LIBRARY THE UNIVERSITY 0¥ CALIEORNIA SANTA BARBARA PRESENTED BY MRS. MACKINLEY HELM HILL'S ALBUM. '^ ? ■.jy — ? HILL'S ALBUM OF lographg and ^rt: CONTAINING portrait? and peq-^I^etc^e? of t/jan^ person? WHO HAVE BEEN AND ARE PROMINENT AS RELIGIONISTS, MILITARY HEROES, INVENTORS, FINANCIERS, SCIENTISTS, EXPLORERS, WRITERS, PHYSICIANS, ACTORS, LAWYERS, MUSICIANS, ARTISTS, POETS, SOVEREIGNS, HUMORISTS, ORATORS AND STATESMEN: TOGETHER WITH CHAPTERS RELATING TO EVOLUTION, ASTRONOMY, PHRENOLOGY, HOUSEHOLD DECORATION, AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. BY THOS. E. HILL, AUTHOR OF " hill's MANUAL OF SOCIAL AND BUSINESS FORMS.' CHICAGO: HILL STANDARD BOOK COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. 1882. -^sTnv T I re U COPYRIGHT OF THOS. E. HILL, 1881. 'H. ^ '^ luued bj Subscription only and not for sale in th.- bookstores. Residents of any Stale dcsmnj a copy should address the publishers and an agent will call upon them* EI»«lrotypfd by BlomiOTn Bm*. * To,. rhtr«([rt. Ill, A. UNIVKRSTTY OF CAITFORNIA SAXTA n^r"' 'HA WYLCG COLLrrTiOfl' ? — ■ij] K I Of lis TD THDSE STRIYIN& FDR EXCELLENCE In thB YariDus IlBpartmEnts of Human Action, WHD "WDULn KNDISZ" HDW OTHERS HAVE WON SUCCESS; This ■yoluniB is Respectfully Hedicated, ::;S: -i>r. K 2^ — -C)}'-/. i J.j^omc are born great, some achieui3 greatness, -^ ^nil some hauJe greatness thrust upon them." ■:o~ PREFACE, sVEEYBODY desires success. Some will have a higher mark, a more exalted ^=■/~<~ aiiibitidii, tliaii Dtliors, l)ut IVdiu the cradle to the i^rave there is within the 'fly . ... '^ huiiiaii heart a desire to excel iii some direction. ^ '««\(^/s^ An individual has lieeu victorious in the battle of life and has come con- sjjicuously tiIICE\OI.OGY AND SCIENCE OF MIND, Containing Portraits of Phrenological Teachers. Heads of DilTorent Characters and Description of Phrenuloglcal Organs 107 BOOK X. HXTMOKISTS AND CARICATURISTS, Giving Portraits and Biogi'aphies of Noted Individuals who have Suc- ceeded ill making People Laugh. BOOK XI. PHYSICIANS, I-AWYERS AND SOVEREIGNS, Containing the Names of a Few who have been Celebrated in Law. Medicine, and as Rulei-s of Kingdoms 151-173-186 BOOK XII. ORATORS AND STATESMEN, Containing Pen-Sketches and Portraits of Individuals noted for Ora- torical Power and Influence in Swayinp Public Mind 197 BOOK XIII. ACTORS AND PLAY-WRITERS, iving the History of those who have been Prominent as Tragedians, Coiuedians, Play- Writers, etc 207 BOOK XIV. HISTORIANS, NOVELISTS, ESSAYISTS, Etc., Giving Personal Sketches of Authors distinguished as Historians, Writ- ers of Fiction, Editors, etc i BOOK XV- POETS AND SONG-AVRITERS, Presenting Sketches of the most Distinguished Poet5 in the Old and New Worlds, with Occasional Choice Extracts S BOOK XVI. PAINTERS AND SCULPTORS, Containing the Biographies of Artists ci'lchr.itcd for Sculpture, trait^Paijltitig and Landscape Delineation.. BOOK XVII. nOTTSEHOLD 0RN.1MENT.\T10N, Giving Illustrations of Various Household 101cganci<' their .Making, along with Views of Several luteri( HOdK XVUI. ItE.Vl'TIFl'L HOMES. Showing Principles of Beauty. Suggestions relating to Curves, Propor- tion and Ctmlrast, and Views of Kosldcnces and Ornamental Grounds 312 •? -4— <•£»— A Page. Aaron. First Jewish Hiprh-Priest 43 Alicrcrombit', Juiiies. British Coiiiinanrtor 56 A tR-rtroiiiby , Sir Ralph, British Geiit-ral 51 AbtTiiethy, John, English Surgeon 151 Abbot. Samuel, Merchant ^. 43 Abbott, Jacob, Prolific Writer of Books for Youth 224 Abbott, John S. C. , Author of Various Histories 224 Abdel-Kader, Arabian Emir 51 Abraham. Founder of the Jewish Nation " 43 Adair, John, American General 59 Adams, John, Second President United States 188 Adams. John Quincy, Sixth President United States 188 Addison. Joseph, Enprlish Essayist and Poet 263 ^Esop, Greek Social Philosopher and Fabulist 146 iKtius. Roman General 51 Agamemnon, Grecian Warrior 51 Agassiz. Louis J. R. , Eminent Naturalist 14ft Agiicola, Cnreius Julius, Roman General 51 Akei-s, Benjamin Paul, American Sculptor 280 Alcibiades. Athenian General 51 Alcott, A. Bronson. Philosophic Teacher and Lecturer. . 212 Aleott. Louisa May, Favorite Writer for Youth 212 Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, American Poet and Author 239 Alexander the Great, Macedonian General 51 Alexander, William. American General 56 Alfred the Great, King of England , 51 Alger, Horatio, Jr., Writer of Books for Boys 224 Alger, William R. , Unitarian Clergyman and Author 224 Allen, Ethan, American Commander 56 Allen, Solomon, American Major 56 Allen, William H., American Naval Commander 61 Allibone, Samuel Austin, Compiler of a Book of Authors 225 Alvarado. Pedro de, Spanish General 51 Alvarez. Juan, Mexican General and President 51 Ames, Daniel T. , Teacher, Author. Artist and Expert Penman 288 Andersen, Hans Christian. Danish Writer of Children's Stories 213 Anderson, Robert, Major-General 66 Andrew, Christ's Apostle 43 Anglesey, Henry William Paget, Marquis of, British Field-Marshal 51 Anthon, Charles, American Classical Author 219 Antony. Mnrk, Roman Hero 51 Aijpieton, Daniel, Founder of an Extensive Publishing House 128 Appleton, Nathan, American Merchant and Financier 128 Appleton, Sairfuel, American Merchant 128 Aquinas, Thomas, Italian Theologian 43 Aristotle, Famous Grecian Philosopher 130 Arius, Greek Patriarch and Founder of Arianism 43 Arminius, James, Founder of Arminianism 43 Armstrong, John, American Soldier and Statesman 56 Arnold. Benedict, American General 56 Arthur, Timothy S., Author of Temperance and Moral Stories 213 Asbury. Francis, First American Methodist Bishop 43 Ashe, John, American General 56 Astor, John Jacob, Successful New York Merchant 102 Athanasius, Egyptian Theologian 43 Attil.i, King of the Huns 5X Audubon, John J. , American Oniithologist 131 B Bacon, Sir Francis. English Philosopher and Statesman 134 Bailey, Theodorus, Rear-.\dmiral 61 Bainbridge, William. American Commodore 61 Baker, Edward D. , American Colonel 66 Baldwin. E. J. , Mining Operator and Agriculturist 122 Bancroft, George, American Historian 213 Barber, Francis, American Adjutant-General 56 Page. Barings, a Prosperous Family of Bankers 123 Barney, Joshua, American Commodore 61 Barnum, P. T., the Successful Showman 128 Barron, James, American Conmiodore 61 Barron, Samuel, American Commodore fil Barron, Samuel (2), American Captain r.l Barry, John, American Commodore 01 Bartholomew, Christ's Apostle 43 Bayard, " Chevalier," Valorous French Knig'ht 51 Baxter, Richard, Preacher and Author 43 Beard, James H. , American Painter 276 Beard, William H., Humorous Painter 276 Beauregard, Peter G. T.. Confederate General •. 70 Bede, the " Venerable." Monk and Author 43 Eeecher Family, Distinguished for Authorship and Oratory l-iS Beecher, Henry Ward, Pulpit Orator and Author.... 43 and 208 Beecher, Lyman, Preacher and Author » 43 Beethoven, Ludwig Van, German Musical Composer 190 Behring, Vitus, Danish Navigator 75 Belknap. William W., American General 66 Bengel, John Albeit, German Theologian 43 Bennett. James Gordon. American Journalist 224 Bergh, Henry, the Friend of Dumb Beasts 145 Berkeley, George, Irish Bishop 43 Bernadotte, Jean B. .]., French Marshal ,^l Bernhardt, Sarah, French Actress 209 Beza, Theodore, Calvinist Preacher 43 Biddie, Nicholas, American Naval Commander -. 61 Biddle, Nicholas, Prominent American Banker 123 Bierstadt, Albert, German-American Painter 270 Bismarck, Count. German Statesman 141 Black Hawk, American Indian Chief 59 Blackstone, Sir William, Eminent Expounder of Common Law 186 Blaine, James G.. Distinguished Legislator 204 Blair, Hugh, Preacher and Author 43 Blucher. Gebhard L. von. Prussian Marshal 51 Boehm, Jacob, Mystic Writer 43 Boehme, Joseph E., English Sculptor 280 Boggs, Charles S., American Rear-Admiral 61 Bolivar, Simon, South American Hero 51 Bonaparte, Napoleon. Warrior 49-51 Bonheur, Rosalie, French Painter of Animals 276 Booth, Edwin, .\merican Tragedian 211 Booth, John Wilkes, Actor and Assassin 211 Booth, Junius Brutus, Distinguished Tragedian 211 Born, Brian, King of Ireland 53 Boucicault, Dion. Irish Play- Writer and Actor 207 Boudinot, Elias, American Philanthropist 43 Bozzaris, Marco, Grecian Patriot 52 Braddon, Mary Elizabeth, English Romance Writer 214 Bradstreet, John, American General 56 Bragg, Braxton, Confederate Major-General 70 Brainerd. David. Indian Missionary 43 Brandt, Joseph, Mohawk Indian Chief 56 Brock, Isaac, British General 59 Bronte Sisters, English Novelists— Charlotte, Emily. Anne 215 Brown, Jacob. American General .i9 Brown. John. Biblical Critic 43 Browne, Charles F. , American Humorist, " Artemus Ward " 178 Browning, Elizabeth Barrett. English Poet 239 Browning, Robert. English Poet 239 Brownlow, W. G. , Preacher and Journalist 43 Brownson. O. A. . Religious Author 43 Bruce, Robert, King of Scotland .52 Brunswick. Duke of, Prussian General 52 Bryant. William Cullen. .American Poet 256 Buchanan, James. Fifteenth President United States ,, 189 ,d. ;(i — ?e — ^- '•/• ALPHABETICAL SUMiLlRT OF BIOGKAPHIES. Page. Buckle, Henry T., an English Philosophic Author 1*1 Buddha, Founder of Buddhism 20 Buell. Don Carlos, American Major-General 66 Bull, Ole B. , Famous Norwegian Violinist 192 Bulwer, Lord Lytton. English Novelist 2.'>3 Buonarotti, Michael Angelo. Sculptor. Architect and Poet 268 Bunyan. John. Preacher and Author 43 and 227 Bvirdett-Coutts. Baroness, Wealthy Philanthropist 123 Burdette. Robert T. . '• the Burlington Kaiofc-£i/e Man" 1'8 Burgoyne. John. British General 56 Burnet. Gilbert. English Bishop *3 Burns. Robert. Scottish Bard 260 Bumside. Ambrose E. , American Major-GenGral 66 Burr, Aaron. American Officer 56 Bushnell, Horace, Preacher and Author 43 Butler, Benjamin P.. Lawyer, Politician and Soldier 66 and 186 Butler, Joseph, English Bishop - 43 Butler, James, American Officer 56 Butler, John, British Guerrilla Chief 57 Butler. Zebulon. American Colonel 57 Byron, John, British Navigator **! Byron, George Gordon. Lord. English Poet 250 C Cabot, John. Italian Navigator ^ Cabot, Sebastian, Italian Explorer '6 Cailwalader, John, American General ^* Ca?sar, Julius, First Roman Emperor ^2 Calniet, Augustin, Bible Commentator 43 Calvin, John. Christian Refomier 43 Campbell, Alexander, Founder of the Campbellites 44 Campbell. Thomas. English Poet 262 Canby, Edward R. S. , American General 66 Canne, John. Author of Bible References 43 Canova, Antonio. Italian Sculptor 278 Carlyle, Thomas, Historian and Essayist 227 Carleton, Will M., American Poet 246 Carey Sisters, Alice and Phoebe, Favorite American Authors 215 Carroll, John, First American R. C. Bishop 43 Cartwright, Peter, Pioneer Methodist Preacher 43 Cervantes, Author of "Don Quixote" 219 Chandler, John, American General 59 Chanlrey, Sir Francis, English Sculptor 281 Chauncey , Isaac, American Commodore 61 Cheever, George B., American Preacher and Author 43 Child. Lydia M., Philanthropic Author 214 Choate, Rufus, Learned and Successful Lawyer 187 Christ, Jesus, Founder of Christianity 25 and M Clarke, George Rogers. American General 57 Clarke, Adam. Bible Commentator 44 Clarke. William. American General 59 Clay, Henry. American Orator and Statesman 197 Clemens, Samuel L., known as "Mark Twain" 180 Clemmer, Mary, American Newspaper Writer 223 Clinton, SirHenrj', British Commander 57 Clinton. James, American Officer 67 Cole, Thomas, American Land scape- Painter 275 Cole, Vicat, English Land.scape-Painter 276 Coleridge. S. Taylor. English Poet 266 Collingwood. Lord. Engll(*h Admiral 52 Collina, William Wilkie. English Novelist 219 Colt, Samuel. Inventor of the Revolver 83 Columbu.H, Christopher, Discoverer of America 78 Combe, George, Phrenological Writer 168 Comle, AiiffUHte. Founder of Positivism 134 Conde, Princes and Dukea of, Bourbon Warrioi-s 52 ConfucluM, Chinese Law-GIvor 22 and 44 Conkling, Kowcoe, Sta,tesman and Orator 203 Conwtnntlne the Great, Roman Emperor 62 Conway. Moncurc I).. Author and Reformer SIS Conway, Thoma«. American General ft7 Cook. Captain JamcH. English Navigator 76 Cooper, I'cler. Manufacturer and Philanthropist 113 Cooper, J, Fcnlmorc. American Author 222 Copemlcuft, DiKcovcrerof the Present System of AHtronomy 153 Cordova. Fernando F. , Spanish General 52 ComwalllM, CharlcH. MarrjulH, BHIIwh Commander 67 Cortez. Hernando, Conf|ueror of Mexlro h% ? Page. Coutts, Thomas, English Banker 123 Cowper, William, English Poet 266 Cranmer, Thomas. English Archbishop 44 Crawford, Thomas, American Sculptor 273 Crevecceur. Philippe de, French Marshal 52 Croghan. George, American Army Inspector-General 59 Cromwell, Oliver, EngJish Ruler 52 Cniikshank, George, English Artist 270 Curtis, George William. Journalist and Lecturer '. 223 Cushing. Caleb. Lawyer and Diplomatist 187 Cushman. Charlotte S. . American Actress 208 Cuvier. Baron, French Naturalist 131 Cyrus the Great, Persian General 52 D Daguerre. Louis J. M. , Inventor of Sun-Pictures 95 Dahlgren. Ulric, American Colonel C6 Dahlgren, John A., American Rear- Admiral CI Dale, Richard, American Naval Commander fil Dampier, William, English Navigator 75 Dana. Richard H. , American Essayist and Poet 223 Dana, Richard H., Jr., Lawyer, Politician and Author 223 Dante, degli Alighieri. Italian Poet 245 Darius, King of the Jledes 52 Darius I. . King of Persia 52 Darius III.. Another King of Pei-sia 53 Darwin, Charles R., Advocate of the "Evolution" Philosophy 136 David, Jean Pien-e, French Sculptor 281 Davis, Andrew, J.. Spiritualistic Advocate and Seer 32 Davis. Jefferson. Confederate States, President 70 Davis. Jefferson C. , American General 66 Davoust. Louis N. , French Marshal 52 Dearborn, Henry, American General 57 Decatur Stephen, American Commodore 61 Decatur, Stephen, Jr., American Commodore CI De Foe, Daniel, Author of "Robinson Cnisoe " 222 De Kalb, John. Baron, American General 57 De Lesseps, Ferdinand, Civil Engineer 96 De Quincey. Thomas, English Author 223 Desaix de Veygoux, French General 53 Dessaix, Joseph M., French General 52 Dick, Thomas, Scotch Christian Philosopher 222 Dickens, Charles, English Novelist 235 Dickinson, Anna E., Eloquent Lecturer and Play-Writer 205 Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfleld 218 Disraeli, Isaac, English Author 218 Dix, John A. American Soldier and Statesman 59 Doddridge Philip, Preacher and Author 44 Dodge, Mary Abigail, American Author 219 Douglass, Frederick, Orator and Journalist 198 Dow, Lorenzo, English Preacher 44 Downing, Andrew J., American Horticulturist 313 Draper, John W., American Nat^ural Philosopher 134 Dryden, John. English Poet * 239 DuChaillu. Paul B.. African Explorer 76 Dumas, Alexandre. French Play-Writer and Novelist 224 Dumas (Mulatto^. French General 52 Dupont, Samuel F., American Rear-Admiral Cl Duroc, Girard C. M. , French General 52 Dwight, Timothy, President of Yale College 44 E Eads, James B., American Civil Engineer 150 Early, Jubal A. , Confederate Major-General 70 Eaton, William, American Captain 67 Edison, Thomas A., American Inventor 84 Edward, the " Black Prince" of England 62 Edwards, Jonathan, Preacher and Author 44 "Eliot, George"— Sec Evans, Marian* 217 Eliot, John, Indian Missionary 44 Elliott. Jesse P., Ami-rican Commodore 61 Elizabeth, the " Virgin Queen" of England 193 Emcmon. Ralph W. . Poet, Ei'sayiHt ami Philosopher U3 Ericsson, John, Swcdi.*ident United Statett. .59 and 188 Harte, Francis Bret, American Author 218 Harvey, William, Discoverer of the Circulation of the Blood 147 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, American Author 218 Havelock, Sir Henry, British General 5.1 Haydn, Joseph, German Musical Composer 191 Haync, I.saac, Ameriean Colonel 57 Headley, Joel T. , American Hlatorian 221 Healy, GeorgeP.A., American Painter 282 Heath, William, American General ^1 Hemans, Felicia D., British Poet 239 Henry, Matthew. Preacher and Author 44 Henry, Patrick, Patriotic Orator 198 Herkomer. Hubert, English Artist 272 Herschel, William, English Astronomer 1.54 Hervey, James. Preacher and Author 44 Hill, Ambrose P., Confederate Major-General 70 Hill, Daniel H., Confederate General 70 Hillel, Jewish Teacher 44 Hitchcock, Edward, American Geologist 147 Hoe, Richard M., Inventor of Hoe's Prin ting-Press 91 Hogarth. William, English Painter 3i;9 Hogg, James, Scotch Poet 244 Hookei", Joseph, American General 66 Holland, Josiah G. , American Author 220 Hollins. George N. , Confederate Naval Officer 62 Holmes, Oliver Wendell , American Poet 239 Homer, Ancient Grecian Poet 240 Hood, John B., Confederate Lieutenant-General 70 Hood, Thomas, English Humorist 220 Hopkins, Esek, American Commodore 02 Hosmer, Harriet G., American Sculptor 279 Howard, John, English Philanthropist 44 Howard, John Eager, American General 57 Howard, Oliver O. , American General C6 Howe, Eliaa, Inventor of the Sewing-Machine 87 Howe, George A , British General 57 Howe, Sir William, British Commander 57 Howells, VVilliam D., American Author 232 Howitt, William and Mary, English Authors 216 Huger, Benjamin, Confederate Major-General 70 Huger, Francis K., American Captain 57 Huger, Isaac. American General 57 Hughes. Thomas, English Author 221 Hugo, Victor Marie, French Author 220 Hull, Isaac, American Commodore 62 Hull, William, American General 59 Humboldt, Baron, Philosophical Explorer 144 Huntingdon, Countess of. English Philanthropist 44 Huss, John, Reformer and Martyr 44 Hutchinson. John. Theologian 44 Huxley, Thomas H. , Author of tho ' ' Protoplasm " Theory 149 I Ingersoll, Robert G. , Lawyer and Lecturer 200 Irving, Washington, American Author 217 J Jackson, Andrew, Seventh Prer-ident United States 59 and 1S8 Jackson, Thomas J. ("Stonewall"), Confederate Lieutenant-General 70 James (Brother of John), Christ's Apostle 44 James. George P. R. , English Novelist 221 Jasper, William. Brave American Sergeant 57 Jefferson, Joseph, American Comedian 211 Jefferson, Thomas, Third President United States 188 Jenner, Edward, the Discoverer of "Vaccination" 151 Jerome, Chauncey, Inventor of Brass Clocks 88 Jerome of Prague, Religious Reformer 44 Jesus the Christ. Founder of Christianity 25 and 44 Joan of Arc, French Heroine 53 John (Brother of James), Christ's Apostle 44 Page. Johnson, Andrew. Seventeenth Presklent United States 189 Johnston. Joseph E.. Confederate Major (leneral 70 Johnston. Albert S.. Confederate General •.. 70 Jones, Jacob. American Xaval Captain 62 Jones. John Paul, American Naval Commander 62 Jones. S. P., Pacific Coast Capit^ilist and Senator ...123 Jonson. Benjamin, English PlayuTight 242 Josephns. Flavins. Jewish Historian 221 Juarez and Maximilian. Mexican Rulei-s 53 Judas Iscariot, Christ's Apostle 44 Judson, Adoniram. Missionary *4 Judson. Mrs. Ann A., Missionary 4t Judson. Mrs. Sarah H., Missionary 4i Judson. Mrs. Emily C, Missionary « Junot, Andoche, Duke of Abrantes -^... 51 K Kane. Dr. E. K., Arctic Explorer 81 Kearny. Lawrence, American Commodore 62 Kearny, Philip, American General 66 Kearny. Stephen W. , American General 59 Kfene, James R. , Capitalist and Speculator 121 Kellogg. Clara Louise, jVnierican Soprano Singer laO Kepler, Johann, German Astronomer 154 Kepler, Joseph. Caricaturist of Puck 183 Kiss, August, Prussian Sculptor 272 Knox, Henry, American General 57 Knox, Jolin. Scotch Reformer 44 Kossuth. Louis, Hungarian Patriot 53 and 206 L Lafayette. Marquis de. American General 57 Laniartine. A. M. L. de, French Historian and Siatesnian 226 Lamb, Charles, English Author and Poet 238 Landor. Walter Savage, English Author 227 Landseer, Sir Edwin, Painter of Animals 277 Laplace, French Astronomer 154 Latimer, Hugh, English Bishop and Martyr ii Lawrence, Abbott, American Merchant and Philanthropist 128 Lawrence. Amos, Xew England Merchant and Philanthropist 128 Lee, " Mother Ann," Founder of the Shakers ii Lee, Caroline (Mrs. Hentz), American Author 221 Lee, Fitzhugh, Confederate General 70 Lee, Henry, American Officer 57 Lee, George W. Custts, Confederate Officer 70 Lee, K<)bert E. , Confederate Commander-in-Chief 68 Lewes, George H . , English ' ' Positivist " Writer 217 Lewis. Andrew, American General 57 Lewis, Charles B., American Humorist 178 Lewis, Morgan, American General 57 Lick, James, California Speculator 115 Liebig. Baron Justus von, German Chemist 148 Lincoln. Abraham, Sixteenth President United States 189 Lincoln, Benjamin, American General 57 Lind, Jenny. " the Swedish Nightingale" 192 Linna'us, Carl von, the Swedish Naturalist 149 Lippincott, Mrs., Known as " Grace Greenwood " 214 Livingstone. David. African Exj)lorer 80 Locke, David R., Author of the " N.asby Letters," etc 179 Logan, John A., American General and Senator 66 Longfellow, Henry W., American Poet 258 LongHtrect. James, Confederate Li euton ant-General 70 Longworth. Nicholas, Horticulturist 113 Lopez, Narclso. Cuban Revolutionist 53 Loweil, James Russell, American Poet 243 I^)yola, IgnatlUHde, Founder of the Jesuit .Society 41 Luther, Martin. German Reformer 44 Lycll, Sir Charles. Learned GeologtHt 142 Lyman, Phineos, American Officer 57 Lynch. William F.. American Naval Captain 62 I,yo)i, Natlinniel, American Brigiulier-Oeneral 66 Lyiton, K. Ttobert Bnlwer-Lytton, English Poet. '■ Owen Meredith " 245 Lytlon. Edward G. E. Bulwur Lytton, Bamn. English Novelist 2.')3 M Mnennlny. Thomas B. , English EHsnylsl and Poet 231 Ma-'Dormld, f Ivurn^-. Scot.h Author 225 Page. Mackay, Charles. English Journalist and Poet 245 Mackey, John W. . Nevada Millionaire 120 Macomb. Alexander, .-\mericnn General 59 Macready, William C. tliitish Tragedian 208 James Madison. Foiirth President United States 188 Magellan. Ferdinand, Portuguese Navigator 81 Slagruder, John B. , Confederate Major-General 70 Marion. Francis, American General .*. .'>7 Mari*>'at. Frederick, English Novelist 233 Mason, John M. , Author and Preacher 44 Mason, Lowell, American Composer of Music 192 Mather. Cotton, Preacher and Author 44 Mather, Increase, President of Harvard College 44 Matthew (or Levi). Christ's Apostle 44 Maury, Matthew F. , American Scientist 141 McArthur, Dimcan. American Scientist 57 McCall, George A., American General 67 McCarthy, Justin, English Journalist and Author 232 McClellan, George B. , American General 66 McClernand. John A. , American General 67 McCulIoch, Benjamin, Confederate Major-General .-^ 70 McCook, A. D., American General 67 McCormick, Cyiois H., Inventor of a Reaper 86 McDonough, Thomas, American Naval Commander 62 McDougall, Alexander, American General 57 McDowell. Irvin, American General 66 Mcpherson, James B. , American General 66 Meade, George G. , American General 66 Meagher, Thomas F. , American General 07 Meiggs, Harry, South American Railroad-Builder 114 Melancthon, Philip, Religious Reformer 44 Mercer, Hugh. American General 67 Mesnier. Friedrich A.. Developer of Animal Magnetism 143 Michelet, Jules, French Historian and Essayist ..225 Miffliti, Thomas, American General 57 Mill, John Stuart, Philosopher and Political Economist 143 Miller. Hugh, British Geologist 143 Miller, Joaquin, American Poet 244 Miller, William, Founder of the Second Advent Church 44 Miltiades, Athenian General 53 Milton, John, Author of " Paradise Lost" 267 Mitchel, Ormsby M. , American General *. 67 Mitford, Slary Russell, English Author 215 Mohammed, Founder of the Moslem Religion 27 and 44 Moltke, Helninth K. B. von, German General 53 Monroe, James, Fifth President United States ISS Moore. Thomas, Irish Song-Wi-iter and Poet 2*2 More, Hannah. English Author 216 Morgan. Daniel, American General 5/ Morris, Charles, American Naval Captain 62 Monis, George P., American Journalist and Poet 242 Morse, Samuel F. B.. American Electrician and Inventor l.'iO Moses, the Hebrew Law-Giver 18 and 44 Motley, John Lothiop, .\merican Historian 227 Moultrie, William, American General 57 Mozart, J. C. Wolfgang A.. German Musical Composer 190 Muhlenberg, H. M. , Lulhci-an Divine 44 Muhlenberg. Peter J. G,. American General 57 Mulock, Dinah Maria. English .\utlior 215 Murray, Lindlcy, English Grammarian 225 N Nast, Thomas, American Caricaturist. 182 Nathanael, Christ's Apostle 44 Neal, Joseph C, American Journalist and Author 225 Ncander, Augustus. Church Historian 44 Nero, Lucius D. C, Roman Emperor 53 Newton. Sir Isaac. English Pliilosopher 154 Nilsson, Christine, S%vedi»h Opera-Singer 191 O O'Conor. Charles, Noted American Lawyer 180 Oglesby, Richard J,, American General, Governor am! Senator 67 Ord, Edward O. C, American General 07 P Paine. Thomax, Poliliri.in and Liberalist 44 and 226 Rikenhain. Sir Edward, British Gcnei-al ; 59 ;s7 ALlMiAIlKTK'AL SlMMAiiV OK lilOl. UA I'HI]'..->. Pagic. Taley, William, British Theologian 44 ]*iuk. Miint'o, African Explorer 81 J'arker, Tlieodore, Ameiican Preacher and Author 41 and i:i2 Part on, Jiinies, American Biographer and Autliur 325 Putti, Adclina M. C. , Leading Opera-Singer 101 Patti, Carlotta, Soprano Concert-Singer ISH Paul, the Ai)ostle and Gentile Missionai-y 44 Paulding, Ihrain, American Rear- Admiral 02 Payson, Sara { ' ' Fanny Kern ") , Americaji Author 214 Peabody, George, Banker and Philanthropist Ill Peale, Charles Wilson, American Portrait Painter 269 Peale, Rembrandt, Historical and Portrait Painter 2«9 Pchigius, Founder of a Christian Sect 44 Pcriy, Christopher R., American Naval Captain 62 Pen-y, Slatthew C. , American Comtnodore 62 Perry, Oliver Hazard, American Commodore 62 Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia 195 Peter the Hermit, the First Crusader 44 Peter, Simon, Christ's Disciple 44 Phidias, Ancient Greek Sculptor 272 Philip, Christ's Disciple 44 Pliillips, Wendell, American Orator and Philatithrupist 142 Pickens, Andrew, American General 57 Pierce, Franklin, Fourteenth President United Statee 189 Pike, Zebulon M. , American General 59 Pillow, Gideon J., Confederate General 70 Pinckney, Charles C, American Officer 57 Pinckney, Thomas, American Major 57 Pitman, Isaac, Inventor of Short-Hand Writing 147 Pizarro, Francis, Spanish- American Warrior 53 Plato, Grecian Philosopher 130 Pleasanton, Alfied, American General 07 Poe, Edgar A., American Author 254 Polk. James K., Eleventh President United States 189 Polk, Leonidas, Bishop and Confedei-ate General 70 Pollok, Robert, Scotch Poet 238 Pompey , Cneus, Roman Statesman and Warrior 53 Poniatowski, Prince Joseph, Polish General 53 Pope, John, American Genei'al 67 Porter, David, American Commodore 62 Porter, David D. , American Admiral 62 Porter, Fitz-John, American Genei-al 67 Porter, Peter B., American General 59 Powers, Hiram, American Sculptor 278 Prehle, Edward. American Commodore 62 Preble, Geoi'ge H., American Naval Captain '..i 62 Prescott, William H., American Historian 228 Pi-ice, Sterling, Confederate Genei'al 71 Pi'ominent Persons—Age at Which Tliey First Became Distinguished 292 Ptolemy, Claudius, Originator of a System of Astronomy 153 Pullman, George M., Improver of Sleeping-Cars 90 Putnam, Israel, Amei'ican General 57 Putnam, Rufus, American Engineer 57 Pythagoras, Ancient Philosopher and Astronomer 153 Q Quitman, John A., American General 59 R Ralston, William C. . California Banker 118 Ransotn. Thomas E. G., American General 67 Raphael, Italian Painter 268 Reade, Charles, English Novelist 230 Reid, Cajjtain Mayne, English Story-Writer 230 Reid, Samuel C. , American Naval Captain 62 Rembrandt, Paul, Hoi land Artist 209 Renan, Joseph E. , French Sceptical Writer ...230 Reviere, Briton, English Painter 274 Ripley, Eieazer W. , American General 59 Ripley, Roswell S., American Military Officer 59 Robertson, William, Preacher and Historian 44 Rodgers, John, American Connuodore 62 Rodgevs, John (2), American Rear-Admiral 62 Rogers, John, American Sculptor 279 Rogei-s, John, English Martyr 44 Rogers, Randolph, American Sculptor 279 Rollin, Charles, French Historian 230 PACK. Rosccrans, William S, , American-Genci-al (;; Rothschilds, The— A family of Foreign Bankers lOi Rousseau, Jean Jacques, Frencli Author 230 Rubens, Peter P., German Painter 271 S Sakyo-Muna, Buddhistic Teacher a Santa Anna, Antoni L. de, Mexican General 53 "Sand. George" (Mdmc. Dudcvant), French Novelist 216 Saxe, John G. , American Humorous Poet 244 Schenek, Robert C, Amcricau General C7 Schiller, Johann C. F. von, German Poet ^ 240 Schoeffer, Peter, Co-Inventor of Printing 89 Scholield, John M. , American General 07 Schuyler, Philip, American General 57 Scott, Thomas A, , Railroad Magnate 123 Scott, Sir Walter, Author of ' * Waverley " 237 Sedgwick, Catharine M. , American Author 228 Sedgwick. Jolin, Amei-ican General 07 Semmes, Raphael, Confederate Naval Commander 02 Shakspeare, William, the World's Poet 248 Sharon, William, Sijeculator and Senator 119 Shelby, Isaac, American Naval Commander 59 Sheridan, Philip H., Lientcnant-General United States 07 Sheridan, R. Erinsley, Irisli Dramatist. 234 Sherman, William T. , General of United States 07 Shields, James, American General and Senator 59 Shubrick, John T., American Rcar-Admii-al 62 Shubrick, William B., American Rear-Admii-al 02 Sickles, Daniel E. , American General 07 Sigcl, Franz, American General 67 Sigourney, LydiaH., American Poet and Author 238 Smiles, Samuel, British Author 233 Smith, Gerrit, American Philanthropist v,z Smith, Joseph, Founder of Jlormonism 30 Smith. Kirby E., Confederate General. 71 Socinus, Faustus, Intiiiel Teacher u Socrates, Famous Ancient Philosopher i:jo Solomon, Wisest King of the Jewish Nation 195 Sothern, Edwai*d AT, English Comedian 210 South worth, Mi-s. E. D. E. N., American Novelist 229 Silencer, Herbert, Engineer and Naturalist 135 Spencer, Philipp J. , Founder of the Pietists 44 Spencer, Piatt R. , Originator of a System of Penmanship 283 Spinosa, Benedict. Founder of a Sect 44 Spofford, Harriet E., American Author 229 Spring, Gaidiner, Preacher and Author a Spurgeon, Charles H., English Preacher 199 Spurzheim, Johann G., Early Teacher of Phrenology ir>8 Stanford, Leland, Ex-Governor of California 122 Stanley, Henry M., African Explorer 75 Stanton, Elizabeth Cad y. Leader of Worn an -Suffrage Movement 149 Stark, John. American General 57 St. Clair, Arthur, Amei-ican General ^ 57 Stephenson, George, Father of the English Railway-Locomotive 94 Steuben, Baron F. W. A., American General 57 Stewart, xMexandcr T. , American Merchant 107 Stewart, Charles, American Rear-Admiral 62 Stockton, Robert F. , American Commodore 02 Stringham, Silas S. , American Rear-AUmiral 62 Sti'other, David H., American Artist and Author 229 Stuart, Gilbert, American Portrait-Painter 279 Stuart, James E. B., Confederate General 71 Sue, M. J.. Eugene, French Novelist 229 Sullivan, John, American General 57 Sunmer, Edwin V., American General 67 Sumter, Thomas, American General 57 Swedenborg, Emanuel. Founder of the New Jerusalem Chui-ch 29 and 44 Swinburne, Algernon, British Poet 238 Scott, Winlleld, American General 60 T Taylor, Bayard, American Traveler and Author 239 Taylor. Zachary , American General and President 59 and 1S9 Tecumseh. Shawnee Indian Chief 59 Tennyson. Alfred, Present Poet Laureate of England 2r><.t Terry, Alfred H., American General 67 .(yr-"^-^ O -si);[x rSM ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY CIF BIOGRAPHIES. .? Page. Thackeray. William M.. English Author and Lecturer 236 Thaddeus, or Jude, Christ's Apostle 44 Thiers, Louis Atlolph, French Statesman and Author 233 Thomas, DidjTiius, Christ's Apostle 44 Thomas, George H. . American General 67 Thomson, James, Author of "The Seasons" 241 Trail, Dr. R. T., American Hydropathist 142 Trollope, Anthony, English Novelist 232 Trollope, Sirs. Frances M. . English Author 232 Trollope, Thomas Adolphus. English Author 232 Trowbridge, John T. , American Author 246 Tnixtun, Thomas, American Naval Commander 62 Twiggt). David E.. American General 69 Tyler, John. Tenth President United States 188 Tyndal, "William. English Translator of the Bible 44 TynUaU, John, English Naturalist 134 V Van Buren. Jtartin . Eighth President United States 188 Vanderbilt, Cornelius. American Financier 104 Van Dorn, Earl, Confederate General 71 Van Rensselaer, Solomon, American Slilitary Officer .' . . . 59 Verne, Jules, French Writer of Romances 233 Vespucci, .\merigo. Italian Navigator 79 Victoria, Queen of England, Empre.ss of India 194 Virgil, Greatest of Roman Toets 238 Volney, C. F. , Atheistic Writer 44 and 233 Voltaire, M. F. A., French Atheist and Poet , 44 and 320 W Walters, John (C), Proprietor of the London Times 229 Ward, Artemas, American General 57 Ward, John Q. A., American Sculptor ;279 Warren, Joseph, American General 57 Warrington, Lewis, American Commodore 62 Washington, George, Fii-st President United States 54 and 188 Page. Washington, William, American General 57 Watt, James, Inventor of the Steam-Engine 92 Watts, Isaac, Preacher and Hymn-Writer 44 Way land, Francis, Preacher and Author 44 Wayne, Anthony, American General 57 Webster, Daniel, Statesman and Author 202 Webster, Noah, Author of ' ' Webster's Dictionary " 231 Weed, Thui'low, Prominent American Journalist 230 ' Weitzel, Godfrey, American General 67 Wellesley , Arthur, Duke of Wellington 48 Wesley, Charles, Preacher and Hymn-Writer 44 Wesley, John, Founder of Methodism 44 Whipple, Abraham, American Commodore 62 Whitelield, George, English Pulpit Orator 44 and 107 Whitney, Eli, Inventor of the Cotton-Gin 85 Whittier, John G., the "Quaker-Poet" of New England 247 Wickliffe, John, English Religious Reformer n Wilkinson, James, American General .• 57 Williams, Barney, Irish Comedian 209 Williams, John D. , Off-Hand Penman and Flourisher 286 Williams, Roger, Founder of Rhode Island 44 Winder, William H., American General 59 Winslow, John A. , American Rear-Admiral 62 Woodward, R. B. , Proprietor of a California Pleasure Resort 116 Wool. John E. , American General 59 Worcester. Joseph E. , Author of ' ' Worcester's Dictionary " §28 Wordsworth, William, English Poet 245 Worth, CharlesF., the "Man-Milliner" of Paris 291 Worth, William J., American General 59 Y Youmans, Edward L., American Scientific Author 233 z Zuinglius, Ulrich. Swiss Religious Reformer 44 Zoroaster, Founder of Sun-Woi-ship in Pei-sia 24 and 44 y-i ' i ■ — 14 ALPHABETICAL SUMMAKY VF CONTENTS. Miscellaneous Index. f^ PAGE. A B C Of Success 129 Advemists, The Second 41 American Indians, Religious Belief of 42 American Naval Commanders 61 American Revolution, Leading Officers in 56 American Revolution, Prominent Battles of 55 Analysis of Spencerian Penmanship 284 Artists, Renowned Painters and Sculptors 208 Astronomers, Distinguished 153 Astronomical Dictionary 159 Astronomical Science, Progress of 155 Astronomy, What is Known of 155 B Baptists, History, Forms and Beliefs of 37 Battles of the American Revolution 55 Battles of the English in Early Times 48 Battles of the French, Well-Known 51 Battles of the War of 1812 58 Bay and City of New York 106 Bay and City of San Francisco 117 Benevolence, Duty of — Extracts from the Scriptures 19 Biographies, Alphabetical Summary of 7 Bruin, Divisions of 169 Brain, Quality of 171 Brain. Subdivisions of 171 Boy, The, What He May Become by Training 177 Buddha, Precepts and Teachings of 21 Buddhistic and Brahmanistic Beliefs 20 Buddhistic Hells and Heaven 21 Catholicism, History, Forms aad Beliefs 35 Character and Feeling Illustrated by Facial Expression. .184 and 185 Chinese Sacred Books, Precepts from 23 Christian Religion, Influence of 26 Circums*tances as Influencing Character 177 Commandments, The Ten 19 Confucius, Religion of 23 Congregationalism, History. Forms and Beliefs 38 Contents, List of, in this Volume 6 Curved Lines, Charm of 315 Dates of Important Inventions 97 Denominations, Religious, Their History, Forms and Beliefs 34 Eminent Lawyers 186 Eminent Physicians 151 Epifcopalianiem in England and America 36 Essentials in Pen FlouH»*hing 287 Evolulion, Prngrc«!» of, Illiisrrati-d 137-110 *4i*- "^^ Evolution, Theories of Darwin. Explorers and Navigators PAGE. 130 . ... 75 Faces, Indications of Character in Faces, Various Types of Facial Expression Financiers and Successful Business M Fish, Apparatus for Hatching Fish Breeding, History of Fish Eggs, How Hatched Fish Eggs, How Impregnated Fish, How to Breed and Raise Them. Fish, How to Feed the Young .168 .184 .184 .128 .133 .132 .133 .132 .133 .133 c Good Habits, List of Grant, His Trip Around the World H Head, Size of, as Influencing Character Humorists, Persons Who Have Made People Laugh. I Influence, of the Christian Religion Ingersoll's Funeral Sermon Invention, Dates of Important Invention, Progress of .120 . 64 .176 .178 . 26 .aui . 97 . 83 Jefferson's Ten Rules for Business. Jesus, Teachings and Precepts of.. Jewish Religion, History of Jewish Scriptures Jumping Frog of Calaveras County. .139 . 36 . 34 . 19 .180 Kindness, Rewards of — Extracts from the Old Testament 19 Kings and Queens 19.'J Koran, Extracts from the 28 Lawyer.s, Eminent Letter from a Showman — .\rteraus \Va Literary Celebrities Lord's Prayer, The Lord's Prayer, The, Illustrated Lutherans, The, Origin and Faith of. M .186 .178 .312 . 2G .290 . 4.'i Managers and Financiere Masters in Penmanship Maxims of Benjamin Franklin Methodism, English and American. Military Heroes of the World .128 .2S;i .129 . .19 . .M k xti:.\is. PAGE. Military Tcrmg, Delinitions of 71 MoUummcdiinism, \Vli;it it Teaches 28 Money -Making, McDonongh's Kules for 129 Moravian?, History and Uclief of -11 Mormon Book of Neplii, Extracts from 31 Mormons, What They Believe 31 Musicians and Musical Composers 190 N Nasby's Account of His First Marriage 179 Naval Commanders, Prominent American 01 New Jerusalem Church, Doctrines of 4'-^ New York, Location of Well-Known Points of Interest 100 o Officers in the Confederate Army 70 Officers in the Union Service 00 Officers of the American Revolution 50 Officers of the Wars of 1H13 and Mexico 59 Old Testament Scriptures, Selections from ^0 Orators, Famous 197 Organs, Phrenological, Location of 171 Origin of Names of Well-Known Colleges 293 P Painters, Eminent 208 Penmanship, the Spencerian System 283 Penmunship, Analysis of the Spencerian System 284 Penmanship, Essentials in Flourishing 287 Penmanship, Off- Hand, Principles of Beauty 28'7 Philanthropists and Reformers 152 Physicians, Eminent 151 Physiognomy, How Character is Indicated by 168 Phrenology and Some of its Teachers 167 Phrenology, What it has Taught 169 Poets, Distinguished 238 Poor, Jewish Treatment of the 19 Portraits, List of 13 PAGE. Preface to this Volume .'i Presidents of the United States. Personal Sketches of 188 and 189 Presbyterians, History and Belief of ." 37 Punishments, Laws of the Jews Concerning I'J Q Quakers, Hislory and liulief of 40 R Religious Teachers 43 Religious Terms, Glossary of 45 s San Francisco, View of the Hay and City 117 Shakers, History and Beliefs of 41 Spiritualism, What it Teaches 33 Spiritualists, What they Believe 33 Swedenborg, Teachings of 42 Swedenborgianism, What it Teaches 29 Success, Requisites for 129 Sun, The, and the Planets Described 156 and 158 T Talmud, The, Wbat it TeacUes I!) Talmud, The, Extracts From 10 Temperaments, The ITO u Unitarianism, History and Belief 39 Univcrsalism, History and Belief 40 w Wealth, Benefits of 100 Worship, Ori;^in of Various Forms of 34 Writings of Andrew Jackson Davis 33 z Zoroaster's Followers, Belief of 44 Zoroaster, Teachings of 24 ^ ^^^=f^'i ® ^\^-= =^^ _ V - LIST OF POEMS I- PAOE. Answer to a Child's Question — Coleridge 265 Claude Jlclnotte's Apology and Defence — Bulwer 253 Comus, Extract from — ilillon 267 Destruction of Sennacherib — Byron 252 Elegy on the Death of a Mad Dng—Goldmiith 264 Eve's Lament on Leaving Paradise — MUlon 267 Highland Mary— ij'/rns 261 How are Thy Servants Blest, O 'LovA— Addison 263 Hymn of the Hel)rew Maid— 5ir Walter Scott 237 Light Shining Out of Darkness — Cowper 266 ^lake Your Home Beautiful — Anonymous 294 School-Days, Extract from — Whittier 247 PAGE. Seed-Time and Harvest — Wliittier 247 Severed Friendship — Coleridge 265 Shakspeare's Writings, Extracts from '249 Song of the Brook — Tennyson 259 Thanatopsis, Extract from — Bryant 257 The Age of Wisdom— r/(aoJrra;/ 236 The Birthplace of Burns — Ingersoll 260 The Raven — Poe .254 The Snow-Shower — Bryant 257 The Soldier's Dream— fa;n;)if7; 262 The Village Blacksmith — Longfelloie 258 To the Nightingale- .I/'i?'on 267 ■.o^~-~ j^ IG ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. ^ GENERAL ILLUSTRATIONS. •m^ Page. Ames" Pen-Drawing 289 "A Stern Chase," from a Painting by Briton Reviere 275 Bank of California, San Francis^co 118 Birthplace of Burns, Near Ayr, Scotland. 2G1 Birthplace of General Grant, in Ohio 64 Birthplace of George Stephenson, England 94 Birthplace of Jay Gould, New York 125 Birthjilace of John G. Whittier, Haver- hill, Mass 24T Brain, Subdivisions of 171 Bryant's Residence on Long Island, N. T 257 Byron's Tomb, Hucknall, England 251 Cathedral at Cologne, Germany 319 City Hail, San Francisco, Cal 115 Comet of 1843 161 Earth as it Appears in Space 159 Conservatory in Woodward's Gardens, California 116 Dancing-Girl of Central India 65 "Election for Beadle" — Cartoon by Cruikshank 271 English Throne-Room 195 Epochs in the History of Progression — (Seven Illustrations) 137-140 *' Eventide" — From a Painting by Hubert Herkomer 273 Face of a Girl 315 PAGE. Faces, Coarse and Vulgar, Intellectual and Brilliant 169 Faces, Miserly, Benevolent and Idiotic. 170 Faces, as Produced by Different Kinds of Training 177 Faces, Representing Seventeen Distinct Types of Character and Feeling. 184-1 85 Home of Longfellow, Cambridge, Mass. . .258 Home of Mrs. Sigourney, Hartford, Conn 238 Human Head and Phrenological Organs, 172 Jay Gould's Summer Residence 120 Jumping Frogs 181 Landing of Columbus 79 Moon, Magnified Appearance of 160 Mormon Temple, Salt Lake City, Utah. . . 31 Napoleon's Tomb, Hotel des Invalides, Paris 50 Nazareth, Childhood Home of Jesus 2G New Y'ork City and the Hudson and East Rivers 106 Palace Hotel, San Francisco 119 Perfecting Newspaper Press 91 Phrenological Organs, Location of 171 Planets and their Relative Sizes 157 Planets of Our Solar System 156 Progress of Invention 82 Reflective Organs Large and Perceptive Organs Large 170 PAGE. Residence of James C. Flood, California, 327 Residence of F. O. C. Darlcy, Claymont, Pa 324 Residence of R. B. Woodward, California, 325 Residence — Modern Architecture 327 Residence of J. T. Headley, Newburgb, N. Y 221 San Francisco, Leading Points in. Desig- nated 117 Scene in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia 320 Size of the Sun Compared with the Planets 158 Social Life on the Rail 90 Spencerian Pen-Flourishing 285 Statue of Lord John Russell, by J. E. Boehme 281 Structure of the Universe 155 '•Summer Rain," from a Painting by Vicat Cole 277 Trentham Hall, England 3'3B Varying Grades of Intelligence 169 View from Prospect Park, Brooklyn, N. Y. 321 Villa of Alexander Pope, Twickenham, England 241 Waterfall — Sublime Scene in Nature. . . .318 Williams' Pen-Flourishing 287 "Who Stole the People's Money!" — Car- toon by Nast 182 HOUSEHOLD DECORATION ILLUSTRATED. Baskets, How to Make Ornamental 302 Beauty, Moral Benefit of 294 Beauty, Fundamental Principles of 295 Boudoir of Princess Louise, at Rideau Hall 309 Boudoir in a New York Suburban Resi- dence 311 Canopies for Beds 300 Card-Cases, Mats and Dressing-Tables. . .307 Chairs, How to Ornament 301 Colors, Effect of 305 Architecture, Science of Bcanty in 314 Architecture, Sublime in 318 Architecture, Variety and Relief in 317 Arliflcial Embellishment 3'34 Beautiful Homes 312 Central Park Fountain Scene, New York City. 3'26 Costly Resldonceo and Elegant Grounds. .827 Contrasts, Curved Lines and Proportion . .295 Cushions and Foot-stools, How to Make. .303 Decoration as Applied in Furnishing 311 Draperies for Windows and Doorways. . .299 Drawing-Room at Rideau Hall 309 Dressing-Tables, How to Make Cheaply.. 307 Faces with Straiglit and Curved Lines... 314 Floor-Mats, How to Make 305 Home Comforts at Rideau Hall 309 Household Interiors, Elegantly Illustrated 310 Lambrequins, Patterns for. 296, 297, 298, 299 BEAUTIFUL HOMES ILLUSTRATED. Curved Lines, Charm of 315 Curved Lines in Nature and Art 317 . Landscape Ornamentation 323 Landscape Scene. Variety in 320 Nature Improved by .^rl 322 Nature, The Sublime in 318 Ornamented Grounds 325 Parallels.The Law of 816 Lamp Shades 306 Light-Stands and Table-Spreads 304 Light Screen 295 Monograms for Furniture 300 Picture-Frames, Clothes-Bags and Sli])- per-Cascs 308 Pincushions and Lamp- Shades 306 Various Furnishings 305 and 308 Wall Papers, Ornamental 304 Window Ornamentation 296 Window and Passage-Way Decoration 297 Park Fences 322 Park Scenes 321 Picturesque Villa 325 Residence Architecture as a Fine Art. . . .327 Siiblimily Illustrated 319 Table-Covers 304 Trees and Vines, Effect of 324 Windows with Straight and Curved Lines, 314 i: ;C>~~ :^ ? Till-: CULTIVATION CIF THE SI'IKITUAL. Beliefs Concerning a Future Existence. 'WW k EVOTION is a charac- teristic of the h u m a n min(l,dis- tinguish- j^ ing man ^ from the lower ani- mal crea- tion. There exists in the high- er under- standing ; a belief that this earth-life is not all — that there is a state of being bc^'ond this, and that death is but the ]i o r t a 1 through which the soul passes to the other sphere of existence, when the spirit can no longer remain in its habitation on earth. What the condition is in spirit-life is a matter of conjecture. That it is a place where the extreme of torment is meted out to those who have done evil on earth is the opinion of some. Tliat it is a haven of rest, whatever may have been the faults here, is the belief of others. As the decades go by, it is seen, opinions are constantly changing concerning the future life, the disposition being, as the mind becomes enlightened, to take broader views in regard to the greatness and grandeur of the Supreme, the belief gradually fiistening itself in the mind that death is another birth, ushering the soul into a future existence, that will be Imppy in propor- tion to the good deeds done and the life well- lived on earth. Among all peoples the idea prevails, also, that there is a Creator — a Governor of the great universe, and that through prayer the mind may come into a communion with the Supreme and be ennobled and exalted thereby. So thor- oughly is this fact fixed in the human belief, through the organs of veneration and spiritu- ality, as to cause the inhabitants in every part of the world instinctively to worship, Numerous are the forms hy which the people of different countries engage in their devotions. It is a conceded fact, however, among the most highly civilized, that as the spirituality in the nature needs cultivation, it can best be obtained by having stated times of worship in places set apart for it, the ceremony being conducted by those who are, by mental endowment and spiritual nature, fitted to lead and instruct. AVhat have been the phases of religious be- lief at various periods, is shown in the life-work of the different religious founders whose histo- ries are found on succeeding pages. ^ :C^ — ^- ? BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCH OF MOSES, FOUXDEE OF THE JEWISH RELIGION ? MOSES LEADER OF THE ISRAELITES OUT FROM THE LAND OF EGYPT, ONELY wastes former ruins and desolate mark the seat of a civilization in many portions of Egypt. Here flour- ished science and here was fostered art, thousands of years back in the history of a race, the evidence of whose greatness is shown in the relics of beautiful sculpture and Krand architecture that lie scattered over the country. Throughout Southern Asia and Egypt the various systems nf religion took root earliest in the history of mankind. Here lived and taught Confucius, in China; here Brahma and Buddha established their codes of wor- ship in India; here Zoroaster proclaimed his religion in Persia. Here Mohammed grew to power and made the Koran the revealed religion in Arabia. Across from Anibia, in Egypt, on the banks of the Red Sea, Moses became a great religious leader, and near by was the birth-place of Jesus, whose spiritual teaching and example laid the foundation for that grand system of Christianity which has been the guide and beacon light of the highest civilization in the last eighteen centuries. The first mention, according to the best chronological data, of religious worship, dates back to a period 3,875 years before Christ, when Cain and Abel were offering their sacrifices on the altar, Cain having brought of the fruits of the ground, null Abel of the firstlings of his flock. The writer who made record of the fact was Moses, who is supposed to have written the flrst Ave books of the Old Testament, and was the founder of the Jewish religion. In the tribe of Levi were a husband and wifi' known as Amram and Jochabcd. To them a child was horn, at a time when, for certain reasons, the King of Egypt had commanded the death of every new- born male Israelite. To save her child from death, the mother made a basket that floated like a small boat, in which she placed ber infant at a point by the side of the river N'ile where she knew the daughter of Pharaoh was in the habit of bathing. In the meantime she secreted her daughter in the reeds near by, to watch the result. As had been anticipated, the princess discovered the child, and being impressed <:o LcA ^ with its beauty, she resolved to adopt it. The sister of the infant, who was near at hand, offered to find a nurse for the child, which met the favor of the princess, and thereupon she brought the mother, who, in the capacity of nurse, became an inmate of the palace, where the child was named Moses. In the court of the King he was educated in a most liberal manner. When about forty years of age he killed an Egyptian officer, whoni he saw ill-treating an Israelite; for which offense, in order to save himself, Moses fled into Arabia, where he married the daughter of a . priest, settled in Midian, and for forty years followed the pursuit of a shepherd near Mount Sinai. During bis long residence in Arabia, the condition of the descend- ants of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, known as Israelites, in Egypt, became deplorable, through persecutions of various kinds. Accord- ing to the Biblical account (from which we condense this biography), God appeared to Moses in a burning bush, one day as he cared for his flocks, and commissioned him to return to Egypt and announce himself as authorized to conduct the Israelites from the land where they were enduring so many persecutions into Canaan, a region of the country bordering ui)on the Mediterranean Sea. That the people whom Moses proposed to deliver might have no doubt as to his divine authority, the Lord permitted him to perform various miracles in the presence of the people. Of these is related the changing of a rod to u serpent, and from a serpent tea rod again; the making his hand leprous, aud instantly restoring it to health; the drawing of water from a rock by smiting it, and the turning of water into blood. The jjeople were thus made to believe in his power and capacity for leadership of the emigrants, of whom there were GOO. 000 men, beside women and children. It is related that, aside from pro\i(liug themselves with all the jewelry they could obtain, and various other kinds of personal effects, the Israelites took with them on their Jour- ney large droves of cattle, whereby food might be obtjiined; and yet, notwithstanding this provision, there was such scarcity as to make it necessary that the Lord i)rovide manna and other food by which the people could be fed. Another miraculous provision made for them was that of sending before them on their journey out of Egypt a cloiul by day and a pillar of fire by night ; while another was the opening of the Red Sea to lei them pass through on dry land, and the coming together of the waters again afti'r their i>assnge, thus drowning the Egyptians, who were 1: >v eve, t.-oth for tooth, hand f^r li;ui iiiiilti|ilictli lidi.-. iii< t niM'th care: he whoincrfa-^ctli imiaii' -'i \ ;iiii- im i .-as- eth lewdness; he \vhi> nnUtii'h'ili jui ji -■ i \ 'uts increasecii robbery, Imt he wliu incii^a-aelh his knowledge of the law increaseth life. Selections From the Old Testament ScNptures. He who is ambitious of magnif jing his name destruyeth his name, and he who doth not increase his knowledge diminisheth it; and he who doth not study the law deserves death ; and whosoever useth for himself the crown of the law will perish. Separate not thyself from the congregation: nor have confidence in thyself until the day of thy death. Judge not thv neighbor until thnu art placfd in tlu- .■-iinu' rirciiiustani't.'-- ; n'-ilhcr utti.-r anylliiiit: wlii--h is iiiri.iiipi<-h.-ii--tltl'', iti tin- li.ipe that It aft.Twaiils iiiiiv !>.■ .■,.TiiiJi-.-li.>riil.-il. n-.r say. Wht-n I >hall have )etr.ure 1 will >tudy; for perhaps thou mayest never have the leisure. THE TEN COMMANDMENTS. I. I AM the Lord thv Ond. which have hn.ut;lit th.-.' -Mit of 111.- liiiiti of Kgv|.I. 'Hit i.ttln' ii..ii>f Ml h.iiidage. Tiiiiu slialt ha\L- no otlit-r K'kIs before me. II. Thou Shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any- tlimg that is in heaven above, or that is in I he earth beneath, or that is in the wattT under the earth; thou shalt not bi>w down thvstlf to them nor serve them; fori, the I-'nii tliyliod, am a icalousUnd, vi--iliii^r ihf inii|Viitv of the fntht-r>upon th.- rhil.hvn uiU.. the third ami fi.iiiih irrTirration of them that lia(<- xi\r and slu'wintrmercv unto thou- saiid^ .'I 111. in tli;it I'jve me and keep my (.■Limnianibaenls. III. Thou shall not take the name of the Lord thv Ood in vain; for the Lord will n.it hokl him guiltless that taketh his name in vain. IV. Remember the Sabbath-day to keep it holy. Six days shalt thou labor and do all thy work; but the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord thy God. In it thou shalt not do any wnrk, tliou. nur thy son, nor thy dau^'htir, thv man- servant, northy maid ^-ti vant. imr thy cattle, nor thy >lianu'.i that is withiii thy gates; f.irin si\ days Hip I, urd made heaven and earth, Ihr si-;i. and all that in them is, and rt-si.d th.- s,-y,nlli day ; wherefor.- the L-nil blessed the seventh dav and hallowed it. V. Honor thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee. Vl. Thou Shalt not kill. VII. Thou shalt not coimnit adulten'. VII I. Thou shalt not steal. IX. Thou Shalt not beai- false witness against thy neighbor. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house, thou shalt not covet thy'neigh- bor's wife, nor his man-servant, nornis maid-ser\-ajit, nor his ox. nor his ass, nor anything that is thy neighbor's. Duty of Benevolence. And if thy brother be waxen poor and fallen in decay with thee, then thou shalt relieve him; yea, though he be a stranger or a sojourner; that he may live with thee. Take thou no usury of him . or t increase; but "fear thy God, j that thy brother may live ' with thee. Thou shalt not give him thy money upon usury. nor lend him thy victuals for increase. At the end of every seven yeai-s thou shalt make a release. And this is the man- ner of the release ; Everj- cred- itor that lendeth aught unto liis neighbor shall release it; he shall not exact it of his neighbor, or of his brother, because it is called the Lord's release. Of a foreigner thou mayest exact it again, but that which is then with thy brother thine hand shall release, save when there are no poor p,mong you. Rewards of Kindness. It theie be among y;DP:K axd his history. ^^t^'«¥l:V«tMiAMM a tk MUM M ft tlK¥«tWM'tV s^sipv %iA SI BUDDHA, €i Founder of the Buddhistic Religion iiiio ^'.v -.■.,..•■>-. . K.n. .T^^°'^i:^a:. Bero,.e C... ^^ ^^ %^ %^ %f^ ^^^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^ ^ The Buddhistic and Brahmanistic Beliefs. T KAPILAVASTOU, the capital of Cfiitnil India, Siddharta was born about 670 years before Christ. His father, Couddhodama, was the king of the realm, and bis mnther, Maya Devi, a very beautiful woman, was the daughter of king Soiiprabuddha. Both father and mother of Siddharta were cele- brated — the father for the wisdom of his government, and his mother for her exemplary life and piety. His mother dying seven days after his birth, his guardianship was entrusted to a maternal aunt, by wlioin he was trained witli care. As a student in school, he excelled in study, but was much disposed to be absorbed in meditation. Such i^ the account from ancient writings. Having arrived at a suitable age, a maiden was selected for him to marry, named Oopn, but her father, Dandapani, withheld bis consent lo the marriage until Siddharta should demonstrate his worthiness by talents of a high order. He was comjjelled, therefore, to enter a contest with five hundred young men, in the various studies, games and exercises at that time esteemed in India. In this examination and exhibition, Siddharta came off victorious in scholastic exercises, knowledge of morals, j)hilosophy, and games of bodily skill, through wiiicli fact Gopa became bis wife. Though happily situated, his mind turned constantly to religious meditation, and. feeling that he had a higher duty to perform, he tlnally left his father's palace, exchanged his garments for those be- fitting one more lowly and bumble, and entered upon a study of Brahmanism, which dissenting from, he retired to the wilderness of Ourovilva, where he spent six years in austerity, fasting, meditation and prayer, for the purpose of solving the mysteries of life, sin, dealli. goodness and wisdom. At the end of this period of meditation, he felt himself so enlight- ened as to be Bi'UDHA. the meaning of which is ''Perfect Sage." He was seated, at the time when he received his revelation, under Ji fig-tree, a jdacc that afterwards became greatly celebrated, and was kurmn as Bodhimunda, i. c. the "Seat of Intellect." Hiover Thsang, a Chinese pilgrim, who visited this locality 632 years before Christ, found many monuments erected here, and seven days he spent in worshiping them. Feeling the inspiration full up(m him, Buddha, then thirty-sis years of age, commenced his preaching, first in small places, and afterwards in the city of Benares. In the succeeding forty years he traversed all Northern India, preach- ing his system, combating the Brahmans, and making many converts. He lived to see his doctrine generally accepted throughout India. He died when about eighty years of age, 543 years before Christ. For 1,600 years the system of religion thus founded by Buddha retained its hold on the people of the country where it was Iir., at death llie j^oiil will enter (he form of an exalted man, a blesprd spirit, or may become u divinity in one of the many heavens, which have varying degrees of happiness in which the soul may remain for many billions of years. While the ignorant Buddhist often worships Buddha himself as an idol, it was not the design of Buddha that he I'hould be so worshiped. The doctrine makes nothing to worship but a good life. It has no recognition of God, no belief in, and no expectation of, immortality. Heaven is attained, according to the doctrine, when man. having passed thrnngh the various forms and conditions assigned him, is at last allowed to rest la an unconscious state. Teachings and Precepts of Buddha. _HOU Shalt not lie. Thou shall not hate. Thou shall not calumniate. I / Thou shall not speak of injuries. Thou Shalt not infringe the laws of chastity. Thou shall not kill even the smallest crea- ture. Thou shall not excite quarrels by repeating the words of others. Thou shall not appropriate to thyself what belongs to another. As rain breaks through an ill-thatched house, passion will break through an uurtrtlecting mind. Cut out the love of self like an autumn lotos with thy hand. Cherish the love of peace. .As a solid rock is not shaken by the wind, wise people falter not amidst praise or blame. There is no Are like passion, no shark like hatred, no snare like folly, no torrent like greed. He whose evil deeds are covered by good deeds lirighteiis up this world like the moon freed from clouds. If a man commits a sin, let him not do it again; let him not delight in sin^ pain is the outcome of evil. If a man does what is good, let him do it again; let him delight in it; happiness is the outcome of good, If a man has transgressed one law and spoken lies, and scoffs at another world, there is no evil he will not do. Let a man overcome anger with love; lei him overcome evil with good; let him overcome the greedy by liberality and the liar by truth. He who holds back rising anger like a rolling chariot, him I call a real driver; other people are but holding the reins. The sages who injure nobody, and who always control their bodies, will go to the unchangeable place, where they will suffer no mure. As ihe bee collects nectar and departs with- out injuring the tlower. or its color or fragrance, so let the sage dwell on earth. The virtuous man delights in this world, and he delights in the next. He delights, he rejoices, when he sees the purity of his own work. The evil-doer suffers in this world, and he suffers in the next. He suffers when he thinks of the evil he has done. He suffers more when going in the evil path. Rortection is the path to immortality; thitiigtiiU-iMii-ss the path to death. Those who iftliit dn II. It ilie; those who are thoughtless are as if ik-.id alit-ady. Let no man think lightly of evil, saying in his heart il will not come over me. Even by the falling of water-drops a water-pot is filled: the fool becomes full of evil, even if he gathers it tittle by little. Let no man think lightly of good, saying in his heart, it will n-H benefit me. Even by the falliiiu' "f wiitfi dio|)^ a water-pot is filled; the wi-.t- rn^iii lirrniiif^ full of good, even if he gathers It little by little. Better than sovereignty, better than going to heaven, better than lordship over all worlds, is the reward of the first step in holiness. Like a beautiful flower, full of color, but without perfume, are the fine but fruitless words of him who does not act accordingly; but like a beautiful flower, full of color and full of perftime. are the fruitful words of him who acta aeeordingly. Not to commit any sin, to do good and to purify one's mind, that is the teaching of the Awakened. Not to blame, not to strike: to live restrained under the law; to be moderate in eating, and to dwell on the highest thoughts, this is the teaching of the Awakened. Nnt in the sky, not in the midst of the sea, not if wr enter into the clefts of the mountains, is there kni.wn a spot in the whole world when a iikiii might be freed from an evil deed. Not nakedness, not plaited hair, not diet, not fasting, nol lying on the earth, not rubbing with dust, nor sitting motionless, can purify a mortal who has not overcome desires. All that we are is the result of what we have thought; it is founded on our thoughts, it is made up of our thoughts. It a man speaks or acts with an evil thought, pain follows him as the wheel follows the foot of him who draws the carriage. If a man speaks or acts with a pure tlii.iiu'hl. happiness follows him like a jih.idi'W that lUM-r leaves him. Let the wise mail i;uani liii tli.mghts. for they are difticult to perceive, very artful and rush wherever they list. If one man conquer in battle a thousand times a thousand men, and if another conquer himself, he is the greatest of conquerors. One's own self conquered is better than all other people; not even a God could change into defeat the victory of a man who has vanquished hiin-.elf ami always lives under restraint. By one's self the evil is done, by one's self one sutfers, by nne's self evil is left undone, by one's self one is purified. Purity and inipuilty belong to one's self ; no one can purify another. K 99 THE CHINESE LAW-GIVER. Sage, and Principal Author of tlie Chinese Moral Law. "W^W HE HEADER who has studied the Chinese character has doubtless been impressed with the fact that through every vicissitude, in whatever part of the world he may be, thou- sands of miles from his native home, the Chinaman will, as far as possible, conform to the habits and customs of his ancestors. However fashionable the dress of the people around him, he is happiest in his loose blouse. Whatever may be the style for the boot or shoe, he is best satisfied with his thick-soled slipper; and however differently the men of other races may dress their hair, nothing but the most stern nec- essity will cause him to change the style in which the hair has been worn for hundreds of years in his own country. Seldom disposed to originate, but quick and apt as an imitator, he readily adapts himself to circumstances, and through his frugality and industry is usually above the necessity of beggary or want. A studyof Confucius and his teachings reveals the fact that the distinctive char- acteristics of the Chinaman arc the results of his religious training. The Bible of the Chinese is the writings of Confucius. For over two thousand years Ihey have been the supreme law to many millions of the Chinese race, who gathered their spiritual strength and regulated their daily walk by their pre- cepts and instructions. Notwithstand- ing that no claim is made that he was aided by Divine assistance or supernatural power, few religions have exerted so great an intluencc. The Huge Confucius, according to the records of the Chinese his- torians, was born five hundred and flfly-one years before Christ, and was a direct descendant of an emperor who reigned over China two thousand years before his birth. His father dying when he was three '^a^^j^^^^35^:^j^^a33i»j^fe® CONFUCIUS years of age, his guardianship and instruction devolved upon his mother, who, devoting her best efforts to his care, was rewarded by the utmost filial pictji^on the part of the son, a virtue w^hich the Chi- nese regard among the foremost of the principles of goodness. Sent to the public school when seven years of age, he so quickly excelled his comrades in his studies as to greatly honor his teacher, who soon advanced him to the position of assistant. At this young age, the historians tell us. he avoided the noisy sports of -bis com- panions, and devoted himself to the study of religious rules, wiiich precepts he earnestly endeavored to follow. He was appointed to public service when seventeen years of age, hut resigned to mourn the death of his mother, which occurred in his twenty- fourth year. Having conveyed her remains to the summit of a mountain where was the grave of his father, he went into retire- ment for three years, his only relief being the study of philosophy. Becoming, in the meantime, acquainted with the precepts of the sages that had lived before his day, and being desirous of teaching, he entered upon this work at the age of thirty. To increase his knowledge he visited neighboring coun- tries, preaching wherever he went. Returning to China, he was called in his fiftieth year to the position of Prijne Min- ister, an office which the intrigues of a neighboring prince soon compelled him to resign. He retired then to private life, and devoted the remainder of his years to the recording of his own thoughts, besides collecting the wisdom of others for the benefit of future generations. On one of his journeys abroad, for the purpose of making new researches, news came of the death of his wife, which overwhelmed him wiih grief. Returning to his home, he announced to his disciples lluit rhe days of his life were numbered, and that the utmost haste would he necessary to enable him to finish his work. l;j>ou the completion of his writings, which comprise four books on governmental and moral law, one only of which is claimed as his own, the other three containing the law of seers before him, he placed ihiui --nC); f TKACIIINGS OF CONFUCIUS. 23 on nn altar and rendered thanks that his life had been spared until he coidd cnmpletu his Uibors. He snbseqnently, realizing;; that liis dcalh was rapidly approaching, designated the duty that he thought each of his diseiples should perform, and soon after died, at the age of seventy-two, honored and mourned by an immense number of people. In 1B71 it was estimated that there were 11, 000 males of hi^ direct descendants in China bearing his name, Kung-fu-tse, from which the name Confucius is taken. In the city of Kiofoohien, which contains his tomb, four-fifths of the inhabitants are his descendants. The most magnificent temple in the Empire stands on the site of his residence, and the fact that 370,000,000 of people, or about one- fourth of the inhabitants on the face of the earth, are governed socially and politically by the laws which he transmitted to posterity, would make him one of the most successful founders of religion that ever lived. A Religion that Makes Imitators, not Originals. The religion of Confucius was a religion of the past. While it Is admired for its teachings of filial love, for its gentleness and its high appreciation of goodness and truth, it so thoroughly enforced the duty of obedience to those in authority as to make its followers a race of imitators, instead of a progressive people. The precepts of the religion continually admonish the people to admire the sages of the past, to imitate their example and to do as they have done. The result is that the people of China have steadily, for the past two thousand years, looked back upon that which had gone before. As a people, they have simply imitated, have stood still and made no advancement. In art, science, agriculture and literature China stands where she stood hundreds of years ago. While Ctmfucius evidently acknowledges a God, his religion makes no mention of the Supreme, but relates principally to the importance of a moral and a correct life. The Chinaman is a reflex of the religion of Confucius. Imitative and obedient, he is disposed to respect the laws and obey those in authority. Fully impressed with the idea that his ancestors were possessed of the best information, he adopts the habits of other countries with great reluctance, and being thoroughly imbued with filial respect and love, he longs to have his final resting-place beside the graves of his parents, which privilege Confucius proclaimed as a reward for well-doing. It is not strange, therefore, that the last dying request of the Chinaman should be to be transported to his native country, where he may rest beside his friends and relatives in the family burying-ground. A variety of religious beliefs prevails throughout China. Some believe in the transmigration of souls; many believe in a future heaven and hell; some accept Christ, and many regard Mohammed as the prophet. '^^^^^^;.s'?i_"_. ■.t.>.^>.>.-J-J-.^3^-^g-e.fc^^gg. J^f^^9? ?.>^^^Kgj,'^0^'.^..^^.,.<^.. ^^,^^^^^^^ -y^^^> Precepts from the Chinese Sacred Books. •^^^a-^^^c"^" ■^c"> • -"?■> • ~^-.-^G ^^rf ;5'=^?^'s^~^,'^^^^y^F^^%-^ D^^rf- • <*^- • <«^- /;<-'- ■''_,• 1^-r -/ (^rfHE following arc maxims of Confucius, taken from the w'ritings in his sacred l\} books. If you err, fear not to reform. Have not a fi-iend morally inferior to yourself. Have faithfulness and sincerity as fii-st prin- ciples. Not to correct our faults is to commit new ones. When you have faults, do not fear to abandon them. To know that a thing is right and not to do it, is weakness. When you have learned to Uve well, you will know how to die well. Return bad treatment with equity, and recom- pense kindness with kindness. Be rigid to yourself and gentle to others, and you will have no enemies. Riches and honoi-s acquired by unrighteousness are, to me. as a floating cloud. He who persecutes a good man makes war against himself and all mankind. The love of the perfect man is a universal love; a love whose object is all mankind. Give thy superfluities to the poor. Poverty and human m'iseries are evils, but the bad only resent them. It is not enough to know virtue; it is necessary to love it— but it is not sufficient to love it; it is necessary to possess it. Fix thy thoughts on duty: practice without ceasing the virtue of humanity, and if you have leisure, cultivate the arts. It is necessary, after an exact and extensive manner, to know the causes, properties, differ- ences and effects of all things. The nature of man is upright. If in the course of his life he loses his natural uprightness, he removes far from him all happiness. It i? impossible that he who knows not how to govern and reform himself and his family can rightly govern and reform a people. Labor to purify thy thoughts ; if thy thoughts are not ill, neither will thy actions be so. The wise man has an infinity of pleasures. He who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north polar-star, which keeps its place, and all the stars turn toward it. Things that are done it is needless to speak about: things that have had their course It is needless to i-emoiistrate about; things that are just it is needless to blame. The good man employs himself only with virtue ; the bad only with his riches. The first continually thinks upon the good and interest of the state; but the last thinks on what concerns himself. Endeavor to imitate the wise, and never dis- courage thyself, how laborious soever it may be; if thou canst arrive at thine end. the happiness thou wilt possess will recompense all thy pain. If a person has deviated from the path of integ- rity and innocence, he needs only to excite the good that remains to make atonement by pains and industry, and he will infallibly arrive at the highest state of virtue. It is necessary to meditate, in particular, on the things u. liilirvr \M' know, and to weigh every- tliing by ihi' v\. luhi nf reason, with all the atten- tivenes^-'i -|H[ii^, .mil with the utmost exactness whereof \m.' aiu capable. It is the wise man only who is always pleased; virtue renders his spirit quiet, nothing troubles him, nothing disquiets him, because he practices not virtue as a reward; the practice of virtue is the sole recompense he expects. When the opportunity of doing a reasonable thing shall offer, make use of it without hesita- tion. If a man, although full of self-love, endeavors to perform good actions, behold him already very near that universal love which urges him to do good to all. The defects of parents ought not to be imputed to their chiMiiii. If a father, by his ninips. render hirns-Hf nnworthy of being pnunnti'il to honor, tin- s<>ii (ni-^'lit not to be exohnhil, il tif do not render himstU unworthy. If a man .sh.ill be of obscure birth, his birth ought nut to be his crimes. Do unto another what you would he should do unto you. and do not unto another what you would not should be done unto you. Thou only needest this law alone; it is the foundation and principle of all the rest. We cannot observe the necessary rules of life, if there be wanting these three virtues: (I) Wisdom, which makes us diseerh good from evil. (2i Universal love, which makes us love all men who are virtuous. Ci) That resolution which makes us constantly persevere in the adherence to good, and avei-sion for evil. Always remember that thou art a man. that human nature is frail, and that thou mayest easily fall. But, if happening to forget what thou art, thou chancest to fall, be not di.scouraged; remember that thou mayest i-ise again; that it is in thy powrr tn brf.Tk tlif bands which j"in thee tothvnllVii.se, ,'niy pVfKhires a certain serenity in the countenance; a certain air of goodness, kindness and reason, which attracts the esteem of the whole world. There are four rules according to which a perfect man ought to square himself. 1 1 1 He ought to practice, in respect of his father, what he requires from his son. (2) In the service of the slate he ought to show the same fidelity which hedemandsof those who are under him. i3t He must act. in respect to his elder brother, after the same manner he would that his younger brother should act toward himself, ti) He ought to behave himself toward his friends as he desires his friends should carry themselves toward him. The perfect man continually acquits himself of these duties, how common soever they may appear. If you undertake an affair for another, manage and" follow it with the same eagerness and fidelity as if it were your own. Always behave yourself with the same precaution and discretiim as you would do if 3'ou were observed by ten eyes and pointed out by so many hands. — x);- •f. 24 ZOROASTER, AUTHOR OF THE ZEND AVESTA. f Zoroaster. The Sun Worshipers of Persia and their Religion, HE traveler who may sojourn for any time in some of the Asiatic cities is interested as he retires near the close of day from the busy thoroughfares to the seaside, or to some elevation, in witness- ing the worship of the declining sun by the Parsees, a remnant of a ouce great religious body whose Bible is the Zend Avesta. the author of which was Zoroaster. The exact date at which this personage lived is not known. Some authorities place the time of his birth at a period about 400 years before Christ. Others dale it back to a period before Moses. According to tradition, a good spirit appeared to his mother, who lived in Bokhara, in Southern Turkey, just before his birth, and assured her that she should be protected from the evil spirits that were seeking to destroy her child; that he would be a prophet, and the world was waiting for him. Kecorded accounts make his father to have been Pourushaspa. and that the child lived, grew to manhood, and preached under the favor of King Gushtasp, who accepted and favored the general adoption of his doctrines. The Zend Avesta, which contains the revealed religion of his followers, represents hira as possessed of supernatural endowments, and as receiving from the Supreme Divinity, by personal interview, the truths which his religion teaches. From Turkey his influence extended southward until it overspread all Persia, and extended largely into other portions of Asia. Its former influence and strength is shown in the remnants of ancient ruins of temples dedicated to worship, like those of Persepolis in Southern Persia and others. The disciples of Zoroaster believe that as time never had a begin- ning, it will consequently have no ending; that eternity can be neither created nor destroyed, but it can create and destroy everything, and consequently may be considered the first great cause or creator. They believe that originally there were two spirits — good and evil — typified by light and darkness; that the good spirit, God, evolved from the purest light, resides beyond the sun; that the bad spirit, the Devil, was evolved from darkness, is the embodiment of evil, and resides in hell. That these two spirits have always been and will continue to be engaged in a strife for mastery, until light prevails. That God, whom they call Oromasdez, created six other gods to assist him, whose attributes are Benevolence, Wisdom, Truth, Beauty, Order and Health. That the god of darkness created six other gods of opposite attributes to aid him in counteracting the influence of goodness. Their belief is further explained elsewhere. TEACHINGS OF ZOROASTER. i Treat old aprewitbprreat respect and tenderness. Be very scrupuIoUH to observe the truth in all thing>t. The parental mind hath sown symbols throuph the world. To refuHC hospitality and not to succor the poor are »lni«. Multiply domestic animals, nourish them, and treat them gently. Cultivate the noil, drain marshes and destroy danjferouH creaturen. There Is no (freater cHme than to buy grain and keep it until it becomett dear. All Kood thoucht-t. words and actions are the productions of llie celestial world. There Is notnethlntf Intelligible which Itiiehoovcs thee to apprehend with the (lower of the mind. The sfiid Is a bright fire, and l>y the power of the Father reinaliu Immortal, and In miittretts of Ufe. Avoid everything caleulated to Injure others. Have no companionship with a man who injures Ills neighbor. He who sows the ground with diligence acquires a gj-eater stoelt of relij^ouM merit than he could gain by ten thousand prayei-s in idleness. Re not envious, avaricious, proud, or vain. Envy and jealousy are the worlc of evil spirit^t. Haughty thoughts'and thirst for gold are sins. Every man who is pure in thoughts, words and actions will go to celestial regions. Every man who is evil in thoughtB, words or actions will go Uj the place of the wicked. Po not allow thyself to be carried awav iiy anger. Angiy wi.iiU luid wcomful looks are sins. To strike a num. 'ir v.-\ liiin with words, is a sin. Even the Intnif ifni ti> ^tiiki- another niei'its punish- ment. OppoMlion to iM'iu'i) is tt »in. Reply to thine enemy with gentleness. Fornication and immodest lookn are sins. Avoid licentiousness, because it Is one of the readiest means to give evil spints power over body and soul. Strive, therefore, to keep imi-e in body and mind, and t)nisj)reveiit the entrance of evil spirits, who are nlwjiys trying to gain possession of man. To think evil is a sin. Contend eniistantly against evil, morally and physically, lntiTii;)ll.\- and externally. .Strive in every way tt) (iinimi^li the power of Arimanes, the evil one, and destruy his works. If a man lias done this he may fearlessly nieel death, well assured that radiant Ixeds will lead him across the luminous bridge into a paradise of eternal happi- ness. Itnt tlKiugh he has been brave in battle, killed wild beasts and fought with nil manner of external evils, if he has neglected to combat evil within liimself. he has reason to fear that Arimanes and his Devs will seize him and carrv him to Diiscakh, where he will be punished oecoitl- Ing to his sins; not to satisfy the vengeance of Ornnidz, but because, liaving coiineetely sake; rr.inuc and b.- iNr.rrimg glad, tor gR'al is yiviir reward in lira\(rt; loi- ^.l persecuted they the proiihels which vveie beloie you.— Matthew v., 'i-l2. Ye have heard that it hath been said, thou >balt love thy neighbor Jind hate thine enemy; but I say unto you. love your .•iinnirs. bless them that curse vou, do good to iln-m that hate you. ami pray ('or them whirh dcsplt. fully use and perse- cute you. —Matthew v., IK, H. .(h^*'^- ? HISTiiliV AXD ■\VOKK OF MOII AM:MKn. i ^^^^' ^^^f^^^ THE MOHAMMEDAN RELIGION AND ITS TEACHINGS. ^^^^^■^^ ERSIA, Arabia, Syria, Asia Minor, Egypt, Xorlhcrn Africa, Asiatic Turkey and Tar- tury, are included in that portion of the world over which prevails the Moham- iiifdan religion. That an individual could arif^e in the broad light nf history at so late a dviy, and establish such a wide-spread religion, would indicate him to be a very remarkable man. Such was Mohammed. The city of his nativity was Mecca, in Arabia, where he was born in the year 570. Ilis father, Abdullah, who was a merchant in humble circum- stances, died two months after his birth, and his mother six years later. His guardian- ship was then confided to his grandfather, who died two years afterwards, when he went to live with his uncle, Abu Taleb, with whom he made journeys through Syrii and other countries; and witl another uncle, named Zobias, h e traveled extensiveli throughout Arabia; during which time he acquired valuable knowledge, which, it may well bo supposed, served him in good stead in the later years of his eventful life. In his varying fortunes he was at one time a shepherd near Mecca; subsequently a linen trader, and, a little later, was in the employ of a wealthy widow named Khadijah, whom he married when about twenty-five years of age, she being fifteen years his senior. Through this marriage he had four daughters and two sons, and with his family he passed ten years of peaceful life, the love of meditation growing upon him to that extent, however, that at forty he was in the habit of resorting to a solitary cave at Mount Hara, where he gave himself up to religious meditation. It was a time in the history of Arabia when reform was needed. Through tyranny and conquest in the surrounding nations, his country was being made the refuge of the religiously oppressed. Hither came MOHAMMED, Founder of the Mitliamnu'daii Religion the Jews, the worshipers of fire and of idols; and with the varyim; beliefs and contentions the time was ripe for the inauguration of a. reform that should bring order out of chaos. In his solitude, Mohammed gave himself up to reflection, praying that he might become the instrumentality whereby the people should be saved from their idolatries. While he meditated thus he passed into a convulsion, when an angel appeared to him and commanded him to read. In that conditicm, it is claimed, he saw and read the decrees of God which he afterwards promulgated in the Koran. Having settled in his own mind the fact that he was not under the control of an evil spirit, he yielded to the influence thus brought to bear upon him, and the communications continued to come to the end of his life, being dictated to Moham- med by persons in attendance. These rev- elations, at the close of his life, were collected, and became the Bible of the Mohammedans, known as the Koran. His wife, Khadijah, became his first convert when he commenced preaching; but, aside from his family and immediate friends, the number of his adherents was very small. Five years went.by, at the expiration of which time he announced himself as a prophet, in compliance with a special message. This, however, drew such enmity upon him as to make it necessary for his uncle, Abu Taleb, though not a believer in his mission, to pro- tect him from the violence of the mob. Five years later, his uncle and wife both died. As before, varying fortune attended him. He had several times been expelled from Mecca, and at last was compelled to flee to Medina to save his life, where he was received with all the honors of a king. There he was not only a prophet, but a tem- poral ruler also, During the succeeding ten years he had several battles with his opponents, but in the end he had not onlv conquered Mecca, which had been the strongest of his opposition, but his doctrines had become the generally accepted faith of the country, and his rule was admitted throughout all Arabia. Of various pilgrimages which he made to Mecca, his followers that went with him the last time numbered 40,000. On that occasion he ascended Mount Arraffl, with this immense concourse of Moslems, exhorted for the last time his people, and blessed them. In this farewell sermon to his congregation, having a premonition that he was near his end, though only sixty-three years old, he said: "I return to Him who sent me, and my last command to you is, that you love, honor and uphold each other; that you exhort each other to faith and constancy in belief, and especially in the performance of pious and charitable deeds. 5Iy life has been for your good, and so will be my death. "' Returning to Medina, he was taken sick three months afterwards, the result of an enfeebled system from poison given him three years before by an enemy. He died in the arms of Ayesha, his favorite wife, in a house adjoining the Mosque; and, in a portion of the Mosque which has been enlarged to cover the spot, his remains lie to this day. During the life of Khadijah he had no other wife than her, but after his death, it is claimed, he married twenty. Six died before him ; from five he was divorced, and at his death ten were left widows. Mohammed is said to have been a man of middle stature, having a strong beard, thick hair, bright eyes, much fluency of speech, and^ though modest in bearing, had great courage. Mohammedan writers claim that he possessed the power to have prolonged his life; that the angel Gabriel gave him permission to take life or death; whereupon Mohammed chose death, and by an angel he was thrown into a spasm, which soon terminated in death. Thus ended the life-work of a remarkable man, whose followers to-day number 160,000.000. What Mohammedanism Teaches. The Mussulman faith teaches that there is but one God. Lord and Governor of the Universe, who produced all things from nothing, who never begot any person whatever, as He Himself was never begotten by another. Lord and Sovereign over all, we are bound to serve and adore Him only. That we must believe with our hearts and confess with our mouths that Mohammed is the prophet, and that his revealed truth has been transmitted to us through the Koran. That there will be a final resurrection; that the first who will arise upon earth will be Mohammed; that all will come to judgment, and Mohammed will intercede for the wicked. That those whose actions are good, who believe, and confess a belief, in the one God, in Mohammed and the Koran — these shall have perpetual light in paradise with Moham- med; that wicked disbelievers shall be cast into hell, where they shall endure every possible torment; but there, even, those who may believe in the one true God, though morally bad and in hell for a time, at the second intercession of Mohammed may finally hfive their sins washed away. To attain to purity and holiness on earth, the Mohammedan faith enjoins various exercises. Perfect cleanliness, frequent prayers, the giving of alms, fasting, and a pilgrimage to Mecca. While many forms and ceremonies are observed by the followers of this religion, the general outline of belief regarding the resurrection, torment in hell and perpetual bliss in heaven, seems to have been borrowed from the Christian faith, Mohammed being regarded as the prophet instead of Christ. Extracts From the Koran r OD oblipeth no man to do more than he hath an ability to perform; God will cause ease to succeed hardship. It is God who hath created seven lieavens and as many diflfei-ent stories of the earth; the divine command descendeth between them. Hell shall be a place of ambush, a receptacle for the transgressors, who shall remain therein for ages; they shall not taste any refreshments therein, or any drink, except boiling water. This is the description of paradise, which is promised to the pious. It is watered by rivei-s; its food is perpetual, anil its shade also; this shall be the reward of those who fear God. But the reward of the inlldels shall be hell-fire. Unto those who do right shall be given an excellent reward in this world, but the dwelling of the next worltl shall be better; and happy shall be iUf- ilwellin;; "f tht- piuus— namely gardens of eternttl ab-idc, into whu-li they shall enter; rivci-s .shall llnw iHiii-iith tin- same; thereiii shall they enjoy whutevei- they wish. Concerning wine and lots; in both there is great sin, and also some things of use unto men; but their sinfulness is greater than their use. The Lord halh commanderl that ye show kind- ness unto your parents, whether the one of them or both of them attain to old age with thee. Wherefore sav not unto them. Fie on yo>i: neither reproach them, but speak respectfully unto them, and submit to behave humbly toward them, out of tender alfection. Give unto him who is of kin to you his due. and also unto the poor and the traveler. And waiito not thv substant-e profusely, for the profuse ore brethrVri of the duvtls} and the devil woa untfralc- ful to hla Lord. . Verily the Lord will enlarge the store of whom he pleaseth, for He knoweth and regardeth His servants. Give full measure when you measure aught; and weigh with a just balance. This will be better, and more easy Cor determining every man's due. Set not up another god with the true God, lest thou sit down in disgrace and destitute. Thy Lord hath commanded that ye worship none beside Him. Do thou trust in Him who livethand dieth not, and celebrate His praise who hath created the heavens and the earth, and whatever is between them, in six days. The servants of the merciful are those who walk meekly on the earth, and when the igno- rant speak iinto them, answer, Peace; and who pass the night adoring' their Li)rd and standing up to pray unto Him. Ami \vh.n.'ver repenteth and doth that which is right, vi-rily he turneth luito God with an acceptable convei»ion. Veiily this present life is only a play and a vain amusement; but if ye believe and fear God, He will give you your rewards. Consume not your wealth among yourselves in vain; nor present it unto judges, that ye may devour part of men's substance unjustly, against your own conscience. Marrv those who arc single among you, and such as are honest of your men-servants and your maid- servants; if they be poor, God will enrich tlu-m of His abnndam-e, for God is bounteous and wise. And let those who find not a match keep Ihem- selves from fornication until God shall ciuich them of Uis ubiuidancc. God will render of none efi'ect the works of those who believe not, and who turn away men from the way of God; but as to those who believe and work righteousness, and believe in the revelation which hath been sent down to Mohammed (fur it is truth from their Lordl. He will expiate their evil deeds from them, and will dispose their heart aright. The law of Koran forbids a. man marrying his father's wife, his mother, daughter, sister, aunt, niece, wet-nurse, foster-sister, mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, or free women who are married, and who are not slaves. If he has not means enough to marry a free woman who is a believer, he may marry those of his maid-servants who are true believers. Ye may divorce your wives twice, and then either retain them with humanity, or dismiss them with kindness But if the husband divorce her a third time she shall nnt he lawful for him again until she marry anutli.i- tiii>l>ari(l. But if be also divorce her, it shall h<- ii<> cnnu- in them if they return to each other if tliey think they can observe the ordinances of God. O true believers, the law of retaliation is ordained you for the slain; the free shall die ftir the free, and the servant fnr the servant, and a woman for a woniiiiK hnl be wliniii his brother shall ft>rgive may h.- pl■o^.■c^lt^■^l mul be obliged to make sati-^factiiin according to »hat is just, and a fliii- ^\i:\]] \tf set oil him with humanity- And lie wlii. sliali (iari>gress after this by killing the muiilerer shall suller o grievous jjunishment. Observe prayer, and giveolnis, and obey the apostle, that ye may obtain mercy. Walk not proudly in the land, for thou canst not cleave the earth; neither shalt thou e-t'v J* - -aJ \ ih- .'■ i-S- ^ - ' Emanugl Swsdcnborg. '^ W''^^i^^4St:i'^^:€X:r ;■*? m^ \ Qi e Qlle'b ' — ~ oi Gir ui.k.'d. And he kadtth away tjie righteous into precious lands, and the wicked he destroyeth and curseth the land unto them for their sakes. And he loveth those whn will have hiju to be their God.— 1 Nephi xvii. 36-38, 40. The time speedily shall come that alt churches which are built up to get gain, to get power over the Hesh, to become popular in the eyes of the world, who seek the lusts of the flesh and the thincrs of the world, and t'l do all manner of inii|UiIy, yr-:i , in liti.\ all IIim-m- who belong to the kin^'.l.ini i'l the d.-vil. ar.- Ih.js*.- who need fear, and tremble, and quake; they are those who must New Monnon Temple, Salt Lake City, Utah. be brought low in the dust; they are those who must be consumed as stubble. — 1 Nephi xxii., 23. The Messiah Cometh in the fullness of time, that he may redeem the children of men from the fall. And because that they are redeemed from the fall, they have become free forever — knowing good from evil— to act for themselves. — 2 Nephi ii. . 2fi. O the vainness, and the frailties, and the fool- Extracts from Book of Nephi, MOR.MilN BIHLR. ishness of men ! When they are learned they think they are wise, and they hearken not unto the counsel of God, for they set it aMde, >np)jiising they know of themseh.-. vsIhi'Iim.' their wisdom is fooll5hln■^^. and it proflteth them not; and they >\\a\\ per- ish. But to be teamed is good, if they hearken unto the counsels of God.— 2 Nephi ix., 28, 29. Who are cursed: The rich, who are rich a."* to the things of the world; because thev .ire rich they despise the pi-.ir, and they persecute the meek, and thin hiaits are upon their treasures; wherefme their treasure is their god . and behold, their treasure shall peri.sh with them also. The deaf, that will not hear; for they shall perish. The blind, that will not see; fur they shall perish also. The unciniiriitised nf heart; for a knowledge of their in i-iuities shall smite them at the last day. The liar; for he shall be thnist down to heJl. The murderer, who deliberately killeth: for he shall die. Those who commit whoredoms; lor they shall be thrust down to hell. Tliose that wor- ship idols; for the devil of all devils delighteth in them. In fine, all those «lii. die in their sins; for they shall reluru to God and behold his face, and leinain in their sins.— 2 Nephi ix., 30, 31. The Lord doeth that which is good among the children of men; and be doeth nothing save it be plain unto the children of men; and he inviteth them all to come unto him. and par- take of his goodness; he denieth none who come unto him, black and white, bond and free, male and female; and all are alike mito God, both Jew and Gentile. — 2 Nephi xxvi. , 33. Behold the Lamanites. your brethren (whom ye hate, because of their filthiness and the cursings which have come upon their skins), are more righteous than you; for they have not forgotten the commandment of the Lord, which was griven unto our fathers, that they should have, save it were one ^Wfe; and concubines they sho>dd have none. — Book of Jacob iii. , 5. ijS ^ ~"' ' '""^' •""^'^ciViS \ ^t.1 w &p^ ',(j^^^^»^— >kl.t>— SKETCH OF THE AUTIIUR OF NATURE S DIVINE EEVELATIOXS. 1 Andrew Jackson Davis.1 ^ PROMINENT REPRESENTATIVE OF MODERN SPIRITISM. ■-^31 N THE YEAR 1843, Professor Grimes, a ^^?^ ■ P^^^^^*""^ ' phrendlo.^ist and lecturer on magnetism, *^ ^ •■■.■l?f y^ gave an exhibition of his powers as u mes- merist in one of the public halls in Poiigh- keepsie. N. Y. Attention thus directed to the subject caused a citizen in the town, Mr. William Livingston, to experiment If I '-■■ i^:-lL--<:i :.9. upon a boy, an apprentice in a boot and *''fi'\ ' '^= 7r . -: ^sytN**-*--* shoe store, whom he chanced to meet there, with a view to determining the truth or fal-sity of that which was claimed as a science. The boy thus selected for trial by Livingston was Andrew Jack- son Davis. He was then sixteen years old, slight in frame, delicate in constitution, honest, inexperienced and uneducated. Born in Blooming Grove, Orange county, N. Y. , in 1826, young Davis had with his parents been a resident of several idaces prior to coming to Poughkeepsie, mostly in rural neigiil)orhoods, where his father, who was a shoemaker in very humble cir- cumstances, in turn worked at weaving, shoemaking. and by the day for various farmers. The mother of Davis, a woman of deli- cate constitution, possessed the gift of second sight, which enabled her to detail where lost things about their premises might be found; to sec sights, and hear sounds, in which condition she exhibited an abstraction of mind that made her oblivious to things about her. From her the son inherited an extreme susceptibility of impression, through which, it is stated, he often heard music in the air, when in the fields, and words addressed to him from an unseen source. On the occasion of the first experiment by Livingston, Davis went from the mes- meric into the clairvoyant condition, in which, while blindfolded, he minutely told the lime by holding a watch to his forehead. read a newspaper, told the ailments of those present and described various articles presented for examination. On the evening of January 1, 1844, he passed into the third magnetic condition, in which he claimed he could sec the internal organs of each person in the room, could see the interior of otlier bouses and their inmates, and see the entire city; that on this occasion, for the first, his mind went out and away, thousands of miles, and nature revealed itself as it could not be seen with mortal eyes; that every object, from a grain of salt to the loftiest mountain, bad caqh an atmosphere of its own. Thus the flower, the blade of ANDREW JACKSON DAVIS. intjc-i Aull»jr, I'lulojoj.t.rr. Si.inluatiil grass, the tendril, the leaf, the mineral — all had an atmosphere with a color distinctly its own. This emanation encircling some species of vegetation seemed from four inches to eight feet in diameter. Each animal had also a sphere about it. At this time, as contin- ually afterwards, was revealed to him the law of sympathy by which everj-thing in nature exists, the positibn of minerals in the earth, the dependence one upon the other of earth, trees, vegetation, animals, human beings, and of the sun, moon and stars in the heavens. On the evening of March 6, 1844, he went, in company with Mr. Livingston, to a residence in Poughkeepsie, to make a clairvoyant examination of a patient, on which occasion the somnambulic condi- tion remained so firmly fastened upon him after he left the house and parted company with Livingston, as to cause him to walk along the banks of the Hudson to Catskill, a distance of forty miles from Pough- keepsie. Restored to consciousness at the end of his journey, he obtained food, and being directed as to his way back, was a portion of the time again in the clairvoyant condition on his return. Many singular visions, it is related, appeared to him during this journey, which he was compelled to make by an unseen power. At that time he claims to have conversed with invisible beings, who gave him in- structions as to the position he should occupy as a teacher. During the suc- ceeding year he was engaged with Mr. Livingston in giving diagnoses of disease and prescriptions to the sick, hundreds of the afflicted crowding their rooms. Within this time Davis developed other powers of a philosophical character, and, severing his connection with Livingston, he went with Dr. S. S. Lyon, of Bridge- port, Conn. . to New York city, in the fall of 1845, to deliver a series of private lectures in the clairvoyant condition, the Rev. William Fishbough, of Tsew Haven, Conn., beingehosen to transcribe the rev- elaticms. In a room at 'So. 92 Greene street. New York, on the 28th of November, 1845, there sat young Davis, Dr. Lyon, Mr. Fishbough and three witnesses, among Lea Smith. Only a few had been invited to them being Dr. T. witness the exhibition. When all was in readiness, with Mr. Fishbough at the table. Davis,' in a clairvoyant state, with closed eyes, after a little time of still- ness, slowly remarked: "This night I reach my superior condition." Then began the first part of that scries of discourses which after- wards appeared as "Nature's Divine Revelations," a scientific, metaphysical work which attracted much attention at the time because of the rationalistic views advanced. More especially was the work 1: ? THE PASSAGE 01'' A SOUL FROM EAETH-LIFE INTO Sl'IKIT EXISTENCE. ? regarded very remarkable as coming in yuch i\ manner from an illiter- ate, uneducated youtb. twenty-one years of age. Davis, Kishbongh and Lyon remained in New York tu'o years, the clairvoyant giving medical prescriptions during a portion of each day, and at other times dictating what was to be written. During the time on one occasion, having discovered from a clairvoyant exami- nation, that a certain lady patient would die of a cancer at a given time, he repaired to her residence at the period dcfrignated to witness the departure of the spirit from the body — a dissolution termed death. The Ijirth of this woman into the spirit-\\"orhl Davis very mintilcdy described. As her body lay motionless, with weeping friends around it, he passed into the superior condition, and in an adjoining room he beheld first a bright light, as the extremities of the body grew cold, begin to gather itself above her head. Gradually this light grew larger, then the woman herself began to appear, first her head and then her body being developed, until, as life became extinct in the body, she stood as a spirit in the freshness of mature life above the inanimate frame in which she had lived. She hovered in spirit form a brief time among her friends, who mourned her as dead, took a brief survey of those who did not realize that she stood in life beside them, gave a farewell look at her Here and the Hereafter. -H^ TI.\T Mian has a spiritual nature as well as a /iT ''"rporal; in other words, that the real man im is a s|»ii*it, which spirit has an organized ||| j fnirii i..M,'(i of spiritual substance, with \J]/ p.ui^ and tii^ans corresponding to those of I the ci^irpoiL-iil body. That man, as a spirit, is immortal, and has Continued identity. Being found to survive that change called physical death, it may be reasonably- supposed that he will survive all future vicissi- tudes. That there is a spirit-world, with its substan- tial realities, objective as well as subjective. That the process of physical death in no way essentially transforms the mental constitution, or the moral character of those who experience it. That happiness or suffering in the spirit-world, as in this, depends not on arbitrary decree, or special provisions, but on character, aspirations and degree of harmonization, or of personal coa- torrnity to universal and divine law. Hence, that the experiences and attainments of this life lay the foundation on which the next commences. That since growth is the law of the human beinj? in the jiresent life; and since the process called death is in fact but a birth into another condition of life, retaining all the advantages gained in the experiences of this life, it may be inferred that growth, development, or progression, is the end- less destiny of the human spirit. That the spirit-world is near or around, and interblended with our present state of existence; and hence that we are constantly under the cog- nizance and influence of spiritual beings. That as individuals are passing from the earthly to the spirit-world in all stages of mental and moral growth, that world includes all grades of character from the lowest to the highest. That since happiness and misery depend on intei'ual states rather than on external surround- ings, there must be as many grades of each in the spirit-world as there are shades of character — each gravitating to his own place by the natural law of affinity. That rommnni'-ations from the 'Spirit-world, ■\\lu-lliiT liv ni.-iiiiil impr.'ssi.in, inspiiution, or any (pIIpt nii'di- <•{ tr:iii--iiii-;siiiii. luf imt necessarily iiir;illihl.> iriiihs, but, i-n the contrary, partake luiavoiii ibly i>f tlie imperfections of the mind from which they emanate, and of the channels through wliieh they come, and are, moreover, liable to misinterpretivtion by those to whom they are addressed. Hence, that no inspired communication, in this or any past age (whatever claims may be or have been set up as to its source), is authonta- tive, any further than it expresses truth to the individual con^ciousnessi which last is the final standard to which all inspired or spiritual teach- ings must be brought for test. That inspiration, or the influx of ideas and promptings from the spirit-world, is not a miracle The Writings of A. J. Davis. Although Mr, Davis attended school but a few months, in which he mastered only the barest rudiments of writing, spelling and reading, he has become a well known lecturer and an author of many books treating upon the philosophy of Life. Death and the Hereafter. With such limited opportunity for educational advancement in the schools, and in his early home, his present intellectual en- dowment is \'ery remarkable. His friends claim it to be the result of direct spirit assistance. The books claiming his authorship are named as follows: Nature's Divine Revelations. The Physician. Vol. I. Gt. Harmonia. The Teacher, Vol. U. Gt. Harmonia. The Seer. Vol. III. Gt. Harmonia. The Reformer. Vol. IV. Gt. Harmonia. The Thinker. Vol. V. Gt. Harmonia. Magic Staff— An Autobiogi'aijhy of A. J. Davis. A Stellar Key In the Summer-Land. Arabul:i, m I'i\iiie Guest. Approaching L'li^es. or Truth vs. Theology. Answers to Ever-iecurring (Questions froni the People. Childien's Progressive Lyceum Manual. Death and the After-Life. History ;.ml l^lii)o>ophy of Evil. HarbinL-^.i ■>{ H,-,,Ith. Harmuiii.U Mm. or Thoughts for the Age. Events in the Lite of a Seer. (Memoranda). Philosopln (il spech\l Providence. Free Thiiim'lit> I'nneerning Religion. Penetr;»li;i. i'iiiit;iiiiing Harmnnial .\nswers. Philosopliv nt Siiiiildal Int.Tcourse. The Inner l.ite. "i Spiiit >l\sl.iies Explained. The Temi'K-on l>i>ease> of Biain and Nerves. The Fountain, with Jets of New Meanings. Tale of a Physician, or Seeds and Fruits of Ci"ime. Genesis and Ethics of Conjugal Love. Diakka, and their Earthly Victims. -^.Views of Our Heavenly Home. of a past age, but a perpetual fact, the ceaseless method of the divine economy for human eleva- tion. That all angelic and demoniac beings which have manifested themselves, or interposed in hu- man affairs in the past, were simply disembodied human spirits, or beings of like character and origin, in different grades of advancement. ~ That all authentic miracles (so called) in the past, such as the raising of the apparently dead, the healing of the siek oy the laylng-on of hands or other simple me.ins. the nower over deadly pni-nn-^, the nii.vcment of physical objects without vivihlr insii inii.'niaiity, etc. . have been produced in harm'Hi>' with nnivei-sal laws, and hence may be repeated at any time under suitable conditions. former home of clay, then passed through an open window, joined other spirit friends, and passed heavenwards out of sight. Two years went by. The lectures being completed, the clairvoyant power gradually diminished, and Davis no longer submitted to the magnetic manifestations. He has written several book.s since then, but, his friends claim, none containing greater wisdom than that entitled "Nature's Divine Revelations.." lie subsequently trav- eled extensively throughout the country, engaged in lecturing. Mr. Davis has been twice married, and of late years has resided at Orange, New Jersey. In 1848 the so-called si)irit-rappings made their appearance at Rochester, N. Y. , and at other points. These were followed by various other physical manifestaticms, which to skeptics have never been entirely satisfactorily accounted for. Spiritualists believe that these demonstrations are made by spirit-power, and that the revela- tions of Davis came also through the agency of departed spirits once on earth. The adherents of this belief have muKiplicd so rapidly that Ihcy now number, it is estimated, some ten millions of believers. At their fifth annual convention, held at Rochester, N. Y. , ]8(j8, the Spiritualists of America formed themselves into an association, and announced and adopted the following as their basis of faith: What Spiritualists Believe. That the causes of all phenomena— the sources of all powei-. life and intelligence— are to be sought foi- in the internal or spiritual realm, not in the external or material. That the chain of causation, traced backwards from what we see in nature and in man. leads inevitably to a Creative spirit, who must be not only n fouut of life (love), hut & fni-jniiiy principle (Wisdom)— thus sustaining the dual parental rela- ti(jns of father and mother to all individualized intelligences, who consequently are all brethren. That man, as the offspring of this Infinite Par- ent, is in some sense his image or finite embodiment; and that, by virtue of this parent- age, each human being is, oi'has in his inmost nature, a germ of divinity— an incorruptible off- shoot of the divine essence, which is ever prompt- ing to good and right. That all evil in man is in harmony with this divine principle; and hence whatever prompts and aid> man to bring his external nature into subjection to and in harmony with, the divine in him— in whatever religious system or formula it may be embodied— is a "means of salvation" frou! evil. That the hearty and intelligent conviction of the>-e truths, w ith a realization of ^pirit■conmluni- eatiun. tends >|i To enkindle lofty desires and spiritual a-piiatimis. an effect opposite to that of materialism, which limits existence to the present life. (2) To deliver from painful fears of death, and dread of imaginai-y evils consequent thereuijon, as well as to pt event inordinate sorrow and mourning for deceased friends. (3) To give aialiDnal and inxitm^r i-"rii-epti<>n of tJie after- life lo tln.s.- m hi. usr the pi e.-.-iit worthily, li) To stiiiiiilate t'l llie highest jKi^sible uses of the pres- ent life, in view of its relations to the future. (5) To energize the soul in all that is good and elevate ing, and to restrain from all that is evil and inijnire. This must result, according to the laws of moral iiilluence, from a knowledge of the con- stant picssuie or cognizance of the loved and pure, (fi) Til promote our earnest endeavors, by purity of life, by unselfishness, and by loftiness of aspiration, to live constantly en ra/i;>o;-f with the higher conditions of spirit life and thought. (7i To stimulate the mind to the largest investiga- tion and the freest thought on all subjects, especially on the vital themes of spiritual philos- ophy anci duty, that we may be qualilied to judge for ourselves what is right and ti'ue. (8) To deliver from all bondage to authority, whether vested in creed, book, or church, except that of received truth. (9) To cultivate self-reliance and cai-eful in\estigtlioM by taking away the support of authoiities, and le.iving each mind to exercise its own ti-uth — 34 HISTORY Als'D WOEK OF THE JEWISH CHURCH. -i^ .^>!5^J-^ ^^ y ^_ Heligious Denominations. /Is History, Government and Beliefs of Various Cliurcli Organizations. x^ ORIGIN OF VARIOUS FORMS OF WORSHIP. HATEVER may be the nationality of individ- ual?. or\vhatever may be the relii^non to ^vhicb tbey bave been born or educated — wbutber Bud- dbistic, Mohammedan, Christian or Barbaric, it will be found, if religionists at all, that each has his or her peculiar ideas of the means by which a worship shall be conducted. -*^(i^^€^?:S®S>^'^c ^VTiile no two minds, probably, ever 'exactly agree concerning human destiny any more than two faces ever look exactly alike, yet, in every community there will generally be a certain number that will nearly enough agree in icligious opinion to form an organiza- tion. If this organization lives, retains its individuality, and has peculiarities of belief and government distinctly its own, it becomes a denomination. Among the believers in the Christian religion there have been and are at the present time many different grades of opinion. There are, in all, over one thousand different religions. The history of several of the most prominent of the religious organizations and be- liefs will be found in the succeeding pages relating to denominations. HISTORY OF THE JEWISH RELIGION. Af te r the death of Moses Joshua, his chosen succes- sor, conducted tlie i)eople of iiTtfs' Israel into Pal- \^^'^\^ e s t i n e, the ^"^ promised land, where th(\v snlxlued most of the heathen na- tions and divided the country among them- Bclvcs. Their history, as recorded in sacred writ, f-hows that they tired of the Theoc- racy, or God gnverniniMit. and the judicial system under which they had lived, and de- (*ired a monarchal form of government. Saul, the sonof Kish. was chosen for the first sovereign, and with varied fortunes and under various king-*, somelimes relapsing into idolatry, ami again returning to obedience to God; Hometimes attaining extreme pros- perity, and again falling into degradation, they retained possession of their inheritance, until Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon, destroyed the Jewisli nation and carried its inhabitants into captivity, about the year of the world 3416, or about 388 years after the rebellion which separated the ten tribes from Iliat of .Judea. They were retained in captiv- ity In Babylon for seventy years, but released by Cyrus. Most of them then returned to Palestine, rebuilt the city and temple at Je- rusalem, and renewed their covenant with (;od, but many remained In Babylon. About =^ A. M. 3653 the King of Persia ravaged part of Judea, and carried away a great number of prisoners. About thirty years afterwards, and also eight years later, Ptolemy, King of Egypt, carried tens of thousands of the Jews into Egypt, using them kindly. Thirty new cities in Asia were also settled with Jews, by Seleu- cus Nicator. About A. M. 3834 Antiochus Epiphanes forced his way to Jerusalem and murd<_red 40.000 Jews. Two years after- wards his troops pillaged the cities of Judea. murdered multitudes of men and carried off 10, 000 women and children prisoners; the holy temple at Jerusalem was devoted to the wor- ship of a Grecian idol, and the Jews were exposed to the basest treatment. About A. M. 3840 the city and temple of Jerusak-m were regained and repaired by Nicanor. For thirty years more the country was ravaged, del- uged in blood, and desolated by various nations and civil broils, and for twenty-four years was oppressed by Herod the Great, who at length assumed the government. T\venly years before the birth of Christ be rebuilt withgreat splendor the Jewish temple at Je- rusalem. About A. M. 4004 t'tirist was born, only to be rejected as the promised Messiah by the Jews, who crucilled him. About the year 70 after Christ Jerusalem was des- troyed by Titus, the Roman General, and In that catastrophe about 1,100, ()00 Jews per- Islied. Since then the remainder and their descendants June been scattered, i)('rsecuted. slain and enslaved among all nations of the earth, but have, through all. retained their distinctive national characteristics, preserv- ing their Jewish worship, devoid of animal sacrifices and having undergone several changes. For eighteen centuries they have kept themselves a separate people, worship- ing one God and awaiting the coming of the Messiah, who was promised by their prophets 700 years before the advent of Christ. In numbers they are probably as strong as at any time they formerly were in Palestine. In every nation they live and prosper. Their civil government is that of the respective countries in which they dwell. In religion almost all modern Jews hold to certain distinctions in food and ceremonies, and adhere as closely to the Mosaic dispensa- tion as their dispersed condition will permit. They meet in their syungoguts (or places of worship) on the seventh day of (he week, as of old. instead of on the first, as the Christians do. The Jews formerly sat during the public services with their hats on. The serviee consists chiefly in reading the ancient laws of Moses, together with a variety of prayers. They repeat blessings and particular praises to God. not only in their prayiTs. but on all accidental occasions, and in almost all their actions. All vain swearing and Ihe unnec- essary use of tlie name of (Jod is forbidden. All their meats nrr. prepared by Jewish butcher'* in a peculiar manner, to a\()id contamination from i)rohi luted food. They acknowledge a two- fold law of God — written nnd unwritten; the former is found in the live first books of our (Jld Testament; the latter is handed down from gcnenition to generation by word of moulU. The cere- mony of circumcision is practiced upon infants eight days old, as in the days of Abraham. But, especially in the United States, the Jews gradually become less rigid in their national practices and conform more to the manners and customs of the American people, and the eating of pork is not now considered so great an abomination as for- merly. The restoration of Palestine to the Jews before the end of the world is predicted in the Old Testament prophecies. Their gath- criny into the Holy Land is to reeult in ttioir becoming a strong and prosperous nation, in wllicll the promised Messiah is expecU-d to be received by tliem and -^'overa them. Religious BeHef. The Jews believe in one God, the Creator of all tliinj^s, first principle of all beings, Belf-sulfleieiit and independent: without whom no created being can subsist; having a unity peculiar to himself; being eternal and incor- poreal ; who is the sole object of adoration and worship; having no mediator between him and mankind. That Moses was a prophet of God, superior to all others, enjoying a pecu- liar gift from God in this direction; that the prophecies of Moses were true; that the law that he left was purely dictated by God himself to Moses, from whom they received and have it to-day. That this law Is un- changeable; that God will not give another, and that there can be nothing added to or taken from it. That God knows the most secret thoughts of men ami governs all their acti(ms;that he will reward those who observe his law. and severely punish those who are guilty of violating it; that of these rewards eternal life is the best and greatest, and of punishment, damnation of the soul is the most severe. That a Messiah, of the royal house of David, shall yet come to deliver Israel, and that God, in his own good lime, will raise the dead to life. '^Ha ^ '•^:3ae^—i-»- i^:^ CATHOLIC CHURCH. ^- ^-^ '^-i^^fX^ Its History, Covernment, Belief and Form of Worship. I* HE Roman Catholic Church traces ' r)?^i \ ''■■' "'"'=''1 to the days of the Apos- 1^^^ I tie Si mon P e t e r, one of the !pr?^~^ personal disciples of Jesus Christ, y^\Q>^ from whose lips was addressed to ('\i^^\ him that remarkable passage in the •jy« Scriptures: "Thou art Peter; and GO upon this rock I will build my church." t Whatever controversy may arise upon I the mistranslation or misconception of this quotation, it is clung to with unswerving tenacity by the ancient and modern writers of the Roman Catholic Church as sufhcient authority for all that it believes and does as a mighty system of religion. It is claimed, also, that Peter visited Rome and established there the church that now venerates him as its founder and its tirst Pope. On this point, ho\vever, great diversity of opinion exists; but the fact remains, that upon thisbelief rests and is perpetuated the Papal Church of Rome. Rome is to-day. as in the past centuries of the Christian church, the great center of the Roman Catholic religion, and the long line of Popes, including the present potentate, Leo XIII., claimed their supremacy over the universal Christian church. According to the records of the church, the line of supreme Pontiffs is unbroken from A. D. 42 to A. D. 1880. Form of Government. — The Church of Rome is governed by the Pope; his counselors, the college of seventy cardinals, appointed from many nations, and classified as cardinal bishops, cardinal priests and cardinal deacons, and they rank as seculnr princes, next to the kings of the earth; after these succeed arch- bishops, bishops and the various orders of vicars and priests, each holding proportionate rank and sway, according to the degree of their office. The Popes are elected by the cardinals, but the Pope appoints the cardinals. The common people are, therefore, subject to theirbishops; the bishops to the archbishops; the archbishops to the cardinals, and all are controlled by the Pope; thus there is "one church, having one faith, under one head." In all ecclesiastical matters the infallibility of the Pope is maintained, whatever differ- ences may exist iu the church as to his tem- poral authority. The Discipline of the Church. — Canon law, compiled from the decrees of different Popes and councils of the church, and of several passages of the holy fathers and other repu- table writers, and other authoritative works, now regulates the Roman Catholic Church, in place of the canons of the apostles, the apostolic constitutions, and the ancient com- pilations of the church. Ko diversity of faith is allowed in the church ; but in matters of worship or discipline a difference is permitted, so long as peace is not subverted or communion broken. The Pope extends his care and solicitude to every Roman Catholic church iu the world; he enacts new rules of discipline, abrogates others, and punishes those who do not obey them; decides in church differences, and listens to the appeals of all bishops. No priest or prelate in the church may marry; official vestments for the priesthood are prescribed for the greater de- cency of the public worship; church worship is conducted in the Latin tongue; the common people and children are not permitted to read either the Old or New Testament in the pre- vailing language where they live, nor is any portion of the Bible in the vulgar tongue permitted to be taught in the charity schools of the church. Lent, the fast of forty days, in commemoration of the fasting of Jesus in the wilderness for a similar period, is strictly kept, as a time for doing penance for sin. It is also a preparation for celebrating the greatest festival of the church, known as Easter, the anniversary of the resurrection of Christ from the dead. Numerous other fast and feast days are prescribed by the church and observed by devout Catholics in all countries. During these fasts no animal flesh is permitted to he eaten, except on certain days and under special circumstances. The Christian Sabbath is always a church holiday. Relicrious Orders, — In Catholic countiies, in all quarters of the globe, exist several orders of priests, known as monks. Basilians, Benedictines, A u g u s 1 1 n i a n s, Dominicans , Franciscans, etc. All belonging to these orders take upon themselves solemn vows of chastity, poverty and obedience for life. Usually they are under the jurisdiction of the Pope, instead of the bishops, and differ only in disripline. manner of dress, and particular privileges granted to each other. Several orders of nuns, or female devotees, also exist. each following its own rules and wearing a l>eculiar costume. Their vows of consecra- tion are similar to those of the monks; after their profession they are never allowed to leave the convent during life, without the leave of the bishop, and then only on the burning of the convent or some similar occa- sion; nor is any man permitted to enter the convent without the bishop's permission, and for some necessary purpose. Principal Beliefs of the Church.— The fun- damental principle of the church is the doc- trine that God has promised and does exert over it a constant and perpetual protection, to preserve it from destruction, error or fatal corruption. This belief assures the infalli- bility of the church. The Pope is the repre- sentative of God on earth, and hence his own infallibility. The bread and wine of the sacrament of the Lord's supper are the actual body and blood of Jesus Christ; hence none but the priesthood are worthy to partake of them. There is a place beyond the grave, and this side of hea\en, called purgatory, through which the souls of believers must pass, as a disciplinary and purifying process, to fit them for heavenly joy. Saints, who are believed to reign with Christ after this life, should be honored and prayed to. Principal among these is the Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus, whose intercession with her Son for her supplicants is universally sought by all devout believers. The images of Christ, the Virgin Mary and the saints and saintly relics, are held in veneration and honor. Sins should be confessed to the priests, as the represen- tatives of Christ, who are enabled by His appointment to declare His forgiveness of sin. Indulgences are obtained only by special prayer and great devotictnal application. Form of Worship, — Public services are mostly conducted in the Latin language, after set forms, called masses and vespers, as fully printed in the missals of the churches. These are divided into solemn or high mass, plain or low mass: mass sung or said; publicmass and private mass. These vary in details, and are conducted by bishops and priests, a high mass being assisted by other ministers of the church. Vespers are the evening services. Another form of worship, called canonical hours, combines prayer and instruction, con- sisting of psalms, lessons, hymns, prayers, anthems, versicles, etc., divided into sections ■.(i^*-'*' --nO:- for use at different hours. The fasts and fes- tival;- have distinctive peculiarities of worship. Changes. — Under Pope Gregot-y. about the year GOO, ancient Britain was converted from Paganism to Catholicism, which continued to flourish, with varying success, until the acces- sion of Henry VIII. . in the sixteenth century. Henry sought the aid of the Pope in getting a divorce from his wife, the queen, in order that he might murry Anne Boleyn. This being refused. Henry threw off his allegiance to Catholicism, and became the head of the church in England. In the succeeding reiga of his only son, Edward VI. , also in the six- teenth century, the Church of England was established, and England was arrayed on the Protestant side of the struggle then going on in Europe. When Queen Mary, in 1553, ascended the throne, j-he brought England again under Papal dominion, and slew about 300 Protestants, including some of their most prominent leaders — Latimer, Ridley and others. Under Elizabeth, who succeeded Mary, Protestantism was again restored, and Catholicism has since then been subordinate to the Puritans and Established Church of England in its public intlucnce. In Ireland, however, Catholicism has held a prosperous sway. The Reformation, beginning in 1517 by Luther, himself a Catholic monk, greatly injured Catholicism by its assaults upon several of the distinctive Catholic doctrines; and extending throughout Germany, Switzer- land and France, led to the introduction of a vigorous Protestantism in those countries. John Calvin, in the same century, becoming dissatisfied with the doctrines of Catholicism, in which he had been educated, also became noted, as a reformer and. a Protestant leader. The countries in which Catholicism mostly prevails at this day are Austria, France. Spain. Italy, Ireland, Portugal, Mexico and all the countries of South America. They have also many missions and a large number of believers in other countries. In the United States, where the Catholic religion was first established (in Maryland) in lti23. there wais, in 1876, computed to be a membership of 10,000,000. The Christian Fathers. — These were the first and most eminent writers of the Chris- tian church. Those of the first century are styled the ' 'Apostolical Fathers ;" those of the first three centuries, prior to the religious council at Nice, "Antenicene Fathers, "and those who flourished subsequently, "Post- nicene Fathers." None of their writings are to be considered as inspired in the sense in which that word is applied to the Christian Bible. The following is a complete list of these fathers; Barnabas, Clement of Rome, Hermas, Ignatius and Polycarp lived in the days of Christ's apostles; Papius, A. D. IIR; Justin Martyr, 140; Dionysius of Corinth, 17.0; Tatian, 172; Hegesippus, 173; Melito, 177; Irena^us, 178; Athenauoras, 178; Milti- ades, 180; Theophilus. fs 1 : Clement of Alexandria, 194; Tertullian. 200; Minutius Felix. 210; Ammonius, 220; Origen, 230; Firmilian, 23 3; Dionysius of Alexandria, 247; Cyprian, 248; Novatus, or Novatian, 251; Arnobius, 300; Lactantius, 306; Alex- ander of Alexandria, 313; Eusebius, 315 ; Athanasius, 326; Cyril of Jerusalem, 348; Hilary, 354; Epiphaneus, 368; Basil, 370; Gregory of Nazianzen. 370; Gregory of Nyssa. 370; Optatus, 370; Ambrose, 374; Philaster, 380: Jerome. 392; Theodore of Mopsuestia, 394; Rufhnus. 397: Augustine, 398; Chrysostom.398; Sulpitius Sevcrus,4ni; Cyril of Alexandria, 412; Theodoret, 423; and Germanius, 494. Their writings are prin- cipally valuable as proofs of the existence and authenticity of the New Testament, extending back, as they do, to the time of the apostles. C^ S ^JS> , r-.