iiberfWUpt ; this is a good example of the use of this word. The enemies of their liberties are first particularised ^riefter, trcuiofe greunfce, pantcr and finally summed up in one ex- pression : etn fcfytecfyter $erl ' in a word, any base fellow'. P. 61-55.] SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS. 213 51. 29. man i)erfud?e eg ' whether it be attempted '. 52. 2. 9iegunent, here ' rule'. 4. rmd) 33erm6ag er an ^reunben fyatte ' such friends as he had'. 13. miirbe gemactyt ' disarmed'. 15. fcielen . . . bte f>anb ' the hands of many '. It is usual to employ the singular in reference to anything about the person of one or more individuals: ft'e ttetforen bog Seben; fie tmfcfyten ftci) bCll -D?unb ab ' they wiped their mouths', etc. 21. cfyunnbel 'giddiness', 'infatuation'. 22. eine cjlanjenbe ^amerabf^aft ' illustrious associates'. 27. ivar C^ . . . abgefe|>en ' special stress was laid upon the officers in particular '. 31. $(tynbri$ 'ensign', from ftdfjne * flag ', Mid. High G. venre (Engl. vane] and masculine termination *td) \ cf. ntertcfc 'drake', and cinferiri; 'gander'. This is KLUGE'S derivation. The Anglo-Saxon for drake is end-rake, of which Professor SKEAT says that ' the suffix is allied to Gothic reiks " ruling", "mighty ", and to ric in bishop- ric\ 54. 6. e^ ifl Jit t(;un um ' it is important for'. Say ' the Catholics were anxious for . . .' 9. flatten tm cfyilbe 'secretly aimed at'. 24. fa m in 33eivca,iuig ' was discussed'. 30. ^iaitm gaben 'exposed themselves', 'rendered themselves liable '. 31. Unterfangen = Unterne|>men 'undertaking'; ft'cfy unterf. etUXld git tl;ttn ' to undertake to do a thing'. 55. 7. lief} er ftcfy ttertaitten, lit. 'he let himself announce', 'he reported ', not a common expression. 8. e^ (jelte bte 9?ettgtOn ' it was a question (he said) of reli- gion'. @g gift (il s'agit] ' it is a matter of . . .' @g Qtlt ! agreed !' (of a bet). (g gitt Ctlten SSerfuc^ ' one may as well make a trial '. 214 NOTES. [P. 55-67. The personal verb getten has many English equivalents, the main idea being 'to be worth', 'to pass for', 'to be available', 'to refer to '. Q?r gi(t fitr eiticn tenner ' he is considered a connois- seur'. SGSaSgUtbteSBette? ' what will you bet?' 55. 16. Uin bte . . . ttJOUte * the cause of which he did not wish to further'. @r macfyt ft'cfy ein SBerbienft um . . . 'he does a good turn to'. 19. big oitf, up to and not including, i.e. f with the exception of. 23. nttt nacfyftem 'shortly'. 27. 3fttun(V ( ur tidings] is not now commonly used for * news', but for ' newspaper '. -jftacfyttcfyt is now current in the former case. 30. (abet ... ein ' invites'. There are two verbs taben, (i) to load, (2) to cite or summon (e.g. $or ericfyt laben, gu aft faben, now usually eintaben). The latter is derived from the former (i) Old High G. ladan, Anglo-Saxon kladan; (2) Old High G. lad&n. Both are strong verbs : tut), getabeil ; Pres. Ind. id) tabe, bu la'bft or Iat>efl, er labt or tabet. ^inlaben usually has tabeft ein, labet ein. 56. 2. beratfcfytacjen, not being a compound of fcfyfagen, but of ber 3iatf$(ag 'advice', is weak (bftatfc^Ingte, beratfrf)Iagt). The same is the case with bccwftragen, t>eran(affen (from Kufttag, Stnla^), iutflfa^rcn, and a few others ; bcauftragte (not -trug), etc. See the Editor's German Grammar^ 224. 7. (in$attcn 'put off'. 8. SSer^attung^rcgel (from fitf) t>er^a(ten, one meaning of which is 'to act', 'to behave', as in 1. 26) 'rule of conduct'; say here ' instructions '. 10. JU bem Gfrfhn, that is, the having recourse to arms. 15. tt>o^Iangebrad;t 'timely', 'opportune', from anbrtngen ' to set up ' in its proper place, e.g. a bracket on a wall, etc. 17. in ber SJBiege erfHcfen, usually tm &eime erfl. ' to nip in the bud '. Literally ' to choke in the cradle '. 21. fcOt fid? gcgaiigeil 'gone on', ' proceeded'. 57. 5. be3 33?orj ; note that proper names, and among them the names of the months, when preceded by the article, are not de- clined. P. 57-60.] SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS. 215 57. 7. bractyte . . . jum 33orfd;ein ' produced '. 10. mtfjyergtuicjt ' disaffected '. 12. gur <8pvacfye fomnien \\\ laffcn 'to proclaim'. 13. erfaubte fid; 'took the liberty (of making)'. A business letter often begins : id; eilaube mtr, 3&NM mttju'teiten ' I beg to inform you '. 16. 40..000 Otbgitlfcen, about ^12,000. 19. Illicit ' improper moment'. We lack an equivalent for the word in English unless we adopt the little known term * intem- pestivity ' given by one lexicographer. 24. nafTaitifd;e ^anuUc; the Counts of Nassau obtained in the sixteenth century, by marriage and bequest, the French princi- pality of Orange in Provence, by which title they became better known. Upon the death of William in. of England, the elder line became extinct, and the possessions passed to the younger branch of Nassau-Dietz, who were the ancestors of the present reigning family of Holland. 58. 12. in 33er&altmfFen 'on terms'. 20. 3 n frf?tCn is used as the plural of 3ftllf, of which the plural 3cinfe is not in u-e. The same of trctt (pi. (Streitiijfdten). 28. cinfcmmni bet ' to petition'. 31. ttoranfcfytcfen or ornuefd;tcfcn 'to premise' (/;= t>cran, 59. 4. $ate 'councillors'; 9?at 'counsel' has no plural, but 3R(lt- fd;(cifle is used. 7. red;t3frtiftt'cj 'valid'. 9. fcit ivann tfl ' how long has it been ?' Sett wann ftnb o&l = ntc&t nur. Unu?iberle0barff it ' conclusiveness '. 60. 2. ^Berfaffung, here = Sage 'position'. The usual meaning is * constitution '. 5. beg ^aiferS, Charles v. 216 NOTES. [P. 60, 61. 60. 13. ercc^ttgfctt Jltgefte^en * to acknowledge the justice'. 20. Gueux in French =' beggar', 'scamp'. 21. fytnterbracfyt; the inseparable prefix Ijtnter conveys the idea of a secret or surreptitious action ' was secretly reported '. Similarly tytntergcfyen 'to take in', f>iutcrl)a(teil 'to conceal from', i.e. ' to keep back information that ought to be communi- cated'. The same may apply to tytntetfaffcil ' to leave by will ', SSaDrjeicfyen ' badge '. 26. $retf>ett/ etc. ; the dative, as an, meaning ' in ', i.e. in re- spect to, requires this case. fdllb . . . d'tngang 'made still further progress' or 'met with more success '. 29. 2Warienbt(t>cr ' images of the Virgin '. 31. tang$erl)afteu ' long pent up '. 33. fcerftiirnmette 'disfigured', 'mutilated', from <8tumme( stump', 'end' ((Stgamilfhlllimel) ; connected with English stump. 61. I. Scrflttff ftcfy ' laid hands', where the prefix has the force of wrongly, improperly. This verb would be used literally, for ex- ample, of putting the finger in the wrong place, say, in playing a stringed instrument. SScrQretfiUiQ is used in the Bible for 'sin', ' offence '. The perf. participle erflrtffni = ' out of print '. 2. grcttet, masculine, ' wanton mischief', 'outrage'. 18. ba^$>abobltr^tfc()C|)Crrfcf)er^aU^; the Emperors Charles V. and Philip were of this dynasty. 20. ari}Io3 ' unsuspecting '. 24. ent^auptet Untrbeil. ' Arbitrary and sanguinary tribunals were erected; the Counts Egmont and Horn, notwithstanding their great merit and former services, and although they had been chiefly instrumental in quelling the late revolt, were brought to the block ; multitudes were daily delivered over to the executioner ; and nothing was to be heard or seen but seizure, confiscation, im- prisonment, torture and death.' RUSSELL, Modern Europe. 31. evratt^errfct 1 aft 'tyranny'. 34. jroecf md jjtO, ' suitable '. 3roerf ' purpose ', ' object ' ; mfifjio, (from 2#a 'measure') ' in accordance with '; cf. regelmdfHg in P. 62-64.] SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS. 217 accordance with rule, i.e. 'regular', tterfyaltni{jmci$tg 'propor- tionate', adv. 'comparatively', etc. 62. I. $aitfdCCt3. ' He demanded the hundredth penny as a tax on goods, whether movable or immovable, to supply his present exigencies : and, for the future, the twentieth penny annually on all immovable goods or heritage ; and the tenth penny on all mov- able goods to be levied at every sale.' RUSSELL. 7. $?eeretberger ^atecfytgmutf, one of the Calvinistic con- fessions of faith, was drawn up in 1562. 31. enter $ertrao, commonly called the Pacification of Ghent. JU bcm Scfcfchtfj ' for (the purpose of) the resolve ', ' in the determination '. 34. erfcfyitttett 'shaken', 'convulsed'; say 'declining'. 63. 2. roar barailf bebadjt ' turned his attention to '. 9. ju gemeinfamcm SBirfeu 'for united action'. IV. The Story of Luther. 64. 2. (Sitfleben, in Prussian Saxony, about 50 miles N.W. of Leipsic. 33 ergmann 'miner'. SBergtverf 'mine'. SBergbau 'mining'. 4. bnn 1ml. $?. or ganfr 9)?. >te etlujen 'the saints', ta$ Merbeiltgeti'gefl 'All Saints' Day'. 6. (jqogen. One meaning of Jtcfyetl is 'to move' (from one residence to another, etc.), eingt'cfyen ' to move in', auSjkJien ' to move out', um^tefjen ' to flit ', ' to change one's residence '. 7. angejlrengt, say 'unflagging', from anftrengen 'toexert'j anjhengenbe 2lrbett 'tiring work'. 8. ftd? fctyaffen. Here 'to earn'. Usually 'to procure', in which sense the compound (ftcfe) Qnfc&affen is used of concrete ob- jects id> ivcvbc mtr etmge SBcrfjcuge (tools) anfc^ciffen muffen. To procure for another person is erfd;affen. Do not confuse the 218 NOTES. [P. 64-67. simple verb with fctyaffcn 'to create' (er fcfyafft, fcfwf, gefcftaffen), from the same root. English cognate = shape, 64. 10. (Stunbe, a rough and ready way of calculating distance as far as can be walked in an hour about three miles. Similarly gll|j, f)ant>, vanne. the average length of a foot, hand, etc. 14. tucfyttg (Engl. dotighly) denotes a very high degree of 'able', 'worthy'. 1 6. 5- 7- er ^ re " ' lo obtain by hearing', 'to hear (and answer)'. 9. U)0i?( here has the common meaning of 'no doubt'. 10. framnUg 'of that time', e.g. bte bamaltge @ttte. Many adjectives are thus formed from adverbs. Cf. above, p. 64, 1. n, borttg 'of that place'. Further fyteftg (from fytcr), fyeuttg (tie 3fitun{| 'to-day's paper'), morgtg (or inorgenb), geftrt^, ('repeated'), bt^^erta, jlc^ig, balfctg ('approaching'), ig, obig ('above-mentioned'). 18. 35ateritnfcr. The Lord's Prayer begins in German $ater unfer, ber X)u bijr tin > unmet (Pater noster). 21. $tan}tdfanrt, or Grey Friars, one of the orders of mendi- cant fria'S (^ettelmoncfye), founded by St. Francis of Assisi, who died in 1230. 24. babct 'moreover'. 28. fd;on implies sooner than would be expected, ' the very next year '. 66. 2. tm @d)ufeifer, say ' in the discharge of his scholastic duties '. 12. bad traultcfye Setfammenfetn ' the social gathering'. 15. am felben for an cemfctben. 21. gefetett, from fetcrn 'to celebrate', 'to keep' (a day), has, as an adjective, the special meaning of ' honoured ', ' famous '. 24. Oerlangeil ' to demand ', used impersonally, loses its impera- tive force. ($ ttcrtaiiflt mid? ' I desire'. ^3robcjafyt 'novitiate' or 'year of probation'. Every one, on entering a. convent, had to go through a year of trial, with the object of ascertaining whether he was able to stand the severities of monastic life. 67. 4. empfillbitd?, say ' painful '. P. 67, 68.] THE STOR Y OF LUTHER. 219 67. 13. ivottte etc. >a3 iwfl mir nid)t in ben (Sinn 'that never enters my head'. Cf. the opposite in HEINE'S Lorelei: (tn fWcirdKn au$ uralten 3*ton/ &&$ fomnit mir nicfyt a it 3 be in (Sinn. 14. meinen, not ' to mean ', but ' to give as one's opinion ', often = ' to state'. 16. 2Btttenber$ on the Elbe, about 50 miles above Magdeburg. 20. ficfy oer|W;en (511) 'to consent'. 21. brtngcn um 'to cause to forfeit', 'you are killing me'. 22. treiben 'to carry on', 'to prosecute', gletrf) tie erfle ' the very first '. 29. 2liiQitfHner 'Austin Friars', another of the four orders of mendicant friars (see note to p. 65, 1. 21), the remaining ones being the Dominicans and the Carmelites founded by Pope Alexander IV. in 1256. 31. in ber 9?afye, from his own observation in contradistinction to * from hearsay ', 68. i. Sficfytfinn. See note to p. 162, 1. 28. 6. (je()6rt ; ptebtgen tyoren would be equally correct. 7. 5lttlt^er()6|)Ung 'promotion'. 9. emftger gleifj, lit. 'busy diligence', where the adjective only intensifies the noun. A common figure of speech in German, as gJucfficfyeS elingen (lit. Mucky success'). 14. fcier 2??etlen, about i8 English miles. 17. reilig linb blljJferttQ; the former applies to sorrow of mind, the latter to the outward act of penitence ; say 'penitent and ready to atone for their sins '. 19. ttetQcben governs the dative of the person forgiven, and the accusative of the offence : icfy ttevcjebe bir beine 33eleibigung. 21. gegefeuer 'purgatory', from Mid. High German vegen f to purge '. 26. rofcfyen (French gros, English groat), the 3Oth part of a Staler (which is = 35.), hence rather more than a penny. 30. 33ciit. The plural 23tiue is not used, tauten or ebaitbe taking its place. GOETHE (Ilalienische Keise] has bie 35aue. 220 NOTES. [P. 69,70. 69. 4. ettranfen 'to drown', 'to swamp', used figuratively. Weak (regubr) verb, the factitive of the strong verb ertrhlfen ' to be drowned '. fe^te Clb ' sold ', a commercial term. Noun : 2lbfa$, Sarert fyaben etnen guten 2lbfa$ 'goods have a ready sale'. 7. Jilfantmenfailfen 'collect' say 'that a large crowd of people might collect '. 9. ;0?acjiftrat is collective not 'the magistrate', but 'the council '. 10. jocjen . . . entgegen 'went out to meet ' like entgegenge(>en, etc. 11. gotten Ctn. GnnboTen usually means ' to overtake '; here 'to escort in '. 2Ibf>Ofen ' to call for' (a person at his house). (0rfe is a large bell such as a church-bell, $lingef, a smaller tinkling bell, as in a house, @$eUe still smaller as on a fool's cap. 12. Banter, a duplicate form of 23annet (Low Latin banderia; possibly connected with German 33(illb). 19. mft etgener $?iin$e 'in his own coin'. 2#unje, English cognate mint, both from Latin moneta, which meant (i) the money itself and (2) place where it is coined. It is curious that the Ger- mans and ourselves should each have adopted one of the different meanings of the word. 20. melbftc ftd) 'reported himself ', 'applied'. 26. fyrengtf cin ' pounced', ' burst'. Grtnfprengen is used only of horsemen, prengert is properly the factitive of fprtngen, and is therefore a transitive verb, meaning ' to make to spring or fly in pieces', 'to burst' (trans).; and like our 'burst' is also used intransitively with the figurative meaning of ' to dash ', ' to gallop'. See p. 23, 1. 3. 2Me granjofen fprengten tie 33rucfe in fete ?uft. 70. 2. tttllfjten Cjfauben ' could not help believing '. 3. ju bebeuten. 55a$ $at nic^t tc( ju be&euten 'that is not of much consequence '. 4. lefyrte gerabeju ' took care to teach '. 6. SBappen, ba? r is used in the singular for 'coat of arms' twin (not meinc) P. 70-72.] THE STORY OF LUTHER. 221 70. 7. u)te benn and) is rather antiquated for ba ' as '. >eilanb 'Saviour', 'the Healing One', the old present participle of l;etlen 'to heal'. ' The Heliand' 1 is the title of a poem written in a language similar to the Anglo-Saxon, and classed with early English literature. 14. fain . . . Jltr (Spracfye ' many matters were discussed '. 21. tyiitete fid). (Sicfy Bitten 'to beware', 'to take care not'. 27. atferorten (for alter )rten), adverbial genitive, ' in all places', 'everywhere'. The plural of Ort is )rte (sometimes )rter), but the original expression was an alien Orten, and when converted into an independent genitive, the n of the dative was incorrectly retained. Cf. aller (also in alien) )rten unb Grnben 'in every hole and corner'. Another equally ungrammatical form is allercrt^. Orter is used almost only as the plural of )rt, a general term for town or village. 28. tt?a3 nur notfy ; the nur is an expletive merely strengthening the pronoun. Say : ' and wondered whatever else could, ' etc. 31. 0f)nel)in 'anyhow', 'in any case'. 71. 3. @d)maf>rebe 'slanderous speech', 'stricture'. 5. natymen bie SBenbuncj ' took up the position', 'adopted the interpretation '. 21. er bracfyte, etc. 'he induced Leo'. 23. Suttyern. In ordinary style it is better either not to decline proper names in the ace. or to prefix the def. art., though we have the authority of good authors for ancreben (GOETHE), SBiltyelmen (ditto), Soltairen (LESSING), 5llbred;t >urern (GOETHE). tterfyoren 'to examine' (witnesses); 3$erf)6r 'cross- examination ' 26. ftreno, ' peremptorily '. 30. fid? betwixt; the fid) is dative id; bin mir berouft. 72. 7. iibelberid)tet 'ill-informed or advised'. 9. )0in 'cathedral', for downs Dei, refers to the whole building. 14. ja ttjofyl unb getvifj ' be sure to ', and bUfolange' until ', are both antiquated expressions. 222 NOTES. [P. 72,73. 72. 16. ailf bd9 is also archaic, occurring constantly in Luther's translation of the Bible : u foflft betnen $ater unb betne Gutter ef;ren, auf ba$ bit lange lebeft im Sanbe, etc. 'that thy days may he lone; in the land ' . . . tt>0 for ttjentl, is not now used except after a noun denoting time, ben 2Iligeilbltcf , IVO . . . le moment oh. 19. fo, as a relative, is also biblical, and common in those times. Cf. English such as. 20. tterfhtcfyt is the German for the hybrid fcenualcbett (Lat. maledicere). 25. bem SWetjjnerfcfyen, the circle or district of Meissen. Cf. baS SutttembeKjicfye, ba$ 2)?agbeburgifcf)e, etc. 28. in @ilte 'amicably'. 73. 7. )t3pUtterfiinfte 'skill in disputing or arguing*. 10. ftc^ . . . ntacfyte 'set out'. 11. an before a numeral = gC{Jf n or iui(jefcif?r 'some', ' about'. 12. VUOtftcn fOtQCll 'were anxious '. 15. Cartel 'party' (holding a different view); fetlte Cartel gccjen (or fur) jemanb ergrctfen or ne^mcn, to take one's part against or for anyone. ^Clttie,/. (i) game; eiue ^artte S&ift, 55iUarb, etc. (2) for Cartel as above; (3) (commercial) 'lot', 'parcel': Ctne ^nrtte Srteftafc^cn ; (4) 'trip', 'excursion': eine ^artte nact) 3?td)inonb, etne 3agbpartte, eined;(tttenpartte Jliat^en 'to go out shooting or sleighing'; (5) 'a (matrimonial) match'; fte tft Cine flltte ^artte. This latter word has become thoroughly germanized, and there is no exact native equivalent for it. 16. tt)0|>( abet 'nevertheless'. 17. f)eitto3, lit. 'incurable', then 'wicked', i.e. without hope of salvation ($etl). 22. anbefofyfeit ; murbe is understood before all the perf. partici- ples, the sentence being in full : e3 rourbe alien bcutfcijen )bricj- fetten ailbefo()Ien the e3 being omitted in the inversion caused by the position of 'in btefcr Suite'. 2fnbefel;ten being a verb which governs the dative of the person, this person remains, in the passive, in the same case, and the verb is used impersonally. 73-75.] THE STOR Y OF LUTHER. 223 73- 30. SJMtfen, Louvain in Belgium. $ltrfad)fen. The electorate of Saxony at that time com- prised the provinces of Saxe-Altenburg, Coburg-Gotha, Meiningen and Weimar, and was distinct from Saxony proper, the original extensive Saxon dominions having been divided between Albert and Ernest in 1464, from the former being descended the present Saxon dynasty. 74. 2. SReft ' remnant ', not rest, which is usually translated by ubrig, bag iibrtge Slatt ' the rest of the leaf. 7. recfytferttgen 'to justify', from recfyt and ferttgen 'to pre- pare', signified in Mid. High German 'to mend, 'to put in order ', hence ' to set to rights ', and its present meaning. 10. f linbtgte aitf ' renounced ' ; the duf in this and a few other verbs implies retraction, or undoing, CUlf^eben 'to annul', auf- lofcn 'to unloose', 'to resolve', etc. 11. 2lnfcfy[a$, here = ' announcement ', ' advertisement ' (poster). The verb is anfcfyf agen ' to post bills '. 23. 9ictigionefricg, the Thirty Years' War between the Catholics and Protestants which lasted from 1618 to 1648, when the Treaty of Westphalia was signed. (See Introduction to Piece VII.) 75. i. fur* unb furfHtcfye noben, i.e. furfiiriHtcfye unb furfHtctye 'your Highnesses the Electors and Princes'. 