■mmmm Riip I ««-';fi«irKi>.m m:\ f^v:^^!'-, ii. G.Boone. U/3 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/etymologyoflatinOOhalsrich AN ETYMOLOGY LATIN^ Al^TD GREEK. BY CHAELES S. HALSEY, A.M. BOSTON: PUBLISHED BY GINN, HEATH, & CO. 1882. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1882, by CHARLES S. HALSEY, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. GiNN, Heath, & Co., Printers: J. S. Gushing, Supt., ioi Pearl Street, Boston. PEEFACE. The following work had its origin in a felt want. Many students of the classical languages, all along the early part of their course, use text-books provided with vocabularies. These vocabularies, from the necessity of their limits, are brief and imperfect, and they enter but little into the subject of etymology. Even when afterwards the lexicon is used, the etymology is often studied only for separate words as they occur in reading ; and the scattered and fragmentary information given in the lexicons pro- duces a corresponding state of knowledge in the mind even of a diligent student. No connected, systematic, or thorough knowledge of etymology is thus acquired. In the grammar something may be done for historical ety- mology ; but the requirements of other topics in a school grammar must always prevent this subject from receiving there the full treatment which its importance demands. There remain the larger works expressly devoted to the subject, nearly all of them in German, excellent when one gets to them and is prepared for them, but by their style and fulness, as well as size and cost, not adapted to the wants of an American school-room or of the ordinary stu- dent. They will be studied only by the few, and the benefit to be derived from them will generally come only when the student is far advanced in his course, and after years of study of other works. 54? 244 IV PREFACE. But historical etymology, that gives the original and central meaning of related words, and, gathering the words themselves together, unites them by the natural bond of their common origin, should not be so long deferred, nor should it be pursued only as a higher range of study. Itself the historical foundation of all the structure of lan- guage, certainly it should form a prominent part in the foundation of the course of study. Presented in a simple form, it can be made to furnish a large vocabulary of the most practical words, and these not arranged for compari- son in the separate language merely, Greek with Greek, Latin with Latin, but placed side by side, each language throwing light upon the other. A wider comparison en- riches with knowledge and enlarges the mind ; a deeper comprehension of the laws of progress in language reveals new and interesting truth, arousing curiosity and stimu- lating to further investigations. It has been urged against the study of etymology that we have not within our reach suflBicient material to furnish the basis of the science, and that etymologists, proceeding often not upon any well-ascertained general principles, but upon superficial resemblance of words, and even roaming off in wild excursions of fanciful associations, have pro- duced such results as to bring the study into deserved condemnation. We must always bear in mind that his- torical etymology is not specially concerned with the absolute origin of language. It is concerned to ascertain the early forms, wherever they are traceable. True, there are many words which we cannot trace to their early forms; but there are also very many words, and these the most important, that we can trace, and of their etymology our knowledge is as reliable as any in the whole range of language. It must be acknowledged, too, that the work PREFACE. V of many professed etymologists did in former times bring discredit upon the study. But the case is now widely different. The general principles and methods according to which all scientific etymological research must proceed, are now thoroughly established and recognized. The application of these principles requires a wide and careful comparison of kindred words. As this comparison is always going on and becoming still wider and more dis- criminating, the special results attained, relating either to single words or to the rules deduced, must always be held as open to any modification which may be reasonably required by continued investigation. For a long period of time, extending to the year 1876, the views of etymologists in regard to the rules of Indo- European phonetics were in substantial agreement. Be- ginning with that year, certain important modifications were proposed in some of the rules of the Indo-European phonetic system ; and these modifications are now generally accepted among the German philologists. These views will be found stated and explained in Part I., Chap. VL, and Part IV., Chaps. I.-III. In presenting them I am much indebted to Prof. Maurice Bloomfield, with whose cordial approval I have given the statement of those chapters condensed mainly from his paper on the Greek Ablaut, published in the '^ American Journal of Philology" for Sep- tember, 1880. The Preliminary Statement of the same views is condensed from his article in the Journal of De- cember, 1881. The roots, arranged in accordance with this system, are given by themselves near the close of the volume, so that the use of them will not lead to any confusion. In the preparation of the present work, the author has endeavored to conform to the latest investigations of the highest authorities. In general, doubtful or disputed ety- VI PEEFACE. mologies have been omitted, or, in the few cases given, they are marked doubtful. The table of vowel-scales is from Schleicher's ^^ Comparative Grammar." It is assumed that any student who may use this Etymology is already pro- . vided with a suitable grammar of Latin or Greek ; and, therefore, this work does not state in full the prefixes and suffixes which are given in the grammars. Neither does it aim to present in full the processes of inflection, which would require a larger treatise upon comparative grammar. The object of this work is to present, within the limits of a school-book, the most needful etymological information that is not adequately furnished by the grammar or the lexicon. Even within these limits, some things are stated that are not intended to be learned in the early part of a student's course, e.g., the Sanskrit forms. They are given because they illustrate the subject, and may be used for later reference. Great prominence has been given to the derivation of English words. Many of the cognate words here treated have descended to us through the French, or through the Teutonic family. A complete index is fur- nished for the Latin, the Greek, and the cognate English words. The study of etymology, as here presented, may advan- tageously begin at an early stage in the study of Latin; and it should continue, in some form, throughout the course of classical education. The present work may be used for regular daily lessons in connection with the study of the classical text, and may also, with equal advantage and facility, be employed for reference on individual words. C. S. HALSEY. Schenectady : April, 1882. PRELIMINARY STATEMENT OF THE NEW SYSTEM OF INDO-EUROPEAN PHONETICS. The clianges proposed by the new system have reference chiefly to the vowels. It is held that the European vowels, ^, <^, 6, are not, as had been previously supposed, later modi- fications of an original Indo-European '^, but are themselves original Indo-European vowels. The theory of vowel-increase has been abandoned ; the consequence is roots of the form a^s, aH, sra^u, hha^r, ma^n, daHk, da^rh, hha^ndh, (icr, el, o-pev, (j>€p, /i,€v, Sct/c, SepK, irevO). Formerly the roots were inconsistently set down as ccr, €p, fxeu, SepK, TTcvO, but t, arpv, and 8tfc, thus allowing the e a function in the one case and denying it the same in another which is perfectly parallel. These roots have in addition to the form with ablaut a° (Greek o : ot, 8opK, ttovO, etc.) a weak form, which differs from the strong by the lack of this e (o) : cr, t, o-pv, ^p, /xv, St/c, 8p/c, irvO, This reduced form may safely be assumed to have stood originally only in forma- tions which had the word-tone on some non-radical syllable, — thus naturally bringing about a less distinct pronunciation of the root-syllable. The graphical representation of this weakened utterance is root minus the e-o vowel. The recognition of these weak root-forms leads irresistibly to the assumption oi Indo-European lingual and nasal vowels; Indo-European r, (J), n, m, represented in Greek by ap or pa (aX or Aa) for the lingual, and a and av, a and a/A, for the nasal vowels. Strange in external appearance are the Indo-European and Greek groundforms or explanatory symbols which are the re- sult: ^Tn-wpiai for ravu/xat ; "^ f^n-ua for fiaivio =^ venio. The Vlll PEELIMINARY STATEMENT OF THE Greek groundform for icj^OdpaTo would be * i-cj^Op-yro, It cer- tainly does not seem as if one of the acquisitions of tlie gram- matical science of to-day were simplicity of method in repre- senting its processes. We will, however, gladly put up with a cumbrous system of symbols, if we are compensated for it by exactness — if such symbols help to convey to the reader the exact meaning of the writer. This quality the signs, which may be gleaned from the examples above, in general possess to a high degree, i is the designation for semi vocalic or semi- consonantal y in distinction from the full consonant (spirant) y ; the same is true for u. When we examine the symbol- group ^nsma% there can be no doubt as to the exact value represented by it : m- is a syllable in which the element that carries the syllable tone is in the main nasal (a nasal vowel). The vocalic color of this nasal vowel the symbol does not undertake to express, and it is indeed unknown. The repre- sentations of it in the various languages of the family diverge widely : Greek and Sanskrit a and an ; but German un, Latin en, Lithuanian in. In the same way r is an element mainly of a lingual character, bearing the tone of the syllable ; in the rendering of it the Sanskrit at least coincides with the symbol (Sanskrit r) ; the other languages again vary greatly : Zend ^T^ ; Greek ap and a\ ; Latin and German or (ur) ; Lithu- anian ir. The remainder Tna^ is practically identical with Greek /xe. The symbol does not, however, profess to define the value of the Indo-European vowel, which it renders, quite so closely; a^ expresses a vowel sound lying somewhere be- tween e and a, but without quite reaching a ; in the same way a° is a sound between o and a which does not quite reach a. Nevertheless it is becoming more and more common to write simply e and o for a^ and a*' even at the expense of perfect exactness ; and in the present work the more simple forms are preferred, so that in Indo-European roots and words e may be found where a* could also be written, and o where a" could also be written. NEW SYSTEM OF INDO-EUROPEAN PHONETICS. IX ' The writers of the new school treat the vowel-phenomena in * reihen,' ' vocalreihen,' an expression which, like many Ger- man grammatical terms, can be rendered but inadequately into English by 'vowel series.' Parallel with the three vocalic forms presented in the a^-reihe (form with a", form with a°, and form without this a^'-a'') there appear three other series — the ^-series : e, o, e, the a-series : a, o, d, and the o-series : 0, 0, dj justifying the following proportion for the Greek : TABLE I. €-series : c : o : ~ = 77-series : rj : 0) : € = d-series : d : cd : a = o)-series : w : w : o An example of the 17-series is presented by : rt-Orf-fit, Bay-fio-gy TL-Oe-fjiaL ; of the d-series by ^rj-ixi, cfxD'in], ^a-/xeV ; of the w-series by Si-8(D'fJii, Se-Sco-Ka, So-Tos. In order to understand the origin of these series, i.e., the method which led to their recognition, it will be necessary to refer to the ' Theory of Sonant Coefficients.' This theory assumes that all Indo-European roots can have but one vowel, a* (e) varying with a° (0) ; all other seemingly vocalic elements are in reality semiconsonants, which assume the function of vowels only when this e-o has for some reason been lost ; this semiconsonant is called ' sonant coefficient.' In cases where the root does not possess such a sonant coefficient, it remains vowelless (Trer-o/xau i-TTT'O/jirjv). This agrees incontrovertibly with all the facts in the case of roots of the a^-series ; ttct, Set, X^Vi Se/o, orrcX, fcev, Xcitt, i\€v6, Scp/c, irevO, etc., can interchange with TTOT, Sol, etc., but only upon the loss of this e or o do the semiconsonantal elements contained in these roots assume the function of vowels : St, x^, Sp, err A, /xv, AtTr, i\vO, SpK, iryO, etc. The possible sonant coefficients of roots of the a*-series are accordingly : i, u^ r, (^), n, m ; and if we add these to the PRELIMINARY STATEMENT OF THE real vowels of the a*-series, we obtain the following five (or six) series within the a^-series : TABLE II. €L I OL I L = (cX o\ '^)= €v : ov : V = €v : ov ' Y ^^ ep: op: p = €fl op. : p. In Greek the roots made according to these models are about 250, and it is probable that more than one-half of the roots which occur in verbal formations are of this class. In the other languages also these roots are preponderatingly represented (e.g., Sanskrit and Gothic). The thought, then, that the remaining roots also may be found constructed on the same plan does not lie far removed, and the attempt has been boldly made. As in Table II., t, v, p, (A), v, /x are the sonant coefficients to c-o ; as these are forced in the reduced root- form to play the part of vowels (t, v, p, (A), v, p\ so in Table I. € of the T^-series is a sonant coefficient (c), which is performing the function of a vowel, because the real root- vowel e-o has been lost ; i.e., 77 stands for ce ; w for o€ ; in the same way the vocalism of the d-series goes back to ea for d ; oa for w, and a is the sonant coefficient ; so also the w-series is to be resolved into €0, 00, and o. We could then add to Table II. three per- fectly parallel series : TABLE III. €€ : oe : € = ca : oa : a = €0 : 00 : o From the standpoint of the phonetist it is believed that no objection can be urged ; c, a, and o can be * consonans ' as well as L and v (Sievers, Phonetik, p. 123) : the contractions with the root-vowels into the vowel-forms actually occurring would NEW SYSTEM OF INDO-EUROPEAN PHONETICS. XI also pass criticism, though it is to be noted that in the first perpendicular column of Table III. the semiconsonantal ele- ments impress their vocalic color on the result (€€, ea, €o : rj, d, co), while in the second perpendicular column the semiconsonantal element succumbs, and the result of the contraction (w) has the vocalic color of the real root-vowel (o). From the standpoint, however, of the history of the Indo- European languages, we are not at present warranted in accepting these results (shown in immediate connection with Table III.). No one language shows even a single instance in which the elements supposed to underlie the contraction occur uncontracted. This, to be sure, is no final condemnation ; we are becoming accustomed more and more to view the immediate historic background of the separate Indo-European languages, — the Indo-European parent language, as a real language devoid of unnatural regularity, presenting in many respects phenomena of a very secondary nature, — phenomena which had a long history before them ; and the possibility of these contractions must not be absolutely denied. Practically, however, they cannot as yet he recognized in that form. This theory has, nevertheless, yielded one result that we may safely adopt, namely, the recognition of the fact that the yj and d of the 97- and d- series vary with w under the same circumstances under which € varies with o. It will be interesting now to see what vocalic and semi- vocalic material is furnished for the Indo-European parent speech. The a*-series yields two real vowels : a* and a° (e and 0) and the following sounds wavering between consonantal and vocalic function : y and i ; v and u ; r and r {I and I) ; n and 72, m and m ; perhaps also the nasals corresponding to the two Indo-European guttural series, which could be designated by ft and fij and n and n. Its diphthongs would be ei, oi^ eu, ou^ (in a wider sense of the term also er, or (el, ol); en, on; em, om, and even m, on; en, on). Xll NEW SYSTEM OF INDO-EUEOPEAN PHONETICS. The e-series yields : e and & (so designated to differentiate it from the o's of the two following series) and e. The a-series yields : a and & ; and a. The o-series yields : & and & and o. Of diphthongal mate- rial in which the first part is a long vowel there appears cer- tainly at least : du in the stem ndu- ; Ionic (not pan-hellenic) vy]v-p, or two root-forms, <^€p, <^op, or one root-form, <^€/3, or even if we say that no root-form can be assigned at all. So, also, the verb tendo, to stretch, is to be connected with the noun tdnus, a stretching, sound, tone ; and this connection remains conclusively established whether we assign two root-forms, ten, ton, or only one root-form, ten, or even if we say that no root-form can be assigned at all. At the present time, there is a great deal of movement of opinion in the etymological field. Various innovations are proposed, prominent among them that of bi-syllabic roots. In view of all the proposed changes, it is well to be cautious about accepting any roots withou"t reserve. From the nature of the case, roots cannot be known by direct or positive evidence. They can be laid down only with various degrees Xiv SUGGESTIONS IN REGARD TO of probability in their favor; yet, at all events, tbey may serve a practical purpose as convenient labels to aid us in associating related words. 2. In accordance with this principle, it is held that the word-groups, or sets, numbered in this work 1-528 belong etymologically as thus arranged. These words furnish an orderly and practical vocabulary ; and they may become fixed in the memory by the very association that binds the words themselves together, namely, their etymological relation to each other. 3. Careful discrimination is needed in adapting the differ- ent parts of this study to the wants of the student in the different stages of his progress. A younger student, in the early part of a classical course, may advantageously learn some roots, and how to form from them stems and words, and may thus acquire a useful vocabulary ; but to master fully the principles involved in the theoretical views will require a mind more mature, and a higher and wider range of study. Therefore, at first and with younger pupils, the application should receive the greater attention, and the theory should be presented only in its most prominent and practical features. 4. While it is desirable that the scholar should be ac- quainted with the leading principles of both the older and the later system, in practice one must be preferred to the other. In general, where the later views conflict with the earlier, the author would recommend the later views, as more likely to prove correct ; and especially would advise that the roots should be taken as arranged in Fart IV., Chap. IV. 5. It is, of course, in itself undesirable to present conflicting views, even if they are only theoretical, in a work designed for school use. One system, uniform, consistent, and com- manding the assent of the etymological world, would be a great desideratum. But certainly such a system cannot be presented now. No one can prophesy how far distant the day may be when theoretical views shall be harmonized ; and THE STUDY OF ETYMOLOGY. XV it is not wise to defer to that uncertain day the acquisition of practical knowledge. In the present work, an effort is made to avoid as far as possible the confusion liable to arise from a statement of opposing theoretical views. For this purpose, in the body of the work, the principles of the older school are first clearly set forth. As these principles commanded until very recently an assent almost universal, they should be stated fully; and any part of them that may be modified or even overthrown by later investigation deserves to be stated, at least as a part of the history of the progress of the science. The principles of the new school are then given in Part I., Ch. VI., and their application in Part IV., Ch. I.-IV. It has been thought advisable to present at the very outset of the work a brief statement of the new-school system, with an explanation of the symbols which it employs. This pre- liminary statement has therefore been given in the preceding pages. 6. This work can be intelligently studied by one who has no knowledge of the Greek language ; but it would be advan- tageous for a Latin scholar to learn the Greek alphabet and the sounds of the letters, as it would require but little time, and the additional benefit would be very great. 7. A simple illustration is here presented to show one method in which the subject may be taught. Let us examine first the Latin words under set No. 142. In all these words we find a common syllable /^^; and in fugi, the perfect of fijigio, we find the same syllable with a long quantity, fug. Here, then, we have a root in its two forms, fug, fiXg. "We observe in these Latin words one meaning that is general in its character and common to all the words. This meaning is expressed in English by the word ' flee.' The syllable fug, fiXg, is a simple, primitive form, expressing only the general- meaning of these words. As such, it is called their root. By joining to this root significant elements, we may render XVI THE STUDY OF ETYMOLOGY. its meaning more limited, and so form stems and then words. Thus, by adding a to the icootfUg, we form faga^ the stem of the noun fitga, flight. By adding to this stem the various case-suffixes, we may inflect the noun through all its variations of case and number. By adding to the root fiZg the suffix a, we form ftlgd, the stem of the verb JUgare, to put to flight. By adding to this stem the various suffixes that make up the verbal endings, we may inflect the verb through all its varia- tions of voice, mood, tense, person, and number. The root fiXg^ with the termination ax, forms the adjective /^:^^aa;, apt to flee. Strictly speaking, we should say that the suffix added to the root is only that which with the root forms the stem of the word ; but it is often more simple and convenient, as well as customary in grammars, to state at once for nouns and adjec- tives the ending of the nominative singular, and for verbs the ending of the first person singular of the present indicative active. The other process, though accurate, may sometimes prove rather complicated. In this instance, in the termination ax, X is for c-s, of which the s is the case-suffix of the nomina- tive singular ; c-s is for cos ; and the a was originally the stem-vowel of an d-verb ; so that the entire process might be represented by fiXg-d-co-s, fUg-d-c-s, fiXg-dx, fiXgdx. A process similar in general to that illustrated with the Latin words may be applied to the Greek words in set No. 142. "We find the root in two forms, <^ei;y, ^vy. From this root stems may be formed, and then words. Thus, by adding the suffix a to the root <^uy, we form <^vya, the (original) stem of the noun <^vy77, flight. The various prefixes and suffixes used in word-formation, together with their significations and application, are given in the grammars ; and it is not thought best to enlarge the present work by a re-statement of what is already well stated in the grammars. OONTEI^TS. Paet I. Principles of Etymology. Page Province of the Science 1 Classification of Indo-Eubopean Languages . . . 1-3 Geowth of Language 3,4 Boots 4-7 Roots Classified by their Form 6 Boots Classified by their Signification .... 6, 7 Classification of Alphabetic Sounds 7 Sounds of the English Alphabet 8 Sounds of the Indo-European Alphabet .... 10 Sounds of the Sanskrit Alphabet '11 Sounds of the Greek Alphabet 11, 12 Sounds of the Latin Alphabet . . . . . . 12-14 Phonetic Change 14-20 Grimm's Law 14, 15 General Principle of Phonetic Change .... 16 General Results of Phonetic Change .... 16-19 I. Weak Articulation 16-18 Vowel Change . 16, 17 1. Substitution . . . . . . . . 16 2. Loss 16 3. Assimilation 17 4. Dissimilation 17 XVlll CONTENTS. Consonant Change 1. Substitution 2. Loss 3. Assimilation 4. Dissimilation II. Indistinct Aeticulation 1. Labialism . 2. Dentalism 3. Parasitic Sound . 4. Aspiration Vowel-Ikcrease 'The Views of the New School Page 17,18 17 17,18 18 18 18,19 18 18 18 19 19,20 21-40 .. Part II. Regular Substitution of Sounds. Table of Regular Substitution of Sounds . . . 41, 42 K . 43-64 r . . 64-74 X ..... 75-80 T 80-91 A 92-102 G . . . . 102-109 n . . . . 109-123 B . . . . 124 $...'......... 124-131 N ; . . . ! 131-138 M . . . . 138-146 P . . ! ! . 146-152 A ....*.! '. 152-160 2 ;...;; . 161-164 A 164 .F '. . . 165-167 CONTENTS. XIX Page Spiritus Asper for Initial s 167, 168 Spiritus Asper for j 168 Vowels 168-170 Part III. Irregular Substitution, of Sounds. Labialism 171-177 Dentalism 177, 178 Phonetic Weakening 178, 179 Sporadic Change of Liquids 179, 180 Part IV. Application of the Principles of the New School. Ablaut 1 181-185 Ablaut II 186-188 Ablaut III . 189-194 Arrangement of the Roots 194-201 Greek Index 203-220 Latin Index 221-238 English Index of Cognate Words 239-252 EXPLANATIONS. In Part 11. and Part III. the words are arranged in sets, numbered from 1 to 528. In general, at the beginning of each set, five things are stated in the following order : 1. The Indo-European root ; 2. The Sanskrit root ; 3. The Greek root ; 4. The Latin root ; 5. The meaning of the roots. Each of the first four particulars is separated from the following by a semicolon, and. a dash is used to show that a root is wanting. If a root appears in one language under more than one form, the forms are separated from each other by a comma. In these sets the sign y/ is not needed and not used ; elsewhere it is used to denote a root, and Indo-European roots are printed in capitals. If any form, however placed or marked, contains more than one syllable, it may not be called strictly a root ; also, if inclosed in parenthesis, it may not be a root. At the beginning of each great division of the sets, the corresponding letters of Indo-European, Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, for that division are shown by the same method of representation. A cognate. English word is printed in italics ; and, if not a definition, it is also enclosed in brackets. In the separate indexes of Greek, Latin, and English, the figures refer to the number of the set of words. * denotes a theoretical form, i.e., a form which, though not actually occurring, may be supposed to have preceded the existing form to which it is attached. A theoretical form is also sometimes denoted by being enclosed in parenthesis and following the sign = . f denotes that a word is borrowed from Greek. % denotes that a word is found only in inscriptions, or in the old grammarians or lexicographers. Other signs and abbreviations are employed with the significations usual in grammars and lexicons. PAET I. Principles of Etymology. CHAPTEE I. CLASSIFICATION OF INDO-EUROPEAN LANaUAGES. Etymology treats of individual words, with reference to their origin and development. Its methods of investigation are historical, aiming to ascertain the forms which were earliest, with their corresponding meanings, and the form and meaning of each subsequent modification. Nearly all the languages of Europe, and two at least of those of Asia, the Sanskrit and the Zend, are found by com- parison to have such resemblances to one another as to prove • that they are descended from a common stock. They consti- tute a very large and important class, and as they have been spoken by nations living throughout a region that extended from India on the east to the western boundaries of Europe, they are called the Indo-European languages. They are also known by other names, — Aryan, Indo-Germanic, Japhetic. The common stock from which they spring is called the Indo-European original-language. The words of this original ' language are not known to us by the direct evidence of any records, but from an extended comparison of the later existing forms in the derived languages we infer the forms of the orig- inal language. Neither do we know where or when the people lived who spoke this original language. It seems probable that their home was somewhere in south-western Asia, and the time of their dispersion not less than three thousand years 2 rEINCIPLES OF ETYMOLOGY. V/efora Ojirkt, From their successive and continued migra- tions, chiefly toward the west, arose the most important nations and languages of the civilized world. Indo-European languages may be divided into three prin- cipal groups or divisions. These are : — I. The Aryan division, comprising the Indian and the Eranian (or Iranian) family of language. Of the Indian fam- ily, that of which we have the oldest record is the Old-Indian, which is the language of the oldest portion of the Vedas. At a later time, when it had become fixed in a more simple form and subject to certain grammatical rules as a written literary language, and thus distinguished from the popular dialects, it was called Sanskrit. The Eranian family includes the Zend, the Old-Persian, and the Armenian. II. The South-Western European division. This includes : — 1. The Greek. The ancient Greek is represented now by the Eomaic or modern Greek. 2. The Latin, akin to which were the Oscan and the Umbrian of central Italy. The chief modern representatives of Latin are Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and French. 3. The Keltic, the language of the tribes found by the Eomans in Spain, Gaul, Britain, and Ireland. III'. The Northern European division. This includes : — 1. The Sclavonic family, comprising numerous languages ; among them Russian, Bulgarian, Polish, Bohemian, Lithua- nian, and Old-Prussian. 