^j^ :=THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND HE Church of England, which is Episcopal in government, the most prominent Protestant or- ganization in England, was founded in the reign of Edward VI. , King of Great Britain, in the sixteenth century. Christianity, however, both Protestant and Catholic, had a previous existence in the nation. Eusebius, an ancient writer, posi- tively declares that it was introduced into Britain by the apostles of Christ and their disciples. Its (lovemraent — The reigning sovereign is the head of the church, with supreme power. There are two archbishops — of Canterbury and York — and twenty-five bishops. These bishops rank as temporal barons, so that each has a seat and a vote in the House of Peers in Parliament. Other prelates in the church are designated as deans, archdeacons, rectors, vicars, etc. The archdeacons possess author- ity next to the bishops, and arc sixty in number. They look after church property, reform abuses, excommunicate members, etc. Rectors have charge of the parish churches, and vicars seem to be supernumerary over- seers of parish affairs. Belief. — The church expresses its Protest- ant christian faith in the Apostles', Niccne and Alhanasian creeds. The first of these is as follows: *' I believe In God the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and In Jesus Chriwt. His only Son. our Lord, who was conceived by the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary ; was crucified, dead and buried. He descended into hell. The third day He rose from the dead. He ascended into heaven; and sittelh on the right hand of (;od; fr(mi thence He shall coin(- to judge the quick and the dead. I h<-li<'ve in the Holy Qhoet; the holy catholic ri^ ^-^BT-^-j •^■■ church; the communion of saints; the for- giveness of sins; the resurrection of the body, and the life everlasting. " This creed is also accepted by the Methodist, Episcopal and Roman Catholic Churches. The Nicene creed, a formula adopted by a convocation of Bishops at Nice in A. D. £.25, is more elaborate, but accords with this : while the Athanasian, a creed formulated by Athan- a^^ius, Bishop of Alexandria, in the fifth cen- tury, is a sublime exposition of the two-fold, God-man nature of Jesus Christ. Besides these creeds are the "Thirty-nine Articles" of belief, which may be thus sum- marized: A profession of faith in the Divine Trinity; the incarnation of Jesus Christ, His descent into the place of departed spirits — the "hell" of the creed — His resurrection and the divinity of the Holy Ghost. An accept- ance of the canonical books of the Bible as the word of God. A belief in the creeds of the church. Declarations of the doctrines of original sin, of justification by faith in Chrit^t alone, of i)redestination. etc. The church declared to be the assembly of the faithful. Rejection of the Roman Catholic doctrines of purgatory, the mass, the sale of indul- gences, the adoration of images, the change of the wine and bread in the sacrament to the real blotid and body of Christ, and the invocation of saints. (3nly those lawfully called may preach or administer the sacra- ments of baptism and the Lord's supper. Requiring the form of worship to be in the English language. Declaring that the sacra- ments are effectual signs of grace. Permit- ting the marriage of the clergy. Maintaining the elHcacy of excommunication, and indors- ing the power of the civil magistrates. The Liturgy of the Church.— The Book of Prayer now in u^e in the Church of Enu'Iand was composed in 1547, and has since uiulcr- gone several alterations. It breathes a true devotional spirit in its petitions and psalms of praise, indicating the deep piety of its authors. The Episcopal Church in the United States. Oriuiii. — This church dL-rivcs its doctrines, liturgy and practices almost wholly from the Church of England. The changes in all are rather circumstantial than material, and were made after the war of the Revolution had separated the American colonies from the rule of Great Britain. It. however, differs from the mother church in being distinct from the state government, and its bishops enjoy no civil powers, immunities or emoluments on account of their office. The Worship. — This is essentially the same, with some verbal improvements, curtail- ments, etc. Tbe Apostles' and the Nicene creeds are retained, hut the Athanasian is rejected. In baptism the sign of the cross may be omitted at pleasure. The marriage service is shortened. The jirayers for the rulers of the nation were also changed to meet the exigencies of the new government. The Episcopacy. — Bishops, priests and dea- cons, wardens, and vestrymen, comprise the government. The bishops govern about tifty- five dioceses in the United States and Terri- tories, with several in charge of missions in Africa. China and Japan. General conven- tions of bishops, clergy au«J.aA.C).i.- _^fiii;i u i;ai>lj-t-^ appiird ils dt.rtnuesto the soci.il |i.>sil!.-Tis of III,- ami Ilucilruril ' 'an end to prie~l,iih.j...'li<.n to Hiin in all things. They dull r tiniii oilier denoiiiinat Ions, huweyer. in jier- si.--tently lefusing to aeknowkdge any baptism compleie and satisfactory except that which immerses the entire body of the disciple in water; rejecting, rigidly, all other forms and methods f>[ iierf-u'ininK' this iniji.jrlant rite. r.ai>tisni. to them, is i.n essenliat means of u^raee. Willie iliey tlo not believe m the baptism ol infants of an irrespuiisibh.' :>i:--\ ami eonsider spn il ual qnalilica- tion necessar\ . ihe\ li;ip(i/e ;ill who ie|»ent and believe the ^'.i-pri, nhrtini m eluhlhood. youth or manhood, ami i m .pieiH Iv w liole hou-L-holdsare thus eiitrrafled on the church of Christ. The majority aNo exercise a rigid regulation in their churches I liat no person who has not been bap- tized by immerMon shall be permitted to partake of the bread and wine in the sacrament of the Lord's supper. This prohibition, however, has led to divisions, and the doctrine of a moi-e liberal communion is by some now strenuously advo- cated. Government.— The church government of the Baptists is democratic, or congregational. Each church being considered entirely dependent on Christ, is entirely independent of all others, and complete in itself for the ehoice of its officers, declaration of faith, and the reception, dismissal or discipline of its members. The principle of inter-communion of the churches, however, is maintained as the highest form of visible unity, and should never be interrupted. They therefore associate tlieir churches, invite councils for advice, and organize societies for mutual co-oper- ation in benevolent, educational or missionary enterprises; but no association claims any juris- diction over individual churches. No distinction vv'i^-^?^6?i(^e^^r except that of office Is made between clerprymen and laymen. They recognize no higher church officers than pastors and deacons. Elders, as evangelists and missionaries, are, after due trial, ordained and sent out to preach the gospel. Councils are usually culled to ordain ministers, form churches and settle serious difficulties. Branches.— In England there are two parties, known as raitienlar and in-neral Baptists, having but litlle eonimnmeati-.n with each other. The latter inaiiitaiii the .loeinneof general redemp- tion and the other pomis ot the .\i rmni.in system, and are agreed witli the i'aiti. nlar Biiptists only on the subject ol bapti-in, worship aii'i church discipline. The Particular Baptists are the most numerous, and embrace the Calvinistic doctrine of particular redemption, or election. The Scot- tish Baptists differ in various respects from the English Baptists, and many divisions exist among them on doctrinal points. In the United States there are several different branch(^s ot the Baptist church,— the Seventh Day (or Saturday observers) Free-Will, Anti-Mi^ion, the Six Prim-iple. Tunk- ers, JlennonitC'^, (_'anipbeiiiti-s .uid W'lmbrarians. The Six-Principle, .M.-nnnniles and Tnnkers are of foreign origin, and are largely composed of immigrants from England, Russia, etc., driven from their native lands by persecutions. American BaptistH. -Roger Williams founded the tirst Baptist church in Ameiica, at Providence. R. I., in lf>3ii, and it is now, with one exception, the largest denomination of evangelical christians, having a foothold in every State and Territory. They have been a prosperous people, and have done much for the cause of education. They have about thirty colleges, more than one hundred academies and female seminaries, and nine or more theological schools, besides numer- ous publication houses in several cities of the Union, and supporting nearly fifty denomina- tional periodicals. Their mission work is very large, extending to Canada, Oregon. California, New Mexico and Hayti; in France. Spain, Germany, Denmark. Sweden, and Norway; in Africa. India, Siam and China. In doctrine the Baptists of the United States are Calvinistic, with much freedom and moderation. The total population attached to Baptist \'iews is estimated at 8,000,000, and the increase is very rapid. rt:<«- — *-.^K— ^J=:= -^^ims^^-'-^-g; p THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. -% '^% |0-^^>^^-^i^2^^f^'^ HE principles of Luther's Reform- ation found their way into Scot- land about the year l.'>27. where thev excited the apjirehensions ol the CaUioli.- priesthood and led to a -ei'ies of persecutions Upon those who prutesscd the Protestant faith. Indeed, from the first dawn of the Reformation in Scotland, for a long series of yea IS, there was a jiei petual strutrgle lK'twi.'en the conrt and the people tor the e-t abiishment of an Episcopal or Presbyterian form of worship and church government. The celebrated house of Stuart advocated the former system, hut the latter was supported by a majority i>f the people, )>erhaps beeaiise, as was not the case with Episcupaey, the laity and the clergy participated together in church juris- diction. The first adherents of this form of church gov- ernment in England were those Protestants who returned from Germany, to which place they had lied for refuge in the time of Queen Mary. Com- ing back in the generous reign of Queen Elizabeth, they first met Jn private houses, anri afterwards more publicly, to worship in th.' forms of the Genevan service book. The lirst Presbyterian place ot worship was erected at Wailswoith, in Surrey, where they also formed a presbytery. Other presbyteries were soon established at ©r^ ^ other points, and in a short time the number of Presbyterians in England is said to have reached 100,000. In Cromwell's administration the famous Westminster Assembly, consisting of l-'iO minis- ters, was held. The hope was that Presbyterian- ism would be made the established religion of England by act of Parliament; but a law was passed, granting freedom of thought and worship to all the people, a measure that much displeased the Presbyterians. Charies I. alU'inptid to assimilate the churches of England , Kpisi'op;,i , umi <.l Seotbimi il're-byte- rian), but his o\-e! imes wile met with H lleree and angry revolution uii the ijai L of the latter, which forms an important chapter in the history of Great Britain . Episcopacy was, however, re-estab- lished in Scotland by Charles II. The Presbyteri- ans, not dismayed, maintained their ground, Subseqviently an arrantrement was effected by a treaty of union, in 17H7, eoiitinning Episcopacy in England and establishing Presbyterianism as the religion of Scotland. To John Knox, the celebrated and intrepid reformer, the church of Scotland owes much. For twelve months, after coining fresh from the Reformation m Switzerland, he labored actively and sneee^-lnlly to strengthen the cause of Protestantism in Scotland- From the time of his second coming, in 1550, until his death, in 1572, the reformed church was triumphant. Governmeiit.— The primary doctrine of the Presbyterians is the representation of congrega- tions in presbyteries, etc. , by their delegated elders, of whom the preaching elder, or minister, is always one. This system of church representa- tion is partly founded on the example of the apostles in the primitive church, as set forth in Acts XV., and partly on the general unity of the church. Particular congregations confide the management of their alfairs to a court called "the session," which consists of the minister and the other elders, the minister presiding, but each member having equal power and an equal vote. From the decisions of thi^ court, appeals may be taken to the presbytery, which usually comprises the ministei's of a certain number of congrega- tions and one ruling elder from each congrega- tion. Beyond this appeals may be carried to the higher governing bodies— the sjTiods and general assemblies. The general assembly is the highest court, to which the synods are subordinate. An order of deacons, for the furtherance of its secular affairs, exists in some churches, while in others their duties devolve on the elders. The whole care of the flock is intrusted to the teaching elders and the ruling elders. Whatever difference may exist in the names of the several judicatory bodies among the different branches of the church, as well as in minuter arrangements, yet any church embodying the above principles is strictly a Presbyterian church. ReIlfrlou8 Belief.— The Church of Scotland possesses no liturgy, no altar, no instrumental music, no sacred vestments. It condemns saint- worship; observes no festival days; uses exlem- poraneous"prayer; teaches that all its miuisters :(> — are equal in commission, and that bishops and presbyters are the same in office: baptism is per- formed by sprinkling-, and includes infants; and the ring is omitted in the marriage service; believes in the doctrine of spiritual election, and otherwise indorses the ordinary beliefs of ortho- dox Christianity, the atonement of Christ, etc. Calvinism maintains the doctrine that God has chosen certain persons to be saved from His wrath for sin, in His free love and grace, without the least foresight of faith, good works or any condition performed by the creature, and that the rest of mankind will be eternally toiniented. The English Presbyterians are less attached to Calvinism than the Scotch, and differ somewhat from them in their church government, with more latitude of religious sentiment. In the United States.— Presbyterianism ■was introduced into Mai-yland in the seventeenth century by Francis Makemie. who gathered the scattered elements of that religion in that State, who were immigrants from Scotland and the North of Ireland. The Presbytery of Philadel- phia (the fii-st) was constituted in 1704. In 1716 four presbyteries were formed, with the Synod of Philadelphia. They were not harmonious, but all differences were settled in 175S. The first general asscmtly was conventd at rhilatUlithia. in 1789. Since then Prcsbyterianisrii lia^ Kicatly prospered in this country. The original doctrines of the church in the United States were Calvinistic, but were followed in moderation. From an early day new organizations from secessions have sprung up and attained importance, with some clianges in doctrine and government. The Cumberland Presbyterian church originated in Kentucky toward the close of the last century, and is now a large and influential organization. The United Presbytei'ian church of North America was organized in 1782, from the Associate Re- formed and the Associate Presbyterian churches. The union of these churches caused another dis- sension, which resulted in the foundation of the Reformed Presbyterian church in America. General Council.— In London. July 21, 1875, a conference of one hundred delegates from such Presbyterian bodies throughout all the world as acquiesced in a plan previously promulgated, called an " Alliance of reformed churches throughout the world," and formed an inorganic and co-operative, voluntary union, to promote mutual sympathy and help, diffuse information, aid in mission work, promote christian reform in appro|)riate spheres, and oppose inlidelity and religious intolerance; no interference with the status of the constituent churches, a.^auming no church authority, and requiring no changes of doctrine. The Cumberland Church. —When the Cumberland Presbyterians organized, they in- dorsed the doctrines of the American Presbyterian church, e-xcept "the fatality of predestination" (Calvinism) and the requisition of an academical education for the ministry. Elsewhere.— Presbyterianism has also a firm foothold in Canada and Ireland, The New Llchts.— An important division occurred in the United States in 1838, whereby the American Presbyterian church was divided into two great sections, commonly known as the Old School and New School Presbyterianism. The first maintained strong Calvinistic doctrmes; the latter a modified indoi-sement of the same tenets. Both churches prospered and extended over the whole country, instituted and supported missions in various heathen lands, and finally, in 1869, they reunited. THE CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. W^'-^ :^nN(jKKUATl<>NALISU, a system of rhurch government which was origi- niiUy designed to be used by several IjT;, denominations of Protestant christians, it^W/A^'mii maintains that each congregation of ■^iTtiAi worshipers, meeting regularly in one ^IGTtjVb place, is a complete church, formed by f^^lp'y the free consent and mutual agreement ijT of its members, adopting its own rules i^lllffli °^ government, and is subject to no con- *cpl)^ trol from other churches. 1+1 This system was originated in the time r of Queen Elizabeth, from the desire of certain members of the Church of England to establish a purer church, and determined, at all hazards, to enjoy the rights of conscience. On this account they were stigmatized with the gen- eral name of "Puritans," and since then they have been generally known by that name. The Congregationalistsof the United States, but first in New England, are the descendants of this people. Hintory.— The first recorded organization occurred in England in 1583, under the auspices of one Robert Browne; but it is thought that churches had been previously founded on these principles as far back as in the days of Edward VI. and Queen Mary, Browne's church, however, was soon broken up, and he and many of his congregation fled to Holland. There he re-estab- lished the organization, but it fell into dissensions after his return to England ami soon dissolved. In Kngland the system was also separated by the opinions (if its adherents, .Some continued to rtrcognizc the Church of England a»a true church, and l■L■fu^ed to leave her. but demanded that her discipline should be reformed, and her bishops rank US the lieads of the presbyters, nor did they recognize the doctrine of the liberty of eon- Kcience. These were known as the Conforming Ptiritans. The others, or Non-Conformists, would enter into no compromise with the Establir-hed Church. They desired its utter overthrow, with nil Its machinery, ceremonies and filVins, and to build upon Its niins churches after the pure and simple model of the first christian apostles. At least five of the Nonconformists were executed by tlie government for (qiroly advocating their jrlnciples. in addition, in l-'ili:,', an act was passed inprisoning and banishing from the kingdom all c: of discretionary years who should embrace the doctrines of the Non-Conformist or refuse to attend the services of the Established Church. In conse- quence of this law a number of the proscribed people went to Holland — how many is not known, but the Dutch treated them with little favor, owing to prejudices derived from the slanders of English prelates. In time, however, these bad impressions were removed, and churches were established in several cities of Holland, where they continued to flourish fur more than one hun- dred years. At the time of the passage of the act of banish- ment, in England, it was estimated that there were 20.000 Non-Conformists in the kingdom. Those who remained in England were subsequently treated with more kindness and allowed greater liberty of conscience during the latter part of Queen Elizabeth's reign. In the reign of her suc- cessor, James VI., a new series of acts was passed by which conformity to the Established Church was rigidly enforced, on pain of excommunica- tion. Thus the Puritans were silenced, and many sought relief in flight. Among others who fled from the countr>' amid painful persecution was one John Robinson, a Non-Con fonnist minister, and part of his congrega- tion, from the North of England. Going to Hol- land, about the year lfi08, they remained at Leyden for about ten years, during which they prospered and the church increased. In America.— In 1617, owing to the contam- inating inlhiencos of society in Holland, Mr. Robinson and his friends meditated a removal to North America, where in the wilds of that new country they hoped to be instrumental in convert- ing the native savages and securing the broadest liberty of conscience. Negotiations were begini with the colony of Virginia, but the liberty of conscience that they so much desired could not be assured to them there. In 1619 a grantof land in America was obtained, hut as ships enough could not be procured to con- vey the entire Holland church acro.ss the Atlantic, Mr. Robinson and a part of his congregation remaiiK'd at Leyden, whilf tin- others, uiidci- Elder Brewsh T, ■■;iili'il. I'iscoiii iiirmir cirtuni stances twice <-iui>rd Ib.-ni 1o rrtuiTi, l.iit at hist, in the Mayflower, one huiulrcd succeeded in landing at Plymouth, in Massachusetts, December 22, 1620. Ten years they struggled against serious haid- ships and adverse circumstances, but then and there and subsequently they established the present Congregational Church of America— a church that has given to the world some of its most talented and pious divines, materially aidetl in forming the best and greatest of our national institutions, and done nnich in framing the char- acter of the American people. Present Form of Government.— The Congregational form of church i:o\ i rruiurit was in effect, if not altogether in namr, i.st;il»iislnil in Massachusetts and in New England geiienilly. With it any body of men united together tor religious worship constituted a chuich, perfect and complete in all its parts. From this principle the whole system may logically be deduced. It is a voluntary union, leaving each church (self- created, in one sense) independent of every other, except so far as it is bound by those laws of christian intercourse which govern societies equally with individuals. It can elect its own officers, admit and exclude members at will, and whatever the Bible recognizesas corning within the province of a christian chuich. 1 lu- njiiy (liincli officers now recognized by the Congr ciriitiiiiialists are pastoi-s and deacons, the oftice ot elder having been droi)ped more than a century ago. Deacons are chosen by the votes of the church, and gener- ally thev are ordaineii bv the imposition of hands. To'disni'iss ;i pasloi*. ;i m'utii;il .■oimcil of ministers of neigliboim;.-.hm.'lirsiv..,,inijionlv<.,illrd. The power ol h.-.-risiriL: |n.-.lnr^ i> tatw ^-i-iu.-i iilly in- trusted to iuisucial ions ul paslois, winch I'inbraco all within certain local limits. The ordinary meetings of these assi>ciated pastors are for per- sonal improvement, mutual counsel and advice. This denomination is one of the most prosperous in the United States. RellfEfouK Belief.— Implicit reliance on the christian scriptui'cs is an essential pai't of their faith and poIity,.a"d"o doctrine not round therein is to be received. Calvinism exists as a prominent featut*- with the usual orthodox beliefs, infant and adult lj,iptistn by sprinkling, the sacrament of tht' Lord'.s slipper, to be partaken of by all christians present, etc. ^ y-.l! '■/■■; -V*'' U-- .A m ^ -^■%t THE METHODISTS IN ENGLAND AND AMERICA. J^^w=r>,,^■^i^^Vi^r^^ LOW stite of relieion and mor- ality pfevaileU in EntrlJitid in till- .-urly part of the ei^rlitt-enth (■.Mil my. in 1729. John Wesley. iinvv hinious as thy tuunder of Melliudisni.and then a pi-esbyter in tile Chui'ch of En^Jrland, with his brother Charles and two othors. set apart certain even- int:^ fi>r readinijr the uri)ut 1766, when a few Methodists from Ireland settled in New York. Preachei-s were sent over by Mr. Wesley, and in 1773 the first regular conference was held in Philadelphia. Eleven years later American Methodism became independent of the English organization, and Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury were commis- sioned as bishopb in America by Mr. Wesley, ajid ~«i£a2/©-^-^^-^fi'flj^Tp;t f. they were so received. Before the close of the Century Methodism had extended westward to the Mississippi river, into Canada, and prospered in New Enghmd. In 1S12 its members had increased to more than lO.i.OOO. with nearly 700 preachers. It introduced the Sunday-school into this country, established a publishing house, and took ad- vanced ground in the cause of temperance. The Oovernment. —The general conference meets once in four year.^, and is composed uf clergy and lay delegates from all dioceses. It elects bishops, missionary and educational secre- taries, book-agents and its j)eriodieal editors, and is the tinal court ot apinMlM tries bi-liojis and cases of aiipeal tr-jiii lli.- annual coiilLMinces. The annual conlcrences are held in each diocese, and presided over by a bisliup, the bishops not being coiilined in their ministrations to any one diocese. This conference consists of traveling pr'eacliLTs. whom it locates, and over whose char- acters jiml lal>or> it ln'liis supervision. The dis- tiict coiirereiii.-e i-; corilrolled by the presiding elder of the district, pastors, local preachers, exhorters and one steward, and the Sunday-school superintendent from each pastoral charge. It licenses local preachers, and commends them for ordination or admission, and looks after the financial, educational and benevolent interests of the district. The ipiarterly conlerence consists of the pastor, local pica clieis, exhorters, stewards, class-lr'MliM-., if)i-[iT- .mil SiiiKi.iy-scIiool auperin- lendeiii - mi ,i -i hu: h- |m -'< >i i I in;>ii uetion as to salvation; the doctrine of original sin maintained; man's free will to turn to God for salvation declared; man justified alone by faith in Christ as the only and all-suffi- cient Savior; good works of no value beyond testifying to ouk's faith, and in that ca^e pleasing God; sin. repentance and foigiveness may follow one's first conversion from sin; the visible church of Christ found in his faithful followers; denial of the doctrine of purgatory, worship of images, etc., public service to be carried on in the coimnon language of the people, the saeniriMuts ot baptism and the Luril\ ■•iipprr not savmi^' orfliiiaiiees; infant baptism piuuHteil; iiKis-.es derlaied to be blasphemous and dueeillul, ijeniiUliiig the mar- riage of ministers; changes in rites or ceremonies permitted: recognition of the civil government of tlie United States declared; a community of goods in the cimrch denied, but the duty of alms- giving urged; the nature and righteousness of a christian num'soath in court justilied. The;-e are the main principles of the Methodist chinch, whose "general rules" require a strict and pious observance of public and private duly in common life, touching our own and our neighboi-'s wel- fare. These general rules forbid doing harm or evil of any kind, such as profanity, sabbath-break- ing. drunkenne>s. buying and selling slave:*; lighting, quarreling, returning evil iorevil, law- suits, bantering, dealing in smuggled goods, taking usury, uncharitable and unpi-olitable con- versation: speaking e\il of magistrates or minis- ters; doing to other-, what we w.aild nut wish them to do to us, weauim- t:old oinamem>. and costly apparel; unlioiy anmsement. siuginu' secular songs or unprolitable books; sotLnessot living and self-indulgence; laying up treasure on earth; borrowing without a probability of paying; requiring members to evidence their desire for salvation b> il'iiiig good to all men, exercising mercy and dial ii> . by being diligent and frugal; attending' puhln; v\r>rship, hearing or reading the Bible; partaking of the Lord's supper, praying in private and in the family; searching the scrip- tures, and by fasting or abstinence. THE UNITARIAN DENOMINATION. -<$> "fiSTOKY.— The Unitarians trace the history of their doi.'irines back to Arius. a liberal l.i>li..p who lived in Alexandria in the loui tli century. In 1H2.> the Bl■iti^h and Foreign Unitar- ian Association was founded. It is -^ devoted to the dissemination of Uni- - '^ tarian literature, and the pi-omotion disciples in the New Testament strictly conform. Controversies in the early church, they claim, imp.iin-d this belief and made way for the opposite doctrine of the Holy Trinity. ^+,r- S HE L'niversalists claim th,»t their peculiar (li-'irint-s may be lutimi uutlined in the wiitin;,''^ ')f the early Christ hiii^. especially in the '■Sybilline Ora- cles," which taught the doctrine of the final restoiation of lost souls, and that Clement. Origen and others advocated the same doctrine. Uni- versalism is traced in strength in Europe, through the fifth, twelfth, fourteenth, fifteenth and six- teenth centuries. In England it received the sanction of eminent members of the Established Church, and is now widely spread in European nations and America. Since the arrival of Rev. John Murray in the United States, in 1770, it has spread here with great rapidity, havjnff a place in most of the states, with a large membership, numerous im- portant educational institutions, periodicals, etc. In England Universalism was organized about 1750, in the city of London, under the preaching of Rev. John Kelly, who held, with his congre- fration, to a modified form of the doctrine of the Trinity, which gives to Universalism in that coun- try a character that it does not possess in the United States. The Unitarians in England are generally Universalists in sentiment and preaching, and all, or nearly all, Universalists who embrace the doctrine of the divine unity combine with the Unitarians, so that the Univer- salists, as a {lenomiiiatiDU. do not inui"ease as rapidly a.s in the United States. Reli|£ioii« BeHef.— In the General Conven- tiun ui Ml' iMil'. I status, held at Winchester, N. H., ill isu.;, ilir lutluwing profession of faith was formed and pablislied : "We believe th.at the holy scriptures of the Old and New Testaments contain a revelation of the character and will of God. and of the duty, inter- est and final destination of mankind. "We believe there is one God. whose nature X9, love; revealed in one Lord Jesus Christ, by one Holy Spirit of Grace, who will finally restore the whole family of mankind to holiness and happiness. "We believe that holiness and true happiness are inseparably connected; and that believers ought to maintain order and practice good works, for these things are good and profitable unto men." As the principal doctrine that dif.tinguishes the Universalists fiom i>tli(i chi i>ti:ni lulievers is the final restorali'in --t iri.inknnl l.> t-tLTnal holiness and happine-^. tljc l..llouiii- c\t. ruled article of faith will iicrhajjb thiuw light upon the reasons for this belief: "Believing that the scriptures of the Old and New Testaments are profitable for doctrine, reproof, correction and instruction in righteous- ness, that the servant of God may be thoroughly furnished unto good works, and whoso that prop- erly readeth them becomes wise unto salvation, we do most devoutly believe that every promise and every threatenfng made in them and relating to a period yet future will be fully performed and completely fulfilled, to the honor, gloiy and praise of God, and to the benefit, satisfaction and final salvation of man. We do not, therefore, believe that the law (or threatenings) is against the gospel (or promises), tor the promises were first made unto Abraham, and the law was given to Moses 430 years afterwards, not to anjittl, but to cnnjirm, the promises. Therefore will all chas- tisement but tend to produce the blessings promised for all the nations, families and kin- dreds of the earth, in Christ, the chosen Seed." They also teach, and constantly enforce in their preachings and writings, that salvation is not .'shelter nor safety, nor escape from present or future punishment. It is inward and spiritual, and not from any outward evil, but deliverance from error, unbelief, sm, the tyranny of the Ilesh and its hurtful lusts into the liberty and blessed- ness of a holy life, and supreme love to God and man. They urge on all to seek salvation, not from the torments of a future hell, but from the pres- ent captivity and sin. No one is wholly saved in this life, but all men are saved, in a greater or less degiee after death; in other words, that man's probationary state will continue until Christ shall have fully coinpleted His work of redcTuption and surrendered His kingdom to the Father. Government. — The government of the Uni- versalist church is ecclesiastical and congrega- tional, the United Convention being the final court of appeal in all cases of fellowship and discipline. The Denomination ^libr?^' •*- -^-*- Covernment and Belief of the Quakers. HE religious society of Friends, commonly called Quakers, was originated in England, about the middle of the seventeenth century, by George Fox, a shoe- maker, who was much given to meditation. Con- sidering the low state of religion among the people, and their worldly-minded- ness (he hinu-^elf having ,, nlw.ivs leil a reiitrious lifei, V '--^5^ ' ^ I'L- becauK- troubled because V. - ' the tcjurluntrs and jnactices ol the Kst:.hli.-^h('d Church, in whii'li Uv WHS reared, did not irivc to Its members that vi(-ti>ry iivnsin which the gospel enjoins. He with- drew into retirement and studied tlie scriptures, with a desire rightly to under- stand them. Some time ftfterwarrls he commi-nced hi» labors aa a j»reachcr, traveling through England mostly on foot, and refusing all compensation for his preaching. His eaniOHtncHH, piety and Bible teachings were crowned with gratifying success, and In a few- years a large numlur of rifrsonn had embraced the doclrlnen whi*b lu- pn-nchcd. His success, however, wan nttiiir the people, many of whom embraced thiir ti'idnnes. But the spii'it of persecution followed them in New England, as in Old England; various punishments were inflicted upon them, and four suffered death on the gallows for conscience' sake. Yet. as in Eng- land, their doctrines widely spread; other Friends came from England, and in 1G82 the celebrated William Penn brought more with him and founden that the scriptures, as the word of God. should be read and heard with quaking and treiubllug; hence the n.ame "Qua- kers " soon became attached to this class of worshipers. Government.— The government of the Qua- kers is congregadonai. with Christ as their Supreme Head, as one who is present with them In all their assembloges, by Ilis Spirit. Four gradOM of meetings arc held. A preparative meeting, to prepare business for the umnthly meetings: in these the executive department o( the dlf*, which Include the whole, pow- sessing loglMlative powers, ami annually investi- gate the state of the whole IxKly. Oiie or two Friends of each Bex are appolntud as overseers, to labor with ofTendera, etc. The women, also, have overseers appointed to extend christian care and advice to their own sex. Meetings of minis- ters and eldei-s are also held, the latter being prudent members of the society, to regulate the conduct of the ministry. Rellirions Belief of Quakers. —The Friends believe in the Divine Trinity, as do ortho- dox christians; in one Almighty. .All-wise God, the Creator of all things. They believe in Christ; in His dual nature, and in His redemption, mediation, and advocacv of men. They believe in the enlightening, tlirecting, strengthening, helping and coniloi'ting infiuences of the Holy Ghost. They believe in the fall of man through sin; in man's salvation from sin through the sacrifice of Christ. As many ns believe in and obev Christ receive a holy, pure and spii-itual birth, bringing forth in them holiness, righteous- ness, purity and other fruits acceptable to God. They bi tirve in the resnrrrvtinn of the dead; the eternal lll.-sr.hM■^s ,.r tin- r.d.>. nicd and the ever- lastilik' till rnriit <>r tlie wnk.d, tin- divm.- inspi- ration ol thesi ri[.iiii cv Dill' li,i|)ti^rii: rlics|iinlual nature vt the celebration of the Lord's supper; the religious ministry of men and women; silence in the churches, where all sit with their heads covered, and speak only "as tUe spint moves them;"n free gospel for all people; opposition to war. contention and personal violence; the sufi'erance of in,iuries without resentment or going t'l liiw. the refusal to take any legal oath ccjnceriiing the truth In courts; the observance of the Sniibalh; the opposition to slavery; the subndssinn to hurium govornmonts; simple and unostentatious modes of Ijvlng and temperance; forbidding indulgence In worldly amusements or the observance of worldly f.-ishions in dress, language or furniture, and ailv oeal jii;r a cuntinnal fear of God. with the rriiciilxiun ol all worldly lusts; a christian cnnducl at all liriirs heciniiinu'' their professiim ami adorning the tloetrine of the Savior in all things. THE SUAKKRS, MORAVIANS AND ADVENTISTS. 41 THE SHAKER DENOMINATION. -- ''li r sluikiTs. or Millennial Church, was iiMimlrd ljy Aim Lt-e, a necfder from ili<- i''nemJs. or Quakers, an Ennlish \MMiiiUi, in the State of NVw York, (iiincipilly at Watervlitrt. ciylit miles I inin Albany. She came from Man- elif^tej'. EnVland, whei-e she had tanpht lier religion. Shu broucrht to America with her a brother and also two or three of her proselytes, arriv- inj^ at New York in May, 1774. Why Kamed Shakern. — The name of the soeiety founded hy her in di' rived from the oontortiiins and iiH'veiiient^ oi thf li.niy wlulr under an allfk'ed iflitrious i)i.s]>ii'iil mii, resem- bling tremhlin^r. f'dlowrd liy ii dejinvjrion of strength. Ann's authority was very great, aiid nil tlie her t.-.arhin^"- fmlmdc the iish of nin.ii peiM-ri, iirid' jui yUuiiu- t.. ii..uiiv|i [indr, iviii r' the nu-e instead -oJF for sensual indulgenee. while some reside in isolated family relations; but there is a W prenciul nonitmmc of property for the benefit of the society at large. There is ninr-h of mysticism and »i)iritis!n in theii- religion, with a few dof!- Irines (derived from their t>wn "revelations") that are not to be found in Ihu- religion of other sects. They aim to lead holy lives, and provide comfortably for each other in health, sickness or old age. In their ordinary meetings for worship they formerly engageiJ in a. regular danci:, jumping, turning round lapidly, falling on their knees, and a.ssuming oth'^r similar postures. Sometimes they marched around the room, In order, and in harmony with s()ng!. that they sing, shouting and clapping their hands. They also liad intervals of shuddering, as if in a (It of ague; but it is understood that the modern Shakei-s are less violent in their movements than in the olden times. -^«^@( J-vS^ THE MORAVIANS. ^AfeVo ^yHIS religious sect, l:nown also as the ^^^;M "United Brethren," but not to be "' " conlomuied with another called the ■•Suited brethren in Christ," assert that they deiive their origin from the tlreek ehurch in the -ninth century. -A-^;i -~-r-<-'>^ It is also stated that they are a branch X^^P^ of the Hussites, oi- diseiples of the /Y''^T^ "^"•'■''y Jtthn fluss. wlio withdrew into ' ^cy Moravia, a province of Austria, in the JUteenth century. Another authority states that tlie Muraviiins originated un- t der the teachings of Count Zinzendorf, a 1 German nobleman, who died in 17tiO. His ' followers are called Moravians because the earliest of his converts were some Moravian families. The society itself traces its descent from the old Moravian and Bohemian brethren, who existed as a distinct sect sixty years before the Luthei-an Reformation. They also styled themselves rnitrnt Fralriim. Count Zinzendorf came to Amei-ica in 1741, ami preached at Germantown and Bethle- hem, Pa. In 1S42 he ordained the missionaries, and that same year one of these missionaries car- ried the gospel among the Indians with good suc- cess. In fact, the Moravians have been distin- gui^^hed for their zeal in establishing Christianity am.iiig the heathen. In the early days the Moravians were also called "Hei'iihutters." "fioni the name of the vill.ige where they first settled. In 1749 the British Par- s^^-^©©^ liament passed an act which recognized the church of the United Brethren a,s an ancient Episcopal church. The present constitution of the chni-ch was adopted in 17G4. The highest legisla- tive authoi'ity is the general synod, which meets once in ten years. The executive board of the church, as a whole, is the eldei-s' conference of ihe unity. i-;;iih Ml till- Ihiee provinces of the chureh — the (Iirnian, Hntisli and American — has a synod and b.niid cd' eldeis of its own. The ipir'itual church officers are the bishops, through \vhom the regular succession of ordination, transmitted t^ the United Brethren through the ancient church of the B()hcmian and Moiavian Brethi-en, is pre- served, and wb. I alone are authorized to or(lain niinisdi •,. imt possess no authority in the govern- ment nf the chuich, except such as they derive from some other otfice squito coast. cert.ain West Indian and other islands, Surinam, South Africa. Thibet and Australia. On the continent of Europe there is a special mission work, called the "Diatipora. " which extends over Saxony, Pi-ussia and other Gennan states. Switzerland, parts of France. l)enmark, Norway. Sweden and Russia. In lS7,i the whole number of communieants in the three provinces was 17,436, and of all attendants 27,630. ^^o^o.^^ THE SECOND ADVENTISTS. Nl8:i:^. William Miller, a farmer, of Low Hampton, N, V., born in 1781, after soiiie exaniiriation of the Bible, began lecturing and writing for the press his belief in the speedy and personal coining to the JiU/'"^4!Tl fa'th, for the second lime, of the Tpr-9 W ^"'"'^ Jesus Christ, at which time ' should end the present christian dispensation. The date for the , fulhllment of the Old Testament 1 (?^^mii«.jil« prophecies in regard to this event, \ siBE^naP )« computed scriptur,ally and mathe- matically, he placed at some time about A. D. 1843. Early in 1840, Joshua V. Hiraes, afterwards on Episcopal clergy- ^^.o^o-^^ man, but then a preacher in the "Christian Connection," became a believerin Miller's views, and beg.-in the publication of a bi-weekly paper, devoted to this subject, which attained' a wide circulation. The dissemination of this belief created a horde of believers and lecturers, and the excitement became general and intense in various parts of the country. Its effects led to insanity, in many cases, and people who gave away tlieir property, in anticipation of the sec- ond advent (after which event they would need it no more) were at last undeceived by the non- fulfiUment of the prophecy. Beggary staring some in the face, they committed suicide, as did others prior to the expected date, through sheer insanity. The year 1843 having passed without any unu- sual spiritual event ocenriing. some lost their faith in Miller .and Himes, but others, whose enthusiasm was kept ujj under new calculations, continued, from time to time, to set other dates for the second coining. Notwithstanding the frequent failures of these predictions. Second Adventism Invs become a ivligious denomination, having ehurch org.aniz.ations. and distinguishing principles, and tli riving all over the country. Second Adventists are divided into several classes. Some are "'timists"— that is. their leadei-s set particular dates for the second coming, while others do not, but wait patiently for Christ's com- ing in His own good time. t)thers again— and there is a large body of these, with an educational 42 THE SWEDENBOEGIANS. THE KELIGION OF INDIANS. institution and other advantages, at Battle Creek, Mich.— observe the Jewish Sabbath, or seventh day of the week, instead of Sunday, Tlie pro- phecies in Daniel and Revelation are particular favorites in the ground-work of this denom- ination. In 1S45 a "Mutual Conference of Adventists" was held in Albany, N. Y. , and agreed upon asso- ciated church action and belief. After commend- ing the formation of christian churches, they state as follows: ReligiouH Beller.— The Second Advent believers generally throughout the coimtry have united in church fellowship, with no other creed or form of discipline than the written word of God, which they believe is a sufficient rule, both of faith and duty. Second Advent conferences are held as often as it is deemed necessary, for the consideration and discussion of Mich subjects and measures as the interests of the cause may demand: they are constituted of both ministerial and lay membei-s. from all portions of the country. This body is purely voluntary and advisory, and claims to exercise no authority over the conscience of any. They look upon the Advent doctrine, embrac- ing, as it does, the personal and visible appear- ance and reigii of Christ on earth, the restitution of the heavens and earth to their paradisiacal state as the eternal inheritance of the saints, etc.. as the only view which will explain and harmonize the word of God. They believe the second advent of Christ to judge the world t»i be near at hand, and that is the great practical doctrine set forth and used by the apostles as a motive to holiness. It was to them and their suffering brethren the great source of comfort, and the hope of the whole Israel of God. The Second Comlnpr.— The early Adventists regarded the second coming of the Lord to be at hand for these reasons: "1. The four great empires are to be succeeded by the everlasting kingdom of God; and it is very manifest that the last, the Roman govern- ment, has passed its predicted divisions, and must soon end. "2. The waning of the Ottoman or Mohamme- dan power is regarded as another index that the kingdom of Christ will soon come. '■3. The nni\'ersal movements and agitations, with the famines, pestilences and earthquakes, together with the signs in the sun. moon ami stars, etc., they consider conclusive evidence ot the speedy coming of Christ. "4. This gospel of the kingdom which was to be preached in all the world for a witness to ail nations is now completing its work." Side Doctrines. — Several doctrines have been grafted into the Second Advent organiza- tions, including that which claims that the soid, after death, remains insensible and inactive (sleeping* until the resurrection morn, and that none but the righteous souls will be raised and endowed with immortality, etc. Government.— At the sixteenth annual meet- ing of the Advent Christian Association, at Springfield. Mass.. in August, 1875, it was resolved to convoke a general conference in order to com- plete the congregational form of government that lias been adopted by this denomination. The Doctrines of the New Jcrnsalem Church arc bhown in the following: I.— God is One in Essence and in Person, in whom there is a distinct and essential Trinity, railed in the word the Father, Son. and Holy Spiiit. and the Lord Jesus Christ is this God and the only true object of worship. II.— In order to be saved, man must believe on the Lord and strive to obey His commandments, loiiUing to Him alone for strength and assistance, and acknowledging that all life and salvation are from Him. III.— The Sacred Scriptures, or the Divine Word, is not onlv the Revelati<)n of the Lord's will and the history of His dealings with men. but also contains the intlnite treasures of His wisdom expressed in symbolical or correspondential lan- guage, and therefore, in addition to the sense of the letter, there is in the word an inner or spiritual sense, which can be interpreted only by the law of correspondence between things natural and things spiritual. IV.— Now is the time of the second coming of the Lord, foretold in M.itt. xxiv.. and the establish- ment of the Xew Church signified by the New Jerusalem in Revelation xxi. , and this second com- ing is not a vi-ible appearj.nce on earth, but a new disclosure ot Divine Truth and the )ironuilgation of true Christian doctrine, effected by means of the Lord's servant. Emanuel Swedenborg, who was specially instructed in this doctrine, and commis- sioned to publish it to the world. v.— Man's life in the material body is but the preparation of eternal life, and vvhen the body dies man immediately rises into the spiritual world, and after preparation in an intermediate state, dwells forever in Hc-iven or Hell, according to the char- octer acquired during his earthly life. VI.— The Spiritual World, the eternal home of mt'n after death, is not remote from this world, hut i< in direct conjunction with It. and we are, though unconsciously, alv/ays in Immediate com- munion with angels and spirits. The Teachings of Swedenborg. The delight derived fvnn good, and the pleasant- ness derived trnui tiiith. which constitutes the happiness of heaven, do not rv insist in idleness, but m activity. Activity with t!i'>sf w lio are in heaven Consists in performing uses, w liirli is to them the delight of good, and in relishing tiuths with a view to uses, which to them is the delight of truth. Few at this day know that in doing good without a view to recompense there is heavenly happiness. They who are in genuine mutual love are in their delight and blessedness when they are doing good to their neighbor, for they desire nothing more. Piety without charity, and external sanctity without internal sanctity, and a renunciation of the world without a life in the world, do not con- stitute spiritual life; but piety with charity, exter- nal sanctity fi"om internal sanctity, and a renuncia- tion of the world with a life in the world, do con- stitute it- The life of charity consists in willing well and doing well to our neighbor; in acting from all our works from justice and equity, .and from goodness and truth, and in like manner in every office; in a word, the life of charity consists in performing uses. Piety consist^ in thinking and speaking piously, in giving mmli titn>- to inMycT*. in hcinir humble at that time, ill 1 1 ei|iutuin;r tLinples and attending devoutly to the prtMching tlieif, in frequently every year receiving the sarjameut of the holy supper, and in performiiiu' tin- «.llior rituals of worship according to the ordinances of the church. Internal sanctity consists in loving goodness and truth for the sake of goodness and truth, and justice and sincerity for the sake of justice antl sincerity; so far. also, as a man loves these so far he is spiritual, and his worship too; for so far, also, heis willing to know them and do them. External worship without intfinal mav be com- pared wilh the liic of respiriilion willi.nit the life of the lir;irt ; liut extrtii;.! woi^liip from internal may be eom|i;ui'd with thi- life of respiration con- joined to the life of the heart. Every man's rulingaffcction or love remains with him after death, nor is it extirpated to eternity; for the spirit of man is altogether as liis love is, and the body of every spirit and angel is the exter- nal form of "his love, altogether cori'esponding to the internal form, whitOi is of his mind. .MI delights flow forth from love, for what a man loves he feels as delightful, nor has he any one delight fi'om any other source. Hence it follows that such as the 'love is, such is the delight. The delights of the body, or of the flesh, all How from the love of self and the love of the world; but the delights of the soul, or spirit, all tlow from love to the Lord and love towards the neighbor. How great the delight of heaven is may be mani- fest from this consideration, that it is a delight to all in heaven to communicate their joys and blessings to others; and whereas all in the heavens are of such acharacter.it is evident how immense is the delight there, for in the heavens there is a communication of all with each, and each with all. Such communication tlows from the two loves of heaven, which are love of the Lord, and love to- wards the neighbor; these loves are communicative of their delights. There are three sorts of dreams. The llrst sort come mediately through heaven from the Lord; such Were the prophetic dreams recoi'ded in the word. The second sort come through angelic spirits; it was thence that the men of the most an- cient church had their dreams which were instruc- tive. The third sort comes through the spirits who are near when man is asleep, which also are signi- Ilt-ative. But fantastic dreams have anotherorigiu. The Sun of heaven is the Lord ; the light there is Divine truth, and the heat theie is Divine good, whii-h jironcd 1 1 otn the Loid as a Sun ; from that origin arc all things that exist and appear in the heavens. But let no one ini.it:iLiL ihe idea that the sun of the spiritual woi i.l i - 1 ini imiiself. God himself is a Man. The lii-i in i, . i ilmtr from His love and wisdom is a fierv spu ii inl pi i mi pie. which appeal's to Ihe sitrhi <•( tin' angels nsasun; but when the Lord ni:uiir.-^ls hitn-eU' to theangi-lsin person. He manifests Imnsfll as u Man, sometimes in that sun, and soniclimes out oE it. ■^m ^ RELIGIOUS BELIEF OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. I^ fiHK native Indians of North America r titlieved in a plurality of gods who made id troverned the various nationn of the orld, but made .l.ili.-s of everything J thill thev imairirinl to Im- great and pow- erful henelleial or htirtfii! t-. inimkind; still they conceived the idea of one Almighty Heing. who U Hiipurlor to all other deities, and who dwellh in the HOUthwcMtem heavens. Him (hey call Klch- 'lau. and they believe Him to be a good Iking, and pay a Hort of acknowledgment to Him for plenty, victorv and other benetlts. Th'-y also wornhiped Uohamocko. or the di-vil, of whom Ihr-y tttood in greater awe, anil their worship of hitn was actuated by fear. They had a univernal belief in Ih'' iinniortatify of the soul. When good people died llnv li.-lieM-d they went to Klch- tau and du.-H in pi.Msur.- uilh their previously departed fiiend-. The wickeil also went to Kich- tan. who drove them away, and then they wandered about in restless discontent and darU- nes)* forever. In New Jersey the aborigines believed In throe gods, who resj)e(^tively made white men.Iniiiims ami negroes. After death they believed that the spirltor "nhadow" of the dead went southward to some unknown place. hthI en loyed noitm- kind of happiness, such ns himtiiiu'. hsinui;. duuejug, etc., and never grew wearv of these ainuseinents. Thlrt applied to mo»t of the dead, but if any were not happy hereafter, they were punished only by privation outside of tin- iil.iei> u in-re tiie happy spirits dwell. Reward- ariil piinislunenls Imd no reference to the worship of the Supreme Ueing, but to man's conduct towards man. Other tribes had various ideas of a Supreme God and His attributes, mingled with much of l)aganism juid supet-titloii. The belief in future exisli'iiee jinii of reuaiiK and )iuiiishmcnts after death wer<- eimiiii..n. and their lieaven was full of matei'ial delight-' suiied to their rude and savage life on earth. Sun-worship, and idol-woi-ship in manv forms prevailed among the numerous Indt:in tribes. North and South. Sacrillces of living uniinals were not usiiiil among these Indians. — jD: ? ZOEOASTIC BELIEF. THE LUTHERANS. PROMtXENT RELIGIOUS TEACHERS. ^ 'i-^J'H^'-T Z^^-C'^'-T''^ RELIGIOUS BELIEF OF THE FOLLOWERS OF ZOROASTER. r , DEAS of twos pen-'ade all the reli- ij gionof tlie followers of Zoroii^tei-; ^ they believe that tliere are two lives, mental and physieal: two intel- lects, one the spark from the source of litfht. and one of earth, which is acquired. ^\\jm-- n In the eternal warfare which 1ms m\fc Ci^ been waged ainontj; the heavenly b«.id- ^^V.li/ ies. the sun assumed the leadership oC the stars, and hence the reverence of those believers for the sun- In tlie crealinii of Hit- rnatcTJal world thcrr were twelve conip:ini(-- .. I rLTaiii/i'ii iiiid>'i' 1 tii> I wclvc- si^'iis of the Zodlar, pUiri-ri in tniir tiJii.l ■ilMsli.m.s— north, south, east and west, with Mars over the north. Mercury over the south. J'jpiterover the eiLst. and Saturn over the west, Venus commanding tile center. From the world God created a bridge that i-eached to the source of light, overachasm of utter darkness. In due time the spirits of darkness, under the command of the evil one, commenced an attack cm tlic pathway leading to the light, but, afteraterri- bU- cnnllict, the evil spii'it was vanquislied and fell back In faith in tlie form of a serpent; hence the antipathy i>l tin- followersof this religion to ser- pents and riptilt-s. Having finished the creation of the material world, God ei'eated man and woman to inhabit it, who were tempted by the devil to drink goats' mflk, which prorluced libidinous desires, and after- wards brought shanie. Thus made miserable through the sin of the first parents, the human race stands between two worlds. one of light, theotherof darkness: between two spirits, good and evil, but able to act of their own free will. Possessing the spirit of light, mankind ought to worship tiod, but being surrounded bv the sjHiit of darkness, they are continually temp'ted to wor- ship evil. In this condition God sends them Zoroaster with a revelation of His will, which if they believe and obey, it will lead them to light and eternal happi- ORIGIN AND FAITH OF THE LUTHERANS. q|*UTHER.\NISM is the system of Protestant i religion adopted by the followers of Luther, flK the celebrated German reformei', but has i undergone some changes. Luther opposed *■*' the Romish masses, the'ador-ation of the host, M* confession of sins to the priesthood, the doc- trine of good works bringing salvation, the purchase of pleasurable indulgences, purgatory, image worship, Romish fasts, monastical vows, celibacy of the priesthood; maintained the doc- trines of predestination and justification solely by the imputation of the merits of Jesus Christ, and j'educed the number of sacraments to two— ba[)- tism and the Lord's supper. In the latter, how- ever, his followers believe that the body and blood of Christ are materially present in the bread and wine of the sacrament, thougli in an incompre- hensible manner. They also allow the use of images in churches, clerical vestments, the private confession of sins, the use of the wafer in the Lord's supper, the form of exorcism in the bap- tismal ceremony, ami otlier rites which remind one of the Roman Catholic worship. They more closely resemlile the Episcopalians in Sweden. Norway and Denmark. In th.- Unit.'d States. Hamburg and Frankfort, the elunch t'.ivernment is more Congregational, and eonsists «-'f a vestry, a district conference and a general synod of ministers. They give much attention to educational and mis- sionary enterprises. * -^1-^? » ,^>^.-.".^^— — i-V ,r^^ -^,1-^; • 4 OCCUPATION'. FIELD OF LABOR. BIRTHPLACE. Aiiron Jewish First High Priest .Arabian Desert Egypt 157.^ B. C H.'.2 B. C Abraham Jewish Founder of the Jews Palestine Ur, in Chaldea 2008 B. C 1822 B. C Antlrew Christian Christ's Apostle Palestine Bethsaida, Palestine AqiiiiiaH, Thomas Roman Catholic Theologian Italy Calabria A, D. 1224 A. D, 1274 Ariufi Greek .....Patriarch Egypt Alexandria 3S6 Arminiii*!. iJames Arminian Founder of a Sect Holland Onderwater, Hoi 1580 Oct. 19, 1609 AMbiiry. Francis Methodist First Am. Bishop United States Birmingham, Eng Aug. 20. 1745 March 31, 181G. . Athanahiiis Trinitarian Patriarch Alexandria. Egypt... Alexandria About 296 373 Abbot, Samuel Congregationalist Merchant Andover. Mass Andover 1732 1812 ISar(holonie\%' Christian Christ's Apostle Palestine Baxter, Richard Episcopalian Preacher- Author England Rowton, England Nov. 12, 1615 Dee. 8, 1691 Beecher, I..yman Congregationalist Preacher- Author Conn, and New York. New Haven. Conn. ...Oct. 12. 177.5 Jan. 10. 1863 Beecher, Henry W Congregationatist . ..Preacher Author, etc Indiana, Brooklyn. ..Litchfield. Conn June 24. 1813 BeIr»i. Ann H Baptist Missionary Burmah Bradford. Mass Dec. 22. 1789 Oct. 24. 1826 Judtion, Sai-ah H Baptist Missionary Burmah Alstead. N. H Nov. 4, 1803 Sept. 1, 1845 Jud<«on, Emily C Missionary Burmah Eaton, New York... Aug. 22, 1817 June 1, 1854 John ibro, of James) Christian Christ's Apostle Palestine Bethsaida, Palestine Juda*« Ixeariot Hypocrite hrist's Apostle Palestine Knox John Protestant Keforraer Scotland Gifford. Scotland 1505 Nov. 24, 1572 Latimer, Hugh Protestant Bishop and Martyr England Thurscaston, Eng About 1490 Oct. 16, 1555 I.ee. Ann Friend Founder of Shakers New York State Manchester, Eng Feb. 29. 1736 Sept. 8, 1784 J^uther, Martin Protestant Eminent Reformer Germany Eisleben. Saxony Nov. 10. 1483 Feb. 18. 154C Matron, John M Presbyterian Author and Divine New York City New York City March 19, 1770 Dec. 26, 1829 Mather, Increase Presbyterian Pres. Harvard College Massachusetts Dorchester, Mass June 21, 16.'i9 Aug. 23, 1723 Mather, Cotton Presbyterian.- Preacher and Author Has.'sachusetts Boston, Mass Feb. 12. 1663 Feb. 1."*, 1728 Me lane t lion, Philip Protestant Noted Reformer Germ'y, France, Eng.Brettan, Germany... Feb. 16. 1497 April 19. 1560 Mohammed Moslem Religious Founder Arabia Mecca, Arabia 570 or 571 June 8. 632 Mo«.e« Jewish Leader and Lawgiver Egypt and Arabia Egypt B. C. 1571 B. C. 1451 Muhlenberg, Henry Itf. .. -Lutheran Founder of Church United States Eimbeck, Germany. .1711 1787 Matthew, or I^evi Christian Christ's Apostle Palestine Galilee Miller, William Protestant Founder of Adventists Eastern New York.. .Pittsfield, Mass 1781 Dec. 20, 1849 Xeander, Augustus Lutheran Church Historian Germany Gottingen, Germany. Jan. 17, 1789 July It, 1850 >alhanael Christian Christ's Apostle Palestine Paine, Thomas Atheist Infidel Author Pennsylvania Thetford, England... Jan. 29, 1737 June 8, 1809 Paley, ^Viiliam Episcopal Religious Writer England Peterboro, England.. July, 1743 May 2.5, 1805 Parker, Theodore Independent Preacher and Author Massachusetts Lexington, Mass Aug. 24, 1810 May 10, 1860 Paul the Apostle Christian Gentile Missionary Asia Minor, Europe. .Tarsus, Asia Minor... A. D. 10 A. D. 65 PelasiuM Roman Catholic Founder of Pelagians Italy and Palestine. .England About 390 Peter (he Hermit Roman Catholic Originator of Crusades Palestine Amiens, France 1050 1115 Peter the Apostle Christian Preacher to Jews Asia Minor Bethsaida, Palestine I>hilip Christian Christ's Apostlo Asia Minor Bethsaida, Palestine Robertson, VTin Presbyterian Preacher and Historian Scotland Bosthwick, Scotland. Sept. 19, 1721 June 11, 1793 Kou'er*. John Episcopal J BurS''''at''theSke!' ^ '^"^^^^^^ Germany. .England About 1500 Feb. 4, 1555 Sakya-Muna Mystic Teacher of Buddhism Hindoostan About 600 B. C MiK-iniiH, FauHtus Inlldel Religious Reformer Switzerland, Poland :Siena, Italy Dec. 1539 March 3, 1604 Mprner, Phillpp J Prc^festant Founder of the Pietists — Germany Rappoltsweiler, Ger.Jan., 1635 Feb. 5, 1705 MpliM><*a, Kenediet Pantheist Founder of a Sect Holland, Germany. ..Amsterdam, Hoi Nov. 24, 1632 Feb. 21, 1677 Sprlnu. fiardiiier Presbyterian Preacher and Author Mass. and New York. Newburyport, Mass. .Feb. 24, 1785 Aug. 18, 1873 m\t edenbnrie. FmanucI Protestant Religious Teacher, Seer Sweden Stockholm, Sweden.. Jan. 29, 1688 March 29, 1772... Thadden*^. or Jnde Christian Christ's Apostle Palestine Thomao the .\ iMiNtle Christian Preacher of the Gospel Uncertain Tvndal, William Episcopal Preacher, Bible Translator. England, Germany... North Nibley, Eng... About 1484 Oct. 6, 1530 Vfdney, <'onHtantlnc F. C. Atheist Physician and Author France and Coi-slca. .Craon, France Feb. 3, 1757 April 25, 1820 Volt air**, Marie F. A Atheist Author and Poet France Paris, France Nov. 21, 1094 May 30, 1778 Wiitl**, Inaae Independent Preacher and Author London. England Southampton, Eng... July 17. 1674 Nov. 2.1, 1748 Wayland, Francis Baptist Preacher and Author New England New York March 11. 1796 Sept. 20. ISO.") Wonley, .|<»hn Methodist Founder of Methoilism England, America .. .Epworth, England.. .June 17, 1703 Marcli 2, 1791 W.-Mli-y, Charles Methodist j Clergyman and Hy"""- j England, America. . .Epworth, England. . .Dec. 18.1708 March 29, 1788. ... Whiteileld, tivit Metliodist Preacher England, America... Glouce^tter, England. Dec. 16, 1714 Sept. 30, 1770 Wlf'klilTe, John Eplncopal Religious Reformer England Wlckllfi'c, England. .About 1324 Dec. 31, 1384 WilliainM, ICo^er Uaptist Founder of Khodo Island. .Rhode Island Wales About 1599 1683 XiiImuIIun. I' I rich Protestant Swiss Reformer Switzerland WUdhttuaen, Swltz...Jan. 1, H84 Oct. 11, 1531 Zoroaster Mysticism Author of Persian Bible.... Persia About 100 B. C ? n nUTloxAKV OF JtKLIOKjUS TEUMS IX CoMMoX rsi^ or governor ;' BBA— A word applied to religious superiors or bisliops in foreign churches: meaning "Father. " Abbey— A society of monks, governed by an abbot, or of nuns, presided over by an abbe&s: also, the huusf in which they dwell. Abbe— An abbot, over an abbey. Abhney — \Vhatever pertains to the ofiice of an abbut or abbess. Academic — A believer in the philosophy of Plato or Socrates. Acolyte — A church servant, employed in inferior duties. Adamic— Relating to the first man, Adam. Adoption— The reception of the redeemed into the lainily of God. Advent- A devotional season in the Roman Catholic and Episcopal churches, just before Christmas; a coming; applied spiritually to the first and second coming uf Christ to the earth. Adventlsts— Generally applied to those who expect and teach that the second coming of Christ draws near; a religious sect. Advocate— A term applied to Christ as our intercessor at the throne of God. Affusion— The pouring or Bprink;:ag of water upun a person in the ceremony of baptism. AcrnoNticiHtn— .\ doctrine that neither denies nor believes in the existence of God. A{;nu« Dei— Latin words, meaning the Lamb of Gud: appluni to Jesus Christ. AlblgeMses- A sect of christian reformers who left the Koninn Catholic church in the twelfth century; so called from Albi, in the south of France. Alcoran— Another name for the Koran, the sacred scriptures of the Mohammedans, written by Mohammed. Alcoranic— Belonging to Mohammedisni. Allah— The Arabian name for the true God. All-hallovv— A church feast on the first of November in honor of all saints; also called All- Saints'-day. Alleluia— Hallelujah, signifying praise to Jehovah, the Jewish God. All-SoalH'-day- A Roman Catholic holv- day. when they pray for the souls of the faithful dead. Amen- A word at the end of a prayer or thanksgiving, meaning, "Let it be so." Anabaptist— One who does not believe in inlant baptism. Anathema— A curse pronounced by church authorities iqtun any person or thing. Anathematize— To curse. Anchorite— .\ hermit; or.e who religiously retires from society and dwells alone. Anchoress— A female anchorite. Angel— A messenirer from God; a ministering spirit; a heavenly inhabitant. Anfffclic— Pertaining to angels; innocent or amiable. Antediluvian- Before the flood. Anthem— Church music adapted to passages of scripture. Antholog^y prayers. (Greek) — A book of Church AnthropoloBfy— Or Anthropomorphism; ex- pressions which invest the Deity with human pas- sions and attributes. Anti-Christ- The man of sin, as opposed to Christianity; described in I. John ii. ,18 and ILThes- salonians U. , whoso reign on earth is yet expected. Anti-chrlstian—Opposed to Chrisfs teach- ings. Antinomians- A sect who, it is alleged, dciiifd .in ubligatign, under the gospel, to obey the moral law of the Old Testament. Apocalypse— One of the names applied to the la^t book (KevelationMn the christian Bible, it means discovery, disclosure. Apocrypha— Certain books in the christ- ian Bible whose divine inspiration is consid- ered doubtful. Apostate— One who forsakes his religious vows. Apostle— Applied to the twelve disciples of Christ; one sent out to preach the christian or otlier doctrine, ApoNtollcal— Relating to the doctrines or work of an apo&tle. Archbishop- A chief bishop. Ark of the Covenant— A sacred chest of the Jews, containing the Mosaic tables of com- mandments and other religious memorials. Armenians— A sect that maintained that the divine nature of Christ absorbed his human. Arminlans— Disciples of Arminius. of Hol- land; a sect of christians in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; believing in a conditional and divine election to salvation and reprobation; universal redemption, on conditions, and spirit- ual regeneration. Ascension-day- .\ church festival in com- memoration of the return of Christ into heaven after his resurrection. Afth-'Wednesdny— The first dav of the annual fast of forty days in the Episcopal and Roman Catholic churches, called Lent. Ascetic— A religionist who separated himself or herself from the world; lived unmarried, and in seclusion and poverty. ^Athanasian Creed— A creed used in the Church of England, relatincr to the Trinity; attri- buted to Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, in the fourth century. Atheist— One who disbelieves or denies the existence of a Supreme Ruler or Creator; an infi- del, or unbeliever. -*»'lnni«ni— A belief in the doctrines of Arius, Bishop of Alcvandria in the fourth century, who taiiL'ht ih.ii (linvt was created and inferior to (toU llic l-;ith.r m nature and dignity, although the first and lust of created beings. Atonefnent- Satisfaction for injury spe- cially adapted to the sufferings and death of (liiist. by which God the Father became willing to forgive the sins of tho.se who should believe in the all-sufl^cient power of Christ to save men from sin and its effects. AucTHstlne— An order of monks, named after St. Augustine; called also Austin friars, or White friars. Auricular Conression- One of the tenets of the Roman Catholic Church, which requires Its adherents to confess their sins in the ears of a priest. Ave Maria— An invocation to the Virgin Mary; also a season of prayer in Italy. Baal-The sun-god of the Phoenicians and Canannites. Baptism — A religious ceremonv in which persons uniting with a christian church have water either sprinkled upon their heads, or have their bodies dipped beneath the water, in the nameof the Divine Trinity; it is usually done but once m a lifetime. Baptist—One who administers baptism as John the Baptist; specifically a|)i.li.-.| t.. a u.ll- knowii sect who believe in baptism I. v iniru. tmn;,' the whole body in water for adult^,'alui who do not practice infant-baptism. Belief— A firm persuasion that the teachings ot theological leaders are true. Belial — An evil spirit. Benedictines- An order of Roman Catholic niiniks. Benediction — A blessing. Bitfot- A strenuous and unreasonable advo- cate of any religious doctrine. Bishop— The spiritual overseer of a church. Brahma — A Hindostanese god, whom they worship as the creator of all things. Brahmanism— The religion of Brahma. Brahmin — A priest of the Hindoo religion. Brahmanee— Wife of a Hindoo priest. Broad <'hureh— A Church between the High and the Low tor evangelical) church parlies in England. Brother — A member of a church or monastic order. Buddhism — The Hind<.>tan. Buddhist - Bud.lha. religion of Buddha, One who worships or believes Calvary — The place where Christ was eruci- tted. just west of Jerusalem. Calvinism— A religion taught by John Calvin the Protestant Reformer, of France. Calvinist- Calvin. A believer in the teachings of Calvin or his Caivlnistic — Relating teachings. Campbellites— A sect of the Baptists, known as Dlscijdes of Christ, or Christ-ians, founded by Alexander Campuell, of Virginia. Canaanites — People who inhabited the Land of Canaan, in Asia Minor. Canon— A religious rule of doctrine, or church law. Canonical— Relating to Chui-ch laws. Canonicals— The official garments of a church fuiictionarv. Canonization— Placing a dead person among the sainis of the church. Canon-law— The law whicb governs all Roman Caiholic churches. Canticles — The book in the Old Testament known as the Song of Solomon. Capuchin — A monk or nun of the Roman Catholic order of St. Francis. Cardinal— One of the council of seventy appointed by the Pope to advise in church mat- ters, and from whom one is elected Pope by the othei-s, when a vacancy occurs in the Papal chair. Carmelite — A monk of theonler establistn-ti on .Mt. Carmel, Asia Minor, in the fourth century, by the Roman Catholics. ;C>- .i: ^^PK 46 DICTIONARY OF RELIGIOUS TERMS. k Casuist — One who considers and settles cases of conscience. Catechism — A reduction of doctrinal points to. questions and answei-s, for educational pur- posts. Cathedral —The church in which the bishop of a diocese principally orticiates. Cathedra is the chair which he usually occupies when in his official position. Catholic — Meaninp the Universal, true, or whole Christian church; especially applied to the Roman Catholic church. Celebrant— -A. church dignitary, who per- forms a religious rite. Censer — A dish in which incense is burned in churches. Ceremonial — The order of rites and cere- monies; used in public worship. Cerinthlan — An ancient religious sect, which endfavured to harmonize the Jewish, Gnostic. and Christian doctrines. Chaplain- A clerg-yman connected with the army or naval service, or some other department of the government or civic societies; legislative bodies, etc. Cheruh— A high order of angelic beings; plural, cherubim. Chrir.tlan— A disciple of Jesus Christ, one who loves and obeys His teachings. Christianity — The religion of Christians, founded on the tca<:hings of Christ. Christenine— The baptism of an infant. Christmas— The anniversary of the birth of Jesus Christ. December 25. Churchmen — A term usually applied to learne 1 or active members or officials of the Epis- copal church. Church- Warden— A local official of the Episcopal Church, who oversees its temporal affairs. Class-leader- A Methodist official, who has charge of the spiritual interests of a section of eh u rch-m e m bei-s. Clerftyman— One duly authorized to preach the gospel, and perform marriage, baptismal aJid funeral services. Commentator— An expounder, or explainer of the Bible «>r other books. Communion- Hannony between believers in any one form of religion, and between God and man; the celebration of the Lord's supper. Compunction— A consciousness of guilt. Confession- Acknowledgment of having done wrong. Confessional — The seat where the priest sits while hearing the confe.-^sions of his fiock. Confessor —The priest who hears confessions in the Koman Catholic Church; also the one who confes.Hes to him. Conflrmation- A sacred rite in the Episco- pal church, wherein the bishop lays his hands upon the heads of the members and invokes the M.-j-singof the Holy Ghost, with its sanctifying influences upon their lives. <'onformity— Having harmony with the E'^tiihlished Church of England, its rites, its doc- trines and practices; or with those of any other denomination. Confucian —A l)eliever in the teachings of Cunlueiu;-. the Chinese Philosopher. ConKreaatlou — An assemblage of wor- phiiM-rs. ConBreKi^tlonallsm — That form of church goverriiiient ihal has no bishop at its llejid; as the Haptist, Presbyterian and Congregational churches. » Consecration — Setting apart the person or prnperly for a sacied purpose: dedicating a building to the worship of God; dedication. <'onslstory — Anv solemn assembly or coun- cil : a rehgiouV court for the settlement of churcli questions; the college of cardinals at Koine. Consociation- A free-will confederacy of neighboring Congregational churehes for mutual advice and co-operation in church matters, com- posed of lay memhers. Consubstantlatlon- A Lutheran doctrine that the actual, substantial presence of the bodv of Christ i» witli the bread and wino of the Lord's supper. <,'ontrltl*»n —Penitence— true sorrow for sin. <'onvent — An aj't»cmblage of monks or of nuns d.voird to II rellgiouH life; the house in which they live; a Koman Catholic Institution. i'oiivenlual- One who lives In a convent. <;onvcrsl€»n — in theology, a turning from wickedness to righteousness, usually accompanied by repentance for past sin; belief in Ciirist as the Savior, and desire to be made holy. Conviction- A convincing of the conscience or the mind as to the wickedness of the lite; it usually precedes conversion. Convocation— A general assembly of the clergymen of the Church of England, to consult as to the affairs of the church; any called assemblage. Corporeallst — One who denies the existence of f-piritual beings. Corpus Christi— (Body of Christ)— A Roman Catholic festival having reference to the sacra- ment of the Lord's supper. Covenant — An agreement; the promises of God as found in the Christian Bible, with the con- ditions on which they will be fulftUed, such as man's repentance, obedience, etc. (Creed — A summary of belief in certain doc- trines. Crosier— An archbishop's staff, with the fig- ure of a cross at its top. Cross— Two pieces of wood or metal laid across each other and fastened; a symbol of the cross on which Jesus Christ was nailed and died. Crown — The head-dress of royalty: spirit- ually, the Christian, through grace, is able to overcome temptation, and thus wins a crown of victory; after death, if he is faithful, he hopes for a crown of glory. Crucial — Partaking of the nature of across or crucifixion, appliea to any severe trial of the mind or body. Crucifix — An image of Christ dying on the cross. Crucifixion — Suspension of a human body on a cross, applied specitically to the death of Christ. Curate— An assistant to the clergyman in the Church of England. Damnation —The state of being condemned; the punishment of the wicked after death. Deacon — The lowest order of clergymen; a subordinate church officer. Dean— A church prelate, subordinate to a bishop. Decalogue — The ten commandments of God. Dedication — See Consecration. Deify — To make a god of anything or being; to make godlike; as, Cfesar was deified. Deism —The doctrine or creed of a deist. Deist — One who believes in a Supreme Ruler: bvit not in revealed religion, taking nature and rea-on for his guide in doctrine; a free-thinker; an iiitldel. Delstlc- Pertaining to deism. Deity — A Divine being; God, the Supreme Ruler; whatever distinguishes God from other beings. Deluge- The d est met ion of mankind by water in the days of Noah. Demon — A spiritual being, a departed soul; an evil spiiit; a devil. Demoniac — A human being influenced by a demon; a sect who believe that the devils will finally be saved from God's wrath. Denomination — A religious .sect; a collec- tion of individuals of the same belief and name, as the Presbyterians. Dervish — A Turkish or Persian monk. Devil — Satan; the adversary of God and man; the ruling evil spirit. Devilish -Resembling the devjl; an evil dis- po-^iliou; devoiil of charity or virtue. Devotional — Having a prayerful, worship- ing spirit. Devotion — Affection for God manifested in earnest prayer and praise. Dla*M»nate —The offlce of n deacon; g()vern- merit by deacons. Dlluvlun — Pertaining to the Hood of Noah's time. Diocese — The district governed by a particu- liir bi>lioi>. the bishop is a diocesan. Dii'iee — A funeral hymn or piece of music. IHscliiIc — One who willingly receives and ndonts the teachings of another as ht» or her guide. Discourse — Conversation; a sermon; nn explanatory address. |>lspensation — The dlMtrlhntlon of good and cvllbyOod to man; God's system of governing man, us the Jewish and Christian dispensation. Divine — Belonging to the Deity, a minister or prie.st. Doctrine — Principles of a system of religion. Dominicans — Roman Catholic orders of monk> and nuns, e>tablished in the thirteenth century by St. Dominic. Druid- A i-eligious priest or minister among the ancient Celtic races in Gaul, Britain or Ger- many. Easter— A Roman Catholic and Episcopal church lestival, commemorating the end of Lent and the resurrection of Christ from the dead. Ecclesiastical — Pertaining to a church or its goveniiuent. Edda — Ancient Icelandic scriptures. Election — A doctrine of partial salvation; only chosen ones saved. Encyclical — For many; applied to official letters from the Pope. Episcopacy — A form of church government where a bi>hoi/presides. Episcopal — Relating to a bishop and his charge. Eucharist — The Lord's supper. Evangelical — In harmony with the New Testament teacliings. Evangelist — A traveling preacher of the gospel. Excommunicated -Expelled from church membership. Exegesis — Scientittc explanation of the Bible. Father, Son and Holy Ghost — The three Persons comprising the Christian's Trinity or God- head; onv God, three Persons; the Father being the Crealur ami Pi e.server of all things; the Son. the Savii>i- til men, known as Jesus Christ, and the Hills lihi'^l, tile enlightening, convincing, and saiKtil> iiig bpiiit of God. Fetlchism- A low form of worship, which makes go(ls out of animals, stones, sticks, etc.; a superstitious religion among the ignorant. Friar — A Brother or member of any Roman Catholic order of monks. Friends —The sect also called Quakers. Oentile — One who is not a Jew. Gospel — Literally, good news: applied to the New Testament scriptures, as containing "glad tidings of great joy, for all people." Gr-ice —The unmerited favor of God bestowed upoi. His creatures; the exercise of love, kindness or gooU-will. Haides — The intermediate place between earth and heaven, or earth and hell, where the souls rest after death until the judgment-day. Heathen — One who worships idols; an irre- ligious, unthinking person; the Jews called all people heathens who were not Jews; a pagan. Hebrew — A descendant of the Patriarch Jacob; an ancient inhabitant of Palestine; an Israelite, or a Jew; also the Hebrew language; also whatever else pertains to the Hebrews. Hegira — The flight of Mohammed from Mect-a. in A. D. 6'22, from which date his followers reckon time. Hell —Sometimes applied to the grave; a con- dition of discomfort or misery before or after death; the future abode of the wicked. Holy Ghost— The third Person In tho Christian Trinity or Godhead; the enlightening, convincing, sanctifying Spirit of God. Imauni — A Mohammedan priest. Infidel — Generally, a disbeliever in a Supreme Being and revealed religion; one without relig- ious belief of any kind; a skeptic; an opposer of religious teachings. Infidelity — Want of faith in Christian or other religious teachings. unfailh''ulness to marriage vows; a breach of trust; disregard of moial obligations. Infinite — S|>ir{tuaI1y, without limit; as tho poivei-. wisdom, capacity, perfection, goodness, ami love of God. Israel — The name given by God to tho Patriarch Jacob, with the promise of a numerous progeny. Israelites — Descendonts of the Patriarch Jacob; Hebrews, or Jews. I«.lam — Submission, obedience and humility btjori' Cod, the religion of Mohammed and all his lollowers. Islamism — The faith or creed of Moliam- mediMii. Itinerant — A traveling preacher. •lehovah — The Jewish name for God. tlesul(s~A religiou>i oi*der of the Roman Catholics, founded by Ignatius Loyola; Its mem- DICTIONARY OF RELIGIOUS TERMS iyi COMMOX USE. bpis take vows of poverty, chastity and obedience; it 1^ lai't'e 111 numbers, zOal and inlluencf. •Judaism— T)ie doctrines tiiu(;ht by Mu»es. JuwUflcatlon — God forgiving tbe sins of men becitiise Christ bore the penalty of their sin in lUs erueilted body; requiies faitli in Clirist as tlie Savior. Koran — The scriptures of llie MohaninnMlans. Lectlonary — The Roman Catholic service- bonk ; also called a i»Iass-Book. I^ent" A church fast of forty days, bepinninpr with Ash-Wednesday and ending with Kaster- day, Levite — A descendant of Levi, son of Jacob, whose family was set apart for priestly oftices; the Levites were subordinate to the priests. Magi — A caste of Persian priests, or wise men. Mahomet — Same as Mohammed. Msirlyr — One who dies, or is persecuted, on account of his religious belief. Materialist — One who denies the existence of spiritual substances, and maintains that the soul of man is the result of a particular organiza- tion of matter in the body. (Webster). Messiah — Christ the promised Deliverer of Israel ; described in the Old Testament, rejected by the Jews, but accepted as the Savior by all Christians. Methoilists- The denomination of Christians founded by .luhu Wesley. MlllennUim — A thousand years of holiness and ptiicf on eartli, described as a future event in Revelation XX. A Millenarian is one who believes in a literal reign of Christ on earth during the niilleiiniuin. Monastery — .\ dwelling-house for monks, as a convfTit is for nuns. Monk. — A religious devotee, who separates himself from the world for service as a Roman Catholic priest; a dweller in a monastery. MormoiiiMm — The religion founded by Joseph Smith, Morale — Pertaining to the career and laws of Moses, the Israel itish leader. Moslem or MuHsiilmau- A believer in the doctrines of Mohammed- Mysticism — Obscurity of doctrine. Mystics A sect which protesses a pure sub- lime, disinterested devotion, and claims direct in- tercourse with the Divine Spirit. Nihilism — Skepticism as to the reality of anything. Nuncio — A Papal ambassador to a sovereign. Nun — A woman devoted to a religious life, and Jiving m a convent. Ordination — Religious ceremonies in prepar- ing a minister or priest for active duties in the church. Optimist — One who believes that all things are ordered for the best. Pagan —One who worships false gods. Pantheism —The doctrine that the universe, as a whole, is God. Papal — Relating to the Pope of Rome. PiipiMt — .\ Roman Catholic. Patriarch — Ancient heads of families among the Jews. Pelagian- A follower of the doctrines of Pelagius. Pentateuch — The first five books of the Old Testament. Pentecost --The fiftieth day after the pass- over; a solemn festival of the Jews. Pessimist — One who believes that everything is tending to the worst. Pharisees — A wect of the Jews, rigid In their outward religious ceremonies, separating them- selves on lliis account from other Jews. Pietists — A German sect of Reformers. Polytheism — The doctrine of a plurality of g<»ls. Pontifical- Belonging to the Pope. Predeottiiatlon —The doctrine of predes- tiiiatiuri by (iod of certain events in the history of men, especially their future happiness or misery. Presbyter- An elder in the Presbyterian church, and a priest in the Church of England. Presbyterian —One who belongs to a church governed by presbyters. Priesthood — The offlco or 'character of a priest. Probationer.— A member taken on trial in a Methodist church for six months. Processional — Whatever relates to religious processions. Puritans — Early dissenters from the Church of Kiigland. Puseyism — A proposition to carry back the discipline and doctrine of the Church of England to the second year of King Kdward the Sixth. Dr. Pusey. however, was less of a doctrinarian than a ritualist. Pyrrhonist — A skeptic, who has doubts of everything. Quaker — A member of the sect called Friends. Rationalist —One who depends wholly on his reason as the supreme authority in matters of religion; a disbeliever in revealed religion. Redemptlonists- A Roman Catholic order, the priests of which devote themselves to the spiritual wants of the German people. Keligion- Any system of faith and worship. Restorationists —Those who believe that the punishment of the wicked after death will be but temporary, and that then they will be restored to the favor and presence of God; the Univer- sal is ts, Revelation-Divine truth revealed to man. RitiialiMm — A rigid adherence to religious forms and ceremonies; conlldcnce in such rites. Romanist— An adherent of the Roman Cath- olic church; a Roman Catholic. Sabianism- The worship of the sun, moon and stars. Sabbatarian — One who keeps holy the sev- enth day of the week. Sabbath — Kept by the Jews and others on Saturday as a holy day, instead of Sunday; Sun- day is also a Sabbath, or seventh day. Sacerdotal— Pertaining to the office of a priest. Sacrament — A sacred religious ordinance enjoined by (_'hris*. of which two arc observed by Protestants— baptism and the Lord's supper. Sacrifice —An otTering solemnly consecrated or presented to God in token of acknowledgmenX or thanksgiving. Sacrileee — Defiling or making wrong uses of sacred things. Sacristan — A church officer, who has charge of its movable property; a sexton. Sadducee— A sect of the Jews, who denied the rcsuriection of the dead. Sanctification — Making holy— a work of the Holy Ghost. Sanctuary — Any house or place devoted to the worshij) vt God. Sanhedrim —The principal Jewish tribunal, composed of seventy-two members, over which the high priest presided; called, also, the Council. Satanic —Resembling the devil; fiendishly malicious. Sectarian — Relating to religious sects; a bigoted altacliment to any sect. Shakerlsm — Pt-rtalning to the Shakers; some times known us " Shaking Quakers." Skeptic — One who doubts the truth of any religious belief. Sncinlanlsm — An Italian theology of the sixlcijuli I. nliii V. (1. living' the Divine Trinity, the deilyi.I Lliii^l, lb.- p.r-onaiity of the devil, the atoni-meiit ol Christ, and the eternity of future punishment. Soul — The spiritual, rational and immortal pai't in man, capabb; of the highest state of bliss, . or the deepest condition of misery. Spiritualism- A belief that mankind arc permitted to communicate with the spirits of the dead, through the medium of an appropriate peison. Spirituality — A spiritual condition of individuals or churches. Stole — Part of the dress of a Roman Catholic Clergyman; a narrow embroidered scarf with broad ends. Swedenborgian — A believer in the doc- trines of Swedenborg, the Swedish seer and founder of the New Jerusalem Church. Synagogue — Jewish house of worship. Synod — A council of church dignitaries to consult on matters of religion. Tabernacle — A tent or temporary place for worship. Talmud— A book of Jewish laws and tradi- tions, with expositions of them. Theocracy — A government under the imme- diate direction of God. Theology — The science of God andHis rela- tions to His creatures; the divine laws, doctrines, etc. TrJinsubstantiation- A doctrine of the Roman Catliulic cliurch that the bread and wine in the Lord's supper are actually changed into Christ's tiesh and blood. Trinity — See Father, Son and Holy Ghost. Trinitarian — One who believes in the Divine Trinity of Father, Son and Holy Ghost. Unitarian —One who denies the doctrine of the Trinity, believing that God exists only in one person. (Webster). XInlverealism — One who believes in the future restoration of all men to eternal felicity. Vaticanism — The doctrine of Papal dominion. Venial Sin — A sin that weakens but does not destroy the person's sanctity; a doctrine of the Roman Catholic church; a sin that can be for- given. Vespers — Evening service in Roman Catholic or Episcopalian churches. Vestrymen — Persons elected in the Episcopal church to have charge, in connection with the Wardens, of its temporal affairs. Vestments — The official garments of a cler- gyman or priest. Vicar— A ruling clergyman in the Church of England, who is subordinate to the Bishop. Vicarious Atonement — The sufferings and death endured by Jesus Christ in the place of sin- ful men. that they might escape from deserved punishment. Vishnu — In the Brahman religion, Vishnu Is the destroying deity; Brahma, the creator; and Siva, the preserver. Visible Church — The believers in Christ all over the world as one body of worshipers. "Wesleyanism — The principles of Wesley, the founder of the Methodist church; Methodism proper. Zend Ax-e^ta— The ancient scriptures of the Persians, attributed to Zoroaster. 'A-^ — A ~^': ? 48 THE GRP:AT military hero of ENGLAND. T T DAXGAX CASTLE, near Dublin, in Ireland, in 1709, was born Arthur Wellesley, the third son of the Earl of Morn- ington. Of an excellent parentage, he inherited a well- balanced organization of mind. To this was added the best education which the schools at Eton could give. He received, further, a military education at Angers, in France. At eighteen he was commissioned an Ensign, and at twenty-six, as a Lieutenant Colonel, he commanded a brigade in the English army. ^Vhen twenty-seven years old he went as a Colonel with his regiment to India. Six years later he was made a Major-General, doing conspicuous service in the Indian wars in 1803. He returned to England in 1805, and soon after entered Parliament, when thirty-six years of age. Two years afterwards he was engaged in military service again, and in the succeeding seven years he served his country so well, in the various military fields to which he was assigned, as to win, in 1814, the thanks of Parliament and a pension of SlOO. 000 per year, besides a Parliamentary grant of $2,500,000. In that year he was also made Duke of Wellington. In 1815, with his military headquarters at Brussels, in Belgium, he fought at Hougomout, on June 18. his final famous conflict, known as the battle of Waterloo, in which Xapoleon and the French troops were defeated. Three days afterwards he crossed, with his army, the French frontier, and proceeded to Paris, where terms of settle- ment were agreed upon, which, upon his part, as commander of the army and conqueror, were liberal and magnanimous. For his distinguished services, the King of the Netherlands made him Prince of Waterloo, and the British nation gave him an estate worth SI, 000. 000. In 1818, the Duke resigned his command in France, and returned to England, where he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the army, a position which he held, except at brief intervals, until his death, his attention being largely occu- liiL'd during his remaining years with state affairs. From 1827 to 1830 he was England's Prime Minister. ' He was subsequently appointed to several most important and responsible state positions, in all of which, whether in the cabinet councils or not, he extended his influence to the utmost to preserve the peace of Europe, which he did, almost unbroken, for forty years after the battle of Waterloo. He died of apoplexy, at Walmer Castle, Kent, in England, Sep- tember 14, 1852, being eighty-three years of age at the time of his death. He was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral, in London, and the pnblic obsequies attending his burial were the most elaborate ever seen in England. He was strongly built, possessed sharp gray eyes, a prominent, aquiline nose, and was of medium height. He united in his char- acter quick discernment to perceive, courage to execute, and con- scientious desire to do justice. Although lacking in oratorical power, his judgment was always such as to command attention and influence. Altogether his career stands prominent as an existence well rounded out, being from the first to the last a most successful life. WELL-KNOWN AND IMPORTANT BATTLES OF THE ENGLISH IM EARLY TIMES. BATTLE of Handnffi*.— Foupht between Willi.uii of Nnriii;»nil.v. Hiirimmed the Cun- qnpi-Dr. and Kintr Hantld. of Enirlanil. near Ha-st- ings, Enk'iaiitl Drtober U, 11)66. William had in his eoiiiiii.iiiil fMi.iHiO Norinan.i; the number commanded by Kiiik' Hai'ild is unknown, llesult— The defeat and •li'.-illi of Harold, and the complete contguest of Knt'land by the Normans. Battle of Bimnockhiirn.— Fouffhtiietween Robert linice. of Scotland, with about M.OOO men. and Edward II. . of Eni.'l;uid. with nearly 100.000 Entfli^hmen. at Uannockbiim, Srotlaiid. June 'H. 1311. The English wen- defrated. witli the loss of 30.000 nif?n. By this contliet the independence of Scotland from England wuh achieved, and Bruce secured it,f throne. Batttle of the Roneii.— Fought at Towtown. ni-;u* V'>ik. England. brlwL-cii the rival claimants t". tin- lliione of England, Eflward IV., and Henry VI.. March 29. 1161. Each wa.-* KUpported by about .V». 000 men. and an agreement was m.ide that no «iuarter .-hoidrl be givctn. The battle laMted more than a day. and enr ;irk. tM-|»i.ii tlir I iinivli lleit . with U.mt Uahi-]x lii.cps, :uid l.nid WillniK't-'M. with 7.000 Eiik'li-li Md(ii*.-i-s aiifl the a.^si^tance .da naval force. SepteMd)er25, 1807. The combined land and seaattaek icMilted in the capture of the Danish fleet, and Wellington received the thanks of Par- liament for this victory. Brittle of Taljivera.— Fought at Talavera^ in Spain. July 27 and 28. IKOK. between 22.000 Hritish troops, under I.oid Wrilinifton. arul.'iO.tHW Kiench. undci- Vietor. J.iiirdiin. and Seba-stiani. fin the Hccon'l day the Ki-.-neh were driven out, and Wel- lington (x-cujiied the<'ity. Battle 4if BiitliOnx.— Soult. with the French army, huvint- taken the fortlMeil eity of Itadajoz. Spain, from the Spaidards, Wellington, with his Uritl-h tro.ip-*. besieged the city for twentv days. On the nigtit of April i5. 1812. he captun-d the eity by a blocMly nsMinilt, in which he lost 3. .'lOO men". His total loss during the siege was about .'i.lMlo. BattlcM of I.lial Nev, and the Helk'ian-i and Itiiti-h. li.iinnanded l.v W clliii^rtnii. l.-UKhl a battle at t^ualre Ur^i^, another villiiKc uf Belgium, seven iiules from Ligny. The latter held their ground, and upon Wellington's receiving a irin- forceineiit. the French retired, leaving the allies in possession of the village. Battle of Waterloo. —Fought nenrtlie Bel- gian village of Wnlerlon.eii^ht miles southeastei'Iy from Brvissels, June 18. l.>00 Nether- landers, and the rest were c;tTnians, and were sid)se(iuentlv reinforcerl by Ithieher aiul the Prus- sians. The battle lasted from bef.ue noon until towar-ds evening, ami resulted in the complete rout of the Kreneh t mops, and the o\erthrow of the Fieneh Eniperni-. The losses of the British allies, ill. -hiding tli.ise of (he Prussians, were about 2.{.iHio men. and of the French more than .•50,000. besides 227 pieces of cannon. ^? LIFE AND WOKK f)F XAPor.EoN I. A'.) ? uuuH tiiuojUH j ^u^^L His Brilliant Career and Final Overthrow ,NE OF THE most cont^picuous charncttTs in the history of the world was NapoU-on Bonaparte. Imperious and self-willed as a chiUl; talented and aspiring as a youth; ambitious, successful, rich and one of the most powerful men in the world in his manhood; beaten, defeated and dying a prisoner on a lonely island at last — his career, whatever may be the opinion concerning his merit, was, at least, calculated to claim the attention of mankind. Corsica is an islandabout 115 miles long by 52 wide, situated in the Mediterranean Sea, about 100 miles southeastward from France. Upon this island, at Ajaccio, August 15, 1769, Na- poleon was born. Here he passed his childhood, a fondness for military tactics very distinctly marking itself with him in his boyhood, as shown in a fondness for organizing, drilling and commanding in military companies (sn his biographers claim) the boys with \\ horn he was asso- ciated. His father was Charles Bonaparte, a Cor- sican noble. His mother was a woman of superior beauty, courage and ability, and upon her devolved the youthful edu- cation of her children, of whom there were two sons, Joseph and Napoleon, and three daughters. Evincing a decided taste for military pursuits. Napoleon was sent to the mili- tary school of Brienne, in Champagne, when eleven years old, and afterwards to a military school at Paris, to complete his studies. In 1785, when sixteen years of age, he was made a Lieutenant of artillery and put on duty in his native country. Subsequently driven by the English out of Corsica, he lived with his family in very humble circumstances at Marseilles, in France. In 1793 he was made a Captain, and soon after was instrumental in securing the capitulation of Marseilles. The summer of 1793 Napoleon spent in Paris. In September of that year he took part in the siege of Toulon. For extraordinary military success achieved there he was made, in 1794, a Brigadier-General of artillery. He was then twenty-five years old. NAPOLEOX At the close of a campaign against the Piedmontese troops, 1794, he retired to Paris, but his loyalty having been suspected, he was dismissed from the military service. He remained in Paris for five months, in such poverty as to make evt-n the blacking of his boots an expense in which he could not indulge. Hope, however, buoyed him up. He was young, adventurous, and t!ie future w;is before him. In his thoughts of what he might accomplish, he seriously contemplated at (me time offering his services to the Sultan of Turkey. In the meantime, however, the French government, having adopted a new constitution, and a dissension having spriint: up whereby the party in power was likely to be besieged and dis- possessed, he was called to the com- niiuid of 5,000 troops, and successfully repulsed 30,000 of the National (iuard, who were attempting to take possession of the Convention. Through the accomplishment of this achievement he was soon afterwards given the command of the army of the interior. This was in 1795, when he was twenty-six years of age. During this time having made the acquaintance of Madame Josephine Beauharnois, a widow of supe- rior accomplishments, from the West Indies, he was married to her, and through the infiuence of this union he was given the control of the army in Italy, of which, one week after his marriage, he departed to assume command. His army consisted of 30.000 troops. Opposing him were GO. 000 men; yet. not- withstanding that difference in numbers. he instituted a campaign which resulted in routing and destroying five armies, each larger than his own, and made large ac- cessions to the territory of France. He next invaded Egypt, of which his army soon possessed the mastery. He then passed into Syria for more conquests, but having a decimated army he returned to Egypt, where, giving the control of his forces to Kleber. his second in com- mand, he returned to France at the head of a powerful party, overthrew the Directory then in power, and made himself First Consul. That was in 1799. The next five years of his life were full of startling events. In 1800 he was again in Italy, at the head of his army, and by various successes he was proclaimed by tht- French government Consul for life. In 1805 he was made Emperor. On the occasion of his coronation, he disdained the assistance of the '/4(D' — k :(>~ T 50 NAPOLEONS BANISHMENT TO THE ISLAND OF ST. HELENA. his retreat, he gathered about him the army, once more niarrlied upon Paris and drove Louis XVUL from the throne upou which he had been seated by the other European powers. The Congress of Nations, then in session at Vienna, immediately inaugurated meas- ures to unseat him. Napoleon, with his enthusiastic followers, undertook again the initiative, and, in Belgium, was successful in defeating the Prussians al Ligny. But his army was too weak fur the combined powers then arrayed against him. On the 18tb of June, 1815, was fought the battle of Waterloo; the great military chieftain there met his overthrow, and the French army was dispersed. Napoleon hurried to Paris, and was soon followed by foreign armies, who again took possession of the French capital. After twenty- three years of war, in which hundreds of thousands of the men nf France had beeu sacrificed, their capital was now in the hands of the foreign powers. The French Legislature demanded that Napoleon abdi- cate the throne once more, and just one hundred days from the time he had last ascended it, he signed a treaty for its abdication again, he being required to embark immediately for the United States. Fearing, however, capture by the British cruisers, he went on board a British mau-of war and voluntarily gave himself up, trusting to the magnanimity of England for a generous hospitality. The English nation, however, insisted upon Pope, but, instead, placed the crown upon his own head, and at the same time crowned Josephine. Six months later he crowned him- self King of Italy, at Milan. In the succeeding two years Napoleon, again at the head of his armies, secured victories in Austria, Prussia and Portugal; made the King and Queen of Spain abdicate in favor of his brother Joseph, and at the same time gave the throne of Naples to his brother-in-law, JIurat. In 1809 Napoleon was divorced from Josephine for the purpose of marrying Maria Louisa, the daughter of the Emperor of Austria. The fruit of this marriage was one child, a son, who at birth was designated the King of Rome. New alliances were formed, and the French Empire had seemingly a settled future before it. Napoleon, then forty-two years of age, was in the zenith of his power. From that time, however, his sun slowly began to set. The Spaniards did not take kindly to the encroachments of the French, and the wars waged in that country under the Napoleonic dynasty cost France 400.000 men. Then came a period of great financial depression throughout France, in which the people were impoverished, and following came the opening of hostilities among the nations northward from France. At the head of an army of 500.000 men, Napoleon passed into Russia, where victory crowned his marches until he drove out the Russians from Moscow, of which city he took possession, in 1812. with his vic- torious army. Here, on the night of September 15, with the city in their possession, the French were startled by the breaking out of fire in all parts of the town. The Russians had resorted to the only means they knew of to vanquish their pur- suers — the sacrifice of their homes in order to destroy the means upon which their enemies subsisted. Into the heart of the enemy's country Napoleon dare not pur- sue further. Until October 19th he lingered, endeavoring to make ^jL^a?JLW.W3^X*A?a^t«*a3A*^^VKVW\VUXVVV^^^^ an Austrian a settlement for pence, but all offers being rejected, he re- luctantly commenced a retreat, which, in the midst of the snows that had fallen, was one of the most terrible journeys for an army of which history makes record. Napoleon himself, in a private conveyance, made his way directly to Paris, and announced his defeat, his losses being, out of the 500, (MH) men whom he look into Russia, 125.000 slain, 132,000 dead from hunger, disease and cold, and 193,000 lost as prisoners. Napoleon at once set about the conscripting of new troops, and in 1813 he passed into Germany to prosecute other wars, many great battles being fought in that year, with varying success, the battle at Lcrpsic costing his army 50,000 men. At length the French people were clamorous for peace, the strength and manhood of the country being so rapidly drained as to make war no longer desirable. Napo- leon encountered this feeling upon hi Napoleon's Tomb, Under a massive monument in the Hotel des Invalid' irable. return from Germany, but, 'oriranizing a fresh campaign, he made another effort to contend with the allied powers, which were moving against him, and which finally entered the French capital and compelled him to abdicate his throne, he being given the island out 5.000 men. This battle re-opened negotiations leading t.i a treaty .if pia-c at Luneville. It utile of. \ lint erlitx.— Fought near Auster- lit/.. a small l..\\n in Mi.iavia, De.-emher 2, 1805, hetwei-ii Naiii>U-..n, with .sii, 110(1 Fr.-nch soldiers, ami the .■.iniliiiicl RusMan ami AiiNirian army of 84,lMH) men. cuiiiman.leil by tlie Emper.irs of Russia and Austria. The allies having chosen their posi- tion wrongly. Napoleon attacked and completely routed theiii. after a most severe contest. The allies lost .'«).000 in killed, wounded and prisoners, andtheFren.il iti.lKlo. Asa result of this battle. Austria w;ls ei.iiiiJ.-llcd to nrirotiatc Tlu- ]n-af..- .if Presbiirg. the Kin|H-n.r .jf Russia ntii.'-l t.. Ins own doniiiiions. and Napoleon acquired a large contr(»l of Central Europe. BaUIeof.JetiJi.— Fought October 14, 180R, at .lena, U.-iinariy, b.twcen the French, umli'i' Napo- leon, anil 111.' I'oniliin.-il I'lUs-iaii and Saxi'U army, and tlu- l.ilirr w.-iv nailfd with I. ai liii >iauu'liter. On the same day. at Aueistadt. (iei niaiiy. .Mai>hal Davoust, in command of a French force, achieved a victory ()ver the Prussians. By these two battles, more than 20,000 Prussians were killed, the mili- tary strength of Prussia was materially reduced, and Napoleun, following up the advantages thus gained, s.Hin obtained possession of the capital of that kingilom. Battle of FriedlanU.— Fought at Fried land, Prussia, June !i, 1807, between Napoleon, with over 70.000 French troops, and about 5.1.000 Russians, un-^-.-^n-«^SS.-i§^^^ ri£37"xia)t ^N^:- GREAT MILITARY HEROES OF THE WORLD. ►.^ 'BDEI. KADER— An Arabian * Eniir; born in Algeria near Mas- cara, in 1806 or 1807; operated in Algeria and Morocco, against the French and Moors. He was a learned author as well as a warrior, and the father of twenty-four children; died in 1873. Abercromhy, Sir Ralph— A British General; born in Scotland, in 1738; fields of operation; The seven years' war; American war; Flanders and Holland; commander in the West Indies; Irish revolution of 1798, and against the French in Egypt; wounded in the battle of Alexandria, Egypt; died near that city in 1828. AbranteN, Biike of — Andocho .lunot— AColonel-tiem-i.n ..r Kr.ii.-h hns>ar- un.l'i Napo- leon I. ; born ai Riis^v-I.- (irarid, in nmu'un.ly. m 1771; an impetu.ius -ilhcer. and kii.iwn as •'the Tempest;" laised fioni the ranks for bravery; dis- tinguished in Bonaparte's Italian and Egyptian campaigns; commanded in Portugal; served in Spain and Russia; died insane, at Montbard, France, in 1813. .^tlus— A Roman General; bnrn in Moesia. about A. D. 30fi; vaii.iuishcd Burtnindians and Flanks in Gaul; alla.-k.-d Attili, th.> lliinnish invader of Gaul, on tin- plain- ..f i 'lia|..ii, in t.'.l, and more than 300,000 men peri>-hed on buth sid<-s; was assassinated at Rome, A. D. Oti, by the Roman Emperor Valentinian, who was jealous of his fame. ABamemnon— An ancient King of Mycenae, in which kingdom he is supposed to have been born, date unknown; commanded the combined forces of Greece at the memorable siege of Troy, immortalized by Homer; murdered by his wife on his return from that campaign. Agrleola, CneliiH .Jullu«~A Roman Gen- eral; born at Forum -Inlii i u.'w Frejus), in Gaul, A. D. 40; sent to Britain Ity I'. itnitian, and brought it into complete Mili.ieruon, murdered, it is sup- posed, bv Domitian. who was jealous of his suc- cess, at Rome, A. D. 93. Alclblades— An Athenian General; bom at Athens, Greece, B. C. 450; effected the conquest of Sicily and that over Sparta; was murdered, B. C. 404, by a Persian satrap, at the instigation of Lysander. Alexander the Great— A Macedonian Gen- eral; bnni in Mii.r.l.mia. B. C. 356; destroyed Thehes, d.-f.-at.cl KiiiL' I'arius. of Persia; subdued Asia Mill. IT-, r.Miti.i r.uo.iKH) Persians at the battle of Issiis. sub.lued Etrypt. Tyre, and Libya; con- quered Persia; became brutal; pushed his con quests, and reached Babylon, having conquered nearly all existing nations; died while intoxicated at Babylon, B. C. 323. Alfred the Great— King of the Saxons in England; born at Wantage. Eng. , A. D. 849; made successful resistance, on several occasions, to invading Danes, or Northmen; established coast defenses; translated the Bible and other books; was a patron of education and literature; died about 901. Alvarado, Pedro D.— A Spanish General; born at Badajoz, Sixain, about the close of the fif- teenth century; was the e.in.ineror of Mexico, under Cortez, and iJuatfmala , tr.iv.Tnor of Guate- mala and Honduras; kill.d in a tiLrhr with Mexican Indians, in New Galicia. Mex , in la41. Alvarez* Juan— A Mexican General: born in Mexico about 1790; drove Santa Anna from power in the revolution of IS.'j.^, conquering the republic of Mexico; died in 1867. AnffleMey, MarquU of— A British General: born in England, in 1768: distinguished for valor in Flanders. Holland, Corunna. Waterloo — losing a leg in the latter battle, and was Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland; died in 18i>4. Antony, Mark— A Roman Triumvir; born in Italy. B. C. 83; ably seconded Julius Csesar in his struj^-gle for supreme power, and was made j.iint Consul of Rome with him; achieved other national triumphs by his genius and valor, but being defeated in battle at Actium. B. C. 30. he slew himself; was husband of the renowned Cleo- patra, who killed hei-self. on learning of his death, by the sting of an asp. Atttia— King of the Huns; the place and date of his birth are unknown: he swayed the Northern tribes from the Rhine to the Volga; overran Illyria and all the reL'^i.)n betw.'.-n the Black Sea andthe Adriatic; Tlirai.-, Mu.-.'.li'iiia and Greece were devastated, manlir.l thr..>nu'b liermany into Gaul; invaded Italy, d.'stiitying many cities; died sud- denly in his camp, A. U. 453 or 454; is supposed to have been assassinated; called himself "the Scourge of God." Bayard. **Chevaller*'— Peter du Xer- rall — .\ French knight, distinguished for his valor, virtue, generosity and courtesy, and greatly honored in life and in death; displayed admirable bravery and talents; was bom at the chateau de Bayard, in Dauphiny, in 1476; was mortally wounded in battle in the Milanese, at Romagnano, in 1524. Bernadotte, tJean B. J. —A French Mar- shal; born at Pan. France, in 1764: was a coadjutor in the French Revolution, and in Bonaparte's campaigns; invaded Sweden and became its king for twenty-six years, during which time the country prospered; died at Stockholm, Sweden, in 1844.' Blueher. Gebhard I.. Von— A Prus.sian Marshal; born at Rostock. Prussia, in 1742; served under Frederick the Great, during the seven years' war: retired to agricultural pursuits; re<-alled to the army in 17S6: active in the cam- paigns ..f 17',i2 to '94, distinguishing himself and gaiiiini,' |no(n.)ti.)n. paiti.ipate.i vigorously in the cjiinpai^'us .it 1M:i and ISU. defeated at Ligny by Napoleon, in Ifil.'t, and turned the battle of Watei-loointo a victory for the English: was made Prince of Wahlstadt; "died at Kribowitz, Prussia, in 1819. Bolivar. Simon T. P.— President of South American republics: bom at Caracas. Venezuela, in 1783; wrested Central South America fi-om Spain, and founded the republics of Bolivia and Colombia; died at San Pedro, near Carthagena. Spain, in 1831. Bonaparte, N^apoleon — An Emperor of France. King of Italy, etc.; operated in Fi'ance, :^ GKKAT MILITAKY 1IKK(_)ES UF THE WoKLU. Italy. Spain, Egypt. Russia and Belgriiim. as the greatest warrior of modem times, in point of ambition, energ-y and power overmen; born at Ajat'cio. in the Island of Corsica, in 1769, and died, a lonelv prisoner, in the island of St. Helena, in 18'Jl. BozzarU, Maroo— A patriot and waixior of t'l't^i't distinction; born in Greece, obout 1790; made war against the Turks from 1820 to 1R23. and was killed in the latter year in the victorious fight at Missolon^hi. Bom, Briao— A native king of Ireland; born at Munster, Ireland, about A. D. 927; over- came the Danes and prosperously reigned, but in a revolt of his own people they were assisted by Danes, and a light ensued, in which Boni was slain, but the Danes were permanently repulsed; died at Clontarf, Ireland, in 1014. Bruce, Rohert— Earl of Carrick and King .it s.i.tl;iti'!, Ih.i 11 111 S<-otland in A. D. Vi'ii. bear- intr 111- tal)n'i'.- name, he fought for the freedom uf .SLotliind from the English yoke, first fighting under the English banner against his competitor for the crown. Baliol; Bruce was crowned at Scone, in 1306. defeated Edwai-d II. at Bannock- burn, in 1314, thus firmly establishing his throne; died in 13.29. Bruniiwlck, CharleH W. F., Duke of— A Prussian General, born at Brunswick. I'lussia, in 17S.1: served actively in the seven years' war. and his services were celebrated by Fiederick the Great in a poem; was mortally wounded at the battle of Auerstadt, in ISoti. CEesar, fjulliis— First Roman Emperor; born at iiorne, B. C. 100 : owuig to family affaii-s. the Di.tatitr Sylla resolved tn destroy him. but at the sniiiiiatioh of friends spared his life; became I 111. 1 Pontiff and Pra?tor, and in B. C. .^)9 Consul: subdued Gaul; twice invaded Britain; overcame Italy: became Dictator and Consul at Rome; van- quished the Egj'ptians, and captured Spain; became the victim of a conspiracy formed by Bmtus. Cassius and others, and was assassinated in the Senate House. March 15, B. C. 44. Colltnsiivood, Cuthbert, Ijortl— English Admiral; born at Newcastle-on-Tyne, F,nK . n''0; was at Bunker Hill, America; expeditmn to I "eii- tral America: with Lords Howe and Jervis in their victories over the French. 1794. 1797. and with Lord Nelson at Trafalgar, 1805. taking that officer's place when he fell, and finishing the victory: for this he was raised to the Peerage of England, with thanks of Parliament and a liberal pension for his family ; died at sea. 1810. f^onde* Princes and Dukes of— Nine mem- bers of the younger h.MlM'b.-M uf the n..uil..ms <.f France, who plaved inip'irt;uit iiiihtaiy atiil pohrl cal parts in French hi-t.u y lH-t«L-.-n XW.'M and ISOii. of these Louis II.. suinaincd the Gre;it. "a- bi>rri at I'aris. lfi-.;i, and distiaguisht^d himself in the wars with Spain, between 1645 and 1650. Constantlne the Great— Emperor of Koine, binn at Naissus, in Moesia. about 274; sliugglfd for the empire with Maxentius, whom he oviTcaiiie. vanquished Licinus; chastised the (ioths; made Christianity the dominant religion, and removed the capital from Rome to Constanti- nople < Byzantium); died at Niconiedia, 337. Cordova, Francisco Ferdinand de— SpiiM-ii (Jcneral: born at Madrid, 1792; fought in 111.- .aFiipaign against Napoleon: minister <»f war, im; in 1849 went to Italy with an army to aid in 1 .-loi iiig tile Pope, fought against the victorious in-iii k'riits in the revolution of 18.54, and fied to li.iiirr, in 1856 he returned to Spain, and in 1H64 was made minister of war in the cabinet of Narvtez. Cortez. Hernando— Conqueror of Mexico; liorn nt Mcdellin. Spain. 1185; sailed in 1.504 for San Unirimgo. W. I.; received several appoint- ment- iKim the governor; in 1518 fitted out his evpi'ditnTi t.i Mexico, contrary to the governor's wi->h«->., b.-lu.-.n Mai.-h 4. K-l'J, and August i;i, l.VJl. he wiig.-.l a war with lb.- M.-viian- »hi.b ivsnllcd in his vaii.pii-limk'lh.-m. and \\- l..-ll^y al humc. liowivtr. lunicd him, and he died in solitude in Spain, near Seville, 1547. •Vevecipur, Philippe de— French Marshal and Maion; born early in the fifteenth century, In rrarii-c; lb.' -^.'ilirul'l , Im tlMII -IllHllled Ireland, after severe fighting, and defeated the .Scot<:h loyalists; in 1651 he reached the sum- mit of his power, becoming Lord Protector in 1653; during his dynasty England was prosper- ous, i-espected and feared bv other nations; died at Whitehall Palace. Eng. . 11158. Cyrus the Great— His career as a Persian Geiu-ra! was foretold by Isaiah more than one hiinili.'d \e:\rs before bis birth, but considerable ili\( r-ir\ -it In-tory surrounds his acts: he was son ul I a(iili\ ■ - the Persian: at the age of thirty he wa- -'-III \Mth :io.O00 men to assist his uncle Cyax- eres. who was about to be attacked by the Baby- lonians, dispersing the latter; piwlnd the ^^;lr into adjoining countries; subdue. 1 rappa'in.ia ; capture.! Sardis. the capital of Lydia. i educed almost ;ill ,\-la to subjection; returned and fought the .\>-^yrians; captured Babylon after a siege; engaged in several other wars and subdued all the natunis between Syria and the Red Sea, and is described in Scripture as ■■Monarch of all the earth ;" he is supposed to have leigned from about 558 to 529 B. C- , dying at the age of seventy yeai-s. Darius, the Mede— Son of Astyages. King of the Medes; mentioned in Daniel v., 31. ix., 1. and xi , 1 ; in sciiptiii'e also called .\rtaxerxes; in eitlui' .\. M. :J44K or :i4('iS, be con.|uered Babylon, detbr.Jiuiig lU-lshaz/.ar, hi- sisttr "^ grandson. King of the ( 'baldeaii-. occupying the throne for about two years, when he died, and Cyrus the Great reigned in his stead. DarluHl., Kintr of Persia— Son of Hystas- pes: took iJabyl.Mi attci a siek'..- ot twi-nty m.'iUbs; gave pei'tiii-^ioii lur n'bitiMiiik' the .\v\\ i-h innple at Jerusak-iii and M-iit tlu- ..-aptiv,- .).vv- to then- own country; .subseqUeiiUy the Ptisians nivaded Greece, but were defeated at Marathon; while preparing to take the field against the Greeks in pel-son, Darius died B. C. 485. Darius III., the last Kins of Persia— Pei-sia being invaded by Alexander the Great, Darius took the field against him in i)erson. com- manding an army of 600.000 men. two battles were fought, at Granicus and near Issus; in the latter the Pei-sians were loiited, having more tlian 1(10,000 men killed; Darius escaped. and afterwards fought the Greeks again, but was defeated and tle.l, he was found murdered, B. C. 331, in his chariot, the victim of Bessus, governor of Bac- triana, who coveted his throne. Davoust, I^ouis Nicholas— A French Mar- shal; born at .\nnoux. Burgundy, 1770, studied at Brienne with Napoleon, di>t iiiguished himself on several orr;isioii- in the Freiicli ai-niy, and went with Honapart-.- to Kk-'vpl , iu Ilie e.inipaiknis of ISilH and lf ofiered tu hni ot his great age. Oarlhuldi, Gutfteppe— An Italian patriot; born at Nii.-e, 1807 ; r;ii,sed a mariner; in 1834 he was exilol from Italv for exciting a revohition, visiteil the lilaek Sea and South Aiiieri<-a; espmised the cause of the repuhlii- ._il Hi.) Grande : wa- repulsed and taken piisonei ; eseaiiing. he returned t.i Kio liT-aiide ;ind j.iiiied an expediti<'n against the Bra Zlll^ and ; id •r the war lie settled at Montevideo; this phice being besieged. Garibaldi fitted out a fiotilla. and the town was saved. He then leturned to Spain and participated in the military affairs of 1848, defeating the Neapolitans. Being surrounded by Austrians, he was offered terms of capitula- tion, which he refused, and he and his adbetents tied; but his wife died, he was arrested, banisbe.), and came to New York: made voyages to the Pacific, and returned to Nice; here he joined the Sardinian government against the Austnans; rendered important services during the war to the Italian lanse. aild in 18fiO captured Sirilv and b.'.anie Inetator; afterwards lu- a-si-td in the .i\.iibnivv .il King Francis, and the kiiigiluiii of Two sirili. - It. .-anie merged in that of Italy. Gar- ibaldi ie-i-ii--d tlie Di.'talorshi]} and retired to the isl,iiid t.i lapieia. Siib-e.pu-ntly lie reappeared prominently in the troubles in Italy, and incited the Hungarians against the Austrians. In a battle near .\spromonte he w;is wounded and taken pris- oner but was permitted to return to Caprera. Again he repeated bis m.i\ ement- lor tb ii.|nest ot Koine, but wa.s upon one oeeasi-.n ai le-te.l, and on the other defeiited in battle and taken piis..ner. but released as an .\ineii.aii ntizen. In ISTO.whcll the Kepiddie (d Fianee was established, lie joined in its nati.mal deten-e, aii.lser\ed in the French army, but with.ait di>tiiiguisliiiig himself. He filled a seat in the Nali.m.il Assembly lor a time, but resigned ;ind letiie.l I.i CapieKi. He has written novels and poem-, and is itiidoiibledly ..ne of the must leinarkable men uf this etiuiiiy. Among his recent acts was the procuring of a divorce from his second wife. Gonsalvo of Cordova, Hernandez A. — A celebrated Spanish warrior, known as ' "the Great Captain;" born at Montillo, Spain, 1453. He entered upon a military life at fifteen yeai-s; distinguj-bed himself in wars against the Mooi-s. Poi luu^iu >.-. Turks and French: was Viceroy of Naples, w iiieii kingdom he bad conquered; died in Gianada, Spam. I.'il5. Ouureaud, Oaspard* Baron— A French General, born at Versailles. France, 1783; attended military scliools; entered the army in 1803; fnughr in the campaigns of Germany, Poland. Spam ami again in Germany; went to Russia with Nap. d. on , at Moscow prevented the explosion of ."inii.iliio poll mis of powder, and wo^ created Baron . ac'ompanied Napoleon through numerous battles, sa\ ing bis lile on one occasion; was among the la.st olbeers to leave the field of Waterloo, and accompanied his Chief to St. Helena. Keturning to England, lie worked for the release of Napoleon from exile, and retired to France, where he lived on a legacy from his former friend and com- mander; died in 18.'i2. Ooutfh. HuKhVlsfount— A British General; born at \\'oodt.towu. Ireland. 1779: entei-ed the army in 1794; served against the Dutch in South Africa; in the West Indies; in Spain, distinguish- ing himself in several important hjittles; Com- mander-in-Chief in China, and eiiated a Baronet ; transferred lo India, with suiiivm.- e.unniand, \\>- carritKl on a brilliant and sue. csslnl . a m pa 11:^11 against the Sikhs, from 184;no 1849. superseded by Sir Charles N;tpier, iniule a viscount, handsomely pensiimcd, and creatcil Field Marshal. Grunt, Sir «funies Hope— A British Gen- eral: born at Kilgrasten. Scotland, 1808; entered the army In 18^6, served in the first English war with China; In India from 1818 to 18.58. where he won battles and Innnn's. cspeeiailv at the siege of Delhi and the ivli.d^ <>\ l,iiekn..w ; .■onnnanded in China in 185y; captui.d Peking m isr.o, and s.. ter miiuitci 1814 he served wllh distinct I. ui In the army, parti cipatlng m M.im- .d the most distinguished Imttle- and campiilgns nmb-r Nap.de. m and others. \ w.xind ton I.I biin to 1 el ire tiuin til.' army , but Im' i2^ (.i;i:a'1' mimiakv hku^ks ok 'iiik \voi;lu. Piih«eart in his chii-l'^ npi-nil i■.^•^. Hi>, rail ure. huwi'viM'. to hrlntr In- l.n.-.s iiit'> |im^iIimii ;it the liattle uf Waterln.., r;iih.r llniii ilisnh.N pi.-. vious orders, cost NuiJi.'h'nn his ^i|;ii;d di leal in that contest. Retiring from Fi'auce undi-r pro- scription, he lived five years in the United States, at Philadelphia. He returned to France in 18*^1, anil was restored to his rank of Marshal. Iliivelofk, Sir Henry— A British (ieneral. ilistiiitriii--lii'ii by his brilliant canipaitjrn atfainst the Sepoys m India in IRf)?; hnrn ill county Dur- ham. Kiitr.. I7:i''. .Titciiii till- Uiilish army in ISlf*; went ti) Indiji 111 lHj:i; p;ntiri|iat<-d in the Hui'inese war cif Lsji Willi djsnii.tinii, m the invasion of Atirhiinisran, iimlir Sir Willmijrhby Cotton. 1838 and l.SK',), in (b.- Mnliiatta eaTiipaitrn and in the war airainst lb.- Sikhs; li.njrbt in Persia, ISfifi; his oprrali'.ti-; in IS,".7, in upprisitii .11 to the Si'pnys III'' llh ■d lib, h< KiitrMsb t-n vci', fstabli^hrd lii ,ii.-kTinv, India, 1.1 friviii^'a baii.ri.'tcy t the day alter his tloaii or Arc, Tbis^-ieatest . I'k . ;it. 1). Hhe Miild of Orleann" i.f butrdde p; I.I b' a mind tar sn|i over the suirti of relieving: ib 1)V lUVSti-llMll^ FVan.''e , Fiam-e. Hlii; tmdid sin ^I's al a <-- five into the bands ..f the Ent,'lish, who bought li.-i- Iroiii 111,. Hiirt:iinv a friar; studied law; professor of n.iinul |ili;!osophv in the college of Oajaca; ailr.iitirH lo lb.' bar in ISHi; was chief iudge of the rrpiiblir III ]Si-t t:., secretary of stall- under llen- '■ri'l 1 11, rhi.l ,)iistic.- ot the >n|n-ri..ir coui't. \\'ln-n thr' Silas r.-\oiution in l,sn; h-Tanie a sue- ees-s in Oajaea, he was made one of tie- gt>vei-ning triumvirate. In 1S4G he was a mend)er of the con- st it u<*nt congress that voted money to carry on the war with the United States; became governor of Dajaea in 1847-'52, managing affairs discreetly, Ii'piidating the state debt and having surplus lunds. Soon afterwards he was arrested and e\ili'd Ijy Santa Anna, and lived in reduced cir- cumstances for two years in New Orleans. Retum- intr to Mexico in 185.5, he assisted in the successful uprising of .\lvarez, who afterwards appointed .lii.'u.-z minister of justice and religion; subse- ■ luriiily President Comonfort appointed Juarez go\..rnor of Oajaca: he was re-elected governor in 1B.'>7; was also then elected president of the supreme court of justice, and afterwards minister of the interior. Comonfort being ousted, Juarez succeeded him as president of the republic in 1858, being reco^ized as such by the United States in IR-ia. In 18(11 he defeated Miramon. entered Mex- ico, and in the following spring was elected presi- (lent again. In 1802 Fronce declared war against Jii.nc/,. with the .ht.rminatioii of establisbmu' an i-iiipn.. in M.-Mi'o. .Jiiaiv/ uas d.-lcald. an.! Max liiiiliaii. Aii-hdnk.' of Aiisii'ia. as^i -.1 th.. tiiiir- tions .jf Kmpeiur. Juaiez. however, maintained the presidency at El Paso del Norte, and in 1860 began that brilliant military campaign which restored him to the possession of the republic, and resulted in the .■a|)Iure and shooting of Maxi- uiilian. in June. iXtlT. In detob.-r .luarez was re-elected presi.l.nt of Mexico. i-ive years of unsuccessful n-v.dulions against him followed. but peace came in 1872. The health of Juarez, how- ever, failed imder all his trials, and he died in Mexico, in 1872. of apoplexy. KoHMiith, IjoiiIn— Ex-governor of Hungary; born at Moii.ik, IKii'; eiit.i.d the National Diet I. p. Kn [It I'. apif; 1 III •eiiri.s..nt alive in IStJ'.i; li.r publishing reports ■ Iiro(.eeiliny-s ..f this ass.-mhlv, he was con- l ol liii,-li tre:,-.,.!, iuiil s..nleii.-|.d to f.mr ■ ini|ins.inini.|it, Wtlhin two veai s. hmvever. n ainn.-sty; Itecain.' editor of 1 in 1841; in 1848 he visited f Austria, to press the claims e government, and returned stcr of finance. Under this te.ssiiiiiy .-arried out itnport- aiii iiirasuies i..i t he i ..li..f . if t In- peasantry under the tell. lai >>>!,. 111. uhi.-h was swept away. Dur- ing ibe civil war of l84H-'49 he was governor of Hung.ary. The Hungarians having been sup- pit-.sed, mainly by the armed intervention of b'li-sia, Kossuth retired to Turkey with several (lolilieal .allies and .">,lliin troops. By the interven- Moii ill Kntrian.l ,in(l Kianee, Turkey refused to rb-ln'.'i- up Kossuth at the request of Austria and Hiissia, and he and his followers were retained as prisoners in Asia Minor until 1851. Kossuth then jiroceeded to England, and sailed for the United st.'ifes in the autumn of that year. Here be tr.ivel.d, ad vocat irit,' the cause of Hungary, and was recti v.-d with great favor. Afterwards be returned to England, residing there for several years, engaged in lecturing and writing for the newspapers. From 1863 to 1875 he resided in priv- acy at Turin, devoting much time to scientific investigations. LopeZt Narclso— Cuban revolutionist; born in 17119, in Venezuela, S. A., of wealthy parents; served fi>r some time in the Spanish army, retir- in^'-in IK'JJ. while Colonel. After the Spaniards ev.iiiiatcd \ ciie/aicla. he went to Cuba, and then to Siiain, espoiisiiiL' the cause of Queen Isabella against Don Carlos, the pretender, and became the recipient of several offices, which, for polit- cal reasotis, he rejected, returning to Cuba. Seized with the idea of Cuba becontinir indi-jienrl- eiit ot Spain, he came to the United sti le- in isi',), and organized, at the expense of nem \v hi- eiiiin. fortune, three separate and unsucccsshil .xpedi- tions t.i fi e.- Cuba from the Spanish yoke. The la>t .vp.-duion, which sailed in August, 1851, rcsulteil 111 the capture of Li>pez and many of his followers. and his own execution at Havana, Sep- tember 1, 18.51. Miltlatles — Illustrious Athenian General ; nourished in the fifteenth century before Christ ; reduced Chersonesus, Lemnos and Cyclades, and before Christ. 49<) years, fought and overcame the invading Persian army at Manathon; accused of treason by his countrymen, he was thrown into prison, where he died of a wound received in fighting for tirecian independence; died B. C. 489. Moltke, Helmuth K. B. Von— A fJemian General; born at Parchim. Germany. 1800; at eighteen became an officer; entered trie Prussian service in 1822; went to Constantinople in 1835. and Improved the Turkish government's fortifica- tlrms. and fought for the Sultan In the wars against the Kurds and Egv|it . ri-lurned to I'ru^sla in 18.39; in lM,'>fi be.ame the adjutant of Prince (■rcd.-iic, and in I«.)K chief i>f tbe general MtatT of thejiimy; m ix.V.i he wan made Ueutenant-Gen- eial. Illumed hiively in the wari* with Denmark tIHGI. and AuMria (IKfiii). When the war with France begun, in 1870. his jilans rcsult*'d in a series of astonishing and continuous victories. He was rewarded by the title of Count and large dona- tions of money, etc. ; was made a General P'ield Marshal in 1X71, and life nieinberof the upper house of the Prussian (>ariinment. %'ei'o, IjiiflnH D€»mllliiN C'lautlliiM — A Ritmaii ..Ttiper..! ; hoin at Antnim, Italv. in :17 ; Sliee.