3. fteDer Corner, etc., i.e. shall contain nothing offensive. 4. ed fei benn, baf? . . . 'unless': antiquated style. 6. gcraten = rotfain ' advisable', 'right'. 14. Simbecfer 23ter. Eimbeck is a town in Hanover, not now particularly celebrated for its brew, unless locally. 16. in liaben 'graciously'. 24. pnlatin was tutor to the nephews of Frederick the Wise at Wittenberg. He earned the friendship of Luther. Eventually he became Frederick's chief adviser in matters pertaining to the Reformation. 25. tcinbe; see note to p. 121, 1. II. 76. 3. bcimpfeil ' to choke', ' to suppress', from >ampf 'vapour', ' steam ; flmpffd;tff or TciUlpfcT ' steamer'. 224 NOTES. [P. 76-79. 76. 7. Segaten; bet egat (legatus) 'legate', ba3 8e$at (legatum) * legacy '. 8. tgtemunb. Before John Huss set out for the council of Constance (1415). the Emperor Sigisimmd gave him a safe-conduct 'to pass freely and to return'. Huss ended his defence by sajing that he had come to the council of his own free will, 'confiding in the safe-conduct of the Emperor here present'. As he uttered these last words, he looked full at Sigismund, on whose biow the crimson of a deep blush was seen by the whole assembly. (Dissert. Hist, de Huss, p. 90. ) 9. 9?etcfycid}t ; see note to p. 145, 1. 5. 12. 9tia$4ftfftf; Suite ( Low Latin cotta, French cotte, English coat) was originally a German word, ' cowl or dress '. fctcler SWenfcfoen, etc., ' the damnable heresy of many people which had long been slumbering' (lit. remained concealed). 15. $aufen, &6fen, from the expression &OU au$ Utlb )0f tter- tretben. afcen, tranfen, the factitives of effcn and trhifen, ' to give to eat or drink '. 2t$eil is now only used in the sense of ' to etch ', ' to corrode ' V. Joseph II. and his People. 78. 3. ben SBtrflMflkJfrd^, etc., ' the sphere of her son's activity'. 5. JtVCcfntftfjtQ ' suited to the purpose ', 'proper', 'desirable'. 6. Wflten fte, etc., 'though perhaps not'. 79. 2. tterfanf ; this verb is used by a figure of speech called a 'hyperbole' or exaggeration, as it implies ' to sink and disappear'. A common meaning of Oerftllfcu is to relapse, e.g. in Srubfinn ('melancholy') fcerfilifeil. 5. SRcttUfe is the ordinary word for 'coach-house'. 6. ^ftgbjltg ' team' for sporting excursions into the forest. 10. 0n intern Ctyfifcer ; say : ' from one who esteems them'. 11. prater, the Hyde Park or Bois de Boulogne of Vienna, where the Universal Exhibition of 1873 was held. 12. dffffrfyflftliff), belonging to a gentleman's establishment. Say : ' private carriage '. ^errfcfyaft, a family, gentleman or P. 79, 80.] JOSEPH II. AND HIS PEOPLE. 225 lady of position. A servant would speak of his or her 'master or mistress'. SWetne >errfd)aften is 'gentlemen' (or ' ladies and gentlemen ') beginning a speech. 2)te ^OCfyfUn (or fftlfHi$en) errfd?aften are the sovereign and consort. 79. 14. tcinbe here simply means ' classes'. 17. fttllfcfywetQCnb ' traditional', 'unwritten'. 18. 2lbbera, a city of Thrace colonised by Ionian Greeks, which, after a period of great prosperity, was devastated in 376 B.C. by its Thracian neighbours. But it declined in later years, and be- came a sort of dead-alive city, so that the name Abderite got to be synonymous with ' dullard '. The author here refers to the folly of the deputation. 20. frete Shift * open air'; tm $men, tn$ greie * in(to) the open air'. 23. 33efcfyeib, lit. ' information '. Say ' reply '. mctneft fet$en (fetned ., etc.), 'my equals', is an ex- pression not used in any other case but the genitive, though Ulltcr here would require a dative. It is probably elliptical, for btCjeiHCjen fetneS . * those of his stamp '. Cf. LESSING (Nathan der Weise} : @r tfnit fur btci) unb betne^ @(et(^en fiunblid; SBunber. See also below, p. 83, 1. 26. 24. $J. ^apugtnet 'Patres C.' The imperial vault was in the church of the Capuchins (5tapUJtnerftrcf)e) and was enlarged by Maria Theresa. 26. (tnfcfyran!un$ 'distinction*. CO. 6. fjan$n>ltrft 'jack-pudding' (Jean Potage), the comic cha- racter in the German popular plays corresponding to the harlequin in the French and the clown in the English. $arntf)er=(;or. Part of Vienna is called bag &arnt$er SSiettet, from cirnten, Carinthia. II. 2lftergcf4)macf 'depraved taste'. Sifter, the English after, as a prefix often implies something bad or corrupt, Slftcrrebe 'slander', Slfterbtcfyter 'poetaster', Slfterfrtttf ( LESSING, Laokoon} ' bad criticism '. It occurs in another form as abet in ' superstition ', etc. 13. Sfcatia, the muse of pastoral and comic poetry. P 226 NOTES. [P. 80-82. empet $attenetgenb ; see above, note to p. 79, 1. 17. 81. 5. SBegelagerer 'highwaymen'. Sagern is from Sager (Eng- lish cognate lair], which has the general meaning of the place where anything lies, hence ' couch ', ' camp ', ' store ', etc. 6. fllfjfdflig (or fmefdUtg) ' suppliant' ; fitpfcitttge bitten 'im- portunity '. 8. er tyat . . . ern)0rben j say here ' he has gained the un- dying gratitude or conferred a lasting benefit '. 15. efe$bu$er 'code'. 16. ->fttdjtanU>enbbarMt 'non-employment'. 19. rfnffjieOen ' towing vessels or barges '. 24. aitSgemergelt ; Sergei is ' marl ', an earth containing car- bonate of lime and used for manure. 2lltmcrge(n is an agri- cultural term meaning 'to exhaust the soil', hence, in general, * to exhaust ', ' to jade '. 25. ailtfgejetyrt ' emaciated '. 26. abgeben ' to tell off'. alfo ' so ', ' in such a manner '. 27. Setb is accusative, motion being implied water which went half over the body. 28. ftofjt gu, a conditional sentence, for tt>enn eine 2ftatttgtett, etc. Jlifiogt, 'befalls', 'overcomes'. 82. i. au^gefc|Ioffen ' unchained'. 2. bis $ur (rreia)itng ; see note to p. 114, 1. u. 7- 3 H?,' nere ' towing '. 8. gtei$ mie ' as for instance when '. 10. (Bjegebtn, a large town in Hungary on the Theiss, a tribu- tary of the Danube, noted for its boat- and ship-building, aflbort, official style for ' there '. P. 82-85.] JOSEPH II. AND HIS PEOPLE. 227 82. 13. 2Irmcnu>efen ' the poor '. 14. Slrntenpflege 'poor laws'. 16. mittunfltge Pettier; say 'professional beggars'; mutttnfltcj ' wanton ', ' by choice '. arbeitsunlnfHg (the opposite of arbettefufttcj 'laborious') 'idle', 'indolent'. 17. 230rfo)ub letfhll 'to encourage', lit. 'to give a shove for- ward '. 19. 2$erforcjltng$anftatt 'charitable institution'. 21. fcor&anben 'existing', 'extant'; ttorOaiiben fein = 'tobe', fg tft fetU etb metyr 0rljant>en ' there is no more money to be had'; t>flg 33or$ailt>enfetn 'the existence (of anything) '. $or- tyanben and abfwnben (cibfy. fommcn ' to get lost ') are from or (ab) >anbcn, an old dative of >ant> ; cf. jit ^(jren, con Settcn, etc. 21. geftttct 'civilized'. 22. SBerpffcgitlig 'care', 'charity'. 26. ,,Spitalfll))pe" 'skilly'; pttaf (parallel form pittel) existed in Mid. High G.,-^from Low Lat. hospitale. 29. Verier, for ^teiferflrafe ' imprisonment' (Lat. career}. 83. 2. gmang^weife 'by force'. 7. 9?0rit1 'fixed rule', 'routine'. 9. efancjnteortWltng ' prison regulations'. !6. (Srbflaaten ' hereditary states', in contradistinction to those acquired by conquest. In Austria the term was specially applied to Hungary. 24. ^Otjiige 'advantages', 'features'. 26. t^rc0t}Ietd;en ; see note on p. 79, 1. 23. 31. 23eftimmiUl$ ' objects' is dative governed by QCmdfj, which may either precede or follow the noun. 84. 2. in t>er ftotge ' subsequently '. VI. The Battle of Sempach. 85. 2. SiarcjOU, a canton in the north of Switzerland on the Rhine. 3. After taS >eer supply ftrf? jufammenjcg. 2florgarten is a mountain in the cantons of Schwytz and Zug. 228 NOTES. [P. 85-87. 85. 4. ton. See note to p. 9, 1. 18. G?tbgenoffen 'confederates', from (gib 'oath', and enoffe 'companion' one who enjoys or partakes of ((jentefjt) with others. 86. 4. ju na&e, aid bafl . . . fetn biirfte ' too near for the city to be . . .' 6. 9tii0 now called 9?eug. 7. $necfyte ' men or dependents' under the feudal system. bd$ Sanb fyinauf Jte&en ; Sanb is here the accusative of ex- tension of space, after a verb of motion, as in Ct Qtng ben ganjen Seg, er lief bte trafje (nnab. 10. baS 9?0tenbltttjcr 5(mt, the bailiwick of R. administered by a bailiff (Sluttlltann, or in the Swiss patois 2lntntann). 12. $orinauer is used figuratively for 'bastion', 'bulwark'. 15. Dernoinmen, say ' become aware of. 22. (gcfelll^ for Sutfcljlu9 ' resolve'. 3urcf)er for 3iir{c^er ' inhabitants of Zurich '. 2 3- 3 fu 9/ * stuff', 'things', now more commonly neuter, signi- fied at the period of this extract 'war-material'. (>ec= $dffee- 3eu0 'tea- or coffee-things'. )ummeg &UQ ! 'nonsense'. 26. (Bempdd) is in the canton of Lucerne about 10 miles N.W. of Lucerne. 27. Iarner / inhabitants of the canton of Glarus. Sanbmarfen 'frontiers'. ftarten in an antiquated sense means 'to watch', 'to attend to '. 28. tt)egen is now more frequently found with the genitive. 29. Cltf bafj , antiquated for bamtt 87. I. fhfyen is here used for fdmpfen ' to fight' (to stand against). 4. ttydten tf>ren 3 U 3 ' performed their march '. 7. burc^JOgen with the accent on the prefix. @te J0$en burct) 'they marched thiough'. Ste bltrffjJOCjen ba^ Sanb 'they marched over (or scoured) the country '. n. blircfc 2lnlaf? 'on the occasion'; without the article, being a kind of prepositional phrase, like nut >U Ife, t>0!l Ctten. 14. 53ern ibn befe(>bet (l?aben tyurbe, line 17), 'Berne would have taken the field against him '. P. 87-89.] THE BATTLE OF SEMPACH. 229 87. 15. tterimttelfl etner rennun(i tton ; say ' by cutting off'. 19. bem tetlt ; Stein is a village in the canton of Aargau. The author uses it with the article, as it was no doubt called after a rock (bcr (Stetll) in the neighbourhood. 21. bet is occasionally used for ungefctyr or QCCjeiU 25. >eumoimt ' July'. Similarly Gmitcmonnt 'August'. 28. (SdHtlttyetlJ was the chief magis'iate of a town or of a village community. lie was a government agent who not only had to report to the authorities, but also to see that order was preserved in the community. The word ought to be, and some- times is, spelt @($lllbf>ei6 from cfylllD 'duty', 'debt ', and tyetfjen 'to bid' one who bids obligations to be performed. 29. etgene Seute 'dependents', sometimes called Setbetcjene. 88. i. SlnjUCJ 'mounting', 'carriage'. 3. fcocfygemut 'high-spirited', 'noble', from Wlllt 'disposi- tion '. 4. jtegprangenb ' in the flush of victory '. 6. bet Gmite $eit. The battle was fought on July 9th, 1386. 10. U>enn er je, etc., say 'if he ever knew any better'. 14. t>en 2lbel ; only the 'nobles' could afford to be mounted, and when these were deprived of their horses, they were practically useless, owing to their heavy armour. 17. Itnbeufjfam 'unpliant', 'unwieldy'. 20. big jum tMerten lieb ; their spears were so long that those of the fourth rank projected beyond the front rank, and were consequently effective. 25. uberlegene 2ftencje 'superior numbers'. 89- 3- QtflU ' old ', one who has become grey in the service. 6. IVO^tget^ail 'advisable'. 9. ba$ SSaterlanb is here used figuratively for ' the home ', * the native place ' 18. fafjen, sat (on horseback), 'were mounted'; aufft'jjen 'to mount'; abft'^eil (or abftetgen) 'to dismount '. beitcfyte 'it seemed'; the imperfect of biinfen, though the alternative forms bu'lifte, gcbiiuft also exist, as well as a present 230 NOTES. [P. 89-91. e3 beucfet incorrectly formed from the imperfect, as if from a verb 3&nen refers to the Confederates. 89. 19. tefj * shock ', ' attack '. 23. porn, pi. pome (or pornni) formerly (Spot (all other cases poren). In modern German porn is most used in the Singular (gen. pornS), and poren for the plural, pcrn- fhetfH adv. 'forthwith', ' without delay '. (Cf. ' on the spur of the moment '.) 90. 2. Sanbammann 'bailiff', cf. note on p. 86, 1. 10. 4. ftatt cfyifcen; cf. roegen with the dative, p. 86, 1. 28. Both prepositions now more commonly take the genitive. When there is no attributive word there is, however, an inclination to use the only case in the plural which in nouns has a distinct form of its own, i.e. the dative. 8. fcfytug SRtttcr ; by dubbing knights, Leopold bound those serving under him under an obligation to do their best in his service, and to uphold their own honour and chivalry. Moreover, as the cavalry of that period was composed solely of members of the higher and lower nobility, he considerably increased the strength of this arm. 17. $tnu>tcbeium ' in their turn '. 19. in bte 23rette an^gebetynte 'extended' or 'deployed '. 21. ein geborner -JWaUanber ' a native of Milan ' (SDfattanb). 22. (SHene, an antiquated term for ' lance ', or 'spear'. Mid. High Germ, glen contracted from glcevin (French glaive). 91. 4. affe is used figuratively for a 'path', and was formerly applied to any narrow road. Cf. SCHILLER'S IV. Tell )urd) biefe f>oty(e affe mup er fommen (Ool)(e .=a lane with steep banks). Now it is applied to a small side street in a town. 7- itmfc^tltg, lit. 'embraced', 'grasped'. 8. fine er bentt, for bCl ' as ', is antiquated. 10. plo^ttc^; supply fprangen. 12. fefigefcfytoffen 'in a solid mass '. 14. fte Clttfjltnefwwi 'to receive them', i.e. their enemies. P. 91-93.] THE BATTLE OF SEMPACH. 231 91. 16. fyerabjutaufniber from tyerab 'down ', and jufaufen (accent on the prefix ju) 'to run up' (to the spot), 'to join', 'rushing down to them '. 27. ungerocfyen ' unavenged ' ; gerocfyen for gercicf)t, p. partic. of tcicfyen is now used only in an elevated style of prose. 92. I. SBiirbe 'distinction of rank'. 9. f>arntf$metjl:er ' chief armourer '. 17. ifwen btteb iibrtg ' it remained for them '. Ubrtg bleiben (or fein) ' to remain ' (over and above), ' to be left '. (g ftnb Jttm (Stifle itbrig ' there are two chairs left '. So also iibrtg (;aben 'to have left ', iibrig laffen 'to leave' (over). As an adjective iibrtg means 'the rest', bte iibrtcjen Setter 'the rest of the knights'; inl ilbrtgen (hiropCl 'in the rest of Europe'; ettt Ubrtge^ t^ltn 'to do more than necessary'. 19. n?o nicbt; tuo is used for ivenn before ntc^t (though roenn nt4)t is also correct), and in the expression tt)0 niOCjItcfy 'if pos- sible '. 26. rote and rDiinfcfye are the subjunctive of indirect narration. They were told to quote his words, saying ' G. advises them, and wishes ', etc. 31. enmne, more usually euwnbe community '. 93. I. tn tiicfen, more commonly the accusative in turff. 3. t>CU t>em an ; bem is the dative of the neuter fcaS ' from that (time forth) ', ' from then '. 9. rO$, in a higher style of writing, has not necessarily a bad sense, but means ' inflexibility ', ' obduracy ', ' tenacity of pur- pose '. Its ordinary meaning is ' defiance ', ' stubbornness ', as in ro| bteten 'to bid defiance', (Ut$ ro 'from obstinacy'. ii. gebtteben (maren) 'had fallen'. 2Uif bcm djiacfytfetb bfetben 'to be left (dead) on the field of battle'. 13. 2?egterbe beg eben3; they were able to give way to their desire for life ; i,e. they were safe. Xrofj ' baggage ' (waggons and attendants). 2r. fKtrmenb 'impulsive'. 22. unffte 33citer; the author was a Swiss, writing for his countrymen. 232 NOTES. [P. 93-96. 93. 25. f)ailfcgrtff, the manner of holding, seizing with, or using the hand 'manipulation'. Say here, for gettujfctt in &. 'manual skill', or 'dexterity'. The rtffe in the German 'Red Book' (3nfantetie-iReg(emeiit which, by the way, is a Blue Book) are the Manual, Sword and Bayonet Exercises. 27. tt)Utt>en fie, etc., a conditional sentence. 94. I. aurf) tvenn e3 batailf, etc. * even if it had been a question of (HI fetait agi de}. 3. lintertaitfen 'to dodge', 'to evade', i.e. 'to face', so that their fire has no effect ; the idea being to stoop down and run under an adversary's weapon, and thus mar its effect. 7. t>ie emitter ' men's minds '. VII. Gustavus Adolphus and the Thirty Years' War. 96. 4. tyerbetfiinfWn 'to conjure up'. >erbei = 'to the spot'. The termination 'tin in verbs has usually a depreciatory or diminutive sense ; fitrtfteln therefore implies a certain amount of artificiality or affectation. Scicfyelll ' to smile ' implies an imperfect laugh, t>id)te(n 'to make poor verses' (from )id)ter 'poet'); (triefen 'to drop'), trciufeln 'to trickle', frontmeln 'to cant', flingetn 'to tinkle'. In meiteln (from eitel), fatteln (from attel), etc., the *etn has a different origin. latein, more usually tatcimfcfj. 6. ftufte; of a language ttnffen or more usually fontien is used (not fennen), er fann fe|>r gut Qrngltfd;) 'he knows English very well '. 9. t>er erfte t>er ((ifaren, Julius Caesar, who wrote an account of his own Gallic wars (De Bella Gallico). 11. fyergeftettte Srtegofunji ' war as an art'. erjMen = 'to set up ', ' to establish '. 12. erft ttnet>er 'not till now'. )ranier. The counts of Nassau derived their title of Prince of Orange (German, Dranieit) from Orange in Provence (France), which they had acquired partly by bequest and partly by marriage. The members of the family referred to were ( i ) William /., Stadtholder of Holland, who espoused the cause of P. 96, 97.] GUST A VUS ADOLPHUS. 233 the Protestants in the Netherlands against the Emperor Philip n., and united the seven Protestant provinces. He died in 1584. (2) Maurice, his son, who gained several important battles against the Spaniards, and was considered a great strategist. William ill., Prince of Orange and King of England from 1689-1702, was great-grandson of the above-mentioned William I. 96. 20. Stfetondjt^On, Luther's 'lieutenant'. A writer (WEBER, Weltgeschichte) says : ' Luther's violence and impetuosity were created to pull down, while Melanchthon's gentle and compliant nature was formed to build up again.' 21. Ojenftterna was appointed Chancellor by Gustavus on his accession in 1611, and after his death carried on with some success the war in Germany. 97. 4. td3 $crtt)tcf ettfle ' the most complicated affairs ', from &et* tVtcf etn ' to entangle '. 6. unertt>ufHi$ 'imperturbable', lit. 'indestructible', from ertt>iiften 'to lay waste'; ftuft 'waste', 'desert'; tie SBuffc 'desert'. 7. CJCtingfyatttg ' petty ', ' trivial '. 11. -JWdfJ, usually ' measure '; here, 'moderation'. 12. 2BaUenftein, afterwards created Duke of Friedland, was, from 1625 to 1634, Austria's famous general in the Thirty Years' War. Himself extremely wealthy, he offered to maintain an army of 50,000 men at his own expense, provided he had absolute authority over them, an offer which was finally accepted by the Emperor Ferdinand. Henceforth he commanded the Imperial troops, and gained successive victories in Mecklenburg, Holstein, Schleswig and Pomerania, and, in short, brought nearly all North Germany under his power. But the ruthless manner in which his troops, unchecked by him, laid waste all the lands through which they passed, and pillaged every town they took, gave rise to a demand for his deposition, and he retired to his estates in Bohemia, Tilly (see note to p. 102, 1. 14) assuming the command of the Imperialists. The advance of Gustavus Adolphus in the Protestant cause now compelled the Emperor to recall his former general, but he was unable to make headway against the Swedes, 234 NOTES. [P. 97, 98. and, as will be seen in the text, was signally defeated at Liitzen in 1632. It soon however became apparent that he was becoming too powerful, and by the advice of his ministers and the plottings of the Jesuits, the Emperor decreed his deposition and put him under the ban of the empire. But his end was near. He was treacherously murdered by Butler, an exiled Irishman, and his mercenary confederates, and such of his lands as the Emperor did not himself require were divided among his shameless assassins. Wallenstein was one of the most remarkable men of his age, beloved by his soldiers and a terror to his enemies. His very presence inspired awe. 97. 