2. The Teutonic family. Of this family the oldest member is the Gothic, which became extinct in the ninth century. The modern Teutonic languages are divided into two distinct groups, the Scandinavian and the Germanic. The Scandina- vian includes the Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, and Icelandic. The Germanic is subdivided into two branches, the High Germanic and the. Low Germanic. The Low Germanic in- cludes: (1) The Friesic, (2) The Anglo-Saxon, (3) The Old GROWTH OF LANGUAGE. Saxon, (4) The Dutch, (5) The Low German. The English language is descended from the Anglo-Saxon ; but it has also received large additions from other sources, especially from Latin through the French. CHAPTER II. GROWTH OF LANGUAGE. The various forms of inflected words have been constructed by joining together elements that were originally independent words. To illustrate the process, let us compare the expression he did love with the expression he loved. Of the form loved, let us examine the suffix -d. In Anglo-Saxon it is -de, which is derived from dide, the imperfect of ddn, * do.' A similar form appears also in Gothic. From the Anglo-Saxon word dide comes the English did. Thus the suffix -d and the auxil- iary verb did have the same origin ; they have also the same effect on the meaning of the verb, so that, in regard to origin and meaning, loved = did love. The difference between the two expressions lies in the manner of applying the auxil- iary. In the form did love, the auxiliary appears before the principal verb, not united in one word with the verb, and not abbreviated in its English form. In the word loved, the auxil- iary appears after the principal verb, joined in one word with it, and abbreviated to -d, which we then call a suffix. In the word godly, the suffix ly is derived from an independent word, the same word from which we get the English lihe ; godly = god-like. This suffix ly is the one used in forming most of our English adverbs. So also the French adverbial ending ment is derived from the Latin ablative onente; grandement, ' grandly,' was originally grandi mente, * with great mind.' In the Latin verb vbcaham, the suffix ham was originally an independent word, the imperfect from the root bhu (No. 348). PRINCIPLES OF ETYMOLOGY. The process here illustrated is of very great importance and wide application. In the Indo-European languages, all form- mahing which we can trace within the historical period is hy this same method^ namely^ hy external accretion. We may logically conclude that this was . the only method in the more ancient times, and therefore that it is sufficient to account for the whole structure of Indo-European language. Wherever we find in any word a subordinate part, indicating some modi- fication or relation of the main radical idea, there we find what remains of a formerly independent word, which has ceased to be independent, and has become an affix. The Indo-European original-language in its earliest stage consisted entirely of mono- syllabic words. Entire words in a language may pass out of use, and so be lost. This may occur from various causes, as when the idea is no longer sufficiently important to the community to call for any word as its exponent, or when a given word is crowded out of use by another word coming in to take its place, or when, from no assignable cause other than mere chance, a word becomes obsolete. Still more important in the history of language is the loss of forms of grammatical inflection. Of this, the English language furnishes the most striking illus- trations. Many of its suffixes have disappeared from their combination; but their place has been supplied by separate and auxiliary words. OHAPTEE III. ROOTS. A BOOT is a simple, primitive form, expressing only the general meaning of a word. Such a form, within the bounda- ries of any one of the Indo-European languages, we may BOOTS. properly describe by the name of the language in which it occurs ; the corresponding root in the Indo-European original- language we call the Indo-European root. Thus, the Greek aK(x)v, a javelin^ and the Latin dcus, a needle, are kindred in etymology. The Indo-European root from which they come is ale, the Greek root is d/c, the Latin root ac. So the Greek Spirants. Mutes. o o \^ in O > Labial Series. As it is very important to observe the exact sound repre- sented by each character in this alphabetic scheme, illustrative words are here given. Beginning with a, and going down- ward at the left, we have a as in far ; ce, pan ; e, fate, they ; i, mete, pique; y, yet; ng, ring ; zh, azure; sh, shall; g, get; h, Iceel : going downward centrally, we have a as in far; d (inverted e), hut; r, ran; I, land; n, no; z, zeal; s, so; dh, then ; th, thin ; d, do ; t, tan : going downward at the right, we have a as in far ; A, war; o,note; u, tool, rule; w, wall; m, may ; v, vain; f fame; h, ban; p, pan. H is sounded as in hale. Let us first compare Ic, t, p with g, d, h, their corresponding ALPHABETIC SOUNDS. sonants. In the former series there is no sound while the organs of speech are closed ; in the latter there is, even during the continuance of the closure, a tone produced by the vibration of the vocal chords. Herein lies the fundamental distinction of * surd ' and ' sonant ' sounds. The former are produced by unintonated breath ; the latter by intonated breath. Surd sounds have sometimes been called by other names, as ' strong,' * hard,' ' sharp' ; and sonant sounds have been called by other corresponding names, as ' weak,' ' soft,' ' flat ' ; but these names should be rejected, and the terms * surd ' and ' sonant ' should be employed, because they express the true distinction. In Greek and Latin the surd aspirated mutes are often, and with sufficient propriety, called simply aspirates. Next to the mutes come the fricatives, divided into two sub-classes, spirants and sibilants. Then come the nasals (sometimes called resonants). Beginning now at the other extreme with the open vowel a, we form by successive degrees of approach of the tongue to the palate the series of palatal sounds represented in the scheme by a, 05, e, i. By contraction with the lips, we form the labial series represented by a, JL, o, u. The semivowels stand nearly on the dividing line between vowels and consonants. The closest of the vowels are i and u. By abbreviating their sounds suffi- ciently before another vowel-sound, we should change them into the consonantal sounds of 3/ and w. With them belong r and I, which are in many languages used also as vowels. The distinctions of long and short vowel, and the three com- pound vowel-sounds, or diphthongs, ai (aisle, isle), au (out, how), and Ai (oil, hoy), are for the sake of simplicity omitted in the scheme. The method of arrangement thus employed for the English alphabet may with equal advantage be applied to the alphabet of any language, to exhibit its internal rela- tions or to compare it with other alphabets. It is in this work employed to illustrate the alphabetic sounds of Indo-European, Greek, and Latin. 10 PEINCIPLES OF ETYMOLOGY. Sounds of the Indo-European Alphabet. a ■ Vowels. Sonant. ■ i U y r 1 V Semivowels. n m Nasals. Surd, h Aspiration. o Surd. s Sibilant. w Surd. kh Sonant. gh th dh ^ Asjnrated Mutes. ■ ^ > "A CO Sonant. g Surd. k d t b ^ P. ► Mutes. Palatal Series. Lingual Series. Labial Series. The Indo-European original-language had three vowels, — a, i, u; three diphthongs, — aa, ai, au; and thirteen consonants, — h^ t^ p^ g, d, b, 3/, r, I, v, on, n, s. A was sounded as in far, i as in machine, u as in rule, tool. Every short vowel had the same kind of sound as its corresponding long vowel, but less prolonged in time of utterance. In the pronunciation of a diphthong, each, vowel received its own proper sound, — the sound of the second following that of the first without any interruption. The diphthongs were sounded approximately as follows: aa as in far ; ai as in aisle; au as ou in house. The consonants, Ic, t,p, d, h, r, I, m, n, h were sounded as in English ; ^ as in get ; y as in yet ; s as in so ; v slq w in wait ; kh, th, ph were pronounced almost as in inJchorn, hothouse, top heavy ; gh, dh, hh as in loghouse, madhouse, Ilohhouse. ALPHABETICAL SOUNDS. .11 The aspiration h is found only in close combination with the mutes, All the aspirated mutes, and the letters, 3/, /, and v^ were wanting in the earliest stage of the language. Sounds of the Sanskrit Alphabet. Short a as in vocal^ cedar ^ organ^ or w-short in hut; long a as in father ; short i as in pin ; long i as in pique ; short u as in pull, push ; long t6 as in rule, rude; the vowel r represents simply a smooth or untrilled r-sound, assuming a vocalic office in syllable-making ; the vowel / represents an ^-sound similarly uttered — like the English Z- vowel in able, angle, addle; e is sounded as in prey; di as in aisle; as in so; du as au in German Haus or ou in Eng. house ; n^^ng in Mng ; Id = ch in church; V~i ^^ ^j'^dge; n=^gn in Campagna; j='y in yes; g = sh in shall; t, d, n are commonly pronounced as t, d, n, but they were produced originally by the influence of a neighboring r, the lower surface of the tongue being brought against the palate in pronouncing them ; v = prob- ably the Eng. w; Teh, th, 'ph are pronounced almost as in inkhorn, hothouse, topheavy ; gh, dh, hh as in loghouse, mad- house, Hohhouse. Sounds of the Greek Alphabet* For etymological purposes the following pronunciation is to be employed: a as a in far ; 7; as e in fHe; I as i in machine ; to as in note ; v was sounded originally as u in rule or 00 in tool, later as French u. Every short vowel has the same kind of sound as its corresponding long vowel, but less prolonged in time of utterance. In the pronunciation of a diphthong, each vowel has its own proper sound, the sound of the second following that of the first without any interruption. The diphthongs are sounded approximately as follows : at as ai in aisle; ct as d in eight ; ol as oi in oil; rt 2^^ ueein queen or as m in quit; au as oz^ in house; cv as eu in feud; ov as ou in 12 PEINCIPLES OF ETYMOLOGY. group ; a, rj, ta like a, 77, w. Of the consonants, yS, 8, /c, tt, t, p, A, /x, V, i/^ are sounded like their corresponding letters in Eng- lish ; y before k, y, ^, and x has the sound of n in anger (= ng in ring)^ and in any other position it has the sound of g in get; a Vowels. Sonant. ■ e I 1 p A U Semivowels. y (= Ung. ng) v fi JSfasals. Surd. • Aspiration. Surd. a Sibilant {fricative). Surd. X e (J) Aspirated Mutes. ■ ^ Sonant. Surd. y <5 K T > Mutes. tt) ^ ^ Sonant. Surd. Palatal Lingual Series. Series. > Double Consonants. Labial Series. o- has the sound of s in so. The letters , 6, x probably had at first the sounds of ph, th, ch, in Eng. uphill, hothouse, block- head; afterwards they were sounded as in Eng. graphic, pathos, and German machen. The letter $ is sounded as x in mix ; t, may be sounded like dz in adze or like z in zone. Sounds of the Latin Alphabet. For etymological purposes, the Eoman (or Phonetic) method of pronunciation is to be employed. According to this method, a is pronounced as mfar; e as in they ; I as in machine; as ALPHABETICAL SOUNDS. 13 in holy ; 16 as i^ in rule or oo in k>ol. Every short vowel has the same kind of sound as its corresponding long vowel, but less prolonged in time of utterance. In the pronunciation of a diphthong, each vowel receives its own proper sound, the sound of the second following that of the first without any a . Vowels. Sonant. ■ e i y U J r 1 V Semivowels. - n (= Mig. ng) n m Nasals. Surd, h Aspiration. Surd. Surd. 8 Sibilant. f Spirant. , o o Surd. ch th _i f Aspirated P^ 1 Mutes. > H Sonant. Surd. g d c, k, q t [ Mutes. P i Sonant. Surd. z X Palatal Lingual Series. Series. 1 Double Con- j sonants. Labial Series. interruption. The diphthongs are (a^), ae, ei, (oi), oe, ui, au, eu, (ou) ; the forms inclosed in parenthesis being found only in early Latin. The diphthongs are sounded approximately as follows: ai as ai in aisle ; ae originally sounded as (Roman) de\ later as (Roman) e ; ei as ei in eight; oi as oi in oil; oe nearly as German oe in Oel, or Eng. o in world ; ui as uee in queen; au as ou in house; eu as eu mfeud; ou as ou in group. Of the consonants, 5, cZ, p^ t^ r, Z, m, w, A are sounded as in 14 PRINCIPLES OF ETYMOLOaY. English ; ^' as y in yes; 8 as in so; v like w in wait; f as in fate; g as in get ; c, k, q b>s c in can; ch, th, ph, as c, ?^, p, with the slight addition of A-sound, as in the words, hlochhead^ hothouse, uphill; x as in mix. The letters y and z were intro- duced into the Latin language after the time of Cicero, and were used only in words taken from Greek, y being employed to represent the Greek v, and z to represent the Greek C Latin y has the sound of French u, and for this reason its position in the scheme is between u and i ; z may be sounded like dz in adze or like z in zone. OHAPTEE V. PHONETIC CHANGE. Throughout the history of language, changes of sound are going on. In comparing one language with any of its kindred, we must first ascertain to what sounds of the latter the sounds of the former regularly correspond. We then have a guide for the regular etymological comparison of words. An illus- tration of this appears in what is called (from its discoverer) "Grimm's Law of Permutation of Consonants," which exhibits, with some exceptions not necessary here to be shown, the regular interchange between (1) Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, taken as one group ; (2) Gothic and Low German dialects (including English) ; (3) High German and its stock (including modern German). This law may be expressed by the following formula : — (1) Sanskrit, Greek, Latin (2) Gothic and Low German (including English) (3) High German Aspirate Sonant Surd Sonant Surd Aspirate Surd Aspirate Sonant PHONETIC CHANGE. 15 It may be illustrated by the followir [g table : — I. ^ 1 Greek 9 . . . 1 Latin f . . . dvyoLT'qp Brip dvpa fiedv fera fores 2. English d . . . daughter deer door mead 3. German t or th = t tochter thier thor meth II. ^ 1 Greek 8 . . . ' 1 Latin d . . . oBovs dufjLau Bvo edeiv vScop dens domare dvx) edere unda 2. English t . . . tooth tame two eat water 3. German z or s . . zahn zdhmen zwei essen wasser III. ^ 1 Greek t . . . ' 1 Latin t . . . rv {(Tv) TpeTs t6 tic tres tenuis is-tud frater 2. English th . . . thou three thin that brother 3. German d . . . du drei diXnn das hruder General Table of Grrimm's Law. A B Gothic and Low Germ. C Sanskrit. Greek. Latin. High Germ. Aspirates . . \ TK [PH dh (h) bh(h) X t.f(g,v) f(d,b) f(b) g d b k t P G Sonants . . - i "^ g(j) d 7 S g d k t ch zz [b b i8 b P f, ph K Surds . . . J T k t K T c, q t b, g (f) th, d d P P TT P f, V f, V 16 PRINCIPLES OF ETYMOLOGY. PEINCIPLE OF PHONETIC CHANGE. The principle which underlies the greater part of phonetic change is the tendency to ease of utterance. In using the or- gans of speech, we naturally tend to economize or diminish effort, to reduce the distance between one sound and another, and so to make each necessary step in utterance as short and easy as possible. Accordingly, the general direction of pho- netic change is from the extremes toward the middle of the alphabetic scheme, movement in the opposite direction being only exceptional or from special causes. EESULTS OF PHONETIC CHANGE. The results of phonetic change appear chiefly under two forms : I. Weak Articulation; II. Indistinct Articulation, I. Weak Articulation. "Weak Articulation appears under four forms : I. Substitu- tion; II. Loss; III. Assimilation; IV. Dissimilation. These four forms are applied to vowels and to consonants. Vowel-Ohange. I. Substitution. By substitution the following changes may be made. Original a may be changed, — 1. In Greek and Latin to c, e: V^ad, eSo9, sedes. This change was very extensive even in the Graeco-Italic period. 2. In Greek and. Latin, to o, o: ->/dam, 80/A09, ddmus. 3. In Greek, tot: Ind.o-'EnY., dd-dhd-mi; Greek, Ti-Orj-fiL, 4. In Latin, to i, — a very frequent change, especially in the second member of a compound word : V^^^' capio, accipio. II. Loss. In the following examples, the vowel lost is en- closed in parenthesis. Greek : yty(€)vo)u,at, €(r(€);)(ov, 7raT(€)/oos. Latin : (e)sum, gig(e)no, disc ip(u) Una. PHONETIC CHANGE. 17 III. Assimilation. When a vowel closely connected with a consonant has its utterance thereby made difficult, it may be changed to a vowel, having for that position an easier utter- ance. This is one form of assimilation. The resulting vowel is u in flagro, fulgor ; pello^ pulsus : e in genosis, genoris^ generis (from genus). Two vowels in contact may approximate each other : * (e)syam, * siam, * siem. Two vowels separated from each other only by a consonant sometimes assimilate : hone, bene. IV. Dissimilation. The obj ect of dissimilation is to prevent repetition of the same vowel. Thus, sequontur was a form retained instead of sequuntur ; aliinus became alienus. Oonsonant-Ohange. I. Substitution, 1. In Greek and Latin we have a change from original surd to sonant; e.g., orig. k to y, g: -y/'BAK, iryjyvvfjiL, pagus. 2. Greek shows an aversion to the original letters, y, 5, and V ; orig. y disappears, or is seen only in its effects ; v appears as'-P;' s is retained at the end of roots and words, but initial s before a vowel is generally changed to the rough breathing. 3. In Latin, the original letters y, s, v are generally re- tained, but often s passes into r, and y and v are interchanged with i and u. II. Loss. This may be initial, medial, or final. In Greek and Latin an original initial 5 or -y is sometimes lost : ->/^^^> fi€iSdo), TYilTor ; -y/vARK, VALK, VLAK, poLKos, lacev. Medial loss is not so frequent, very rare in Greek : ip€(T)L, /ActXo(v)a, fi€L^(a. In Latin, it occurs most frequently before y, s, and v : di{c)sco, raa{g)ior, sua(d)vis. It occurs also before nasals : lu{c)na, lu{c)men; and before t and d: tor(c)tus, i{s)dem. Loss at the end of a word affects single consonants or combinations of consonants. In Greek, when several consonants end a word, they are sometimes all dropped, as in yaXa(/cT); but generally the last only is retained, and the preceding vowel is 18 PRINCIPLES OF ETYMOLOGY. then lengthened ; as, tlO€(vt)^, nOeU. In Latin, a combination of several consonants may end a word, as in ferunt, urbs ; but in the older Latin, final consonants, especially s, ?7i, t, were frequently dropped. III. Assimilation. The most important rules for assimi- lation of consonants in Greek and Latin are given in the grammars. IV. Dissimilation. The rules are given in the grammars. Examples are a^riovy aa-riov; i-Ov-OrjVy iTvOrjv ; Ot-Orj-fjuL, tlOtjixi; claudtrum, claustrum, II. Indistinct Articulation. In general, the immediate cause of indistinct articulation is an excessive tendency to ease of utterance. A part of the needful sound of a word is slurred or omitted ; then some indistinct or indefinite sound is added on ; and this, afterwards becoming more definite, may lead to the utterance of a sound even more difiicult than the original one which had thus suffered. Indistinct articulation appears under the following forms: I. Lahialism ; 11. Dentalism ; III. Parasitic Bound; lY. Aspiration. I. Labialism. This is a change from ^ to tt and p, or from ^ to ^ and h. If the h is pronounced lazily, a slight t6;-sound is apt to be produced immediately after it ; and then, if the lips be nearly closed, an indistinct labial sound is produced. For examples, see Nos. 496-515. II. Dentalism. This is a change from h to r, or from gh to 0. For examples, see Nos. 516-520. III. Parasitic Sound. In Greek, Sy may regularly be- come C Initial y, if uttered lazily, may have a slight sound of S (here called parasitic) uttered before it, and then the hy may become C- Thus, for original y in -yjY^G, we find I in PHONETIC CHANGE. 19 IV. Aspiration. Examples are d, o-rd, etc. The weaJcest form ttt, St, KAt, AtTr, iXvO, /jlv, o-tX, ttvO, XaO, <^a, (rra, etc., has provisionally been termed a reduced form. It will not require very keen perception or close scrutiny to perceive that the term ' reduced ' is false. We must here watch lest grammatical method and terminology obscure the facts of language. In t-/x€i/ : et-/xt, t is no more a reduction from et than ct the guna of t ; they are forms as perfectly independent of one another as ActVo) and AcAotTro, as jSeAos and poXrj. When the form t-/x6v (originally <-/xei/) came into existence, it did not start from an accented base ct, which 24 PRINCIPLES OF ETYMOLOGY. lost its accent, with it an c, and became t; all that can be said is, that words of this group, when they have the accent on formative elements, appear with the radical or significant element t ; when they have the accent on the root, with one of the two radical elements ct or oL If what we have stated is in accordance with the facts, the idea of a single root falls to the ground. We have in word- groups which show the variation between € and o a root-system consisting of three forms, two strong ones and one weak one ; in all other word-groups a root-system of two forms, a weak one and a strong one. Designating the first class by AA, the second by BB, we have : — Class AA. Class BB. Strong Forms. Weak Forms. Strong Forms. Weak Forms. I. /M€1/ I. and II. III. II. flOJ/ III. fjiy (Tra ara I. Tveid I. and II. in. II. void III. iriO 07, $€ I. TTCT I. and II. III. 11. TTOT in. TTT \dd \d9 etc. etc. etc. etc. All other root-forms are modifications of these ground-forms ; e.g., /xa in /JLe-jxa-rov and fiav in ixatvo/xaL (= fiav-T/ojxaL) are but modifications of /x,v, having their cause in the character of the inflectional elements which appear in connection with the root ; in the same way rpacj) and rapcji, in l-rpaf^-ov and rapcj^-v'Sy are but graphical expedients for rendering the sound-group Tpcfi (T/a<^) in the root-system Tpe4>, rpocf}, Tp(f>, etc. Hereafter we will designate a root-form like /xcv, x^v or x^(^)» ^^'j ^^''"» ^^^-j as ablaut I. ; /xoi/, X'^iF)^ '^^tO, ttot, etc., as ablaut II. ; fxv (/xa, fiav), x^i '"■^^» 'TT, etc., as ablaut III. THE VIEWS OF THE NEW SCHOOL. 25 II. From the first days of tlie comparative study of the Indo- European family of languages, up to the year 1876, it was held almost without a dissenting voice that the body of short vowels which the so-called original Indo-European language possessed consisted of a, i, u. Of these a was supposed to have remained unchanged in the Asiatic division of the family, the Indian and Iranian languages ; while in the European languages it had in a large proportion of cases been weakened into e and o, the sounds holding physiologically a middle position respectively between a and i, and a and u. An exhaustive investigation of this supposed breaking up of Indo-European a on European ground was made by Curtius in 1864. It resulted in estab- lishing the fact that the deviation of a into e occurred on the whole in the same words and formations in all of the European languages ; that it could not have taken place in each one of them independently of the others ; that, therefore, a common European language must be assumed ; from this the several European languages had separated, as the Iranian and Indian languages had done from a common Indo-Iranian language. On the other hand, the coloring of a into o had taken place later and separately in the several European branches, be- cause the of one branch does not accord with the o of an- other. Fick, in his book " Die Spracheinheit der Indo-Germanen Europas," makes use of Curtius' results in the same direction ; he also holds to an Indo-European a which in Europe divided itself into a and e ; of these two, a again was resolved, in the separate European branches, into a and o. The vowel system of Schleicher, which on the whole is artificial, does not deviate in any material respects from those above mentioned, as far as the short vowels are concerned. Two points, which are the result of this system of short vowels, are to be carefully noted : — 26 PRINCIPLES OF ETYMOLOGY. 1. In Sanskrit a is througliout tHe language one and the same vowel, being everywhere the direct descendant of the original Indo-European a. 2. Greek a represents throughout the language what has been left undisturbed of the original Indo-European a, a large part of this latter having been changed to c and o. The first serious attack upon this system of short vowels struck at the two rules which have been deduced. In vol. ix. of Curtius' " Studien " there appeared the famous article by Karl Brugman, entitled *' Nasalis Sonans," etc., which for the first time definitely proved the negative of these two rules. It will not be necessary to go through Brugman 's proofs. Though his article furnished the key to the understanding of the Indo-European Unguals and nasals, and more or less directly has formed the basis for most of the successful inves- tigations on vocalism since that day, principles which are laid down there can now be presented in a more comprehensive fashion, owing to further investigations by Brugman himself and by others. Brugman starts with the discussion of an interesting fact which Sievers teaches in his " Lautphysiologie," p. 26 ff. He observes that in the usual pronounciation of words containing nasals (n, m) and liquids (r, Z), these are pronounced both as vowels and as consonants. As vowels, they form in connec- tion with one or more consonants a distinct syllable, just as any other vowel. So in ' sieben mal acht ' {sie-bn), ' wir ritten nach hause' (rit-tn), 'tandeln' (tan-din), 'wandern' (wan-drn). English examples would be : * the father is ' {fa-thf), * ankle ' (an-kl), 'heaven' (hea-vn), 'handsome' (han-sm), etc. On the other hand, the consonantal pronunciation of Unguals and nasals is seen in ' heritt-ne ' : ' beritten ' (herit-tn) ; ' ath-me ' : 'a-them' (a-thm)] Eng. ^ anlc-leV \ 'ankle' (an- Z:/), etc. The alphabets of these languages fail to furnish separate characters for these two classes of sounds, — a fact which of course in nowise throws a doubt on their existence. THE VIEWS OF THE NEW SCHOOL. 27 The Yedic and Sanskrit, as is well known, do possess dis- tinct characters for lingual vowels, which are transcribed in the manner in which we have differentiated them in German and English from their corresponding consonants ; viz. : r and /. The change between the lingual consonants and lingual vowels is quite analogous to that between y and i, and %) and u ; before vowels there always appears the consonantal pro- nunciation r and I, y and v ; before consonants the treatment of the Unguals, though in principle the same as that of the dental and labial vowels, is characterized by a smaller degree of sensitiveness than these. While the latter always appear as % and u before consonants, r and I are changed to their corresponding vowels only when preceded as well as followed by consonants, or in the beginning of a word when followed by a consonant. A few examples will suffice. As the weak forms of the perfect of the verb m, 'to lead,' appear as ni-ny- before endings beginning with a vowel, so do the weak forms of the verb Icar appear as ca-hr- in the same connections : ni-ny-d, ni-ny-us, ni-ny-e, — ca-hr-d, ca-hr-ils, ca-hr-e. But between con- sonants the semi-consonantal elements of these roots appear as vowels : nl-td-s, Jcr-td-s, gru-td-s. So also the same change is seen in i-mds : y-anti; in ca-lcr-md : ca-hr-iXs ; in tu-stu-md : tu-stuv-7ls (for tu-stv-'ds) ; cf. cd-lclp-re. The Sanskrit does not possess distinct characters to express nasals between two consonants (nasal vowels) ; these, however, indicate their presence by very distinct and peculiar pheno- mena. As we have y : i, v :u^ r : r, and I : I, we have also n : n and m:m. n and m appear almost always as simple d, sometimes as dn (dvi) ; this an, which is the phonetic equiva* lent of n, can be differentiated from an == a + n by the aid of the Greek. While the latter an corresponds to Gr. ev or ov, the former appears in Greek also as av, occurring there, as well as in Sanskrit, only in formations which require the weak form of the root (ablaut III.). So mdn-as (an = a-]rn) = fj.€v-os ; 28 PEINCIPLES OF ETYMOLOGY. Tna-mdn-tha (an = c)^ + 72) ^== Gr. fjui'/xov-a ; but mdn-ye for TYin-ye corresponds to Qr. /xatVo/xat for ixav-yofxat for jmy-yo/jLat. There appear, then, in Sanskrit, instead of merely the sounds 9/-i, v-u, as mediators between vowels and consonants, the very considerable body which is made up by these and the Unguals and nasals in addition. The Sanskrit system of semi- consonants is as follows : — Consonants \ y v r I n m Vowels : i u r I a, an a, am This proves that SansJcrit a is not everywhere the same sound, and not everywhere the direct representative of Indo- Eurojpean a. The Indo-European a will suffer further infringe- ments in the course of our discussion, until it will have shrunk into comparative insignificance. This variable function of semi-consonants is by no means restricted to Sanskrit. In every language of the family these sounds occur, but with still less perfect systems of expression. In Sanskrit there are at least distinct characters for lingual vowels ; in the other languages these, as well as the nasal vowels, lack single characters, and are everywhere expressed by combinations similar to those which are found for nasal vowels even in Sanskrit. The following is the system for the Greek : — Consonants '- {y) {F) p \ v fjL Vowels : t v ap, pa oA, Aa a, av a, a/A Consonant y is shown in Se(y)o's; cf. Se-Soi-Ka: Ki{yyop.ai] cf. KCi-jjiaL. F is shown in x^iF)-o} ; cf. X'^^'^ '■ f gV> W g^ gh-' Sakskeit. k g gh f 1 ^ ^^ Zend. k (kh) g (gh) c {sh) j {zh) Indo-Eueopean. h^ g^ gV P f gV Greek. K y X TT ^ T 8 « 7 X e THE VIEWS OF THE NEW SCHOOL. 31 It is the palatal series wliich has branched off from the first guttural series — Sk. c, ^', h; Zd. c,j] Gr. r, 8, — which con- cerns the subject here treated. The true cause of this division remained unrecognized up to the time of Ascoli ; he was the first to get some inkling of the way to a legitimate explana- tion. He states that in Zend the change from a guttural to a palatal in the three degrees of the adjective, aha-, ashy 6, and acista- [h : c (sh)\ is due to the change of the vowel following the guttural, and also notes that there is no root of the form gi either in Sanskrit or Zend, but that they show ji. This is really a recognition, fragmentary as it may be, of the principle that palatalization is due to the influence of palatal vowels actually occurring after gutturals. According to J. Schmidt, Dr. Vilhelm Thomsen was the first to hint that the European languages, with their supposed secondary vocalization, might be drawn in as auxiliaries in such a way that Sanskrit and Zend syllables ca and ha should be explained from /c€ and /ca as European equivalents, and that thus the palatals before a written a owe their origin to the fact that this a was in such connections originally sounded as ae {of). The full principle was recognized, as it seems, nearly simultaneously by Collitz, Karl Verner, Saussure, and J. Schmidt. If we formulate the principles which are laid down by these writers, there result the following rules : — 1. The Indo-Iranian palatals — Sk. c, j, h; Zend c(sh),j(zh) — are a modification of the first guttural series (^, ^^, gh^) before palatal vowels, — i (y), a* (a*^, a^'u), — and can origi- nally have stood only before these vowels. 2. The vowel signs a, ai, and au, in the Indo-Iranian lan- guages, actually represent two series of vowels at least (more if more can be proved) ; namely : a*, a^'i, a^u, and a, ai, au^ — the former corresponding to e, ei, eu (Grr. e, ct, ev) in the European languages. The last rule bears upon the correct understanding of Greek ablaut in three vital points. 32 PEINCIPLES OF ETYMOLOaY. (a) In the ablaut series tlie c wliicli appears in the row marked I. (ablaut I.) is not the result of the weakening of Indo-European a, but represents an original sound, which is clearly expressed in the European branches of the family, and I. II. III. ■7r€T TTOT TVT areX y pOfM