-ed.'d Claudius, uh,.w;.s niur.lered. Ml ,M a^ Emperor, and pruvi-d to be one of tbe base-t .,f tyrants. The story of hiw life is a catalog' I cruel crimes, while the success of the Hon, an armj during his reign was glorious. A rebellion against this tyrant, in 68, proving successful, he committed suicide. Ptzarro, FrancU— Born atTruxillo. Spain, in 1475. and while a bov ran awav to Spanish Ameiica. In 1524 he diseovere.l Peril, m eorim-c tion with Altnagro. and ciiarbs the Fifth marb- him Governor of the new-found eounlry, over which he achieved the coiKpiest in loltj. In l.'.37 a contest between him and ..Mmagro terminated in the defeat and execution of the latter. AIniagros son, in revenge, in l.=i4l. aided by some friends, assassinated Pizarro in his palace at Lima. Peru- Pompey, Cnellis— Known as Pompev the Great; a Roman statesman and warrior; born iOfi B. C. : at tb.age ..r twenty three, with the imrty of Sylla, ami c.uTiMianding three h-i.'i.-ri-. he recov- ered to Rome. Sicily and Afritiiigt.'les of 1T92 and '94: entered the Ft I 'in 1 1 :. I iti \ , and exhibited conspicuous bravery and I.I I. Ml iti the <-a mpa itrns l.eI^^een 1806 and 1814; w;i- iii.iiie ,1 \i;itsh;,i i.ii III.' h;»tth.-iield at Leipsic, and was ill owned in the river Elster. 1813. Santa Anna, AntonE r.opez de— .\ Mexi- can General; horn at Jalapa. Mex.. 1798; entered the Spanish army, becoming Lieutenant-Colonel in I,H21; joined Iturbide in 1822 in overthrowing Spanish rule and reducing the province of Vera Cruz. Iturhi.le was in turn overthrown by Santa Anna, who procbiiin.-d himself emperor. The Mexican Kipnhli.- was t.>Mni'.l soon afterwards. and Iroin that tiiiii- until ls;i:i Santa .Anna was engaged m lighting against ur maintaining, at the head of Jlexican troops, the claims of rival chiefs. In 1833 he became president, retaining the office for three years, at the end of which time he was taken prisoner at San Jacinto by political oppo- n.-iits. \fter his hheration. jn 1837, he lost a leg while enuMt,'e.| m repulsing French troops at Vera Cruz. From 1M41 to 1845 he was again president of the republic. In 1845 he was exiled for ten years, but was recalled to the presidency and to protect Mexico against the United States armv. Ih several encounters with Scott and Tavlor, the American Generals, his forces were defeated, and in 1848 he was tMunpe!led to resign. From 1852 to 18.10 he was president once more, and was then driven into exile again by the revolt of General Carrera, living quietly for some years at St. Thomas. Since then he has participated more or less quietly in Mexican political changes, but with- out accomplishing any notable success. M f X7-~~ SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF OEOEOE WASHINGTON. §>!—♦- •^;=3=5^' George Washington. HERO OF THE WAR FOR UNITED STATES INDEPENDENCE , <\ 0_. ''^^ - ■ - — - j^yy (■|Rc|_-jisTANCES must necessarily com - bine to make, with any individual, a great career. Among them there must be a suita- ble training, a locality in which {^^eniusmay ex- pand, and opportunity to draw forth genius. Many great men have lived, passed through life, and died comparatively unknown. The occasion never offered by which their power might have been seen. They could have been distinguished hud (ipporlunities been favorable. Very truly has Gray in his "Elegy," speaking of the country churchyard,said: Perhaps in this neglected spot is laid Some heart once pre^ant with celestial fire; Hand that the rod of ein|iir« mi^hl have swayed. And waked l« exta«; the living lyre. But the favoring circumstance never came by which they could be carried for- ward to greatness and renown. The career we follow in life depends, therefore, much on circumstances; some people call it luck. In the study of man we cannot fail t<> recognize that greatness hangs on a myri;id of causes that exist outside of him- self. Of these lli^l^. iinilff ( \.h)nel James Barrett, "hii (hn\r iluui ;iu';tiii t'.\\ ,uiis Lexington. At Lmr.'lii I lie Untish wtiv ull^il]\ |.nrsii.-d llirm haek to Boston. In this .-xiirdilh'Ti tlu- lliili^h lost 273 men, killed, wounded and missing, and the colo- nists forty-nine killed, thirty-four wounded and five missing. This day's work inaugurated the war of the Itevulution. Capture of Tlconderoffa.— Eighty Ameri- can soldiers, under Colonel Ethan Allen, of Vermont, surprised the British fort at Ticonderoga. N. Y. , ciirnniaiidfd hy Capt;iiii Prlaplaee, early on the inDviiini; , and \\ ithout tiring a shot d.-maiid.d its" suirvnd.r 'in the name of Jelwivah and llic Continental (."ongress." No resistance was made, and the Americans captured two officers, forty-eight soldiers, 128 pieces of artillery, and a large quantity of small arms. By this stroke England lust control of the (Jreen Mountain district- Battle of Blinker Hill. -Fought .Tune Ifi and 17. 177r), near Bnstnn. hrtween IJM) British soldi. -IS. iiiid.T t;rn.MaN Ib.w.- and I'lu'i'tt, who ntterilpti-d tc. St. .nil III.- l-.i|..ul.t .>ii liir.-.ls llill. defended hy LVfiiHl Ameri.'ans, un.Ier er.mmand of Colonels I'rescott and F'ei)perell. The redoubt was gallantly defended until the ammunition of the Amei'icans was exhausted, when a retT-eat was ordered, and annd a galling tire they escaped to Charli-st.iwii N.-.-k, at uhi.-h p. nut tin- piii-snit ended- Tlu- Brilish lost -JJi; ..Itir.is ami m.-n killed and .S'JS w.niiiiied, and the Americans H.'i killed or missing anil IHH wounded. Battle of Quebec. —Fought December 31, 177rj, between the British troops in the citadel and a small foire of American soldiers, under General Richard Montgomery, who attempted to capture the upper town. The assault failed. Montgomery and about 700 of his men being killed or wounded. Battle of Fort Moultrie.— Fought on Sul- livan's Island. Charleston harbor, S. C. , June 'iH, 1776. b.-twi-r-n four vl-sshIs of the Brilish navy. carrvliif,' l.'iCi .-annons ,iiiil rcinlorcinn.rils, under comiiiand of Sir r.-tri I'aik.'i , anncral Wasliingt.m, ami the Brilish army, und.T lo'urrat Ma\vhoo.l. Tli.- a.-tmn ta'-tfd but twi-nty niinnh-,, but \\ as Il.-ir.lv .■.ml.st.-.l. and result. ■, nnd'jr H.-nt-ial Gatt-s. At night Burgoyne retreated. This contest i-esulted in the disheartening of Burgoyne. and on the 17th ho surrendered, leaving in the hands of the Ameri- cans forty-two brass cannon, 4,647 nmskets. and 5.408 prisonei-s. .\t the time of the surrender the American army numbered 10.817 effective men. Battleof Monmouth.— Fought at Freehold, N. J., June 28, I77S, lu-tw.-.-ii the British army, under Sir Henry Clint.in.,iii.i the Americans, under Washington. The ontest was spirited and event- ful, and resulted in the retreat of the British, with the I<)ss of nearly 300 killed and 100 prisoners. The American loss was sixty-nine killed and 160 wounded. Battlen of Savannah.— Fought December 29, 1778. between the British, under General Clin- ton, and the Americans, under General Lincoln. This contest resulted in the surrender of the city of Savannah, Ga. , to the Bi'itish. In September, 177y, Savannah, still in possession of the British, was besieged hy an allied French and American f.irce under C.'niil l>"E.-taing and General Lincoln. They assaulted the .-ity iiiL.I.er 9. 1779, but were repulsed by the Briti^ll, with a loss of nearly 800 men. 1 ;<): :^M of] BATTLES AND OFFICERS OF THE KEVULUTIONAKY "WAR. Battle of Stony Point. — American forts at Stony Point. N. Y. , on the Hudson river, and Verplanck's Point, opposite to each other, were captured and occupied by the British, about June 1. 1779- July 16, General Anthony Wayne, with 1,200 Americans, retook the fort at Stony Point, and captured 543 British officei-s and men. The .\nierican lo?s was fifteen killed and eiphty-three wounded; the British had sixty-three killed. The fort was soon afterwards dismantled and aban- doned. Battle of King's Mountain. —Fought at Kinn'> Mountain. N. C. .< tctober 7. 1770, between a Bi'itish force of 1.200 local desperadoes, under Major Patrick Fergruson, and about imo mounted Americans, under several colonels. The tipht was brief, but severe. Ferguson was killed and 2iO of his men had fallen. Of the others, 800 surren- dered and 200 escaped. The American loss was only twenty killed, but many were wounded. This battle did much towards breaking up British domination in the South. 99^.^AS >m\9^ •w/'\/\, •^-?^ Battle or Cowpens.— -Fought at Cowpens. R. (.'. . January IT. 1781. between 1.100 British, under Colonel Tarleton.and about 1.000 Americans, imdi-r General Morgan. The British were defeated, with a loss of 300 killed and wounded, and between 500 and 600 prisoners. The .\niericans had twelve men killed and sixty wounded. Battle of Guilford.— Fought at Guilford Court House, N. C, March 15. 1781. between 2,100 British, under Lord Comwallis. and an American force of 4.404 infantry and horse (regulars and raw militiai. under General Greene. The battle resulted in the retreat of the Americans, but Corn- wallis lost more than 600 killed and wounded. The American loss was about 400 killed and wounded, and 850 missing. Battle of Eutan* Sprinffn.— Fought about fifty miles north of Charleston, S. C. , September 8. 1T81, between about a,:iOO British, undi-r Colonel Stuart, and about 2.000 American--, uiiiir? (it-neral Greene. The contest was not dei'tilol until tin* next day, when Greene pursued the retieatiiig British I^aa^^^-Vs- towards Charleston. The American loss was 535, in killed, wounded and missing; that of the Brit- ish, 13.1 killed and wounded, and 500 prisoners. Sleere of Xorktown.— In August. 17R1. Lord Cornwallis, coninuuKliim the British army under Sir Henry (.'iiiititu, i..rii|iifd and fortitied York town, Va..with S <(>ii; sub- clergyman, and POnOMON AI.I-E\.-.' Major; horn at Nortlmrript. IVr.l.comniiind.d th.-^juiin! wl Andre, the I'.hli-^h ypy, to KequiTitlv he became a died in \V,'i\. A hervromble. fTnm^H — A British commandtT: bom in Scotland, In 1706; '' scrvi-d at Tlcondcroga. N. Y. ; died in Eng- land. In 17X1. AlexniKler, IVUMani— An American Major- Oeneral; b«jm In New York city, in 172B: fought in the battles of Long Island, (iermantown ami Monmouth: died at Albany. N. Y. , In I7H3. Arm«tronirt •lohn— An American offlcer-, born nt CarliHle. I'a. . In I7.^>K; fought at I'rincetcin. N. .1.; was appoln1.-d Minlnter to France In 1«04. and Mi-crclarv of War. under Monroe, In 1813; died at Hi-d Hook. N. Y.. In 1M3. Arnold. Benedlot-An American Oeneral; born at Norwlrh. Conn., In 1740; nerved at Tlcon- deroga. Saratoga and Quebec; was brave, but yii'lded to impure inHuences. and turned traitor to the American cause; escaped to England, and died in London, in 1801, despised for his treachery. Auhe, •John— An American Oeneral ; born in England, in 1721; member of the Colonial assem- bly; fought at Kort Johnson. Savannah, Ga. . in 177.'t. and, as a Brigadier-ficneral, took part in the movements of rJeneral Lincoln along the Savan- nah river in 1778 and 1779; wan taken prisoner of war in 17S1, and died the same year. Bnrher. Frjincl«— An American Adjutant-- Oeneral. and an active otHcer: born at Princeton, N. J., in 17:.l; fought at Trenton. Princeton. Branrlywini', < irTiiuMili-" ii ;iiid Moniii'iiith; serviMl flgain"*t till- iiiiii. Ill- 111 i;;'.". :iini "n- woinKini «t Newton; wiis ;.l-.. niu'ik.'. .1 in rli.- h.ittlr ..t Spring H.-ld, and pr.-int ;il tlir battk- of Vorklowu; was killed by the falling of a tree in 178:1. Rritndt, (lo«e|»h— A famous British Indian Chief; born in Ohio, about 1712; participated In the massacre at Wvoming: was highly educateil; dicfl in Canada, in 1H07. Kradwtreet. fjohn— A British General: born in Knglatid. in 1711; served under Braddoek and Amhi-rst; died in New York in 1774. Ritrffoynet .John— A British fJeneral; born in England, about 1722: served at Ticondemga. Stillwater, Freeman's Farm and Saratoga; wrote several dramas and pamphlet*!; died In London, in 1792. Riirr* Anron— An American offlcor; boi-n at Newark. N. .?, . in 17.'»fi: served In the expedition against (Quebec: became distinguished a.sa lawyer and public man. and died at Stnteii Island, N. Y. . in ISItC. nii(l«>r, •IiimeH — An American offlcer: horn in Prinrr Wjlliiim county, Va., year unknown; served in South Corollna and Oeorglo; was an tnnmte t>f ii British prisrm-ship, and was killed In battle at CloudV Creek, S, C. , In \:^2. -^^tS :C> — LEA1)[N'(; (H'FICKKS OK THK REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Butler, tjohn— A British (rnenilla lender; liorii ill CiinneetiL'ut, year unknown; tirnlullv nivatrcd tlie valley of the Wyoming; time of (iealh unknown; was granted 5.i)()0 aci'es of liirul in Canaria and a pension of *2.500 a year for his ser vices, by the British Government. Butler, Zebiilon— An American Cnlnnel; horn in Conneeticbt.in 1731; was in several battles; died in 17y."i. Ca(i\«'iill:i, I'a ; ^.■l v.i! i,l I'nn.-.ton. Hrandvwihr. li.i lll;lrltH^Ml and M<>ruiil]i ; was a member ut' the .Muryhind Let^islature; died in 1786. Clarke. Oeoree Rosrers— An American Gen- eral: born in Virginia, in 1752. was in the Indian service in Virginia; built Fort Jefferson, <_>. , in 1779; died near Louisville, Ky., in 1818. dliiton. Sir Henry— A British commander boiii 111 Eniriiind, about 17:18; served at Bunker Hill. Loni; Island, Charleston, etc.; died while Kuvcniorof Gibraltar, in 1795. Clinton, James— An American offlcer; born in Ulster county, N. Y. , in 1736; served at (Quebec and other places; was a member of the United States Constitutional Convention; died at Little Britain, N. Y., in 1812. Conwsiy, Thomas— An American General; born in Irchiml. in IT^iS; served at Brandywine and Germanlmvii. and conspired against Washington, died about isoo. CornwalllH. Charles (Marquis*— A Brit- ish eoinmandcr; born in Kngtand. in 17.18; served nt Bramlywine. Charleston, Camden, Yorktown, etc. ; died in India, in 1805. Benrhorn, Henry— An American General; born at Hampton. N. H.. in 1751; served at Bunker Hill. Monmouth, etc. ; was twice a member of Congress; served also in the war of 1812; was United States Minister to Portugal; died at Rox- bury, Mass.. in 1729. Be Kalb, «Iohn (Baron)— An American General; horn in Alsace. France, in 1721; served near Philadelphia and Camden. N. J. ; was mor- tally wounded in the latter battle, August 16, 1780. Raton. IkVllliam— An American Captain; born at Woodstock. Conn., in 1764; served under (ieneral Wayne on the Mississippi and in Georgia; was Consul'to Tunis in 1797; died at Brimtleld, Mass., in 1811. Gatfe, Thomas- An eminent British com- mander; born in England about 1720; eommanded at Boston and Bunker Hill: was succeeded by Sir Henry Clinton; died in England, in 1787. Gansevoort, Peter— An American General; born at Albany. N. Y. . in 1749; served in Canada and at Fori Stanwix; was Indian Commissioner; died in 1812. Oates. Horatio— An American General : born in England, in 1728; served at Saratoga and Cam- den ; was formerly under the British General Braddock; died in New York, in 1806. Greene. IVnthanael— -An American General; born at Warwick, R. I., in 1742; served at Ger- mantown. Camden. Guilford Court House and Eutivw Springs; as a ("Jenera! he ranked second only to Washington; died in Georgia, in 1786. Grldlcy, Howard— An American General; born at Boston. Mass., in 1711; served at Crown Point, the Plains of Abraham and Bunker Hill; was a successful military engineer; died at Stough- ton. Mass.. in 1796. Hampton, "Wade S.~An American General; born in South Carolina, in 17.5.5; served under Generals .Sumter and Marion; was a member of Congress in 1794; served, also, in the war of 1812; died at Columbia, S. C, in 1835. Hayne. Isaac— An American Colonel; born in South Carolina, in 1745; served at Quarter House, S. C. , and was executed at Charleston. S. C, , in 1781. by the British authorities, on the charge of being a traitor to Great Britain. Heath. William— An .American General; horn at Roxbury, Mass., in 1737; served at King's Bridge and Morrisania: tilled several public offices, and died at Roxbury. Mass. HoH'ard, tjohn Eager— An American Gen- eral , Horn in I'.i IfiniiMc ruiint v, Md . in i;ri2; served at White ri:iin-., UiTiii.iiitdWii. M.-nnumth. Camden, Cowjn,ii~^ ami liuiltiMd Court House; was a brave and active soldier, was governor of Maryland, and a United States senator from that State; died m 1827. Howe. Georsre A.— A British General; born tn Great Britain, place unknown. In 1724; fought at Tlccuuleroga. N. Y., where he was slain, in 17;'.8. Howe. Sir IVIIIIam— A British commander; biirn in Great Britain, place unknown, in 1729; served at Bunker Hill, on Long Island, at (ier- mantown and elsewhere; was succeeded by Sir Henry riintoii; was governor of Plymouth, Eng. , and III that position be died, in 1814. Hiiffer, Isaae— .\n American General; born at Limerick Pliuitation, S. C. . in 1742; served at Savannah. Charleston, Guilford Court House ond Ht)bkirk's Hill; died at Charleston, S. C. , in 1797. Hii^er. Francis K.— An American Captain; born ill Scnith Carolina, in 1764; served in the Con- tinental army. aiinllirt, in I7'J9. Knox, Henry- An American General: born at Btiston. Mass., in 1750; served at Bunker Hill. Boston, New York city, Princeton, Monmcnith, Yorktown, etc. ; was Secretary of War under Washington; died at Thomaston, Me., in 1806. r.arayette( Marqtils de— An American General; born near Brioud, France, in 17.')7 ; served at Brandywine. Barren Hill. Monmouth. Yorktown, etc. ; died at Paris, greatly honored, in 1834. I-ee, Henry— An American officer; born in Westmoreland county. Va. , in 1756; served in Smith Carolina, at Guilford Court House, anti in other contliets; was greatly esteemed; died at Cumberland Island, Ga., in 1818. Leivls, Morgan- An American General; born in New York city, in 1754; served in the bat- tle of Saratoga and in the campaign in Northern New Yi'vk; « as governor of New York, and one of the vj^'ni rs ..t tbe Declaration of Independence; also partirip;it.d in the war of 1812; died in New York city, in 1844. I,.e in rank in the army; was member of Congress. United Stales senator and collector of customs at Philadelphia; where he died, in 1807. Pickens. Andrew— An American General; born at Paxt — An American Oeneral ; born at Madgeburg. Prussia, in 1730; served at Monmouth and Yorktown ; founded Steuben county, N. Y. ; died near I'tica, N. Y. , in 1791. Siilllvun, tJohn — An American General; bom at Berwick. Me., in 1740; served in Canada, on Long Island, at Trenton, Brandywine and Ger- mantown: was a member of Congress and judge in New Hampshire; died at Durham, N. H., in 1795. Sumter, Thomas — An .American General : hoin 111 \iii,'mia. in 1734; participated in .'several baltl'-cif Oie l{e\ idiition; was a member of Con- gress. Iiiiteil stiites senator and American Minis- ter toBrazil; was the last surviving General of the Revolutionary army, and died near Camden S. C. , in 1832. St. Clair, Arthur — .An American General; born at Thurso. Scotland, in 1734 ; served at Tren- ton. Princeton and Ticonderoga; was. also, a member of Congress and governor of the North- west Territory ; died at Greensburg. Pa., in 1818. "Ward, Artemas- An American General; bom at Shrewsbury, Alass., in 1727; served at Bos- ton and Roxbury Heights; was a member of Congress; died at his birth-place, in 1800. "Warren, Joseph — An American General: born near Roxbury, Mass.. in 1741; was slain at Bunker Hill, 1775; was intrepid and eloquent. Washington. William— .An American Gen- eral: born in StatTonl eminly. Va. . in 1752; served on Long Island, and at Trenton, Princeton. Cow- pens and Eutaw Springs: was a relative of George Washington; died at Charleston, S. C, in 1810. ■Wayne. Anthony— -An American General; known as "Mad Anthony," on account of his energetic bravery; born in Chester county, Pa., in 1745; served at Braufly wine. Germantown. Mon- mouth and Stony Point; died at Erie, Pa., in 1796. Wilkinson. James— -An American General; bom in Maryland, in 17.57: ser\-ed in Canada, against the Wabash Indians, and on the Maiimee river. O. ; was governor of Louisiana, and served in the war of 1812; died near the city of Mexico, in 1825. The War of 1812. mM -^i— ^p=:*- •!S'=^aTcrX» The Causes that Led to the War of 1812. Prominent and Important Battles. ,:imt.^e^- ITH Thomas Jef- ferson, James Madison was associated as Secretary of State. On March 4, 1809. Madison succeeded Jef- ferson to the presidency. As secretary he had gained a knowl- __ ' _ — "^ edge of the inso- -^=^^— '^= ^^ ~ — — - ~~ ^^ Icnce and aggres- sion of the English government in ignoring the rights of neutral nations, like the United States, while waging war against the French. To ;ici-cs; British loss, iifventy-iiine killed and wminrlcd; American loss, fourteen. October 18, 1812. the American sloop of war. Wasp. Cai>ta(ii Jones, captured the Briti-*h liri«, Kiolic, Captain Whingates. but the British ship i'oictiers, with seventy four guns, captured both the Wasp and the Frolic. Otrtober 25, 1812. the American frigate United States, Captain Decatur, captureil the British (riirate Macedonian. Captain Carden . time, ime hour luid a half; British loss, thirty six killed and sivtyr-ight wounded; American loss, five killed aiirl -"I'vcn wounded. l)f<-fniber2'J, 1812. the American frigate Con'^ti- tiitinii. Captain 1i;iiiilM idu'--. captun-d IIk- British fritfaleJava, Captain Liuiitn-rt. "If San Salviui.ir. after aKeven; enkM^'tiiKul,. British Inss. Cuptain Lambert killed, and 171 men killed and wounded. Ameilcan loss, thirty three killed ami woniideil. The I'-ntish vessels captured by American priva- teers. In 1812. ariioiinted to more than aoo. Intlliin UraHHacre In Mlchlffiin.— In .Tan- nary, 18I.'I, a force 4»r British Indian allu-s rniniint- ere»'l UOO American soldiei-H under liencral Winchester, at the river Raisin, defeated and en|)tui-ee!. sunk, the Lawrence, his flagship. The loss in men was nearly e<|ual. numbering about i:tO kilh'il and wounded on each sidi*. Barclav, the British commander, was killed. This battle secured the supn-niacy of Lake Krie to the Amcil- eans, and was important in this respct^t. More RnttleH at Sc»— February 34, I8i:i. off the coawt of British Guiana. S. A., the Amerl- <'an frigate Hornet, eighteen guns, encountered the British brig Peacock, and after a short engagfinenl. the latter surrendered, she bring in a sinking ccmilition, and in a short tlnn- slu- w.nt down, dr<)wiiing nine of her men ami llvr ijf ihe liornct's crew. The Peacock lo.st thirty (luce kilh-d and woinided In tlie light, ineludiiig her eomnnmdiT. while the llornet'H loss was only ono killed anri two wounded. June I, 1813. the Anmriean frigate Chesapeake, forty eight guns, comnumded by the same cap- tam. Lawrence, engaifcd the British frigate Shiiiinoii, <'ji|ilain Broke, also rairying forty eight cannon, about thirty miles from Boston. The fight lasted but lifteen minutes, and resulted ill the death of Lawrence and the capture of the Chesapt-ake. The American loss was f^irty-eight kilk-d and ninety-eight wounded, the British had twenty-three killed and fifty six wounded. September 5. 1813. the American sloop of war Enterprise, commanded by Lieutenant William Burroughs, encountered, off Portland, Me., the British brig Boxer, commanded by Lieutenant BIyth. and captured the latter after a sharp engagement. Biyth was killed, and BuiToiighs was mortally wounded. They were buried side by side at Portland. Battle of Chippewa. Xiairara FhIIh.— July n, I8U, a fort-e ol l.WMl Anuri.ans, luukr General Wintleld Seott, fuu^'hl -J. Hid Btiii-Ii ti^ops under General Kiall. at Chippewa. Tlu' laiirr'. after several attacks and coiinler attacks, unc repulsed. The Americans lost sixtv eight killed and 2fi7 wounded, the British. 138 fci lied and Ma wounded. Battle of L.iindy*fi I^aiie. —Fonght near Niagara Falls, July 2.i, 18U. betwt-en 3.000 Aineii- eans under (Jt-nerals Brown and Seott. and a larger force of British under Ci-ncral liiall. The battle began about sunset, and c-oiiiiniuil until after dark with great severity. The lliili-.li Imt tery of nine guns was eaptured, and Kiall's troops wrie drivrii off after Iliree unsuccessful attempts to regain It. The Americans lost 743 men killed and woiiiidefi. and the British 878. Brown and Scott were both wounded. Kaltif of I.aki* 4Mi:inipl:iln —General Mai I.. \Mth about I.'.iin Ann u. an troops, lirld possession of plaHsbiirgh, N. V., on the western short- of Lake Champlain, in August, isil, when the British (ieneral. Sir (ieorge Prevost. advanced upon the town with 12.'l>.inoiik-li. while t)ir- British s.inadron, under (!a|>taiii Downle. numbered sixteen vessels, ninctv- Hve guns and about 1,000 men. September 11. IKU, early in the >nornlng, the nnval luitlh- began, lasting with severity for several Imurs, and resiillirig in u total victory for the Amei ieans. ihe Brltl-h haiilmg down their Ilai^s and surrender htlf. The liiridiittai k of IheBrllivh soldiers was xbandoiieil uIm II the result nl the naval (l^'lil wus i =^ OKKIOKIW IN Til 10 WAR DF |SI2. lenrnetl. The Amoricans lost 112 killed and wounded. The British loss was estimated at about 300, exclusive of prisoners*, and seventy-flvu eaiinon, beside their Kimbcjuts. WaNhlnsrton Burned.— August S4. 1HU, atl aniiv of fi.OOO British, iiiuler (ienrral Kdhs, whn had liin.i<' nali..ii;il <;i|.il,d, tMuk |i..sM'SN!..n ..f tli.- ^'f^"> .^^^-^ jDAIR, »TOIIN-An American Gen- eral, hnin ill t 'hester county, S. C , in 17,'.',i; loiitrlit 111 the battle of New Orleans, January 8. 181.^; Com- mand. -il k'entui'ky nniitia, and was a member of Congress from Ken- tucky; died in IK40. Black H a\*-k— A British Indian Chief; born near the mouth of Kock river, IV.., about 176»; foutdrht in Illi- nois and Wisconsin, in 1832, against Generals Scott, Atkinson and I>odge; was finally captured and imprisoned; died near DesMoines, Iowa, in 1838. Brook. Isaac— A British General; born in England, in 1769, served at Detroit and Queens- town, and was slain in the battle of Queenstowil heights, near Niagara, N.Y., August 16, 1812. Brown* Jacob — An American General; born in Bucks county. Pa., in 177.'j; served at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., Chippewa, Niagai-a Falls and Fort Erie, in the war of 1812; was chief Major-General of the United States army in 18:il; died at Wash- ington, D. C, in 1828. Chandler, John — An American General; born in Massachusetts, year unknown; served in the war of 1812; was United States Senator from Maine; died at Augusta, Me., in 1841. Clarke. William— An American General; born in Virginia, in 1770; served in the exploring expedition to Oregon, in 1804; was Governor of Missouri Tenitory in 1813-1821, and Superintendent of Indian Affairs in 1822; died at St. Louis, Mo. , in 1838. CroKliaii, Oeoi'tje— United States Inspector- Gen. -lal.. I 111.' Anin . b.iiTini-ar Lnnisvilli-. Ky. , ini;;)!, •^.■\\.:\ m thr u;irs nf ISI'^ and Mexico; was a I th.' hall !■■..! Tippecanoe, Ind., in ISll; died at New Orleans, in 1840. DIx, John A.— An Atneriean Officer and Statesman: born at Boscawen. N. H., in 1798; was an Adjutant in the war of 1812. and prominently served in the war of the Rebellion; was Governor of the State of New York; died in New York city, in 1879. Qaine»i, Kdmund P.— .\n American General; born in Cuipeper conntv. Va. . in 1777; served at Chrystler's Field and Fort P^rie, in the war of 1812: was instrumental in procuring the arrest of Aaron Burr for treason; died at New Orleans, in 1849. Grant, XJlysses S. — An .American General; born at Point I'leasant. ". . in 1S->,J, fought in Mex- ico, under (iiiurals Scott and Taylor; a hero of the war of the Kebt'llion, and eighteenth Presi- dent of the United States. Harmar, Joslah -General-in-Chief of the United .States army; born in Pennsylvania, in 1753; died at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1813. Harrison, William H.— An American Gen- eral, born at Berkeley. Va. .in 1773; fought the Indians at Tippfcanne, Ind., in 1811, and at the battle of the Tham.-s. in Canada; was a niemiier of Congress trum Ohio, and ninth President of the United States; died at Washington, D. C, in April, 1H41. Harney, William S.— An American Gen- eral; born in Louisiana, in 1798; is (1880) still living, and has probably been in the army service longer than any other officer,— with an honorable record. Hull, William— An American General; born at Derby, Conn. , in 1753: served in the wars of the Revolution and 1812: in the latter he surrendered Detroit to the British; was Governor of Michigan in 1805; died at Newton, Mass., in 1825. JackHon, Andrew— An American General; born at \Vaxli,nv settlement, in North Carolina, in 1707; loiit^ht llieCr.ck Indians in 1813; defeated the l{iiti>li Oiiural I'akenhani at New Orleans, La.. January 8, 1815; was seventh President of the United .States for two terms, from 1829 to 1837; suppressed the South Carolina " nulliflers;" died near Nashville, Tenn. , in 1845. Kearny, Stephen "W.- An American Gen- eral; born at Newark, N. J., in 1794; served in the wars of 1812 and Mexico; was Governor of Cal- ifornia in 1847; died at St. Louis, Mo., in 1848. Macomb, Alexander — An American Gen- eral, born at Detroit, Mich., in 1782; served at Niagara, Fort George and Plattsburg, in 1813 and 1814; was Commander-in-Chief of the army; died at Washington, D. C. , in 18U. Pakenham, Sir Edward— .\ British Gen- eral; place and date of birth unknown; fought the Americans under General Jackson at New Orleans, January 8, 1815; was defeated and slain in that eonrtict. Pike, Zebnlon M. — An American General; born at Lanibii t.m, \. J,, in 1779; explored the soureisnl III.- Mt-,M^si|.pi; served in theAmerican besieg.-riiriii of ^.nk. Can., in 1813, at which time and place he was killed. Porter, Peter B.— An American General; born at Salisbury. Conn., in 1773; served in the battles of Black Rock, Chippewa, Lundy's Lane and Fort Erie; was Secretary of War under Presi- dent John Q. Adams; died at Niagara Falls, in 1844. Quitman, John A. — An American General; born in Dutchess county, N. Y., in 1799; served under General Taylor, in Mexico, 1846-1848; was Governor of Mississippi, and a member of Congress from that State; died at Natchez, Miss., in 1858. Rl|»ley, ICoHwel! S. — An American officer; born in Ohio, about 1823; served in the war with Mexico, against the Indians in Florida, and as a Confederate in the war of the Rebellion; was wounded at the battle of Antietam, and died at Charleston, S. C. , in 1863. Ripley, Eleazer ^V.— An American Gen- eral; born at Hanover, N. H., in 1782; ser\'ed at Chipjicwa. Lundy's Lane, and Fort Erie; died at West Feliciana, La., in 18.59. Shelby, Isaac— An American commander; born near Hagcrstovvn. Md., in 17.50: served in the American wars with the Indians, the war of the Revolution, and the war of 1812; was Governor of Kentucky eight years; died in Lincoln county, that State, in 1826. Shields, James — An American Brigadier- General of volunteers; born at Dungannon, Ire- land, in 1810; served in the war with Mexico and the Rebellion; was United States Senator, respec- tively, from the States of Illinois, Minnesota and Missouri; died in 1879. Taylor, Zaohary— An American General; born in ti[an;j-.' c.Minty. Va., ill 1784; served in the wars o| ISIJ and Mexico; was twelfth President of the United States; died at Washington, D. C, in 1850. Teoumseh— A famous chief of the Shawnee Indians; born in Ohio, about 1768; operated against the whites in Ohio and Indiana; wa.s killed at the battle of the Thames, in 1813. as is supposed by Colonel Richard M. Johnson, of the Kentucky militia. Twiere"*. David E.— An American General, horn in RU-hnmnd county, Ga. , in 1790; served in the wars of 1812 and Mexico; joined the Confeder- ates in the war of the Rebellion; died at Augusta, Ga., in 1862. V:in Renwselaer, Solomon— An American officer; t.i.in III K.-n~s'lair .i.niitv, N. Y. . in 1774; serv.-d in III.- battif of lli.' M lanil. in 1792. and in the battle «( <^u.-cn^t..\\M h- ights. in 1812; was a member of Congress from the State of New York, 1819-1822; died at Albany. N. Y., in 1852. Winder, W^illiam H.— An American Gen- eral; born in Maryland, in 1775; served at Bladens- burg. and other places in the war of 1812; waS a successful lawyer in Baltimore; died in 1824. Wool, John E.— An American General; born at Newburgh. N. Y. . in 1789; served in the wai-s of 1812. Mexico, and the Rebellion, and among the Inihans in Oregon and Washington Territories; diedatTr.jy. N: Y. , in 1869. ^Vorth. 'William J.— An American General , born at Hiidxin. N. Y. , in 1794; served in the war of ISi;, against the Indians in Florida, and in the war with Mexico; died at San Antonio, Texas, in 1849, was buried in New York eity. I.CDx'i— .A '-^V- -? LIFE AND TIMES OF GENERAL SCOTf. -^3£j WINFIELD SCOTT. ^m^. 'j7j^''/^.'.j^a-'/-'^/ ^^'"y 7^ Outline Sketch of a Long, Eventful and Busy Life. NE OF THE MUST prominent of American military heroes was General Winfteld Scott, whose life-history is a succession of distinguished events. His birth occurred at Petersburg. Va. , June 13,1786. After receiving an education at William and Mary College, near Wil- liamsburg. Va. , he studied law and was admitted to its practice in 180G. In 1808 he joined the army as a Captain of light artillery, being stationed at Baton Rouge. La. In 1809 he was brought before a court-martial and suspended for a year, because of criticieing the conduct of his superior officer. During the time of his suspension he studied military tactics. Being restored to duty, he was ap- ^^^ — . ]iointed a Lieutenant-Colonel at the begin- ning of the war of 1812. and sent to the Canadian frontier. There he participated in the battle of Qneenstown heights, ren- dering efficient service, but on being promptly reinforced, he and his whole command were captured by the British. Having been exchanged, early in 1813. he joined the army under General Dearborn as an Adjutant-General, with the rank of Colonel. In May of that year, at Fort George, he was severely wounded by the explosion of a powder magazine. He held a com- manding position in General Wilkinson's proposed expedition against Montreal, which was abandoned, however, in the autumn of 1H13. In March of the following year he was appointed to the position of Brigadier- (Jencrnl, and soon afterwards he estab- lished a camp, at Buffalo, for the purpose of giving military instruction. July. 18H. was an eventful month in the career of the General. On the 3d he participated in the successful attack on Fort Erie, on the Niagara river, which, with part of its garrison, was captured. The battle of Chippewa was fought on the .'ith, resulting in the success of the Americans. On the Srjth occurred the short and blfK)dy conflict of Lundy's Lane, near Niagara Falls, in which Scott won a hard- fought victory, having two horses shot under him and receiving two severe wounds, one of which partially disabled his left arm. When the war was over, President Madison tendered Scott the position of Secretary of War in his Cabinet, but this he declined. He was then promoted to the rank of Major-(ienernI. receiving also a gold medal and the thanks of Congress for his military service/. WINFIELD SCOTT. After assisting in reorganizing the army on a peace footing. General Scott visited Europe on a military and diplomatic mission for the Government. Returning to the United States in 1816, he was married to Miss Mayo, of Richmond, Va. , and prepared several works on military tactics and regulations. In 183'2 he visited Illinois, to participate iu the war against the Sacs and Fox Indians; but before he could take the field the capture of the famous chief Black-Hawk rendered his services unnecessary. In the same year, when the South Carolinians threatened to nullify certain provisions of the Federal Constitution. General Scott com- manded the military forces at Charleston with good effect in sup- pressing the rebellious spirit of the citizens. From 1835 to 1837 General Scott was engaged in the war against the hostile Indians in Florida and in the Creek country, but his mili- tary conduct in these campaigns subjected him to trial by a court-martial, in which, however, he was triumphantly acquitted. In 1838 he efficiently assisted in remov- ing the Georgia Indians to a new reserva- tion west of the Mississippi river; and in the following year he was active in sup- pressing the difficulties arising from the unsettled boundary line between Maine and New Brunswick. This trouble was not, however, permanently settled with Great Britain until- 1842, when the Ashburton treaty was signed. General Scott, in 1841. after the death of General Macomb, was made Com- mander-in-Chief of the army; and in 1847 he assumed command of the troops ordered to take j)art in the war with Mexico. The e\euts of that campaign were bril- liant and successful. Vera Cruz was invested on the 9th of March, and on the atith the castle of San Juan de Ulua capitu- lated, the garrison of 5, 000 Mexicans laying down their arms (mtside of the city on the 9th. On the ISlh of April the battle of Cerro Gordo was fought. Santa Anna being driven from his strong position, and on the following day General Scott captured Jalapa, taking Perote on the add, and Puebla on May 15. Here he rested, awaiting rein- forcements, until August 7, when the advance of the army upon the city of Mexico began. On the 10th of August, ar the head of nearly 11.000 men. in front of the city, General Scott encountered opposition from about 19, OiK) Mexicans under Generals VaU-ncia and Santa Anna. The severe battles of Contrcras and Churubuseo, in which these opposing forces were engaged, occurred on the 'JOlh of August, the Americans being victorious. The capital was now at the mercy of (Jeneral Scott, but -nC); i: an armistice was agrci-d upon until ScptcmbiT V, in order, if po«>-ible, to negotiate a peace. The negotiations, however, were unsuccessful aiul the attji<-k upon tlie city began by besieging the strong fortitlcations of Chapultepec, at the southwest entrance to the city, which were defentled by 14,000 Mexicans. On the Rth (Jeneral Worth, witli 3, 500 American soldiers, curried a portion of this j^tronghold. capturing more than 800 prison- ers and a considerable quantity of the enemy's munitions of war, hui witli the lo«s of about 4)ne-fuurth of his own otticers and men. The remaining fortifications at Chapultepec were carried by storm on the Kith, ami on the follnwing day General Scott entered the city of Mexico and raised the American flag over the far-famed " halls of the Montezumas, " meeting with l)ut slight opposition. Order was soon established, and u levy of $150, 000 was made upon the city, two- thirds of which amount General Scott sent to Washington for the purpose of founding military asylums. The Americans retained possession of the eity until peace was concluded, in February, 1848, governing it judiciously and successfully. Returning to the United States, General Scott was subjected to a formal investigation of his conduct in the Mexican war, and was tri- umphantly vindicated. In IH-'jii the General was nominated for President of the United States by the Whig party; but, although popular as a military hero, he failed in his election, General Franklin Pierce, the Democratic candidate, receiving a majority of the electoral vote. A dispute having arisen between (Jreat Britain and the United States as to the boundary line of British America in the Straits of Fuca, General Scott was appointed a commissioner, in 1850, to investigate the trouble, and succeeded in amicably and satisfactorily adjusting the matter. When the Southern Rebellion was inaugurated, in IHfiJ, General Scott, although bowed down by the weight of years, was very zealous as a loyal military chieftain, but too infirm to participate actively in the succeeding campaigns; and he retired from the army in October, retaining bis rank and pay, and making room for younger and more energetic military commanders. After a brief visit to Europe, he passed the remainder of his life at West Point. N. Y., where he died May 29, I80tJ, full of honors, and where his remains were buried. -^^^5**^* PROMINENT NAVAL COMMANDERS. -•^i^^^li' "'■■>i"i''i'; i'"i" ■'■ I'l'-vi.i.'iic.^ K. I., ^I^WWl i" l''"^*; .■iit.T.-i! i]u- nuw in iKim. as l>j a niih fi'ikMtt- M;ir,-.lMi ■r tu-ini: riii.lun'.l, Kl.-.l till- l.im Aiirii-, pt^ity, in Kn 1, in IHV2. the 1H1;1 )u- coni- l-Iiinnj,' Brit- u .itii>, esti- mated to be worth S2,iioo,imhi-, (Iu- same year, in a fight with the Hiittsli Itiiir Peli- Cftii. he lost his vessel and liis life, liyintr at Plymouth, P-ng. , on the following day. Bailey. Theodorus— Rear- Admiral; born in New York, in 1805; operated at Pensacola, 1S61. and in contests with Mississippi forts, 1862, etc. ; plaeed'on the retired list in 1866, and died at San Francisco, Cal., in 1877. Bnlnbrldee, "William— A suceessful Com- modi-H-, l-Mii ,it Princettin. \. J., in 1774; served in th<- uiiT 1h tu.,-11 tlie Uiiiled States and Tripoli, in l-sici; HI IHI'3, in the frigate Constitution, captured the British frigate Java, killing and wounding 174 of the British, and losing thirty- three of his own officers and men; was President of the board of naval eommission'-i-s of the United States, died at Philadelphia, in 1833. Barney, Joshua — Commodore; born at Baltimore. Md. , inl7.i9: served in the wars of the Revolution and 1812; was severely wounded at the battle of Bladensburg; died at Pittsburgh, Pa., in 1818. Barron, flames— Commodore; born in Vir- ginia, in 1768. distinguished for skillful seaman- ship and scientific acquirements; was made a Captain in 1799; served in the Mediterranean; encountered, in 1807. in the fiigate Chesapeake, the British ship Leopard, to which he surrendered, Barron being wounded; the succeeding courts martial vindicated his Hrmness and courage, but suspended him for his mismanagement in the fight; entered the merchant service: an attempt to restore him to the navy brought about a duel, in 1820. between him and Commodore Decatur, who was killed, Barron being severely wounded, siibsefjuently he held several important naval pobitionson shore, died 1851. Barron, Samuel — Commodore; born at Hampton. Va. , about 1763; appointed to defend Norfolk. Va., against the French, in 1798; served in the war with Tiipoli, commanding a squadron inl80S; captured the town of Derne. in Tripoli, resigned on account of iU-health; commanded the navy-yard at Gosport, Va. ; died in 1810. Barron, Samuel— f'apt.Tin. horn in Virginia place and date unktinwn .iilircd the navy as a midshipman, was ;ittaclird tn iiu- frigate Br-andv- wirie when she eoiiveyed I.nlayettc from the United Slates to France, in 18^'i. rose to be a Cap- tain in ISf).!, joined the Confederates in the war of the Rebellion, in 1861. commanded tne naval defenses of North Carolina and Virginia, surren- dered, at Hatteras inlet, in 1861. to the Union forces, was exchanged in 1862; went to England and fitted out blockade-runners and privateei-s, and after the war returned to Virginia and engaged in farming. Barry, John— Commodore; born at Tacum- shane. Ireland, in 17*.5; served in the war of the Revolutioni died at Philadelphia, in 1803. Biddle, Nicholas- Commander; bom at Philadelphia. Pa., in 17:.0. .nleic-.l the British vy in 1770; joii ■d ih. .(1 of the war of 'the K( at sea in capturing British prizes; while in com- mand of his ship, the Randolph, in 1778, he was wcmnded in an action with a British vessel, and a few days afterward at sea the magazine of the Randolph exploded, destroying himself and 310 of his men with the vessel. Boggrs, Charles S. — Rear-Admiral ; born at New Brunswick. N. J. , in 1811; entered the navy in 1826; served in various parts of the world, becom- ing a commander in IS-'i.t; in 18.'i8 was light hou>e inspector on the Pacific coast; was with Karra- gufs (iulf squadron in 1S62. and fovight with distinguished bravery; in 1866 he became a Com- modore; in 1867 and 1868 was in the Atlantic squadron; became Rear-Admiral in 1870, and com- manded the European fleet in 1871. Chauncey, Isaac — Commodore ; bom at Black Rock. Conn., in 1772; joined the navy in 1799; was made a commander in 1802; served in the war with Tripoli, and in the war of 1812 con ducted many successful operations against the British fleet on the great American lakes; .subse- quently commanded the New York navy-yard; died at Washington, in 1840. Dahlt^ren, John A.— Rear-.\dmiral and inventor of the Dahlgren shell gun; born at Phil- adelphia, Pa., in 1809, was employed m Brazil and Mediterranean squadrons, in navy vard duty, the coast survey, etc. ; attempted, unsuccessfuilv. in 1863. to retake Fort Sumter from the Confederates, was appointed chief of the ordnance bureau in 1867, and died at Washington, in 1870. I>ale, Richard — Commander; born at Nor- folk. Va.. in 17.16; entered the British navy, after- ward joining the Federal service; was taken pris- oner, escaped and was recaptured by the British ; escaping again, he joined the squadron of Paul .lones. becoming IJeiitt-piant of Jmies" own ship, and continued wnli him thri.ni^'li -i\ itiI cojiflieis. afterwards entered tJie le^uhu Amei ii_an nav_v, in 1781; after many \ i(i>Mtu(lrs he euniniinidi'd i .squadron during the war with Tripoli in the Med iterranean sea; resigned in 1802. and retired to private life, dying in 1820, at Philadelphia. Decatur, Stephen — Commodore; boi-n at Newport. K. I., in 1751. entered the merchant ser- vice early in life, soon commanding a vessel, in the war of the Revolution he also commanded several Federal privateers, capturing Britivli ships, which gave him distinction, during the hostilities between the .Americans and Fiance, in 1798. he rendered efficient service, and in 1800 he commanded a squadron on the Guadeloupe sta- tion, retired from the navy in 1801, and died near Philadelphia, Pa., in 1808. Decatur, Steiihen, Jr.— Commodore; born at Sinepuxent. Md.,in 1779; son of the above- named, enteied the navy in 1798. '.rv.d ilinin.' the war with Tripoli, in uiii.h he .Ii-iuil'iii-Ii. -d himself bv Iih iutrepnt .nndNcl m ier;iptiir in;.' tlie United States frigate Philadelphia tiuin the Tripul itans; for this he was made a Captain; gained further distinction in that war by his subsequent acts; in 1812. during the war with England, while commanding the friirate United States, he gal lantly eajitured the Bnii-h fiigate Macedoni.Tu!^ in lHir>. in a fight with the i:riti>h frigate Eiidyinion. Decatur surrendeied hi^ tlag->hip, the Piesideut, and was carried a prisoner to Bermuda; the same year he captured two Algerine war vessels, with many prisoners, and was appointed a navy com- missioner—a position he held until his death, whicli resulted from a duel, at Bladensburg. .Md. , in 1820, with Commodore James Barron. Dupont, Samuel F. — Rear .\dmiral; bom at Bergen Point. N. J., in 1803; served in the war with -Mexico and the war of the Rebellion, com manding. in the latter, the South Atlantic block ading squadron, performing efficient service in the Union cause, was made a Rear-Admiral in 1862. and was relieved from active duty in 1863. dying at Philadelphia, Pa. . in 1865. from a disease eontraoted before the breaking out of the Southem Rebellion. He was the author of a highiy-com- mended treatise on the use of floating-batteries forecast defenses. Elliott, Jesse D. — Commodore; born in Maryland, in 1782. entered the navy in 1804. in the war of 1812. served actively on the northern frontier and the great lakes; was second in com- mand at Perry's tight on Lake Erie, in 1813. suc- ceeding that officer in command the same year, became a Captain in IS18, was foi- sevei"al yeai-s in command of the West India squadron, and alter- ;(3, — wards of the Mediterranean squadron; was sus- pended, in 1840, for four years, for inefficiency, and after his restoration was placed in command of the Philadelphia navy-vard; died at Phila- delphia, in 18i5. Farrasut, David G. — Admiral; born at Campbell's Station, Tenn. , in 1801; entered the navy at the age of eleven, serving bravely in the war of 1812; for nearly forty years he cruised about the globe in naval vessels; was made a Captain in 1855; commanded the Mare Island navy- yard, in California, from 1854 to 1858; in 1862 he assumed command of the Federal naval expedition to capture New Orleans and open the Mississippi river to navigation; his success was brilliant, and his services in the Union cause were very valuable all through the civil contest; Congress bestowed upon him repeated thanks, and created for him, successively, the high offices of Vice-Admiral, and Admiral, the latter in 1866; in 1867 and 1868 he commanded the European squadron, receiving distinguished honors from the potentates and people of the countries which he visited^ return- ing home, he died at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1870, greatly esteemed. Foole, Andrew H. — Rear-Admlral; bom at New Haven, Conn., in 1806; circumnavigated the globe in 1838; wrote several books; served in Mediterranean and African squadrons, in China, and in the war of the Rebellion on the Mississippi river, rendering distinguished services; died in New York, in 1863, while preparing to take com- mand of the South Atlantic squadron. Goldsborongh, Lonls M.— Reav-Admiral, born at Washington. D. C, in 1805; served in the Florida and Mexican wars; on the Pacific coast in the war of the Rebellion, assisting in Burnside's expedition to North Carolina; after the war com- manded the European squadron and the Washing- ton navy-yard. Uolllns* George K.— Captain; bom at Balti- more. Md., in 1799; served in the war with Tripoli and the war of 1812, commanding the navy-yard at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y. ; joined the Confeder- ate navy in the war of the Rebellion, operating against the Federal blockading squadron at the passes of the Mississippi river. Hopklni*, Esek— The first Commodore of the United States navy; born at Scituate, R. I., in 1718; served in the Bahama islands in 1776, was dismissed from the service in 1877, for neglect of duty; died at New Providence, R. I. , in 1802. Hull* Isaac— Commodore; bom at Derby. Conn. . in 1775; served in the wars with France and Tripoli, and of 1812; commanded the frigate Con- stitution, and captured the British man-of-war Guerriere, in 1812, for which service Congress voted him a gold medal; after the war he com- manded two navy-yards and squadrons on the Pacific coast and in the Mediterranean, and was, also one of the navy commissioners; died at Phil- adelphia, in 1843. •loneSi Jacob — Pos^Captain: born at Smyrna, Del., in 1770; served in the war with Tripoli ami in that of 1812; in the latter he com- mandt'd tlit- sh.op-of-war Wasp, with which he captiir.-d thfc- r.ritisli war-vessel Krolir . in isiJ; for this ('..iit'i'-v v.jt.d him a tr.. ill im.ditl; m 1.S13 he was prom. iti'd. and Cdminandt-fi Ha- liigatt Mace- donian, undt-r Decatur; he died at Philadelphia, Pa., in 18.'>0. vjonen, dohn Paal— Commander; bom at Arbit'l.ind, Smtlatid, in 1747; cntt-rt-d tlif merchant servi.f at an larly age; jniufil tin .■iili.ni--t> at the bcgiiinirit.' "f llie war uf the Kcv.-liitmn as a naval Lieutenant, operating at sea with great success; was made a Captain in 1776; in the Ranger did efficient naval service on the coast of Scotland; in 1779, off the coast of England, in a flght between his vessel, the Bon Ilomme Richard (named thus in honor of Benjamin Franklin), and the British man-r»f-war Serapis. the former was simk; but one of Jones' four other vessels, during the contest succeeded in capturing one of the Bi-itish fhEps accompanying the Scrajiis; for hi.s galjantry in thin affair, Jones received the most distin- guished honors in France, Including a sword presented bv King Louis XVL.and on' his return to the rnited Slates, in 1781, Congress voted him a cold medal, and Washington addressed to Iiim a nighty complimentary letter; he Hubt^enuently entered the Russian wcrvlce as a Rear-Adrniraf; but fell int^i polltfeal disfavor, and retired to Paris, France, where he died in poverty, in 1792. Kearny, Liawrence— Commodore; bom at Perth Amboy. N. J., in 17H9; served in the war of 1812; destroyed many (Jreek pirates In 1827; served in Ha.<4t India in 1841. greatlv promoting Ameriean interests In China; died at his birthplace in IHB8. I^ynch, \l^llllani P.— Captain; born in Vh- ^nin. In 1801; distinguished for his valuable explorations dnrinif his expedition to the Dead sen and the river Jordan, In Palcstim-. in 1847 and 1848; became a ctrnrnodure in the Confederate* navy In 18fil; wa» d.re.ited by I'nh.n FlngnfTlcer (Jolrls- biiroiigh, on Ihe coast of N<.rth Carolina. In 18(12: aftfjrwards commanded at Smithvllle, N. C. ; died at Baltimore, Md., in 1805. I TIfc'DononKh, Thomas— Commander; bom in New Cavt],. ctunty, Del. , in 1783; served in the war uith Tiip'.ii and in the war of 1812; in the latter distHiguished himself by his gallantry and victory over the British on Lake Chaniplain, at the battle of Plattsburg in 1814, for which he received a gold medal from Congress; was made a Captain; was presented with an estate by the legislature of Vermont, and was a subject of numerous civic honors from several towns and cities; afterward he commanded a squadron in the Mediterranean, and died on his passage home, in 1825. Morris, Charles— Captain; bom at Wood- sto<'k. Cnrin., in 1784; served in the war with Tripoli mill in that of 1812; in the latter year par- tiiipaled a.-- First Lieutenant in the sea-fight between the Constitution and Guerriere. and per- formed other important services; was afterwards chief of ordnance, at Washington, D. C. , where he died in 1856. having been in the service of his counti-y about fifty-six years. Paulding, Hiram— Rear-Admiral, bom in Westchester county. N. Y.. in 1797; served in the battle of Lake Chaniplain. in 1814; in the expedi- tion to Nicaraugua against Walker's fillibusters, in 1857, in command of the navy-yard at New York; was governor of the Philadelphia naval asylum, and Port-Admiral at Boston; died at Hunt- ington, N. Y., in 1878. Perry, Christopher R.— Father of Oliver H. and Matthew C. Perry; born at South Kingston, R- I., in 1761; went to sea when a boy; served in privateers during the war of the Revolution; was for months an inmate of the Jersey prison-ship; afterwards entered the merchant service; in i;98 was made a Post Captain in the United States navy; in 1801 was appointed Collector at Newport, R. I. , where he died in 1818. Perry, Oliver Hazard — Commodore; bom at Newport, R. L, in 1785: entered the navy in 1799 as a miilslii|>inan ; was with his father in naval service in (lie Wi-^t Indi-s; in 1807 was made a Lieutenant, ami iti Ikihi rxminaiided a war-vessel; in 1812 he cnnnnaniied gunboats at Newpoi-t; in 1813 served under Commodore Chauncey, on Lake Erie ; co-operated in the attack on Fort George, at the head of his seamen, and in September of that year won Mis famous victory over the British fleet on Lake Erie; subsequently he aided General Harrison in regaining possession of Detroit, Slich., and otherwise; resigning Iiis command at a later date, for his gallantry he received a gold medal from Congress and was made a Captain. In 1814 he commanded the frigate Java, and assisted in the defense of Baltimore; in 1819, in command of a squadron, he sailed for the coast of Columbia, S. A., but died in August of yellow fever at Port Spain, in the island of Trin- idad, his remains afterward being brought home and buried at Newport, R. I. Perry, Matihe'wC.— Brother of Oliver H,, a Commodore, born at South Kingston, R. L, in 17D5; served under Commodores Decatur and Rodgers as a midshipman; became a Captain in 1837; commanded the Brooklyn navy-yard, the African S(|naiiinn. aTid the squadron in tlie Gulf of MexicM .iui mi: til.' Mexican war ; in 1852 he com- manded the lnite; subsequently commanded squadrons in the Mediterranean and Pacific ocean; was aftenvards a navy commissioner, and commanded the home s(piadron and the Philadelphia navj'-yard; died at Eordentown, N. J., in 1869. Stockton, Robert P. — Commodore; bom at Princeton, N. J., in 1796; entered the navy in 1810; was a Lieut- nant in 1S14; in '.821 aideci in founding the ci. I. my >■{ Ijli.ria. in Africa; subse- quently fouL'lit pnal.> in the West Indies; in 1838 was a flag oltieer in the Mtditerranean; was made a Captain in 1839; returned to the United States and advocated the advantages of a st*?am navy; in 1845 went to the Pacitlc coast, and in 1846 con- quered California for the United Stales; resigned in 1849, and in 1851 was elected United States Senator from New Jersey; died in 1866, at Prince- ton, N. J. Strlnsham, Silas H.— Rear-Admiral; born at Middleton. N. Y.. in 1798; entered the navy in 1809; served in the war with Tripoli; was engaged in the suppression of the slave-trade on the coast of Africa; served actively in the war with Mexico and the war of the Rebellion; commanded the Charleston navy-yard, and was Port-.4iimiral at New York; died at Brooklyn. N. Y., in 1876. Xriixtiin, Thomas — Commander; born on Long Island. N. Y. , in 1755: served in privateers during the war of the Revolution, making many valuable captures; was commissioned a Captain in the navy in 1795: commanded the frigate Con- stcllHtion. with «hiih, in 1799, he captured the Frenrli fniraie L'lnMjrir.iite. and in 18(K> disnbh-fl. with heavy loss to tlie French in killed and wounded, the fiiiratc La Vengeance, receiving for this action a gold medal from Congi-ess; in 1802 he was discharged from the navy; was afterwards a sheriff of Philadelphia, Pa., where he died in 1822. 'Whipple, Abraham— Commodore; horn at Providence, K. I., in 1733; served with admirable strategy and skill in the French ami Indian war; parliripati'd in the war of the KcMdution; com- niunded the lii-st vessel tliat showed the American Hag in the river Tluunes. Eng. , in 1784; died near Marietta, (>. . in 1819. 'Wnrrlnnrton, I-ewls- Commodore; bom at Williamsburg. \'a. . in 1782; entered the niivy in 1800, and seive-i under C.. inn. odoi e Preble in* the war with Trii>oli; in ISHT pinrieipaleil, nil the Chesapeake, in the eaptntc ol tli.' Unti^li wju Vessel Leopard; in 1814 eoniniandid the IVacoek, and that year captured fovirtecn British merchant vessels, with valuable results; after the war he commnnded a West India squadron; was subse- qiieiilly a navy commissioner and chief of ord- nance at Washiiigt^>n, where he (lied in 1851. Wlnslnw, s< a few intimate friends. (ountries Visited — The fol- lowing were the principal countries visited by the Gr;nit liarty in their tour around tl»' world: England, Ireland. Scotland, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Norway. Sweden, Holland. Russia. Poland, Ba- varia. Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Sicily, Egypt, Palestine, Turkey, Greece, India. Siam. China and Japan. Cltlen Visited — The most prominent cities where the party halted on their journey were: Liverpool. Manchester. London, Brussels, Cologne, Frankfort, Geneva, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Newcastle, Sheflleld, Stratford-on-Avon, Birmingham, Paris, Naples, Pompeii, Palermo, Malta, Alexandria, Cairo, Jeru.salem, Ccmslantinople, Rome. ?"lorence. Venice. Milan. Rotterdam, Amsterdam. Berlin. Hamburg, Copenhagen, Gotlenburg. Christiana, Stockholm, St. Pelersburg, Moscow, Warsaw in Poland. Vienna, Munich, Vichy, Bordeaux, Madrid, Lisbon, Dublin, lielfasl, Bombay. Jcypoor, twelve architects, among them Michael Angelo. They viewed ruins of the Coliseum that e accommodated 100.000 pie; they sailed in beauti- ful gondolas through the streets of water in Venice, and looked with admiration on that most beautiful church edifice in the world, with its 100 piinnicles and 5,000 statues, the Cathedral of Milan. They studied the dykes in Holland and the canals of Amsterdam. They dined with Bisnnirck in Berlin, and looked with curiosity upon the sixty bridges that cross the canals, within the conlliics of the city of Hamburg. They rode in the old two-wheeled vehicles in Stockholm. They visited with the Emperor Alexander in the winter palace at St. Petersburg, the largest roya! ediftcc in the world, capable of acccun- modating within its walls si.\ thousand persons. They looked in upon the Imperial Library, which contains 500.000 printed volutncs. and saw many other great things in this city of TOO. 000 people whicli GENERAL GRANT. tlie Banks of the Oliio River. GKANT S KETUKN TO THE UNITED STATES FKOM HIS JOUKNEY AUKOAO. »J5 standH wlu'i'c tlicro was a swamp in 1700, when Pc-lcr llic Great dutermincd to found a city here. Tlicy wont into the Ivrcinlin in Moscow, a proup of hii;j;o ri'li^'ioiis edifices, fiiirroiinded hy an immense wall twelve feet thick and forty feet in bight; and gazed at the cathedral of St. Stephen, in Vienna, founded in the fourteenth century and completed in the fifteenth, the steeple of which is 444 feet in bight, being fourteen feet higher than St. Peter's in Rome. The l)eantiful specimens of lithography were examined iit Munich, which is the center of this art in Europe. They quenched their thirst with the waters al Vichy, the celebrated watering-jdace in France; and they drank of the wines at Bordeaux, which is in Ibc center of Ibe wine-producing interest in Southern France. They saw the summer residence, the "Villa Eugenia," of Napo- leon Third, as they crossed the Pyrenees, at Biarritz; they looked with interest upon the Escurial, twenty-five miles from Madrid, the former residence of the Spanish kings, and their last resting place, which cost $15,000,000. The castle of St. George, which crowns the highest point in the city of Lisbon, was studied. So were curiosities inspected with interest on the journey through to Ireland, which country Ihcy left to visit India — their first prominent stopping place being Bombay — a city of a million people, where the immense number of Hindoo servants, that hovered about them like phantoms hy day and spirits by night, was one of the curiosities. The singu- lar manner of disposing of the dead here, by placing the corpse above a grating on the top of a high tower, where the vultures pick the flesh, leaving the bones to drop into a pro- miscuous pile below, arrested their attention. They crossed the river Ganges at Allahabad, where 200.000 people come annually, and millions come every twelfth year, to bathe in the supposed sacred waters of what is really a turbid, muddy river. Here, formerly the first-born child was drowned, and to show their devo- tion many drown themselves at the present time. The mausoleum in the Pearl mosque at Agra, erected by the emperor two hundred years ago in memory of his former wife, at an estimated cost to-day of $50,000,000, was a sight not to be forgotten. At Amber, General Grant rode an elephant and the remainder of the party were carried in sedan-chairs. A tiger that had killed twenty-five men before he was captured; a dance by girls who attend the king (see illustration); the scattering of a great profusion of (lowers and scented water upon the party — were also among the attractions here. They passed through Benares, a sacred city, where thousands are brought to die, the belief being that if one dies within ten miles of the city, though the vilest sinner, he is sure of passing into everlasting bliss. When dead, the bodies are burned and the ashes arc cast into the Ganges. Sacred bulls, not a hair of The Dance-Cir which was to bo injured ; beggars, mosques, ami idols — Burroundcd thcin Iiere on every side. Splendid Arabian liorscs and the Peacock throne, valued at $.'in, • 000,000, were among the curiosities at Delhi. They .'hook haiuls with Lord Lytton nt Calcutta, and passed into Southern Asia by way of Singapore, where they have perpetual summer. There they saw the first Chinese pagoda, and with the temperature never higher than 90 degrees and never lower than TO. with frequent rains, they found the plantations of pine-apple, bread-fruit, orange, mango, cotTee, chocolate, cassia, clove, apple and palm-trees, in abundance. Through Bankok, Cochin-Chijia, Hong-Kong and Canton, the party passed into China, where they were carried on chairs; where thousands of stolid, solemn-faced natives would gather in every city to look upon the visitors in the day-time, and rockets would testify the respect of the people at night. The e.\cur.sionists spent weeks amid the groves and beautiful land- scape scenes of Japan, which coun- try they declared to be one of the most beautiful Ihey had seen; and finally reluctantly departed for America, arriving in San Francisco September 30, 1879, where, twenty- five years before. General Grant, a young man, comparatively unknown, had passed through the streets as one of the i)ioneers. They partook of the hospitalities of Ibe Palace hotel, the largest on the American continent; were feted at the residences of several of the millionaires; they made a hurried visit to Oregon, and then passed into Nevada, where, at Virginia City, in comi)any with J. W. Mackey, J. G. Fair, and others, they went into the California silver mine, twenty- three hundred feet under ground. There they crossed streams of water that would boil eggs, in a temperature so warm that miners can work only thirty minutes, when they must retire to the air-shafts for a cooler temperature. Over the Rockies, the party jiassed eastward; tarried for a little time at Galena, and then went forward lo Chicago, where a grand reception awaited the General. A journey to Cuba, Mexico, and other points of interest, occu- pied the time for months; and when the Republican Coni-ention assembled at Chic.igo in June, 18fiO. so firm was General Grant's hold upon the aiiections of the people as to make him one of the strongest candidates before the Convention, as a nominee for the third presidential term. Many friends, however, preferring that he be no more the target for party sjiite. he was not selected as a can- didate in the presidential race. — the feeling being that the grand honors he had earned should not be jeopardized by party struggle again in official life. The best known American in the world, and one of the most hon- ored everywhere. General Grant and family have selected New York as their place of residence, where for many years the hope is he may enjoy the honors he has so grandly won. ndia. Wp.lK i BRIKF BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF UNION OFFICERS. DISTINGUISHED OFFICERS 1 1 _g_. "^"s" THE UNION ARMY. ""?^ ;U?^^J,- ^^^^^c^ Well-Known Officers in the Union Service During the Civil War. IVBERSOX. Robert ' — A Major-iJt'iieial; born near Luuisville. Ky. . m )K05; served in t be Blaok- Hawk war, 18:12. and in tbe war with Mexit-u; il^fended Fort Sumter at I liarleston, S.C., against Heauregaid, in Apiil, isoi; letired Ci'om the sfc^- army soon afterwards; transHited and wrote military manuals ot evolution, etc. J died in France, in ISTl. Bnker, EUwartI B.— A Colonel of volunteers: burn m London. Eng. , in 1811; served in tbe war with Mexieo; at Ball's Bluff, Va., in 1861, where be wa-s slain in battle; had been a member of Congrress Crom Illinois, a United States Senator from Oregon, and resided in t'alifornia. Belknap, William IV.— A brevet Major- General of volunteers; born at Newburgh, N. Y. , in 1822; entered the service fiom Iowa, and was assigned to the army of the Tennessee, participat- ing in its brilliant career; was appointed Secretary of War by President (irant, but resigned that position and retired to private life. Buell, Bon Carlos— A Major-General; born near Marietta, O. , in 1818; gratluated at West Point Military Academy, in 18il: served in the Florida war; in frontier duty; the Mexican war; the Adjutan^Gt•nera^s office at Washington: was AdjutantrGeneral'.-; assistant in several military divisions of the country; served near Washing- ton; at Sbiioh; in the district of the Ohio; at Perryville; was tried by a court of inquiry; was mustered out. injured. 186i; since the w.ir has been the president of iron-works in Kentucky. Burnnlde. Ambrose E.— A Major-General; horn at Liberty, Ind.. in 1824; fields of operation: New Mexico, boundary commission (1851-2); first Bull Run battle. 1861; in North Carolina. Fredericksburg, South Mountain, Vicksburg. the Wilderness, etc. . was elected Governor of Rhode Island in 18G6, 18f>7 and 18G8; waa a member of Congress from that State; invented a breech- loading gun. Butler, Benlamln F.— A Major-General of volunteers; born at Di-erfield. N. H.. in 1818; fields of operation: Eastern Virginia; captured Forts Clark and Hatteras. N. C. ; New Oi leans; army of the James; PelersburK, etc. ; was member of CoJi- gress from Massachusetts. Canbv. Edwaril R. 9.— A Brigadier-Gen- eral; born in Kentucky, in 1819; fields of opei-a- tlon; Florida, Indian and Mexican wars; N<.*w Mexico. |8f>l-2; draft rfots in New York. IHG3; captured .Mobile. ISSri; Modoc Indian troubles, IH72-3: was Hhot down in Callfoi-nla, while under a fiagof truce, in 1873, by the Modoc chief "Captain Jack." Bablffren, Ulrlc— A Colonel of vohinteerf; >KM-n in Bucks county. Pa.. In IM2: served at HagarHtown. Md.. and n)'ar Richmond. Va. . and was killed In battle near King and yueen's Court- Honse, Va. , March 4, I8C1. Fremont, tjohn C — A Major-General; horn at Savannah, Ga. , in 1813; fields of operatioti : Teacher of matheniatic.'' in the navy, railroad surveyor and engineer; exploration of mountain passes between North Carolina and Tennessee; e\[)edition in the mountainous Cherokee country of <;.-iiiTria. North Carolina, and Tennessee; e\pli>r,itiuii between the Missouri river and the Bi iii^ti boundary; survey oC the Des Moines river and I he western frontier; exploration of South Pass in the Rocky Mountains, to the Columbia river in Oregon; exploration of Oregon and Cali- foi'nia; expedition across the continent by way of the Rio Grande; settled in California; purchased the immensely wealthy Mariposa estate in Cali- fornia: United States Senator from California; vi^iited Kurope; made another exploration across the fiiiiiinent; settled in New York; ran for picMd-ut in 18.56; beaten by Buchanan; in the Rebellion commanded the western district and the mountain district of Virginia. Kentucky and Tennessee, but soon retired from tbe army ; since 1864 he has taken no part in public affairs. Bavis. Jefferson C— A brevet Major-Gen- eral; burn in Clark county, Ind,, in 1828; fields of operation: iMexican war; Fort Sumter. 1861; Milford. Mo. ; Pea Ridge, Corinth, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga; Atlanta campaign; Ahtska and Modoc war; shot General Nelson at Louisville, Ky., in 1SG2, and died in Indiana, in 1879. Franklin, "William B.— A brevet Major- General; born at York, Pa., in 182;i; fields of opei-ation: Government surveys. 1843-46; Mexican war. under Taylor; professor of philosophy and Civil engineer; "army of the Potomac; Antietam, Fredericksburg, Sabine Cross-Roads, etc. ; since the war has been Vice-President of the Colt's Fire- Arms Manufacturing Company, at Hartford, Conn. Olllmore, Qiilncv A.— A Major of Engi- neers! born at Black Kiver, O. . inl82.'); fields of operation: engineer corps; Hilton Head; Fort Pulaski, and Forts Sumter and Wagnei'; was engineer in charge of the Atlantic coast defenses, in 1871. Ifalleek, Henry "W.— General-in-Chief of the Cm ted States army; born at Wat*^rville. N. Y. . ill 181'.; fields of operation: Military enifineer. director of Almaden quick-silver mines; lawyer; president of a railroad; Majoi'-llencral. 1861 ; (^Minth; army of the J.ames; the Pacific, and the Suutli; author of several mining, military and international law-books; died at Louisville, Ky., in 1872. Hancoek, Winlleld S.— A Major-Genera I: bnin in Montt'oin.-iy county. Pa., in 1824: fields of ojieration: Fiontier duly: Mevienn war; Wil- liamsburg; Frazer's farm; South Mountain; Antie- latn; Fredericksburg; Chaini'ltMC,-\ ilie: Gettys- burg; the Wilderness and enMuii^ Iiattles; after till' war rM)mmanded several military dejKirtments; \v;i> nnniiiirili'd for President of the Cnited Stales bv III'' I'l' erats, and defeated, in 1880, by Gcn- Ci-al UaMlekl. Honker, •Joseph— A brevet Major-General: bniii at Hacilcy. Mass. . In 181'.; fields of opera tioii. Florida; Mexican war; California: Oregmi; i'eninsular campaign in 1862; Fn-biii-g. Chancellorsville; Chattanooga; Loi.kmit Mi. mi tain, and about Atlanta; lioldliitr, aftirwarils. three military departments; i-etlred in 1868, died in 187U. Hoivard, Oliver O.— A brevet Major-Gen- eral; born at Leeds. Me.; fields of operation: Bull Run; lost an arm at FairOaks; Chancellorsville; Gettysburg; Chattanooga; Atlanta campaign; Commissioner of the Kreedman's Bureau, and trustee of Howard University; also special com- missioner to the Indians. 1872." in Arizona and New Mexico; one of the Editors of the Chicago Advance. Kearny, Philip— A Major-General of volun- teers; born in New York city, in ISl."); fields of operation: Algeria; Mexican war, where he lost an arm; Indians in Oregon; Italian war of 1859. winuiiit,' lh<- Finieh cross of Honor; Williams- Imi;;; SeMri I'lrirv; Frazer's Farm; second Bull Run; ('liaiililly. \\ here he was mortally wounded, dj log near that place iu 1862. rr:nir.vill.-, M.rli;. ilir- vll le ; C.-ld Mar i'raziei's larni, seeoMil Hull Run; Maryland iait.rn; South Mountain and Antii'Iam; ericksburg; Chancellorsville; Gcttysbury-. in iiand of the army of the Potoniac to the ■ndcr of Lee. and afterwards of several nilli- dislrict>s; died in 1S72, at Philadelphia, Pa. Meneher, Thotnns F.— An Irish political refugee and a Hi'it;adier-Gi.'neral of voliiiitt'ors; boi-n at Wjit.i liiiil. In-kuid, iti is;:!, lii Ids <.f operation. Colnricl li'Jlli Nrw Y.nk nirirdtril ; lirst Bull Kmi; foniie.l (li..'lti~li l.rik'-Kl.-. I.iith ■^ IhI.,!.- Kiriiiiiotitl; AriMet;un; Kiel, i i.k-hur;,'. CiianrL-i- lorsvillo; military liisinci >,t' l\f Kl.iuah; rmis- tt-red out in 18ti5; Secretary .if M<>rit;iri,i Territory; actiiiK- Oovernor; neenlt'titiiUy dimviu'ii, in 1867, near Fort Benton, Mont. McCall. Oeorwre A.— A Brigadier-General; boin at I'liiiadelpliia, in 1802; served in the war of the Kehelhon. and died, in 1808, at West Ches- ter, Pa. AIc€leriinn«l, tJohii A.— A Major-Oeneral of volunteers; born in Breckenridge county. Ky. ; served in the war of the Rebellion; lias been ii member of Congress. McCook, Alexander D.— A brevet Major- General, in the war of the Rebellion; one of the family of "lighting MeCoolcs." Mltcliel, Oi'msby M. — A Major flrniM-al , h..rii Ml I'liiHri .■Munl.v, Ky. , in isid; lirl.Is nl' ,.\,vr- (■iiiiiati ami l>.idl.-y olist^-valories; liiitr;uln-i I ien- eral of volunteers, 1801; department of Ohio; near Bridgeport, Ala. ; seized the Coi'inth and Chattanooga railroad; took charge of the departs mint of the south and died of yellow fever, at r.riiiifiiit, S, ('., lii 1862. He was popular as a lee- liufi- nil iisirniiiiriiy ; skillful in preparmg astro- nuhiieal niiuliiiH-iy, and distinguished by his additions to his favorite science. Oelesby. Richard J.— A Major-General of volunteers, born in Oldham county, Ky. . in 1824; Held of operation : Mexican war and in the Rebel- lion at Foit Henry, Fort Uonelson and Corinth; at the latter battle was wounded and resigned; Gov- ernor of Illinois, and United States Senator from that State. Ord, Edward O. C— A Brigadier-General; born at Cumberland, Md. , in 1818; served in tlie war of the Rebellion, and afterwards in the Indian department of the Northwest. Pleasoiiton, AllVed— A Major-General in the war of tlie Rebellion, and author of a treatise on the healing etfects of sunlight passing through blue glass; was born at Washington, D. C. , in 1824. Pope, John— A Major-General; born at Kas- kaskia. 111., in 1823; fields of operation: Topo- grapliical engineer in Florida. !\nnnesota. New :\l.'\]cn, etc. ; on liglUliousi' diitv; arniy of the Ml-sl^^ippi. 1802; New .M^idiid; l^laJid No. 10; aiiiiy of Virginia; Cedar ^Mountain; Second Bull Run", department of the Northwest, and depart- ment of Missouri. P*»rter, Pilz John — A Major-Genera! of vnliiiiteers; born at Fortsmouth, N. H. , in 1823; llilds of operation: War in Mexico; instructor at AVcst Point; defense of Washington in 1861; ai-my of llie Potomac; Hanover Court House; Cold Harbor; Malvern Hill; Pope's campaign in North- ern Virginia; Second Bull Run; campaign of Maryland: Antietam; dismissed for alleged mis- conduct. 1863. KiiiiMoni, XhomaH E. (i.— A Brigadler-Gen- ciMl , l)oi II III ih:u, made a good record in the war ol the RilH-llion, and died at Chicago, HI., in 1864. RoNecranH, William S.— A Major-Oenoral of volunteers; born at Kingston. O. . in ISl'J; llelds of opi-iMli.iii: Civil i-rmiiicer. profo-^oi' at West Puiiil. .■iiu-at.'i'd 111 lni-iii.-.> at c;j rinririati ; in ISOl Joiii.'d McCl.'llati, to.ik p.ut in I Ik- .i|i. -rations in Western Virginia; army of the ,Mi>si-.s!ppi , luka and Corinth, Murfreesboro; rlnckatnati^'a . department of the Missouri in 1864; iinisiejni oiii of volunteer service. 18G6, and resigned his juim. tion of Biigadier-(;eneral in the regular army in 186<; Mini>ter to Mexico in 1808-1869. Hchenck, Robert C— A Major-General of vnliiiiti'crs, l„,in a( Franklin, O. , in 1809. entered the \Nar ..f (lir KeI.el I h .n Jn 1861; was wounded at. III.' see I l.atlle ..( l!ull RuU. AUgU.St, 1862; was pi'evioii-,|y ;iii aituiiiey at Dayton. O. ; a mem- ber of tlir I >liii> l..u:i-.laiLM e, and went to Congress from thai .state Im.mi isi;i to 1851; afterward again a member nl i\.nni;-r.- Iiom 1863 to 1871; suiise- quently United States Minister to both Brazil and England. SIk^I* Franz— a Major-General of volunteers; born at ilnislieiiii, Baden. t^Icrmany; was a Ger- man retiitree:-u tc.aeher in Ne\\ V.'nk eily and St. U..III-, Mo, , entered tlie w,ii "t tlie Kebellionas Coloni-l of tlie;td Missouri voliinteeis, serving in the campaign in Southwestern Missouri; battle of Wilson's Creek; at Pea Ridge; in Virginia, under Fremont and Pope, and second Bull Run. NchoheUI. tlohn M.— A Major-General; born in tii:.i,i.,ii.|ua r.Minty, N. Y. . in 1831; fields of op. tatmii l'l.lte^^n^ of physics in Washington Uiiivei.sity, SI. Louis; Major-General of volun- teers, 1801; Atlanta campaign; battle of Franklin, Tenn. ; fights before Nashville; pursued Hood's army; operated in North Carolina, joining Sher- man; department of the Missouri, and division of the Pacific; Secretary of War in 1868. Sedgwick, JTohii- A Major-General of volun- teers, h<. Ill at Cornwall, Conn., in 1813; fields of i)peraii..ri Florida and Mexican wars; army of the Fotomae. Aiitieiaiii; near Fredericksburg; Chaiicelluisville; t.Jettysbuig; the Rapidan cam- paign. Rappahannock; Mine Run; Richmond campaign, 1864; battle of the Wilderness; Spott- sylvania, Va., where he was slain, in 1864. Sheridan, Phlli|> H.— A Major-General in the war of the Rebellion, and the present Lieuten- ant-General of the U. S. army; born at Somer- set, o. . ill is:ii, fields nf operation: Texas; Pacific eoast; Mi-Mssii.pi rarii].aign, 1862; BooneviMe; perr yville. Ten i leasee i ampaign; Murfreesboro ; Chnkaniauga, ( liattanooga; Missionary Ridge; army of the Potomac; the Wilderness and Rich- mond campaign; Cold Harbor; army of the Shenandoah; theOpequan; Fisher's Hill; Cedar creek; from Winchester to Petersburg; important raids; second Richmond campaign; Five Forks; siege of Petersburg; advance on Richmond, pur- suit of Lee; various military departments, south and west; Lieutenant-(Jeiieral in 1869. Sherman. William T.-A Major-General in the war of the Rebellion, and prcHcnt General of the U. S. army; born at Lam*a«t*r. O. . in IM'-iO; fields of operation: P'lorida; California; St. Louis; New Orleans; banker tn .San Francisco ami New York; lawyer .at Leavenworth; .xupeiinti^ndint of Louisiana military school; leiMined ihe ;uitiv in 1861: first. Bill) Klin, camp ol lIl^l i o.t ion .iT St Louis; Teliiiess.e ;nid M issi ss.|,],i e:ii„i,;,i^Ml , Slii- loll; Coniilh: ViekslMiig, lK(i^'; Arkansa.-. Post; \ieksl.urg, 1863; Chattanooga; Knoxville. Merid- ian. Miss.; invaded Georgia; Dalton; Resaca; I .issMlIc; Dallas; Kenesaw; Marietta; siege of All.inia; Jonesboro; occupation of Atlanta, maieli to Savannah; occupied the city; Col ina, S. ('. , (,'heraw; Fayettevllle. N. C. ; Aveiy-i.oio Hent.niville. GoldsbMio; Raleigh; Advance to '^" ' "'I ■""' \\'.i-iniiL.i->M ; Military division of ""■ ^'i ' M'l'i iful Ml -MM, Lieutenant-Oeneral "I Me I s ,11(11',, i.M.i,, i.eeial missiou to Mex- nai. vi.-.iied l-.ui.ipc, piiljlished his own memoirs, Sickles, Daniel E.— A Major-General of volunteers; born in New York city, in 1822; lleld.s of oper.ition Lawyer in New York; member of Legislature. Secretary i>( Legation to Kiigland. Buchanan's adminiatration; State Senator;" tliiee terms in Conjfress, killed Key for seducing his wife; was tried for the murder of Key and acquitted, raised a brigade in 1861; Chickahominy caiiii)nign; snccecdi-d in coinm.ind of H'.oker's divivinii, Antietam, Fiedei uk^lnu^'. ( ■h.ui.'eUors- Vllle; GellysblirM". uliei e h.- lovf a le^' , appointed Colonel 111 the leirular .irniv; Military district of North and South Carolina; Minister to Spain in 1869. Sumner. Edwin V.-A Major-General in the war ol the Rebellion, born at Boston, Mass., in 1796; died at Syracuse, N. Y., in 1863. Terry, Alfred H.-A Brigadier-General in the war of the Rebellion, born at Hartford. Conn., in 1827; since the war has been operating in the Indian department of the Northwest, under General Ord. Thomas, Georgre H.-A Major-General; born m Southani county. Va.. in 1816; fields of operation: Florida war; Mexican war; Seminole Indian war; instructor at West Point; California- Texas; Valley of the Shenandoah. 1861; Tennes- see, Kentucky, Alabama and Mississippi, 1861 and '62; army of the Cumberland; Murfreesboro; Chickamauga; Chattanooga; Missionary Ridge; Sherman's Atlanta campaign; Nashville, where he defeated Hood; commanded several military divisions; made a valuable report relating to the Territory of Alaska, where he was stationed during the latter portion of his life; died at San Francisco, Cal. , in 1870. "Weltzel, Godfrey— A Major-General of volunteers; born at Cincinnati, O. , in 1835; fields of operation; Last Richmond campaign in the war of the Rebellion: first to enter the Confeder- ate capital, April 3, 1865. j^Xd. — 6S TIIK CO^'FEDEKATE MILITARY CIIIEKTAIN. His Services for the Union, and Later for the Confederacy. WW ELDOM DOES HISTORY make record of a more truly brave man than was Hubert E. Lee; at the same time bis career as an American soldier was eventful and interesting. The son of a distinguished officer of the war of the Revolution, Colonel Henry Lee, he inherited much of the military spirit, energy and talent that marked his own career. Entering the West Point Military Academy, in 1825, when eighteen years old, he graduated from it, second in his class, four years later, without having received eitber a reprimand or a mark of demerit during his studies. Ha\ ing been ap- pointed a Lieutenant in the engineers corps of the army in 1829, he passed five years in assisting to bni Id Forts Monroe and Cal- houn, in Virginia; three more as assist- ant to the chief engineer of the army at Washington, and, in 1835, served as as- sistant astronomer in determining the western boundary of Ohio. His duties from 1837 to 1842 inchided the superintendence of the government's improvement of the harbor at St. Louis, Mo. , and rendering the Mississippi, Ohio and Missouri rivers more navigable. Between 1841 and 1845, having pre- viously been promoted to a captaincy, he was assistant to the chief engineer and member of the board of Atlantic coast defenses, superintending, among other public works, the construc- tion and repair of the fortifications at the entrance to New York harbor. At the breaking out of the war with Mexico, in 1845, he was apjMiinted chief engineer of the army under General Scott. In the succeeding contest he greatly distinguished himself by his gallant and meritorious services at the l)attlcs of f'crro Oordo, f'nntreras, ROBERT E. LEE. Cherubusco and Chepultepec, being wounded in the letter conflict, and receiving, successively, promotion as Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel. After the war he continued to serve his country in various depart- ments, and from 1852 to 1855 was superintendent of the West Point Military Academy. In the latter year he became Lieutenant-Colonel of a new regiment of cavalry, of which Albert Sidney Johnston was the colonel, serving with it in Texas for about two years, when he returned to Virginia on leave of absence. In 1857. by his wife's inheritance, he came into possession of the estates of Arlington House, on the Potomac, and the White House, on the Pamunky river in Virginia. This lady, whom he married in 1832, was the daughter of Mr. Custis, the grandson of the widow who became the wife of George Washington. Colonel Lee, in October, 1859, commanded the detachment of troops sent by the government to sup- press the famous raid of John Brown into Virginia, for the purpose of freeing the slaves in that State. During nearly the whole of the year 1860 he commanded the military depart- ment of Texas, returning home in Decem- ber on leave of absence. Virginia seceded from the Union on the 17th of April, 1861, and three days later Colonel Lee resigned his command in the army, saying, in his letter to General Scott: "Save in the defense of my native State, I never desire again to draw my sword. " Immediately repairing to Kicbmond, Va. , he was appointed Major-General of the Confederate forces of the State. Early in May, Virginia joined the Southern Confederacy, the capital of which was then established at Riclinmnd; but owing to a contention for commanding positions tn the Confederate army, which arose between several ofllcers who had ranked high in the I'nited States army and withdrawn therefrom, General Leo was not called into important service for more than a year. In the meantime he super- intended the fortifications at Richmond and other places, and acted, also, as the adviser of President Jefferson Davis of the Confederate Stut(!S, performing many of the dulics pertaining to a secretary of .A -q: T l.iEN'KHAI, I.KK S KKKOUTS IN BEHALF <»K THE Ci IXKEDEUACV. (;!» Ocncnil Joseph E. Johnston having been wounded in battle nnd Oeneriil Albert S. J^hn^^tou havini,' been killed in the tij^ht at Shiluh, General Lee as-sumcd command of the ('(infedeiale army June ;j. June 20, he entered with his command upon that series of con- flict:^ in Virginia known as "the Seven-days' buttles," which resulted in the retirement of the Federal army under McClellan ti) Harris^on's Inndin^. after the struggle at Malvern Hill. By this act Richmond was relieved from the siege which it had undergone. August 39 and 30, 181)3, General Lee and his forces encountered the I'nion army under General Pope, and fought the si^eond burih" of Bull Run, defeating his antagtmists. General Lee immediately followed up this victory with an attempt to invade Maryland, which resulted in the indecisive battle of Antie- tam, September 10 and 17. Recrossing the Potomac into Virginia, Lee took ii strong position near Cnlpeper Court House. Early in November he massed his forces on the Fredericksburg bank of the Rappahannock river to resist the attempt of the Union army under Burnside to cross that stream. Lee successfully held this position, und on December 13, having been attacked by Burnside, signally defeated the Union forces. Burnside was succeeded in his command by General Joseph Hooker, who, in 18G3, attacked Lee in front, turned bis left flank and gained the rear of his army. Then followed the conflict at Chancellorsville, May 2-i, in which General Lee was Tictorioufi. Lee next invaded Pennsylvania with a large army. The Union army of the Potomac was at this time connnanded by General Meade, who encountered Lee's troops at Gettysburg, Pa., where, July 1-3, 18G3, was fought one of the most bloody and decisive battles of the war. On the third day of the contest, Lee, being repulsed, retired in good order to the northern bank of the Potomac, which a heavy flood prevented his crossing, into Virginia, and strongly intrenched his forces. Meade, by a circuitous march, had reached that vicinity, and intended to give Lee battle, but before his intention could be carried out Lee had safely forded the river and fallen back to the Rapidan, followed closely and threatened by Meade's troops; but no important conflict ensued. The operations of both armies were neither decisive nor of special imi)ortance during the fall and winter of 18G3-"64. In the spring of 186-1, in camp on the banks of the Rapidan, Lee, with some 60, 000 men, found himself opposed to General Grant, who commanded a Union army numbering about 140, 000. On the 4th of May, Grant endeavored to turn the Confederate troops by the right, crossing the Rapidan river without opposition, and marching through the western verge of the Wilderness. At this juncture, by a hohl and skillful movement, Lee attacked him, and thus began the bloody but unde- cisive battle of the Wilderness, which continued May 5 and 6. After the tight both armies intrenched opposite each other, but neither commander seemed willing to attack tbo other. A movement by Grant to outflank Lee led to the battle of Spottsylvania Court House, May 1:;, which, although severe, did not prove victorious for either army. Another attempt by Grant. May 18, to turn Lee's flank and compel him to fall back on Richmond, resulted in a slow and partial success, until at the end of that month, the two armies confronted each other at the Chickahoniiny river. An attack was made by (Jrant, June 3, but he was signally repulsed. Both parties remained there, strongly intrenched, neither venturing an attack, until June 13. when Grant moved out of his intreuchments, crossed the Chicka- honiiny, and took up his position at Petersburg, Va. , twenty-two miles south of Richmond. Lee, finding the Confederate capital in danger of capture by this movement of Grant's, also crossed the Chickahominy and James rivers, in order to defend Petersburg. If that stronghold could be retained by the Confederat/is, the Union armie? could not take Richmond, which was strongly fortified, by any direct assault. The siege and defense of Petersburg, therefore, occupied the attention of the contending forces until April, 1865, when Grant passed around the defenses and broke through the Cim- fedcrate lines. On the 2d, Lee abandoned his further defense of Petersburg and Richmond, having sufi'ered heavy losses in killed and wounded. His hope, now, was to reach the mountainous region of the valley of Virginia with his remaining force of about 40.000 men. But they were short of provisions, and obliged to scour the country in squads in search of food, many throwing away their arms, although pursued vigorously by Grant. At Appomattox Court House, Lee'a army found themselves barred by a superior Union force which had reached there before them. Correspondence between Grant and Lee as to terms preceded the final surrender of the latter to the Union Army on the 9th of April, 1865, closing the civil war, Richmond having already been captured by the Unionists. After the war General Lee retired to a strictly private life, almost entirely stripped of his former fortune. In October, 1865, he became President of Washington College, at Lexington, Va. , which flourished under his supervision. His death occurred in October, 18T0, the result of a stroke of paralysis. His wife died three years later. General Lee was the father of three sons, all of whom were in the Confederate army. d: .(^ — >k|:c>~ -CY f. BRIEF SKETCH OF WELL-KNOWN MrLITARY CELEBRITIES IN THE CONFEDERACY. LEADING ' ^ ^ ■. . ■g^ -.p.- kYs '.4;-^=^=^=^ THE fe i <^^^ 1 SERVICE. Prominent Men that Took Part in Behalf of the South. EATTREGARD. Peter G. T.-A (ieneral: born at New (Orleans, La, , in 181S; fields of operation: Graduated at We=.t Point in 1838; was in the Mexi- can war. engineering operations at New Orleans and on the Gulf, with the cliarge of constructing public build- ings ; superintendent of West Point Military academy; joined the Confed- eracy in 1861; conducted the attack on Fort Sumter; at first Bull Kun; de- partment of the Tennessee; Shiloh; Charleston; Petersburg; since the war, engaged in railroad operations in the Brager* Braxton — A Major-General; bom in Warren county, N. C. . about 181-t; fields of opera- tion: Graduated at West Point, in 1837; war in Florida; Mexican war; Western frontier service; resigned his position in the army in 1855; State officer in Louisiana: joined the Confederacy in 186J; Pensacola; Shiloh; department of the Mis- sissippi; in 1862, retreated from Kentucky; was removed from his command, but soon restored; opposed Rosecrans in the department of Tennes- see: Murfreesboro; Chickamauga; Chattanooga; Richmond, and in Georgia, opposing Sherman; died at Galveston, Tex., in 1875. Savlfif JefferBon — Colonel; born in Chris- tian county. Ky. , in 1808: served in the Black Hawk war. 1831-:'; in the war with Mexico, under Taylor; was United States Senator from Missis- sippi. 1818-1857; Secretary of War under President Pierce; President of the Southern Confederacy; was captured by Union soldiers in Georgia, in 1865; was imprisoned for two years by the Union authorities, and then released. Early, *lubal A.— A Major-General; bom in Virginia, about 1815; fields of operation: Grad- uated at West Point in 1837; Lieutenant of Artillery; lawyer; Mexican war; joined the Con- federates. 1861; Bull Run: (■.■.! u Momituin; Fredericksburg; Gettysburg; Shi r iM.ih \ ,,il. y; threatened Washington; invaded li [m-v K mui ; burned Chanibcrsburg; defeated bv Mh-i iil;iii on the (Jp.-iiiMii, ;il Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek; routt'd at \\':i_vrn->liuro. After tlie war. he visited Kuropc: nturning, practiced law at Richmond, Virginia. Ewell, Rlrhard S.— A Lieutenant-General; bnrn in the district of Columbia, in 1820: fields of operation; Graduated at West Point in 1810; Mex- ican war; Apache Indians, IS.'^ilt; joined the Confed- erates, May. 1861, (list Bull Run; Cain.-s' Mill; Malvern Hill; Cedar Mountain; Hiishil Station; Hccond Bull Run, whore he losta Irir; (ictlyslmrg; the Wilderness; Spottsylvania Ci»iirt Hdiisi-. Itic-h- niond; surrendered to Sheridan at Saihirs Creek. After the w.ir, was a stock-raiser in Tennessee; died at Spring Hill, Tenn., in 1872. IIntii|>(on, Vrnde, .Jr. — A Lieutenftnt- Gf-neral; born at Columbia. S. C. . In 1818; (lelds of operation: Studied law; member of South Carolina Legislature and Stntt? Senate; eom- manrled a legion of cavalry at flrwt Bull Kun; Chickahominy campaign; Seven Pines; Oetty«- bnrg: Columnia, 8. C. , when Sh<>rmun captured It; Hince the war. ha.H been Governor of South Carolina and United States Senator; accidentally luHt a leg. llnrtlee, \%* I 111 am •!.— ABrlgadlcr-Ocncrnl; lK>rn at Savannah, Ga., in 1818; Heldti of opera- tion: Graduated at WcHt Point In 1838; Florida and Mexican wars: frontier duty; instructor at West Point; compiled "Hardee's Military Tac- tics;" Lieutenant-Colonel of cavalry; resigned and joined the Confederacy in 1861 ; was at Shiloh, Perryville, Stone River. Chickamauga. Chatta- nooga, Savannah and Charleston, and surrendered in North Carolina; died at Wytheville, Va. , in 1873. Hill, Ambrose P.— A Major-General; born in Culpeper county. Va. . about 1825; fields of operation. Graduated at West Point in 184T; Mexi- can war; Florida; coast survey, 1855 to 1860; resigned his army commission and joined the Confederates in 1861; campaigns in Northern Vir- ginia; Bull Run; Williamsburg: the seven days' battles of the Peninsula; Cedar Mountain; Grove- ton; .Antietam; Fredericksburg; Chancellorsville; Gettysburg; the Wilderness, and the siege of Petersburg, Va. , in which he was killed, in 1865. Hill, Daniel H.— A General; born in South Carolina, about 1822; fields of operation: Gradu- ated at West Point in 1812; Mexican war; resigned his commission in the army in 1819; was professor in two Southern colleges; superintendent of the North Carolina military institute; published a work on algebra and two religious volumes; wrote essays for periodicals; joined the Confed- erate army in 1861; commanded at Big Bethel; Yorktown; Mechanicsville; Cold Harbor; Malvern Hill; on the James; second Bull Run; South Mountain; Antietam; Fredericksburg; depart- ment of North and South Carolina; since the war, has published The Field and Farm, in North Carolina. Hood, tlotin R. — A Lieutenant-General; born in Bath county, Ky. . about 1830; fields of opera- tion: Graduated at West Point in 1853; frontier service in Texas; fought Lipan and Comanche Indians. 1857; resigned his commission and joined the Confederacy, in 1861; Chickahominy cam- f)aign; second Bull Run; Antietam; Fredericks- >urg; Gettysburg, where he lost an arm; Cliiek.'imauga. where he lost a leg; succeeded .lohnstun in 1861: operated against Sherman in (ii't.it'ia; Franklin, Tenn. , and Nashville; re- lieved from his command. Hiitcer, Benlamin— A Major-General; born at Charleston, S. C. . in ISOfi; fields of operation: Gr:Miii;it.'d at We.-t I'.iint in 1825; commanded at Fi>itr«-^> Mnnnie. ixd ii. '16; chief of ordnance in M'AHMn war. in eh;ngr of arsenal at I'ikesville, Mii, ; joined the Confederacy in 1861; operated on the Peninsula so badly that he was dismissed from the service. ilnckHon, TliomuH *T.(** Stonewall **)— A Lieutenant-General; born at Clarksburg. Va. . in 1821; fields of operation: Graduated at West Point in 1816; Mexican war; New York harlxtr; Florida war; resigned, IB-W; professor and in- structor in Virginia military academy at Lexing- ton; Joined the Confederate army in I8fit; Harper's Ferry: first Bull Hun; Shenandoah Valley; Cross Keys; seven days' battles of the I^enlnsula; Cold Harbor; Malvern Hill; Cedar Mountain; second Bull Run; Harper's Ferry, 1862; Antietam; Fredericksburg and Chancellorsvllle; mortally wounded, dying near Fredcrlcksburfi:. Va.. in 1863. tlohnMton, Albert S.— A General; horn in Masnii ecninty, Ky.. in 1803; fields of operation: Graduated at West Point in I«2fi; frontier duty: Black Hawk war; resigned his eommlKsion; joined the Texan army, and succeeded (Jeneral Hiniston in chief command; Texan eecivtary of war; Mexican war, under General W. O. Butler; farmer in Mexico; re-entered the United States army; Paymaster; Colonel of Cavalry, in command of the department of Texas; expedition to Utah; brevetted Brigadier-General; department of the Pacific, 1861; resigned and joined the Confederate army, 1861; commanded division of the West, and was slain at Shiloh. Tenn., in 1862. tTohuKton, doseph E.— A Major-General; born in Prince Edward county, Va., in 1807; fields of operation: Graduated at West Point in 1829; garrison duty; Florida war; resigned, 1837: be- came a civil engineer; re-entered the army. 1838, as topographical engineer; survey of British boundaries, in 1813; coast survey; Mexican war; in charge of Western river improvements; Utah expedition, 1858; Quartermaster-General, 1860; re- signed, and joined the Confederates in 1861; first Bull Run; Yorktown: Fair Oaks; departments of Tennessee and Mississippi ; Jackson, Tenn. ; Dalton, Ga. ; Resaca; AUatoona Pass; Kenesaw Mountain; Atlanta; turned over his command to Hood; concentrated armies against Sherman, to whom he surrendered, in 1865. Since the war. he has been engaged in promoting the agricultural, commercial and railroad interests of the South, residing in Georgia. r.ee, Georee W. C— Son of Robert E. Lee; a General; born in Virgini-a. about 1833; gradu- ated at West Point in 1851; Lieutenant of Engineers; resigned, 1861, and joined the Confed- eracy; Aid-de-cam'^ to Jefferson Davis, and General of infantry; succeeded his lather as president of Washington college, at Lexington, Virginia. I^ee, Fitzhufth— A nephew of Robert E. Lee; a General; born in Virginia, about 183.5; fields of operation ; tJraduated at West Point in 1856; Lieutenant of cavalry, mainly in Texas; resigned his commission and joined the Confederate army in 1861, and became a General of cavali'y. Lioner^treet, James— -A Lieiiten;iMt-General; born in South Carolina, abtuir l.sjii; lulils of oper- ation: Graduated at West Poitit in IKIJ; Mexican war; frontier duty in Texas, resigiiid his roni- mission, ami joined the Confedeiacy, in 1861 ; lirst Bull Run; Yorktown; Williamsburg; Seven Pines; Cold Harbor; Frazier's Farm, second Bull Run; South Mount a ill; Alltielain; Chiekaniauga; near Kiioxvillr. t.atll.- ol th. WildiiM<--v; .,11 the Jiuii.'^ Kiv.r; i-.trisliuig. iitter tllu war, he eiig.igid in civil pursuits in New (irli;m>, La. MeCiilloeh, Bcn.|ainin~A Major-General; born in Rutherford county, Tenn,, in ISU; parti- cipated in the battle of Pea Uidge, Ark., where he was killed, March 7, 1802. Maieriider, John B. — A Major-General; born in Virginia, about 1810; was active in tlie war; died at Houston, Te?c., in 1871. Polk> r.eonldaii— A Major-General; born at Raleigh. N. C. , in IHOfi; llehls of operation: Grad- ual. -d ;it Wevi Point; w;is I |.| r I l.ishop of LoiiiMaTiii; i ■(! I he Colli r,|. , ,i ( . ;,i ni\ rarlv in 111.- K.-lulli-.n; .lislii.-t. ol \\>' Ml i--i|>|ii; eon- slnicted lortillealiuiis; Shiloh, r.ii.wille; Mur- freesboro; Chlekamauga; depart ineiit of the Mississippi; Atlanta carnpatgn; nevei- resigned his bishopric; ktlh-d at the battle of Pine Mountain, near Marietta, Oa. , by a cannon-ball, in 1864. Pillow, Oldcon J. — A General; born in William!*on county, Tenn.. in 1806; llrlds nf oper- ation; Px-actlcud law; Mexican war; tiled fur f- MIMTAUY TKRMS AND WHAT THEY MKAX. insuhordinatioii.iind acquitted; battle of Belmont, Mil,. IJtfll. Furt Dunelsoii. I«6'2, in the Southwest, uiiiler Beaui'L'gard, nut a graduate of West Point. Pflce, Sterllner— A Major-General; born in rrin 111 Missouri and Arkansas; Wilson's Crc'L'k. I,c\iMi,'loM, was a member of Congress from Missouri and Governor of that State; died at St. Louis, Mo., in 1867. . — by St. Augustine, Kla., about IKW; lU-Iits of tlon; (Jraduuted at West Point in \si'>-. M.xican war; instructor at West Point; app-tlntcd Miijor of cavalry; n•^i^J;ll<■d. iiml j.iiiud tin- ( '..ntnlfi ate army; waa at llr^t Hull Knn, in v;Mlid '[■itiiii-->.ee; sent to the traii^Mi^si— ^ij'l" Ucii.irlJiiLiil ; Maris- fleld. Pleasant liill, Itcd Kivxr upurations, and Banks' retreat; surrendered to Canby, May, 18ti5. Stuart, tlnme* E. B.— A Major-General; born in I'ati-ick county, V'a. . in WM; was in tin- battle of Spotttiylvunift Court HouKt. Va. . and was slain while ttt^httnt; n^-ar Kichinond, Va., in 18U4. Vail Horn, Earl— A Miijor-General; bom in Mi.ssissippi. in 18'.il; participated in the fights »t Hunt's L'roHs Itoads and Franklin, Tt;nn. ; died at Spring Hill, Tenn., in 1803. '^ B .V T I S — Large branches of trees, having one end sharpened, laid in rows with the points outward, in front of a fortification, to prevent the approach of an enemy. The large ends are fastened to the ground. AhoMt — To change front; infantry turn to the left; so do artilltry. but cavalry either right or left. Accoutrements —The trappings of a soldier exclusive of his arms and dress. Action — Active hostilities; an " affair" is a fight of less importance. A<^|ulant— A staff oflicer in a regiment, rank- ing as First Lieutenant, appointed by the Colonel to aid him in performing his regimental or garrison duties. The Adjutant-treneral of a State has cliarge of all matters pertaining to the militia of that Slate. The "Adjutant-General" of the United states is the principal staff officer of the army, and assists the General of the Army. Advice-boat— A vessel employed to carry dispatches. Advance— That part ot an army in front of the remainder. Aid, or Aid-de-camp — An officer chosen by a General to convey orders to subordinates, aid him in his correspondence and assist in military movements. AlBulllette— A braid or cord on a military uniform, extending from one shoulder across the breast, a point or tag at the end of a fringe or lace. Aim- Directing any weapon toward an enemy, as a gun, pistol, or sword. Alarm-Siin— .\ gun fired for the purpose of creating an alarm, or rousing soldiers to arms. Alarm-post— The place where soldiers gather when an alarm is made. Aliarn— To form soldiers or cannon in line for parade or battle. AllonBe — A thrust with a sword, made by stepping forward and extending the arm. Ambulance— A vehicle on wheels for convey- ing wounded soldiers from the battle-field to hos- pitals or elsewhere. Ambu8h, or Ambuscade — The place in w^iich troops are hidden preparatory to making a sudden and unexpected attack upon an enemy. Ammunition — Material for charging fire- arms—balls, powder, bomb-shells, etc. Appointments — The accoutrements of mili- tary otficers, their sashes, bells, plumes, etc. Approaches — Works carried on toward besieged works. Arm— To provide with weapons; arms — the weapons employed in warfare. .=*mall arms— muskets, rirtes, and revolvers, side-arms— swodIs ans. either in action, marches or in camp. CampaiBrner— An old soldier— a veteran. CaiiiHter-Bhot— Small balls put into a canister and tired from a cannon. Cannon— Guns of heavy calibre, comprising several varieties of form, for several purposes, and made of various metals. CannonailinpT- Battering forts, towns or ships with cannon-shot. Cannoneers —Soldiers who handle and use aitilli:ry. Ciipltnlation— Surrender of an enemy upon stipulated terms. Captain— The commander of a military com- pany, usually of about 100 men. A "Captain- (ieneral " is the commander-in-chief of the army, or (like the Governor of a State) of the militia. Carbine— A fire-ann smaller than a muski^t or I'iHe, and larger than a horse-pistol, used by mounted troops. Carronade— A short cannon used to throw a heavy shot with -moderate force, in order to break, rather than pierce, any obstruction pre- sented, like a ship's hull. Cartel— An agreement between two contending countries for the exchange of prisonei-s. Cartouch— A roll of paper holding a charge of powder and ball for a tire-arni; resembling tin? niudprn cartridge; a " blank cartridge " is one in which nothing but powder is used; a ' ' cartridge- box " is the case in which soldiers carry a supply of prepared cartridges. Cartridge— See Cartouch. Canemate- A bomb-proof chamber in a fort, from which a cannon may be fired through an aperture in the side; or it may be used as a powder magazine, or soldiers' quarters. Cane-shot— Small balls encased in canisters or iron cases, and fii-ed from cannon. See Canisteh. Ca«*|iie— Defensive aniior to protect the head and neck. Cavalry — That portion of an army which habitually llglits on horseback; not to be confounded with mounted infantry. Chiipeau Bratt— A military hat that can be flattened and so carried under the arm. <'harire— (1) The quantity of powder used to load a musket, etc. (2i The advance of infantry upon the enemy with bayonets (Ixed upon the muzzles of their muskets; or a rapid attack of cavalry. Chevai-de-rrlfie. or Chpi-aux-de-frlite —A pitfce of timber traversed with wooden spikes, poin'.i'd with iron, live or six feet long, used ttj defend a i)an«age, st^>p a breach or make a ictrenchment to stop an enemy. (Webster, j Clrviimvallatlon, line of— An earth-work, witli a parapet and trench, built around a phicu wiiich It is intended Ui besiege. t'olonel— The chief commander of a regiment of Moldiers; the next in rank below a Brigadier- General. C^olom — The ftilken flag of a rejclment, or any military or naval ensign. " Camp-coIor»" an; small (lagH (eighteen Inches square). n«ed to mark poititMlii the evolutions of troopH, the color line, etc.; sometimes culled " (leld-colors." Color-Kiinrd— A detail of eight oorporaln, to whom Is entnisttid the protection of the colors of u legiinent. Combat— A battle; fight, or warlike engage- ment between opposing tioops. Commissary— An officer appointed to provide food for the army; called, also, a "commissary of subsistence." Commissariat — The provision department of the army, at the head of which is a Com- missary-General. Company — A division of troops, comprising from fifty to 100 men, commanded by a Captain, Lieutenant, Sergeant, and Corporal. Convoy— Any number of troops appointed to perform guard service in transferring men. money, ammunition, provisions, etc., from place to place in time of war. Corpora] — A non-commissioned officer of the lowest grade in a company, whose duty it is to place and relieve sentinels,, etc. Corps, army— The largest organization of troops in the United States army, consisting of two or more divisions, under the command of a Major-General. (See Division.) A simple "corps" is a body of troops under one commander. Countersign- A changeable and secret mili- tary pass-word, exchanged between guards and , entrusted to those employed on duty in camp or garrison, in order to distinguish friends from enemies. Court-martial— A tribunal composed of military officers for the trial of offenders against military laws, orders, etc. Cuirassiers— Soldiers, usually in the cavalry service, who wear "cuirasses," or breastplates of metal, for protection. Cul-de-sac— A position where a body of troops is so hedged in by enemies that the only way out is by an advance in front. Curtain— That part of a fortification where contiguous basiious are connected with ranipai'ts and parapets. Dea«l-liiie — A line in a cantp or military pn>on beyond which no prisoner may pass without being hliot by a sentinel. Defense — Any sort of fortification or work that serves to protect troops or places against the assaults of enemies, or ward olf danger. Befile — A narrow passage or road in which troops can march only a few abreast, or-by fiank; to "defilade" is to raise the outer works of a fortification in order to protect the interior from the assaults of enemies occupying an elevated position outside. Beploy— To display or spread a body of troops ill forming a line of battle; also, the act of taking intervals as skirmishers. (Webster. ) Depot— A place where military stores or pro- visions are kept. Detail, or Detachment-^ A body of troops detached from the mum army to perform specific duty. Discipline — The rules and regulations in- stiuctiug and governing the army. Dislodge— To force an enemy from his delcn^es. Dismantle— To demolish the outworks of a town or fortification. Ditch— A trench dug to prevent an enemy from approaching a town or fortress; called, also, a "moat" or "fosse," and it maybe filled with water or not. The earth taken from the trench may also be used for forming a parapet or defense on its inner side. Dratroons— Soldiers who are armed and trained to light either on foot or on horseback. Echelon— Military tactic?", in which larycr or smaller bodies of sotdiei-s. divisions of hatt.Uioiis or brigades, follow each other on difii-niii line-, presenting the form of steps, and thus protect the front and one or both flanks of the army at once. Elevation— In using a cannon, it means the angle included between the plane of the horizon and the line of the hollow of a gun. Embrasure— The opening in the wall of a fortilication occupied by the muzzle of a cannon pointing outward. Enceinte— The interior wall of a fortification that surrounds a place. Encounter— A combat, light, engagement, hostiif collision, or skirmish. Enemy— An opponent in war, national, sec- tional, or in-rsonal. Enflladlnur— Firing shot along the whole hiigth of an eucmy's line. EniclneerH — A department of the army engaged In devising and constructing defensive and offensive works, keeping them in repair ami Mometitnes in planning attacks upon, and defenses of, f(H-tifications. Eultnl— Tu Join the army aa a common soldier. Epaulement— A species of embankment or breastwork, made of wickerwork, or bags filled with earth, bimdles of sticks, etc., or earth heaped up. used to afford a cover from the fire of an enemy to the side or flank ot an army. Epaulette— An ornamental badge, worn on the shoulder by officers of the army and navy, having peculiarities of form or size to indicate the rank of the wearer. Eprouvette- A machine for testing the strength of gunpowder. (Brande.) A small mortar. Equipage — Military furniture, comprising whatever is necessary for efficient service by any body of troops or a single soldier. Establishment —The permanent military force of a nation; implying the quota of officers and men in an aiiny, regiment, troop or company. Evolution— The prescribed or uniform move- ments made by a body of troops in arranging or rearranging their position in the field. Exempts — Citizens who from their sex. age. infirmities, or oci-upations. are not liable to be called upon to peiform military duty. Expedition—An armed excur-sion of troops against an enemy, or in an enemy's country for some specific and valuable military purpose. FaclnB — Movements of soldiers when turning on their heels to the right or left in their places in line. False attack— A movement in the nature of an advance calculated to divert the attention of the enemy from the point at which the attack is to be made. Fascines— Twigs of trees or bushes tied up in long, round bundles, used to support earth in forming embankments or parapets in field defenses, filling ditches, etc. Feint — A mock attack upon any troops or place designed to conceal the true assault. Field— Any open spaceof ground where a battle is fought; also applied to the action of the army while ill the field. Field-colors— See Colors. Field-day — A day set apart for instructing troops in field evolutions, the exercise ot arms, etc. Field-gun- Field-piece — A small cannon used on a battlefield. Field-marshal — A military officer of high rank in Germany and France, and the highest in England, except the Captain-General. Field - officers — The Colonel, Lieutenant- Colonel and .Major of a regiment. Field-work — A temporary earthwork or other fortification thrown up by troops in the field, for defense when besieging a fortress, or when defending a besieged point. Fight— See Combat. File — Soldiers nuirching in line, one behind another and not in ranks. File-leader — The first soldier iu flle-march- ing- Fire-arms— AH weapons in which powder and ball, or shot, are used. Flag— Colors, ensign or banner, having forms and hues indicating a difference of nationirtity, party, or opinion; the standai-d around whicii soldiers rally in a contest, as representing their country. A yellow flag designates a hospital; a red flag signifies di-fiamc; a white flag, a desire for peaceful coniniiini<-uiion — ;i M;ig of truce; a black flag, no merey; a Hak' Imlf mast, a sign of mourning: a flag wrong side up. distress; a flag hauled down in a rtjfht, surrender; hauled down a few feet and immediately raised again, respect for a superior. Flank— The side of any body of troops. large or small; the exti'eme right or left of an army. In a fortification, the flank is any part of a work by which another part is defended by firing guns along the outside of a parapet. Flanker- A militaiy force sent out to gimt-d the flank of an army along its line of inarch. To "outflank" Is to geC the better of an army or body of troops by extending lines of soldiers beyond or around it. Flash -Til.' suddiMi burst of flame and light that arrompanies the discharge of firearms. Fliigelman— A teacher of manual exercises, who stands before soldiers, and whoso motions they imitate simultaneously; a fugleman. Flylng-artlUcry— Artillerymen trained to perform their evolutions with great rapidity, leaping on moving horses or ammunition car- riages with agility. Flylng-camp-A body of troops trained to cliaiik'"' tlicir position from place to place with alaci'ity. k —<):■ X [:c>- Foil— A blunt swonl, used in Ccncint?, having a nietiil biittun oil its point. Fool-Noldler— Set- Infantry. Forujce — Oidinaiy foi»;uly;" a " foraging- cap" is a military uiidrcss-fu|> lor the head. Force — Any body of troops assembled for mill tary purposes. F«florn-hoi»e— A di-spcrate pntorprise; to ciny a town or lortiht-atioii by storming its walls; a duty involving great peril. Fort» Fortress, Forilfl<*:illoii--A large or small space, surroundt-d by lii^'li .■nibunknii.nl'^, or stone or wooden wails, o| gri'ut tluikiu'ss, and strongly prepared for oirensivc or ddiiiMve war- fare, usually so built as to coninumd some important approach to a city, town or inland stream, and of such form as to repel invaders at all points of its structure. From the walls pro- trude, at intervals, the muzzles of ponderous cannon, while inside a body uf troops, with stores of provisions and ammunition, are e.vpeeted to hold the fort against th.- ii-i'4»n-<-onim|MM|fineris*-s by also tile places where they are stationed. Outrjink — Having a higher degree of au- thority tliaii another.' Outwork— An intrenchinent or other defense bi-yoiid t.r outside of a f or thiou;,'li sln.ts, to maintain safety, order, atten- tion to duty, etc. Pay-master— An officer whose business it is to pay the soldiers and camp men their wages; the " pay-roll " is the list of men and the wages due to each. Pickets — Guards stationed in front of an army, and between it and the outposts; when attacked, the outposts fall back on the pickets for support. Pillage — Booty captured from an enemy's camp, town or country. Pioneers—. A party of soldiers armed with axes, saws and other tools, who go before an advancing army to clear the way, repair roads or bridges, and work on intrenchments. Platoon— Half of a companj' of soldiers. Pontoons— Light frames or boats, of wood or other material, placed in streams for supporting temporary bridges during the march of an army. Port-fire — A mixture of combustible an Explorers and Navigators. •*-^ HENRY M. STANLEY, AFRICAN EXPLOHEB. ENRY M. STANLEY came into notoriety in consequence of his discovery of Dr. David Livingstone, in Africa, who, when found, had been unheard from over two years. Born near Denbigh, in Wales, in 1H40, be was sent to an orphan asylum at Asaph, his name being John Rowlands. He remained at the asylum until he was thirteen years of age. Afterwards, as a cabin-boy, he shipped at Liverpool for New Orleans, where, with a merchant named Stanley, he got his present name. On the breaking out of the American rebellion, he went into the Confederate army, and afterwards, having been taken prisoner, he volunteered in the Union naval service, and became an acting ensign in the iron-clad Ticonderoga. Succeeding the war, he traveled in Turkc)', Asia Minor, and \'arious parts of Europe. Taking the position of correspondent of the New York Herald, he accompanied the British expedition to Abyssinia, and afterwards went to Spain. Commissioned by the proprietor.s of the New York Herald to find Livingstone, he spent some months in visiting Constantinople, Palestine, the Crimea, Persia, and India, when he sailed from Bombay, in the fall of 1870, and reached Zanzibar in January, 1871. With 192 men he went across the country in Africa, and succeeded in finding Livingstone at Ujiji, his journey to reach the object of his search having occupied eight months. Remaining with Livingstone about half a year, during which time they made various explorations together, Stanley left for England in the middle of March, and reached his destination the last of July. At Brighton, England, he gave an account of his expedition before the British Association. A gold snuff-box, presented to him by the Queen, and a banquet given to him by the Royal Geographical Society, were among the incidents of his visit. The record of his journey appeared under the title. ' ' How I found Livingstone," and was published in London and New York. Upon the death of Livingstone, he was employed by the New Y'ork Herald and the London Telegraph to continue the exploration of Africa, in the lake regions on the equator. With a company of 300 men he went from the coast into the Urimi country, in the latitude of Ujiji, where he found the waters flowing northward. One of the rivers, the Shemeeyu, he followed 350 miles to its mouth, on the Victoria N'yanza, losing on the journey 194 men by death and deser- tion. With a boat that had been transported in pieces, accompanied by twenty canoes lent to him by Mtesa, King of Uganda, he navigated this body of water and found it to be a great lake, with many islands, it being, with the lake Albert N'yanza, the headwaters of the Nile. VITUS BEHRING, vAc RUSSIAN navigiitor, who was born at Horsens,- Denmark, in ll\ 1680. He joined the naval service of Russia in 1704, and was v^^y/Tj made a captain by Peter the Great. After serving with distinc- tion in the war between Russia and Sweden, he was, in 1725, put in command of an expedition of discovery in the Arctic regions. This having been safely accomplished, he was again sent, in 1728, with another exploring expedition to the seas bordering on the northwestern coast of Siberia. His explorations continued for several years. A third expedition was made, with two vessels, 1741, which resulted in disaster and death; and stormy weather, dissatisfaction and sickness among his crews compelled him to return. On the voyage home bis vessel was wrecked on a desolate island, where he died in 1741. Dur- ing these several voyages Behring discovered the strait that bears bis name, between the continents of Asia and America; the Behring sea, that part of the Pacific ocean that lies immediately south of Behring strait, and between the two continents which are separated by that strait. The southern limit of the sea is the circular line or range of the Aleutian island, also discovered by Behring, which, with Behring island, where he died, stretch across the Pacific from Alaska to Kamtchatka. Behring island is off the east coast of the peninsula of Kamtchatka, in latitude fifty-five degrees and twenty-two minute* north, and in longitude 1G6 degrees east. The island is barren, but abounds in fresh water and arctic animals. JOHN CABOT, NOWN as "the discoverer of North America," whose place '^l^ and date of birth are unknown, came from Venice, Italy, to (*^N<-) England, in the fifteenth century, and, according to the best authority, made a westward voyage of discovery, under the patronage of King Henry VII. . of England. The record preserved in the geo- graphical cabinet of the Imperial library, at Paris, France, shows that on June 24 (St. John's Day). 1494, John Cabot and his son, Sebastian, at five o'clock in the morning, discovered land, to which he gave the name of ' 'First Land Seen" (Newfoundland), on the northeastern coast of America, and a great island, near by, to which he gave the name of St. John, in honor of the day on which the discovery was made. He is represented by other authorities as having sailed along the coast of North America for about 900 miles. When he landed he found no inhabitants, and planted on the soil the national ensigns of England and Venice. Another expedition appears to have been authorized by the English Government afterwards, but Cabot does not seem to have made a second voyage, and neither the time nor the place of his death, or his age when he died, are known. WILLIAM DAMPIER. fHISeminentnavigator was born at East Coker, England, in 1652, and entered upon a seafaring life at an early age. InlG73he ^A fought, under Sir Edward Spragge, against the Dutch. After that he became a cutter of logwood in the bay of Campeachy, Yucatan, and in 1683 he joined a party of buccaneers in an expedition to the South seas, where they robbed towns on the Peruvian coast and captured several Spanish vessels. In 1684 he joined another depre- datory expedition, under Captain John Cook, of Virginia, which cruised along the coasts of Chili. Peru and Mexico, robbing the Spaniards. At a later period he embarked for the East Indies, touching at Australia and cruising in the Indian archipelago. Land- ing at Bencoolen (Sumatra), he became gunner in the English factory. In 1691, he returned to England, and published his "Voyage Around the World." As commander of a sloop of war, in 1699, he made a voyage of discovery to the South Sea, explored the west and northwest coast of Australia, the coasts of Papua, New Britain and New Ireland, gave his name to a small cluster of islands and the strait between Papua and New Britain, and, after making several other discoveries, returned to the Molucca islands by a new route. He reached England in 1701. He is known to have made sea voyages up to 1711. but his latter days and the date of his death are wrapt in obscurity. A. —<).'■ :(>— EMINENT EXPLORERS AND DISCOVERERS. African Explorer, Navigators and Discoverers, '^J^ SEBASTIAN CABOT, , ON OF the di:^covcier of Newfoundland, and himself the discoverer of Paraguay, in South America, was prob- ahly born at Venice, Italy, about 147G, but raised in England. Considerable obscurity aurrounds both the time and place of his birth and death. In 1517 he made . fruitless attempt to reach the East Indies by a new route. Afterwards he entered the Spanish service, in which he remained for several years, and explored the river La Plata and part of the South American coast. In the reign of Edward VI., of Great Britain, he returned to England, was pensioned, was made Grand Pilot of England, and was consulted on all maritime and commercial affairs. It is stated that he died in 1557- ^^^ij^,^^ PAUL BELLONI DU CHAILLU, ^i^^*^^^?N AFRICAN explorer and disL-ovt-rer of the gorilla, ^jfc®a^ was born at Paris, France, in liiSo. At an early age "^^i ^JMt^ L he accompanied his father, who was a trader, to the ^[j^5^" °^ West coast of Africa, where he studied the languages ^ejlv^ and characteristics of the natives, as well as the natural ^J||P history of the country. In 1852 he brought to the United ' States a cargo of ebony, and published a series of papers relating to the Gaboon (Africa) country. In 1855 he sailed from New York witli the design of exploring the then unknown region of Africa lying two degrees north and south of the equator. Four years were spent in this exploration, which extended inland to about longitude fourteen degrees and fifteen minutes east. The jirartical results were the gathering of more than 3,000 stuffed birds, of which sixty kinds were previously unknown to naturalists; the killing of 1,000 animals, including several gorillas (a creature until then a stranger to the civilized world), and twenty other kinds of animals not hitherto clas-sified by scientists. In 1859 he returned to New York, bringing with him many interesting trophies of his African expedition, including native arms and implements and specimens of natural history, which were publicly exhibited, and many of which were subsequently purchased for the IJrilish Museum. He also puh- li-hed a history of this expedition, hut the truth of some of his state- ments was so strongly controverted that he undertook a second expedition to the some region, in order to secure fresh evidences of his veracity. He left England in 1803. oud in September, 1804, having been delayed by the accidental Ios« of his sclentiflc outfit, he again struck Into the interior of Africa, visiting the scenes of his foimer explorations and beyond, making new discoveries among tribes not until then described. In September, 1865, he was attacked by natives with such severity that he fled to the seacoast, having lost all the results of his explorations except his journals. An account of this expedition was published in 1867, as "A Journey to Ashango Land." After that he spent several years in the United States, lecturing in public and writing books for youth based on his African experiences. Subsequently he visited Sweden, Norway, Lapland and Finland, publishing a narrative of bis journey. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. HIS EMINENT mariiiiiie explorer was born at Marlon. England, in 17ii8, and received only the commonest rudimental education. Going to ^ea In a merchant l^ii^y^ " vessel, he remained in that service for several years, /'(^lyNbut entered the British navy in 1755, and displayed so much vK competency and good character that he was soon promoted to « a subordinate office on ship-board. His skillful preparation of I several sea and harbor charts led to his further promotion as a marine surveyor. This position twice stationed him in New- foundland for a considerable period, and it was while there that he sent to the British Royal Society an observation of a solareclipse. This, and his evidences of nautical skill, induced the government to give him command of the ship Endeavor, with the rank of lieutenant. Ills vessel was selected to take to the Sandwich Islands a company of astrono- mers sent out to observe the transit of Venus across the sun's disk. During this voyage, which was begun in 1768 and ended in 1771. he particularly explored the coasts of New Zealand and New Holland. On his return he was promoted to the rank of master and commander. In 1772, in company with Captain Furneaux, he sailed to discover, if possible, a southern polar continent. In latitude seventy-one degrees south their progress was stopped by ice. The voyage, how- ever, was not terminated until in 1775, and, on his return, the precaution of Commander ('ook in keeping his crew free from scurvy while so long at sea, was rewarded by his promotion as a post- captain, Captain of Greenwich Hospital and Fellow of the Uoyal Society. In 1770 he again sailed from England with two ships {Kesolutionand Discovery) to search for an arctic passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. On this voyage he touched at Owhyhee, one of the Sandwich Islands, on the 14th of February, 1776, where he was attacked and slain by the savage natives. Ilia loss was regretted by foreii^u countries no less than by England. .(> — Till-; KXI'I.ilUAIIn.N' (IK -IIIIO XdKTHKIJN SEAS. Sir John Franklin. (.