14. eben implies 'it was just the very thing that*. Say here: 'only'. 15. llnjugangH^fett 'aloofness' (COLERIDGE and GEORGE ELIOT), ' reserve '. 18. SRebe fhtyen is literally 'to be answerable to', that is, 'to be ready with a reply ', ' to be a match for '. 19. O^ne 33orfd 'without premeditation', without setting (fejjeit) it before him as a design or task. 23. ba<3 Ungemafngte fyerfcorfucfyte ' strove to exceed the bounds of moderation '. 31. 3ntmft ' contents ', 'substance', 'doctrines'. 98. 3. 5lbergtaube. Wallenstein always consulted the stars and signs in the heavens before any great crisis. SCHILLER (Wallen- stein II., Act v. Sc. 3) puts into his mouth before his fall : tctn ternbtlb tft ju fel;n ! >er matte @$etn bott, >er einjetue, til au$ t>er $afftopeta, Unb batjin ftel;t ber Jupiter >o$ je$t )erft ibn bte dnwaqe betf @knritier$ini8teH! (Not a constellation to be seen ! The pale gleam over there, the only one visible, is from Cassiopeia, and there is Jupiter. But now the gloom of a tempestuous sky conceals him !) 5. SlnberScjeftnnte 'those holding other views ', freitnbttd) (jeftmit 'amicably disposed', beiltfcfy geftlUtt 'with German sympathies '. P. 98-100.] GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS. 235 98. 9. ^crbincillb n. succeeded his cousin Matthias (see Introduc- tion to this piece) in 1619. 18. UnorbmniCJ 'irregularities'. 19. jit >attfe QClVCfcn fet; lit. 'were at fame', i.e. 'rife'. 22. SBortteb ne(;mcn 'to put up with', 'to take things as they are ', to take pot-luck '. SlWOtyner, usually Gmitt)0l)ner (see below, 1. 28), 'inhabi- tant '. 24. macfyttg tverben 'to get hold of. Often used figuratively : Ctncr @pract;e mdd;ttg fcin 'to be well up in or conversant with '. 99. 9. mogen $Ha$ ftnbeu 'may not be out of place'. ii. 2lbgang, those who went off (abgeljen) i.e. the killed, woun led, or deserters. Say 'vacancies'. (StngefMte 'recruits'. 15. )CUlbgelb ' smart -money ', 'earnest-money'; it here partook of the nature of a fine or forfeit. 18. affgcmctne (StnfMltng 'compulsory service'. 21. bcm 92amcn nac^ 'nominally'. 30. fct;ll!Cj ... an 'estimated'. IOO. I. U>eftfa(tfd)er grtebe. By the terms of this treaty, which concluded the Thirty Years' War in 1648, equal religious rights were granted to the Roman Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists, Alsace was ceded to France, part of Pomerania to Sweden, and the independence of Switzerland recognised. 5- 3ltttniCtfter 'captain' (of cavalry). 6. SWufterfcfyretber ' muster-master ', one who keeps the muster- roll of a regiment. 9. Untcrofftjter is now 'non-commissioned officer', but at that time apparently referred only to sergeants, ergeattt being a ' drill- sergeant '. 9?Cttmetfter, say 'lance-corporal'. Sftotte, in former times, * company ', ' troop', and later on signified ' file ', i.e. a front rank man and the man behind him. 22. gelbbiube 'sash'. 24. regtmentcrnjeife 'according to the regiment'. 236 NOTES. [P. 100-102. 100. 25. futtern 'to line' (stuffs); futtern (also fiittcrn) 'to feed' (animals). (13 gutter is either (i) lining, or (2) fodder. teller, ba3 'doublet', 'tunic'. 28. f)at3t>ed:e 'gorget'. 30. cjcgttebert 'jointed'. 101. i. $Iappen 'tops'. 3. ant>gefafj ' haft or handle '. 5. 9JZontCCUCUlt, the great strategist, was at this time general of the imperial forces, and first distinguished himself by cutting to pieces with his 2,000 horse a body of 10,000 Swedes, but he was defeated and made prisoner by them in 1639, being then only 31 years of age. Being released at the conclusion of the war in 1648, he subsequently fought against the Turks and French, then under the command of the famous generals Turenne and Conde. He died in 1680. 9. t>d3 na(;e (3kfed)t 'hand-to-hand fighting'. 10. anojettwfen aitf ' left to depend upon'. 12. Jtroaten. Croatia, the country between the Adriatic and the Drave in the S.W. of Hungary, was, and still is, a province of the Austrian Empire. Its inhabitants were always noted for their warlike disposition, and these troops committed great cruelties at the Sack of Magdeburg. 1 8. cfytene is a plate of metal (cf. 2Irmfd?iene, p. 146, 1. 24). (ifenbaf)n@dHenen 'rails'. 21. ^Hcfelfyaube ; the spiked helmet ot the German soldiers. A corruption of 33ecf d^aube or 33ecfnil?aube, from 53ecfcn = 'basin' (Low Latin, bacinetum). The 'bascinet' (also spelt basenet, or basinet) was worn in England in the I4th century. The word is used by Spenser. 27. glim 2tuffegen 'for resting on'. 28. ^Jartifcinf, a weapon like a halberd, but with a broader blade. 102. 8. blanfe SSaffe 'cold steel'; lit. ' bright weapons '. Slant is 'bright', 'polished', used principally of metals. 10. J>ail3()alten 'to economise', 'to make the most of. 14. Xilty first served under Alba in the Netherlands in the army P. 102-104.] GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS. 237 of Philip ir. of Spain. He subsequently entered the service of the Emperor Rudolph II. and procured the surrender of Donau- worth (see Introduction to this piece). He was an ardent Catholic, and was appointed by the Catholic League commander- in-chief of their forces. He gained the first victory (for the Imperialists) in the Thirty Years' War. 102. 18. ben $. juliebe; on the analogy of mtr jultebe 'for my sake'. 28. jene ' the former ', i.e. t>ie iTrcifte. 103. 3. $otberfl, etc. ; see map. 7. beibrtngen * to allege '. ii. ttOn v ])OtgDam aug ; the aitg indicates the meaning ' from', as iJOn also means ' by ' or ' of. 14. beffauer 33riKfe, a bridge in Magdeburg, probably over a moat by the old fortifications now removed. Dessau is on the Mulde, about 2 miles from its junction with the Elbe and 35 miles above Magdeburg. 18. fHcg CUtfg f)6cfyfte * reached a climax '. 28. bifltg 'just ', ' fair ', ' reasonable ', hence ' cheap'. 31. bitrften ; the imperfect subj. of biirfeil as a conditional im- plies doubt =' might (possibly) '. 104. i. angefefcen (p. p. of anfcfcen 'to look at') 'looked up to', hence ' respected ', ' distinguished '. 5. $iR0ftorun0C!tt l those who had rushed in, 'invaders'. 15- SBflttonen ' Walloons ', a people inhabiting part of Belgium, but dispersed in colonies throughout the Netherlands and Ger- many. They are said to be of Keltic origin. The Walloons are a powerful race of men of great pluck and endurance. They made excellent soldiers, and as such were in great demand. Like the Croats, however, they acted with much barbarity at Magdeburg. 19. gewefen (supply ift) ' there has been '. ' There is ' is eg tfi, when the place is named or understood ; eg fltebt means ' there is', i.e. there exists in the world. 28. erbarmen is here used impersonally ; eg erbnrntt mtcfy 'it moves me to pity '. 29. unerf^ttnngttc!) 'exorbitant'; lit. 'not to be afforded', 238 NOTES. [p. 104-106. from erfcfyttnngen ; ba3 fann id? ntcfyt erfc^an'ngcn I cannot afford that'; or more colloquially : bd$ tft Jtur JU teuer. 104. 30. geuer^brunfl 'conflagration'. 33runft from brennen, like $unft- from fennen. 105. 5. Ob, antiquated for tt)egen ; see note to p. 12, 1. 25. 6. jU runb(e) ttcfyten 'to level to the ground', 'to de- stroy '. 8. fo IjetfH eg ' so it is said '. 10. abgefe&en batiOn ' apart from the fact'. 12. berg(etd)en indeclinable; sing. be3gfet$en 'ditto', 'such things '. I 3- ftcH feft ' this much is certain '. The subject of ftefyt is the sentence beginning bdfj Ct . . . 20. gemut(o 'senseless'. 9Keinitnggtt)itt ' bigotry'. 22. tt?a^ ; when there are two antecedents of different gender, tt)a3 is used for the relative. 25. t>er^nngen 'to decree'. 106. 3. >alle, 9?aitmburg and 2Seienfe(^ are all on the Saale, a left tributary of the Elbe, gujjen is between Weissenfels and Leipsic, about 14 miles S.W. of the latter. A second great battle was fought here in 1813 between Napoleon and the combined Prussians and Russians, who were defeated with a loss of 20,000 men. 6. hliipfte ftd) . . . Uberlcguug ' this caused a new council to be held ' ; lit. ' new deliberations were attached or connected with it '. 9. ^appfn^etm had been sent to Westphalia. 16. ijotter, for iJOtt, is a remnant of the genitive fern, and plural form, but is now used also before masculine and neuter nouns, but only when without an article or adjective. 17. etf)0b ' elated '. 20. nut atlttent Sfttllfcfyeu. The declension of the adjective after a personal pronoun fluctuates between the weak and strong de- clensions, as is shown by the following, which gives the most usual form for each case : P. 106-110.] GUSTA VUS ADOLPHUS. 239 N. itf) armcr 2J?enfci) G. meincr, be3 armen 9ftenfd?en D. nur armem -JRenfcfyen A. inicl) armen -Sftenfcfyen Plural IJ^J 1 armen 3tfenf<$en (see below, p. 106, 1. 24). Similarly fern, and neut. tcfy arme $rait, arme$ $tnb, etc. For example LESSING has: ttnr Cjrofie tere, ttnr )CUtfcfye, and in another passage n)tr neiiem ('we moderns'). 106. 24. ptef* (]i fell, familiar for 'comrade'. Originally one armed with a spear (Sptefj). Cf. ptejiburcjer, which came eventually to have the contemptuous meaning of ' outsider '. 26. 2Ber! Ultb Arbeit; cf. ' Man goeth forth unto his work and to his labour until the evening' (Psalm civ. 23) ; the former, pro- perly speaking, being the result of the latter, but here only as a sort of doublet embracing all kinds of toil, like 'house and home'. 107. 5. etll' fefte 33ltrO,, etc. ; Luther's celebrated hymn, of which we are told in a recent work on hymnology, that as many as 63 English versions exist. 8. eftc&t$fret$ ' horizon '. 9. bran (supply getyen) ' set to work'. 12. |?0cf)n)eg 'causeway'; opposite: f>ofyltt)eo,, a cutting or road between high banks, ' defile ', ' lane '. 25. taUmetfter ' equerry '. The Duke of Lauenburg himself fell under the suspicion of having murdered Gustavus, more espe- cially as he subsequently entered the Austrian service, but there is no confirmation of this statement. 108. 23. gingen . . . iiber ' turned to '. 29. baS cfyreden * the terror'. )er @$rerf or bet cfjrcrfen, but also found as a neuter as in the present instance. VIII. Frederick the Great in Saxony and Bohemia. IIO. I. CjefafJt ; faffcn means (i) ' to seize', ' to grasp', usually in the compound form anfaffen ; hence (2) ' to comprehend ' or, as here, 'to conceive'; (3) 'to prepare', see p. 113, 1. 10. Phrases: 240 NOTES. [P. 110, ill. ((Sntfefctllf), etnen 931cm f. 'to form a resolve, or plan'; f. ' to conceive love or hatred '; SWut, or ficfy (dat.) Ctll f. ' to summon up courage ' ; tn3 SUtge f. ' to have an eye on ', ' to keep in view '. 110. 2. fertig fein is ' to be done or finished ' (not ' to be ready '). 'I am ready to start' i$ bin berctt, abjuwfen ; 'I have done my work' id? bin mit meiner Arbeit fertig. 3. fotdjergeftdlt 'thus', from bie efktt 'shape', 'fashion'. One of many genitive adverbial expressions run into one word. Cf. bergefialt 'thus', !etnedn>eg$ 'nowise', jebenfciflg 'no doubt', geftnfferma{jen 'to a certain extent', gr6tenteU3 'for the most part ', etc. 4. iJOn ben 9?uffen. The Russian Crown-Prince, an ardent admirer of Frederick, had been the means of communicating to him some important intelligence. 5. @tanb, in phrases-' position '; im ftdllbe fein 'to be able', aitper fknbe fein 'to be unable', in fkmb fe^en 'to enable', aufjer ftanb fe^en ' to disenable ', ' to prevent ', \\\ ftanbe font in en to come about', ju flanbe bruigen 'to bring about', flanb fatten ' to hold one's ground '. II. SWai'f, properly ' boundaipy ', hence by extension of meaning ' an enclosed district ', ' a province '. Cf. Denmark ' the land within the boundaries of the Danes', tetewtdtf 'Styria'. 15. tn^ SBerf geri4)tct ' accomplished '. 111. 6. in gr6ter (Site. Notice the absence of the article in this and similar adverbial locutions, e.g. ill longer Sinte 'in a long line ', fcon ganjem f)er jen ' with all my heart '. 8. tailbqitartiere ' permanent quarteis ', ' garrison '. feft = befcfttgt 'fortified'. ^Jirna, a small town on the Elbe, about 12 miles above Dresden. 9. $6nig Slligilfi, Elector of Saxony and King of Poland, was an indolent and vacillating monarch, led by his favourites, who at one time formed an alliance for him against Prussia and another time on its side. On one occasion, in 1743, having allied himself with France and Austria, the King of Prussia marched into Saxony P. in, 112.] FREDERICK THE GREAT. 241 with 100,000 men and utterly routed the Elector's army. Augustus and his minister had to retire to Poland. III. 10. ratfO$, lit. 'without advice', not knowing what to do, ' helpless '. n. @cfyll$. Notice the tendency to postpone the object, as if it were a separable prefix and written fcfyltfcfucfyen. 20. oier >Weiten= about 184 English miles. 21. $onigftein, a strong fortress on the left bank of the Elbe, about 19 miles above Dresden, and 6 miles from Pirna, supposed to be impregnable. Napoleon i. made an unsuccessful attempt to bombard it from Lilienstein, a rocky eminence on the opposite bank of the Elbe. 24. SSer^ait ' abatis ', piles of trees or branches laid, usually, on a rampart, to prevent its being scaled. From fatten ' to hew'. 26. 23tttenbet$, Morgan, on the Elbe between Dresden and Magdeburg. They are in the province of Saxony, i.e. that part of the former electorate which was ceded to Prussia by the Vienna Congress in 1815. tuaren . . . befeftt, not nntrben befejjt. Previous to the time spoken of the occupation had taken place ; they were now already held by the Prussians a state. If the action of occupying had been referred to, ttntrben bef. would have been used, i.e. ' they were (at the time alluded to) being occupied '. )a3 &tabt, as, for example, Berlin. But in Holland, for instance, Amsterdam is the >aupt 5 , and the Hague the 31. CtttCtnfcfyaft, lit. 'community', 'communication'. 112. 2. in Sttttwi^rfoni nefymen. 2$ettt>ali>rfam or @etuarfam= ' keeping ' ' to take possession of. 3. nad; abgeuxnbeter ffafyr. Cf. Latin ablative absolute 'the danger having been averted'; lit. 'after the danger (had Q 242 NOTES. [P. 112, 113. been) averted '. Similarly nadj *>0ttbracf)ter (>at (re confecta) ' when the deed was accomplished '. 112. 4. $urfiirft 'elector'. See note to p. 121, 1. 10, from an old word $ur (or (Jfyiir) ' choice '. The root only survives in 2Bt((- filt ' arbitrariness ', and erfuren (erfor, etforen) ' to choose ', the ' latter only used in an elevated style of prose. 5- 2Bei enfet3, 3fi$ small towns in the province of Saxony, W. of Leipsic. 8. aufjer Sfycitigfdt feen, say 'closed'. 9. SoHcgtenfdle 'lecture-halls'. IO. ant>c3ocntattimg 'administration'. 12. bdbei say 'in this', bei having here the meaning of 'on the occasion of, as in bei fetner Slbrctfc 'on his departure'. (e$) tt?itrte tterfafyren, it was proceeded with, the proceed- ings went on. Translate freely: 'as much lenience as possible was, however, exercised'. 14. befef)ticjen, a military term for ' to command ' troops. 2ln- befo&fen (ben ruppen nwrbe anbefot;ten) would be better here. 17. Safet. Translate ' house '. dfel is properly a board for writing or posting on-, a slab. 2)te fd;Wnrje . ' black board '. It is, however, used figuratively for ' a meal ', in this being syn- onymous with tfcfy, but more with the idea of ceremony git (bei) . 'at table', t>te %. (Utffjeben 'to rise from table' (at the conclusion of a meal). For an example see p. 120, 1. n. 25. SlbmatyniingSfcfyretbeit ' letter of warning '. 26. ffrcif ltd? ' criminal '. 27. ^tont'cj ttOn ^Oletl. Augustus n. of Saxony, the father of Frederick's enemy, was the successful claimant to the throne of Poland upon the death of Sobieski in 1696, and retained it for IO years, when he was deposed. With the assistance of Russia, Augustus III. was made king, and crowned at Cracow in 1734- 29. ^rieg^obetfien ' officers', 'military chiefs'. )berft has here a general meaning, not the usual special one of ' colonel ' the superlative of ober ' upper ' 113. i. ^nbung 'censure . 4. angcfponnen 'devised', the CUV here meaning 'on to'. P. 113, 114.] FREDERICK THE GREA T. 243 113. 5. 2lrct)t. See Introduction, p. no. 5lrrf;itJ is only used in the sing. 9. fac&flftyerfetW. Cf. note to p. 110, 1. 3. The final 3 in fett3 (from t>te @dte) is from analogy with adverbs like fetneS- tvegg, teilS, etc. Cf. imcfctS (from bte SRactyt), nac|ftert$. It arose from the idea that such adverbs should have a masc. or neut. genitive termination. 10. gefflfjt. See note to p. no, 1. I. 13. SBrufrt (raf t>0n) entered the service of Augustus II. of Saxony as a page, and rose rapidly. lie assisted the new Elector Augustus in. to obtain the crown of Poland, and by taking ad- vantage of his master's weakness, involved him in a disastrous war, and enriched himself. Frederick said of him : 'of all men of his age he had most watches, dresses, lace, boots, shoes and slippers'. He left a library of some 20,000 volumes. His name is immortalised among the Saxons (who, by the wny, hated him), by a bastion-like promenade erected in his memory overlooking the Elbe at Dresden and called the 3?rul;i'frf)e erraffe. 14. beitJClfyren, from which comes French garer and English be-ware, means ' to keep in safe custody '. ' To keep ' as one's own is begotten; 'to keep' for a future occasion dufijeben. A phrase like ' to keep asking' is rendered by tmittcr, etc., er fragt tmmer or forttucityrenb. 18. belegen in a special sense is 'to verify*. )er 53d fg ' re- ference ', ' example ' (e.g. in a grammar or dictionary). 20. egenfcfyrtft 'rejoinder'. 28. gcmetnfnmem SBtrfen 'united action'. 114. 6. e3 tdCj in ' it was an (inevitable) consequence '. 10. grift ' respite ', ' delay ', ' a (set) period '. 11. jut (Srgebuncj. A verbal noun is often equivalent to our infinitive 'to surrender'. Cf. p. 115, 1. 2, jur SBefretun^, p. 115, 1. 6, jur 33eobacfytung and p. 148, 1. 27, btc Sortfe$ung. 13. auf . . . t;tn 'upon' (the basis of). 18. fo Hieb e$ bet, say 'so he went no further than' . . . 20. mtt ^acfybrurf ' with energy ' or ' determination ' ; ' emphasis '. 244 NOTES. [P. 114-116. 114. 22. tmmer nO$ ntcfyt, say ' still insufficiently'. 25. @cfyn?ertn ($raf ttOll) was one one of Frederick's most dis- tinguished generals in the Silesian War ; at the conclusion of this he came out of enforced retirement, and died a heroic death in an attack on the Austrian camp at Prague in 1757. 27. Sacjer ' camp '. Say here ' position '. 29. efcgenOett (jefltnben. Notice the absence of the article here, arising in a tendency to make a compound verb like ffanb- fcalten (formerly (gfatlb fatten). Similarly p. 113, 1. 5, in anbei! faben. 30. bebrOl;tt$ 'threatened', 'critical'. 115. 2. 33rotvne (!Kei$0graf -Wax. tttpfFeS on), born at Bale, was of Irish descent, and distinguished himself in the Austrian Wars in Italy and Turkey, and in Silesia against Frederick. 5. The (fger flows into the Elbe between Prague and Dresden. 14. fcOrjugttcfyftetf, the absolute superlative ' chiefest '. From fcOljietyeil ' to prefer'. Lit. most preferred or special. jene 'the former '. ' The latter ' would be biefe. 18. gtecfen, say 'village', but it is properly neither this nor a town, but in size between the two a village with certain privileges, e.g. that of holding an annual fair. The ordinary word for 'spot' is ber glerf (pi. $(ecfe), but gtecfen is also used especi- ally in the sense of a discolouration, e.g. on cloth, the skin, etc. In phrases use the former : UCnt tecfe foutttieil 'to stir from the spot '; Ctn $erl auf tem glecf ' the right man in the right place'; tcr IVUlibe giccf 'the sore point'. The verb 'to spot' is be- flccfen. 19. trafen aufeinanber 'fell in with one another'. 20. gcgcnfettige Slnnafyeritng 'meeting'. 