vy by the side of ttct is inconsistent, because the two root-forms have totally different functions in their respective groups of words ; the above schemes will furnish a purely physiological reason. Roots which contain an t or v are never followed by another semi-consonant (p, A, /x, v) ; there are no roots of a type /^tv, Sip, ttlvO, StpK, etc., as there are p.€v, Sep, TrevO, SepK, etc. Nasals do, indeed, occur after t and v in cer- tain formations, generally the present, as 7rv-v-0-dvop.at, Lat. sci-n-d-o, etc. ; but a look at some other formation from the same root will quickly teach that the nasal does not belong to the root [ttcv (0) a-op^au, Sk. chi-ched-a]. On the other hand, when a nasal or lingual is preceded by e, it belongs to the root, and appears, or must be accounted for, in all formations ; so irivO'OS, Tri'irovB-a, Treta'o-p.aL (= 7r€vO-(Top,at) , Sk. tasthdTnb-a, ha-hdndh-a, etc. The morphological function of nasals and linguals, which belong to the root, is therefore precisely the same as that of t (y), v (F) belonging to the root. Both waver between a vocalic and a consonantal condition, according to their surroundings ; both are totally different from the € and o which appear in the root. These are the root- vowels proper, and about these the semi-consonantal and consonantal elements of the root are grouped. The triple root (Class AA) runs through nearly 250 groups of Greek words, is preponderant in Teutonic and Sanskrit, THE VIEWS OF THE NEW SCHOOL. 37 and is really the phenomenon from a discussion of which any treatise on ablaut must start. It is not, however, the only kind of root which appears either in Greek or in the kindred languages ; there are considerable numbers of roots which show but two forms, differing from one another merely in the quantity of the root- vowel. Class BB, and that in such a way that the form with the long vowel occurs in precisely those formations in which Class AA shows the forms with c and o. The form with the short vowel occurs in those formations in w^hich Class AA shows the weak form (ablaut III.) as the following scheme will show : — I. II. III. AA ireid-co, reTx-os vK-T6s lx4-fxa-[X€Vy -/iid-ros BB Xdd-ooy \ad-os 'l-a-rrj-fii, (TT-fi-fxcoy ri-dr)-fjiiy 6^-fi(ay St-5co-^t, du>-T(ap \€.\de.a €-(rTT}-Ka \4-\a(T-ixaiy -\a and iri-iroLO-a, is perfectly well known. It is the varying position of the accent which creates the difference between strong and weak forms. The languages which have preserved this ablaut best, have fortu- nately also with it preserved a sufficient amount of data for its explanation. The Vedic texts which are accented show that, as a rule, the strong form of the root occurs when the tone rests on the root ; the weak form, when the tone rests on inflectional elements ; so e-mi {aH-mi) : i-mds ; da-ddrg-a : da-drg-us ; vdc-as : uk-tds, etc. The Greek originally possessed the law of accentuation indicated by these examples to much the same extent as the old Aryan language of India. But in the historical period of the language a new principle, the recessive accentuation, has usurped its place, leaving but a few fossilized remnants of the old method. In Opa(j-v8^o Indo-European. Sanskrit. Greek. Latin. a a a € a e i u k a d -7] K€t (stem) ; qui, ci ; lie (recline). Ket'/jiaL, to be laid, to lie ; kol-ttj, a bed, a couch ; Koi^ixam, to put to sleep ; Kcj-fios, a jovial festivity, a revel ; Kto-fir}, a vil- lage, [home] ; K(o-/^a)Sos (kw/aos, detSo)), a comedian ; Kta-fjuoBta, a comedy. qui-es, rest, quiet; re-qui-es (re, quies), after-rest, i.e. rest from labor, suffering, care, etc., [requiem] ; qui-esco, to rest, to keep quiet, (compd. w. ad, com, re), [quiescent, acquiesce] ; ci-vis, a citizen; ci-vllis, of citizens, civil; ci-vicus, of citizens, civic; ci-vltas, citizenship, the state, a city. 45. sak, ska, ski; k'ha; (rK€, o-Ka; sci, sec, sac; split, cleave, sever, distinguish, decide. K€t-a), K€-a^co, to split ; K€-a/3vov, a carpenter's axe. sc!-o, (prop, to distinguish, discern), to know, (compd. w* 52 EEGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. com, ne) ; sci-entia, knowledge, science; con-sci-entia, joint knowledge, consciousness, conscience ; con-sci-ns, knowing with others or by one's self, conscious ; sci-sco (inch.), to seek to know, to inquire, to decree ; a-sci-sco, ad-sci-sco, to receive as true, to receive in some capacity ; con-sci-sco, to approve, to decree a thing together or in common ; de-sci-sco, to set one's self loose, to free one's self from (this compound brings out most clearly the meaning of the root) ; prae-sci-sco, to find out beforehand ; re-sci-sco, to find out, ascertain a thing (bringing it again to light from concealment) ; sci-tus, knowing, wise ; sci-tum, a decree; sec-o, to cut, to cut off, (compd. w. circum,- com, de, dis, ex, in, inter, per, prae, pro, re, sub), \_secant, dis- sect, intersect] ; sec-ta, a path, way, sect ; sec-tio, a cutting, cut- ting off, section ; sec-tiris, an axe ; serra (?) (perhaps = sec-ra), a saw; serratus (?), serrated; seg-mentum, a piece cut off, a segment; sic-a (?), a dagger ; sax-um, any large, rough stone, a detached fragment of rock ; sex-us, (prop, a division), a sex. 46. Indo-Eur. rt. skal, be rough, be harsh. KcX-atvos, black ; KeAat-ve<}!)77?, black with clouds, cloud-wrapt, black. squal-eo, to be stiff or rough, to be filthy or squalid ; sqnal-or, stiffness, roughness, filthiness, squalor ; squal-idus, stiff with dirt, filthy, squalid. 47. Ki\-€V'6o^, a way ; olkoXov-Oo^, following ; aKoXov-Ooq (subst.), a follower ; d/coXov-^eo), to follow, [anucoluthon]. cal-lis, a path. 48. kal; kal; kcX.; eel; urge on, drive. KeX-Xo), to drive on ; KcX-evo), KeA-o/>iat, to urge or xlrive on, exhort, command ; KeA.-?/?, a courser ; /3ov-k6X-o<;, a herdsman, [bucolic]. cel-lo (found only in compounds) ; per-cel-lo (lit. to impel greatly), to beat, strike, beat down, urge on ; pro-cel-lo, to drive or urge forward ; pr3-ciil, afar off ; cel-er, swift ; cel-eritas, swiftness, celcriti/ ; cel-ero, to quicken, hasten, be quick; ac-cel- EEGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 53 ero, to hasten, accelerate, make haste ; cel-ox, swift ; cel-ox, a swift-sailing ship, a yacht ; pro-cel-la, a violent wind, a storm. 49. Kepa5, horn ; Kepaos, horned, of horn ; Kpi6to9, the trunk of a tree ; K€p-/xa, anything cut small, small coin ; Kovp-d, a shearing ; Kovp-evs, a barber ; Kep-at^o), to destroy, to plun- der ; K-qp-aivw, to destroy ; J^yp, the goddess of death or doom; Kyp, death, doom ; k6p'0 l^iv, — ; — ; scream. KOKKv^, a cuckoo ; kokkv, the cuckoo's cry ; kvkkv^(x), to ciy like a cuckoo, to crow, ciiciilus, a cuckoo. 63. KoX'iovos, KoX'(s}vy, a hill ; KoX-o(jf>ojv, a summit. cel-sus, high, lofty ; ante-cel-lo, to surpass ; ex-cel-lo, to raise, to rise, to excel; prae-cel-lo, to distinguish one's self, to excel; col-umen, cnl-men, the summit, [culminate] ; col-nmna, a column, a pillar ; col-lis, a hill. 64. skap; — ; kott; — ; cut, strike. KOTT'Tiji, to strike, to cut, [apocope, syncope] ; KOfx-^ou, that which is struck, that which is knocked ofi", a piece, a short clause of a sentence, [comma'] ; kott-t;, a striking, a cutting in pieces ; kott-ci;?, a chisel ; kott-ls, a broad, curved knife ; KoV-t?, a prater, a wrangler ; kott-o?, a striking, suffering, weariness ; KOTT-tao), to be tired ; Koir-d^o), to grow tired or weary ; k(ocI>-6s, blunt, dumb, deaf. 65. kar; — ; — ; — ; croak. Kop-ai, a raven ; Kop-^vrj^ a crow. These words are probably akin to the onomatop. words Kpa^o) [rt. Kpay\ to croak [like the raven] ; Kpio^o), to cry like a crow, to caw. cor-vus, a raven ; cor-nix, a crow. 66. skar, skar-d, skra-d; (kurd, a spring, a leap); KpaS; card; swing. KpdS-Tj, the quivering twig at the end of a branch, a branch ; KpaS'doi, KpaS-atVco, to swing. card-0, a hinge ; card-inalis, of a door-hinge, on which some- thing turns or depends, principal, cardinal. REGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 57 67. kar; kar; Kpa, Kpav; cer, ere; do, make. KpatV-o), to accomplish, fulfil ; Kpav-royp, Kpet-oiv, Kpi-o)v, a ruler ; Kpdi/09, Cronos (identified with the Latin Saturnus), son of Uranus and Gaia ; Kpa-rv^, strong ; Kpa-rvvo), to strengthen ; Kpd-ToL'KTi-ov€'s, the dwell- ers around, neighbors ; ktl-1i'XvK-rj, morning twilight; Xvx'vos, a lamp; Acv/c-os (adj.), light, white. liic-eo, to be light or clear, to shine, (compd. w. di, e, inter, re, sub, trans), [look, translucent] ; luc-esco (inch.), to begin to shine, to grow ^ig^^j (compd. w. in, re) ; luc-eraa, a lamp ; lux, lu-men (for luc-men), light; lu-m!-no, to light up; il-lu-m!no, to light up, to illuminate; lu-m!nosus, full of light, luminous ; Itic- Idus, shining, clear, lucid ; lii-na (for luc-na), the moon, [lune, lunar, lunatic] ; il-lus-tris, lighted up, clear, illustrious ; il-lns- tro, to light up, make clear, illustrate, render famous. 81. A.VK09, a wolf, lupus, 2. wolf. 82. mak ; makara-s ; |j.aK ; mac ; extend, make large. juaK-ap, blessed ; fxaK-pos^ long ; ixrjKoq, length. mac-to (lit. to make large), to worship, honor, (macto is best referred to No. 320, when it means to kill, slaughter, destroy) ; mac-tus, venerated, honored. It is probable that there were three related roots existing side by side, rtiak (No. 82), mag, and m^agh, all three perhaps to be traced back to the root ma, and all with the meaning of extension. 83. nak; nao, ; v€k ; nee, noe ; perish, destroy, injure. v€K-v<;, corpse; veK-p6^ (noun), corpse; v€K-p6 pig; pic; TTiK ; pie, pig, pi-n-g; prick, prick with a needle, embroider, color, paint. (Connection of this root with Nos. 89 and 88 is probable). TTOLK-iXos, many-colored. ping-o, to paint, embroider, (compd. w. ad, de, ex, sub), [depict] ; pic-tor, a painter ; pic-tura, painting, a painting, a picture ; pig-mentum, paint, pigment. 62 BEaULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 91. plak, pla-n-k ; — ; (st. irXaK) ; plac; spread out. TrAa^, anything flat and broad ; TrXaK-tvos, made of boards ; irXaK-ovs, a flat cake. planc-a, a board, 2^ planlc; pla-nns (iov plac-nus), even, level, flat, plane. 92. park, plak, plag; park^; ttXck; plag, plec, pile; braid, plait, entwine. 7rXeK-w, to plait, weave ; TrXiy-fxa, anything twined or plaited ; irXoK-rj, a twining, plaiting, anything plaited or woven ; ttAo/c- a/xos, a lock of hair. plec-to, to plait, interweave; am-plec-tor, to wind or twine around, to encircle, embrace ; com-plec-tor, to entwine around, [complex, complexion] ; pllc-o,.to fold, to wind together, (compd. w. ad, circum, com, ex, in, re), [applicant, application, compli- cate, complication, explication, explicit, implicate, implication, implicit, replication'] ; snp-pllc-o, to kneel down or humble one's self, to supplicate ; sup-plic-atio, a public prayer or sup- plication; plag-a, a hunting-net; plag-!mn, man-stealing, kid- napping, [plagiarist, plagiarism, plagiarize]. 93. TTopKos, a swine, hog, pig. porcns, a swine, hog, pig, [porJc, porcupine, (fr. porcus, swine, and spina, thorn)]. 94. o-Acato9, left, on the left hand or side, [sJcew, aslcew] ; (TKaioTTj^ left-handedness, awkwardness. scaevns, left, toward the left side, awkward ; scaevltas, awk- wardness, misfortune. 95. — 5 — 5 (st. o-KaXir) ; scalp; cut, scratch. a-KaXoif/, cnrdXa^, acnrdXa^, the mole. scalp-0, to cut, scratch, engrave, [scalp] ; scalp-rum, a sharp, cutting instrument, a knife; scalp-ellum (dim.), a small sur- gical knife, a scalpel; talp-a (= stalp-a = scalp-a), a mole. REGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 63 96. skand; skaucL; o-KaS; scad; move swiftly. (TKOLvS-aXoy, (TKavS-dXrjOpov, a trap-spring, a snare, stumbling- block, scandal; o-/cavS-aXt{a>, to make to stumble, to give offence or scandal to any one, to scandalize. scand-o, to climb, to ascend, (compd. w. ad, com, de, e, in, super, trans), [ascend, descend, transcend] ; sca-la (for scand-la) (mostly in pi. scalae), a flight of steps, a staircase, a ladder, [scale, a series of steps, a graduated instrument for measuring ; scale, to climb]. 97. skap; — ; trKair, o-kitt, ctkiimt ; scap; support. o-KrjTT-Tix), to support, to press against, to let fall upon ; Dor. CTKaTT-o?, o-KrJTT'Tpov, CTKTyTr-tov, a staff; (TKyTT'TOS, a gust of wind, a thunderbolt ; crKLix7r-TdXK-r]s, a crooked piece of ship-timber, rib of a ship. falx, a sickle, [falcon] ; flec-t-o, to bend, curve, turn, (compd. w. circum, de, in, re), [deflect^ inflect^ reflect, flexible]. 104. ag 5 ag ; 0,7 ; ag ; drive, move, convey, lead, weigh, consider. ay-o), dy-Lveo), to lead, drive, hold, account ; dy-09, aK-roip, a leader ; dy-wv, an assembly, a contest ; dy-vta, a street ; oy-/>tos, a straight line, a furrow ; dy-pa, the chase, the prey ; dy-pevw, dy-pco), to hunt, to catch ; lyy-eo/xat, to go before, to lead, be- lieve, suppose, hold ; df-to?, weighing as much, worth as much, worthy ; df-too), to think or deem worthy of, to demand ; dya-v (lit. drawing), very ; dy-rjvoip (dyav, dvyp), manly, proud, stately. ag-o, to put in motion, lead, drive, (compd. w. ab, ad, amb, circum, com, de, ex, in, per, praeter, pro, re, retro, sub, subter, REaULAE SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 65 trans), [agent, act, cogent, re-act, transact] ; ag-men, a course, line, troop, army ; ag-ilis, easily moved or moving, agile, [agil- ity] ; ac-tor, a doer, agent, actor ; ac-tus, the moving, driving, doing, act (subst.) ; ac-tio, a doing, an action; ag-!to (freq.), to put in motion, agitate ; amb-Ig-uus, drifting or moving to both, sides, uncertain, ambiguous. 105. Greek rt. 0.7. a^-ofxai, to stand in awe of, to dread, to reverence ; ay-vo'Sf pure ; ay-tos, devoted to the gods, sacred, accursed ; ay-t^o), to hallow, make sacred ; iv-ay-i^u), to offer sacrifice to the dead ; ay-OS, consecration, sacrifice, 106. aypo-s (stem aypo), a field ; aypuos, living in the fields, wild ; dypLOix), to make wild. ager (stem agro), a territory, a field, [acre] ; agricultura (better separately agri cultiira), agriculture; agrarius, pertain- ing to land, agrarian; peragro (per, ager), to travel through or over, to traverse ; peregnnor, to live in foreign parts, to travel about, peregrinate. These words are perhaps all to be traced to the same root as under No. 104, dypos and ager being so named '' a pecore agendo," like the German trift, pasturage, from treihen, to drive. 107. arg; arg^ rag^; apY; arg; shine, be light or bright. apy-os, apy-T/s, d/oy-€vi/o9, dpy-tvocts, bright, white, shining ; apy-vpos (subst.), silver ; dpy-tXAos, dpy-IAos, white clay. arg-entum, silver, [argent]; farg-illa, white clay, [argil, argillaceous] ; arg-uo, to make clear, prove, assert, accuse, [argue] ; arg-utns, clear, bright, clear-sounding ; arg-umentum, proof, argument. 108. gau; — ; -yav, ^aF; gau; be glad. yav-po-TiSf pregnant ; na-ttira, nature; na-tio, birth, a race, a nation. 113. y€p-avos, a crane. gr-Tis, a crane. The Indo-Eur. rt. is perhaps gar, be old. 114. y€p-(Dv, an old man ; ypav-^, an old woman ; yrjp-a^ old age. The Ind-Eur. rt. is gar, be old, become infirm. 115. gws; gush; 7€u; gus; taste, try. ycv-o), to give a taste of ; yev-ofjiai, ta taste ; yev-o-t?, a tasting, taste ; yev-fjia, a taste, food. gus-tus, a tasting, taste, [gust] ; gus-to, to taste, [gustatory/, disgust]. 116. yrj (contr. from yea), ya-t-o, Earth, land, the earth, [geode, geodesy, geography, geology, geometry] ; yet-rwv, a neigh- bor. The Indo-Eur. rt. is probably ga, go (No. 509) or No. 112. 117. gar; gar; 7ap; gar; sound, call. yrjp-v. y\d(j>-(a, to hew, dig, hollow out ; yAa<^-v, a hollow ; yXa<^- vp6^, hollow, smooth, glab-er, smooth, bald. 68 EEGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 119. Greek rt. •y\v<|>. yAuc^-o), to carve, engrave, \_glyphic, hieroglyphic] ; yXu^-avos, a carving-tool ; yXv7r-r7], to perceive, to think. gna-nis, gna-ruris, Jna-rus, knowing, skilful; i-gna-rus (in, gnarus), ignorant ; i-gno-ro, not to know, [ignore, ignorant] ; nar-ro, to make known, tell, narrate, (compd. w. e, prae, re) ; na-vns {gna-vus), diligent, active ; i-gna-vus, inactive, slothful ; no-SCO (— gno-sco), to g»t a knowledge of, to come to know ; i-gno-sco, not know, to pardon, overlook ; a-gno-sco, to know, to recognize (an object already known) ; co-gno-sco, to become acquainted with, to learn, [cognition, cognizant, connoisseur]] re-co-gno-sco, to know again, to recognize, [recognition] ; no-tio, an examination, an idea, a notion; no-bllis (= gno-bilis), that can be known or is known, famous, noble; no-ta, a mark, sign, note; no-to, to mark, to note, (compd. w. ad, de, e, prae, sub), [notation, annotation, denote]] nor-ma {j= gnor-ima), a square, a rule ; nor-malis, made according to the square, [norrnal] ; e-nor-mis (out of rule), irregular, immoderate, enormous ; e-nor- mltas, irregularity, vastness, enormity. There is a relationship between the root yvo, perceive, and the root ycv, produce. The connecting link is probably the idea of coming contained in the root ga, gam. 121. yovvy knee ; yow-oo/xat, yovv-d^ofxat, to clasp another's knees, to implore ; yvv$y with bent knee ; irpo-xyv, with the knees forward, on one's knees. genu, the Jmee, [genuflection]. REGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 69 122i skrabh; — ; 7pa(|>; scrib, scrob, scrof; dig, grave. ypa<^-o), to grave, scratch, write, \_-grapK\ ; ypacf^-rj, writing ; ypacl>-LSi a style for writing ; ypac^-t/co?, of or for writing, graphic; ypa/x-zxij, a line; ypafx-fxa, a letter, \_grammar\ scrof-a, a sow, [^scrofula'] ; scrob-is, a ditch ; scrib-o, to write, (compd. w. ad, circum, com, de, ex, in, inter, per, post, prae, pro, re, sub, super, trans), [ascribe, circumscribe, conscript, describe, inscribe, postscript, prescribe, proscribe, rescript, sub- scribe, superscribe, transcribe] ; scrib-a, a public writer, a secre- tary, scribe. 123. Greek rt. Fcp^. IpS-o), piCoi, to do ; epy-ov, WOrJc ; c/oy-a^o/xat, to work ; opy- avov^ an instrument, an organ ; opy-ia, secret rites, orgies. 124. varg ; varg' ; FcpY, F€ip7 ; urg ; press, turn, urge. €py-(i), €ipy-o), €ipy-(ji, to shut in, to shut out, to hinder ; etpy- /Lto9, a shutting in or up, a prison ; elpK-ry, an inclosure, a prison, urg-eo, to press, to urge, (compd. w. ex, per, sub). 125. juj yu, yu-g, yu-dh; jug'; Ivy; jug; bind, join. ^evy-vv/iii, to join, yoke; ^evy-p^a, a band, bond, zeugma; f e{)y-o9, a team ; 6/i,o-^vy-o9, yoked together ; ^ary-ov, ^uy-os, a yoke. jus (that which joins together, that which is binding in its tendency or character), right, law, justice, [jurist] ; jus-tus, just; jus-titia,jii^sfo*ce; ju-dex, a^'^^c?^^; ju-dlco, to judge, (compd. w. ab, ad, di, prae), [adjudge, adjudicate, prejudge, prejudicate] ; jti-diciiim, a judgment ; ju-dicialis, judicial; prae-ju-dicium, a preceding judgment, a prejudice; ju-ro, to swear, to take an oath, (compd. w. ab, e, com, de, ex), [abjure, conjure] ; per-ju-ro, per-je-ro, pe-je-ro, {^er.juro), to swear falsely, to perjure one's self; per-ju-rium, perjury ; jur-go {jus, ago), to quarrel, to proceed at law ; in-ju-ria, anything that is done contrary to justice, injury ; ju-n-go, to join, yoke, (compd. w. ab, ad, com, dis, in, inter, se, sub), [adjoin, adjunct, conjoin, conjunctive, conjunction, disjoin, disjunct, disjunctive, subjoin, subjunctive] ; 70 EEGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. jug-um, a yolce; ju-mentum (ior jugimentum), a draught-animal ; con-junx, con-jux, husband, wife ; con-jug-alis, relating to mar- riage, conjugal; jiig-o, to bind, join, marry; con-jugo, to join together, unite, conjugate; sub-jug-o, to bring under the yoke, to subjugate ; bi-gae, bi-ga, (for bijugae)^ a pair of horses yoked together, a car or chariot drawn by two horses ; jiig-enim, an acre (or, rather, Sijuger) of land ; jux-ta (superlative form from jugis), near to, nigh, [juxtaposition] ; cunctus (contr. from con- junctus) [more freq. in pi. cuncti], all together, all ; jug-iilum, (the joining thing), the collar-bone, the throat, [jugular] ; jug-iilo, to cut the throat, to kill ; jil-beo, (perhaps from jus, habeo), to order, to command. 126. dliigh; dih; Oi-y; fig, fi-n-g; touch, feel, knead. Oiy-ydv-ii}, to touch ; e-Ocy-ov, I touched ; Oty'rjfjia, a torch. fi-n-g-o, to shape, form, contrive, feign, [feint] ; fio-tio, a iorming, fiction ; fig-men, fig-mentum, formation, figure, produc- tion, fiction, figment ; fig-ulus, a potter; flg-tira, iovm, figure ; flg-uro, to form, to shape ; trans-fig-uro, to transform, transfig- ure ; ef-fig-ies, an imitation, image, ef 127. lang, lag; — ; Xa^; lag; be slack, lax. Xay-ap6ty/<-ro?, tight-bound; o-<^t^-t?, o-^ty-/>tos, a binding tight ; <^t-/>to9, a muzzle. fig-o, to fix, fasten, (compd. w. ad, circum, com, de, in, ob, EEGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 73 prae, re, sub, trans), [affix, infix, prefix, suffix, transfix] ; fibula (contr. fr. figihixla), that which serves to fasten two things together, a clasp. 137. vy-pos, wet, moist, [hygrometer] ; vyp6-T7j, to be sound or in health ; vyt-a^co, to make sound or healthy. veg-eo, to move, excite ; veg-eto, to arouse, enliven, quicken, [vegetate, vegetable, vegetation] ; v!g-eo, to be lively or vigorous, to flourish ; vig-esco, to become lively or vigorous ; vig-or, live- liness, vigor ; vig-il, awake, alert, [vigil] ; vig-il, a watchman ; v!g-!lo, to watch, [vigilant] ; aug-eo, to increase ; aug-mentum, an increase, [augment, augmentation] ; auc-tio, an increase, a sale by increase of bids, an auction ; auc-tor (incorrectly writ- ten autor or author), a maker, producer, author ; anc-toritas, a producing, authority; aug-ustus, majestic, augiXst ; Aug-ustus, Augustus, [August] ; aux-ilium, aid ; aux-iliaris, aiding, auxiliary. 139. <^>;yo-s, oak ; <^7;y-cov, an oak-grove ; cf^-^y-Xvos, c^^^y-tveos, oaken. f fag-US, a beech tree ; fag-Inus, beechen. These words may perhaps be traced to the root X€7; flag, fulg; burn, shine. Xof, a flame. 74 EEGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. flEg-ro, to blaze, burn, (compd. w. com, de), [flagrant] ; flam-ma (=^ flag-ma), a blazing fire, flame; flam-mo, to flame, blaze; in-flam-mo, to set on fire, light up, inflame; in-flam- matio, a setting on fire, conflagration, inflammation; fla-men (= flag-men), (lit. lie who burns, sc. oflerings), a priest; flag- Ito, to demand anything fiercely or violently, to press earnestly, importune ; flag-!tium, an eager or furious demand, a disgrace- ful act done in the heat of passion, a disgraceful act ; flag- Itiosus, miajROus, flagitious ; fulg-eo, to flash, to shine, (compd. w. ad, circum, ex, ob, prae, re, trans), [effulgent, refulgent] ; fulg-or, lightning, brightness; fulg-ur, lightning, a thunder- bolt ; ful-men, a thunderbolt ; ful-mlno, to hurl lightning, [Jul- Tninate] ; ful-vus, deep yellow, tawny. 141. bhrag, bharg; bharg'; <|>pv7; frig; burn. (jipvy-o), to roast ; pvy-avov, dry wood ; cjypvy-eTpov, a vessel for roasting barley ; (j^pvK'Tos, roasted ; cfipvK-Tos, a fire-brand, signal-fire. frig-o, to roast. The words under No. 141 probably have some connection with those under No. 140. 142. bhugh, bhug; bhug'; ^vy; fug; bend out, bend around, turn one's self, flee. v^'is (^evf-ts), flight, refuge ; (jiv^-ifjiog (<^€uf-t/xo9), adj., whither one can flee. fiig-io, to flee, (compd. w. ab, com, de, di, ex, per, pro, re, sub, subter, trans) ; fiig-o, to cause to flee, to put to flight ; fiig-ito (freq.), to flee eagerly or in haste, to shun ; fiig-a, flight, [fugue] ; per-fiig-a, trans-fiig-a, a deserter ; fug-Itivus (adj.), fleeing SiWSij, fugitive; fug-Itivns (subst.), a fugitive ; re-fug-inm, a fleeing back, a place of refuge, a refuge ; subter- fug-ium, a subterfuge; fiig-ax, apt to flee, Aeet, fugacious. EEGULAE. SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 75 gh; gh, h; x^ h, (in the middle of a word) g. 143. — 9 arh; dpx; — ; worth. ap;j(-ci), to be first, begin, lead, rule ; apx'os^ a leader ; apx-y^ beginning, the first place or power, sovereignty ; ap^-^v, a ruler ; op;(-a/xos, the first, a leader ; dvapx-ta^ want of govern- ment, anarchy ; /xov-ap;)(-o9, /jLov-dpx-rjSj ruling alone, monarch; l€p'dpx'rjta, a vehicle ; 0X-A.0S, a crowd ; ox-Aew, to move, disturb ; ox'^tos, a water-pipe. 76 REGULAE, SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. veh-o, to bear, carry [wag (vb. and noun), weigh, wave (vb. and noun)], (compd. w. ad, circuni, com, de, e, in, per, prae, praeter, pro, re, sub, super, trans) ; veh-es, a carriage loaded, a wagon-load; veli-iciilum, a carriage, a vehicle, a wagon, a wain; vec-to (freq.), to bear, (compd. w. ad, com, sub, trans) ; vec-tor, a bearer, a rider, passenger ; vec-ttira, a bearing ; vec- tigal, a payment for carrying, impost, revenue ; ve-lnm (= veh- lum or veg-lum), a sail, a cloth, covering ; ve-lo, to cover, (comp. w. ad, de, re) ; vexillum (dim. of velum), a military ensign, a standard, a flag ; vex-o (freq.), to move violently, to trouble, vex; via (=veh-ia), a way; v!o, to go, travel; de-vio, to turn from tbe straight road, to deviate; ob-vio, to meet, prevent, obviate; de-vius, lying off tbe bigb-road, out of tbe way, devious; ob-vius, in tbe way so as to meet, [obvious]; ob-vlam (ob, viam) (adv.), in tbe way, towards, to meet. 148. sagh; sah; (r€X» €x, ex; — > bold on, be strong. c^-co, to bave, to hold ; ex-ofjuat, to hold one's self fast, to cling closely ; o-xe-o-t?, a state, condition ; axo-fJ^oL, a form ; crxo-Xy, leisure (holding up) ; i$rj^, iietrj^y holding on to each other, one after another ; crxe-8oV, near ; to-x-o> (= o-t-o-cx-o)), to hold on, restrain ; tG^dv-a), to"xamw, to hold back, to check ; ix'Vpos, ©x-vpos, firm. f schSla, (spare time, leisure; hence in partic.) leisure given to learning, a place of learning, a school, [scholar]. 149. Greek rt. dx, o.yx, same as No. 144. €xt-9, ext-Si/a, an adder ; eyx^^^-s? an eel. angui-s, a serpent. 150. lagh; — ; Xex; lee; lie (recline). Xex-os, a bed ; XeK-rpov, a couch, bed ; a-Xox-09, the partner - of one's bed ; Xox-evo), to bring forth ; Aox-eta, birth ; X6x-os, an ambush ; X6x-fJirj, a thicket. lec-tus, a couch, bed ; lec-tica, a litter, a sedan. REGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 77 151. rlgh; ligh; lih, rih; Xtx; lig, U-n-g; lick. X€L)(-o), Xt^-/xaa), At^-yLtct^o), to lick, lick over ; \i)(-av6-s, the forefinger ; Xtx-1/09, greedy. li-n-g-o, to lick, lick up ; llg-urio, to lick, to be dainty, fond of good things. 152. stigh; stigh; a-ri\; stig?; stride, step, stalk. (rT€Lx-o), to walk, march, [stile, stirrup] ; crTt;(o-s, crTot;s(o-9, a row, rank, line ; a-Tixa-oixai^ to march in rank. ve-stig-o ? [etym. dub. ; perh. Sk. vahis (hahis) out, and rt. stigh], to track, trace out ; ve-stig-ium ? a footstep, trace, vestige. 153. Greek rt. rpex- Tpex-oi', to run ; rpox-o?, a running, a course; rpox-os, a wheel; Tpox-t55 a runner, footman. 154i gha, ghi; — ; x*»X*v; hi; yawn, gape, separate. XatV-o), ;i(a-o-K-a>, to yawn, gape ; x'^'^H-^i ^ yawning, hollow, chasm; x^'^^j chaos, space, a vast gulf or chasm; x^-O-vo?, gaping, loose ; x^"'^? ^ ^^^^ I XV' Mf ^ g^pi^g- hi-o, to open, open the mouth, be eager ; H-sc-o (inch.), to open, open the mouth, speak ; hl-atus, an opening, eager desire, hiatus. 155. gadh, ghad; — ; x^S; hend; seize, take. Xa-v-S-av(o, to take in, hold, be able, [get]. pre-hend-o, prae-hend-o, prend-o, to seize, grasp, (compd. w. ad, com, de, re) [apprehend, comprehend, reprehend, apprehension^ comprehension, reprehension]', praed-a (= prae-hend-a ^= prae- hid-a), booty, prey; praed-atorius, plundering, predatory; praed-o, a robber ; praed-or, to plunder ; depraedatio (late Lat.), a plundering, depredation ; praed-inm, a farm, estate. 156. ghar, ghar-d, ghra-d ; hrad, ghrad ; x^»S ; grad, gra*n-d ; sound, rattle. XoAa^a, a hail-storm ; xo^otf-ao), to hail. grand-o, hail, a hail-storm ; grand-Inat, it hails ; sug-grund-a (sub-grund-a), the eaves. 