California 
 
 gional 
 
 Jility 
 
 Phono srnphy or Writing by Sound 
 
 by 
 Isaac Pitinan 
 

 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 
 
 'A 'N ' 
 
 i *soaa 
 
 /If pan
 
 
 DALLAS, ?.^
 
 = = 
 
 PHONOGRAPHY, 
 
 WRITING BY SOUND; 
 
 BEING A NATURAL METHOD OF WRITING, 
 APPLICABLE TO ALL LANGUAGES, 
 
 AND 
 
 A COMPLETE SYSTEM 
 
 if 
 
 I . PITMAN, 
 
 5, Ndsm Plact, Bath. 
 
 Entered at Stationers' Hall. 
 
 
 
 LONDON : 
 SAMUEL BAGSTER & SONS, 
 
 . 15, PATERNOSTER ROW. 
 
 
 Author wiih a 
 postage stamp 
 
 It will 'be re- 
 turned correct- 
 ed, with obser- 
 
 ferences to the 
 Rules for writ- 
 ing. In a 
 short time, the 
 use of lines 
 may be discon- 
 tinued. 
 
 1840. 
 
 Jll ----- --j. 
 
 Price M. 
 
 The Examples and Exercises engraved on wood by J.L Whiting, 10, Lower Camden-n'.ace, Bath.
 
 JOHN AND JAMES KEKNE, PRINTERS, BATH.
 
 IXTRO. 1, 2. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 1. Communications between man and man, were at 
 first confined to spoken language, and things and ideas 
 were associated with certain sounds, (afterwards called 
 words,} which, when uttered, served to represent whatever 
 was iu the mind of the speaker, as if he were exhibiting 
 the very subject of his thoughts. These vocal_representa- 
 tions of ideas, when arranged poetically, or combined to 
 express any valued truths, it was most desirable to pre- 
 serve : and soon, not only were ideas associated with 
 sounds, (a certain sound calling up a certain form or idea, 
 and the form or idea when presented, suggesting its par- 
 ticular sound,) but a sign was also attached to each object 
 or idea, which, when presented to the eye, at any time, 
 would immediately recal the reality, of which it was an 
 understood symbol. 
 
 2. Such was the origin of written language. These 
 visible signs, invented at an early age, were, as might 
 be expected, but imperfectly adapted to express the 
 spoken language ; they were complicated and uncouth : 
 but, this was not felt as an evil, when so few could avail 
 themselves of their use, and so little was written ; and 
 the difficulty of making any alterations CONVENTIONAL, has 
 ever since prevented more than a very partial and uncer- 
 tain improvement. It is, of course, Utopian, to hope to 
 change the printed medium of intercourse of the millions 
 who speak the English language ; but, it is not extrava- 
 gant or hopeless, to attempt to find a substitute for the 
 complicated system of writing which we at present 
 employ. We must indeed continue to use it for many 
 
 448611
 
 INTRO. 35. 
 
 purposes ; but, for all ordinary correspondence, or anno- 
 tations, why are not the written signs as simple as the 
 spoken sounds ? Why is a long series of arbitrary marks 
 employed, to represent what the voice utters at a single 
 effort? Why do we continue to use a mode of writing, 
 which, by its complexity, obliges the readiest hand to 
 waste, at least, Jive hours out of every six, that are spent 
 in intercourse with an absent friend, through the medium 
 of written correspondence ? 
 
 3. A system of writing, really and entirely practical, 
 yet, beyond all belief, simple and easy, is here presented ; 
 which, to the surprise and delight of the author, (who 
 discovered its principles some years ago,) has been gra- 
 dually unfolding its beauties to his research, until he is 
 able to present it, seemingly perfect, and harmonious in all 
 its parts. The system offers a method of really exhibit- 
 ing speech on paper, by signs as simple and intelligible 
 as the sounds they represent. 
 
 4. It is a fact but little known, that there are in the 
 English language, not more than six essentially different 
 simple sounds, usually called vowels, which are combined 
 into the required number of words, by not more than 
 
 fourteen simple articulations, or consonants. This divi- 
 sion into sounds and articulations, it may be remarked, is 
 a natural one, and exists in all languages. As an illustra- 
 tion, pronounce the letter e four times, thus e,e,e,e, 
 rather rapidly ; nothing intelligible is produced. Now 
 articulate,* or joint them with certain other letters, 
 (usually called consonants,} thus, ce, ve, le, te, and a 
 well known word (civility) will strike the ear. 
 
 5. The great and desirable object which the author 
 believes he has accomplished, is this ; the construction of 
 a simple and easily formed sign for every sound and ar- 
 ticulation, and one that readily adapts itself to every com- 
 bination required, and which is never used to represent 
 more than that one sound or articulation. This is the secret 
 of easy and sure transference of the spoken to the written 
 word. Here all ambiguity ends, all difficulty of reading 
 what has been written vanishes ; and to any person whose 
 desire may be awakened to learn the few marks or signs 
 by which the sounds and articulations are represented, 
 
 * From urticulus (Lat.), a little joint.
 
 INTRO. (>!). 
 
 the following brief observations, illustrative of PRINCI- 
 PLES, and entering a little into practice, will prove an easy 
 guide, either to read or write the system in an exceedingly 
 short space of time. 
 
 6. It may be well to remind the reader, although the 
 fact is so obvious, that, swiftness in performing writing 
 of any kind, can be attained only by practice. 
 
 7. In the formation of the present system, the organs 
 of speech have been carefully and minutely studied, and 
 it has been deemed expedient to arrange the vowels and 
 articulations, not alphabetically, but according to their 
 natural order. Thus, the letter p stands first ; it is the 
 least complicated of all articulations, formed, as it is, by 
 the very edges of the lips, and requiring the assistance, 
 neither of the teeth, the tongue, nor the palate, in its 
 production. Next in order stands b, then t, d, &c. The 
 rest follow in a perfectly natural arrangement, as will be 
 perceived upon making a few trials. 
 
 8. It has been found that the articulations of our 
 language do not consist of a long series of different 
 formations, but that only about half the number are essen- 
 tially varied, and that the remainder are merely the flat- 
 tened sounds of the others ; thus, p and b ; t and d ; f 
 and v, &c., are precisely the same articulations, modified 
 by being sharpened or flattened in utterance. If we fol- 
 lowed nature, our signs to represent these, would equally 
 correspond; in PHONOGRAPHY they do : p is \ b is 
 
 X t is I d is I fis^ v is ^_ &c. j and thus, not 
 only is the memory not burdened with a multitude of 
 signs, but the mind perceives that a thin stroke harmo- 
 nizes with a thin articulation, and a thick stroke with a 
 thick articulation, and the hand feels the consistency of 
 writing j for pat, and N for pad, also of ^ for fat, 
 and V for vat, &c. 
 
 9. It has also been found that these simple arti- 
 culations which have been adverted to, such as p, b; 
 t, d ; &c., are, in a vast number of words, indissolubly 
 united with the two letters I and r into a kind of double 
 letter, pronounced, however, by a single effort ; as, for 
 instance, the words place and praise (in which p is 
 in one case joined with I, in the other with r) are not pro- 
 nounced "pelace," "peraise," but the p & I, and p & r,
 
 INTRO. 10 13. 
 
 become actually one, by a trill of the tongue against the 
 palate, while the lips are producing the p. These two 
 letters also coalesce into a single utterance in the last syl- 
 lable of the words temple, people, paper, cooper, &c. 
 
 10. The natural way of expressing these combinations 
 in writing, would undoubtedly be, to effect some marked 
 and uniform modification of the simple letters, which 
 should yet leave their characteristic forms untouched ; 
 this has been accomplished in the system ; and in con- 
 sistent and beautiful simplicity, the letter p \ whcnjoined 
 with I, becomes 'x pl> t I with I becomes f tl; d I with 
 Us f dl; and so on with all the rest. In like manner, when 
 combined withr, the hook added to the simple letter, is just 
 put on its other side, and p \ with r becomes ^\ pr ; b \ 
 withr is *\ br; t I withr is 1 tr; d I withr is! dr;&cc. 
 
 11. It has been further ascertained, (and the reader's 
 careful attention is craved,) that, not only do the various 
 articulations combine, as just described, with I and r, but 
 that these two letters also coalesce with the others in the 
 opposite direction ; thus, I and p, in utterance, become 
 one in help, pulp, fyc. ; I and d are one in field, bold, fyc. ; 
 r and p become one in sharp, harp, $c. ; r and b in 
 garb, barb, tyc.', and the Phonographic signs for the 
 simple articulations, are again used to represent these, as 
 before, only subject to an analogous modification, (one 
 most easy to remember and write) and p \ when Ip 
 is \o d I when Id is I also, b \ when rb is"\ t I 
 when rt is J &c. &c. 
 
 12. A word as to the vowels, or sounds of the language. 
 There are in the English spoken language about forty 
 sounds, reckoning both the simple and compound, but 
 there is not any such amount of signs to be learned; 
 a serious difficulty would indeed exist if there were. By 
 the discovery of their real affinities, they admit of a most 
 simple arrangement. The vowels, like the articulations, 
 separate into two great classes ; those having a full 
 sound, and those having a sharpened pronunciation. If 
 the word feet be distinctly pronounced, and then imme- 
 diately the -word Jit, it will be perceived, that the vowel 
 in fit, is actually nothing but the sharpened sound of that 
 in feet. 
 