$>■' ># N ' I' The Distinguished Arctic Explorer. She subject of this sketch was born at Spilsby, Eng- land, April 16, 1786. The lad was intended for the ckrical proft'ssion, but as he evinced great fondness for a seafaring life, his father procured for him ___^ admission into the navy as •y l^^ft ii midshipman, at the age of fourteen. When sixteen ^ years of age, he formed one of the crew on the Investi- gator, commanded by his coui^in. Captain Flinders, who was com- missioned by the English Government to explore the coasts of Australia. When homeward bound on the ship Porpoise, the vessel was wrecked, and our youthful hero, after remaining with the other sea- men fifty days on a sand-hank, was picked up by a relief-boat, taken to Canton, China, and there he took passage on an Indiaman for England. Subsequently he served as a midshipman in the battle of Trafalgar, in 1805, and afterwards he participated in naval warfare on the American coast against the United States, in 1813-1815. In a gunboat fight at New Orleans, he boarded and captured one of the American boats, being wounded during the engagement. For liis bravery exhibited on this occasion he was promoted to a lieutenancy. In command of the Trent, on an exploring expedition, in the attempt to find the passage to India by crossing the Polar Sea to the north of Spitzbergen, Franklin acquired no little reputation as a thorough seaman, surveyor, and scientific observer. In the following year he was appointed to the command of an expedition from Hudson Bay to the Arctic Ocean, to explore the western coast of America. Returning to England, in 1822, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He made a second voyage to the Polar Sea. and at the conclusion of each journey he published the result of his discoveries. In 1830 he commanded the Rainbow, in the Mediterranean sea, and, in 1836, he was made Governor of Tasmania and Van Diemen's Land, which position he held until 1843, universally beloved by the people for his kindness and public spirit. Among his other work was the founding of a college, to be conducted independently of sect, and the establishment of the Royal Scientific Society at Hobarton. In 1845 he was selected to command an expedition to discover, if possible, the northwest passage from England lo the Pacific ocean. The ships Erebus and Terror, with picked crews of 128 men, were selected and equipped in the most cmnplete manner. From Sheer- ness, England, they sailed May 19, 1845, with orders to return in 1847, but fate had willed that these brave men should never more be seen again at their firesides in England. A whaler had seen them in Bathn Bay, July 20, 1845, but that was the last seen of them alive by white men. No tidings coming from them, in 1848 several expeditions were fitted out to go in search of the missing voyagers. That of McClintock, in 1859, satisfactorily settled the fact that Franklin had discovered the northwest passage; that the expedition had sailed up Lancaster Sound, and had explored Wellington Channel to a point further north than any navigator had hitherto reached. On Cape Herschcl, and in the vicinity, were found skeletons with European clothing. Near Cape Felix were found the remains of a tenting party, and in a tin case, amid a pile of stones, was found a paper, which was dated April 25, 1848. On this it was stated that, for a year and six months, beset by ice, the crews of the Erebus and Terror, numbering 105 souls, had deserted their boats, April 22, 1848; that Sir John Franklin had died on the 11th of June, 1847. and that the total loss by deaths up to that time had been nine officers and fifteen men. The writing was signed by F. R. M. Crozier, Captain and senior officer, who added that the company would start on the next day, April 26, for Back's Fish river. While large quantities of clothing were found about here, and other relics of the party, no further evidences of the missing travelers were discovered. The journey to Back's Fish river leading over ice, the supposition is tha\ the party perished, perhaps from cold, starvation, and the ice break- ing up in the spring, the waters had received them, so that, along with the wreck of the vessels, their bodies had been washed into unknown regions. This theory was accepted by Lady Franklin, who expended, in connection with the British Government, a large amount of money for the discovery of the missing voyagers. Sir John Franklin was twice married. His second wife. Lady Jane Franklin, was born about 1805. She came into prominence from her persevering eflforts to discover the fate of her husband and the expedition that accompanied him. Among her last works was the purchase of Franklin's house, in Lincolnshire, where many relics are collected of Sir John's expeditions. She died July 18, 1875. In 1860 Parliament voted SlO. 000 for a monument to be erected in London to Sir John Franklin's memory. ? ENOA, Italy, is the place where Columbus was born, about 1435. Early evincing an inclination for the sea, his education was con- ducted with a view to entering the maritime service. Aside from his studies, which, besides the ordinary branches, consisted of a j-^s^^_^^^ ■- r\S^ ordinary Drancnes, consisiea oi ^C' <^"^jio!;A '^/jf'^ gfometrv. geography, Latin, draw- ing, astronomy, and navigation, he assisted his father at wool-combing. He went to sea at the age of fourteen, his younger years being spent mostly on the Mediterranean in commercial voyages. He located for a time in Lisbon; engaged in the making of maps and charts, and after- wards lived on the island of Porto Santo, a dependency of Madeira, where he married and settled. Having inherited some prop- erty by his marriage, and having the time and opportunity to study navigation philo- sophically, he came to the conclusion that, the earth being a globe, by sailing due .westward a voyage could be made entirely around the world. In the meantime, how- ever, he believed that in the intervening space, after sailing westward for a time, the eastern regions of Asia would be reached. That there was an unknown country, par- tially and perhaps highly, civilized, lying in this dirccti(m, was evident from the fact that a Portuguese pilot had, 1.350 miles went of Portugal, picked up a piece of curiously-carved wood. Cancp of tropical growth had drifted from the westward, and drowned men. unlike Europeans, had been found, who had washt-d also from the same direction. These evidences of land, inhabitants, and civilization of an unknown character existing in the western seas, caused him to resolve, about 1474, upon a voyage of exploration into the hitherto- unknown regions. With this end in view, he sought the aid of the sovereigns of Portugal and Italy, and many distinguished individuals; but all deemed the expedition a visionary scheme, and refused to lend assistance. Leaving Porto Santo, where his wife had died. Columbus, with his son, went to Spain, where, after repeated attempts to get aid for the fitting-out of the expedition, he finally arranged with Ferdinand and Isabella, the King and Queen of Spain, in 1492, the terms by which such a fleet was to be supplied. He had struggled with never-flagging effort for eighteen years, and it can well be imagined that he set about the work of preparation with enthusiasm. Three vessels were selected, of good size, having four sails and sixty-six seamen; the other vessels were of small size, supposed to be of advantage in the exploring of rivers, etc. Columbus, who was a zealous Catholic, received, with most of his crew, the sacrament, and all being in readiness, the fleet left Palos, in Spain, Friday, August 3. 1492, there being on board ninety sea- men, who, with physicians and adventurers, made, in all, 120 men, for whom provisions were provided for one year. Sailing southward, they passed the Canary Islands, and thence driven by favoring breezes from the eastward, they sailed rapidly toward the west. During the journey Columbus had to resort to a great amount of strategy to quiet the fears of the seamen, who were disposed to mutiny at the thought of being taken from home with no destination and no apparent prospect of ever returning. He kept two records of the ship's progress: one for the crew to examine, which showed that the vessel made slow progress in getting from home; and the other for himself, that revealed the actual speed. When the needle no hmger proved serviceable in pointing toward the pole, he quieted the fears of the pilots by the theory of the attraction of the polar .star. Frequent indications of land proved only to be clouds in the dis- tance. When the illusion was proven, the crews were more and more disposed to rebel at being taken further, which required the greatest amount of firmness to overcome. Prayers were regularly had, which probably induced many to believe that Providence would protect them, and rewards were offered to those who might first discern land, which served somewhat to quell the turbulent spirit. Five weeks after commencing their journey, they faw, floating, a large tree. Two months out, they one day picked up a piece of rudely carved wood and the branch of a thorn, with berries. That night, at ten o'clock, Columbus saw a light, which was verified by othurs. No one slept during the night. The excitement was too intense In fidniil of nsl. At two o'clock llu- ncxl niuriiing. Friday, f- THK LANDING OF COHMIUS. Till: IH8C0VERIES OF VESrUCCI. October 12, 1-102, hiiving been scvcnty-onc days at Bca, the cry of " Land I" wont up, and a gun was lired, the si*pial of dUcovcry. A sailor on one of the smaller boats was the first to discover it, but the prize was aftcrwardw awarded to Columbus for having first dis- covered the llglit. When morning came, a timbered island, ^^ix miles distant, appeared In sight, on which natives were seen running along the beach, astonished at the appearance of the vessels, which they supposed to be gods come down from heaven. At sunrise, boats were lowered, and Columbus, with the royal standard, accompanied by the com- manders of the two smaller vessels, each bearing a green flag with a cross, were rowed to the shore, where Columbus first set foot on the land. All knelt down, kissed the soil, and rendered thanks to God. Drawing his s\v'ord and unfurling the royal banner, Columbus then took possession of the island (one ^ of the Bahamas), and named it San Salvador. ^^ With the natives an exchange ^^^ was made of toys and trinkets for cotton yarn and cassava bread, and noticing that they Columbus Taki wore trinkets made of gold, a voyage of exploration followed in search of the precious metal, which resulted in the discovery of several smaller islands, together with Cuba and Hayti. On the latter island, Columbus built a fort from the timbers of one of the vessels, Santa Maria, and left his brother in command, with thirty-nine men. The commander of one of the vessels left on a further voyage for gold, and Columbus, taking with hira several of the natives, returned to Spain, where he was received with all the honors of a great discoverer. He was then placed in command of a second expedition, with seventeen vessels and 1,500 men; but while he discovered this time the islands of Jamaica and Porto Rico, the crews, not finding the gold they sought, attempted to throw the bhime on Columbus. He returned to Spiiin with much less honor than had been bestowed on him before. He sailed on a third voyage, to make further exploration, when he dis- covered the islands of Trinidad, Margarita, and Cubaqua. He then returned to the colony he had first founded on the Island of Hayti, which he found disorganized, and in the effort to restore it he became the victim of persecution. A commissioner, sent from Spain to inquire into the dithculties. put Columbus and his brother in chains and sent them to Spain. The offer of the masters of the vessel to liberate him, Columbus indignantly refused, saying that their majesties, having ordered the chains, he would wear them to Spain, and keep them as relics and memorials as a reward for his services. Great indignation was expressed throughout Spain at this conduct on the part of the authoritiefl. Columbus made a fourth voyage, with ]50 men, to the (iulf of Mexico; but, suffering from hardship, returned in 1504, having been twelve years engaged in these voyages of discovery. The queen being dead, bis claims for services were denied by the king, though be lay sick for some time at Seville, now an old man. He died May 20, 1506, nearly seventy years old. Near seven years passed before a tomb was placed above his grave. This was then done by the king. As the years went by, his services began to be appreciated. Remorse gradually impelled the people to do him honor. His remains were removed from the Convent of St. Francis, in 1513, to the Monastery of. Las Cuevas. In 1536 they were taken to the cathedral in Santo Domingo, and thence they were conveyed in great jiomp, in I7H6, to the cathedral in Havana, where they now repose. ng Possession. Amerigo m-^ "^^^^^ — ^' Vespucci. v# ^^^^ The Individual After Whom America was Named. MERICA*S NAME was acquired through the discoveries of an Italian living in Seville, Spain, when Columbus returned from his first voyage, in 1493. named Amerigo Vespucci. Born in Florence, March 9. 1451, Vespucci was, at that time, forty-two years of age. Hav- ing conversed with Columbus relative to his exploration and discovery, he was induced to engage also in nautical adventure. Accordingly, in 1499. he made a first voyage. In 1501, in the service of the King of Portugal, he accompanied an expedition to Brazil, an account of which he wrote, which was first i)uhlished at Strasburg, Germany, in 1505. From this he was accredited with being the first discoverer of the mainland, and from him was America named. Vespucci died at Seville, February 22, 1512, having made four voyages to America. While credit was due to Vespucci for his discoveries, the fact must, nevertheless, be con- ceded that to the energy, determination, courage, and perseverance of Columbus, belong the honor of those explorations and discoveries which led to actual knowledge of the new world. ;^\0v— LIVINGSTONE, MISSIONARY AND AFRICAN P:XPLOREE. The Distinguished African Explorer. AVID LIVINGSTONE, famous ;is the BritUh traveler and explorer in Africa, was born at Blantyre, near Glasgow, ScotUmd, on the 19th of March, 1813. He received a limited t'ducation as he labored in the cot- ton mills, and afterwards widened his educational experience by a study of medicine and theology at Glasgow. Being a rigid Presbyterian and strongly religiously inclined, he re- solved upon entering missionary work in Africa. Offering his services lithe London Missionary Society, they were accepted, and, later, being or- diiined, he left England, in 1840, for Port Natal. Here he married, and soon afterwards located about GOO miles to the northeast of Cape Town, South Africa. In thin vicinity he labored as a missionary and teacher during the succeeding nine years, in the meantime trans- mitting to England much valuable geographical and scientific infor- mation concerning the country. In 1849 he made a journey in search of lake Ngami, which he found. Having acquired a fondness for exploration, he sent his family to England, in 1852, and commenced a long voyage of exploration, which continued four years, in which he passed from the West coast of Africa by lake Ngami to the river Zambesi, which he followed to its mouth, the whole reaching over an estimated distance of 11, 000 miles. Returning to England, in 1856, he was received with distinguished honors. In 1857 his first work was published under the title of *' Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa." He returned to Southern Africa in 1858. Starting from Quilimanc, he ascended the Zambesi river a few hundred miles, and thence went northward and discovered, in September, 1859, lake Nyassa. Siis- tJnnod by government aid and private subscriptions, he continued his fcxplonilionH, for five years, over a range of several hundred miles about the headwaters of the Zambesi. It was during this journey that Mrs. Livingstone, who had accompanied her husband, died at Shupanga. April 27. 1802. He went to England, in 18G4, and again i-j-ued a volume relative to the explorations of the Zambesi and its iributaricH. He returned to the scene of his labors in 18(15, and the only intelligence from him for two years was the report that he had l)een killed by the natives in the vicinity of lake Nyassa. A variety of opinions existed as to the truth of this rumor, and the subject excited much comment in the papers throughout the world. In 1808 letters were received from Livingstone, clearly proving that he was alive, and stating that he was in good health. He was then several hundred miles westward of lake Nyassa, engaged in the effort to discover the source of the Nile. Again was he heard from, this time at I'jiji, his letter being dated May 13, 1869. Then came another long silence for two years, in which rumors were current again that he was dead. To ascertain the truth or falsity of this report, the New York Herald sent Henry M. Stanley as a cor- respondent to Africa, his especial mission being to find Livingstone. In this he was successful, the lost explorer being found at I'jiji, in the fall of 1871, alive and well. Livingstone and Stanley together explored and satisfied themselves that lake Tanganyika had no communication with the Nile. Remain- ing about six months, Stanley left Livingstone at Unyanyembc, in March, 1872, and returned to England. It was then Livingstone's intention to remain one or two years longer, and afterwards go to England for permanent settlement. Receiving men and supplies from Zanzibar, he started on an expedition to explore the lake Bangweolo and the reported headwaters of the Congo; but no com- munication was afterwards received from him. Stanley's return to England aroused the Royal Geographical Society to send an expedition to assist Livingstone, under the com- mand of Lieutenant Cameron. This party left Zanzibar for the interior in the spring of 1873, but had reached no further than Unyanyembe when intelligence was received. August 4, of the explorer's death, the circumstances of which were that, being compelled to cross a wet and swampy country, the hardships had been such as to cause the death of several of the exploring party. Livingstone himself had been taken with the dysentery, and had died a fortnight afterwards. Embalming the body of the leader as best they could, the survivors of the party, numbering seventy-nine, had resolved upon carrying it to Zanzibar. Arriving at Unyanyembe in a famished condition, they received assistance from the Cameron i)arty, and thence the body was taken to Zanzibar, from which point, by government vessel, it was transported to England, where, with distinguished honors, it was buried in Westminster Abbey, April 18, 1874. Livingstone was the recipient of many medals and otluT tokens from various learned societies, in appreciation of a life devotrd to research, cxploratjim, and important discovery in a dangerous country, hillifrln unknown to civilization. >- EXI'r.ORERS AND NAVIGATORS. — ^: ^1 w£wwv£-ww4 ^ ' '' '■ ' ^V W W W W £ V ^ ^^• I — ' Tiir-BT -,•-■■-••.•---•' >.———,., — niM^ r' ELISHA KENT KANE AND .MUNGO PARK.. . «;- v^ ELISIIA KKNT KANK. j^j.j^A^^^^/'C^QV^^c*^**^^. FERDINAND MAGELLAN AND -^^-s.JOHN BYRON.sEEtV A Sketch of Explorations in the Arctic Seas and in Southern Africa. HE Kc- firfti(r explorer, Elisha I'lit Kane, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1820. lie partially qualified him- self for a civil engineer at Ihe Virginia University, which he entered in 183B, but left in 1838. Ill 1H.S9 he began the study of medicine in Philadelphia, and, in 1840, was elected resident physician in the Pennsylvania hospital. In 1843 he sailed as physician of the government embassy to China, and found oppor- tunity, during his three years^ absence, to visit the Philippine islands, Ceylon, India, Egypt and Greece, Subsequently he returned to Egypt and explored the river Nile as far as the bor- ders of Nubia, aud walked completely over Greece. He returned to the United States for a brief season, and afterwards visited the slave markets at Whydah, in Africa, but was prostrated by fever and came home in feeble health. Taking part, in 1847, in the Mexican war, he served in the American army through the fatigues and dangers of the campaign, and was wounded and sent home as an invalid. When Mr. Grinnell, of New York, fitted out his expedition, in 1850, to search for Sir John Franklin in the arctic regions. Dr. Kane accompanied it, and, in 18.53, when a second expedition for the same purpose — the first having failed — was sent out. he was placed in command of it. This Voyage lasted about two years; was entirely unsuccessful, and very unfortunate, the expedi- tion having to abandon their vessel in the ice, and travel eighty-four days in sledges and boats to the Danish settlements on the coast of (ireeuland, where they met the party that had been sent out for their relief. Dr. Kane wrote the history of both expeditions, which were respectively published in 1854 and 1856. He was also the recipient of gold medals from Congress, the New York Legislature, the Royal Geographical Society of England, and Queen Victoria. His health seriously failing, he went to London, and from there to Havana, in Cuba, where he died February Hi, 1K5T. IWUNGO PARK. THIS celebrated traveler in .\frica, the son of a farmer, was born near Selkirk, Scotland, in 1771, and was educated for a physician. .\fter he had made a voyage, as assistant surgeon of a ship, to the Island of Sumatra, he was engaged by the African Society, in 1795, to penetrate into the interior of Africa and explore the course of the river Niger. He reached the Gambia region of Africa in June, and on the 2d of December started from Pisania on his adventurous journey, accompanied by six negroes. Being obliged by the wars of the natives to turn out of his course, he passed through the country of the Moors, from whom he received no little ill-treatment, but was allowed to proceed. On the 30th of the following July he came in sight of the Niger, and traced its course to a considerable distance, but, owing to sickness and other hindrances, he was obliged to forego further explorations, and returned to Scotland. Here he married and resumed his business as a physician. In 1804, how- ever, he undertook a second expedition to Africa, and again reached the Niger. Embarking upon it at Bammakoo, he proceeded upon his voyage to Houssa, but was attacked by the natives, and drowned by jumping from his canoe into the river. This was probably early in the year 1800. FERDINAND MAGELLAN, OTHERWISE known as IV-niaiulo .Magalhaens, a distinguished Portuguese navigator, was born, it is supposed, at Oporto, about 1470. He fought under Albuquerque, in India, and obtained distinction at the siege of M.ilaeca, but not receiving what he con- sidered a suitable reward for his services from his own country, he offered his talents to King Charles V., of Spain. In 1519 the Spanish monarch intrusted him with the command of a fleet, with the design of determining a westward passage to the Molucca islands. On this voyage Magellan succeeded in discovering the straits at the southern extremity of South America, which now hear his name, together with the South American territory, known as Patagonia, of which he took possession in the name of the King of Spain, in 1520. Passing through the straits into the Pacific ocean, he reached the Philippine islands; but, in a skirmish with the natives, he was slain in 1531. JOHN BYRON, THE grandfather of the celebrated poet, was born at Newstead Abbey, England, in 1733. He entered the British navy at an early age, and was wrecked on a desert island in one of the vessels of Lord Anson's unfortunate South sea expedition, in 1740. After suffering dreadfully from famine, the crew were rescued from the island by Spaniards, with whom they remained as captives for five years. From 1764 to 1766 Byron was employed as a captain in a voyage of discovery around the world, particularly between the Cape of Good Hope, in Southern .\fnca. and .South .\merica. On this voyage he discovered two islands, one of which still bears his name. He gained the rank of admiral, ami commanded a British fleet in the West Indies, during the .\merican revolution. In 1799 he fought the French squadron, under Count d'Estaing. the ally of the .\mericans, off Grenada. He died in 1786. ^ i f ^:i IXVEXTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS OF THE AGE. I Progress of Invention. & i SJ Iff iioi^iiiii^iiijiiiaifiil HE PROGRESS of civilization is marked "by the intro- duction of appliances by which man may escape the necessity for severe toil. Gradually the inventive genius of man has sought out means Jor performing labor more easily, and as improvements have come forward, the world has, intellectually and morally. corresi)ondingly and rapidly advanced. History reveals how, step by step, man- kind has improved. To the club and the stone with which the primitive man killed the animal and procured fond, were added the spear, the bow and the arrow, with which the prey could be obtained more easily; and to these were added the powder and ball, which immensely lessened the labor and insured a certainty of obtaining the game. To the knowledge that grain, if sown, would germinate and briiiL' forth a harvest, came the rude implement, a crooked stick for stirriim the soil. To that was added a sharpened iron, which, in time, ha> developed into the modern plow. To the husbandman who gathered his grain with a sickle has been given the reaper, which will do the work of forty men in the olden time. To the masses that groped in ignorance has been given the art of printing. To the slow and expensive process by which literature was supplied at first has been added the power press, multiplying and distributing information so cheaply and so rapidly as to give all classes the opportunity of becoming intelligent. To the slow toiler in the mill came steam, that relieved him of his Ijcavy labor. To the long- distant traveler came steam power, and distance was forgotten. To the absent one from whom intelligence could not be received for months came lightning, and he conversed with the distant friend as though seated at his side. To the toiler has come the labor-saving machine in such uninner and such quantity as to give him the privilege of possessing a home, in which he can have the necessaries, the comforts and many of luxuries of life. The inference is that a corresponding advaneemc will cimtinue to be made, and, as in the past, so in the future w the world be greatly indebted, in the march of improvement, to the inventor. •fe ■ ■▲.> ■▲.•_■ A. ■_■▲■•■ A ■. ■ A, a. . A w^ •I'lllO I.N\ lO.N'liiIi OK 'fllK KKV(ll,\'liK. — xj: SAMUEL COLT. C-©:^— \fJ The Founder of the Great Manufactory of Fire-Arms at Hartford, Conn. HE INVENTOR of the revolver, Samuel Colt, was born at Hartford, Conn., July 19, 1814. Averse to attending school, his father, in order to gratify the boy, allowed him to enter a factory ;it llie age of ten years, where he ve- nmined until he was thirteen. Feel- ing that he ought not to grow to manhood without an education, his father sent him to a boarding-school at Amherst. Mass., from which phice the lad ran away, and shipped as an assistant on a vessel bound for the East Indies. During the ^^^^^ leisure hours \y of Ibis voy- \\ age, he \\hit- tled (Hit a model for a revolving pistol. Ueturning home, he entered his father's factory, at Ware, Mass., where he became, in the bleaching and dyeing department of the institution, WTV proficient in chemistry. He after- wards, when eighteen years of age, through the spirit of adventure, en- gaged in successful lecturing through- out the country, for two years, on the subject of chemistry, illustrating the same with interesting experi- ments. With the proceeds of these lectures he retained and carried to perfection the idea of the revolver that he had formed on his journey to the East Indies. In two years of experiment he had it so perfected us to obtain a patent for it in England, France and the United States, although he could not claim to l)e the originator of the idea of this kind of arms, as a model of the revolver is in the museum of the United States service institution, that dates hack in the period of making it to the time of Charles I., in the beginning of the seventeenth century. In 1835 the ' ' Patent Arms Company, " with a capital of $;J0(), 000, wa.s formed at Paterson, N. J., for the manufacture of this revolver. The next thing was to get the weapon introduced. The Government refused to use it for two years, and not until the Florida war. when engaged in a contest against the Seminoles. was it used. At that time a regiment, armed with this revolver, did such efticieutser- SAMUEL Inventor of Colts I'ati vice by their rapid tiring without reloading, as to quickly vanquish the enemy. That established the reputation of the revolver, but the war closing, there was no further demand for patent firearms, and the Arms Company, at Hartford, was compelled to wind up its affairs in 1842. Five years afterwards, at the opening of tlu* Mexican war. tlirough the recommendation of (Jeneral Taylor, the (Government ordered a thousand revolvers, for which they agreed to pay S28. 000. Fitting up temporary shops at Whitneyville. near New Haven, Colonel Colt filled the order, the pistol giving such satisfaction as to make a rapid demand for more: whereupon befitted up more extensive shops at Hartford, and laid the foundation for his subsequent business success, which, in a few years, made him a millionaire. Though the war closed, the reputa- tion of this weapon was now so established as to make a steady and growing demand for it, which was greatly increased by the discovery of gold In California, each emigrant taking a revolver as a part of his outfit. The success of its manufacture was henceforward assured, the Cri- mean and Indian wars making an extraordinary demand. Feeling cer- tain of future success. Colonel Colt, in 1851, purchased 250 acres of waste meadow, near Hartford, for a small sum, from the fact that it was flooded each spring by freshets. This meadow he surrounded by a strong dyke. and. having made the land dry. he erected the largest armory in the world upon the same, the capacity of which he doubled in 1861. He also erected many cottages for his workmen, mak- ing, in all. an expenditure on the property of nearly $3,000, 000. Colonel Colt's revolver was as well known in all portions of the f)ld World as in America, and from nearly all the European powers, and several of the Asiatic rulers, he received medals, orders of merit, diplomas and rings in token of appreciation of the great benetit that he had rendered the world by his improved firearms. Although a man of great ft)rce of character, he had some very con- spicuous faults, among them being a violent temper, and habits of intemperance, which doubtless greatly shortened his life. He died at Hartford, January 10. 1802. in the forty-eighth year of his age, leav- iiTg a fortune of several millions, and the largest armory in the world in its extent and perfeetitm of machinery. COLT, lit Revolving Pistol. di :<^ ? .s4 THE \V)IRK OF FRAXKLIX, MOKSE AXD EDISOX IX ELECTRICAL SCIEXCE. A Sketch of Edison as Newsboy. Telegraph Operator and Inventor. N 1746 Beujiiinin Franklin made an advance i^tep in the knowledge of electricity, by denum;*trating that it could be conducted from the air by mechanical appliance. The lightning-rod was the result of that discovery. For practical utilization of electric power, the world rested after Franklin's ex- periment eighty-six years. In 1832 Samuel F. B. Morse, then a ' 'Professor of the Literature of Fine Arts," in the University of the City of Xew York, invented an apparatus by which electricity could be made of valuable service to man. With his device he was able to send an electric current over a wire half a mile in length, making, by means of telegraphic characters, signals which could be read and understood. Five years afterwards he placed a duplicate machine at the end of the wire, by which intelligence could be returned for a distance of half a mile. Could intelligence be conveyed on a wire, by means of electricity, a longer distance? That theory was doubted by many. To test the matter. Congress, after much discouraging waiting on the part of Professor Morse, granted an appropriation of $30,000 for the purpose of establishing an experimental line between Baltimore and Washing- ton, a distance of over forty miles. Sinking the wire in a lead pipe underground was the first means tried. It was soon found that this mode of laying the wire would not serve the purpose. It was afterwards elevated on poles, and on the 27th of May, 1844, the line was complete, the experiment tried of sending and receiving messages between the two cities, and found to be a success. Then came the vast net-work of telegraph lines extending through- out the world, the means of conveying intelligence by electricity being thus developed to a point where Professor Edison became interested in telegraphy, about 18G6, when he was nineteen years of age. In order to appreciate the zeal that has actuated the famous elec- trician in his work, the industry, enterprise and ambition that have impelled him forward, it is only necessary to recall some of the prominent incidents of his early life. Born in Milan. Erie county, X.Y., February 11, 1847. Thomas A. Edison came with his parents to reside at Port Huron. Michigan, when he was eight years old. About that time he begnn to ejirn his own living by selling newspapers, his budding ambition developing into - his obtaining a contract, at twelve years of age, for the exclusive privilege of selling newspapers on the Detroit division of the Grand Trunk Railway. The less ambitious boy would have rested content to pass through the trains, and furnish the passengers and the people at the stations with their news, and the remainder of the time would have cracked jokes with brakemen and gossiped with the passengers in the smoking car. Xot so with Edison. He fitted up a printing office in a corner of the- coach, and printed a paper on the car, called The Grand Trunk Herald^ which had a subscription list of 450 names. Probably no publisher ever more completely controlled his own paper than did this youthful journalist at that time. With the matter largely contributed by the employes of the road, be was his own editor, compositor, proof-reader and pressman. The son of Robert Steph- enson, of England, who accompanied a commission sent over to inspect the Grand Trunk Railway, seeing an edition of the paper being " worked off, " purchased 200 copies and sent them to England as a specimen of newspaper enterprise in America, and the only newspaper in the world printed on a railway train. Having satisfied his ambition for editing and publishing a newspaper, he replaced the printing materials with a chest of chemicals, with which he experimented on the train. The sponta- neous combustion of a quantity of phosphorus and the firing of the baggage-car caused the whole philosophical apparatus to be pitched out of the coach by the railway company, and this ended all further chemical experiments on the trains. Suppressed here, the war news, exciting public attention at that time, enabled our enterprising newsboy to occupy his genius for inven- tion in another direction. He had bulletin-boards constructed and placed in conspicuous positions at each station. He then arranged with the station-agent to post the headings of the news which he should send him by telegraph. With curiosity thus aroused, a large and expectant crowd of people awaited the arrival of the newsl>oy at each station, and the profits of the paper business rapidly increased. Using the telegraph thus caused our hero to become interested in its workings. With another boy he constructed a telegraph line, at his home, a mile in length, to supply power for which he at one time made a thorough experiment in iibfaining electricity from the strok- ing of a cat. Finding, however, that that battery would he inadequate to his wants, he resorted to other means, the whole making him so profi- cient and interesting him so much in the subject of electro-magnetism lA •e^ I'liKIKAIT 111'' lODISoN. i;i,i \\iiirM:v, i.w i-.N'roij m-' tiiI'; cotton gin. i. thiit he entered a trloi^raph office, and very soon mastered the details uf the subject. From Port Huron he went siiecessively to Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Louisville, Memphis and Boston, being known us one of the most expert oper- ators in the United States. At Cincinnati he conceived the idea of transmitting two messages over a single wire at the same time. His oftiec hecame a laboratory of ex- periment. He attended to his duties at the appointed time, and thought and studied in the "wee sma' hours." The habits formed then cling to him yet. He delights in working while others sleep. In 1869 be left the oper- ating chair and went from Boston to New York, with inventions in duplex and printing telegraphs, which have since come largely into nse. In New York he found an ample field for his genius, and the parties with ^^■ealth who could appreciate his industry, his genius and bis great originating power. Through acquaintance thus formed he has so prospered as to establish himself, with his family, in a beautiful home at Menlo Park, New Jersey, where, with an ample laboratory for experiment, he has every means at com- mand for the full exercise nf his inventive talent. The wonderful genius of this man for invention is shown in the fact that in 1878 he had already had granted to him for duplex, recording, repeating and various other improvements in /-^ nil in."u iiiB uiiL'iiiiuii lu iij ' -T — ~r agi-nl as a means of fnmis ing physical power ai the telegraph, 139 patents and sixty-seven caveats — all taken ou eight years. Since then the phonograph, the telephone, the elec- tric pen and cither inventions have rapidly come from his hand. Having for the time exhaust- ed the field for the usca of electricity in transmitting characters and sound, he has turned his attention to this sh- and A late contriv- illumination. ance of his design is a locomotive propelled by elec- tric power, uptm a circular railway, in the vicinity of his home. Another device, of very great importance, from the hand of this inventive genius is that by which the remain- ing gold and silver in refuse ore may be extracted. For the purpose of carrying this scheme into effect a com- pany has heen formed, whose agents visit the gold and silver mining camps of the country and arrange with the owners of mines to take the ore which has been already once worked, known as "tailings,"' and by this new process gather the precious metal which it has been heretofore impossible to save by the former meth- ods of treating ore. What Edison will accom- plish in the field of electrical science remains yet to be seen. In the boundless, un- iththe ambition to achieve, and the power to perform, we may safely presume that the most startling and the most beneficial of his discoveries are yet to come. 83 'Q; t in f explored recion before him. however, ^S^ - ELI WHITNEY, INVENTOR OF THE COTTON GIN. In 1793 Eli Whitney, a school -teacher in the South, from New England, had his attention called to the ditKculty of separating the seed from cotton. Taking up his quarters in a basement of a house in the South, he labored a good share of one winter and produced a machine which, by means of teeth extending between slats, would draw the cotton away from the seed, thus enabling a man, in one day, to do as much as could have been done before by one person in three months. The simplicity of the machine, and the readiness by which his patent could be infringed, prevented him from realizing a profit on the invention, although its introduction raised the price of all cotton lands, trebled the production of this staple in the South, and placed the Southern States in a more prosperous position. Finding that no profit would accrue to him from this invention, he turned his attention to the improvement of firearms, establishing himself at Whitneyville, Conn., where he manufactured arms, which were afterwards materially improved by Colt and others. He was born at Westborough, Mass. . December 8, 1T65. and died at New Haven, Conn., January 8, 18:25, in the sixtieth year of his age. -^V - S6 thp: inventor of thk mccoemick reaper. I' Cyms H-McCormick. ^g\%^--\^J ^erG!'o:ie'eiGi!e^|o|!0|'f|e!rs:iiJ>l|a||a w^ THE SUCCESSIVE STEPS FROM THE GRAIN-CRADLE TO THE REAPER >' THE 15th of February. 1809, at Wal- nut Grove. Rockbridge county, Va. . Cyrus H. McCormick was born. His parents, natives of that State, were of Scotch-Irish descent. His father, who was an extensive farmer, had all the appliances for keeping the farm machinery in order, in his shops for blacksmithing, carpentering ;md macliinery. Posseiased of an genius, he constructed several machines upon which he obtained patents, among them being threshing, hydraulic and hemp-breaking. In 1816 he had invented a reaping machine that served the pur- pose where grain was not lodged. For sixteen years he labored to perfect this machine, but at last abandoned it as impracticable. The son, Cyrus H., took up the idea where his father left it and continued to experiment. He was possessed of an ordinary education, euch as could be acquired in the common schools of that vicinity, and inventive genius such as had enabled him, at the age of fifteen, to perfect a cradle with which he worked with the men in the harvest field. To the observer of a reaping machine it seems all simple enough that it .should do its work as it does; but to get the forward and tlie side motions combined in such manner as to perfectly cut grain and clear itself, was a task that took a great amount of thought, and several years to accomplish. Step by step, however, it progressed toward perfection, the young man, himself, constructing cranks, drive-wheels, geer- whcels, dividers, cutting-blades, gathering- reels, etc., until the machine wae so perfected as to cut grain passably well with a man walking beside it with a rake to draw the grain from the platform. In 1831 Cyrus II. McCormick. then twenty-two years of age, had produced a machine which cut that spring a few acres of oats, and the next year it cut several fioldH of wheat. Although fairly successful, the inventor did not know its worth at that time, nor the future before him, but let the matter rest to engage, in 1830, in the smelting buBlncHs, which proved u failure in the dull season of 1837. Paying off the indebtedness of himself and partner in full. Mr. McCormick then turned his attention to his machine with a view to CYRUS H. McCormick. perfecting it for public use. He had obtained a first patent in 1834, and in 1845 he secured another for valuable improvements. In the latter year he established himself in Cincinnati, as the center of the grain-growing region of the West. In 1847, during which year he took out patents on other improvements, he removed to Chicago. In 1848 seven hundred of the machines were made and scattered among the grain fields of the West. ^ The next year fifteen hundred were made and sold, and so the work went forward until thousands took the place of hundreds. In 1849 Leander J. came to the aid of his brother, and later W. S. McCormick became an assistant. In 1859 the brothers became partners with Cyrus H. , and so continued until the death of W. S. , in 1865. The success of the McCormick reaper has been very great, as illustrated by the many premiums taken at various exhibitions held in all parts of the civilized world. Obed Hussey was his first competitor, having patented a reaper two years later than McCormick; and since then, building upon Mr. McCormick's ideas, many reapers of different make have come into the field, all tending to aid in the pro- duction of grain to that extent as to enable America to become the granary of the world. To-day the McCormick Harvesting machine company, in Chicago, has a cap- ital of near $3, 000, 000 invested in their works, and with one thousand workmen employed in the active seasons they turn out about 30.000 machines per year. With the aid of 2,000 agents these are dis- tributed to all parts of the civilized earth. In all the McCormicks have sold over 300.000 reaping and mowing machines, and, as each does the work of ten persons, an army of .3,000,000 of men, it will be seen, would be necessary to do the work Ixiiig done at this writing by the McCormick machines. One of the most imposing residences in the northwest, and numer- oua large blocks in the business center of Chicago, aside from the extensive manufacturing works, all attest the part Mr. McCormick has taken in the rebuilding of Chicago since the great fire. At the same time he has given liberally in support of educational work, both in Chicago and elsewhere; principally in the Presbyterian denomiiuUion, of which he is a prominent member. At this writing. In 1881, Mr. McCormick, in the full vigor of his mental and physical strength, bids fair to live many years yet. to ser tlu' fruits of his labors blessing all lands by the cheapening of bread for the toiling millions. ■;(tr"~ Til]'; I.W l;.NTnU OK 11 1 K SIJWIM ■^^ Howe. ^^^^^^^^^ His Perseverance, Struggles and Final Triumph. NE DAY, in 1833, in a poorly fur- nished tenement in Boston, there sat a young man intently watching his wife as she engaged in sewing. This was Elias Howe, then deter- mined upon inventing some means by which the drudgery of sewing could he dispensed with, and the labor performed by machinery. Young Howe was miturally a me- chanic. Born in the town of Spen- cer, Massachusetts, in 1819. being one of eight children, he was put by his father, who was a farmer and miller, at the business of sticking wire teeth through leather straps for cotton-cards. He assisted his father until sixteen years of age, when, he went to Lowell, where he secured work in one nf the cotton mills of that city, and there remained until thrown out of employment by the financial dis- asters of 1837. Thence he went to Cambridge, where he found work on hemp- carding machinery ; boarding in the same house with him. and working in the same shop, was Nathaniel P. Banks, afterwards (Jovernor of the State, a member of Omgress and Major- General in the army. From Cambridge he went to Bos- ton, where, in the machine shop of Ari Davis, he obtained work. Married at the age of twenty-one, he soon had a family of three children dependent upon his labors, and his health, always frail, breaking down about this time, he was greatly de- pressed in mind, and discouraged, inasmuch as to his poor health was added extreme poverty. It was at this time that he heard discussed the need of a sewing- machine, and driven to the necessity of procuring a subsistence for his family outside of manual labor, he began to ponder the subject, giving it his thought night and day. Here it was that we found him watching his wife as her needle went forward and hack through the cloth while she sewed. For a year he labored on the idea that the operation of the machine EblAS HOWE, Original Inventor of the Sewing Machine. should be similar to the work of hand. Finally he came to the con- clusion that another stitch was needed, and a little later came the idea of using two threads, forming the stitch with the aid of a shuttle, and using a curved needle with the eye near the point. In this he had solved the problem, and in 18-14 the sewing-machine was nearly invented. Having abandoned the labor of the reguhir mechanic, he had removed to the garret of his father's house, in Cambridge, when, witli his father's assistance, he was able to pursue his attempts at inven- tion. His father suffering the loss of property about this time from fire, Elias was compelled to seek elsewhere for assistance, his effort being rewarded by Mr. George Fi.«Iu'r, a wood and coal dealer of Cam- bridge, who agreed to furnish $500 for the purchase of materials with which to construct a model, in the meantime allowing Howe and his family to board at his house, while his garret was to be used as a shop for making the machine. In return, Fisher was to receive a half-interest in the patent, if one could be obtained. During the winter of 1844 and '45, the inventor labored faithfully on his device, working all day, and often through the night. In April, 184.5. the machine would sew a seam, and in July he sewed two woolen suits with it — one for Mr. Fisher, and the other for himself. Having his ma- chine completed and patented, the next thing was to put it into use. Then came another and the most severe trial. Not a tailor would adopt it, for fear that it would ruin his business. Its ingenuity whs commended and its utility admitted, but it was impcjssihlc to get anybody to purchase it. About this time Fisher, becoming disgusted with the lack of success, refused to have further interest in the patent, and Howe and his family returned to his father's house. Driven by poverty to the necessity of earning bread for his family, he secured a position as engineer on a railway locomotive. His health at length breaking down, he concluded, as a last resort, to see if the people in England would adopt his machine. He sent the model over by his brother Amasa, who effected an engagement with a Mr. William Thomas, of Cheapside. London, a corset-maker, who promised to pay $1,250 for the machine, provided Elias wouhl enter his employ at $15 per week and adapt the machine to his work. ■.(^k"**"*^ — tT): •^ 88 THE ORIGIN OF THE BRASS CLOCK. The inventor accepted the proposition, and took his family to England; but after a time, finding it impossible to endure the exac- tions of his employer, he left the place and sent his family, in a nearly destitute condition, back to bis father's, at Cambridge, in the United States, while he resolved to remaiu longer, to find employment, if possible, with his machine. In this effort he entirely failed. Sec ing, at length, no hope for success in England, and being greatly impoverished, he pawned his model and patent-papers for a passage to America, where, upon his arrival, he learned that his wife was dying at Cambridge of consumption. Added to this sorrowful intel- ligence was the realization of the fact that his health would not permit him to walk to Massachusetts, and having no means to pay his passage he must wait the arrival of money from home before he could return there. He reached Cambridge barely in time to see his wife die, and that, too. just as the cloud of despondency that had hung over them so long was about to break, allowing the light to pass through. During his absence in England, his patent had created great inter- est in the United States. Acting on his ideas, unscrupulous mechanics had made other sewing-machines, which had been so well advertised as to make Elias Howe, the original inventor, one of the most famous names in the country. Friends came now, and, with money to assist him, he commenced, in 1844, a series of suits for infringements of his patent, which the courts finally decided in his favor, in 1850. He opened a manufactory for his machines in New York, in a small way, with a Mr. Bliss, which, on the death of his partner, he conducted himself. In time the profits of his business grew, with the royalties paid to him by other manufacturers, to $200,000 per year, yielding him in all $2,000,000 — a sum which was lessened consider- ably, however, by litigation in defending his patent. During the war he enlisted as a private in the Seventeenth Regiment of Connecticut Volunteers, and performed the duties incident to the campaign until his health compelled him to resign. At one time the government being unable to pay the soldiers, Howe himself advanced the money to pay the regiment, greatly to the convenience and advan- tage of the men. Elias Howe died in Brooklyn, N. Y. , Octobers, ISfiT, being forty- eight years of age at the time of his death. Though comparatively young when he died, he had lived to see the machine he had striven so hard to invent perfected, and appreciated as one of the greatest labor- savers in the world: while the making of it had become an immense industry, affording a livelihood to tens of thou- sands of mechanics, yielding fortunes to many manufacturers, and a revenue of many millions of dollars to the United States. Chauncey m^ "^rrr The Inventor of >H THE BRIGHT little brass clock that I h ks so rapidly is the reader indebted to Lbauncey Jerome, who was boni at Canaan, in Connecticut, in 1703. Reared on a farm, the death of his father caused him to be apprenticed to a carpenter at the age of fifteen, from whom he obtained per- mission to work for himself during the winter- time, on condition that he clothe himself. This arranijcineiit bcinj; assented to. the young man proceeded to Waterbury, Conn. , where he engaged him- self to a clockmaker. At that time the old-fashioned wooden clock, seven feet high, sold for $40. By dint of economy, and working fifteen hours a day, he acquired a knowledge of clock-case making, and saved some money, with which he returned to his carpenter-shop in the spring. He afterwards engaged with Kli Terry, who had invented a wooden clock which sold for $15. This cheaper price enabled Mr. Terry to find sale for G,000 clocks ayear. Ere long Chauncey started business for himself, and soon, through the introduction of labor-saving machinery of his own invention, he was conducting an extensive clock manufactory. One difficulty stood all the time in the way, however, and that was the expansion and contraction of the wooden wheels when exposed to extremes of moisture or heal, thus causing his time-pieces, when shipped long distances by water, to get out of order. There came, one day, a discouraging report of his clocks that were spoiled by the works swelling while they were being shipped t(» the -m Jerome. the Brass Clock South. There came, too, a temporary lull in the busi- ness. It was one of those dark days which, while they depress the mind, will turn thought into new chan- nels from which sometimes grand things result. It was during one of these dark periods that he was pon- dering one night in his bed what could be done to obviate the difficulty which beset the wooden clock, when suddenly the thought came to him that brass might serve the purpose for wheels instead of wood. The idea came to him like a revelation. He arose, struck a light, and spent the remainder of the night in making his plans. It was necessary to construct machinery for the cutting of the brass wheels, but it was all produced, and the time came, finally, through that invention, when a clock could be made for forty cents; but even at that cheap price the Jerome Clock Company, of New Haven, with orders for 200,000 docks a year, flourished apace, and Mr. Jerome, as the president of the com- pany, living in a beautiful residence in New Haven, was rich. Times changed, however. The business of the concern Mr. Jerome had intrusted to other hands, and through bad nianHgenient the concern was wrecked, and Mr. Jerome was left with no alternative but to move from his elegant and comfortable home into a hired cot- tage, completely impoverished at sixty-seven years of age. He accepted the snperintendeney of a new* clock company, in Chicago, where he resided for a time, hut returned to New Haven, soon after- wards, where he died; having lived sufllciently long, however, to sec the product of his work distributed throughout all the civilized world. j? x5^^^ -^y •lUK ISW.XllnK OF STKAMBOATS AND THE ART OK IMilXTIX" .. S'.i >'0 ■ © . O , . ©. O ..ij . fJ Q Gi )0 THESE THREE citizens of Germany belongs the honor of inventing and improving the art of printing with movable typee. John Gutenberg, the inventor of printing, was born at Mentz, in 1400. In 1424 he went to Strasbiirg, where he appears to have resided until 1444. About 1436 he first practiced the art of printing, and it is supposed that bis original types were made of wood. In 1444 he removed to Mentz, where, in 1450, he entered into partnership with Faust. He' t died in 1408. Peter Schoeffer, another inventor of the art of printing, was born at Gernsheim, in Darmstadt, about M30. He was originally a copyist at Paris, France, but about 1450, at Mentz, he became an assistant in the printing office of Gutenberg & Faust. The firm was dissolved, subsequently, and in 1455 Schoeffer became a partner in the business with Faust, and after- wards married his daughter, Christine. On the death of Faust, in 146G, Schoeffer became sole proprietor, by inheritance, of the printing office. He invented the steel punches, or "matrices" (moulds) used in casting metal typee. He died about 1503. and in 1836 a monu- ment was erected to his memory at Gernsheim. John Faust, or Fust, was a native of Mentz, but the date of his birth is wrapped in obscurity. While he shares with Gutenberg and Schoeffer the honor of having invented printing, it is believed that he contributed little more than the money required to carry on the business. He waf- at one time a wealthy goldsmith. He died at Paris about 1466. Of the books printed by Gutenberg & Faust the only ones known are copies of two editions of an "indulgence" granted by Pope Nicholas V. to one Chappe, an ambassador of the King of Cyprus (1454 and 1455). and an "Appeal to Christendom Against the Turks;" a folio Latin Bible of the Muzarin library is also attributed to them. Faust & Schoeffer did a more extensive business, and numerous books of their production are in existence. the third child of children, was born in Little Britain (now called Fulton) in Lan- caster county, Pennsylvania, in 1765. Ai^^} At Lancaster, where his father died f IV^ when Robert was a mere child, he grew

- fession of portrait painting, at which time he went to Philadtdphia, where he remained until his twenty-first year, succeeding so well pecuniarily as to be able to purchase a small farm for Ids mother, stock it and make her comfortable for life. He afterwards went abroad, and through his fondness for mechan- ism, took up the work of civil engineering. Meeting Watt, who had then just brought out the steam engine in Eng- land, he conceived the idea that this power could be attached to the paddle-wheels which he had invented years before; and thus was born in Fulton's mind the idea of steam navigation. It was Monday, September 10, 1807, when Ful- ton's steamboat named the "Clermont," one hundred and thirty feet long, eighteen feet wide and seven feet deep, was first launched at New York; and on her first trip she reached Albany in thirty-two hours' running time, being a speed of five miles an hour. Though not the inventor of the first steamboat, to Fulton belongs the honor of first making water navigation by steam a success. While attending a law-suit at Trenton. New Jersey, loncerning his exclusive right to navigate the Hudson, which privilege had been granted him by the New York Legislature. Fulton caught a severe cold in the court-room, from the effects of which he died, on the 24th of February, 1815, being at the time fifty years of age. — ui):[ 90 THE INVENTOR OF THE PULLMAX CAR. George M. Pullman, m Health, Comfort and Luxury in Railway Traveling. OT MAXY years back in the past was the time when, in addition to the discomfort of a long journey in a ^^ rail-car, the passenger occupied, during the entire dis- tance, a seat which, while it might serve the purpose of rest for a time, afforded no opportunity for comfort while sleeping. Added to this was iU-health, engendered by improper ventilation and irregularity in eating. True, as compared with the stage-coach, the railway- car, even at its wor?t, was an improvement; but. while it made traveling possible, it was without much comfort. It was at this stage that George M. Pullman came to the front wilh the railway coach so remodeled as to give it the air of domestic enjoy- ment, containing the facilities for eating and sleeping with the same was a woman of superior taste, from whom Ihe future manufacturer of palace cars inherited his love of the artistic and the beautiful. Receiving a fair education in the schools of that time, he com- menced work in a furniture establishment, but was soon afterwards engaged as a contractor in raising buildings along the line of the Erie canal, at the time of its enlargement. In 1859 he removed to Chicago and entered upon the work of elevating the buildings of the city to grade — an enterprise just being commenced at the time of his arrival. Among the large edifices at that time raised were the Matteson House, the Tremont House, and the entire business block extending from Clark to LaSalle street. These great stone buildings and brick edifices were elevated several feet, complete, with scarcely a break, Home Enjoyment and Social Life on the Journey. regularity and pleasure that might be experienced in the parlor of the mo!*t luxurious home. Hundreds of thousands of people having riijoyed the comforts of the. palace, sleeping and dining cars, it may -:ifcly he presumed that it will be intiration of a year's residence in Chicago, Mr. Pullman 1 .A GEORGK M. PULLMAN AND IIIH KNTKKI'KISKS. liiciiAL'i) M. ii"i: went to the mining regions of Colorado, where he remained three years, when he fsold out his interest in that weetion and returned to ('hieago, .satisfied that the world needed and would appreciate greater comfort in traveling. With that idea firmly fixed in his mind, he fitted up a shop on the Chicago and Alton road, and huilt two cars, at an expense of about $18,000 each, to run on that line. These cars excited a great deal of interest, and though regarded by numy as a foolish extravagance, the man- agers of the Michigan Central, the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, and the Great Western of Canada soon made contracts with Mr. Pullman for the placing of his sleeping-cars on their roads. From that time forward the success of the Pullman sleeping, parlor and dining cars was estab- lished. They came rapidly into notoriety, and as rapidly forward to popularity,"))ene- fiting the public and enriching the man whose enterprise and taste have made a journey by rail, apparently, as pleasant as traveling can be made. Believing Chicago, in the near future, to be not only the centre of gravity of population in the United Stales, but the leading railway centre of the country, Mr. Pullman, with his family, has made this city his permanent residence. His pecuniary interests, however, lie in various directions throughout the Union. He was a contractor GEORGE M. PULLMAN in building and a large stock-holder in the Metropolitan Elevated Uaihvay, in New York; ha« been one of the largest owners of the Eugleton wire-works, in Xew York, em- ploying a thousand workmen, and is inter- ested in car-works in various sections of the country, employing hundreds of men. His latest enterprise, at this writing, is tlie establishment of extensive works for the manufacture of railway coaches in a new town a few miles southward from Chicago, at a place which has been named Pullman. Heretofore the palace cars have been made at various points, in different railroad shops, outside of Mr. Pullman's jurisdiction. In this new manufactory it is the design to gather the most skillful of artisans, and with the best of materials to (-(mstruct sleeping, drawing-room and dining cars with every convenience which genius and cultured taste may suggest, all under the direct supervision of the Pull- man Palace Car Company. Though not the originator of sleeping- cars, Mr. Pullman is the author of the improvements which have made the sleeping-car what it is to-day; and the success which has attended his efforts is gratifying evidence that the talent for invention and knowledge of business can be so combined as to give the inventor the reward of his thought and effort, while he yet lives to enjoy it. Inventor of Hoe's Ligrhtning Printing- Press. R. M. Hoe was born in New Y'ork. September 13, 1812. Reared to the business of manufacturing printing presses, a work that his father had been in before him, he gave his attention to improving the presses in use, and in 1837 produced the machine known as Hoe's Double Cylinder Press, which could print about G, 000 copies an hour. In December, 1848, he gave to the country what was known as the "Lightning"" press, capable of throwing off 10.000, or more, copies per hour. In 18G0 he had supplied the New Y'ork journals with fifteen of these presses, had Hoe's Perfecting Newspaper Press. furnished the Boston publishers with several, had sent eighteen to Great Britain, four lo France, and one to Australia. Mr. Hoe con- tinued to improve his press by the addition of more cylinders, until it was able to print 25, 000 copies per hour; and, at this writing, about sixty years of age, in the posses- sion of an ample fortune, and at the head of a large manu factory in New Y'ork. and one in England, he is yet busy study- ing the means by which the printing press may be improved, a matter of interest to all concerned in the cause of universal education. .(7 — -f f 92 THE INVENTOR OF THE STEAM-CONDENSER, STEAM HOUSE-WARMING AND THE COPYING-PRESS. *ry JAMES Born, January 19, 1736. -45J5i^=«ee®i='^^«=- WATT. r Died, August 25, 1S19. -^vS'St^^gJC^S.g^ Ingenious Boy, Mathematical Instrument Maker, and Discoverer of the Power of Steam. AMES WATT, born at ■■v (i reenock, Scotland, -Jaiuuiry 19, 1736, was !i f^ickly child, who, unable to attend school, was left to follow his own in- clinations. His father, who was a mathemati- cal instru- ment maker, furnished the boy tools, and \\- i t h them he found amusement and instruc- tion. The child early evinced me- chanical and inventive talent, and at fourteen had rciTi^-trucIed an electrical machiiH'. Gra.\ nv imha i;ri;i;i:i;. A COvJ UitfiJ J Wn'M '->:^p oiJjJ ^*TjJ •>riTi,-^ XI '.'•''; A, 4 aiani;iiiii:fe[i^iii^ifeiii^iieit^ii;^iMiio e .^^^-gw oii^iiiiig-ii^iioii^i^Hi^ii Discoverer of the Process of Vulcanizing Rubber »Vihk»lVn«V«\Vi\\l\Ui V^.VaSSING a rubber store, one day. in New Yorlc, C'hurles Goodyear was attracted by the words "India Rubber''' on the sign over the store of the Roxbary Rubber Company. MiK'b had about that time been yaid concerning India-rubber life- preservers, and Goodyear was inter- ested. This was in 1833, and Goodyear having been born at New Haven, Conn., Dec. 29, 1800, was consequently at this time abtmt thirty-three years of age. Having been associated with his father in the biirdware trade at Philadelphia, and the business being insolvent, Goodyear was seeking a new employment, when the rubber sign attracting bim, be entered the store. He made examination of the \arious goods for sale, and at last bought a life- preserver, which, in the admission of air, he after- wards discovered could be materially improved. Returning to the store to explain his improvement, V^S^^ the salesman dilated quite at length on the discour- se) agemeuts which the rubber trade was undergoing as ^ a reason for not caring to purchase any invention connected with the manufacture; that among the difliculties, especially, were rubber over- shoes, those of the rubber becoming as hard as flint in winter, and if exposed to a temperature of 100 degrees in summer, of melting and running together in a solid mass of gum. The representative of the rubber house also informed him that unless a method could be devised for obviating this difficulty the trade and manufacture of rubber goods would be a loss — a fact which proved true in the failure of this company a short time after- wards. Returning to Philadelphia, Goodyear commenced to experiment with India rubber. The effort to make this discovery he steadily continued for six years, purchasing a few pounds at a time, melting it, and mixing with it various ingredients in order to prevent its becoming solid or adhesive. During these years Goodyear was most severely pressed for the means wherewith to support his family. He sold and pawned every available article that could possibly be spared about his household, to raise means to continue his experiments, and, even with these sacrifices, he was often in the debtor's prison. At length, after three years of continued experiment, he discov- ered that the adhesiveness of the rubber could be destroyed by dipping it in a preparation of nitric acid. This served the purpose with the exterior of shoes, but the interior was not yet improved. He continued his trials, and at Woburn, Mass., six years after he commenced his attempts, be discovered that by sprinkling on the common sticky rubber powdered sulphur, and baking it for a short time in an oven heated to 275 degrees, it came out a new material, being an India rubber that would not harden in cold weather, nor melt in warm. He subsequently discovered that by varying the degrees of heat he could make Ibe material as hard as flint or as soft as silk, as hrittleasglass, or as elastic as a steel spring. A new material had been formed, adapted to a thousand purposes, which, in articles of use and ornament, are found to-day in the various avenues of trade. The problem had been solved, and yet nobody but Charles Good- year believed it. He was simply laughed at when he mentioned rubber to his friends, who considered him a monomaniac on the subject. Two years went by, in which he suffered the direst want before he could interest anybody in his work. At length an individual in New York went into partnership with him, and vulcanized rubber goods began to be made with success. The necessaries of life were then obtained for his family, and had he rested his efforts there and engaged in manufacturing, he could have become wealthy. But, instead, he sold rights to manufacture, and continued his experiments. In the meantime he became involved in expensive litigation with parties who infringed on his patent, which prevented his accumulating. Though patented in France in 1844, through certain legal informalities he secured no benefit from his improvement in that country; and having negotiated with a firm in England to sell the right, a partner of the firm, discovering the process, took out a patent in his own name, so that the benefit to the right of its manufacture was lost to the original inventor in Great Britain. Goodyear died in July, 1860, in the seventy-first year of his age. The Goodyear patents now number over sixty. The discovery and adoption of his process have been of immense service to the world. The vulcanized India-rubber trade is one of the greatest industries of the land to-day; and yet, notwithstanding the perseverance which accomplished the final result, the sacrifices made to attain it, contin- ued experiment, and expensive litigation, caused the inventor to die insolvent, leaving his family unprovided for. His only reward was that, he lived to see large factories for its manufacture arise in the Tnited States and Europe, which employed over 60,000 operatives, producing over 500 different articles, which sold to the value of $8,000,000 annually, an amount which from that time to this has steadily increased, employing tens of thousands of workmen, and a capital embracing tens of millions of dollars. /^;C)y— •y' w THE FATHER OF ENGLISH BAILWAYS. ..V ^ V3 George iS> <^ liCo -ffe^^-t-G: »<- •W-. Stephenson. ;-^.^|^- ^T WYLAM, about nine miles west of Xewca-tle- upon-Tyne, in a poor cottage, with a clay floor ;iiid iinplastered walls, George Stephenson was bnrn in April, 1787. The father of George was a fireman, whose wages brought him but three dollars a week. With a wiff uinl MX Ltiildren to support from this sum, there was nothing to expend for education. To satisfy the cravings of hunger was the first impulse, and as soon as opportunity offered the children were put to earning the means of support. Five cents a day were George's first earnings in lookingafterWiiiow Ainslie's cows. Later, he received fifty cents a week, when caring for horses. Afterwards he got a dollar a week as an assistant to his father; and, at the age of sixteen, he was appointed to work at a pumping-engine, at three dollars a week. Rec ei vin g a man's wages, he was delighted, and in all his subse- quent triumphs as a locomotive build- er, It is doubtful if he was ever happier than when he was elevated to the posi- tion as an attendant upon the pump- engine. At the age of eighteen, he could neither read nor write, but, pos- eessed of a thoughl- ful, meditative mind, be then com- menced attending a night-school, and a year aflcrwardfl could spell words, was able to write bis own name, and had begun to get an insight into arithmetic. When not engaged in his labors throughout the day, he sought to improve bis position by becouiing proficient in his work. He took his engine to pieces and studied every part. He was never idle. The result of his t^plrit of inquiry and ambition was, that he was rapidly advanced through all the grades of engineering. He marri'-d at twenty-one, and settled in a little cottage at Willing- ton Quay. Here, in his home at evenings, he studied mechanics, the effort to get perpetuiil motion coming in for a share of his time. Ills clock subsequently getting out of order, he took the same to pieces, and out of the remnants of his machine for perpetual motion, House Where George Stephenson was Born, at Wylani, England. he put it in good order. He forthwith became the clock-repairer of the neighborhood. From one position to another he advanced. It was iu 1813, and he was thirty -two years old, when he told his employer, Lord Ravensworth, that he believed he could make a steam-engine that, placed on wheels over the tramways then in use, would profitably take the place of horses. Steam-carriages were then a fact. Locomotive-engines had been actually then employed; therefore, Stephenson could in no sense be said to be the inventor of this means of locomotion. But, although the steam-engine on wheels was a reality, it had not yet been made practicable. As Watt successfully applied steam as a power, so it was left for Stephenson to successfully put the steam-engine on wheels for the rapid transport of heavy burdens. Lord Ravens- worth furnished the money, and in the workshops at West Moor, Killingworth, Stephenson, with the aid of the col- liery blacksmith, constructed a loco- motive that would draw, at the rate of four miles an hour, eight loaded car- riages of thirty tons each. The affair, although clumsy, was pronounced a success; and im- provements went forward from that time until, in 1825, over the Stockton and Darlington rail- way, Stephenson drove an engine that drew ninety tons at the rate of a little more than eight niih-s an lumr. The great engine works which he, with his son. estal)li^hed at Newcastle, and the network of railways throughout England and the worlicturcs for exhibition absorbed Dagucrre's time, until his establishment was burned in 18.39. Upon recovering from this misfortune, he began to experiment on brilliant surfaces, with a view to getting a permanent representation of objects through tbe aid of sunlight. About that time, Joseph Nicephore Niepce commenced similar experiments, and discovered the process by which partially satisfactory results were obtained. Niepce and Daguerre united in their elTorts to perfect tbe improve- ment, and labored together until the death of Niepce, in 1833, when Daguerre continued to experiment, and made such improvements and discoveries as to cause the credit of the invention to be given to him. The announcement of this discovery, in 1839, created mucli interest, which was greatly increased by the exhibition of several pictures taken soon after. On consideration of his making his secrets relating to the diorama and daguerreotype known to the public, Daguerre was created an officer of (he Legion of Honor and presented by the French government with 6, 000 francs. His history and description of the diorama and tbe daguerreotype, published in 1840, passed through many editions, and had a very large sale. Daguerre died July 12, 1851, leaving to the world the processes out of which have come photography, photo-lithography, photo- engraving, the Albert-type, and similar improvements in picture- making. JOHN ERICSSON, ^^^J^HE INVENTOR of the famous vPi^^ monitors which, during the war. •^ came to the aid of the fleets on the Union side as they were engaged in naval warfare, was John Ericsson, a Swedish engineer, who was born, 1803. in the province of Wcrmeland. At the age of thirteen he was employed as a leveler on the ship-canal between the Baltic and the North sea; was in the Swedish army at the age of seventeen, and for meritorious conduct attained to the rank of captain. Having a natural taste for mechanics, he resigned his commis- sion in the army and gave his attention to invention. His first improvement was the introduc- tion of a steam-boiler that, by artificial draft, secured a great reduction of fuel, and did away with the necessity for the huge smoke stacks. This was adopted in London among tbe manufacturers, and was placed on the railway locomotives in England, in 1829. Near that time. Ericsson also con- structed a locomotive that would run at the rate of fifty miles an hour. The aim of this inventor seemed to be to secure great strength and efticiency in as compact and small a space as possible. His improve- ment was made practicable on steam fire engines, and, in further- SWEDISH ENGINEER. ance of his idea, he made and perfected a caloric engine, in 1HG3. which created great interest in the scientific world. The idea of propelling a vessel by the aid of a screw- paddle in the rear, was Ericsson's. The British did not take kindly to this improvement, and the in- ventor came to America, where his idea was adopted, and is largely in use upon the inland lakes of the United States. The war steamship Princeton, made by him in 1841, was remarkable for having its propelling machinery under water, where it could not be injured by shot or shell. Among his inventions have been an instrument for measuring distances at sea; for determining the volume of fluids under pressure; a meter for measuring thequan- tity of water which passes through pipes during certain definite periods; an alarm barometer; a sea-lead for taking sound- ings; and an appliance for measuring temperature, from thirty-two uj) to 4,000 degrees. This distinguished inventor came prominently before the world through the Monitor, a successful iron-clad war vessel, which he constructed for the United States government in 100 days. Ericsson has latterly resided in New York City. W^ i: =^^ Engineer of the Suez Canal Across the Sandy, Egyptian Waste of About One Hundred IVIiies. . - HE CKLEBliATED Fronch engineer, Be Lesseps, derives 'v5 P his principal fame from his connection with the con- i^iH struction of the Suez canal, running across the ii^thmus of that name, which connects the continent:^ of Asia and Africa. The isthmus is a sandy waste, between seventy and eighty miles wide. On its south side lies the Gulf of Suez, an arm of the Red sea, and on the north is the Mediterranean sea. The Suez canal begins at the Bay of Peluj*iuni, in the Mediterranean, and runs southerly to the town of Suez, across the isthmus, a distance of about 100 miles, and has proved to he one of the most profitable and important M-:^^ artificial water-courses that the world ^ ' has known. Its importance is derived from the fact that it saves voyages of more than .5,000 miles between England and Ceylon, around the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa; and within a little more than five years after its opening in 18G9, vessels to the number of 4.781 had passed through it, going north and south, with -IJTS. 'iai passengers. The history of the canal begins in ancient times, when a water channel uniting the river Kile with the Red sea was proposed. In 1799 Xa- polcon had surveys for a canal made, but the engineer, La Pere, seriously erred in bis report as to the levels of the two seas, which the canal now connects. In 1854 the idea of a canal across the isthmus was renewed, and by authority from the Pasha of Egyj)!, M. de Lesseps received permission lo form the company wliich. in 1859. began the construction of the present ^t canal. The capital of this company, at:^- the start, was S-10,000,000. and was In- creased to $90,000,000. Ten years after its commencement the canal was completed. In 1875 the British government purchased 177 of the canal shares, owned by the Khedive of Egypt, for S-O.OOO, 000. The whole amount of shares issued was ■KK). The plan of I)e Lesseps not only comprised the cutting of the canal through ninety miles of Hand from sea to sea: to build moles out into the Mediterranean, at Port Said, one of which is fi.940 fuet long and the other (J, 0*J0 feet, made of concrete ; to (h-epen the shallow waters by excavations; to create ports to receive ships from India and Australia, and to adapt the canal to purposes of irrigalion and so FERDINAND DE LESSEPS. fertilize the adjacent country. Such is the capacity of the canal that steamships of 3, 000 tons burthen pass readily through it. On the 17th of November. 1869, the canal was successfully opened in the presence of the Emperor of Austria, the Empress of the French, the Viceroy of Egypt, and others; and on July 4, 1870, De Lesseps was publicly entertained in London. He is now interested in the con- struction of a similar ship-canal across the Isthmus of Darieu, between the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific ocean. M. De Lesseps was born at Versailles, France, in 1805. Early in life he developed the spirit and shrewdness which distinguished his -=^3 after-career as a diplomatist. In 1825 he I'ijjj was attached to the French consulate at I ' Lisbon, Portugal. In 1837 he was engaged : in the commercial department of tlit- : French Minister af Foreign Affairs. In j 1828 he was attached to the Consul- l general's office at Tunis, and in 1831 he was sent as-Consul to Alexandria, Egypt. Seven years afterwards he was Consul to Rotterdam, Holland. In 1839 he was sent to Malaga to negotiate in behalf of French commerce with the Spanish government, and was appointed Consul at Barcelona. In 1844 he was again Consul at Alexandria, returning soon to Barcelona. In 1848 he was appointed French Minister to Spain, remaining at JIadrid about a year, and returning to Paris just after the revolu- tion of 1848. In 1849 he was sent as envoy of the French republic to the Mazzini government at Rome, taking part in tlie negotiations previous to the resto- v'^ ration of the Pope by the French army, rZ-f In 18.54 he was commissioned by the society at Paris which contemplated the opening of the Suez canal, to negotiate with Said Pasha of Egypt for its construction. His mission was crowned with success, but it was not until 1856 that the fullest concession was granted, and the international company was completely organized. The result is described above, although the construction of the canal was not begun until 1859. During the year 1880 De Lesseps visited the I'nited States for the purpose of interesting the capitalists of America, in his Darien canal scheme. His journey extended across the continent and excited much interest, because of tlie man biinsclf and his great enterprise. >?I 1^~- J. -^^^ -"^ IMPORTANT At Different Periods of the World's History- CCOKDIONS- Invented hv D^iinuLii, ol" Vieiiiiu.. Auti- tfia, IS-2'J. .^oliun harp— First iJe- scribud by KircluT, a G; Staats, IStii'i. Anchorn- Were invented by the Tuscans; improved by Anacharsis in Scythia, 592 years be- fore Christ. Aiiemometer (wind-measure) —Invented by WuUus. 170U; measures force and speed. Apple-parer — Invented by Contes, 1803; improved by Gates, 1810; Mitehell, 1838; Pratt, Aniline-colors — For dyeing, discovei-ed by I'nverdoiben. 1.S3B. Areometer — For measuring liquid density and gravity, deseiibed by Baume, 1768. Argund Lamp— Invented by .\iine Argand, 178;». ArmstronBT-siin — Invented by Armsti'ong, i8:.r>. Atmospheric rallwave— Atmospheric pres- sure diM-DVered by Papin, 1680. Backgammon- Invented in Greece, by Pala- medes, ;ibout l--'^4. Baepi|»e— Invention traced to early Greece; prohaiily ,'00 yeai-s or more before Christ. R a Moons— Invented by Montgolfler, France, 17S-,'. Banks— Known at Athens. Greece, 38.>-.^22 be- fore Christ; at Rome. 3J2 before Christ; in Venice il.'.7; Bunk of EnKliind established, 1095. Barometers— Invented 1626. Battery-{rnn— Invented bv Gatling. 1861; by Haniy, 1862; Taylor. 1871; Dodge. 1856. Bayonets — Invented at Bayonne, France, a'..out 1647- lOyO. Beer— First introduced into England, 1492; in Scotland as early as 1482. (See ALE. ) Bellows— Invented (it is claimed) by Anachar- sis, in Scy thia, about 069 yeai-s before Chiisl. Bells- Invented by Paulinus, Bishop of Nola. Canipagna. about 400; tii-st used in France, .'•50. Bessemer-steel — Invented in England by H. Bessemer, 1856; improved by him, 1861 and 1862. Billiards— Origin unknown, claimed to have been invented in France, by De\"igne, about 1471. Blankets— First made in England, in 1340. Blast-riirnace— Invented by Dctmold, 1812; improved by \'an Dyke, 1860. Blood— Circulation discovered in England, by Dr. Harvey. 1617. Bombs — Alleged to have been invented at Venio, Holland, 1495. Books — In their present form, invented by Attalus. King of Pergamus, 887; lii-st jjrinted in England, by Caxton, 1474. Book-keeping — Double-entry originated in Venice, in the tifteenth century. Boot-crimper— Invented by Mooi-e. 1812. Boots— Invented 907 yeai-s befoi-e (. hrist. Bottles (.glass) — Made at Pompeii, in the Ilrst century. Bows and Arrows- Introduced in England. 1066. Brandy— Made in France early in 1300. Brass — Copijer and zinc combined — known to oai'ly nation.s; patent to Emerson, iJi England, 1781. Bread— Of great antiquity; first made witli yeast in England, 1034. Breech-loading Fire-arms — Invented by Thornton nnd Hall, 1811; improved by Ballard, 1851; Chassepot, 1867. Bricks— Fiist used in England by the Romans about A, D. 44; size fixed by King Charles I. . 162r>. Bridore (stonel— Ancient in China; first built at Row. England, 1087; first wooden one at Croy- land Abbey, 943. Buckles- Invented about 1680. Bullets (stone)— Used in 1514; iron ones first mentioned, 1550; of lead, in the seventeenth cen- tury. Calico-prlntiner — The Dutch-loom engine used Ilrst in 1670; calicoes first made in Lancashire, England, 1771; biought to England from India. 1031. C;iniera Obscura — Invention claimed for Roger Bacon, 12^0, and tor Baptisa Porta, six- teenth century. Candles (tallnw)~Substituted foi- pi'ei)ared wood-splinters, 1290. Ciinnons— Invented in 1330; first used by the English, 1346; first made of iron in England, 1547. Caps— First worn in 1449. Cards (plaving) — Invented for the amuse- ment of King Charles V[.. 13S0. Carrlaises- Introduced into England, 1580; in Vienna, Austria, 1515; in France. 1559. Carpets — Introdncted into France from the East, 1589-1610; made in France, 1664. Carte-de-visite (photographic) — First made by Ferrier, in Paris, 1857. Cast-iron pavement— First used in London, England, 1817. Cast-Iron plow— Invented by New bold, 1797. C'hain-Nhot— Invented by De Witt, the Dutch Admiral, 1666. Chess— Invented 608 years before Christ. Chimes (on belts)— Invented, 1487. Chimneys— Introduced into England in 1300. China (earthenware) — Made at Clielsea. Eng- land, 1752-176U; by Wedgwood, 1763; at Dresden, Saxony. 1706. Chloral— First obtained by Liebig, 1831. Chloroform— Discovered by Samuel Guthrie, 1831; first used in surgical operation at Boston, 1846. Circular-saw — Invented bv Bentham. in England, 1790; improved by Tiotter, 1X04, and bv Brunei, 1805 and 1809; first saw-maker's anvil brought to America, 1819. <'larionet — Invention claimed for John C. Denner, ot Leip.sic, 1690. Clocks (water) — Fii'st used in Rome 158 years befuie Christ; church clocks and dials, tirst put up in 913; clocks made to strike the hoin-s. in Arabia, 801; clocks with pendulums, invented in Enu'land by Harris, about 1641; repeating clocks and watches, in England, by Barlow. 1676; biass clocks by Jerome, in Amedca, about 1820-'25. Cloth (woolen)— Intioduced intoEngUmd 1191; first nuuiufaetured tliere, 1390. Coal— Discovei-ed in England, near Newcastle, 1234; sea-t^uul used for fuel, 1350. Collodion— Used in photography; originated by F. S. Areher, 1851. Coin (silver)— First made by Phidon. King of Ai-gos. 869 yeai's befoi-e Christ; in Rome. 269 before Christ; gold coin fii-stused in the East: first coined in Venice, 1346; English guineas. 1073; coining with a die. invented 1617; copper money first le- giilJy coined in England, 1689; in Scotland. 1466. Comets— Ha! lev's identified. 1682; Encke's dis- covered, 1818; Biel.Vs lifted, 1826; Donati's, fir>t observed at Florence, Italy, 1858. Compa*>»« ( -'■-iiiKiii'si— Invented in China, 1120 Veui- inliiii I liiit, ■vari;ition" discovered bv tlut liiiir . mmI I Ill by Columbus: the "drp" diseoveiLil l.iO. b.v Koijert Nonnan, of Limdon. Concrete pavement— Invented bv Rtraub. 1863; improved by Pre.scott, 1872, and by Bellamy, 1875, Copper— Its discovery is said to have preceded tliat of iitm. and it was known to the ancients; the first copper cent was made at New Haven, Conn.. 1087. Corn-sheller — Invented by Phinney in 1815; improved by J;imes. 1819. Cotton-gin — Invented bv Eli Whitnev. 1793; improved by Whipple. 1840. jind Parkhui-st, 184.5. Carved Stereotype Plates— Invented by Coopei". 1815. Cutting glass (by sand-blast) — Invented by Teghlman, 1870. Daguerreotype Miniatures — Produced in France by M. Daguerre. 18;}8. Dahlgren-gun (cannon)- Invented by Admi- ral Dahlgren, L". S. N.. 1861. Dancing— Attributed fii-st as a time-movement to the Curetes, 1534 yeai-s before Christ. Davy 8afety-Iami» (for miners)— Invented by Sir Humphrey Davy, England, 1815. Diamonds- Fii-st cut and polished at Bruges, Belgium, 1489. .(d^ — ^ ^<^ 98 DATKS OF IMl'onTANT INVENTIONS, DISCOVERIES AND IMPR0VE:\IENTS. Dice— Invented 1500 years before Christ. Diction arT — The earliest known was in China, about 1100 years before Chri.st; the oldest Greek dictionary dat^s back to the days of Augrustus: a Latin dictionary waa compiled in the rirst Christian century. Distilling— First practiced. 1150. Diving-bell— Probably invented about lo09, and iinpruved in Holland about 1670. DomlnoeH— As a game, is traced to the Greeks, Hebrews and Chinese. Draughts, or Checkers— Has been played in Etrypt 4000 years: introduced into Europe three or four centurifs ago. Drummond-light — Invented by Lieutenant Druniinond. ISiiO. Drums— Invented in the East, and introduced by thf Moors intoSpain. 713. Earth-closets — Invented by Moule & Girdle- stone. KSGO. Ehonite-hnrd Rubber — Invented by Charles Goodyear, 1849. Engraving on Metal —Invented. 1423; on copper. 1511: on wood, in Flandei's, 1123, and revived by Albert Durer. l."dl; on j?las#, at Paris, by Bnndier, 1799; etching on copper with acid introduced, 1.^12. Electric Light — Invented by Stalte & Petrie about 1846; improved by Duboscq. in 185.5: Serrin, 1862. Holmes. 18.58; Dumas and Benoit, 1862; Jabla- kotf. about 1878; Edison. 1879. Electrical machine — Invented by Von Guericke. 1647; the Leyden jar, invented at Ley- den, about 174.5. Electrotype — Invented by Spencer. 1837; impioved by'Jacobi, 1838; Kobert Murray, 1840. Elevated railwav — Invented by Sarg-ent, 1825; improved by Andrew, 1861. Envelopes (for letters')— First used in 1839. Fairbank's platform Scales— Invented by Thaddeus Fairbanks, 1831. Fairs (or market faii-s) — First instituted in England by King Alfred. 886; called fairs because they were first held on holidays. False hair- Introduced by courtesans in Italy, and carried to England from France, 1572. Fire-engines— E.xistod in ancient times; the modern style invented by Vanderheides. in Hoi- land— time unknown; invented, also, at Augsburg, 1518; first known at Paris, 1699. Flint gun-locks—Invented, 1030. Forks— First known in Italy toward the close of the lifteeutli century; introduced in England, 1608. Galvanism — Investigated and residts an- nounced by Galvani, 1791; galvanic battery con- structed by Volta, 1800. Oas — First extracted from coal by Clayton. 1739; tir^t used as an illuminator by Murdoch, in England, 1792; first used in Paris, 1802; in New York. 1834. Oa<*-meter— Invented either by Clegg, 1815, or Riibiri^sun. is:tl. Ge*»metry — Ascribed to early Ep-yptians; Euclid's elern'ents compiled about 300 years before Christ. Glass- Oritrin uncertain; introduced in Eng- land, 674; window-ghiss llrst made there. IS.")?. G«l«l— A metal known in the remotest times; lirst dipcovereil in California in 1848. GolU-leal'gilding— Invented by Margaritone, i';7.;. t Point, N. Y. , 1802. Minie-rifle — Invented by Minie, a French omeei-. 1833. Mirrors— Anciently made of polished metal; glass mirrors are mentioned in A. D. 23-79: not again until 1300, when they were made in Venice. Mowers and Kenpers—First mentioned by Plin.W A, 1>. 60. (Sii- IIaUVKSTERS. ) Miiwii'al Xotew — Invented, 1070; improved, 133(1; Ili^t piinted, 1473. Muskets— Were in use about 1521. IVjill machine— Invented bv Wilkinson. 177.1; inir.inv..,! l.vCUfnrd. 1790; Reed. 1786; Cochran, 1794; ll.Mid.M-k. 1X70. Navigable ('anal— First built in England, 1134. Needles— First made in England, 1545; Im- proved by Greening, 1560. Needle-iriin — Invented by Blittkowskie and Ilnlfriian, 1K56. Ne\v«pa|»er— First Issued monthlv at Venice, about 15,5(1; first In England, 1022; llrstlii Anii-rlea, 1704. Neu'spaper Advertisements — First ap- peared, 1652. Nickel- Was discovered by Cronstedt, 1751. Normal Schools- First organized in Prussia, 1735; in Massachusetts, 1839. Omnibuses— First ai>i)eared in Paris, 1825; in Londi.n, 1829, and in New York, 1830. Orarans— Invf'ntinn n^cribed to Archimedes 220 year^ In lun- Christ: to Cre-ibju^, .il.out 100 vears befor.- CluisI, ;iiid t.. ;ui iirikruMMi inventor, A. D. 758; tli.' |ii iii.iiilf of tlu- .\met j.Mii leed-organ was disf'overtd by Alt-xandre. in Paris, about 1835. Padlock— Invented in Germany. 1540. Paper-hangings- First known patent issued • to Lanyer, an Englishman, in 1634, although it is asserted that they were introduced in France in 1620, by Francois. Paper (cotton manufacturet— Was in \ise in the year 1000: linen manufacture. 1319; white paper made in England, 1690, and made from straw in 1800. Paper-bag machine— Invented by Wolle, 1853: improved by Goodale, 1855; Kice, 1857; Arm- strong, 1860. Paper-money— First used in America in 1740. PapSer-mache— Invented by Lefevre, i740. Parlor-skates- Invented by Plvmpton. 1803; improved by PuIIitt, 1870. Parrott-ffun— Invented by Parrott, 1862. Paving iwith stones) — First introduced in Paris m 1786. Pearl-a«he*i— !^Ianufactured in Ireland, 1783. The lir-t n<.M d.il patent issued by the United Static (;<.\ .1 iitiuiu was, for pearl-ashes, July 31, 1790. lu SaiiHiL'l Hupkins. Pendulums (for clocks)— Invented, 1656. Pens — Quills are stated to have been used A. D. 553, and others say not until 635; steel pens fli-st produced by Wise, of Great Britain, 1603; im- proved by Gillott, 1822. Penny-post — Introduced into London and suburbs, by JIurray, 1681; adopted by the govern- ment, 1711; made a twopenny-post, 1801. Percussion-caps (for guns)^Came into use between 1820 and 1830; inventor unknown. Phonography (short-hand writing)— Invented by Pitman. England, 1837. Phosphorus — Discovered by Brandt, of Germany, 1069. Photography— The action of lightou chloride of silver, wa.'; known in the sixteenth century; the original Daguerreotype (which see) has been superseded by other processes; negative photo- graphs date back to 1839 or beyond; collodion first used by Archer, 1851. Pins—Were brought from France, 1543, and fii-st used in England by Catharine, queen of Heni-y VIII. Piiino-forte— Invention claimed for Cristofali before 1711; for Marius, 1716, and for Schroter, 1717. Pistols— Used by French cavalry as early as 1544. Pitch and Tar— Made from coal in England, 1779. Planlng-machine— Invented by W'oodwurth. 1828; impruved by Stover, 1861. Plaster-casts (from faces) — Invented by VerrcK-hio, 1470. Pneumatic railway- Invented by Pinkus, 1834; impioved by Henry, 1845. Post-office— First, established in Paris, 1462, in England. 1.581; in Entrlish Atnerica. 1710; lirst mail by stage-coach started Augusta, 1785. Post-mark Stamp — Invented by M, P. Norton. 18.59. Poiver-l€>oni— Invented by Cartwright, 1785; impruved by Higelow, 1857; by Mai-shall. 1818. Printing- Praeti.-ed bv the Chin.-se fifty vpars beloi-i- (■liilst, aiKl Ih.-V luv -:n.i I,. I..i v.-' i|v,-(l inuvabh- l>prs in A. |) 9(ll); about H.i'.l tin- arr was ii-iTi\i-nlrd in (iermaiiy hv (iuleiilieru, l-au>t A Seliiieffer; llie bitter invented matrices for east- intr sfpiiiafi' lettei-s; Caxton inlroduced printing into l-:ii;rland between 1171 and 1474: the first press in America is traced to tht; city of Mexico, in tlio sixteenth <'eiitury; first printing In New England, Candnidi^e, Mass., 1639. Printing In Colom — First introduced in lfl2C.. PflntliiK-liresscs — Inventor of hand-press unkiiowTu iiiip'oved by Earl Stanhope about 1800; (•vUriib'r-iirrMs patented about 1790; steam-power appl"'''l. If*!!' Puddllng-furnace— Invented by Cort, 1781; improved by Dank, 1875. DATKS OK IMrniiTANT l.\ VKNTluN.S, lilsi ■"iiii'ii'" naniL'd \i i-iM|.lL,inrv. :i I ,\U\:ui(iiii». Kt^ypt. and tirst sv-ltiiKiiir.illv ;itr(l iit Venice about tiie close 6l the llttecnth eenliiry. QiiioksUver— First used foi" reltnitig silver ore, lolO. Quinine— Uiseovercd by Pcllctlev and Caven- l.iM, ]H-W. RullroailH — Wooden rails used in England about liWi; east-iron edne rails, 17«'.), first wooden railroad ill tlje United Htates, Peniisylvania. 180(i; lirst iron track road laid in Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. 1837. RailrontI oars — Invented by Knight. 1829; improved by Winans. 1831; by Iinlay, 1873. Keaper-See Hahvestkr. Revolver — Invented by Tolt. 1836; improved bv fSharp. ISJO; Hniith and Wesson, 1863; Starr, isiil While, IK7J; several others, 1804, and by Ki-iiiin^'ton. 1863. Rifle (repeating) — Invented by Sharp, 1848; imiuoved by Henry. 18.J2. Spencer, 1848. Rifle (coninion) — Invented by Whitworth. about 1800. Ruliiigr-maehineB — Invented iii London. ll'J'i. Salihadi HchoolH— First introduced in Kng land, by Robert Kuikes. 1781; in .\nierica, at Kphrata. Pa., by Ludwig Hacker, between 1740 and 1747. Saddles— Used in the third century; of leather, mentioned in 304; known in England about 000: side-saddles, 1380. Saws— Invention claimed for Dfedalns or Tains or Perdox. ancient e. about A. D. f).">f>; liistsilk made by machinery in the United States, 1829, in Con- necticut. Shoes (modem styIes)~Fii-st worn in England, 1633; sandals, or soIe-shieUls, strapped to the foot, appear to have been the earliest form. Shoe-|teKSin[( machine — Invented by (.Jallahue, 1858: latest improvement by Budlong, 1863. Sleeplnff-cars — Invented bv T. T. Woodruff. 1856. improved by Wheeler. IsriU; by Field and Pnllman, 186.'), by Lucas, 18;.i. Soda-vi-aier a|»i»ai*atus — Invented bv North, 1775. Soap — Accoi-ding to Pliny, wa.i invented by the Gauls, first made in London, 1524. Speclacles- Invented by Spina, at Pisa, Italy. 1299. • J- S|>innine-.fenny— Invented by Hargreaves. in England, 1767. Spinnine-mule — Invented by Crompton. in England, 1779. S|iinninis:-\vheel —Invented by Jnrgens, at Eniiiswiek. l."i:i(J, Sfiaare-kole aufirer— Invented by Branch, 1826. Stcumlionts -Snrfe«<:(unv triifl .i t Itarcflona, SpillM. tiv 1)<' fi^ll'I'V. .llllK' \. IM: ).<;r .il,,i||i|M||r.| n< illipiilcIle;Ll.|.-, ;lll''I<'r nn i. |m. < iit |j:uMlr- wheel boats l,eiMi<- the ( •hirri.ui . i ., ; (nrd uu iIm- {'uiitstuga liver, by model, by William Henrv. of (-'hester, Pa., 1703; trie;.l 1t..rii LiiL-Luid to Iiiilia. 1825; lli'st Irom Ihr I ^l si.,h i., I'lig. land. ISP.f; used on tin- Tli.unr-. iivr,, l.nrl.Mid, for iiasseiitrers, I8).'>: screw |)iu|.ellL-ia mveiiled by Firicsson and Smith, patented 1836. Sleam-carrlaKc— Invented by T. Blanchard, 1825. Steam-enKlncM— Crudely developed about 120 years beloie ('hrist, by Hero, of Alexandrni, Ejiypt; between A U l."". 80 and 1663 three pei-sons ennieived the idea ol u-nig steam to raise water: tins piineipl'' pat(iiierl by Captain Savery, in Etii^t.iiid. Hi'.is, an engine worked by a piston nni\MiK in ;i eytiinier was constructed at Dart- niuiith. F.riKrl.iiut, 1705. by Newcomen; but James Walt iii:iile ilie llist perfect engine in England. 17(il , the lir^t steam-engine in America, it is ulaiiiied, came from England. 1753. Steam fire-enKlne — Invented by Captain Eiies.son, 18:!0. and improved by him, 1842-'43, Slcam-hammer — Invented by James Nas- myth, 1838. Steam prlntlnff-|>ress (rotary) — Invented by Kieluiid Hoe. 1842; improved by Gordon, 18.")0, and by llullock. 1867, witli reciprocating bed, by Seth Ad;ims, 1830. Steel caniiou — First made by Krupj), in Germany, 1849. Steel-pen— See Pen. Stem-winding: watch — Invented by Noel, is,-.i. Stereosco|>e — Invented by Charles Wheat- stone, 1838: but the principle w;im known lo Euclid 300 years before Christ, and described by Galen. A. D. 174. Stereotypes — Invented by Messi-s Didnt. French printei-s, toward thecloseof theeighteenth century; intiodiiced into America about 1813. Stereotype |»rlnting— Invented by William Ged, of Scotland, 1735. Stoeklngf-rrame- Invented by William Lee, in England, 1589. (See Knitting m.\chine.) Street-sweeper— Invented by U. A. Smith, 18.55. Siisrar-cane— Originally from China and the East; was pioduced in Sicily. 1148; in Madeira. 1419; in the West Indies, 1510; in Barbadoes, 1641. Suffar-refinini?- Fii-st successfully practiced by a Venetian, 1503. and in England, same pio- cess, 1569. Sun-dials— Invented 558 before Christ; men- tioned in Isaiah, Bible. Swords — Made of iron by the Chinese, 1879 years befoi'e Christ. Tack machine — Invented by Thomas Blanchard. 1806. Xallow candles— See Candles. Tea— Came into general use in China about A. D. 600; Jiist taken to Europe by the Dutch, 1610. TelCKraph (mechanical)— Invented. 1687. first used by the French, 1794. and the English, 1796. Telt'Eraph (electric)— First established at (;emv;,, Su)i/erl;uul. by Lesage. 1782; two by BuiMu viiri s< hiilinj,'. made in 1832; one con stunted 111 GeniKLuy by Gauss and \Veber. 1838. Professor S. F. B. Moi-se exhibited his electro- magnetic instrument in New York. 1837. and this was brought into practical use in May, 1844. between Washington and Baltimore; Edison invented his duplex transmitter. 1875. Tele8rra|>h (submarine!— Proposed by Salva. 1797. for use between Barcelona and Palma, in the Island of Majorca; experiments in India, 1839; by Professor Morse, in New York Imrbor. Oetnber. IHI -■, 111 -t ^necei-sfiil iiir.-iti|)t to lay a mai ine cable I'M'--- rlie \tl:hone (three methods)— Each invented by Bell. Gray and Edi-son. Telescopes— Invented bvZJansen, 1.590. man- ufactured in 1608, Ijy I.ipiiershey. of Holland; im- proved by (Jaiileo: Gregory invented and described thereHectingteIescoi>e.l063,and I he Hi-st wa.s made by Sii- Isaac Newton. 1668: Hei-schePs great tele- scope was made in 1781; Kosse's, in 1844. The;iter— First bvitit at Atbcn:^, Greece, by Philos, 420 years befoje Christ. Theater scenery— Painted and Introduced by Sienna, 1533. Theater seats (turn i:p)— Invented by .\. A. Allen. 18.54. Thermometer— Credited to (^Jalileo. 1596: to Drebel. 1620; improved by Keaumur, 1730, and by Fahrenheit, 1741). Thread — First made at Paisley, Scotland, 1722. Threshine-machine— Invented by Meiizies, of Scotland. 17.12. a rotaiy machine by Lcckie, a Scotch farmer, 1758. Time— Divided into houi-s at Home, 308 years before Christ. Tobacco— Discovered inCnba. 1492; first taken to Europe by Sir Waiter Kaleigh. 15.5.5. _Tor|»edo shells — Invented by l)r Bnshnell, Truss hridffe — Invented by Price and Philli|is. 1841, by Whipple. 1841; improved by Barnes, J 85a; by Lowthrop. 1857. Trasses (for ruptures) — Invented by Robert Brand, 1771. Tvpe-setling machine— Invented bv W. H. iMitchell. 1854; improved by Alden. 18.57. Vaccination- Inventedby Dr. E. Jenner,1780. Velocipedes — Invented by M. Dritis, at Mannheim, 1817. Violin — Mentioned as earlv as 1200 in the legendary career of St. Christopher; of great and imcertain antiquity. In its present form invented about A. D. 1477. Watches —Were invented at Nuremberg, Germany, in 1477, and introduced into England, 1.577, Water-mills— Are said to have been invented at Home in A. D. 555; Pliny mentions them at an earlier date. Windows (of glass)- First mentioned in the fourth centui-y; observations at Pompeii indicate the use of glass windows in the first century: in England glass windows were first used in private houses, A. D. 1117. Wire — Invented at Nuremberg. 135I; wire- drawing at the same place, said to be in 1410. Wooden pavements- Invented bv Nicholson in 1854: improved by De Golyer, 1869; by Ballard, 1870: by Beidler, 1872. "Wood-paper — Invented by Watts and Burgess, 1853. Woolen cloth — Its manufacture was an ancient art. but not practiced in France until A. D. 1646, nor in England until 1331, but not dyed or dressed until 1667. ^ X^v~~ T ^ i i i 3 i i ^ ^^S LONG AS wealth will secure corafort_and luxury there will always be vigilant effort put forth to obtain it. It is doubtless true ^ that advancing civilization will so abun- dantly surround man with the means for obtaic- l comfort, however, as to make the contest for vealth less severe. There has been a period when, with the laborer, fourteen hours was the necessary time of a day's toil. And even then, this unremitting labor brought only the barest necessities of life. Since those years the hours of a day's work have been greatly lessened. Edu- cational advantages have improved; the cost of travel- ing has been cheapened; articles of comfort and luxury have been so multiplied and so lessened in price as to come within the reach of all, bringing a condition in which it is not so necessary as formerly to be rich in order to enjoy life. It is highly probable that there will come an age when a large accumulation of wealth will not be desired, bringing, as it will, simply multiplied cares, without any more privileges than the people of modcriile fortune enjoy. To reach that condition, however, it is necessary that we pass through an acquisitive age, a period when the desire to get rich will impel men forward to inaugurate and carry forth enterprises of such character that, while they bring individual, personal gain, they will benefit the public as well. The desire to acquire wealth, therefore, is legiti- mate. If no wrong is done to others by the acquisition, it is unquestionably for the world's benefit that there be large individual wealth attained, as the mind, able to acquire, is able to wisely control the expenditure, found- ing manufactories and various enterprises by which thousands of the poor may be employed. In the business relations of life there are three classes of mind — the men wlio depend upon being emploj'ed by others; the men partially independent, but still sufH- ciently dependent as to desire a partnership, and those men who are aipable and prefer to exercise their individ- uality, choosing, in their business relations, to he entirely free from partnership restraints in their methods of procedure. The power for individual acquisition of wealth by men who prefer to act alone, is illustrated in the lives of the financiers who are considered in this chapter. ^.A -M .;....*.[. ..?..... l„.V..,.'„ (5^ ^ -CY now -iiiK r;iii'iisriiii.iis IIA^•|■; wox idinixi;. Ml 4^ 'Yh9"Rothschiids7 [ir 1^ Distinguished Banl(ers and Financiers. W^ A Great Fortune the Reward of Being Faithful to the Trust. T FRANKFORT-ON-TIIE-MATN. in Germany, in 1743, Meyer Anselm Rothscliild.was born. Commencing as a small trader, by economy, integrity and business capacity, be won bis way to easy circnmstances, and establi;^hed bimself as an exchange broker and banker. After tbe battle of Jena, in Germany, October, 180G. Napoleon decreed that the sovereif^ns of Brunswick and Hesse- Cassol shduld forfeit their estates, and a French army was sent to put this edict into execution. The landgrave of Hesse-Casscl had S5, 000, 000 in silver in the vaults of bis palace. Aware that he must flee, it was a question of the most serious import how to dispose of this large amount of treasure. Lack of confidence prevented him from confiding it to any of bis subjects, any one of whom, he knew, would be severely punished for undertaking its trust, if discovered by tbe French. In bis extremity he sent to Frankfort for Rothschild as the most trustworthy person whom he knew, and to him be entrusted the great fund, to keep it until called for, the reward being that no interest should be asked. Under these circumstances the trust was accepted, and with the aid of some Jewish bankers atCassel, the money was so secreted that the French, upon their arrival, found only tbe landgrave gone, and his treas- ure vanished. At the time of receiving this money, Meyer Auselm Rothschild had five sons, three of whom, grown to manhood, be associated with himself, and by careful uninagemcnt as bankers this money rapidly multiplied itself. On the fall of Napoleon, the landgrave returned and gave notice to tbe bankers that he would withdraw his loan; but tbe escape of tbe French General from tbe Isle of Elba so alarmed bira that he urged the Roths- childs to keep tbe money at an interest of two per cent, per annum, which they did until his death, in 1823, when they refused to keep it longer. At the time of tbe elder RoIhscliiUrs death, in 1812, when he was rpH Nathan Meyer Rothschild. HE rpprosentntion piven .^bo^■e is of Nathan, the nin.;t (iistinguialied linnncial representative of the Ruthschild fnniily. He wns in his prime as a banker in Lonrlon when Napoleon 1. was in his plory in Fiance. As illustrative of his enterprise it i.« said, anticipating the battle of Water- loo, lie had a relay of horses all the way from the battle pround to London, and after witnessing-'the defeat of Na- poleon, he, personally, with the aid of fresh horses every few miles, sped homeward and reached London nearly two days in advance of the news of the battle. Gloomy forebodings filled the minds of the people, and government securities sold low. Rothschild bought all he could obtain. Wlien the gnod news came they rose immediately gieally in value and Uothtchild made by this single achievemeui a great fortune. sixty-nine years old. bis five sons were respectively at the head of five large banking iusiitulions: Anselm being at Frankfort, where he died in 1855, eighty-two years old; Solomon, located at Vienna, who died also in 1855, eighty-one years old: Nathan Meyer, the ablest financier of the family, established at London, who died in 1830, sixty-two years of age; Charles, the head of the house at Vienna, who died in 1855, in his sixty-seventh year, and, lastly, James, at Paris, who died in 18G9, seventy-seven years of age at the time of bis death, bit- fortune, when be died, being estimated at $200,000,000. A favorite method of investment by tbe Rothschilds was that of making large loans to governments. During twelve years, at one period of their work, the following were the amounts loaned : To England, $300, 000. 000 ; Austria. S50.000,000; Prussia, $40,- 000.000; France, $80,000,000; Naples, $50,000,000; Russia. $25,000,000; Bra- zil, $12,000,000; besides $5,000,000 to smaller states, making, in all, $462,000,000. The affairs of the different banking houses of this celebrated family are now conducted by the grandsons of Meyer Anselm, their financial connec- tion through banks and their represen- tatives extending to nearly all the leading cities in civilizalion. A fundamental rule of action with tbe great house of Rothschilds, has been to sell when customers wanted to buy, and buy when people desired to sell. That there have been times when they wielded their immense monied influence to depreciate the value of that which they wanted to buy, is highly probable; and that they have used their power to ele- vate the price of that which they pos- sessed, in order to sell at a high price to those wishing to purchase, is likewise probable; but that they have been scrupulously exact in the fulfillment of every promise, is equally a fact. In short, the commercial word of every Rothschild has ever been as religiously kept as was that of the elder Rothschild to the landgrave. _ia LTBT>A7^Y m THE BENEFITS OF UNDERSTANDING A BUSINESS TIIOKOUGIILY. g??^?g T—r T—r _L \ TT T—r jL__l J_LA U-\.j;>VVA^\. V- V\.!CA. \T ^t.\.A ;\\\\- \-A. \.A\\- ^7\.TJ^.T;X.^?^?g^ ^ John Jacob Astor. A^\ rv .v.y^VAr.V A A A -V A A A A V A A ■VA>V;VA^ A \ A A A A V ;yi^^ .^^ \/ £L^ 'Mmhik r-"n pnl Dealer in Musical Instruments and Furs I'R HAS BECOME one of the mo-t extensive articles of commerce in the United States. The early rii^e and devel- opment of the fur trade in America is closely identified with the history of John Jacob Astor, a German, who w:is bom in the village of Waldorf, near Heidelberg, in the Grand Dnchy of Baden, on the 17tb of July, 1703. He was the young- e^it of four sons, one of whom estab- lished himself in London as a maker of musical instruments, and another settled in America. There was nothing particu- larly notable in the parentage of these children. The father, Jacob Astor, was a jolly peasant, who followed the business of butchering a good share of the season. The mother was a pious woman, thrifty, industrious, and devoted to her family. Under her guardianship, John Jacob was trained to rise early in the morning, and give the first of his waking hours to the reading of the Bible, a pastime that he followed through life, it being to him, he claimed, a source of ncvcr-fuiling pleasure. By the same maternal guardian he was schooled in habits of industry and economy, which, in after-life, aided him in the accomplishment of his undertak- ing!>. He received a plain education by ^?^^-j- , the aid of the village schoolmaster, and his partaking of the rites of confirmation as n member of the church at the age of fourteen indicated the religious bent of bis mind. In Waldorf he might have remained till he had grown to manhood. hut his mother dying, and a stepmother coming to take her place, who looked with no favor upon the boy, his lot became so hard as to • lusc bim to resolve upon leaving home. From his father he obtained a reluctant consent to go, nnd liaving ecmiplcted hii^ jiri-parntionf, wilh a knapsack over his shoulder he JOHN JACOB ASTOR. left his native village, to walk to the Rhine, not far distant, hoping in some manner to secure a passage for London, where he expected to meet his elder brother. Aside from his little bundle of clothes which he carried, his pos- sessions, as he went out from home, then seventeen years of age, consisted of two dollars in money, a good, plain education, a strong constitution, a large amount of common sense, and no bad habits. In after-life, referring to his departure from home, he said: "Soon after I left the village 1 sat down buneath a tree to rest, and there I made three resolutions — to be honest, to be industrious, and not to gamble. " Reaching the Rhine, he obtained work on a raft, in payment for which he received ten dollars at the mouth of the river, and with this he secured passage for London, where he was warmly welcomed by his brother. He remained here two years, during which time, in working for his brother, he acquired quite a knowledge of the English language, became the possessor of a good suit of clothes, and had $75 in money. With this money he purchased seven German flutes of his brother for $35. and for $25 more he secured a steerage passage for Baltimore. The passage to America was a stormy one, and it was noticed on one occasion, when the ship was in great danger, that young Astor appeared on deck in his Sunday suit. Being asked the reason, he repHed that if the vessel was wrecked and he escaped, be would save his best clothes; if all were lost it would be immaterial what becanu* of his clothes. On this journey, Astor made the acquaintance of a German who had brm brfore in America, engaged in the business of buying furs from the Indians. From him the young adventurer obtained full ijiformation as to the best course to pursue, the advice being to buy trinkets, go among the Indians, who even came to New York with their peltries; to make the best bargain he could, obtain the furs, and instead of selling to the New York dealers, ship his pos- sessions directly to Europe, where they would sell for four or five times as much as in America; invest the proceeds of the sale in trinkets, and rclurn again for furs, and thus continue to enlarge the business. 1:. (> — ~- CAUSES THAT I. IT) 'in ASTOR S SUC'CKSS. nr.i K Astor listened with great attention, iinil took ttic names of leading furriers in New York, Montreal and London. Together the Germans proceeded to New York, where they were warmly reeeived by Henry Astor, then prosperously in business as a butcher, an employment at which he afterwards made a fortune; and here the future plans of John Jacob were talked over, it being agreed that it would be best for the young man to enter the employ of a furrier for a time, until a practical knowledge of the business could be obtained. Acting upon this idea, a search for a place was made the next day, which resulted in finding a situation with a Mr. Robert Browne, where he received for Ills services two dollars per week and board. His first work was that of beating furs, to prevent moths from lodging in and destroying them. From the first he applied himself most industriously to the work of obtaining a knowledge of the business. He mastered the details of curing and preserving furs, and from the trappers he learned the habits and the liaunts of fur- bearing animals and the best means of trapping and capturing. By attention to business, knowledge of his work and excellent business habits, his employer advanced him from one position to another, until, ere long, he entrusted him with a mission to Montreal, to jiur- chase furs — an expedition that the merchant himself had occasion- ally made before. Young Astor ascended the Hudson to Albany, where, with a pack of trinkets on his back, he struck out across the country, then almost wholly a wilderness, to Lake George; passing up tlu'ough into Lake Champlain, thence sailing across to the hoad of the Lake, from which point he repaired to Montreal, where he made extensive purchases. Employing the Indians to carry his skins, he returned across the lakes to Albany, and thence to New- York, to surprise his employer with the large amount of peltries he had obtained for a small investment of money. Having carefully studied the fur trade in all its details, he com- menced business for himself in a small store on Water Street, which he furnished with toys and articles adapted to the wants of the Indians who had furs to sell. His entire stock was worth only a few hundred dollars. This was in 1786, when Astor was twenty-three years old. His store was small. He employed no assistants. He bought, cured, packed and sold the skins himself. If pelts came in slowly, he shouldered a pack of "notions" and made a journey among the Indians, farmers and trappers throughout Central and Western New York, thus driving and eijarging his business; his store, in the meantime, being cared for by a partner, with whom he found it necessary to associate himself. In time he had a sufficient quantity of skins to make it an object to ship them to London. Taking a steerage passage, he went himself, sold his furs, made arrangements with houses to ship them furs and draw upon the firms to which they were consigned. He took the agency of his brother's musical instruments, from which trade he derived a large revenue in New York. Thus his business grew. Having made the personal acquaintance of Indians and trappers, he secured their trade. He had opened connections abroad whereby he could profitably ship and find sales for his furs in Europe, while musical merchandise and other goods filled the ships on the return voyages. In due time he married Miss Sarah Todd, of New York, who engaged heartily with her husband in his business, buying and beat- ing the furs herself. It was his boast in after years, when he became a millionaire, that her knowledge of furs and her capacity for conducting business were fully equal to his own. In 1794, Jay's treaty, by the placing of the frontier forts in the hands of the Americans, enabled the traders to extend their opera- tions very greatly, the consequence being that Astor, ere many years, had his agents at work purchasing furs at various points along the great lakes, his enterprise even reaching across the continent to Oregon. .o L'p to 1800, when Astor wap thirty-eeven years of age. he lived over his store. He had been in busine.-ss for fifteen years. He then moved his residence to 22;j Broadway, where the Astor House stands to-day. He commenced in this locality worth SS50, 000, and with the exception of one removal, he remained here for twenty-five years, rapidly extending his business. He made every article that he bought or sold turn a profit, and generally a large profit. He bought beaver-skins in Western New York for a dtdlar each, and sold them for si.x dollars each, in London. The proceeds invested in English goods he sold at a large profit, when his vessels returned. By and by his vessels went into Asiatic ports. The Chinese trade he found profitable. His furs sold there readily, and the proceeds, invested in teas and silks, sold at a great profit in New York. The average profits on a vessel's journey to China were $;!0. 000 a tri]). and sometimes reached $70, 000. He had at one time several vessels running from the Pacific coast to Canton, in China, thus exchanging furs for silks and teas at a great profit. In all, it is estimated, he made g'i.OOO, 000 in the fur trade. The bulk of his great fortune, however, was made in real estate. Having great faith in the future of New York, as fast as his gains came in he invested them in houses and lots, and, in some cases, where parties would not sell, he leased property on long time. Occasionally he bought real estate in the center of the city, but suburban property was his choice for investment. He constructed houses which he rented, and thus realized a revenue immediately. These houses he did not sell, but with the revenue obtained by rent- ing them others were built, until in time the houses of the Astor estate numbered 7, 000. Subsequently, through rapid growth, the city extended far beyond his possessions, and his real estate was found to be most centrally and favorably located. How rapidly it increased in value was shown by his purchase from the estate of Aaron Burr, at Richmond Hill, of 160 acres, at $1,000 per acre. Twelve years afterwards the land was worth $1, 500 a lot. He continued actively in business for fifty years. He was always an early riser, and until he was fifty-five years old was always in his office before seven o'clock in the morning; but having dispatched his business rapidly, he usually left by two in the afternoon. He was extremely punctual in all his ai)pointments, and was remarkable for his calmness in the midst of some of his greatest losses, being per- fectly cool, and apparently more cheerful than ever. Soon after his arrival in New York as a stranger, he stopped one day on Broadway, to notice a block of buildings that had just been erected, the finest on the street. He there made a vow that he would some day erect a building finer than any then on the street. About the year 1830 he purchased for $60. 000 the ground for the site of a hotel, and soon afterwards erected the Astor House, then the largest and best hotel in the country. He presented the building, when it was completed, to his eldest son, William B. Astor. John Jacob Astor left at his death a property valued at $20. 000. 000, among his bequests being $50, 000 for the poor of his native town of Waldorf, and $400,000 for the founding of the Astor Library. He died at the age of eighty-four, and was buried in St. Thomas' Church, on Broadway. While the extreme parsimony of this great financier was perhaps a serious defect in his business dealing, there were many causes that contributed to his success which are especially worthy of study by those who wonld succeed in the acquisition of wealth. Among these were his temperate habits, his perseverance, his punctuality, and his thorough comprehension of an enterprise before he commenced it. which gave him in his long business career an almost unbroken round of success, from the beginning to tlie end. i- -^^1X -? 3 I lOi A FORTUNE THE RESULT OF ECONOMY, FORCE AND ENTERPRISE. Cornslius Vandertilt prfrjTIuiuMmliMnitW The Siaten Island Ferry-Boy, the Successful Steamboat Owner and Distinguished Railroad Financier. HE FATHER of Cornelius Van- ilerbilt, Pteamboat and rail- road owner, was a well ^ to do farmer, who, with his wife, lived on Staten Island at ail early day. -_'^ Here, Cornelius, .^ the eldest of a _^' family of several - children, was born '' May 27, 1794. When seventeen years old, a strong, active boy. daring and courageous, he had the reputation, even thus young, of accoraplishing whatever he undertook. Being passionately fond of the water, he had assisted his father for some years in sailing a boat from Staten Island to New York, in the transportation of passengers and farm produce. This experience only confirmed him in his desire to follow the water, and he was seventeen years of age when he impor- tuned his mother to lend him $100 with which to buy a boat, that he might become a boatman in Xew York harbor. His mother, a clear- headed woman, realizing the importance of a child knowing the value of money by having earned it, gave him the promise of the money on condition that he plow, harrow and plant a certain ten acres of rough land on the farm, by a certain day, a task that he triumphantly com- pleted within the stipulated time, and thus obtained the required amount with which to buy his boat. He entered upon his work with a genuine enthusiasm, and earned Si, 000 a year for the next three years, besides becoming, out of forty competitors in the business, the leading boatman in the harbor, and the owner of the best boat, with a perfectly acquired knowledge of his business. Of the $3. 000 earned, he retained only enough to provide himself with clothing, the remainder going lo his parents. Oftentimes his courage was put to the severest tests. On one occasion, in 1813, the commanding officer of the British fleet, then a short distance from the city, was desirous of sending some messengers to New York for reinforcements, during a heavy gale blowing at the time. The boatmen all agreed that if it could be done the only person who could accomplish it would l)e"Corneel" Vander- bilt. Upon being sent for, the young man expressed his belief that the feat could be performed, but in doing it he would be compelled to carry the men a portion of the way under water. Under his com- mand, the men undertook the journey, and were landed at the foot (»r Whitehall street an hour afterward, drenched to the skin. His courage to undertake, and his ability to perform what he undertook, became so well-known as to secure him the contract, when twenty-one years of age, for supplying the military forts about New York harbor, in 1814, with provisions; notwithstanding the bid of young Vanderbilt was much higher than that of the most of his competitors. The delivery of these goods being regular, he per- formed the labor at night, when other work could not be had, leaving his boat free to obtain all transient custom it was possible to get in the day-time. With a profitable contract to fill, and other patronage, he soon began to make money rapidly, being assisted by his wife, to whom he had been married two years. In 1814 he saved money enough to build a little schooner called the "Dread," and in the succeeding year, in company with his brother-in-law, the schooner "Charlotte" was set afloat for the coasting trade, its journey extending as far south as Charleston. Three years later he was the owner of two or three sloops and schooners, and had saved SO. 000. Fulton had launched his steamboat, the "Clermont," in 1807. In 1812 his steam ferry-boats were running, and in 1818 the fact was fully demonstrated tlint steam was lo be the propelling power for rapid sailing. Thomas Gibl)ons had constructed a steamer to sail from New York to New Brunswick, in New Jersey, where passen- gers remained over-night, and thence they went by stage to Trenton, where, on a steamer, they went to Philadelphia. To Vanderbilt Gibbons gave the captaincy of the steamer, at a salary of $1,000 a year. This was less than Vanderbilt had been making, but desirous of becoming acquainted with steamboating, he accepted the situation. The hotel at New Brunswick, which had been miserably kept, was given him rent free, and this he placed in charge of his wife, through whose administration the house became popular. Vanderbilt remained with Gibbons eleven years, conducting the boat amid much opposition, but so successfully as to give his employer during the last four years a profit of $40,000 annually. During this time Vanderbilt had himself saved $30,000, besides hav- ing the lease for fourteen years of the ferry between Elizahethport, New Jersey, and New York, a line that was proving very profitable. Vanderbilt was now thirty-five years old, and just coming forward to his prime. Refusing all offers of partnership, and desirons of commencing in business for himself, he constructed a small steamer, called the "Caroline ," which he commanded in person. In the succeeding nineteen years, he became the owner of numerous steamers, which floated on the Hudson, on the routes to Boston, on Long Island Sound, and elsewhere, to establish which lines in the face of powerful combinations of capital, cost him frequently an immense amount of money. He would establish such a sharp busi- ness competition, however, as to eventually drive his opponents from the field, or comin-l them to C()rnpron)|te. A favorite saying u illi ^ PORTRAIT OF VANDKRI'.ILT. lor. Vandcrbilt, wiip that ho did not care po much about makiiiu' money as he did carryinj^ his point. In the steamship "■Prometheus, " which he built in IBtS-Mf). hesaiU-d for the Isthmus of Darien, havinff already a controlling interent in the "American, Atlantic and Pacific Canal Company." which intended biiildinga canal acrot;s the isthmus. Vandcrbilt substituted another route across the isthmus from the way heretofore traveled, which shortened the distance TOO miles between New York and San Francisco. The old route had been from Chaj^res to Panama. The new extended from the mouth of the San Juan river, at (Jreytown, to the San Juan del Sur, on the Pacific. In 1851 he put three steamers on the Atlantic side and four on the Pacific side, and entered into competition with the "United States" and the "Pacific Mail" com- panies. The next year he put three more steamers on, to ply between New Orleans and Grey town. In 1853 he made a cruise to Europe in his steamer, the "North Star." While abroad, an opposition having been estab- lished in his absence, to his Atlantic-Pacific line, he was com- pelled to overthrow it on his return. Subsequently', in 1850. when William Walker, then ruling in Nicaragua, seized the property of the Transit company across the isthmus, Vanderbilt creatt-d an insurrection, which, with the aid of Costa Rica, expelled Walker. Receiving afterwards a large subsidy, Vanderbilt with- drew his opposition, the business being insuthcient for two lines. To enumerate all the successful contests which he had, would swell this sketch to a great length. In all, he owned at one time sixty-six steam sailing craft, including twenty -one steamers, eleven of which he built himself, to govern and control which he was very appropriately named " Commodore. " In 18(54, with a fortune esti- mated at $40, 000, 000. he arranged to leave the water. He had been for twenty years a large owner of the stock of the New York and New Haven as well as the New York and Harlem railways, the whole of which latter road he owned in 18U4. He had also several millions invested in the Erie. Soon after coming into the possession of the Harlem he obtained a controlling interest in the New York Central and Hudson River roads, and consolidated them. Subsequently con- nection was made with the Michigan Southern and Lake Shore roads, the whole being operated nnder one management, making a line, with side-branches, 2,128 miles in length, representing a capital of SI 40, 000, 000. While possession largely developed the faculty of acquisitiveness, it could not be said of Vanderbilt that he was miserly. For the purpose of carrying a point he was ready to spend money lavishly, and while seldom putting his name to a subscription paper he was ready to give to any cause that he deemed worthy. He presented the steamer "Vanderbilt," which cost S800,000, to the government at the opening of the civil war; and to the Vanderbilt University, at Nashville. Tenn., he gave $700,000; to the Rev. Dr. Deems. VANDERBILT IN HIS PRIME. of New York, he gave the Mercer Street Presbyterian Church, while his lesser charities have been numerous. In the latter years of his life he gradually withdrew from the activities of business, taking relief behind a span of fast horses in the afternoon, and a game of whist with his friends in the evening. He had tliirteen chililren — nine daughters and four sons. He was twice married. With Uis first wife he celebrated his golden wedding, on which occasion one hundred and forty of his descendants were present to congratulate him and the worthy partner of his hopes, struggles and trium])hs. Averse to attending school in his boyhood, Vanderbilt had no book education. He claimed an indistinct recollection of having seen a spelling-book in his childhood, of the contents of which he had only a limited knowledge. But such was the great strength of body and brain of this man as to enable him to triumph even without a knowledge of books. He was born great. Of course, as the jewel is more brilliant when carefully cut and polished, so Vanderbilt would havQ been a vastly more perfect character had he had good educational advan- tages; but even without this he po>;scssed such large perceptive faculty and business capacity, impelled by the combative pow- ers which gave force, as to carry him to the head. A marked feature of his life was, also, that although living to the advanced age of eighty-three, he retained his powers undimmed to the last. His success was an evidence of what industry, economy, perse- verance, enterprise and courage may accomplish. After making ample provision for his various descendants, by will, and con- signing his vast monied interests to his son, Wm. H. Vanderbilt, that his plans might be carried forward to completion, he died Januarys, 1877, leading property variously estimated to be worth from $G0, 000. 