78 REGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 167. x^l^^'h on the ground ; xaixa-t^e^ x^/^^"^^^? ^o the grou^id ; yafxa-Oev^ from the ground ; x^l^'V^^'^'> x^"/^"^^^? near the ground, low. htim-us, the earth, the ground ; hum-i, on the ground or to the ground ; hiim-o, to cover with earth ; in-hum-o, to bury in the ground, inhume, inhumate, [exhu^ne] ; hiim-llis, low, hum- hie ; hiim-!l!tas, lowness, humility ; hSm-o (ancient form hemo), a human being, a man, [^ho^nicide^ ; ne-mo (= ne-hemo = ne- homo), no person, no one ; hum-aims, of or belonging to man, human, humane; hum-anltas, humanity. 158. ghar, ghra; har; x^-PJ gra; shine, be glad, glow, desire enthusiastically. Xa^p-o), to rejoice, [yearn] ; x^P'^") ]^Y 5 X^P"/^^' ^ source of joy, a joy; x^P"^^? grace, favor; x^P'^^Co^w-at? to favor; x'^P'^^'-^^ graceful. gra-tus, beloved, grateful, agreeable, [agree] ; gra-tia, favor, gratitude, grace; gra-tiis, gra-tis, out of favor, for nothing, gratis; gra-tuitus, that is done without pay, gratuitous; gra- ttilor, to rejoice, to congratulate ; con-gra-tiilor, to wish joy, to congratulate; ardeo, to be on fire, burn, glow, [ardent, arson]. 159. gliar; har; xep; Mr, her; take, grasp. Xetp, hand, [chirography] ; c^-xcp-T/s, easy to handle ; Zvcr- X^p-M-) difficult to handle or manage; x^P'V^ (^^j-)' subject, in hand; x^^P'^^ (— X^P"''^^)' worse, inferior; xop-^os? an inclosed place, a feeding-place, fodder, a yard, [garden]. hir, ir (old Latin), hand; ems, hems, a master; era, hera, mistress; her-es, an heir; her-edltas, heirship, inheritance, [he- reditary] ; hor-tus (an enclosure for plants), a garden; co-hors, a place enclosed, an enclosure, the multitude enclosed, a com- pany of soldiers, a cohort, [court]. 160. ghjas, — , — , —, yesterday. X^es, €x^e9, yesterday ; x^'f o-5, x^^^-'^'o^, x^eo--tvo9, of yesterday. heri or here (for hesi^ orig. hes)^ yesterday; hes-temus, ci yesterday. REGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 79 161. ghl; (hi-ma-s, snow) ; xi; hi; winter. ;(t-aji/, snow ; x^^'f^^ winter-weatlier, storm ; x^t-/xa^a), to expose to the winter-cold, to raise a storm ; ;(€t-^atVa), to raise a storm ; xl-ix^tXov, a chilblain ; ;;(€t-/x,cov, winter ; x^'-'f^^P^^^'^y o^ or in winter. hi-ems, winter; hi-emo, to pass the winter, to be stormy; hi-bemus, of winter, wintry, stormy ; hi-berna, winter-quarters ; hi-berno, to pass the winter, [hibernate]. 162. xo'^O"?? X^'^^' 9^^^^ anger ; x^^-^'^o-s, bilious ; x^^'^^y ^^ be full of black bile, to be angry ; ^o^-o^^j to make bilious, to enrage ; /xeAay-xoX-to, a depraved state of the bile in which it grows very black, a melancholic temperament, [melancholy/]. fel, the gall-bladder, gall, poison. 163. Greek rt. xpcji. Xpe/x-t^o), xp^fji-eTiCoi (onomatop.), to neigh, whinny, [grim^ grum] ; XP^H-'V^ XP^/^"^^» ^ crashing sound, a neighing ; xpo/x- aSo9, a crashing sound, a creaking. 164. ghar; ghar; xp^; fri, fric; grate, rub. Xpt-w, to touch the surface of a body lightly, to graze, rub, anoint ; xP^-o-t?, an anointing ; xp^-fjua^ xp^-a-fjia^ unguent, oil ; Xpt-oTos, used as ointment, (of persons) anointed ; Xptcrros, the Anointed One, the Christ. fri-o, to rub, break into small pieces ; fr!-abllis, easily broken or crumbled to ipieces, friable; fri-c-o, to rub, [fricative] ; fric-tio, a Tvibhing, friction ; denti-fric-inm, a tooth-powder, dentifrice. 165. ghu; — ; x^, X^^", x^^; fu, fud; pour. Xe(^)a), (fut. xev'-o-o)), to pour, [gush, gutter] ; x^'P-^f X^^"/*^> a liquid ; x^'"^^^? X^'V^ ^ pouring, a stream ; x^^^ (x^"^^)' ^ liquid measure, a heap of earth ; X'^"/^^^? j^ice, liquid ; x^'-^o?, juice, moisture. fo-n-s, a Qipring, fountain, fount [font] ; Jfu-tis, a water- vessel ; ef-fu-tio, to babble forth, to chatter ; con-fii-to, to cool anything by pouring water into it or upon it, to repress, to confute; 80 REGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. re-fii-to, to check, repel, refute, [refuse] ; fu-n-d-o, to pour, (compd. w. circum, com, di, ex, in, inter, ob, per, pro, re, sub, super, trans), [fuse, confuse, diffuse, effuse, infuse, interfused, suffuse, transfuse] ; pro-fu-sus (part.), poured forth. ; pro-fti-sus (adj.), lavish, pro/ztse; fu-sio, a pouring forth, a melting [fu- sion] ; fut-t!lis (=fud-tilis\ (less correctly fii-tilis), that easily pours out, untrustworthy, worthless, futile. t; t, th; t; t. 166. aj/T-t', over against, instead of, [answer, fr. A.-S. and (against) and swaran (to swear) ; anti-, a prefix signifying against, opposed to, contrary to, in place of] ; avr-a, avry-v, dvTl-Kpv^ (advbs.), over against ; dvTL-o^^ ev-avrt-os, opposite, contrary to ; ai/T-oju,at, dvT-ao), avT-taw, to meet. ante (for anted, old form anti. The form ante-d is preserved in antid-ea, anteid-ea, and is to be regarded as an ablative, while dvTi and anti are locative in form, and avra is instru- mental), before, [used as a prefix in forming many English words (e.g., antedate), ancient] ; antSa (old form antid-ea, anteid- ea ; antea = ante, ea; cf. antehac, postea, posthac), adv., before, formerly ; an-terior, adj. comp., that is before, former, anterior ; ant-iquTis, ancient, [antique] ; ant-iquo, to leave in its ancient state, (of a bill) to reject ; ant-iquitas, age, antiquity. 167. star; star; dcrrp; astr, ster; strew (cf. No. 185). do-TTjp, a star (the stars may have been so called from their being '* strewn over' the vault of heaven ") ; dcrre/odet?, starry ; darpov, a star. Stella (for ster-ula), a star, [stellar, stellated, constellatio7i] ; astni-m, a star, a constellation, [astral]. 168. crt, still, longer, further, moreover ; irpoo-iTL, over and above. at, and ; et-iam, and also, and even ; at, ast, but, moreover ; REGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 81 atqui, but, and yet ; atque, ac, and also, and even, and; at-avus, a great-great-great-grandfather, an ancestor. 169. €ro9, a year ; enyo-to?, lasting a year ; iTrja-iat, periodical winds ; ttJtcs (cr^re?), of this year ; veWa, next year. vetus, old ; veteranus, old, veteran ; veterasco (inch.), to grow old; vetustus, old, ancient; vetulus (dim.), little old. 170. traXo?, a bull [from XraXos is derived Italia]. vittilus, vitula, a calf. 171. /Aero, in the middle, in the midst of, among, with, after, (jLtera in form is instrumental and has perhaps no direct rela- tionship to fjL€(ro, -v\ov, pressed olives or grapes ; d-o-re/Acjf)-!;?, unmoved, unshaken ; are^fi-oi, to shake, to misuse, [stamp] ; aro^-io), (TTo/B-d^o), to scold. 178. Greek rt. o<:, hard, firm ; o-Tct/a-o, keel- beam ; o-rep-tcjir}, crretp-a, barren ; crTrjp'cyi, a prop ; o-Trjp'iCai, to set fast, to prop. ster-Ilis, barren, sterile. 181. stap, stip; stha; ctt€<|> (for -(j), to surround, crown ; o-Tifx-fxa, crrec^-o?, crrcc^-avo?, a garland, [stem] ; o-recji-dvrj, an encircling or surrounding. stip-o, to crowd together, surround closely, surround, (compd. w. circum, com), [constipate] ; stip-ator, an attendant ; stip-es 84 REGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. (collat. form stips, gen. stlpis), a log, a post, a trunk of a tree ; stlp-is (a genitive from an assumed nom. stips, meaning origi- nally small coin in heaps), a gift, a contribution ; stip-endium (stips, pendo), a tax, tribute, income, stipend ; stip-iila (dim.), a stalk; stlp-iilor, (prob. from an unused adj. stipixlus, firm; or perhaps from stips), to bargain, stipulate. 182. orrt-o, stone. 183. stig; tig^; (ttiy; stlg, sting; prick, puncture. cTTL'^d), to prick, [sting, stick] ; o-rty-/xa, o-rty-jUT;, prick, mark, spot, a mark burnt in, a brand, [stig^ma] ; o-tlk-to^, pricked, spotted. f sti-lus, a pointed instrument, a style (for writing) ; sti-miilus (for stig-mitlus), a goad, incentive, stimulus ; sti-mulo, to urge onward, goad, stimulate; in-stig-o, to urge, incite, instigate; sting-uo (lit. to prick or scratch out, poet, and rare for exstinguo), to quench, extinguish ; ex-sting-uo, to quench, extinguish, de- stroy ; in-sting-uo, to instigate ; in-stinc-tus (part.), instigated ; in-stinc-tus (subst.), instigation, impulse, [instinct] ; di-sting-no, (prop, to separate by points), to separate, distinguish. 184. o-To-fjLo, mouth ; crro-jxaxo^, mouth, opening, the throat, the orifice of the stomach, the stomach; o-Tw-fjivXo^, mouthy, wordy, talkative. 185. star; star; , rpccj), 0pa<|), Tpa<|> ; — ; fill, delight, comfort. TepTT'O) (rpaTT-et'-o/xev), to satisfy, to delight ; repif/L^, repTT'CDXrj, full enjoyment, delight; repTr-vd?, delightful; t/qcc^-co, to make firm, thick, or solid, to make fat, to feed, rear ; Tpo(j>-rj, nour- ishment, food ; a-Tpo4>'ia, want of food or nourishment, atrophy. 200. tars ; tarsh ; T€p), part of a woman's head-dress, a veil; 8ta-8ea>, to bind around ; Sta-STy-jita, a band or fillet, a diadem. 219. dam; dam; Scjj.; dom; build. Se/x-o), to build ; Se/x-a?, build, form, body ; Sofx-o^, a build- ing, a room, [timber'] ; 8to/xa, 8co, a house. dom-us, a house, [dome]; dom-estlcus, of or belonging to one's house or family, domestic, private ; dom-icilium (domus and eel-, root of celare, to conceal), a dwelling, domicile. 220. dak ; daksh ; ScJ ; dex ; take hold of, seize. The root is the same as No. 7, with the addition here of an s. Sefto-s, 8e^t-Tcpo-9, on the right hand or side ; 7rept-Sefto9, d/x^t-Se^to9, with two right hands, i.e., using both hands alike. dex-ter, on the right hand or side, right, dexterous {dextrous), 221. — ; dar; Sep; — . 8ep-o> (Setp-co, Sat;3-(o), to skin, to flay ; Sip-o<;, Sop-a, Sep-/xa, skin, [c?(?r?7i, dermatology] ; Seppts, a leathern covering. 222. 8€tp?/, Att. 8ep77, the neck, throat ; Setpd-s^ the ridge of a chain of hills (like avxw and Xocj^os). dorsum, dorsus, the back, a ridge or summit of a hill ; dorsiialis, of or on the back, dorsal. 223. di; di, di; 8t; dl; be afraid, frightened, restless. 8t--T?//o, a giver ; Sd-o-ts, Sco?, a giving, a gift; Sm-tlvy], Sco-rvs, Sco-rt?, a gift; Sw-poi/, a gift, a present. do (inf. dare), to give, [da-te, n. and vb.] ; circum-do, to put around ; . pessum-do, to press or dash to the ground, to destroy ; addo, to put to or near, to add; de-do, to put away, give up, surrender, devote ; di-do, to give out, distribute ; e-do, to put forth, produce, [edit] ; per-do, to put through, put entirely 96 EEGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. away, destroy, waste, lose, [perdition] ; disperdo, to destroy, waste ; pro-do, to put or give forth, produce, publish, disclose, betray ; red-do, to give back, give up, [render, rendition'] ; tra-do (trans, do), to give up or over, to surrender, to transmit, to relate ; traditio, a giving up, a saying banded down from former times, a tradition; ven-do (contr. fr. venum, do), to sell, vend; da-tor, a giver; da-tivus, of or belonging to giving, (dativns casus, the dative case) ; pro-di-tor, a traitor ; de-di-tio, a surrender; de-dl-t!cius, one who has surrendered; do-mim, a gift ; do-no, to give one something as a present, donate, [donor] ; con-dono, to give up, pardon, condone; re-dono, to give back again, restore, forgive ; do-natio, a presenting, donation ; dos, a dowry, a gift ; do-to, to endow, provide, [subst. dower, dow- ry] ; do-talis, of or belonging to a dowry ; du-im, pres. sub., old Lat. for deni; damnum (for daminuni, neut. of old part, of d(Xre = To StSo/xevov), injury, damage; dam-no, to damage, condemn, damn; con-demno, to condemn; indemnis (in, dam- num), uninjured ; indemnltas, security from damage or loss, indemnity. 226. Z6\o'<5^ cunning ; SeXeap, a bait. I dolus, guile, deceit; dSlosus, cunning, deceitful. 227. — 5 tat, to resolve, contrive ; /xeS-ovrc?, guardians ; ixtjo-- TU)p, a counsellor ; /xtJS-o?, gounsel ; /x,eS-t/x,F09, a measure. m5d-us, measure, manner, mode, [m^ood] ; modo (orig. abl. of modus), only, merely, (of time) just now, lately ; mbd-emus 100 REGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. (fr. Tuodo), modern; com-mod-us, that has a due or proper measure, complete, suitable, convenient, commodious, [com- onode, commodity/] ; com-mod-um, convenience, advantage ; mod- Icus, having or keeping a proper measure, moderate ; mod-ulus (dim.), a small measure, a measure, [model] ; mod-ulor, to measure, ^modulate; mod-estus, keeping due measure, moderate, w^odest ; mod-eror, to fix a measure, set bounds, moderate, reg- ulate ; mod-ins, mod-ium, a measure, a peck ; mod-Iflco (modus, facio), to limit, regulate, [modify/]. 239. Greek rt. jxeXS. fxeXS-iOy to melt, make liquid, [smelt] ; /x-cAS-o/xat, to melt, grow liquid. 240. ad; — ; 68; od, ol; smell. o^-o) (pf. oS-coS-a), to smell (intrans.) ; oS-fxy (oo-'fjurj), a smell, odor ; Svcr-ioS-rjSy ill-smelling. 6d-or, a smell, odor ; 6d-oro, to give a smell or fragrance to, to perfume ; od-oror, to smell at, to smell out, search out, investigate ; cd-6rarius, of or for perfuming ; J^d-oratus, sweet- smelling ; 5d-oriis, odorous, keen-scented ; 51-eo (ol-o), to smell (intr. or tr.), (compd. w. ad, ob, per, re, sub), [redoleiit] ; Sl-Idus, emitting a smell ; bl-or, a smell ; ol-facio (uncontracted collat. form, dl^fdcio), to cause to smell of, to smell, [olfactory]. 241. 6Sovta, a cleft, division, schis7n. soind-o (pf. scld-i), to cut, to split, (compd. w. ab, circum, com, de, di, ex, inter, per, prae, pro, re), [scissors, exscind, rescind] ; caed-o, to cut, strike, kill, (compd. w. ad, com, de, dis, ex, in, inter, ob, prae, re, sub, trans), [concise, decide, incise, incisive, incision, precise] ; cae-mentiun (contr. fr. caedimentum, fr. caedo), stone as hewn from the quarry, [cement] ; cae-lum, a chisel. 245. spad, spand; spand; (ra8; fund; move violently, reel, swing. (TcfiaB-d^o), to toss the body about, struggle, struggle spas- modically ; o-<^a8-a(r/xo9, a spasm, convulsion ; o-c^^eS-avo?, eager, violent ; (T(f>o8'p6^ custom, habit, [ethics, ethical] ; et-co-^a (pf.), to be accustomed ; c^-t^o), to accustom. siiesco, to become or be accustomed, (compd. w. ad, com, de, in) ; consuetudo, custom; mansuesco (manus, suesco), (lit. to accustom to the hand), to tame ; mansiietiido, tameness, mild- ness ; desuetudo, disuse, desuetude ; sodalis, a boon-companion. 253. rudh; rudh; 6pv0 (c prothetic) ; rud, ruf, rub, rob; red. ip€vO-(D, to make red ; ipv0-p6<;, red, ruddy, [rusf] ; epevOo's, redness ; ipvOptdoi, to blush ; ipvcrtf^rj^ mildew. riib-er, rub-rus, rub-ens, rob-eus, rob-ins, rob-us, red, [ruhy] ; rub-eo, to be red ; sur-riib-eo (suh-ruheo), to be somewhat red ; riibe-facio {rubeo,facio), to make red; riib-esco (inch.), to grow red ; riib-edo, rub-or, redness ; rtib-ellns (dim.), reddish ; riib-us, a bramble-bush, blackberry-bush ; rubrica (fr. ruherica), red earth, the title of a law, the rubric; rob-igo, rtib-igo, rust, blight ; ruf-ns, red, red-haired ; Enfus, Eufio, Roman proper names; riif-esco (inch.), to become reddish; rii-tilus {^=rud- tilus), red, shining ; rii-tilo, to make red, to be red. 104 REGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 254. dha ; dha ; 6a, Qr\ ; fe, fi ; suckle, suck. Orj-a-ai^ to suckle ; Orj-crOat^ to milk ; Oy-o-aro, lie sucked ; Orj-Xr)^ teat ; Orj-Xcji), Or}-\ajjL(i)v, Orj-Xdcrrpia^ a nurse ; rt'Oy-vT], TLT'Or]^ a nurse; tlt-06s, a teat; Orj-Xvs, female; yaka-Orj-vos, sucking. fello, to suck ; fe-mina, a female, [feminine] ; fl-lius, a son ; fi-lia, a daughter, [filial]. Femina, fllius, and fllia may be derived from the root /it. 255. Greek rt. 0aF. (Dor.) Oa-eofJiaLy (Ion.) O-q-loixai, Att. Oe-d-ofiaL, to look on, gaze at ; Oav-fia, a wonder ; Oc-ojpta, a looking at, contempla- tion, theory ; Oi-a, a view, a sight ; Oia-Tpov^ a place for seeing, esp. for dramatic representation, a theatre. 256. dha; dha; Ge; da, fa, fa-c; place, make, do. TL-Orj-jULt, to place, to make, to do, [deed, deem., doom] ; Oi-fxa, that which is placed or laid down ; Oi-ons, a placing, a thesis ; Oe-o-fMos^ that which is laid down and established, a rule, a law ; Oi'fjLLs^ that which is laid down and established, law (not as fixed hj statute, but) as established by custom ; Oe-jxeXia, Oi- fjieOXa (pi.), the foundations, the lowest part ; Orj-Krj, a case to put anything in, a chest; aTroOrJKr], a storehouse, repository, [apothecary]. ab-do, to put away, to conceal ; con-do, to put together, to form, to put away carefully for preservation, to conceal ; in-do, to put into or upon ; ob-do, to place at or before ; sub-do, to place under ; abs-condo, to put out of sight, conceal carefully, [abscond] ; re-condo, to put back again, to stow away, conceal, [recondite] ; conditor, a maker, builder, founder ; credo (Sk. grat, grad, trust and dha), to put faith in, to trust, [credit, creditor, credence, credential, credible, credulous, creed] ; fam- tilus (masc), fam-tila (fem.), a servant ; fam-ilia, a household establishment, 2^ family ; fa-ber, a maker, a worker (in hard materials), an artificer ; fa-brica, the workshop or the business of an artisan ; fa-br!cor, to make, prepare, [fabricate] ; fa-bri- REGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 105 cator, an artificer, a contriver ; fac-io, to make, to do, (compd. [in form -ficio] w. ad, com, de, ex, in, ob, per, prae, pro, re, Rub) ; fi-o (=^fa-i-o), to be made, to become ; are-facio (a?To, facio), to make dry, to dry up ; assHe-facio (assuesco, facio), to accustom ; cale-facio (caleo, facio), to make warm or hot ; commone-facio (coniTnoneo, facio), to remind forcibly, to put in mind ; con-cale-facio (cum, calefacio), to warm thorougbly > labe-facio (Idbo, facio), to make to reel, to shake violently ; made-facio (madeo, facio), to make wet; pate-facio. (^ai^eo,/aao), to make or lay open; tepe-facio {tepeo, facio), to make mod- erately warm ; af-fic-io, to do sometbing to a person or thing, to treat in any way ; con-fic-io, to make thoroughly, to com- plete ; de-fic-io, to make to be away, to make one's self to be away, revolt, fail, [deficient] ; ef-fic-io, to make out, work out, bring to pass, effect ; in-fic-io, to put in, dip in a liquid, stain, infect; inter-ficio, (to make something to be between the parts of a thing, so as to separate and break it up), to destroy, to kill ; of-fic-io, to do over against, to hinder, to oppose ; per-fic-io, to make or do completely, to finish ; prae-fic-io, to set over, place in authority over; pro-fic-io, to go forward, make prog- ress, [proficienf] ; re-fic-io, to make again, to rebuild ; suf-fic-io, to make or cause to be under, to dip, dye, affect, furnish, [sufficient']', affectio (adf.), disposition toward, affection; af- fec-to (better adfecto), (freq.), to strive after, imitate, affect, [affectation] ; fac-to (freq.), to make, to do ; fac-t!to (freq. fr. facto), to make or do frequently, to be wont to make or do ; fac-esso (intens.), to do eagerly or earnestly ; pro-fic-iscor, (to make, i.e. put one's self forward), to set out, depart, proceed ; fac-ilis, easy to do, easy,/aa7c; dif-fic-ilis, (far from easy to do), difHcult ; fac-ilitas, ease, facility ; fac-ultas, capability, power, supply, [faculty]] dif-fic-ultas, difficulty; fac-tnm, that which is done, a deed, 2. fact ; fac-tor, a maker, doer, [factor] ; fac-tio, a making, a company of persons, a party, faction ; fac-tiosus, seditious, factious ; fac-Inns, a deed, a crime ; ef-flc-ax, effca-- cious ; pr5-fec-to {^ pro facto), actually, certainly; bene-ftcus, 106 REGULAll SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. generous, heneficent; male-flcus, evil-doing, wicked ; aedl-flc-o {aedes, facio), to build, build up, edify; ampli-flc-o {amplus, facio), to enlarge, amplify. 257. ghan; han; Gcv; fend; beat, strike. ^etv-co, to strike. Jfend-o, tlie primitive word of tbe compounds, defendo, offendo, infensus and infestus ; de-fend-o, to ward off, repel, defend, fend, \defence, fence (n. and. v.), fender] ; of-fend-o, to strike, injure, offend; in-fen-sus, bostile ; in-fes-tus (for infens- ius), made unsafe, disturbed, infested, that renders unsafe, hostile ; mani-festus (manus, fendo, i.e., that one hits with the hand), clear, evident, manifest, 258. Greek rt. 0€F. 6i-oi (^Oev'crofjiaL), to run ; 6o-6s, swift ; ^o-a^a>, to move quickly ; /Sorj-Ooos ()So7;, ^eo)), hasting to the battle-shout, war- like, helping. 259. Or/p^ Aeol. (jurjp, Orjp-Lov, a wild beast ; Orjp-do), to hunt ; Orjp-a, the chase. fer-us, wild; fer-ns, m., fer-a, f., a w41d beast; ef-fer-o, to make wild ; fer-!tas, wildness ; fer-ox, wild, bold, fierce, [fero- cious] ; fer-ocia, fer-ocltas, wild or untamed courage, fierceness, ferocity, 260. dhars ; dharsh ; 0apo-| Opacr ; fars ; dare. Opaa-vs, bold ; Odpcr-os, boldness, courage ; Oapa-'io) (^app-eco), to be of good courage, [dare] ; Oapcr-vvo), to encourage. fas-tus (full form farstus), scornful contempt, arrogance ; fas-tidium (for fasti-ti-dium), loathing, aversion ; fas-tidiosus, (full of disgust or aversion), disdainful, fastidious. 261. dhar, dhra; dhar; 0pa; fir, for; hold, support, bear up. Opi^-o-ao-Oat, to seat one's self, to sit ; Opa-vos, a bench ; Oprj- vvs, a footstool ; Opo-vos, a seat, chair, throne. REGULAK SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 107 fir-mus, firm, strong ; in-fir-mus, feeble, infirm ; fir-mitas, fir- mitudo, firmness ; fir-mo, to make firm, support, strengthen, (compd. w. ad, com, in, ob), [affirm, confirm] ; fir-mator, an establisher ; fir-mamentum, a support, [firmament] ; for-tis, strong, brave, [ fort, fortress, fortify, force, forte] ; for-titudo, strength, firmness, fortitude ; fre-tus, leaning or supported on something, relying upon ; fre-num, a bridle. 262. Greek rt. 0p€. Opi-ofjiaif to cry aloud ; Opo-o's, a noise ; Op^'vota, anything fastened or joined together; Tnyy-o?, firm, strong; Tray-os, a firm-set rock ; 7ray-09, ird^-viq, TraycTos, frost ; irdy-rj^ anything that fixes or holds fast, a trap ; 7rao-o--aXo9, a peg, a nail. pa-n-g-o (old form paco, pago), to fix, record, determine (compd. w. com, in, ob, re), [impinge, impact] ; pac-iscor, pac-isco (old form paco), to make a bargain or agreement; pac-tum, an agreement, compact, ^^ac^; pax (orig. an agreement, treaty), peace, [appease] ; pac-o, to make peaceful, to pacify ; paci-fico, to make a peace, to pacify ; paoi-ftcus, peace-making, pacific; pag-us, (prop, a place with fixed boundaries), a district, the country ; pag-anus, of or belonging to the country or to a village, civil, (in eccl. Latin) heathen, pagan ; pag-anus (subst.), a countryman, a civilian, (in eccl. Latin) a heathen, 2, pagan; pag-!na, 2, page; com-pag-es, com-pag-o, a connection, joint, structure ; pro-pag-o, to fasten or fix forward or down, to set slips, propagate, prolong ; pro-pag-o, a layer, a setting, ofispring ; pa-lus, pa-lum, a stake ; pig-nns, a pledge ; pig-nero, to give as a pledge ; pec-u, (the thing fastened up), a head of the larger cattle, cattle of all kinds, sheep, money ; pec-us 112 BEGULAE SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. {ndis), a liead of cattle of any kind ; pec-ns {6ris), the larger cattle, a herd, cattle of all kinds, animals ; pec-unia (fr. pecus ; " omnis pecuniae pecus fundamentum," Var.), property, money ; pec-uniaris, of or belonging to money, 'pecuniary. 286. P«> — > —J —J strike. 7rat-(o, to strike. pav-io, to beat, strike ; pav-imentum, (the thing beaten or rammed down), a hard floor, a pavement; pav-imento, to cover with a pavement, to pave ; de-puv-io, to strike, beat. 287. TToX-dixr), the palm of the hand, the hand. pal-ma, the palm of the hand, the hand, the blade of an oar, the palm-tree, [palmy] ; pal-mus, the palm of the hand ; pal-mula (dim.), palm of the hand, oar-blade ; pal-metum, a palm-grove ; pal-mes, a young branch or shoot of a vine. 288. 7ra/oa, irapat, Trap, 7ra, (w. gen.) from the side of, (w. dat.) at the side of, (w. ace.) to the side of. per, through, throughout, by means of. 289. pa 5 pa? '"'O'J pa 5 nourish, protect. Tra-ryp, a father ; Tra-r/oto, lineage, a clan ; 7raTpi-dpx>^<;, the father or chief of a clan, a patriarch; Trarptwr^?, a fellow- countryman, [patriot]. pa-ter, a father ; pa-temus, pa-tritus, pa-tr!cus, pl-trius, of or belonging to one's father, paternal; pa-tria, one's fatherland, native country ; pa-trlmonium, an estate inherited from a father, a patrimony ; parriclda (for patricida from pater, caedo), the murder of a father, a parricide, a murderer; pa-trims, a father's brother ; pa-tmelis, a cousin on the father's side ; pa-tromis, a protector, defender, ^a^^ron; pa-troclnor, to protect; papa, a father, papa, (in eccl. writers) a spiritual father, a bishop. 290. Traro-?, a path ; Trare-w, to walk, tread. pons, a bridge. REGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 113 291. pa; pa; ira, Trar; pa, pen; nourish, protect. 7raT-eo/>tat, to eat ; a-Tracr-ro?, not having eaten. pa-SCO, to nourish, support by food ; pa-scor, to feed upon ; pascuns, of or for pasture, grazing ; pascuum, pastura, 2(> pasture; pas-tor, a feeder, feeder of cattle, shepherd, pastor ; pas-toralis, of or belonging to shepherds, pastoral; pas-tus, feeding, food ; pa-bulum, food, fodder ; pa-bulor, to seek for food, to forage, to feed ; pa-bulator, a forager, a herdsman ; pa-nis, bread ; pen-us, food, food stored within a place (perhaps through the inter- mediate idea of storing food within, the root ^^ pen'' acquired the meaning ^^ within'')] Penates, the Penates, (deities of the interior of the house), guardian deities of the household and of the state; pen-es, with, in the possession or power of; pen-etro, to put into, enter, penetrate, 292i pava ; — ; st. irav ; pau ; little. Trau-o), to make to end or cease, {^pause"] ; Trav-ofxai^ to cease from ; irav-Xa^ 7rav-(ro)Xrj^ a rest, an end ; TraO-po?, small, few. pan-cus, small, little, {-pi.) few ; pau-oitas, fewness, paucity; pau-culns, very small, (pi.) very few ; pau-lus, paullus, little, small ; pau-lum, (adv.), a little, somewhat ; pau-lo (advbl. abl.), by a little, somewhat ; pau-latim, by little and little, by degrees ; pau-lisper, for a little while; pan-per (adj.), poor; pan-per (subst.), a poor person, [pauper']] pau-pertas, po-y^-^^y; pau- peries (poet, and in post Aug. prose for paupertas), poverty ; pa-rum (adv.), too little, little. 293. 7rcAAo9, TreXos, TrcXto?, TrcXtSvos, dark-colored, dusky, livid ; TToA-tos, gray. pal-leo, to be or look pale ; pal-lesco (inch.), to grow or turn pale ; ex-pal-lesco (inch.), to grow or turn very pale ; pal-lldus, pallid, pale, \_f allow] ; pal-lor, paleness, pallor ; ptd-lns, dark- colored, dusky ; pul-latus, clothed in soiled or black garments ; liveo (for pllveo), to be of a bluish or lead color ; livldus, of a leaden color, blue, livid; ob-llv-iscor {oh, liveo, to have the 114 KEGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. mind darkened), to forget; ob-liv-io, forgetfulness, oblivion; obliviosus, forgetful, oblivious. 294. TreA-Xa, a hide, leather ; ipvat-TreXas (ipvOpoSy TreAAa), inflammation of the skin, erysipelas; iTn-TroXrj, a surface. pel-lis, a skin, hide (of a beast) whether on the body or taken off, a pelt, a fell. 295. Grreek rt. ircv, want, toil. TreV-o/xat, to work, toil, be poor or needy ; Trev-?;?, irev-Lxpo^;, poor, needy ; irevca, poverty ; irev-eo-TaL, serfs ; ttoV-os, work, esp. hard work, toil ; Trov-eo), to work hard, toil, distress ; TTov-T^pog, toilsome, troublesome, bad ; Tretr-a, hunger. pen-uria, paen-uria, want, penury. 296. par; par; ircp, irop; per, por; pierce, go through, go over, carry over. Trepd-o), to drive right through, to pass through or over ; 7r6po (shortened from Trt-Trepd-o-Kw, REaULAE. SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 115 reduplicated from Trepao)), to sell (often in pass., to be sold, esp. for exportation) ; Trep-vr^iii (poet, mostly Ep. for TrtTrpacr/co)), to export for sale, to sell ; Trpt-a/xat, to buy ; Trpa-o-tg, a selling, sale ; irpa-Typ, irpa-TLast a seller ; 7r6p-vrj, a prostitute. 299. TrepL (prep.), round, about, all around ; irept (adv.), around, above, exceedingly, very ; irepL (in comp.), around, above, very ; irepL^ (strengthened for Trept), round about ; irepL- o-cro9, prodigious, extraordinary ; --n-ep (end. particle), very mucb, however much. per- (before adjectives), very; per-magmis, very great. 300. These words are probably connected with No. 293. TTT/Xo?, clay, earth, mud; wyX-Xvos, of clay; Trpo-TnyXaK-ti^o), to bespatter with mud, to treat with contumely, pa-lus, a swamp. 301 ■ These words are probably connected with No. 295. Trrjvog, 77771/77, the woof, (pi.) the web ; irqv'Lov, the quill or spool on which the bobbin is wound for weaving ; Trrjv-i^ofjLai, to reel, to weave ; TPTyvm? (fem.), the weaver. pannus, a cloth, a garment ; panus, the thread wound upon the bobbin in a shuttle. 302. pi; pi; -n-i; pi; swell, be fat. TTt-cov, 7rZ-apo5, TrI-cpos, Trl-aAeo?, fat, plump, (of soil) rich; TTtap, TVLixekrj (subst.), fat ; Trt-atVo), to fatten. opimiis(?), rich. 303. TTtAo?, wool or hair wrought into felt ^ anything made of felt, esp. a felt cap. pillens, pilleum, pileus, a felt cap or hat. 304. par, pal; par; irXa, irXc; pie; fill. Tri-fx-TrXrj-jjLL (inf. 7rt/x-7rXa-j/at), to fill ; TrXiy^o), to be full ; ttXc-o?, TrXct-o?, TrXe-cD?, 7r\rj-p7]<;, full ; ttXtj-Ovs, ttXtj-Oos, a throng, a crowd ; ttXov-to?, wealth. 116 REaULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. Jpleo, to fill, fulfil, (compd. w. com, de, ex, in, ob, re, sub), [complete, deplete, (adj.) replete, supply']) com-ple-mentum, a complement, [compliment] ; ex-ple-tivus, serving to fill out, expletive; im-ple-mentnm, a filling up, [i7nple7nent] ] sup-ple- mentnm, a supply, a supplement ; ple-nus, full, [plenary, replen- ish]] plebs, plebes, the common people, tbe plebeians; po- piilu-s, a people, the people ; po-piil-aris, of or belonging to the people, popular; ptib-llcus, (contr. from pbpUllcus, from pdpixlus) , public ; ptiblloe, on the part of the state ; pub-llco, to seize and adjudge to the public use, to confiscate ; ptib-l!cainis (subst.), a tax-gatherer, q> publican; mani-pul-us {manus, pleo), a handful, a small handle, a company, a r)%aniple, [manipulate]. 305. plak; — ; -rrXaY (for irXaK), irXi^Y; plag, plang; strike, beat. TrXTycro-oj {l-irkqy-iqv ^ ef €-7rXay-7y v) , to strike ; TrXy^y-rj^ a blow ; ttAcl^o), to strike, drive off, make to wander. plang-o, to strike ; plang-or, a striking, beating, lamentation ; planc-tus, a striking, beating ; plag-a, a blow ; plec-to, to strike. 306. pill 5 pi" 5 irXv, TrX.