26. i)erl;tnbcrte . . . untcvfctjetbcn. By supplying einen (any- one) or fie (them) after tterljtrtberte, the construction will be evi- dent 'prevented them from distinguishing' though we might use the passive ' prevented objects from being distinguished '. 27 $I0r ' gauze ', ' crape', particularly for mourning. 31. fcerloren 'useless', 'wasted'. 116. I. e$ ttartll/ etc. When the subject is postponed, i.e. placed P. 116,117.] FREDERICK THE GREAT. 245 after its verb, its place must be taken either by some other mem- ber of the sentence (adverb, object, etc.), or by e$, which is in- variable whatever the number of the subject : e.g. tucmanb founte nun erraten; nun fonnte niemanb erraten, or e3 fonnte nun ntemanb erraten. 116. 2. ^anbur (pi. -en), a Hungarian light-infantry soldier, armed with a pistol and long Turkish knife. 5- n)d& as no particular noun can be said to be the antece- dent, the honour being shared by Strmee and et(. 2Ba$ steps in as a neutral and settles the question of gender. Cf. p. 105, 1. 22. 6. Hefj . . . feitern. For an explanation of this construction, see note to p. 115, 1. 26. 20. @d;Iarf)torbnung, say 'lines'. 28. mtt 2lnfpamutng. Cf. note to p. 114,!. II, * by exerting '. 29. genetgt 'favourable', for gitltfHg alieady used. 117. i. erfa'inpften ' obtained (er*) by fighting ', ' stormed ', ' took '. 7- ftd) fcerfd) "iTen 'used up their ammunition'. $er* denotes here consumption, as in erbraitd)en ' to use up'. 10. feitern 93?ute$ ' cheerfully ', an example of the adverb-al genitive, which abounds in Geiman; fle^enben ^lte^ (stante pede) 'quickly'; gefyortflen ?rt5 'in the proper quarter; langfamen @d;rttte^ 'slowly'; gerafen 23cge3 'straightway'. 11. |citte mail. This idiomatic use of the subjunctive expresses doubt ' why do you suppose you were taught . . . ' mtt gefdtltem eivefyre, lit. 'with couched arm(s)', *at the charge '. Say ' with fixed bayonets '. 14. nantentlt^), ' especially ' (not * namely' namiid)), should be nomeilltcty, the t being erroneously inserted in imitation of Ifcfent- It'd) ' essential ' and others. SBefentttd) should be tvefent>-ti$, from the present participle of the old verb n>efen (see note to p. 165, 1. 9) similarly rwffentHd), fle&entltd?, l;cffent(tdj, from nnffcnt), etc. As in namcntH$ so in many othei-s, the t is inor- ganic : orbentltd), ivod^utlfd;, offeutlt^, etgentlid), etc. 15. tu^pinift 'point of support '. 20. emingen, from rtngen 'to wrestle', 'to struggle', and er*, implying attainment of an object. Say ' gained '. 246 NOTES. [P. 117-119. 117. 22. ttMiJte. SBiffeit, followed by an infinitive, signifies (i) to be able, to know how to ; ba3 tt>et0 t$ m'd)t JU etfldren 'I am unable to explain that ', (2) as here * to contrive '. 27. etgentttcfy 'real', 'proper'. Say here 'the battle itself. As an adverb it means ' properly speaking ', ' really'. (See p. 122, 1. 12.) )a$ ift etgentlt$ tie 2trt . . . 'that is really the way . . . ' For its formation, cf. note to 1. 14. 118. i. SRetrattefcfyufJ ' signal for retreat '. 2. fdjarf taben 'to load with ball-cartridge'; btinb taben 'to load with blank cartridge '. 5. rticfyt eben getegt &dtte 'had not happened to put'. 10. Gnitfcfyeibenberetf 'more decisive (measures)', 'a more de- cisive blow '. 11. c takes the place of the substantive sentence bafj er, etc., which is really the object of fyatte gewacfyt. 16. &abe. Notice the present ' since I have had*. He is still commanding them. 22. )inge 'affairs'. The other plural )tnger has a concrete meaning, i.e. one referring to objects which actually exist, not to abstract ideas. It is also used contemptuously or lazily, like our * thingumbobs '. 23. unerfctjutterltd) 'unswerving'. 26. 33iftortaf$iefjen ' signal of victory ', 'feudejoie*. 119. 6. fcerabrtbet 'agreed'. @tc^ oerabreben, ba$ ttnb ba$ ju t!)un ' to come to an agreement to do such and such a thing'. 8. erfofa3 (SJeweOr ftrcrfnt 'lay down their arms'. 16. llntedjdlt 'maintenance'. 23ett>af)ritng ' retaining'. Trans- late freely : ' to keep and maintain whom was a matter of considerable "difficulty '. 21. SRattPliatgefufyt 'patriotism'. 27. nbat ft'rf) 'asked for and obtained" 1 (et*). 30. ttc fid), etc. 'devoted her energies'. 2Jn{Jctcgen is the p. part, of anltCQCU 'to concern', but is used as an adjective meaning 'important', 'a matter of moment'. (3 Itegt ITU! fcifl batan 'it is of great moment to me' is similar in meaning. 2llU3C(cgen(;cit 'concern', see p. 121, 1. 8. 121. 2. rcnjCOrtOn 'cordon', a line of posts. 6. retjte ' stimulated'. 9. foUte fiefyen 'aimed at'. 10. SRetcfysftant) 'member of the Council of the Empire'. In order to understand the following passage it will be necessary to explain the relation in which Frederick stood to the Empire, and why he was arraigned as a rebel. The theory of a universal empire originated in the time of Charles the Great, who, by being crowned Roman Emperor by Pope Leo in. in 800, constituted himself protector of united Christendom as well as temporal ruler of his people. After the extinction of the Carlovingian dynasty the election of the Emperor was in the hands of all the princes, later of only the more powerful ones, and, from 1308 to the Thirty Years' War, of the Seven Electors ($urfurftcn), viz. : the Archbishops of Maycnce, Trevcs and Cologne, the King of Bohemia, Duke of Saxony, Margrave of Brandenburg and the Elector Palatine. The candidate had also to be crowned at Rome by the Pope ; but the last Emperor crowned in Italy was Charles V. in 1530. Subsequently their influence and position greatly diminished, till they became little more than Emperors in name. From 1437, with one slight interruption (Charles vu., son of the Elector of Bavaria, 1742-45. See Introduction, p. 109), the imperial dignity was vested in the 248 NOTES. [P. 121, 122. House of Austria; till, after existing 1000 years, the title of German Emperor was laid down in 1806 by Francis II., who thenceforth assumed the less ambitious appellation of Hereditary Emperor of Austria. The circumstances under which the liile of German Emperor, though not with the same significance, was revived during the war of 1870-71 are well known. Such were the conditions which imparted to the struggle something of the nature of a civil war. The ' Imperial Army of Execution', alluded to in 1. 13 is thus explained in RUSSELL'S Modern .Europe, vol. iii. p. 308: 'No sooner did the King of Prussia enter Saxony, in the preceding campaign, than a process was commenced against him in the aulic council ' ($teicf)3i)0frat) 'and also before the diet of the empire' (9?etd)3tflf|). ' By the influence of the court of Vienna, and the terror of the powerful confederacy which it had formed, he was condemned for con- tumacy; and it was intimated to him that he was put under the ban of the empire and adjudged to have fallen from all the dignities and possessions which he held in it. The circles of the empire were accordingly commanded to furni.-h their contingents of men and money for the execution of this sentence.' 121. 13. ettenbe 'express', 'special'. 17. fcfytimm is 'bad' entailing serious consequences; morally bad or worthless. Gnne fcblhrune Jtrantyet't; eine )anbf$rtft. @ct?Ied)t originally meant 'plain', 'simple', for which now the parallel form fd)ttd)t is used. 20. fid) befle-tfngen 'to study', 'to indulge in', from jTetfHg * industrious '. 25. The Peace of Westfalia. See note to p. 100, 1. i. Under its terms the relations of the several states to the Empire were clearly defined, with the object of maintaining the integrity of the latter. 122. 2. 35erbuvtbeten. In 1756 George ii. of England concluded a treaty with Frederick in order to secure Hanover from invasion. 3. f>anncer (accent on the 0) 'Hanover'; ann6er(t)fd) * Hanoverian'. 7. gefalH. See note to p. no, 1. i. P. 122, 123.] FREDERICK THE GREAT. 249 122. 8. SSorpOmmern 'Hither Pomerania', that part west of the Oder, was left in possession of the Swedes, it having been occupied by them during the Thirty Years' War. 1 6. @olb. Latin solidus, a coin, French solde (now sou), Italian soldo ; hence soldato, from which comes @0Ifcat ' soldier '. Cf. SCHILLER'S Wallenstein, Piccolomini, Act i. Sc. 7 : (Ctn Sofb mufj bem oloaten werben; barn ad) I;ei6t cr. (The soldier must have his pay ; that 's why he 's called so.) 22. auS ben Slucjen ttertteren ' to lose sight of. 27. gerfpttttern 'split up', 'subdivide'. 123. i. nunme^t 'henceforth'. Jfttttel 'means' is usually found in the singular, unless t signifies money contributions. ' Provisions' = Seben^llttttet (plural) or as below (1. 3). 3. jtrf; ttcrftefyen 'to submit to'. 4- jum etl ' partly', ' to some extent'. 5. etllCjejogen ' rescinded ', used of anything which lapses or is due to a Treasury 'to collect', 'to gtt in' (outs'anding debts, etc.). 6. metglier $abrif. The so-called Dresden china is manu- factured at Sftetfjen, a town on the Elbe, 14 miles below Dresden. The works were transferred thither in 1710. The Germans always speak of it as llteifjttft s $0rje((fln. 11. borttg 'of that place', from bOrt. See note on p. 65, 1. 10. 12. an^fottCt, a palace built in Potsdam by Frederick the Great in 1743. Here he died. 13. ailtegen 'to lay out ' (grounds), ' to establish ', ' to erect'. 17. unterltefj 'omitted', i.e. 'left undone'. 'We have left undone, etc. ' tvtr fyaben unterlaffen, n?a$ unr t^un foflten. 21. aben. The verb toerba'cfjHgen is not used in this sense, but signifies 'to cast suspicion on', 'to compromise'. 33erba'$ttgenbe 33rtcfe ' compromising letters'. 250 NOTES. [P. 123-126. 123. 30. ettbling 'consignment'. CUigebtlrf) 'ostensibly'. 124. I. fydtte jur $0l$e, lit. 'had for a consequence'. The $u of purpose as in JUIlt efcfyeil!. Say ' the consequence of this was '. 2. fid? befleijHgte. See note to p. 121, 1. 20. IX. Speech of Frederick the Great 125. 3. >er$og son 33et>ern. See p. 117, 1. 9. 4. giortfcfyrttt is almost always used in the plural : et $Clt flltte ^Ortfcfytitte gemacfyt 'he has made great progress'. 6. )auptftflt>t. Breslau is the capital of Prussian Silesia. 8. SBtDerivdrtigfetten 'adverse fortune'. 2Bar tig, an adjective only appearing in compounds, is derived from the same root as the German luetbcn and the Old English worth-= l become ', the adverbial form being *U>drt3 (English -wards] = ' having become or turned ' (SKEAT). 2{ll3vMrt$ ' outwards ' = ' having turned out '; ttnberlDcirttCJ 'having turned against', i.e. 'adverse'; geflCWUCirttg ' present '. (Utf3 fy6rf)fle, etc. 'have reached a climax'. 13. fafi f finer ' hardly any one '; fafl fettl ' hardly any'; fdft (jar tlid)t ' hardly at all '. 16. bei . . . degen^ett 'should an opportunity occur' (cf. note to p. 112, 1. 3). bent, dative of the demonstrative bd$. mcingetn taffen 'grudge'. 20. laffen @te, etc. 'let me tell you therefore', lit. 'let it be said to you '. Z26. 4. ifyre3 . . . ^3often3 ' of the position they have selected '. ii. gemeinen 9}?ann 'private soldier'; usually ber emeine, or ber gemetne @o(bat. 13. untebtngt 'unconditional' (35ebingung = ' condition'), 'im- plicit '. 15. $OrjUCJ 'preference' (0rjte&en = ' to prefer'). Say here ' distinction '. 16. (Siner, etc. ' any one '. P. 126-128.] SPEECH OF FREDERICK THE GREAT. 251 126. 25. btetben 'fall', i.e. auf bent *JHa$e bteiben 'remain on the (battle-)field ', 'die'. 30. unatlffjaltfam 'without delay', 'straightway'. The word means literally' without stopping' (ficfy aitffyatten). 127. i. C3 treffe . . . rootle ' happen what may '. 2. ftu^en, intrans. * to start ', ' to stand amazed '. Say 'waver '. As a trans, it means ' to clip ', ' to lop ', ' to dock '. Hence the general idea is to cut short (i) literally (trans.) (2) figuratively * one's progress '. 3- Sorte lace ' (i.e. gold or silver). ' Thread-lace ' is @pten plural. Sftontterung (English mounting), 'equipment', 'uniform*. 5. tydben, fefyen. Notice the perfect and present for the future- perfect and future, to lend impressiveness to the statement. X. Cromwell and the Protectorate. 128. 2. gefetert 'celebrated', from geter 'celebration', solemnity 1 , gtierttcfy, adj. 'solemn'; gctertag (church) 'holiday' (e.g. Easter Monday, etc.). geter is from the Mid. Latin feria (feriae) ; from which a later German form $erten is also derived. $t r ^ n i g a P" plied to 'school holidays ', 'vacations'. A single (school) holiday is etn freier Sag. * We had a holiday' unr fatten ben Sag fret. 'We had a half-holiday' rtir fatten ben 9?ad)mtttag fret. 4. SBerbtnbltng. ' Cromwell turned his eyes towards a con- nexion which, more than any other, . . . would further the great object which the condition of Europe now, more than ever, showed him to be necessary a league of all nations of the Teutonic race in defence of the Reformation.' FROUDE, History of England. 7. burrf;gretfenb 'wholesale', 'thorough', 'sweeping'. 11. fetn Ctgcnetf 2Serf. He exaggerated her beauty and ac- complishments, and was instrumental in sending Holbein with instructions to produce a flattering portrait of her. 12. SRiirftyatt 'support', 'safe-guard', is paraphrased by SAN- DERS (Worterbuck) as ' Help, on which one can rely and support oneself in case of need, which protects and strengthens the back ' (3iiicfen). 252 NOTES. [P. 128-130. 128. 13. in emtnentem <3inne 'eminently'. 129. i. Grinjtetyltngen 'confiscations', 'the dissolution of the mo- nasteries '. 10. feine GnWerfcltng 'his acquisitions', i.e. 'estates', referring to the Benedictine abbeys. 13. ^tnterttefj ; cf. note to p. 60, 1. 21. 15. angefe^en, p. part, of anfetyen ' to look at ', ' looked up to ', 'respected', 'distinguished', 'esteemed'. 1 6. etft ted;t SButjet fafj te ' took firmer root than ever '. 21. (Stamntgutev 'ancestral estates'. 22. lief* ftcfy m$t nef>men ' he determined to (and actually did) entertain James I.' 24. tt>Uten u ' contrived to ', ' succeeded in '. 27. altttdterifd) 'patriarchal', 'ancestral'. SBraueret ; the termination et (or *ret, the t being either from the plural form or euphonic) forms (i) from verbs, nouns denoting an action, generally with a depreciatory meaning : >eud)etet 'hypocrisy' (from fyeitcfyrtn), $tnt>eret 'childishness', 3tereret 'affectation', @d;retberei 'scribbling'; or (2) from the names of persons denoting a trade or profession : 33(icfetCt 'bakeiy', 33licf)t>rucfmi 'printing-office', SWetCW 'farm-house', 33raitew ' brewery', from SBacfer/ 33roUr r etc. Sometimes they are collective, as SRcttew ' cavalry '. 31. JufainnKllfyaUeut), lit. keeping things together 'thrifty'. 130. 4. fete ^amiftCll, families in general. 5. Gminimitlfjen may here be rendered ' traditions'. 8. fid) t>OT.au3fe<3en laffen 'may be presupposed' or 'supposed to have existed '. 9. rer 'Privy Seal'. 11. geltcn; see note on p. 55, 1. 8. 13. fam . . . 111511, lit. ' was added ', ' may be added '. 14. efd)(erf)t, the Stuarts ; Queen Elizabeth having, on her deathbed, appointed James, son of Mary Stuart, heir to the throne. 23. bet 27?enfcfy ' man ' in general. His character is moulded partly by circumstance and partly by his own inborn nature. P. 130-132.] CROMWELL AND PROTECTORATE. 253 130. 23. bOd) ' after all '. 27. ft'cf) CUiftjCfyatten 'stayed', 'resided'. 2Utf(;citten, trans, 'to stop or hinder ', fid) ailffyaUen ' to stay' in a place. 31. tebenb, lit. 'raging', 'riotous'. 131. 2. tiH;rte . . . tyer 0n ' originated in '. 3. attetorten ' everywhere '. See note on p. 70, 1. 27. 7- 33ernn(beruncj, the act of running wild, 'frivolity', * triviality '. 33ertiefun0 ' gravity*. He is said to have returned sums he won by gambling. 9. glaiibig 'devout*. 13. junacfyft ' first of all *. 15. allentf)alben ' everywhere ', * on all sides ', from a Mid. High Germ, word halbe 'side'. Sfteinetfyatben 'on my side ', i.e. 'for my part';, besstyalb 'on this account'. The t is inorganic, the Old High Germ, form being alien halbdn, dat. of ala halbon. 17. emetnberat 'common council '. 19. tterfufyr ' proceeded ', ' acted '. c\iHrf)fcit * flexibility '. etner qualifies 3?et>egabe, which is the dative after an . . .; etne SRebegabe (roetcfye) nmffam (war) auf cine . . . 26. 2lufftettltng ' setting or drawing up '. 28. juerft (romU)f(I f>at; a deviation from the rule for inver- sion, as the adv. JUCtfl refers to Cromwell and cannot be separated from it. The meaning is : ' Cromwell before all others '. 3 ltc ^ft fyat (t. would mean that Cromwell did this before doing anything else. This often occurs in the case of aurf). 2Ulrf; bcr $bntg fydt eg gerooflt is not the same as audj \)&t ber $. eg . Sin tucf flit fctcr >a'nt>e ' a duet ' (oterfya'nbig fptelen ' to play a duet ') ; er tft meine recfyt ^)anb 'he is my right hand'; furger f)anb (brevi manu} 'straightforwardly', ' without beating about the bush'; t>U ^)ailb btCten 'to offer one's hand ' (as a greeting, also 'to assist') ; bt anb tm anb an ettt?a3 If gen ' to meddle with'; eine ftitfreicfye f>anb fetften or reidjen ' to lend a helping hand '; an ber >anb (wben 'to have at hand'; aitf Sa'uben tragcn 'to look carefully after any one'; fid? auf eigene >anb fefcen 'to set up for oneself; aud ber >anb in ben 2)?iinb leben ' to live from hand to mouth '; bet ber >anb 'at hand'; ba3 ttea,t in 3D*?" >a'nben 'that is in your hands' (i.e. power), 'that rests with you'; in it leeren >ailben 'empty-handed'; t>or ber >anb ' for the present '; fcor bte anb netymen 'to take (work) in hand'. J 33- 2 5- Ifl'lJt . entnefymen 'may be inferred from the fact'. 26. in ben $afl fam 'found themselves compelled'. 28. mtt bem . . . @tnn, lit. with the sense (opinions) prevail- ing in his family, i.e. ' with the views held by them'. 134. i. ge$0(U ' paid ', ' due ', from 3otf ' toll ', ' tax '. 4. an fid; ' in themselves ', i.e. ' as far as they were concerned '. Translate : 'as for the gentry, they, etc. . . .' 6. U>at . . . gefinnt, lit. ' were disposed '. Say ' sympathised rather with the Royalists ', etc. 8. Slngefe&niften ; see note on p. 129, 1. 15. 17. ttornefwt is here used in the sense of ' principal '. Its other meaning is ' distingue ', ' of good position in society ' ; etn fcOWC^- mer f)err ' a gentleman by position '. 20. vaf Sffcx. The Earl of Essex had been appointed com- mander of the Parliamentary forces. He was very popular with the Presbyterian party, and to conciliate them had been made Lord Chamberlain by Charles. But he always mistrusted him, and in consequence of this and other slights Essex was easily pre- vailed upon to cast his lot with the Parliamentarians. 23. erprobt from ^robe ' test' (Lat. probare], ' inured ', ' hard- ened '. 26. begrtffen in 'engaged in', 'in course of formation '. So also in 33(Ut begr. 'in course of construction '. 29. treu 'litter'; anything strewn on the ground. SKEAT (Etyni. Dictionary] considers to strew and straw (the noun) to be the same word. KLUGE (Etym. Worterbuch} says, with more 256 NOTES. [P. 134-136. caution, 'The connection is apparent, but the near relationship (between ttClt and trol)) obscure '. 134- 3- font OH) cf. note on p. 132, 1. 4, * he laid great weight on '. I3S 8. gufammenfa'ftt 'is coincident with'. 15. SUltOnomte 'self-government'. (etcfyfUUung 'equality'. 20. gefdjltft (supply n>aten) 'their minds had been trained '. 25. ciner ' any one '. 26. bctyieften . . . ^J(Q^ (i.e. $cimpfpfa$) 'gained the day'. Lit. kept, or main'ained their position in, the battle-field. Also ben TJtofc bejwitpten. Gnn elbat bleibt anf bem au3 'my (his, one's, etc.) own house'. -Jftetn etgene$ is equally correct, but more clumsy. (tn Ctgene3 |)au^ ' a house of my own'. 136. 2. liegt am Sage 'it is clear'. 6. ob nun, etc. This sentence is elliptical ; supply before ob something like teflet$t fragt man . . . 7. anfjulperfcn ' to raise ' (a question). 10. tnnen?of;nen 'to be inherent'. Verbs compounded with inne for ein (few in number) have usually a figurative significa- tion : inneiverDen 'to perceive', 'to be persuaded ' (of a thing) ; innefraben ' to possess '. 