000 to $80, 000. 000; an elaborate tomb, surmounted by a grand monumental shaft, in the old Moravia burying grounds on Staten Island, becoming the resting place for his remains. Why Vanderbilt Succeeded. A careful study of the life of this financier reveals the following as among the principal causes of his success: First. He had a strong body and possessed great power of physi- cal endurance. Second. As an assistant of his father, he formed industrious habits. He knew how to work. Third. Money came to him slowly in his childhood, and only by hard earnings. He thus learned the value of a dollar. Foyrfh. He was courageous. Enterprises that others would shrink from he would undertake with readiness, and carry through to success, Fiffh. He was reliable. He did ns he agreed, and he performed his contract in first-class style. He could get a higher price than his competitors, even as a youth, because his promise could be abso- lutely depended upon. ^ -<);• The Bay and CITY OF NEW YORK, Looking Northward. New York City i;? located on the island of Manhattan, a name given it by the Dutch who fire^t located here, in 1614. In 1026 Peter Minuit, a Hollander, bought the entire island from the Indians for sixty itriiilders, a sum equal to $-24. The island was sixteen miles long; was four and a half miles in width at its widest place, and was esti- mated to contain 26, 500 acres. In 1627 there were about twenty huts on the island, scattered alon^; the East river, and the population was 270 whites. The receipts for furs sent abroad that year amounted to $19, 000. One hundred years afterwards the poi)ulation was 8,622: when two hundred years old it was 93,63-1, and by the census of 1880 it was 1,206,577. The Location of Well-known Points of Interest Are designated by the following numerals, which correspond with the figoires in the Engraving-. So, 1. New York Bay, first entered by Henry lltirlsoii in 1609, who tlu-n saw and visited the isljind of Mnnhnttjin. 2. Ttie present site of 39 Itrtmdwny. where, in 1612. Ilendiick Christasnsen, a Hollander, llrwt made a Hinall redonbt, e^clo^*- injr fou)' log huts, as a place in wliicli to live and receive furn. 3. Battery park, at the extreme southern end of the islanrl. containing twenty-one acres, about one mile from City Hall. » 1-2. Brooklyn Warehouses. 4. Costlc (Jarden, a circular building, where the emi- grants land when arriving in New York, a record being made as they pass through of the name of each, place of nativity, age and occupa- tion. i». Brooklyn: population in 1880, 554,465. O. Location of the piers for peveral lines of KU-amcrs, which nm to Florida. Ciiba, Texas and California, 'i. Piers of Hartford and New Haven Unesof stcam(*hlp8. 8. Fulton Market. O. Print- ing houHC of Harper Brothers. lO. Brooklyn bridge. 11, Cnftom house. 12. Trinity church, hfiul of Wall street, lit, Broailway— extending from Batterj' to Central park, ft distance of Hvc milen. 14. Washington House, where Washing- ton made his huad'iuartcrs while In New York during the revolntinn. l.'J. Piers of steamers fitr New Orleans. 16. Piers of steamers for Boston and points at thesouth. 17. Piers of the Penn- sylvania railroad. 18. Jersey City; population in 1880, lO.'i.OOO. 19. Hudson river, first discov- ered by Heni'y Hudson, an Englishman. September II, 1609, and iiavigateti by him to Albany, where he arrived September *2l, 1609. the journey occupy- ing eleven days. 20. New Jersey. 21. Washing- ton market. 22. Pi<'rs from which boat,'! run to the Ei'ie railway. In this vii-inity are located also the piers of the White Star line, Anchor. Cunard, Pacific Mail. Innian and ntlior ocean lines of steamships. 2:{. City Hall and Post ofHcc. In this neighborhood arc also the Tribune, Herald, World. Sun. Astor House and other prominent buildings. 24. City i)rison, called the ''Tombs." 2ii. Wa.^liiiijfton srpiare, containing eight acres. 2fl. Astor Llbi-ary; near here also are the Appletons', Scrlbners', and Fowler & Wells' publishing houses, the Grand Central. New York, St. Nicholas and Metro- politan botelK. 2T. Stewart's store; near here are the Bible House, ('oopcr Institute, the Irving nnd St. Denlshotcls— amlleandahalf fromCity Hall. 28. New York Historical Socu'ty. 29. Tompkins square, containing forty acres. UO. Bellevtie Hospital. »1. Orand Central Depni of the N. Y. Central and Harlem railroads. 32. I'nion Square park, containing three and a half acres. In this vicinity are located Gramercy park. Union Square theater. Walla<-k's Academy of Music, Stein way hall. Tammany hall, Irving hall, Everett House, Tiffany's, and Domestic Sewing machine buildings. Half a mile furthernorth is Madison Square park, containing six acres. In this vicinity are llu* Fifth Avenue hotel, the Hoff- man, Alhermarle, Hotel Brunswick. St. James and Dclmonico's. Here also are, the Academy of Design, Gilmoi-e's garden and Bootli's theater. 323. Riverside park, on a line witli the Hudson river, from "and to 1,'lOth streets; a little over a mile in width, and contains one hundred and >eventy-cigbt acres. 34. Central park, live miles from the Battery, containing eight handled and forty acres. SA. Blackwell's island. In this vicinity are nls<» Ilandnll's isianii, and the reefs, called Hell Gate. 30. Long Island Sound, lead- ing out to the Atlantic ocean. 3*7. East river. 38. Brooklyn. ::;S^ f -<) 'IIIK I-AM<>[.'.S I)UY-(;0(H>S MKKCIIANT I'KIXIM-:. ]07 A Fortune the Result of Attention to Details. 'OR MANY YEARS the colossal operations of A. T. Stewart in the purchase and sale of dry-goods, so engaged the attention of the American public, as to make a biographical sketch of this distinguished merchant of especial interest to all. How did he aohie\'e so great success? The object of this paper is to answer that question. In the year 1818, among the immigrants who stepped from a European vessel anchored in New York, was a young Irishman, a mere boy, only sixteen years of age, who in after years became widely kno\\n as Alexander T. Stewart, lie was born at Belfast, Ireland, ill 1802. of Scotch-Irish parents. His father dying when he was «K^^ quite young, caused bis guar- «<^|^ dianship and education to devolve upon his grandfather, who gave him a good common - school education, and placed liim in Trinity College, with a view of fitting him for the ministry. During his second term in school, his grandfather died, and he thereupon abandoned the idea of completing bis collegiate course, and, instead, concluded to try his fortune in the new world, where his mother was tlien living. Failing to secure employment in a store, he engaged in teaching for a few years, carefully saving the proceeds of his labors. Having become of age, he returned to Ireland, where he received the proceeds of a small legacy left him by his grand- father. A portion of this, by advice of a friend, he invested in "insertion," "scol- Inp-trimmings" and other fancy material of ladies* wear, and returned to New York, where he opened for himself, at 283 Broadway, a small store. He commenced with several disadvantages, among which were a small stock of goods and himself with inexperience as a salesman. He was resolved, however, to win his way. He worked early and late. He gave from fourteen to eighteen hours to his business each day. Unable to employ help, he was bis own porter, book-keeper A. T. STEWART. and salesman. A total stranger in the business community, he had no credit, and he asked none. But to do a cash business thus required that he observe the utmost economy. His purchases at first were principally at the auction sales, where he bought miscellaneous stocks of goods known as "sample lots," often thrown together in confusion. These he bought very cheaply for cash, took them to his store, and when the business of the day was over, he commenced a most careful examination of the goods he had thus purchased. In this he was assisted by his wife, a most estimable lady whom he married about this time. The articles were carefully assorted, redressed if found necessary, handsomely labeled, placed in beautiful boxes, and when exposed for sale they possessed all thfir original excellence. In tiiis work we undoubtedly now dis- cover tlie key-note to the great mer- chant's success. He was economical. He bought where he could buy the cheapest. He was industrious. He shrunk from no labor necessary to assort and arrange his goods. He possessed large order. From a tangled mass of odds and end.s of goods, be would carefully pick and straighten the skeins of silk, rearrange the sizes of gloves, of hose and other goods, ttius bringing method and system out of the disorder. He possessed ex- quisite taste which enabled him to display his goods to fine advantage. Having bought his goods very cheaply for cash, he was able to sell cheaper than most other retail dealers, and yet at a good profit, his sales being strictly for cash on delivery. Added to the foregoing original methods of procedure, the young merchant intro- duced another innovation into his business, which was that of having no deviation in customers, one patron invariably being Customers thus soonjearned that beat down, " and they price for an article among able to buy as cheaply as another. it would be entirely useless to attempt to learned another thing, which was that a child could buy as cheaply as themselves. He marked his goods up and down according to the fluctuation in the market, but among buyers at his store the cost was uniform, and the price for every article he sold was as low as. or lower, than the same could be bought for elsewhere .O^-'" ■■•c>- ? los li.iW STKWAKT WAS ENABLED TO BECOME RICH. The patron soon had the utmost confidence in trading with him — a confidence well and worthily bestowed, for Sir. Stewart made it a rule to dismiss any clerk who should misrepresent an article of goods or in any way take advantage of a customer. He was a perfect autocrat among his clerks; holding them to their duties by severe rules of discipline, a fine being imposed on any one who should be late at the store, who shonld misdirect bundles, over-stay the lunch hour, or mistake a number. lie adopted the plan, also, of never carrying goods over to another season. To avoid this, he would advertise a "closing out" sale "at cost ■' for a certain number of days, and by adroit management he would fill his store thus with patrons, at times and seasons when, with other merchants, business would be dull. At the expiration of sis years he found it necessary to move to a larger store, between Chambers and Warren streets, and in four years more he was compelled to go to a yet larger building on Broad- way, between Murray and Warren streets, five stories of which he soon occupied. He was a superior judge of human nature, and his success was doubtless largely due to that knowledge. Aside from the absolute honesty with which he compelled his clerks to observe his one price, his cheap price, and his frequent "cost price,'' he employed men of fine address to assist him, well knowing that the average young lady would often go a long distance out of her way to trade and chat for a little time with a handsome clerk. He carefully studied, also, the methods that gave tone, and brought success to his establishment. On one occasion he was asked by a well-known wealthy lady how she could serve him. In answer, he said that the greatest favor he could ask would be that her coachman be allowed, when on the street, to occasionally halt her carriage, and rest the horses in front of his store. He knew the value of appearances, and be studied the effect. The result of his study and effort was seen in after years, when the most costly and beautiful equipages of the city came of their own accord. In ten years from the time he commenced hie mercantile career, his great success was assured. His rapidly increasing business requiring more room, he bought land at the corner of Chambers street and Broadway, where he erected a palatial store, into which he moved in 1846; and some years later he secured the Old Ninth Street Dutch Church and the lots adjoining it, comprising an entire block, at the corner of Ninth street and Broadway, upon which he erected, as a retail store, the largest and most complete establishment of the kind in the world; covering about two acres, having six elevators, the service in the establishment being arranged about as follows when the force was full: one superintendent, nineteen assist- ants, nine cashiers, twenty-five bookkeepers, thirty ushers, two hundred cash boys, four hundred and seventy clerks, fifty porters for heavy work, nine hundred seamstresses in the manufacturing department, five hundred others employed in various work; making in all two thousand two hundred persons employed about the store, with, at times, when under Mr. Stewart's supervision, receipts averaging $60,000 daily. He early foresaw that the late war would greatly increase the price of all manufactured articles. Acting on this belief, he contracted with many factories to take all they made for a long time, the result being that when prices rose, as they did during the war, he was in the possession of an immensely large stock, from which he made a profit of several millions of dollars. The years went by and Mr. Stewart, by close attention to his busi- ness, by enterprise, by care, economy and courage, by honesty, sagacity and industry, became the most successful merchant in the world. He turned his attention then to the purchase of real estate, and, excepting Wm. B. Astor, became the largest real estate owner in America; his landed possessions, including his two mammoth stores, the Metropolitan Hotel and the New York Theater, all on Broadway; nearly all of Bleecker street from Broadway to Dupont Row, numerous churches, many buildings, one of the most expen- sive residences in the country — all in New York, besides the Grand Union Hotel at Saratoga, and 10. 000 acres of land in New Jersey, whereon Garden City has been built through his liberality and enter- prise. He also possessed much other land. The erection of a mammoth hotel in New York, costing several millions, originally designed for the accommodation of women; the sending of a ship load of provisions to Ireland, during one of her famines, and other charities, were among his benefactions. He was appointed to the position of Secretary of the Treasury in the Cabinet of President Grant, a position which he was compelled to resign, because by an old law it was found, that any person employed as an importer, was ineligible to the place, a fact which was sin- cerely regretted because of his known fitness for the office. The result of his business career was a fortune of over S-0. 000. 000, the pro- ceeds of upright dealing and legitimate trade. He died April 10. 1876, in the seventy-third year of his age, the Memorial Church at Garden City, being designed by his widow to receive his remains. His death in the mercantile world was like the fall of a giant tree in the forest. This generation will see but few men who will pass through fifty-three years of such remarkable, continued, legitimate business success. - — vC). :(?^ TiiK i)isTi.\i;i'i.sm;i) i;ankki; ok i'iin..vi)i,i,i'iiiA. M) Stephen ninW^*^T!T^ ''■'I'lfBli'''''' "*^' STEPHEN GIRARD was a remarkal)le character in Pbil- adclphia at the bcginnhij this century, being noted for two things: First, becanae of his large wealth, and, second, for his peculiarities and eccentricities. He was born at Bordeaux, in France, May 24, 1750. Ilis father was a sea- man, whom, it is claimed, was very harsh and severe with his children, particularly with Stephen, the eldest. His mother died when he was young, and a step-mother taking her place made the lot of the boy still more unpleasant. Added to this was the dii^covcry, in his childhood, that one eye was blind. This fact, his biographers claim, had much to do in souring a disposition that otherwise might have been gentle and kind. With his father's consent, having the barest rudiments of an edu- cation, he shipped as a cabin-boy, at thirteen, to the West Indies and New York. In this position he made the best of his opportu- nities in acquiring a knowledge of navigation, and gradually worked himself up to the position of mate, and to the command of a vessel when he was twenty-six years old. It was in 1776, while on his way from New Orleans to a Canadian port, that he was bi calmed in a fog off the mouth of Delaware bay. Learning that in consequence of hostilities between America and England he was liable to have his vec-sel captured by the English cruis- ers, he proceeded up the Delaware river to Philadelphia, sold his sloop and cargo, which he partly owned, and commenced business as a grocer and liquor-dealer. During the Revolution he established himself for a time at Mount Halley. New Jersey, where his sale of wines and cider to the soldiers being large, he made considerable money, all of which was most carefully saved. With the capital thus acquired he engaged in the New Orleans and San Domingo trade at the close of the war. A ten years' lease of a block of buildings on Wtiter street, in Philadelphia, taken during the business depression, in 1782, proved a very profitable investment. These buildings, upon the revival of prosperity, he relet at a great advance over the price he paid, and his profits were very large. He subsequently made S30. 000, the result of a partnership with his brother. Captain John Girard, in the West India trade. The partnership being diss^olved, Stephen continued profitably in the business. At the time of the negro insurrection in Hayti, as two of his ves- sels were in port, several of the planters brought considerable Sailor, Banker and Financier. treasure on board. Returning to Iheir homes for more, they were never heard of afterwards. This treasure Girard's ships brought to Philadelphia, where he advertised it liberally, but tlie parties who placed it on the ships having been, probably, killed on their return to land, no one ever appeared to claim it, and the property, amounting to about $50,000, went to swell the growing wealth of Girard. From this time forward wealth rap- idly accumulated with him. He built ships and started them to various parts of the world. His vessel8 could be found in all the waters where commerce extended. He was largely in the Chinese and East India trade. His captain would buy fruits in the warm climates; would sail to a northern port, sell the cargo to great advantage, and invest in another production, which would be taken to and sold in another part of the world; every turn being generally at a profit. The success which attended this fortunate course of trade was termed luck^ but observation proved that Girard had, through bis own experience as a navigator and careful study, made himself perfectly familiar with what he expected his captains to perform; and, giving them minute details of what he desired, be required them to obey instructions to the fetter. On one occasion, a captain, discovering that he could by the pur- chase of teas, at another port from the one in which he had been instructed to buy, save several thousand dollars, took the responsi- bility of making the change. Although the captain's judgment greatly enriched hie employer, Girard discharged him, and would never afterwards employ him, his reason being that while an emploj'c might occasionally benefit him by going contrary to orders, in the majority of cases it would prove a loss, and would eventually ruin him. He required perfect obedience, no matter at what loss to himself. One day a man applied to him for labor, and Girard set him at work removing a pile of stone from one portion of a lot to another, the orders being to report when the job was completed. When finished, the laborer announced the fact to Girard, who replied: *• Very well, remove the stone back again to the place where you found them." The stone was carefully carried back. The work finis-hed. and the fact reported, Girand told him to carry it once more to the place where he first put it. Again the workman pleasantly returned to his task, completed the labor and WL^nt for further orders. Having tested the willingness uf the man. thus, to perform any labor to 9 A ^ -^1/. ? Ill) WHAT UIliAKl) DID WITU HIS MOXEY. 7? which he might be assigned with alacrity and without question. Girard gave him other duties to perform and retained his services for years. In 1793 the yellow fever raged with fearful violence in Philadel- phia. People fled to the country, and the streets were deserted. An appeal was made for money and nurses. At this time Girard stepped to the front, took the management of the hospital for the infected, and in person superintended the care of the patients. Again, in 1797 and in 1798, he did the same, receiving the gratitude of the people for his courage and the valuable assistance that he had rendered, through his wealth and personal service. In 1812 he purchased the building and most of the stock of the United States bank, and commenced business as a private banker, on a capital of $1,200,000, which be afterwards increased to $4,000,000, his institution being known as the Girard bank. In 1814 the government, being sorely pressed for money, asked for a loan of 85.000,000. Only $20,000 could be ob- tained, although liberal inducements were offered by Congress to subscribers. At this juncture Girard stepped forward and subscribed for the entire amount, the an- nouncement of which caused the loan to immediately become popular, and cap- italists thereupon began promptly to purchase the bonds, which Girard allowed them to do. He was active in procuring the charter of the second United States bank, and became a director. He erected several of the, at that time, most beautiful blocks of buildings in Philadelphia. He subscribed and loaned over $350,000 to the navigation of the Schuylkill. He subscribed $200, 000 to the Danville and Pottsville railroad, and many other enterprises of public character. He married, at the age of twenty-seven, a woman with whom he lived unhappily. His wife died in the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane. Short, thick-set, blind in one eye, unprepossessing in appearance, with a temper soured in childhood, and doubly embittered in after years by domestic trouble, he withdrew from society, and absorbed Girard*s Bequests. To Girard College, for the Education of Orphans 86,000,000 To City of Philadelphia for Improvement of Streets and Buildings. To Improvement of Canal Navigation in Pennsylvania To Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane To the Pennsylvania Deaf and Dumb Asylum To the JIasonic Loan ; T J the Orphan Asylum of Philadelphia To the Philadelphia Public Schools To Philadelpliia.as a fund to furni^ the poor with fuel each winter To the fund fordistre&bcd masters of ships his mind and soul in the multitudinous cares of his immense busi- ness, which yielded a fortune of about $9,000,000. Requiring the utmost farthing in the transaction of business, he held it as a paramount duty to do as he had himself agreed. His habits were extremely simple. His personal expenses were very light. He lived in a lonely little house on Water street, solitary, alone and sour, fully conscious of personal unpopularity. The crown- ing ambition of his life seemed to be to compel the attention of the world to the fact that he was, in his time, the richest man in America. The claims of religion having brought him no happioess, be looked upon it as a sham, and openly avowed his unbelief. He worked on Sunday to show his disregard for the opinions of orthodoxy, and his ships he named after the most noted of the French infidels of the Voltaire school. Being childless and far advanced in years, he carefully prepared his will, in which were be- I quests for various hospitals, asylums, educational institu- tions and public enterprises. To each of his relatives he gave from five to sixty thou- sand dollars. To his captains then in service who safely brought their vessels home, he gave $1,500 each. To his apprentices he gave $500 apiece, and to his old servants he gave annuities ranging from $300 to $500 each. The sight of his remaining eye rapidly failing him when eighty years of age, he was one day, while crossing the street, knocked down by a passing team, at which time he was so bruised about the head as to cause him rapidly to decline, until he died, December 26, 1831, his remains finding a last resting place in the lower vestibule of Girard college, which is one of the conspicuous edifices in Phil- adelphia. A notable peculiarity of Girard's will, relating to this college, is that no professing ecclesiastic, missionary or clergyman of any sect whatever, shall ever be allowed on the premises, even as a visitor. The officers of the institution are required to instruct the pupils in a pure morality and leave them free to adopt their own religious opinions. 500.000 300,000 30,000 20,000 20,000 10,000 10,000 10.000 10.000 .6. — M^ GKHKLiE rEAl;ill>V; BANKKK, !• I X A.NCI l:i: AM) I'lUI. A.NI II l;(il'l> I'. -<)- 11 r.SERVATION proves I Imt the majority of those men who become cek'- ■ brated fortheacquisitioii of wealth in their later years, be^^ido inheriting a good physical constitu- tion and a well balanced mind, have been trained to useful labor in youth. A sound brain in a sound body, rightly directed in childhood, is one of the grandest endowments that the parent can give the offspring. The success that attended the subject of our sketch, George Peabody, was the result of this fortunate inheritance. His parents wore poor. That was to his advantage, as the son was compelled to rely upon his own energies, which were thus developed by use. He had a strong physical constitution, and that enabled him to endure. He had a kind and wise mother, whose good counsels directed him into the right path. George Peabody was born in Danvers, Mass., February 18, 1795. Early compelled to assist his father's family, he was taken from school when eleven years of age, and given employment in the coun- try store of Sylvester Proctor, in Danvers. He proved himself a faithful clerk here for the next five years. His father dying when George was in his teens, he took upon him- self, as best he could, the task of providing for his mother, his brothers and his sisters; a proof that true worth was in the boy, which subsequent years fully demonstrated. Not many incidents of note occurred with him in his boyhood. At fifteen he left Mr. Proctor's to go to Vermont, where he remained a year with his grandparents, at Thetford. A year later he went into the dry-goods store of his brother, David Peabody, at Newburyport, Mass., where a large fire, which destroyed his brother's store, com- pelled him to seek a place elsewhere. He next entered the employ- ment of his uncle in Georgetown, D. C. , which place he soon left, to find a better position with Mr. Elisha Riggs, in that city, who made him his partner. Young Peabody was then but nineteen. The busi* ness was the wholesaling of dry-goods, largely imported from Europe. To secure trade Peabody made various journeys on horseback into the unsettled regions of the border States, with such success as to make it necessary to establish the store of his firm at a more central place; Baltimore being selected as the point. In that city the young merchant immediately took front rank, being noted as a business man for his quick and cautious judgment; his decision, firmness, industry, punctuality, justice and honor in every transaction; the whole accompanied by a genial courtesy that won him friends on every side. The business of the house so rapidly extended as to make it soon necessary to establish branches in New York and Philadelphia, the whole being under the immediate careful supervision of Mr. Pea- body. In 1829 Mr. Kiggs withdrew from the active business of the institution, still leaving his name, however — the firm continuing as Peabody, Riggs & Co. Opening a banking department in connection with the house, which had proven very profitable, especially as the financial agents of the State of Maryland, and having been in Eng- land frequently, where he had made a large acquaintance, Mr. Peabody resolved to establish a branch store in London, and in 1837, when forty- two years old, he went there to persianently reside. In the succeeding year he did great service to his native country by securing nionied assistance at a time when general financial wreck had overspread the commercial interests of the United States. Through his own wealth, and trust in the future of America, he was able and willing to buy largely of American securities, while his integrity and high standing among the capitalists of England inspired confidence in others. Thus credit was saved to the State of Mary- land, which he represented as its agent, as well as to vast monied interests in the United States. In his transactions at that time Mr. Peabody acquired great reputation for financial strength, courage and ability. In the meantime his mercantile interests steadily grew in America. He bought very heavily of British goods, and shipped them to this country, receiving by his vessels, in return, all kinds of American produce, which found ready sale in England. Gradually his customers, when they consigned to his firm, not only drew upon him, but they as often deposited large amounts of money w-ith him, to be held until required. The result was that he soon found himself doing a large banking business. In 1843 his business firm name was changed to "George Peabody & Company, of Warnford Court, City, "and banking thenceforth became his leading busines.s, the purchase and sale of American securities being his specialty. Through his geniality and kindly courtesy, his othce. which was liberally supplied with newspapers from the United States, became the resort of Americans in London. Though careful in expenditure, he was liberal. For many years it was his custom to give a grand dinner at some public place on the Fourth of July, in commemoration of the establishment of Ameri- can independence. At this dinner he invited distinguished Ameri- cans who might be in London at the time, as he did also prominent men in Great Britain. At the opening of the International exposi- tion in 1851, no provision having been made by congress for the display of American products. George Peabody furnished the commissioners with the sum of $15,000, with which the articles of American skill, including printing-presses, revolvers, reapers. ;Ct — =^pi^ 11: FEAUODY BEQUESTS. SKETCH OF PETER COOrER. macbincs, works of Bculpture, and many valuable inventions were so finely displayed as to win tbe applause of tbe civilized world. Generous thus in tbe bestowal of thousands or millions, he was rigidly economical to the penny, the result of the habits that he had formed in his youth. Never married, he lived cheaply in a suite of apartments and entertained his friends at the club house. In dress he was scrupulously neat, but unostentatious. Anything calculated to attract attention he carefully avoided. A black band was the only thing he would wear for a watch-guard. In the later years of his residence in London, lie made several visits to his native country, renewing his friendships of early years. Having acqnired immense wealth, his life was particularly notable, near its close, for the many and wise gifts which he made for explo- ration, discovery, for the education of the masses, and for the comfort and welfare of the poor. The following were some of his principal donations during his life, togethc_r with bequests made hy his will; The Peabody Bequests. To the Soutliern Educational Fnud ?:^..500.000 To Itomes for the Poor in Loiulon 2..')00,000 To tlie Peabody Institote, at Baltimore ^•°?r!llJ5 To Pealjoiiv Institute. Peabody, Mai.s ^r-"S To Institute of .\rch«olosry, Haivard College """SS. To Dep.artment of Physical Science, YaleColie(je 1;>0,000 To Peabody Museum, Saiein, Mass 150,000 To Memorial riiureli in Ceoi-getown, D. C $10(1,000 To W.islMlli.'t..ii roll, ■He. V.i oil mill To I'liilhli-- Aciikiiiv, Aiidover, Ma-ss - m.lMI To K.-iivoii tuliL^ie, at liainbier, O . 2;.. mill To Pubiie Library. .Vewburyport. Mass 20.000 To Maryland Historical Society 20.000 Totirinnell Expidltion. under 'Dr. Kane lo.ooo To Public Library, Tlletfold, Vt 10.000 «7. 975, 000 lie contributed about $200,000 to various other objects, and left 85,000,000, mostly to his relatives. He died in London, Nov. 4, 1809, when seventy two years of age. Tbe news of his death was received with profound grief on both sides of the Atlantic. So great had been his benefactions to England as to cause the Queen to pre- sent him with her portrait, painted at an expense of $40,000. She had also offered him a baronetcy, which be declined. His body lay in state for some time at Westminster Abbey, and when brought to this country in a royal man-of-war ship, every homage was paid that could be extended to a citizen that had so greatly honored and bene- fited his country. At Peabody, Mass., amid thousands of monrners, they laid him gently to rest by the side of that mother whose tender counsels, in his boyhood, had laid the foundation for his fame and fortune. The monument that stands above his tomb is an ever-living witness of what the boy in humble circumstances may achieve in life who is industrious, temperate, economical, enterprising, faithful and honest. a^r^^^BaSdJfa (-^•^^"S^^T First Manufacturer of Locomotives in America, and Founder of the Cooper Institute. ETER COOPER, the well-known millionaire and i an cnterprisi ]ibilantbropist, was born ill New York, in 1791. Wiih I Cooper Instil limited education, at seventeen, he was ap- prenticed to a coach- maker, and worked with such fidelity and skill, that his employer offered to set him up in business for himself; but this was declined, ulthoiigh he followed his trade for some lime after- wards. Then he tried manufacturing ])atent machines for shearing clolli, during the war of 1812; then the nKinu- facture of furniture; then the grocery business, finally settling down to the liroduction of glue and isinglass, which lie continued for fifty years. He also erected iron-mills, and followed the manufacture of railroad iron on a large scale, and was the first to roll wrouglit- iron beams for fire-proof buildings. Tlie iron business is still carried on exten- sively by his family. He built the Hist locomotive engine ever constructed on iliis continent, after his own designs; Peter Cooper. invested largely in the extension of the electric telegraph,*"and in I Hewitt, hii^ municipal improvements and the cause of education, be exhibited | liichard an spirit. To bis liberality New York owes the or Ihc advancement of science and art. the edifice costing Mr. Cooper more than $IJ30, 000, besides an endowment of S150, 000 in cash, the whole being devoted to the instruction and elevation of the ■working classes of that city, free of charge. It has a series of schools, well attended, in which learning is practically applied to the industries of life, and employs up- ward of thirty instructors. Besides Ihese schools there is a free reading- room and library, with galleries of an, collections of models of inventions, etc. In 1870 Mr. Cooper was a candidate for the presidency before the people on llie National Greenback ticket; and during the presidential canvass of 1880, lie was present, an honored guest, at tile Greenback gathering held in Cooper Institute. At this writing, he still lives in tbe enjoyment of good health and ft serene old age, his active participation in 'S^^t/^ public matters descending to his family, ^''^ among whom his son-in-law, Abram S. In'cii ail influential member of Congress, and his son llouored Mayor of New York. M I)ISII.\li|ISIIl;l» MIM.Kl.N'AIliK OF CIXCIX.VATI. li: -^„^— =^--=^r@. ■ ^':i%:^''''- Horticulturist, Wine-Grower and Dealer in Real Estate, N ITH'-i, January 1(5, iit New- ark, New Jersey, was born Nicholas Longworth. for many years one of the richest men in Cincinnati. He served for a time in Newark as an apprentice to a shoemaker, and after- wards as a clerk for his brother in Sonth Carolina. Evincing a fondness for I lie law, he returned to Newark to prosecute its ^tudy, but the tide of eniiiiration westward car- 4^''^>^''^i^^^^^^'^-''T^^\^ ried him to Cincinnati in SflC^ "~^^^Bk^^ V'f ^ ) ^^^3' "'^*^" ^^ ^^"'^^ Iwenty- \ C /-/■ Wo«*rV» ir\ I o / ^jjjj, years old. He resumed his study here in the law office of Judj,'e Burnet, and was soon admitted to the bar. H was but a short time before he had an extensive practice, the revenue from which, instead of squandering, he steadily invested in real estate. Cincinnati, at that time, had a population of about 1,000, with probably no more prospect of becoming a great city than has many another town of that population to-day. The young lawyer evidently had a premonition, however, that the place of his adoption was to become a large city, and he continued to buy lots, which after- wards came into the center of the town, in those early years, costing him but ten dollars apiece. It is said of him that his first fee, as a lawyer, taken from a client accused of horse- stealing, were two second-hand copper stills, which he sold to a distiller, taking in exchange thirty-three acres of barren land, which land afterwards, in the center of the city, became, during Mr. Longworth's time, worth S*', 000. 000. He retired from the law after a sixteen years' practice, to devote himself to Ihe management of his large interests. Having an abun- dance of means, and a fondness for horticulture, he turned his attention to the grape — full in the faith that the Ohio valley would prove a rich grape-growing region. After much experiment, he (1< mou-^trated that the Catawba and Isabella could be grown toadvan- l.iL'e, and that the wine interest could be made more profitable. In pursuing this industry, Mr. Longworth showed himself possessed of much liberality and public spirit. Desirous of developing the wine- producing interest in the vicinity of Cincinnati, he offered to buy, at a liberal price, every gallon of grape wine that was brought to him, the effect of which was to encourage grape-growing on the part of Ihe gardeners in the Ohio river valley to such an extent as to make that industry as large and profitable as it is in portions of the wine- producing districts of France. Mr. Longworth himself had a vineyard of 200 acres, with large cellars for storing his wines, in which he had usually, in process of ripening, some 300,000 bottles at a time. Although experiment and the commencing of this enterprise cost him vast sums of money, he ultimately made the industry profitable. He did, also, much for strawberry culture, then in its infancy. Passing a garden, one day, he found upon the sidewalk a number of strawberry vines which had been thrown over the fence. He paused to converse with the gardener, and learned in the conversation, that the plants thrown out were the superabundance of males or non- producers. The idea was new to Longworth. Was it a fact that there were male and female plants, and that a proper union of the two sexes was essential to the production of the crop? Longworth began to experiment, at the same time bringing the matter to the attention of the horticulturists of the country. The result was that a vast fund of information was added to horticultural knowledge, relative to the sexual powers of many kinds of fruits. With the strawberry the experiments resulted in the production of several varieties of berries, that, as hermaphrodites, contained the male and female qualities within themselves, so blended as to make them certain bearers of fruit when the conditions of climate, soil and moisture were attended to. All this information Mr. Longworth took great pleasure in ha\"ing widely disseminated. As with grapes and strawberries, he was equallj* public-spirited with his land, in its sale at cheap prices for portions of lots, on long time and easy payments. He had some eccentricities; among them being a total disregard for dress. Of inferior personal presence, he was as likely to be taken for a beggar or tramp as was the beggar himself, about hie premises. He made no disphiy of benevolence but he bestowed charity liberally nevertheless, to those who were in absolute want. As a benefactor to his city, as well as to the horticullnral interests of the country, he very emphaticj\lly made his impress in his genera- tion. He died February 10, 1863, at the age of eighty-one, leaving a fortune of fifteen millions. K i2^ 114 THE CKLEBRATED RAILROAD CONTRACTOR. Distinguished, Enterprising Pioneer in California, and Railroad Contractor ^ and Builder in South America. NE OF THE most distin- guished men in California, in Jin early day, was Harry Meiggs. lie was born in Catskill, N. Y., July 7, 1811. Naturally given to the projection of enter- prises, he commenced in New York, when young, OS a contractor for the purchase and supply of building materials, and had made a fortune in the lumber trade, before be was twenty-five, which was swept away by the panic in 1837. The reported discovery of gold in California found Mciggs ready for another venture. Loading a ship with liiniher, he went around Cape Horn to San Francisco, where he sold his cargo at a profit of $50, 000. Having great faith in the future of that SUte, he started in the lumber trade again, and had, at one time, over 500 employes in his saw- mills and elsewhere, at work. He made a fortune, and for several years was one of the most extensive business operators on the Pacific coast. The panic which spread over California, in IHrj-l, caused his failure again, and through various complicatiima he was compelled to close his business there. On hoard a small vessel, with his family, he departed for South America. ni*> firft enterprise in that country was a contract for the building of eighty-four milert of railway, which involved a stupendous feat in cngloecring. While other engineers had estimated that this road would cost S20. 000. 000, if it could be built at all, Meiggs took the contract for Sti, 000, 000, and utilizing the Chilians under American overseers at a cost of thirteen cents a day each, he tunneled moun- tains, excavated mines, exploded rocks, and made such rapid head- way as to be the wonder of all South America. Though three years had been assigned him. he completed the contract in two years, making a handsome profit, beside securing a government bonus of $120,000. He next took the contract for building 114 miles of railway in Peru, from Mollendo to Arequipa. During the progress of this con- tract an earthquake destroyed much of his constructions; but. not- withstanding he gave $100,000 to the sufferers by that calamity, $310,000 in gold and silver medals to workmen, and $200,000 to the entertainments in commemoration of the completion of this road, he made by his contract a great fortune above all this. He lived in Lima, in a style of superb magnificence, during the later years of bis residence in the country, his extravagance of hos- pitality being the theme of all who knew him. In all, he built about a thousand miles of railways in South America, some of which roads were financial failures for the government as well as himself. Having a great railroad enterprise on hand, requiring many millions to build, he made an effort to interest the capitalists of Europe in the undertaking. His endeavors were, however, in vain. This failure, together with an overwrought nervous energy, produced paralysis, from which he died when about sixty years of age. The immense crowds of people and demonstrations of sorrow attending his funeral formed one of the most notable events that ever occurred in South America. Even in California, though failure ultimately attended his enterprise there, his public-spirit and wonderful executive ability greatly endeared him to the i)eople,and thousands mourned his death. With a large body that weighed 22.5 pounds, and an active brain that measured twenty-four inches, with mathematical talent greatly developed, and large perceptive faculties, he possessed extraordinary capacity for the carrying through of great enterprises. His dash, extravagance and lack of preparation in times of commercial crises prevented him from retaining the colossal fortune which might have been his, had greater caution, prudence and habits of economy ruled his business undertakings. ,ii. • CAIJI'OUNIA MII.I.KlN'AIKKS. .lA.MIOS r.lclv AM) HIS liKCiL'ESTS. 115 ^W Farmer, Music Dealer, Piano Tuner, -^^HH^ >—*-^ ^^^ r*lp^>Ei^NE OF THE earliest pioneers in California, during the gold excitement, was James Lick, a native of Fred- ericksburg, Pa., where be was born, August 25, 179G. Reared on a farm, he afterwards became a piano tuner , ^ in New York city. Subse- ^ quently be drifted off to South America, where he not only tuned but successfully sold pianos for Philadel- phia manufacturers. Hearing of the gold excitement in California, he converted his possessions into money and came North, arriving in San Francisco in 1847 with $30,000. Lick was then fifty-one years of age, and the money he possessed was the savings of a life-time of close industry and economy. It had cost him too much to be gambled away. He sur- veyed the situation upon his arrival, and concluding that San Francisco must become the metropolis of the Pacific coast, he resolved to invest his money in real estate and abide the issue. The city then had a population of 1,000. His first investment was in a lot at tlie northeast corner of Montgomery and Jackson streets, for which he paid $5,000. He subsequently sold a portion of this lot to Duncan, Sherman & Co. for $30, 000. During the early years the town was frequently almost deserted by people, attracted to the various mining camps, but through it all Lick continued steadily a dealer in real estate, buying when everybody wanted to sell, and selling again when people came buck and everybody wanted to buy. In time his estate became worth several millions, prominent among ^swC^ *-"-* >»» Real Estate Speculator and <«« Millionaire. *~"^ >»» JAMES LICK. his possessions being extensive flouring mills at San Jose, costing $300,000, and the Lick Hotel, one -of the most expensive of the large hotels of San Francisco. By his will he returned to the State and the city the fortune he had made there, to be appropriated to various charitable and scientific objects — a for- tune the result of steady purpose in one direction. Lick Bequests. The following were some of the most prominent of the Lick donations: To the Lake Tahoe Observatory 8700,000 To School of Mechanical Arts in Cali- fornia 300. 000 To Public Monuments in Sacramento. . 250,000 To Academy of Sciences and Pioneer Society 250. 000 To City Baths for people at Sacramento 150,000 To monument for Francis B. Key, at Golden Gate Park 150,000 To Old Ladies' Home, San Francisco... 100,000 To Ladies' Relief Society^ San Fran- cisco 25, 000 To Protestant Orphan Asylum, San Francisco 25.000 To Orphan Asylum, San Jose 25.000 To Mechanics' Library, San Francisco 10,000 To Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals lo. 000 Total 81,995,000 The gift for the erection of a monument to Key was a tribute to his genius as the author of the "Star Spangled Banner," the singing of which at the opening of the war in one of the leading theaters in San Francisco, did much toward inspiring the people with intense loyalty for the Union. Mr. Lick was about eighty years of age at the time of his death. ■?e ? 116 WOOUWAKD S GARDENS, SAN FRANCISCO. "^ -J NE OF THE most delightful pleasure-grounds in the United States is Woodward's Gardens, in Sun Fran- -^^ Cisco. The proprietor. R. B. Woodward, was from J^ Providence. R. I., where he was born January 2G, 1824. il(^?^ Going by way of Cape Horn, on a sailing vessel, be arrived in San Francisco, in 184D. bis first venture being the opening of a grocery store in a three-story building, the upper part of wbirb be b-t to lodgers, while the lower portion be used as a restaurant. Steadily his business ex- tended until, in time, it de- veloped into the *'What Cheer House" long a favorite ]ilaee of re- sort. Under his manage- ment the hotel was very at- t r a c t i V e 1 y kc-pt. at cheap prices. In his hotel he gathered an interest- ing museum of minerals, birds and ani- mals, native to the country. Purchasing ^ ...,,, „ , Conservatory in Woodward several acres ^ in the suburbs of the city for residence purposes, he removed his museum there, and gradually began beautifying the place. At the opening of the Southern Rebellion, he gave an enter- tninment for the first time on these grounds in behalf of the Sanitary Commission, when it was discovered that the museum had been so enlarged and the grounds so beautified as to be a most I)lea«aut and desirable place of resort. From Ih;it time, at a cbe;ip rate of admission. Woodward's Gardens became a favorite place of amusement for the Californians and all strangers on the Pacific coast. Through the large revenue derived from visitors, the proprietor continued to embellish and improve the grounds, conlinually adding attractions, until to-day. with its theatrical entertainments, its museum of minerals, birds, fishes, insects, animals and reptiles, it>; anuarium. caged animals, sea-lions, and multitude of curiosities, it is a wry attractive place to visit. Beside be- ing a man of superior taste Mr. Wood- ward was very practical and public-spir- ited. He was one of the first to build borsp railways in San Fran- Cisco. on w Inch wcro charged lo\v fares. His rule was, whether k e e p i ug a hotel, cou- <1 u c t i n g a J) 1 a c e of ;nnn seme ii t. or running a horse railway, to put the price of ad- mission and fare so low that all might use and enjoy their advantages. Later in life, be purchased a farm of ^,000 acres in the Napa val- ley, for a home, surrounding it with fruits, flowers and ornament;i] trees, ?uch as taste and experience prompted him to select. At this place he died in the fall of 1ST9, young, comparatively, in years, but old enougli to have been of great service to San Francisco, having done nujre to entertain Ihi- people tlian ;iny man in the State. s Gardens, San Francisco. .A ■G^ SAN FRANCISCO AM) IIS I'UoMINKNT POINTS OK INlTiUl^s']-. City and Bay of SAN FRANCISCO, Looking Westward. Sun Francisco, California, was early occupied by Francisco Paloti and Benito Cambon, two Franciscan Catholic monks from Spain, who founded here the mission of San Francisco do Asis, October 9. 177G. The mission prospered, and, in 1825, it possessed 76,000 head of cattle, 79,000 sheep, 3,000 horses, 18,000 bushels of wheat and barley, $35, 000 worth of merchandise, and $25,000 in cash; having at the same time supervision over 1,800 Indians. In 1834 the missions of California were placed under the control of civil officers, and in a few years nothing remained of their former power, but a few buildings. The first house of modern construction iu San Francisco was erected in 1835, near the present site of the City Hail. The first survey of streets and lots was made in 1839. The town was known as Yerba Buena until January 30, 1847. when the village council changed it to San Francisco. At that time the population of the place was 1,000. The discovery of gold in the State caused the town to be almost wholly deserted in the spring of 1848. In the fall of that year, however, the place began to grow, and continued rapidly to increase. In 1852, when the State census was taken, the population was 34.870. In 1860 it showed 56,802; in 1870 it contained 149.473, and in 1880 the census revealed that it possessed a population of 233,066; an increase of 83,593 in the last ten years. No. 1. Bay of S.in Francisco; a larpe body of wjitrr. fxteniiiuer fiom the Golden Gate, about fnrtv miles inland, being in many places ten miles in width. a. Long Bridge, leading southward over Mission bay. 3. Piers, of steamships which ply between San Francisco and Chinese, Japanese and Australian ports. 4. Foot of Market street, the Broadway of the city. At this point are the piers of the ferry-boats tliat ply between San Francisco and Oakland, con- necting with the Central Pacific railway, on the opposite side of the bay, Ave miles distant. 5. Marine Hospital and Hospital of Sisters of Mei'cy. e. Po!5t-office, Sub-Treasury building and Custom-house. t. Lick House, erected by James Lick. 8. Bank of California. Near here are the Bank of Nevada, Stock Exchange, Mercantile library, Kuss and Occidental hotels. 9. The Palace hotel. In this vicinity ar** the Granfl hotel. Bancroft's publishing house, and other well-known houses. 10. United States Mint. 1 1 . Mission Woolen Mills. Leading Points of Interest. 12. Woodward's Gardens, covering an area of five acres. 13. City Hall. Near by were the celebrated "Sand Lots," and between this point and the Palace hotel is the Baldwin hotel. 14. Lake Merced. 1.%. 01(1 Mission Church, built in 1776; llrst building erected in San Francisco. 16. Grace Cathedral. IT. Lone Mountain Cemetery. 18. Golden Gate Park, including 1. 100 acres. These grounds are beautifully decorated, and con- tain, among other attractions, an expensive conservatory, in which, with many other rare plants, is a beautiful specimen of the Victoria Regia. Near the park are the race-course grn.mds. 19. In this vicinity are the Chinese fiuarters, pxtt'iiding over several blocks, including a popu- lation of Chinese numbering froni 20.000 to 40.000. ao. Old Citv Hall. Formerly Jenny Lind Thea- ter; erected in 1851. 21. St. Francis' hotel, comer Clav and Dnpont streets, erected in lS3.i; location of the first dwell- ing-house built in San Francisco. 22. Nob Hill. This is an elevated portion of the city, containing many of the most beautiful residences. 23. Telegraph Hill, commanding a view of the Golden Oate and a large portion of the bay. 24. Meiggs' Wharf, built in 1854. bv Harry Meiggs. afterwards the railroad king of Peru. 25. Selby's Lead-smelting Works. 26. Black Point and fortifications. 27. Presidio Barracks and government reserve. Headiiuartei-sof 'the Army, Division of the Pacific. 28. Golden Gate. At this point of entrance to the bay, the watei-s are about one mile in width. 29. Point Bonita. This is one of the prominent points in the vicinity of the bay. Here is located a beacon-light, which guides the mariner through the Golden Gate. 30. Locatinn of the Seal Rocks. These rocks are surround. -il bv the ocean, and are situated a hundred nMisiirmore from the main land. The largest enntams from a quarter to three-quarters of an acre of barren, rough, rutrged rock, which rises from the ocean forty or fifty feet above the writers. Upon this rock scores of seals, at mo-;t sea,sons of the vear, may be seen resting and sunning themselves. This is one of the attractive places of resort to all strangers who visit San Francisco. 31. Pacific Ocean; some three miles from the heart of the city. ^^ lis A CIIAI'TKU IX THE HISTORY OF TIIK IJA: |>F CALIFORNIA. Ship-Carpenter, Steamboat Clerk and Banker i^ERY MANY OF THE Californians. in the early years of the gold discoveries on the Pacific coast, possessed a degree of dash and enterprise not common in other parts of the world. One of the notables on the coast in an early day was W. C. Ralston. In business courage, liberality of spirit, generous hospitality, and power to achieve, he was much like Harry Meiggs. Ralston was a native of Ohio, where, in boyhood, he was put to the work of ship- carpentering. Subse- quently serving for a time as a clerk on a Mississippi steamer, he started for California by way of Panama, in 1850, in which latter place he found employment as the agent for a line of steamships plying between New York and San Fran- cisco. To more effectually serve the company he took up headquarters in San Francisco in 1853. where he was soon after engaged in banking, the firm being known at one time as Donohoe, Ralston & Co. The Bank of California was organ- ized with a capital of $5,000,000 in 18G4, with D. O. Mills, a shrewd financier and banker from Sacra- mento, as president. Ralston was the vice-president of the bank, but, having had large experience, and possessing the unlimited confidence of the stockholders, he was the acknowledged manager of the insti- tution. The business of the bank was exceedingly prosperous; the premium on gold yielded great returns, and in various stock specu- lations Ralston had before this made a large amount of money. Numerous industrial interests on the Pacific coast were at that time struggling for existence and position. Ralston was a most affable niiin, was personally popular, und was much sought. The manager of nearly every enterprise needing assistance went to him, and no one ever applied in vain. He had in the meantime constructed a BANK OF CALIFORNIA. SAN FRANCISCO. beautiful town residence and an elegant suburban home at Belmont, twenty miles from San Francisco, where he entertained people from the East in a most sumptuous manner, not so much, his friends claimed, for personal popularity, as for the good of the State. In aid of various enterprises he had contributed liberally to the Mission woolen mills, the Kimball carriage works, the Cornell watch factory, and many other manufacturing establishments, all located in San Francisco. He furnished the capital with which to carry forward irrigation enterprises; he erected thus the California theater, and grfTCcjvr; with Mr. Sharon, projected and ^ built the Palace Hotel. He had expected to carryall this through by the sale of the water supply to the city, which the bank owned, and for which he had hoped to realize $10,000,000. Failing in this, and returns not coming from other investments, he was ol)ligcd to acknowledge to the bank directors that he had used up S-*. 500. 000 which he could not pay. Ho had gone too fast. The bank officials held a meeting, and passed a resolution requesting him to resign, which he did imme- diately. Following which he walked rapidly lo North beach, where he had been in the habit of bathing, swam out into the channel, was apparently taken with a cram{), threw up his arms for a moment, sank and was drowned. A coroner's inquest decided it to be accidental death, but many believe otherwise. As a genial, whole-souled, pub- lic-spirited man. and a great benefactor of the city and State, his misfortune and death were most sincerely mourned. The bank closed five weeks. At the end of that time the stockholders had supplied the lost capital by assessment, paid all debts, and made the great monied Institution the ])ower that it was bef(tre. Its tri- umphant, immediate survival of this immense loss is said to- be without a parallel in banking history. — %(!):■ Mi ■? CALII-OKXIA MILLIONAIRES. HOTEL, MINE, BANK AND RAILROAD OWNER. Ill* LAWYER, MINING SPECULATOR, MERCHANT, AND UNITED STATES SENATOR. An Illustration of how Fortunes have been Rapidly Acquired on the Pacific Coast. :RING the ten years, from 1870 to 1880. in connection with mining interests, on the Pacific y^|i».ii ^ IIS'^A. K coast, with hotel ownership, and with tlie ^'Int ■^^Hfr^'''^ Kevada Senatorship, Mr. Sharon was mnch heard of throughout the country. This gcn- tli-man is a native of Smithfield. O. Leaving Athens College, where he attended school fi)r a time, he studied law with Edwin M. Stanton, afterwards Secretary of War. He subsequently went to Missouri and engaged in the practice of the law. Later, in 1844, he, with Dr. John K. Sharon, kept a store at Carrollton, in Southern Illinois. In 1849, he went to Sacramento, Cal. , to engage in general trade ; and a year afterwards he located in San Francisco, where, in the succeeding fifteen years, he engaged in real estate operations, accumulating in the time about Sl50,000. Through stock speculation, he lost all this and was bankrupt in 1864. At this time he was appointed by the man agers of the Bank of California to go to Virginia City, Nov., open a branch and represent the interests of the bank at that point. A year after- wards the mines there seemed to be exhausted. About that time Mr. Ralston paid a visit to Mr. Sharon, when the two had a long confidential interview, the result of which was that Sharon was to commence umost vigilant effort to prospect and dis- cover, if jiossible, more paying ore in the Comstock lode; Mr. Ralston agreeing that the Bank of California should furnish the means for prosecuting the search, on Mr. Sharon's personal responsibility, the indebtedness to be paid within two years. Having agreed upon terms, Mr. Sharon called to his aid the best mining talent of the country, sunk new shafts, and, luckily, opened the wonderfully rich mines which have made the Virginia City Bonanza mines famous the world over. Four months from the date of his agreement with Mr. Ralston, Mr. Sharon had paid the bank all he owed and bad deposited there to Palace Hotel, San Francisco, his own credit $750,000. He was soon after made a director of the bank, and within a year he was reputed to be worth $"^5, 000. 000. Soon after Ralston's death, it was Sharon who convened the directors of the bank and proposed the re-opening of the instilutiim, stating at the time what he proposed to subscribe to that end. His subscription was immediately followed by others, until the neces- sary amount was made up. In the fluctuations of values of various kinds of property, it is difficult to estimate Mr. Sharon's wealth. He, probably, could hardly tell himself. Aside from mining interests, he is one of the largest hotel owners in the world, having in his possession the Grand and the Cosmopolitan, of San Francisco, each worth from S300. 000 to S500,000, besides the Palace Hotel, which cost to build between two and three millions. At various times in the past, he has owned a large interest in, and has controlled, the Yellow Jacket, Belcher, Dayton, Chollar, Ophir, Eclipse, Overman, Caledonia, and Sierra Nevada mines, in Nevada. At this writing he is the one-half owner of the Virginia and Truckee railroad, a railway extending from Reno to Virginia City, a distance of thirty- three miles, which yields a princely revenue. Mr. Sharon was married to Miss Maria Malloy, since deceased, in c^^^jr^ 1853, which union was blessed with five children, three of whom — two daughters, both married — and a son, are living, in 1881. He was elected to the United States Senate from Nevada in 1874. His successor in Congress was James G. Fair, who was elected in 1880. In the terms of settlement of the Ralston estate, the Ralston residence at Belmont, a suburb of San Francisco, came into his possession, and. when not in San Francisco, he makes Belmont his home a portion of the time. For the development of the Comstock mines, the erection of fine buildings, the maintenance of bank credit and other work, are the people of the Pacific coast greatly indebted to Mr. Sharon. m ■^ — ■■P' 120 CALIFORNIA MILLIOXAIEES. JOHN W. MACKKV AM) .1. «. FAIR. ? A. JOHN W. § m£^. .,.i£m^ ^.t;^^-m ACKEY. t'M^ '^^sme^ ^-^^-. fm W Ship-Carpenter, Miner, Mine-Owner and Weil-Known lyiillionaire. FORTUNATE mine-owner, much hcunl of in the past five years, is John \V. Mackey. Born in Dublin, IiL'huul, in 1835, he is, at the date of this writing, yet comparatively ji young man. Coming to this country when a mere boy, ho found work fiir some years with Wil- liam II. Webb, a ship-builder in New York. In 1852 he joined a party that went around Cape Horn to California in one of his employ- er's boats. He went straight to the irold mines and engaged in placer- mining in Sierra county, Cal. He entered upon the work of mining not as a temporary employment, but as a profession. He had average success, but no especia-lly good fortune. He worked for others until he had something laid by, when he went to Virginia City, Nev. , and commenced a start for himself by constructing a tunnel north of the Opbir mine. Here he lost all he had made, and was glad to get work again at four dollars a day as a timbcrman in the Mexican mine. He worked faithfully, early and late. The acme of bis ambition in those days was to make $25,000; a sum with which hu hoped to make comfortable the declining years of a beloved mother. In 1863 he became associated with J. M. W^alker, a brother of Governor Walker, of Virginia, and made then his first subt-tantial start. In the next year Messrs. Flood and O'Brien joined the partnership, which con- tinued for four years, when Mr. Fair took the place of Mr. Walker. The first few hundred thousand dollars of the firm were made during their control of the Hale and Xorcross mine, in the three years of 18G5, 'OG and '07. Becoming the possessors of great wealth, they purchased more and more territory in the district known as the Comstock lode, in which they were satisfied vast wealth was located. Their efforts here resulted in the opening of the Consolidated Virginia and California, known as the "-Bonanza" mines; from which, up to 1879, there has been taken SlO3.OO0.0QO. Of this. $73,000,000 has been a clear profit. How great have been the opera- tions of this firm is shown in the fact that before these mines were discovered and profitably developed, $500,000 was spent in prospect- ing, and that, too, 1,200 feet under ground. The lesson taught is, that while much luck has attended Mackey in his efforts, his success is principally due to persevering acli\ity in one direction — in one locality — instead of floating, as do the major- ity of miners, from one part of the country to another, as reports come of new discoveries. While Mr. Mackey remains mostly at Virginia City, and much of the time 2,000 feet under ground, in the sweltering, dripping mines, he owns a beautiful residence in Paris, where his wife at present resides, and where his two children are being educated. As no one can tell the extent and richness of his mines, so Mr. Mackey does not himself know the amount of his wealth. It is probably up between twenty and forty millions. ■^^ .ITS) .-^ JAMES :U. FAIR, i Mining Expert. Superintendent of Bonanza Mines and United States Senator. HE SUBJECT of this sketch was bnrn in Clougher, Ireland. December 3, 1831, After attending school some years at (ieneva. 111., and securing a practical business education in Chicago, he drifted with the gold-scekcrs to California in 1840. and made his first effort aH a placer miner at Long's Bar. on Feather river. Failing here, he turned his attention to qtinrlz mining in Angelo. Calaveras county, Cal., and elsewhere, and became distinguished as n i)rofes- sional minor. Taking the uuperintendency of Iln- Opbir and Male and Xorcross mines, in Nevada, in 1855 and 1857. he was largely instrumental in developing the Bonanza mines, with the aid of Flood. O'Brien and others. For some years he retained the superintendency of Ilu' Bonanza, but failing health, from the damps of Hie mines, caused him to resign hi(* position some time since. lie spends much of his time in Virginia City, at the mines, as consulting-expert, with Mr. Mackey. though he is frequently in Cali- fornia, where he has large real estate interests, at Menlo Park and iu San Francisco. In the contest for U. S. senatorship. In Nevada. .1. O. Fair, came off \ictorious in the political canvas of 18H{). c (^ — "> CAI.IlnUMA -MII.LIONAIRKS. MINrN(i Sl'KCn.ATOR AM) HAXKKU. Fortunate Mining Speculator of San Francisco. E\V OF THE millionaires on the Pacific slope biive ever had to undiT^o the long years of Btrii<: acquire xtN:: ;]e to their weiilth, which is usnally the lot of rich men at the East. Aiul yet, as a rule, to obtain large wealth in mining, and retain it, requires enterprise, courage, and ()ftentimes much financial sao;acity. A very successful mining - stock operator in San Francisco, has been James C. Flood. Of course, much "luck" has attended Mr. Flood, but experience has proven that he i? one of the best of financial managers. Born in New York, in 18:2(j, he went to San Francisco, in 1849, and asso- ciating himself with W. S. O'Brien. since deceased, he kept for some years, what was known as the ' ' Auction Lunch and Saloon,"' in the central part of the city. Both were polite and genial, and by their affability made their saloon the general resort of stock operators. In 1802 they secured an interest in some of the Comstock mines, but, although they made a good deal of money by speculation in Hale & Norcross' and other James C. Flood. mines, it was not until 1874 that they, with Mr. Mackcy, opened the (_'rc:it Miinanza, at Virginia City, Nevada, which made thtfir fume world-wide. It is claimed, by those conversant with the career of Mr. Flood, that he has dealt most gener- ou^ly with his friends of former years. Ample opportunity was given them by tile Bonanza firm for investment in the development of the mines when their probable richness became known. Many availed themselves of the privi- lege, and many rich men owe their wealth, to-day, largely to the advice of Mr. Flood, and willingness on his part that they participate in the golden returns. Mr. Flood was principally in>trumental in securing the erection (•f the Bank of Nevada, in San Fran- cisco, and is largely interested in other real estate in That city. In order that he might have ready cash at any time, he invested, some time ago. §5.000,000 in government bonds. His family»consists of a wife, son and daughter. Among other enter- prises, he has now in process of erec- tion at Menlo Park, twenty miles from San Francisco, a residence costing about a million dollars, and said to be., with the elegant grounds surrounding it, one of the handsomest on the continent. AMES M.. KEEN ,__._. [/HIS INDIVIDUAL, an Englishman by birth, with a sharp i wP I *>"^in^^'* education, appeared on the streets of San Fran- I^JMliM c'^co some years ago, in the employ of mining stock- •c^^^^:;^^^ brokers, who, pleased with his activity and dash, bought a seat for him in the Stock Board. Here he proved himself very useful to his employers, his intuition and his clear judgment serving bis purposes admirably. By and by he began to buy for liimself. his first venture being in Belcher and Crown Point mining stocks, in which he cleared a quarter of a million. It was claimed that in 18T4 he was worth three millions, and that in one week. through speculation in Ophir stock, he made S640. 000. He distributed money freely among his relatives. He gave his father, it is claimed, §1,50.000, and in charities of various kinds he has been a most liberal dispenser. The great strain upon bis mind, in carrying through his various speculations, weakened bis health to that extent as to require him to withdraw from stock speculation in California, which State be left for the East, with five millions. His large speculative enterprises in Chicago and New York since then have frequently arrested the attention of the public. Young, com- paratively, his best business career is doubtless yet before him. .V^^-*-"*- ~vi).|>V 12-2 CALIFORNIA MILLIONAIRKS. LT'OKY I'.ALDWIX AND EX-GOVERNOR STANFORD. pii u ■ iti n ifirA 1 1 g uiifiii^nin iinHTiiMi^i ■ n 1 1 ■ 1 1 iin itiiii i|i ii|itjipnjtM|(t)LM|i ijiiijLiiiiiju|{i ■■!■■■■ U^U Ml? Merchant, Agriculturist and Mining Speculator. COXSPICUOUS MAN in California, for a niimbLT of years, has been E. J. Baldwin. It has been claimed that his success was the result of "luck," but examination of his history reveals the fact that marked force of character is really the secret of his being "lucky." A native of Butler county, O. , by removal of his father he wag on a farm in Indiana at seven, and a merchant in Val- paraiso, Ind. , at twenty-two. He built three canal-boats to ply between Chicago and St. Louis in 1848, which were the first built on this canal. Two years afterwards he did a large grocery business at Racine, Wis., from which State he came to San Francisco in 1853, coming across the plains with a large stock of horses and merchandise, nearly the whole of which he sold out at Salt Lake, at a profit of about $3,000. Arriving in San Francisco, he purchased the Pacific Temperance Ilouse. This he sold at a good advance. Thus, he bought and sold two or three hotels at a large profit, succeeding which he went into the business of buying and selling brick, which proved equally profit- able. From bricks he went into the livery business, which he followed for seven years, when he sold out and opened in the lumber trade ai Virginia City, Xev. , where he dealt in lumber, real estate and mining stocks; not always luckily, for at one time he lost so heavily in stocks as to compel him to mortgage all his property. The variety of employment he has followed, generally with success, shows versatility, accompanied by energy and enterprise, and the close manner in which he was sometimes pressed, demonstrates that he was not always "lucky, "but. on the contrary, has acquired his fortune by perseverance and hard labor. Through management he became a large owner in the Ophir, Belcher, Consolidated Virginia and California mines, on the Com- stock, and came out at last with $9,000,000, with a portion of which he built the Baldwin Hotel, in San Francisco, one of the most elegant and costly hotels on the continent. Bcside= this enterprise, he, some time since, went down the coast to Los Angeles, where he purchased 50.000 acres of the best land in that section, upon which he has erected many farm-houses in the midst of his orange groves and his vineyards, — having a school on the plantation, and all the general conveniences which a rural population on that number of acres would be likely to require. Though a manager of so many enterprises in the past twenty-five years. Mr. Baldwin is but in his prime, being only about fifty years of age at the date of this writing. What the future will develop with him remains to be seen. jJi-J?. Lawyer, Merchant, Ex-Governor ELAND STANFORD, the eighth Governor of the State, I' and Railroad President. ^ was early in the history of California a prominent man. Stanford was from Albany county. New York. Pos- sessing a knowledge of law, acquired at a law oftice in New York, he came West and settled in law practice for -ix^ four years at Port Washington. Wis. ; following which he 7t came to California in 1852. Heat once repaired to the interior of the State, secured mining interests in Placer county, and V- connected himself with his brothers in mercantile pursuits at Sacramento, which city was, for many years, his home. A checkered Ijut successful political experience has been among the incidents of his career. The crowning success of hia life, however, the result of steady, persevering purpose, has been his work, aided by others, in the building of the Central Pacific railway, which, uniting with the Union Pacific, gave California an outlet to the Ea!-t. Mr. S. presides at the ofUce of the Central Pacific railway as the president of the company; lives in an elegant residence in San Francisco in the winter; in a charming suburban home at Menlo Park. Cal., twenty miles from the city. In the summer, and is esti- mated to be worth $20,000,000. With the general drift of California millionaires to the East. Mr. Stanford has spent much of his time in New York, which city may, very probably, become his prrtnaiuiil houic. ■^(^ SUCnKSSFTL UrsiNKSS ArKX AS\) FIXAXCIKUS. THOMAS A. SCOTT. , Tliomn!' A. Scott, wasbnrn , Ph., in 1824. Was a clerk in country stores; then in the office of collector of tolls, at ^^^V^?^?' Columbia; then in an extensive warehouse and com- mission-house at the same place. In 1847 was chief clerk in the office of collector of tolls in Philadelphia. In 1850 was pcneral agent of the mountain division of the Pennsylvania railroad, at Duncansville; th'^'n in charge of the western division of the same road, and soon afterwards general superintendent of the whole line. In 1859 he succeeded Hon. W. B. Foster, as vice-president of the road. At the outbreak of the rebellion. Colonel Scott assisted Governor Curtin in equipping and forwarding Union troops from Pennsylvania to the field. Subsequently he was called to Washington to act as Assistant Secretary of War, having charge of the department of transportation and supplies. This post he held until May, 18t)2, when his railroad duties recalled him to Philadelphia. From March, 1871, when it was organized, he wns president of the Pennsylvania company; president of the Pan Handle Route; president of the Union Pacific until VanderbiU obtained control of it; president of the Texas Pacific railroad; president of the Atlantic and Pacific railroad (on the thirty-fifth parallel); controlling director of the Southern Railway Security com- pany, which manages a net-work of Southern roads; a director of the Kansas Pacific, Denver & Pacific, and Denver & Rio Grande ; has a controlling interest in other roads, besides prominent connec- tion with the Pennsylvania Railroad company. He died May 21, 1881. BURDETT-COUTTS, BARONESS ANGELA GEORGINA. ?I1E ili^tingui:-ln.-d EH;^li>h philanlhropi-t is a granddaii-litf.'r of Thomas Coutts, whose daughter married Sir Francis Burdett, in 1837. Miss Coutts fcuccecded to property valued at belwecn$10,000.000and$15.000,000. The income arising from this estate has been mainly devoted to charitable purposes. The list of her charities is large, and includes churches and schools in England, missionary enterprises abroad, and food and clothing for the poor. In 1880 she donated $2, 500, 000 for the personal relief of the suffer- ing citizens of Ireland. NICHOLAS BIDDLE. ■^^PROMINENT American finan- cier, a hundred years ago, was Nicholas Biddle, who was born at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1786. Was Secretary of Legation at Paris and London, under Ministers Armstrong and Monroe. Studied law, and practiced in Philadelphia. Edited the Port Folio, and compiled a Commercial Digest. Was in the Pennsylvania Legislature, 1 810 -'11, and advocated a general system of education. Was member of the State Senate, 1812-''15; government director of the United States Bank, 1819, and its president from 1823 to 1836; then president of the United States Bank of Pennsylvania. Possessing financial ability, force of character and social popularity, he wielded a com- manding influence, and was an earnest promoter of public improve- ments. Died at Philadelphia, in 1844. tTHE BARINGS. HE Barings, English men.liants and bankers, are descendants of Peter Baring, of Germany, who lived about 1070, at Groniogen. John, another ancestor, established a cloth manu- factory, in Devonshire, England. He had five children — John, Thomas, Francis. Charles and Elizabeth. John and Francis estab- lished a trading house in London, selling their father's cloth and importing their wool, dye-stuffs, etc. Thus was founded the present house of Baring Bros. & Co., a power in the commercial business of the world. One of the descendants of this house. Sir Francis Baring, retired with a regal fortune, and Alexander, afterwards Lord Ashburton, made S850, 000 in two years by speculations in French securities. W f THOMAS COUTTS. HE emiuent English banker. Tlionias Contts, was one of four eons of a merchant in Edinburgh, Scotland. James, one of ^j^[. the sons, at the age of twenty-five, settled in London as a merchant, and then started as a banker in the same place where he had sold goods. Thomas joined him in business, and when James retired, Thomas became the head of one of the most famous hanking houses in the world. This was during the reign of George III. The wealth amassed by Coutts was immense. Late in life he married Miss Mellon, an actress, and bequeathed to her his very large fortune; after his death she married the Duke of St. Albans, and at her demise willed her estate to Miss Burdett- Coutts. S. p. JONES. OR great enterprises, few men on the Pacific slope have equaled '^-J^ S. P. Jones. Born in Wales, in 1829, be was brought by his parents to Ohio. Thence he went to California in the spring of 1850, arriving there after a nine-months' voyage around Cape Horn. Not yet twenty-one, he went directly to the mines, and from time to time worked mines in Calaveras county, Tuolumne county, in Sierra, Butte, Nevada and Shasta counties, his last work in Cali- fornia being at Kernville, Tulare county, where he had very extensive mills for quartz mining. His operations more recently have been very extensive in Nevada. At one time he had control of the Ophir, Savage and Crown Point mines on the Corastock. He has been interested in the development of gravel beds, in Eastern Oregon, in the manufacture of artificial ice, at Atlanta, Ga. , New Orleans and Dallas, Texas. He built the Hammam baths, in San Francisco, and expended $200,000 in reclaiming land from overflow, 12, 000 acres of which he owned, at the confluence of Napa and Sonoma creeks. In various enterprises, from tunneling mountains and sinking shafts in mines, to reclaiming thousands of acres of waste lands to cut up into farms, it is claimed he has spent a good many fortunes. How much money he has saved it is difficult to tell. The mining fields of Colorado have of late considerably occupied his attention. With a very large and varied experience concerning the mineral resources of the West and the requirements of the countr}*. a man of fine presence and large influence among men, it was a most fitting thing for the people of Nevada to select him to represent their State as Senator in Congress. Only as yet in his prime, in the develop- ment of the new States and Rocky Mountain regions, much may be expected of Senator Jones in the future. ^^^^ ■'.Q' 124 TIIK .NAl'dLEliX OF FIXA.NCE. ? Distinguished Speculator in Stocks, Railroad Owner and Financier. ^r^^^ HE little village of Roxbnry. in Delaware county. N. Y. , is fifty-five miles west from Rondout, on the Hudson river. Into this vicinity came, from Connecticut, at an early day. Abraham Gould, one of the old Puritan stock. To him was born John B. Gould, the first white male inhabitant whose birth occurred in the town. John B. grew to manhood in Roxbnry; lived and died there, being in the meantime twice "married. By his first wife he had five children — ' ^oo - four daughters and a son. By the last be had one son. The son by the first wife was borfl in May, 1836, and is the subject of our sketch — Jay Gould. \Miatever faults Jay's father, John B. (ionld, may have had, he possessed some sterling virtues, among which was a firm resolve to do as he had promised. Many farmers, in that portion of Delaware county, in an early day, had leased their land, having contracted to pay a stipu- lated rent for a long series of year«. This rent became a burden, and many of the farmers resolved upon repudiat- ing the contract. Such were known as the "Down-renters," that is, down with the rent. The rcpndiators were largely in the majority. The few who resolved to fulfill their contracts were termed the "Up-renters," pay up your rent. With the latter was Jay's father. Various were the attempts made by intimidation and otherwise, to compel John B. , who was an influential citi/.en, to join with the majority; hut he stood firm in liis determination. Tlie result was that such a feeling was aroused against him among the neighbors as to extend even to the chihlrcn, making their attendance at school dJMagrecable from the insults they received. Resolved to submit to this persecution no longer. Jay's father, in company with a neighbor, erected a Bchool-housc upon his own land. in which they placed a gentleman of superior education to teach JAY GOULD, a school for the benefit of their own children. To those who came from the outside a tuition fee was charged; but notwithstanding this hindrance, so popular became the institution as to practically break up the district school. Here young Jay pursued his earlier studies. Subsequently, he went to a select school taught at Hobart, six miles away, and after- wards to an academy in Roxbury village, two miles from his father's farm. This, together with a year at school in Albany, where he gave attention mainly to the study of surveying, completed his studies. As a boy, he was averse to participating in the general sports of the school. Small for his age, retiring anddiffidept, he withdrew by ■M-&«j& himself, and was rather disliked by his schoolmates because of his unwillingness to join with them in their plays. This ill-will was engendered, also, by the fact that he excelled his associates of the same age in nearly all the studies they pursued together. He cared but little for declamation, though he occasionally took part in the debating societies, his argu- ments being generally very brief and always directly to the point. He wrote an excellent essay; was a good gram- marian, and was generally proficient in all his studies; his marked superiority, how- ever, being in the range of mathematics, in which study he immediately passed his associates, and advanced, apparently without effort, bcycmd their reach. Jay's mother had died when he was quite young, leaving bis guardianship largely to the care of his sisters, who were older. It was soon evident to his father that his aptitude for business was such that he could be trusted, and thus Jay was placed in charge of a stove and tin shop, when quite a boy, which store his father afterwards sold to advantage. Jay Gould's first experience with the great world at large was at the world's fair in New York, in 1853. His uncle, Mr. Moore, had devised a rat-trap, which Jay had interested himself in, and had been instrumental in securing a patent for. To bring this trap before the world, Jay became its exhibitor at the world's fair. While he was there, one day President Pierce passed through, and talked with many of the attendants at the exhibition. It was on this ^^^^^57^ i r JAY <;oiij> s <-iiiLniii)oh iKt.Mi:. occiision (hat he Phook hand? with young Gould, who looked thought- fully afttT him as he passed on and was lost in the crowd. The honor bestowed on him by the presidential party evidently deeply impres!?ed him, and after a little time of silence he turned to a boy acquaintance and said, "I shall be President of the United States myself some day." Jay was then only sixteen, but in that brain tliere lurked, even in those young years, a towering ambition to do and to become some- body great and grand in after time. Whoever ctmld have looked into that heart would have seen the fire, even then, that was to make the boy famous in the years to come. Jay was eighteen when he entered the store of Esquire Berhans, at Roxbury. as a clerk. His employer kept a general store and did what surveying was required among the farmers of that vicinity, (iould immediately employed himself in getting a practical knowledge of surveying. To make himself more rapidly proficient, he commenced and sur- veyed the farms of that vicinity and brought out u map of Delaware county, lie paid his running expenses by placing the noon mark on the farmers' doors, wherever he went, charging for time and trouble in this fl dollar each. In this work he gathered a large amount of information relating to the history of the county, which was aftc-r- wards published as a History of Delaware County, by Jay Gould: an octavo volume of some 400 pages. He about this time surveyed and had mapped Albany and Ulster coun- ties in New York and two counties in Ohio, which business he sold however to enter upon the work of the civil engineer, in which he surveyed the route of a railway through his county, and laid out and established the grade for the horse-railway that now ex- tends from Albany to West Troy. Though carrying a very old head on young shoulders, Gould sometimes lost his reckoning, and was put to lii> wits' end to get out of difficulty. It was while he was surveying the Troy and Albany horse-railway that he be- came completely nonplused, and to make the quandary still more em- barrassing, a large force of workmen stood waiting on him for orders. He had entirely lost his bearings, and how to escape from his diffi- culty without acknowledging defeat before the workmen, was the thought that most troubled him. It was at this juncture that he earnestly prayed for rain, that there might be an excuse for suspend- ing the work of the day. Luckily, the sky being overcast, it soon did rain, and the men were dismissed with orders to be on duty eaily on the morrow. Forthwith Jay repaired to a practical engineer, explained his trouble, got light on the subject, and on the next day as the men assembled, orders were promptly given them by Gould, and then work rapidly and efficiently proceeded to completion. Of course a young man of Gould's ambition could never be satisfied without having something to do with a newspaper. It was about this time that he was called to edit a neighboring paper during the absence of its editor. In that position, among other things there appeared in the publication a glowing encomium upon the life and labors of Colonel Zadok Pratt, the noted tanner, then of Prattville, in which the article strongly recommended Pratt for the Vice-Presi- dency at a forthcoming presidential election. This greatly pleased the Colonel, and the authorship being attributed to "Jay Gould of Roxbury," Pratt inquired him out. learning in the meantime that Gould was a competent and skillful survi-yur. Buthplace of Jay Gould Meeting Gould one day by the roadside, engaged in running a survey, Pratt proposed that he then get into his carriage and go with him to the vilhige for a further talk about surveying property which Pratt thought of buying. To this Gould promptly said no. but added that he would run his line to a certain point by such a time, when he would meet Pratt, and they could then confer on the subject. This decision of the young man and his evident understanding of his business, favorably impressed Pratt, who at once acceded to the arrangement made by Ciould. The result of their conference was a partnership, in which Pratt and Gould went into Pennsylvania and there purchased several thou- sand acres of hemlock land. Pratt furnishing the capital, upon which they erected an extensive tannery, calling the place Gouldsborough, in honor of Gould. Although then but twenty years of age, Gould made out all the papers and did all the work requiring legal knowledge. This partnership lasted three years. In which time extensive tanning works had been, under Gould's superintendency, erected and put into operation; a large force of workmen were engaged in bringing in bark from the surrounding country; the plans were per- fected for obtaining hides, and the facilities had been secured for selling the leather in New York. It was at this time that Pratt became alarmed at the pecuniary condition of affairs in his tannery in Pennsylvania. Permission had been given Gould to sign the firm name to notes for what money might be re- quired, and the impression prevailed with Pratt that Gould was giving out more notes, and thus obtaining -=;^^-^s=r-~-:;i^^^ "''^ money, than was necessarj*. ,^|-J ^i]^S^^^^ 1 loroughly determined to close the iitnership, he repaired to Goulds- " nough to confer with Gould, the |)roposition being made that he should either sell or buy the interest of Pratt. Gould was apparently surprised that Pratt should be dissatisfied. He detailed the work that was being done, but Pratt was inexorable. One or the other must buy or sell. Gould replied that inasmuch as he had but little capital in the concern, it was evident that Mr. Pratt would be compelled to buy the institution. He must therefore put such a price upon the factory as he was willing to buy at; that price to be the same whether Pratt bought or sold. It was a natural conclusion that Pratt would have to buy, and he therefore placed a low figure as the sum which he would pay. Gould's knowledge of human nature had foreseen what Pratt would do, and he waited the issue. No sooner had Pratt niBde his proposition than Gould demanded that it be put in writing. As the proposition was new, he also required that a certain number of days be allowed him to consider whether he would sell his interest at the price named, or buy. To this Pratt assented. These preliminaries being arranged, Gould went to New York, laid the affair before George Loop, an extensive and wealthy dealer in leather, who promptly came forward, furnished the money, and Pratt's interest was purchased at his own offer, Gould remaining in charge. Gould's enemies aver that the notes of Pratt & (iould. given by him. kept coming back long after the dissolution of parlner.ship. to the extent of tens of thousands of dollars, and had much to do with Pratt's final financial overthrow; while his friends claim that a just cause could be assigned for the issuance of every note which he gave. i: <> =^S^ — M«|)ir'iM|U*ift «)r ' S! ? "• s 5» J' V ¥ P. T. BARNUIVl. SlSPrQf MERICA'S great showman, Phiiieas T. Barnum, was born at Bethel, Conn., 1810. With small means he established a store, and succeeded in business; was editor of a paper in Danbury, Conn. , for a season. Then went to New York, with very limited means. In 1835 he bought Joyi-e Hcth, a colored woman of extr.aordinary age, for $1,000. and exhibited her throughout the country, realizing large sums. On her death he continued the show business in a f^A^^a small way, and, in 1841, with little means, became \D'^r+^ the proprietor of the American Museum in New York, in which, by his shrewdness and poi}u]arity. he achieved a large fortune. As Jenny Lind's manager he also added greatly to his wealth, but unfortunate in- vestments reduced him to bankruptcy in 18.57. Having recourse to the old museum again, he recuperated his fortune; and the museum having burned, he has since then been a traveling showman with the largest and most superior exhibition extant. Daniel Appleton, founder of the well-known and extcnsi^■e publishing house that bears his name in New York city, was born at Haverliill, Mass., 1785. From a retail trader in his native place and Boston, he became an energetic and prosperous impt-rter of English books, and the manufacturer of standard American works in New Y'ork. Died in 1849. THE LAWRENCES. ^TOT^MONG the old-timi; successful nierchants uf Boston were the \,'A C Lawrences. Of these, Amos was born at Grotou, Mass., THE APPLETONS. AMUEL Appleton. American mer- chant, was born at New Ipswich, N. H., 17GG. Was a teacher at seventeen. Began mercantile life at Boston. 1794. dealing in iniporlcfl English goods and manufacturing cotton. Gave awiiy large sums during his life. c"timated at $1,000,000, for educational and benevolent purposes. Died at Boston, 1853, nearly SI. 000. 000. Nathan Appi.etox. hrotlu-r of tlu- foregoing. American nuTchant and political economist. Was born at New Ipswich, N, II., 1779. Aided in setting up the first power-loom ever used in the United StalcH. in 1813. Became one of the founders of the Merrimack Cotton Manufacturing Company, one of the originators of the city of Lowell, Masfl. , and also proprietor of another mtinufucturing company. Served in the State Legislature several terms, and was twice elected to Congress. Wrote a book on currency and banking. Accumulated a large property, and also distributed a large amount of money for charitable purposes. Died at BoHton, in ISUI. PHINEAS T. BARNUM Left a fortune of ** in 178G. From clerkships in country stores he went to ^^d^ Boston, in 1807. and began business in dry goods. In 1814 he formed a partnership with his brother Abbott, who had been his clerk, and this partnership continued until Amos died, in 1852. The two were very successful in their business, adding to their in- creasing fortunes by the establish- ment of cotton manufactories. In 1831 Amos retired from active business, the possessor of an immense property, which he liberally expended for charitable purposes. From 1829 to 1852 he gave away S639. 000, distributed among several educational institutions; a child's infirmary in Boston, the completion of the Bunker Hill monument, and numerous private charities being among his benefactions. Abbott Lawrence was born at Grot on. Mass.. 1792. and was for many years asso- ciated in business with his brother Amos. In the latter part of his life Abbott wa.s engaged largely in the China trade. In 1834 he was elected to Congress, where he served on the committee on ways and means; subsequently he was one of the Government Northwestern boundary commission. lu 1849 President Taylor offered him a seat in his cabinet; but Mr. Lawrence declined and accepted the post of Minister to Great Britain. Was recalled, however, at his own request, in 1852. The remainder of his life he devoted to private business, his fortune becoming very large. To Harvard College he gave $50,000 to establish a scientific school, which bears his name, and left $50,000 more to establish model lodging-houses. He died at Boston, in 1855. In the careers of both these genllemcn was manifested the true New England character for business energy and integrity, producing the usual result-— lives of prosperity and distinction. ^^f^m^^- -^^.^«||.^^_ ^_i_«5^,^ The Experience and Testimony of Successful Men. A B C of Success. ATTEND carefully to details of your business. Be prompt in nil things. Consider well,— then decide. Dare to do right. Fear to do wrong. Endure trials patiently. Fight life's battle bravely, manfully. Go not in the society of the vicious. Hold integrity sacred. Injure not another's reputation or business. Join hands only with the virtuous. Keep your mind from evil thoughts. Ijie not for any consideration. Make few acquaintances. Never try to appear what you are not. Oppose not in spite or malice. Pay your debts promptly. Question not the veracity of a friend. Respect the counsel of your parents. Sacrifice money rather than principle. Touch not, taste not, handle not intoxicating drinks. Use your leisure time for improvement. Venture not upon the threshold of wrong. Watch carefully over your passions. 'Xtend to every one a kindly salutation. Yield not to discouragements. Zealously labor for the right. & success is certain. F' You Will Not be Sorry, OR being cuurtL'uus li> all. For doing good to all mcTi. For speaking evil of no one. For hearing before judging. For holding an angry tongue. For thinking before speaking. For being kind to the distressed. For asking pardon for all wrongs. For being patient toward everybody. For stopping the ears of a tale-bearer. For disbelieving most of the ill-reports. Seventeen Good Habits. SEVENTEEN good habits, to keep in mind, are recounted in the following lines: 1. Constant occupation. 2. Temperance at meals. 3. Giving as well as receiving. 4, Talking on edifying subjects, f). Doing at once what is required. 6. Regular pursuit in some science. 7. Paying for evei-ything in advance. 8. Acting always in the right spirit. 9. Looking always on the bright side. 10. Aiming at harmony in conversation. 11. Associate with none but good society. 12. Have a time and place for everything. 13. Fidelity to all appointments and duties. H. Realizing the presence of God at all times. 15. Spending leisure hours reading good books. 16. Abstinence from tobacco and intoxicants. 17. Daily attention to all the conditions of health. Requisites of Success. IN answer to an inquiry as to what consti- tuted the essential elements to man's success, Colonel Thomas A. Scott is said to have replied: He must possess the necessary equanimity of temperament to conceive an idea, the capacity to form it into some tangible shape, the ingenuity to put it into practical operation, the ability to favorably impress others with its merits, and the power of will that is necessary to force it to success. McDonough's Rules for Making Money. THE distinguished niillioniiire of New Orleans, John McDonough, upon being interrogated as to the secret of money making, replied: To succeed in life you must obtain the favor and influence of the opulent and the authorities of the country in which you live. This is the /irst nile. You must exercise your influence and power over those who in point of wealth are inferior to you; and by availing yourself of their talents, knowledge and information, turn them to your own advantage. Tliis is the second rule. There is a third and last rule, and that is prayer. Tou must pray to the Almighty with fer\'or and zeal, and you will be sustained in all your doings, for I never prayed sincerely to God in all my life without having my prayers answered satisfacto- rily. Follow my advice and you will become a rich man. Maxims by Benjamin Franklin. MANY foxes grow gray, but few grow good. Presumption first blinds a man. then sets him running. Drink does not drown care, but waters it and makes it grow faster. Having been poor is no shame, but being ashamed of it is. The wise man draws more advantage from his enemies than the fool from his friends. Keep conscience clear, then never fear. Strive to be the greatest man in your country, and you may be disappointed; strive to be the best, and you may succeed. Honest Tom! You may trust him with a house full of untold millstones. There is no man so bad, but he secretly repects the good. Courage would fight, but discretion won't let him. We are not so sensible of the greatest health as of the least sickness. A good example is the best sermon. A quiet conscience rests in thunder, but ^c^t and guilt live far asunder. He that won't be counseled can't be helped. Write injuries in dust, benefits in marble. What is serving God? 'Tis doing good toman. Time enough always proves tittle enough. He that cannot bear with other people's pas- sions, cannot govern his own. He that by the plow would thrive, himself must either hold or drive. He that keeps his shop, his shop will keep him. Jefferson's Ten Rules. TAKE things always by the smouth handle. Never spend your money before you have it. We seldom repent of having eaten too little. Pride costs more than hunger, thirst, and cold. Nothing is troublesome that we do willingly. Put not off till to-morrow what you can do to-day. Never trouble another for what you can do yourself. Never buy what you don't want because it is cheap. How much pain the evils have cost us that never have happened. When angi-y, count ten before you speak ; if very angry, count a hundred. .(j^ — Scientists, Statesmen, I Philanthropists AND Reformers. ^^ lUlHIIU-milllUIIIMlMlll fTII Leading Minds Who Have Been Identified witli the World's Progress, 3NE of the famous philosophers and warriors of ancient Greece, Socrates, was born at Athens, 470 years before Christ. He followed the profession of a sculptor in his youth, and afterwards served as a soldier and dis- tinguished himself in the battles of Tanagra and Deliiim. As a philosopher he placed temperance at the foundation of every virtue, believing that men should eat to live rather than live to cat. As a senator, he was (as Lewes says) **onc of the very few examples of inflexible justice of whom we have record, able at once to resist the power of tyrants and defy the despotism of mobs." In religion he taught the existence and rule of the Supreme God and the immortality of the soul. Hisdisciides were numcrons and illus- trious. In his life he was consistent with his doctrines, but could not avoid the ridicule and persecution of his contemporaries. When about seventy years of age he was accused for contemning the gods, and the Athenians inconsiderately giving credit to the charge, he was condemned to die by i)Oison. He met his fate with admirable forti- tude, and left behind him a name honored in all subsequent ages. -WW PLATO. "V NiyniKH ]ihiloso|iher and the founder of the Academic sect, was jL Plato, who was born 430 years before Christ, in the Grecian jy island of ^Hgina. He was carefully educated and at the age of twenty years became a disciple of Socrates. After the death nf the latter he traveled in search of knowledge, and on his return to Athens opened a school of philosophy, which was attended by many distinguished characters. He maintained that there is one God, the fashioner and the father of the universe, incorporeal, without beginning, end, or change; that God fashioned forms from matter, that matter is the cause of evil, and that ideas are the only real existences; that whatever conception the soul has of anything, whatever is the object of the soul's thought, has a real and true existence; that each individual soul is an idea, and thai it is immor- tal, etc. Three times Plato visited the court of Sicily, once by invitation of the elder Dionysius, whom he so offended that the tyrant sold him into slavery, from which condition Plato was released by the liberality of a Cyrenian named Aniceris. He died 347 years before Christ. NK ARISTOTLE. if tile most renowned of Grecian jdiilosophers, Aristotle, was born in Slagira, in Thrace, 384 years before Christ. At seventeen he became a disciple of Plato, who valued him highly, and with whom he remained for twenty years, during which time he studied diligently, and became so famous for wisdom that he was intrusted for eight years with the education of Alexander the Great. After the departure of Alexander, Aristotle returiu'd to Athens, opened a school of i)hilosophy, and foundeil the sect of Peripatetics. After pursuing this course for eighteen years, he was charged with impiety and ccunpelled to quit Athens, going toChalcis, where he died in his sixty-third year. He was versed in nil sciences known in his lime, and illustrated them in his writings with great intellectual vigor. A- =:S1 AUDUBON, THE ORNITnOLOGIST. 131 Benjamin Franklin. Baron Cuvier. John J. Audubon. •O '^? Jf HE American pbilo^nphcr and statesman, licn- jamin Franklin, was born at Boston in 170G. Bcin;; apprenticed as a printer to his brother, he developed a tine literary talent early in life. Dissatisfied with the treatment of his brotiier, at the ago of 17, he started clandestinely for Philadelphia, where he obtained employment. He made a voyage to London nnder deceptive promises of business assistance, and worked at his trade in London as a journeyman for eighteen months, performing also some literary work. He returned to Philadelphia in 1726, and engaged in business as a printer and stationer, pros- pered, and in 1728 established a news- paper. Prudence, temperance and in- dustry soon made him successful and iniluential, and his activity and talent exhibited itself in the establish- ment of a public library, a fire-pre- venting company, an insurance com- pany, and a volun- tary association for defense, all in the city of Philadel- I phia. His '*Poor Richard's Almanac" first appeared in 1733. As a public servant he became clerk to the General Assembly of Penn- sylvania, then postmaster, and afterwards a Representative. In 1753 he was ap- pointed deputy Postmaster-General of British America, and from 1757 to 17tJ3 he lived in London, as the agent of Pennsylvania and other American colonies. He also held a similar agency there until the breaking out of the American revolution in 1775, when he returned and par- ticipated in the cause of the rebellious colonies. In 1778 he was sent as embassador to France, and signed important treaties with several European governments. He returned to Philadelphia in 1785, greatly honored and applauded. He died in 1790. To him belongs the credit of the discovery of the lightning rod as a protection to builjj- ings, the invention of the Franklin stove, the cure of smoky chim- neys, the first scientific organization in America, the founding of the Philadelphia hospital, the scheme of uniting the colonies, perpetuated in the Union of the States, and the first high school in Pennsylvania. He also proved himself the first as he was one of the most success- ful of diplomatists. GEORGES CHRETIEN LEOPOLD FREDERIC DAGOBERT CUVIER. Vv AKON CUVIKH. tlie naturalist, was l)orn at M.mibeliard, France, K in 1769. He studied at Stuttgart, Germany, and was a private kf tutor in a family. He was appointed professor of natural history in the college of France, in 1799, and professor of comparative anatomy at the Garden of Plants, Paris, in 1802. From that time he entered upon his studies of nature in animals, and arranged the entire animal kingdom on a scientific basis, according to the organization of their respective species. This work places him next to Linntrns in the rank of scientific development. Anatomy is the key-note to his system of classification. Cuvier filled important public offices in connection with the cause of education, received much honor during his life-time, and was made a peer of the realm. He died in 1832. John J. .American Travck JOHN JAMES AUDUBON. DISTINGUISHED .,iiiiihol..;.'isi !iii,l i,iril-:irtist in thi- oariy part of this cc'iitury was JohnJ. Audubon, who was born in Louisiana, about 1780. He was sent to Paris to finish his education, and there studied desiini under the celebrated painter David. RctuminK to America, he married, and his father presented him with a valuable Southern plantation, but domestic and civilized life had less at- traction for him than a rugged existence in the wilds of his native country. Charmed with the study of birds, their characteristics and varieties, he devoted himself to the solitary pursuit of prepar- ing a work on the ornithology of America. For fifteen years he traveled alone, often in unfrequented woods and prairies, in search of material for his favorite study, and whenever a fine specimen-bird was secured he drew it and painted it true to nature while it lay fresh before him, and as large as it was in life, also sketching the surroundings of the bird with fidelity. Returning to Philadelphia, he stored his invaluable paintings, representing 1,000 different birds, in a private house, where the rats destroyed them during his ab- sence. This loss was followed by a long and severe fever, but he recovered in due time and set about restoring his lost work. This labor occupied four and a half years more of time, but was successful. To bring out his publication in a manner com- mensurate with its importance and proposed elegance, he visited England and France, where he was received with the highest distinc- tion. The first volume of the "Birds of America"' was issued in London in 1830, containing 100 colored plates of birds, each life-size. Four volumes, the last being published in 1839, completed this mag- nificent work, containing 1,065 representations of birds. A letter- press volume to accompany the plates was also issued in Edinburgh, and appeared simultaneously with them. The success of the Ameri- can Ornithology being secured, Audubon returned to America and prepared a similar work (assisted by his son and other companions) relating to the "Quadrupeds of America," which was published at Philadelphia between 1846 and 1830; as in the former case, a book of biographies accompanies the plates. " The Life of John James Audubon the Naturalist"," was prepared by Mrs. Audubon, aided by a friend, and published in Xew York in 18G9. This work was also produced in London, with a view of Audubon's residence and a portrait copied from Inman's picture. The naturalist was everywhere well received by learned societies. He died in 1851. Audubon, r und Ornithologist. .Qi. — =<^ f- 132 SETH GREKN A:SD TUE HISTORY OF FISH BREEDING. Seth Green. ^ ^^ '3-^3 ■^3:)TT1-'"33;)JJ'-^' — _i_iaat Fisherman and Fish-Culturist. xA m r- wm- tioii of the New YorU SULt; Lcj EARLY AS the year 1837, there ttas a very energetic fisherman in the State of New York, whose gill- nets, in after years, in some of the large fisheries, extended for fifty miles, and his employes were numbered by the hundred. He was a large contractor for the supply of fresh fish in several of the principal cities, among them New York city. This individual was Seth Green, a native of Rochester, N. Y. , where he was born March 19, 1817. Exceedingly fond of the healthful exercise and the excitement attend- ant upon fishing, he adopted that employment for a livelihood, and made the waters of Lake Ontario the principal scene of his labors. Witnessing, while engaged one day in trout-fishing, a shoal of salmon making a greiit commotion in the act of spawning, he at once prepared a gravelly bed for thcra to use. and the next two days he spent in watch- ing these fish in their egg-laying. The affair impressed him w^ilh the possibilities of fish-breeding by artificial means, an idea that he has since perfected with a great variety k EARTHS SUCCESSIVK rKKIODS OK VKUKTAIil.K ANI> AM.MAL DKVKL" )l'.Mi:,\r. 137 The Theories of Progression. * of the development theoi-y have hud much ditlieulty | / t ,rA mm Earth hardeiietl. matuied; Vegetation sprati(; forth, am fhell-lLsh, L'lc, wi- The advocate; to contend with in the attempt to denionstnife the truth of the position thai they have taken. It could casiily be shown that by domes- tication and tnnning. under a change of cir- cums tan ce s, one hundred and fifty varie- ties of pigeons could be pro- duced from the one specie !s. But each and every one, after all was done, would be a pigeon, kinds of dogs, some others, all came from one vari- ety of dog; but facts demon- strated, also, that dogs were never anything but dogs. Thus of every other species of ani- mals. So lim- ited was the knowledge of creation ; so small had been the range of ob- servation; so narrow was the idea of the origin of life, and so prejudiced were the majority of people against a progressive development, and so plain was the fact that the same Geology first came to the aid of the |.hih FIRST IirOVn,— Primordial Age. lowest forms of moving life, headless animals, ; evolved. It could easily be demonstrated that the various of which were a hundred times larger than Plate n.-HT^VaW^ EPO.i. ;u:iled lioni land ■ nd Ubhes deVth-pLd. Klanj P.Tu.d. 1 the water upon dry land and winged locomotion, and so legs were useless and h: "r — ^: 13s wnxT thp: progressionists bp:likve Plate 71'.— FOrTRTH EPOCW.. -Tertiary Pe. New kinds of vegetation came forth. certain reptiles, forming the habit of springing upon their prey, developed the wings. This is proven by the remains of birds, very recently found, which have teeth, showing the connection between the reptile and the bird kingdom. The^e remains supply what has long been regarded as the "missing link." The winged reptile, under varying conditions, changed its character entirely; nature supplied it with hair, and it became a bat. and under other con- ditions it acquired feathers. Never having a chance to fly, it will be seen how a bat could change to a mouse, which might develop to a rat, which might learn to burrow under ground, and in long ages could change its charactertothat of awoodchuck. and from that to a prairie- dog, which long periods of time might bring up to the intelligent shepherd or Newfoundland- dog. That the mouse and rat, In certain portions of the world, might, to avoid their enemies on the ground, take to the trees as a place of abode — might learn to use their tails as do the monkeys, and, in fact, through long ages develop to the size, and intelligence of the monkey. In time, the necessity no longer existing of remaining in the trees, he would spend his time on the ground ; his tuil would become unnecessary, as it is with tht! ourang- outang and the gorilla. That through long ages the go- r i 1 1 a ti a > gradual 1 > developed to the conditions of the lowest cannibal sav- ages, which wild and bar- barous tribes in time became civilized. maturity, breaks and gathers in a nebulous mass, making a spot on the sun. In time, this substance, thus thrown off, which is a molten mass of intense heat, like a rain-drop in space, assumes a spherical form, takes its orbit for revolving about the sun, gradually cools on the surface, and a crust is formed which, as the ages and the centuries go by, gradually thickens. This crust, rent and dis- turbed by the heat within, rises and falls, making great irregulari- ties of surface. Hence the mountains and the valleys were formed. That planets themselves have the power to throw off and produce other worlds. -^ Higher fnmis of life appeared, and hair and fur-bearing animals were developed. Plate r.— FIFTH F^VOCn.- Quaternary Period. Hiffhly matured condition of thcearlh: nttt-d f.ir the f^uppiut and production of the highest grades of intelligence among aniiual.s up ti) man. What the Progressionists Believe. While a variety of opinions exi^t anujiig the eMdutionists, their belief is esnentially this: That there exists in the infinitude of space unnumbered suns, each the center of a planetary system, which, through the law of gravita- tion, continually revolve around a great central sun. That the planets about the sun arc born of the sun. That the planets dependent upon our sun have all come from it. That in the process of birth the sun throw? off a gaseous ring, which, having attained a certain degree of which are the moons that be- long to various planets. The belief is that the earth was born thus of our sun; that hundreds of thou sands and, perhaps, millions of years have passed since it came from the sun; that its irregularities of surface have been produced by internal commotion and volcanic eruptions. The evolutionists bring forward as proof that the interior of the earth is a mass of fire, the fact that for every 100 feet we go towards the center of the globe the heat increases one degree. At 10,000 feet, towards the center, water boils. At forty miles in the earth, 1,800 degrees is reached. At that point iron would melt, and, at seventy miles in depth, everything must be in a liquid slate. A further proof that the i n • t e r i o r o f t h e earth is on fire is shown in the fi a m e e m i 1 1 e d l)y volcanoes, and the hot water wh iih comes from boilingspringfl. In the crea- tinii of this world, when the earth had become suflSciently cooled to cause the gaseous moisture uptm its surface to condense, clouds were formed, and rain began to fall, which collected in the low places on the earth's surface and made the oceans. The first crust formed became what is now known as the hardest rock, such as granite, syenite, porphyry, etc., in what were imbedded the heaviest metals. In process of time this layer was overspread, through volcanic eruption, by another layer, which became what is known as slate- rock, clay-slate, etc. Through the action of wat<'r, heat and idr. --<). VARYING (iliADES OF INTELLIGKNCi: i:;:» DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. Rcprehiontint;,' the rriiminlial Ai,'e, Piiniarj-, Seoundnry, Tertiary niui Quaternary Periods, and the Ascending Serifs. this rock became so soft as to produce soil. When the conditions had become matured sufficiently, a combination of substances, each as carbonic acid, water and ammonia, made wluit is termed "proto- plasm," a compound which is the basis of all life, from which may come at any time the order of vej;etation. and fill rnrni< of animal life. PLATE I. Primordial Age. Of life on the earth, first came the lowest of vegeta- tion, such as the mosses, which gradually progressed to the higher orders. The first forms of life, largely df!pen- — '-^ 1-KJ THE ASCENDING GEADES OF ANIMAL LIFE, HIGHER ORDERS OF ANIMALS. Representing the Ascending Series, beginning with the Hippopotamus, a water quadruptd, up through tu Man. stance in tlae summer sun, will, in a few days, be found covered with a Ihin film of matter, wkich often presents the varying shades of rainbow colors. Microscopic examination of this stagnant water will reveal a great number of moving animalcules. This plainly indi- cates that germs of life are floating in the air, and only want the necessary conditions to re- veal themselves in active being. This grade of life is lowest in the scale of animal existence of which the natu- ralist has any knowledge. One of the next higher in order is the polypi. This might be taken as a species of animal life, but examina- tion shows that it possesses an aperture that serves as a mouth, and various rootlets which are used as arms in capturing prey and feeding itself. The star-fish is one of a numerous family of the radiata, which, having an intestinal canal, make another step upward. The mollusks, possessing an alimentary apparatus, heart, liver, and the evi- dences of lungs and breathing power, belong to a still higher class. These include the oyster, the clam and the animals that reside in shells, whose infinite va- riety of color and form make always a pleasant study to the naturalist. The crawling wofms and the caterpillars that change their form to the bright winged butterflies, occupy a still higher range. Above these yet is the patient, cunning ant; the busy, ingenious bee, and the hungry grasshopper. In this class of life there is exhibited the sense of sight and considerable evidence of reasoning power. The fpider and crab be- long to another and yet hiirhcr order. In the flsh we reach tli'- fir'^t form of animal being pos^cs-King a backbone and fpinnl cord. We have now reached a scale of de- velopment in animal life which e X h i b i t » a r t e r I e .«, veinw and red blood. The creature, however, like the frog that can come forth and subsist upon dry land, i:* yet higher in the scale; but the alligator, the turtle find unaiie, though all cold-blooded, are yet in advance of the frog. Plate VIT. ASCENDING SERIES, armies of InteUigence. Showing the varying degrees of (h-vi'lupnient and lirain power, among (Ufferent kinds of animals. The walrus, the whale and other animals in that class, bring us up to the warm-blooded orders and usher us in among the fowls of the air, the unnumbered kinds of which are ever a cariosity and study to the student of nature. In this range of physical development the senses of feeling, hearing, seeing and tasting are very considerably developed. While all the various kinds of the feathered kingdom have warm blood and brain sufticient to enable them to acquire considerable edu- cation, there is nevertheless much variety in the natural brain development, and many and various are their characteristics, as shown in the tenderness of the dove, the talkativeness of the parrot, the melodious notes of the nightingale, the cunning of the raven, the dignity and the courage of the eagle. PLATE VII. Grades of Animals. Having come through the grades of life that swim the water, that divide their time between the water and the land, and thai fly in the air we come to other classes of animal life, the most of which have four legs, with which to walk the earth, and have hair or fur to protect them from the inclemency of the weather, a few excep- tions being in thpse animals native to the warm climates, whose thick skins are such as to require no other covering. The grade of animal life shown in plate VIT. belongs in that known as the mam- 7?ialla, a characteristic of which is that the young are bom alive and arc nourished with their own milk. This illustration shoivsthe gradually ascending grades. The gross, huge water ani- mal, the hippopotamus, is surpassed in brain power by the deer, which is in turn excelled by the bufTalo, the goat, the squirrel, the cat and the beaver. The dog and the horse evince a high degree of in- telligence, and so the grade progresses through the orders of the orang-oulang and the gorilla up to man. whose degree of development varies from the low savage to the superior white Caucasian, who is master of all animal life below him. .6- — i2^ f A I'OKTKAIT OK IIKNKY THOMAS IJCCKI.i:. Henry Thomas Buckle, Bismarck and M. F. Maury. ENGLISH writer of liberal principles was IIcnryTbnmns Buckle, who was born in Kent, England, in 1821. He devoted himself to study, acquiring, meanwliile, great proficiency as a cbess- r. His fame rests upon an isbed work, *' History of Civil- >n in England," two volumes of ublished in 1857 and 18G1, but I not live to finish. His theory, which caused much discussion, endeavored to show tbat the character of a people was chiefiy dependent on material circum- t-tances, such as soil, climate, scenery and food, and that ideas on morals or religion bad very little intluence on civilization, a progress in which, he mnintained, depended chiefiy on the growth and accumulation of scientific or positive knowledge. In 18G1 he visited the continent of Europe, remaining abroad until the following March, when he died of a fever, while traveling in the "Holy Land. '' conferred upon bim by the diet. The annexation of several neigh- boring principalities, the confederation of others, and the estublir^b- ment of the North-German confederation, were considered chielly due to his diplomatic skill. In the French war of 1870 be exerted a superior influence tbat aided materially in the subjection of France, and resulted in the crowning of King William as Emperorof Germany, at Versailles, France, in 1871, while Bismarck was rewarded by promotion to the rank of Prince and Chancellor of the German Empire. Since then bis genius and brilliant executive ability have been exercised in the reforms of internal policy. Among other changes due to his influence is the dissolution of the ordcrof Jesuits, the secularization of schools, and the establishment of state sover- eignty over the church. Bismarck, however, is claimed by the liberals in religion as an atheist. The family of Bismarcks is an old one, and has been known for more than five hundred years. COUNT BISMARCK. ["HE statesman, prince, and prime minister of Prussia, Otto Eduard Leopold Bismarck- Schonhausen, was born at Scbouhausen, Prussia, in 1815. He studied at Gottingen and Berlin, and was admitted to the bar in 1835. He was referendary at Aix-la- Chapelle and Potsdam in 1830-'7; per- formed military duty and studied the science of husbandry at Potsdam and Greifswald in 1837-8, attended the united diet at Berlin as district dele- gate, and opposed liberal reforms ably and vehemently in 1847. In the second chamber of tbc Prussian diet, in 1849-'50, he urged increased powers for the monarchy. He was appointed Prussian embassador to the German diet at Frankfort, in 1851, and there changed his international views, repelling the pretensions of Austria; was transferred to St. Peters- burg in 1850, where he strengthened the friendly relations between Prussia and Russia, remaining until 18G2; was embassador to Paris and succeeded Prince HobenzoUern as prime minister of Prussia in 1802, and became minister of foreign affairs. He advocated strength- ening the army, and succeeded in procuring the co-operation of Austria in the Scblcswig-Holslein war of 1864; concluded a new treaty with Austria, in 1805; was pi-omotcd to Count, and invested with ministerial authorijy over newly-conquered countries in 18G5; formed an alliance with Italy, and declared war against Austria and her allies in 18G6. Military prowess having soon subdued the Austrian alliance, the treaty of Prague,' in 1806, extinguished Austria as a Ger- man state, secured Scbleswig-Holstein to Prussia, and placed the latter at the head of the North-German confederation. He was now idolized by the Prussian people, and a national endowment was Henry Thomas Buckle. Author of " History of Civilization in England MATTHEW FONTAINE MAURY. N VIRGINIA, Spottsylvania coun- ty, in 180C, was born Matthew F. Maury, known by his valuable re- searches into marine physical geog- raphy and meteorology. He entered the American navy as a midshipman in 18^5, went to France in the ship that conveyed Lafayette on his return home, made a voyage to the Pacific in the same vessel, and circumnavigated the globe in the United States vessel Vin- cenues. While yet young he published bis "Treatise on Navigation," which passed through several editions; be- came a lieutenant in 1830. and received bis appointment to the South Sea ex- ploring expedition, but resigned it. Owing to accidental lameness be with- drew from sea service, and was placed iu charge of the department of sea- charts and instruments at Washington, and when it was combined with the Washington observatory, he was made superintendent of both. *' The Physi- cal Geography of the Sea," with observations of ocean winds and cur- rents, made up from actual reports of vessels and special cruises, occupied his attention. Tn 1844 he published his views of the Gulf stream, ocean currents and " great circle-sailing," which have generally proved to be well-grounded. By his suggestion a general maritime conference was held at Berlin, Prussia, under government auspices, in 1853, in which it was recommended that merchant and war vessels should keep an abstract "log," or record, in the interest of marine science. His principal researches are embodied in bis "Physical Geography of the Sea and its Meteorology," which has been several times revised and enlarged. In 1855 be was promoted to the rank of commander in the navy, a post which be resigned on the breaking out of the Southern rebellion in 18G1. He then became a commodore in the confederate navy, and afterwards professor of physics in the Virginia military institute. He died at Lexington, Va., in 1873. He published a number of scientific works, received many valuable testimonials from foreign governments, and was a member of many of the principal scientific institutions of Europe and America. >?t •CJ' — 142 POKTKAIT OF RALPH WALDO EMERSON. Lyell, Emerson, Fahrenheit, Phillips, Glauber and Trail. CHARLES LYELL, distinguished s a. geolo^'ist, was born at Kinnordy, Scotland, in 1797. He graduated at Exeter college, Oxford, in 1831, and studied law, but abandoned it for Lieological investigation. In 1832 he was appointed professor of geology at King's college, London, but this posi- tion he soon resigned. In 1830 appeared the first volume of his im- portant work, "Principles of Geology," which was completed in 1834, and was received with great favor. He visited the United States in 1841, lecturing on his favorite science in Boston. On his return to England he published his travels and scientific observations in this country, and wrote other treatises on the geolosy of America. A second visit to the United States, in 1845, resulted in two additional volumes. He also trav- eled extensively in Europe, gave the world the benefit of this expedition and its results, and received the honor of knighthood, with other testimonials of scientific appreciation. In 1863 he pub- lished " The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man." He died in 1875. and formed the scale for measuring heat and cold so commonly used in thermometers of the present day. He wrote a "Dissertation on Thermometers," and other scientific papers, and at the time of his death, in 1736, was engaged in constructing a machine for draining the Dutch marshes. RALPH WALDO EMERSON. ^HE poet, essayist and speculative ' philosopher, Ralph Waldo Emerson, was bom at Boston in 1803, edu- cated at Harvard college from 181 7-'21, and ordained a Unitarian minister in 1829. He resigned in 1832 and visited Europe, returning in the autumn of 1833, when he commenced his career as a lecturer on a great variety of literary and philosophical subjects. He pub- lishiid a volume of essays in 1841, and contributed to the Dial, the organ of the Transcendentalists, in 1841, and became its editor from 1842 to 1844. He published a second series of essays in 1844, and in 1846 a collec- tion of his poems. He visited England and lectured there in 1847, and in 1850 gave the world his volume on " Representative Men. " Since then he has published several other works. Emerson's philosophy is transcendental, "having reference to those beliefs or principles which are not derived from experience, and yet are considered abso- lutely necessary to make experience useful or possible. " (Webster. ) For example, two of its cardinal articles of faith declare (1) "the eternal and universal primacy of mind, and (2) the connection of the individual intellect with the primal mind, and its ability to draw thence wisdom, will, virtue, prudence, heroism, and all active and past^ive qualities. " (Bennett. ) WENDELL PHILLIPS. N eminent American orutur and philanthropist, Wendell Phillips, was born at Boston, in 1811. He was educated at Harvard college, graduating in 1831. He was admitted to the bar in 1834, but abandoned his profession at the end of two years to unite himself with the fortunes of the abolitionists, in opposition to slavery in America. His first distinguished outburst of oratory was made at Faneuil Hall, Boston, in 1837, at a meeting called to express the popular indignation at the assassination of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, at Alton, 111. , by a mob in the interest of Southern slave-holders. Phillips was then only twenty-six years old, but his eloquence and enthusiasm on that occasion laid the foundation for his after-fame as a finished orator. For years ho combated the evils of slavery with his voice and money, until the emancipation procla- mation crowned the struggles of the abo- litionists and rendered them longer un- necessary. Since then Mr. Phillips has advocated the rights of workingmen and women and of the Indians. His humanitarian views command esteem, and his eloquence is, as ever, opposed to social oppression. Ralph Waldo Emerson. Poet. Essayist and Speculative Philosopher. GABRIEL DANIEL FAHRENHEIT. '•/IIK scientific philosopher, Fahrenheit, was born at Dantzic, Prusnia, in I68G. He improved the thermometer by adopting mercury instead of spirits of wine for testing the temperature, JOHANN RUDOLF GLAUBER. PUOMIXEXT chemist, of Ger- many, Johann Rudolf Glauber, was born in the sixteenth century and settled at Amsterdam. He was a large experimenter, and in his endeav- ors to discover the fabulous *' philos- opher's stone," he invented several new chemicals, one of which was the com- mon alkali known as "Glauber's salts." He wrote thirty-two treatises, some of which possess a certain value. The date of his death is uncertain, but is placed subsequent to 1668. DR, RUSSELL THACHER TRALL. K American phyBician and developer of Priessnitz's system of water-cure for diseases, Russell T. Trail, was born at Vernon, Conn., in 18IS2, his parents subsequently removing to Western New York. He adopted the medical profession, studied its standards and practiced according to its teachings, until his removal to New York city, in 1840. In 1843 he opened a water-cure hospital, and in ISnS a medical school for pupils of both sexes, which was afterwards removed to Florence, N. J. Dr. Trail wrote numerous books relating to the hydropathic treatment of diseases, temperance, medicine, regimen, bad habits and their cure, diseases^ and phj'si- ology. llv d\rd at Florence, N. J., in 1877. .C^^'*"'^ T- (JIIAUI.KS FOUUIEK. TIIK I'llI.ITICAL ECONOMIST, J. STUAItT MILT,. 