€, irXcF; plu. This root denotes movement in water and of water, under four main heads : float, sail, flow, rain. TrXe-co, to sail ; ttAo-os, a voyage ; TrAto-ros, floating, fit for sailing ; ttXco-tt/p, a sailor ; irXw-ia^ to wash ; TrXv-jxa^ water in which something has been washed ; ttAv-tos, washed ; irXwrrip, irXvv-o^^ a trough, tank. plii-o (usu. impers.), to rain ; pluv-ius, causing or bringing rain ; pluv-ia, rain ; pliiv-iaHs, pluv-iatlcus, of or belonging to rain ; lin-ter, (old Latin, liinter — plunter), a boat. 307. pnu, plu; — ; irvv, ttvc; plu, pul; blow, breathe. TTi/e-o), to blow, breathe ; 7n/ei}-/xa, wind, air, breath, spirit ; 7n/ei;-/xaTtK09, of or belonging to wind or air, pneumatic ; ttvo-tj, a blowing, a blast ; irvev-iJUDv^ TrXev-jjioiv, the lungs ; 7n/€v-/xoi/ta, a disease of the lungs, pneumonia; Tri-irvv-fxai (old Epic perf. pass, of TTi/eo), with pres. sense), to have breath or soul, to be wise ; 7rc-7n/i;-/x€Vos, ttIvv-to^^ wise, discreet ; iriyv'Trj^ under- REGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 117 standing ; Troc-Trvv-o), to be out of breath, to puff, to bustle about. pul-mo (= plu-mon), a lung, (pi.) tbe lungs; pul-moneus, of or belonging to the lungs, pulmonic ; pul-monarius, pertaining to the lungs, pulmonary. 308. pa, pu, po; pa; tto, iri; po, bi; drink. TTt-vw, to drink; '7ro-T6ta, a drink ; tto-tt;?, a drinker ; iro-rrjpiov, a drinking-cup ; ir't-vov, liquor made from barley, beer ; Trt-Trt'-o-Kw, to give to drink ; 7rt-cro9 (prob. used only in the plural), meadows ; Trc-o-a, Trt-o-rpa, a drinking-trough, drink. po-tns, po-tio, a drinking, a drink, Si potion; po-tor, a drinker, a drunkard ; po-to, to drink (usually from passion, habit, etc.), to tipple, (compd. w. e, prae, per) ; po-tatio, a drinking, a pota- tion; po-culum, a drinking-vessel, cup, bowl; bl-bo, to drink (from natural thirst), (compd. w. com, e, in, per, prae), [im- bibe] ; bi-bu-lus, drinking readily, bibulous ; im-bu-o (a sort of causative to imbibo), to cause to drink in, to fill, to imbue, 309. TToi-ixrjv^ a shepherd. This word is to be traced to the root pa^ meaning protect. 310. Pii 5 P^ 5 •n'O'' 5 Pw 5 cleanse, purify. TTot-i/T/, a penalty ; d-iroL-va (pi.), a ransom, recompense, penalty. pti-tus, purified, pure ; pii-to, (lit. to clean, cleanse, trim, prune, [in this lit. sense very rare]), (very freq. in the trop. sense) to make clear, set in order, reckon, compute, consider ; am-pu-to, to cut around, to cut off, [amputate] ; com-pil-to, to reckon, compute ; de-pu-to, to prune, consider, (in late Latin) to destine, allot, [depute, deputy, deputation] ; dis-pii-to, to cal- culate, consider well, discuss, dispute; ex-pu-to, to prune, con- sider well, comprehend ; inter-pu-to, to prune out here and there ; re-pii-to, to count over, compute, reflect upon, [repute, reputation, reputable] ; pu-tamen, prunings, waste ; ptl-tator, 118 EEGULAE, SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. a pruner ; pli-rus, clean, pure, [puritan] ; im-pu-rus, unclean, impure; pii-ri-flco {p>urus, facio), to cleanse, purify ; pii-ritas, cleanness, ^i^n^fy ; purgo (contr. for purtgo, from puruvi, ago)^ to cleanse, purge; ex-purgo, to purge completely, \_expurgate\ ; pur-gatio, a cleansing, purgation ; pur-gator, a cleanser ; pur- gatorius, cleansing, purgative, purgatory ; f poena, expiation, penalty, [penal] ; pu-nic^ (arch, from poe-nio), to punish ; im- punitas, impunity ; pae-niteo (less correctly poe-niteo), to cause to repent, to repent, [^penitent] ; pae-nltet (less correctly poenltet), it repents one, etc., i.e., I, you, etc., repent; pae-nitentia, repent- ance, penitence. 311. This group is related to No. 304. 7rdAt-9, a city ; TroXt-Trjg, a citizen ; TroXlreta, citizenship, admin- istration, civil polity, [p)olicy, police] ; TroXtrtKo?, civil, political, [politic, politics] ; ixrjTpoTrokiq (^jjuT^Typ, ttoXls), the mother-state, the mother-city, a metropolis; Koo-fjiOTroXtTr]^ (Koa-fxo^ [world], TToXtTTy?), a citizen of the world, a cosmopolitan. 312. par, pal; par; irXc; pie; fill (connected with No. 304). 7roXv'79, a master, a despot ; 3eo--7rotva, mistress ; Seo--7roo'wos, of or belonging to the master or lord ; Secr-TroX-cu, to be lord or master. pot-is, powerful, able; pot-ior, more powerful, preferable; pot-ior, to become master of, acquire, possess ; com-pos (com^ potis), partaking of, possessing, sharing in ; impos (in, potis)^ not master of, not possessed of; possum (potis, sum), to be able, [possihle, power] ; pot-ens, able, ^o^eviwi, potent ; pot-entia, might, power, potency, [potential]-, pot-estas, ability, power; ut-pote, as namely, inasmuch as. 315. G-reek rt. irpa. TTLfL-Trprj-jjiL (inf. TTCfji-Trpd-vaL), to burn ; 7rpy-6(i)y to blow up, blow out, blow into a flame, intr. to blow ; e-irprj-o-ev (Hom.), blew, caused to stream ; irprj-SiDv, an inflammation ; irprj-a-T^jpy a flash of lightning, a hurricane ; irprj-fxaiva}, to blow hard. 120 EEGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 316. pra; pra; irpo, irpo), irpi; pra, pro, pri; before. Trpo, before ; Trpo-repos (compar.), before (in place, time, or rank) ; 7rpC)-To<; (sup. contr. fr. TrpoTaTos)-, first, foremost ; Trpo- /X09, the foremost man, a chief; Trpv-rans, a prince, a president ; TTpLv (= irpo-Lv, 7rpo-Lov\ before, before that ; 7r/9co-'t, early, early in the day ; Trpw-iyv, lately, day before yesterday ; Trpd-cra-w, 7rpo-o-o>, TTop-cro), TToppo), forwards, far. prae {-= pra-i, loc), before, [j9re-, e.g., predetermine] \ pias- ter {prae, with the demonstr. suffix -ter), past, by, beyond, before ; prae-postenis, the last part foremost, reversed, perverted, preposterous ; prae-sto (adv., a sup. form from prae), at hand, ready ; pri-mus, the first, foremost, \^prime, prim, primer, primitive, primary] ; princeps (primus, capio), first, chief ; principalis, first, principal; principatus, the first place, pre- eminence, dominion; principium, a beginning; pr!-or, former, prior (adj.), \_priority, prior (subst.), priory]-, pris-cus (for prlus-cus, a comparative form), of or belonging to former times, ancient; pris-t!nus {iov prius-tlnus, a comparative form), former, pristine; pri-dem, a long time ago, long since; pri-die, on the day before ; pran-dium (Sk. pra), a late breakfast, luncheon, a meal ; pran-deo, to take breakfast, to eat ; pran-sus, that has breakfasted or fed ; pran-sor, one that eats breakfast, a guest ; pro (perhaps old abl. form, of which prae is the loc.) (adv.), according, just as ; pro (prep.), before, in front of, for ; prS-p§, adv. and prep, {pro and dem. suffix -pe), near, nearly ; pro-pior (adj. compar. from obs. propis), nearer; proxlmus (proxtimus), nearest, next, \^proximate, proximity] ; prope-diem, at an early day, very soon ; prope-modum, prSpe-modo {prope, modus), nearly, almost; pro-pitins, iduW or d^\Q, propitious ; pro-pltio, to propitiate ; prS-pinqims, near, neighboring, related ; prb-pinqnltas, nearness, propinquity, relationship ; propter (contr. for propUer), (adv.) near, (prep.) near, on account of; proprius (?), one's own, proper ; pro-nus, turned forward, bending down, ^rons; priiina (for provma), (the thing belonging to the early morning), hoar-frost; por-ro, forw^ard, further on; rgciprocus (?) (perhaps REGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 121 from reque proque, back and forth), turning back the same way, alternating, reciprocal. 317. TTpo-TL (TTo-Tt), TT/oo-s (tto-?), (w. gen.) from, (w. (lat.) by, (w. ace.) to ; Trpoo-'Oeiy)^ (adv.), before. po (old Latin prep, port), insep. prep., a prefix denoting power or possession, or that renders emphatic the meaning of a verb ; polleo (po, valeo), to be strong ; polllceor (port, liceor), (lit. to bid or offer largely), to offer, promise ; pos-s!deo (port, s^deo), to be master of, possess; possldo (causat. oi possideo), to take possession of; po-nb (iov posno, poslno, from. port, slno), to put or set down, to place, (compd. w. ante, ad, circum, com, contra, de, dis, ex, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, re, se, sub, super, trans), [positive, position, apposite, apposition, compose , composite, composition, deponent, depose, dispose, expose, impose, interpose, oppose, postpone, prepositive, preposition, propose, proposition, repose, suppose, superpose, superposition, transpose, transposition']. 318. spju, spu; shtiv; tttv, irvr; spu; spit. TTTv-o), to spit ; TTTv-aXov^ spittle ; ttvt-l^oj, to spit frequently, spurt ; \l/vTT-(i}, to spue. spti-o, to spit, spew, spue, (compd. w. com, de, ex, in, re) ; spu-tum (subst.), spit, spittle; spii-ma, foam, spume; spu-meus, spu-mldus, foaming ; spu-mo, to foam, to cause to foam ; pitu-ita (pitu = sputu), slime, phlegm, pituite. 319. P«; P«5 "m); Pu; rot, stink, be foul. TTv-Oui, to make to rot ; irv-Oo-ixai^ to rot ; irv-OShiv, putrefac- tion ; TTv-ov, pus. pus, />ws; pu-rulentus, full of pus, purulent; sup-pii-ro (suh, pus), to form pus, suppurate; pti-tor, a stench, rottenness; pu-teo, to stink, to be rotten ; pii-tldiis, stinking, rotten ; pii-ter pii-tris, stinking, rotten ; pfi-trldus, rotten, putrid; p3-treo, to be rotten ; pu-tresco (inch.), to grow rotten, putrefy ; putre- facio, to make rotten, (pass.) putrefy. 122 EEGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 320. P«^g; — ; "Jtvy; pug; strike, thrust, prick. TTv^ (adv.), with clenclied fist ; ttuk-t-^?, Trvy-fxay^o^^ a boxer ; irvy-jjiy, a fist. pu-n-g-o (pf. ptc-pUg-i), to prick, puncture, (compd, w. com, ex, inter, re), [puiigent, compunction, expunge] ; punc-tus, a puncture, a point, [punctilious, punctual, punctuate] ; pug-io, a dagger ; pug-niis, a fist ; piig-il, a boxer, pugilist ; png-na, a fight, a battle ; pug-no, to fight, (compd. w. de, ex, in, ob, pro, re), [impugn, repugnant] ; pug-nax, fond of fighting, conten- tious, pugnacious. 321. 7rvp,fire; irvp-cTos, burning heat, fever; irvp-d^ a funeral- pile, 2^ pyre; irvp-o-os, a firebrand; Trvppo-s, flame-colored. pru-na, a burning or live coal. 322. pu; p6, pu; — ; pu; beget. TTwAo-s, a foal, a filly, a young animal ; TrcoX-tW (dim.), a pony; 7rot€-(o(?), to make; 7rats(?), a child, son, daughter; TratS-aywyos (?) (Trat?, ayco), a trainer and teacher of boys, [pedagogue, pedant]. pu-er, a child, a boy, a girl ; pii-era, girl ; pu-ella (dim. fr. pUi-^rd), a girl ; pii-erilis, childish, 'puerile; pu-eritia, childhood ; pu-pus, a boy, a child ; pu-pillus (dim.), an orphan boy, a ward, [pupil] ; pii-pa (puppa), a girl, a doll, b. puppet; pli-pilla (dim.), an orphan girl, a ward, the pupil of the eye ; pu-sus, a boy, a little boy ; pil-sillus (dim.), very little ; pu-sillanimis {pusillus, animus), of small s])ivit, pusillanimous ; pu-bes, pii-ber, pti-bis, of ripe age, adult ; pti-bertas, the age of maturity, puberty ; pnllus, a young animal, a young fowl, [pullet]. 323. spar, sphar, spur, spal, sphal, pal; sphar, sphur; o-irap, (TiraX, xa\ ; sper, spur, pal, pul, pol. The fundamental meaning of the root is that of a quick movement, especially, 1. with the feet (whence the meaning, to spurn) and 2. with the hands (whence the meanings, to scatter, strew, shake, lift). (TTraip'O), a-o-Tratp-o), to pant, gasp, struggle convulsively ; o-TTctp-o), to sow seed, to scatter like seed, to strew ; (nrap-do-o-o), REGULAR SUBSTITUTIOK OF SOUNDS. 123 to tear, to rend in pieces ; ira-o-TrdX-rj, Trat-TroA-Ty, the finest meal ; TrdX-rj, the finest meal, any fine dust ; ttoA-Ao), to shake, to quiver, to swing ; TraA-acro-co, to besprinkle, (in pf. pass.) of men drawing lots, because these were shaken in an urn ; TToA-ww, to strew or sprinkle upon ; 7raX-o9, the lot (cast from a shaken helmet) ; iraX- fxos, a quivering motion, pulsation. sper-n-o, to sever, reject, despise, spurn^ [spur'] ; a-spern-or {ah, spernor), to reject, despise; spre-tio, contempt; spre-tor, a despiser; sptir-iiis, illegitimate, spttnWs ; pal-ea, chafi*; pul-vis, dust ; pul-vero, to scatter dust, [pulverize] ; pul-verulentus, full of dust, dusty ; pollen, pollis, fine flour, fine dust. 324. svap; svap; w; sop; sleep. vTT-vos (for avTr-vos), sleep ; vir-voo), to put to sleep, to sleep ; vir-voiTiKos, inclined to sleep, putting to sleep, hi/pnotic. sop-or (= svop-or), sleep ; sop-oms, causing sleep, soporous, soporiferous, soporific; sop-io, sop-oro, to put to sleep; som-mis (= sop-nus), sleep ; som-ninm, a dream ; som-nio, to dream ; som- nl-fer, sleep-bringing, somniferous; somni-flcns, causing sleep, somnific; somnulentus, somnolentus, full of sleep, somnolent; in-som-nis, sleepless; in-som-nia, sleeplessness; in-som-ninm, a dream, sleeplessness. 325. VTrep, vTret/o, over; VTrcpOev, from above; vTrepo?, vTTcpov, pestle ; virepa, upper rope. siiper, above, over ; in-super, above, moreover ; supemns, snperns, upper, celestial, supernal; superior, higher, superior; supremns, highest, supreme; snmmns (from sup-imus, sup-mus), highest, [summit] ; sum-ma (sc. res), the summit, the main thing, the sz^m; supra, above, before; siip-ero, to go over, to overcome, surpass ; superbns, haughty, magnificent, superb ; con-summo, to sum up, finish, consumTnate. 326. vTTo, virat, under, [up] ; virrio'? (= supinus), laid back, sub, under; snbter, belov/, beneath; siiplnus, bent back, upturned, supine; sursum {suh-vorsum), from below, upwards, on high. 124 EEGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. B b^ b; P^ b. The correspondence here shown is found in but few instances. 327. pdppapo^^ harharous, i.e., not Greek, foreign ; jBapPa- /Dt^ox, to behave or speak like a barbarian or foreigner. f barbarns, foreign, harharous (opp. to Greek or Eoman) ; balbus, stammering ; balbutio, to stammer. 328. l3Xrj'XVy ^ bleating ; ySXiy^-as, a bleating sheep ; pX-rj- ^ao/xat, to bleat. balo, to bleat; balatus, a bleating. 329. /?oXySo-9, a bulbous root. bnlbus, a bulb, an onion ; bulbosus, bulbous. 330. bargh, bhrag; barh; Ppax; — ; tear, tear off, torn off, short. /5pax-v9, short ; ^pa^-ca, shallows ; /Spax-vTrj's^ shortness ; ppax'vvdiy to abridge, shorten. bh 5 bh ; <(> 5 f and (in the middle of a word) b. 331. arbh, rabh, labh; rabh; dX<|> ; lab ; lay hold of, work. The root aX4)- is probably akin to XaP-, \a<|>-. aXcji'dvQ), to bring in, yield, earn ; dXc^-co-tySotos, bringing in oxen ; 6Xcji-T^, aX<^-77/xa, produce, gain. lab-or, lab-OS, labor ; lab-oro, to labor, strive, (compd. w. ad, e, in), [elaborate] ; iSb-oriosus, full of labor, laborious. 332. dXcf>6-<;, a dull-white leprosy. albus, white (prop, a dead white, not shining) ; albatns, clothed in white ; albumen, the white of an egg, albumen ; albeo, to be white ; albesco (inch.), to become white ; Alba, Alba Longa, the mother-city of Kome ; Albanus, Alban; Alpes, the Alps (from the whiteness of their snowy summits). REGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 125 333. d/xc^t', on both sides, about ; d/x6'T€po-rjfjia, thick gruel ; poTr-ro?, to be supped up. sorb-eo, to sup up, to drink down, (compd. w. ab, ex, ob, per, re), [absorb] ; sorb-illo (dim.), to sip ; sorb-Itio, a drinking, a drink. 338. Greek rt. v^. v^-iy, a weaving, a web; v0-os, a web ; v<^-atV(o, v^-ao), to weave. 339. bha, bha-n, bha-s, bha-v, bha-k, bha-d; bha; <(>a, <|>av, 4)aF; fa, fa-n, fa-s, fa-v, fa-c, fa-t; bring to light, make known, declare, say. Et. <|>a. cj^rj-fjii, (j>d'(rK-(D^ to declare, make known, say, aiErm ; <^(x-Tt9, (fiYi-jjLTj^ a voice, saying, report ; (fxD-vrj, voice, sound, language, [pAomc.s, phonetic, phonography , phonology, phono- type, -phone in compounds (e.g., telephone^ from rriKf.^ far off, and (/xjd-v?/)]. Et. <|>av. cl>aLv-o), to bring to light, to show, to shine, [phe- nomenon^ ; <^av-Ta^a), to make visible, (pass, to become visible, appear) ; (f^dv-Tao-fxa, an appearance, phantom, phantasm, fan- tasm ; cjiav-TacTiKo^^ able to represent, [fantastic] ; <^av-Tao-ta, a making visible, an appearance, [fancy] ; <^aj/-epo9, visible, evident ; av-rj^ a torch ; d'0-L';^ information, appearance, a saying ; (fxx-cr-fjLa, an apparition, a vision. Et. 4>aF. cj>d-€ (— <^aA, Hm.), appeared ; v7ro-<^ai;o-t?, a small light showing 'through a hole, a narrow opening; av-(TK(D, to show. REGULAE SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 127 Et. fa. for (inf. fa-ri), to speak, say, (compd. w. ad, ex, inter, prae, pro); af-fa-bilis (better adf.), that can be easily spoken to, affable; prae-fa-tio, (lit. a speaking beforehand), 2b preface; fa-tnm, a prophetic declaration, destiny, /a^c; fa-ma, report, reputation, fame; in-fa-mia, infamy ; in-fa-mis, ill spoken of, infamous ; in-fa-mo, to defame ; dif -fa-mo, to spread abroad, to publish ; fa-mosus, much talked of (well or ill), faTYious, infamous ; fa-mim, a place dedicated to some deity by forms of consecration, a temple, a fane ; fa-no, to dedicate ; fa-naticus, of or belonging to a' temple, inspired by a divinity, enthusiastic, frantic, \^ fanatic^ ; pro-fa-nus {pro, fanum, prop, before the temple, i.e., outside of it; hence opp. to the temple as a sacred object), unholy, not sacred, common, profane; fa-bula, a story, 2^ fable ; fa-bulosus, '/a^t^Zotts ; fa-cundus, elo- quent ; fa-onndia, eloquence ; in-fans, that cannot speak, not yet able to speak, infant, [infantry] ; infandus, unutterable, abominable ; ne-fandus, (not to be mentioned), execrable. Et. fa-n. fen-estra, a window, Et. fa-s. fas, that which is right, divine law ; ne-fas, that which is contrary to divine law ; fas-tus, a day on which judg- ment could be pronounced ; ne-fas-tus {dies), a day on which judgment could not be pronounced, irreligious, inauspicious ; ne-farius, execrable, nefarious. Et. fa-v. fav-illa, hot cinders or ashes ; fav-eo (?), to favor. Et. fa-c. fax, a torch ; fac-ies, form, appearance, /acg; super- flc-ies, the upper side, surface, superficies ; super-fic-ialis, of or belonging to the surface, superficial; fac-etus, elegant, polite, facetious; fac-ete, elegantly, pleasantly , /ace^ioz^s^y ; fac-etiae, witty sayings. Et. fa-t. fat-eor, to confess ; con-flt-eor, to acknowledge fully, to confess ; pro-fit-eor, to declare publicly, to profess ; in-fit-ior, not to confess, to deny ; confessio, a confession ; professio, a public acknowledgment, a profession; professor, a public teacher, prdfessor, one who makes instruction in any branch a business. ■ - - - • . • 128 BEaULAE, SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 340. Greek rt. <|>aY. ay-eiv^ to eat ; <^ay-as, glutton. 341. bhar; — ; <|>ap; for; bore, pierce, tear. dp-oap-oa), to plough ; a-<^ap-o9, a-<^ap-a)T09, unploughed ; c^ap-cros, a piece cut off or severed ; hLi; 4>€p; — ; fear. ^eyS-o/Attt, to flee affrighted ; €V, <|>a, kill. Aor. £-7re-<^v-ov, killed ; <^a-ros, slain ; <^w-05, ov-ri^ mur- der; <^oi/-cv9, a murderer; dj/Sp-a-^oV-TTys, man-slaying; ^ov- los, <^otV-tos, bloody. 344i bhar; bhar; <|>€p; fer; bear. The meanings of these words may be grouped under three main classes : 1. to bear a burden ; 2. to bear (with reference to the effect, the produce, and so), to bring forth ; 3. to bear (considered as a movement). <^€/3-to, <^o/3-ea), to hear, [birth, bairn] ; <^ep-/xa, that which is borne, a load, a burden, fruit ; cj^ep-eTpov, a bier, a litter ; ap- €Tpa, a quiver ; <^a)p, one who carries off, a thief ; cjiop-os, that which is brought in, tribute; cl>op-6^y bearing; tf>op-d^ a carry- ing, motion, a load ; cfyop-ixos^ a basket, a mat ; cj>6p-Tos, a load ; Xa, (|>X.a8y <|>X6, <|>\i, <|>X.i8, <|>\v, ^\vZ, ^\vy; fla, flo, flu, fle; bubble over, overflow, blow, swell, flow. a. Rt. <|>Xa. €/c-<^XatV-a), to burst or stream forth. Rt. XaS. c-c^XaS-or, rent with a noise ; ^Xacr-fxosy empty boasting ; 7ra- X€. <^\€-a), to swell, overflow ; ^Ae-Swv, an idle talker ; <^A.')Jv-aXt. <^Xt-d9, son of Dionysus. Rt. <|>Xt8. c^XtS-aw, to overflow with moisture. d. Rt. Xv. (^Xr-co, <^Xv-|;o), to boil over, to overflow with words ; (^Xv-o?, cl>Xv-apoXv'dpe(Df to talk nonsense, to play the fool; <^Xu-a^, a jester. Rt. <|>Xv8. iK'cf>\vS-dv€Lv, to break out (of sores) ; \vi, given to drinking wine ; <^Xv/c-Tts, KJiXvK- ratvo, a blister. Latin rt. flu. flu-o, to flow, to overflow, (compd. w. ad, cir- eum, com, ex, in, inter, per, prae, praeter, pro, re, subter, super), [fluent, aflHuent, affluence, circumfluent, confluent, con- fluence, effluent, effluvium, efflux, influence, influx, refluent, reflux, superfluous] ; flWto (freq.), to flow, float ; flu-esco (inch.), 130 BEGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. to become fluid ; flti-men, a stream, a river ; flu-ldus, flowing, fluid; fluc-tus, a flowing, a wave, a billow ; fluc-tuo, to move to and fro, to fluctuate ; fluv-ius, a river, [flue] ; flux-us, flowing, loose, careless; flux-us (subst.), a flowing, a, flux; fle-o (j=flev-o), to weep, (compd. w. ad, de) ; fle-tus, a weeping, lamentation. e. St. <|>Xoi. <^Xot-a), to burst out, to swell ; (/)Aot-os, ^Xo-09, tbe inner bark of trees. St. Xot8. <^Xot8-ea), to have an ex- cess of moisture ; <^Aota--)8os, any confused, roaring noise, as of a large mass of men, or of tlie sea. 346. bhark, bhrak ; — ; <|>paK ; fare, frequ; press hard, shut up fast, cram. <^paorcr-a), to fence in, to secure ; <^pay-/xa, a fence, protection ; <^pay-/xos, a shutting up, a fence ; Spv-cfiaK-To^ (S/3v-<^paK-Tos), a partition. farc-io, to stufl*; con-ferc-io, to stuflf or cram together; con-fer- tus, pressed close, crowded ; re-ferc-io, to fill up, to cram ; re-fef-tus, stuflfed, crammed; frequ-ens, repeated, frequent; frequ-ento, to visit frequently, to repeat ; frequ-entia, a throng. 347. (j^pdrpa, parp77, (f^pyTprj^ (ftpdrpia, a brotherhood, a clan, a political division of the people ; cfypaTrjp, (ftpdrajp, a member of a (ftpdrpa ; (^/oarp-t^o), <^parpt-a^a), to belong to the same ^parpa. fra-ter, a brother ; fra-temus, brotherly, fraternal; fra-ter- nltas, brotherhood, fraternity, 348. bhu ; bhu ; v ; fu, fo, fe ; grow, become, be. <^v-co, to bring forth, to beget ; v-(tlk6s, natural, physical, [physics, physic, physician, physiognomy , physiology] ; cjiv-fia, a growth ; cf^v-Tos, shaped by nature, fruitful ; <^t;-t€i;o), to plant, to beget ; cj>V'X.ov, <^i3-X7;, a race, a clan ; ^t'-rv/xa (= cj^v-rvfjia) (poet. (Jh-tv), a shoot, a scion ; <^I-tvw (= cfjv-TVio), to plant, to beget ; (jn'TvoixaL (mid.), to bear. EEGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 131 fu-am, fu-as, fu-at, fu-ant, for sira, sis, sit, smt; fu-i, I have been ; fu-tii-rus, about to he, future ; f5-rem, fo-res, fo-ret, fo-rent, for essem, esses, esset, essent; fo-re, for futurus esse; fe-tus, foe-tus, a bearing, ^offspring, fruit ; fe-to, foe-to, to breed ; ef-fe- tus, that has brought forth young, exhausted, worn out by bearing, [effete'] ; fe-cnndus, fruitful ; fe-cundltas, fruitfulness, fecundity ; fe-cundo, to make fruitful, io fecundate ; fe-hx, fruit- ful, favorable, happy ; fe-licitas, fruitfulness, happiness, /eZza^y ; fe-liciter, fruitfully, happily ; fae-num (less correctly fe-niim), hay ; fae-nus (less correctly fe-niis), the proceeds of capital lent out, interest; fae-neror (less correctly fen, foen), to lend on interest ; fae-nerator (less correctly fen, foen), a money-lender. 349. (j>vXKov (= cjivX-Lov), a leaf. folium, a leaf, [foliage, foil (a leaf or thin plate of metal)]. These words are identical in their origin, and may be from the root shown in 345, c?, or from that in 348. N n; n; v; n. 350. an; an; av; an; breathe, blow. av-€jxo; nig, niv (form^v); snow. vto|J^5 sim; like. oLfx-a, at the same time ; ofjio-s^ one and the same, common ; o/xoyevT/?, of the same race or family, of the same kind, homo- geneous ; ofi-ov^ together ; ofjio-Oev, from the same pla(Te ; REGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 139 ojxo'cre, to one and the same place ; o/xo-tos, 6/x,o-tos, like ; 6/xot'-to-9, resembling; o/jLOLOTrdOeta^ likeness of condition or feeling, [Jiomeopathy^ hoifYioeopat}mj\ ; 6fxa-\6s, o/xa-Xy^, even, level ; o/xa-Xt^o), to make even or level. sim-ilis, like, similar; dis-s!m!lis, unlike, dissimilar ; slm-ul (adv.), at the same time, [^simultaneous^ ; sim-ultas, dissension, strife; sM-ulo, slm-llo, to imitate, simulate; dis-sim-ulo, to dissemble, dissimulate, conceal ; in-slm-ulo, to bring a charge against any one ; slm-iilator, an imitator, a pretender ; slm- llitiido, resemblance, similitude; sim-ulacrum, an image, like- ness ; sim-itu, (old Lat.), at once ; sem-el, once ; sem-per (-per = Trapa), ever, always ; sim-plex {sim-, plico), simple, uncom- pounded; sin-guli, one to each, single; sin-giilaris, one by one, single, singular. 378. d/xa-o), to cut or reap corn ; a/jurj-Tos, a reaping, a harvest ; a/x?;-T09, the crop or harvest gathered in ; a/xoAXa, aixaXrj^ a sheaf. me-to, to mow or reap ; mes-sis, a harvest ; mes-sor, a reaper. 379. mav; miv; — ; mov; push, push out of place. d-/xetyS-a) (Pind. d/xeuco), to change ; d-/x6t'/?-o/xat, to change one with another, to reply ; 7rap-a/x€t/?-co, to change, pass by, excel; d-/xot^-7;, compensation, change. m5v-eo, to move, (compd. w. a, ad, com, de, di, e, ob, per, pro, re, sub, se, trans) ; mo-b!hs (for movibilis), easy to be moved, movable, m^obile, [mob, m^obility, m^obilize, m^utiny] ; mo-mentum (for m&vimentum), m^ovem^ent, m^om^entum, a mo- ment (of time), m^oment, (importance), [momentous, momen- tary'] ; mo-tio, a moving, m^otion, a removing, [emotion] ; mo-tns, a moving, motion, disturbance; com-mo-tio, a commotion; mu-to (freq. = m.6vUo), to move, to change, (compd. w. com, de, in, per, sub, trans), [commute, transmute] ; mu-tabllis, changeable, Tnutable, [immutable] ; mu-tuus, borrowed, lent, in exchange, mutuAil. 140 REGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. L 380. niu; mu; jjlvv; mu; bind, enclose, protect. d/jLvvo), to keep off; d/Aw-o/xat, to defend one's self; d/Aw-rcop, oLfjivv-Trjp^ a helper ; d/Awa, defence ; fjivv-rj^ a pretence. mu-nis, ready to be of service, obliging ; com-mu-nis (serving together), co7n7non, [commune (subst.)] ; com-mii-iiico, (to do or have in common), to communicate, impart, share, commune ; im-mu-nis (m, munis), exempt from a public service, free from ; im-mii-iiltas, exemption from public service, immunity ; mii-nia, (that to v^^hich one is bound), duties ; mii-niceps (munia, capio), [one undertaking a duty], an inhabitant of a municipium or free town, a citizen ; mii-iilclplum, a free town ; mii-nlclpalis, of or belonging to a municipium, m^unicipal ; mu-nlflcus (munus, facio), liberal, munificent; mu-nus, a service, duty; mu-nero, mu-neror, to give, bestow ; re-miineror, to repay, remunerate ; mu-nio (old form moenio), to build a wall, to build a wall around, to fortify, (compd. w. circum, com, e, per, prae) ; mu-nimentum, a fortification, [muniment] ; mu-nitio, a fortifying, fortification, [munition, ammunition] ; moe-nia, defensive walls, ramparts ; mu-rus, a wall; mu-rahs, of or belonging to a wall, rnural ; po-me-rium, po-moe-rium {post, moerus — raurus), an open space within and without the walls of a town. 381. vam; vam; 6[a, Fcfi.; vom; vomit. ifX'iix), to vomit ; l/a-eros, €/A-€o-ts, a vomiting ; ifx-^TCKos^ induc- ing to vomit, emetic. v5m-o, to vomit, (compd. w. com, e, pro, re) ; vSm-Ito (freq.), to vomit often ; v5m-Itus, v6m-!tio, a vomiting. 382. This number is related to No. 377, since from the idea ' like,' the idea of like parts or halves is naturally developed. Tijjl', insep. prefix, half- ; ^/x-t-o-rs, half. semi-, half-, demi-, semi- ; semi-s, a half; se-libra {semi, libra), a half-pound ; ses-tertius {semis, tertius), a sesterce, a small silver com equal to two and a half asses. 383i mad; mad; jiaS; mad; be wet, flow. /xaS-apds, melting away ; yxaS-do), to be moist or Wet. REaULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 141 mad-eo, to be moist, wet, or dripping ; mad-esco (inch.), to become moist or wet ; made-facio, to wet, moisten, intoxicate ; mad-ldus, moist, soaked, intoxicated ; ma-no (?) (prob. for mad- no), to flow, run, (compd. w. de, dis, e, per, re). 384. makh; — ; k-^-Xj i*^ac; kill, slaughter. /xax-o/xat, to fight; /J^ii-X'V') battle, [logoTnachi/, from \6yoLeXt, honey ; /xeXt-^pwv (j^prjv), sweet to the mind, delicious ; /AeXto-cra, a bee. mel (gen. viell-is — melt-is), honey ; mellifluus (mel, fluo), flowing with honey, m,elUfluous. 391. smar; smar; [xcp, jxap; mor; keep in mind. jmep-jjLTjp-a, jjuip- t/xva, care, anxious thought ; jxep-fjiaLpoi, fiep- IJurjp-iCoy, to be full of cares ; ixep-jmepa epya, warlike deeds ; /xep- /xe,o-o9, peevish, baneful ; fxap-rv^^ fjidp-Tvp, a witness, (later) a EEGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 143 martyr ; ^xap-TvpLov^ a testimony, proof ; jxap-rvpofjiaL, to call to witness. me-mor, mindful of, remembering ; me-mor-ia, meraory ; mS- mor-ialis, Tnemorial ; me-mor-o, to remind of, to relate; com- memoro, to recall an object to memory in all its particulars, [^commemorate]] me-mor-abilis, memorable; me-mor-Iter, from memory, accurately ; mor-a, a delay ; mor-or, to delay, (compd. w. com, de, in, re), \_clemur, demurrage']. 392. mar; — ; jicp; mer; measure out, distribute to. fxetp-ofjiaif (efx-jjiop-a^ et-/xa/3-Tat) , to receive as one's portion; jjLep'OS', fJiep-LSf a part, share ; /xep-t'^w, to divide ; /x6p-o<;, fate, destiny ; fjbOLp-a, part, share, destiny, one's due ; /xop-a, a division (of the Spartan army) ; pL6p-crLjjLotds, fjidp-av(TL(,eo-a--77yi;(s), /xecr-?yyi;(s), between. 144 EEGULAE, SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. med-ius, middle, Tnid-, [midst] ; med-lam, the middle, a Tnediuvi ; med-io, to divide in the middle, to be in the middle, [mediate] ; med-iator, a Tnediator ; med-iocris, middling, ordi- nary, mediocre; di-mld-ins (dis, midius), half; di-mid-io, to divide into halves, to halve ; mediterraneus (medius, terra), midland, inland, mediterranean; meri-dies (for rtiedi-dies), mid- day, noon; meridlamis, of or belonging to mid-day, meridian; meridionalis, southern, meridional. 395. ma; ma; (st.) |ji.t]vs ; men; measure. t^W^ /AT/s, />tet9, a month; fJii^-vr]^ the moon; /xTyv-tatos, monthly. mens-is, a month ; -mestris, (= mensitris) ; bi-mes-tris, of two months duration ; tri-mes-tris, of three months ; mens-truus, monthly, menstrual, 396. ma; ma; |j.a, jw^; ma; measure, fashion, make. IxTj-T-qp^ jxa-TTip^ a mother ; /^a-ta, good mother. ma-ter, a mother ; ma-termis, m^aternal; ma-trlmonium, mar- riage, matrimony ; ma-trona, a married woman, wife, [matron]-, ma-trix, a breeding-animal^ a public register ; ma-tricula (dim.), a public register, [matriculate] ; ma-teria, ma-teries, meatier, ma- terials, wood ; ma-terialis, of or belonging to matte'r, m^aterial. 