 13. The following list exhibits all the pure vowel
 
 INTHO. 14 16. 
 
 sounds. Pronounce them aloud in natural gradation, and 
 mark them carefully. 
 
 1. e. 
 
 2. a. 
 
 3. ah. 
 
 4. au. 
 5.o. 
 6. oo. 
 
 Se Note * 
 
 Each of these vowels has also a sharp sound, thus 
 No.l. the vowel in feet when short, is heard in fit. 
 
 2 mate met. 
 
 3 path pat. 
 
 4 law lot. 
 
 5 note nut. 
 
 6 fool full. 
 
 They are numbered for ease of reference. 
 
 14. A little attention to what follows, will insure the 
 right understanding of the principle upon which the 
 short-hand signs for these vowels are arranged. A line 
 of writing occupies a certain width of space upon the 
 paper, determined by the length of the ascending letters : 
 that is, the letters /, d, A, &c. In Phonography, of course, 
 the same fact is obvious ; and this is taken advantage of, 
 to make a simple change in the position of the vowel-sign 
 answer all the purposes of a multitude of different cha- 
 racters. For instance, the sign for the vowel sounds, 1, 
 2, 3, is a full point, placed before or after the articu- 
 lating letter, as may be. If it be required to write the 
 name of our common afternoon beverage, the articu- 
 lation t I is used, with the vowel sound No. 1, thus 1 It 
 will be perceived that the vowel sign is at the upper part 
 of the t : the same sign represents No. 2, if placed against 
 the middle of the t, thus 1" giving the sound of the river 
 Tay in Scotland : and it stands for No. 3, if against the 
 lower part of the t, thus I. tah ; a child's way of saying 
 " thank you." 
 
 15. The sharpened sounds of these three vowels oc- 
 cupy the same positions ; but, as in strict consistency with 
 their character they should be, they are made^ne points 
 instead of full ones, thus I 1' I. 
 
 16. The vowel sounds, 4, 5, and 6, are represented by 
 the simple sign x and the position of each one is de- 
 
 * To these, add as a seventh pure vowel, the sound uh, heard in the 
 French le, ne, See., and the list includes all the single vowels that are 
 to be found in any language. See Note 5, p. 22.
 
 INTRO. 17 20. 
 
 termined by the same plan as before. No. 4, used after t, is 
 I s pronounced taw ; the 5th K toe; and the 6th L too. 
 Then come the sharpened forms of these three, which 
 are exactly similar, but thin, thus \" \- L 
 
 17. From these six pure and simple vowels, a double 
 series of compound o :es is produced. They are usually 
 expressed by prefixing the letters y and TV to the simple 
 vowels, e, o, $~c. ; thus e becomes ye and we ; o becomes 
 yo and wo. &c. &c. The y and w here really coalesce 
 with the vowel that follows them, and a single sign 
 should represent them. Phonography, from its own 
 resources, and without the least change of principle, meets 
 the demand, and points out a just and simple mode of 
 writing these compound, yet perfectly united vowels : it 
 represents the y compounds by a small curve, thus ~ for 
 Nos. 1, 2, 3 ; and thus ~ for Nos. 4, 5, 6: and the w 
 compounds by the same sign, but placed thus < and > 
 A preceding explanation of the position of the simple 
 vowels, applies equally to these ; and adapts them, small 
 as is their number, to every varied requirement. 
 
 18. As a system of SHORT HAND, Phonography takes 
 the first place : its signs are simpler and briefer than 
 those of any other system by at least two fifths. For 
 instance, by Taylor's System, the word "print" is 
 written /"-"] in Phonography '\ the word "sprinkled" 
 is, by Taylor, written \/^-^~ <f 1 in Phonography it is 
 \ s ^ c _ the word " screw" by Taylor's mode, is __^-^~' 
 in Phonography u-\ The comparison needs no comment. 
 
 19. Many other points, of equal interest, might be no- 
 ticed ; but, let it suffice to say, the system harmonizes in 
 all its parts ; and, however viewed, presents simplicity 
 as its beauty, and commends itself to notice by its adap- 
 tation to our wants. 
 
 20. Particular attention is called to the general truths 
 exhibited in this Introduction ; for, beyond them, there 
 is scarcely any difficulty. Indeed, so reduced is every 
 portion of the system to certain and easily understood 
 principles, that the perception of one part almost neces- 
 sarily leads to the attainment of the rest. 
 
 5, Nelton Place, BATH. 
 Sept. 1840.
 
 DAL. 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 Long. SINGLE or PURE VOWELS. Short. 
 
 1. e 
 
 
 
 the, see 
 
 1. 1 
 
 
 in, it 
 
 2. a 
 
 
 
 
 say, bale ^ 
 
 2. e 
 
 
 se f bet ^ 
 
 3. ah 
 
 
 
 a, ah! balm'*\s-^.* 
 
 3. a 
 
 
 and, at, an 
 
 4. au 
 
 > 
 
 
 all. awe, ought 
 
 4. 5 
 
 
 of, not 
 
 5. 5 
 
 \ 
 
 O, oh ! wrote ^ 
 
 5. ii 
 
 \ 
 
 cup ~ r \ rut S\ 
 
 6. oo 
 
 j 
 
 to, who, whom 
 
 6. 55 
 
 - 
 
 put, should 
 
 DOUBLE VOWELS. 
 
 ye 
 
 1 
 
 ye, year, years 
 
 yi 
 
 
 * 
 
 ya 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 Yate "I 
 
 ye 
 
 " 
 
 yet, yesterday 
 
 yah 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 Yahoo ~X 
 
 ya 
 
 - 
 
 yarn O 
 
 yau 
 
 
 
 yawn c_^ 
 
 y 
 
 1 
 
 beyond 
 
 y 
 
 / 
 
 
 yolk _2- 
 
 yu 
 
 " 
 
 young, younger 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 you, your-s, new 
 
 yoo 
 
 ~ 
 
 Is ' 
 
 we 
 
 
 : 
 
 we, between 
 
 Wl 
 
 I s 
 
 with, will 
 
 wa 
 
 
 c 
 
 way, away, where 
 
 we 
 
 c 
 
 were, when 
 
 wah 
 
 J 
 
 j 
 
 * 
 
 wS, 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 quack c 
 
 
 wau 
 
 
 
 water 
 
 w5 
 
 
 was, what 
 
 wo 
 
 
 
 woe, swore ^ 
 
 wu 
 
 3 
 
 one, worth ) 
 
 woo 
 
 
 
 woo, swoon o_3 
 
 woo 
 
 5 
 
 would 
 
 ae 
 
 4 
 
 
 aye 
 
 oi 
 
 1 
 
 (au e) voice 
 
 a oo 
 
 J 
 
 T thine 
 
 ^s, 
 
 ou 
 
 A 
 
 (5oo)how,our-s 
 
 I 
 
 V 
 
 
 (ae) I, by, thy, 
 
 oe 
 
 
 * fthou 
 
 ah oo 
 
 V 
 
 
 * 
 
 OO 
 
 > 
 
 * 
 
 TREBLE VOWELS. 
 
 
 c 
 
 Note 1. The twenty- 
 
 r 
 
 Note 2. The . Short 
 
 ya e 
 
 
 . four vowels with an- 
 
 wae 
 
 # Hand letter < 1 placed 
 
 j 
 
 
 gular marks, may be 
 
 
 to each vowel, serves 
 
 yiioo 
 
 c 
 
 pronounced either long 
 * or short; the difference 
 
 wa 65 P 
 
 merely to show the 
 * position of the vowel. 
 
 yi 
 
 u 
 
 in length being ex- 
 pressed in writiug by 
 
 Wl 
 
 why, while, wine 
 
 
 
 a hfavy or light stroke. 
 
 
 
 yahoo 
 
 jj 
 
 They are all written 
 ^ long here, except f and 
 
 wahoo t 
 
 
 marked thus * repre. 
 
 yoi 
 
 
 ou, which are always 
 4 pronounced short in 
 
 woi 
 
 sent foreign and pro- 
 | j vmcial sounds. 
 
 
 
 English. The true long 
 
 
 
 yow 
 
 n 
 
 * vowel, is heard in the 
 
 wou 
 
 wound (^J -,c 
 
 yoe 
 
 1 
 
 $ of may. thus, o4 
 
 woe 
 
 1 Note 4.Brackels made 
 %. thus carry the words 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^-x also in the Greek 
 
 
 to the line above, and 
 
 yo oo 
 
 * 
 
 3: 
 
 ^ word xai - &c. 
 
 wo oo J 
 
 jjf. thus to that below.
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 SINGLE and DOUBLE CONSONANTS. 
 
 P. 
 