1-43 Hugh Miller, Mesmer, J. Stuart Mill and Fourier. -^_^^^ UOn MILLER, thu British geologist, was born at Cromarty, Scotland, in 180::;, and lirincipully received his earliest education from his mother's 1*1,000' brothers, Alexan- der and Jumes. Later be attended local schools, read classics by stealth, and was gifted with a re- markable memory and a faculty of telling stories which he used to extemporize witti great success. At an early age he man- ifested a fondness for geological re- searches. Refusing to go to college and prepare for the gospel ministry, he was taught, instead, the trade of a stone- mason, pursuing at his leisure the study of books, reading the best literature of the day in many departments, and writing verses, rhapsodies and reflections. All this time he was also continuing his geological researches, and at this period of his life he made his "old red sand- stone" discoveries, which procured him considerable distinction among the scien- tific men of the day. His attainments made him a local celebrity at Cromarty, and he was elected town councilor. In 1829 he published a volume of poems, wrote a series of papers on the herring fishery, made some important discoveries in expressed his belief that the heavenly bodies diffasc through the universe a subtile fluid, which acts on the nervous system of ani- mated beings. Since his death, in 1815, the science of mesmerism 00^ has been revived and developed with wonderful results. Charles Fourier, Celebrated Advocate of the Co-operative System of Living. fish fossils, and became accountant in the next two years he married and published his "■Scenes and Legends of the North of Scotland," and be- came a frequent contributor to period- icals. In 1640 he removed to Edinburgh, and became the editor of The Witness^ the organ of the Free church of Scotland. He succeeded as a journalist, his articles exerting a powerful influence on public opinion by their thoughtfulness and lit- erary excellence. In the }yitii€SS he pub- lished an iiccount of his discovery of the "old red sandstone," and fossils, and by this publication attained distinction from the British association, and became the admiration of scientists. Others of his distinguished scientific and literary works followed from time to time. In his lite- rary and geological labors he labored so incessantly as to destroy his health. The strain upon his brain was too intense, nnd in 1856 he committed suicide, while in a paroxysm of insanity. local bank. Within John Stuart Mill, Author of Various WorUs on Political Economy. FRIEDRICH ANTON MESMER. /"HE founder of the science of animal magnetism, Friedrich A. Mesmer, to which he gave his name — Mesmerism — was born at Meersburg, in Swabia, Germany, 1734. In IVGG he announeed his theories in a paper on "Planetary Influence,"' in which he JOHN STUART MILL. (HIN STL'AIiT .MILL, the Knyli.-h phi- losopher and political economist, son of the eminent James Mill, the hL-^to- rian and essayist, was born in London in 1806. He was educated at home, and became a clerk in the office of the Kast India company, 1823. He contributed, in hie youth, to the Edinburgh and TIVx/*- minster Hevieics^ and published his "Sys- tem of Logic," 1843; "Essays on Some Unsettled (Questions in Political Econ- omy," 1844; "Principles of Political Economy,'" 1848. During the American rebellion, 1861-'65, he espoused in liis writings the cause of the Unionists. Other works from his pen include " An Essay on Liberty," "Thoughts on Parlia- mentary Reform," " Considerations on Representative Government," and "The Subjection of Woman," 1869. His writ- ings evince originality of thought, and when in parliament, in 1865-'67, he became an able debater in the cause of reform, the extension of the elective franchise, and the claims of women to representation. In philosophy he inclined to positivism. He died at Avignon, France, in 1873. "^ FRANCOIS MARIE CHARLES FOURIER. HE founder of a once popular, but now nearly extinct, social system, F. M. Charles Fourier, was born at Besancon, France, in 1772. lie was at first a clerk, and then for two campaigns an involuntary soldier in the French rev- olutiim. Leaving the army, he engaged in more peaceful pursuits, and passed several years in traveling for commercial houses of Lyons and Marseilles. Sub- sequently, in 1803-41, he published several books of a socialistic character, which were not acceptable to the general public or the reviewers; but, after all, left their impress on society. His theo- ries tended to the formation of "pha- lanxes," or gatherings of families (having a common interest) into communities, so that while the family relation should be rigidly maintained in separate apart- ments, the labor and expense for sup- porting them should he united, and the easy and economical production of the means of existence, with the comfort and education of the individual, be secured. Between 1841 and 1850 this system became popular in America, and numerous " phalanxes" were formed in various sections, but they were short- ! li\ed, and probably not one of them now survives 7^ .(b> — 144 THE EECORD OF A LONG LIFE DEVOTED TO nilLOSOPHICAL RESEARCH. ib! i Baron von Humboldt. Extensive Traveler in the Interest of Philosophy and Science. HE GERMAN iiatiiniUst, Humboldt, was born at Berlin, Prussia, in 1769, and educated in the natural sciences at home. He studied, in 1787, at the university of Frank- fort-on-the-Oder, and on his re- turn applied himself to the ^ technology of manufactures, the Greek laugnagcs, and flowerless : '-* plants and grasses. A year was -pent at the university of Gottin- -^ gen, in the study of philology and natural history. He made a journey, in 1790, through the low 3^1 countries, England and France, but returned to Germany and studied book-keeping and familiarized him- self with commercial transactions. In 1791 he studied the arts of min- ing, and while engaged in mining practice gathered information (which he published) concerning subterra- nean flowers and the effects upon plants of darkness and unwholesome gases. Obtaining a superior posi- tion as a mining officer, he explored several mining districts in Bavaria, Prussia, etc. Subsequently he ex- perimented on the nature of fire- damp in mines, and made a scientific journey through Tyrol, Lombardy, and Switzerland; published a work on galvanism, became familiar with practical astronomy, and in 1797 began his great scientific expedi- tion, and proceeded to Italy, where he encountered hindrances to bis purpose of seeing the Italian volca- noes. His subseqiient journey lo Kgypt was also frustrated, but while in Paris he became familiar with Bonpland, the botanist, the com- panion of his subsequent travels. ?^^V-<--:p...... .,..„.,-, Several other proposed journeys ^^© ^ were thwarted, but the winter of 1798 and 1799 was passed in making botanical, astrouomii^al mimnctic observations in Spain. At Madrid he obtained royal per- mission to explore the Spanish possessions in Europe, America, and the East Indies, with freedom to use any or all scientific instruments necessary to aid him in his investigations. lie left Spain with Ii«inpland, after having made further observations in portions of that Humboldt. and kingdom, in June, 1799, proceeding to Teneriffe, Venezuela, S. A., thence southward to the Orinoco river, and to Havana, and then returned to South America, up the Magdalena river, and for months explored the Cordilleras, Quito, Chimborazo, the Andes, the Upper Amazon, the Peruvian Andes, Lower Peru, and Mexico, returning to France by way of the United States, after an absence of five years of active exploration in America. The results of this expedition were extremely gratifying and valuable. Some time was spent in Paris in arranging his collections and manuscripts, and experiment- ing on the chemistry of the atmosphere. He returned to Berlin after an absence of nine years, but resorted again to Paris, where he resided, with brief periods of absence, about nineteen years, super- intending the publication of his writings. A second scientific expedition was projected through Upper India, but was prevented by war between Russia and France. In 1814 he visited England, and subsequently Rome and Naples. Resuming his residence in Berlin, he lectured in public on the cosmos in the winter of 18a7-*8, and in 1829 he began his great scientific expedition to Northern Asia, the Caspian sea, Russia, etc., under the liberal patronage of Count Cancriu. This journey of over 10,000 miles was made in nine months, and was rich in its results, one of which was the establish- ment of a series of magnetic and meteorological stations from St. Petersburg, Russia, to Pekin, in China, and subsequently the Eng- lish followed this example in the southern hemisphere. From_that time to his death, in 1859, enjoy- ing the favor of his government and occupying some political posi- ti(ms, he resided first in France and finally in Prussia, pursuing his scientific labors with una- bated zeal in his old age. lb- ]iuhlished many important sclent ilif bottks, of which the "Cosmos," written toward the close of his life, is perhaps the most important and enduriui:. It is "a systematic view of the results of his inves- tigation and thought in the whole domain of natural science." Hav- ing the advantage of extensive travel, assisted by government aid, Humboldt had the best of oppuitunities for the acquisition of scien- tific information. Living a h)ng life devoted lo phihvsophical exposi- tion \Uv world was greatly benefited by his having lived in it. — -{^.^ -? f llKXliY JiKK(iII, WKLL-KNOWN rillLANTIIKI )1'IST. \:> The Horse Abused. ^V^-V^-v^'V '^ 4»ft««a«« J^Gnry pBsrgh. The Horse Kindly Treated. ^^-■,^?^ Pioneer in the Work of Preventing Cruelty to Animals. NLY a few years ago it was that cruelty prac- ticed upon the inferior animals was much more common than now. As a consequence, their live short- ened, diseas e frequent was much more among them, and their use- fulness to man was greatly lessened. For the change of sentiment existing, the pub- lic is largely indebted to the Individual whose name heads this chapter. Henry Bergh was born in New York, in 1820. His father was a large ship-builder in the early days of this country's history, and toward the close of his career Mr. Bergh was asso- ciated with him in business. With ample means at com- mand, with a cultured mind and the leisure to gratify a taste for travel and observa- tion, Mr. Bergh for a quarter of a century traveled exten- sively in both hemispheres, in a portion of which time he rendered valuable assist- ance to the general govern- ment as secretary of legation to Russia, appointed by Pres- ident Lincoln in 1861; and he afterwards served as consul at St. Petersburg until 1804, when he resigned his posi- tion in consequence of fail- ing health. Soon after his return to America, in 18B5, he instituted measures for the establishment of a society for the prevention of cruelty to animals, and the effort he put forth then has been multiplied many-fold by the general dissemination of humane literature, and the passage of laws in many of the States calculated to protect the lower animals from abuse. In 1881 Mr. HENRY BERGH, Advocate of Measures Protecting the Rights of Lower Animals. Bergh threw a fire-brand into a public meeting held at Cooper Insti- tute, New York, which was called to consider the rights of criminals in the State prisons of the country. Mr. Bergh being seen in the audience, was called to the platform. Being urged to speak, he reluctantly con- sented, remarking that he was not fully in accord with the object of the meeting, inasmuch as he believed that many brntal criminals did not get their deserts in prison. In many cases he would have the punishment entirely different and more effectual; particularly would he have this the case with those brutes of men who maltreated children and beat their wives. For these men he suggested that the only just punishment was the public whipping-post, and that the chastisement should be administered by a machine that knows no partiality. In support of his position he argued that to fine and imprison the wife-beater was simply to take bread from the wife and children of the criminal, who were already suffering from unkind treatment. Justice, he said, could only be done in such cases by personal chastise- ment of the offender, after which he should be allowed to work that his family might have the means of subsistence. This idea was new and yet logical. It met with public favor at once, and did much toward edu- cating public sentiment in regard to meting out punishment to those who not only abuse the lower animals, but likewise ill-treat those who may be in their power, as women and children. For many humane reforms the world is indebted to Mr. Bergh. 10 ^:^: rORTKAIT OF FAKADAY, THE ('HFMIST. Louis John Rudolph Agassiz, Faraday and i€sop. coiir I ennt I and ) alon AMERICAN naturalist of great eminence in scientific circles in Europe and America, Agassiz, was Ijorn in Metiers, Switzerland, in 1807, of Huguenot (French) ances- tors. He was educated partly at home and partly at Bienne, the college of Lausanne, at Zurich, the university of Heidelberg, and the university of Munich, Bavaria. \t the latter place he formed the acquaintance of eminent men and tudied the science of plants, the embryonic development of animals, mineralogy and philosophy, under com- petent teachers. Subsequently he pre- pared the lyo- log i c al (fish) depart- ment of Mar- tins" great work on Brazil for publication in a man- ner that placed him in the front rank of naturalists. His next important work was the "Natural History of the Fresh-Water Fishes of Europe," on which he labored many years, publishing it in 1839-40. In the meantime he had won the degrees of doctors of philos- ophy and medicine, and became pro- fessor of natural history in the reorganized college at Neufchatel, Switzerland. His work on "Fossil Fishes" filled five volumes and a folio atlas of about 400 plates; its publica- tion was an important event in the scientific world, and Agassiz found himself justly appreciated by the learned men of Europe. The univer- sities of Edinburgh and Dublin con- ferred on him the degree of LL. D., and he was made a member of several scientific cori>orations. He also published other works of considerable value to scientists. From 1836 to 1845 he continued his researches among the Alps, engaged in the study of the glaciers and the geological phenomena that they produce. These researches and their results were published in 1840 and in 1847, in two separate volumes, and establish the fact that the rocky boulders seen in so many portions of the world, were conveyed to the jilaces where they are found by the action of ice-rivers, or bodies of moving ice. Agassiz, coming to America in 1840, further confirmed his glacial theory by researches in an excursion to Lake Superior. In Boston he delivered a series of public lectures, listened to by large audi- ences, giving a general review of the animal kingdom, and another course upon the ^aclers and their work. Other portions of the east and south were visited, to compare the animals of the northern and southern latitudes. In 1H47 he continued his scientific researches along the Atlantic coast with the government coast survey; the same year he accepted the professorship of zoology and geology in Abbott Lawrence's scientific school in Cambridge; in 1848 he made a scien- tific exploration of the Lake Superior region, and about that time he published his "Principles of Zoology," for use in schools; in the mean- time lecturing on scientific subjects in different portions of the country. In 1850 he investigated the Florida reef, and in 1851 exjilored the State of New York. In 1852 he accepted a professorship of com- parative anatomy in the medical college of Charleston, S. C. , making within two years a thorough study of marine animals on that coast, and in Georgia and North Carolina. Finding that the climate dis- agreed with him, he resigned and returned north. In 18G8 he was appointed a non-resident professor in Cornell university, at Ithaca, N. Y. In 1865 he started, with six assistants, at the expense of a Boston merchant, on a scientific excursion in Brazil. The excursion lasted about fifteen months, and was rich in scientific results, its immense collections being preserved in the Cambridge museum. Subsequently Agassiz made an excur- sion to the Kocky Mountains, and in 1872 he made an ocean vojage around Cape Horn in a coast survey steamer, with other scientists, for deep-sea dredging, the results of which i)roved important in the study of oceanic animals. His next great work was the establishment of a scientific school at a point on the Northern Atlantic coast, in which he continued to teach until his death, in 18T3. Michael Faraday, Chemist, Electrician, and Eminent Philosopher. MICHAEL FARADAY. HE chemist and natural philos- opher, Michael Faraday, was b()rn at Newington, England, in 1791, learned the book-binders' trade, after- wards studied electricity, and became chemical assistant to Sir Humphry Davy at the Royal institution. For a long series of years he pursued his scientific investigations, made several distinguished discoveries, received great honors and emoluments, and filled several important stations in scientific institutions. Among his discoveries arc the chlorides of carbon, the mutual rotation of a magnetic pole and an electric current, the condensation of gases, diamagnetism, the influence of magnetism upon light, the magnetic cliaracter of oxygen, and the magnetic relations of flame and gases. He died at Hampton Court, near London, in 1867. AESOP. '"HE ancient philosopher and fabulist, ^sop, was born in Phrygia (Asia Minor), and flourished about 600 years before Christ. While a slave at Athens, Greece, he exhibited so much virtue and talent that he was set at liberty. Cra-sus, the rich Grecian, sent him on a mission to Delphi, where he so incensed the people by his ridicule and plain-speaking that they precipitated him from a rocky eminence and killed him, after bringing against him a calumnious charge of sacrilege. His fables, and others alleged lo have been written by him, are too well-known to require more than mere mention. :^ K :c> — nisi;ovKKi-:Ks and scikntists. Haeckel, Pitman, Hitchcock, Guyot and Harvey. NTIL 1865 the university at Jena, in Germany, bad no professorship of zool- ogy. In that year one was created expressly forErnBt Heinrich Haeckel, who was born at Potsdam, Prussia, in 1834. At an early age be made botany, anat- omy, and histology his studies, and practiced medicine for a time in Berlin, but abandoned it for his favorite pursuits in the study of nature, with such success that he introduced many new genera and species of rhizopods. Upon being appointed to his professorship he began the formation of a scientific museum that has since become extremely valuable. lie has piiblished several scientific works, giving the results of his zoological investiga- tions, and largely demonstrating the correctness of Darwin's theory of evolution, with modifications. Dar- win, indeed, considers that almost all the conclusions at which he has arrived are confirmed by Haeckel, who, he concedes, possesses fuller knowledge on many points than himself. ISAAC PITMAN. 'VSAAC PITMAN, distinguished as ] the inventor of the system of \^ phonography, or short-handwriting, was born at Trowbridge, England, in 1813. His education was completed at the normal British school, in Lon- don, and after leaving that institution he was employed in several different schools as principal. As early as 1768 Franklin had suggested a system of phonography. Mr. Pitman invented his system in 1837, and in 1843 the Phonetic society, whose object was to render our method of writing and with sound, was established, with His first book was entitled '■'Stenographic Sound Hand." Estab- lishing a printing-office at Bath, England, he printed a weekly paper called the Phonetic Jonnialy several manuals relating to short-hand writing, and the Bible and other books in phonetic language. Amherst college from 1825 to 1845, and president of that institution from 1845 to 1804, retaining tlie chair of natural theology until his death, in 1804. In 1830 he was appointed State geologist ^ A I'UKTKAIT OF LIEBIG, THE GERMAN CHEMIST. Baron Liebig, Gunter, Graham, and Wm. Lloyd Garrison. 5T" ,IIE GERMAN chemist, Baron Justus von Lie-big, was born ut Darmstadt, Germany, in 1803. He was educated at the univer- rrity of Bonn, and studied chemistry in Paris two years. In 1826 he was appointed professor of chemistry in the university at Giessen, Germany, and cstabli?hed his laboratory for the practical study of chemistry, which became the resort of chemical students from different portions of the civilized globe, including many noted developers of that science. Liebig's most important additions to science are undoubtedly his alleged discovery of chloroform, and his celebrated treatise on '* Chemistry in its Application to Agriculture and Physiology," followed by another, entitled (in the English translation) "Familiar Letters on Chemistry and its Relations to Commerce, Pliysiology and Agriculture." In the first of these works he informs the readerthat his object is to develop, in a manner correspondent to the present state of science, the fundamental principles of chemistry in general, and the laws of organic chemistry in particular, in their applications to agriculture and .physiology; to the causes of fermentation, decay and putrefaction, to the vinous and acetic fermentations, and to nitrification. He also shows how woody fiber is con- verted into wood and mineral coal, the nature of poisons, contagions and miasms, and the causes of their action on the organs of living beings. Pur- suing the subject further, he produced other works: "Animal Chemistry," "Researches on the Chemistry of Food," " The Motions of the Juices of the Animal Body," etc. He also gave much attention to the subject of using the sewage of cities to the best advantage as a means of fertilizing exhausted soils; he also expressed his views of the value of extracting the " essence of meat," and preparing it for future use, instead of the raw material. Few men have ever turned chemistry to eo many valuable and practical uses in every-day life as Liebig, and his services in this direc- tion were duly appreciated and rewarded with honors and honorable positions during his life-time. Ue died at Munich, Bavaria, in 1873. SYLVESTER GRAHAIW. YLVESTER GRAHAM, the originator of "Graham bread," was born at SufKeld, Conn., in 1794. He was dyspeptic and rheu- matic from an early age, and tried farming and several other occupations, but without attaining good health. Entering Amherst college in 1823, he prepared for the pulpit, and some three years afterwards became a Presbyterian minister. He began lecturing on temperance in 1830 under the auspices of the Pennsylvania temperance society, studying physiology and anatomy, and became convinced that judicious habits of life were the only cure for intem- perance. He prepared an essay on cholera in 1832, and wrote, delivered, and published his "Lectures on the Science of Human Life,"' which were printed in book-form in 1839. Among his other writings was a treatise on "Bread and Bread Making," which gave his name to bread made from unbolted flour. His " Philosophy of Sacred History,'" which was designed to show the harmony between the teachings of the Bible and his own views on dietetics, was pub- lished after his death. He was married in 1826, previous to entering upon the ministry. His death occurred at Northampton, Mass., in 1851. Liebig, Well-Known Chemist and Author. EDMUND GUNTER. YIIE ENGLISH mathemalician and astronomer, Edmund Gunter, was born in Hertfordshire, England, in 1581. He was educated at Westminster and Oxford, and was for six years professor of astronomy at Gresham college. He was also the inventor of the "Gunter scale," well known by its use in solving problems and in navigation, etc. ; improved various mathematical instruments, known as *' Gunter's chain," "Gunter's line," and "Guntcr's quadrant."' The surveyor's chain of the present day was introduced by him. He published several mathematical works, and died in 1026. WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON. HE AMEHICAX j (Hi i iialist, reformer and philanthropist, William Lloyd Garrison, was born at Xewburyport, ;Mass. , in 1804. Learning the printer's trade in his native town, he wrote for the paper on which he worked, and at twenty-two owned and edited the Free Press. Afterwards, in Boston, he edited the first paper ever devoted to total abstinence from intoxicating drinks, and, after that, a political reform journal at Bennington, Vt. In 1829 he went to Baltimore and assisted in editing the Genius of Universal Emancipation. An unfortunate article led to his being fined and imprisoned. In 1833, at Boston, he founded the Liberator^ a reform journal, devoted to anti- slavery, national peace, tem- perance, woman suffrage, the abolition of capital punishment, and religious freedom. This sheet he continued to issue until December, 1865. In 1833, he aided in founding the Mew England Anti-Slavery society, and, in 1838, the American Anti-Slavery society, of which he was the continuous president from its youth until 1805. His bold stand in the cause of negro freedom created many enemies to him in the South, and among certain politicians in the North. The latter of these attacked him at a public meeting in Boston, in 1835, and his life was endangered, but the authorities managed to rescue him from the mob. The proclamation of emancipation ended the contest for the freedom of (he slaves, and he lived to celebrate the triumph of his principles. During his life he made several visits to England. On the occasion of his visit in 1867, he was feted by Englishmen, and presented with the freedom of the city of Edinburgh. Several collections of his prose and poetic writings have been published. He died in New York, in May, 1879. .(b- — ^;. ^^^ftj ? DISTINGUISIIKD INDIVIDUALS IN VAKIoUS FIELDS OF LAIJOK. 149 Linnaeus, Cillott, Huxley and Mrs. Cady Stanton. ^r\ A jfTK < ^ u J,- su'ccliyh nnturalipl, Carl von Liniuciip, was born in 1707, at Rusluilt, Sweden. From infancy he manifested a fondness for the study of plants. lie stndicd at the nniver- sitios of Lund and Up^al, and at an early ;igo formed the idea of tb;it botanical system which made him famous. Between 1731 and 1738 he explored Lapland, lived three years in Holland, as sui)enntendcnt of riifforfs celebrated garden, received a medical degree, and visited England and France. In 1738, returning to Sweden, he practiced medicine ut Stoclvholui, and pros- His fame spread through all parts of the civilized world; he was freely enrolled as a member of scientific societies, and acquired considerable wealth. He published seven^l scientific works. He married, about 1738, a lady to whom he had been l)etrothed five years previously. While lecturing on botany, in 1774, his health was impaired by an attack of apoplexy, and two years later his right side was paralyzed, which resulted in his death, January 10, 1778. Linnceus was a man of untiring energy, and his death was generally mourned at Upsal. JOSEPH GILLOTT. y^OSEPH GILLOTT, who distinguished himself as the improver and most exten- \/ sive manufacturer of steel pens, was born in WarwickL=hire, England, about the year 1800. Early in life he became a grinder of cutlery at Sheffield. Afterwards he re- moved to Birmingham, and began to manu- facture steel pens, being assisted by his wife, making them, it is said, in a garret, and selling them to small dealers in goods in the city. At first they manufactured what are known as the black "■ barrel " pens, which were not much better than the ordi- nary quill pens. His first imp^rovement in their manufacture was accomplished in 1820, and was so marked that his trade began to flourish. The use of machinery in their manufacture was the next step in his enterprise, together with some other minor improvements, which tended to make his pens more desirable, until the demand for them gradually increased with such profit to himself that he was able to build a large manufactory at Birmingham, and supply dealers in other countries besides his own. The tendency of his enterprise has been to cheapen the price of this very useful article of commerce, and by this means to increase the facilities of correspondence. By his skill and energy he amassed a large fortune. His works at Birmingham consume about five tons of steel weekly in producing 150,000,000 pens a year. Compared with softer pens the black " barrel " article was stiff and unwieldy, but on making his improve- ment as indicated by cutting three slits in lieu of one, it became quite serviceable. When he commenced the business the price of a steel pen was many hundreds of times greater than at the time of his death. Mr. Gillott was a patron of the fine arts, and at his death, in 1872, he had collected a celebrated gallery of paintings at his country residence, near Edgbaston, Eni^land. The story of Gillott is illustrative of what may be accomplished by continuous industry. WORD that has come into the language within the past few years is "protoplasm," which represents the idea that a combination of compounds, carbonic acid, water and ammonia, brought together, will produce life. The theory was advanced in a lecture on "The Physical Basis of Life," delivered by Professor Huxley, in 13U8. Thomas Henry Huxley was born at Middlesex, England, May 4, 1825. Graduating from the Charing Cross Medical college, in 1845, he became a contributor on medical subjects to ihc Medical Times soon afterwards. While in Haslar Hospital, in the service of the royal navy, he was selected as an assistant surgeon, in 184G, to accompany Captain Stanley on an expedition to the South Pacific on the ship Rattlesnake. The voyage consumed four years' time, a portion of which was spent in Australia. These years of travel and exploration Mr. Huxley improved by study and observation of the natural history of the countries he visited, the range of zoological knowledge being largely increased by his communications in the meantime. Returning from this journey and resigning his position in the navy, he became a professor in the Royal School of Mines; took up his residence in London, and thenceforward devoted his time to scientific research, in which field he has done much toward popularizing science by lectures. A prominent member of vari- ous philosophical societies, he was also an active member in the London school board of education from 1870 to 1872, during which time he strenuously opposed denom- inational teaching in the schools, and was conspicuous in his denunciation of Roman Catholicism. Accepting Darwin's theory of "natural selection," he has done much in acquainting the world with the subject of evolution, while the science of zoology has been greatly advanced by his contributions. In defense of the theory of evolution, in his lectures "On Man's Place in Kature," he claims that the anatomical difference between man and the higher apes is less great than that existing between the highest and the lowest apes. A corresponding member of the principal foreign societies. Professor Huxley has received honorary Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Organizer of the First Woman's Rights Convention. rees from various universities, ELIZABETH CADY STANTON. '[AMOrS in the woman-sulTra^e movenunt is Elizabeth Cady ' Stanton, who was born at Johnstown, N.Y. ,in 181G. Receiving a liberal education, she studied law, and delighted in horseback riding. During a vit^it at the residence of Gerrit Smith, at Petcrboro, N. Y. , she met her future husband, Henry B. Stanton, a young anti- slavery orator, and they were married a few months later. In 1840 they visited Europe. On their return Mr. Stanton practiced law for tive years, and afterwards removed to Seneca Falls, X. Y. In 1848 Mrs. Stanton distinguished herself by being the chief agent in cabling, at Seneca Falls, the first woman's-rights convention known in history. In this convention she participated largely and active!}', drafting its resolutions and declarations of sentiment, and making a public speech in favor of woman suffrage with great boldness of opinion. This convention was held July 19 and 20, 1840. Her father was alarmed at her advanced position, deeming her insane, and labored assiduously but ineffectually with her, trying to reason her out of the position she had taken. Since then she has maintained those views as vigorously as when she first promulgated them. _i!^ =^TX THE KNGINEEE, EADS. THE INVENTOR, MOKSE, Jamss B. Eads, S. F. B. Morss. ' "TlS>S3r^ ^ Prof. S. F, B. MORSE. Well-Known Engineer- Electrician and Inventor. HE SUBJECT of this sketch, James B. Eads, was born at Lawrcnceburg, Indiana, in 1820, and afterwards, in 1829, with his parents, removed y Vr^tt/ *^ Lnuisvillc, Ky. At eleven years of age, having a r^^T^ u ^'^ii(l"i*J^i^ for mechanics, he constructed a practical Xl^^j^j^ steam-engine, and this led to furtherdevelopments and facilities for mechanical ingenuity. The family becoming poor, and failing to find employment in Louis- ville, Jamep went to St. Louis, working his passage, without a coat, or shoes on his feet; not finding work, he took to peddling apples on the street until he should secure a situation, (li'tting employment at last, iu a mercantile house, he had access to the library of one of his employers, and his studies of machinery, mechanics and engineering were resumed. Afterwards he wa8 employed as a clerk on a Mississippi river steamer for several years; thus he obtained a useful knowledge of that important water-course. At twenty-two he, with others, entered upon the employment of raising sunken or wrecked steamers on the river, their operations extending from Galena. 111., totheBalize, La., and several tributaries of that stream. The enterprise became very successful. Selling out. he established a glass factory at St. Louis, but. with a new com- pany, he soon returned to the work of rescuing sunken steamers. In tun years the company made SMO, 000. In 18.57. owing to ill-health, he was forced to retire from business, but when the Rebellion came, Mr. Eads threw the weight of his numcy and restored energies on the Union side, building gunboats for the government and receiving handsome emoluments; fourteen gunboats, lieavily armored, and four mortar-boats were turned out, with seven *' tin-clad" transports, or musket-proof boats, for the Union. After the war he obtained a government contract for building "jetties " at the mouths of the Mississippi river, at a big price, and with such success that large ocean vessels may now enter the Missis- fippi river without hindrance, through the improved channels that he hiis made. Captain Eads has lately given much attention to the matter of elevating vessels upon wheels and transporting them by railway acroHf* llh- Inthmui- of Panama. AMUEL FINLEY BREESE MORSE was a native of Charlestown, Mass., where he first saw the light, April 27, 1791. Having perfected his education at Vale College in 1810, he visited Europe with Washington AUston, studied art under the supervision of that cele- brated painter and the renowned Benjamin West, and became quite proficient both in painting and sculpture, remaining abroad until 1815. Returning home, he followed his profession in Boston, Charleston and New York city, and was one of the organizers of the National Academy of Design, established in New Y'ork in 1826. For sixteen years he was presi- dent of this institution. In 1829 he revisited Europe for the purpose of completing his art studies, and returned in about three years. As professor of literature of the arts of design in the University of New York, he delivered a course of lectures on the affinity of those arts, in 1835. A student of chemistry and natural philosophy, as well as art, it is not strange that in 1826 -'27 he became interested in the science of electro-magnetism and made it, in connection with tele- graphy, the subject of intense study and the object of ancithfr voyage to Europe. In 1832 he conceived and practically demonstrated the great electric telegraph system, which now bears his name. After various failures in seeking government aid to perfect his invention, he was surprised and delighted, in 1843, by anappmprialion of $30, 000 from Congress, with which to erect his first telegraph line between Washington and Baltimore. Upon its completiim his success was assured, and wealth and honor were attained. His own countrymen proudly acknowledged the superiority of his genius, and the crowned heads of the old world bestowed upon him rich and elegant tokens of their high ai)])reciation of his invention. To him also is the world indebted for electro-magnectic sub-marine telegraphy and the Atlantic cable, of which he made, it is believed, the first suggestiou in 1843. In June, 1871, in conuuemoratidn of bis invaluable scientific dis- coveries, a bronze statue of him, provided by the telegraphers, was publicly unveiled in Central Park, N. Y. , by William CuUen Bryanl. lit' died in New York, April 2, 1872. MKN I'K(.IMINENT IN MEDICAL SUIKNCE. 151 ^ jh.jh.j^j*v*^jf^j^^jh.^ ■ m Dr. Abernethy Eminent Physicians. Distinguished for Skill and Medical Discovery. HE ECCENTRIC surgeon, John Abernethy, was born either in Scotland or Ireland, in 1764. Probably no man ever more lightly esteemed the opinions of others, or endeavored to impress his own views upon the minds of others with more clearness. Whatever may be thought of his blunt and offensive manners, his ])rofessional and private character rank high. At first, as a medical student, he was a scholar of Sir Charle.s Blick, surgeon of St. Bartholomew's hospital, and afterwards of the learned John Hunter. Early in life he nearly revolutionized the science of surgery by bis exposition of the funda- mental principles upon which surgical operations have since been conducted, and by the boldness and success with which he tied up ruptured jugular veins and iliac (or main flank) arteries m the human body. Having acquired great distinction in his profession, he was successively appointed surgeon to St. Bartholomew's and Christ's hospitals, and, in 1814, professor of anatcuny and surgery to the Royal college of surgeons. As a writer of books relating to his favorite science, he became a standard authority in nearly all the medical colleges of Europe and America. Among these were tracts, treatises, essays and collections of his medical lectures. He died at Enfield, England, in 1831. EDWARD JENNER. N THE year 1718 Lady llary Wortley Montogne brought from Turkey to England the practice of inoculating persons with small- po-x, as a means t>f preventing any future attack of that disease in the natural way. It was highly successful, but involved the same risk of infection to others as did the disease when accidentally taken. In 1796, Dr. Edward Jenner, an English physician, had his attention turned to the cow-pox by discovering that tliose who had been affected by it were incapable of receiving the small-pox infec- tion. In May of that year he made his first experiment in what is now known as " vaccination,'' by applying the pus, or nuttter, from a sore on a milkmaid, who had caught the cow-pox from the cows, to the person of a healthy child, and the usefulness and triumph of his discovery were completely established. The practice of vaccination spread to all quarters of the globe, and honors and applause were showered upon Dr. Jenner from all quarters. Oxford college pre- sented him with a diploma, the Royal society admitted him as a member, and parliament voted to give him $10U,000. Before his discovery the deaths from smallpox in London every year were 4,000, and afterwards only 3,000. Dr. Jenner was bom in Glouces- tershire, England, in 1749, was apprenticed to a surgeon, and subse- quently settled at Berkeley, England, as a physician and surgeon. He wrote extensively concerning the cow-pox, and also a volume of observations on the natural history of the cuckoo. He died in 1833. SAIVIUEL CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH HAHNEMANN. 'HE discoverer of the medical system of honiffiopathy, Samuel C. F. Hahnemann, was born at Meissen, Saxony, in 1755. At the age of twenty he studied medicine at Leipsic, Germany, teaching languages, and translating foreign medical books during his leisure hours. In 1777 he was appointed to the care of a ward in a govern- ment hospital, and was subseqtiently for two years librarian and physician to the governor of Transylvania. In 1787, having married, he settled at Dresden, and began to gain reputation as a writer on medical subjects, when he made the important discovery that a drug produced in a healthy individual the very symptoms which that drug was used to cure in a sick person. This principle became the foundation-stone — the bed-rock — on which Hahnemann, revolution- izing his previous beliefs in the science of medicine, built up his now widely-known system, the motto of which is, "Like cures like," He experimented, tested, and studied, in the interest of his discovery, until the most satisfactory results were obtained. Then he put his system into practice among his patients with the best effect. But his theories, not« ithstanding the proofs in their favor, met with severe opposition for fifteen years. In the meantime he wrote several works in advocacy of his system, which was thoroughly organized and named " homoeopathy," in a volume called the " Organon," published at Dresden in 1810. This work brought on a bitter warfare among the medical men of that age, hut Hahnemann continued to practice the new system at Leipsic, gathering around him many friends and disciples. A highly satisfactory test of the correctness and usefulness of houKBopathy was made in 1813, during the prevalence of malignant typhus fever at Leipsic, when Hahne- mann treated seventy-three of these patients, and all but one recovered, and that was an old man. This success led to a new persecution against him, and in 1820 he removed to Kothen, where he also encountered, for a time, the same hostility that had driven him from Leipsic; but a reaction in his favor soon occurred, and when he wished to change his residence to Paris, in 1835, he had to leave the town secretly, at night, lest the populace should refuse to let him go. After reaching Paris he continued to practice his system of medicine there until his death, in 1843. — vC); 152 PHILANTHROPISTS AND EEFURMEKS. ? Theodore Parker, Gerrit Smith, and the Beecher Family. HE American scholar and rational- istic preacher, Theodore Parker, was born at Lexington, Mass. , in 1810. He entered Harvard col- lege, in 1830, and the theolosical school in 1834, remaining two years. In 1836 he went to preach at Barnstable, Mass., to the Uni- tarians, and in 1837, after his marriage to Miss Cabot, removed to West Rosbury. Soon he began to advance religious opinions which were considered radical in the extreme by most Unitarians, and when he declared at Boston, in 1841, his belief in the absolute humanity of Christ, they arrayed themselves in opposition to him. In 1843-4 he visited Europe, and on his return to Boston he began preaching his peculiar doctrines to his adherents at the Melodeon. Over this congregation he was regularly installed in 1846. From 1847 to 1850 he edited the Massachusetts Quarterly Beview, lectured on various political and social topics, corresponded with many prom- inent men, and gave attention to other intellectual pursuits. Particularly did he oppose the fugitive-slave law, and sheltered runaway slaves in his own house. His earliest published book was the "Discourse of Matters Per- taining to Religion," which contains the fundamental principles of those peculiar tenets known as "Parker- ism." In 1859, for the purpose of recruiting his health, he visited the West Indies, and that summer he went to Europe, spending the fol- lowing winter at Rome. In the spring he went to Florence, Italy, where he died in May, 1860. His comprehen- sive and valuable collection of books, amounting to more than 13,000 vol- umes, he left mostly to the Boston public library. much confidence or over-zeal he was persuaded to contribute to the attempt of John Brown, of Ossawattomie, to raid Virginia in the cause of anti-slavery, and its failure, together with the loss of life attending it, is said to have unsettled the mind of Mr. Smith to a degree that caused his confinement for some months in an insane asylum. During the Southern rebellion he contributed freely of his means for the raising of Union troops, but bis universal philanthropy led him afterwards to become a bondsman with Horace Greeley for the release of Jefferson Davis. Mr. Smith built a church at Peter- boro, N. Y. , in which he used to preach. At first he was orthodox in his faith, but became, subsequently, very liberal. He died in New York city, in 1874. Some of his publications are: "The Theolo- gies," "Speeches in Congress," "The Religion of Reason," "Nature the Base of a Free Theology," and "Correspondence with Albert Barnes." Mr. Smith from time to time lectured in the great centers of population on religious or political topics. He was an earnest advocate of what he considered to be just and right, and bis writings, which he had printed in pamphlet form for free distribution, were spread among the people on all proper occasions, whenever or wherever he came before them. THE BEECHERS. Theodore Parker, Independent Clergyman and Representative of Theology. pie Liberal GERRIT SMITH. /"HE American phil!inthropi> .MEN CELEBEATED FOK ASTKONOMIUAL UISCOVEKY. 153 V^^^r.^^^^, ^ 'ItiS P^ ,lli. i ...11"';" '•' 'I ' '■ } ill" "ill* ■ A'/s.yk-^'/^v^-'/^ ■.'\ / I GALILEO. r ^W-: Men Who Have Devoted Their Lives to the Investigation of Astronomical Science. PYTHAGORAS. BOUT 580 years before Christ, was born at Samos the illustrious Grecian metaphysical pbUosopher, geometri- cian and at^tronomer, Pythagoras. At the age of eighteen he began his travels', visiting Phoenicia and Asia Minor, and even, it ia said, Persia and India. He resided for twenty- five years in Egypt. Returning to Samos he taught geometry, subse- quently settling at Crotona, where he estiiblishcd a school of philosophy that became famous. His pupils were required to observe strict silence for five years, to dress simply, eat but little and abstain from animal food. Women were admitted to his lectures, and fif- teen attended his school. He taught the doctrine of '•'•metempsychosis" — the passing of a human soul, at death, into the body of some animal, 1,000 years being required in this manner to expiate the sins of the human life and restore it to a blissful im- mortality. While he had many admirers and disciples, he was sub- jected to persecution and driven from Samos. He then took refuge in the Temple of the Muses at Metapontum, where it is doubtfully said that he starved to death about 407 years before Christ. While he entertained crude ideas concerning a future state of existence, it is doubtless true that he was one of the most learned of the philoso- phers who lived prior to the Christian era. As evidence of this it is claimed that he conceived the idea of the rotundity of the earth and that it revolved around tlie sun, which he believed to be the center of the solar system. This, in an age of such limited opportunity, was a w'ouderful discovery. CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY. THE life of Claudius Ptolemy, the distinguished astronomer, geographer and mathematician, is somewhat obscured by the absence of authentic records. Pelusium, in Greece, is men- tioned as his birthplace, and the second century as the time of his career. His intelligence concerning the earth and the starry worlds around it, although varied and extensive, has been proven to be erratic in some of its conclusions. For instance, he projected the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, which placed our planet in the middle of the universe, so that the whole creation moves about it as a common center. This theory was prevalently received until the present (Copernican) belief, which makes the sun the center orb of the solar system, was adopted a few centuries later. Ptolemy, however, was wise in much that he advanced concerning the heavenly bodies. His principal work, the '^ Great Astronomiciil Construction, " contains a catalogue of ^he stars, following but improving that of Hipparchus, and treats of the correspondence of the earth with the other planets, the effect of the earth's position, etc. With all his errors he com- puted future eclipses, with great exactitude and determined the orbits of the various planets. Nor was it in astronomy alone that he excelled his predecessors and contemporaries, for he wrote a geogra- phy, which became and remained a standard authority until the sixteenth century, and was the first to use the terms latitude and longitude in the earth's measurement, proving it to be a globe. His geography and its accompanying maps are still in existence. His various acquirements included a practical knowledge of music, and he wrote, or compiled, papers on that art, chronology, mechanics and astrology. The date of his death, as of his birth, is not known. COPERNICUS. THIS distinguished discoverer of the system of planetary science which boars his name, Nikolaus Copernicus, was born at Thorn, Prussia, in 1-173. He studied medicine and philosophy, but abandoned them for mathematics and astronomy. He became mathe- matical professor at Rome, canon of Frauenburg. and an arch-deacon ;6^~- — 154 MEN WHO MAPPED OUT THE HEAVENS. in his native town. His theory of a reform in the current (Ptolemaic) system of astronomy was first meditated in 1507, but its details were not completed until 1530, and so great was his fear of opposition that he did not publish his work until 1543, just before his death. His system, now universally believed to be true, announced that the planets revolved around the sun, instead of the sun revolving around the earth — a theory which previously prevailed. JOHANN KEPLER. GERMANY produced one of the most famous of the world's astronomers in the person of Johaun Kepler, at Magstatt, Wurtemburg, in December, 1571. His education was received at a monastic school and the university of Tubingen, at the latter of which he acquired a master's degree in 1591. Devoting himself to the study of astronomy he began his scientific career. Near the last of the sixteenth century he hecame professor of mathematics in the University of Gratz. About 1598 he assisted Tycho Brahe in preparing new astronomical tables, by order of the Emperor Rudolph II. Tycho died soon afterwards, and Kepler became the royal math- ematician, hut this did not keep him out of poverty, so that he resorted to astrology for support. Subsequently he made some important discoveries in the movement of certain planets in their orbits, and his theories and exposition of these were adopted as authorities. The labor and assiduity of Kepler in pursuing these studies were profound and earnest, yet he obtained little or no profit from their publication. Misfortunes overtook him, but still he struggled on. until he made his greatest discovery — that the squares of the periodic times of the planets are proportional to the cubes of their average distances from the sun. He also largely elucidated the truth of the Copernican system of astronomy. Pecuniary disap- pointments, however, continued to depress him, and finally threw him into a fever, which caused his death in 1630. GALILEO. THE distinguished Italian astronomer and scientist, Galileo Galilei, a son of a nobleman at Florence, was born at Pisa in 1564. He was designed for the medical profession, but preferring mathe- matics instead, he attained such proficiency in this science that at the age of twenty-four he was appointed professor of mathematics at Pisa. There his opposition to the philosophy of Aristotle created so many enemies to him that he resigned in 159*2, and accepted the pro- fessorship at Padua. He remained in the latter position eighteen years. In 1609, becoming acquainted with the invention of the tele- scope, he constructed one for himself, with which he discovered the four moons of the planet Jupiter, the phases of Venus, the starry nature of the milky way, the hills and valleys of the moon, and the spot.« on the solar disk, from the motion of which he inferred the rotation of the sun. Becoming convinced of the truth of the Coper- nican system of astronomy ( the revolution of the earth on its axis, and the planets around the sun ), he avowed his belief and was twice persecuted by the Inquisition, in 1015 and 1633, on the charge of heresy. On both occasions liis tormentors required him to openly recant his belief in the Copernican system, but he is said to have stamped the earth with his foot after his last abjuration, with the remark, "It moves, nevertheless. " Three years before his death he was stricken with bliiulncss. In addition to the foregoing discov- eries he noted the gravity of the atmosphere, invented the cycloid and simple pendulum, and was the first to make a clear exposition of the principles of motion. He died in 1642. SIR ISAAC NEWTON. rlllS great philosoplicr was horn at Woolsthorpe. Lincolnshire, in 1C42. Being educated at Grantham school and Trinity college, Cambridge, he early evinced a talent for mechanics and drawing. At college he studied mathematics assiduously, in 1669 became pro- fessor of mathematics, and in 1671 a member of the Royal society. During his slay at Cambridge he made his three great discoveries, of fluxions, the nature of light and colors, and the law of gravitation — the latter suggested by seeing an apple fall from a tree. His '■Principia," which unfolded to the world his theory of the universe, was published in 1687. He was elected member of the university in 1688 and 1701; was appointed warden of the mint, in 1696, and master of it in 1699. He was chosen president of the Royal society in 1703, and knighted in 1705. He died in 1727. Newton's theory of universal gravitation involved the principle (according to Sir David Brewster), ' ' that every particle of matter in the universe is attracted by, or gravitates to, every other particle of matter, with a force inversely proportioned to the squares of their distance. " WILLIAM HERSCHEL. ONE of the most distinguished of modern astronomers was William Hcrschel, who was born at Hanover, Prussia, in 1738. Being the son of a musician, young Herschel washimself a player of military music besides being an organist. Astronomy was one of the occu- pations of his leisure, and to save the expense of purchasing a tele- scope he constructed one for himself, with great success. He also manufactured numerous others of great power. Forsaking music and prosecuting the study of astronomy, on March 13, 1781, he dis- covered a new planet, which he named Georgium Sidus ( now Uranus). Continuing his astronomical -researches, in 1816 he was knighted. He died in 1822. Of his numerous discoveries the fol- lowing are some of the principal: Volcanoes in the moon; the sixth and seventh moons of Saturn; the six moons of Uranus, and others of less general interest, but of great astronomical value. Ills famous telescope, the expense of which was defrayed by King George III., of England, was forty feet long, with a four-foot mirror and weighed 2,118 pounds. Herschel was a member of the principal scientific societies of Europe and America, and the first president of the Royal astronomical society of England. Herschel's only son, Sir John W. F. Herschel, baronet, is another prominent English astronomer. He was born in England, 1790. In 1834 he established an observatory at the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, at his own expense, remaining there and prosecuting his star-studies for four years ( 1834-'38) in the whole southern sky, deriving a vast fund of valuable astronomical and meteorological information. He has pub- lished several scientific works, and received a high appreciation, with distinguished scientific honors and positions. His intellectual powers have won him many golden opinions. LAPLACE. AN astronomer who won much distinction by his knowledge of the heavenly bodies and their motions, was Pierre Simon, the Mar- quis de Laplace, who began his existence at Beaumont-en-Augo, Lower Normandy, March 23, 1749. Although of obscure parentage, wealthy friends aided him in early life to gain an education at the college of Caen and the military scliool of Beaumont, (ioing to Paris when eighteen, he soon attracted the attention of the scientist. D'Alcmbert, by the producticm of a shrewd paper on mechanical principles, and through this influence Laplace obtained, about ITtiO, a professorship of mathematics in the military school at Paris. He died at Paris in 1827. His attainments in science, and especially in astr(momicaI discovery, evidence his great superiority over his contemporaries. Ilis genius is best exempUtied in his writings, which in some degree stand unrivaled by those of more modern scientists. His theories and celestial expositions are stand- ard authorities in astrimomical investigations, but his fame rests principally on his "Mecanique rdcsle, " a comprehensive epitome (tr jinalyj-is of astroiicunical learning, giitberi'd from various sources. K THE HEA.VKNLY BODIES. IIOW THEY HAVE HEEN DISCOVERED. n,') k What is Known -iOFj- Astronomy. -^•'^ -^Ai The Progress of Astronomical Science. lEW OF the heayens on a clear night reveals ii vast number of stars, and if in the right period in the month, a moon. By day the stars and moon have disappeared from sight and the sun is the only object visible in the heavens. The study of these heavenly bodies occupied the attention of the ancients many centuries before the advent of Christ, but detinitc knowledge concern- i II -J. very limited, and such maybe said to be the case yet. With the in- troduction of the telescope, how- ever, much information has been gained In the past three centu- ries. Various were the conjectures of the ancients concerning the shape of the earth and the rela- tions which the sun, moon and stars held to our planet, the im- pression being that the earth was flat, and was the center of the universe, the various heavenly luminaries revolving around it. Six hundred years before the Christian era, Thalesof Miletus, a Grecian philosopher, taught astronomy, and succeeding him came Pythagoras and Pluto. Some of these conceived the idea Ihiit the world was round and that it had two movements, one being diurnal upon its axis and the other around the sun. They taught that the sun, which they thought the center of the universe, was a globe of fire, which lighted the moon and gave heat and light to the earth. In the second century after Christ, Ptolemy, another philosopher, prepared a treatise on astronomy, the first systenuitic work of the FIG. (.--The Supposed Structure of the Universe ^HE infinity of • . Q^}y be stufidt'ii with untold millions of HE infinity of spa'^e is snpposfd to ifidt'ii with untold millions of snns, each of which is the center of a group of planets, similar to our planetary system. These suns, each with the family of planets that circu- late about them, it is supposed, could they be seen, would present an appear- ance similar to the illustration shown kind, in which, rejecting the system of Pythagoras, he announced that the earth was the center of the universe and the heavenly bodies revolved around it. For thirteen centuries this idea possessed the inhabitants of the earth. Near the middle of the fifteenth century, a Prussian physician, named Copernicus, announced his adherence to the Pythagorean theory that the sun instead of the earth was the center of the planet- ary system, was immovable, and the earth revolved around it between the orbits of Venus and Mars. Copernicus studied the subject for some thirty ye;irs and did much toward the establishment of the science of astronomy on a reasonable basis. Kepler, a German astronomer, succeeded Copernicus fifty years after, and demonstrated that the planets, instead of revolving around the sun in perfect circles, made their revolutions in an ellipse, and that the moons made also their revolutions in elliptic orbits. Kepler also determined the dimensions of the orbits of the several planets and their ve- locity of movement. Galileo, an Italian, was busy about the beginning of the six- teenth century with the telescope in a survey of the heavens. His researches resulted in a close inspection of the moon, which very clearly determined its char- acter. The satellites revolving about Jupiter were discovered. above. The inmu-nsity of creation can be dimly imapined when we consider that each of these (rroups is as preat as is our solar system, and these frroups numberinpr" millions, billions gjnj mji^y facts relating to the and trdlions of planets, vast numbei-s of which may be inhabited, extend into celestial bodies were made boundless space which no finite mind , can comprehend. known. Up to this point, however, while the dimension, orbits, velocity of movement, and revolutions of many of the planets had been fully settled, the power that held them in place and caused their movement was yet a mystery. Then came the discovery by Newton, an English philosopher, of the means by which all the heavenly orbs may be held in place by the law of gravitation; and later many discoveries by Herschel :2r 156 THE SUN AND THE KNOWN PLANETS THAT REVOLVE AROUND IT. of heavenly orbs, among them being Uranus and various satellites. Astronomy with the aid of mathematics, which determines the equinoxes, conjunctions, and eclipses, has now settled itself into one of the positive sciences, concerning which considerable is known, and yet when a view is taken at night of the thousands of brilliantly shining orbs, as they appear in the heavens, and the question is asked, whence came these stars, arc they worlds, and are they peopled, the mind is lost in conjecture and forced to the conclu- sion that we know indeed but very little. Near the middle of the eighteenth century Laplace, a learned French astronomer, advanced the idea called the nebular theory, — a theory that has been largely adopted by the evolutionists and pro- gressionists, that the heavens are studded with innumerable groups of planets, in the center of each of which is a sun around which a certain number of planets revolve in a manner similar to the movements of our planetary system. The idea was further advanced that the sun once filled all the space now occu- pied by the orbits of the several planets. That from the sun has been thrown off from time to time an emanation of gaseous substance which formed in a ring about the sun, and in due time broke, col- lected together and made a planet. That the sun has gone forward gradually contracting and throwing off rings thus until all the planets in the solar system have been in this manner developed. That this solar system of ours, with its sun and planets revolving in space, is but one of millions of similar systems, thousands of whose planets are inhabited, while some once inhabited are dead, and others are yet too young and gaseous to admit of habitation. That while the planets revolve around the sun, this sun with its family of planets revolves with many other systems around a greater sun, and this greater sun with its multitude of systems revolves around a great central 8un. The groups of planetary svstems pies the ..i-bit next the sun Venus is - *^ '^ -^ • next. Outhide and beyond that is the which fill immensity of space, earth with its one moon. Mars is yet , , . , ... a greater distance away from the sun. each group of which with its sun Then are found still farther off .^ev- is supposed to be revolving around ^ t^Z^^^Tv^^^^^^^ a great center, is repreeented in Then Saturn, with its bnihant nnpa and eight moons, is one of the con- Figure 1. The definite intelligence which astronomers have of the heavenly bodies is confined to the size, revolutions, orbits, density, and con- junctions of the planets which revolve about our sun. The prin- cipal of these planets arc named in their order as they go out from the sun as follows: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. There arc also several moons aud secondary planets that are mentioned elsewhere. The relative size of each of the primary or principal planets in our solar system may be judged l)y the following comparison jire- Bcnted by an astronomer, the sun being represented as a globe two feet in diameter standing in an open field; A pin-head 164 feet away will represent Mercury ; a pea 28* feet from the sun,V^enus; another pea -130 feet. Earth; a large pin-bead V>:A feet. Mars; a medium-sized orange nearly half a mile from the globe represents Jupiter; a small FIG. 2. --The Planets of our Solar System THE above illustration represents the sun with the planets as they revolve in their orbits about the same. As will be seen Mercury oecU' orange four-fifths of a mile, shows Saturn; a small plum a mile and a half, represents Uranus, and an ordinary plum two miles and a half from the globe shows Neptune. All the planets of our system together would not equal in bulk a six-hundredth part of the body of the sun. A specific description of the sun and the several planets, their moons and the asteroids, herewith follows: The Sun. While the discoveries of modern astronomers and other scientific men have effected something toward developing the true nature and composition of the sun, it is still comparatively an unsolved problem. Science, however, establishes it as the center of our great solar system, the source of light and heat to all other planets within this system, and an immense power in the production and mainte- nance of animal and vegetable life. Of the sources of the sun's heat, nothing is positively known, although it is believed that it is derived from electrical influences. Astronomy, with mathematics, places the sun's distance from the earth at 02,000,000 of miles, to us an incomprehensible distance, if we judge alone by our natural senses. It is around the sun that all the other planets within the solar system revolve at various periods, according to their position and distance from it. Thus Mer- cury, the nearest to the sun, is still 37,000,000 of miles from it, and passes entirely around it within eighty-five days, while the earth requires 3651-4 days to ac- complish one revolution. The diameter of the sun is 882,000 miles, so that it is about 111 times thicker than the earth. It has no orbit, for it is station- ary, but it revolves upon its axis, with the speed of 4,504 miles an hour, or more than four times faster than the earth turns upon axis; but with all this spicuous objects in the heavens. Far- ther off yet is Uranus, with its four its own moons, and away millions of miles ..,i„„:(., _„ i.,«„-. j™ *k„ „„., .!,„» vet. in the distance, in Neptune, velocity, SO large IS the sun that Crossing the orbits of these several jj: requires 25^ days to complete planets is seen the erratic track oi ^ thecomet which, in oheilience to some one entire revolution, unknown and peculiar law. comes „ , . , , . . j from out the boundless space of the So far as science has determined, pra;;iSr\>Srab„-ut Cu^i a,';S "-e «.ni«»da.-k .nd a.>lid globe, returns agam into the unknown abyss surrounded by two coverings of of space. . , , „ gaseous material, each of consider- able thickness, the one nearest to the body of the sun not being light-giving, but somewhat like our own atmosphere, while the outer one is a light-giving gas or flame, from which our sunlight and heat are derived. Some scientific people, judging from observations made during total eclipses of the sun, conclude that there is another, or third, gaseous covering to Ihe body of the sun, above the second, which is cloudy and extends thousands of miles outward from the sun. Others, considering the first or inner covering of the sun as an atmosphere of a cool material, producing a delightful climate on the body of the sun, have conjectured that animate beings inhabit the great, planet; but of course this suggestion, however probable, is unsupported by facts. Dark spots of irregular form, rarely to be seen with the naked eye, -lurual — That part of a circle described by a planet or star between its rising and setting; the " nocturnal arc " is that passed between its setting and rising. Arctic Circle — That portion of the earth immediately sunounding the north pole, bounded by a line parallel with the equator about tweuty- thiee and a half degrees from the pole. Arcturus— Afi.\.■(i^!:lJ -f lli<-' first magnitude 111 the constellation of Bootes. Aries (the Ram)— A constella- tion now second in the zodiac, sit- uated next east of Pisces, and con- laining sixty-six Btavs, nine of these are called " nauti- cal stars," because sailors use them in determining their longitude at sea. Armillary Sphere — An in- strument.trranged like a globe, but made of a number 'if circles of wood, metal or paper, representing the several circles of ilie sphere of the wurld put together 111 their Jiatural Mider; the whole t urns upon an axis \\ ithin a horizon, \\ hich is divided into degrees, moves in every di- rection, and when revolved exhibits all the phenomena of the heavenly bodies. Arffo Xavls (the Ship)— A constellation of the soiithern hemisphere, containing sixty-four stars, two of which (Canopusand Miaplacidus) are of the first magnitude; this constellation com- memorates the mythological story of Jason's expedition to Colchis lo recover the golden fleece. Apogee—That point of a planet's orbit where it is most distant from the earth; this term, as well as " Perigee " (which see), was in use among the ancients; since modern astronomers have made the sun the center of the solar system, the terms "Aphelion" and "Perihelion" are more commonly used to express the same things. Apparition— The visibility of any star; the R5^ 160 ASTKONOMICAL DICTIONARY. THE MOON. "circle of apparition" is an imaginary line within which stai-s are always visible in any given latitude. Appiilse — The approach of a planet toward a conjunction with the sun or any of the fixed stars. Apsides— The two points in the orbit of a planet, at the greatest and least distance from the sun. Ascension— That degree of the equator reck- oned from the first of the constellation Aries east- ward, which rises with the sunorastar; and is either rij^if or oblique according as it rises in a right or oblique sphere ; ' ' ascensional difference " is the difference between the right and oblique ascensions in any point of the heavens. Asteroids— The numerous small planets whose orbits are situated between those of Mars and Jupiter; these include Astraea, Ceres, Iris. Hebe, Juno, Pallas, Vesta, and more than one hundred others, discovered since 1801. They are supposed to be fragments cast off from other remote plan- ets, and are held in their places by solar influeaces. Astrwa- One of the asteioidal planets in our solar system. Astrolabe — An instrument for taking the altitude of the sun or stars at sea, resem- bling the arinillary sphere, but is not now used. Astronomy- The science wliich treats of the siin, moon, earth, planets, comets, etc. , showing their magnitudes, order and distances from each other, measuring and noting their risings, settings, motions, ap- pearances, the dates and number of their eclipses, etc. ; aniixed mathematical science. Atmosphere* or Air— The invisible and delicate element which we breathe, and which closely envelops the earth to a depth of about forty miles; the substance of winds. Anrlsra. (the Wagoner)— A constellation in the northern hemisphere, between Per- seus and Gemini, on the same meridian with Orion, containing sixty-six stars, of which Capella is one of the most brilliant in the heavens. Anrora "Borealis ("The Northern Twilight " )— An extraordinary meteoric or luminous appearance, visible at night, in the northern heavens, usually known, also, as "northern lights;" itsoriginand nature have long puzzled the votaries of science, to whom its mys- terious beauty ever attracts attention; its source is believed to be electrical; its phenomena varies almost constantly, assuming the form of an arch of light and brilliant, colored streamers flashing through the sky. In the vicinity of the southern pole, where it is called *' Aurora australis," it i3 also witnessed. Autumn— The third season in the solar year, which begins, in the northern hemisphere. Sep- tember 22, when the sun enters the constellation of Libra, the Scales, and terminates about Decem- ber 21; during tin.-* season the sun also passes through the other two constellations of Scorpio, the Scorpion, and Sagittarius, the Archer, and these three constellations are known as " Autum- nal Signs." Axl« of the Knrth— An imaglnarj' line pass- ing through the center of the globe, north and south, from pole to pole, about which Its daily revolution is performed; the axis of the earth during it« revolution round the sun remains par- allel to Itself, Inclined to the plane of the ecliptic ( which ace ) In an angle of 23>< degrees. Axis of the Heavens — The axis of the earth, from north to south, or from east to west, presented both ways to the concave surface of the heavens. Azimuth —An arc of the horizon intercepted between the meridian of the place and the verti- cal circle passing through the center of the object. " Azimuth circles" are imaginary great vertical circles passing through, the zenith and nadir, and cutting the horizon at right angles. " Magnetical azimuth," an arc of the horizon, intercepted between the vertical circle (azimuth) passing through the center of any heavenly body and the magnetical meridian. " Azimuth com- pass." an instrument for defining, in a more accurate manner than by the common compass, the magnetical azimuth of the sun or stars. Beard of a Comet— The rays which a comet sends out toward that part of the heavens to which its course seems to direct it. Berenice*s Hair — A beautiful cluster of forty-three stars in the northern hemisphere, about live degrees east of the equinoctial colure; its principal stars are between the fomth and fifth magnitudes. Fig. 6--The Moon. The Satellite which revolves around the earth. 2,162 miles in diameter, with a surface thirteen times less than the earth, and giving light to the earth by reflection from the tiuu. Binocular— See Parallax. Bootes (the Bear- Driver) — A constella- tion of the northern hemisphere, said to contain fifty-four stars; represents a huntsman, with two greyhounds, pui"suing the constellation of the Great Bear; its principal star, of the first magni- tude, is Arcturus. Boulcverscment— A French-Latin word, ex- pressive of " the wreck of matter and the crush of worlds;" a general disorder. Cancer (the Crab) — The fifth constellation and fourth sign of the zodiac; situated in the etOiptic, with Leo, the Lion, on the east, and (Jem- inf, the Twins, on the west; contains eighty-three stars, of which Beta, of the tliird or fourth mag- nitude, is the brightest, besides several double and nebulous stars; it reaches the meridian March 3. See Tropics. Cnmelopard — A constellation between the Pole Star and the Great Bear, and directly north of Auriga; it contains fifty-eight small stars, the five largest being of the fourth magnitude. Canes Vcnatlel — The constellation of the Greyhounds, which see. CaniN IIIii,1or]ind Canis Minor— Two con- stcUatiuns in the suuthcrn hemisphere, known as the Great Dog and the Little Dog; the first, con- taining thirty-one visible stare, is southward and eastward of Orion; its principal star is Sirius, the Dog Star, the most brilliant in our heavens ( .«ee SiRiL's); the second, a small one, containing only fourteen stars, has Procyon, of the first magni- tude, for its brightest star, and Gomelza, of the second magnitude, for its next most important; its place in the heavens is about five degrees north of the equinoctial, midway between Canis Major and Gemini. Caprlcornus (the Goat)- The tMKT Ol'' isi:;. ICl i'olnrcK— Two (Treat ima^rinni-y circles in the litvivfus, wliirh iiitoisect t-acli oilier at ri^'lit uiiiilfs, diviilint' the c-cliptic into fouri-qiial parts, and mark tho seasons of tin- year; one pasaest through the etiiiinoxes at ArieH and Libra, and in eiilled the " equinoctial colure;" tho other, north and south, ia the solstitial colure. " C'omet— Around, transparent body, resembling a planet, which performs irre(?uiar or ceecntrle revolutions about tlie sun in long and narrow orbits, which have the sun in one of their focuses; it consists of a spherical, transparent light, enclos- ing a transparent nucleus, or ball, and a long train, or tail, of Hery particles, by whieli comets arc distinguished from other heavenly bodies; it is estimated that there are upward of one million of tliese wandering wonders in space, and while many of them have regular times for returning to the sun and departing again at greater or less peiiods, others have been noted but once in human history as visitors to our solar system; their composition and mission are profound mysteries, which science fails to reveal; supersti- tion has, however, made them objects of terror, in past ages, lest they portended evil to the world and its inhabitants. Concave— The interior of an arched or spheri- cal surface. ComplemeiiLt — Tlio distance of a star from the zenith. <'on.|iinctlon— The meeting of two planets in the same degree of the zodiac. <')ons tell sit ion — An assem- blage of llxed stars, imagined to represent the form of sonio creature or other object, such as a bear, a ship, or noted heathen god or goddess, from ■which they derived those names that are now used in designating and describing the stai-s. Constellations (Origin) — The division of the heavens into constellations is very ancient, probably as old as astronomy itself. Frequent mention is made of them by name in the Christian Bible, especially in the books of Job and Amos; some of them are also mentioned by Homer and Hesiod, about 900 years before Christ. Originally there were forty-eight constellations known to Ptolemy, called the Old Constellations, to which others have been since added, until tho list now comprises 100 or more. Convex — The exterior surface of a sphere or arc — opposite of concave. Corona— A luminous appearance, with diver- gent points of light, surrounding the dark body of the moon during an eelipse of the sun; also that phase of the aurora borealis, where a crown-like illumination diverges from the main arc near the north pole. Coperniean System — A particular system of the heavenly bodies first proposed by Pythag- oras and afterwards revived by Copernicus, a Polish astronomer; their theory is the one now universally adopted, placing the sun in the center of the solar system, with all the other planets re- volving round it in a particular and regular order. Corona Boreallit (the Northern Crownl— A beautiful constellation, situated directly north of the Serpent's Head, between Bootes on tho west and Hercules on the east; it contains twenty-ono stars, none of the first raagnitiide, six of which form a circular figure much resembling a wreath or cro^vn. Corvus (the Crow)— A small constellation east of the Cup, In the southern lipmlMi)here, on the smnc nieri(hun as Berenice's Haii-, but as far south of the cijuinoclial as Berenice's llalr is north of it; containing lune stars, but none of the first or second magnitudes. (.'oMmlcal — A term having ref(;rence to tho grand harnumious system of the universe, or of the .solar system, or to any heavenly body that rises and sets with the sun. Sec Acronycal. Coup-de-»o-lell— The peculiar elfeet of the sun's heat upon men and animals known as " sun- stroke." Crescent of the Moon— The moon's appear- ance when nc-w or in the last quarter. Cyf^niiP* (the Swan) — A remarkable constella- tion, composed, according to dilTercnt estimates, of eighty-one or one hundred and seven stars, situated in the Milky Way, directly east of the Lyre, and nearly on the same meridian as the Dolpliin; the principal stars that mark the wings, the bill and the body of the Swan form a large and I'cgular cross; it has but one star of the first magnitude. ]>ay8 and Nights- The unequal lengths of the days and nights are occasioned by the annual revolution of the earth around the sun, with its axis inclined to the plane of its orbit; the contin- uance of the sun above the horizon of any place deijcnds entirely upon his declination or altitude at noon; at tlie vei'nal and autumnal equinoxes, March 21 and September 23, he has no declination, aiul Iln" ■Inv'; iind uiL'tit-^ ai'e then of eciniil Iciitrtli: Fig. 7--The Great Comet of 1843, The tail of which was 130,000,000 milus in length. and the sun's declination or obliquity between these two dates regulates the seasons, pro- ducing spring and summer on one side of the equator, and autumn and winter on the opposite side. An astronomical day is rated from noon of one day to the noon of the next; a civil day is reckoned from sunrise to sunrise, or sunset to sunset. Depression— The laccs on earth. Direction- The motion and other phenomena of a planet when it is direct, or going forward in the zodiac according to the natural order of the signs. Disit— The body or face of the sun or moon as it appeaiii to us. Diurnal— Constituting the measure of a day— the time expended by any planet Jn making one revolution around its own axi«; "diurnal are" is the .space apparently trav'eled by the nun or moon from its rising to its setting. Draco (the Dragon)— A large constellation in the polar sky, containing eighty stars, four of wliieh are of the second magnitude. Dragon*s-head — The ascending node of a planet, represented in almanacs by a figure exactly resembling the eye of a hook-and-eye; tho name is derived from a fanciful figure caused by deviation of the planet from the ecliptic in pass- ing from one node to the other. Eartli— (See Introduction to this Dictionary.) Eccentric Circle — The circle that circum- scrib-'s tin- elliptical orbit of the planet. Eccentricity— The distance between the sun and the center of the eccentric. Equation of Time-The difference between mean and ap- parent time, or the reduction of the apparent unequal time or motion of the sun. etc., lo equable time or motion. Eclipse— "An eclipse of the sun takes place when the dark body of the moon, passing di- rectly between the earth and sun. intercepts his light; this can happen only at the instant of new moon, or when the moon is in conjunction, for it is only then that she passes between us and the sun. An eclipse of the moon takes place when the dark body of the earth, coming -between her and the sun, intercepts his light and throws a shadow on the moon; this can happen only at the time of full moon, or when the moon is in op- position, for it is only then that the earth is be- tween her and the sun. The magnitude of the sun is such that the shadow cast by each of the primary planets always converges to a point before it reaches any other planet, so that not one of the primary planets can eclipse another; the shadow of any planet which is accompanied by satellites may. on certain occasions, eclipse its satellites, but it is not long enough to eclipse any other body; the shadow of a satellite, or moon, may also, on certain occasions, fall on the primary planet and eclipse it." — (Burritt,) Eclipses are total or partial, according to the relative posi- tions of the two planets at the time of the eclipse, so that the whole of the eclipsed body may be darkened, or only a portion of it. An " annular eclipse " is one of the sun in which the moon con- ceals the whole of the sun's disk, except a bright ring around the border.— (Brn»irfe.) There cannot be less than two eclipses, nor more than seven, in any year; usually there are two each of the sun and moon. Ecliptic — A great circle of the sphere in which the sun performs his apparent annual mo- i: 11 ? 162 ASTRONOMICAL DICTIONARY. tion; it is supposed to be drawn through the raid- die of the zodiac, and makes an angle with the equinoctial of nearly twenty-three degrees and thirty minut«s, which angle is called ' ' the obliquity of the ecliptic." Equator — .^n imaginary great circle drawn around the earth from east to west, half-way be- tween the north and south poles. Equator of the Heavens (or Equinoctial Line t— An imaginary great circle in our solar sys- tem, answering to the equator on the earth; whenever the sun conies to this circle, the days and nights are equal all over the earth. Equinoxes— The times when the sun entei-s the borders of the constellations of Aiies and Libra, about the twenty-flrst of March and the tvventy-third of September, at which dates the days and nights are of equal length throughout the world. Equuliis (the Little Horse) — A small cluster of stars, about half-way between the head of the constellation Pegasus and thatof the Dolphin; it contains ten stars, none of which are of more than the fourth magnitude. Elliptical — An oblong figure with rounded ends. Elllptlcity — The deviation of the earth's shape from the form of a true sphere or globe. Elongation— The removal of a planet to the farthest distance it can be from the sun, as seen from the earth. Emersion— The reappearance of the sun and moon after they have undergone an eclipse; also of a star that emerges from under the raj's of the sun. Ephemerls — An astronomical almanac or table, showing the state of the heavens for every day at noon. Epicycle — A little circle in the center of a greater circle. Epicycloldal— A curve generated by a point in the circumference of a movable circle, which rolls on the inside or outside of the circumference of a fixed circle, as the moon's orbit in connection with the earth's around the sun. Erldanus (the River Po)— An eccentric con- stellation of eighty-four stars, only one of which is of the first magnitude, meandering, like a river, irregularly through the heavens a distance of 130 degrees; that part of it which lies between Orion and the Whale is known as the "northern stream," and tlie remainder as the "southern stream. " Falling Stars-See Meteoric Showers. Forces (Attractive and Repelling)— See Cen- THI PETAL. Fixed Stars — Those which do not change their positions in regard to each other. Firwt Quarter— See Phases. Full IWooii— That phase of the moon when the f iin ^hiiifs squarely upon its hemisphere pre- st-nli'd to our virion, so that one-half of its sur- face is completely illuiiiinatcd. Oemlnl aho Twins)- The fourth constellation and the third sign in the order of the zodiac, between Cancer on the cast and Taurus on tho west, and south of the Lynx, the orbit of tho earth passing through th« center of the constella- tion, which contains eighty-nvc starn; one of these. Castor, ti4 of the first magnitude, and Pollux of the second, both appearing in the head of the Twin.H, not fur apart. raco. at the north, Lyra lieing on the east of it and the Serpent and the Crown on the west. It represents Hercules, the mytholog- ical hero, clad in the skin of the Nema?an lion, holding a club in his hand, with the three-headed dog, Cerebus, at his left. Herschel— (See the Introduction to this Die- tionai-y. ) Horizon—" Apparent horizon," the apparent junction of the sky with the earth, at any stand- point on the latter, called, also. "Sensible Hori- zon." "Rational horizon — An imaginary great circle, whose plane, passing through the center of the earth, divides the heavens into two hemi- spheres, of which the upper one is called the visible hemisphere, and the lower one tho invisi- ble hemisphere; it is the plane of this circle which determines the rising and setting of the heavenly bodies. "—(Iturritt.) Hydra— A constellation in tlii' southern hemi- sphere, extending almost from the Little Dog to the Scales, a distance of over 100 degrees; it con- tains sixty stars, but none of the first magnitude. The center of this conntellatSon is a crescent of six stars of the fo!irth niagnttuile, called the Cup. Hydra Is also known as the Water-Serpent. Immersion— A term applied to so near an approach of a planet to the sun that the foi-mer cannot be seen; also, the commencement of an eclipse of the moon — that moment when she begins to darken. Impact— The single or simple act of one body upon another so as to set it in motion. Ingfess— The sun's entrance into a sign of the zodiac, or the entrance of the moon into the shadow of the earth, at the time of an eclipse. Interior Planets— Those planets which are situated within the orbit of the earth. Iris — One of the asteroidal planets in our solar system. Juno— One of the asteroidal planets in our solar system. (See Asteroids. ) It revolves around the sun in four years and four and a half months, its average distance from it being about 254,000,000 mites, and moving in its orbit at the rate of 41,000 miles an hour. Its diameter is esti- mated at 1.393 miles. Its orbit is so eccentric that in perihelion it is nearer by 130.000.000 miles than when in aphelion, and owing to solar attraction, moves through the half of its orbit that is nearest to the sun in half the time that it takes to trav- erse the remainder. Jupiter— (See Introduction to this Diction- ary. ) I^atltude on Earth — Parallels of latitude are small imaginary circles on the earth's surface running parallel with the equator, on both sides of it; between the equator and each pole are ninety of these lines, each marking a geographical degree of about sixty-nine miles. X^atitude in the Heavens— The distance north or south of the ecliptic and at right angles with it. I^eo (the Lion)— The fifth sign in the zodiac and the sixth constellation, situated next east of the Crab and south of the Little Lion and the Great Bear; it contains ninety-five visible stars, and two — Regulus and Denebola— are of the first magni- tude. Leo Minor (the Little Lion) — Hevelius formed this constellation of fifty-three stars, including none of the first or second magnitude, out of stars unappropriated to other constella- tions by the ancients, between the Lion on the south and the Great Bear on the north. Lepus (the Hare^— A constellation of nine- teen stars, none above the third magnitude, directly south of Orion, with which it reaches the meridian January 24. and about eighteen degrees west of the Great Dog. Libra (the Scales) — This seventh sign and eighth constellation in the zodiac, next cast of the Virgin, contains fifty-one stars, none of them of the first magnitude; when the sun enters this sign, the days and nights are of equal length all over the world, suggestive of an even balance. LIbratlon of tho Earth— A motion, real or apparent, of the poles, resembling that of a bal- ance before coming to a rest — an oscillatory movement of the earth on its axis. LIbration of the Moon — An apparent irrrguluritj' in its motion. Limb- The utmost edge or border of the body of th<' sun or moon. I.tfiiiKllu]ar «yHtem. «ltunt4'n. which is tituatrd din'ctly north of tb.- I'lr iadcs and the Fly, between Andromeda on the west and Auriga on the east. It contains no stars of the first magnitude. Phases— The various "quarters."' or appear- ances, of the moon at diflferent epochs, presenting first a crescent of light, then a semicircle, then becoming gibbous, and lastly full, when it returns by the same gradation to the state of a new moon. These phases are produced by the varied positions of the moon in respect to the sun and earth. Piscis Australis (the Southern Fish) — A constellation of twenty-four stars visible to the naked eye, directly south of Aquarius, the Water- Bearer, and representing a fish drinking the water that fiows from the um of Aquarius. Its positioh has been accurately determined, to assist navigators in finding the longitude in the southern hemisphere. Pisces (the Fishes)— This constellation is now the first in order of the twelve con^tellations of the zodiac, and is usually represented by two fishes tied a considerable distance apart, at the extrem- ities of a long undulating cord or ribbon. It occupies a large triangular space in the heavens, and its outline at first is somewhat difficult to be traced. The two Fishes and the cord between them make two sides of a large triangle, thirty and foi-ty degrees in length, the open pa rt of which is towai*d the northwest. This constellation is bounded north by Andromeda, west by Andromeda and Pegasus, south by the Cascade, and east by the "Whale and the Triangles. (Burritt. ) Plane— An imaginary surface, conveying the idea of a straight line, " coinciding with, or con- taining, some designated astronomical line, circle or other curve; as the plane of an orbit, the plane of the ecliptic, or of the equator." iWebstcr.) Planets— Stars that change their position, in distinction from the fixed stars. They are divided into two classes — primary and secondary; the first are those that are supposed to revolve around the sun, such as the Earth, Jupiter, Mer- cury, Venus, and others; the secondary include those which revolve around the primary planets, as our moon and the satellites of Saturn. Jupiter and Uranus. The original number of planets was six— Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars. Jupiter and Saturn, which were distinguished bj' some mark or attribute of the deities whose names they bore. Since then numerous other planets have been added— I'ranus, Neptune, the Asteroids, etc. To undei"stand the manner in which the planets are retained in their orbits, see Centripetal Force. Planl8|»here— A projection of a sphere and its various circles on a plane, such as maps, etc. ; especially of the celestial sphere, representing the various constellations, slai-s, etc. Pleiades- A remarkable cluster of stai"s in the constellation of Taunis, the Bull. Only seven are visible to the naked eye; their names arc Alcyone, Mcrone, Maia. Klectra, Tayeta, Sterope and Celeno. The Pleiades, according to fable, were the seven daughters of Atlas and the nymph Pleione, who were turned into stars, with their sisters, the Hyades, on account of their amiable virtues and mutual alfection. Merone married a mortal, and for that reason her star shines dimly. The number of stars developed in this cluster by the telescope varies from scvcnty-clght to two hundred. Point — The name for certain parts in the heavens, as the carillnal ]>oints, solstitial points, — vO; >il ■'.(y — T- ASTlii.iNO.MICAL I)IIJTION.\l;V. Kiy 9 Pointem — Two stars in tho constellation of t)ie Great Bear, so cftlled because they always point nearly in a direction toward the polar star. Polar CircleH — Two small circles, each about sixty-six and a half degrees from the equator, beinff always at the same distance from the poles that the tropics are from the equator; the nprthern is called the arctic circle and the southern the antarctic circle. (Burritt.) PolcN of the Earth -The extremities of its axis— imaginary points on its surface of the sphere, two in number, the arctic or north pole, and the antarctic or south pole. Encompassed with perpetual ice and severe cold, no navigator has yet reached either of them. ' ' Poles of the heavens"— The imaginary extremities of their axis. "Poles of the horizon ''—Two points, one of which is directly overhead, called the zenith; the other, directly under foot, is called the nadir. Polar Star» or Pole-Star — The present pole star is the last one in the tail of the eonstel- l.ition of the Little Bear, near the north pole, wliich, owing to its nearness to the earth, never sets, and is tlierefore of great use to mariners in ascertaining the latitude, etc. " The time taken for one revolution of the pole of the equator around that of the ecliptic, or, what is the same thing, for the first point of Aries (the Ram) to perform a complete circle around the ecliptic is 25.800 miles; as a consequence it follows that the pole-star is not the same at different epochs; at present the (north) pole of the earth is approach- ing more nearly the direction of the bright star Polaris, but it will soon begin to recede from it, and some other star, coming more nearly in the direction, will be the polar star." (Plummer.) The present one is of the second magnitude. Pollux— A star of the second magnitude in the constellation of the Twins. Precessaon of the Equinoxes— A slow motion of the equinoctial points, by which they change their place, going from east to west, con- trary to the order of the signs of the zodiac; in other words, the sun, in its apparent annual course, does not cross the equinoctial, in spring and autumii, exactly in the same places, but every year a little behind those of the preceding year; the equinoctial points do thus go back upon the ecliptic at the rate of about fifty and one-fourth seconds of a degree every year; thei'efore " reces- sion of the equinoxes" would he a more appro- priate phrase than ' ' precession. " Ptolemaic System — The system of astron- omy prepared by Ptolemy, the celebrated Egyptian astronomer and mathematician, founded on the theory that the earth is immov- ably fixed in the center of the whole universe, the sun, moon, planets and stars all moving from east to west around it once in twenty-four hours; this theory, however, has been set aside as erroneous. "Pythagorean system" — See Coper- NICAN SYSTEM. Quadrature — When the moon is midway bet\vtt-n the points of eon junction and opposition, or ninety degrees from each (or a quarter-circle), it is in quadrature. Quadrant — An instrument for noting the altitudes of the sun and stars; of these there are several sorts, but Hadley's quadrant is most esteemed. Radiant Point — -AJiy point from which rays of light proceed. Radius Vector of an Orbit — Any line joining the sun to a planet. * ' Radius "—Half the diameter of a circle, or a straight line drawn from the center to the circumference of a circle. Rearuluii— A star of the first magnitude in the Constellation of the Lion. Reflection — A motion of rays of light or heat, whereby, after falling upon, or striking against, a solid surface, are forced, or recede, from it. Refraction— The bending or deviation of a ray of light from that right line in whi(;h It would have continued if not prevented by the thickness of the medium through which it passes; thus the sun's rays passing through our atmosphere are refracted or bent down, making the sun to appear higher tlian it really is. Refranfflblllty — A disposition of rays of light to be refracted or turned out of a direct course, in passing out of one transparent body or medium into another. (Webster.) RetroccHHiou of the Equinoxes — The going backwards of tlie equinoctial points of the s'gns of the zodiac, the Ram and the Bull. Retrogrradation — A going backwards; a retrocession, recession or precession of equinoxes. Revolution — The motion of any heavenly body in a circulariine or orbit, until it returns to tho same point again; also the revolving of a planet on its own axis, which is more properly a rotation ; the earth revolves around the sun once a year, but rotates on its own axis once a day; this latter is called " diurnal revolution;" a " synod- ical revolution " is a period extending from one conjunction (as of the moon or a planet with the sun) to the next; a "sidereal revolution" is tlie orbit of a planet that returns to the same place in respect to the stars. [Note— So far as the aster- oidal planets of our solar system are concerned, it is not known that they have a diurnal rotation on their axes. ] Rotundity— Roundness of form; spherical. Sagittarius (the Archer)— The ninth .sign of the zodiac, and a constellation of sixty-nine stars (none of the first magnitude), in the southern hemisphere, next east of the Scorpion. Satellite — A secondary planet revolving around anotlier, as the moon moves around the earth; the name is devised from the custom of eastern princes, who had satellites attending upon them as a guard. Saturn— See introduction to this dictionary. Scorpio (the Scorpion)— The eighth sign of the zodiac, and an interestingconstellation in the southern hemisphere, situated southward and eastward of the Scales, and containing forty-four stars; one of these stars, Antares, is of the first magnitude, and the whole constellation Is readily distinguished from all others by the peculiar luster and position of its principal stars. Scruples Eclipsed— That part of the diam- eter of the moon which enters the shadow. Seasons— The four portions or quarters of the solar year, namely: Spring, when the sun enters the constellation of Aries, the Ram: summer, when he enters Cancer, the Crab; autumn, when he enters Libra, the Scales, and winter when he enters Capricorn, the Goat. The regular rotation of these seasons produces seed-time and harvest on the earth, and is caused by the varied positions of the earth's surface toward the sun at different stages of its journey around it. Secondary Circles— Circles which intersect the six greater circles of the sphere at right angles. Secondary Planets— Those which revolve as moons or satellites around the primary planets. Selenography— A description of the face of the moon. Serpent-Rearer — A constellation In tho niid-Iutavfus, wlu.se center is very nearly over the earth's equator, opposite to Orion, and directly south of Hercules. It represents a man with a venerable beard, liaving both hands clenched in tho folds of an enormous serpent, whieli In writhing in his grasp, and contains seventy-four stars, none of which arc of the first magnitude. This constellation is also called Esculapius, tho god of medicine. Serpent— Four kinds of serpents have places in constellations — Hydra, south of the zodiac, below the Lion, Crab and Virgin; Hydrus. near the south pole; Draco, about the north pole; Serpens Ophiuchi, situated chiefly between the Scales and the Northera Crown. Sextans (the Sextant)—" Uranhi's sextant," a modem constellation made by Hevelius out of unformed stars between the Lion on tho north and Hydra on the south, and contains forty-one very small stars; it represents a sextant, an astronomical instrument resembling a quadrant. Sidereal—Pertaining to any star or planet; as a "sidereal day," the time in which any star appears to revolve from the meridian to the meridian again, which is twenty-three hours, fifty-six minutes and four seconds of average solar time, there being 366 sidereal days in a year, or in 3G5 diurnal revolutions of the sun. Signs- The ecliptic, like every other circle, contains 360 de^ees. and is divided into twelve equal arcs of thirty degrees each, called signs, which the ancients distinguished by particular names. This division eonimenct-s at the vernal equinox, and is continued eastwardly round to the same point again, in the following order: Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricornus, Aquarius, Pisces. The sun, commencing at the first degree of Aries about March 21, passes, at an average rate, through one sign every month. (Burritt. ) Sirlus (the Dog Star) — A very bright star of the first magnitude in the constellation of the Great Dog. In ancient times the rising and set- ting of Sirius was watched with much solicitude. The Thebans determined the length of the year by the number of its risings. To the Egyptians it was ominous of agricultural prosperity or blight- ing drought, since it foretold to them the over- How of the river Kile (or Siris) when they sowed their grain. The Romans annually sacrificed a dog to Sirius, to court its favor. The Eastern nations looked to its rising as the precursor of great heat on the earth, hence to that portion of the year the ancients gave the name of dog-days. It is with us overhead in the day-time during the dog-days, and so invisible, and is at night in the lower hemisphere, but is visible to us about mid- winter. Solar System —That system of astronomy which is founded on the theoi-y that the sun is the immovable center of an important portion of the great universe, round which all the planets within a circumsci'ibed circle revolve at different dis- tances and within various spaces of time. Solstices- The time when the sun is at the greatest distance from the equator (twenty-three degrees and twenty-eight seconds), which happens about June 21, when he enters the tropic of Cancer, or the summer solstice, and about Decem- ber 21, when he enters the tropic of Capric»rn, which is the winter solstice. Spectroscope— An instrument similar to a spy-glass or telescope, used in making observa- tions of heavenly bodies for the purpose of deter- mining their physical constitution. This is accomplished by analyzing the light of objects. 71 (b^ — V A X ^ 1(36 ASTRONOMICAL DICTIONARY. as the sun, moon, planets, stars, comets or nebula, by means of the spectroscope. The spectra of the planets Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, show, bbsides the signs peculiar to the reflected light of the sun, signs which are eridence of the presence about those bodies of an atmosphere containing aqueous vapor. Stars— A general name given to the heavenly- bodies seen from the earth, except the sun and moon. "Fixed" stars are those that do not change their positions in respect to one another. "Variable" stars are those whose brilliancy periodically or irregularly increase and decrease; some appear to be gradually gaining luminosity, and otliers are becoming more obscure, while some have suddenly blazed forth with great splendor, then become dim and finally disappear. " Clusters" appear at several points in the heavens, which, under the telescopic view, become groups of many stars; in the Pleiades, six or seven stars appear to the naked eye, but one astronomer affirms that he counted 200 in this cluster, and some clusters, it is estimated, contain at least 10,000 or 20,000 stars. ' ' Double " or " Binary " stars are revealed by the telescope in various portions of the heavens, two or more stars being either placed very near each other and revolving around each other, and both around a common center, or else they may be at a great distance from each other, but nearly in the same tine of vision from the earth. ' ' Nebula " are light spots in the heavens, some consisting of clusters of exceedingly small stars, while others, like luminous clouds of dif- ferent forms, resemble comets, rings, etc. What they are astronomy does not yet reveal. Many of the stars vary in color, curiously contrasting with each other in the heavens; Mars is a red star; Jupiter is of a cold, steel-blue color; some have green tints, some yellow, others are white, etc. At a moderate estimate man has discovered 13,000.000 stars. The enormous distances of the stars from our planet can only be generally referred to here, Sirius being twenty trillion miles away. Snn-Oogrs, or Mock-Suns— The sun shining on icy particles of the atmosphere. Sun-dogs occur during the cold season, in the early nioru- ing, and, when conditions are favorable, even late in the forenoon. When the air is full of floating frost crystals, after sunrise, sun-dogs may be formed before the vision of the spectator, as many as seven at a time, accompanied or joined by large bright circles, making a spectacle of unusual brilliancy. Sometimes one great bright spot will indicate the position of the rising sun on a cold, frosty morning, the image of which will be trans- mitted by refraction of its light in dilTerent directions and in contiguous portions of the heavens. Sun-dogs aie thus (1) an effect of the 8un shining on the frosty icd-crystals of the atmosphere, which produces, by the reflection of its light, a large bright spot or image of itself; (2) the refraction of light from this llrst bright Image into the surrounding froHty atmosphere, by means of which it is duplicated, aniiaccompaniL-d by haios or great circles of light. Sun-spot*— Supi)()sed to be irregular openings in the outer, light-giving covering of the sun, like a break in our own trloudy sky, showing us the dark body of the sun below it. H|>hepe— The concave vault, or expanse, which surrounds all portions of our earth, and in which the stars and planets appear to the eye to be placed nearly equidistmt from us. Tanrns (the Bull) — A constellation of the northern hemisphere, representing the head and shoulders of a furious bull, and is the second sign of the zodiac, Aries, the Ram, being first. It is found between Perseus and the Charioteer on the north, the Twins on the east, and Orion and the River Po on the west. It contains 141 visible stars, including the two beautiful clusters of the Pleiades and Hyades, the first on the shouliier and the latter in the face of the Bull. See Pleiades. Tides — The regular peiiodical current of water, which, when it rises, is called the flow, and when it goes back is the ebb. Newton attrib- uted this phenomenon to the influence, prin- cipally, of the moon, and also of the sun in a less degree. Pluramer says that the waters of the ocean vertically below the moon experience an attraction, heaping them up below the nocturnal planet, and a similar wave on the opposite side of the globe, and that these waves follow the diurnal motion of the moon about the earth. The sun, also, causes a similar but smaller wave on both sides of the globe. When the combined influences of the sun and moon cause two waves at the same time, it is called a " spring tide." The height 'of the solar tide is to the height of the lunar tide as two to five, when the moon is in her first and second quarters. The tides are lowest (called ' ' neap tides ") because then the planet is farthest from the earth. The general theory of the tides is this, that when the moon is nearest to the earth, her attraction is strongest and the tidal waves are highest, but when she is farthest from the globe the tides are lowest. Transit— The passage of any planet just over or by a fixed star or the sun's disk, particularly the transit of Venus and Mercury, which always greatly interests astronomei-s. Twilight— By the atmospheric refraction of the rays of the sun its light is reflected upon the earth before its rising and after its setting. " In the morning, when the sun has arrived at eighteen degrees below the horizon, his rays pass over our heads into the higher region of the atmosphere, and are thence reflected or, as it were, bent down to the earth. The day is then said to dawn, and the light gradually increases until the sun appears above the hori2on : this is called morning twilight, or aurora. In the evening, after sunset, the rays of the sun continue to illuminate the atmosphere till he sinks eighteen degrees below the horizon, and a similar eff'ect, called the evening twilight, is produced. " (Btirritt. ) Time— A certain measure or portion of eter- nity — " a strip of time between two eternities"— graduated by the motions of the heavenly bodies. ' • Apparent time " is that reckoned by the sun, so that the sun's center passes over the meridian at precisely 12 o'clock fnoon). " Mean time" is that indicated by a perfect clock, rightly adjusted, which slightly differs from the sun or apparent time. XJma Major (the Great Bear)— .\n important constellation in the northern hemisphere, con- taining eighty-seven visible stars, of which one is of the first magnitude and three of the s<'cond. It Is situated between the Little Bear on the north and the Little Lion on the south, and is one of the most conspicuous and noted in this hemisphere. Among its remarkable features is the cluster of A. seven stars familiarly known as the "dipper," the" plow," or "Charles' Wain." Although there is no resemblance whatever to a bear or other animal.-it is stated that both the remote American Indian tribe of Iroquois and the earliest Arabs in Asia, probably without having ever communicated with each other, gave this constel- lation the name of ' ' Great Bear. " Ursa Minor (the Little Bear)— Another con- stellation of the northern hemisphere, containing twenty-four stars, of which the seven principal ones form a fi^re resembling that in the Great Bear, only the "dipper" is revei-sed and about half as large as the one noticed above. The first star in its handle is the present polar star, and the others revolve constantly about it. All the stars in the group, being situated near the pole of the heavens, seem to move very slowly around it in circles so small that they never sink below the horizon. (See Polar Star). Vertical— Pertaining to the zenith— as planets are vertical when directly overhead. Vertex— -Another terra for the zenith— the top of a perpendicular line. Virgo (the Virgin)— The sixth sign of the zodiac, and a constellation situated next east of the Lion and about halfway between Berenice's Hair on the north and the Crow on the south. It covers a large field in space, and contains IIO stars, including only one of the first magnitude. (Flamstead. ) Vesta— One of the asteroidal planets in our solar system, discovered by Dr. Gibers of Bremen, March 29, 1807, in the constellation of the Virgin. It appeai-s like a star of the fifth or sixth magni- tude, shining with a steady radiance, and can be seen with the naked eye. Its orbit is so eccentric that it is sometimes farther from the sun than either Ceres, Pallas, or Juno, although its average distance is many millions of miles less than theirs. Its orbit crosses those of all three in two opposite points. Vulcan— A planet discovered in 1859, situated between Mercury and the sun. According to Pro- fes.sor Tice's estimate, it is as large as Uranus, having a diameter of 33,000 miles. It was re-dis- covered by Professor Watson, at Rawlins, Kas, "Winter— That season of the year when, in the northern hemisphere, the sun is in the tropic of Capricorn, and at his greatest declination from the equator; known as the coldest portion of the year in countries north of the equator. Zenith— The vertical point of the heavens, ninety degrees distant from the horizon. Zodiac — A zone, or girdle, about sixteen degrees in breath, extending quite around the heavens, and including all the heavenly bodies within eight degrees on each side of the ecliptic, it includes, also, the orbits of all the jilanets, except some of the asteroids, since they are never seen beyond eight ilegi-ecs cither north or south of the ecliptic. (Hurritf.) It has also twelve constellations within its bounds, which are called the twelve signs of the zodiac. See Signs, and EcLii'Tic. Zone— A division of the eartli's surface, of which there are five, distinguished according to the degree of heat to which ea<-h part is exposed, into two temperate, two frigid, and one torrid zone, the latter being central. -CY WHAT IS TllK oli.IKCT OF LIVK 1 ICA ^ m ■ ^ What Causes Good and Evil Actions Among Men. IIAT is the object of man's creation? That is a miittor of question. Why he should, without choice of his own, be brought into existence, una forced to pass through life — possibly a long life- time—with tioubk- on every side, is a mystery that no one can solve, us man ladc sim- ply to de- monstrate that he could be created, or was he placed here for a ;:urposc, living his brief time on earth and then passing on to other spheres of existence where, with broader opportuni- ties, he may fill a grander destiny than falls to the lot of most men here? All this is a matter of speculation, and yet faith leads to the belief that this life is not all. The mechanic does not construct a machine to simply demonstrate that he can make it. On the contrary,' he designs it for a purpose. Reason teaches that the Supreme would not create man for the brief and purposeless existence which he passes here. Were that all, life would not be worth the living. What then would be the object of man's creation? Wc are forced, in the examination of this subject, to the conclusion that there is a beyond toward which we are all drifting. "What that future is none may absolutely know on earth. We may conjecture, but the certainty is withheld because it would not be well for us to know the future. Aspiration, anticipation, hope — \\ould all die if we knew to an abso- lute certainty the duties of the morrow. If there is a sphere in which man will retain his individualily beyond this existence, what will be his condition there? That is a question about which, again, there is nothing definitely known. The inference is, however, that if man retains his individuality in another existence, the hopes entertained, the loves cherished, and the wisdom acquired here will t)e retained and possessed there. Joseph Franz Gall, Distinguislied Phtenolotri^t who Fii-st Mapped Out and Designated the Piu'eno logical Organs. Onr future coudilion, then, will depend upon the life daily lived on earth. This leads us to a study of man, and to an examination of the causes which influence his action and develop his character. It was a former belief with many people that all good actions were the result of an angel influence acting upon the individual from the outside; that all evil was the work of an evil spirit. A study of human nature, however, brought a change of opinion on this subject. It was discovered that men possessed various grades of intullectuai capacity and moral development, depending upon parentage and education. That human action thus was the result of training and surrounding influences, but even when this belief was arrived at it was not fully deter- mined that character and intellectual capacity could be told by the appearance of the face and the contour of the head. Dr. Gall. To map out the several faculties of the mind was the work of Joseph Franz Gall, who was born at Tiefcnbronn, in Baden, March 9, 1T58, and died at Montrouge, near Paris, August 22, 1828. Dr. Gall had pursued his literary studies at Baden, had studied anatomy and natural history at Strasburg, and afterwards re- ceived his diploma as a physician at Vienna. From boyhood be had observed the difference of talents displayed by his com- panions, and particnlarly had he noticed that all those students who excelled in committing compositions to memory, had large eyes. Commencing with the idea that individual characteristics could be determined by certain outward manifesta- tions, he continued the study, visiting lunatic asylums, prisons, universities of learning, and other places where certain grades of intellectuality and morality could be found, until he had determined that all the manifestations of the mind had their seat iu the brain instead of in the heart, as bad been before supposed. After twenty years of study he decided the location of some twenty of the different organs of the mind, and satisfied himself that the activity of these could be determined by tlie protuberances on the head. In accord with this discovery he published a general medical work in 1791, and began lecturing on the subject in 1790, at Vienna, where the novelty of the theory created a marked sensation. — ^'nC/.' ■:^ PHRENOLOGICAL TEACHERS. Spurzheim, isheil Teacber of Phre- and Kaily Disciple of Dr. Gall. His first written exposition on phronulogy appeared in a paper pub- lished at Wieland, in 1198. Spurzheim. About this time Johann Caspar Spurzheim, who was born at Longwich, in 1776, espoused the theory of Dr. Gall, and did much to popularize the doctrine. In 1802 Gall's lectures were, forbidden by the Austrian government as dan- gerous to religion. In company with Spurzheim, Gall then lec- tured for the succeeding eleven years* in central and northern Europe, finally settling in Paris, in 1807, where his theories met with much opposition, but grad- ually made headway. Spurzheim remained with Gall until 1813, and then commenced lecturing on the brain and its manifestations. He delivered a series of lectures in Great Britain in 1 825, and afterwards went to the TTnited States, where, in Bos-ton, he delivered several lectures in 1832, in which year he died. George Combe. It was during the visit of Gall and Spurzheim to Scotland, in 1816, that George Combe, who was born in Edinburgh, in 1788, became interested in the subject, and at last a firm believer in phrenology. Combe subsequently issued "Essays on Phrenology" and his "■ Constitution of Man," the latter of which had a large sale. In company with his brother Andrew, be established, in 1823, the Ed'mhuvgh Phrenological Journal^ and for twenty- three years thereafter was a contributor to its pages. Accompanied by his wife. Combe vis- ited the United States in 1838, and remained here two years, during which time he delivered 158 lectures. He died in 1858» at Moor Park, in England. 0. S. Fowler. Or-«on Squire Fowler, who was born at Cohocton, N. Y. , in 1809, had become interested in the subject of phrenology through the lectures of Spurzheim, and after his graduation at Amherst college, in 1834, he commenced lecturing upon the subject, and, in comjiany with his brother, Lorenzo Niles» he opened an office in Kuw York city, in 1835. They jointly published, in 1836, a work entitled "Phrenology Proved, Illustrated and A])plicd," and together they issued, in 1849, " The Self-Instructor in Phrenology and Physiology." In 1838, O. S. Fowler issued, in Phil- adelphia, the first number of the Ameri- can Phrenological Journal^ where it was published durin succeeding four years, wlien it was removed to New York in 1842, and published by O. S. and L. N. Fowler until 1844. Mr. S. R. Wells, a brother-in-law of the Fowlers, became associated with them, th"' firm being known as Fowler & Wells for twenty-three vfiiT'^. dnriii" " lii-h tinc' llii-' wid'-ly -known jniltlishinL'-tion'^p, through the Phrenological Jour imI^ "Life IHustrated," and their many books relating to the science of mind and the laws of health, did a great and most beneficial work in the educating of the masses in a correct knowledge of the laws of life. The Fowlers withdrew from the firm in 1863, L. N. going to London the same year, where he established himself as a phreno- logical lecturer. Since then he George Combe, Aiitlmr of ' Combe's Constitu- tion ot Man," ■' Es.-,*' etc "<$>€|^E) has lectured repeatedly through- out Great Britain, besides publish- ing various works, among his principal books being "The Syn- opsis of Phrenology and Physiol- ogy," "Marriage, its History and Philosophy, with Directions for Happy Marriages," etc. O. S. Fowler has been an inde- fatigable worker in the cause from the time he first entered the field. Aside from almost continuous lecturing in all parts of the United States and Canada, he has issued numerous books, among them being: " Memory and Intellectual Improvement Applied to Self- Education," "Physiology, Animal and Mental, Applied to Health of Body and Power of Mind," "Matrimony, or Phrenology Applied to the Selection of Companions," " Self-Culture and Perfection of Character," "Hereditary Descent, its Laws and Facts Applied to Human Improvement," "Love and Parentage Applied to the Improve- ment of Offspring," "A Home for All," and " Sexual Science." In the past twenty years, through the efforts of an army of lec- turers in the field, the subject of phre- nology has been very thoroughly taught in nearly every village and hamlet in the land. Physiognomy, People instinctively judge of the mental ability of the persons whom they see. No one could fail to determine in his own mind the intellectual capacity of the different heads as shown in Fig. 1, entitled "Varying Grades of Intelli- gence. " While the profile of the extreme right, with thick lips, sloping chin and forehead, bears the evidence of small intellect, the face at the left we readily discover to be the possessor of vigorous mind and strong intellectual power. We judge these faces by the shape of head, the nose, the chin, and the lips; by the texture of the hair, the brilliancy of the eye, the color of the skin, and the chang- ing expression of the face as we converse with the individu:d. Two Faces. Again, we quickly determine the mental status of the two faces, Figs. 2 and 3. evidences of vulgarity and ignorance — a face that no amount of training could make into anything but a low order of human being. On the contrary, in Fig. 3, we see a face that exhibits certain well-defined characteristics which are evidences of superior mental endf>wnK'nt. Examination shows an eye sharp and brilliani, a no^e that indicates churacler, a forehead thai shows a In Fig. 2 arc shown all h: DIFFERENT KINDS OF FACES. Id'.) wi^ll-doliiu'd perceptive talent, and a mouth and chin that reveal decision of purpose. While the first would be a menial, we nt once reeosnize the fact that the latter i^ a face full of culture, refinement and power. Three faces and heads are placed before us, differing: in shape imd expression. In the one, y Fig. 4, wc sec the scowl N^ and the wrinkles, which ^ ^ - l y^^C=$^' indicate fear and anxiety. This individual, fearful that he may come to want, and thinking only of him- self, hoards his money and ignores the wants and sufi'erings of others. Another face. Fig. 5, stands out in contrast with this: a face beaming with a genial and pleasant ex- pression. We intuitively recognize this man as good and kind. With a kindly regard for the wants of all, he is partic- ularly distinguished for his benevolence. A third face. Fig. 0, is in the group. No one would accuse the pos- sessor of this face of being miserly, and no one would attribute to him any benevolence. In short, his appearance indicates only a disposition to gratify his lower appetites. Such we judge him and such is a fact. Divisions of the Brain. The steps will be rciidily pi-rceiwd which Ifd up to the classifica- tion of the different organs of the mind. Thus, in Fig. 7, we have lines drawn which clearly define the difference in the shape of heads. The line drawn from c to d divides the brain into two portions, the one below being called the basi- lar and the one above the coronal. Observation proved that if the brain above this line was larger than that below, then the moral and intellectual sentiments would have the ascendancy. If, on the contrary, the brain lay mostly be- low this line, then the animal nature would predominate. Figs. T and 8 reveal two distinct tj'pes of faces often seen, the peculiarities of which are as differ- ent as are the shapes of the faces. Thus, while in Fig. 8 there is large perceptive power shown by the protuberance above the eyes, the reflective faculties and the moral are so wanting as to show depression at i. In such a head as this the discoverers of phrenology found the moral and reflective faculties kicking, and the lower nature in control of the individual. The sharp, perceptive faculty would make the individual keen and active, but in cases of emergency the man could not be relied upon implicitly for steadiness of moral purpose. In Fig. 7 it was found there was so much of the brain in front of a imd b which gave intellectual power, and so much above d and c which gave moral strength, that the man possessing unch a head could be depended ui)on as a person of moral integrity, however adverse - might be the circum- ^.