397. mik; mic; jii^; misc; mix. [XLoy-oi, fxty-vv-fjiiy to mix; />ity-a, /xty-Sa, fJbty-Srjv, confusedly; fji'Ly-ais, mixed pell-mell ; )u,tf-tg, a mixing. misc-eo, to mix, mingle, (compd. w. ad, com, inter, re) ; misc-ellus, mixed; misc-ellanens, mixed, miscellaneous; mis-tio, mix-tio, mis-tura, mix-tnra, a mixing, a mixture; pro-misc-uus, mixed, promiscuous, 398. i*ia, mi; mi; jjliv, jjlc; man, min, men; diminish. fjLLv-vOoiy to make less, become less, perish ; ixlv-vvOo, a little, a short time ; fuv-vvOd^ios, short-lived ; ixe-ioiv, less ; /jl^-loo), to diminish. REGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 145 man-ens, maimed ; men-da, men-dum, a fault, a defect ; men- dosns, full of faults, faulty ; e-men-do, to amend, emend, mend ; men-dicns, beggarly ; men-diens, a beggar, a 7)iendicant ; men- dico, men-dieor, to beg ; min-uo, to diminish, (compd. w. com, de, di, in), [diminish, mince] ; min-iitns, small, TJiiwdte; mln- utnm, the smallest piece of money, pi. very small parts, [minute] ; min-or, m!n-us, less, [minor, minus] ; min-Imus, very little, least, ['minimum, minim]; min-ister, adj., (a double comparative in form, from minus and compar. ending -tety Gr. -rep-os), serving ; min-ister (subst.), a servant, a m^inister, [minstrel]; min-isterium, service, wAnistry ; min-istro, to serve, supply, m^inister, (compd. w. ad, prae, sub). 399. fiop-jjivp-o), fjLvp-fjivp-(o (formed by redupl. from /xup-w), (of water) to roar and boil. mur-mur (formed perhaps by onomatopoeia), a Tnurmur, rushing, roaring ; mur-mur-o, to inur-mur, rustle, roar. 400. kiul; mu; jtv; mu; bind, close. (Of. No. 380.) /Av-(o, to close (eyes, mouth) ; /jlv-q-ls^ a closing (of the lips, eyes, etc.); fjiv4vSa, blindman's-bufF; /av-wi/^, blinking, short- sighted, [myops, Tnyope, myopy] ; /^u-xos, the innermost place or part ; fjiv-eo), to initiate into the mysteries, to instruct ; Ixva-T-q^ (fem. fiva-TLs)^ one initiated ; pivo'-Trjpiov, a mystery or secret doctrine ; fiv-du), to compress the lips ; fxv-^coj to murmur with closed lips, to moan ; /^D-y/xo?, a moaning ; fiv-xOt^^^ to moan, to sneer ; /jlv-ktt^p^ the nose ; /xw-Sos, /x-J-So?, dumb ; jitu-^w, to drink with closed lips, to suck in ; fxy-^do)^ to suck ; jjiv-TTo^^ fjLV'TYjs, dumb. mu-tus, dumb, mute; mii-tesco (inch.), to become dumb, (compd. w. in, ob), mii-tio, muttio, to mutter ; mu-sso, mu-ssito (intens.), to speak low, to mutter. 401. mus; mush; pvo-; mus; steal. (Of. No. 403.) fiv-la (for /xvo'-ia), a fly. mu-sca, a fly, [midge, mosquito, musquito]. 146 REGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 402. mar, mal; — ; jjlvX; mol; rub, grind. fivX-rj^ /AuX-o9, a Tnill, a millstone, [meal] ; /xvX- compos, a miller ; fxvX-ai^ /x-uX-oSovre?, juLvX-lraL, the molar teeth, the grinders. mol-o, to grind ; mol-a, a tjiUI, millstone, meal; mol-aris, of a mill, of grinding, molar ; im-mol-o (m, m^ola)^ to sprinkle a victim with sacrificial meal, to sacrifice, to immolate, 403. mus; mush; jivtevos, fitting, fitted or suited ; S.p-Opov^ a joint, (pi. limbs) ; dp-rvo)^ to prepare ; dp-Tv}-crts, a speaking, speech ; a.prjvy], peace. ver-bum, a word, a verb ; ver-balis, verbal; ver-bosus, full of words, verbose; ad-verbium, an adverb; proverbium (^ro, ver- bum), a proverb. 413. var; — ; — ; — ; cover. eip-o^s, €p'io-v, wool ; ep-tV-co9, ipeovs, WOollen. vell-ns, a fleece, wool; vill-us, shaggy hair. 414. ar; ar; op; or; arouse, rouse one's self, rise. (Cf. No. 408.) op-vvfjii^ op'ivd), 6p-o6vvo}^ to stir up, excite, arouse ; o/o-ovw, to rise and rush violently on or forward ; av-op-ovcD, to start up ; ovp-ov, a boundary ; StcrK-ovp-a (pL), a quoit's cast. or-ior, to stir one's self, to rise, to have one's origin from, (compd. w. ab, ad, com, ex, in, ob, sub) ; or-tns, a rising, origin. BEGULAE. SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 149 birth ; abortus, abortio, a premature birth, ahortion; or-iens, the rising sun, the East, the Orient; or-ientalis, oriental; or-igo, birth, origin^ [aborigines, aboriginal] ; or-iginalis, primitive, original. 415. var; — ; op, Fop; ver; be watchful, wary. op-o/xat, to watch ; ovp-o^, a watcher, guardian ; l-iri-ovp-o^ a guardian ; povp6povpa^ a looking out, a watch, guard ; Tlpid'opo--/x77, strength, force ; *Pcu-/x77, Eome ; c-pca-Ty, a quick motion, rush ; e-pco-eo), to rush, rush forth. Eu-mo, an older name of the Tiber ; Eo-ma (= Srou-ma, Rou-ma, stream-town), Rome; ni-o (= srov-o), to rush down, fall down, go to ruin, (compd. w\ com, de, di, e, in, ob, pro, sub, super) ; ru-ina, a falling or tumbling down, ruin. 422. svar, sar; sar; crep, cp, €p, cr€tp, €tp, dep; ser, sre, sor; swing, hang, bind ; (Latin) arrange, put together. crctp-ci, a rope ; op-fxo^^ 1. a chain, necklace, 2. a roadstead, anchorage, place where the ships swing or ride at anchor, where ships are bound or fastened, 3. = ep-jna, ear-ring ; (opjjio^, with the second signification, is by some referred to opfido), No. 416) ; op'fiaOos^ a string or chain (as of beads, etc.) ; op-fjLca, a fishing-line; €p-p,a, an ear-ring (prob. of strung pearls) ; ep-/xa, prop, support, ballast, (prob. belongs with this root) ; ctp-oi (simple verb rare ; compds. w. ai/-, St, er, cf, arvv), to fasten together in rows, to string ; elp-fjios^ a train, series (as of things bound or fastened together) ; etp-epo?, bondage ; aap-w [Ionic], (Att. atp-(o, Aeol. deppo))^ to raise, to lift; aop, a hanger, a sword ; dop-ryp, a strap over the shoulder to hang anything to, a sword-belt ; atwpa, a machine for suspending bodies, a being suspended or hovering in the air, oscillation ; ap-Tctw, to fasten to or hang one thing upon another ; dp-ravrj, that by which something is hung up, a rope, cord. REGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 151 ser-0, to join or bind together, to plait, to entwine, (compd. w. ad, de, dis, ex, in, inter, pro, sub, trans), [insert] ; disserto (freq. fr. dissero), to discuss, to treat, [dissertation] ; in-ser-to (freq. fr. insero), to put into, to insert ; ser-mo (may be referred to No. 422 or to No. 423), a speaking, discourse, [sermon'] ; ser-tnm (rare in sing., freq. in pL), a wreath of flowers ; ser-ies, a row, succession, series ; re-te (= sre-te), a net ; re-ticulum (dim.), a little net, [reticule] ; rerticnlatus, made like a net, reticulated; circum-retio, to enclose with a net, ensnare ; ir-re- tio, to take in a net, catch, ensnare, hinder ; ser-a, a bar for fastening doors ; ob-ser-o, to bolt, bar, fasten ; re-ser-o, to unlock, unclose, open ; ser-vns, slavish ; ser-vus, ser-va, a slave, a servant; ser-vitium, slavery, the class of slaves, [service]] ser-vitiido, servitude ; ser-vilis, slavish, servile ; ser-vio, to be a servant or slave, to serve, (compd. w. ad, de, in, sub) ; sors (?), anything used to determine chances, a lot, (sero : sors =f&ro : fors) ; sor-tio (?), sor-tior (?), to cast or draw lots ; con-sors (?), having an equal share with another or others, partaking of in common; con-sors (?) (subst.), a sharer, partner, consort; ex- Bors (?), without lot, having no share in. 423. svar; svar; o-vp; sur; tune, sound. (Tvp'Ly^, a musical pipe ; crvp-t^o), to pipe, to make any whistling or hissing sound ; o-vp-tyfjios, a shrill piping sound, a hissing. ab-sur-dus, 1. out of tune, giving a disagreeable sound, harsh, 2. incongruous, silly, absurd; su-sur-rus, a humming, whisper- ing ; su-sur-ro, to hum, buzz, whisper. 424. (Spa, any limited time or period (as fixed by natural laws and revolutions), whether of the year, month, or day, a season, spring-time, part of a day, hour, the right or fitting time ; wpo?, time, a year ; wpdo-t, in season ; wpatos, timely, seasonable ; awpos, untimely. hora, (lit. a definite space of time fixed by natural laws), an hour, a season. 152 REGULAE SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 425. ru; ru; wpv (<» is here a prefixed vowel); ru, rau; sound. (Lpv-o/xat, howl, roar ; wpv-OfMo^f a howling, roaring ; 6pv- /;LaySo9, a loud noise, din. ru-mor, common talk, ruTn^or ; ru-mifico {rumor, facio), to report ; rau-cus, rav-us, hoarse ; rav-is, hoarseness. 1;1;X;L Lis sometimes represented by Y. 426. ^^9 — 5 ttX; al, ol, ul; grow, make to grow, nourish. av-aX-T09, insatiable ; aX-cros, a grove ; "AA-rts, the sacred grove of Zeus at Olympia. al-o, to nourish, support; al-esco (inch.), to grow up ; co- alesco (inch.), to grow together, become united, coalesce; al-imentum, nourishment, aliment; al-imonium, sustenance, sup- port, alimony; al-tor, (fem. al-trix), a nourisher ; al-umims (adj.), that is nourished; al-nminis (subst.), a foster-son, pupil, alumnus; al-unma, a foster-daughter, a pupil; al-umno, to nourish, educate ; al-mus, nourishing, cherishing, kind ; al-tus (lit. grown or become great), high, \old'\ ; al-titudo, height, altitude; ex-al-to, to elevate, exalt; el-ementum, a first prin- ciple, element; ad-ol-eo, to cause to grow up, to magnify; ad-nl-tns, grown up, adult; ad-ol-esco (inch.), to grow up; ad-ul-escens, ad-6l-escens, growing up ; ad-ul-escens (subst.), a youth ; sub-ol-es, a sprout, offspring ; ind-ol-es, inborn or na- tive quality ; pro-les (=pro-ol-es), offspring ; obs-6l-esco (inch.), to wear out, fall into disuse, become obsolete ; obs-ol-etus, worn out, obsolete. 427. a/\Xo9, another ; oXXo)?, otherwise ; a\X-y\ov(09, 6Xoi-Tpo)(o lav; — ; \aF ; lu, la; gain, get booty. Aa-(o, oLTTO-Xav-io, to enjoy ; Aet'a, Ion. Xyjirj, Dor. Aata, Xrj'i/€t9, woolly, shaggy ; Aax-veo/xat, to grow hairy ; AtJ-vos, wool. la-na, wool ; la-nti-go, down ; la-neus, woollen ; la-nicius, woolly, fleecy. 440. rag, lag; — ; Xc^; leg; collect, gather. Aey-w, to pick, collect, count, tell, speak (the meaning 'speak* is the latest, and is developed through the intermediate notion of ' counting one's words ') ; Ae/c-ro?, chosen, spoken ; Aoy-as, gathered, chosen ; Sta-Aey-o/xat, to converse with, [dialect, di- alectic]', StaAoyos, a conversation, dialogue; Kara-Aey-o), to lay down, to pick out, to recount; o-vA-Aoy-r;, a collecting, levying; cK-Aoy--^, a picking out, election, selection; Aoy-os, a word, speech, reason, [logarithm (Aoyo?, dpiO/jLos), logic, logoTYiachy (Aoyos, p-dxr]), -logy in compds., e.g., geology {yrj, Aoyos)] ; Aef-ts, a speaking, speech ; Aoy-t^o/xat, to reckon, to consider, [syllo- gize, syllogism]. leg-o, to collect, gather, hear, see, read, (compd. w.- ad, com, de, e, inter, per, prae, se, sub), [lecture, collect, elect, select]; di-l!g-o {dis, lego), (to distinguish one by selecting him from others), to esteem highly, to love ; intellego, less correctly 156 EEaULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. intelligo, [inter, Ugo\ (to choose between), to perceive, under- stand, distinguish, {intelligent, intellect'] ; neg-leg-o, less correctly neg-llg-o, nec-leg-o, [nee, lego], (not to gather), to neglect, to slight ; re-leg-o, to collect again, go over again, read again ; lec-tio, a gathering, a reading, lection ; lec-tor, a reader ; leg- Ibllis, legible; leg-io, (prop, a levying), a body of soldiers, a legion; leg-ionarius, legionary ; di-llg-ens (prop, esteeming, lov- ing), attentive, diligent; neg-leg-ens, neg-lig-ens, heedless, neg- ligent; e-leg-ans (another form of ellgens), luxurious, elegant; ri-lig-io, in poetry also rel-lig-io (by some authorities derived from rellgare), reverence for God (the gods), religion; col-leg-a, one who is chosen at the same time with another, a colleague; col-leg-ium, persons united by the same office or calling, a college, a corporation ; leg-umen, (that which is gathered), pulse, any leguminous plant ; lec-tus, a reading ; supel-lex {super, Ugo), household utensils, furniture ; lig-mim, (that which is gathered), wood, firewood, {lignum is by some de- rived from Sk. rt. dah, burn). 441. lij — 5 ^-^i; lev; smooth, polish. Aet-os, \€v-p6a\; fal; deceive, disappoint. cr^aA.X-o>, to make to fall, to mislead ; arcfxiXfjia, a false step, a fall ; a-o-<^aX-7ys, firm, sure ; a-cjioX-epos, likely to make one fall, ready to fall. fall-o, to deceive, [fall]] M-BUBf false; fall-ax, deceitful, fallacious ; fall-acia, deceit, trick, [fallacT/]. 458. vXrj^ a wood, forest ; vX^et?, woody ; vXrj/jia, under- wood, silva, a wood, forest ; silvestris, of or belonging to a wood or forest ; silvosus, full of woods, [s7/lvan]. REGULAR SUBSTITUTIOK OF SOUNDS. 161 S ; S I cp ; S (or usnally , when between two vowels, r)» 459i as; as; la-; es. The three principal meanings of this root are probably developed in the following order : breathe, live, be. The dis- tinction of this root from the root bhu (No. 348) is that the root as denotes, like respiration, a uniform, continuous existence, while the root bhu implies a becoming. By short and natural steps, we have the successive meanings, limng, real, true, good. el-jJiL (Aeol. i/Ji-fJLi== i(T-fjiL)^ a7}l, ia-'Tty is; €v-€(r-T(o (ev, elfjic), well-being; ecr-^Ao?, good, excellent; iv-9, safe and sound ; o-a>-/co9, strong ; au)'t,(D (lengthened from o-a-o), o-ao-co, orw-co), to save ; o-oy-ryp^ a savior, preserver ; a-crw-To?, without salvation, abandoned. sa-nus, sound, whole, sane; sa-no, to make sound, heal, restore; sa-nltas, soundness of body, soundness of mind, sanity; in-sa-nus, unsound in mind, insane; sos-pes (prob. from o-ws and the root pa, nourish, or from o-co? and peto), saving, delivering ; sos-pes (subst.), a savior, deliverer ; sa-cer, 1. dedicated to a divinity, sacred, 2. devoted to a divinity for destruction, forfeited, accursed ; sacrum, a holy or sacred thing, a sanctuary ; sa-cellum (dim.), a little sanctuary, a chapel ; sa-oro, to declare or set apart as sacred, to consecrate ; con-se-cro, to devote, to consecrate; ex-se-cror, to curse, to exe- crate; ob-se-cro, (lit., to ask on religious grounds), to beseech, implore; re-s§-cro,- to beseech again, to free from a curse; sa-cramentum, 1. the thing set apart as sacred, the sum depos- ited by the two parties to a suit, 2. the thing setting apart as sacred, the military oath of allegiance, a solemn obligation or engagement, 3. (in eccl. and late Lat.) something to be kept sacred, a mystery, revelation, sacrament; sa-cerdos, a priest, a priestess, [sacerdotal] ; sancio, to render sacred or inviolable, REGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 163 to confirm, to sanction ; sanctio, an establishing, a decree, ordinance, sanction; sanctlflco (sanctus, facio), to make holy or treat as holy, to sanctify. (The words sacer and sancio with their derivatives are by some considered to come from the root sale, shown in No. 497.) 463. sa, si; — ; (prob. contr. from Kara-o-v-co), fcarrva), to stitch or sew together like a shoemaker ; Kao--o-i}-jLta, Kctr-rv-fia, any- thing stitched of leather ; Kaor-ori;-?, /car-ri;-?, a piece of leather. 164 REGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. sii-o, to sew, (compd. w. ad, in, ob, prae, sub, trans) ; su-tor, a shoemaker, cobbler ; sti-tura, a seam, suture ,• sti-tela, (prop. a sewing together), a cunning device; su-bula, an awl. 467. (n;5, vs, a swine, a pig. su-s (the prolific animal), a swine, boar, sow, pig. 468. o--/xa, a peculiarity, idiom.. se, himself, herself, itself, themselves ; snus, of or belonging to himself, herself, itself, themselves, \_suicide']. The Spiritus Asper appears in the following words as the represen- tative of an original j or y, which in Sk. and Latin may be retained or replaced by i or e. 490. ya; ja; (st. o, fem. a, ij); i; pronominal forms. 0-9, who ; 0)9, as. 1-s, he ; e-a, she ; i-d, it ; iste (compounded of two pronom- inal stems, i and to), this, that, this of yours, that of yours ; ipse (is and pse for pte ; the suffix pte being from the same root as potis, No. 314), he himself; i-bl (from the pronominal root i, with dative ending hi [as in tihi, sihi\ in locative sense [as in uhi'\), there ; i-ta, thus ; I-tem (from the pronominal root i and -tain), just so, in like manner, also, [item] ; i-dem (from the pronom. rt. i and the demonstrative suffix -dem, meaning just, exactly), the same, [identical, identity,, identify] ; I-temm, (ace. sing. neut. of a comparative form from the pronom. rt. %), further, again ; I-tero, to do a thing a second time, to repeat, [iterate, reiterate]. In the following words (Nos. 491-495), in Greek a simple vowel is the representative of the Indo-European vowel corresponding to it : a, e, 0, representing original d ; d, 77, «, representing original a ; i and v repre- senting original i and u; and the original vowels are retained in Sk. and Latin, sometimes in a fuller form. KEGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 169 491. vas, us; ush, us; — ; us; burn. cvoj, cvw, to singe ; avco, to kindle. ur-o (— us-o) (us-si, us-tus), to burn, (compd. w. ad, amb, com, de, ex, in, per, prae) ; us-tor, a burner of dead bodies ; combtiro {com, huro = uro), to burn entirely, to consume ; com-bus-tio, a burning, combustion; bTis-tiim, the place where the bodies of the dead were burned and buried, a tomb. 492. 17WS, Aeol. auw?, Att. cw?, the dawn ; 'EcDcr-^opos, Bringer of morn, (Lat. Lucifer), the Morning-star; avpio-v, to-morrow; r}-pi (adv.), early; -^pt-yeVeto, child of morn; rjipio^ (adj.), early; apto-Toi/, morning-meal, breakfast. aurora (for aus-os-a), the dawn, morning. Of these words the Indo-Eur. rt. is us, burn, shine. 493. 1; i; i; i; go. " As the root i has been expanded in Sk. to ja, so Greek i has been expanded to U, which occurs in Uuai. From the same ja in a causative sense comes 'l-rj-fiiy i.e.,ji-jd-mi, and, with the addition of a c, Lat.j/acio." Curtius. €L-fjiL (pi. t-/x€v), to go ; t-TTjS', t-Ta-/xo9, hcadloug, eager ; ot-/jios, a way, path ; ot-/x7;, the course of a song ; o'i-To, to be about or with. ; c7r-o/Aat, to follow ; c-cttt-o/at/v (2 aor.), I followed; eTr-cTT/s, a follower, attendant; ott-Aov, an implement, (pi.) arms. seqn-or, to follow, (compd. w. ad, com, ex, in, ob, per, pro, re, sub), [sue, suit, ensue, pursue, sequence, consequent, conse- quence, subsequent, consecutive, persecute, prosecute] ; sec-tor (freq.), to follow continually or eagerly, (compd. w. ad, com, in) ; as-sec-la (ad-sec-la), a follower ; sequ-ester, a depositary, a trustee ; sequ-estro, to give up for safe-keeping, surrender, [sequester J sequestrate] ; sec-undus, following, the following in 172 IRREGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. time or order, the next, tlie second, [secondary] ; sec-undo, to favor, to second ; sec-us, adv. (prop, following later in rank or order), otherwise; soc-ius (adj.), sharing, associated; soc-ius (subst.), a sharer, partner, companion ; soc-ialis, of or belong- ing to companionship, sociable, social ; soc-io, to associate, to share a thing with another, (compd. w. ad, com, dis), [asso- ciate, association, consociate, consociation, dissociate, dissocia- tion'] ; sSc-ietas, society. 498. Ik; —; lir; Ic; hit. LTTTOfxat, to press hard, to hurt ; tij/ (st. itt), a noxious worm ; Itt-o?, (in a mouse-trap) the piece of wood that falls and catches the mouse, a fuller's press. ic-o, to strike, to hit ; ic-tus, a blow, a stroke, (in prosody or music) a beating time, a beat. 499. tTTTTo? (tKKos), a horse ; t7r7ro-ra, a driver or rider of horses, a horseman, knight ; iTTTrtos, of or pertaining to horses; tTTTrevs, a horseman ; tTTTro-Spo/xog, a chariot-road, race-course, hippodrome ; t7r7ro-7rora/xos, the river-horse, hippopotamus. equu-s, a horse ; equ-imis, of or belonging to horses, equine ; equ-es, a horseman ; Equ-ltes, the order of knights ; Squ-ester, of horsemen, of cavalry, equestrian; eq-ulto, to ride, (compd. w. ad, in, inter, ob, per, praeter). The Indo-Eur. root of these words is probably ah (No. 2). 500. rik; rik'; Xnr; liqu, lie; leave, leave free, XetTT-w, Xt/ATT-ai/o), to leave ; Xelfx-fxa^ Xaifz-avov^ a remnant ; XotTT-ds, remaining, the rest ; eX-Aeti/^-t?, a leaving out, ellipsis, ellipse. linqu-o (liqn-i, lic-tum), to leave; de-linqno, to fail, to be wanting in one's duty, [delinquent^^ ; re-linqiio, to leave behind, relinquish, [relic, relict]] de-relinquo, to forsake entirely, [dere- lict]-, re-liqu-us, that is left behind, remaining; reliquiae, relli- quiae, the remains, relics ; lic-et (it is left to one, open to one), is is lawful, permitted, (licet, being the intrans. to Enquire, as lEEEGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 173 jpendet to pend&re, jdcet to jdcSre), \licit, illicit] ; llo-entia, free- dom, license; lic-eo, to be for sale; llc-eor, to bid at an auction; pol-llc-eor, [to bid or offer largely, cf. No. 317), to offer, to promise ; l!qu-eo, to be fluid or liquid, to be clear or evident ; liqu-esco (incli.), to become fluid or liquid, to become clear; liqu-idus, flowing, fluid, liquid, clear; liqu-or, to be fluid or liquid, to flow ; llqu-or, fluidity, a fluid or liquid, liquor. 501. mark; mare; [xapir, jAair; mule; touch, seize. fjidp7r-ro) (2 aor. e-/xa7r-o]/), to catch, seize; /xa/oTr-rcs, a seizer, ravisber. mulc-o, Jmnlc-to, to maltreat, injure; mulc-eo, to stroke, to touch lightly, (compd. w. com, de, per, re). 502. ak; ac, ak-sh; oir; oe; see. ->/67r (o;r-a)7r-a, oi/^-o/xat), see; o/x-/>ca, the eye, a sight; ^if/, the eye, countenance ; oi/^ts, the look or appearance of a person or thing, countenance, sight ; oTr-rr/p, a spy, a scout ; oir-tTrevo), oTT-tTTTcvw, to look arouud after ; ott-t^, an opening, a hole ; oTT-cas, an awl ; oTr-rtKo?, of or for sight, optic, optical, [optics, optician] ; 6<^-^aA/i,os, the eye ; 6-t^a), to make wise, to become wise. stig-o, to suck; ex-sugo, to suck out; suc-ns (snccus), juice; suc-nlentus, full of juice or sap, succident; su-men (— sug-ivien, sug-men), breast ; sap-a, must or new wine boiled thick, [sap] ; fsapo, soap, [saponaceous]] sap-io, to taste, to have taste, to 174 lEEEGULAE, SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. have good taste, to be wise; sap-iens, wise, sapient; sap-or, taste ; sap-ldus, well-tasted, relishing, savory, wise ; in-slp-ldus, tasteless, insipid. 604. TreWe, five ; Triixir-TO^^ the fifth. quinqiie, five ; quintus (= quinc-tus), the fifth. 505. pak, kak; pak'; ireir; coqu, coc; cook, ripen. TreV-cov, cooked by the sun, ripe, soft, tender; ttctt-to?, cooked ; 7rei/^-t5, a ripening, cooking, digestion ; Svcr-Trei/^-ta, indigestion, dyspepsia^ dyspepsy ; TreTT'TO), to soften or ripen, to cook ; 7re/x,-/xa, any kind of dressed food, (but mostly in plur.) pastry ; Troir-avov, a sacrificial cake. coqu-o, to coo^, (compd. w. com, de, dis, ex, in, per, prae, re), [decoction]; coqn-us (coqnos, cocus), a cook; coqu-ina, a kitchen; cii-li-na, (= coc-llnd), a kitchen, [culinary]. 506. ka; ka; tto, ko; quo; pronominal roots. 7rd-^t, TTov, where; Tro-Oev (Ion. ko-^€f), whence? ttcos (Ion. Kto?), how F TTore (Ion. kotc)^ when? Tro-repos (Ion. Ko-repo^)^ which of two ? Tro-GTTos (ttoVos), which in a series ? tto-ios (Ion. Koto?), of what nature, of what sort? tto-o-os (Ion. koo-o^)^ of what quantity ? qno-d, that, because ; quo (prop. dat. or abl. of qui), where, whither; ii-bi (for quo-hi), ivhere ; qua-m (adverbial ace. of qui), how; quan-do, when; ftter (for cu-ter, or quo-tero-s, in form a comparative of quis), which of the two, [whether] ; iiterqne {uter, que), each (of the two), one and the other, one as w^ell as the other; quo-t, how many, as many; quotiens, quoties, how often, how many times, as often as, [quotient] ; quo-tus, which or what in number, order, etc., [quota] ; quan- tus (quam), how great, [quantity]; qua-lis, of what sort or kind, [quality]. 507. Vo"€'»r, say. e-(j7r-€T€, say ; ev-t-o-Tr-ev, said. lEREGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. 175 508. tark; — ; rpeir, rpair ; torqu, tore; turn, wind. TpcTT'O} (Ion. TpaTTO)), to tum ; TpoTT-rj^ a turning round ; rpoTT-og, a turn, manner, trope; tpott-lkos, belonging to a turn or turning, [tropic, tropical] ; rpoTr-ato?, of a turning, of or belonging to a defeat or rout ; rpoir-aiov^ a trophy, a monument of the enemy's defeat (rpoTr?;) ; rpoTr-ts, a ship's keel ; rpoTr- -ijlov^ TpoTT-etov, a press ; rpaTr-co), to tread grapes ; ev-rpdtTr-eXog, easily turning, versatile. torqu-eo, to turn, to twist, (compd. w. com, de, dis, ex, in, ob, per, prae, re), [torsion, tort, tortoise, contort, contortion, dis- tort, distortion, extort, extortion, retort, retortion'] ; tor-to (freq.), to torture ; tor-tor, an executioner, torturer ; tor-tura, a twist- ing, torture; tor-tus, a twisting, winding; tor-tuosus, full of crooks or turns, tortuous; tor-mentum, an engine for hurling missiles, an instrument of torture, torture, torment; torqu-is, torqu-es, a necklace ; torc-ulum, toro-illar, a press. &5 &; P; bjVj^. 509. ga, gva, (g)va-n, ba; ga, gam; Pa; bi, bi-t, bu, (ven), go. 2 aor. t'P-q-v, I went; Hom. pres. part., ^t-)8a-9, going; (iterative) /Bd-o-Kc, go; (verbal adj.) ^a-ros, passable; pres. /5atV-(o, I go ; I3rj-fjia, a step, a raised place to speak from ; /3a)-/xos, an altar (with a base or steps) ; l3rj'X6s, the threshold ; pi-py]-\o% allowable to be trodden, profane ; /Sd-o-Ls, a step- ping, step, base, basis; dva-ySa-o-t?, a going up; /3d-0pov, that on which anything steps or stands, a pedestal, step, the ground ; ^a-S-09, a walk ; ^a-S-t^w, to walk or go slowly, to march ; y8e-y8a-tos, firm, steady ; /St-ySa-^w (causal of /SatVw), to make to mount, to lift up. ven-io, to come, (compd. w. ad, ante, com, de, dis, e, inter, in, ob, per, prae, pro, re, sub, super), [advent, adventure, con- vene, cdnvent, event, intervene, invent, inventory, prevent, super- vene] ; ven-tlto (freq.), to come often ; ad-ven-a, one who comes 176 lEKEGULAR SUBSTITUTION OF SOUNDS. to a place, a foreigner, a stranger ; ven-tio, a coming, [in- tervention, invention, prevention, supervention] ; con-ven-tio, a meeting, convention, agreement ; con-tio (less correctly concio) (— con-ventio), a meeting, a discourse; contionor, concionor, to be convened in an assembly, to deliver an oration ; ba-culum, ba-culus, a staff; be-to, bae-to, bi-t-o, to go, (compd. w. ad, e, in, inter, per, praeter, re) ; ar-b!-t-er {ar = ad, hito), one that goes to something in order to see or bear it, a spectator, one wbo approaches a cause in order to inquire into it, an arbiter; ar-bl-tror, to bear, judge, believe, arbitrate; ar-bi-trium, judg- ment, decision ; ar-bi-trarius, of arbitration, uncertain, depend- ing on tbe will, ai^bitraoy ; am-bu-lo {^ ambi-biX-lo) , to go about, to walk, (compd. w. circum, de, in, ob, per, re), [ambu- lant, ambulance, ambulatory, amble ^ perambulate]. 510. — ; gal; PaX, pcX, PoX; — ; fall, glide, slip away, let slip, let fly, throw. ySaX-Xo), to throw, (intr.) to fall ; Sta-^aX-Ao), to throw over or across, to slander ; Sid-^oX-os, a slanderer, the Slanderer, the Devil; Sia-jSoX-iKoSf slanderous, devilish, diabolical; ^Xrj' /x€vo9, p\yj-r6 gvi-v, gvi-g; g'iv; pi; vi, vi-v, vi-g; live. ^t-09, jSt'OTos, /Si'OTi], life, course of life, livelihood, [hiographT/^ autobiography, 'biology\ ; )St-oco, to live. vlt-a, life; vit-alis, vital; viv-ns, living, quich ; viv-Idus, living, animated, vivid; viv-ax, tenacious of life, vigorous, vivacious; viv-acltas, natural vigor, liveliness, vivacity ; viv-o, to live, (compd. w. com, pro, re, super), [revive, revival, sur- vive] ; vic-tus, that upon which one lives, provisions, victuals. 513. g«; gu; Po; bo; cry aloud, roar, bellow. /So-?/, a loud cry, a shout ; /So-do), to cry aloud, to shout. bo-o, bov-o, to cry aloud, to roar; re-bo-o, to bellow back, resound, re-echo ; bov-inor, to bellow at, to revile. 514. gar, gal; gar; Pop, Ppo; vor (for gvor), gur, gul, glu; swallow, devour. /5t-^pa)-o-Ka), to eat ; (Bop-d, meat ; /Sop-os, gluttonous ; /?/3(o-/xa, food ; Ppiii-Trjp, eating. vor-o (= gvoro), to devour ; de-voro, to swallow down, to devour ; vor-ax, swallowing greedily, voracious ; vor-acitas, greediness, voracity ; vor-ago, (that which swallows up), an abyss, whirlpool ; gnr-ges, a raging abyss, a whirlpool, [gorge]; in-gnr-glto, to pour in like a flood or whirlpool ; gur-gul-io, the gullet, windpipe; gul-a, the gullet, throat, [gully]; glti-tio, gluttio, to swallow or gulp down, [glut, deglutition] ; in-glii- vies, the crop, maw. 515. gu; gu; po; bo; bellow. l3ovtt), Dor. ecr-o't, co--Tt: Dor. {(T)-evTL ; further the Hom. infinitive eS-fjicvat ; cf. Lat. es-t = Sk. at-ti. An Indo-European irregularity is contained in Kei'Tai ^= Sk. ge-te, because ablaut I. appears in the middle. From Class BB there is another example : cj^y-fjii, c^^y-s, -ojJLaiy etc. Of Class BB : XrjO-oiy tyJk-o)^ yS-opiat, etc. Lat. leg-0, reg-o, trem-o, dlc-o {=^ deic-o),fid-o (=feid-o), duc-o (= deuc-o), ur-o (= eus-o), clej)-o, serp-o, etc. 3. A considerable number of presents of the iota-class are made (irregularly) with ablaut I.: TreWco, creioo (creF-yoj)', irXao) PRINCIPLES OF THE NEW SCHOOL. 183 (^TrXeF-yoi)-) KXeto) (kXcF-^/o)), retpco, cf^Oapo), crTretpo), dyapco, eyetpw, Seipo), /cetpw, /jLetpo/JLat, Tretpo), ct/aco (cTep-yoi), reAAco, SeAAco and ^eAAo), 6^€tAa), ocfieXXo), oreAAo), kcAAo), okcAAco, /xeAAo), cTKeAAo), TetVo), yetVo/xat, ^etVco, ktclvo), Xevcau), epSu) (= F^py-yo)). 