 \ 
 
 up, upon 
 
 Ge 
 
 ... 
 
 give, given: go, 
 
 e P t 
 
 \ 
 
 except -^ 
 
 (aslBjiw.) 
 
 
 gave, together 
 
 P' 1 
 
 \ 
 
 principS [^ament 
 
 egd 
 
 ._ 
 
 GOD : good 
 
 pir 
 
 N 
 
 particular, parli- 
 
 fJT- 1 
 
 
 
 : glorirv, glad 
 
 Be 
 
 \ 
 
 be, been, but, 
 
 OPjl* 
 
 
 
 : great, grapfy 
 
 ebd 
 
 \ 
 
 fbefore, bility 
 
 gm 
 
 ^ 
 
 begin-ning: 
 
 fail 
 
 % 
 
 publish [breadth 
 
 
 
 again, against 
 
 b.r 
 
 % 
 
 re-member, bread, 
 
 eF 
 
 V 
 
 for, if, off, for*; 
 
 Te 
 
 i 
 
 out, time 
 
 eft 
 
 v> 
 
 : after, swift ^ 
 
 til 
 
 r 
 
 till, tell, little 
 
 f,l 
 
 <^ 
 
 full, fully, follow 
 
 tr 
 
 i 
 
 truth, trans 
 
 fr 
 
 ^ 
 
 from, frequent 
 
 tin 
 
 > 
 
 : ten, town 
 
 fin 
 
 ^ 
 
 often : 
 
 De 
 
 i 
 
 day, do, done, 
 
 V, 
 
 '^ 
 
 have, ever, over 
 
 
 
 disco^ dom 
 
 eVd 
 
 V 
 
 believed *\^ 
 
 dl 
 
 r 
 
 deliver-y 
 
 Vil 
 
 ^ 
 
 evil, volume 
 
 dr 
 
 1 
 
 dear, Dr. 
 
 vir 
 
 s 
 
 e-very [advantage 
 
 dm 
 
 ) 
 
 : down, hidden > 
 
 vm 
 
 A 
 
 eveHi )ie : heaven, 
 
 CH. 
 
 /' 
 
 which, each 
 
 eTH 
 
 ( 
 
 thought, hath 
 
 eCht 
 
 / 
 
 scratched p-^ 
 
 th,l 
 
 s 
 
 Bethel \ 
 
 ch.l 
 
 X 1 
 
 children 
 
 th,r 
 
 5 
 
 through 
 
 chsr 
 
 / 
 
 nature, natural 
 
 THe 
 
 ( 
 
 that, them, they 
 
 chm 
 
 j 
 
 Christian c-^ 
 
 till 
 
 C 
 
 [gathered) 
 
 Je 
 
 / 
 
 JESUS, general 
 
 thir 
 
 J 
 
 their, gather *) 
 
 ejd 
 
 / 
 
 zcaged y 
 
 .s 
 
 o 
 
 saw, society: so, 
 
 jil 
 
 / 
 
 individual 
 
 (for gene- 
 ral nse.) 
 
 
 us, self, &c. 'j"- 
 
 j, r 
 
 / 
 
 Jerusalem 
 
 (for parti. 
 culur use. 
 
 ') 
 
 establish, celestial, 
 
 
 
 
 Rule 16. 
 
 
 
 j' n 
 
 J 
 
 virgin \^> 
 
 
 
 system, scription 
 
 Ke 
 
 
 
 king: come, could 
 
 Ze 
 
 o 
 
 h-is : h-as, whose 
 
 ekt 
 
 
 
 object: s^ect, 
 
 
 ) 
 
 it is, Israel 
 
 kil 
 
 c^ 
 
 call : calculatf,;,, 
 
 SH 
 
 J 
 
 shall, she, ship 
 
 k-r 
 
 c 
 
 CHRIST : care, 
 
 eSht 
 
 .J 
 
 wished <j 
 
 kn 
 
 n 
 
 : can fcarry 
 
 sh.l 
 
 r 
 
 e-special 
 
 tjjgT Spr \ represents spirit and spiritual; sir 1 strong 
 
 10
 
 CONSONANTS; 
 
 SINGLE and DOUBLE CONSONANTS. 
 
 shir 
 
 J 
 
 as-sure, share. 
 
 ark 
 
 --a 
 
 :work,cfcr*c , 
 
 shin 
 
 / 
 
 edition \ (shire 
 
 a rg 
 
 . , 
 
 berg, borg, burg 
 
 ZHe 
 
 J 
 
 enthusiast 
 
 arf 
 
 "S 
 
 wharf ^ or v. 
 
 eZhd 
 
 .j 
 
 # ^usury -5^ 
 
 arv 
 
 ^ 
 
 j 
 observed 'N^ 
 
 zh,l 
 
 r 
 
 usual 
 
 .rth 
 
 ) 
 
 earth, forth 
 
 zlur 
 
 
 pleasure ^ 
 
 arth 
 
 t/ 
 
 worthy 
 
 zh.n 
 
 / 
 
 vision ^ 
 
 arsh 
 
 ts 
 
 ju rzh (V ^ 
 
 L 
 
 r 
 
 LORD, also, ly. 
 
 a rl 
 
 / 
 
 real, rule 
 
 <1 P 
 
 'NO 
 
 help f^^ 
 
 arm 
 
 ^ 
 
 form : arm, harm 
 
 elb 
 
 \ 
 
 bulb \^ 
 
 rn 
 
 (^ 
 
 morning : concerning 
 
 elt 
 
 I 
 
 difficult-y 
 
 M 
 
 ^ 
 
 mf ne> me : may, am, 
 
 eld 
 
 I 
 
 hold, old, world 
 
 
 
 Wl$f/7lr"' l?l%(tlf/1 fYtPt^tl 
 
 ekh 
 
 / 
 
 milch <O 
 
 einp 
 
 r^ 
 
 importan c ' e : stamp 
 
 el .j 
 
 s 
 
 intelligent / 
 
 emt 
 
 i 
 
 meet, might : 
 
 elk 
 
 .__, 
 
 skulk a 3 
 
 emd 
 
 i 
 
 a-mid-st : mad-e 
 
 elg 
 
 ._* 
 
 Glenelg <^-^-^ 
 
 mil 
 
 ^ 
 
 Milsom <r-f^. 
 
 elf 
 
 Vo 
 
 alphabet-ical, 
 
 nur 
 
 t*, 
 
 Mr. mere : m ^ 
 
 elv 
 
 Vi 
 
 dissolve ,\> 
 
 N 
 
 ^ 
 
 on, any: no, own, 
 
 elth 
 
 c 
 
 health 
 
 
 
 inco- unco? 
 
 elth 
 
 c 
 
 although 
 
 ent 
 
 o 
 
 want, into: went, 
 
 eM 
 
 u 
 
 Walsh C 
 
 
 
 unto, int'n, ant'. 
 
 if 
 
 c 
 r 
 
 ^ [ boiler N^" 
 ( 
 already ^ feeler V 
 
 end 
 e nch 
 
 c 
 
 kind: h ^nd, under, 
 
 stanch ? [*&*&, 
 .r y 
 
 elm 
 
 r* 
 
 ALMIGHTY : 
 
 e nj 
 
 r 
 
 strange ]' 
 
 eln 
 
 ^ 
 
 stolen r_y 
 
 nil 
 
 ^ 
 
 external "^ 
 
 aR 
 
 / 
 
 i/ are, or, her-e. 
 
 mr 
 
 ^ 
 
 nor, honor-able : 
 
 ,rp 
 
 \ 
 
 carp x^ (reco 
 
 eNG 
 
 ^, 
 
 Engll^ thing : 
 
 a rb 
 
 \ 
 
 arbitrary 
 
 
 
 language Tthank 
 
 art 
 
 j 
 
 art, heart, short 
 
 engk 
 
 K> 
 
 distinct, think : 
 
 a rd 
 
 j 
 
 word, heard, ac- 
 
 engg 
 
 w 
 
 single: ang^' 
 
 arch 
 
 c/ 
 
 ^cording, ward 
 
 He 
 
 "^ 
 
 he,him,had,^ood 
 
 Jj 
 
 / 
 
 discharged JL 
 
 C& e 
 
 ;^ 
 
 tThe thick guttural, or rough 
 aspirate, luard in German 
 * Hebrew, Welsh, &c.] 
 
 and strength; skr scripture and scriptural. 
 
 11
 
 LIST. 
 
 A LIST OF THE PREFIXES, AFFIXES, AND 
 
 A, ah! 
 
 . 
 
 Be,been 
 
 \ 
 
 do, done 
 
 1 
 
 full-y . 
 
 <L 
 
 ionor . 
 
 ^ 
 
 according 
 
 ] 
 
 before 
 
 \ 
 
 doctor 
 
 V 
 
 Gave . 
 
 
 
 lonorable 
 
 < ^ 
 
 advantage 
 
 ^ 
 
 begin . 
 
 / 
 
 lorn . . 
 
 
 general 
 
 / 
 
 lonored 
 
 
 after . 
 
 <w 
 
 beginning 
 
 C 
 
 down . 
 
 } 
 
 give-n 
 
 
 hood . 
 
 "A 
 
 again . 
 
 ^ 
 
 between 
 
 r 
 
 Each . 
 
 / 
 
 glad. . 
 
 
 
 hour-s,how 
 
 A 
 V 
 
 against 
 
 ~ 
 
 beyond 
 
 
 ear . . 
 
 * 
 
 gloried 
 
 
 
 I . . . 
 
 
 alphabet 
 
 Vo 
 
 bility . 
 
 \ 
 
 earth . 
 
 3 
 
 glorf . 
 
 - 
 
 if . . . 
 
 V. 
 
 alphabetical 
 
 ^ 
 
 bread-th 
 
 N 
 
 eight . 
 
 ! 
 
 glorified . 
 
 
 
 important 
 
 
 ally. . 
 
 x- 
 
 borg, burg 
 
 . 
 
 end. . 
 
 c 
 
 go. . . 
 