\C stances about the indi- vidual. A long series of exam- inations and experiments convinced Gall that there were seven prominent divisions of the brain which might be mapped out as shown in Fig. 9: that the upper part per- tained to the spiritual, ihe front to the intellectual, and the lower part behind the ears related to the pi-opensities. Further study convinced him also that each divis- ion, provided it was dc- velo])ed in harmony and balanced with the others, was essential to man's progress and happiness; that the animal propen- sities were necessary to the procreation of the species, and that they cared for self and gave force of character; that the intellectual enabled the individual to grapple with the difticulties of life, while the moral nature guided into the higher and better ways. For general convenience the phrenologist divides the brain into three distinct compartments, as shown in Fig. 10. Coarse, Vulgar, Brutal and Ignorant. What Phrenology Has Taught. The advocates of phrenology do not claim that it is yet complete as a science, but they affirm that they have demonstrated beyond ques- tion that the brain is' the organ through which the mind manifests itself, and that each faculty of the mind has a separate and distinct organ in the brain; that the organs relating to each other are grouped together in the brain as shown in the moral faculties, the propensi- ties, etc. ; that other things being equal, the power of the brain may be estimated by its size; that the manifestations of brain are affected by the bodily conditions; that every faculty of the raind is devised for a good purpose, but may be perverted, and every faculty may be cultivated and enlarged by exer- cise, or may be lessened, by neglect. Most phrenologists and physiognomists claim also that character can be determined by many evidences existing outside the contour of the head. After showing the conformation of the head, they note the features of the face, the color of the hair and eyes, the complexion of the Bright. Intelligent and Educated. i: .Qx — 170 THE TEMPERAMENTS. Fisr. 4--OIisprly, skin, the shape of mouth, no?e and face, brilliancy of the eyes, arch of the eyebrows and nose, fineness of the hair, length and size of neck, breadth of chest, strength of lungs, size of body, shape of feet and hands. Even beyond and outside all these physical characteristics, it is claimed that the mental peculiarities of the individual can be seen and known in the tone of voice, the rapidity of speech, the spright- liness of motion, the firmness of step, the heartiness of a laugh, and the LTusp of the hand. Temperaments. It is a well-known fact that many men with large heads do not accomplish as much as others who have heads and bodies of much less size. This fact is cited as one of the objections to the claim that mental ability can be determined by the size of the brain. The phrenologist an- swers by saying that there are four temperaments, called the lymphatic, the sanguine, the bilious and the nervous: that every person possesses more or less of these in his physical constitution; that the lymphatic temperament is indi- cated by the predominance of stomach, which makes .roundness of form, softness of flesh, a weak pulse, and a languid condition of the system. With such the hair is light, complexion pale, eyes blue and dull. The sanguine temperament largely depends upon a preponderance of the arterial system. The person possessing it will have light hair and blue eyes, will be fairly rounded in muscle, will be ardent, active, enthusiastic, impressible, and will possess much greater energ)' than the person who is under the control of the lymphatic. With the bilious tem- perament the liver is taken as the basis. This temperament is indicated by black eyes and hair, a dark and tawny skin» solid and spore flesh, angular form, great en- ergy, activity, and, if couided with superior mental development, large power. The nervous tempera- ment rests upon a pre- ponderance of the nervous Hystem. Those possessing it arc known by their delicacy of health, thin and angular features, light, thin hair, rapid movements, keenly sensitive natures, and mental activity. These temperaments arc, fortunately, generally found blended more or less with each other, and out of the combination the phre- nologists designate another class of temperaments called the motive^ the vital, and the Tnenfat. The persons possessiing the motive tempenimont in a lartro degree will be known by large, ani,'ular frames, iironiinrnt feuturew, hair abundant, strong, and usually dark; are active, robust, energetic, capable of endurance, and are noted for executive force. If pos- sessed of a high order of brain, the person will be an intellectual power. If deficient in mental capacity, the person will be noted for brute force. The vital temperament is shown in the full chest, the rounded form, fondness for outdoor exercise, debate, and sport. Those who pos- sess this temperament are good livers, liable to excesses in eating and drinking, and naturally genial, but are liable to be passionate, and are prone to go to ^ extremes, though not al- ways so if the tempera- ment is balanced by a good organization. The mental tempera- ment gives its possessor a slight frame, a large forehead, light, soft hair, clear - cut features, a graceful figure, refine- ment, love of the artis- tic and beautiful, sensi- tiveness, and keen emo- tions. Fii:. .')---lti iieviilcnt. Fie. G---Idiiitic. Quality of Brain. The phrenologist rests his case also on other conditions, without which, he admits, we cannot determine the mental power of the individual. Among these are qualily of the brain, which is indicated by the muscles of the body; that a loose and tlabby flesh reveals a soft and spongy brain; that a close-knit frame, firm flesh, and favorable temperaments, show a compact brain and correspondingly strong intellectual power. Added to this must be taken into account the state of the health of the individual. If in perfect health, the brain will be strong in proportion. If in ill-health, the manifestations of brain will be weak. To give the brain ample opportunity for a full dis- play of its power, there must be lungs sulhciontly large to take in a full supply of air with which to vivify the blood, which blood must have a full and free circulation with- out the least restraint. The powers of digestion must also be in perfect conditinn, aided by a Bufticiency of exercise, which will each day pro- d u c c a p er s p i r a t i o n through the pores of the skin, the pores being kept open by a daily application of moisture, and rubbing. The mind should be free from undue excitement, the sleep should be all that the individual requires, the occupation should be con- genial, the associates agreeable, and all the habits of the individual should be temperate. When these condilitms are fully inulcrstood, Ihe power of the brain may be readily estimated, and the mental ability and character (if the individual may be told by the form of the person, the shape of the face, and the cuntour of the head. :Gi^— i ^ ■Igk— I.dCA'I'KIN OF DIFFKRENT DIN'ISIUNS llF Till-; lillAIN. THE PHRENOLOGICAL ORGANS. Step by step the advocates and students of phrcnnloiry have dis- covered and determined the location of some forty-two of the distinct divisions of the biunaii mind, of wbicb numbur Dr. (iall delinitely located twenty. Definition of the Organs. 1. AMATiVENEys, Love between tbe sexes — desire to marry. A, Conjugality, Mat- rimony — love of one — union for life. 2. Parental Love, Re- gard for offspring, pets, etc. 3. Friendship, Adbe- siveness — sociability — love of society. 4. iNHABITIVENESa, Love of home and country. 5. C o N T I N u I T Y, () n e thing at a time — conj^ecu- tiveness. E. VlTATIVENESS, LoVC and tenacity of life — dread of annihilation. 6. CoMBATivENESs, Resistance — defense — courage — opposition. 7. Destructiveness, Executiveness — force — energy. 8. Alimentiveness, Appetite — hunger — love of eating. 9. Acquisitiveness, Accumulation — frugality — economy. 10. Secretiveness, Discretion — reserve — policy — management. 11. Cautiousness, (^^^^.^r^ Prudence — provision — watchfulness, 12. Approbative- ness. Ambition — display — lo^'c of praise. 13. Self-Esteem, Self-respect — independ- ence — dignity. 14. Firmness, Decis- ion — perseverance — sta- bility — tenacity of will. 15. Conscientious- ness, Integrity — love of right — justice — equity. 16. Hope, Expectation — enterprise — anticipa- tion. 17. Spirituality, In- tuition — faith — " light within" — credulity. 18. Veneration. Reverence for sacred things — devotion — re- spect. 19. Benevolence, Kindness — goodness — sympathy thropy. 20. Constructiveness, Mechanical ingenuity — sleight of hand 31. Ideality, Refinement — love of beauty — taste — purity. B. Sublimity, Love of grandeur — infinitude — the endless. The different organs of the brain, as they have been finally classi- fied, located and numbered, arc shown in Fig. 11, a brief synopsis of which numbers are shown bcrewitli. For :i fuller description of these, see other pages. -^-■^r^ Definition of the Organs. The Subdivisions of the Brain, And the General Grouping of the Phrenolog-ical Organs. 22. LtiiTATioN, Copy- ing — patterning" — mimic- ry — f oil o w i n g e X a m- pics. 23. M I H T II F U L N E S fl , Perception of the absurd ^ocoseness — wit — fun. 24. Individuality, Ob- servation — desire to see and examine. 23. Form, Recollection of shape — memory of persons and faces. 21). Size, Cognizance of magnitude— measuring by the eye. 27. Weight, Balancing — climbing — perception of the law of gravity. 28. Color, Perception Location of Phrenological Onrans. philan- and judgment of colors, and love of them. 29. Order, Perception and love of method — system — arrange- ment. 30. Calculation, Cognizance of numbers — mental arithmetic. 31. Locality, RecoUuctions of places and scenery. i^^KjcW ^~- Eventuality, Memory of facts and cir- cumstances. 33: Time, Cognizance of duration and suc- cession of time — punc- tuality. 34. Tune, Sense of harmony and melody — love of music. 35. Language, Ex- pression of ideas — mem- ory of words. 36. Causality, Ap- plying causes to effect — originality. 37. Comparison, In- ductive reasoning — anal- ysis — illustration. C. Human Nature, Perception of character !ind motives. B. Agreeablexess, Pleasantness — suavity- persuasiveness. The student in the study of phrenology is much assisted by the phrenological bust which shows a well-balanced head, with all the organs located and distinctly marked. The best school, how- ever, for the acquisition of a practical knowledge of the subject is to study the characteristics of various people. iCv — — ^': m DESCRIPTION OF THE DIFFERENT ORGANS OF THE BRAIN. The exact location of the different organs of the brain are quite fully shown in Fig. 13, accompanying which is the following description of the organs as determined from their size, taken from the "Self-Instructor in Phrenology," published by Fowler & Wells. "New York. It may be remarked also that this descrip- tion, which is greatly condensed, does not do ibe subject justice. It is only by a study of all the organs in combination that we may understand the mental characteristics. The " Self-In:ftruc- tor" and the larger phrenological works very fully explain all this. ^0 1. A5LiTIVE\ESS. Conjugal love; attachment to the opposite seX; desire to love, be loved, and marrj'; adapted to pei-petuate the race. It causes those mutual attractions which exist between the sexes; creates love; induces marriage; eventu- ates in offspring; renders woman winning, persuasive, urbane, affec- tionate, loving, and lovely, and develops all the feminine charms and graces; makes man noble in feeling and bearing; elevated in aspiration: tender and bland in manner; affectionate toward wo- man; pure in feeling; highly sus- ceptible to female charms, and clothes him with that dignity, power, and persuasiveness, which accompanies the masculine. Per- verted, it occasions a grossness and vulgarity in expression and action; licentiousness in all its forms; a feverish state of mind, and depraves all the other propen- sities; treats the other sex merely as a minister to passion, now caressing, and now abusing them, and renders the love-feeling every way gross, animal, and depraved. L.ar(re — Is strongly attracted toward the opposite sex; admires and loves their beauty and excel- lent qualities; easily wins their affectionate regard, or kindles tlieir love; has many warm friends, if not admirers, among them: loves young and powerfully, and wields a potent influence for good or evil over the destinies of its subject, according as it is well or ill placed. Averaffe — Is capable of fair sexnal attachments and conjugal love, providi.'d it is properly placed and fully called out; experiences a greater or less degree of love in frojiortion to its activity; renders he son (piite attached to mother and sisters, and fond of female society, and endowed with a fair liharc of masculine element, yet not remarkable for its perfection; makes woman quite winning anil attractive, yet not particularly susceptible "to love; renders the daughter fond of father and brothers, and desirous of the soci- ety of men, yet not extremely so, and capable of a fair «hare of con- jugal dcvotedness under favorable circumstances. Small — Feels little conjugal or sexual love anil desire lo marry; is cold, coy. distant, and re-^ervf'd toward the other sex; experiences but little of the beautifying and elevating influence of love, and should hot marry, because incapable of apl>reciating Its relation and making a com- panion happy. 2. PIIILOPKOGEMTIVKNESS. Parental love; attachment to one's own off- Hprlng; love of children, pctM, and animals generally, especially thoso young or small; adapted to that infantile condithm in which man enters the world, and to children's need of parental care and education. Tills fiu^iilty renders children the richest treasure of their parentis; easts into the shade all the toll and expense they cause, and lacerates them with bitter pangs when death or distance tears them asunder. It is much larger in woman than in man, and nature requires mothers to take the principal care of infants. Perverted, "^ it spoils children by excessive perverted, it forms attachments for the low, vul- gar, or vicious, and leads to bad company. Adapted to man's requisition for concert of action, copartnership, combination, and com- munity of feeling and interest, and is a leading element of his social relations. ■W >-; ffooo a -»«-e-e^ Fit,'. 1*2--The Human Head, And the Location of the Various Organs of Mind. fondness, pampering, and humoring. I^ariee — Loves its own children devotedly, values them above all price, cheerfully endures toil and watching for their sake, forbears with their faults, wins their love, deliirhts to play with tliem, and cheerfully sacriflces to promote their interest. Averaflre — Loves its own children tolerably well, yet cares but little for those of others. Small— Cares little for its own children, and Dtill less for those ol ollu-is. 3. ADHESIVENESS. Friendship; social feeling; lovo of society; desire to congi-egato, associate, visit, seek com- pany, entertain friends, form and reciprocate attachments, and indulge friendly reelings. When l.ai*gre — Is a warm, cordial, ardent friend; readily forms friendships, and attracts friendly regard in return; must have soci- ety of some kind. Average — Is capable of tol- erably strong friendships, yet their character is determined by the larger faculties; enjoys pres- ent friends, yet sustains their absence. Small — Thinks and cares little for friends; dislikes copartnei-ship; is cold-hearted, unsocial, and sel- fish; takes little delight in com- pany, but prefers to be alone; has few friends, and. with large selfish faculties, many enemies, and man- ifests too little of this faculty to exert a perceptible influence upon character. A. IM0> FOR LIFE. Attachment to one. and but one conjugal partner for life. Adapted to the pairing principle in man and animals, and is located be- tween Adhesiveness and Amative- ness. Some birds, such as geese, eagles, robins, etc. , pair for life, and remain true to their connubial attachment; while hens, turkies, sheep, hoi-ses. and neat cattle. associate promiscuously, which shows that it is a faculty distinct from Amativeness and Adhesive- ness. r^arge — Seek? one. and but one scxtiul mute; fNiuri'iiCfs the keeilrst iii-;:Hi|.c.inllni'lU uhni love is interiiipli'd; is pcMectly s;itis- fied with the society of that one. and can truly love no other, and retains that )ove even after its objert is dead; may love .■ind marry anotlu-i-. but it will !..• nimr Iimi'h motives i.f pKJiry than imif ■■..iiju- gal union; and siioiiM e\i-rt e\('ry faculty to will the heart and hand iif the one beloved, nor allow any- thing to alienate their affections, because certain ruin to mind and body is consequent thereon. AveraiTP — Is disposed to love but one for life, yet is capable of changing its object. Small— Cares but little for first love, and seeks the promiscuous society anil affection of the opposite sex, rather than a single partner for life. 4. IN'HABITIVENESS. The home feeling; love of house, the place where one was born or has lived, and of home associations. Adapted to man's need of an abid- ing idace, in which to exorcise the family feelings; patriotism. Perversion — homesickness when away from home. I.nriee — Has a strong desire to locate young, to have a hi>mo or room exclustv-.-Iy to itself; leaves home with trieat reluctance. antbcr larulrii's work in cunjunclioii with < 'MirJi.ti i v rtir-s. -.||,.\\ - a good degree of the up|ii>-nit.', m. i l-ii !.■ -in r n . imt, when any of the ntlu'r laciiiIii.->, -mli :i-, lai u.' I'autious- ness or Appiobativ<_nes,s wmk against it, it evinces irresolution, and even cowardice. Small — Is inefficient, can accomplish little, never feels its own strength, and with large moral and intellectual organs, is too gentle and easily satisfied. 7. DESTRI'CTIVENESS. Executiveness, severitj'. sternness, the destroy- ing and pain-causing faculty, harshness, extermi- nation, indignation, disposition to break, crush, and tear down, the walk-right-through spirit, adapted to man's destroying whatever is prejudi- cial to his happinesfl; performing and enduring surgical operations, undergoing pain. etc. Per- version—wrath, revenge, malice, disposition to murder, etc. T*jir(te— Iniparts that determination, energy, and force which removes or destroys whatever impedes its progression. AveraRre — Manifests itself in a similar man- ner as when full, due allowance being made for diminished power. Small — With large moral fat'ulties. possesses too tender a soul to enj()y our world as it is, or to endure hardships or cruelties. 8. ALIMEXTIVENESS. Appetite, the feeding instinct, relish fur food, hunger, adapted to man's need of food, and creat- ing a disposition to eat. Perverted, it produces gormandizing and gluttony, and ends in dyspepsia and all its evils. L.arse — Has . a hearty relish for food, sets a high value upon table enjoyments, and solid, hearty food. Average — Enjoys food well, and eats with a fair relish; yet rarely over-eats except when ren- dered craving by dyspeptic complaints. Small — Eats with long teeth, and little relish; hardly knows or cares what or when he eats, and should pay more attention to duly feeding the body. 9. ACQI'ISITIVEXESS. Economy; frugality; the acquiring, saving, and hoarding instinct; laying up of surplus, and allowing nothing to be wasted; desire to possess and own; the mine and thine feeling; claiming of one's own things; love of ti'adingand amass- ing property. Adapted to man's need of laying up the necessaries and comforts of life against a time of future need. Perversion— a miserly, grasping, close-fisted penuriousness. X^arge — Saves for future use what is not wanted for present; allows nothingtogo to waste; turns every thing to a good account; buys closely, and makes the most of all it gets; is industrious, econuiiiual, and vigorously emploj's means to accumuhitt: property and desires to own and pos- sess much. Average — Loves property; yet the other faculties spend quite as fast as this faculty accu- mulates. Small — Holds money loosely; spends it often without getting its full value; cares little how his money goes. 10. SECKETIVEXESS, Self-government, abilitj' to restrain feelings, policy, management, reserve, evasion, discre- tion, cunning. Adapted to man's requisition for controlling his animal nature. Perverted, it causes duplicity, double-dealing, lying, decep- tion, and all kinds of false pretensions. I^arge- Throws a veil over the countenance, expression, and comluct; appears to aim at one thing while accompli^lnriu'" aiiniher; loves to sur- prise others; iseiii^-nnaiicLiI. mysterious, guai'ded, foxy, politic, shrewd, manauing, employs hum- bug, and IS hard to be found out. Average — Maintains a good share of self- government, except when under excitement, and then lets the whole mind out fully. Small — Is perfectly transparent: seems to he just what, and all that, it really is; disdains con- cealment in all its forms; is no hypocrite, but pas- sive and uiiequivocal in all it says or does. 11. C.U'TIOUSNESS. Carefulness, watchfulness, prudence, provis- ion against want and danger, solicitude, anxiety, apprehension, security, protection, avoiding prospective evils, the sentinel. Adapted to those dangers which suiTound us, and those provisions necessary for our future happiness. Perversion- irresolution, timidity, procrastination, inde- cision. Tjarge — Is always on the look-out; takes ample tnne to get ready; provides against pros- pective dangers; makes every thing safe; gunr^Js againi^t losses and evils; incuix nu riwk; sure binds that it may sure find: with large (Jumbat- ivencss, HoiH?. and un ("ctivc teniperament, drives. Jehu-like, whatever is undertaken, yet drives euuiiously. Average- Has a good share of prudence, whenevei- this faculty works In conn4'eliular, knowing that it wilT ultimately confer honor. Average — Evinces only a respectable share of this faculty, except when it is powerfully wrought upon by praise or reproach. Small — Cares little for the opinion of others, even of friends; is comparatively insensible to praise: disregards style and fasluDn; d^:'^pis*■s etiquette and formal usages; never a>ks what will persons think, and puts on no outside appt-aram,.. for their own sake; with large Self-Esteem. Finii- ness, und Combativeness, is destitute of polite- ness, devoid of ceremony, and not at all fiexible or pleasing in manner; with large Combativeness and Conscientiousness, goes for the right regard less of popularity, and is always making enemies. 13. SELF-ESTEEM. Self-appreciation and valuation, self-respect and reliance, magnanimity, nobleness, indeiiendence. dignity, self-satisfaction and complacency; love of liberty and power, an aspiring, self-elevating, ruling instinct, pride of character, manliness, lofty-mindedness, and desire for elevation. Adapted to the superiority, greatness, and exalted dignity of human nature. Perversion — haughti- ness, forwardness, over-bearing, tyranny, ego- tism, and superciliousness. Large — Puts a high estimate upon itself, its sayings, rioings, and capabilities; falls back upon its own unaided resinir\ i^iK 17i hescrh^tion of the various organs of the mind. l^arffe — Is s^et in its own way, sticks to and cai-n<-> out what it coininences, holds on long and hard, continues to the end, and may be fully rtdifd upon. Small — With activity great, and the head un- even, is fitful, impulsive, and. like the weather- vane, shifts with every changing breeze, and is ruled by the other faculties, and as unstable as water. 15. CO>'SCIENTIOl'S\ESS. Moral principle, inte^ty. perception and love of right, innate sense of accountability and obli- gation, love of justice and truth, regard for duty, desire for moral purity and excellence; disposi- tion to fulfill promises, agreements, etc. ; the internal monitor which approves the right and condemns the wrong, sense of guilt, contrition, desire to reform, penitence, forgiveness. Adapted to the rightness of right, and the wrongness of wrong, and to the moral nature and constitution of things. Perverted, it makes one do wrong from conscientious scruples, and torments with undue self-condemnation. Ijarge— Loves the right as right, and hates the wrong; is honest, faithful, upright in motive; means well; consults duty before expediency; feels guilty when conscious of having done wrong; desiies forgiveness for the past, and to do better in future; with strong propensities, will some- times do wrong, and then be exceedingly son^ therefor; and, with a wrong education added, is liable to do wrong, thinking it to be right, because these propensities warp conscience, yet means right. Average — When not tempted by stronger faculties does what is about I'ight, generally justifies itself, and does not feel particularly indignant at the wrong, or commendatory of the right. Small- Has few conscientious scruples, has little penitence, gratitude, or regard for mora! prmciple. justice, duty, etc., and is governed mainly by the larger faculties. 16. HOPE. Expectation, anticipation of future success and happiness. Adapted to man's relations with the future. Perverted, it becomes visionary and castle-building. Large- Expects much from the future; con- templates with pleasure the bright features of life's picture; never desponds; overrates prospec- tive good, and underrates and overlooks obstacles and evils; calculates on more than the nature of the case will warrant; expects, and hence attempts a great deal, and is therefore always full of busi- iH's^; is sanguine, and rises above present trouble by hoping for better things in future, and though disappointed, hopes on still; builds some air cas- tles, and lives in the future more than in the present. Average — Ex]»r'ffs and attempts too little, rather than ton iiiihIl; wiili I,uk'' rauliuusness, dwells nmri> on dillirulli.- lliaii i-rninii ak'ements; is conti-nted with the prcH(.-nt rather tliuu lays out for the future. Small —Expects and undertakes very little; with iargt Cautiousness, puts off till it is too late; is always behind; may embark in projects after every body cl.se has succci^ded, but will then be too late, and in general knocks at the door just after it has been bolted; with large Cautiousness, is forcvi-r in doulii : with large AjJprubativeness and Cautiousness, thtnigh most d.-siritu>nf praise, ha-s little hopes of obtaiiiiiitr it, and therefore is exceedingly backward in nocicty. 17. SFIKITLAUTV. Faith, prescience, the " light within," trust in divine guiding, perception and feeling of the Hpirltual; Interior perception of truth, what is about to transpire, etc. Adapted to a spiritual Btat* of mind and feeling. Perversion— super.Hti- tion. wlichrraft, and with Cautiousness large, fear of ghosts. I..arKe — PercelvOB and knowg things independ- ent of tlie Hcnses or Intellect, or as it were by spiritual intuition; experiences an intei-nal con- KciousneHM of what Ik best, and that spiritual rommunbfn with God which constitut^-s the <-N.Htnce of true piety; Iovch to ruPdltate; bewtows a speeleti of waking clairvoyance, and Is o» It were '■forewarned of Ood; " combined with largo Veneration, holds intimate communion with the Deity, for whom it experiences profound adora- tion! and takes a world of pleasure in that calirt, happy, half-ecstatic state of mind caused by this faculty. Average — Has some spiritual premonitions and guidings. yet they are not always sufficiently distinct to secure their being followed. Small — Perceives spiritual truths so indis- tinctly as lanlv t.i admit theni; is not guided by faith, l.*<-;iu-^r SI. wi-;ik, Ilk*- unbelieving Thomas, mu-l --•■{■ tbf luilr-l jiinnt helure it believes; has very little f.redulity. and doubts things of a super- human origin or nature; has no premonitions, and disbelieves in them. 18. VENERATION. Devotion, adoration of a Supreme Being, rever- ence for religion and things sacred, disposition to pray, worship, and observe religious rites. Adapted to a belief in the existence of a God. and the pleasures and benefits experienced by man in worshiping him. Perverted, it produces idolatry, bigotry, religious intolerance, etc. Large — Experiences an awe of God and things sacred, loves to adore the Supreme Being, especially in his works; feels true devotion, fer- vent piety, and love of divine things; takes great delight in religious exercises; has much respect for superiority; regards God as the center of hopes, fears and aspirations. Average — Will adore the Deity, yet often makes religion subservient to the larger facul- ties. Small — Experiences little devotion or respect, and is deficient in fervor; cares little for religious observances, and is not easily impressed with the worshiping sentiment. 19. BEXEVOIEXCE. Kintlness, humanity, desire to make others happy, a self-sacrificing disposition, philanthropy, generosity, the accommodating, neighborly spirit. Adapted to man's capability of making his fellow- men happy. Pervei-sion- misplaced sympathies. Large— Delights to do good; makes personal sacrifices to make othei's happy; cannot witness pain or distress, and does what it well can to relieve them; manifests a perpetual flow of dis- interested goodness. Average — Manifests kindness only in con- junction with Adhesiveness and other large facul- ties; and with only full Adhesiveness, if kind is so for selfish purposes. Small — Cares little for the happiness of man or brute, and does still less to promote it. 20. CONSTRUCTIVENESS. The making instinct, the tool-using talent; sleight of hand in constructing things. Adapted to man's need of things made, such as houses, clothes, and manufacturing articles of all kinds. Perverted, it wastes time and money on perpetual motion, and other like futile inventions. Lai'ge — T>oves to make; is able to, and dis- posi d ti. imkfr, in>nd. and fix up, build, ni.iim- fartiiTi', i*iii|.l..>- jiiarbinery, etc.; shows mechan- ical skill and dcxtciity in whatever is done witli the hands; with large Causality and perceptives, is given to inventing. Moderate — Is rather awkward in the use of tools, and in manual operations Of every kind. Small— Is deficient in the tool-using capability, awkward in making and fixing ujt things, pnnr in undcrslanding and nianatrmir ni:Hlurici\ , t.akcs hnl.i of work awkw;inllv and ur.'llk' - pects, and all that is awful and iii.i^'iiiiiceiit, also the foaming, dashing cataract, a ^tunn at sea; the lightning's vivid Hash, audits accompanying thunder; the commotion of the elements, and the star-spangled canopy of heaven, and all manifes- t itions (if LHJiiiipotence and infinitude; with large Veneralinn. i-. particularly deliglited by the infin- ite as appertaining to the Deity, and his attributes and works. Average — Possesses considerable of this ele- ment, when it is powerfully excited, yet, under ordinary circumstances, only an ordinary share of it. Small — Shows a marked deficiency in this respect, and should earnestly cultivate it. 22. IMITATION. Ability and disposition to copy, take pattern, and imitate. Adaiited to man's i"eqiiisition for doing, talking, acting, etc. , like othei's. Per- verted, it copies even their faults. Large — Has a great propensity and ability to copy and take pattern from others; do what is seen done. Average — Can copy tolerably well when this faculty is strongly excited, yet is not a mimic, nor a natural copyist. Small — Copies even commonplace matter with extraordinary difficulty and reluctance; is origi- nal, and generally does everything in its own way. 23. MIRTHFULNESS. Intuitive perception of the absurd and ridicu- lous, disposition and ability to joke and make fun, and laugh at what is improper, ill-timed, or unbe- coming; pleasantness; facetiousness. Adapted to the absurd, inconsistent, and laughable. Per- verted, it makes fun on solemn occasions, and where there is nothing ridiculous at which to laugh. Lurore — Enjoys a hearty laugh at the expres- sions .and absurdities of others exceedingly, and deligbis to make fun out of every thing not ex- actly proper or in good taste, and is always ready to give as good a joke as it gets. Average— Is generally serious and sedate, except when this faculty is excited, yet then often laughs heartily, and evinces considerabte wit. Snmll — Makes little fun. is slow to perceive, juid still slower to turn jokes; seldom laughs, and thinks it fooli-sh or wrong to do so. 24. INDIVIDl'ALITY. Observation, desire to see and examine, cogniz- ance of individual objects. Adapted to individual existence, or the thingness of things, and is the door through which most forms of knowledge enter the mind. Perverted, makes the starerund till' impudently observing. l-arice — Gives a great desire to see, kiu»w. examine, experience, etc. : Is a great and practical observer of men and things; sees whatever is >U& — ^^?IX DESCRIPTION OF TlIK VAKIOUS ORGANS OF THE MIND. transpirinp around, what should be done, etc. ; is quick of peiception; knowing. Average — Observes only the more conspic- uous objects around it, and these more in gen- eral than in detail, and what especially interests the larger faculties. Sniiill ~Ohsei-ves only what is thrust upon his atuiitiun, and is quite deficient in this respect. 25. FORM. Cognizance and reoollectiim of shape, memory iif coimtenances and the looks of persons and tilings seen, perception of resemblances, family likenesses, etc. Adapted to shape. Perverted, SI rti imaginary shapes of persons, things, etc. I^itrge — Notices, and for a long time remem- bers, the faces, countenances, forms, looks, etc., n( persons, beasts, and things once ween; knows l),V sight many whose names are not remembered. Averasre — Has only a fair natural recollec- tion of shapes, countenances, etc. ; yet with much priii-tiee may do tolerably well, but without prac- tice will be comparatively delieient in these re- s|teets, and should cultivate this faculty. Small — Has a poor recollection of persons, books, etc; -, often meets persons the next day after an introduction, or an evening interview, without knowing them; with Eventuality large, may remember their history, but not their faces; with Locality large, where they were seen, but not their looks, etc. 26. SIZE. Cognizance of bulk, magnitude, quantity, pro- portion, etc. ; ability to measure by tlie eye. Adapted to the absolute and relative magnitude of things. Perverted, it is pained by slight depart- ures from proportion, or architectural inaccura- cies. Large — Has an excellent eye for measunng angles, proportions, disproportions, and depart- ures therefrom, and with large Constructiveness, gjvi's a gouii meeh;mieal eye, and judi^'es cur leelly of iiuiiiilily in ticiieial; li.\es pn .pent mn , ;iihI is pjiiiieil by (li-^|in.pii, ;iinl is iief.'>s;iiy to arti- sans, meehauics, ail kinds of dealeis, students, etc. Average — Has a fair eye for judging of bulk, weight, by the size, etc. , and with practice would do tolerably well in this respect. Small — Is obliged always to rely on actual measurements, because the eye is too imperfect to be trusted. 27. WEIGHT. Intuitive perception and application of the laws of gravity, motion, etc. Adapted to man's requi- sition for motion. Perverted, it runs imminent risk of falling. Larsc — Has an excellent faculty for preserv- ing and regaining balance; riding a fractious horse, skating, carrying a steady hand, etc. ; easily keeps from falling, when aloft, or in dangerous places; throws a stone, bait, or arrow straight; is pamed at seeing things out of plumb; judges of pei'pendiculars very exactly; loves to climb, walk on the edge of a precipice, etc. Averaee— Similar, only less gifted in this tesprri , with Only average Constructiveness and piinptives, should never engage in working iti;ir(iniiTy, because deticient in this talent. Small — Is quite liable to sea-sickness, dizzi- ne--N \vlien aloft, etc., and naturally clumsy; with lat^'e Cdutiousness, is afraid to walk over water, even un a wide plank, and where there is no danger; never feels safe while climbing, and falls easily. 28. COLOR. Perception, recollection, and application of colors, and delight in them. Adapted to that infinite variety of coloring interper.sed through- out nature. Perverted, is over-particular to have colors just right. Lartrc — Can discern and match colors by the eye with accuracy; with Comparison large, can compare them closely, and detect similarities and differences. Averaee— Possesses a fair share of this talent, yet is not extraordinary. Small — Can tell the primitive colors from each other, yet rarely notices ihe (■..:. jf of dress, eyes. hair, etc.; cannot ileseiili.' iiei-4,,ris and tilings by them, and evinces a marked dellciency in this respect. 20. ORDER. Method, system, arrangement. Adapted to heaven's first law. Perverted, it overworks, and annoys others to keep things in order, and is tor- mented by disarrangement. Lariee — Has a desire to eoiiduet Inrsiness on methodical principles, and to }je -\ -^i i matic in eveiy thing; with large Aeqin^ii iviness and Causality, has good business talents, with large Locality, has a place for every thing, and every thing in its place; with large Time, has a time for every thing, and every thing in season ; with large Continuity^ Comparison and the mental tempera- ment, has every idea, paragraph, -and head of a subject in its proper place; with large Construct- iveness, has its tools where it can always lay hands upon them in the dark. Averaere — Likes order, yet may not always keep it, and desires more than it practically secures. Small — Has a very careless, inaccurate way of dnimr every thing: leaves tbiiics where it hap- pens, e;iii never liiid what is wanted; t.ikes a lonir time lo i^et leuily, or else t,'i>es luiprepared, ami has every thmg in perpetual confusion. 30. CALCULATION. Cognizance of numbers, ability to reckon figures in the head, mental arithmetic. Adapted to the relations of numbers. Lar^e — Excels in mental arithmetic, in adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing, reck- oning figures, casting accounts, etc.. in the head: with large perceptives, has excellent business talents, and large Locality and Causality added, excels as a mathematician. Average — Can learn arithmetic and do quite well by practice, yet is not naturally gifted in this respect. Small —Is dull and incorrect in adding, sub- tracting, dividing, etc. ; dislikes figuring; is poor ill arithmetic, both practical and theoretical, and should cultivate this faculty. 31. LOCALITY. Cognizance of place; recollection of the looks or places, roods, scenery, and the location of objects, where on a page ideas are to be found, and position generally; the geographical faculty; desire to see places, and the ability to find them. Adapted to the arrangement of space and place. Perverted, it creates a cosniopolitic disposition, and would spend every thing in traveling. Ijarge — Remembers the whereabout of what- ever it sees; can carry the points of the compass easily in the head, and is lost with difficulty either in the city, woods or country; desires to see places, and never forgets them ; studies geogra- phy and astronomy with ease, and rarely forgets where things are seen. Average — Recollects places and positions seen several times, yet in city or roads is occasion- ally lost; has no great geographical talent, yet by study and practice can do tolerably well. Small — Is decidedly deficient in finding places, and recollects them with difficulty even when per- fectly familiar with them. 32. EVEXTUALITY. Memory of facts, recollection of circumstances, news, occurrences, and historical, scientific, and passing events; what has been said, seen, heard, and once known. Adapted to action, or those changes constantly occurring around or within us. I^arge — Has a clear and retentive memory of historical facts, general knowledge, what has been seen, heard, read, done, etc., even in detail; considering advantages, is well informed and knowing; desires to witness and institute experi- ments; find out what is and has been, and learn anecdotes, particulars, and items of information, and readily recalls to mind what has once entered it; has a good general matter-of-fact memory, and picks up facts readily. Average — Recollects leading events and Interesting particulars, yet is rather deficient in memory of items and details, except when It is well cultivated. Small — Ha? a treacherous and confused memory of circumstances; often forgets what is wanted, what was intended to be said, done, etc. ; has li poor command of knowledge, and should strenuously exercise this remembeHng power. 33. TIME. Cognizance and recollection of duration and succession, the lapse of time, when things oc- curred, etc.. and ability to carry the time of the day in the head punctually. Adapted to period- icity. Perverted, it Is excessively pained by had time in music, not keeping steps in walking, etc. Itiirtce -Tan treneraHv tell when thintrs <»■■ CUrreil, :il le;i~.l llie ..I'derof ev--iits .-iikI the leiiL'Ili of tillir hrtwi.eiiMiir .-eu rreiiee .'ttld aunl li. T. rt.-. : tells II, e Irriie of the day wilboiit Iiniepieee i.r siiii. well, and keeps an accurate chronology in the mind of dates, general and particular. Average— With practice, has a good memory of dates and successions, yet without it rather deficient. Small — Has a confused and indistinet idea of the time when things transpired, and forgets dates. 34. Tl'XE. Ability to learn and remember tunes by rote; the music instinct and faculty. Adapted to the musical octave. Perversion- excessive fondness for music to the neglect of other things. Large — Loves music dearly; has a nice con- ception of concord, melody, etc. , and enjoys all kinds of music. Average — Has fair musical talents, yet to be a good musician, requires considerable practice; can learn tunes by rote, yet with some difficulty. Small — Learns to sing or play tunes with great difficulty, and that mechanically, without emo- tion or etfect. 35. LANGUAGE. Expression of ideas aaid feelings by words, written or spoken; gesture, looks, and action; the communicative faculty and instinct in general. Adapted to man's requisition for holding commu- nication with man. Perverted, it creates gar- rulity, excessive talkativeness, telling what does harm, etc. I^arge — Expresses ideas and feelings well, both verbally and in writing; can leam to speak languages easily; recollects words and commit^^to memory well; gives freedom, copiousness, and power of expression. Average — Has fair communicating talents, yet not extra. Small — Has poor lingual and communicative talents; hesitates for words, speaks with extreme difficulty and very awlnvardly, and should cul- tivate this faculty by talking and writing much. 36. CAUSALITY. Perception and application of causes ; adaptation of ways and means to ends. Adapted to the insti- tution in nature of causes and eff'ects. Perverted by selfishness, it reasons in favor of untruth, and attains injurious ends. Large — Desires to know the why and where- fore of things, and to investigate" their laws; reasons clearly and correctly from causes to effects, and from facts to their causes; gives uncommon capabilities of planning, contrivintr. inventing, creating resources, and making the head save the hands: kills two birds with one stone; predicts results, and arranges things so as tosuct^eed; synthetizes, and puts things together well. Average — Plans and reasons well in con- junction with the larger faculties, but poorly with the smaller ones. Small — Is deficient in reasoning and planning power; needs perpetual telling and showing; seldom arranges things beforehand, and then poorly; should work under others; lacks force of idea and strength of understanding. :(:i — ::;S^ 37. (OMPAKISON. Inductive reasonini:?; ability and disposition to classify, compare, draw inference* from analogy, etc. Adapted to those classifications which per- vade universal nature. Perverted, is too redun- dant in proverbs, fables, and figures of speech. Larsre — Reasons clearly and correctly from conclusions and scientific facts up to the laws which govern them: discerns the known from the unknown, detects error by its incongruity with facts; has an excellent talent for comparing, ex- plaining, expounding, criticising, exposing, etc. ; employs similes and metaphors well ; puts this and that together, and draws inferences from them. Averagre — Shows this talent in a good degree in conjunction with the larger faculties, but is rather wanting in reference to the smaller ones. Small— Has a poor talent for drawing infer- ences; lacks appropriateness in every thing, and should cultivate this facultj'. C. HUMAN NATURE. Discernment of character, perception of motives, intuitive physiognomy. Adapted to man's need of knowing his fellow-men. Perverted, it produces suspiciousness. Lurgre — Reads men intuitively from their looks, conversation, manners, and walk, and other kindred signs of character; with Individu- ality and Comparison large, notices all the little things they do. and founds a correct estimate upon them, and should follow first impressions touching persons; with full Secretiveness and large Benevolence added, knows just how to take men, and possesses much power over mind. Averase —Has fair talents for reading char- acter, yet is not extra in this respect, and may safely cultivate it. Small — Is easily imposed upon by othei-s; with large Conscientiousness and small Secretiveness, thinks every body tells the truth ; is too confiding, and fails sadly in knowing where and how to take things. D. AGREEABLENESS, Persuasiveness, pleasantness, blandness, etc. Adapted to please and win others. Ijurfre — Has a pleasing, persuasive, concilia- torj- mode of addressing people, and of saying things. Averapre —Has a good share of pleasantness in conversation and appearance, except when the selfish faculties are excited, but is then repulsive. Small — Says even pleasant things very unpleasantly, and fails sadly in w^inning the good graces of people. SIZE OF HEAD AS INFLUENCING CHARACTER. Size of head and organs, other thijigs being equal, is the great plirenological condition. Though tape measurements, taken around the head, from Individuality to Philoprogenitiveness, give some idea of the size of brain, the fact that some heads are round, others long, some low, and othei*s high, so modifies these measurements that they do not convey any vei-y correct idea of the actual quantity of brain. Yet these measure- ments range somewhat as follows: Least size of adults compatible with fair talents, 20>^; 203C to 21,"^. moderate; 21Ji to 22, average; 22 to 22%, full; 22\ to 23X- large; above 235s', very large. Female heads, M ^<^ % below these averages. Larffe — One having a large-sized brain, with activity average, will possess considerable energy of intellect and feeling, yet seldom manifest it, un- less it is brought out by some powerful stimulus, and will be rather too indolent to exert, especially his intellect; with activity full, will be endowed with an uncommon amount of the mental power, and be capable of doing a good deal, yet require considerable to awaken him to that vigorous effort of mind of which he is capable. If his powers are not called out by circumstances, and his organs of practical intellect are only average or full, he may pass through life without attract- ing notice or manifesting more than an ordinary share of talent, but if the perceptive faculties are strong, or very strong, and his natural powers put in vigorous requisition, he will manifest a vigor and energy of intellect and feeling quite above mediocrity— be adequate to undertakings which demand originality of mind and force of character— yet, after all, be rather indolent. With activity great, or very great, he will combine great power of mind with gj-eat activity, exercise a commanding influence over those minds with which he comes in contact; when he enjoys, will enjoy intensely, and when he suffers, suffer equally 80; be su>»ceptlble of strong excitement, and, with the organs of the propelling powers and of practical intellect large or very large, will possess all the mental capabilities for con- ducting a large buttine»M, for rising to eminence, if not pre-eminence, and discover great force of character and power of intellect and feeling. With activity moderate, when powerfully excited, will evince conMidcrablc energy of intellect and feel- ing, yet be too Indolent and too 5luggif: -Flit. 1. -FiB. 3. ■I"*..? Gi # MAY CHANGE THE MIND. ^ "^& ^ _^^ What the Boy Way Become. "^N THE success and failures of life much allowance must be made for traininy; and circumstances. The inheritance \'' ?4 at birth of a favoniblc temperament, physical constitution, ^^ cJ and mental organization, is, in the befcinning, a most impor- tant circumstance toward the accomplishment of grand purposes in life. To be born of bad parentage, to inherit weaknesses and bad appetites, to have bad training in infancy — these are circum- stances that will very probably strongly tend to consign the indi- vidual to the lower walks of life. And j'et, notwithstanding bad parental influence and inferior mental endowment, the course of life can be so regulated through education as to enable the person to become a respected and honored citizen. On the contrary the individual, though the possessor of naturally superior qualities of mind, may pursue a course which will bring sorrow and unhap- piness through life. The illustrations upon this page show two boys, each well gifted in phrenological development. Temptation crossed the pathway in youth. Possibly one received wise counsel at an opportune time, and was enabled to resist the evil. No guiding hand coming to the rescue, or adverse influences being at work undoing the good admoni- tions, the other fell into evil ways and wrecked the happiness and usefulness of his after-life. There is a lesson in this for parents and teachers. In faces Figs. 1 and li are the evidences of a noble future for each, with the right training. In Figs. 3 and 4 the effect of moral training is plainly shown. The marks of dissipation are rapidly leaving their impress on the one. Bad company, late hours, strong drink, and vicious thoughts reveal themselves in the face. The index of a pure heart is expressed in the face of the other. A well-spent Sabbath, early hours to bed, temperance in eating and drinking, moral reading, clean- liness in habits, good boys for associates — all these are doing the work toward preparing him for a noble manhood. In Figs. 5 and 6, the evidences of good or bad training in youth is very distinctly seen. While the one has developed into the loafer, diseased and useless from the effect of bad habits, the other is a useful man, serving a most worthy mission in life. Figs. 7 and 8 tell their own story more plainly than words can portray. In these are revealed the truth of that assertion, "As ye sow, so shall ye also reap." The youth "sowed to the wind and reaped the whirlwind." An early life governed by bad circum- stances has developed the old man who walks our streets a mendi- cant, unless, possibly, he has found refuge in an asylum, or is confined in some prison. In Fig. 8 is seen the serene old age, a happy and glorious closing of a life well lived. -Fig. 4. -Fig. 6. -Fie. 8. s. 6-^ 12 2:= :=M ARTEIIUS WARD, " DETKOIT FREE I'KESS " AND " BUJRLINGTON HAWKEYE." A Sketch of Some of Those Who Have Made People Laugh. ed, >■ CHARLES F. BROWNE. A-IIARLES FARRAR BROWNE, ( Artemus Ward), was born at if Waterford, Me., April 26. 1834. lie was by trade a printer, t| j working in Maine, in Boston and on various papers in Ohio. 1 finally settling down for a four years' stay on the Plaindealer, in Cleveland, whore he established himself as a humorist of the first class. It was while here that the following letter, purporting to come from a traveling showman, written in 1858, went the rounds of the papers. It was so true to human nature, and withal, so comical as to commend itself at once to the laughter-loving people, and directly established the reputation of the \ ^ ^^, y^ author. In 18f)2 his first book appeared, entitled, "Artemus Ward: His Book, which was followed by three others. Commencing as a humorous lecturer in 1861. he afterwards went on a successful lecturing tour to England in 1806, where he died' of consumption. The following is the first article of his which had a general circulation. tetter From a Traveling Showman. To the E'iitor <>f the Sir— I'm nioviii alon^j— slowly along— down tortls your place. I" want you should rite me a letter, sayin how is the .show bizniss in your place. My show at present consists of three moral Bares, a Kangaroo (a amoozin little Raskal— t'wouUl make you larf yerself to deth to 8ce the littlo cusa jump up and squeal) wax Aggers of G. Washington (Jen. Tayler John Bunyan Capt. Kidrl and Dr. Webster in the act of killin Dr. I'arkman, besides several mis- cellanyus moral wax statoots of celebrated pinit?* & murderers, &c. , ckalled by few & exceld by none Now Mr. Editor, scratch orf a few lines sayin how in the show bizniss down to your place. I sliall hav my hanhillsdunatyour ofllss. Depend upon ft. I want you should git my hanbills up in (latniti wtile. Also get up a tre- menjiiH exclt<-mcnl in yr. paper 'bowt my onparalrld Show. We must fetrh the public smnhow. We must wnrk on their fcelins. Cnni the mcjial on 'em strong. If it's a temperance community tell 'em I sined the pledge (Iftfcn minits arter Ise bom, but on the eojitrery ef your peple take their tf)ds, say Mister Ward is a» Jenial a felln- as we ever met, full of conviviality, A the life an cole of the Soshul Bored. Take, don't you! If you nay anythin abowt my show say my snaiks is as hai-mllss as the new born Babe. What a intcrestin study it is to see a zewological animal like a snalk imdcr perfeck subjccshun! My kangaroo is the most larfable little cuss I ever saw. All fur 1.1 cents. I am nnxyus to skewer your Inlloounco. I repoet In regard to them Iianbills that 1 shall git Vni stniek orf up to your printin oflice. My perlitercal sentiments agree with youm exackly. I know thay do, becawz I never saw a man whoos didn't. Respectively yures, A. Ward. P. S.~You scratch my back & He scratch your back. CHARLES B. LEWIS, CHARLES B. LEWIS is a native of Liverpool, Ohio; was an apprentice in the office of the Lansing Journal at the age of fourteen; served in the war. where he won a lieutenancy; after which he followed journalism in various localities. A steamboat explosion on the Ohio, in which he was a victim, being taken from the water, piled with others for dead on the beach, and afterwards taken to the morgue, where he revived, formed the basis of a funny article, which started him on the road to fame. In 1870 he became connected with the Detroit Free Press, in the columns of which he has poured forth a steady stream of humorous sketches, which have been widely quoted and have had great circu- lation in the past ten years. CHARLES F. BROWNE, ROBERT T. BURDETTE. ^^HE subject of this sketch was born ft at Greensboro, Pa., July 30, 1844; l| J removed with his parents to Peoria I in his boyhood; graduated at the Peoria high school; served in the Porty- scvcnth Illinois volunteers throughout the war; returned home and became night editor upon the Peoria Transcripf, in 1870; was city editor of the same paper after- wards, and subsequently of the Jlfiview, of which he was part owner. In this latter journal Burdette com- menced to win his reputation as a humorist. Funny paragraphs, however, could not keep it alive. Upon its suspension, bis services were solicited and obtained for the Burlington Ilawkeye, with which paper he has been connected for several years, a portion of his time being spent in traveling as a lecturer. He is a very versatile writer, his sketches covering a wide variety of subjects; and whether put in prose or verse, his articles have the true ring of the genuine humorist. Several of his best papers have been collected in an attiarlivc vcdume. oddly eulilli-d, * ' Rise and Fall of the Moustache. " :<57 Prominent Satirist, Widely Known as Petroleum V. Nasby. , E\V SATIRISTS in tli.- limguage have been quoted so exteiit^ively as "Nasby." His letters, usually purporting to come from a Democratic politician, had such a political significance, mingled with satire and ridiculous spelling, as to make them of very general service in the Repub- lican papers, where they have been published. It was while publishing the Findlay Jeffer- sonidn, in Ohio, that he wrote and issued in his paper a letter that purported to come from a whisky-loving, ignorant, penniless, pro- shivery Democrat, in Kentucky, who wanted to be a postmaster. This letter, over the signature of the " Rev. Petroleum Vesuvius Nasby," had a large circulation, and paved the way for thu multitude of other letters that followed. D. R. Locke was born a> Vestal, N. Y., September 20, 1833. He learned the printing trade at Cortland, N. Y., from which point he drifted westward, and became a reporter on various papers, and afterwards a newspaper publisher in several of the interior townt^ in Ohio, the * ' Nasby " letters commencing their appearance about 1860. Later, Mr. Locke becoming connected with the Toledo Blade, the letters were transferred to that journal, in which they have been issued for several years, finally appearing in book form under various titles. One of his last enterprises is that of play-writing. A popular comedy of his, entitled "Widow Bedott." is at this writing meeting with good success on the theatrical boards. NASBY GIVES AN ACCOUNT OF HIS FIRST MARRIAGE— WHAT HE EXPECTED AND WHAT HE GOT. [Toledo Blade.] CoN'FF.DRiT X Roads (wk-h is in the State uv Kentucky*, February 15, 1881. — I wuz a young man, and singlerly averse to work. Work never agreed with me. My priiigiple employment wuz to lay under trees all day and commune with Nacher, onless ther wuz a prrosery convenyent, wich wuz liable to ask the house up to take suthin. I didn't feel the need uv much egpsercise, but wat I needed I cood git at playin' seven-up or euker in the grosery I hev menshuned. Shuflin and dealin keerds develops the muscles uv the arms wonder- ful. Billyards wuz alluz too much for me. The time cum, however, when it becum neces- sary to do suthin for a livelihood. I wuz too yung to go into politix, and the old man, my father, he got to that age when it was all that he cood do to borrer for hisself. He wuz a gittin old and wuznt ez strong ez he wunst hed bin. He intiniatid ti> nic tlu^t the sooner I sliifted for mys.lt till- ln-tlrr h. -d be pleased. Wot cood I do? I hid nil i"! iL'sliin tliatwood enable me to live witliout labcr. uiul luber I wooden't. My father solved the problem. " Marry a wid- der, " said he, — ' ' a widder with a farm, and make her do the work. Yoo are ekal to overseein a farm. Aint yer?" 1 remarked that I cood see other men swet with- out materially fatiguin myself, and that 1 thot his segestion a good one. I wood adopt it. Hard-by wuz the widder Thompson, wich wuz the owner uv one uv the best farms of the seek- shun. It wuz 200 akers of good land, well-im- provrtl .■iiul u-.'ll-stocked. She wuzii't eggsackly wat uimhI hr lalh-d a handsome woman, ,ind wuz 15 yi< Ts iililiT than me. but I didn't mind that. What uarcd I that her teeth wuz all out. and that she hed a goiter, and weighed 200 pounds ! Wat cared I that she hed a habit uv goin about with her stockins down at her heels, and that she con- sidered tile tinu' j-pent in coniin hair ez wastid ? She ln'd a farm, nnd that wuz enufF forme. I huil sir^'i' to till-- venerable female, and to my delile found lier nut averse to a second chance at matrimony. I wuz a helthy young man, and not bad lookin, and looked ez tho 1 mite run two er three farms to wunst. She wuz ruther lonesome on the farm, and it cost a pile uv money to hire help, and then they needed a man to look after 'nil : and, to make a long story short, she accepted inc. and we wmz yoouited in the holy bonds uv matrimony. For a few days 1 lived in a elysium. watever that may be. I hed the best uv eatin. suthin the Nasby family did not indulge in. and Mrs. Nasby wuz ez complaisant ez a woman cood be. I hed cider to drink, the late Thompson left a good supply uv terbaker, and things wuz a goin ez smooth ez cood be. The fourth day Mrs. Nasby remarked that we hed hed a long rest, and it wuz time we got about our work. " Pete," said she, "Yoo want to take the oxen this mornin and go and break that lot behind the barn. It nmst be done towonst. and shood hev been a week ago, but for this marrying biznis. " ■■ Excoose me. Mrs. Nasby," sez I, goin out and layin down under a apple tree, with my pipe lightid, " breakin ground is not my best hold. This soots nie better. I didn't many to break ground." "What," she eggsclaimed. "I merely say tliat I shall not break grounds. My biznis on this farm is merely ornamental. I am willin to go and lay down in the field to be broke and oversee the breakin, pervidid there is a shade-tree under which I kin lay. But ez for takin hold uv a jilow myself, never. " The woman looked at me in a dazed sort of way, for a minit. She held in her rite hand a pale of soap-suds wich she wasa-goin to pour on the roots uv a grape-vine near me. Without a word uv warnin she histid that buckit of suds, hot ez it wuz. all over me, and in another second hed me by the liair. It wuz time that I assertid myself. I made up my mind to whale her then and there, wunst for all, and hevin establisht my sooperior- ity. hev it all my way, ever afterward. Assertin one's sooperiority is all well cnuff, but yoo want to be shoor about your strength, that bein the main pint in any assertin biznis. I nz and grappled her. and found that assertin wuz one thing and establishing quite another. In less than a minit that infooriatid and muskeler female hed me on my back, and wuz a makin me bald- headid at a rate wich I never dreamed possible. She tore out my hair by the handful, she peeled my face in a miiiit, and in less than four minits I looked very much like an old-fashioned frigate after an encounter at short range. " Yoo won't work, won't ye * well I guess you will! Yoo'll work on this farm, or ye won't eet. Yoo won't work, won't ye !" And then, ez if that thot incited her to madnis. she tore out wat little hair I hed left, and knocked the last bit uv skin off my face, and dragged me out to the lot. , , ■■There is the plow, there is the oxen, and there is the ground. Yoo sooperintent ! I'll do that eend uv the biznis. Git to work, yoo broot. er— " I saw ^hi- \\ iiz in earnest, and I yoked them oxen meekly, and went to work in the hot sun and she sot (l.-\vn uiidir a shadetree and kept me at it, without a niiiufs rest, till nite. Her soopremacy wuz assertid and established. Whenever I dared to murmur she wood exhibit a lock uv my hair, which she kept by her. and that wuz enuff. I dared not question her authority. Two mizrable yeers I spent on that farm.— two yeers uv agonizin labor. When she died I diskiv- ered that the place wuz mortgaged for all it wuz worth, and that the money she got for it she had bequeathed to a neece of hern, and I wuz turned out on a cold world, with nothin' 'cept wat I man- aged to git off the place the night before I left. That wuz why I went into politix. After driftm some time, su'bsistin on wat chance threw in my way nites, I found that men uv my caliber are needed in politix, and that it is a shoorer livm than marryin widders; and I likewise made up my mind that ef I ever shood marry another widder it wood be one which didn't weigh more than ninety pounds; and that I shood eggsamine the records afore the ceremony wuz pemounst. and see that the farm didn't hev no incumbrance onto it. Eggsperience is the only teacher. Butt I shel never do it. Age has dimmed my arder, and long eggsperience in borrerin enables me to live in suthin like comfort, ef not in luxury. And then so long ez there is a Democrisy sich men ez me are in dem.ind; and jist before eleckshuns I am shoor uv enuf to drink anyhow. I km alluz pick up enuf to eat, and close are not difficult to come by in a keerlis and conlidin kentry. Pos- sibly I have did ez well ez though the widder cood hevbin molded to my will. Petroleum \. N.vssr. ^'^ (y^-—- ■-<)':\ M^e 180 SAMUEL L. CLEMENS, UUMOEIST, BEST IvNOWN AS "MARK TWAIN. -f mm.ft Newspaper Reporter, Lecturer and Humorist. f T^5 CLEMENS, hnmorist, was bom at Florida, Mo., November 20, 1835. He was an apprentice to the printing business in the Courier office at Hannibal, at the age of thirteen, and subt-equently worked at his trade in St. Louis, Cincinnati, Philadelphia and New York. Becoming acquainted with steamboating, he secured a situation as pilot on a Mississippi river steamer in 1855; was a private secretary to his brother, the Secretary of the Territory of Nevada, in 1861; worked at mining for a time; was city editor of the Virginia City,Nev. , Enterprise, in 1862; afterwards, for several months, was a reporter on the Morning Call newspaper, in San Francisco; went to the Hawaiian Islands in 186G; The following was one of Twain's first sketches: The Jumping Frog of Calaveras County. In compliance with the request of a friend of mine, who wrote me from the East, 1 called on good-natured, garrulous old Simon Wheeler, and inquired after my friend's friend. Leonidaa W. Smiley, as requested to do. and I hereunto append the result. I have a lurking suspicion that Leonidas W. Smiley is a myth; that my friend never knew such a personage; and that he only conjectured that if 1 asked old Wheeler about him, it would remind bini of his infamous Jim Smiley, and he would go to work and bore me to death with some exasperating reminiscence of him as long and as tedious as it should be useless to me. If that was the deslg^i, it succeeded. I found Simon Wheeler dozing comfort- ably by the bar-room stove of the dilapi- dated tavern In the decayed mining camp of Angel's, and I noticed that he was fat and liald-headed. and ha*l an exproHwion of winning gentleness and simplicity upon his tranquil countenance. He roused up. and gave me good-day. I told him a friend of mine had conimiHsfoni-d me to make some Inquiries about a cheriMhed eompanlon of his boyhood nainerl I^onidan W. .Smiley— /irt'. LeonitUtH H'. Smiley, a young minister of the gospel, who he had heard was at one time a resident of Angel's Camp. I added that If Mr. Wheeler could tell mo Samuel L. Clemens. istinguished humorist, better known as ' anything about this Hev. Leonidas W. Smiley. I wtuild feel under many obligations to him. Simon Wheeler backed me into a comer and blockaded me there with his ehalr. and tlien sat down and reeled off the monotonous narrative which follows this pariigraph. He never smiled, he never frowned, he never changed his voice from the gentle-Howing key to which he tuned his Initial sentence, he never betrayed the sllghtext returned to San Francisco a few months afterwards, and engaged successfully in lecturing through California and Nevada. In 1867 he accompanied a large party of travelers in the ' • Quaker City " on a pleasure excursion to Egypt and the Holy Land, from which joucney he gathered the material for a humorous volume, entitled "The Innocents Abroad." a work that had a large sale. "Roughing It," "The Gilded Edge," "Tom Sawyer," "The Tramp Abroad, " and other books of his, have each had a large circulation. In 18T3 and 1873 he was engaged in lecturing in England. He has spent considerable time of late years in Europe, though his residence is in Hartford, Conn. — — S— ^^1C=<<— suspicion of enthusiasm; but all through the interminable narrative there ran a vein of impressive earnestness and sincerity, which showed me plainly that, so far from his imagining that there was anything ridiculous or funny about his story, he regarded it as a really important matter, and admired its two heroes as men of iraji- scendent genius and finesse. I let him go on in his own way, and never interrupted him once. ' ' Kev. Leonidas W. H'ra, Reverend Le— well, there was a feller here once by the name of Jim Smiley, in the winter of '49— or may be it was the spring of '50—1 don't recollect exactly, somehow, though what makes me think it was one or the other is because I remember the big flume wam't finished when he flrst come to tne camp; but any way, he was the curiosest man about always betting on anything that turned up you ever see, if he could get anybody to bet on the other side; and if he couldn't he'd change sides. Any way that suited the other man would suit /nm— any way just so's he got a bet hr was satis- Ucd. But still he was lucky, uncommon liieky; he ni'jst always come out winner. He was jihvays ready and laying for a chance; there couldn't be no solitary thing mentioned but that feller'd olfer to bet on it. and take ary side you please, as 1 was just telling you. If there was a horse-race, you'd (iiid him Hush or you'd tln ^^ ^..^ V A- \-\.v -v-wv. v.\. v-'v; V v.^;\^^-. V \|pv^. \- \. \. \.^^B ^ -^ J- Thomas Nast. ^^^^: Brilliant Caricaturist and Artist. AXDAU, Baviiria. was the birthplace, September 27, 1840, of Thomas Nast, an artist whose caricatures of noted poUticians and social pests have made him famous throughout the United States. Coming to this country when about six years old, and possessing natural talents of a high order as a draughtsman, we find him engaged at the age of fourteen in preparing pictures for Frank Leslie's Illustrated Paper. When about sixteen he made a journey to England to sketch the heroes and incidents of the notorious prize fight between John C. Heenan and Thomas Sayers, and these draw- ings appeared among the attrac- tions of the New York Illustrate'/ News of that period. Not long afterwards he attached himself to the military force of Garibaldi, the Italian patriot, with whom he entered Naples and wit- nessed the sieges of Gaeta and Capua, as the sketching cor- respondent of the London NetvH, the New York Illus- trated News ttnd the Paris Illustra- ted World. In July. 18fi2, having returned pafely trj New York from the scat of war in Italy. he formed an en- gagement with the jjropriotors of Harper's Weekly to regularly provide that jjajier with drawings of heroes and scenes of the war of the rebellion and of noted pf)lilicians and their peculiar weaknesses. Tliis engagement resulted in signal benefit to the Harper's and the country at large, his striking illustrations adding greatly to the popularity of the paper, while the moral illustrated in the war pictures made a deep Imprecsion on the public mind and greatly strengthened the North. Whrii \\\^ war-work wan ended his ready pencil and sarcastic humor WHO STOtE THE PEOPLES mW ? - DO TELL . found a fruitful field in the exposure of the enormous frauds of tho political *■ rings " of New York, in which "Boss" William M. Tweed was the principal conspirator. Week after week and month after month, he illustrated with great fidelity, through the columns of the Harper's, the rascality of the men who had robbed the city treasury to enrich themselves under Hie cover of alleged "public improvements,'' These sketches excited both laughter and anger: laughter at the ridicule which Nast heaped upon Tweed and his com- panions, and anger at the frauds which had been perpetrated by these ofiicials. The attempt of these ring thieves to screen themselves by throwing the blame upon others, made the subject of one of Nast's famous car- toons, which is herewith represent- ed, entitled "Who Stole the Money?'" This illustration, with others, which were widely noted at the time, origi- nally appeared in the \yt-fkly and afterwards in Har- p e r's Mo n t h I y. One of his most re- markable achieve- ments as an artist was the painting with water colors, within thirty days, in IfiOt'i. f()r a pic- torial paper of New York, sixty carica- tures of prominent editors, politicians, actors and artists, on sheets varying in size from four feet by three to six feit l)y four. Several >'ears ago he began a brief career as a public lecturer in the chief cities of the Union, drawing during his discourses caricatures illustrating their salient points. Mr. Nast has not ctmfineil bis peculiar talents to humorous sketches for the papers and i)latform exhibiti(ms, but has produced many important illustrations of serious character to embellish various books and peri- odicals. At this writing his facile lu-ncil is yet busy affording amuse- nu-iit arul instruclimi llinuiL'h the various publieatinns of Ihe Harpers. "TWM H»M- 75^ .(>— "I'UCK," AND A SKKTdl OF KKPl'I.KK. 183 >^',3C->» Joseph Keppler, the Weil-Known Caricaturist of **Puck," and Some of His Assistants. '-///j'/if/i/o-^ry JOSEPH KEPPLER, ^^*^UCK NEEDS no introduction to our i'-^^ readers. With its original, striking, colored illustrations, tempered with wit, satire, and generally contain- ing a moral, it is to-day one of the best known publications in the United States. The personal his- tory of its author, however, is not so well known, and hence the object of this writing. ,, It was in Vienna, Austria, that, * in 1838, Joseph Keppler was born. His father was a confectioner, and it fell to the lot of Joseph to aid in putting ornaments upon the candies, a work in which he displayed such originality as to induce his father to send him to a drawing-school when he was nine years old. It was soon after this that his father, Johann Keppler, was obliged to tlee from Austria in conse- quence of the too free expression of his political sentiments, which necessitated the return of Joseph to the candy store as an assistant of his mother, \\ here he remained until twelve years old, when he entered the Academy of Design two years earlier than the regulations allowed, because of the proficiency he exhibited in his examination. He was an apt student, but was a .severe trial to his teachers, because of his disposition to draw figures and forms outside of his lessons. Tiring, after a two-years' stay, of the restrictions of the school, he returned again to the confections, where he remained some years, but only to dream of some day becoming a great artist. With a view to becoming a master of his art, he resolved upon a visit to Italy, to accomplish which he commenced his journey on foot across the country, his expenses being paid by portrait-making on his way. It was at this time, when he was seventeen years old. that the opportunity offered for him to join a theatrical troupe, with which he returned to Vienna, where he continued on the boards for three years, interspersing his time with retouching negatives for the jihotographers and drawing cartoons for the Cock-a-doodle-doo, a sort of Puck, then and yet published in Vienna. A letter about this time from his father brought him to New York, and thence to Missouri, where his father resided. In St. Louis he went upon the stage again, at the Apollo Theater, which he left at the end of six months, having commenced with Frederick Ilerrold the publication of Puck, which was discontinued at the end of two years in consequence of the death of Mr. Herrold. He then came to New York, entered the employ of Frank Le.slie, where he continued for three years, when he established a partner- ship with A. Schwiirzmann, publisher of the New Yorkej' Musick Zelfitng. They together revived Puck in the year 1876, and printed it for six months only in German, when the demand of the English-speaking public became such as to cause it to be afterwards issued in both German and English. Taking a liberal, radical, and independent stand on the current topics of the day, Pvck has been a success from the first, its circulation rapidly reaching up into the tens of thousanTls. Some of the cartoons of Mr. Keppler have caused the paper to increase in circulation many thousands in a single week. The illustration at the time of Madame Restell's death, representing the strong and healthy w^omen in contrast with the weak and sickly, made so by abortion, increased the circulation over 10,000. The spider picture, showing the pitfalls which surround the country merchant when he goes to the metropolis to buy goods, had an ennrmous sale, as have also the political cartoons both on the Republican and Demo- cratic sides. Mr. Keppler is ably assisted by Mr. J. A. Wales and Mr. F. Opper. either of whom, if Ihey turn their pencil against a man deserving of censure, will be very likely to make him wish that he had never been born. Frederick Opper, who is of German descent on his father's side. was born at Madison, Ohio, January 2. 1857. Was for a time a printer and compositor at Sladison, but, coming to New York, went into picture-making on Wild Oats nt the age of eighteen. After- wards he served two years with Frank Leslie, when his love of the funny and his genius for delineation of the grotesque and the humorous carried him to Puck. J. A. Wales is a native of Clyde. Ohio, where, in his boyhood, he assisted his father, who was a merchant in that town. His love of picture-making took him into the work of engraving, first at Cleve- land, and afterwards in Chicago, and other large cities. Like many others of the best engravers, he also drifted to New York, where his facile pencil found ready work on Wild Oats, Leslie's, Harper's iVeekly. and finally on Puck. x>. -vO.'- ker: HOW E.XI'KKHSION MAY EEPEESENT ClIARACTKK AND FKEI.IM; ]0 ^'■?|f'?|^'?|^'' SCIENTIST. h.. \ W^-WWK ;.t..tJJJJJJ.JJJ.LtJ. Facial Expression, As Illustrated by Prof. Griffith. E^ -^lir-: POWER of mimicry through the muscles of the face is well shown in the illustrations herewith presented. From the natural face of Professor Griffith, shown on the o]jposite page, are seventeen distinct charac- ters, every one of which will he readily recog- nized as a very natural expression. In examining these we at once discover their naturalness. From the intense earnest- ness of Macbeth, we glance at Mirth., and are ourselves disposed to laugh, a feeling which is checked, however, hy a study of the face representing; Hypocrisy. om- could fail to rrcoi^Miizc the Meddler, who is continu- )king his }iOf.e into other p('o{)li''s business, and we see the Shjioi-k in the sinister expression and nearly closed eyes of that rli;ir;Kfer. The anxious, phlegmatic Germar. is well-known, and ,-o al^ii is that representing Meditation. Turning to this page we see the thoughtful face of the Scientist in contrast with the bleared eyes of the Drunkard, who tries to appear wise, but whose ideasare all befogged. The jolly Krenchnuin, who is all suavity and exprest-ion, shrubs his shoulders, and has his own opinion about the Lover, who is trying to look his very sweetest. The man who breaks down at discouragement and gives vent to his sorrow in tears is well represented by the Booby, who con- trasts strongly with the self-poised, solid Douglas, who was always strongest when in the midst of oi>position. The middle face on th(* right clo.arly expresses Frielit, and is quite unlike the Tippler, who evidently has too little sense lo be afraid of anything. The stern face of The Judge indicates that he is disposed to mete out full punishment to law-breakers, and he will undoubtedly do full justice to the person beside him, whose close-shut mouth, rolling eye, and gross face plainly reveals Brutality in his character. FRIGHT. /. ■% mj. il'C>~ T ~ir)- ISO MEN DISTINGUISHED IN THE LEGAL PROFESSION. ^^J. j-~^:-jrm ■ y . B .ii^ m .iii-g tll. : Eminent Lawyers. t^tg^^^^ ^ M i . tf^^ B. F. BUTLER. SIR WILLIAM BLACKSTONE. CHARLES O'CONOR. ENJAMIN F. Bl'TLER, the American j^ lawyer, politician and soldier, was \ born at Deeraeld, N. H., in 1818. '^ Few men of modern times have at- tained such proficiency in the knowl- edge of international law. He was educated at the Lowell high school and at WaterviUe, Maine, college; was admitted to the bar in 1841, and became a prosperous attorney, being es- ially successful in criminal cases. In 853 he was elected a member of the lower se of the Massachusetts legislature, and in 1859 a State senator. In 1860 he was chosen a delegate to the National Demo- cratic conven- tion at Charles- $^ ton, S. C. , and when the con- vention divided he went to Baltimore with the seceders, but withdrew because he would not remain in a convention that approvingly advocated the slave-trade, which by the laws of the country is piracy. In ISfiO he was also Democratic candidate for governor of Massachusetts, but was defeated. At the first call for Union troops at the breaking out of the Southern rebel- lion, in 1801, he took command of the eighth MassachuHctts regiment and was placed in charge of the military district, extending from Annapolis to Baltimore, Md. In May, 18(11, he became commander of the department of Virginia; in August of that year he commanded the Union troops at the cajiture of Fort Hattcras, and organized the expedition against New Orleans. The federal fleet, under Admiral Farragut having virtually cajitured New Orleans in the following spring, General Butler took possession of the city on the first of May and governed it with a firm discipline until November, 18^2, when he was recalled. In November, 1803, he became commander of the eighteenth army corpH, and, in 1804,of the troops oj)erating on the James river, in Virginia, in conjunction with (Jeneral (irant's campaign against Kich- mond. From this last-named command he was relieved in 1805. Since then be han represented his State in congress for several terms, and has been, two or three times, an unsucceHsful candidate for governor of Mattfachusetts on the Democratic and National-Greenback tickets. Benjamin F. Butler, Prominent Law.vointed by President Johnson one of the three commissioners to codify and revise the federal laws. He was also active in preparing the treaty by which Russia sold Alaska to the United Slates, and in 18G9 he consummated a treaty with the government of the United States of Columbia (known as the Cushing treaty), which permits our country to construct a ship-canal across the isthmus of Darien. In 1872 he was one of the couu.sel for the settlement of the claims against the British government for damages done to Amer- ican citizens by the confederate cruiser '* Alabama;" and in 1873 he published a book, called " The Treaty of Washington," in which he sharply criticised the conduct of the British arbitrator. In Decem- ber, 1873, he was nominated for United States Minister to Spain, and in the following month for Chief Justice of the United States; but both nominations failed, the latter being withdrawn by President Grant. Cushing was not popular in ladies' society, and never sought it, but he finally married Caroline Wildes, a judge's daughter, and a woman with tastes as studious as his own. He had a passion for light reading, and when not very busy would keep a novel near ^y to read in his spare moments. He possessed a vast fund of informa- tion, and «ould always quote authorities. He died in 1879. Choate. ■e>sful Boston Lawyer. ^- ■x>^ ¥ ^ INS iTTLIXE SKETCH OF THE PRESIDENTS (jK THE UNITED STATES. of the United ■T PRESIDENTS States of America. %y ^■^ - Their Place of Birth, Occupation and Principal Events in Their Lives. pEOROE 'WAHllI'S(iTit\- First President Served ' fip:ht viMi-s. Hi- I'M I 111 1 1 1 < irik-- the L'nitetl States from tlie duiiiiriatiini uI i.ir.ii i;iiiani. is related elsewhere in this volume, in tin; cli.q.l.i nu ■ Military Heroes;"" was the piimaiy President ol" the newly-organized republic. His first inauguration occurred April 30, 1789, and both of his administrations i for lie was elected to a second term) were marked bv the s.-ime calm tirinni*ss. prudence and ability thatdisting^ti^h.■; at twentv-flve. he was a member of the Vir- y^^ V^ ginia Slate Legislature; in 1775 he was elected a member "^ ^ "" of the Continental Congress, and, in 1776, drafted the Declaration of Independence; in l777-'79 he assisted in the revision of the laws of Virginia, and in the latter year was chosenOovernorof the State; in 17r:{ was le-elected to Con- gress; in 17K4 wa.s appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to aid in effecting commercial treaties with foreign nations, and from 1785 to 1789 was United States Minister to France; in 1789 was appointed Secretary of State by President Washington; was Vice-President in 1797, and Chief Magistrate from 1801 to 1809. He died at Slonticello. Va., July 4, 1826. ^'fffERS ppniillv ■ vHidy. JAMKS MADISOX— FoMr//i President. Served eight years. limn at King George, Va. , March 16. 17.il. the eldest of seven children; he received a liberal graduating from Princeton CoHege in 1771. and sn pursued a course of legal, theological, and litti in 1776 was elected a member of the Virginia ((•uventiwii. and also a meinher of the ViiL'inia Slnle l.-^-isLiliire ; in 1787. at Philadelphia. as-.isieil m riainitik' iIh- l-i-ileiul r..n- >titution, in 1789 became a member uf the llrst Ain.Tiean Congress, and was elected President of the I'luhd stales, serving until 1817. his administration being di-,iiiiiruis|iid by the second war with Great Britain, 18r.i-'ll. ami i.llier Important political events. At the close of hi.s execrutive term, in 1817. he ix-llred from public life, spending his latest yeai-s in agricul- tural i>ursulls on his farm, where he died June 28, 1836. J.IMEH Ma's ROE— Fifth Preftidetd. Served eight vears. Bi>rii in Westmoreland county, Va. , April 28, 17^.8. he received his education at Williuin and Mary Col- lege iVa,); joined the Hevulutiunary army in 1776; after- wards stmlied law with Thomas Jeifei-son; was sent, in 17R3. (o C«inffies>, In 1787 wan elected to the Legislature: ill 1788 was a niember of the Vlrghiia Constitutional Convention; In 1790 was chosen United Stat*?s Senator; from 1794 to 1796 was Minister to France: was Governor of Virginia from 1799 to 1802; was f*ent to France, in 1802, lo negotiate for the pnrcIiHse of Louisfann. and to England til Heeure Ametican i-eainen against impressment, siibse- fineiitly chosen Governor of Virginia, was appointed Secre l;u V of State and then H<'cretnry of War. was elected President in 1817, and again In 1831. Died In New York city, July 4, 1831. 'ONf^' JOHN UlTINCY AJtAMSSixthPresideiU. Served four years. ]Utrn at Braintree. Mass.. July 11, 1T67; was educated at Harvard college; was admitted to the bar in 1791, and pi-acticed in Boston; in 1791 was appointed Minister to Holland, and. in 1797. Minister to Prussia; was elected State Senator in 1801. and United States Senator in 1804; in 1806 became professor of rhetoric in Harvard college; three years later, «ent to Russia a-s United States ' Minister; in 1814 assisted in ne^'■lIlatiIlff peace with England ; in 1817 President Mi'iim-- apiH-nited him Secretary of State; in 1824 Jackson. Adams, and Crawford ran for the Presidency, but there being no choice, the succeeding session of Congress gave the ofiice to Mr, Adams, who filled it until 1829; in 1829 he was elected a member of Congress from Massachu- setts. continuing there until his death, at Washington, D. C. February 23, 1848. 4XDKEW J AVISO'S- Seveidh Presideyit. Sen.-ed '™- eight years. Born in Mecklenburgi county. N. C. , March 15, 1767; became a lawyer; settled at NashviHe. Tenn., in 1791; became district" attorney of the State; in 1795 waseleeted the lirst CuTiijrre-i-nian from Tennessee, in 1797 was (Ji.iNen Inited st,t!*s Senator: resigned his seat the followiMu' spiin^'. and wa^ I'lceted a justice of the Supreme Court of Tennessee by the Legislature; resigned in 1804; in 1812 commanded a detachment of the Ten- nessee militia; became a Major-General in 1814. and January 8. 1815. fought hi.'j famous battle of New Orleans; in 1818 was lighting the Seiiiiiinle Indians, in Florida, of whieh he was, in 1K21, a ppoiutfil Governor; in 1823 was again eleeted Unile.! stales Senator from Tennessee; in 1R2S was el President, and re-elected in 1832. He died near Nashville, June 8, 1845. ^''^CKS MARTIN" VAN BUKEN - E/Vi//t President. Serveinteii Seeretary of the Northwestern Territory, from which, in 17y'J, he w;i,s chosen a delegate to Congress; in 1801 was appointed Governor of Indiana Territory, comprising the present States of Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin; in 18U he defeated the ho>tile Indian Chief Tecumseh. at Tippecanoe; in 1X12 eoininaiideil the Northwestern frontier; in 1R13 eunipl.lelv nnil.-d the British at Hie battle of the Thames, t lel.ihei :.; in 1K16 waseleeted to Con gress. and in 1824 a United stales Senator; in 1828 Minister to Colombia, S. A., rctiimlnu' mi 1829; in 1840 waseleeted Presidents Whig ticket, but died one montli after his inauguration, April 4, 1841. "^ftrtlSO^- JOHN T'YltEn,— Truth President. Served nearly four years. Born in Charles City county, Va. . March 29. 1790: was admitted to the bar in 1809: in 1811, luid for five years more, wn-s a member of the Virginia Legislature; in 1816 was eleeted to Congress, and twice re-elected, re- sitfiiintr before the close of his lust term; in 1825 was chosen Governor bv the Legislature, and iv-eleeted at the next session: in 1827 was chosen United States Senator. and reelected in lH;i3. n>signlng in 1836; in 1840 was elected Vice President, and on the di>atU of President Harrison stic- ceedetl to the Presidency; having twice vetoed a bill authorizing a national bank, a favorite Whig measure, his Cabinet reHlgned. Mr. Tyler was a member of the Cotifi when he died, nt Richmond, Vu., January 17, 1862. .k Sketch of the Presidents in Civil, Political and Military Life. E. ' ■ <^' Achievements as Civilians and Successes as Military Heroes. I t AME!4 KNOX POT^K luiir years. linrii in M Novfinber a. 1795. ntnl flucjiti Cnroliiia. The fainilv kiudv 1820 he was ailinin«--, iT(;iiiiiri .;■ t yeai's, durinp: ulij.h )!<■ wns iwi House; in \f^\^'i was ii.-(.tt-(l (1.. failed of a re-elt'clinn in isil; ■Elrvp}ith Pr(;.iident. Served rkb-iihurtr county. N. C , i ill tlu- I'lllV POLK. shington, ireniei.t elected him PresiiU-m. \vi President, his adnunistiatKir war with Mexico, tlie creation the adoption of the low tariff, t in I8i9. he died at Nashville, Tenn. isity of North .. it-nm-vMe in IROfi. In in IK'J:! was elected a l.iliiTc, mid. in 1825. a !■ Lincr office fourteen ■ iIiM.^n speaker of the ■nior of Tennessee, but in 18i* the Democrats orge M. Dallas as Vice- I bcinp distinguished by the of the Interior Department at tc. Three months after his . June 15. A <'lf A R Y T A Y I-OK- Tivelfth President. Served sixtfcii months. Born in Orange county, Va. , September •Hi. 17K1; son of a licvolntionary olliccr. The family rfmi'\id to Kentucky, in 17sri. oecupyintr a ptantaliun near Liiui^villc. and there Zachury was einplnyi-d until his twenty-tuuith year. In !N0« bi- -iiic-ecd-d bi> dead brother, Hancock, as a Lieut''nanl in tbi- niniy ; in isri commanded Fort Harrison, on the Waliiisli fully, with tifty-two nun, ;m. served Ibroii^rb tlu- wiir, wli. ill.'L.'k H;u\k and SmiiUMlr tllrri ill tlu- Suulhw,-!, aii.l war will) Mexico. lSi.V'47. wi and success; in 1848 was elected President as a Whi^, with Millard Fillmore a.s Vice-President. He died at Washington, July 'J, 18o0. "^^YLO^- drtViidmg it success- AViXf iiTi-e of Indians; ■-1^11. -d, >rrv)d in the vat-, lit \s::-:, is;;ivi84ft; [\<\\ riiLraL;i'ii in the ng renown by his bravery M» flLLARD FlI^J.ytO'RK-Tfiirtpevth President. Suc- ed Taylor. Horn at Summerhill, N. Y-, January?. 1800; receiving a limited education, he was apprenticed to a fuller when fourteen; six yeai-s afterwards he bought a release from his apprenticeship, and, in 1821. went to Buffalo, .studied law, taught school and assisted the Post- master; was admitted to the bar in 1823. and began to practice law at Aurora. N. Y. , in 1827. and in 1829 began to practice as attorney and counselor in the State Supreiae Court, removing to Buffalo in IS.'^O; in 1828 was elected a member of the Legislature by the Anti-Masons, and twice re-elected; in 1832 was elected a member of Congress; in 1836. 1838 and 1x40 was re-elected as a Whig, retiring in 1813: in 1847 he was elected Comptroller of the State, and in 1848 was elected Vice-President. Became President in 1850. He died March 8, 1874. ;^RAXKLIN 'PI'EKC'E-FnurteeuthPre.tident. Served four years. Bom at Hillsborough, N. H., November 23, 1804; was educated at Bowdoin college; began legal practice al nill^b.MMiitrii alu ut 1S27; was elected a member of the St;ite Lt-i,'i--l;i1 ill i- in IS'I? and 18.'!1; in 1833 and 183") was clcetcil a niemhri "i ( '. niu'irss. and in 18.'17 was chosen I'nited States Seiiat'ir; m 1S4.' n-signed; in 1847 he volun- i> 1 I r^l .!> a soldier, subseiiueni ly commanding a regiment, I'l •■'ininu' alteiwards a Brmadier-Oeneral, serving under tMjirial Scott in llie war witli Mexico, and participating in the battles of Ci'iitreias and < 'biirnliiiscc; in 1X50 presided over the New Hampsliiii' stiilr ( 'oust ii til imml Convention; in 1852 was elected I're-ideiit t.y tlu- D'-ni-icrats. From 18.57 to 1860 he traveled in Europe, and on his retuin espoused the cause of the Confederates in the war of the Rebellion. Died at Concord, N. H. , in 18G9. ^/£RC£ TAMES " four v.- gi ndu.Tte 'RJJCnX'S X'\-Fiff>'r„th Prrsi.h>nf. Served is. r.Min at Sl.mv llaftiT, rinii , April 22, 1791; al Diekin-MM CMlleire. Carli-le, I'enn-, in 1809; in d US a vuliiiiteer in defense of Baltimore; in 18tt \v as elected a member of the State Legislature, and was, from 1821 to 1831. a continuous member of Congress; in 1831 was ippninted Minister t^ St. Petersburg, where he concluded the tirst commcrelal treaty between Russia and the Cnited States; from is:^:; i<> IKH was airain a United States Senator. .Tnd then President Pulk ai-pomted him Secretarv of State; in 1845 he retired to private life, but in 1853 President Pierce appointed him Minister to England, where he remained until lH5fi, when he returned and was elected President by the Democrats. In 1861 Mr. Buchanan retired permanently to private life' and died at Lancaster. Penn. , June 1, 1868. fiOCHANA^- fiixtpenlh <.iitb. Itorn '(If, 1, Dei Pft'iiidevt. in Hardin i~ pal. lit-. the laiMi; -r; III l.s.ii) ■aliir. III., A BR AHAM I.IXOOI.N - •**■ .Served four yens and a county, Ky, . February 12, isw. in 1 removed to Indiana, the lad being einjili. in 1825 he managed a ferry acro». ibedl the family removeil to the vicinity where he split rails and aided in clearing Hie l.irm; 1831 he piloted the llrsl .steamboat on the Sangamon iiv. and enlisted as a private in the Black Hawk war; bi-cumi captain; in 1834 the Whigs elected him a member the Legislature, re-electing him in 1836, J838 and 1840; 1837 he practiced law successfully at Si>ringlteld; w elected to Congress in 1840; in 1858 held the famous debaie with Douglas for the Senator.-ihip. but wa,s defeated. In 1X60 and 1864 Lincoln was elected President, and was assassinated April 14, 1865, by Wilket- Booth. COL-'^ A NDREW *JOIINSOX — Seventeenth President. -^ Served three years and eleven months. Born at Raleigh, N. C-, Deceniber29. 1808; at ten %vns apiircnticed to a tailor; emigrated to Tennessee in 1826; in 1841 became a State Senator, and in 1843 was elected a member of Congress; for ten yeai's, by re-elections, he held this office, working with the Democracy; in 1853 and 1855 was elected Governor of Tennessee, and, in 1857, United States Senator; in 1860 opposed secession, ami was mobbed and burned in .-Higv on lii> letui n t.> Tennessee, in 1861; in ISi.; President Line. .In nia-l'i evident on the '^.ijf Lincoln ticket. When Mr. Lincoln dud. April 15, 1865. Mi. Johnson became President. In 1808 he proclaimed a full pardon to sons concerned in the rebellion. He died at Greenville, Tenn. , July -.oti- all jier- 31, 1875. ITLYSSES S. G^X'S^ ~ Eigiiteenih President. ^ Seized eight vears. Born at Point Pleasant. Ohio, April 27, 1822; in 1K39 entered the West Point Military Academy, graduating in 1S43; served on the Missouri frontier, and. in 1845, joineil (leneral Taylor's army in the Mexican war, participating in several important battles; married Miss Dent, at St. Louis, in 1848; 1852-'54 was stationed on the Pacilic coast; then resigned find lived on a farm near St. Louis; then went into the leather trade at Galena, 111.; in 1861 jiided Governor Yates as mustering officer at 8pi inglicld, and, as cdIi'Ih-I of a regiment, served in Missouri and Tennessee-- was successful as a military officer; captured \'ickshurg, and tinally forced Lee to sur- render, in 1865; in 1866 was made General of the army, and. in 1B68, by; popular vote, was elected President of the United Slates, and again in 1872 RXTTHERFORB "' dent. Served fou: studied law and practit Miss Li B. HAYES— -V(»f/eeiifft Presi- • yeai-s. Bom in Ohio, in 1817; ed in Cincinnati; in 1852 married sa Whig 1<1 the Rebellinii was Ma.jor of the Twenly-tliird olii.> V..hi participating in the .■petations in West Virginia :i battles near Winchester, and wa.s wounded in the contest at South Mountain; in 1864 was elected a member of Con gress from Ohio; subse(iuently was twice chosen Governor of that State, and, in 1876. was nominated for President by the Repuldieans. in opposition to Samuel J. Tilden, whi.ni he defeated at the fk-eii. .11 Ijy such an uncertain niaj.irity that an eb-cti'ial cMminis-inn was created tn decide the contest. The vote in the commission was eight to .seven in favor of Mr. Hayes. Personally, both Mr. and Mrs. Hayes have been deservedly popular. JAMES ABRAM G XTiYX'Et.Ti-Tn-entieth Prrsiil.nt. Born m rNv.alL.^-a eMinilv, «-lii... N..vember 10, 18:n; during bis \.>ml! In^ vM.ike.l on tlic farm in summer and at the carpenter's bench in winter; when seventeen years old he worked on a canal-boat; then, preparing to enter college, he earned money for that purjiose by teaching school and carpenter's work; was educated at Geauga i(^hiiti Academy and Williams col- lege, Mass., graduating in IK.'.l; became tutor in. and then president of , Hiram (('. i Eclectic Institute, a Campbellite seminary; in 1859 was elected a State Senator; in 1861 en- tered the army of the Union, rising to the rank of maj. - gen. ; was elected to the thirty-eighth and other Congresses un to the Forty-sixth, from which he was elevntcd ro the U. S. Senate. In 1880 elected President. Wounded by an assassin July 2, and died Sept. 19, IS.'"! i riflESTER Ar.r.AN ARTHX'R— TH-PHfy-^rsf PresideTit. V- fifth child of a Baptist clergyman, was born in Fairtkld. Fi-nnklin county, Vt. , in 1831. He was prepared I. 'ic. liege b\ tiiiti..n from his father, at home, and at schools in (.Jreinwicli and S. beiuc- tady, N. Y. He was a sophomore at Union college. Schenectaily, at the age of fifteen, graduating in 1848; after two years' study of the law, he was admitted to the bar in 1850. and in 1853 he became a iiartner in the law practice of Hon. E. D. Culver, in New York City; lefore completing his law studies however, he was for some time the iirincipal i>f an academy at North rown;\l. Vt. In his profes- sion he was the strong advocate of tlu- cdoied people, and in one or two trials he triumphed over the provi^ion^ of the fugitive-slave law and secured civil righl.s for his c-olored clients in public convey- ances etc. At the beginning of the war of the southern rebellion, in Mr Arthur served the State of New York as quartermaster-general, per ing arduous duty in that position, and acting, also, as Adjut9nt-Gen eral and Inspector-General of State Troops. In 1864 he resumed the Ei-aetice of his profession, and prospered. In 1871. and again in 1S75, e was appidnted by President Grant collector of customs of the port of New York, an office of great responsibility, which he very creditably filled. In June, 1880. at Chicago. Mr. A'rthur was nomi- nated for Vice-President, on the Republican ticket, with (Jen. James A. Garfield for President; both were elected in the following Novem- ber, and inaugurated in March. 1881- When President tiartield died, on the 19th of September. 1881. from wounds received from an assassin on the -^.l of July, 1881. Chester A. Arthur became Presiilent of the United States bv succession. He was married, in 18.59. to Miss Herndon, who died in January, 1881. having borne him a son and a anghter. Mr. Arthur began his administration imder mournful circum- lances, but acceptably to the people. ■:(>■ — •^'K 190 THE PRUDUCEES OF MUSICAL HARMONY. ■ ■«fej^— c^ 1^ Musicians »'■ Composers. -:,vt?- ^.,.:^^ Beethoven, Mozart and Clara Louisa Kellogg. 1 AMOUS AS a composer wa.-» Ludwig Van Beethoven, who was born at Bonn, Germany, in 1770. His musical education began when he wag five years old, under the tuition of his father, who was a tenor singer in the chapel at Bonn. He received, abo, at a later period, instruction from M. Pfeiffcr, and Uarned organ-playing from M. Van Der Eden. In 1787 the great composer Mozart predicted the success of Beethoven. At Vienna, in 1792, Beethoven was the pupil of that other noted composer, Haydn, remaining with him until the latter went to London. Up to this time Bee- thoven appears to have exhibited more genius as an extemi)orary performer than as a composer i>f music. Taking up his resi- dence in Vienna, he composed his first quartets. From 1800 to 1803 he was engaged in the com- pOi^ition of his oratorio of *' Christ on the Mount of Olives.'' The opera of " Leonia " was finished in 1804, and in 1805 be wrote his opera of " Leonora," known, also, as *' Fidelio. " About this time he began to grow deaf, and this affliction continued to increase until he could only communicate with others by writing. Independent in spirit, far from being rich, he depended upon his musical creations for subsist- ence. The public taste also changed, and Italian music superseded the German in po[>ularity. Beethoven, therefore, deemed it prudent to become a chapel-master under Jerome Bonaparte, then King of Westphalia, at a salary of about $000 per annum, but changed his mind when the archduke Rudolph, of Austria, and the Princess Lobko- witz settled upon him an annuity of 4,000 florins (possibly $1,21)0). In 1810 he brought out his first mass. In 1812 he won the friendship of Goethe, In 1813 were first performed " The Battle of Vitoria" and the "Symphony In A Major.*' In 1815 he wrote harmonies to Scotch songs for an Edinburgh gentleman. From this date domestic difll- culties, his deafness, neglect and other causes rendered his life troublous, and produced bodily disorders that terminated in his di-ath in 1827. Beethoven posscMsed a large head and brain, and was rai)able of intense application. Being fond of reading, he spent a portion of his time among books for self-improvement, having a predilection for history. In politics he was early and for life a republican. JOHANNES CHRYSOSTOIVIUS WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART. GERMAN composer, Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, was born at Salzburgh, Germany, in 1756. He began to display his musical talents when he was only three years old, and at six years he was listened to as a prodigy in various parts of Germany. In subsequent visits to France, England and Italy, he was everywhere received with enthusiastic applause. In his tenth year he earnestly set about studying the science of composition, forming his musical taste on the works of the mo^t celebrated mas- ters. In his fifteenth year he produced his first serious opera of " Mithridates," which was publicly performed for twenty nights. ' In 1777, with his mother, he made another journey to Paris, where his mother died, and he returned home in 1779. Some time after this he went to Vienna and entered the service of the emperor as " cimcert-master and court and cathedral organist," at a small salary. In 1783 he married Constanza Weber. Many tempting offers to leave the service of the emperor were made to him, but he remained in the royal service until his death, in his thirty-sixth year, December 5, 1793. His last production was his celebrated "Requiem." Of the twelve operas which he composed (besides his other works, wliich are too many to be even mentioned here) the principal are: " Ido- meneo," "The Clemency of Titus," "Don Giovanni," "The Marriage of Figaro," and " The Enchanted Flute. " CLARA LOUISA KELLOGG. ■yy>J"HIS American soprano singer, whose reputation extends through- out this country and England, and whose parents wcsrc Xew \_ England people, was born at Sumter, S. C, in 1843. Having a natural affinity for harmony, she read difficult music at sight when only seven years old. Her musical training was completed in the United States, and her first appearance as a public singer was made at the New York academy of music, in February, IStil, in the part of Gilda, in Verdi's "Rigoletto. " In the following month she made her first bow to a Boston audience in " Linda di Chamouuix. " From that time her success was assured. From 1865 lo 1868 she sang in Italian opera- in New York and Ltmdon, achieving a conslanlly- increajTing fame. Another professional visit to London was made in 1872. During the winter of 1873 and 1874 she formed an English opera company, which visited the principal cities of the United States, and has since carefully ni;iinlaiiu'd her musical i)restige. -^: DISTINGUISH KI) COMI'OSICKS AND MUSICIANS. 191 Handel, Haydn, Christine Nilsson and the Patti Sisters. \I I IIOIJ of the oratorio of " Bcli^hazzar" and other musical works. George Frk'tirich Handel, Wilt* born at Halle, Saxony, in 1685. It was intended tbat he should fol- low the profession of the law, but the musical bent of the boy's mind led his father to con- aent to his instruc- tion in music. iwl*" At nine years of age he began to 8 compose musical pieces. Eight years later he wrote music as easily as he did grammar. In 1702 he was installed as organist in the church at Halle. In 1703 he made music his profession, and at the age of twenty he went to Hanover and Ham- burg. Winning reputation as he grew in years, he visited Italy in 1708, but at the end of two years he returned to Germany and entered into the service of the elector of Hanover, who was afterwards King Gi'urgL- I., of England. When George ascended the British throne, Handel accompanied him to England. In 1730 Handel was placed at the head of the Italian opera, but his life for twenty years was an unprofitable struggle against pecuniary embarrassments and poverty. Almost discouraged, he relinquished opera, and by his oratorios regained a fortune of considerable magnitude. Eight years before his death, which occurred in London in 1759, he lost his sight, u fact that led to the production of his pathetic composition of "Total Eclipse, Without all Hope of Day," adapted from Milton's "Samson Agonistes. " Handel was in many respects considered a matchless composer. Among his prominent works are found the operas of " Almeria," "Nerone. " " Rodrigo," " Agrippina," "Rinaldi," and the oratorios of "Esther," "Messiah," "Samson," "Joseph and His Brethren," and "Jephthah." JOSEPH HAYDN. y^OSEPH HAYDN, the author of the oratorio of " The Creation,'' was born of humble parents at Rohrau, Austria, in 1732. His \} father, who did not possess any knowledge of music, used to accompany the songs of his wife on a rude sort of harp, and a neigh- boring schoolmaster, seeing the delight of the lad and his correctness in beating time to his father's thrumming, gave him some musical instruction. When eight years old Haydn was admitted as one of the choristers at the cathedral of Vienna, where he remained under the tuition of Renter until his voice broke, when he was dismissed. For several years he struggled against poverty by teaching and composing music, but after some time he was appointed dirt-'ctor of music in the establishment of Count Marzin. This position he held until 1791. when he entered the service of Prince Anthony Esterhazy, as chapel-master. He remained with this prince until the latter was succeeded by Prince Nicholas, into whose chapcl-scrvice Haydn then entered. The prince both loved and honored the composer, and kept him with him until the death of Haydn in 1809. Haydn's musical conii)ositions numbered 1,200 or 1,300, including nineteen operas and five oratorios, and are remark- able for their blending of elegance with science. Among his most noted works, bej^ides the "Creation," is "The Seasons,"' based on Thomson's poem of the same name. Twice Haydn visited Eng- land; once in 1790, when he remained there eighteen months, giving concerts and composing music with great popularity. In 1794 he returned to England, remaining about the same length of time. CHRISTINE NILSSON. /^HRISTINE NILSSUX, tlaiighler of an ardent admirer of music, I and a leading singer in his church, at Hnssabj', near Wexio, Swe- V den, was born in 1843, the owner of a voice that has charmed the world. Her education was simple and domestic. Sometimes she was employed in household duties, and sometimes in the field. Her brother's fiddle was her delight, and with her songs and his playing they won money and applause at fairs and weddings to which they were invited. A neighboring magistrate, having heard them on one occasion, liberally offered to educate Christine at his own expense. In his family she was carefully trained in music, and from there she went to Stockholm and Paris, receiving instruction from prominent teachers. In October, 1804, she sang to a Parisian audience, at the Lyric theater, in the " Magic Flute," with encouraging success, and during her engagement at that theater and another at the academy of music, her popularity and the superiority of her genius were established. From Paris she went to England to win a new triumph at the Handel festival in the crystal palace, at London, before an audience of 34,000 spectators and musicians. Her singing was a perfect success, and she was engaged, for $40,000 in gold, to sing in the principal towns in Great Britain. In 1870 she came to the L'nited States, where a hearty welcome was accorded to her, and she appeared first in concerts and then in opera. In 1872 she married, in London, at Westminster abbey, a merchant of Paris, Mr. Auguste Rouzaud, and in the following winter she sang at St. Petersburg, Russia, with great success. In 1873 she returned to the United States and sang during the winter of 1873-'4. Her home is in Europe. THE PATTI SISTERS. URROUNDED by musical influences, with parents who were pro- fessional vocalists, Adelina Maria Clorinda Patti was born at Madrid, Spain, in 1843. The following year the family removed to New York, where the musical education of the little girl received particular attention from her near relatives. At eight years of age Adelina sang in concerts, and in her sixteenth year she made her first public appearance, as a leading singer, in the opera of "Lucia di Lammermoor. ■" She first appeared in London in 1861, and in Paris in 1862. In 1868, in London, she was married to the Marquis de Caus, a French nobleman. The union did not prove to be a happy one, and after a few years had passed they were legally separated. Carlotta Patti, a sister of Adelina, was born at Florence, Italy, in 1840, and both in the United States and Europe has distinguished herself in concerts by her powerful soprano voice and her faculty of expression. She has appeared successfully in opera, but a slight lameness is understood to have influenced her in seeking other channels for the exercise of her splendid talent. ^peared in several public performances in behalf of the poor in London and else- where. /I^l ft' PEOPLE BOKN TO KULE. >.iO \i!>f':'* ''Njilt WV J ,„||/««l,, ai||; :*^^ Queen Elizabelh—Forty Years a Reigning Sovereign Over a Prosperous Kingdom I N THE palace of Greenwich, September 7, 1533, was born the Englinh sov- ereign, Queen Elizabeth, known as " the Virgin Queen." She waS the daughter of Henry VIII. and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Her education was intrusted to Protestant teachers, and she acquired consid- erable knowledge of classical lit- erature. In 1558, at the age of twenty-five years, she ascended the throne, the successor of another queen known in history as •* Bloody Mary." Elizabeth's right to be the queen of England was denied by all the Catholics in that kingdom and in other countries, for the English Catholics looked upon the young and beautiful Mary, queen of Scots, as the rightful heir to the throne. Mary was a grandniece of Henry VIII. , the father of Elizabeth, and daughter of James V. of Scotland. She had been trained in the Catholic religion at the French court. The year after Elizabeth became queen, Mary was married to Francis II. , then a prince, who became king of France in the following year, but who died in the succeeding year. In 1561 Mary returned to Scotland and was received as its rightful sovereign. In 1558 the Catholic powers of Europe determined, if possible, to drive Elizabeth from the throne, and Sjiain fitted out that celebrated collection of vessels and armies of soldiers, called *' the invincible armada," the largest fleet then ever known, to invade England. It consisted of 129 ships, 3,000 cannon and 20,000 men, while 34,000 other armed men composed a land force to co-operate with the fleet. The "armada" reached the English channel in July, 1588, and there encountered the British fleet of thirty vessels. The contest between the two fleets lasted for several days, and the superior character of the little English vessels enabled them to harass and drive the big ships of their enemies to the French coast. The Spanish commander then attempted to return to Spain by sailing his vessels around the north coast of Scotland, but furious storms scattered them hither and thither, destroying many, and only one-third of the great " invincible armada," and that in a bad condition, ever returned to report the disaster. The result was a weakening of the influence of Spain over other countries of Europe, and a strengthening of the cause of Prot- estantism. Elizabeth, fortunately for herself and her people, had two excellent advisers; Lord Burleigh, a wise statesman, who was her lord treasurer, and Sir Francis Walsingham, her secretary of state. For forty years she was guided by the advice of Lord Bur- leigh, and during those years her reign was glorious, the nation was raised to a high degree of prosperity, and its enemies were baffled. Art, education, discoveries and literature throve during her adminis- tration; the age produced Shakspeare and some others of the greatest men and women that the world has known, while commerce and manufactures experienced a vast improvement. Mary, queen of Scots, after her return to Scotland, met with great opposition from the Protestant supporters of Elizabeth. Seven years she braved these storms of wrath, but was at length compelled to flee to England to implore the pity of Elizabeth. The queen received her more as a prisoner of state than a suppliant for favor, and kept her in confine- ment for eighteen years. During these years numerous plots were formed by the Catholics to harass Elizabeth, until finally a law was passed that made Mary personally responsible, although a prisoner, for any conspiracy created against the queen by the friends of the captive. Soon afterwards a plot to assassinate Elizabeth was formed and discovered, and for this the unfortunate Mary was formally tried, sentenced to die, and beheaded, at the age of forty-five, in the year 1587. In the latter portion of her life the favorite noble of Queen Elizabeth was the earl of Essex, a young man, described as possessing great courage, but headstrong and weak, who presumed so far upon his favor with the queen that he became insolent to her, and one day she gave him a hearty box on the ear. In one of his freaks, afterwards, he attempted, in the streets of London, to raise an insurrection against her. For this he was arrested and condemned to die. At some previous time she had given Essex a certain ring, with instruc- tions to send it to her whenever he might be in any danger, and now she waited to receive the ring. It did not come, and she unwillingly was obliged to sign his death-warrant. After his execution a lady confessed upon her dying bed that Essex had confided his ring to her to carry it to the queen, and that she had been induced by her hus- band, a bitter enemy of Essct , not to deliver it. On hearing this, the rage and grief of the queen, who had never been happy since the death of Essex, were terrible. Ten days and nights she lay upon the floor, refusing food and medicine; then falling asleep, she died, in her seventieth year, March 24, 1603. Possessing many good qualities, with numerous weaknesses of character, she derived glory from the national prosperity of England during her reign of forty-five years, and as a brilliant scholar. She was familiar with Greek and Latin, and, besides writing an original comment on Plato, some poetry and various prayers, meditations and speeches, she translated a play of Euripides, a dialogue of Xenophon, two orations of Isocrates, Sal- lust's " Jugurthine War," part of Horace's "Art of Poetry," and Bcethius' "Consolations of Philosophy." >^:(5— 13 :o- 194 POETBAIT OF QUEEN VICTOEIA. Queen Victoria. Lady Jane Grey. The One Successful and Prosperous; the Other Unfortunate. HE PRESENT queen Victoria Alesandrina Guelph, of Great Britain and Ireland and empress of India, is the daughter and only child of Edward, duke of Kent, fourth son of George III., by his wife, Victciia Mary Louisa, of Saxe Cohurg-Saalfield, Ger- many. She was born at Kensington palace, England, May 34, 1819. Her father died in 1820, and her general education, under her mother's su- pervision, was conducted by the duchess of Northumber- land, and until within a few weeks before she ascended the throne, she lived iu comparative retirement, diversified by visits to various portions of the United Kingdom. The death of the reigning king, William IV., occurred in June, 1837, and on the 2Sth of that month Victoria, by royal succession, was crowned queen of Great Britain and Ireland at Westminster abbey. She came into power in a time of England's proRi)erity, and among her first acts was a prayer to God for strength and wisdom to rule her people aright. And it is remarkable that during her long reign Great Britain has enjoyed more and richer advantages in religion, science, art, commerce, and literature than under any other modern sovereignty. She immediately became a favorite with her people, and has managed to retain their esteem and affection up to the present moment by her womanly and queenly character. In 1840, Victoria was united to Albert, prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, second son of duke Ernest, who was born in Germany in 1819, and was iu every way a suitable husband for the young and popular queen. lie was a man of peaceful habits and refined taste, whose pursuits were of an exalted,, benevolent and useful character; and he was a compe- tent and active participator in public measures, which tended to increase the happiness and j>rosperlty of the English people. Nine children were born to thin royal couple, as follows: Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa, who was married in 1858 to the crown prince, Frederick William, of Prussia; Albert Edward, jjrince of Wales, who was married In 1863 to the Princess Alexandra, of Denmark; Alice Maud Mary, who was married in 1863 to Prince Louis, of Hesse-Darm- stadt, Germany, and died in 1878; Alfred Ernest, duke of Edinburgh, who was married in 1874 to the grand duchess Marie Alcxandrovna, only daughter of the emperor of Russia; Helena Augusta Victoria, who was married, in 1866 to Prince Christian of Schieswig-Holstein, Germany; Louise Caroline Alberta, who was married in 1871 to the marquis of Lome, afterwards governor-general of Canada; Arthur William Patrick Albert, duke of Connaught; Leopold George Duncan Albert, and Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore. The duchess of Kent, — -... Queen Victoria's mother, died in March, ^ 1801, and her dearly-beloved husband, \ Prince Albert, suddenly expired in the following December. The whole king- ■ dora was thrown into grief by the death of the prince consort, and for many years she deeply moui-ned her heavy loss; indeed, that event has been the means of inducing continuous habits of seclusion in her private life, while she has continued to exercise her powers and duties as the sovereign of a mighty nation with great fidelity to her sub- jects. Her public history is that of Great Britain during the last forty- three years. As a wife, a mother and a queen she has experienced only the changes, the sorrows and joys which usually fall to the lot of ordinary women, but in all and through all she has proven herself an honor to her sex. ] Victoria I, or England, LADY JANE GREY. ADY JANE GKEY, who wiis the daughtiT of the duke of Dorset, was \ born at Bradgate, Leicestershire, Eiif;laml, in 1537. She was a great- granddaughter of King Henry Vll. Her talents, which were of a superior order, were developed at au early age, so that when she was fifteen year? old she had learned the Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Chaldee, Arabic, Freneli and Italian languages. In 1553 she was married to Lord Guilford Dudley, son of the duke of Norlhuniberland. Edward YI., reigning sovereign at that time, being opposed to the religious principles of his sister Mary, was disposed to bequeath his crown to Lady Jane. After his deatli she reluctantly accepted the crown of England. She reigned nine days, when Mary, Edward's sister, whom the Catholics had declared for as sovereign, became queen, and Lady Jane was com- mitted as a i)risoner, with her husband, to the lower of London, and in February, 1554, both were beheaded at the command of Queen Mary. Lady Jane refused to the last to renounce rrotestantism. 75::: Former Distinguished Emperor of Russia. [KTER I., ALEXEIEVITCH, one of the czars of Uuspia, commonly called "the Great," was born near Moscow, in that empire, in 1672. In l(j82 he and his brother Ivan became joint heirs to the crown, and uiirn I\aii died in 169G, Peter became the sole emperor. Early in his reign Peter began to form projects to increase tlie civilization and the greatness of Russia. His lirst attention was turned to mili- rcpeatedly defeated, but at length the tide of l)attle turned, and lie gained a decisive victory at Pultowa, in 1709, and wrested several provinces from the Swedes. Upon a part of the terrilory thus gained he founded the city of St. Petersburg, the present great capital city of the empire. In a war with the Turks, in 1711, he was surrounded by the enemy in force, on the bunks of the river Pruth, and obliged to sign a disadvantageous treaty of peace. In a war against Persia e# ^ oo » 3-e^ View of the English Throne-Room. tary and naval improvements, and in these he was ably assisted by his contidcntial counselor, Lefort, a native of Geneva, Switzerland. Twice, once in 1697, and again in 1716, Peter made journeys in order to iicquire knowledge. In the course of his first tour he came to Saardam, where he worked as a shipwright in the dockyard. He was also instrumental in inviting men of talent and mechanical skill in other countries to settle in Russia. From 1700 to 1721 he was engaged in a war with Sweden, at the beginning of which he was he was more successful, and in 1733 he compelled that power to cede extensive possessions to Russia. In his latter years Peter was brought to sorrow by the undoubted unfaithfulness of his wife, Catharine, and the disobedience of Alexis, his son. He spared the life of the empress, but his son was arraigned for trial and put into prison, and it is believed that he was there put to death. The real greatness of Aleseievitch is found in the extensive internal improvements which he projected and carried to completion. f ^ im THE BflLDEU OF THE TEMPLE AT JERUSALEM. V ING SOLOMON was bom at Jerusalem in the year 1033 before Christ, He was the son of King David and Bathsbeba, his wife, of Israel. His education was superintended by his father, and was of such a character as befitted his station and the designs foreshadowed of his career. Adonijah, also a son of David by another wife, having attempted to assume the reins of government, Solomon was ap- l)ointed his father's successor on the throne of Israel, and inaugu- rated amid the acclamations of His reign having been estab- lished, he formed an alliance with Pharaoh, king of Egypt, whose daughter he married and brought to Jerusalem. At Gibeon, on one occasion, he offered a thousand burnt sacri^ces before the Lord, and when he slept, God appeared to him, it is said, in a dream, and said, "Ask of Me what 3'ou desire." In reply, Solomon asked for divine wisdom, an understanding heart, and such other qualifications as were nec- essary for bib good government of the people. The request, it is stated, was granted, with the promise of great prosperity, of riches and honor, so that there should be no king like him. This wisdom and prosperity were soon manifested, as his history shows. His dominions extended from the Mediterranean sea to the river Euphrates, from the Orontes to the Red sea and the Persian gulf, and it is recorded that he "had peace on all sides round about him.'' At that time the Hebrews were the ruling people in the west of Asia. The scrip- tural account of the glory of Solomon's reign is plain and decisive. It is found in the books of Kings and the Chronicles in the Christian Bible. The temple at Jerusalem, as a national house of worship for the Jews, was Solomon's first great undertaking, and in tbi.s he was directed both by the charge of his dying father and his own desire. In the needful preparations be derived important aid from Hiram, or Huram, the king of Tyre, the friend and ally of his father, and the Tyrian^, then the most skillful mechanics and sailors in the world, were engaged in the service of the Hebrews. Timber from the forests of Lebanon was drawn to the Mediterranean sea, floated to the sea-port of Joppa, and paid for in the agricultural products of Judea. Probably 180,000 men were employed in the forests and the quarries where the stone was hewn for the temple, besides those engaged in preparing its site and in other labor. Seven and a half years this splendid fabric silently but rapidly proceeded toward completion. Every part and material of the immense structure, even the largest beams and the most ponderous stones, were fitted to each other before they were brought to the building. It was the most costly and magnificent edifice of which an account is given in history. When it was completed it was dedicated to the service of God with much solemnity in the presence of all the Hebrews, the feast of dedication being kept for seven days, and concluded with a solemn assembly. When the temple was completed, Solomon erected other splendid buildings. His own palace occupied thirteen years in its construction at Jerusalem, and employed the utmost skill of the artificers of that day and the vast resources of wealth and power at his command. "The whole house was built of white marble, cedar, gold and silver, with precious stones upon the walls and ceil- ing," according to the account in Josephus' works. He bad abundance of horses and chariots of war, and his court was a scene of unparalleled and gorgeous magnificence. His vast resources of wealth were various. A large income was derived from commerce with Tyre and other countries, as the trade of the civilized world then almost entirely passed under the control of Solomon and Hiram. Business was not conducted by individuals; the profits were not subject to much competition; all was controlled by kingly authority, and a large proportion of the advantages was gathered into the royal treasury. An inland trade from Egypt on the south, for linen and horses, through Judea to Syria and other countries to the north and east, brought considerable profits to Solomon, in addition to those resulting from the spice-merchants, or the Arabian caravans which traversed his kingdom, carrying all the precious commodities of the East, together with other caravans proceeding directly across Asia from Babylon and the Euphrates to Tyre. Solomon, it is chiimed, was the wisest man of his time, and his reputation spread through all nations. "He was the greatest philosopher of antiquity, as well in natural history as in morals, being acquainted with the nature of plants and trees, also of beasts, of birds, of reptiles and of fishes. There was a concourse of strangers from all countries to hear bis wisdom, and embassadors from the most remote princes. He made gold and silver very abundant in Jerusalem, and cedars as plentiful as the sycamore trees in the valley."' In his literary labors he was also famous for the composition or collection of 3,000 i)roverbs and 1,005 religious songs. Of his writings there remain to us only his book of "Proverbs," a portion of his "Psalms," his " Ecclesiastes," and his " Song of Songs," known in the Bible as " Solomon's Song. " In his domestic arrangements he was extravagant, having TOO legiti- mate wives and 300 other women in his household. In his latter years he was led by some of his heathen wives to worship tlieir idols, for whom he built temples, in which he burned incense and offered sacrifice. This delusion, it is calculated, overtook him about the thirty-fourth year of his reign and the fifty-fourth of his age. Whether he ever again turned to the worship of the Supreme God is not known. In his writings are purity, morality, and sublimity, leaving no intimation of anything but the excellence of his character. h >^-^ — IMiniDUAI.S DISTINGUISH KU FOR EASK OF EXI'IiKS.SIoX. v.n 1 >>'rl!l'^M.T= E«<^ -'^x -*fe Patrick Henry. jiimiHi! \ ii 'Js^^ 11 1||!P!ISfl'fliif'1ll!|||l'''||« ^ ' ml ' ' rf Famous Orators. nir The Influence of Words Fitly Spoken. if -,_i....