13. ^)ragmatt3mu3 in German writers is a mode of viewing events and actions by tracing their causes and deducing conse- quences therefrom (Greek Trpd/y/ua ' business : ). 15. 2I)ltn lint) Safffn 'in doing and leaving (undone)'. 26. etyer mvavten lte ' rather led one to expect '. 27. Umbtlbung ' reform '. 30. 5tn^ang, the abstract ('adherence') for the concrete (' ad- herent') a common figure of speech; cf. 'society', 'following', ' all the wealth and learning of the metropolis ', i.e. all the wealthy and learned men. Cf. also below, p. 137, 1. 16, ( 31. fcerfdjafften ; after this sentence take foHtcn $U iverbcn. P. 137, 138.] CROMWELL AND PROTECTORATE. 257 137. i. VOrne&m; see above note on p. 134, 1. 17. 3. elbflentdttferitncjtfarte; the ' self-denying ordinance' for- bade any member of the House to hold a military command, but an exemption was obtained in favour of Cromwell. For (nt- ouferung, see note to p. 165, 1. i. 9. feine Slntttcnbunft failb 'did not apply'. The verb an- tt)CUbcn is used in the same sense. 10. eben aitf t&ll * to the very man'. 11. t)ou ttornberdn 'at the outset'. 12. IJBorClUCftcfyt, etc. 'insight into what naturally follows'. 15. iiberfyaupt has be;n elsewhere explained (see Index to Notes). The author is now making a general statement. 16. fte refers to @tettungen, and on i. 17, ibm to (Jbrfletj. 27. ntftlgtifiltto 'restrictive', 'restraining'; bdS 2)?afj Cjebetl, * to fix or settle the manner of anything'. @etll Setracjen tft tttafgebenb 'his conduct is a criterion or model' (for others). 28. Jttnefddj ' double '. 3tt>te* is the form of the numeral Jfoei used in composition (though in modern German, except in a few words, JlVCt* is more usual givetmal, *fpdlUltg, etc.). 3rt)tf^OCf 'biscuit', 'rusk'; 3w^H(^t 'twilight'; 3ri)te* (or 3let-)fampf 'duel'; 3tt)tf" (or 3WCt--)gefprd(f> 'dialogue'; 3Vtefpalt 'dis- sension ' ; 3rctetrarf;t ' discord '. 138. 2. molten fie getvefen fetn ' whether they had been '. 5. 8tuern>a&Iten ' elect '. 6. bafj Ct ta$ ^Jarlament, etc. This sentence depends upon taitben^aft. It was an act of faith to purge, etc. 13. SSeWaltling ' administration '. 16. minberi'cityng 'minor', 'under age'; muilbfg, J)0tt- (or flr00-) id^rtg 'of age'. 18. in ftd) fc^to^ 'included or implied'. 21. betgetecjt 'vested in '. 24. Sanibert (John) was educated for the bar, but upon the out- break of war between the Royalists and Parliamentarians joined the army, distinguished himself at Marston Moor and Naseby, and subsequently became one of Cromwell's generals. It 258 NOTES. [P. 138-141. 138. 25. 33erfaffuiig3ltrhtnbe 'charter'. The German is an exact translation of the English title ' Instrument of Government '. 27. nabenbqeictwungen 'pardons'. @nabe, like unft cb, 5Wat, etc. has no plural, and borrows it from a compound unflbejetrjitncjen, obeSerl)ebungen, 3f?atfrf?Idge. For a full list, see the Editor's German Grammar, 37. 139. i. bet . . . 3Sa!anjen 'in the event of vacancies occurring '. Supply, after Skfanjen, rDlirbe er. The whole sentence is rather involved; 'he would have to adhere to the proposals for filling them up to be made (which would be made) to him by those about him'. 4. JUfjefproc^en 'adjudged', 'accorded'. 10. betDe eU?alten, the Council of State and Cromwell. 15. ber gatt ' the case ', i.e. that they had taken part in the war. 16. itnb Jtt>ar, etc. 'and indeed on that very account'. 21. eWidigltng ber tcitern 'sanctioning the levying of taxes'. 27. tuie ja fo, etc. ' and so indeed do many other things fore- shadow events '. ; . . 30. SReftgliatiOIt of the Little (or Barebone) Parliament in 1653. 31. llrfltnbe 'document'. The prefix ur* denotes something original, the first of its kind. It existed in this form in Old High German, being the accented form of the unaccented er*, and meant 'out of (cf. the et* in erf|tejjen 'to pour out or forth '). It may be prefixed to almost any word, if the sense permit (llrbelDOfyner, UrgfOube, etc. 'original inhabitant', 'original belief). With some it has a special meaning: Hrfac^e 'cause', Hrfprimg 'origin'; UltflUb 'leave of absence'; ttttetl 'judgment'; ttrgvopfcater, etc. 'great-grandfather'. 140. 7. Cjegeniiber often has the meaning of ' as regards ', ' towards', as well as the ordinary signification of ' opposite '. 17. tr>3 Sebdl treteil ' to enter life ', ' to come into existence '. 24. fain e3 an ; see note to p. 132, 1 4. 27. fK-itt 5 (ling 'proceedings'. 141. I. Dcrlcfcn is what might be called the official term for reading a document. 5. tycinbfwbcn 'to handle , 'to administer', 'to uphold' is P. 141-144.] CROMWELL AND PROTECTORATE. 259 from >ant>()abe, and therefore (cf. note to p. 56, 1. 2) the imperfect is fyanbfyabte (not -fyottc) ; p. part. gcl;ant>l;abt. 141. 8. Sdnvung ' flight ', a grandiloquent flight of fancy. 12. geretdjc (to be taken before gorCeruug) ' tend ', ' redound'. )ci$ $crcu1)t i\)\\\ jam 9iul;mc ; jur @l;re, etc. 'that redounds lo his credit, honour ', etc. 17. tydtte . . . QcUlUtct, lit. 'had run' (as in the phrase 'runs as follows') 'had been d.aun up'. The subject had best be changed : ' the terms of the oath were . . .' 30. bartn ' in the fact '. 142. 6. ju ffallbe JU bitligen ' to bring about'. See note to p. no, 1.5- i>arrifoil3 ^ Crfurf?, H.'s attempt to dissuade Cromwell from dissolving the Long Parliament. 19. SBeltorbnung 'system'. 24. fte ^ielten bafiir, ta . . . ' they considered it to be enough ', thus satisfying their consciences. 31. gefafyrt>en 'to endanger' from efa^tbf, a duplicate form of efatyt (English fear). Cf. the duplicates ier and tcr'oe (usually 33egtcrt>e) 'desire'. 143- 7- @0tt gcbe, the Indirect Narration 'that God gives'. 9. QefyiJre 'is required', as in the expression e^ QC^Ort ftf)r Wei itraft ta^U (etiuad JU t|>Ull) 'a great deal of force is neces- sary '. 10. {jf f>e t>a|)in ; translate simply ' is '. 15. 8 or ttt^ from Latin formula^ like Jllaufet (above. p. 141, 1. 24), from dausula. %\.\it\ ' pipe ', ' ulcer ', ftomfslula, etc. 20. fid> ben>d(>ren 'come up to their expectations', 'prove efficacious '. XI. Gotz von Berlichingen and the Peasants' War. 144. I. ivo&t ' it is true '. 2. U)0 ' when ', after a word of time, like the French le mo- ment oh, 3. f rfannte fur, ' acknowledged or considered (as) '. 4. 260 NOTES. [P. 144, 145. 144. 5. 9?acl;fommenf4>aft ' posterity ', * descendants ' ; * a descendant '. 8. @tCint> ' class '. 10. 9tafyrungd$n)etg, means of earning a livelihood. Say here * vocation '. 0t1 ft$ tineS * rejected ', ' scouted the idea of. iibel beraten. 23eraten, lit. 'to fit up ? , 'furnish'. Say here * ill-at-ease '. @td) beraten = ' to deliberate '. 13. Maximilian I., German Emperor, 1493-1519. He was the first emperor to establish a standing army of infantry, cavalry, and artillery. ^aufttccfyt 'club law', or right of private quarrel, was at that time a tradition by which every free man took upon himself the right of avenging an injury done to him. It was of course greatly abused, and occasioned many acts of violence and injustice in which the strong oppressed the weak. @ft;ran!cn 'bounds'. There are two words : ber @cf)railf (pi. cfyrdnfe) ' cupboard ', ' wardrobe ', and t>ie ctyrCUlfe ' bar ', * barrier ', pi. ' lists ' (fig. ' bounds '- ' limits '). 15. 9?etdj3favnmera,ericfyt 'Imperial Chamber', consisted of a judge (3taminerttcfyter) and 25, subsequently reduced to 17, asses- sors (23etft'$er bei =ie Reid;0acfyt etHa'rt ' put under the ban of the empire '. Those on whom this punishment was inflicted were completely cut off from society, and deprived of all their privileges, rank, and property. P. 145-146.] GOTZ AND THE PEASANTS' WAR. 261 145. 7. Sntlbfrteben was a suspension of private feuds enjoined by the emperors for a certain fixed period, usually two or three years. ( linger Sanbfdebe was, as the name implies, intended to be perpetual. fyerfkflen ' to set up ', ' to establish ' ; ttneber&erftellen ' to restore : . ii. 95rOjefj 'case', 'lawsuit'. 13. etiva3, bd3 \ more usually ft)a$ when the antecedent is a genderless pronoun, a neuter adjective especially a superlative or a whole sentence: afleS n)dS, etc. LESSING has ettt>a$, bdS a id; fctcfy bod? fragcn nutjj. )a3 einjtge n>a$ 'the only thing that '.. 17. neu entftanbeu, lit. ' newly arisen '. Say 'increased'. 21. ^5anjer 'coat of mail', often used for armour in general, ^anjerfcfyiff = ' ironclad '. 24. Jitm )ttrc()britf^ fattl ' came to a head'. 26. @6^ tton 33cvliff;tngen was born in 1480 at Jaxthausen, his ancestral castle (@tfltnntfcl;lofj), on the river Jaxt, a tributary of the Neckar which falls into the Rhine at Mannheim. Berli- chJngen, a village in the valley of the Jaxt, in which the remains of Gotz's castle are still to be seen. Here his iron hand is preserved. 28. (StcinKefloIj ' pride of rank '. 146. I. f)ails?\?crtrag 'family compact '. 3. gelangen (weak verb] 'to get into', 'to reach', here 'to pass'. (See also p. 146, 1. 30.) Not to be confused with (jeltngen, (jetcuig, gcUmgen 'to be a success to 1 (e3 geltngt mtr 'I succeed '). 4. ort)termann = the more common (Scfjttnegerfotyn. 5. ^Jfalj 'the Palatinate' (Latin palatiitm). The name was originally applied to a fortified castle ( X 3urg) where the emperors came at certain fixed periods to administer justice, and was sub- sequently extended to the surrounding territory, which was granted to the nobles who presided over the courts (of which, in Charle- magne's time, there were twelve) and were entitled herefrom 'count palatine' or 'palsgrave*. It is now applied to 262 NOTES. [P. 146, 147. the portion of Bavaria on the left bank of the Rhine, north of Alsace-Lorraine. 146. 6. bftfer. Say 'fierce'. 3ter ' intestine '. 9. bot . . . OUf ' summoned ' (by proclamation). 12. efcfyufc 'guns' (collective), and fci)U0en 'to protect', 'to defend ' are from the same rout skut, meaning ' project ', 'jut out'; hence factitive, 'make to jut out', 'shoot', as in 'shoot a bolt' (SKEAT). So fcpfcen meant 'to bolt', hence 'to protect by bolts ', ' to protect ' (generally). English shut, scud, sheet, shuttle, and German fcfytejjen, @ci;ue, <5cfylt(J, are all from the same root. attb3(>Ut, a town in Bavaria on the Isar, a tributary of the Danube, about 40 miles north-east of Munich. 13. itmjtngelt, inseparable (as most transitives are), 'invested (Latin cingulus ' belt '). ^fatjgraf. See above, note to 1. 5. 16. Wte = fon>te 'as well as'. 18. bicfyt 'thick', i.e. 'close' (English cognate tight); birf * thick' (opposite of 'thin', English cognate thick), also 'fat'. 19. gelt>fd;fange, a name formerly applied to cannon with a long bore ' culverin '. 20. WUtcten macfytig 'played sad havoc'. 21. gaiiftflemenge (or $anbgemenge) 'hand to hand struggle'. 24. (tywerthlOpf ' pommel '. $nopf (=knob) ' button '. Slrmfcfjittie 'vambrace', or lower arm-plate on a coat of mail. 30. bort erft ' there only\ i.e. not till he arrived there. 31. $alf ; fyeffett, besides ' to assist ' means ' to be of avail '. 147. 2. $3ranb, from brennen 'to burn', 'burning', 'fire'; (med.) ' mortification '. 7. bOCf). After a concessive sentence a borfj is often in- serted in the principal sentence to bring out the antithesis or contract. 10. ftdj tterfctyltmmern, middle voice j from f$(tmm (seriously) 'bad', 'became worse'. Cf. note to p. 121, 1. 17. 17. tang ' force ' of circumstances. 19. p0^flllc^>if4> 'f the principality of Hohenlohe', which in P. 147, 148.] GOTZ AND THE PEASANTS' WAR. 263 1806, by the Rhenish Federation Act, was absorbed partly by Wirtemberg and partly by Bavaria. 147. 23. fitnfUid? means both ' artificial ' (e.g. !urtfHtd)e 23tltmen) and 'artistic' (in which sense funftttOU is less ambiguous). Say here 'clever . 24. gebet (i) 'feather', hence 'pen', (2) 'spring' (rtebfet>eif, pritngfeber). 148. i. {t$ ttermciftft 'had married' (i.e. taken to wife). SSer* incifylen, trans. ' to give in marriage '. The simple verb Itta'tyf en is not in use in modern German, eitta^l 'spouse', 'husband' (tern, emafyttn) is from the same Low German root mathla, meaning a ' public meeting . 2. ttiancfyertei, lit. 'many kinds of for 'several'; like tter* 1$tet>en ' divers . 4. Sftetcfyoftabte were those towns which in the Middle Ages acknowledged no sovereign, but made their own laws and were entitled to a vote in the Diet of the Empire. At one time they numbered 51, but were gradually absorbed by neighbouring princes, Frankfort-on-the-Main and the three Hanse Towns, Ham- burg, Bremen and Ltibeck, being the only ones left at the beginning of the present century. Frankfort was annexed to Prussia in 1866, and the others were in 1888 incorporated with the German Empire. 8. baS 33efie ' the first prize . 100 ult>en = about 9, according to the modern value of the itlben ('florin'). But its value varied a good deal in tLe Middle Ages. Since the introduction of the decimal coinage, after the Franco-German War, the South German utbett has been supplanted by the Sftarf ( = is.). The Austrian u(t>eit = 2s. 13. Sotnefymfte ' those of highest rank or position ; . $0rnefym 'distingue'. (?tn fcOtnefymer err ' a gentleman ' (by position). 17. etne . . . 2J?annfcf)aft 'some levies'. 18. pfdnb? n ' to put under contribution '. SBetterait, a district (not political) to the north of the Main and watered by the Wetter and Nidda, a tributary of the Main. ar (p. 144, i. 19) is in the 28etter.au. See map. fttefj aitf. tOpCll aitf = * to come unexpectedly upon '. 264 NOTES. [P. 148-149. 148. 24. Iebtcj = fo3 'free'. 27. bte gortfeljutu}. Cf. note to p. 114, 1. u. 29. ewfbrtngen, or anftreiben 'to collect' implies difficulty, like ' to hunt up '. 149. i. bent fein for beffen, like fein 2lrm ttyut im tt>ef>, the dative being redundant. 3. nadj geenbtgter SfteiTe. See note to p. 112, 1. 3. 4. $ltappe ' squire ' is another form of &nabe. An aspirant to the rank of knight (-flitter) was first a page (Sbetfnabe). He was next armed and became a $nappe. He had then to win his spurs (bte poren erbtencn) and became a fitter. 5. SBcimberg, a town in the north of Bavaria, on the Regnitz, 4 miles from its junction with the Main. 10. 9bnta$nungdf4>retben 'letter of warning'. 13. ftd) Berfe^en ' expected '. The ftcfy is dative. Q?e id) mtr'3 fcerfaty * before I was aware of it '. 16. gen = JU ' at'. Short for fjegen, but now obsolete except in the Biblical phrase, e.g. gen f)tliune(. 21. 23runnenfttr ' from drinking the waters'. Oppingen, in Wirtemberg, east of Stuttgart, noted for its mineral springs. 24. ba3 33ob gefegnet. Compare SCHILLER'S Wilhelm Tell, Act I. Sc. i. 1. 97, where Baumgarten describes how the Burgvogt insulted his wife and says : mit ber 2trt ^ab' tc^ t()m'$ Sab QC- fegnet. Dr. Buchheim in his notes to the play says that the phrase originated in the circumstance that the exclamation 2Bclj( befomtn'3 ! ('may it do you good') was formerly addressed to people when entering a bath. In the course of time the saying jemanb ba 33ab Cjefegnen was used ironically, in the sense of ' to inflict punishment on any one '. 25. ttwbttd), etc. 'given him a thorough drying'. SBetbe originally meant ' going out in search of food ', ' hunting ', hence ' the//flf t'bltd) was used, but now is confined to meaning ' in a very high degree', as in the present instance, i.e. ' capital(ly) ', ' thoroughly ', etc. 149. 30. fetern 'make holiday', 'remain inactive', from $eter, English fair, 'cessation from work'; ftderabent) 'after the day's work is over'; getcrtag (church 'holiday'). Cf. Wilhclm Tell, Act i. Sc. iii. 1. i: S&ic&tlauflflefeiert! 'no time wasted !' (see note to p. 128, 1. 2). jebe $raft aufbteten, or afle$ aufbteten 'to make every effort '. 150. 3- bcr tljin, etc. ' who only narrowly escaped capture by him '. 9)?tt genaucr ^Pt eiltfommen ' to have a narrow escape '. 6. Jtt $cbote ' at the bidding '. 8. trctfjltg 'expedition', tilt Sotbcijltcifcn 'when on the march', from ftrctfen 'to graze' (i.e. touch lightly), hence ' to hurry along' just touching a place without stopping long 'to roam about'. 12. ct;fafc3 is here governed by ftcfy freuen. @et>an)te = beabftcfyttgte ' intended '. U)if gerufen ' as if called or- summoned ', ' in the nick of time '. 15. .tecfyte, say ' men '. The word (golbat was not yet intro- duced, as they did not then serve for pay (Solb). See note to p. 122, 1. 1 6. 20. nacfytltdjer SBetle, adverbial genitive, ' in the night time '. 21. fe$cn for gefjen, marfcfyteren 'march'. Cf. iiber-fe^en : er fete iiber ' crossed '. 25. 35ermttt(un{J 'mediation', 'settlement'. in nrtg brtngen = ju ftanbe br. 'to bring about'. 26. fcfyrteb . . . ail3 'convoked an assembly', 'appointed a meeting '. &OCJ ' diet ' (Lat. dies\ an appointed time for an as- sembly. SRetctydtag 'diet of the empire', ' imperial parliament'. 152. 2. t>a$ er @ttft 'peg', hence 'pencil' (SleifHft). ^cmpten is in the south of Bavaria, about 30 miles east of the Lake of Constance. 266 NOTES. [P. 152, 153. X S 2 - 5- 3*0nbtenfi (French corvee) ' forced labour , a relic 01 feudal times. The Jronberedjttgtetl, or masters (usually large land- owners), had the right to compel the peasants to work for them without payment, which was the cause ol great distress among them. (5* on (according to the old spelling grO^n), is from an Old High Germ, word/r^, 'lord or 'master', and occurs in com- pounds to signify ' Christ '. $r0nld$nattt ' the body of Christ '. gronleicfynamefefi ' Corpus Christi Day '. 9. ^OrnberfJ, an estate on the Neckar, a tributary of the Rhine, bought by Gotz from the proceeds of the rich booty that fell to his share in a feud with the Elector of Mayence. 14. iverbe ; he hoped, but was not certain about it, hence the subjunctive. The present is used, as the imperf. tiwrbe would not in itself indicate the mood, both forms being the same. OUf ben SSltnfd) 'at (i.e. in respect to) the request'. The accusative on the analogy of Cine SltltWOrt auf bte ra$e, the idea of movement being conceived. 19. ben etntCjen 'his people', i.e. either relations or adherents ; here, of course, both are referred to. )Orffdj}Ul$ ' village magistrate '. Contracted irom @cf)utt- fceif ; see p. 87, 1. 28. 20. 3unfet is a (young) SIbttger in its narrower signification (i.e. one who is entitled to the designation &on, French ae), and who bears no other title (such as @raf, Sitrjl etc.). In the wider sense the higher nobility are also included in the term 2lbel. 3 n ben 2lbelfranb erfyeben ' to raise to the peerage'. 21. iwbet0l;etin, in Wirtemberg, on the Neckar. 23. )brt1H?ailptmann 'colonel-commandant'. 25. $0tte; see note to p. 100, 1. 9. 26. ol;en(ol;ifrf;en; see note to p. 147, 1. 19. 27. be^ anbern XageS 'the next day' ior ant anbern As a rule the genitive is the case of indefinite time, e.g. some day or other'. 'The other day' = neuttd?. , a town in Wirtemberg. 153- 3- w>i* mir war ' how I felt'. @$ ifi mir^ at* ob . . . ( I feel as if. P. 153-155.] GOTZ AND THE PEASANTS' WAR. 267 153. 6. 2llttra$ 'offer', 'proposal', 'resolution' (at a committee- meeting). II. @ritnbe 'arguments'. 14. cfnrmbrtef pass ', ' safe-conduct ', ' warrant '. 18. fyteft auf ' insisted upon '. 21. SBeinobcrger SMlltbab, or ' massacre of W.' Weinsberg, a town in Wirtemberg, in the circle of the Neckar, was defended by 70 Franconian and Suabian knights under the leadership of Count von Helfenstein. Forced to surrender, some were slain outright, and the remainder, to avenge some cruelties perpetrated on the peasants of Upper Suabia, were surrounded by the enraged peasants with their pikes and cruelly massacred. The Countess von Helfenstein, holding up her little boy of two years of age, implored them in vain to save her husband, she herself being assassinated and horribly mutilated. In a pamphlet directed against them, Luther says : ' They fling about, throttle and stab in secret and public, whomsoever they fall in with. Just as one has to slaughter a mad dog, who either kills you or you kill him, so they desolate the whole country. ' 24. bet tid)te aufe. The peasants banded themselves together in different parts of the country, and were known by different appellations. For example, one troop was called ber fcfyttXirje >aufe, and another ber tyede (or Itdjte) fimufe 'the light company '. Hence the phrase til tyellen f>ailfeil ' in large numbers '. 