 
 
 in, inn 
 
 
 all . . 
 
 V 
 
 bat . 
 
 \ 
 
 Engirt 
 
 
 GOD . 
 
 
 individual 
 
 /> 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 also. . 
 
 /^ 
 
 buy, by 
 
 
 enthusias| n 
 
 J 
 
 good . 
 
 - 
 
 inco . 
 
 ^ 
 
 ALMIGHTY 
 
 
 Calcula,7 on 
 
 
 
 especial 
 
 C 
 
 graph" 
 
 - 
 
 ind't . . 
 
 ( 
 
 although 
 
 C 
 
 calculated 
 
 ^ 
 
 establish 
 
 ) 
 
 great . 
 
 - 
 
 indi',. . 
 
 < 
 
 already 
 
 f 
 
 call . . 
 
 c_ 
 
 et cetera 
 
 
 
 Had. . 
 
 > 
 
 int" n . . 
 
 c 
 
 am . . 
 
 ^ 
 
 called 
 
 
 eye-.,, . 
 
 s 
 
 hand . 
 
 c 
 
 into . . 
 
 c 
 
 amid . 
 
 i 
 
 can . . 
 
 ^ 
 
 ever. . 
 
 w 
 
 harm . 
 
 ^ 
 
 is ... 
 
 o 
 
 amidst 
 
 i 
 
 car y . . 
 
 c 
 
 every . 
 
 ^ 
 
 harmec 
 
 * 
 
 Israel . 
 
 ) 
 
 an, and 
 
 . 
 
 cared . 
 
 c- 
 
 evil . . 
 
 ^ 
 
 has . . 
 
 
 
 it ... 
 
 
 an"" . 
 
 ^ 
 
 carried 
 
 c 
 
 ewe. . 
 
 A 
 
 hath . 
 
 ( 
 
 it is . 
 
 ) 
 
 *y 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 ant ' 
 
 c 
 
 celestial 
 
 
 eye . . 
 
 
 have . 
 
 ^ 
 
 Jerusalem 
 
 / 
 
 *i n v 
 
 
 children 
 
 / 
 
 Five . 
 
 v^ 
 
 he. . . 
 
 "^ 
 
 JESUS 
 
 / 
 
 till V . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 arbitrary 
 
 N 
 
 CHHIST 
 
 
 follow 
 
 ^ 
 
 health 
 
 
 kind . 
 
 
 are . . 
 
 I/ 
 
 circum 
 
 
 
 followed 
 
 t 
 
 hear . 
 
 I/ 
 
 King . 
 
 
 arm . . 
 
 /-* 
 
 come . 
 
 
 for . . 
 
 V- 
 
 heard . 
 
 J 
 
 knew . 
 
 ^ 
 
 armed 
 
 ^ 
 
 concerning 
 
 s_^ 
 
 ford, fore 
 
 v^ 
 
 heart . 
 
 J 
 
 know . 
 
 ^, 
 
 art . . 
 
 J 
 
 could . 
 
 
 form . 
 
 ^ 
 
 heaven 
 
 ^ 
 
 Language 
 
 
 as ... 
 
 o 
 
 Day. . 
 
 1 
 
 formed 
 
 ^ 
 
 help. . 
 
 X 
 
 little . 
 
 T 
 
 assure 
 
 J 
 
 dear. . 
 
 1 
 
 forth . 
 
 \ 
 
 helped 
 
 N> 
 
 LORD 
 
 r 
 
 assurec 
 
 
 delivejj 
 
 r 
 
 four. . 
 
 ^ 
 
 her, here 
 
 S 
 
 ly, ley 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 at. . . 
 
 
 delivered 
 
 r 
 
 fourth 
 
 J 
 
 high . 
 
 
 Mad . 
 
 
 
 aught, aw 
 
 
 difficult 
 
 I 
 
 frequen 
 
 ex 
 
 him . . 
 
 "> 
 
 made . 
 
 i 
 
 away . 
 
 c 
 
 disco* . 
 
 ^ 
 
 frequented 
 
 ^ 
 
 his . . 
 
 O 
 
 magn" 
 
 s-^ 
 
 aye . . 
 
 1 
 
 < 
 
 'distinct 
 
 
 from . 
 
 ^ 
 
 hold. . 
 
 I 
 
 may. . 
 
 <- 
 
 12
 
 LIST. 
 
 ARBITRARY WORDS, ARRANGED m A.B.C. OKDEB. 
 
 me . . 
 
 '-^ 
 
 over . 
 
 ^ 
 
 'signi . 
 
 
 
 till . . 
 
 r 
 
 which. 
 
 / 
 
 meat, meet 
 
 i 
 
 owe. . 
 
 v 
 
 single 
 
 o 
 
 tilled . 
 
 r 
 
 while . 
 
 L. 
 
 member 
 
 X 
 
 own. . 
 
 ^ 
 
 six. . . 
 
 
 time . 
 
 1 
 
 who. . 
 
 * 
 
 ment . 
 
 ^~x 
 
 Parliament 
 
 N 
 
 so . . . 
 
 o 
 
 to, too 
 
 \ 
 
 whom . 
 
 S 
 
 mercy 
 
 ^ 
 
 particular 
 
 % 
 
 society 
 
 o 
 
 together 
 
 __ 
 
 whose 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. 
 
 mere . 
 
 
 perfect 
 
 _ 
 
 sow, (to 
 
 
 town . 
 
 ) 
 
 why. . 
 
 
 mid . . 
 
 1 
 
 princip, a e ' 
 
 s 
 
 scatter seed! 
 
 o 
 
 trans . 
 
 1 
 
 will. . 
 
 C 
 
 might . 
 
 r 
 
 principled 
 
 ^ 
 
 special 
 
 c 
 
 truth . 
 
 1 
 
 wine . 
 
 L 
 C 
 
 mine . 
 
 
 public 
 
 ^ 
 
 spirit . 
 
 \ 
 
 two . . 
 
 \ 
 
 with . 
 
 
 more . 
 
 ^ 
 
 published 
 
 ^ 
 
 spiritual . 
 
 x 
 
 Up. . 
 
 S 
 
 woe . . 
 
 J 
 
 morning 
 
 
 put . . 
 
 > 
 
 stamp. 
 
 4+ 
 
 upon . 
 
 \ 
 
 won. . 
 
 5 
 
 Mr. . 
 
 ^ 
 
 Heal . 
 
 I/ 
 
 strength 
 
 1 
 
 us. . . 
 
 o 
 
 woo. . 
 
 5 
 
 multi . 
 
 ,-. 
 
 reco'l 
 
 v/ 
 
 strong 
 
 1 
 
 usual . 
 
 r 
 
 wood . 
 
 5 
 
 my . . 
 
 
 remember 
 
 ^ 
 
 subject 
 
 
 
 unco" . 
 
 S-" 
 
 word . 
 
 J 
 
 Natur a e , 
 
 / 
 
 remembered 
 
 ^ 
 
 sure. . 
 
 3 
 
 unto . 
 
 C 
 
 worded 
 
 J 
 
 new. . 
 
 
 
 rule. . 
 
 c/ 
 
 system 
 
 ) 
 
 under. 
 
 ( 
 
 worthy 
 
 ) 
 
 no. . . 
 
 ^ 
 
 ruled . 
 
 t/ 
 
 Tell. . 
 
 r 
 
 Very . 
 
 ^ 
 
 world . 
 
 I 
 
 nine. . 
 
 
 Saw. . 
 
 O 
 
 ten . . 
 
 ) 
 
 voice . 
 
 A 
 
 work . 
 
 r> 
 
 nor . . 
 
 ^^ 
 
 say . . 
 
 V 
 
 thank . 
 
 M 
 
 volume 
 
 <L 
 
 worked 
 
 -3 
 
 not . . 
 
 
 scription 
 
 ) 
 
 that. . 
 
 ( 
 
 Want . 
 
 c 
 
 would 
 
 > 
 
 nought 
 
 C 
 
 scriptur^, 
 
 o- 
 
 the, thee 
 
 
 ware . 
 
 c 
 
 Ye, yea 
 
 V 
 
 O, oh ! 
 
 \ 
 
 sea, see 
 
 * 
 
 their . 
 
 J 
 
 ward . 
 
 J 
 
 year-s 
 
 
 object 
 
 
 self . . 
 
 
 
 them . 
 
 ( 
 
 warded 
 
 J 
 
 yesterday 
 
 - 
 
 of. . . 
 
 s 
 
 seven . 
 
 ^ 
 
 there . 
 
 3 
 
 was . . 
 
 3 
 
 yet . . 
 
 vy 
 
 off . . 
 
 ^ 
 
 sew (wi[L 
 
 
 they . 
 
 ( 
 
 water . 
 
 t 
 
 yew, you 
 
 rt 
 
 
 *"S 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 often . 
 
 
 a iieedle) . 
 
 
 
 thine . 
 
 
 way. . 
 
 < 
 
 young 
 
 * 
 
 old . . 
 
 I 
 
 shall . 
 
 J 
 
 thing . 
 
 
 we . . 
 
 * 
 
 your-s 
 
 - 
 
 on . . 
 
 
 share . 
 
 J 
 
 think . 
 
 
 weigh 
 
 c 
 
 &c. . . 
 