4. The future systems, active and middle, are made with ablaut I. : €S-o9/;tat, Ket-o-o/xat, TrAev-o-ov/xat, Sep-co, crrcA-co, rev-to, vejJi-Q), Aeti/ro), €v$ovfjLai^ repi/^o), ySAei/^-o), Trifjuj/o}, etc. 5. The sigmatic (first) aorist system, active and middle, is made with ablaut I. : lAefa, e-SSet-cra, i-ppev-cra^ e-cf>OeLpa^ e-a-TeiXa, e-fietva^ e-Xenj/a, e-Opeij/a^ etc. To these correspond the simple s-aorists in Sk. (Whitney, §§ 878, 879) : a-gro-s-i, a-ne-s-i, etc. 6. The first aorist passive, a special Greek formation, is made with this ablaut with very few exceptions. It differs in this important respect from the second aorist passive, which is made with ablaut III. The following are the in- stances from roots of Class AA : rjvix-Orjv^ i-7ri(l>-0r)v^ i-Trex'Orjv., i-crT€cl>-Or]V, i-Xe)(-Or)V, i-TTvevcT'Orjv, i-irXevcr-Orjv, rjyep-OrjV (dyetpo)), rjyip-Orjv (eyetpco), i-Kep-OrjVj i-ireLCT'Orjv^ rjXetcjy'Orjv , yjpeL^-Oyjv^ i-X€Lcl>-Or]v, rifji€L(j>-Or]V^ iXeLX-Or]V, i-BetX'Orjv^ i-il/€var-Or)v, i'Tcvx-Or]v, i'^€vx-Oy]V^ i-y€vcr-Or]V, ev-O^is, i'KXecfi'Orjv^ i-OeXx-OrjV^ i'lrXix-Orjy, i'/SXifft'Orjv, l-X€.x-Oy]Vi i-SepX'Orjv, i'CrTpe(f>-Or]v, i-Tpecjy-Orjv, i-Opicf}' Or]v, i-(T7r€px-0r}v, i'T€p(f)'Or}v, i-l3p€X'0rjv, i'GTTepx-Orjv, e-o-Tretcr-^Tyi/, (= i'cnrevS-Orjv)^ i-fJLifJLcf^-Orjv^ i-TrifJLcji-Orjv ; of Class BB cf. c-At^c^- Orjv and i'Si^X'^W' Seeming exceptions are the Doric i-xrrpdcfi-Orjv, i'Tpdcji-OrjVy etc. Their vowels are on the same level with, and are to be explained like rpdcji-o), orrpd^-oi, rpdx'Oi^ etc., as a special dia- lectic peculiarity. Interesting are the cases in which first and second aorist passive occur from the same root : i-Kip-Orjv : i-Kdp-rju ; r]Xeicf>' Otjv : i^-rjXt(f>'r}v^ Tjpeccfi-Orjv : ypiTr-rjv ; i-^evx-Orjv : i-^vy-rjv ; l-KXecfi-Q-qv : i'KXd-TT-yjv ; i-7rX€X~^W • i-TrXaK-rjv ; i-Sepx-Orjv : i-SpdK-rjv ; i-cTTpecji-Orjv : i-(TTpd-rjv ; i-T€p-r]v ; i-^pex-Or/v : i-/3pdx'rjv ; cf. from Class AA i-ryx'^W • ^-raK-qv, 184 APPLICATION OF THE Nominal Formations. 7. Nominal and adjectival bases in €? are made with ablaut I. : {fyLiro^^ ve<^-o9, ty^(T-^iv ; It-o^^^ 7riK-oys, d-r€V7/5, oL/jicfiL-ppeTnj?^ a-orirepx^Sj a-jjLep(f>€^. As first members of compounds : €pio-'l3Lo(,a;j(09, ^eA^c'-voos, etc. Cf. also nouns in as : creyS-as, Se/x,-as, creA-as, yep-as, o-K€7r-as, /cpe-as, AeTT-as. Formed by association with )Sa^-vs, Opacr-vg, Kpar-v?, etc., are made TrdO-os, /3dO'0€p€TpOV aud Tcp-e-Tpov. Lat., sec-tor^ em^p-tor, vec4or, lec-tor, tex-tor, gen-i-tor^ etc. PRINCIPLES OF THE NEW SCHOOL. 185 9. Noun-bases in man (neuters in /^a-r ; masculines in /xcov) are made with ablaut I. : €t-/>ta ; Aeol. e/A-/xa (root Act), Trifx-jjia, Ae/A-/xa, ^ecr-/xa, crrifx-fia^ y8Secr-/xa, opey-/xa, piy-fxa ; Set-/xa, ■^eX-fxa, TTvev'^a^ pev-fia, ^ev-fxa, vev-fxa^ Sev-fxa ; rep-/xa, ^ep-/Aa, (TTrep-fxa, ep-yu.a, Sip-fJia, Kep-jjia ; iriX-fJua, riX-jJia, criX-p^a ; aAet/x-yaa, €p£ty-/xa, epetcr-/xa, Aet/x-jLta, Scty'/xa, i/^eOcr-yaa, Te{}y-/xa, K€v6-p.a^ ^ei}y-/xa, yev-p.a ; ^A.e/x--/xa, KXip^-pua^ OiXy-p^a, 7rAey-/xa, ^Aey-/xa, epy-/xa, Sipy-p.a, o-Tpip.-p.aj Opipu-pba^ Treicr-pia (= TrevO-pLo). As an example of an exception x^'f^^ i^ -^^"^^ > x€v-p.a Homeric. Sk., hdr-riian, hhdr-Tnan, tok-man^ vdrt-m-an^ etc. Lat., ger-men^ seg-men, ter-men^ lu-vien (= leuc-men). Nouns in /xcov : ;)(e6-/x(oi/, Xei-pnov, 7rXev-/>to)F, 7rvev-pL0)v, rip-pLcov ; rep-d-pLOiv and TeX-a-pojiv ; derivatives : (jyX^y-pLov-ijj /SiX-e-pLV-ov^ cTTeX'pLov'Lai ; in comp. av-et-pioyvj ' unclad ' : et-yLta. Lat., ter-rno, ser-mo. 10. The comparatives and superlatives in tr}v-a : Xc-Xafr-Tat, 7re-<^ai/-Tat. The perfects with o are given in Curt. Verb. II., 185 and 188. Examples: re-roK-a, 8e-Sot-Ka, €-Oop-a ; e-cr7rap-Ka, Ke-Kap-Ka, c-o-raX-zca, re-ra-Ka, aX'rjXi, take ablaut II. : ox-ew, cK-7roT-eo//-at, ^o^-eco, ijyop-io), pof^-iw^ ttov-cco, crrotx-eoj, Trop^-eo), crTpocf>-i(D, rpoTT-io), rpo^-eco, o'Topy-eco, rpo/ji-eo), (TTpo/3'€(jt), pofx/S-io), Spx-^o/jLai ; the same formations are contained in fjLe-fxop-rjTaij l3€-/36X-rjfjiai^ aTT'^-KTov-rjKa^ (T7rop-rjT6Oop-€.v^^ (Tirop-evs^ yov-€V5, c^ov-cvs, Spofx-evs^ To/Ji-ev^s^ vo/x-eus, 7rop^-€vs, crrpot^-ei;?, Tpocji-€V'Sj d/xopy-evs, d/xoAy-evs, wAoK-cvg, kAott-cu?, po/x-6op-6s (cf. cj>6p-os)', rpox-os (cf. rpox-o?), etc. (y) Abstracts and Names of Objects : tok-os, cj^o/S-o^^ Aoy-09, Xo(F)-os, cro(f")-os, vo/x-09, cl>6v-o?^ Spo/x-os, ^oA-os, crroA-o?, TTTOp'OSj vy-rj^ ^vy-ov, crTt)(-09, etc. Lat., dol-u-s, rtiod-u-s, tog-a. 5. Themes in t are made with ablaut II. : rpox'i^j Tpo(^-t9, TpoTT-ts, ;)(po/x-t9, /xo/x,i/^-ts, SpoTT-t?. Those iu tS are pretty evenly divided between ablauts I. and II., and generally have the tone on the suffix : iXw-ts, o-KeX-t's and o-;(eX-ts, creX-ts, AcTr-t's, KepK-L-d8€^ ; excep- tions with ablaut III. : <^vy-as, vt<^-as, jjny-d^. 7. Themes in ma (/x,09, /a?/, ^hov ; t/^os, a/xos) are regularly formed with ablaut II. ; the accent wavers between root and suffix, except in the case of those in l/jlos : yov-t/xo?, Xott-i/xo?, /JLOpcr-LflOSf Tp6(ji-ipiO^^ TrXoK-LfJLOS'j CTTTOp-t/XO?, 06p-ifJLOto? ; Sox'/jlt}^ op-fjirj ; also a base Kot-p-a- in Kot-p-a-o). In ap,os : TrAoK-ap-os, opx-a/xo^ ; ovX-ajJLOs (= FoX-)^ 7rOT-ttp,05. Lat., /or-7?ia (Sk. root dhar) ; for-mus (Sk. root ghar). 8. Themes in i!^a (to, t?;) which are not verbal adjectives are regularly accented on the root-syllable and take ablaut II. : Ot-rOS, KOL-TOS, k6v(t)'T0tei/ : el/xt ; Doric (o-yivTL : ecr-rt ; the vowel is inorganically restored in €or-/AcV, €o--Toi/, etc., as is shown by Sk. s-mas, Lat. s-umus, etc. Of Class BB : (pa-fiev, cf^a-rov : cj^rj-fjii ; e-, t-o-^-co, ttl-ttt-u) and tcktu) for Tt-TK-co. Lat. gi-gn-o. 3. Presents whose formative element is the inchoative sufiix a-K added immediately to the root are formed with ablaut III. : pd-(TK(ji (/Sv-o-KO)) = Sk. gd-chdmi; Trdo-xoi (= Try^-cr/co)) : irivO-o^ ; fXicryoj (^iLiyo-Koy) : Metftas ; tcr/ca) (^Flk-ctko)) : e-FocK-a. Cf. of Class BB : cjxi-crKo} : cfirj-fii ; XdarKU) (AaK-o"Ka)) : Ae-Act/c-a ; )(ao'Kca (xdv'CTKo)) : Ki-^rjva, 190 APPLICATION OF THE 4. Only a small number of presents of the iota-clsiss (IV. class) are formed with ablaut III., though this is the histori- cally correct formation : Trratpco (Trrp-yii)) : E-u-Trrep-T;? ; cnraipoi and aa-nraipoi ; /SdWo) W^'V^) ' ^eA.-o§ ; Satpo) : Bip-jna ; /xatVo/xat (^/jLy-yofjiai) : /mev-o^ ; Kaivo) : Ke-Kov-a. Roots of Class BB : <^atVa> (cj)av-yo)) : iTi-(f>r]v-a ; ttcxXXw (TrdX-yw) : e-TrrjX-a. With redupli- cation : Tt-ratVo) (rt-TV-^/o)). 5. A number of nasal formations are made with ablaut III. (a) Those in avo) : LK-dvo) : Ik-cd (= et/c-w), afxapr-dvoi : vrjjjL€pT'y<^ ; a-v^-dv(s) : d-F^i-o) i SapO-dvo). (h) Those with double nasals are uniformly made with ablaut III. : Oi-y-y-dvo) ; Xi-pL-ir-dvay \ TV-y-^-dvoy ; ipv'y-y-dvo) ; TTV-v-O'dvo/JiaL ; cftv-y-ydvio ; Xa-y-;(-av(jD (= Ay-y-;(-ava)) : X€-Aoy;(-a ; ■^a-v-S-dv(D (^y-v-S-avco) : ^etVo/xat (= ^cvS-cro/Aat) ; Tra-v-^-avco (TTv-v-^-avo)) : ttcv^-os ; of roots of Class BB : d-r-S-avw : e-dS-a ; Xa-pL-jS-dvo) : Xrjxpopiai ; Aa-v-^-avco : Ai^^-o) ; pLa-v-O-dvo). (c) Presents with .nasals and v: ipvO-atvo) : epevd-os ; dAtr- atVo) : dAet'(T)-Ti;s ; a-v(o')-atVa) and a-"ti(or)atVa) : Lat. 'i^?'-0 (= eus-o) and Sk. ds-ati; iraO-acvoi : ttcV^-o?, /xap-atVw : Sk. mdr-ate. So also TTCTT-atVo) ; but ablaut III. of roots of the type A does in most cases not differ graphically from ablaut I. With redupli- cation : TC-Tp-aLV(D. 6. The non-thematic second aorist (/x-t-form) is historically an imperfect belonging to a non-thematic present, and accordingly shares with it the peculiarity of differentiating the root-form of the singular active (ablaut I.) from that of the remaining persons of the indicative, active and middle, the entire opta- tive, and the participles (ablaut III.). In roots from Class BB the Greek has t-irr-q-v : i-irTd-fjirjv, TTTOL't-rfv ; €-^7)'V I /^a-L'Tjv ', €-TXrj'V : c-rXa-v, rXa-i'-qv ; e-ipOrj-v : cf>$d-v, etc. In roots of Class AA this original vocalic difference appears also upon close search. There occur in the first place the following forms with ablaut III. : l-xv-pL-rjv^ i-oro-v-iJirjv, kXv-Ol^ and KXv-jJi€VOXiS-ov (Hesych.), etS-ov, LK-o/JL-qv^ e-AtTr-oi/, rjXiT-ov^ e-crnx^ov^ c-Oty-ov, e-StK-ov, e-ij/vO-ev^ €'TVX'OVj e-cjivy-ov^ t]XvO-ov^ e-KvO-ov^ i-irvO-ofjirjv^ ypvy-ov^ trirpaO-ov^ e-SpaK-ov, e-rpaTr-ov, rapTr-w/xe^a and Tpaw-eiOfjiev, e-jSpax-ov^ iqixapT-ov and rffJi^poT'OV, €-SapO-ov and €-SpaO-ov^ e-Spavr-ov, l-Tra^-ov, e-Sa/c-ov, e-;)(a8-ov, €p-pa<;f>-ov, €-Xax'Ov. From roots of Class BB : e-Aa^-ov, e-Aa^-oi/, St-e- T/xay-ov, c-AaK-ov, etc. 192 APPLICATION OF THE 8. The reduplicated thematic aorist is formed with ablaut III.: C€67rov (= c-A-Ztt-of) ; e-o-TT-o-fxrjV, i'Ke-KX-o-fMrjv, €-7re'(f>v-ov, €-Te-Tfi-ov, Tre-TnO-O'fJLTjv^ Tre-c^tS-o-zxT^v, T€'TVK-6-jjirjv, 7re-7rvO-6-fjbrjv, T€-Tap7r-6-/Jirjv ; from Olass BB : Xe-XaO-O'/Jirjv : XyjO-o). 9. The second aorist passive system is formed with ablaut III., differing remarkably in this respect from the first passive system, which is formed with ablaut I. : i-ppv-rjv^ i-o-o-v-rjv, i'TTTdp'Tjv, icfiO'dp-rjVy i-(T7rdp-rjv, i-Sdp-yv^ i-Kdp-Yjv^ e-Trap-T/v, i- (^F ) dX'Tjv, i-(TrdX-7}v, i-Kdv-rjVy i^-r]Xi-rjv. Exceptions with ablaut I. : i-cftXiy-rjv, i-TrXeK-rjv, variant for l-TrXdK-rjv ; i-repcr-YjV. From roots of Olass BB : i-raK-yv : Te-T7]K-a ; i-craTr-rjv : cre-crrjTr-a ; i-crcfyaX-Tjy : e-crcjirjX-a ; i-rjV'a, etc. 10. The domain of ablaut III. in the perfect, it has been seen, regularly is : The dual and plural active and the entire middle of the indicative ; the optative, active and middle, and the participles. In Greek this relation has been disturbed by the inroads of the strong forms of the singular active (ablaut II.), so that, as a rule, the perfect system follows their norm through all forms of the active, showing ablaut II. However, the traces of the old regime of ablaut III. in the active are not wanting, especially in the older language. Of the indicative and par- ticiple active from roots of Olass AA there are to be found : €-tK-Toi/, i'lK-Trjv : e-ot/c-a ; cf. middle : €-lk-to and ^-Ik-to ; e-7re-7rt^-/X6V : Tre-TroiO-OL ; ta-TOv, tS-/xev, IS-vta : oTB-a ; 8€t'-8t-/xeT/ and Se-St-/x€v, i-Se-Si-Trjv, Se-St-ws : Set-Sot-Aca and Se-Sot-Ka ; iX-7]XvO-afji€V : elX'iijXovO-a ; e/c-ye-ya-Tov, ye-ya-/x€V, ye-ya-(os : yi-yov-a ; fxe-fjia-Tov, //,e-/xa-/x€V, //,e-/>ta-a)? : fxi-piov-a ; Tri-iraa-Oe^ ire-TraO'VLa : Tre-Trov-Oa. From roots of OlaSS BB : T€-TA.a-/i,€V, T€-TXa-L-rjv : ri'TXy-Ka ; Ke-Kpa^'Oi : Ke-Kpay-a ; e-crra-rov, e-crra- /x€i/ : €'0-Tr]-Ka ; Se-Sa-ma : Si-Srj-e ; pLC-fxaK-vZa : fjL€'ixr)K-o)s ; ap-dp-vta : dp-rjp-m. Apparently of all forms of the active the feminine participle has resisted longest the attacks of assimilation. In the perfect middle system ablaut III. has generally survived : et/xat (/^€-/^o--/xat) : ecr-o-a ; Ke-KAt-/xafc, e-crcn;-/xat ; K€-)(y-/Jiai, e'CJ^Oap-fxai ; e-cnrap-fjiai^ Si-Sap- /xai, Ke-Kap-jxai^ ire-Trap- fxat^ Te-TaX-jULai^ e-o'ToA-yLtat, Te-Ta-/xat, Tre-^a-rat, dA-ryAt/x-/>tat, ip-^^pty-fiai, ip-7]pLfJi-]jLai, yu,e-/xty-/xat, re-Tvy-yU-at, 7r€-<^i;y-/xat, iri-Trvcr- fjiat, c-o-Tpa/JL-fxai, Te-Tpa/JL-jJiai, re-Opa/JL-jJiai,, In roots of type A, ablaut III., as usual, necessarily coincides with ablaut I. : e-^ecr- jJiat, e-o-Te/x-fiai, iv-yvey- (xat, ct-Aey-/xat, Xe-Xcy-fiat ; such forms as these have given rise to others made with the same vowel, where ablaut III. would be historically correct and possible : irk-TrXcy-piai (cf. k-irXaK-rjv) ^ K€-KXe/x-/xat (cf. l-KXair-rjv), /3e-ySp€y-/xat, 7r€-^Aey-/x,at, €-crrey-/xat, for Ke-/cAayLt-/Aat, etc. ; then also forms c-^evy-ynat, 8e-Sety-/xat, Ae-Xct/x-yu-at, etc. From roots of Class BB : Ae-Aacr-/xat : Ae-A^y^-a ; TTC-TTO-rat : 7r4-7ro)-Ka ; 7r€-cfiav-TaL : Tre-^T^v-a. Nominal Formations. 11. Verbal adjectives in t6vK-TOop according to the well-known original accentual difference. Here we know the law. In all roots we look for processes and explanations as reasonable as this, but as yet only the variations described under ablaut I.-III. are understood with anything like satis- factory clearness. Other material, in cases involving variation of the root-vowel, is more or less obscure. Nevertheless, even in such cases, we may often assign roots that are fairly warranted by the evidence of comparison and that will be of practical benefit in associating related words. In the following sets, the numbers (1-528) are the same as in the body of the work ; the definitions of the roots are also the same. It is not necessary to restate the Sanskrit roots ; and the omission of them secures a form which exhibits regularly side by side for each set : 1. the Indo-European root ; 2. the Greek root ; 3. the Latin root. 1. ak, ank ; ajK ; anc, unc. 40. — ; Kapir, KpaiT] — . 2. ak ; dKf dK ; ac, ac. 41. skarp ; — ; carp. 3. ark ; apKf a\K ; arc. 42. kar ; — ; — . 5. — ; ^aK ; — . 43. — ; AcdF, Kav ; — . 9. derk, dork, drk ; depK, 5op/c, 44. kei, ki ; k€i ; qui, ci. 5p/c (SpaK) ; — . 45. sek ; (TKe, x; — • agh, angh; ax, ayx\ ang. — ; ^pex, $pox ; rig. — ; Aox ; l6v (for legv). — ; Fex, e'x ; V6h. — ; o-€X» o-x, fx ; — . — ; ax» «7X ; — • — ; Aex ; l6c. reigh, roigb, righ, ligh ; A^x ; iig. steigh, stigh; (ttcix, o-tXx; stigC?). — ; Tpex» Tpox ; —' gha, ghi ; x«> X"'' I ^i* — ; X^^^) X«5 ; hend. ghrad ; x^a5 ; grad. ghar, ghra ; x^P ; gra. — ; x^P ; ^ir, her. ghjes; — ; — . ghi; x«; hi- — ; XP^H-y XpoH-] ■—' — ; xp*; fri- gheu, ghou, ghti ; x^^t X^^t XV \ fu, fud. PRINCIPLES OF THE NEW SCHOOL. 197 167. ster, str ; aarp ; ster, astr. 173. pet, pt ; Trer, ttot, ttt, tttol ; p6t. 175. sta,sta,; (rTd,(rT77, (TTct; sta,sta. 176. stel, stol, stl; o-reA., (TtoA, o-t\ (crraX) ; stol. 177. — ; (rT^ix(p, (xre/j.^, arroficf), (TTofi ; — . 178. — • ; (TTePy (TToy ; — . 179. — ; (TTep ; — . 181. — ; (rT€(^ ; stip, stip. 183. stig ; (TTiy ; stig, stlg. 185. 6ter, stor ; (XTpco, arop ; stra, ster, stor. 186. ; (TT€V, (TTV ; — . 188. ten, ton, tn ; rev, rov, TV {ra, rav) ; tSn, t6n. 189. stag ; ray ; tag, t9,g. 190. ta ; Td/c, ra/c ; ta. 192. tva ; T€ (for tFc) ; te, tn. 194. tek, tok, tk, — tenk, tuk ; reK, TOK, T/C, TeVK, TVK, — revXf Tvx ; tec. 195. tel, tol, tl; rXd, tXt], rAd, — T€A, ro\, TdA. ; tol, tul, tla. 196. tern, torn, tm ; re^, rofi^ r/x, T/xdy; tern, torn. 197. — ; T6p ; ter, tra. 198. — ; rep ; ter, tor, tri. 199. — ; repir, Tapir, — rpe^, rpo^, rpacp ; — . 200. — ; Tep(r, Taper ; tors. 202. tres ; rpeo- ; ters. 203. — ; rpe/x, Tpo/x; trem. 204. Stems: tri; Tpi; tri. 205. tn; Tu; tn. 206. stnd; Tu5; tM. 207. — ; tvtt; — . 208. tvar; — ; — . 200. svad ; (TFaS, a5 ; snad. 210. da, da-k ; Sd, 5a/c ; d6c. 211. — 5a; — . 212. — ddv, 5dF ; — . 213. — dafi; dOm. 214. — SaTT, 5€7r; dap. 215. — Sap0\ dorm. 218. — dr), 56 ; — . 219. dem, dom ; Se/x, dojj. ; d6m. 220. dek; Se|; dex. 221. der, dor, dr ; Sep, 5op, dp (M; -.* 223. dei, doi, di ; Set, Boi, 5i ; di. 224. di, div ; St, 5lF ; di, div. 225. do, d5 ; 8w, So, Scw/c ; do, da. 227. — ; Spd ; — . 228. — ; bpa ; — . 229. — ; Spe/i, dpojLLf dpa/uL ; — . 233. ed, 6d ; 7)5, 45, wS ; ed, 6d. 234. sed ; eS ; sed, s6d. 235. sed ; eS ; sed, Sfed. 236. veid, void, vld; FetS, foiB, FiS (id) ; vid, vld. 237. svid ; o-FiS, id ; snd (for svid). 238. — ; /xeS ; ni5d. 239. — ; fxeXd ; — . 240. od ; w5, o5 ; 5d, 6l. 242. — ; TreS, ttoS ; p6d. 243. — ; (T/ceS, (TxeS, fceS ; scand. 244. skid; (TKid, (TXiS; scid, cid, caed. 245. spad, spand ; a-cpad ; fnnd. 247. vad, nd, nnd ; vd ; nnd. 248. — ; Fed; v^d. 249. aidli, idh ; aid ; aed. 250. — ; a\d', — . 251. — ; aO, avd ; — . 252. svedh ; (tFtiO ; sod, s6d, sned. 253. rendh ; ipvd ; rnd, ruf, rub. 254. — ; da, 07] ; f e, fi. 255. — ; 6aF] — . 256. — ; drj, de ; da, fa, f ^-C. 257. ghen ; deu ; fend. 198 APPLICATION OF THE 258. — ; dev (06F), dv, do ; — . 315. — ; Trep, irp, irpa ; — . 260. dhars; dapa, Opacr \ fars. 316. pra ; irpooy irpo, irpi ; pra, pro, 261. dhar, dhra ; Bpa ; fir, for. pri. 262. dre; Op-q, dp€] — . 318. spju, spu ; TTTw, ttut; spu. 265. dhu ; dv ; fu. 319. pu ; TTW ; pu, pil. 266. keudh, klidh ; kcvOj kvO ; cud. 320. pug; irvy; ptlg. 268. — ',66; 6d, 5d. 322. pu ; — ; pu, pti. 270. — ; TTCpd; .— . 323. spher, sphor, sphr, — spbel, 271. bheidh, bhoidh, bhidh; ireid, sphol, sphl ; (TTTcp, crtrop, TToie, iriO ; fid (= feid), foed airp [crirap), — ttcA, ttoA, wA (= fold), fid. (ttoA) ; spfer, spre, sptlr, p5l, 272. — ; irevB, irvO ; — . pal, pill. 273. bhudh; irvdjirvpB] fund. 324. — ; UTT ; sop, S5p. 275. rap ; apir ; r^p. 330. bargh; fipax; —• 276. sarp ; apTT ; sarp. 331. arbh, rabh, labh ; aA<^ ; lab. 277. — ; FcAtt, eoATr; Vol(u)p. 335. — ; v€

a\ ; fal. jULpOy Bpo ; m6r, mar-c. 394. — ; fied; m6d, mid. 395. — ; — ; men. 396. ma ; fia, firj ; ma. 397. mik ; fiiy ; misc. 398. — ; fiiu, fie ; man, min, men. 400. mu ; fiv ; mu. 401. mus ; fiver; mus. 402. — ; fivk] mOl. 403. mus ; fiva- ; mus. 408. ar ; dp, dp ; ar. 409. ark; — ; — . 410. ar ; dp ; ar. 411. ar, ra, er ; ip ; ra, re. 412. ver ; Fep, ip ; v6r. 413. ver; — ; — . 414. or ; Fop, op ; 6r. 415. — ; Fop, op ; v6r. 417. raug ; — ; — . 459. es, s ; eV, o- ; 6s, S. 460. ves ; Feo", 60- ; ves. 462. — ; (TaOy (TO) ; sa, sa. 463. — ; a-a, o-rj ; sa, se, s6, sI. 466. siu, siv ; o-v ; su 471. — ; ae-l; — . 475. av ; ctF ; av, au. 476. av, va ; F77, Fe, dF, Fa ; — . 482. — ; t; vi, vl. 490. Pron. stems: ja; 6(fem.d,^); i. 491. us ; — ; us, tls. 492. aus ; avo- ; aus. 493. ei, i ; et, t, — rj, e i^l-nfii) ; i, I. 494. is ; Iff ; — . 496. vek, vok, vk ; Vetr ; voc, v6c, vec. 497. sek, sk ; (Tctt, (Ttt ; s6qu, s6c, sOc. 498. ik; fV; ic. 200 APPLICATION OF THE 500. reik, roik, rik ; AetTr, AoiTr, AtTr ; 512. gi, gvi-v, vi-g ; /3i ; vi, vi-v, liqu, llqu, lie. vi-g. 501. mark ; yuapTr, /taTr ; mulc. 513. — ; )8o; b6. 502 — ; ««, OJT, OTT ; Oc. 514. — ; fipw, fiop; v5r, gur, gul, 503. sap ; CttTT, cracf} ; sap, s2.p. glu, gla. 505. — ; TreTT ; cOqu, c6c. 515. gOU ; ^0 ; bo. 506. — ; TTftj, TTO, KO ; quo. 518. — ; rei, rt ; — . 507. — ; o-eTT, (TIT ; — . 519. ki ; Ti ; qui. 508. terk, tork, trk; rpeTr, rpoir, 520. — ; dep; for, fur. rpair ; torqu, tore. 521. — ; Fa7; — . 509. gem, gom, gm;/3d,)877,i8a; bi, 522. vreg, bhreg ; Fprjy, Fpcoy, Fpay ; bl,bi-t, bu,ven,v6n. frag. 510. — ; )36A, ;3oA, $\ (;3a\), 523. sar, sal ; aA ; sal. iSAT/;— . 525. — ; 0ov\, fio\ ; vol. 526. — ; FeA; — . SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF GREEK ROOTS. The following list comprises some roots not included in tlie foregoing sets. These roots, with words to which they apply, are stated in accordance with the principles of the new school. 529. 530. 531. 532. 533. 534. 535. 536. 537. 538. 539. fiddos. /3Aco (for fiXco), /JLoX, /iAo, )3Ao. ^\do(TKiOf €/xoAoi/. fipcfi, ^pofx. fipe/xcOf $p6jj.os. )8co, )3o. fiScKco. ypd. ypdo), ypcvyrj. (^€)yep, {^)yP' iyeipcOf rjypSjuirjv. iKcvd, i\ov6j i\vO. iXevaofjLaif iKr]KovOa^ ^\dov (JjXvdou). Fax. *ciX'"' FcUf FoiKj FiK. €%K«Koo — [The figures refer to the numbers of the sets.] &. 351 y«5 209 aie6s 249 a\€a; 429 iL- 487 addfjLa(TTOS 213 aJdoxp 249 ^axe 250 h.. 487 a^djiiaTOS 213 aWpa 249 aXdaivca 250 h. (st.) 490 &dlJ.7]S 213 alOpf) 249 aX6r]€is 250 aay'i]s 521 &B/j.7}ros 213 aWco 249 aXd-fio-Koo 250 V«7 104 ddpacrros 227 aWcou 249 aXievs 524 V«7 105 aBrjs 236 atpo) 422 aXi^ci) 524 'Aya/xe/xvcov 358 'An-ns 236 atadco 476 aXLTjpTjS 411 &yav 104 a^QXiov 248 airas 475 aXios 524 ^y-h 521 6.eeKov 248 k'Ccc 475 ^aXK 3 ayfivcap 104 h.d 474 aldov 474 aXK'f) 3 ayiCo} 105 aeipco 422 aidopa 422 aXXd 427 ay iu€(o 104 6,eWa 476 ■s/aK 2 aXXdorcroo 427 ayios 105 deVaos 370 &Kaiva 2 aXX'fjXovs 427 V«7« 1 y}'p 422 'uKai/os 2 aXXo7os 427 &yKos 1 aeppoi} 422 aK€([>a\os 52 aXXo/xai 523 &yKv\os 1 v«p 475 OLKO^ 60 6.XX0S 427 6.yKvpa 1 ydF 476 aKOLTTJS 487 aXXSrpios 427 ayKcov 1 oi^ojxai 105 6.K01TIS 487 dXXoos 427 ayX^vK-iis 428 CL7]fXl 476 OLKoXovQeoo 47 dXfxa. 523 ayvSs 105 a-np 476 aK6\ovdos 47 aXfjLrj 524 &yvvfjLi 521 a7]Tr]S 476 aKovf) 60 aXfjLvpSs 524 aySs 104 Vd0 251 aKovco 60 aXodco 429 ayos 105 KQiivf) 251 &KplS 2 &XOXOS 151 6.ypa 104 adXevco 248 6.KpOS 2 dXs 524 aypcixa 104 ad\€(o 248 &KTQ}p 104 6,X(T05 426 ay p€ CO 104 adK't]T'}]p 248 &KOOJ/ 2 aXriK6s 523 &ypios 106 aSK-qThs 248 v«^ 523 "AXtis 426 aypi6(a 106 aQKov 248 ^a\ 426 VdA 144 aW'f)p 249 aKerSs 429 aXo)S 429 &fya> 104 Aleioxl/ 249 aXerpi^avos 429 yafi 377 ityc&v 104 aWos 249 6.X€VpOU 429 ajxa 377 204 GREEK INDEX. ajxaXT) 378 aj/opovM 414 aperdoD 408 aar-fip 167 ^.fiaWa 378 dvra 166 apcT'f} 408 ■y/aa-Tp 167 6,/j,a^a 470 avrdco 166 ap9fx6s 408 6.(Trpov 167 ajj,a^a 470 6.VT7)V 166 6.pQpov 408 acrcpaX^s 457 a/jLoioi) 378 h.vri 166 api- 408 ^acoTOS 462 a/j.fipoaia 393 auTido) 166 apldfXT]TLK^ 408 ardXavTOS 195 aix^poarios 393 avTLKpv 166 apiBin'nriKSs 408 aT€P'f]S 188 ^jLL^pOTOS 393 avrios 166 apiQfx6s 408 CLTflSs 477 ajULei/Scu 379 ^.VTOfxai 166 apicrroKparia 67 arpefjias 203 afieijSofjLai 379 &uvdpos 247 6,pi(Trov 492 arpocpia 199 &fX€\^lS 131 &VQ) 352 &pi(Tros 408 avd^h 476 afjLcXyco 131 aVCOVVjLLOS 374 ^apK 3 av^dvco 471 ajii€py(a 132 &^LOS 104 apK€Q) 3 avlrj 471 afx€v(a 379 a^i6(o 104 &pKLOS 3 av\T)ixa. 471 &ILL7JT0S 378 &^(av 470 &pKTOS 4 aV^7](TLS 471 afxyirds 378 &op 422 &pfJL€VOS 408 aij^cou 471 a/jLoifBr] 379 aoparos 415 apfjiSs 408 V«^l 471 afjLo\ya7os 131 aopT^p 422 yap^ 410 aijpioj/ 492 cLfioXyevs 131 a7ra| 488 apor^p 410 aijpa 476 afxopySs 132 airas 487 &porpou 410 ■y/ava 492 dfjLvpa 380 ^iracTTOS 291 6.pOTOS 410 avrcoD 476 ajxyvofiai 380 aireipeaios 297 dpovpa 410 OLVT't) 476 a/ULVUTCOp 380 oLTreipos 297 ap6(o 410 aVT/jL-f] 477 a/JLVVT^P 380 &ir€ipos 296 y/aptr 275 avr/j.'fjy 477 CLfJLVPOf 380 CLTrepeicrios 297 yapir 276 avTOKpar'fjs 67 ajx(p'i]p'ris 411 airKSos 488 apiray-f] 275 av(o 476 a/jicpi 333 0.1^6 274 apTrdyj] 275 aijM 491 afKpi^e^LOS 220 airodpai/ai 227 apirdCo} 275 avcos 492 ajj.(piKriov€S 72 airoOrjKr] 256 apira^ 275 a(pap6s 341 a/jLCplXvKT] 80 aiTOiva 310 apTraXcos 275 acpdpcoTOS 341 ajLKpis 333 ouroXavo) 437 apTTTJ 275 a(popijA) 416 aiJ.(()6T€pOS 334 airoa-KKyjpai 568 apiTT] 276 y«x 144 ,149 &ix(p(a 334 air6frTo\os 176 "Apirviai 275 ax^vca 144 ■Jhv 350 CLTTOVpaS 539 aprdvT) 422 axeoj 144 tv 351 V«/> 408 aprdo) 422 ^X^ojxaL 144 hvi 352 ^ap 408 6.pTl 408 &xQos 144 ava- 351 &pa 408 iLpri^w 408 &XWIXL 144 avdfiaffis 509 apaplcTKco 408 &pTlOS 408 ^Xo/^at 144 txvaXros 426 apdxv-n 409 aprvs 408 ^XO^ 144 avdpidfios 408 apdxv-ns 409 aprvco 408 ^ 274 oLvapxiO' 143 apdxvi-ov 409 Vw 143 ^OJ 476 audduco 209 \/«P7 107 0-PX'h 143 6.(iopos 424 aydp€i(p6uT7)S 343 apyivv6s 107 apx^s 143 &V€fJLOS 350 apyits 107 &PXC} 143 av€\pi6s 284 &pyiX\os 107 apxoiv 143 B. ^avd 251 CLpyLUoeis 107 aordfjLa 476 ViQa 509 avdeoo 251 ^pyiXos 107 &(rfjLevos 209 ^aoi^ca 509 avdepSccp 251 apySs 107 acnralpco 323 /3ddos 509 avO^pi^ 251 ^pyvpos 107 &cnraXa^ 95 y/^aS 529 av67]p6s 251 ctpeicou 408 ^arepoeis 167 fidSos 529 &y9os 251 ap€(TKQ} 408 aaT€jj,(l>7}s 177 ^dQpov 509 GREEK INDEX. 205 ^aBvs 529 V^oK 525 ydvos 108 7Au7rT7?y 119 fiaivQ) 509 ^o\06s 329 ydvvfiai 108 y/y^v 122 filOT-fl 512 y/$pOfl 531 yrjdos 108 ypacp-h 122 filoTOS 512 (3p6fJLOS 531 yrjOoavuTj 108 ypa 118 dadv(r(r€(rdai 12 fiXdocTKca 530 V^a 108 y/y\€VK 428 ■y/SaF 212 y/^0 515 Vra 112 yXevKOs 428 dat((o 211 yJ^O 513 ya? 108 ykia 446 balvvfjLai 211 ■y/fio 532 yala 116 yAoid 446 dalvv/jLL 211 fiodio 513 yaiu) 108 y\oi6s 446 balpu 221 M 513 ydka 109 ■^y\vK 428 SaU 212 fi07}d6oS 258 yaKadrjpSs 254 yKvKvs 428 dais 211 ^fioK 510 yaKaKT (st.) 109 y\VKVT7}S 428 dalrrj 211 206 GREEK INDEX. SaiTp6s 211 Seiko's 223 bid^oXos 510 ■y/bp 221 dairvfjLd^u 211 56?|tS 10 biad€(a 218 ^bpa 228 BaiTvs 211 SeTTTUop 214 bidbT]/j,a 218 ^bpa 227 halfo 211 deipds 222 biaXeyojj.at 440 ^ybpaK 9 daiu 212 Scip-f] 222 bid\oyos 440 bpUKOOU 9 ■^BaK 5 deipQ) 221 dia/jLs 216 Seo-rrSr-ns 314 boi^ 231 bvdobcKa 231 dareofiai 211 dea-'iro.iva 314 boioi 231 boo 219 ^ddv 212 5€T^ 218 ■^bOK 11 \^bco 225 hav\6s 216 AcvrepovSfi lOV bOKCO) 11 bdobcKa 231 Sa^iA-fjs 214 231 b6\os 226 ^bcoK 225 -5e 217 SevTcpos 231 ■s/bo/j. 219 biajxa 219 V^e 218 ys^x 7 b6^a 11 b&pov 225 dcaro 224 dexofiai 7 b6lU.05 219 boos 225 bebdacrOai 210 Sew 218 ^/bop 221 bwT^ip 225 SeSae 210 V^v 218 bopd 221 burivT} 225 bebad^s 210 brjyuia 5 ^bopK 9 bcoTis 225 VS« 223 drjXos 224 bopKas 9 bcoTvs 225 56?7/ia 10 drjiLLOKpaTla 67 bopv 230 SelSw 223 V8t 223 bSo-is 225 V^Sei/c 10 ■v/5* 224 boT'fjp 225 E. delKWIJLl 10 bid 231 bovpdreos 230 6* 472 b€i\6s 223 diafidWoj 510 bovpeios 230 i (St.) 489 heifiSs 223 diafio\iK6s 510 bovpriV€K€S 354 U 489 GREEK INDEX. 207 v« 493 e^Xvfia 429 eXKOs 19 yJiyoK. 354 ^a^oy 209 elXvco 429 cXkco 18 iyo-ni] 496 idySs 460 €iK 411 €(F)et7roi/ 496 €KVp6s 17 iyeyf^Koyra 356 v^> 412 €Wap 493 4KKaiy 422 233 iK(p\vy5dy€iyM5 eyepoL 355 y/h 422 €lf5o/iat 236 eKc&y 16 iyeprepos 355 ipydCofjLai 123 eUou 236 i\da 430 eyrj 357 epyo) 124 6?5os 236 iXa^ov 522 ivfiyoxa 354 epSty 123 ethwXov 236 eXddoy 553 iyl 355 ipsovs 413 V^Ik 22 iXaia 430 eyicTTrey 507 epea-ia 411 etKoa-i 13 ^Xatoy 430 iyydKis 356 ip€(r(r 236 Ka\6s 30 06pvl3os 262 Ibiw/jLa 489 ta-Topla 236 KdXirn 40 y/0pa 261 idldOTTIS 489 l(rr6s 75 KaXvfi (st.) 29 0pavos 261 idou 236 X(TTs 237 iTa\6s 170 Kavd(T 60 Kpabdu) 66 KarrvQ) 466 Kixeivv 580 ■\/koF 60 Kpd'bt] 66 ■^Kav 43 KLXVf^l 580 ■y/KOF 73 KpahiT] 38 Kav\6s 73 KIO) 54 K6deu 506 KpdCco 65 Kavjxa 43 ^K\ 48 ^KOL 73 Kpaivd) 67 KaV(TTlK6s 43 ■^K\ay 550 KoiXia 73 KpaiirdXr) 40 KavarSs 43 VfAdF 551 KolKos 73 KpaiTTvSs 40 ■^Kd

551 koIttj 44 Kpaviou 37 Kcappou 45 ■^K\€l 56 kSkkv 62 Kpdvov 50 V«€5 243 y'/cAetS 56 k6kkvI 62 KpdvTWp 67 ■y/Ket 44 K\€Ip6s 58 KOKKV^CO 62 -^Kpair 40 K€l (st.) 44 kXsIs 56 KOXoCpdu 63 KparaiSs 67 ■\/K€L 54 K\€ir6s 58 KoXdoPTJ 63 Kpareca 67 Ke7fiai 44 Kkelco 58 Ko\(av6s 63 Kpdros 67 Keipco 51 /cAeto) 56 kS/jl/jlu 64 Kparvuco 67 /cetoj 45 /cAeos 58 K6j/a$os 32 Kparvs 67 KCKaB-fia-ofiai 548 ■y/KkCTT 55 ■y/KOtr 64 Kpeas 68 K€Ka(l>7)(as 35 y/KXev 29 KoirdCos 446 KpCOTTLOU 41 Kais 437 y'AeiTT 500 \it6s 446 -y/KTa 71 Xdirpov 436 Keiiro) 500 ^\i(p 447 ■y/Krav 71 ^KaK 78 \€iTOvpy€ca 436 ^\iX 151 ■y/Kr€l 72 ^KaK 77 \ciTOvpyia 436 \iXa.v 448 ^H-^y 387 ^fiepy 132 iJ-v-hf^-n 358 Xcofidofiai 450 /uLeyalpcD 387 fxepi^iva 391 juvrj/uLoavurj 358 Xw^evoi 450 fxeyaXvi/cD 387 fiepiCo) 392 jjLvdofiai 358 XcHi^T) 450 fieyas 387 fi^pts 392 fivnariip 358 Xco^TfT-flp 450 fxeyedos 387 fifpfxalpo) 391 jLLvrja-T-fjs 358 Xuicov 437 V/ieS 238 H-epfiepa 391 fJiV7](TT€V(a 358 fxedifivos 238 fiepfiepos fiep^Vpa 391 fio7pa 392 fX€bofiai 238 391 ^fioX 530 M. /iicSovT^s 238 fiepfi-nplCca 391 ^fioXy 131 jj,4Sci} 238 fM€pOS 392 jul6XiI3os 452 ^fxa 358 ^fi^e 394 ^ie(Tnyv{s) 394 /jLoXi/iovs 452 V/ia 396 ^fl€L 388 fl€(T(T7)yv{s) 394 fxoXv^^aiva 452 V^/xa5 383 fxcibdoj 388 fiecos 394 jiiSXv^Bos 452 IJ.aSap6s 383 IJ.€idr]jULa 388 fi€a(ros 394 fJLOXv^OVS 452 fiaddd) 383 fieiBidoi) 388 fj-erd 171 fjiSXv&os 452 y/fjLa9 358 fieTdos 388 lxeTa^€ 171 floXvVd) 451 fxaOrj/jLariKS f358 jxei^wv 387 jx^ra^v 171 ■y/fXOV 358 fiaTa 396 ■y/fJL^lX 389 fierpiKSs 386 fiovdpxv^ 143 fialpojuLai 358 ficiXia 389 fxerpios 386 jxSvapxos 143 ■^fiaK 82 fxeiXiacro) 389 fxerpou 386 ^ILop 392 ^fiaK 555 fieiXixia 389 fx-^^ofxai 238 ■yjixop 393 /LidKap 82 fieXixLOS 389 fxrjdos 238 jLiSpa 392 fxaKpSs 82 /uLclXixos 389 fxrJKos 82 ^ixopy 132 V^av 358 fXClScD 398 fXTJP 395 fiopfxvpu} 399 fiavOduw 358 fielpofxat 392 ix't]v'n 395 fx6pos 392 fiavia 358 fiels 395 /JLTjUialoS 395 /j.6paifj.os 392 GREEK INDEX. 213 /jLopros 393 vavrla 359 PK]- 365 & ^fxpo 393 vavTLKSs 359 p-fjdco 364 -y/flV 400 y/ve 364 prjfxa 364 ^alpco 557 fxvdca 400 Neatpa 362 pilpiBixos 408 V|a^ 557 juLvy/biSs 400 veavicLS 362 p-fjplTOS 408 /jLvdos 400 veap6s 362 PTJcris 364 0. flVCO) 400 vearos 362 PTJTpOP 364 jiv^du) 400 • V€^p6s 362 y/vi^ 366 6 (St.) 490 fxvCoj 400 P€f6s 362 y/piy 366 6- 487 flVLd 401 veiaipa 362 piCco 366 oySoos 86 •jLvh'^a 400 J/€l6s 362 piaaofxai 361 oyKos 1 fJLVKT-fjp 400 j/ef^et 367 piiTTpou 366 oyfios 104 ■y/fxvK 402 y've/c 83 pilTTCO 366 V«5 240 IxvKai 402 ueKp6s 83 ^vi 367 b^evoo 235 /j.vXt] 402 v4kvs 83 pi(pa 367 ddirrjs 235 IxvXlTai 402 y/v^ii. 360 pMs 367 hhti-h 240 /ULvX6BoyT€S 402 N€fjL4a 360 pi(f)€L 367 6Us 235 JLLVXOS 402 P€fX€vx6s 400 ^veir 284 ■yjvv 370 oipds 483 fjLV(a 400 veirodes 284 PVKT (st.) 84 oipT) 373 fivooxp 400 y/v^(T 361 pvKTepipSs 84 otpT} 483 jxoipaivca 404 pevfia 369 PVKTCpis 84 olpos 483 /jicopia 404 vevpd 363 PVKT€pOS 84 olp6 369 pvpI 368 oItos 493 N. uevcTT^p 370 yii 84 olcapSs 485 V€V(a 369 pv6s 371 OKplS 2 ■yjva. 370 ^ve

au€V(a 336 iranrdXr] 323 Tre^pap 297 ovofxa 374 dpU 88 irXdCco 305 yf-nvQ 561 Tr4voixai 295 Treva-is 272 irXaK (st.) 91 TTVO'fl 307 TreVre 50i Tre^tSecr^ai 576 ivXaKivos 91 y/liVV 307 TvevTr]K6vropos irexpLS 505 irXaKovs 91 -no (st.) 506 411 ^w-ny 285 n\d^ 91 y/irO 308 y'TTCTr 505 Trrjyfia 285 V'^^€ 304 ■y/TTOB 242 Treirvv/jLevos 307 Tr'i]yvv}iL 285 V^rAe 306 'rrod7]veK'f}S 354 ireTryv/uLai 307 Tt-nySs 285 V^A6 312 TrSdei/ 506 Treiroida 271 irr)\iuos 300 irKeyfia 92 ir6eL 506 ireirovda 561 Trr)\6s 300 V'ttAcF 306 ■y/irOL 310 Tr€'jrofi(f>a 560 ir^vT] 301 TrAetos 304 TTOieO) 322 ireirrSs 505 iTTiuiCofiai 301 TrXeicov 312 ^TTOld 271 ir€Troi}U 505 ir7]uiov 301 ■^ttXck 92 TroiKiXos 90 TreVpajTat 313 'iTit)VLris 301 TrAe/co) 92 TrOlfJL-fjU 309 TreTTTO) 505 TTTivOS 301 TrAeos 304 irolos 506 V^rep 296 v^* 302 ■y/ir\€V 306 y/iroK 87 ^irep 315 V^i 308 irK€v^ 306 y/iropd 562 Treraafia 174 TriaTis 271 irXcDT'fjp 306 TTopdeco 562 'jreraa-os 174 rri(TTpoL 308 ttXcotSs 306 iropi^cu 296 ireTOjuaL 173 'niTV7)ixi 174 -^TTj/e 307 nSpKOS 93 yf-KivB 272 iri^av(TK(a 339 ■y/irveF 307 irSpvrf 298 irevd-fiv 272 iricoi/ 302 ■y/'jr.v^v 307 Tr6pos 296 216 GREEK INDEX. irSppco 316 TTpaJTOS 316 P4C<. 123 ■y/traA. 455 iropa-vvo) 313 V^TT 173 peldpov 421 aaKos 455 TTOpffO} 316 ^TTTd 173 l>4os 421 (Ta\evco 455 TTOS 317 ^irrdK 563 yp€v 421 y/(Tao 462 TrScris 308 irrdpvvjxai 559 pevfia 421 (Taos 462 irScTLS 314 y/TTT^p 559 pevffis 421 (Ta6(i) 462 irocros 506 irrepov 173 pcvarSs 421 y/aaTT 503 irSa-TOs 506 TTT-fja-a-ca 563 pevaro) 421 y/adir 564 y/irOT 173 -^TTTV 318 peco 421 y/adp 565 TTOTaO^dL 173 tttvolKov 318 Prjyfia 522 ^/(Ta(l> 503 irSre 506 ITTVCl) 318 Prtyfilv 522 aaya\€OS 522 y/OTKaS 96 irpScrci) 316 TTWAOS 322 pca/xr} 421 571 ■^(TKe 45 ^(Tirep 323 y/'(rr€(p 181 (Trp4 177 a-rSfjLaxos 184 (TcftcySovdcD 245 (TKvK\ia 503 y'o-T€p7 570 crrSpyv/xt 185 (TcpSdpa 245 (TO(pi^(a 503 arepyis 464 V^rpayy 465 o(po^p6s 245 (T0 244 reiya 188 t^xv^kSs 194 ropecc 198 (Tx^o-ixa 244 reipco 198 r'i]yavov 190 ropvos 198 (TXoH 148 ^T€K 194 r7}K€5(OP 190 rSpos 198 -^(TW 462 reK/nap 194 r^Kca 190 Top6s 198 ad Co 462 TCKfxrjpioy 194 rrjres 169 Topvvq 198 (TWKOS 462 rcKvop 194 y/n 518 y/rpair 199 (tS)os 462 TCKOS 194 TidrjfjLi 256 y/rpaTT 508 acos 462 T€KrUiV 194 Ti6'f)ur} 254 rpairciofiev 199 a'coT'fip 462 y/reK 195 tIktco 194 rpaTreco 508 (TdoCi) 462 Vt€A. 512 Ttfidcopos 415 rpdiro} 508 reKajxdiU 195 Tifidca 518 Tpacrid 200 T. T6AA.W 512 rifxi) 518 \/Tpa.