25. erfl 'just'. 31. SBtbcrfacfyer, one who has a matter (@acf;e) against (ItJlbCt) another, 'an opponent'. J 54- 5- fcfyWdbtfrfjer 33ltnb. In the beginning of the I4th century the Suabian cities formed a confederation for the protection of their mutual interests. 9. auf bie 9?ad?rtcl;t; see note to p. 152, 1. 14. II. aubergrunb. The Tauber is a tributary of the Maine. XII. Charlemagne and his Empire. 155. i. erfyaben ; see note on p. 30, l. 5. 4. bcffm, 'his', refers to the latter, and thus removes ambiguity. 268 NOTES. [P. 156. Had the author written fetn 33efte3, he would have implied that Charles only consulted his own welfare. See note on p. 39, 1.27. 156. i. acfyfete 'heeded' or 'regarded'. 33ead)tete would mean ' noticed '. 5. Stcinbe, 'States' (of the empire), were such as owned no other temporal head (called, therefore, retd^UTiritttftbar 'imme- diate '). They consisted of the princes, electors and prelates. 2)?fltfclt> (Campus Maius) was an open-air assembly of the people held originally only in May of each year l to which all free- men were summoned to decide questions of war or peace and other concerns of the state. Up to the time of Pepin le Bref it was held in March, and termed Sftdrjfelt) (Campus Martius). 6. {jebot ' summoned '. 9. t>. i. = ba3 tft. Sometimes fr. ty. = fca f>etfjt. 12. unerfcfyutierttcfy madjen, lit. 'to make firm'. Say'e^tab- lish on a firm basis'. Unerfcfyittterftcf) from erfcfyiittem ' to shake' (thoroughly). 14. erfyalten = (i) 'to receive '(a present, etc.); (2) 'to preserve', ' maintain '. 15. jur SBIiite fcringen ' to bring to (a state of) prosperity ', ' to ' promote '. 19. eerbann 'arriere-ban' (arriere is a corruption of the Old High G. heri, and has nothing to do with the French arriere 'behind'); a development of the @efo(gciucfcit referrtd to in the note on p. 164, 1. 25. It was a proclamation by which all feuda- tories of the sovereign were summoned for the defence of the country, as detailed in the text. 20. 9J?orgen, say 'acre '. 'As much land as can be ploughed in one morning* (SANDERS). It varied in different times and dif- ferent places. A Prussian Morgen was equal to O'63 acres. Land is now measured by the square metre 1 ' In the first ages of the French monarchy these assemblies were helrf, usually, only once in the year ; but in the beginning of the second race of kings two meetings took place annually '. (JAMES, Life of Charlemagne.} P. 166, 167.] CHARLEMAGNE AND HIS EMPIRE. 269 156. 23. ItegenbeS ut 'real estate', in contradistinction to f)abe 'movables' (1. 24). je ju fiinf ' by fives'. 25. barotDer tyanbeln or jmtnberfyanbein 'to violate a law'. 26. Hifkn, a legal term = ftrafen 'to fine'. 2Bur.be cjebu$t an, say ' had to f. .rfeit part of. 29. Se(>ii$Ieute, pi. of Sef;ncltnbcrt- fcfyafteil). The word, which formerly denoted a forest-clearing, is f mnd as a suffix in the names of many places in Germany: Allgau, Brei gau, and in a few English village names : Spengay in Cam- bridge, and Wormegay in Norfolk. (TAYLOR, Words and Places^ p. 328.) 3. (UK'frf/rctben ' to proclaim or publish'. 5. fo laiuj. Omit in translating. fcetarntcn, trans, 'to impoverish'; intrans. 'to be im- poverished '. ii. enbboten (or enbQtafen, I. 23) 'emissaries', 'envoys' (Latin tnissi dominici). ' Ambulatory magistrates appointed to proceed through the king-lorn to render judgment themselves in particular cases, to take cognizance of the conduct of the Dukes and Counts, and to see justice impartially executed'. (JAMES, Life of Charlemagne. ) 17. SRuctyatt ' safeguard '. See note to p. 128, 1. 12. 18. gef rdn ft (from franf 'sick'), used only figuratively for 'to offend ', ' to slight '. ' To sicken ', intrans. (i.e. to fall sick), is erfranfen. G?r ifl erfranft ' he has fallen HP. 20. fa . . . fcor. 3$orft$en 'to preside'. )er ' president ', ' chairman '. 270 NOTES. [P. 157, 158. 157. 21. djoffen or cfjoppcn (/.A tie dwffenben or SRe#ter- ftfyaffenben, those who procure justice) were a kind of sheriffs. The modern @d;6fFengettcfyt is a kind of criminal court. 22. 3Ra$enbltrcje, a corruption of SRecfyteburge, one who answers (burgt) for justice. 24. ttnefen 'showed', /.A 'dispensed'. 26. roge ' magnate ', ' lord '. 27. ^5fatggraf ; see note to p. 146, 1. 5. The term here applies to the one particular ' Count Palatine' who presided at the King's own Court in his palace (^falj^Lat. palalium}. ' Many cases, especially affecting the great vassals of the crown, or affairs of high ecclesiastical property, weie reserved for the decision of the King himself, or the Count of his palace '. (JAMES, Life of Charle- magne. ) 29. aitbtng, a sort of county-court, llngeboten implies that the accused was not summoned to appear. 158. I. $0ntCJ$bcinn , he had to appear under pain of forfeiture or fine. 6. @etbfhcid)e ' private vengeance '. 7. SBergelfc, an indemnification paid, in lieu of punishment, to the injured person, and varying with the rank and position of the accused. 2Bfr- from Old Saxon wer (same root as Latin z//>) = *man'. Cf. English 'were-wolf', i.e. ma-i-wolf. SBercjeft) is anglicised into weregild (or -geld). BOH ter SftotttJenDtfjfett; t>0n is here used to avoid the two genitives coining together. Not : fete (rmort>mig t>C$ @oue$ fce$ SRtcfyterS but fete (. con bem ol;ne be3 3fitct;ter$. 10. OtteeilirtCtt 'ordeal'. The English word is only a dupli- cate form of Urtetf (Anglo-Sax, ortel). (Stbe^elfer ' sponsor '. 11. an bic 2Baf>t|>afttQfdt. Such verbs as glauben are taken to imply a mental movement = to place reliance on, to give credit to, hence the prep, takes an accusative. 18. etfte^fraft 'intelligence', 'genius'. 25. 2ftetet&of. Say 'farm'; from 2)?dfr, Latin major (domus ) 4 steward ', ' tenant-farmer '. P. 158, 159.] CHARLEMAGNE AND HIS EMPIRE. 271 158. 26. jte refers to ?ailbtt>trtf$aft. 33fu'te; see note to p. 156, 1. 15. 27. $anafbait. This was an attempt to unite the Rhine and the Danube by a canal, but was unsuccessful, mainly owing to natural causes (rain, soil, etc.). 29. 33atbeunrf, a town in Hanover, about 25 miles S.W. of Hamburg. J 59- ! 9^i$ ' uniform '. 4. bie, i.e. bie 2ludfu$r. 6. fatten. See note to p. 165, 1. 8. 11. >5rtge ' dependent ', from f;6ren (parallel form Ijtfrcfyen * to hearken ',) 'to hear ', ' to li-ten to ', hence ' to obey ', ' to be sub- servient or dependent on '. In the latter sense the compounds gefyorcfyen ' to obey ', and gef;6reil ' to belong ', are more usual. 12. 2el;en3tragcr ' feudatory '. 14. ttenvanbtf, lit. ' applied '. Say ' employed '. 15. faf) . . . baiaitf ' insisted upon '. 19. Seriibegtevbe. ' Even the most dry and fatiguing parls of studies, which now form the very rudiments of education, he went through, when he had arrived at manhood'. QAMES, Life of Charlemagne. ) 24. (jeniefjen and 'to enjoy' are not synonymous. The former rather means 'to partake of. pctfeu Cjenteen, is 'to partake of food', not necessarily 'to enjoy it'. In this case gcru cfTcn would be used ; or fd'iwcfen : ettt>a3 fcfymerft mir ' I enjoy something'. @te gentcfjen m'cfyt ben @egen, ben fie pflaiigcu (SCHILLER) ' they do not share the blessing which they sow '. 2Bo td) fo manrfye greube geno (GOETHE) ' where I enjoyed (i.e. par- took of) so many pleasures'. 25. 2Ufiitn was probably born and educated at York. On his return from a mission to Rome, he met, in Parma, Charlemagne, who, taking a fancy to him, bestowed on him several abbeys, and appointed him teacher of all branches of learning. He died in 804, and was buried in the abbey of St. Martin of Tours. 27. (cl;ulu?efen 'educational matters'. 31. gar. This word, which occurs so frequently in this piece, was a Mid. High German adjective meaning ' ready '. (English 272 NOTES. [P. 160, 161. 'yare'. See Shakespeare's Tempest i. i). In this sense it is still used to mean 'quite ready or cooked ' (of meats). As an adverb its commonest use is with a negative gar iud)t 'not at all', gat fetn, etc. In other connections it signifies a high degree ' wholly ', 'quite', 'very', atij unb gar = ' utterly '. (in gar ju fcfyoner 2lbenb 'a most (not too) lovely evening'. SBariUtt ntcfyt gar? ' really ' ; also (ironically) ' that 's all nonsense ', 160. 2. f>etmtfcfMna$en = etiifu(>ren 'to introduce'. 4. funb gab ' proclaim '. Hence ^unbgcbuiig 'proclamation', (not used attributively) only occurs in certain connections, tft mtr fltnb 'I am acquainted with the fact'. $unb unb JU fet (Hermit (at the commencement of legal documents) 'be it known by these presents '. bte beittfdje @prad?C. This was the period of Old High German, the language as it was spoken from the 7th-uth century. 5. pflegte is a very expressive term here. He tended, nursed it. SBarten (1. 6) has the same meaning. 8. tttefcifttg ' many branched ' ; from t>er 2tft ' branch '. 10. bicfe i.e. bte (Jtcfye. n. fanben ftd; jufanunen 'met'. 14. ferngefunb ' sound ' (to the core). 17. >etbentteb ' epic poem '. 18. feftbanrtte 'put under a spell', 'banished', 'relegated to*. Notice in ber @$rtft, but in ben (not belli) Setb. Is this unin- tentional on the part of the author, or does he mean to imply in the former instance that the sounds being in the language were kept there by a spell, and in the latter that the soul was put into the body and kept there? 19. njerft(;dttg 'energetically*. XIII. The Ancient Germans. Z6l. I. erttianen was the name given by the Kelts, and adopted by Caesar, to the tribes dwelling in the territory enclosed by the Rhine, Danube, Vistula and Baltic, ermane is a Keltic word, signifying ' one who shouts ', from their war-cry when going to battle. It is strange that the English adopted this title, the P. 161.] THE ANCIENT GERMANS. 273 French calling them after one of their tribes dwelling between the sources of the Rhine and Danube Alemanni, Allemands ('Other Men' or ' Foreigners 'TAYLOR, Words and Places), while they themselves assumed the designation alluded to on p. 168, 1. 20, thiuda 'the people'. (See note to p. 168, 1. 22.) The name ermCUieit never belonged to any one tribe or nation. l6l. 2. $unbe, from feunen, is ' knowledge ' handed over to us by report, whereas JttBHtnfo generally used in the plural form ^enntlliiTe, is ' knowledge ' acquired by study or investigation. 4. Oftfee Baltic '. JftdfftHa, the old name for Marseilles. 5. Utoncn or Otfyonni, the name of a tribe mentioned by Tacitus (Gerniania see note to p. 163, 1. 18) as inhabiting the regions of the lower Vistula. They are supposed to be one of the Gothic nations. (See below, p. 162, 1. I.) 6. SBernfteinmeer. The Baltic, where most of the amber (33emftetn) is found. The trade in amber was carried on by the Phoenicians, and Pytheas is said to have brought it from the North Sea in the fourth century B.C. Probably for 33remifktn ; betn- is the Low German form of bren- (cf. brennen, and the Anglo-Sax. betrwn ' to burn '). 9. ttjerbe. Indirect Narration, Pytheas' words being quoted. 2Ber.be for n?iirbc, his words being ba$ etretbe u>trb fctnem 3Retfeberid)t. laitben governs the dative, so can only be used impersonally in the passive. Similarly * he was helped ' is e3 iuitrbe ijwt gef)0(fen, or, inverted, tm UMtbe cjcl;o(fen (not er univbe erf=fAyrfWw. 18. abtt>etd)enb; say ' dissentient '. From abnwctyen ' to depart from ', ' to disagree '. 5tritif ' criticism ' ; ^rt'tifer ' critic '. 22. JtnitttWOM 'civilised nation'. SSetben followed by JU is ' to become gradually '. 23. The )CrillUUblirrn, according to Tacitus, occupied the territory about the Saal and Main, corresponding with the present Thuringia and N. Bavaria. Tacitus speaks of them as being on friendly terms with the Romans. 25. Sfteffe 'mass'. Latin missa from the words ' missa est ', with which the deacon dismissed the communicants. Cf. the last syllable in Christmas, Candlemas. 26. gu$t(0$, from bte 3$t (abstract from Jte^en, like ftlucfyt from fltefyen). 3N$t has various meanings (i) cultivation, breeding, i.e. SSailHIJucH 23tef)JUCf)t ; (2) morality, chastity, sobriety (in the biblical sense), decency. Say here ' indecent ', ' unseemly '. 28. $BoiitfactU$. St. Boniface was born 682 A.D. in Devonshire. He became a monk, founded a convent in Southampton, and at the age of 36 set out for Rome. From here he visited, with the consent of Pope Gregory II. , the heathen nations of Germany, preaching among other places in Thuringia, the ,,33erge bet ^crmunfcurcn ". He was created Archbishop of Mayence, and did a great deal of good in establishing monasteries, promoting agriculture, and combating heathenish rites and practices. The ,,>eutfcf)er cms ben SBergen ber >." was Luther, who was the son of a miner of Eisleben in Thuringia. A writer says : ' In visiting the Roman churches, Luther was shocked at the indecent hurry with which the priests went through the service of the mass, and at the blasphemous jests which he sometimes heard '. P. 163, 164.] THE ANCIENT GERMANS. 275 163. I. ritd;to3 (English 'reckless'), Old High German ruoche, 'care', 'heed' 'careless', 'thoughtless'. 7. froWcfy . . . $0tf3fraft. Say ' of ever increasing joy and activity '. 10. t>emnacf)ft 'subsequently'. 18. SdCttliei, who flourished in the times of the Emperors Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), Domitian (81-96), and Trajan (98-119), wrote his Germania, or, by the full title, De origine, situ, moribiis ac populis Germanice, about the year 99 A. D. Though not com- piled absolutely from personal observation, it is of great value as being the first reliable account of the Germanic nations. 19. >auptqueUe. frnupt in compounds =' chief. f)auptfa$e 'principal thing', f)auptjn?etcj 'chief branch', f)auptWOVt 'chief word ', i.e. ' noun ', eic. 20. licicfyflfpater ' immediately following', baiwcf) . . . Ob ' according to whether '. 21. betfHmmenD crgdnjen. Say 'confirm and complete'. Setfttmnten 'to agree'. 23. nacfy S(;r., short for nacf) ($riiH eburt=A.D. 2 5- 8 rf ^3 f ^ff fllfn ' those w ho na( i obtained their freedom. Say 1 freemen '. 26. bcroanbert 'skilled', 'versed'. Say here ' well-informed'. 27. bajlt font ttl 'and in addition to these '. orncl;m. See note to p. 148, 1. 13. 29. 51 f ten are legal or official documents. 164. I. ivte fie, etc. Notice this construction, the fte being inserted to supply an accusative to the transitive verb entpfongen. For another example, see below, 1. 10. Say ' such as '. angefe^en, one looked at or looked up to, 'respected', 'of position '. 4. etntracjen ' to enter' in a book a term of book-keeping. 5. 3u{je. )et 3llfl frm Steven, like its equivalent 'trait' from trahere. Cf. 3urf)t i n SltcfytloS, p. 162, 1. 26. 3 U usually has a concrete meaning, e.g. ' procession ', ' draught ', ' train ', etc. 3Romanltteratlir ' romance ' (not Roman). 6. 3 u fa$ * addition ', from Jltfe^en ' to put to ', ' to add*. 276 NOTES. [P. 164. 164. 7. fcOttenbd fetn 'by no means a . . .' 8. 2lnfcf)auitng, from aiifd;auen 'to look at', 'to view' the manner in which he viewed matters, ' views ', ' ideas '. 12. Clbtt>agnit> 'discriminating'. 15. trben 'earthen' (irt>tfrf> 'earthly', unteritbtf(() 'subter- ranean') from (r.be. The Middle High German form was irdtn, the e of (Srbe becoming an t by a process called 'assimilation', by which the root-vowel is modified into a vowel sound nearer to or identical with the vowel of the termination. An example of this is found in the English word woman, of which we pronounce, though we do not spell, the plural ivimmen. The termination -en forms adjectives denoting a material, as : 6ljer=n 'wooden'. The formation of the latter two from the plurals @Idfer and 6fjer is the cause of a false derivation in some other adjectives (which have no plural -r), i.e. ftetnmi 'of stone', fta&Iern 'of steel', tt>cid;fcrn 'of wax', jinnern 'of pewter', etc. (See KOCH, Deutsche Grainmatik.} 19. 2Bctjen*2l(e. Tacitus in his Germania says : ' The ancient Germans for their drink drew a liquor from barley or other grain and fermented it so as to make it resemble wine.' A drink com- posed of fermented barley or other grain was used in Western Europe in the time of Pliny (d. 79 A.D.), if not still earlier. 22. SBinnenbcutfcfyen 'Germans of the interior'. SBinnenfciub 'interior', 33trtncnmeer ' inland sea', etc. 25. efotQCiVefeil, a military combination, in vogue before the feudal system. It was an arrangement by which troops of men called @)efotcjfcf)aftcn voluntarily united under one leader for mutual defence or aggression. ' From the oldest times of Ger- manic history each chief or king had his war-band, his comrades, warriors bound personally to him by their free choice, sworn to fight for him to the death, and avenge his cause as their own.' (GREEN, A Short History of the English People.] When this leader in later times gave a grant of land as a reward to his most faithful followers, the system of feudal tenure was instituted. 26. JWar ' that ', as in the sentence : ' It was his overbearing demeanour that alienated from him the good-will of all his P. 164, 165.] THE ANCIENT GERMANS. 277 acquaintances, and that to such a degree . . .' unb JttJdt tit bem SKafte ... 164. 27. jtcf) barfteflte. The ' middle voice ' is used when it is not desired or convenient to mention the agent ' such as was dis- played '. Cf. )te anbfcf;aft oercinbert ftcf) (SCHILLER), 'the landscape changes'. SDte acilt&fire offnete fidj (HEINE), 'the hall-door opened '. At the time it was not evident who opened it. 28. frageitb. Here ' in question '. 29. )eutung, from auf etn>a$ beiiten 'to point or allude to', ' to indicate ', ' allusion to '. 165. I. jiffy entailfjern 'to renounce', 'to give up'. From ettt' suffix, one meaning of which is ' forth ' (as in entttJacfyfen ' to grow out of, entfhomen 'to issue forth', etc.), and Oliver 'outside'. 2. tfynen here = bet tfwen 'among them'. 8. $etten. The Kelts were an Aryan tribe which crossed over from Asia Minor and settled in Middle Euiope, from the Balkans to the Pyrenees, and, eventually driven further westwards, spread over Spain, Gaul, and Britain. In the fifth century the Slavs dwelt in the territory between the Baltic and the Black Sei. The principal modern nations of Slavonic origin are the Russians, Poles, Czechs (in Bohemia), Bulgarians and Servians. 9. S&efen, the Old High German wesan 'to be', from which the pretc.ite tenses of fetn (p. part, gelt? efen) and of our verb 'to be ' are derived. As a verbal noun it has the general meaning of 'existence', 'state', 'character', 'affairs'. (Jtfenbafyntvefen 'railway affairs', efofgewefen (see p. 164, 1. 25). We might translate it freely here by ' history '. 12. The tgambrcr were a tribe which settled in the extreme west on the Ruhr, a tributary of the Rhine. 14. 2Btr )eutf4)e. See note to p. 106, 1. 20. 17. SSotf^tlint '(national) elements'; adj. &0lf$tiiinfldj ' popular 1 (i.e. belonging to the nation as a whole). ' Popular ' in the sense of 'beloved or liked by the people ' is bettfbt. 18. emporgcrungen 'forced its way up' (or 'through'), from Ttngeil 'to struggle', 'to wrestle'. SRingfcimpf 'wrestling- match '. 278 A 7 OTES. [P. 165-167. 165. 22. Urcjltell ' source ', ' fountain-head '. For ur*, see note to p. 139, l. 31. er Oucfl, pi. }uefle or tie tuefle, pi. Guetten. 