 O 
 
 one . . 
 
 i 
 
 shared 
 
 J 
 
 thou . 
 
 A 
 
 went . 
 
 C 
 
 Note. When 
 two words are 
 
 or . . . 
 
 >/ 
 
 ship . . 
 
 J 
 
 thought 
 
 ( 
 
 were . 
 
 c 
 
 nit in one line, 
 as buy, by, the 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 -ame character 
 
 ought . 
 
 
 shire . 
 
 J 
 
 three . 
 
 c 
 
 what . 
 
 
 serves for both. 
 G~ represents 
 
 our-s . 
 
 A 
 
 short . 
 
 J 
 
 through 
 
 2 
 
 when . 
 
 c 
 
 %ive and given : 
 car" signifies 
 
 out . . 
 
 1 . 
 
 should 
 
 \ 
 
 thy . . 
 
 V 
 
 where. 
 
 4 
 
 care &carry,& 
 so of the rest. 
 
 13
 
 JOINING TABLB, &c. 
 
 JOINING 
 TABLE. 
 
 B 
 
 T 
 
 j 
 
 K 
 
 V 
 
 Th 
 
 s 
 
 Zh 
 
 L 
 
 R 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 H 
 
 Pt 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 <. 
 
 ( 
 
 o) 
 
 J 
 
 r 
 
 / 
 
 r\ 
 
 v_/ 
 
 >y 
 
 \ 
 
 P 
 
 \ 
 1 
 
 \ 
 k 
 
 } 
 
 > 
 
 \_ 
 
 V 
 
 > 
 
 \0 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 \^ 
 
 V. 
 
 S 
 
 \ 
 
 D 
 
 1 
 
 > 
 
 L 
 
 L 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 J 
 
 V 
 
 [/ 
 
 k 
 
 L 
 
 s 
 
 I 1 
 
 CH 
 
 / 
 
 < 
 -\ 
 
 ^ 
 
 / 
 
 Z 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 2 
 
 r/ 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 </ 
 
 < 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 G 
 
 1 
 
 -7 
 
 
 
 "V 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 _> 
 
 -T 
 
 -/ 
 
 -^ 
 
 -w 
 
 ~ 
 
 F 
 
 ^ 
 
 > 
 
 v_ 
 
 V 
 
 1 
 
 C 
 
 Vj 
 
 w 
 
 vr 
 
 V/ 
 
 ^ 
 
 V_, 
 
 s 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 f 
 
 /> 
 
 Q 
 
 c 
 
 2) 
 
 5 
 
 r 
 
 </ 
 
 <TN 
 
 _^ 
 
 *N 
 
 il 
 
 /2 
 
 L 
 
 r 
 
 A 
 
 ( 
 
 / 
 
 r 
 
 c 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 
 O 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 A 
 
 C 
 
 /^ 
 
 R 
 
 / 
 
 /\ 
 
 A 
 
 -7 
 
 / 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 /> 
 
 4 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 /" 
 
 /^ 
 
 A 
 
 /^ 
 
 M 
 
 r\ 
 
 2\ 
 
 n 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 /T> 
 
 9 
 
 ^r 
 
 ^/ 
 
 0^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 23 
 
 5s 
 
 N 
 
 \_v 
 
 ^\ 
 
 "i 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 ^v 
 
 ^ 
 
 vj 
 
 ^ 
 
 v/ 
 
 ^/ 
 
 ^> 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 J 
 
 B 
 
 S between. 
 
 \ 
 
 S 
 
 > 
 
 \- 
 
 \ 
 
 > 
 
 5 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 Y 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 X 
 
 V 
 
 T 
 
 5 
 
 t 
 
 > 
 
 ]_ 
 
 E 
 
 f 
 
 5 
 
 J 
 
 t 
 
 V 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 E 
 
 K 
 
 t 
 
 J 
 
 < 
 
 r 
 
 / 
 
 ^ 
 
 C 
 
 I 
 
 < 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 + 
 
 X 
 
 C 
 
 / 
 
 K 
 
 -\ 
 
 -r 
 
 ^ 
 
 n 
 
 -i 
 
 -r 
 
 3 
 
 v 
 
 - 
 
 -^ 
 
 -<r^ 
 
 -^ 
 
 ~^ 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 L 
 
 r\ 
 
 F 
 
 S 
 
 S3~ 
 
 C 
 
 f 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 / 
 
 7 
 
 /G~^ 
 
 C 
 
 Q 
 
 /TN 
 
 R 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 -f 
 
 /- 
 
 A 
 
 X 
 
 /o 
 
 ^ 
 
 / 
 
 /^ 
 
 A- 
 
 /^ 
 
 A 
 
 N 
 
 ^X 
 
 *f 
 
 Y 
 
 ^1 
 
 ^V 
 
 "f 
 
 "0 
 
 ^ 
 
 r 
 
 v 
 
 ^Jf\ 
 
 ^JU/ 
 
 A 
 
 VA 
 
 REMARKS ON THE JOINING TABLE. 
 
 To find the method of joining any two consonants, 
 as /, w, find I in the first line on the left hand and n 
 in the top line : trace these lines till they meet, and, 
 at the angle, will be found the combination I n, thus G- 
 The lower part of the Table contains s between the side 
 letter and the top one : thus, if the letters k s t, for cast, 
 be required to be joined, find k in the lower part of the 
 Table, and trace the line horizontally till it meets t at the 
 top, thus ~~f If any letter is not to be found in the Table, 
 take the nearest to it ; thus, n t ^""1 will show the joining 
 of n d ^ r s v /^_ ofrslv ^^ Isk (^ of m s ^/-^_ 
 &c. When the circle z is joined to another letter, no 
 pains need be taken, in common writing, to make the 
 circle heavy ; thus lose [1 oo z] and loose [1 oo s] will both 
 !iave a light circle at the bottom of the L If it be ne- 
 cessary on a particular occasion to write distinctly, a ra- 
 zor, and not a racer, the circle must be heavy, thus ^ 
 
 14
 
 JOINIXG TABLE, &r. 
 
 p 
 
 Bl 
 
 Pr 
 
 Dl Tr 
 
 Kt 
 
 Gl Kr 
 
 VdJFl 
 
 Vr 
 
 1; SMI 
 
 t3 
 
 Nl g 
 
 \ 
 
 N 
 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 d 
 
 r- 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^l x 
 
 1 
 
 r> 
 
 ( 
 
 ^*/ 
 
 - 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 > 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 X 
 
 V 
 
 \ 
 
 X 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 "S 
 
 V. 
 
 S 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 D 
 CH 
 
 5 
 
 k 
 
 / 
 
 
 L 
 
 L 
 
 U 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 t^ 
 
 I 
 
 !h 
 
 k 
 
 \ 
 
 L 
 
 L 
 
 < 
 
 < 
 
 f 7 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 Z 
 
 ^ 
 
 ( 
 
 { 
 
 6 
 
 / 
 
 ^ 
 
 /^ 
 
 ( 
 
 *^/ 
 
 / 
 
 G 
 
 ~\ 
 
 -\ 
 
 "T 
 
 -i 
 
 ^n 
 
 ^ 
 
 c~ 
 
 -v 
 
 x 
 
 ~^\ 
 
 -/ 
 
 i 
 
 -^ 
 
 -I 
 
 i: 
 
 F |\ 
 
 5 
 
 s 
 
 S 
 
 SI 
 
 ^_ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^v 
 
 V 
 
 S 
 
 ^ 
 
 S 
 
 W> 
 
 \ 
 
 
 S 
 
 \ 
 
 N 
 
 p 
 
 i 
 
 -1 
 
 e_ 
 
 a 
 
 11 
 
 t 
 
 > 
 
 ^ 
 
 rj 
 
 ffN 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 "i 
 
 L 
 R 
 M 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 A 
 
 ~A 
 
 rl 
 
 /i 
 
 r 
 " 
 
 /^ 
 
 ^~ 
 ^~ 
 
 ^ 
 
 rx 
 
 r^ 
 
 c 
 
 r 1 
 s 
 
 f 
 
 
 /^ 
 
 /^ 
 
 A 
 
 /^ 
 
 2> 
 
 A 
 
 <~\ 
 
 1 
 
 2! 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^v 
 
 T 
 
 ^ 
 
 'S 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 /^v- 
 
 N 
 
 A 
 
 -A 
 
 -f 
 
 M 
 
 v^ 
 
 A 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^y 
 
 M 
 
 s 
 
 M 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 X 
 
 V 
 
 > 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 vJ\ 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 V 
 
 \ 
 
 v>. 
 
 U 
 
 N 
 
 V 
 
 L 
 
 V 
 
 T 
 
 4 
 
 k 
 
 i 
 { 
 "T 
 
 \ 
 
 j- 
 
 L 
 
 U 
 
 ^ 
 
 k 
 
 \- 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 L 
 
 J 
 
 ^ 
 
 < 
 
 ^\ 
 
 E. 
 
 c_ 
 
 X 
 
 /=- 
 
 J 
 
 . 
 