573 reravos 188 r6\fxa 195 rpoTretov 508 ^ra 573 T€TapTOS 517 TO\fjLdaiuca 339 ■^(pdeL 578 rpSiros 508 vSpa 246 ^d\K7]S 103 (pdeipco 579 y/rpo

194 ^/VTT 324 (pdpay^ 341 (pnvofjLai 348 Vri/S 206 Viral 326 (paperpa 344 (piriw 348 T{)da5 206 xrrrclp 325 (pampas 341 ^av(ns 329 (peyyos 339 V^?^'' 345 T{nros 207 l/TTTiOy 326 ^y(p€l^ 576 ^\ias 345 TtJTTTW 207 h 467 (peibojiiai 576 V^AiS 345 rvpfia 208 ^b<\> 338 y/ 345 rvp^dCco 208 v 338 345 y/vB 247 V<^o7 340 ^v 343 vdap^s 247 (fyayds 340 Oirf) 343 348 X^if^aiyco 161 X^o'ts 165 ^opd 344 payfx6s 346 VxaS 155 XOeffivSs 160 coKvircriis 173 ■y/(ppaK 346 Xaii'o 154 X^tfii/Js 160 UlKVS 2 te(s 158 Xovs 165 ibpaai 424 (ppvyco 141 XapiCofiai 158 VXP^M'^ 163 Spos 424 (j)pVKT6s 141 Xdpis 158 XpefxeriCco 163 ^d)pv 425 ^277 vexillum 147 viginti 13 vitta 482 voluto 429 vexo 147 vigor 138 vitulus 170 volvo 429 v'vi 482 villa 85 vitupero 482 Vvom 381 Vvi 512 villus 413 y'vi-v 512 vomitio 381 via 147 vimen 482 vivacitas 512 vomito 381 V^ic 14 vinum 483 vivax 512 vomitus 381 v-'vic 16 vio 147 vividus 512 vomo 381 \/vic 85 viola 479 vivo 512 V^or 514 vicensimus 13 violentus 481 vivus 512 voracitas 514 vicesimus 13 violo 481 y'vOC 496 vorago 514 vicinus 85 vipera 313 vocabulum 496 vorax 514 vicis 14 •v/virg 133 vocalis 496 voro 514 vicissim 14 virga 133 vocatio 496 vox 496 ENGLISH INDEX OF COGNATE WOEDS. o'i^o [The figures refer to the numbers of the sets.] abdicate 10 acute 2 agility 104 amplify 333,256 abduce 12 add 225 agitate 104 amputate 310 abduction 12 adduce 12 agrarian 106 anacoluthon 47 abjure 125 adduction 12 agree 158 analysis 448 ablution 449 adjacent 493 agreeable 158 anarchy 143 aboriginal 414 adjective 493 agriculture 106 anchor 1 aborigines 414 adjoin 125 Alban 332 ancient 166 abortion 414 adjudge 125 albumen 332 ancillary 1 abound 247 adjudicate 125 alien 427 anger 144 abrupt 283 adjunct 125 alienate 427 angle 1 abundant 247 admirable 388 aliment 426 anguish 144 abscond 256 admire 388 alimony 426 animal 350 absent 459 admonish 358 aliquot 427 animate 350 absolute 448 admonition 358 alleviate 146 animated 350 absolution 448 adult 426 alligation 130 animation 350 absolve 448 adulterer 427 allocution 77 animosity 350 absorb 337 advent 509 alluvial 449 annals 333 abstain 188 adventure 509 Alps 332 anniversary 333 absurd 423 adverb 412 alter 427 annotation 120 accelerate 48 aedile 249 alterative 427 annual 333 accent 32 aerate 476 altercate 427 annular 333 acclaim 23 aeriform 476 altercation 427 answer 166 acclamation 28 aerolite 476 alternate 427 ante 166 accretion 67 aeronaut 476 alternative 427 antedate 166 accuse GO affable 339 altitude 426 anterior 166 acephalous 52 affect 256 alumnus 426 anti- 166 acerbity 2 affection 256 am 459 anticipate 33 acetic 2 affectation 256 amaranth 393 antique 166 acid 2 affiance 271 ambiguous 104 antiquity 166 acoustic 60 affidavit 271 ambition 493 anxious 144 acquiesce 44 affirm 261 amble 509 apiary 278 acre 106 affix 136 ambrosia 393 apocope 64 acrid 2 affluence 345 ambulance 509 apostle 176 acrimony 2 affluent 345 ambulant 509 apothecary 256 act 104 agent 104 ambulatory 509 apparent 313 action 104 aggravate 511 amend 398 appear 313 actor 104 aggrieve 511 ammunition 380 | appease 285 acumen 2 agile 104 ample 333 1 aj^petence 173 240 ENGLISH INDEX OF COGNATE WORDS. appetite 173 astral 167 base 509 cap 52 applicant 92 astringent 465 basis 509 capacious 33 application 92 athlete 248 be 348 capacity 33 apposite 317 athletic 248 bear 344 cape 52 apposition 317 atmosphere 477 because 60 caper 36 apprehend 155 atrophy 199 bedstead 175 capillary 52 apprehensionloo attain 188 bee 278 capital 52 arable 410 attempt 188 belligerent 231 capitol 52 arbiter 509 attend 188 beneficent 256 capitulate 52 arbitrary 509 attribute 204 bereave 275 capricious 36 arbitrate 509 attrition 198 bibulous 308 Capricorn 36 ardent 158 attenuate 188 biennial 333 caprice 36 argent 107 auction 138 binary 231 captain 52 argil 107 audacious 475 bind 270 captive 33 argillaceous 107 audible 475 biography 512 captor 33 argue 107 audience 475 biology 512 cardinal G6 argument 107 audit 475 biped 242 care 60 aristocracy 67 augment 138 birth 344 carnal 68 arithmetic 408 augmentation bleat 328 carp 41 ark 3 138 blink 140 castigate 24 arm 408 augur 485 bloom 345 cathartic 24 arm (vb.) 408 augury 485 blow 345 catholic 527 armada 408 August 138 bond 279 causal 60 armature 408 august 138 boor 348 cause 60 armor 408 Augustus 138 bore 340 caustic 42 arms 408 auricular 495 bos 515 caution 60 army 408 aurist 495 bossy 515 cautious 60 arson 158 auscultation 495 both 334 cave 73 art 408 auspices 485 bovine 515 cavern 73 artful 408 auspicious 485 bow 142 cavity 73 article 408 author 138 bright 140 celerity 48 articulate 408 authority 138 brother 347 celestial 73 artifice 408 autobiography brutal 511 cell 29 artificer 408 512 brute 511 cellar 29 artificial 408 autocrat 67 bucolic 48 cellular 29 artillery 408 auxiliary 138 bulb 329 cellule 29 artisan 408 avarice 475 bulbous 329 cellulose 29 artist 408 aviary 485 cement 244 artless 408 avidity 475 C. cent 15 ascend 96 avocation 496 centiped 242 ascribe 122 axis 470 calculate 42 centurion 15 askew 94 axle 470 calculus 42 century 15 aspect 99 aye 474 calendar 28 cereal 67 assail 523 call 117 cerebral 37 assault 523 B. calyx 29 ceremony 67 assess 234 camp 53 Ceres 67 assiduous 234 bairn 344 can 120 certain 69 assist 175 band 270 cancer 39 chamber 31 assize 234 barbarous 327 canine 75 chant 32 associate 497 baritone 511 cant 32 chanticleer 32 association 497 barometer 511 canticle 32 chaos 154 asthma 476 barytone 511 cantillate 32 chapter 52 ENGLISH INDEX OF COGNATE WOEDS. 241 chasm 154 combustion 491 concrete 67 constriction 465 chaste 24 comedy 44 concretion 67 construct 185 chasten 24 comma 64 condemn 225 construe 185 chastise 24 commemorate condense 216 consummate 325 chin 353 391 condone 225 contact 189 chirography 159 commensurable conduce 12 contagious 189 Christ 164 386 conduct 12 contain 183 circle 74 comment 358 conddct 12 contaminate 189 circulate 74 commentary 358 conduction 12 contemplate 196 circulation 74 commerce 392 cone 76 contemporary circumduct 12 commode 238 confer 344 196 circumduction 12 commodious 238 conference 344 contend 188 circumference commodity 238 confess 339 content 188 344 common 380 confession 339 context 194 circumfluent 345 commotion 379 confidant 271 contingent 189 circumjacent 493 commune(n.)380 confide 271 continuous 188 circumspect 99 commune (vb.) confident 271 contort 508 circumstance 175 380 confirm 261 contortion 508 circumvallation communicate 380 confluence 345 contradict 10 432 commute 379 confluent 345 contribute 204 cite 54 compete 173 confuse 165 contrite 198 city 44 competence 173 confute 165 contrition 198 civic 44 competent 173 congratulate 158 contusion 206 civil 44 complement 304 conic 76 convene 509 claim 28 compliment 304 conical 76 convent 509 clamor 28 complete 304 conjecture 493 convention 509 clandestine 29 complex 92 conjoin 125 convocation 496 clarify 58 complexion 92 conjugal 125 convoke 496 class 28 complicate 92 conjugate 125 convolution 429 classical 28 complication 92 conjunction 125 convolve 429 clavicle 56 comport 313 conjunctive 125 cook 505 clear 58 compose 317 conjure 125 cordial 38 client 58 composite 317 connoisseur 120 corn 49 climate 57 composition 317 connubial 335 corner 49 climax 57 comprehend 155 conscience 45 cornet 49 climie 57 comprehension conscious 45 cornucopia 49 close 56 155 conscript 122 corona 74 coalesce 426 compunction 320 consecrate 462 coronal 74 coerce 3 compute 310 consecutive 497 coronation 74 cognate 112 con 120 consequent 497 coronel 74 cognition 120 conceal 29 consequence 497 coroner 74 cognizant 120 conceit 33 consist 175 coronet 74 cohort 159 conceive 33 consociate 497 corporal 67 colleague 440 concent 32 consociation 49 7 corporate 67 collect 440 conception 33 consort 422 corporation 67 college 440 concern 69 conspicuous 99 corporeal 67 colloquial 77 concert 69 constant 175 corps 67 colloquy 77 concert 69 constellation 167 corpse 67 colonel 74 conch 61 consternation 185 corpulent 67 color 29 conch ology 61 constipate 181 correct 134 column 63 concise 244 constitute 175 corrupt 283 combine 231 conclude 56 constrict 465 cosmopolitan 3 11 242 ENGLISH INDEX OF COGNATE "WORDS. cosmorama 415 cyclopedia 74 deign 11 desultory 523 council 28 cynic 75 deity 224 detain 188 court 159 cynosure 75 dejected 493 determination crabbed 2 delectable 18 197 cranial 37 D. delicate 18 determine 197 cranium 37 delicious 18 detonate 188 create 67 dactyl 7 delight 18 detriment 196 creator 67 daisy 502 delineate 444 deuce 231 creature 67 damage 225 deUnquent 500 Deuteronomy credence 256 dame 213 deluge 449 231 credential 256 damn 225 demented 358 deviate 147 credible 256 dare 260 democracy 67 Devil 510 credit 256 date 225 demonstrate 358 devious 147 creditor 256 dative 225 demur 391 devolve 429 credulous 256 daughter 263 demurrage 391 devour 514 creed 256 daunt 213 dendriform 230 dexterous 220 crescent 67 day 224 dendrology 230 dextrous 220 crime 69 deceit 33 dendrometer 230 diabolical 510 criminal 69 deceive 33 denominate 374 diadem 218 criminate 69 December 8 denomination dial 224 crisis 69 decent 11 374 dialect 440 criterion 69 deception 33 denote 120 dialectic 440 critic 69 decimal 8 dense 216 dialogue 440 critical 69 decide 244 dentated 241 dictate 10 criticise 69 deck 135 dentifrice 164 dictator 10 croak 65 declaim 28 dentist 241 diction 10 crook 74 declamation 28 dentition 241 dictionary 10 crow 65 declare 58 depict 90 diduction 12 crown 74 declension 57 deplete 304 differ 344 crude 70 declination 57 deponent 317 difficulty 256 cruel 70 decline 57 deport 313 diffident 271 crust 70 decoction 505 deportment 313 diffuse 165 crystal 70 decorate 11 deplore 317 digit 7 cuckoo 62 decorous 11 depredation 155 dignity 11 culinary 505 decorum 11 deputation 310 diligent 440 culm 27 decrease 67 depute 310 dilute 449 culminate 63 decree 69 deputy 310 dilution 449 cuneiform 76 decrement 67 derelict 500 diluvial 449 cuniform 76 dedicate 10 derivation 443 diminish 398 curate 60 deduce 12 derive 443 diorama 415 curator 60 deduction 12 derm 221 dire 223 cure 60 deed 256 dermatology 221 direct 134 curiosity 60 deem 256 descend 96 direful 223 curious 60 defence 257 describe 122 discern 69 curt 51 defend 257 desist 175 disciple 210 curtail 51 defer 344 despot 314 discipline 210 curved 74 deference 344 destination 175 disclose 56 custody 266 deficient 256 destine 175 discreet 69 custom 252 deflect 103 destitute 175 discriminate 69 cycle 74 defy 271 destroy 185 disdain 11 cycloid 74 degenerate 112 destruction 185 disgust 115 cyclone 74 deglutition 514 desuetude 252 disjoin 125 ENGLISH INDEX OF COGNATE WORDS. 24S disjunctive 125 dowry 225 elect 440 exclaim 23 dismal 224 dragon 9 electricity 20 exclude 56 dispose 317 drama 228 elegant 440 excuse 60 dispute 310 drill 198 element 426 execrate 462 dissect 45 dropsy 247 elicit 18 exercise 3 dissemble 377 Druid 230 eliminate 442 exhume 157 dissertation 422 dual 231 ellipse 500 exile 235 disseminate 463 dubious 231 ellipsis 500 exit 493 dissimilar 377 ductile 12 eloquent 77 expect 99 dissimulate 377 duel 231 else 427 expedient 242 dissociate 497 dulcet 428 emancipate 33 expedite 242 dissociation 497 duplicate 231 emend 398 expedition 242 dissolute 448 duplicity 231 emetic 381 experience 296 dissolution 448 dust 265 emotion 379 experiment 296 dissolve 448 dys- 232 empire 313 expletive 304 dissuade 209 dysentery 232 emporium 296 explicate 92 distant 175 dyspepsia encamp 53 explication 92 distend 188 232 505 enchant 32 expHcit 92 distinguish 183 dyspepsy enclitic 57 export 313 distort 508 232 ,505 enervate 363 expose 317 distortion 508 enormity 120 expunge 320 distribute 204 E. enormous 120 expurgate 310 disturb 208 ensue 497 exscind 244 diurnal 224 eager 2 entrails 355 extant 175 divine 224 ear 495 enumerate 360 extemporaneous do 256 eat 233 envious 236 196 docile 210 edacious 233 envy 236 extempore 196 doctor 210 edge (vb.) 2 epic 496 extemporize 196 doctrine 210 edge (n.) 2 equestrian 499 extend 188 document 210 edible 233 equine 499 extenuate 188 domain 213 edict 10 erect 134 exterior 472 dome 219 edifice 249 eruption 283 exterminate 197 domestic 219 edify 256 erysipelas 294 external 472 domicile 219 edit 225 essence 459 extinguish 183 dominant 213 educate 12 eternal 474 extort 508 dominate 213 educe 12 ether 249 extortion 508 domineer 213 eduction 12 ethical 252 extra 472 dominie 213 effect 256 ethics 252 extraneous 472 dominion 213 effete 348 etymology 459 extreme 472 donate 225 efficacious 256 etymon 459 extrinsic 472 donation 225 effigy 126 evaporate 35 exuberant 269 donor 226 efflorescence 345 event 509 exude 237 doom 25G effluent 345 ever 474 exult 523 door 264 effluvium 345 evident 236 eye 502 dormant 215 efflux 345 evoke 496 dormer 215 effulgent 140 evolution 429 F. dormitory 215 effiise 165 evolve 429 dormouse 215 egg (vb.) 2 exalt 426 fable 339 dorsal 222 eight 86 excel 63 fabricate 256 double 231 ejaculate 493 except 33 fabulous 339 doubt 231 eject 493 excite 54 face 339 dower 225 elaborate 331 exclamation 28 facetious 339 244 ENGLISH INDEX OF COGNATE WORDS. facetiously 339 fiction 126 friable 164 glue 446 facile 256 fidelity 271 fricative 164 glut 514 facility 256 fierce 257 friction 164 glyphic 119 fact 25G figment 126 frigid 419 gorge 514 faction 256 figure 126 fugacious 142 grace 158 factious 256 filial 254 fugitive 142 grammar 122 factor 256 filly 322 fugue 142 -graph 122 faculty 256 fire 321 fulminate 140 graphic 122 faith 271 firm 261 fume 265 grateful 158 falcon 103 firmament 261 fumigate 265 gratis 158 fall 457 fist 320 fund 245 gratuitous 158 fallacious 457 fix 136 fundamental 2 73 grave 122 fallacy 457 flagitious 140 funeral 265 grave 511 fallow 293 flagrant 140 furnace 520 gravity 511 false 457 flame 140 furtive 344 grief 511 fame 339 flexible 103 fuse 165 grieve 511 family 256 flourish 345 fusion 165 grim 163 famous 339 flow 345 futile 165 grum 163 fan 476 flower 345 future 348 • gullet 514 fanatic 339 fluctuate 345 gully 514 fancy 339 flue 345 G. gush 165 fane 339 fluent 345 gust 115 fantasm 339 fluid 345 gage 248 gustatory 115 fantastic 339 flux 345 gall 162 gutter 165 farrago 344 foal 322 gallinaceoi sll7 farina 344 foil 349 garden 159 H. fastidious 260 foliage 349 garrulous 117 fate 339 font 165 gastric 110 hale 30 father 289 foot 242 genealogy 112 Harpies 275 fathom 174 force 261 generate 112 harvest 41 feather 173 forceps 520 generic 112 heal 80 fecundate 348 fort 261 generous 112 health SO fecundity 348 forte 261 genesis 112 heart 38 federal 271 fortitude 261 genital 112 heel 4S5 federate 271 fortify 261 genitive 112 heir 159 feign 126 fortnight 84 genius 112 hell 29 feint 126 fortress 261 genteel 112 hereditary 159 felicity 348 fortuitous 344 gentile 112 hiatus 154 fell 294 fortune 344 gentle 112 hibernate 161 felt 303 found 273 gentleness 112 hide 101 female 254 fount 165 gentry 112 hierarch 143 feminine 254 fountain 165 genuflection 121 hieroglyph] cll9 fence 257 four 517 genuine 112 hippodrome fend 257 fraction 522 genus 112 229, 499 fender 257 fracture 522 geode 116 history 236 ferocious 259 fragile 522 geodesy 110 homeopathy 377 ferocity 259 fragment 522 geography 116 home 44 fertile 344 frail 522 geology 440, 116 homestead 175 fertility 344 frangible 522 geometry 116 homicide 157 fetid 265 fraternal 347 get 155 homoeopathy377 fetter 242 fraternity 347 glorious 58 homogeneous few 292 frequent 346 glory 58 377 ENGLISH INDEX OF COGNATE WORDS. 245 hone 76 implicate 92 inflate 345 interrupt 283 horn 49 implication 92 inflect 103 intersect 45 hound 75 implicit 92 influence 345 interstice 175 hour 424 import 313 influx 345 interval 432 how 506 impose 317 infraction 522 intervene 509 human 157 impugn 320 infringe 522 intervention 509 humane 157 impunity 310 infuse 165 intestine 355 humanity 157 impure 310 ingenious 112 intimate 355 humble 157 in 355 ingenuous 112 intolerable 351 humid 137 in- 351 inheritance 159 intonate 188 humility 157 inaugurate 485 inhumate 157 intone 188 humor 137 incantation 32 inhume 157 introduce 12 hydra 246 incentive 32 initial 493 introduction 12 hydrant 247 inceptive 33 initiate 493 introspect 99 hydrate 247 inception 33 inject 493 inundate 247 hydraulic 247 incest 24 injury 125 invent 509 hydrogen 247 incipient 33 innate 112 invention 509 hydrometer 247 incise 244 innuendo 369 inventory 509 hydrophobia 247 incision 244 inoculate 502 invidious 236 hygiene 138 incisive 244 insane 462 invisible 236 hygrometer 137 incite 54 inscribe 122 invite 496 hypnotic 324 inclination 57 insert 422 invocation 496 incline 57 insidious 234 invoke 496 I. inclose 56 insipid 503 involution 429 include 56 insist 175 involve 429 identical 490 incorporate 67 inspect 99 iodine 479 identify 490 incorporation 67 instant 175 irrigate 145 identity 490 increase 67 instigate 183 irruption 283 idiom 489 increment 67 instinct 183 is 459 idiot 489 incrust 70 institute 175 item 490 idol 236 inculcate 435 instruct 185 iterate 490 ignominy 374 indemnity 225 instrument 185 itinerant 493 ignorant 120 indicate 10 insult 523 ignore 120 indigenous 112 integer 189 J. illative 195 indignant 11 integrity 189 janitor January 493 493 125 224 224 125 125 125 illicit 500 induce 12 intellect 440 illuminate 80 induct 12 intelligent 440 illustrate 80 induction 12 intend 188 jom journal illustrious 80 inert 408 intercalar 28 imbibe 308 inertia 408 intercalary 28 journey judge judicial jugular jurist just imbue 308 infamous 339 intercalate 28 immense 386 infamy 339 intercept 33 immolate 402 infant 339 interception 33 125 125 125 224 1125 immunity 380 infantry 339 interclude 56 immutable 379 infect 256 interdict 10 impact 285 infer 344 interfused 165 justice juvenile juxtapositioi impede imperative 242 313 inference infested 344 257 interim interject 355 493 imperial 313 infirm 261 interjection 493 K. impetuous 173 infix 136 interlocution 77 impinge 285 inflame 140 internecine 83 ken 120 implement 304 inflammation 140 interpose 317 kitchen 505 246 ENGLISH INDEX OF COGNATE WORDS. kleptomania 55 liberator 447 M. mediterranean klopemania 55 libertine 447 394 knee 121 liberty 447 madame 213 medium 394 know 120 license 500 magisterial 387 meed 267 licit 500 magistracy 387 mega- 387 L. lick 151 magistrate 387 megalosaurus ligament 130 magnanimous 387 labial 438 light (n.) 80 387 megatherium 387 labiate 438 light (adj.) 146 magnitude 387 melancholy 162 labor (n.) 331 limit 442 majesty 387 mellifluous 390 labor (vb.) 331 limpid 282 major 387 melt 239 laborious 331 line 444 majority 387 memorable 391 lacerate 78 lineal 444 mal- 451 memorial 391 lachrymal 6 lineament 444 male- 451 memory 391 lactation 109 linear 444 malediction 451 mend 398 lacteal 109 linen 444 malefactor 451 mendacious 358 lag 128 linger 128 malevolent 451 mendicant 398 laggard 128 liniment 443 malice 451 menstrual 395 lake 78 lion 445 malign 451 mensurable 386 lamp 282 lip 438 malignant 451 mensuration 386 languid 127 liquid 500 maltreat 451 mental 358 languor 127 liquor 500 mania 358 mention 358 lantern 282 literal 443 maniac 358 mentor 358 lap (vb.) 438 literature 443 manifest 257 mercantile 392 lascivious 433 liturgy 436 maniple 304 mercenary 392 latitude 185 livid 293 manipulate 304 merchandise392 laud 58 logarithm 440 mansion 358 merchant 392 laudable 58 logic 440 manual 386 meridian 394 lave 449 logomachy manufacture 386 meridional 394 lax 127 440, 384 manumit 386 merit 392 league 130 -logy 440 manuscript 386 mete 386 lean (vb.) 57 long 128 martyr 391 metre 386 leave 500 longitude 128 master 387 metrical 386 lection 440 look 80 material 396 metropolis 311 lecture 440 loquacious 77 maternal 396 mid- 394 legal 130 lose 448 mathematical358 middle 394 legible 440 lotion 449 mathematics 358 midst 394 legion 440 loud 58 matriculate 396 midge 401 legionary 440 lucid 80 matrimony 396 mild 389 legislate 130 lucrative 437 matron 396 milk 131 legitimate 130 lucre 437 matter 396 mill 402 leguminous 440 lugubrious 129 mayor 387 mimesis" 386 -less 448 luminous 80 me 385 mimic 386 letter 443 lunar 80 meal 402 mince 398 levigate 441 lunatic 80 measure 386 mind (n.) 358 levity 146 lune 80 mean (vb.) 358 mind(vb.) 358 liable 130 lust 433 mediate 394 Minerva 358 libation 443 lustral 449 mediator 394 minim 398 liberal 447 lustrum 449 medical 358 minimum 398 liberality 447 lute 449 medicine 358 minister 398 liberate 447 luxate 442 mediocre 394 ministry 398 liberation 447 luxation 442 meditate 358 minor 398 ENGLISH INDEX OP COGNATE \V0ED3. 247 minstrel 398 muniment 380 nomenclature obviate 147 mint 358 munition 380 28, 374 olTvious 147 minus 398 mural 380 nominal 374 occult 29 minute 398 murder 393 nominate 374 occultation 29 mindte 398 murmur 399 nominative 374 occupation 33 miracle 388 muscle 403 non- 365 occupy 33 miscellaneous | muscular 403 none 365 octave 86 397 musquito 401 Nones 356 ocular 502 mix 397 mussel 403 normal 120 oculist 502 mixture 397 mutable 379 not 365 odious 268 mnemonic 358 mute 400 notation 120 odium 268 mob 379 mutiny 379 note 120 odor 240 mobile 379 mutter 400 notion 120 odorous 240 mobility 379 mutual 379 noun 374 of 274 mobilize 379 myope 400 nourish 370 off 274 mode 238 myops 400 novel 362 offend 257 model 238 myopy 400 November 356 offer 344 moderate 238 mystery 400 now 368 ogle 502 modern 238 noxious 83 oil 430 modest 238 N. number 360 old 426 modify 238 numerate 360 oleaginous 430 modulate 238 nail 375 numerator 360 olfactory 240 molar 402 name 374 numerous 360 olive 430 moment 379 narrate 120 nuptials 335 omni- 333 momentary 379 nascent 112 nurse 370 omnibus 333 momentous 379 natal 112 nursery 370 on 352 momentum 379 nation 112 nutation 369 one 373 monarch 143 nature 112 nutriment 370 onomatopoeia monetary 358 nausea 359 nutritious 370 374 money 358 nautical 359 nutrition 370 ophthalmia 502 monitor 358 naval 359 ophthalmy 502 monster 358 navigate 359 0. oppose 317 month 395 nay 305 oar 411 optic 502 monument 358 nebular 335 oats 233 optical 502 mood 238 nebulous 335 obedient 475 optician 502 moon 395 needle 364 object 493 optics 502 morals 386 nefarious 339 obligate 130 oracle 459 morbid 393 neglect 440 obligation 130 oral 459 morose 404 negligent 440 oblige 130 oration 459 mortal 393 nephew 284 oblique 442 orator 459 mortify 393 nepotism 284 obliterate 443 organ 123 mosquito 401 nerve 363 oblivion 293 orgies 123 mother 39G nervous 363 oblivious 293 oriental 414 motion 379 net 364 obloquy 77 orifice 459 mouse 403 neuralgia 363 obscure 101 original 414 movable 379 new 362 obsolete 426 orphan 336 move 379 nine 356 obstacle 175 orphaned 336 movement 379 night 84 obstetrical 175 osculation 459 mow- 378 no 365 obstinate 175 osseous 172 municipal noble 120 obstruct 185 ossify 172 33, 380 nocturnal 84 obtain 188 ostensible 188 munificent 380 nod 369 obtuse 206 ostentation 188 248 ENGLISH INDEX OF COGNATE WOEDS. otter 246 pecuniary 285 physiognomy 348 potion 308 oval 486 pedagogue 322 physiology 348 poverty 292 ovary 486 pedal 242 picture 90 praetor 493 ovate 486 pedant 322 pigment 90 pre- 316 over 325 pedestrian 242 pinnacle 173 precentor 32 owl 453 pelt 294 pinnate 173 preceptor 33 oxide 2 pen 173 pinnated 173 1 ^ precipice 52 oxygen 2 penal 310 pirate 296 precipitate 52 oxytone 2 penalty 310 pituite 318 precipitous 52 penetrate 291 plagiarism 92 precise 244 P. penitence 310 plagiarist 92 preclude 56 penitent 310 plagiary 92 predatory 155 pacific 285 penury 295 plane 91 predetermine 3 16 pacify 285 people 304 plank 91 predicate 10 pact 285 perambulate 509 plebeians 304 predict 10 pagan 285 perceive 33 plenary 304 predominant 213 page 285 perception 33 pleonasm 312 preface 339 paint (v. and n.) perdition 225 plumb 452 pregnant 112 90 peregrinate 106 plumbago 452 prefer 344 pale 293 perennial 333 plumber 452 preference 344 pallid 293 perfidious 271 plural 312 prefix 136 palm 287 perforate 340 plus 312 prejudge 125 palmy 287 period 235 pneumatic 307 prejudicate 125 pan 174 perjure 125 pneumonia 307 prejudice 125 panorama 415 perjury 125 point 320 premeditate 358 papa 289 permanent 358 police 311 preoccupy 33 parboil 313 pernicious 83 policy 311 prepare 313 parent 313 perpetual 173 politic 311 preposition 317 parricide 289 persecute 497 political 311 prepositive 317 part 313 persist 175 politics 311 preposterous316 partake 313 perspective 99 polity 311 prescribe 122 partial 313 persuade 209 pollute 449 present 459 participate 313 pertain 188 poly- 312 preside 234 participle 313 pertinacious 188 polysyllable 312 president 234 particle 313 perturb 208 popular 304 pretend 188 particular 313 petal 174 porch 296 pretext 194 partner 313 phaeton 339 porcupine 93 prevent 509 parturition 313 phantasm 339 pork 93 prevention 509 pastor 291 phantom 339 port 296 prevision 236 pastoral 291 phenomenon 339 portend 188 prey 155 pasture 291 phone 339 portico 296 prim 316 patent 174 phonetic 339 portion 313 primary 316 paternal 289 phonics 339 possess 317, 234 | prime 316 patriarch 289 phonology 339 position 317 primer 316 patrimony 289 phonotype 339 positive 317 primitive 316 patriot 289 phonography 339 possible 314 principal 33,316 paucity 292 photo- 339 postpone 317 prior 316 patron 289 photograph 339 postscript 122 priority 316 pauper 292 physic 348 potation 308 priory 316 pause 292 physical 348 potency 314 pristine 316 pavement 286 physician 348 potent 814 proclaim 28 peace 28o physics 348 potential 314 proclamation 28 ENGLISH INDEX OF COGNATE WORDS. 249 procreate 67 proddce 12 produce 12 product 12 production 12 profane 339 profess 339 profession 339 professor 339 proffer 344 proficient 25G profound 273 profuse 165 progenitor 112 progeny 112 project 493 project 493 prolix 127 prolocutor 77 promiscuous 397 prone 316 propagate 285 proper 316 propinquity 316 propitiate 316 propitious . 316 propose 317 proposition 317 proscribe 122 prosecute 497 prospect 99 prospectus 99 prostitute 175 prostrate 185 protect 135 protuberance205 proverb 412 provide 236 providence 236 provident 236 provision 236 provocation 496 provoke 496 proximate 316 proximity 816 prudent 236 puberty 322 public 304 publican 304 puerile 322 pugilist 329 pugnacious 320 pullet 322 rape 275 refute 165 pulmonary 307 rapid 275 regal 134 pulmonic 307 rapine 275 regenerate 112 pulverize 323 rapture 275 regent 134 punctilious 320 ravage 275 region 134 punctual 320 raven 275 regular 134 punctuate 320 ravenous 275 reiterate 490 puncture 320 ravin 275 reject 493 pungent 320 ravine 275 relax 127 punish 310 ravish 275 relic 500 pupil 322 re-act 104 relics 500 puppet 322 reave 275 relict 500 pure 310 rebel 231 relieve 146 purgation 310 recalcitrant 435 religion 440 purgatory 310 recalcitrate 435 relinquish 500 purge 310 recant 32 remain 358 puritan 310 receipt 33 remedy 358 purity 310 receive 33 reminiscence 358 pursue 497 receptacle 33 remonstrate 358 purulent 319 reception 33 remunerate 380 pus 319 reciprocal 316 render 225 pusillanimous reclaim 28 rendition 225 322 reclamation 28 renovate 362 putrefy 319 recline 57 repair 313 putrid 319 recluse 56 repeat 173 pyre 321 recognition 120 repent 310 recognize 120 repentance 310 Q. recondite 256 replenish 304 recreate 67 replete 304 quadrant 517 re-create 67 replication 92 quadrate 517 recreation 67 report 313 quadruped re-creation 67 repose 317 517 ,242 recusant 60 reprehend 155 quality 506 red 253 reprehension 155 quantity 506 redolent 240 represent 459 quart 517 redound 247 reptile 281 quartan 517 reduce 12 repugnant 320 quarter 517 reduction 12 reputable 310 quartette 517 redundant 247 reputation 310 quarto 517 refer 344 repute 310 quick 512 referable 344 requiem 44 quiescent 44 reference 344 rescind 244 quiet 44 referrible 344 rescript 122 quotient 506 reflect 103 reside 234 reflux 345 resist 175 R. refluent 345 resolute 448 refract 522 resolution 448 radical 419 refraction 522 resolve 448 rag 78 refractory 522 respect 99 rap 275 refuge 142 respite 99 rapacious 275 refulgent 140 restitution 175 rapacity 275 refuse 165 restrict 465 250 ENGLISH INDEX OF COGNATE WORDS. restriction 465 salient 523 segment 45 solar 528 resurrection 134 saliva 456 select 440 sole 235 retain 188 salt 524 selenography 528 solemn 333 reticulated 422 salubrious 454 semi- 382 solicit 54 reticule 422 salvage 454 seminary 463 solicitous 54 retort 508 salvation 454 senate 357 solid 527 retortion 508 salve 454 senator 357 solstice 175 retribution 204 salver 454 senile 357 solution 448 retroduce 12 sanctify 462 senior 357 solve 448 revere 415 sanction 462 separate 313 somniferous 324 reverence 415 sane 462 September 280 somnific 324 reverend 415 sanity 462 Septuagint 280 somnolent 324 reverent 415 sap 503 sequence 497 soporiferou s324 revise 236 sapient 503 sequester 497 soporific 324 revision 236 saponaceous503 sequestrate 497 sow 467 revisit 236 Saturn 463 serene 528 species 99 revival 512 save 454 series 422 specimen 99 revive 512 savior 454 sermon 422 spectre 99 revocation 496 scale 96 serpent 281 speculate 99 revoke 496 scalpel 95 serrated 45 spew 318 revolt 429 scandal 96 servant 422 spit 318 revolution 429 scandalize 96 serve 422 spoil 101 revolve 429 scene 100 service 422 spue 318 revolver 429 schism 244 servile 422 spume 318 rhetoric 412 scholar 148 servitude 422 spur 323 rhetorical 412 school 148 session 234 spurious 323 rhinoceros 49 science 45 sesterce 882 spurn 323 rhythm 421 scissors 244 set 234 squalid 46 right 134 scope 99 settle 234 squalor 46 rival 443 scribe 122 seven 280 stability 175 river 443 scrofula 122 sew 466 stable 175 rivulet 443 seat 234 sex 45 stable (n.) 175 rob 275 secant 45 shaft 97 stamp 177 Rome 421 secern 69 similar 377 stand 175 root 419 seclude 56 similitude 377 star 167 rubric 253 second(adj.)497 simple 488 ,377 station 175 ruby 253 second (vb.) 497 simulate 377 statute 175 rudder 411 secondary 497 simultaneous377 stay 175 ruddy 253 secret 69 singular 377 stead 175 ruin 421 secretary 69 single 377 steadfast 175 rule 134 secrete 69 sir 357 steady 175 rumor 425 sect. 45 sire 357 steer 191 rupture 283 section 45 sit 234 stellar 167 rust 253 secular 463 six 473 stellated 167 secure 60 skew- 94 stem 181 S. sedate 234 smelt 239 stenography 178 sedative 234 smile 388 sterile 180 sacerdotal 462 sedentary 234 soap 503 stick 183 sacrament 462 sedition 493 sociable 497 stigma 183 sacred 462 seduce 12 social 497 stile 152 safe 454 seduction 12 society 497 stimulate 183 salacious 523 sedulous 235 soil 235 stimulus 183 ENGLISH INDEX OF COGNATE WORDS. 251 Sting 183 subtlety 194 syllogism 440 thatch 135 stipend 181 succulent 603 syllogize 440 theatre 255 stipulate 181 suck 503 sylvan 458 theory 255 stirrup 152 sudorific 237 syncope 64 thermometer Stoic 186 suffer 344 386, 520 stolid 176 sufferance 344 T. thesis 256 stomach 184 sufftcient 256 thin 188 stone 182 suffix 136 tack 189 third 204 story 236 suffuse 165 tact 189 thou 192 strain 465 sue 497 "tag 189 thread 198 strangle 465 suicide 489 take 189 three 204 stratum 185 suit 497 talent 195 threnode 262 straw 418 sum 325 tame 213 threnody 262 street 185 summit 325 tangent 189 throne 261 strew 185 superb 325 tax 189 through 197 strict 465 superficial 339 teat 254 throw 198 stricture 465 superficies 339 technical 194 thud 206 string 465 superfluous 345 telephone 339 thumb 205 stringent 465 superinduce 12 tempest 196 thump 207 strong 465 superinductionl2 temple 196 thunder 188 stub 207 superior 325 temporal 196 thyme 265 stubble 207 supernal 325 temporary 196 timber 219 stubborn 207 superpose 317 temporize 196 time 196 stump (n.) 187 superposition317 tempt 188 tincture 193 stump (vb.) 207 superscribe 122 ten 8 tinge 193 stupefy 187 supersede 234 tenable 188 to 217 stupid 187 superstition 175 tenacious 188 tolerable 195 suasion 209 superstructure tenant 188 tolerate 195 suavity 209 185 tend 188 tomb 205 subduce 12 supervene 509 tender 188 tone 188 subduct 12 supervention 509 tenement 188 tonic 188 subduction 12 supine 326 tenet 188 tonsorial 196 sdbject 493 supplement 304 tenor 188 tonsure 196 subject 493 supplicate 92 tense 196 tooth 241 subjoin 125 supplication 92 tension 188 torment 508 subjugate 125 supply 304 tent 188 torrent 200 subjunctive 125 support 313 tentative 188 torsion 508 sublime 442 suppose 317 tenuity 188 tort 508 subscribe 122 suppurate 319 tenuous 188 tortoise 508 subsequent 497 supreme 325 tenure 188 tortuous 508 -subside 234 sure 60 term 197 torture 508 subsidy 234 surface 339 terminate 197 touch 189 subsidiary 234 surge 134 terrace 200 toxicology 194 subsist 175 survive 512 terrestrial 200 tradition 225 substitute 175 susceptible 33 terrible 202 traduce 12 substratum 185 suspect 99 terrier 200 traduction 12 substructure 185 sustain 188 terrify 202 transact 104 subtend 188 sustentation 188 terror 202 transcend 96 subterfuge 142 suture 466 tertiary 204 transcribe 122 subterranean 200 sweat 237 testaceous 200 transfer 344 subtile 194 sweet 209 text 194 transfigure 126 subtle 194 swine 467 textile 194 transfix 136 252 ENGLISH INDEX OF COGNATE WORDS. transfuse 1G5 ulcerate 19 vest (vb.) 460 vomit 381 transient 493 ulceration 19 vest (n.) 400 voracious 514 transit 493 un- 351 vestige 152 voracity 514 transition 493 uncle 475 vestment 460 transitive 493 under 355 vesture 460 W. transitory- 493 undulate 247 veteran 169 translucent 80 uni- 373 vex 147 wag 147 transmute 379 unicorn 49 vice 482 wagon 147 transom 197 union 373 vicinity 85 wain 147 transport 313 unique 373 vicissitude 14 walk 429 transpose 317 unit 373 victuals 512 warm 520 transposition 317 unite 373 vigil 138 water 247 treble 204 universal 373 vigilant 138 wave 147 tree 230 up 326 vigor 138 way 147 tremble 203 urge 124 vill 85 weave 338 tremendous 203 villa 85 web 338 tremor 203 V. village 85 wedlock 248 tremulous 203 villain 8o weigh 147 tribe 204 valley- 431 violate 481 well (vb.) 429 tributation 198 van 476 violent 481 what 519 tribunal 204 vapid 35 violet 479 when 506 tribune 204 vapor 35 viper 313 where 506 tribute 204 vascular 460 virgin 133 whether 506 triennial 333 vegetable 138 virulent 480 which 519 triple 204 vegetate 138 virus 480 who 519 trite 198 vegetation 138 visible 236 whole 30 trivial 204 vehement 358 vision 236 -wich 85 trope 508 vehicle 147 visit 236 -wick 85 trophy 508 venal 376 visitation 236 will 525 tropic 508 vend 376 ,225 vital 512 wind 476 tropical 508 vendee 376 vituperate 482 wine 483 trouble 208 vender 376 vivacious 512 Mdth 171 tuber 205 vendor 376 vivacity 512 wolf 81 tumid 205 vendue 376 vivid 512 wool 413 tumor 205 ventilate 476 vocabulary 496 word 412 turbid 208 ventricle 110 vocal 496 work 123 turbulent 208 ventriloquist 110 vocation 496 wort 419 turn 198 verb 412 vociferate 496 two 231 verbal 412 voice 496 Y. tympanum 207 verbose 412 volition 525 verdict 10 voluble 429 yard 159 U. verrtal 478 volume 429 yearn 158 vesper 461 voluntary 525 yesterday- IGO udder 269 vespers 461 volunteer 525 yoke 125 ulcer 19 vessel 460 voluptuous 277 young 224 RETURN TO the circulation desk of any University of California Library or to the NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY BIdg. 40a Richmond Field Station University of California 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