26. emutetebeil 'intellectual life'. 29. 3bea(i$mug. Say ' imagination '. 30. 8amiltener.be 'heirloom'. 166. 2. auobtlbet ' forms ', ' moulds '. &\VWQ ' force ', ' pressure ', refers to the struggles they had to go through to hold their own in the land. 4. beg gremben, genitive of ba$ grembe * the foreign element*. 9. JltrucffuDten * to trace back '. 1 6. SSeidjfel 'the Vistula*. 20. Dcrloren unb UMeber$ett>onnen. In the ninth century the Slavs (see note to p. 165, 1. 8) made great inroads into the territory of the German tribes. By the treaty of Thorn in 1466 all West and part of East Prussia was ceded to Poland, of which it remained a fief, only being restored under Frederick William, the great Elector, in 1657; and by the treaty of Westphalia (1648), after the Thirty Years' War, the Swedes obtained a portion of Pomerania, which was restored to Prussia in 1815. 28. gefettt (efell ' companion ') ' associated ', 'joined '. 29. 35otfdtlUtt. Say here * national character '. f Otbern ' to further ', ' to promote ', ' to beget ', not to be confused with forbern ' to demand '. 31. fcOlt Gfliglanb CUl3 ' from England '. The (Ut3 is necessary in German to remove ambiguity, there being but the one word &OU for 'from ' and 'of. 167. I. ft&fOItiftetlfraft ' love of roaming or colonising '. 6. attfyetnttfd) ' as their permanent home '. Cjerabe tyter ' here of all other places'. 8. anbf$aft ' portion of land '. nad) . . . tyin ' towards '. 9. fyeitttg 'of to-day', from fycitte. 10. mitten Ultter 'among*. Two words again required owing to a lack of prepositions, Ulltet meaning both * under ' and 'among*. See above note to p. 166, 1. 31. 12. 2IllCjufht$, Rojian Emperor (d. 14 A. D.). In his reign the P. 167, 168.] THE ANCIENT GERMANS. 279 Cherusci, a Germanic tribe, rose under Arminius (f)frrmantl) and defeated (9 B.C.) the Roman general Varus in the Teutoburger Wald (a range of mountains south of Hanover), thus throwing off the Roman yoke. 167. 12. (Sttebenbitnb. An alliance of the @Ufbcn (Suevi, hence Suabians) with the Sftarfoniannen or renjntanner 'Borderers', (SOtfarf = renje ' border') and other tribes. Tacitus gives the name of Suevi to a collection of tribes between the Baltic and Danube, of which the Hermandures (see note to p. 162, 1. 23) were the chief, and the Semnones the oldest tribe. See p. 169, 11. 16, 17. 20. cingefkmmt 'native'. 21. f)etlt$tltttt, a sacred grove where each tribe of ancient Ger- many raised an altar to its hero-god (e.g. the war-god Odin or Wodan), and offered sacrifices to him. It was also a place of assembly and a sanctuary of refuge for pursued criminals. 22. wmat6QefiH;I 'love of home'. 24. fcerloren ftd) au3 . . . ' lost their hold in '. 3S6Iferivanberunc} 'migration of the nations' is the name given to the spreading of the Germanic tribes to the west and south, whereby they became masters of nearly the whole of Europe It began in the 4th century, and was caused partly by the natural tendency of a prosperous nation to extend its territory and partly by the inroads of the Slavonic nations from the East. 25. flatnfcfye famine ; see note to p. 165, 1. 8. 28. 33urgerftnn ' civism ', ' patriotism '. 29. 9f{tn(jlant> 'pale', 'enceinte', 'enclosure'. 168. i. $ erfwn gm 'fatality'. 2. Uroefcfytcfyte ; see note to p. 139, 1. 31. 4. -iWatfcn. 2)?arf=renjC 'border'. In a narrow sense it meant in primitive times the district owned and occupied by a community of freemen. A margrave ($?cirfgraf), Earl of March or Marquess, was the warden of the Marches (TAYLOR, Words and Places, p. 176). Of their English kinsmen Mr. GREEN (Short History of the E. P.) says : ' They settled in groups over the con- quered country, as the lot fell to each, no longer kinsfolk only, but dwellers in the same plot, knit together by their common holding 280 NOTES. [p. 168. within the same bounds. . . . Each had its moot-hill or sacred tree as a centre, its " mark " as a border.' 168. 5. ton 'nucleus'. 8. fafyrenb 'spreading', 'rushing'. ftorte ; lit. ' disturbed '. Say here ' hindered ' or ' marred '. &\& enbttcf), etc. In a dependent sentence adverbs and other members of a sentence may, if not very emphatic, precede the subject. This is particularly the case with pronouns (fid:), t(jll, etc.). Examples: (Scttbem tn jene graufnme (Sntbecfung son t&rer (Sette get iff en fcatte. (G.) 3ft e$ vcafjr, ba end) Sowen etn efenbcr frcifyenber >a$n fo Ietd;t loerjagen fann? (LESSING.) (r nnifjte ntd;t me^r, n>o im ber ^lopf flanb. (VON WINTER- FELD. ) 9. Dberl;errfcf)aft 'supremacy'. II. eine frembe ^nttonalttcit. Bohemia is now a province of the Austro-IIungarian Empire and governed by a Stadtholder. The proportion of inhabitants is at the present time, roughly Speaking, one-third Germans to two-thirds Czechs (see note to p. 165, 1. 8). 15. taminfafJC 'tribal tradition'. 17. 2Banberfa$e 'sagas', current during their migrations. 18. fct)01t ' as early as '. 20. tterbcim inert. A very expressive word from banimern, e$ bdttllltert 'it is dawn or dusk', and tter*, implying disappearance or destruction, ' to disappear in dim light ', ' to fade away '. 22. tfrtubtfca (Old Saxon), Old High Germ, diutisk, an adjec- tive, meaning ' of the people', 'popular', a name given to the language of the Germanic tribes 'the language of the ///*' in contradistinction to Latin which was ' the language of the church '. 23. tammgenofj * fellow-tribesman '. 25. SRecfytSanfcfyauung (lit. 'view') 'code of laws' (though un- written). 26. tyaberten 'quarrelled'. |?aber is an Old German word for * war ' or ' strife ', which has become obsolete in this sense, and been degraded into the meaning of 'quarrel ' or ' wrangle '. P. 168-170.] THE ANCIENT GERMANS. 281 168. 28. ft'd) . . . WOfclbenwfJt. The ft'rf) is dative: id? bin 111 It bett?Ut ' I am conscious '. 31. $ltltlt$ftdtte ' place of worship '. $uttlt 'cult', 'worship'; $ltttur (accent on last syll.) 'civilisation'. 169. 4. ^teberbeutf^fanb is all the low-lying land between Hol- land and Russia on the lower waters of the North German rivers. 5. Grtflfteburt 'primogeniture', by which an inheritance passes to the eldest son and his descendants (see note to SWdJOrat, 1. 1 1). 6. The fWarfeu dwelt in the territory between the Weser and Rhine. 7. $tmbrer; see note to p. 161, 1. 20. 8. The Jrtefen ' Frisians ', in the present Holland. 9. tanggcbefyllt 'extensive'. 1 1. 2fta jorat, a law by which the property goes to the next of kin ; e.g. on the death of the owner it would go to his next eldest brother instead of his son, which would be the case by the law of primogeniture (see note to 1. 5). 12. tgambrer; see note to p. 165, 1. 12. 16. (Eibgenoffeucfyaft; see note to p. 85, 1. 4. 2ntet6tt)iirt>e ; say 'claims of antiquity'. 20. 9tert()U3i)6tfer (Keltic nerth = $raft). Nerthus was the goddess of the earth, worshipped by the Angles and several other German tribes, whose sanctuary was on an island, probably Riigen in the Baltic. Once a year, in a time of universal peace, her image, on a chariot drawn by oxen, was conducted through the country by a priest. (TACITUS, Germania.) 24. ^ailfcafenjMinme. The Vandals occupied the region of the Oder and Vistula, and eventually spreading over Spain, crossed to Africa, founding there the empire of the Vandals with Carthage as their chief town. 170. i. uberttefern (Lat. liberare] 'to deliver', 'to hand down*. Sieferant ' purveyor '. ttberlieferung ' tradition '. 3. bemungeacfytet or befferwngeacfytet, as this preposition usually governs the genitive. 5. tt>eift barauf tn. futu&etfen auf * to point to the fact '. 282 NOTES. [P. 170, 171. 170. 7. 2erl)cittnt3, ba3, * relation ', ' circumstance ' ; say here ' highest degree '. ii. @d;aumunje ' medal '. SRltneninfcfyriften ' runes ', the first written alphabet of the ancient Germans. They were originally small sticks of beechwood (German 33ucfje, hence 33ucfy), and were used for divination, being thrown carelessly on the ground and interpreted or read, according to the shapes they assumed (Anglo-S. r&dan, 'discern', 'guess', Germ, raten). Hence also 33itd)ftnbe 'letter', i.e. beech-staff, and tefen (i) to pick up (Old. Engl. lease, 'to glean'), (2) to read. Subsequently these shapes were carved in wood, and from this custom conies our word write, German rt^cn ' to scratch '. Runes were composed only of perpendicular and sloping, never horizontal, strokes. Some of the letters had a remarkable similarity to those of the Roman alphabet. Ulfilas, the Goth, who translated the Bible, used the ' runes ' as the basis of his new alphabet. 14. ClU 'district' (see note to p. 157, 1. 2). 20. SlnfugunfJ, from fugen ' to join', 'adaptation', 'assimi- lation '. 21. 3$0tbilbung ' modelling '. 29. fptfyentanb. According to Herodotus, the Scythians were a nomad tribe of Mongolian race, like the Chinese, dwelling in S. Russia between the Don and the Carpathians. 30. bdS >bertl;al euttailO Itcf. (EntfanQ 'along' nearly al- ways follows the noun it governs, which may be in the gen., dat., or ace., i.e. beS XtyafeS (bcm l;ale or baS M) *nt- 171. 2. SBanbetroei^eit (cf. SBanberfage, p. 168, 1. 17) 'wisdom acquired during their migrations. 8. tfcirnten * Carinthia ', a mountainous district of Austria where it borders on Italy. II. feteu. Indirect Narration. Carbo's words were supposed to be ,,bte (tnn?o(?ner ftnb aftfmtnbe ber Corner". 14. 2lbfommen 'agreement'. (Sin 2lbf. trcffen 'to make an arrangement'. The first meaning of abfommen is 'to get off': er fonnte wegen \\)W$> cf4)ci0c ('talk') nic^t abfommen. P. 171-173.] THE ANCIENT GERMANS. 283 171. 16. -iJiOrcja, in the present Styria r Carinthia, exact site un- known, gave its name to the Roman province of Noricum. 17. 3ufrtinntcnW ' collision', 'encounter'. 22. unl)etlbet>fUtenb 'ominous', 'portentous'. Footnote. jQitClbcn. 'The most important victory was that gained by the Emperor (M. Aurelius) over the Quadi, in A.D. 174; the Romans were rescued from a most peculiar situation by a sudden storm ; and this signal success of their arms, which was at the time attributed to the interposition of Heaven, seems to have struck terror into the barbarians, who now sought and obtained peace on condition of their withdrawing from the Danube'. (SCHMITZ, Hist, of Rome. ) The territory of the Quadi ( ' the Speakers ', TAYLOR, Words and Places) lay between the Danube and the Bohemian mountains. (fyfot(;ar was the son of Clovis, who established the French kingdom of which he shared a portion with his brothers. 25. ttO$ is found with either the gen. or dat. vo i(;te$ @tCQC3 would be equally correct here. 26. (Sdnt^fnnb 'protectorate'. 172. I. ^tciftcrcS 'particulars'. 6. 3c$ttieO 'draught-cattle'. 7, 8. ftnb, ittofyne, etc. FREYTAG seems here to use the sub- junctive quite arbitrarily, which indicates a tendency in the language to dispense with this mood. 10. cjejogcn. 3ie^n means (i) to pull, (2) to march, go, ad- vance. 12. $ettenfyaufcn ; see no"te to p. 165, 1. 8. 13. t>em $em nacfy, lit. 'in the heart or core', 'in the main', ' essentially'. 21. Jtetyt . . . entgecjen 'marches out to meet'. Verbs com- pounded with entgegen take the dative. 3$ fe&e fner Slnfunft I look forward to his arrival. (t fa'tytt bfttt 26. ganbcmwetfung 'allotment of land'. Slnttjetfen 'to assign '. 173. 8. fiigte fof$e @$macl? gU 'heaped such insults'. 284 NOTES. [P. 173, 174. 173. 9. bent Seben 'their lives'. Notice the singular, though several lives are alluded to. Similarly, fie aben fid? ben $0pf bariibet jerbroctyen ' they have puzzled iheir brains about it' ; ba ettjefyr ftrerfen (p. 120, 1. 8) ' to lay down (their) arms'. 12. SlrcutftO, now called Orange, near the mouth of the Rhone and Marseilles. 15. reteute 'baggage-carriers'. Xrofj is the baggage of an army. (French trousse, from Latin tortus, p. p. of torquere, to twist ; English ' truss '). 16. (jebtteben. 23leiben (auf bent ^ampfplafc) 'to fall' (in battle). 17. tt>a3 DOn . . . (French ce qu?il y avait de) 'all of the Romans '. 20. JU >auf (bet f>aufen ' heap ') ' together ', ' into a heap '. 24. 55etgen 'Belgse'. Gallia Belgica embraced the country lying between the Rhine, Rhone, Saone. and Seine. The inhabi- tants of the present Belgium are called in German bte Selcjtet. 25. panifcfyer @$rerfen 'panic'. 31. Slqita erttci, the modern Aix in S. France, even in the times of the Romans a favourite watering-place. The name Aix is supposed to be a corruption of the Latin aquas. 174. 2. pauf ten (derivation uncertain) ' to drum '. ^Jailfe ' kettle- drum '. 7. Dtenertnnen ber SBeffa. The duties of the Vestal virgins were to keep the fire burning in the temple of Vesta, the goddess of hearth and home. If the fire went out, a calamity was supposed to be threatening the republic. 10. @tfd;)tl)al. (tfd) is the German for Adige, a river flowing into the Adriatic. 19. SBatfktt 'field of battle'. Used here for the battle icself, from an old word wal with the same meaning. 20. raubtfc^e (Ebene, Campi Raudii, probably near Verona. tWlfJte JU. SBtffen with gtl means 'to contrive', 'to manage '. In the sense of ' to know ' it is followed by a dependent sentence. I do not know what to do,Vbtng, gefyangen) is used by good authors, perhaps not very correctly, for the transitive fyangen. For the punishment of death the form fyenfen is also in use, the word for ' hangman ' being f)enfer. )er fntt, ten icfy . . . aitfgefcangen (SCHILLER, W. Tell). 30. rann, imperf. of rinnen 'to run' (of liquids). Neither tannte nor lief could be used here. 31. Ungefycuete$ 'mighty things'. Say here ' Great were the deeds done and the sufferings undergone by them '. 175- 4- &etb 'rude', in the sense of unformed. 9. Slugufhttf. See note to p. 167, 1. 12. 10. gelCjetC^en ' standards '. 11. SBafferftrcifJe 'strait', as distinguished from ?dnbfircie 'road'. 12. ftyattjten eutfd;-en, t>er-t>ietfnlttg-en, t>er- g6tt(tcfy-en ' to make old, poor, Germam, manifold (/'. e. multiply), divine' : (b) from the comparative : Der-!fetner-n, oer-gewtffer-n, er-aUgemetntr-n, i?er-gro^er-n, er-Ianger-n (but tter-fiirj-en), i?er-beffer-n ; er-f^tec^ter-n, etc., ' to make smaller, more certain 286 NOTES. [P. 175-177. (i.e. assure), more general (generalise), larger, longer, better (improve), worse (deteriorate)'. 175- 1 9' tanblaCjCr 'camp', ' permanent quarters'. 23. aber, not fonbern, after the negative, as one might expect. There is no marked contrast between subjugating Germany and destroying their superfluous strength. One is not the direct op- posite of the other, but only a less degree. 26. eria&ttien ' to grow lame ', ' to be paralysed *. Vjrbs are also formed from adjectives (see above note to 1. 16) by the prefix et* (a) intransitives, implying ' to get into a state ', er-grau-Cll, er-f$taff-en, cr-trocfn-en * to become grey, cold, slack, dry ' ; (b) to put into a state : er-frifcfc-en, er-falt-en, er-Ietdjter-n, er-miib-en * to make fresh, cold, easier, dry '. 27. gtiicfte e$. @liicfcn = geltnger, impers. eg glitrft inir, 'I succeed', eg tft mir fiegltirft. 31. bccngen * to contract ', ' to circumscribe ', 'to confine'. 176. 5. gemtfcfyt JU 'mixed into', on the analogy of Wetben JU 'to turn into '. Softer tt?irb ju Sid. 9. fettbent. Here an adverb, 'from that time forth'. ttne oft ... au$ ' often as '. 13. Brabant 'satellite'. 16. fcerbetbt 'corrupted'. Properly speaking the intransitive 'to spoil' is a strong verb (tterfcCltb, tterbOtben), and the transi- tive (factitive) weak, but we often hear er fcat ba3 93ttb gall} etc. As adjective and substantive tterbetbt and refer to moral corruption. 27. lib erretC^ 'in abundance'* 28. fcfyliurjlid) Dennifjten. Leave the adverb untranslated. SBermtffen means simply ' to fail to see or observe ', not like the English ' to miss ', meaning to regret the absence of. This in German is fe(>(cn, bu fetylfl mtt ' I miss you ' (i.e. your presence is lacking to me). 29. 3taltf?t from the Latin. The modern word for ' Italian ' is 3tflttener (accent on the penultimate). 177. 4. 3, 33. = 311111 SSetfptel. 7. blOtlbe ^eriicfen. ' Roman ladies used to hide their own P. 177, 179.] THE ANCIENT GERMANS. 287 hair under fair wigs of German growth'. (GuHL and KONER, Life of the Greeks and Romans.} 177. ii. ftraf>ten 'to comb', from <5trate (little used)=$amm. Possibly connected with @traf;( (arrow), 'ray'. K.LUGE (Etym. Worlerb. ) says, ' It is not improbable that the single teeth of the comb were looked upon as arrows or rays '. 1 6. auf ftetten ' to put up ' for sale. 2lu3fteUen ' to expose ' for the same purpose. 25. ult> 'grace'. 26. 2lrt(jetn. The usual version of the well-known reply (given by the Venerable Bede, Eccles. Hist. u. I.) is ' Responsum est, quod Angli vocarentur. At ille: " Bene", inquit, "nam et angel- icam habent faciem, et tales angelorum in caelis decet esse coheredes". ' 30. erbot ftcfy. His elevation to the papal dignity in 590 pre- vented his following up his offer. XIV. Alfred and the Danes. 179. 2. Slampfer 'champion', which is derived from it (O.H.G. chempio). 3. >eilanb 'saviour' is the old pres. participle of tyetteit 'to heal ', ' to save '. The Salvation Army is germanised into f?etl* 3lmiee. See also note on p. 70, 1. 7. 4. auSerforen; kAren 'to choose' is obsolete, and its com- pound erfurcn only found in a higher style of writing. From the simple verb comes $urfiirft 'elector'. 6. t>er rtWltgen is the genitive plural 'that of the few '. 7. 33ant> (ba$) 'bond' pi. 33ant>e; 33ant> (Kiis) 'ribbon' pi. 55dnt>cr. )cr S5ant> 'volume', pi. 33ant>e. 2)ie 33ant>e 'band' (of individuals) as tie Dtciuberbanbe. 8. in ftcfy ' within him ' implies that he never gave expression to it in words. ricfyttcjer 3Mtcf ' clearsightedness ', 'discernment ', ' penetra- tion '. 13. ton @umpf(anb . . . pfafcf 03, etc. ' rendered pathless by swamps', etc. 288 NOTES. [p. 179, 180. 179. 13. Stnfengefhtupp 'clusters of reeds', eftrupp (adj. ftruppifl ' stubbly '), from fhailb connected with fhciltben ' to stand on end '. 15. bamattg, adjective, from fcamattf 'then', 'at that time'. 16. abgennnnen ' to reclaim '. 17- Gtaltormail was in Anglo-Saxon times, generally speaking, one who held any position of trust. It is here used in the special sense of governor of a province. 20. ra3 fonfi nocf) 'all else that'. 21. (gntbe&rintg is 'want', not in the sense of desire, but of doing without. 3$ fcinn ettt>a3 ntcfyt entbefcren 'I cannot do without it '; unentbe$r(t$ ' indispensable '. 180. i. ^elopO was one of the Christian refugees from the oppres- sion of the Moors in Spain, who fled to the mountains of the Asturias, where he was constituted their chief. They were here attacked by the Moors, upon whom they hurled stones and frag- ments of rock, repulsing them with great loss. He was thus the first to check the progress of an invader whose complete expulsion took seven centuries to accomplish. The Asturias are in the extreme north of Spain . 5- renjen ^reufieMd. In March 1813 Frederick William in. issued at Ereslau a ' proclamation to his people ' calling upon them to expel the invader an object which was consummated at the battle of Waterloo. Breslau is a little over 40 miles from the east frontier of Prussia. 7. jur golge ^ntte 'had for a result', i.e. 'resulted in'. 16. tie (Setnen may either mean his relations or those intimately connected with him, not necessarily by family ties, here of course the latter. Say ' his people '. 17. im etnjelnen 'in detail'. 20. Differ, a monk of St. David's, was invited by Alfred to his court and became his constant companion and adviser, particularly in matters appertaining to learning and culture in general. 24. fid) bfquemt 'made it convenient (bequem) for themselves', i.e. 'submitted'. 29. Cjldltben mocfytetl 'no doubt believed C (from fcfyallen 'to sound', and Der implying P. 180-182.] ALFRED AND THE DANES. 