 T 
 
 ^ 
 
 A 
 
 -^ 
 
 -^ 
 
 -f 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 -f 
 
 -*, 
 
 L 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 /r 
 
 S~b 
 
 f 
 
 ? 
 
 f 
 
 <C 
 
 C 
 _ 
 
 0^ 
 
 R 
 
 \ 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 /- 
 
 A, 
 
 /*N 
 
 >o 
 
 /f 
 
 S 
 
 x^ 
 
 N 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^\ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^C. 
 
 v5~ 
 
 ^. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^\ 
 
 ^ 
 
 H> 
 
 <5^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^-<x 
 
 SUMMARY of the SINGLE CONSONANTS. 
 
 Pe | e CHe Be e Je 
 
 8 Mutes: 4 Sharp, \i/l-Ke 4 Flat, NL^lce 
 
 8 Semivowels: 4 Sharp, ViJV 4 Flat, VU> 
 2 Liquids : eL /""" aR i/ 
 3 Nasals: eM - . eN ^-^ eNG ^-^ 
 2 Aspirates : He i tl)e ^\ 
 
 23 Total. 
 
 TRSBLE CONSONANTS. 
 
 T or _D is added to a hooked character (as rk 2 
 /r "^ &c.,) by making it half length, (as rkt -, frd ^ ) : 
 thus, marked ^-^ preferred N^ When one of these 
 hooked letters stands for an arbitrary word that is 
 a verb, (as, for instance, br \ which represents re- 
 member,') the Treble Consonant represents the past 
 tense: thus, brd <\ stands for remembered; kid c ~ for 
 called; krd ^- carried ; Ipt \, helped, &c. SeeAlph. List. 
 
 15
 
 INSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 PLAIN INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMMENCING THE STUDY OF 
 SHORT HAND. 
 
 FIRST learn the short hand letters. The six single vowels, both long 
 and short, and the two sets of double vowels, commencing with y and w, 
 may be learned from the " Introduction," No. 13 to 16, or from the List 
 of Vowels, p. 9. Of the double vowels with angular marks, and the treble 
 vowels; only_/?re will be wanted, namely, t v oi ou A wi L wou -\ 
 The single consonants may be learned with the greatest ease from the 
 Summary of them in the preceding page ; and the double consonants, (p. 
 10 and 11) being all formed according to fixed principles, when those 
 under p are learned, almost all the others will be known. 
 
 The pupil should next read through the following " Rules for Writing," 
 applying them, as he proceeds, to the Examples given in each Rule. 
 He may then commence writing, having open before him the List of 
 Arbitrary Words, pages 12, 13. 
 
 The following example will show the manner in which any sentence 
 is to be written. " I am determined to learn Short Hand." 
 
 The long vowel i v stands for the pronoun " /. " 
 
 The letter m ^~^ represents " am", and it is to be put on the line, thus 
 '^ and not at the tup, thus '"^ See Rule 23. In a short time the pu- 
 pil will discover the reason of this rule, namely, that it gives to the 
 horizontal and small consonants a kind of double existence, when they 
 stand unconnected with other letters : thus, the letter kr at the top 
 of the line, stands for CHRIST, and at the bottom c for care and carry. 
 He will also soon find out the principle which determines whether such 
 words shall be put at the top or bottom of the line, namely, that it de- 
 pends on the vowel sound of the word ; or, if there are several vowels, it 
 depends on the vowel in the accented syllable. If it is a first-place or top 
 vowel, as in CHRIST, the word is put at the top of the line ; if it is a se- 
 cond-place or middle vowel, as a, (No. 2, long,) in care, or a third-place 
 or bottom vowel, as a, (No. 3, short,) in carry, the short hand letter re- 
 presenting the word is put at the bottom of the line. 
 
 Our next word is " determined." It must be observed here, that there 
 are two classes of words, generally denominated arbitrary and non- 
 arbitrary. An arbitrary word has the privilege of being represented 
 by a single letter, one that sounds strongly in the -word. The 
 words that occur the most frequently in the language are chosen as arbi- 
 traries. They will be all found in pages 9, 10, 11, placed to their re- 
 spective letters in the short hand alphabet ; also in pages 12 and 13, ar- 
 ranged in a, b, c, order. They should be committed to memory, which 
 may be best done from the short hand alphabet : thus, e ' stands for 
 " the " and " see " ; also for " thee " and "sea," because these words 
 are pronounced like the others : a stands for " say" (see Rule 24) j 
 ah . stands for the article "a"; and so on with all the vowels and 
 consonants. If an arbitrary word should be written by all the letters of 
 which it is composed, as CHRIST [kris t] ^T it would be no mistake or 
 fault, but the student would soon find that such a method of writing is 
 not short enough. A non-arbitrary word means one that is not to be 
 found in the List of Arbitraries, such as " determined" ; which must be 
 written by all the letters or sounds of which it is composed ; or, at least, 
 as many as are necessary to be able to read it at any future time. In 
 this word, first write d I join tr 1 thus *\ add m thus l\ and nd < 
 thus li then you have the whole word. See the Joining Table, p. 14, 
 15,for ^ the method of connecting any two letters together. In this 
 word no vowels are needed, for the sound is given with sufficient dis- 
 tinctness by the consonants. If the pupil desires to insert them, they 
 are e, (No. 1, long,) after d, and t, (No I, short,) after m, thus IT For 
 placing the vowels, see Rules 6 and 7. ^ 
 
 For the word " to" write the vowel oo, (No. 6, long) % 
 
 For "learn" put I f~ and join rn ^> thus O The letter I may 
 be written either upwards or downwards (Rule 18), but f~^ would not 
 be so easy. If you wish to add the vowel, it is e, (No. 2, short,) thus C? 
 For the method of placing the vowel, see Rule 7 a , and 10". 
 
 " Short " is written by rt j " Hand " by nd c Both are arbitraries. 
 
 The sentence will then stand thus v ^ Ji . G> J <
 
 RULES. 1. 
 
 RULES FOR WRITING, ILLUSTRATED BY EXAMPLES. 
 
 The capital and small letters, in Rnles 1, 3, 6, &c., are put merely to divide the Rules Into 
 
 1. WRITE by SOUND : thus, friend [fr e nd] "^ George 
 [jorj] / board [bord] j colonel [kr nl] c-^^ echo 
 [e k o] _^_ glove [gluv] t r^_ [A.] Be exceedingly careful 
 to observe the proper sounds of the vowels, and whether 
 they are long or short. The six single or pure vowels, 
 together with the two double vowels, I and u, are written 
 in long hand by above a hundred different methods of 
 spelling. We give here some of the anomalies of only one 
 of the simple vowels, namely, No. 1, e; LOXG, Me <-^ 
 feat ^~, eel C ceil C* people \ key . machine *2? 
 siege /^ quay - Mary,^^/ SHORT, -England ;_ ^ been 
 ^^ pin \_x bwsy \. build. "S hymn ~~V- N la, ie, and 
 io, preceded by the accent, are pronounced ya, ye, andyu; 
 as pon'iariT^ispariiel V_y" on' ion ^L. , U, followed 
 by a vowel, occasionally has the power of TV ; as persuade 
 [pr s wa d] ^f request [r e h west] ,/M anguish [a ng 
 g wi sh] J or [a ngg nil sh] <j require [r e k wi r] 
 ^^^ quotation [k wo t d shn] ""^ obloquy [o bl o 
 
 k we] '% t, ue, id, or ew, after r, isoo; as Ruth /[ 
 
 true \ brew %.' W and y are never wanted as single 
 letters: they are generally found with other vowels, and 
 make either single, double, or treble vowels. When com- 
 mencing a syllable, w is oo, and y is e : thus, wind [do 'i nd 
 or rvi nd] '<. sn-eet [sooet or s we t] T Yankee [e a ngk c 
 or yd ngk e] ^ yonder [eonder or yo nd e r] "t/ When 
 w ends a syllable, aw is au; as law C* ew is ii; as few V^ 
 ow is ou; as vow ^A or 5; asjtow ^_ Y, at the end of a 
 syllable, has either the sound of e, as ruby /% or f, as 
 c ry r ay is a; as clay ^- eyis e; as parley *\/ oy is 
 oi; as toy | A [B.] When two consonants of the same kind 
 come together, without a vowel between, only one is 
 sounded ; as a/Fair '<^x Omit all letters that do not sound ; 
 as nei^& v_, victwals S design (^ thumft <S~^ autumn, '[^ 
 psalter j\ [C.] Sometimes one consonant must be 
 substituted for another; as tough [tii/J K pleasure [pie 
 zhr] ^ choir [k wi r] c / For c write k, as court ~\$ or 
 s, as certain o-O city f * When ed, forming the past 
 tense of a regular verb, is preceded by either of the sharp 
 consonants p, ch, h,f, s, or sh, the d is pronounced as t, 
 and the vowel is dropped; thus, snapped [sndpt] Q_^ 
 
 __
 
 RULES. 1 4. 
 
 touched [t ii chf] )~ plucked \j>l U ht] \_ snuffed 
 [sn lift] <L_^ creased [/cr c st J *~f brushed \br ti shf] Xv 
 Never use g for the soft sound of this letter, but write j 
 instead; as, wage y ingenious ^' large Q For q write 
 k; as square o__/ quit ^ iniquity *~ *~] When t, d, .-?, 
 or z, is preceded by the accent, either primary or second- 
 ary, and followed by ea, eu, ia, ie, io, or u, t becomes 
 eft, as future \Ju chr] ^ or sh t as edition [edi shn\ U 
 initial [t n i sht] a^C d becomes j. as soldier [s d ljr~\ 
 *& education [%j uhd shn] *, (the secondary accent 
 here rests on the first syllable) : s becomes sh, as passion 
 \jp a shn~\ \> nauseate [n au sh e df] j^ or zh, as 
 measure [m $ zhr~\ ^2 vision [v i zhri] ^/ and z be- 
 comes zh : as rasure [r d zhr] <f? or ^^ For x write 
 
 >^/p 
 h s, when it is sharp, as in next "^^ \ or g z, when it is 
 
 flat, as in exert [Zgzerf] "^f or ksh, when it sounds as 
 in axiom [akshu m] ~>k or -J^ anxious [a ngh 
 sh u s] Q^- Wh is pronounced hw : thus, whet [A we t~\ 
 
 2. It will be observed, that the long vowels and their 
 corresponding short sounds, are generally expressed 
 in long hand by different letters, except No 3 : thus, 
 1 feet ^-j fit ^j 2 rake S~~ wreck S~~ 3 calve ~\_ 
 cat~| 4 cawghtn cotH 8 coat"H cwt~H 6 fool^ ftdl V 
 
 3. * Every letter, whether vowel or consonant, single, 
 double, or treble, should be pronounced at once, and have 
 the same sound that it has in the words placed to it in 
 the Alphabet : thus, sound au like awe, not a ti, as two 
 letters ; a like at, without the t, and cutting the vowel 
 off short ; not "a" as in lay, nor " short a "; w^ like we, 
 uttered quickly ; wi like the first syllable of wiser, or 
 the letter y, not double-you-eye ! ch / like the first syl- 
 lable of cheater; brd \. like bird, &c. "To enable the 
 pupil to pronounce each consonant with one effort of 
 the organs, small vowels are placed among them ; as p'l, 
 rk, &c. c New names are given to some of the single con- 
 sonants to express their true sound, as z ; ze, not zed ! or 
 to keep them in unison with the rest, as k; hey, not hay. 
 
 4. When s is added to a straight stroke, it is placed thus : 
 sp ^ st f 3 sch / sk Q__ sr &/ ps \o ts (, chs ^ hs _o 
 rs / When the circle is placed on the other side, r is 
 added : thus, spr \ str \ schr J> skr a rps ^ rts j 
 rclis y rks o The heavy strokes follow the same law ;
 
 RULES. 5 14. 
 
 as sb ^ sbr <\ [sober <**. ] sd f sdr [ bs X, rbs \. 
 
 js <f rjs oX &c. This rule applies to the circle s, only 
 when it comes at the beginning and the end of words. 
 S, between two letters, may join either way, according to 
 convenience ; as post N 3 chaste ^r accuser -w^ risk ^ 
 
 5. When s is joined to a hook or small letter, the circle 
 becomes a dot ; as settle f sink o fields >i tracts "L 
 vesture ^> Spr \ rks D &c. (R.4.) are instead of *\ -^> 
 
 6. a When vowels come before consonants, they are 
 placed to the left of downstrokes and upstrokes ; as aid | 
 able K oar y b and above horizontal ones ; as eagle <__ 
 
 7. a Vowels after consonants, go to the right of down- 
 strokes and upstrokes ; as cheese ^' fly ^ b and under 
 horizontal ones ; as knee .^^ screw Q j sky o_ quite c ~~| 
 
 8. The places of the vowels are counted from the com- 
 mencing point of the consonant ; thus, straw (first) T 
 wafer (second) "*\ coo (third) f consequently, with an 
 upstroke, a first-place vowel goes at the bottom ; as 
 read S\ sheep ^r\ or <^ and a last-place vowel' goes 
 at the top ; as Flora <</ far V./' cooler f or ^T 
 
 9. a Au, 5, 55, o, ii, and oo, when placed to conso- 
 nants, may point any way ; as paw ~\ clot ^~] dome 
 
 l^ just o^ b When they stand alone, and thus repre- 
 sent words, they always lean to the right; as of 
 
 10. A vowel between two consonants (and neither of 
 them the circle s~) is to be placed thus : a a first-place 
 vowel must be put after the first consonant ; as stream 
 
 not VA so must a second-place vowel ; as paper 
 not ]Nx, b A third-place vowel goes before the last 
 consonant ; as lamb (^ not /^ rook /~ ~ not /^ 
 
 11. The loop and dots take no vowel; therefore, a 
 vowel close to one, belongs to the consonant connected 
 with it; as speak ^\ ceda r I [R.4.] splice ^ sick 6 
 
 12. When two vowels come between two consonants, 
 give one to each consonant ; as poem X-^N Creator *! 
 
 13. When two vowels begin or end a word, put that 
 one close which comes next to the consonant, and the 
 other at a little distance; as awake . idea v |. 
 
 14. Never join a short straight letter (which is always 
 a double or treble consonant) to a letter in the same di- 
 rection, but take off the pen, or write the single conso- 
 nants for it; as gagged [gagd] ~ or [g^gd] I 
 
 is
 
 RULES. 15 21. 
 
 not : cracked [kr a kt] <^ or [kr dkt] e ] not t * 
 
 darted [darted] [j or [darted] V\ not J effect'^ 
 or ^ | not X_ because the third method might be 
 supposed to be one full-sized letter made a little 
 too long, or two full-sized letters made too short. 
 
 15. Shn s after n, ng, ngk, r, nl, and nr, and before r, 
 is curved thus r as notion ^/~ junction ^ oration //~ 
 portion X/*"" or 'V dictionary I r^ visionary \^ 
 
 16. Make the stroke s (or z) in these cases only : " when 
 a word contains only * and a vowel; as ways c ) sue ) 
 b when s is repeated ; as sister 2 c when a word begins 
 with a vowel, followed by s; as asp ) d or ends with a 
 vowel preceded by s; as noisy *-}" e and whenever 
 you want to put a vowel to s, as various \^S) or <o<? 
 
 17. All rules relating to the sharp consonants p, t, 
 ch, k ; f, th, s, sh ; are also applicable to their cor- 
 responding flats, b, d, j, g ; v, th, z, zh. See R. 16, &c. 
 
 18. ' Some consonants are written downwards, others 
 from 'left to right, and a few upwards. In the Alphabet, 
 a dot is placed to these to mark the commencing point. 
 b Twelve consonants, namely, chl, chr,jl, jr, sh, shl, shr, 
 zh, shl, zhr, I, and Ir, may be written upwards or down- 
 wards : to these letters there is no dot placed in the al- 
 phabet. c When either of them stands alone, count the 
 vowels' places downwards; as Shaw J* not _J lie r* 
 not C d When either of them is joined to the loop s only, 
 write it downwards ; as sash ^ not J loose . swallow /C 
 
 19. a Make r and skn with a tick, when either letter 
 stands alone ; as ray \/* ocean &* b and when it is suc- 
 ceeded by the loop or dot s only ; as arose ^ oceans ^ 
 otherwise, r would be the same as ch, and shn the same 
 as cht. c In all other cases, write r without the tick. 
 
 20. The letters chn j rch </ rcht </ which are made 
 downwards, must never be written for any word that con- 
 tains no other consonant, or no other than the circle s ? 
 because of sht J rl c/ and rid </ which are the same 
 strokes written upwards, and are allowed to stand alone : 
 thus, write chin not j arch /? not </ arched /^ 
 not -t/ arches -^ not '&S search otf not c/ searched <y" 
 
 21. Each short hand letter (except a few) represents, or 
 stands for, certain words, thence called arbitrary or alpha- 
 betical words. See the two Lists of them, one with the
 
 ; RULES. 2-2 29. 
 
 short hand letters, and the other arranged alphabetically. 
 Words that are not in this list must be written by the 
 whole of the consonants that are pronounced, and as 
 many vowels as are necessary for deciphering easily. 
 
 22. a S may be added to an arbitrary word, without 
 taking off the pen ; as times (, hearts J meats L thanks ^ 
 b except when the arbitrary word is represented by a vowel : 
 thus, u n stands for new, but news must be written in 
 full, thus ^_s^ A word derived from an arbitrary, by 
 the addition of more than s, may be written by putting 
 the additional letters separately; as thoughtfulness C^_p 
 assurance ^ understand c^ littleness ^^ perfection _^ 
 
 23. a It will be seen, in the Alphabetical List, that the 
 horizontal and half-sized consonants stand at the top of the 
 line for words containing first-place vowels, b and at the 
 bottom for words containing second and third-place vowels. 
 
 24. All second-place vowels ( a, we, &c.,) when written 
 for words, go at the bottom of the line, as say . were c 
 
 25. Compound words, formed of arbitraries, must be 
 reduced to their primitives, and then written near together ; 
 as itself o wherewith c cannot ^ anything ^ 
 nothing v_,^ The two last words are better written thus, 
 than as they stand in the Exercises, JOHN 14. 14, 30. 
 As the words thereof and therefore are written by the 
 same letters, thr } and f ^ a distinction is made by 
 placing them differently : thus, thereof (pronounced 
 there off', not there of) *)v_ therefore \$_ the /"in there- 
 fore being put lower than f in thereof because fore 
 
 contains the fifth vowel, and off the fourth. Distinguish 
 in the same manner between beheld ^ and behold ^ 
 
 26. Disjoin prefixes and affixes ; as transcribe 1^~\ 
 discontent l<|' ointment A <?-^ superscription ^) For a 
 plural-affix, add 5; as kingdoms ^ probabilities c \^ ;) 
 Write magnitude thus "p and multitude thus ^ N j 
 
 27. Com and con are written by a light dot, placed 
 before the next consonant; as co?itract '{_, commandment 
 c^ and accom by a heavy dot ; as accompany \_^ 
 
 28. For ing, put a small dot after the last consonant, 
 
 as shilling C" cominy barking "^^. The plural 
 
 ings, is a large dot; as doings \ strivings (^ 
 
 29. If a word reaches too far below the line, or does not 
 join well, take off the pen; as steadfast | W particle ^i 
 
 448611 * l
 
 IU I.LS. 30 35. NOTES. 
 