289 disappearance * to die away '), is used as an adjective to mean that 'all trace is lost'. As a legal term, when a person has left his home and nothing has been heard of him and a public announce- ment of the fact produces no result, he is declared to be i?etf$oflen or considered dead. 180. 30. n)te e3. We say in English 'such as', where 'as 'is used as a relative pronoun = which. ' The same as I have ' = ' the same which I have'. SSte in German cannot be used in this way, hence the repetition of the personal pronoun becomes necessary : <2pdfj$en, n?ie man fie atle age atif ben affen prt (LESSING) 'Jokes, such as one hears every day in the street '. For another example, see below, p. 186, 1. 4. 181. 4. $ltnbe 'knowledge' (of facts) is here used for 'report'. 9. 3utfydt 'addition', from jutfylUl 'to put to', i.e. to add to, tfwn being often used for feen or legen, e.g. tfyun @te ettt)a$ <5atj tytnetn ' put a little salt in '. 10. jietbe(o3 ' unadorned '. 18. 3lrmetl and Ubermutigen are accusatives. 20. SBcrbamutng in ben SBttbnifTen. SBerbannung in tie SBtlbniffe would have quite a different meaning. 22. umftral/len; inseparable, because transitive verbs com- pounded with butd), liber, unter and um are almost invariably in- separable : i$ burcfyretfe bte egenb, icfy unterjei$ne ben 33rief, etc. 25. neuercr. The comparative of neu is used for 'modern', nocfy Obenetn 'furthermore'. ftanb git cbote, lit. stood for (or as) a command to the Middle Ages, i.e. 'the Middle Ages had at their command*. 182. i. tt>d$ betrtfft 'as regards'. 4. UOn 0mt;erein, ' a priori\ 'from the first*. 8. @t. S'ieot was a Saxon saint whose remains were interred in a Benedictine Monastery in Huntingdon, whence the town of St. Neot's derives its name. atfo ' that is to say'. 9. jundd;fl 'first of all'. 13. ftcfy einfinben ' st trouver '. T 290 NOTES. [P. 182, 183. 182. 14. im treiien >erjen. The definite article is used as being less unwieldy than the possessive pronoun ; in fetnem treueil )er$en would sound heavy. 17. 23ogen ' bow', 'arch ', plural 33on,en or SBogen. Sogen also means 'sheet' (of paper): jwei ^Ogen papier. Here 23ogetl is singular, being a noun of measure, like JUW ^5fltnb il\lffee. 18. fid) jit f$affen gemacfyt 'busied himself. 21. ailftragen ' to commission ! , ' to instruct ', ' to order ', takes the dative of the person. 33eaitftragen with the same meaning takes an accusative, as be* forms transitive verbs. 22. angebramit 'beginning to burn', ebrannt would mean partially burnt, and ttetbvaunt completely consumed. Cf. an* fctynetDcn 'to make the first cut', ' to cut into '; ailfptden ' to play first ', ' to lead ' (in whist, etc. ). 23. fitfyr . . . JU; gufafyren ailf 'to pounce upon', 'to pitch into ', ' to launch out against '. gatyren often has the sense of a sudden and unexpected movement : auffciljren 'to start up', Jit* fammenfafyren ' to start ' (in a fright). 25. tyerum fie, etc.; in prose fie umjuwenben. 27. bet t>U ; the antecedent of ber is bu in the first line. 28. fcf)0n ber 'the very'. 30. SBolfggefang is masculine. 183. 3. J>OC()mutig. There appears to be some irregularity as to the spelling of the compounds of lltutig (from 9ftut 'courage', etc.). SANDERS (Deutsches Worterbuch} is responsible for an* mutig, tjetbenmuttg, and unmutig (without the Umlaut), (Ijelben* mutta,. SCHILLER); bemiutg, ein-, frei-, gteic^-, gut-, fretn-, tang- and roanfel- mutig (with the Umlaut). He gives as alternative forms mtfmuttg or mifhniittg; and draws a distinction between tyocfymiitig 'haughty' and fcodmiutto, ' high-minded', also between iiberntutig ' over-courageous ', ' foolhardy ' and iibermittig * presumptuous ' (see p. 181, 1. 19). In general the unmodified form may be taken to imply ' spirit ' or ' courage ', the modified to imply ' mood '. 4. 33ef$n)erbe is a complaint about an injury or injustice to be remedied, $lage about a misfortune. P. 183, 184.] ALFRED AND THE DANES. 291 183. 9. acfyten is now more commonly construed with auf (ace.). 19. @ct;fupfrwnfel hiding-place ', from fcfylupfen (also fcfytltp* fen) ' to slip ' (through an opening or narrow space) ; * to slip ' (on a smooth surface) is ait^Illtfcfyen. 21. ftd? etcjnete 'was suited'. The ' Middle Voice ' is used when the agent is unknown or unmentionable. In German the reflexive form serves the purpose of a special conjugation, and in English either the active (of a neuter verb) or the passive. )er Offnet ftcfy (SCHILLER) 'the mountain-path opens'. ritten befrciftigen ft'rf) (GOETHE) 'my whims are confirmed'. 28. The Thone, now Tone, gives its name to Taunton, which is situated en its banks. 29. 3uftromungen 'influx '. 184. 3. cut 'district ', 'region'. See note to p. 157, 1. 2. 6. bafiir 'for this (fact)' is only a connective, the ba repre- senting the two preceding substantive sentences beginning with baf . Cf. (r mctcfyte feinen 3*wtf baburcty, ba er etnen ftanuner tyolte, etc. ' he attained his object by this (means) that he fetched'. Whether it is bafitr, babltrcfy, bat) On, etc., depends upon the preposition required by or after the verb : t$ recfyliete barailf, bajj (ret$nen takes ailf) ' I counted upon ', etc. 7- 3lttt>et. Alfred's Jewel is now in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. It was found in 1693 not far from the site of Athelney Abbey, and is of gold and precious stones, with the inscription : 2Ufreb mec f>el)t flCfeprcan 'Alfred ordered (l)tefj) me to be wrought ', surrounding a figure of St. Neot, and with this he no doubt inspired his troops to victory. 9- @tiftUH0 (supply bu'rgt) 'answers avouches for'. Alfred founded a monastery here in 878, but though portions have been discovered, not a trace of it now remains. 16. fetner, used for the genitive of e$, referring to S3annCf/ is dependent upon anft$tt$ (Wetben) 'to catch sight of, 'to per- ceive '. fcewafym; ernet;mcn, to perceive with the eye or ears. Say here ' became aware '. 19. efolgff^aften. See note to p. 164, i. 25. 292 NOTES. [P. 184, 185. 184. 21. tretffdjaren 'incursions', trciffcfyaren are bands of soldiers carrying on a kind of irregular warfare. From ftrdfeit ' to wander ', ' to stroll '. 23. tUC^ttger. $ern 'sound kernel' or 'nucleus*. 25. e gait ' il s'agissait de ', ' it was important '. 28. grift is 'set period', 'respite'. 31. rucfte . . . ait0 ; aitSrucf Cll is a military term for ' to march out of quarters '. 185. 2. Brixton, a small village in the south-west of Wiltshire. 5. ftcfy erfhecfte. See note to p. 183, 1. 21. 7. Hamton. The Saxon name for the town which occupied the site of the present Southampton was Hantune and the county was called Hantunsyre, hence the contraction Hants for Hamp- shire. 10. auferftanben ; auferfte^en is only the biblical form for 'to rise from the dead ', the ordinary word for ' to rise ' being (illf* ii. gonncn is 'not to grudge', 'to grant'. 2)a3 fjonne ic|> 3fwen gern ' I don't grudge you that '. 13. griityrot (bad), usually SWorgenrOt 'dawn' (morning-red). 15. (Btanbtager ' permanent camp', 'headquarters'. logjif tyeit, almost synonymous with ciuSriirfen (above, p. 184, 1. 31), except that the prefix lod implies hurry or determination: Cl fiiirjte ouf t^n (00 'he pounced upon him'. 16. rDlirbe geraftct, fling e^ ; both the active and passive form are used impersonally to denote an action without mentioning the agent. They must often be translated by a periphrasis 'a rest was taken ', ' they proceeded '. 17. SU^anbltne/ supposed to be Eddington near Hungerford in Berkshire. 1 8. friefj ' fell in with '. 19. fcon bent SBtcbcrerfdjetnen ; son is used here to prevent two genitives in * coming together. 22. entfpann fld>, another Middle Voice, lit. 'was unspun or developed ' ' ensued '. 24. Safttf J foreign nouns in 'if from the French are, as in that P. 185, 186.] AILFRED AND THE DANES. 293 language, used only in the singular, bte -Jftatfyemattf, bte 2lfuftif, etc. 185. 25. -iftorbma'nner 'Northmen', iRormannen 'Normans'. 186. 3. grofjarttg is 'grand', great in conception or execution, not in size or mind. We could not well say : etn grotJarttger Dfailtl, but the word could be used of anything in nature or art. 4. pflegen, (i) ' to be wont ', (2) ' to tend ', is a weak (regular) verb. The strong verb pflegcn, given in the lists, meaning 'to carry on ', ' to give oneself up to ', is found in connection with a substantive, as Umgattg pflefjen 'to hold intercourse'; Unter- fyattltng, Ullterrebungen pf. 'to carry on a conversation'; with the genitive, ber SRlt&e pf. 'to take one's ease'; etnetf 5lmt$ (or 2)teilf}etf) ' to hold an office ', etc. 9. ton 'main body', 'pick'; $etntrilppen ' picked troops '. gc fiircfytetft is an absolute superlative here ' greatly feared '. This is usually expressed by fyocfyft or aujserjt 13. nacfyfucfyen 'to look after', 'to search diligently for', has come to mean ' to request '. 14. mogen adds politeness to a request. (r bat ttttcfy, t$ mocfyte \\)\\ begteiten is more earnest than er bat nucf>, ttyn 311 begteiten. 20. jammerten; with jammern the object of pity is the subject of the verb, er jammert mtc^ ' I pity him ', lit. he inspires me with pity. Intransitively jammern means 'to grieve', tcfy fammere iiber etwaS. 21. |)aft^mann=etfet 'hostage', from t)af ten 'to answer '(for). lie ft'^ gefatten 'put up with', 'submitted to'; say here 'accepted'. )a3 laffe ify mir wcfyt gefallen 'I won't put up with that '. 24. i?orjetttg 'premature', 'hasty'. 25. itnter bofeit 5^^3f 'over the evil consequences 1 ; Utmr has here the same significaaon as in untet btefem furjeil efprcic^ (VON WINTERFELD) ' during this short conversation'; itnter freubtgcm |)lirra^rufen (HACKLANDER) ' amid joyous shouting'. 26. ncimttflj ; translate by 'for' beginning the sentence. 27. SBifingen ; Vikings were the leaders of piratical expedi- tions, who harassed the British coasts in the 8th und 9th centuries. 294 N07*ES. [P. 187, 188. 187. 4. tailben^lttut 'religious courage or fervour'. Idllbe 'faith' is the German word for the foreign term SWtgtOn (see below, 1. u). 9. eru>unfrf;ter fommen ; lit. 'for no one could it come (be) more desired ', 'no one could be more pleased '. er fdmpfte ja 'was he not fighting?' 17. 2Ure, now Aller, about 7 miles west of Somerton. 19. begeiftert ' rapturous '. 20. unter; see note to p. 186, 1. 25. 21. au3 ber $aufe tyob ; aufe 'baptism ' is also used for Sauf- berfen 'font', so that the phrase means 'to stand godfather (or -mother). 27. Wedmore, about 8 miles west of Wells in Somerset. So fun g tier aufbtnben 'removal of the baptismal chri- some '. In the ancient church the word ' chrisome ' (or chrism, Greek xplana. ' ointment ') was applied to the cloth laid over a child's face when baptized, to prevent the ointment running off. Chrism now generally signifies the oil itself. 31. Ollf getfUtcfynn 23ege ' by spiritual means'. 188. i. 2Ul0ctnanbcrfeltug 'agreement', 'conciliation'; the part- ing or setting asunder of people who disagree. 6. taufen is the factitive from ttef, like the English 'to dip' from deep. 8. lianntC * had called'. He was still calling them his own, hence the Germans use, more logically, the imperfect. Similarly with the present, er tt?0i)nt frfjOn Jiuet 3Olwl;citgre$t 'usage or tradition'. 27. SBergelt) ; see note on p. 158, 1. 7. 28. fhettiger gait moot point'. 31. fir$It$e SSerfcaltlufje 'ecclesiastical affairs'. INDEX TO NOTES The numbers refer to the pages of the text. I. GRAMMAR AND LANGUAGE. abstract for concrete, 136. adjective, declension after pronouns, 106. adjective termination, 65, 164. adverbial genitive, no, 117, 152. adverbs, 113. afford to, 104. after-, 80. allent^alben, 131. alliterative expres- sions, 5. 3lmtmann, 33. an-, prefix, 133, 182. animals, words for, 20. antommen, 14, 132. article omitted, 87, HI. afcen, 76. au$, prefix, 4, 26. aiigmergetn, 8r. 206 B bad, syn., 121. 23ab fcgnen, 149. 1,30- >. i79. bange, 119. 23 a mi erf) err, 9. 23ait, plural of, 68. begegnen, 17. begrtffen in, 24. bell, syn., 69. beratfctytagen, 56. beretten, 13. 33efle, ba& 13. beiva^ren, 113. btUtg, 47. btanf, 102. ?, 182. 39- 33vurfenfopf, 18. burn, to, syn., 182. capital (town), in. 13- complaint, syn. 183. continue, to, 18. baburcft, bafj, etc., 184. definite article, 37, 182. bcffni orfetn, 39, 155. beuri)t, 89. beittfcl), deriv., 168. btd;t, 146. Diet, 150. tng, 14, 118. btngen, 48. bod?, 147. J)cni, 72. done, how transl., no. doublets, 5, 156. et, noun term., 129. (Jibgenoffen, 85. INDEX TO NOTES. 297 eigen, 135. geretcfyen, 141. impersonal passive, eigentttcfr, 117. efcfyu$, 146. ii,73, 185- etnftnben, n. cftcH 35- in-, prefix, 21. -etn, verbs in, 96. geffnnt, 27, 98. inne-, 136. emporen, 36. gteicfcen, 79. inversion, 73, 132. -en, adj. termin., 164. lene, 90. irben, 164. enjoy, to, 159. nabe, etc., plur. , ent-, prefix, 165. 138- T entfang, 170. ret3, 17. J -entity, 117. refdjen, 68. fainmern, const, of, er^aben, 30. grofjartig, 186. 1 86. -em, verbs in, 175. ulbcn, 148. 3unfcr, 152. e$, subject, 1 1 6. F H K ^aber, 168. fafcren, 182. faffen, phrases, no. gaffung, 27. gegefcuer, 68. feicrn, 66, 128. fertig, no. f>albe (side), 131. ^?anb, phrases, 133. f?anbef, 26. ^anbgrtff, 93- tyanbljaben, 141. hang, to, 174. keep, syn., 113. fennen, 16. kilometer, 38. ^leinob, 21. nappe, 149. knowledge, syn., 161. gfecf(en), 115. dipt- 163. frcinfen, 157. from, 103. gronbienfi, 152. fiittern, 100. |)ei(anb, 70, 179. errfcl;aft, 79. funb, 160. fiircn, 179. ^urfiirjr, 112. ^ei^en, 175. G |>ieb, 18. ^ntte, 76. Winter-, prefix, 60. gar, 159. his, etc., 39. L affe, 91. >6rige, 159. ait, 157. lack, to, 2, gefafcrben, 142. I laben, 55. get;6ren, 38, 131. Sager, 81. gelangen, 146. -ig, adjs. from advbs. leave, syn., 23. gelten, 20, 55. 65. leave (over), 92. gcniepen, 159. -if, nouns in, 185. (0$-, prefix, 185. 298 INDEX TO NOTES. M P e4n(te(.8 7 . fdjii^cn, 146. ntcid)ttg, 98. ""Panjer, 145. -fettg, 113. marriage, 27. panjern, 19. fettg, 35. Httarf, 1 10, 168. ^artet and Battle, enbboten, 157. marry, to, syn., 50. 73- separable and insepar- -nicifHg, 61. ^3arttfane, 101. able, 181. SWeier, 158. passive, 12, 42, III. singular, 53, 173. meinen, 67. pffegen, 186. small-pox, 44. SWeffe, 162. , 122. 183. plurals, compound, spare, to, 17* nueten, 50. 138. fpenben, 4. mile, 38. popular, 165. fprenoen, 69. miss, to, syn., 176. ^racjmattomit^, 136. porn, 89. months, names of, sproteftton, 48. piefj, 106. 8 7 . proper names, 57, 71. pitalfuppe, 82. SD?Orfjfll (acre), 156. squire, 149. mount, to, 89. R ftdllb, phrases, no. Sftut, 15. rafdj, 44- ftatt goveit. of, 90. -muttgor-mittig, 183. receive, to, syn., 31. ftrci&lcn, 177. JWuiije, 69. SRcntamt, 35- (Sttctt, 134. ?Reft, 74. (gtunbe (mile), 64. N SRo9, 17. fHttben, 21. nament(td\ 117. 3^otte, 100. flu^cu, 127. next, 16. vud)(o3, 163. subjunctive, 152, 172. nod; lange, 133. SRitcf tatt, 128. success, syn., 34. novitiate, 66. such as, 164, I So. S ud)t, 35. faubcr, 24. T Ob, prep., 12. fd)affen and compds. offer, to, 7. 64. afet, 112. obmndcbjig, 17- fc^cn!en, const. 39. aufbint>en, 187. order of words, 132, fcfyon, 65. Saufe, 187, 1 88. 168. fd;onen, 17. there is, 104. )rt plural of, 70. Sd?ranf(e) x 144. tb.un, 181. INDEX TO NOTES. 299 treffen, phrases, 13. verbs from adjs. 174, SBafFetfucfyt, 35. roi 2. 175. njeiblic^, 149. ro, 93. ttertticfytig, 43. -n>eife, 3. tiicfytig, 64. fcerfcerbt, 176. SBefen, 6, 165. wrgreifen, 61. lute, 164, 180. u SBerluft, 19. wiffen, 16, 30, 96, sernefymen, 16. 117. uberfyaupt 10, 42, oerfd;oUen, 180. n>o, 72, 92. 5'- t>erfinfen, 79. rttu'ft, 97. iibrtg, 6, 92. ttofler, 106. -ling, nouns in, 114. or^anben, 82. Z -Itngen, plurals in, ijorne^m, 134. 42. 3anf, plural, 58. ungerocfyen, 91. W 3ettung, 55. unter, 186. 3eug, 86. Unterofftjter, 100. SBa&rung, 46. jte^eu and compds., ur-, prefix, 139. SaUbruber, 6. 64. SBalftatt, 174. 3ucfyt, 162. V want, to, 2. 3ug, 164. mdrttg, 125. jumuten, 10. verbal nouns, plural )l)a^, relative, 105, jruor, 164. of, 42. 116, 145- jnjie-, 137. II. HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHY, ETC. A j Antioch, I. : Augustus, Emperor, Slargau, 85. Aquae Sextiae, 173. 167. 2lbt>era, 74. Army of Execution, Austin Friars, 67. Alfred's Jewel, 184. 121. ^Emilianus, Sc., 161. arriere-ban, 156. B ^thandune, 185. Asser, 180. ban of the empire, Slgutanen, 19. Asturias, 180. 145- Alcuin, 159. Athelney, 184. Belgae, 173. Alsace, 41. Augustus, King, III, 33ernfleinmeer, 161. Anne, Queen, 43. 112. Blenheim, 34. 3 oo INDEX TO NOTES. Bohemia, 168. Gnmbecfer 33ier, 75. Hanover (Electorate), Boniface, St., 162. GiSUben, 64. 3 2 - SBrenner, 33. Electors, 121. Hapsburgs, 6r. Browne, 115. Gmir, 17. ^eerbann, 156. Sru&l, 113. Empire, German, fwbetberger ^ate* 121. c|)i^mit^, 62. c Essex, Earl of, 134. Sernuuiburen, 162. Capuchins, 79- Carinthia, 171. Gtfdj (Adige), 174. Eugene, Prince, 29. ^6c^ft(ibt, 34- ^o^tnto^p/ 147* Champagne, 29. ^ornberg, 152. Charles V., 40, 44, F 46. I Charles, Archduke, Franciscans, 65. 3fri, 2. 40. Cherusci, 167. Franconia, 39, 145. Imperial Chamber, Chlothar, 171. Cimbri, 161. Franks, 12. Frisians, 169. 144. Indies (the Two), 28. club-law, 145. G 1 33tdW, 13. Coligny, Admiral, 49. dittoing, 157. Constable, 12. efolgemefen, 164. Croatia, 101. Germans (name), 161. flattf, 10. Ghent, 31, 46. ftavnt^er 2;^or, 80. D Golden Fleece, 50. Saufacct^ 62. Daun, 38. ottttntt e$! 16. ^etten, 165. beffcuter. 33rurfe, 103. b'0 son sBerlitdin- ^tmbrcr, 161. )ornicf, 42. gfn, 145. ^6iug^bann ; 158. Dresden china, 123. Granvella, 46. ^onigftein, in. roDen, 27. tofacfcfer, 73- E Gueux, 60. utonen, 161. L Ealdorman, 179. Gbeffa, 5. H Lambert, 138. (Sger, 115. ganbfrteoen, 145- Egmont, 47. Hampton, 185. Sanbo^ut, 146. gibgenoffen, 50. Hanover, 122. lifter ^aufe, 153. INDEX TO NOTES. 301 Lombards, 16. Netherlands, 29. Runes, 170. Lorraine, Charles of, 9ioreja, 171. SRutli, 50. 29. 9tyffel, 41. Soiren, 37. o Low Germany, 169. S Luther's hymn, 5, Orange, William of, 107. 47, 57- Sacred Lance, 21. 2uen, 106. Orange, Counts of, Sanssouci, 123. 96. Saxony (province), M Oxenstierna, 96. 73- SWatMb, 156. @rt)u>ertn, 114. Marcomans, 167. Margaret of Parma, 46. P Palatinate, 146. @d)6ffen, 157. Scythians, 170. Self-denying Ordi- SWarf (march), 168. Marlborough, 31. Marlborough, Duchess of, 43. palsgrave, 146, 157. ^anfcitr, 116. Pelayo, 180. Philip of An jou, 27. ^Hrna, m. nance, 137. Seljuks, 14. 8empac^, 86. seven-hilled city, 161. Sigismund, 76. Martin, St., 64. Pomerania, 122. tgambrer, 165. Maximilian I., 144. Keetflfiifen, 62. prater, 79. Spalatin, 75. Spanish Netherlands, v 29. 9/ieten, 123. Melanchthon, 96. Q states of the empire, 156. migration of nations, Quadi, 171. @tetn, 87. 167. Suabia, 39. Milan, 28. Montecuculi, 101. R Suabian League, 154. Suabians, 167. z/iOYQdtiCH/ 85. SRcicfycubutQ?, 157* (Sjcflcbiit c^ fWoful, 13. Raudii (Campi), 174. N 3ieta)3fammer.QencH T 144. Naples, 28. 9icicf)ficibt, 148. Tacitus, 163. S^offau, 57. 9?otcubut(jct 2lnU, Thalia, 80. Neot, St., 182. 86. Tilly, 102. 9!crt$u, 169. Roveredo, 30. Tone, R., 183. 302 INDEX TO NOTES. Treaty of Westfalia, vestal virgins, 174. war-bands, 164. 100, 121. Vikings, 186. Watling Street, 188. Turcomans, 24. SSotfewanbcrung, Weinsberg massacre, 167. 153- u SBeijen-aie, 164. W Scrgelt), 158. Ufrenus, R., 2. Westfalia, Treaty of, Wallenstein, 97. IOO, 121. V his superstition, SBetterau, 148. 98. witenagemot, 188. Vandals, 169. Walloons, 104. Sittenbercj, 67. GERMAN TEXT-BOOKS PUBLISHED BY HENRY HOLT & CO., NEW YORK. These books are bound in cloth unless otherwise indicated. Grammars and Exercise Books. Blackwell's German Prefixes and Suffixes. By J. S. BLACKWEKL Professor in the University of Missouri. 16mo. 137 pp. Huss's Conversation in German. By H. C. O. 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