 30. Choose the best manner of writing a word that may- 
 be written several ways ; &s Martha '^ not ^ nor '~^ x (. 
 
 31. a Omit h, for the sake of brevity ; ashard J whet c \ 
 hope >\ b except when a word begins with hs, as husband 
 
 ^ c or contains the consonants hs only ; as house *^ A 
 d Write the 2nd per. sing, of verbs like the 3rd; as wast 
 this will save the writing of st in this instance, both in 
 arbitrary and other words ; as dost I deliveredst f 
 walkest >_o turnedst U e As, in the beginning of a 
 word, s o never precedes h ~~\ [the single consonant sh J 
 is not meant here], and as s followed by ^/r and vr "> is 
 of frequent occurrence, the hook may be turned into a 
 circle on the same principle as pr *\ becomes spr o\ 
 (Rule 4) : thus, suffer <*>\ cipher T\ SAVIOUR <*\ or j/ 
 several <7 V f Also, when a word ends with sfr, the hook 
 of/r may be omitted ; as decipher J^ persevere <*^ be- 
 cause no English word terminates with the sound of h ~~\ 
 
 32. Should a first or second-place vowel come at the 
 commencement of a word, it ought to be written, as to 
 time, previous!}- to the consonant: thus, in pause "\o 
 like {, west $ write the vowel first, then the consonant. 
 
 33. FIGURES. All the digits are arbitrary words : thus, 
 O c 1,2.3(4^ 5^6 7^819 "'10) 
 Put all other numbers in short hand words ; as 30 (. 
 72 ^ H 365 ( ^| . ^ V^. or, join the digits, placing 
 a line under, to distinguish the number from a word; 
 as 481 ^ 7246 X, 69628 ^ 184 L. When 6 
 is repeated, use the stroke s ; as 66 ^_ 6692 ^^ 
 
 34. STOPS. In general, omit stops, and leave spaces in- 
 stead. On some occasions, as in poetry, &c., it may be ne- 
 cessary to insert them; use these: comma : semico- 
 lon : colon " period .. hyphen ... irony \ note of ex- 
 clamation, brackets, and all other marks as usual. Ita- 
 lic, see Ps. 91. 9. Mark the accent thus: deacon 
 lawful ^ beware \?/ finery ^--^^ acquire / 
 borrow S^<C pros' pect ^i^_ Inflections : rising " fall- 
 ing " rising circumjlex v falling circumjlex '^ Ex. 
 Is it that or that? (.'/ C ? Did he say so or so? 
 
 I~~\ ^ s ^ D TT 1 * \x .p-^v,^. 
 
 V* o o J He said so, not so . \ \ o Q 
 
 35. Header, PRACTISE AND PERSEVERE ^] CN V; 
 
 NOTES. (Continued from page 9.) 
 
 5. A long vowel, when under neither emphasis nor accent, frequently 
 goes into an indistinct or obscure sound, as, "What's o' clock?"
 
 NOTES. 
 
 (" What's nh clock T) " The (thuh) man went to (tuh) Bath." " Theatre" 
 (the uttter), &c. The same sound occurs in other languages, particularly in 
 the French, as le (luh), &c. The sign for it in Phonography is ( ) when 
 long, and ( ) when short, to he placed in the middle position with respect 
 to a consonant, as theatre ^ Y and w will precede, and coalesce with, this 
 sound, as well as with the other rowels, producing ynh ( o ) heard in 
 the French deux j &c. : and / ( c o ) heard in provincial English, &c., 
 
 thus stnne is pronounced [J almost as if written stwun. More examples 
 
 of these indistinct sounds will be found in Psalmx 117 and 100 {nee "Exer- 
 cises") : but in common English Short Hand they need never be written; 
 for, in the Alphabet, the pure sound of e * stands for the, whether the arti- 
 cle comes before a vowel, when it is sounded as the, thus, "the apple" \ >. 
 or before a consonant, when it is heard as thuh, thus, " the pear " ( X_/ 
 
 6. (See the two series of Double Vowels, commencing with y and w, p 9.) 
 In Phonography is seen the true nature of w and y, when commencing a 
 syllable : they are votcils formed so near to the region of the consonants (the 
 tongue almost touching the roof of the mouth in y or e, and the lips almost 
 touching each other in to or on,) that they partake of the nature of a conso- 
 nant in allowing the article a to preceie them ; as " a yard " (e ard), ' a 
 unit" (ynnit or ',e oonit), " a wind" (oo hid), "a work" (oo urk). If the 
 tongue were to touch the roof of the mouth in the formation of the vowel y 
 or t>, the consonant k would be huard : thus yard, curd, (kard). If the lips 
 were brought close together in pronouncing the vowel w or oo, the com- 
 mencement of the consonant p would be produced. To use the euphonic ar- 
 ticle, an, before the long u, and say or write " an ewer" (ure or yure), " an 
 eulogy," " an European," ' an unit,' 1 is as great an offence against propri- 
 ety, as to say or write " an youth " (nth), ' an yoke ;" he-cause the long u 
 is e prefixed to oo, in the same way as yo is e prefixed to o, and as e may 
 precede any simple vowel. 
 
 7. (See the lower part of the Joining Table.) If the pupil prefer* it he 
 may join the letters k s II thus ~^v instead of thus ~~^ as in the Table ; 
 and so with all the following words, which may be written as here placed, 
 if the pupil chooses to do so, rather than take the trouble to make them as 
 in the Table, with a dot at the commencement of the hook; gospel ' \ 
 risible -^X disperse ^^ jasper </C Bristol j"S> crystal v | Man- 
 chester c^ rascal ^ subscribe ^pv description f. v 
 
 Another method of joining * between a single consonant and a double one 
 that begins with a hook, is, to separate the double consonant into its pri- 
 mary letters : thus, unsettle ^Y instead of ~^] decimal dr^^ 
 instead of (^-^ 
 
 8. The philosophical method of expressing the vowel sounds in long hand, 
 which was adopted in the first edition of the Penny Plate of Phonography, 
 is now given up, in favour of the common method. 
 
 No.l . The vowels in seek, sick, were expressed by , ti now bye, 1 
 
 2 pate, pet, d,a a, 6 
 
 3 psalm, Sam A,A---- a h? ^ 
 
 4 stalk, stock a, a , . . . au, 6 
 
 5 cote, cut, 6, o . . . . o, u 
 
 6 fool, full, o, o .... 66, oo 
 
 It is found to be better to accommodate the Science to the prejudices of the 
 age, with respect to long hand orthography, than to persist in the introduc- 
 tion of a new and consistent plan ot writing the long and abort vowels. 
 There is a difficulty in convincing some persons that the vowel in ftek is of 
 the same quality as that in sick, differing only in length ; and so with all 
 the long and short vowels, as here placed ; but particularly is this difficulty 
 felt with No. 5. They may. however, have audible proof that it is so, by 
 pronouncing the words in the first column, quickly, and they will hear 
 the words of the second column : also, if the words in the second column 
 are spoken in a slow drawling lone, the words in the first column will be 
 heard : thus, seek, quickly spoken, will become sick ; and if pel be uttered 
 slowly, pate will be produced ; and so with all the others. 
 
 ERRATUM. Page 11, erase the star (*) placed to the double consonant rsh.
 
 EXE:" 
 
 ^ ( > 
 
 PSALM 91. 
 
 
 4 -s 
 
 6 
 
 'JL O 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 8 
 
 r<i ^ ' n 9 
 
 J 
 
 ^ f f 11 
 
 ^ . 
 
 12 ( ^ V- ' \ * *) c 
 
 '^ ^ . 5 13 (, ^ I" \ ' C . 
 
 Z . ' V- J (A 
 
 f 
 
 14 V ^ ' ( 
 V - C f >X^ V 
 
 15 % J " 
 
 c f ^ . 
 
 16 ' c 
 
 24
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 Los Angeles 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 
 
 Form L9-25OT-9,'47(j ) 
 
 University of California 
 
 SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 
 
 Return this material to the library 
 
 from which it was borrowed. 
 
 REC'D YRL MV 1 * 
 
 NON^E 
 
 ,>* 
 SE 
 
 DUE2WKSF 
 
 Loans 
 
 JCLA 
 
 Interlibrary 
 
 11 630 University 
 
 80x951575 
 
 l os Angeles, 
 
 OM DATE RECEIVED 
 
 CA 
 
 SERVICES 
 Research Ubrary 
 9OO95-1575 
 
 UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA 
 
 AT 
 LOS ANGELES 
 
 T TTTT1 4 T>"\7'
 
 1840 
 
 256 
 
 P684p 
 
 1840
 
 Univers 
 
 SoutJ 
 
 Lib]