^>;t^....i-»- -:©:— ^1 The Magnetism of Graceful Oratory. •^>=C=^ ^>^i[v£^The Power of Gesture, Expression and Voice. EXRY CLAY, one of America's greatest statesmen, the son of a clergyman, was born near Rich- mond, Virginia, in a humble dwelling, in 1777. His educa- tion was elementary, and gained at the district school. At an early age he was employed as a copyist in the office of the clerk of the court of chancery at Richmond. At nineteen he began the study of the law, and within a year, such rapid progress had hd made, he was admitted to practice. In 1799 be removed to Lexington, Ky. , and opened a law office, taking also an active interest in public politics, working for the election of delegates to the convention to revise the constitution of Ken- tucky, who would favor the emancipation of the slaves. Unpopular as this effort was, Clay by his judicious action in regard to other State interests, overcame the public prejudices, and became a In 1803 he was elected to the State legislature by His skill in argument and eloquence of speech led to his election to the United States senate, in 1800, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of his predecessor, and there he soon acquired his lasting and brilliant reputation as an orator and judicious statesman. At the end of his terra in the senate, he was again elected member of the Kentucky State legislature for two sessions. In 1809 he was re-elected to the United States senate, to fill a vacancy, and for two years he took a prominent part in the discussion of the political questions of the day. In 1811 he was elected a member of the lower house of Congress, and was chosen speaker, an office which he filled with general satisfaction until 1814, when he was sent as one of the United States commis- sioners to Ghent, to prepare the terms of a treaty of peace with England. In this mission he proved his ability as- a skillful diplo- matist. Returning to Kentucky in 1815, he was re-elected a member of Congress. During that term he became prominent by his advocacy of a protective tariff upon imports from abroad, and his active partic- ipation in the adjustment of the famous '* Missouri Compromise," political favorite, a largo niiijority. which provided that Missouri should be admitted into the Union as a slave holding State, but that in future slavery should never be estab- lished in any States formed from lands lying north of latitude thirty- six degrees, thirty minutes; a provision which was adopted by Congress. Owing to the condition of his private business, Mr. Clay retired for three years from public life, but in 1823 he was re-elected to Congress and again chosen speaker of the house. It was during this term that he ably seconded the efforts of Daniel Webster for the relief of the oppressed Greeks. When John Quincy Adams became President of the United States, Mr. Clay was appointed Secretary of State, a position which he honorably filled until after the elec- tion of Andrew Jackson to the presidency in 1828. In 1831 he was re-elected United States senator from Kentucky, and in 1832 was nomi- nated for the presidency in oi)position to Jackson, who defeated him, and was elected for a second term. In 183G Mr. Clay was once more sent to the United States senate, serving until 1842. In 1844 the Whigs nominated him again for the presidency, against James K. Polk, and again he was defeated. In 1849 Mr. Clay was again returned to the senate, where he fought once more the policy of per- mitting slavery to extend its encroachments upon new States and Territories of the Union, and the " Compromise of 1850 "' was agreed upon. [Many persons who have heard of " Mason and Dixon's line" in connection with the old controversy between elavery and anti- slavery advocates without understanding its meaning, will be pleased to learn of its origin in this connection. Mason and Dixon were two English civil engineers who were authorized in 1703 to survey the disputed boundary line between Pennsylvania, a free State, and Mary- land, a slave State. The line surveyed by them and their successors extended 310 miles due west from the northeast corner of Maryland. ] Mr. Clay's health failing after this arduous contest, he sought to restore it by a voyage to the West Indies, but after returning to Washington he died there in June, 1852. He has left his epitaph in one of his sturdy sentences: "I would rather be right than President." GEORGE WHITEFIELD. THIS pulpit orator, who iuiroduct-d into England the practice of open-air preaching, was born at Gloucester, England, in 1714. His father was an innkeeper, who had the lad educated at the Crypt school in his native city, and at Pembroke college, Oxford. It /^:(>— i: ■o- r 11*8 CELEBRATED ORATORS. was at this latter place that he became associated with John Wesley in the formation of a Methffdist society, and he is esteemed as the founder of that branch of Methodism known as " Calvinistic. " His religious enthusiasm led him to live rather a rigorous life. In 1736 he was ordained a deacon, and ere long the power of his eloquence began to be acknowledged, and he became quite popular as a preacher. In 1737 he made his first voyage to America, sailing for Georgia, in which colony he remained nearly two years. After - having introduced the practice of open-air preaching into England, and meeting with astonishing success in his ministrations, he returned to Georgia, residing there until 1741. Subsequently he made five more visits to that colonj% where, among other benefits conferred ui)on the people, he founded his orphan-house. About 1741 the difference of opinion between Whitefield and Wesley respecting the doctrine of " election" was manifested, and led to their separation, but not to extinction of their friendship. In 1748 Whitefield num- bered among the converts to his preaching the Countess of Hunting- don, who appointed him her chaplain. Having visited many parts of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland, he made his seventh and last voyage to America, in September, 1769, and died at Newburyport, Mass., in September, 1770. Mr. Whitefield was an untiring as well as an attractive and effect- ive preacher of the gospel. He has left it on record that during the term of his ministry, thirty-four years, he preached more than 18.000 sermons, or an average of about eleven a week. His *' short allow- ance" was nine sermons a week. Once, on Boston common, he preached to 20,000 persons. Great crowds attended his meet- ings both in England and America, and the amount of good performed by his minis- trations is simply incalculable. The day before his death he preached two hours at Exeter, N. H. In 1776 he was appointed the first governor of Virginia, and to this office he was repeatedly re-elected. In 1786 he was appointed by the Virginia legislature one of the delegates to the convention, at Philadelphia, called to revise the federal constitution. In 1788 he was a member of the convention which met in Virginia to consider the constitution of the United States, and strenuously opposed it because it too little recognized State rights and was not sufficiently democratic. In 1794 he retired from the practice of the law. His death occurred at Red Hill, Va. , in 1799. "Without extensive information upon political or legal topics," says one biographer, ** he was a natural orator of the highest order, possessing great powers of imagination, sarcasm, and humor, united with great force and energy of manner, and a deep knowledge of human nature. " ^^*a> *ff*=^^ ;6 PATRICK HENRY. /"HIS orator and statesman carae into the world in Virginia, in 1730. After receiving a common school education, and passing some time in commercial and agricultural pursuits, he studied law for six weeks and then began to practice it in the courts. For several years he struggled with poverty, without acquir- ing either fame or a profitable business as an attorney; but in 17G3, by his adroit management of a case involving the income of the clergy, in which he opposed the claims of the latter, he obtained distinction and made the question one of importance in the politics of the colonies. In 1705 he was elected a member of the Virginia legisla- ture, in which he boldly opposed the British ''stamp-act," and had the honor of beginning the opposition to the measures of the " mother country " which terminated in the American revolution. He was also one of the delegates sent from Virginia to the first general conffress of the colonies at Philadelphia, in 1774, and still further dintinguished himself by the Ixddness and eloquence of his speeches In that assembly. In the spring of 1775, in a convention at Rich- mond, Va. , Mr. Henry moved that the militia be organized and the colony be immediately put in a state of defense. His motion was looked upon as warlike, and opposed as too precipitate and ill-ad vised. It was then that Henry Immortalized his name by exclaiming: " There is no retreat !)ut in submission and slavery. Our chains are forged. Their clunking may be heard on the jilains of Boston. The next gale fluit sweeps from Ihe north will bring lo our ears the clanh of rebounding arms! . . . I know not what course others may take; but as for me — give me liberty, or give me death 1'* Frederick Douglass, Famous Colored Orator, Bom and Reared a Slave. FREDERICK DOUGLASS. S AN orator and journalist, f'rederick Douglass, suffering nnder the disadvantages of having been a slave and a mulatto by birth, is a remarkable man. Bom at Tuckahoe, Md., about the year 1817, of a negro mother, his father being a white man, he followed the *' manifest destiny" of his race in the Southern States, and was reared until ten years old on a plantation. At that age he was sent to Baltimore to serve a relative of his master. It was there, while employed in a shipyard, having clandestinely learned to read, he secretly left his master, Sep- tember 3, 1836, and went to New York, and from there to New Bedford, Mass. At the latter place he found employment in work- shops and on the wharves, and married. At an anti-slavery convention at Nantucket, in 1841, he spoke upon the prevailing topic with much vigor and intelligence, and created such an interest in his behalf as to secure his appointment as agent of the Massachusetts anti-slavery society. For four years he visited New England towns and cities, lecturing upon the evils of slavery. In addition, he also published the story of his life. In 1845 he visited England, and lectured in the principal cities throughout the United Kingdom, being received with great enthusiasm at almost every place. During his stay of nearly two years in Great Britain, his friends amassed about $600 with which to purchase his fn-edom from his former master, for he was then, it must be remembered, but a fugitive slave. Returning to America, he took up his abode at Rochester, N. Y. , and there, in 1847, established a weekly newspaper, first known as the Norfh Star^ and afterwards as Frederick Douglass^ Paper^ and its publication was continued for several years. His autobiography appeared in 1855, rewritten and enlarged, as "My Bondage and My Freedom," which is still extant. In 1855 he was suspected of complicity in John Brown's raid into Virginia to free the slaves of that commonweallh, and Governor Wise issued a requisition for his arrest upon the Governor of Michigan; l)nf Douglass avoided this trouble by going to England. On his return home he resumed his editorial duties at Rochester. During the late war he advocated the use of colored troops and a general emancipa- tion of the Southern slaves, and in 1863 he assisted in organizing negro regiments in Massachusetts and elsewhere. In 1870 he assumed editorial control of the New National .fi'rrt, at Washiugton. In 1H71 he was secretary of the national commission to San Domingo, and has since held prominent political positions of trust. .A —<)'• THE WIDELY KNOWN ORATORS, GOUGII AND SrUKGKON. 199 John B. Cough. Charles H. Spurgeon. ALMOST every town and city of the United States, the peculiarities of John B. Gongh, the popular lecturer, and his talents^ as an orator, arc familiarly known. Born at Sandj^ate, England, in 1817, he emigrated to New York in 18U0, learned the trade of a bookbinder, and became noted for his habits of intemperance. Through some influence he was induced to attend a temperance meeting in Octo- ber, 1843, where he signed the temper- ance pledge, and from that time was thoroughly reformed. He not only prac- ticed total abstinence, but began to advo- cate it from the platform with the earnestness and eloquence for which he is now so greatly distinguished. His reputation as an orator widely increased as he traveled and lectured throughout the L'nited States and Canada. His fame extended also to England, and in 1853 the London temper- ance league invited him to visit Great Britain. He did so, and eloquently advo- cated the temper- ance cause in all parts of England for about two years, when he returned to America. Up to this time, in the two nations, he had traveled more than 29,500 miles, deliv- ered 1,045 lectures, and obtained many thousands of signa- tures to the tem- perancepledge. The beneficial effects of his labors are immeasurable. After his return he continued to labor in this manner, and in 1857 he again sailed for England, where he lectured with still greater success than on his former visit. In 18(50 he came back to the United States. He now added lectures on other subjects to his course, and continued to maintain his popu- larity, amassing wealth by his eloquence, and building an elegant residence near Worcester, Mass. Once or twice it has been announced that he was going to retire from the platform, but he still appears at intervals before delighted audiences. In 1878 he made a third visit to England. His autobiography was published several years ago. John B. Gough, Distingruislieii Orator and Temperance Lecturer. CHARLES HADDON SPURGEON. /"HE English Baptist clergyman and pulpit orator, Charles Haddon Spurgeon, Is the son and grandson respectively of two Independ- ent clergymen — a sect who believe that every organized church is complete in itself, competent to govern itself, and independent of all other church authority. He was born at Kelvedon, England, in 1834, and educated at Colchester. He then became an assistant teacher in a school at Newmarket. Ilis friends desired him to become an Independent preacher, but as his preferences were in favor of the Baptist doctrines, he joined a "lay-preachers' association" at Cam- bridge, where he had also been employed as a teacher, and became a village preacher and tract-distributer at Faveri-hara, near Cambridge. Here ho was known as the '* boy-preacher. " A short time afterwards he was called to be the pastor of a small Baptist chapel at Waterbcach. He was not yet eighteen years old. Such was the power of his oratory that not only was the chapel filled, but crowds gathered outside of the building to hear the sound of his voice. Neighboring congregations called upon him to preach in their houses of worship, and his fame spread so widely that he was offered charge of the chapel in New Park-street, Southwark, London. His first appearance in the British metropolis was made in 1853, and such was the favor with which he was received that within two years it was found necessary to enlarge the building. While the workmen were engaged in making the neces- sary improvements in the chapel Mr. Spurgeon preached for four months at Exeter hall, London, to crowded houses, and hundreds were una- ble to gain ad- mittance. The enlargement of the Southwark chapel, too, proved insuffi- cient to admit to it all Mr. Spurgeon's admirers, and to ac- commodate a larger number of hearers the services were conducted in the Sur- rey music hall. In 1856, a serious acci- dent having occurred in the hall, the build- ing of a new " taber- nacle " at Newington Butts, which was opened to the public in 1861, was begun. This chapel holds between During his minis- Charles H. Spurgeon, Eminent Baptist Clergjinan and Pulpit Orator. and there he has continued to officiate, 5,000 and 6,000 people, and is always well filled trations Mr. Spurgeon has received probably about 20,000 persons into his church, and has erected about forty chapels in London, which have been supplied with ministers who were trained in a college also founded by himself. Numerous volumes of his sermons have been printed, and he has also written and published several other religious works, besides editing a periodical called the Sword and Trowel. Mr. Spurgeon is remarkable for the plainness of his discourses and the common sense, mingled with the deepest piety, which pervades them. His language is Anglo-Saxon, terse and comprehensive, but never coarse. The flowers of rhetoric receive less cultivation at his hands than the sterner truths and tender senti- ments of the Christian religion. His eloquence consists mainly of his power in presenting the doctrines of his belief, and his earnest- ness in applying them to every phase of human necessity, so that they carry conviction to the mind and address themselves to the hearts and consciences of his audiences. His church is well filled, and stormy weather rarely prevents the attendance of Ms admirers. S-^^^"'^*' ^rri 2: 200 COL. INUERSOLL, AUTHOR OF " SKULLS," "MISTAKES OF MOSES," ETC. 'jmm^' * Col. Robert G, Ingersoll. ==£+. =^ Eminent Liberalist, Political Speaker, Lawyer and Orator. UHN INGERSOLL, the father of the distin- guished orator, was a native of Rutland county, Vermont. Having graduated at Middlebury college and having wedded Miss Mary Livingstone, of Lisbon, N. Y. , he en- tered upon the ministry as a a Congrcga- tionalist in the Green Moun- tain State, in the town of Pittsford. Af- terwards the family resided in Oneida county in New York, where the subject of this sketch, Robert G. Ingersoll, was bom about 1834, being the youngest of five children, of whom there were three song and two daughters. Of the-o John Ingersoll, jr., became a physician and settled in Wisconsin. One of the daughters became Mrs. Dr. Carter, whose resi- dence is in Buffalo, N. Y. , and the other, Mrs. Piatt, some time since deceased, lived at Laportc, Ind. Ebon C. and Robert G. , the other sons, settled in Illinois. The early education of these chil- dren was such as would naturally come to a family whose parents were liberally educated, whochangcd their abode frequently and who always had the best of society. From New York they went to Ohio, thence to Wisconsin, and thence to Illinois, the Rev. Mr. Ingersoll preaching in these several States. Having reached an age pufticlently mature to determine their choice of avocation, Ebon and Robert entered upon the study of the law In the ofllce of Colonel Corwin, in Shawnectown, 111. , and in that town commenced their law practice. It was here that Robert began to show his hcreticnl tendencies. The first public demonstration was on one Fourth of July, when the orator of the day. having fiiiled to mnke his appearance, Robert Robert C- Ingersoll, Dlatingllishcd Orator ami Proiniru-nt Opposcr of Orthodox Theology. was called upon at the last minute to supply his place. In the course of his address on that occasion, which was of neces- sity extempore, the speaker, adverting to the history of American independence, strongly eulogized Thomas Paine. Whether Ingersoll would have espoused the cause of Paine thus had he had more time for deliberation, is not certain. As it was he announced himself as an admirer of Paine, and in doing so he threw a fire-brand into the audience, which became a public theme of discussion for a long time afterwards. About that time Ingersoll was a can- didate for the office of district attorney, which he lost, it is claimed, through his heretical opinions. His brother Ebon in the meantime, had been elected to the Illinois legislature, and both the brothers, seeking a wider field for the exercise of their profession, resolved upon going to Peoria, where they located in 1857. In this city they remained some twenty-two years, both growing into a large law practice, especially as railroad lawyers. Ebon was chosen the successor of Owen Lovcjoy in Congress, and was four times elected to the oflUce. Subsequently he settled in Washington, where he died in 1879. In 1860 Robert was a Democratic candidate for Congress in his dis- trict, but was defeated because of his outspoken anti- slavery sentiments. Tie went out as the colonel of an Illinois regiment of cavalry during the rebellion, but failing health and a natural repugnance to shooting men, caused him to resign after being in the service for a little time. He said his liope was, whenever his men fired upon the enemy, that they would miss their mark. He was appointed by Governor Oglesby and served during his appointment as attorney-general for Illinois, but declined to allow bis name to be used for re-election. In 1808 he was a candidate for governor before the State convention for the nomination of State otilcers, but was again defeated because of his heterodox sentiments on religious questions. lie was urged by Ids friends to accept the position of miTUster to ^^^: — ^^ y 201 y: 'eoria, f INGERSOLL S TKIIJUTE TO Ills liliOTIIEK. iV^. (^ Berlin, in 1HT7, but tliis also was (Icclinod, his time then being too fully occupied in lecturing. For years he hud been regarded by those who knew him ns one of the moHt effcctivepub- lie wpeakers in the country. The Re- publieim conven- tion, which met at Cincinnati, in 187G, for the purpose of selecting a prej^i- dcntial candidate, atTcjrded the oppor- tunity for making this reputation na- tional. It was at this time, as the representative of the Illinois dele- gation in the con- vention, that he gavt; his reasons and proposed the name of James G. Blaine as presi- dential candidate in such a fitting and happy speech, as to win for him- self the plaudits of the people every- where. Although the candidate of his choice was not selected, he en- tered vigorously ui>on the work of the campaign, and made many speeches, which stamped him as a speaker of great el- oquence and com- manding power, an orator of the very first order. lie has latterly divided his time between law prac- tice and the lecture field, his residence being in Washing- ton, where he lo- cated in 1877, much to the regret of the citizens of Peoria, his former home, where he is remembered by the people who most intimately knew him, as a genial, large-hearted, public-spirited citizen. His family consists of his wife, formerly jelow is the funeral sermon read by Colonel Robert O. Ingersoll at the burial of his brother, Ebon C. Ingersoll, es-representativc from Illinois. It was a touching tribute of brotherly affection and eulogy upon the dead man's life and character, and expressed in the very highest art of eloquence, of which Colonel Ingersoll is master. The love between the brothers was always a matter of comment among their associates, and it was the voice of affection which spoke: " My Friends: I am going to do that which the dead often promised he would do for me. The dead and living brother, hu^^ba^d, father, friend, died when manhood's morning almost touched noon, and while the shadows were still falling toward the west. He had not passed on life's highway the stone that marks the highest point, but being weary for a moment he lay down by the way-side, and, placing bis burden for a pillow, fell into that dreamless sleep that kisses down the eyelids still. While in love with life and enraptured with the world, he passed to silence and pathetic dust. Yet, after all, it may be best; just in the happiest, sunniest hour of all the voyage, while eager winds are kissing every sail, to dash against the unseen rocks, and in an instant hear the billows roar about the sink- ing ship; for whether at mid-sea or among the breakers of the farther shore, a wreck must mark at last the end of each and all and every life. No matter if its every hour is rich with joy, it will at , its close become a tragedy as sad and deep and dark as can be woven of the warp and woof of mystery and death. This brave and tender man in every storm of life was oak and rock, but in the sunshine he was vine and flower. He was the friend of all heroic souls; he climbed the heights and left all superstitions far below, while on his forehead fell the golden dawning of a grander day. He loved the beautiful, and was with color, form and music touched to tears. He sided with the weak, and with a willing hand gave alms. With loyal heart and the purest hand he faithfully dis- charged all public trusts. He believed that happiness was the only good, reason the only torch, justice the only worshiper, humanity the only religion, and love the only priest. He added to the sum of human joy, and were every one for whom he did some loving service to bring a blossom to his grave, he would sleep to-night beneath a wilderness of flowers. Life is a narrow vale between the barren peaks of two eternities. We strive to look beyond the two heights; we cry aloud, and the only answer is the echo of our wailing cry. From the voiceless lips of the unreplying dead there comes no word, but in the night of death hope sees a star and listening love can hear the rustling of a wing. He who sleeps here, when dying, mistaking the approach of death for the return of health, whispered with lowest whisper, " I am better now. " Let us believe, in spite of doubts and dogmas and tears and fears, that these dear words are true of all the countless dead. And now, to you who have been chosen from among the many men whom he loved, to do the last sad office for the dead, we give his sacred dust. There was, there is, no greater, stronger, manlier man than him whom we now assign to your care for the moment that intervenes ere the grave receives him. Miss Eva Parker, whom he married at Groveland, 111., near Peoria, in 1802, and two daughters, now nearly grown to womanhood. Colonel Ingersoll is perhaps best known because of his severe criti- cism of the church and its beliefs. In defense of his po- sitions be has delivered many lectures variously entitled *'The Gods," "Ghosts," " Liberty for Man, Woman and Child," "Skulls," "Thomas Paine." the "Mistakes of Moses" and "The Great Infidels." In his work on "The Gods" oc- curs this oft-' quoted phrase: " An honest Ood is the noblest work of man." Phrenologically, Mr. Ingersoll has large combat ive- ness, which dis- poses him to com- bat what he deems to be an evil. The social in his na- ture is largely de- veloped, hence his eulogy of home and the family. Benevolence, causality and com- parison, are all large; so also is ideality, which makes him pas- sionately fond of the beautiful and the poetic in nature. He has a large brain, his head measuring t w e n t \' - 1 h r e e inches; an inch larger than the average head, which measures twenty-two. This brain is sustained by a strong body, with large lung power. All these combined make him a man of great intellectual strength, and as an orator one of the foremost of the age. m I I'l A :(j. — 202 A BRIEF RECORD OF A GREAT MAN. f %%f®-=^^^ !'<@-9^i^l®e<$@99999€»^ ^^^^^fb ^3?.^?i?i?,^^!3!?i^®f^>!^?9!§§®!^!!?!ff^^^ '^'^^^S^^ »m>% Daniel Wetster. ¥#^"SSSS'3^$'S;ISS'aSSS'ijit¥S¥^^^^ A Distinguished Representative in the Councils of the Nation. jj^JIIE American orator and statesman, Daniel Webster, second son of a farmer in moderate circumstances, was born at Salisbury (now Franklin), N. H. , in 1782. His earli- est educa- tion was apparently derived principally from the instruction of his parents. At fourteen years of age he was sent to the Phillips - Exeter acad- emy. After remaining for a while in the fam- ily of Rev. Mr. Wood, at Boscawen, he entered Dartmouth college in 1797, earning bis living and fitting his brother EzL-kiel for college by teaching school during the winter months. As a stu- dent he appears to have been earnest and industrious, and a persistent reader of history and general English litera- ture. Already he began to manifest something of the oratorical powers thai in after-life stirred senators and the people, in his addresses before college societies, some of which were pub- lished, and throughout bis college career he was the foremost man of his class. In 1801 he graduated* and immediately afterwards he began to study law at Salisbury. During a part of 1803 he was principal of the Fryeburg academy in Maine, at a light salary, which he increased by copying in the recorder's oflicc lie continued to study law at Salisbury until in February, 1804, when he removed to Boston, where he entered another law-office and completed his studies. In 1805 he was admitted to the bar, and during the ensuing year practiced as an attorney at Boscawen. In 1806 he was admitted to practice in the superior court of New Hampshire, and established himself in business at Portsmouth, then the capital of that State. In 1808 he was married to Miss Grace Fletcher, of llopkinlon, N. H. Rising rapidly in his profession, he also identi- fied himself with the political party of federalists, and in 1812 was elected a member of Congress. In 181-1 he was re-elected to Con- gress. Mr, Webster having lost by fire his house, library, and other Vitluables, at Portsmouth, N. II. , he was induced to remove to Boston, Mass., which he did in 181C, at the close of his congressifmal term. For seven years he devoted himself almost exclusively to the j)ractice Daniel Webster, Lawyer, Politician, Statesman, and Distinguished Orator. of the law in his new home, and built up a business and a reputation almost unsurpassed by that of any other member of his profession. In 1822 he was elected to Congress from Boston. In 1826 he was chosen United States senator from Massachusetts. In 1830 occurred his famous controversy in the senate with Senator Ilayne, of South Carolina, on the subject of Southern "■nullifica- tion" — the right of a State to nullify, or make void, a law of Congress — a doctrine of so-called "State-rights," that Mr. Webster admirably refuted, and which, among other things, subse- quently brought on the civil war of 1861-5. In 1839 he made a tour of England, Scotland, and France. In 1841, under the administrations of Har- rison and Tyler, Mr. Webster was Sec- retary of State, until 1843. In 1845 he again took his seat in the United States senate, as the successor of Mr. Choate. In 1847 he visited the Southern States, and was cordially received. In the spring of 1850 he made his much- criticised speech in support of the fugi- tive-slave law. In the summer of that year he was called to the cabinet of President Fillmore as Secretary of State. In 1852 he met with a severe carriage accident, and his health failed, so that he tendered his resignation, which was not accei)ted, and retired to his home at Marshficld, Mass. Grad- ually his giant frame succumbed to his chronic diseases, and he died October 24, 1852, lamented and honored in his death, as in his life, by thousands of admirers and friends, and funeral orations and ser- mons were delivered throughout the country in great numbers. His remains were attended to his tomb at Murshfield by a great concourse, and there he rests from his arduous and important labors. It was not alone as a politician and statesman that Mr. Webster acquired distinction by his powerful oratory. In 1820 he pronounced his celebrated discourse at Plymouth, Mass. , on the landing of the pil- grim fathers; in 1825 and in 1843 he delivered his two great orations over the commencement and completion of the Bunker Hill monu- ment; in 1820 his eulogy on Adams and Jefferstm, and, in 1851, his address at the laying of the corner-stone of the addition to the capitol at Washington. His record in public life is intimately con- nected with the history of his country, and both go down to posterity together. After the death of Mr. Webster's first wife, in 1828, he married, in 1829, Caroline Bayard Lc Roy, daughter of a New York merchant. isa ? f 'Q- — A WIDELY KNOWN AND I'KOMINENT POLITICIAN 'A*\ i-^— is33- rJ,-)^ Roscoe Conkling. gfTMnftmrgg For a Number of Years a Member of the United States Senate. HE early part of President Gar- field's administration, in 1881, brought very prominently before the people of this country United States Senator Roscoe Conk- ling, of the State of New York. Although still r comparatively young, he had previously achieved emi- nence in the councils of the nation by his participation important political gatherings and his advocacy of the priin.ipley of the Republican party. The contro- versy with President Garfield arose from Mr. Conkling's opposition to the appointment of a custom-house collector tor the port of New 'York. The senator, feeling that as apolitical leader in the State of New York his wishes had not been sufficiently con- sulted by the president, and finding that the senate was in favor of con- firming the presidential appointment, deemed it his duty to resign his posi- tion in the senate and retire to private life. Whatever opinions may exist as to Mr. Conkling's course in this contro- versy, he merits a place of honor in these pages for the statesmanship which he manifested in the previous history of the nation. Deriving his existence from honorable ancestry, he was born at Albany, N. Y. , in 1828. His father was a member of the seventeenth Con- gress, was appointed Minister to Mexico in 1853, and associated judicially with the United States district court in the State of New York. Roscoe Conkling was educated for the practice of law, and soon after entering upon the duties of his profession became prominent as an attorney. The politieal arena, however, presented a fine field for the exercise of his executive talents and oratory, and about a year Roscoe Lawyer, Statesman and after his admission to the bar he was appointed district attorney for Oneida county. Residing at Utica while performing the duties of his position, in 1858, he received the nominiition for mayor of that city, and by his popularity secured his election. Filling this office satisfactorily, his friends in the district united their forces and elected him a member of the thirty-sixth Congress. The able manner in which he there maintained the interests of the nation and his constituency resulted in his re-election, successively, to the thirty-seventh, thirty-eighth, thirty-ninth and fortieth Congresses. During the war of the Southern rebellion, Mr. Conkling repre- sented in the halls of Congress the patriotism and energy of the people of New York by his cultivated oratory and active participa- tion in measures tending to preserve the integrity of the Union, winning not only the approval of his personal and political opponents, but the admiration of all the loyal people of the North. The result of his increased popularity was shown, in 1867, by Mr. Conkling's election as a United States senator by the legislature of his native State. Six years later he was re-elected, and at the time of his resignation, in May, 1881, he was serving his third term in that high office. Whether Mr. Conkling is considered as a statesman, a political leader, or an attorney; whether his ruling motive be personal ambition, political influence or patriotism, it is evident that he has striven to excel in the use of all his natural gifts and acquired accomplish- ments. All his life he has been a dig- nified, shrewd, hard-working, temperate man, bestowing upon the law cases entrusted to his care great research, thoughtfulness, and energy. Retiring, yet social in his habits, he is possibly too eager in following his ambition to lead in the political contests of his State and nation. In his younger days Mr. Conkling wedded a sister of Hon. Horatio Seymour. Their only child, a daughter, was married in ISSO. Mr. Conkling's person is consistent with his oratorical and execu- tive talents — tall and commanding, with a face possessing con- siderable manly beauty. As a public speaker he is eloquent and effective. Conkling, Prominent Public Speaker. -<): 2(M A DISTINGUISHED POLITICAL DEUATER AND ORATOR. James G. Blaine. Journalist, Politician and Statesman. IIE distingiiisbed legislator, James Gillespie Blaine, is a native of Pennsylvania, having entered upon the stage of life in Union town- ship, Washington county, January 31, 1830. H/ / His education was received \/ between the ages of twelve and seventeen years, at a Presbyterian institution in his native county, known as the college of Washing- ton and Jefferson. Graduating in 1847, be subsequently went to Kentucky and engaged himself as professor of mathe- matics in the Western Military in- stitute at Blue Lick springs. Remaining there two years, he rc- moved to Maine in 1853, and there, not long afterwards, he married Miss Harriet Stanwood. Entering upon the profession of journalism about that period, for a time he assisted in editing the Portland (Me.) Daily Advertiser^ and then, going to Augusta, the State capital, he assumed cdilorial control of the Kennebec Journal. In politics, he and bis paper worked ill the interest of the Republican party with so much energy and ability as to insure his election to the Maine legislature in 1858, and his re-election and participation in the sessions of I859-'G2. During his last two terms he was speaker of til(; llOUHC. In this position he had so faithfully represented the interests of his State that, in 1863, he was elected to represent the Kennebec district in the thirty-eighth Congress, and re-elected by the Kepub- Means to the six succeeding terms of Congress. In 1860 he was chosen Speaker of the House of Rei)resentatives, retaining this high odke for about six years, when the Democrats came into power and lie succumbed to partisan pressure. In IH75 the Maine legislature elected Mr. Blaine a United States senator as the eucccssorof Hon. Lot Morrill, who bad been appointed For a Number of Yoai-s Mi^mln'i Irom y\ secretary of the United States treasury. At the close of the term for which he was chosen Mr. Blaine was re-elected for the term ending March 4, 1883. In the beginning of the presidential campaign of 18T6, Mr. Blaine came prominently before the people as the possible successor of General Grant. His friends were very sanguine of his nomination at the Cincinnati convention, and it was on that occasion that Robert G. Ingersoll advocated the claims of the senator from Maine in one of his most forcible bursts of oratory, from which the following is an extract: " Like an armed warrior, like a plumed knight, James G. Blaine marched down the halls of the American Congress and threw his shining lance full and fair against the brazen forehead of every defamur of this country and maligner of its honor. "For the Republican party to desert that gallant man now is as an army deserting their general upon the field of battle. James G. Blaine has been for years the bearer of the sacred standard of the Republic." The convention, however, either failed to appreciate the claims of "the plumed knight" as highly as did Mr. Ingersoll, or political "policy" required the nomination of some one else, so that Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, carried off the honors and won the chief magistracy of the nation. In 1880, at the Chicago national Republican convention to nominate another candidate for the presidency, Mr. Blaine's friends again pressed his claims for that office with so much vigor and determination as to defeat the nomination of General Grant without securing the prize for their favorite, for very unexpectedly the convention declared for the nomina- tion of General James A. Garfield. General Garfield, after his elec- tion, did not forget the merits of Mr. Blaine, but invited him into his cabinet of counselors as Secretary of State. At this writing, in these "piping times of peace,'' it is loo soon to declare his success as one of the highest officers of the Union— a position which has been honored by the Adamses, Webster, Clay and Seward, and other statesmen of the mo^^t brilliant talent and executive skill. Mr. Blaine is not so remarkable for profound statesmanship as for his thorough uuderHtanding of parliamentary usages and tactics, by his knowledge of which he is capable of turning the tables upon his opponents in the halls of legislation and defeating all their arts and designs against the measures that he advocates. It is this faculty that has made him successful as a congressman and senator. Jame» G. Blame, ■ of tile United States Senate iiiiio. -? :C>^~ THE TALKKTKI), VKKSA'|-U>E LICCTUKER AM) WKITEK, AKNA DICKINSON. L'n:, Miiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiii i^ij^ ^ ii>""i1liilL'"''sp**^ Anna Dickinson. llUtlllllllllOl jn'mu'o I ■ .,11 rt(i^) Prominent Advocate of Woman-Suffrage and the Rights of the Oppressed. scbool, ^5^ ;ipline, ^\A^ ^NNA E. DICKINSON, the remiirkable female orator, is the daughter of a merchant in Phi hide Iphijv, and was born in 1842. When but two years old, her father died, leaving a widow and five children. " Asababy," says Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, "Anna was cross, sleepless, restless and crying contin- ually with a loud voice, thus preparing her lungs for future action." As a child she ' wayward, willful, intensely earnest and imagina- tive, causing herself and her elders much trouble and unhappiness. " At school, under the ruling disci " she was generally in state of rebellion." She was educated in the free schools of the Society of Friends, and the circum- stance of her poverty and her love for her care-worn mother no doubt had a strong influence in shaping the character of her after-life. The inunediate result was a desire to do something for her own support. In her school-days she read the current literature of the times freely and extensively. Blessed with a won- derful raeraory, the lesson once read needed no study; she was master of it. When about thirteen years old she secured a job of copying, and did it so well that she obtained more work of the same kind. Two things wore uppermost in her mind: how to improve her capabilities, and how to ;iid her mother. Once she scrubbed a sidewalk to obtain money to admit her to Wendell Phillips' lecture on " The Lost Arts." '■'■ She had a passion for oratory," and money, fairly earned by labor, paid her way to the enjoyment of hearing Curtis or Beecher lecture. After a while she obtained a saleswoman's place in a store, but finding that it required misrepresentation to sell poor goods, she quit at once. In January, 18C0, she was present at a womans-rights-and-wrongs meeting, at which ladies were invited to' speak, and she spoke for twenty minutes, right to the point. A few days afterwards she spoke again, on the same subject, at another meeting, and made a powerful reply to the objections of her male opponent. She now began to be in request at public meetings on the Anna Dickinson, Lecturer, Author, Political Speaker, Play writer and Actress. subject of woman's rights. She also taught a district school in Bucks county, Pa. At Kennott square. Pa. , on her eighteenth birthday, she spoke in favor of anti-slavery and resistance to tyranny. She also spoke that summer before several large audiences in New Jersey, on temperance, woman's work, and anti-slavery, producing excellent impressions on her auditors and winning distinction by her oratory. In the following February she addressed 800 persons for two hours in Concert hall, Philadelphia. Uer speech was unwritten and suc- cessful. Some time afterwards she obtained employment in the United States mint as an adjuster. Just after the battle of Ball's Bluff, Va. , in a public speech she alleged that the contest went against the Unionists on account of General McClcUan's "treason." In 18G4, when McClellan was running for president, she repeated the accu- sation of treason, and it was indorsed by her hearers. But her first utter- ance of it, in 1861, cost her her situ- ation in the mint. After that she continued to lecture on the political aspects of the war with great suc- cess, reaping enviable distinction by her oratory and independence of thought and speech. From that period dated her well-known success as a public lecturer. Time was spent in studying, reading and visit- ing soldiers in the government hos- pitals, until she could go out and tell the listening people what she knew of the civil war, its causes and progress. Her lecture on " Hospital Life," repeated in New Hampshire and many places, resulted, with other causes, in carrying the State for the Republicans in 1862. New Hampshire safe, she traveled and lec- tured in Connecticut amid great enthusiasm, and with the same happy She next spoke at the Cooper institute, in New York " The Day — the Cause," and reaped honor and large that occasion. Then she was called to result, city, on pecuniary profits speak before the Philadelphia Union league, where she received marked attention, and more money. After that she was in great demand as a lecturer, and for many years was one of the most popu- lar and successful speakers before the people. About the year 1875 she entered upon the work of plaj'-writing, and assumed the leading characters in her own dramas of " Mary Tudor," "AnncBoIeyn" and other plays. As a lecturer she has been most successful. 9 ,d ■0>~ — ' 206 THE HDNGAEIAN PATRIOT. THE PLYMOUTH PASTOR. Louis Kossuth. Henry Ward Beecher. Liberalists and Famous Orators. ^?f^ ■r^:i '^m ^=-URING THE period between the years 1840 and 1850, eminence in statesmanship, patriotism and oratory was achieved by Louis Kossuth, the leader of the opposition in Hungary to Austrian rule. Born of a noble family, at Monok, Hungary, April 27, 1803, he enjoyed the advantages of a liberal education, and as a journalist early distinguished himself in the stirring events of those times. His talents as a legislator and eloquent appeals to his countrymen soon made liim their leader in the popular cause, and also led to his arrest and imprisonment. The history of his struggles in this con- test is detailed on another page. Escaping to the United States, with a party of his co-patriots in 1851, he soon won the sym- pathy and admiration of the Americans by the eloquence of his public addresses, no- bility of character, and the story of his wrongs. For a while he was the lion of the day, and left his impress most emphatically upon the American people through a soft, black, slouch, wool hat that he wore, known as the ''Kossuth," which style has been almost universally adopted by our people. Subsequently he returned to Europe, settling at Turin, greatly esteemed by all liberal people. i&e-eo©- ^ knxx y HENRY WARD BEECHER. 'V MOXG eloquent American pulpit and platform orators Henry 4h Ward Bcecheroccupiesaconspicuous place. His father, Lj-man y^ Beecher, was a sturdy and powerful representative of Christian- ity in New England, and at the time of Henry's birth, June 24, 1813, was pastor of a church at Litchfield, Conn. Henry, with all his brothers and sisters, gave evidence of unusual literary and oratorical talent. Receiving his education at Amherst college, Mass., where he graduated in 1834, he entered upon the study of divinity at the Lane Theological seminary, at Cincinnati, of which institution his father was then prei^ident. Three years later, in 1837, he became the pastor of a Presbyterian church at Lawrenceburg, Ind., where he laid the foundation of his future greatness. In 1839 he removed to Indianapolis, engaged in pastoral duties, nntil, in 1847. he accepted a call to the pulpit of Plymouth Congregational church in Brooklyn. Whatever the condition of Plymouth church may have been at that time, it is certain that his influence and oratory Koon raised it from obscurity to distinction. While he filled the sacreti duhk and Louis Kossuth ministered to the spiritual wants of his congregation, he did not confine his oratory to religious theories, but preached upon current events and advocated popular political reforms and the moral and educational improvement of society. His strong expressions upon these topics soon gave him celebrity, and thousands of citizens and strangers from all parts thronged the aisles and pews of his church. To his vocation of a preacher he soon added that of a public lecturer, in which he achieved increased popularity. His fame was still further augmented by his contributions to the principal religious papers of the Union, especially to the Xew York Independent^ of which he became a leading spirit. On literary and social topics he wrote and spoke eloquently and forcibly, and exercised a wide- spread influence upon the minds of the people. At one period of the war of the rebellion he visited England to advocate there the policy of the North, and vindicated the canse of the Union successfully. In 1865, after the war had ended, he delivered an oration at Fort Sumter, on the anniversary of its surrender in 1861. In 1867 Mr. Beecher wrote for the columns of a New York story-paper a serial novel, entitled " Norwood," which, while it contained many excellent passages, really conferred more honor upon the paper than upon the writer. A few years later the country was startled by a report that Mr. Beecher had committed a "great transgression" with a prominent lady member of his church, the wife of his friend and business partner, Theodore Tilton. As usual the story grew in magnitude and filthiness, and brought about the customary effect — contumely upon the church and all the parties connected with the affair. A tedious investigation of the scandal followed, and al- though the lady insisted it was true, Mr. Beecher and his friends as stoutly denied it. The arbitrators eventually decided that the lady had either willfully falsified, or was suffering from an unfortunate delu- sion. The trial resulted in the dismissal of the lady from the church and the retention of Mr. Beecher as its pastor. Mr. Beecher is the author of several publications. The first of these, printed in 1844, and since then considerably enlarged, was entitled "Lectures to Young Men," warning them against the popular vices of the day. In 18G5 he published " Star Papers," a volume of his essays printed originally in the New York Independent, and so called beca\ise the articles in the paper were signed with a large star. A second volume of the same character was subsequently issued under the caption of "New Star Papers." Several volumes of his sermons, and of extracts from his discourses, a collection of his church prayers, a compilation of articles contributed to the New York Ledger, entitled " Eyes and Ears," and a "Life of Jesus the Christ," are among his publications. =- T TWO WELL-KNOWN CHARACTERS ON THE THEATRICAL BOARDS. 209 ? ipiiiiii Prominent French Actress, a Popular Comedian. ARAII BERNIIARDT'S mother was of Dutch birth. Her fjither was a French- man. It would not be fair to tell when she was born, but we may say that she received an excellent education in a con- vent, where her self-will and peculiar- ities made her a sore trial to her teachers, but from which she gradiiatid with many prizes. She was nmk'cided when she whether she nun or un receivinj; u training afterwards at the conservatory fitting ber for the stage, she entered the Tljcater Francaise about 1806. A quarrel with, and the slapping of a lady companion in the face, caut^ed her to leave the Theater Francaise, when, after playing in a spectacular piece at the Porte St. Martin, she finally made an engagement at the Odcon theater. She remained here for five years, gradually taking parts of importance, until she was again engaged at the Theater Francaise, to which she returned with a reputation for some ability and many eccentric- ities. Here her reputation grew rapidly, and when she essayed to take the parts that had been assumed by Rachel in the years before, and acqnilted herself to the satisfaction of the critics, her success was assured. Her triumph was the greater because her health was at this time very frail, and the effort was such a trial of her physical constitution as to often cause her to -spit blood, fall and faint away at the close of her play. Hers was the triumph that came through force nf \\\\]. Of tall and very slender figure, she possespes the form on which elegant dress shows to fine advantage, added to which is the vivacity and fire of the great actress, coupled with a voice of singular sweetness. Ascending step by step, she had become the most celebrated actress in France, when she turned her attention to sculpture and afterwards to painting, in both of which she has measurably succeeded. When not engaged in the play or in her studio, she is very likely inditing a correspondence to some publication, or else is speeding across the fields on horseback. Eccentric, self-willed, attractive and romantic in appearance, and wonderfully talented, she is a genius of a very high order, which will always make her star of success a brilliant one. BARNEY WILLIAMS. N THE year 1823, at Cork, Ireland, was born Bernard Flaherty, widely known in this country and England as the comedian, Barney Williams. Beginning theatrical life as an humble '^ supernumerary," he drifted to America at an early age and first ap- peared as an actor in New York city, at the Franklin theater, in the "Ice Witch," under the management of William E. Dinneford. Continuing his chosen profession, he visited Philadel- phia in 18-15, where he played at the old National theater, and the same year assumed control of Vauxhall garden, in the Bowery, in New York. In 1850 he married Mrs. Mesteyer, for- merly Jliss Maria Pray, a sprightly and versatile actress. Four years later they visited San Francisco together and opened the Metropolitan theater. In 1855 they sailed for England, Mr. Williams making his first appearance on the stage of the Adelphi theater, London, in the character of " Rory O'More," winning distinction. He afterwards traveled through Europe, and returned to New York in 1850. ap- pearing on the boards at Niblo"s. Some time later he became manager of the Broadway theater, but since 1869 he has, with his wife, played star engagements throughout the Union. Mrs. Williams was born in New York in 1828, and when fifteen years old was a ballet-girl on the stage. Her marriage to Mr. Williams was a great advantage to him in his profession. Her first appearance as an actress occurred at the French theater in New York in 1867. Both are very popalar. u T 210 PROMIMEXT COMEDIANS. ■/: Widely Known and Popular Play-Actors. LBA'XY, N. Y. , was the birthplace of the American comedian, William J. Florence, in 1831. He first appeared as an actor at the Richmond Hill theater in New York, in December, 1849, as Peter, in the play of "The Stranger," and was afterwards engaged at Niblo's theater, first perform- ing there in May, 1850. Snbsequently, in the character of Macduff at Providence, R. I. , he suc- cessfnlly snpported the elder Booth in the tragedy of " Mac- beth. " A little later he connected himself with Brougham's theater in New Y'ork as the able personator of Irish characters. In 1853 he married the divorced wife of a Mr. Littell, who was a sistcrof Mrs. Barney Williams and had been a dancing-girl at Wallack's theater. This marriage was, professionally, a great success, he appearing as the Irish Boy, and she as the Yankee Gal. In these respective characters both evinced great versatility, hu- mor and superior representa- tion, so that I hey soon became prime favorites. A starring .iourney to London in 1856 increased their eminence, and for fifty nights Ibcy jxTformed to good bouses at Drury Lane theater, afterwards playing at the principal places of amuse- ment in other parts of Great Britain. Returning to Amer- ica the same year they re- sumed their career as favorite actors with gratifying success and meeting with hearty re- ceptions In all sections of the _^ country. One of his later and best plays has been the "Almighty Dollar," In which, as the W. J A.s Hon. Mr. S1.>1,- Hon. Mr. Slotc, this popular comedian will be recognized in the accompanying engraving. ■V LTIIOUGH born in Liverpool, England, in 1830, Edward Askew rjf\t Sotheru, owing to his popularity in the United States, and ^j^ the appreciation with which he met in his own play of " Our American Cousin," may be considered an American actor. It was originally designed that he should grace an English pulpit, but the dramatic profession being much more congenial to his inclinations, he went upon the stage. In 1851 he came to the United States, appearing in Boston and New York. In the latter city he continued to play leading characters for several years with more or less success, but his reputation rapidly increased after his first appearance as Lord Dundreary in "Our American Cousin." The play in his hands was a wonderful success, its repre- sentation being repeated more than 1,100 times in this coun- try. Going to England in 1SG3 he brought out his Lord Dun.' dreary at the Ilaymarket thea- ter, in London, where it h.ad a wonderful "run" of 49G consecutive nights. In 1804 he produced his popular new characters of David Garrick and "Brother Sam," and ap- peared in other plays. In 18G7 he performed in Paris, afterwards coming to the United States, and returning to England in 1874 for an extended professional visit. Coming again to the United Slates he made " star " engage- ments in many of the principal cities, adding to his list of popular characters another successful one, " The Crushed Tragedian." In bis career as an actor till 1858, Solhern was known as Douglas Stewart, when he commenced using his own name. He first apjieared in this cottntry as Dr. Panghss at tin; Boston National theater. Sothern's last visit to the United States was in 1880. He died in England in 1881. orence, •■.\lmighty Dollar." .6- i: f- --^: PORTRAIT OF JOSKPH JEFFERSON. 211 ,1^ >^ Prominent in Tragedy. Distinguished as a Comedian. ing, ill studyiii and sculpture. MODERN family, two of whom have h^hed luster upon the dramatic pro- fession by their efficiency as actors, and one of whom eternally dis- graced himself by becoming the assassin of President Lincoln, April 14, 18G5, was the Booths. Junius Brutus Booth, distin- guished as a tragedian of great ability, was born in London, Eng- land, in 1796. Before going upon the stage, in 1813, he tried his hand at seamanship in the navy, at print- painting years he played in minor theaters in Eng- land and other parts of Europe, and then, in 1815, made his first appearance at Covent Garden theater, in London. From there he went into country districts and performed, and having succeeded in jjlaying Sir Giles Overreach with dis- tinguished effect, he was recalled to Covent Garden in 1817, where he per- formed ''Richard IIL " Edmund Kean was then playing in London, at another theater, the manager of which induced Booth to leave Covent Garden and play for him alternately with Kean. Returning shortly afterwards to Covent Garden. Booth played "Richard IIL," Sir Giles Overreach^ and "King Lear," with such success as to bring him into great repute. In 1831, after visiting Holland and the island of Madeira, he sailed for the United States, and began a dramatic career which lasted for thirty years, during which time he played in nearly every theater in the Union, and established a brilliant reputation as a tragedian, but con- fining himself to such effective parts as lago, "Othello," "Lear," "Richard III.," "Hamlet," Skylock^ Sir Giles Overreach, and Sir Edward Mortimer. His home, when not professionally engaged, was on a farm, twenty miles from Baltimore. He died while traveling from New Orleans to Cincinnati, December 1, 1852. Edwin Booth, son of Junius Brutus Booth, also an actor who has distinguished himself in representing prominent characters in Shakspeare's and other tragedies, was born at Belair, Md., in 1833. When a boy he "supported" his father on the stag?, by taking subordinate parts in plays. His first regular appearance was announced and made in Boston in 1849, and in 1851, when his father was sick, he took the old tragedian's place on the stage in " Richard IIL," at the Chatham- street theater, in New York. In 1852-3, he performed miscellaneous stage duties {as •utility man") at San Francisco, Cal. In 1854 he went to the Sandwich islands and Australia, returning to New York in 1857. There he appeared as a leading tragedian at Burton's theater. In 1860, at the Winter Garden, he became distinguished for his representation of Shakspearian characters. In the following year he played in England, and studied dramatic art on the continent of Europe. He returned to the United States in 18G2, and entered upon his present brilliant career as a " star " tragedian, excelling nearly all his contemporaries in that department of the legitimate drama, and winning a national distinction by his careful personations. In 1869 he built a theater in New Y'ork city, which bore his name, and the cost of which in- volved the loss of his private fortune. He married Mary, daughter of J. H. McVicker, Esq., of McVicker's theater, Chicago. JoHX Wilkes Booth, another son of Junius Brutus Booth, was born at Belair, Md., in 1839. He took to the stage as a profession and appeared with considerable success, but without brilliancy, in several of Shakspeare's plays as a leading tragedian. Becoming an en- thusiast in the cause of the South during the civil war in the United States, he at- tempted to avenge the fancied wrongs of his Southern friends, and shot and killed Abraham Lincoln at Ford's theater, Wash- ington, during the performance of " Our American Cousin. " Having fired the fatal shot, he escaped in the confusion and terror or the occasion and fled to Virginia. Pursuit was made for him, and April 26, 1865, he was surrounded, and shot dead by Sergeant Boston Corbett, near Bowling Green, Va. Joseph JeKerson, Comedian, Widelv Knn •■ Rij) V vn fnr liis Presentations of .111 Winkle." JOSEPH JEFFERSON. HE actor, Joseph Jefferson, has won distinction by his perfect personation of Washington Irving's good-natured, idle Dutch character of "Rip Van Winkle," dramatized by Dion Boucicault. His grand- father was also a celebrated actor, and bore the same name. His mother was Mrs. Burke, a celebrated vocalist. Joseph was born in Philadelphia in 1829, took naturally to the stage when very young, and soon became a talented comedian, being recognized as such both in the United States and England. He is a versatile actor, his range of personations extending to a great number and variety of charac- ters in comedy and farce, with great fidelity to nature and without descending to buffoonery. He is best known as " Rip Van Winkle," which he has delineated in about every city of the United States, and by this personation alone he has won fame and fortune. He has also made professional visits to Australia and England. He owns a sugar-plantation in Louisiana, and a fine farm in New Jersey^ near New York city. A disease of the eyes has recently interfered with his stage performances, making them less frequent than for- merly. His son, Joseph Jefferson, jr., has also exhibited consider- able talent as an actor. k :C>- f- 212 A. BEOXSON ALCOTT AND HIS DAUGHTER LOUISA MAY. f'.-w v: ^. V V- V ■^ -■'' -V y. -v V m A^^iP Noted Literary CelcbritiGS. -i-45^^|^-i- ^ T;^^ People Weil-Known in the World of Letters. 'eOffj) A. BRONSON ALCOTT. THE amiable "philosopher of Concord," Amos Bronson Alcott, is a welcome visitant in families where his varied accomplishments and teachings are known and appreciated. The son of a farmer, he came into existence at Wolcott, Conn., November 29, 1799. In early life he traveled in Virginia from place to place, carrying with him a trunk of merchandise belonging to a merchant in the vicinity of his borne, which he sold here and '^ there in the planters' fami- lies. It was here that he found oppor- tunities in dif- ferent house- holds to borrow and read books, and so to lay the foundation of his subsequent education. When he re- turned home he became the teacher of an infant school, in which voca- tion he was soon remarkably suc- cessful. Going to Boston in 1828, he again attracted attention by his mild and convcrsati(mal manner of teach- ing boys and girls from five to seven years old in his private school. His system met with so much opposition from the press on account of its peculiarities that he closed his school, which was held in the Masonic temple. He now became a resident of Concord, Mass., pursuing his studies with reference to educational reforms, natural theology, the improvement of society in important particulars, and proper diet as a source of health. In 1843 he visited England, by invitJition of a prominent educator in London, Mr. James P. Greaves, who died, however, before Mr. Alcott reached the British metropolis. The fame of the Concord philosoplicr had preceded him and he met with a gratifying reception from his admirers, who had already given his name to a school near London. Messrs. Lane and Wright, two of bis English adherents, came to America with Mr. Alcott when he returned, and with him, at Harvard, Mass., they founded a community on a farm which they called "Fruitlands."' but this enterprise soon failed, the Englishmen went home, and the farm passed into other hands. After this episode Mr. Alcott resided for a tiiiie at Boston, and subsequently again at Concord. Since then he has devoted ■ >o - oo^ - A. Bronson Alcott, Philosopher, Teacher and Convcrsatinnal Lecturer. Louisa May Alcott, Author of "Little Men." '■Little Women,' systems of diet. himself to de- livering his conversational lectures, which have become a literary feature in numerous communities. They are nearly always repeated in" scries at pri- vate houses in accordance with special invita- tions, and the subjects are usually an- nounced on cards. His dis- courses treat principally of physical health and comfort, especially in relation to con- theology, ethics stitutional peculiarities and and practical social training. Ho is also the author of several noted magazine articles and a volume or t\vo of more or less general interest. LOUISA MAY ALCOTT. AVERY popular Amcrinui wrii. r nf l>,.oks for youth and children is Louisa May Alcott, the daii^diter of tlie social philosopher, A. Bronson Alcott. Her birth occurred at Germantown. Pa. , in 1833. In her youth she wrote fairy tales, and published her first book in 1855. During the war o'f the rebellion she served as a hospital uiirse in the Tiiion armv. Since then she has been a contributor to Ihe W r. >t-n.:< Kj^.n.i i^t i.f.r.n ,^n,.,.,.t l, ,i* rt<-l.>nc- GEORGE BANCROFT. A AMERICA'S favorite historian, George Bancroft, was born at Worcester, Mass. , in 1800. Receiving his educa- tion at Harvard college, where he gradu- ated in 1817, he traveled in Europe and studied history, philosophy and literature at Gottingen and Berlin. It had been his intention to become a minister of the gospel, but upon returning to America, in \^-Z2, he relinquished this design and turned his attention to literature. For a time he served as a professor of the Greek language in Harvard college, but m 1823, in company with Dr. Coggswell, he founded the Round Hill school at Northampton, Mass. The first volume of his great '* History of the United States" w'as published in 1834. Entering the political arena, in 1838, he was appointed customs-collector at Boston, retain- ing that otHce for about three years. In 18-14 he was a candidate for the Governorship of Massachusetts, as a Democrat, but was de- feated. Upon the accession of President Polk, in 1845, Mr. Bancroft became a member of his Cabinet, as Secretary of the Navy. In this position he established the national naval academy at Annapolis, Md. In 1846 he was sent as minister to Great Britain, and during the period of this ofiice he added largely to his historical collections, and formed valuable friendships. Returning to the United States, be continued his labors upon his American T. S. ARTHUR. Novelist, Author of Temperance and Other Mural Tales, the world one of the mopt Hans Chrii-tian Andersen, who was born of poor parents at Odense, in 180.5. In bis youth, he was charitably instructed for stage singing at Copenhagen, but hiH voice failing within si.K months, he led a precarious existence for a few years, sometimes studying and sometimes working in the the- ater. Some tragedies thai he wrote at this l)eriod attraolpd attention, but were not produced on the stage. Later, an influ- ential citizen procured Andersen's free admission to a government school, and he was subsequently admitted to the Royal College of Copenhagen. In 1829 his first work, "A Journey on Foot to Amok," was printed, and was received with great favor. Other books followed. In 1833 he visited Italy, and in after-years he traveled in Europe, the East, England and America, his writings having prepared the way for his kind reception every- where. His principal works are: '*The Improvisatore " (a novel), **0. T. ,"■ ' ' Only a Fiddler. " ' ' Fairy Tales. " ' ■ Pic- ture Book Without Pictures," '■'Travels in the Hartz Mountains," "A Poet's Bazaar," ''The Story of My Life," an autobiography, and numerous volumes of poetry, dramas, fairy comedies, etc. He died in August, 1875. History, the tenth and last volume of which Authorof was published late in 1874. In 1867 he wag appointed minister to Prussia; in 1868, to the North German Confederation, and in 1871 to the German empire, but was recalled at his own request in 1874. His principal works are his standard '■History of the United States" and a volume of "Miscellanies," comprising a number of his contributions to the Noi'th AmeHcan Revieiv. MONCURE D. CONWAY. AMONG the prominent literary and political reformers of the day, Moncure D. Conway holds a high rank. He was born in Stafford *'- '''" in 1832, and graduated at Dickinson College, at Car- lisle, Pa., in 1849. For awhile he studied law, but relinquished it in order to become a Methodist minister, entering the Baltimore Conference in 1850. Experiencing a change in his political and religious views, he joined the divinity school at Cambridge, Mass., at which he graduated in 1854. He attempted to reside in Virginia, but on account of his changed political opin- ions he was obliged to leave the State. Soon afterwards he became the pastor of the Uni- tarian Church at Washington, D. C. His anti- slavery discourses proving unpalatable to his flock, he was dismissed. In 1857 he was pastor of the Unitarian Church at Cincinnati. Subsequently he lectured in New England on slavery and its relations to the Southern rebellion. During the civil war his father's slaves escaped from Virginia, and were col- onized by him at Yellow Springs, Ohio. In 1863 he went to England, and wrote and lectured on the anti-slavery features of the American rebellion, contributing to prominent In 18G3 he began preaching in the vicinity of GEORGE BANCROFT. Bnncinfis Histnivnf the United States, and other Works. English periodicals, London, and since then has lectured before learned societies and written freely for English journals and American periodicals and newspapers. He has also published the fallowing books: '*Thc Rejected Stone," *' The Golden Hour," "The Earthward Pilgrimage," "Republican Superstitions,'' and "Sacred Anthology.*' •Cb^*-^ GRACE GREENWOOD. FANNY FERN. MRS. LIPPINCOTT. \RA JANE, daughter of Dr. Tbaddens Clarke, was born at Pompej', Onondaga county, N. Y. , in 18*33, but much of her child- hood was lived at Rochester. Iler father, aboui the year 1842, removed with her to New Brighton, Pa., and eleven years aftervrards she became the ^ wife of Leander K. Lippincott. of Philadel- phia. Her tastes were literary, and in 1844 she contributed her first prose article to the New York Mirror, under the name of "Grace Greenwood. " Since then she has written and published many adult and juve- nile books of an excellent character, has distinguished herself as a lecturer on liter- ary topics, and has also contributed freely to the current periodicals. Among her most noted works are ' 'Greenwood Leaves, " ' * History of My Pets, " ' * Haps and Mishaps of a Tour in Europe,"' "Stories of Many Lands, "'etc. Her domestic rehitions have not been happy. Her only daughter mani- festing a dramatic talent, Mrs. Lippincott has trained her for the st:ige. PAR A LYDIA MARIA CHILD. ONE of the most philanthropic of Amer- ican authors was Lydia Maria Child, who was born at Medford, Mass. , in 1803. She was the daughter of David Francis, a baker, and began a literary life in her youth, publishing her first book in 1834, and her second in 1825, the latter displaying unmistakable genius. About 1831 she became interested in the anti- slavery question, and identified herself with the abolitionists by her publications. In 1841 she removed to New York, where for two years she edited the Xational Anti-Slacery Stand- ard (assisted by her husband, Mr. David L. Child, to whom she was married in 1828). In 1859 she wrote a letter of sympathy to John Brown, the unfortunate champion of the slaves, which involved a correspondence with Governor Wise, of Virginia, and Mrs. Mason, of that State. These letters were collected and published in a pamphlet, and no less than 300,000 copies were circuhitcd. Mrs. Child's publications are as follows: **Hobomok, an Indian Story ;" "The Rebels- a Tale of the Revolution;" The Juvenile Magazine^ which she conducted from 1826 to 1834: "The American Frugal House- wife;*' "The Girls' Own Book;" "The Mothers' Book ;" " Appeal in Behalf of that class of Americans called Africans;" "Philothea, a Grecian Romance;" "Letters from New York," "History of the Condi- tion of Women in All Ages and Nations," " BiographicH of Good Wives," "Life of Inaac T. Hopper," "Progress of Religious Ideas," "Autumnal Leaves," "Looking Toward Sunset," "The Frcedman's Book," "A Romance of the Republic," and several books of children's stories. The publication on the stibject of slavery (in behalf the Africans), is one of the largest and best of her works, and that on domestic economy, or frugal housewifery, has not been displaced by any similar hook. Her works are among those which have made a deep impression on the public mind. She died in 1880. > Mrs. Sara Jane Lippincott, "Widely and Favorably Known as an Authoress over tlie signature, Grace Greenwood. Known to the wo hi n^ Fan Leaves, SARA PAYSON. PAYSON, better known as "Fanny Fern,'" a daughter of thaniel Willis, sister of Nathaniel P. Willis (the poet), and wife of James Parton, was horn in Portland, Maine, in 18M, and edu- cated in the seminary of Miss Catherine E. Beecher, with whom was then associated Miss Harriet Beecher (Mrs. Stowe), at Hart- ford, Conn. She appears to have possessed remarkable independence and energy of character from her earliest years, qualities which gave spice in after-life to her literary productions, "with her heart as full of frolic as a lark's breast is of singing." (Grace Greenwood. ) With her first husband, Mr. Eldridge, of Boston, Fanny Fern lived in comfort and domestic felicity, until death robbed her of her protector and her first- bom daughter; Some time afterwarJs she entered upon married life with a Mr. Har- rington, with whom she did not find happi- ness, and from whom the law gave her a release. Poverty came with her other troubles, accompanied, as usual, with neg- lect and suffering; but Fanny was equal to the emergency. She wrote a little sketch in the vein which afterwards made her so popular as an authoress, and sold it to a Boston editor for "a half-dollar, whose jingle was to her like the sound of Bow-bells in Whittington's ears," a promise of subsistence and future pros- perity. Her little venture was well received, and the public called for more with the voracity of hungry Oliver Twist. Fanny's sketches were in demand, and again competency and distinction came to her liitle household. She was original, sharp and pleasing in her notes on every-day persons and things, versatile in themes, and vigorous in expression; so that whatever she wrote was attractive, even when she scolded at the cherished follies of social life. And thus she succeeded in establishing a literary reputation that soon became national. Again she married; this time an author of celebrity, Mr. James Parton, and her life appears to have been one of medium happiness. The death of her married daugliter. however, clouded her spirit. She died in New York, in 1873. Of her works, the first edition of "Pern Leaves," a collection of her newspaper sketches, was probably the most popular, its sales soon reaching TO, 000 copies. Seven scries of these ("Fern Leaves," "Fresh Leaves," "Folly as it Flies," "Ginger- Snaps.^'and "Caper-Sauce," with "Little Ferns" for children) were published. Her other books were two novels, ' ' Ruth Hall " and "Rose Clark," and "The Play-Uay Book. " MARY ELIZABETH BRADDON. )rn in London, in 18:i7. She cnrly di.'-played now well-known through her works, among which are: ' * The Lover of Arcadia, " a comedietta; ' ' CJaribaldl ;" ' ' Lady Andlcy's Secret. " * ' Aurora Floyd, " * ' Sir Jasper's Tenants." "Only a Clod," "To the Bitter End," etc. She is editor of Ikt- gratia, a London magazine. THE above named was bo literary talent, and is ii ...i.s^i, L 1 mi... T CUAKLOTTE BKUNTE, AUTHOR OF THE BRONTE SISTERS. FIVK (liiiightors were born to Ri-v. Patrick Bronte, curatt- of Tlioni- ton, Yorksfhire, England, anil aftLT\vard« minister of Iliiworth. Charlotte, tlic most distinguit^hed of the family, first saw tlie light at Thornton, in 1816. Four of the eisters were sent to Hchoot at Cowan's Bridge, but two died from disease contracted there. Charlotte and Emily left the school in 1835, and for several years lived at home with Anne, another sister, the care of the htmsehold devolving on Charlotte. Still she found time for literary pursuits, her mind and talents fihowing n remarkal)le development. In the winter of 1831, Charlotte was again sent to school, where she remained nearly two years. In 1835 she re-entered the school as a teacher, but the labor proved too severe, and she relinquished it. For two or three years .she was a governess. A year or two were spent at Brussels by Charlotte and Anne, for the purpose of qualify- ing themselves; to open a school at Havvorth, but on their return the scheme failed for want of patron- age. From that time (1844) the sisters remained at home together, and in 1846 (under the fictitious names of Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell) they published a volume of poems, which was coldly received. Not discouraged, they wrote each a prose tale, proposing to have the three published together, under their respective fictitious names. These stories w'ere: Charlotte's "The Professor;'' Emily's " Wuth- ering Heights;'' and Anne's "Agnes Gray." Only the last-named two could find a publisher, Charlotte's not being given to the world until her death. Without yielding to her disappointment, Charlotte next wrote "Jane Eyre," which was published in 1847, and was greeted with great favor by the public, it being translated into many foreign tongues, and dramatized in Eng- land and Germany. Emily died in 1848. Anne lived to finish her second novel, "The Tenant of Wildfell Hall." and died in 1849. Charlotte's second book. "Shir- ley," was published m 1849, and her third, "Villette/' in 1853, meeting with success. Some months afterwards Charlotte married Mr. Nicholls, a curate. One complete novel, ' ' The Professor, " and an unfinished one (or parts of it) were published after her death at Haworth, in 1855. THE CAREY SISTERS. AI.ICK ami IMiM'be Carey were born m-ar Cincinnati. Ohio, the former in 1830 and the latter in 1H34. Both manifested consid- erable literary talent in their early years, and both became con- tributors to periodicals in their youth, writing prose and poetry with great facility and freshncHS. Alice, however, wrote more of prose than Pha'be, whose poems breathed a more indei)endent spirit than those of her sister. Both wrote several volumes during their lives, which met with much favor and established their fame. Alice died in New York, in 1871, and Phoebe at Newport, R. I., the same year. Jointly they published as their first work, "Poems of Alice and Phcebe Carey" (1849). The volumes written by Alice were: Two series of "Clovernook Papers," '' Clovernook Children," "Hagar, " " Lyra and Others Poems," "Married, not Mated," "Pictures of Country Life," " Lyrics and Hymns, " "The Bishop's Son," "The Lover's Diary," and "Snow Ber- ries." Phnebe's books were prin- cipally compilations of her own fugitive poetry, including ' ' Poems and Parodies," " Poems of Faith, Hope and Love," and a large por- tion of Rev. Dr. Deems' collection of "Hymns for all Christians." CHARLOTTE Author of "Jane Eyrf," " V >^li^^ — FREDERIKA BREMER. NEAR Abo, Finland, was born Frederika Bremer, in 1801; she iLinoved, in 1809, with her wealthy parents, to Sweden, where ■^ she was carefully educated, her last school year being passed in Paris. On her return she taught in Stockholm. Her first novel, "The Neighbors, "' was published in 1824, and enjoyed a wide European translation. In 1849 she visited the United States, where she was received with a hearty welcome. Two years were spent in this country and in a short visit to Cuba. In 1851 she visited England. MARY RUSSELL MITFORD. \UE charming authurL'S--, ilarj- Russell Mitford, was born at Alrcsford, England, in 1786, the daughter of a physician of limited means. Her education was mostly obtained at a Chelsea school. At an early age she developed a taste for literary labor, and when twenty years old published three volumes of narrative and other poems. About six years later she began to contribute tales and sketches to the periodicals of that day. For more than forty years she resided in Berkshire, in her humble cottage, engaged in literary pursuits. Her principal works are : "Our Village," a volume of at- tractive and rural sketches in five series, " Country Stories, " ''Rec- ollections of a Literary Life," and the dramas of "Julian," "Foscari," " Rienzi," and "Charles the First." She also edited three volumes of ''Stories of American Life by American Authors." Her death, preceded by the painful consequences of an accident three years previous, occurred near Reading, England, in 1855. BRONTE, llctte," and Other Works. DINAH MARIA MULOCK. THE graphic writer of novels, tales and sketches, Dinah Maria Mulock, was the daughter of aclergj-man. and was horn at Stoke- upou-Trent, England, in 1825. Her first novel. "TheOgilvies, " was published in 1840. and was well received. Since Jhen she has written numerous others, but in "John Halifax, Gentleman. " pub- lished in 1857, her genius found scope for such superior portraiture of character as to largely increase her reputation as a novelist. In 1865 she became the wife of Mr. George L. Craik. Her books are in good demand in this countrj'. — -t) T 210 ELIZABETH STUAET FlIELPS. ^'GEORGE SA^'D. ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS. AT Andover, Mass., in 1844, was born the talented authoress, Eliztibeth Stuart Phelps, the daughter of literary parents. Pre- vious to 1868 she had written several miscellaneous books, but in that year the publication of "The Gates Ajar'' gave her renewed celebrity by its energetic and original treatment of death and bereavement. It passed to a twentieth edition within a year. This was followed by others of less power and popularity, but possessing the elements of success: "Men, Women, and Ghosts," *' Hedged In," "The Silent Partner," and " Poetic Studies." 6 the ship was wrecked on Fire Island, near the latter port, and all three were drowned. July IG, 1850. Her published books are as follows: " Woman in the Nineteenth Century, "' "Letters of Gun- derode and Bettina " (a translation), "A Summer on the Lakes, " ■ ■ Papers on Art and Literature. " HANNAH MORE. HANNAH MORE, the thoughtful Eng- lish authoress, whose "Shepherd of Salisbury Plain, " and * ' Calebs in Search of a Wife," which are well known in Europe and America, was born at Staple- ton, England, in 1745. At the age of sis- teen she wrote a pastoral drama. This was published in 1773, and from that time until 1779 she produced a succession of secular play.s and poems. Her tragedy of ' ' Percy " was brought out by Garrick in 1777. About 1780 she became relig- iously inclined, and henceforth turned her attention from stage-writing to other literary work more acceptable to the Christian world. She wrote much and well, and her books are numbered among the standard religions publications. The pecuniary results of her works were npward of $125,000, one-third of which she' gave to charitable purposes. She died at ■Clifton, England, in 1833. "GEORGE SAND." ONE of the most famnu;^ of French nov elists, "George Sand," was bom ii Elizabeth Stuart Phelps. Author of ' MARGARET FULLER, CAMBIilDGKPOKT. Mas^,. in 1810. was the birthplace of the brilliant American authoress. Margaret Fuller. She was very precocious, reading Latin at six years old. and at eight she studied Shakspeare, and was partially educated at a school in Groton. Mass. At fifteen years she began educating herself, and, in 1832, German literature became her study. About 1830 she began teaching languages at Boston for a livelihood, and in 1837 she became principal of a school at Providence. R. I. In 1810, while residing in the vicinity of Boston, she engaged in editing the I>ial^ a quarterly magazine, in which lahor she was assisted by Ralph Waldo Emerson, George Ripley and others. With this peri- . odical she was connected for two years. In 1&43 she traveled to Michigan and Lake Superior. In 18-14 she went to New York and wrote hook reviews for the New York Tribune. In 184G-'7 she was in Europe, and in December, 1847, was married, at Rome, to the Marquis Ossoll, a Roman nobleman. When Rome was besieged by the French, in 1840. she was ai)polntcd directress of one of the hospitals for the wounded lt,alians. In 18.50, with her hii?*band and infant son, she sailed from Leghorn for New York in Paris in 1804, and was brought up under the care of her grandmother, the Countess de Horn. After spending about two years in a hoarding school at Paris, she was married to Casimir Dudevant in 1822. They were poor and did not har- monize. She began to write for the Paris Figaro in 1831, but was not successful as a journalist. At that time she received an allowance of 1,500 francs per annum from her husband. In order to visit theaters and other resorts without observation, she dressed in men's clothing. In connection with a friend she wrote her first novel, "Rose and Blanche " (literally "Red and White"). It was so successful that her publisher encouraged her friend to pro- duce another. He had none ready, but Madame Dudevant had ready "Indiana," which was published under the name of " George Sand. *' This and her next novel, " Valentine," were well received. After that she wrote novels for the Jievue des Deux Mondes. "Lclia" was produced in 1833. Its freedom of morals commanded attention and created. suspicion. Afterwards she became indoctrin- ated with socialism, which was manifested in several books. She separated from her husband and attended to the education of her children, writing pastorals, novels, several plays, and political articles. During her life-time she wrote about sixty novels and more than twenty plays, beside several other works, including the history of her life. She died in 187G. Gales A,i;ir. ■ '■ Tlie Silent Partner,' and i.Hlu-r Works. TIIK eslL-emedai William and 1 ,1...... „f r\....i.., Madame Dudevant Famous Krene)i Ni»vilisi hut WILLIAM AND MARY HOWITT. authors, husband and wife, Mary Ilowitt, were chil- dren of Quaker families. William was born in Derbyshire, England, in 1795; Mary, at Vttoxeter, England, in 1804. Both possessed fine literary tastes, and have made the writing of hooks the business of their lives. Several of their works are joint productions, and botli have made creditable and extensive additions to the literature of England. Mr. Uowitt. fur some years, conducted two literary period- icals, which no hmger exist. Their publications also include translations of the works of foreign authors- both prose and poetry. William's principal works are: "Popular History of Priestcraft," "Colonizatiim and Christianity," "Stories of English Life,*' etc. Mary wrote the novels " Wood Leighton" and "The Heir of Wast Waylaud,"' also " Biographical Sketches of thi- (Juci'us of Kn^'land." " Birds and Their Nests." etc. •"George Sand." I'mt aiui Plii.v-W 1 :5-- — jO.' WASHINGTON IRVING. '' GEORGE ELIOT. ONK of tlu- liin Irving WASHINGTON IRVING. ' mofit cstcGmcd aiilhurs in (In; Viiilcil States, Wushiiiy- , was born in New York, in 1783. At the ago of about j^ixtoen he began the study of law, and in 1803 contributed to the Morning Chronicle several articles of a social and dramatic character, under the name of "Jonathan OUlstylc.*" On account of ill-health, he visited Europe in 1804-'0. On his return he resumed the study of law. In 1807, in company wilh his brother and James K. Paulding, he started the serial • ' Salmagundi, or the ^A'him-whams and Opinions of Launcelot Langstaff," the humor, wit and social allu- sions of which won a reputation for it. Twenty numbers were iss*ued. In 1809 he published "Knickerbocker's History of New York." In 1813-14 he edited the Analectic Magazine in Philadelphia. While a silent partner in the mercantile business with two of his brothers, he became aixl- de-camp and military secretary to Governor Tompkins, and in 1815 sfiiled for Europe, rambling in England and Scotland and be- coming acquainted with Sir Walter Scott and other prominent literary men. The failure of his mercautile firm obliged him to live by authorship, and he remained abroad until 1832. During his absence in Europe he published his "Sketch Book," "Bracebridge Hall." " Tales of a Traveler," "Life and Voyages of Columbus, " ' ' Chronicles of the Conquest of Granada. " ' • Voyages of the Companions of Columbus, " and the ' ' Alhambra. " In 1829 he was appointed secretary of legation at London, and in 1831 he received the degree of LL. D. from Oxford university. After his return to America he accompanied Commissioner Ellsworth in the expedition to remove the Indians across the Mississippi, a voyage that re- sulted in his "Tour on the Prairies," which, with other papers, was published as the " Crayon Miscellany. " In 1836 he published ' ' Astoria ;" in 1837, ' ' The Adventures of Captain Bonneville;" in 1855, " Wolfert's Roost" (written in 1839-41); in 1841, a life of Margaret Miller Davidson. From 1842 to 184tj he was United States Minister to Spain; in 1849 he published his " Life of Oliver Goldsmith," and. in 1850, his "Maho- met. " In 1848-'50 he revised his works, and from 1855 to 1859 he devoted himself to the preparation and publication of his "Life of George Washington," in five volumes, the last appearing about three months before his death, which occurred at Tarrytown. N. Y., in 1859. During his life-time, it is stated, 300.000 copies of his books were sold, and since his death the sales are estimated at 30,000 annually. His "Spanish Papers and Other Miscellanies" were published after his death, by his nephew. Mr. Pierre M. Irving, who also edited his honored relative's " Life and Letters. " Owing to the early death of Matilda Hoffman, a young lady whom he favored, Irving was never married. He was a man of tranquil temperament, genial and char- itable, with delicate suavity of manners and conversation. yAIU.VN WASHINGTON IRVING, Genial Essayist, Novelist and Historian, '^GEORGE ELIOT." VN EVANS, bitter kncjwn as " George Eliot, " was an Eng- authorcHs of an independent, philosophical turn of mind, who gave her theories to the world in the guise of fiction. She was born in Warwickshire, England, about 1820. PosBcssing literary genius of n high order, her numerous pub- lications have been received with great favor by the public. Among the most prominent of these are "The Mill on the Floss," "Felix Holt," and "Daniel Deronda;"aml she has also published several translations, besides two or three volumes of poetry. She excelled in delineations of the devel- opment of character, "in seizing and em- bodying thorougiily human types of mind and thought, so that each one of her charac- ters becomes a living representative of some traits which every reader recognizes. " and in a form of expression that by its terseness serves to retain a place in the mind. Iler peculiar independence in social philosophy is well exemplified in her alli- ance with George Henry Lewes, another distinguished English author and philoso- pher, whereby she became to him a wife in everything but the marriage ceremony, which they seemed to hold in contempt as regarded persons of their own degree of intellectual perfection. After the death of Mr. Lewes, Miss Evans married John Walter Cross, a merchant of London, with whom she lived but a few months. Her death occurred December 22, 1880. Her strong individuality of character is well illustrated in the massive features of her face, as shown in the portrait herewith given. A' "GEORGE ELIOT," Distinguished Enfe'lish Novelist and Poet. GEORGE HENRY LEWES. N English author, of positivist opin- ions, and noted for his investigations of mental phenomena and philosoph- ical systems, was born in London, in 1817. After receiving his education, he entered upon a mercautile life, which he abandoned in order to study medicine, and, subsequently, leaving his medical studies, he devoted his time and talents to literature and philosophy. The years of 1838-'9 be spent in Germany, studying his favorite subjects, and after his re- turn to London he entered upon a literary career. He contributed papers to the principal British magazines, and from 1849 to 1854 was literary editor of the London Leader. In 1865 he established the London Fortnightly Review, which he edited until the close of 1866, when he retired on account of ill-health. His principal philosophical works are: "A Biographical History of Philosophy, from Thales to Comtc, "and "Problems of Life and Mind." His other writings embrace lives of Goethe and Robespierre; the tales of " Ranthorpe " and "Rose. Blanche and Violet, "' ' ' The Spanish Drama, " ' ' The Koble Heart " (a tragedy), " Comte's Philosophy of the Sciences, " " Seaside Stud- ies," "Physiology of Common Life," "Studies in Animal Life." etc. He demanded certainty upon every subject of human inquiry — ■ fact instead of speculation. He died Xovember 30, 1878. >K| 0?- — A. HAWTHORNE AND THE EARL OF BEACONSFIELD. BENJAMIN DISRAELI. THE history of the recent diftingui-hod first lord of the English treasury, Benjamin Disraeli, earl of Beaconsfield, is two-fold — political and literary. The first is connected with the govern- ment and political prosperity of Great Britain, while the latter is a part of the history of the world's literary progress in the nineteenth century. Of the former little need be said in this connection; this is the place only for a sketch of his literary labors. He was horn in London, in 1805, educated by his father .and private tutors, and intended for the practice of the law; but at an early age he abandoned his law studies, and began his brilliant career as an author. When nineteen years old he published his first novel, "Vivian Grey," which stamped him as an original, vivacious and witty writer. His next book was a satire, entitled "The Vaijage of Captain Popanilla." After an o.xtended tour in Europe, Syria, Egypt and Nubia, he published, in 1831, his novel of " The Young Duke, " and between then and 1847 he gave the world the following publica- tions: "Contarini Fleming," "The Wondrous Tale of Alroy," "The Rise of Iskander, " "Henrietta Temple," " Venetia;" in 18.34 and 1835 several politicil pamphlets; in 18.39 a five-act tragedy, "Count Alarcos;" in 1844 "Coningsby;" in 1845 "Sybil, or the Two Nations:" in 1847 " L\ion in Heaven" and other tales, and "Tancred," a novel; in 1849 a biography of his f.ither, Isaac Disraeli; in 1852 a life of Lord George Bentinck; in 1870 his remarkable novel of "Lothair, " which in the United States alone reached ^»y) a circulation of more than 80,000 copies, and in 1881 "Endymion. " His work, " Coningsby, or the New Generation," was one of his most popular productions, its success depending largely upon the fact that its leading characters were drawn from real life, and had special reference to per.sons living at the time of its publi- cation. Disraeli died in London, April 19, 1881. NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE. AMONG the sons of New England who have achieved fine literary reputations was Nathaniel Hawthorne, who was born at Salem, ■..„„., ;.. jgo4^ anij „i|-i, tijg py^.f Longfellow and President Maine, Mass, Pierce, studied at Bowdoin colle; He first appeared in public, as an anonymous author, in 1832. In 1837 his "Twice-told Tales" were pub- lished. In 1838 he was appointed to a position in the Boston custom-house, remain- ing there three years. In 1846 he was given the othee of surveyor in the Salem (Mass ) custom-house, but retained it only about a year. In 1853 President Pierce appointed him consul to Liverpool, a post that he held until 1857. After making a tour in Europe he returned to America and settled at Con- cord. He was a genial gentleman and pos- sessed a superior faculty for writing interesting books. His principal novels are ' ■ The Scarlet Letter," " The House of the Seven Gables, " "The Blithedale Romance, " "The Marble Faun. " He died at Plymouth, N. U. , in 1804. BENJAMIN DISRAELI. Known as the Earl of Beaconsfield. THE Gib 173' EDWARD GIBBON. E great English historian, Edward ibbon, was born at Putney, England, in and was educated at Westminster ISAAC DISRAELI. ISAAC DISRAELI, father of the carl of Beaconsfield (the late British Prime Minister) was born near Enfield, Eng- land, in 1706. He was intended for commercial pursuits, but disgusted his own father by writing poetry. He was educated at Amsterdam, after which he traveled in France, henceforth devoting himself to literary pursuits with singular assiduity, and producing several impor- tant additions to the literature of his country. His principal writings, in prose and poetry, are as follows: "The Curiosities of Literature," " Calamities of Authors, " " (Juar- relsof Authors," "Illustrations of the Literary Character," "Amen- ities of Literature," "Life and Reign of Charles I, ," "Miscellanies, or Literary Recreations," " Vaurien, a Plillosoi»hical Novel," a vol- nmc of " Romances, " or short tales, "Narrative Poems," "Despo- tism," a novel, "Fllm-Flams, or the Life and Errors of my Uncle, and the Amours of my Aunt," etc. He died in 1848. school, Magdalen college, at Oxford, and at Lausanne, Switzerland. Having been brought up a Protestant, he became a Papist, but was reclaimed from popery, and settled into a confirmed skeptic. For a time he was in the military service of England, but having read and traveled extensively, he turned his thoughts to literature. His first great work, ' ' The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," was published between 1776 and 1778. and established his fame as a historian. He entered parliament in 1774, and for some time was interested in politics. He died in England, in 1794. A NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, Author of "The Stailct Letlir" and Otiier Novels. FRANCIS BRET HARTE. notable .American writer of the hu- morous school, Francis Bret Hartc, was born at Albany, N. Y. , in 1839. Going to California, in 1854, he engaged in mining, teaching, printing and editing a newspa|)er. From 1864 to 1870 he was secretary of the Government mint at San Francisco. He also contributed articles to current periodicals, and in 1808 became editor of the new Overland Mnnl/ih/, in which he published severakjit his tales, sketches, and poems. The most notable of the series was "The Heathen Chinee," which obtained a wide circula- tion. Mr. Ilarte came East in 1871, residing first in New York and then in Boston. In 1878 he was appointed United States consul at Crefelt, Prussia. His writings have been mostly published originally in magazines and then collected into volumes. Among his prominent books are "The Luck of Roaring Camp, and Other Sketches," "Poetical Works," "Select Poem.s, " and the "Story of a Mine." Among his best short poems are "The Society upon the Stanislau" and "John Hums of Gettysburg." ;— ■^li^ 220 THE FRENCH NOVELIST. VICTOR UUGO. .1. G. HOLLAND. VICTOR MARIE HUGO. THE lifeof the eminent French novelist and poet. Victor Marie Hugo, is intimately connected with some of the stirring events of French history in the nineteenth century, and it is stated that '-in a certain degree he has revolutionized French literature by his leader- ship of the romancists in their war upon the classicists." He was bom at Besancon, France, in 1803, and as his father was a soldier his childhood was passed in Elba, Corsica, Switzerland, and Italy, going to Paris in 1809. His literary tastes were de- veloped in his youth, and in 1817 he pre- sented to the French academy a poem upon " The -Advantages of Study. " A volume of '■Odes and Ballads,"' published in 1823, created a sensation; the second volume appeared in 1S36. In 1833 he published a novel, and in 1825 another. His drama of ' ' Cromwell " was issued in 1827. Other works appeared in rapid succession, and his literary superiority was established. In 1845 he was created a peer of France by King Louis Philippe. In the revolution of 1848 he was a conservative member of the constituent assembly, but on his re-election he exhibited democratic and socialistic ten- dencies, and denounced the secret policy of Louis Napoleon. Owing to his constitu- tional position in the celebrated violent measures of December 2. 1851, Hugo was denounced and took refuge in Jersey Island, continuing his opposition to Napoleon III. , and performing literary work. In 1853 he was obliged to flee to the island of Guernsey, and in 1859 refused to accept the amnesty offered to political exiles. After the fall of Louis Napoleon, he returned to Paris, and in 1871 he was elected to the national assembly from the department of the Seine. He opposed the parlia- mentary treaty of peace between France and Germany, and was treated with so much violence tiiat he resigned. In the insurrection of the commune in Paris, he protested in vain against the destruction of the column Vendome. Going to Brussels, he gave expression to senti- ments opposing the protection of tlie communists l)y the Belgian government, and was forced to leave the country. Retiring to London he remained there until the leaders of the commune had been condemned, when he returned to Paris and pleaded the cause of Rocliefort and other.s of them. Since then he has devoted himself principally to literary work. Hi.-^ books are numerous. Among the most popularof them in this country arc ■ • Les Miscrables, " " The Toilers of the Sea," and ' ' The Man Who Laughed. " A history of the famous coup d'etat in Paris, in 1851, is among his recent vol- umes. " L' Annee Terrible, " a book of poetry, illustrative of the inisforlunes of France, was published in 1873. Some of his novels have been pub- lished at once in eight or ten different languages. Two of his sons and a brother have acquired celebrity in France by their literary talent. VICTOR HUGO, rolitician. Novelist, Poet and Play-Writer. J. G. HOLLAND, Lecturer, Essayist, Editor and Poet. THOMAS HOOD. THE very genial and versatile writer of prose and poetry (both humorous and sentimental) Thomas liood, was born in London, in 1798. He first attempted commercial pursuits, but bis health failing, he abandoned the counting-house and, after making some literary contributions to the Dundee Magazine, undertook to learn the art of engraving. His verees, meanwhile, at- tracting attention, he was, in 1821, made 6ub-editor of the London Magazine, in which capacity he formed acquaintance with the prominent literary men of the day- Among these was Charles Lamb, with whom he became very intimate. Hood" s first book was in rh5'me — "Odes and Addresses to Great People" — to which his brother-in- law ( Reynolds) contributed. His * ' Whims and Oddities" appeared in 1836; "National Tales," and a volume of sentimental poetry, in 1837; " The Epping Hunt/' in 1829; the "Comic Annual," in 1830, continuing through eleven years; " Hood's Own," in 1838-*9; "Tylney Hall," a novel, about 1831. From 1837, for several years, he lived on the continent of Europe for the benefit of his health, and while in Belgium published his "Up the Rhine." When he returned to England he edited the New Monthly Magazine until 1843; in 1844 he started Hood's Magazine, which he con- trolled until his death. To Punch, \\\ 1844, he contributed his famous "Song of a Shirt," which was written on a sick bed. "Whimsicalities" appeared in 1843, and. like most of his books. was composed of his periodical contributions. Toward the close of his life he received a pension from the government of about $500 cc<,Cgg annually. He died in London, in 1845. JOSIAH GILBERT HOLLAND. HE .successful journalist, essayist, novelist, historian, biographer, and poet, Br. Josiah G. Holland, was born at Belchertown, Mass.. in 1819. He studied medicine and practiced it for three years; edited a literary journal at Springfield, Mass. , for several months, and was superintendent of pub- lic schools for a year at Vicksburg, Miss. From May, 1849, to 1866, he was suc- cessively associate editor and proprietor of the Springfield (Mass. ) i?f;)wWJrffn, and since 1870 he has been the editor and part publisher of -S'cnftW'??''* Monfhhj in New York. For years he has been widely known as n public lecturer on literary and other subjects, and as the writer of numerous books. His ' * Tim- othy Titcomb Series " comprises ' ' Let- ters to the Young, " * ' Gold Foil, " *' Lessons JnLife, " and "Letters to the Joneses." He has also written the *' Life of Abraham Lincoln." His "Bit- ter-Sweet," a poem written in dramatic form, has been largely reaii. A book entitled *' Garnered Sheaves, " containing his poems com- plete, was published in Nrw York in 1873. Died Oct, 12, 1881. T (y. — A K rj- J. T. IIKADI.EY AND OTIIlili WELL-KNOWN AUTIIOKS. 221 SI II JOEL TYLER HEADLEY. THE wellknown liistoihni, .Im'l T. Ilciilliy, was liniii at WaHon, N. Y. , in 1814. Graduating at Union college, Sclicnoctttdy, he i>tudied theology at Auburn and preached two years at Stock- liridge, Mass. His healtli failing, he traveled in Europe in lS4a-'3, and on his return gave the results of his journey to the public in two volumes relating to Italy, the Alps and the Khine. Since then Mr. llcadley has prepared nu- merous biographical and historical works, prominent among which are; ''Napoleon and liis Marshals ," ' ' Washington and his Generals," lives of Cromwell, Generals llavelock, Scott, Jackson and Washingtcni, a history of the war of 1812, and another of the Southern rebellion; '■ The Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution," "Sacred Mountains ," " Sacred Scenes and Charac- ters," "Sacred Heroes and Martyrs." Mr. Headley was Secretary of State in New York in 1856-' 7. admitted to the bar in 1848, and became queen's counsel in 1809. He has been a Liberal member of parliament for several years, and is distinguished for his efforts in behalf of the laboring classes and the interests of education. He visited the United States in 1869 and 1870, and received a liearly welcome. Since then he has established a social and industrial colony in the State of Tennessee. # JOEL TYLER HEADLEY. Author of "Napoleuii and his Marshals," and Other W EDWARD EVERETT HALE. A5[OXG the popular Aim-rican Unitarian ministers and maeazine writers is Edward E. Hale, who was born nt Bos- ton, Mass., in 1822. Graduating from Harvard college, in 1839, be studied for the pulpit, and has been the pastor of Unitarian churches at Boston and Worcester, Mass. He has traveled as a public lecturer, and con- tributed to current periodicals for many years. The most noted of his collected writings are the following: "The Ingham Papers,'' ''The Man Without a Country," " Ups and Downs," "His Level Best," and "■ Workingmen's Homes. THE pnililic noveli^-t. (i. 1*. K. was born in London, in 1801. CAROLINE LEE. A POPULAR American writer of novels and tales, Caroline Lee, daughter of General John Whit- ing, was l)orn at Lancaster, Mass., in 1800. In 1825 she married Mr. N. M. Hentz, who subsequently be- came connected with Chapel Hill college, N. C. From Chapel Hill they removed to Covington, Ky. , and afterwards lived at Cincinnati, Flor- ence, Ala., and Tuscaloosa, Tnske- gee and Columbus, Ga. Among her books are: " De Lara" (a play), "Aunt Patty's Scrap-Book," "The Mob- Cap," " Linda, " "■ Rena," "Marcus Marland," "Eoline," •The Planter's Northern Bride," "Ernest Linwood," "Helen and Arthur, or Miss Thusa's Spinning- Wheel. " and "Wild Jack." Mrs, in 1856. GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFORD JAMES. Jann ^, He was educated at Greenwich, England, and was sent to France when he was fifteen years old. There he remained for several years. At seventeen he wrote a collec- tion of Eastern stories, which he pub- lished in 1832 as "A String of Pearls. ' In 1833 he published (by the counsel of Washington Irving) a life of Edward, the Black Prince. ' ' Richelieu, " his first novel, was written in 1825. and given to the world in 1839. He died in Venice, in 18G0, having published more than eighty original works, including his many novels, several volumes of poetry, and a number of histories and biographies. He removed to the United States about 1850, and was British consul at Norfolk, Ya., from 1852 to 1858. He was then appointed consul to Venice. Two of his novels have a basis in American history — ' ' Ticonderoga " and * ' The Old Dominion." In connection with MaunscU B. Field, he wrote ' ' Adrian, or the Clouds of the Mind. " His works embrace a history of chivalry, and lives of Charlemagne, Richard Coeur de Lion, Henry IV. of France, and Louis XIV. He was for some time official historian of England, having been appointed to that position by William IV. A com jiact edition of his writings has been published in England. irks. eg ^ ^ooo - ooO - O^ Residence of Joel T. Headley, near Newburgh, N. Y. Hentz died at Mariana, Fla. THOMAS HUGHES. AN author of considerable cek-brlty for bis ' ■ Tcni Brown's School- days. " "Tom Brown at Oxford," and "The Scouring of the White Horse," Thomas Hughes, was born at Newbury, England, in 1823. He was educated at Rugby and Oxford, studied law. was FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS. rpiIE widily-known Jewish histo- rian Flavins Josephus, descended, on his mother's side, from the Maccabean race, was born at Jeru- salem, A. D. 37, and was early edu- cated in Hebrew learning. He wrote the " History of the Wars of tbe Jews," "Jewish Antiquities," and other works, which have become pop- ular in this country in the English translation by Rev. William Whiston. L'Estrange also translated Josephus into English. When twenty-six years old Jofsephus was sent to Rome in order to defend the cause of a number of Jewish priests held in durance by the governor Felix, and on his way escaped from ship- wreck. The results of this mission were : An introduction to Poppaea (Nero's wife), the liberation of the priests, and reception of many presents from the empress. In 67 he desperately resisted the approach of Vespasian in the strong Galilean city of Jotapata. After its fall he was held by the Romans until Vespasian became emperor. Josephus is supposed to have died about the year 100. -E:^ J2^ i- cientific- lectures was ndce, Scot- land, in 1774. He studied for the pulpit, and was settled as a minister at Stirling, but resigned, and for ten years followed the profession of a teacher at Perth. His first book, "The Christian Philosopher," proved so successful that he devoted his time to the production of other scientific books, and to the delivery of popular lectures on scientific subjects. His literary labors were not profitable in a pecuniary sense, and his latter years were brightened by the receipt of subscriptions taken up in the United States for his benefit, and by a small pension from the British government. His works are well kuown in this country, and comprise, besides the one previously mentioned. "The Philos- ophy of Religion." "The Improvement of Society by the DilTu- ^ion of Knowledge," "The Philot^ophy of a Future State," "Tlie Sidereal Heavens," "Telescope and Microscope." He died in 1857. it knnu-n •n Crusoe tlie autlior of ■^ -^W- MARY CLEMMEU, DISTINGUISIIKD NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENT. GEO. W. CUETIS. 223 ■? MARY CLEMMER. AN American lady who is well known to now.^paper nnd prruKliciil readers as an intelligent and interesting writer upon current events, is Mary Clcmmer. Miss Cleinmer was born at Ulica, N. Y., about 1840. When fourteen years old she contributed prose and poetry to several journals. In IStil she became the Washington correspondent of loading New York papers, and has followed this occupation with more or U'ss brilliancy and assiduity ever since. She has also written the following novels: "Victor," "Irene," and "His Two Wives," besides a memorial of the Carey sisters, and a volume of Washington sketches. GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS. THE wull-known editor of Harper's Weekly and author of several books, George William Curtis, was born at Providence, R. I., in 1824. He was edu- cated at a private school, and was after- waids a clerk in a store in Xew York. In 1842 he went to Massachusetts, near Roxbury, where he spent one and a half years in studying and laboring on a farm, and passed another eighteen months in tilling land for himself and with his brother, nearConcord, Mass. In 184Ghe visited Europe, sojourning in Italy and Berlin, and traveling in Egypt and Syria. Returning to the United States, he published his first book, in 1850, "Nile Notes of a Howadji. " Soon afterwards he became one of the editors of the New York Tribu?ie, and in 1853 published another book, "The Howadji in Syria. " The same year he became one of the editors of Putnam's Magazine^ in New York, continuing with It as long as it existed. Portions of his contributions to this periodical were afterwards pub- lished in a book, ' ' The Potiphar Papers " and " Prue and I." Mr. Curtis has also been successful as a public lecturer and as a political speaker in the interest of the Republican party in the Presidential contest of 1856. Besides pursuing his editorial duties, contributing papers to periodicals, occasionally issuing a book, and lecturing, Mr. Curtis has achieved popularity by his orations and poems delivered before literary societies. He has also held some honorable political positions, and also the office of a regent of the university of New York State. MARY CLEMMER. Poet, Novelist and NLnvsi-aper Correspondent. and Ireland. From December. 1803, to 1808, he was educated at Oxford. Visiting London, inl804, he was attacked with rheumatism, and in order to relieve his pains he resorted to opium, wiih the result of becoming an opium-eater, enjoying all the delights and suffering all the misery that the deadly drug, under such circumstances, can bestow. From 1809 to 1810 he occupied a cottage at Grassmerc, having among his associates, Wordsworth, Southey and Coleridge. Later in life he sojourned in London, Bath, and Edinburgh, studying (German literature and philosophy, and making translations from Germanauthors. In 1813, owing to a painful disease, he resorted again to opium, and confirmed his habit of using it in large doses. lie attempted an important literary enter- prise, l)ut the enervating drug had weak- ened his faculties, and he could do nothing successfully. Still he had sufli- cient strength of mind, after one or two failures, to overcome his besetting habit, and then began his literary labor, which, continued from 1821 until his death, in 1859. His principal works are: "Con- fessions of an Opium-Eater, " and "The Logic of Political Economy," several pa- pers in the " Encyclopaedia Britannicii," and numerous contributions of biogra- phies, sketches, and essays to periodicals. THE DANAS. RICHARD H. DANA, poet and essayist, was born at Cambridge, Mass., in 1787. Completing his studies at Harvard college, Newport, R. L, GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS, Editor of Harper's Weekly. Lecturer and well-known Political Writer. THOMAS DE QUINCEY. THE celebrated man of genius and a victim of opium-eating, Thomas De Quincey, came into the world near Manchester, Eng- land, in 1786, and was educated in various schools, where he acquired a knowledge of the Greek tongue. His guardian refusing to send him to the university, he ran away, and wandered about the country and to London, suffering from hunger and exposure to an intense degree; but after his rescue a reconciliation was effected, and he went again to school, traveling, also, in several parts of England Boston and Baltimore, he entered upon the practice of the law at Cambridge^ in 1811, and was elected a member of the Massa- chussetts legislature. In 1814 he con- nected himself with the North American lieview, and some of his earliest literary writings appeared in that magazine, of which he became a co-editor in 1818. His principal publications are "The Buccaneer and Other Poems," first issued in 1827. and " Poems and Prose Writings, "' in 1850, the latter in two volumes, con- taining his essays and reviews from the NortJi Ajnerican, and some others, with his former poems. In lS39-"40 he deliv- ered eight lectures on Shakspeare, in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia. He died in 1879. Richard Hexrt Dana, Jr. , son of the above-named, was born at Cambridge, Mass., in 1815. Entering Harvard col- lege, in 1832, his eyesight became so affected that in 1834 he undertook a sea voyage aronnd Cape Horn to California, a country then little known. On his return he again entered college, studied law and was admitted to the bar in Boston, in 1840. He was one of the founders of the Free-Soil party, and afterwards active in the Republican movement. He has added to the literature of the United States several important works, including '^ International Law," and "Two Years Before the Mast," "The Seaman's Friend" (a treatise on seamanship), and "To Cuba and Back, a Vacation Voyage." ^ A !(5- — — tT): t 22i DUMAS THE NOVELIST. THE FOUNDEK OF THE KEW YORK "HERALD 1 r J. G. BENNETT. THE founder of the ^ew York J/' raid. James Gordon Bennett, was born at Xew Mill. Scotland, 1795. In bis yoiitb he studied for tbe Catholic ministry, but abandoned that design and sailed for America in 1819. Arriving at Halifax, N. S. , he taught school, but reached Boston in 1819, and read proof for a livelihood. From thence he went to New York in 1822, and then to Charleston, S. C. , where he performed editorial work on the Courier, of that city. A few months later he returned to New York and delivered a course of lectures on political economy. From 1823 to 1834 he worked on various newspapers in New York and Philadelphia. In May, 1835. he issued the lirst number of the New York Herald, which, notwithstanding several adverse circum- stances, prospered fairly, and the energy and shrewdness of its editor soon brought it into popularity. It was the first paper that published a daily money-article and stock-lists. In 1837 it set up a ship-news establishment, to board incoming ships and obtain foreign intelligence and passenger-lists, arranging for correspondence from all parts of Europe, and received the first speech that was ever reported by telegraph. The Herald was Democratic and advocated the fugitive slave law, but came over to the Republicans and ih..- Fremont in 1856, and supported the Unionist in the Southern rebellion. It was at that time a power in the land. In 1871 Mr. Bennett fitted out an expedition, under Henry M. Stanley, to explore Africa and discover the whereabouts of Dr. Livingstone, which was entirely successful and added to geographical science. A second expedition under Stanley also produced important results. Mr. Bennett died in 1872, in New York, leaving the Herald, — in itself a large fortune, — to his son. James Gordon, Jr. The latter remains its editor and proprietor. James Gordon Bennett Founder of the New York Herald. THE ABBOTTS. Two brothers of this name have made numerous and valuable addi- tions to American literature. Jacob Abbott was born at Ilal- lowell. Me. ,in 1803. He received his educatioji at Bowdoin college and the Andover Theological seminary. After graduating he served four years as professor of mathematics and natural philosphy at Amherst college, and subsequently superintended the Mount Vernon girls' school. From 1834 to 1838 he was a Congregational minister of the gospel, but having retired from the pulpit, he devoted himself to literary work, producing books under more than 200 titles. Most of his writings took a serial form, and among these the principal were the followin'-r: "Young Christian" series, four volumes; ''RoUo Books, " twenty-eight volumes ; " Franconia Stories," ten volumes; "Harper'6 Story-Books, "' thirty-six volumes; "Marco Paul" series, six volumes, etc., with numerous illustrated histories and. historical school-books and a series of readers. John S. C. Abbott w'as born at Bruns- wick, Me., in 1805. Like his brother, he was educated at Bowdoin and Andover. In 1830 he was ordained a Congregational minister, preaching the gospel until 1844, when he left the pulpit and turned his attention to literary pursuits, after- wards resuming his pastoral duties. As a writer he is peculiarly attractive in the ele- gance and vigor of his language and fine descriptive powers. His books have had a large sale, and several have been translated into foreign languages. His principal works embrace a florid "History of Napoleon Bonaparte, "" Napoleon at St. Helena," History of Napoleon III. , " " History of the Civil War in America, " " Romance y^O - O - o a- ALEXANDRE DUMAS. iHE favorite French play-writer and nov- I elist, Alexandre Dumas, the elder, was bom at Villers-Cotteretw, France, in 1803. Before beginning his literary career in earnest, while at school, he became pro- ficient in several gentlemanly accomplish- ments. He was clerk for a notary, and held a small office in the household of Louis Philippe, devoting his spare time to the perfecting of his education. From 1825 to 1830 he wrote several plays for the stage, some of which were successful as dramas and profitable to Dumas. In 1835 he pro- duced hiw first novel, "Isabel of Baviere," and from that time until just before his death, in 1870, he was a prolific writer of ficlion, by the publication of which he realized a large income and great fame. Among his principal novels, which have been widely translated, may be mentioned the following; ' ' The Three Musketeers, " "Twenty Years After," "Count of Monte Cristo, " "Captain Paul," "Memoirs of a Physician," "The C^ueen's Necklace," and "Forty-five Guardsmen," besides twenty-three others and a large number of dramas. His natural son. Alexandre D. . has also pro- duced numerous poems, novels, and plays, which his countrymen have stamped with their approval. of Spanish History," ' History of Frederick the Great," "Kings and Queens," "Practical Christranity, " and ten volumes of illustrated histories. He died in June, 1877. Alexandre Dumas, Distinguished I'l;iy-\VriI(r imd Novelist, Author of "Twenty Years After," etc. THE ALGERS. WILLIAM R. ALGER was born at Free- town. Mass., in 1823, and educated at Harvard college, where he graduated in 1847. He then studied for the ministry, and became pastor of the Unitarian Church at Roxbury. Mass. , but subsequently suc- ceeded Theodore Parker at Music Hall, Boston. He has written several books, among which are the following: "The Poetry of the Orient. " "A Critical History of tiie Doctrine of a Future Life," "The Genius of Solitude," "The Friendships of Women," etc. Hon.\Tio Alger, Jn. , a cousin of William R. , was born at Revere, Mass., in 1834. He also received his education at Harvard college. Subsequently he taught school, and became a journalist in Boston. After having traveled a year in Europe he re- turned home, resumed his business of teaching, and engaged in literary pursuits. Removing to New York in 1800, he became inter- ested in the street boys of that city, and in his numerous books for the young he has shown up the good and evil peculiarities of thi>< class of youth. His principal works arc: "Ragged Dick Series," " Tiittercd Tom Series. " besides contributions to periodicals. m^ 4 -O:-^ — ^: JAMES PAKTON, THE BIOGKAPIIEK. GKOKGE MACD(JNALD, SCOTCH NOVELIST. JAMES PARTON. THE biographer and miscellaneous author, James Parton, was born at Canterbury, England, in 1822. He came to America while u child. About 1841 he became a teachi-r at White Plains (N. Y. ) academy, and afterwards taught in New York and Philadelphia. For three years he was connected editorially with the Home Journal^ in New Y'ork city, and for several years he has been before the jiublic as a lecturer and writer of miscel- laneous and biographical publicationis. His "Life of Horace Greeley" first appeared in 1855, and the revised edition in 18G8. He has also written the lives, in separate volumes, of Franklin, Aaron Burr, and JelTiTson, "The People's Book of Biogra- phy," "Famous Americans of Recent Times," "General Butler in New Orleans," ''Smoking aud Drinking," "Caricatures in all Times and Lands," "Triumphs of Entt-rprise, Ingenuity and Public Spirit," aud other works. JULES MICHELET. THE French historian, Jules Michelet, who won a good reputation, w'as born at Paris in 1798. He was called to be jirofessor of history in the college of Rolliu in 1821, and until 1826 he was professor of ancient languages and professor of philosophy in the same institution. In 1830 he was made chief of the historical section of the archives of France. In 1838 he was appointed to the chair of history in the college of France, and elected a member of the institute. His academical lectures were remarkable for their advocacy of democratic ideas aud assaults upon the Jesuits, aud the govern- ment of Louis Philippe suppressed them. After the revolution of 1848 he resumed his lectures with so much political bias that the government of Louis Napoleon suspended his course. In 1851 he was removed from his position in the office of the archives for refusing to take the nqcessary oath. He then retired from public life to literary pursuits. Among his published works are the following: "The History of France" (sixteen volnmes, 1833-1867), "History of X\\(i French Revolution," "The Women of the Revolution," "Birds," "Insects," "Love," "Woraau, " "The Bible of Hu- manity," "A History of the Nineteenth Century," etc., several of which have been translated into English. Michelet died at Hyeres, France, iu 1874. LINDLEY MURRAY. THE well-known grammarian, Lindley Murray, was born at Swatara, Pa., in 1745, He was educated at a Quaker school in Philadel- phia and another school in New York, and began life in a counting- house, but abandoned commercial pursuits for the study of the law. After his admission to the bar he obtained a profitable practice. During the Revolu- tionary war he entered upon a mercantile business with so much success that be soon acquired an ample fortune, with which he retired to England and turned his attention to literature. Besides his "Grammar of the English Language," he wrote "The Power of Religion on the Mind," "English Exercises," a " Key " to his grammar, " The English Reader," an • • English Spelling-Book," etc. He died near York, England, in 1826. His autobiography was published after his death. A"^ JAMES PARTON, Widely Renowned as an Interesting and Faithful Biographer. SAMUEL AUSTIN ALLIBONE. MONG American authors who have dis- inguished themselves by the produc- tion of useful books of reference and instruction, is Samuel Austin Allibone, who was born at Philadelphia, in 1816. His principal works are: "A Critical Diction- ary of English Literature and British and American Authors, Living and Deceased, from the Earliest Accounts to the Latter Half of the Nineteenth Century, " in three volumes, and containing notices of 413,499 authors and their writings; several religious essays, contributions, American periodicals, and a number of tracts. JOSEPH CLAY NEAL. "IIIE genial journalist and author. Favorite Scotoh Novi-li.^t, .tnri Fi.rinerly the Pastor of an Independt-'Ut Climrh. THE genial journalist and author, Joseph C. Xual, was born at Greenland, N. H. , in 1807- In 1831 he became the editor of the Pennsylvanian, a Philadelphia newspaper. In 1841 he went abroad, returning the following year. In 1844 he established, at Phil- ;uU'lphia, Xeal's Saturday Gazette, a literary paper, and in 1846 was married to Miss Emily Bradley, who wrote for the press under the name of "Cousin Alice." Neal's books were popular, and bore the tiller of "Charcoal Sketches," " Peter Ploddy, " etc. He died in 1848. GEORGE MacDONALD. E favorite Stot'h author, George MacDonald. was born at Huntly. Scot- land, in 1624, and graduated at King's college and university, at Aberdeen. He studied for the ministry in London, and was for a short time in the pulpit of an independent church, but retired from the ministry and became a lay member of the church of England. Since then he has followed literary pursuits, and has written numerous poems, romances, novels, and books for the j'oung. Besides these he is the author of a volume of "Un- spoken Sermons," and a treatise on "The Miracles of Our Lord." In 1877 the English government, in consideration of his literary labors, bestowed upon him a pension of about $500 annually. For some time he was principal of a young ladies' seminary in London, and later traveled in Europe Within and Without " was published in 1855, followed by " Phantastes, a Faerie Romance," "The Portent," "Alec Forbes of Howglen," 'Dealings with the Fairies," "The Disciples Annals of a Quiet Neighborhood," "The Sea- board Parish," "Robert Falconer," "Guild Court," "England's Antiphon," "Ranald Bannerman's Boyhood," "At the Back of the North Wind," and others. GEORGE MacDONALD. and America. His ' " Poems " in 1856, "David Elginbrod,' " Adela Cathcart," and other Poems," ' .Qi. — 15 ^^ /^"J*^**-*.- 226 THE AUTIIOK OF THE "'AGE OF KEASON. THOMAS PAINE. THE English politician and liberalist, Thomas Paine, was born at Thetford, England, in 1T37. He was brought up as a stay-maker aud became an exciseman. Having offended the authorities and left that position, he came to America and joined the colonists in their revolution against the mother country, and materially aided their cause by his writings. Returning to England, he excited considerable opposition by his book on the " Riglits of Man," a reply to Edmund Burke's "Reflections on the French Revolution." In 1793 Paine was elected a member of the French national convention by the citi- zens of Pas-de-Calais, and on his arrival at Calais he was received with gratifying enthusiasm. In England the second part of his "Rights of Man" led to Paine's prosecution, but as he was then in France he was beyond the reach of English law. As a French legis- lator he excited the anger of the Jacobins, who had him imprisoned, and their hatred nearly cost him his life. At length he returned to America, dying in Xew York in 1809. His writings created a most marked sensation in behalf of liberty. What he wrote in favor of political freedom was sure to make friends or enemies for him. His " Age of Reason " ranks among the mo'^t fearless and influential of the liberal publications of the world. epic poet, as well as for his writings in prose. In religion he was atheist. Some of his latest words were; "I die worshiping God, loving my friends, not hating my enemies, but detesting supersti- tion. " His collected works, in the Beaumarchais edition, form seventy volumes. Author of the FRANCOIS M. AROUET DE VOLTAIRE. AFKEN(_'II anthur, referring to Fran- cois Marie Arouet de Voltaire, says of htm: " He was one of the greatest poets — the most brilliant, the most ele- gant, the most fertile, of our prose writers." Born at Paris, France, in 1694. he was educated at the Jesuits' col- lege, in Paris, where, in his youth, he took delight in studying character in the gay society about him. His father intended to prepare him to assume the functions of a magistrate, but nothing could over- come the literary propensity of the young poet. In his twenty- second year he was imprisoned in the Bastile on an unfounded suspicion of being the author of a libel. While thus confined he conceived the plan of his "Henriade" and completed his tragedy of ''(Edipe," which was put on the stage, with dis- tinguished success, in 1718. Having been released, a second charge was preferred against him, and he was again confined in the Bas- tile. This treatment induced him, upon regaining bis liberty, to reside in England for three years. There he was favorably received and gained a large patronage for "The Henriade. " In 1728 he returned to France, and previous to 1749 he produced his tragedies of "Zaire," "Alzirc," "Mahomet," " Merope," and many other works*; became a member of the French academy, and was appointed a gentleman of the king's bedchamber and historian of France. By invitation of the king of Prussia, in 1750, he visited Berlin, remain- ing there about three years on the mont amicable terms. Something occurring to break their fricndnhip, Voltaire quilted Prussia. Not caring to return to Paris on account of the intrigues of his enemies, he wandered to Geneva, Switzerland, and other places, and finally settled at Ferney, France, where he purchased an estate. He was in jKJSBeesion of a large fortune, surrounded by friends, and had ]iIentyof leisure for literary creation. After an absence of nearly thirty years, he returned to Paris in 1778, and was received with enthufiasm, and his bust was crowned on the stage; but he was near tii>^ r-iirl. iiiid in May. 1778, he died. Voltaire became renmvm-d an an ALPHONSE MARIE LOUIS DE LAMARTINE. THE poet, diplomatist, historian and statesman of France, Alphonse M. L. de Lamartine, was born at Macon, France, in 1790, and was educated at home and at Belley. Leaving school, he visited Ital^ and then took up his residence at Paris, devoting himself to literary pursuits. In the events that followed the restoration of the Bourbons he served as a soldier for a few months, and on the return of Louis XVIII. resumed his pen. His first volume of poems — "Poetic Meditations" — published in 3830, although an unpretending book, met with a rapid sale and firmly established his reputation as a poet. As one result of this fame the French govern- ment appointed him to a post in the embassy at Florence, Italy, and afterwards secretary of legation, first at Xaples and then at London. While at the latter post he inherited a fortune from an uncle, and about the same time he married a wealthy English lady, aud was soon afterwards sent as charge d'affaires to Tuscany. He was recalled from his residence in Ital)', where he had written and published several new works, in 1829, and was then elected a member of the French acad- emy and sent as a special envoy to King Otho, of Greece. The revolution of 1830, however, interfered with his diplo- matic duties, and he retired to private life in order to write historical and other prose works, for the time abandoning poetry. Having failed to secure a seat in the chamber of deputies, he visited Jerusalem and tlie East, but was recalled on account of his subsequent election, and in 1833-4 he took his seat in the legislative assembly, entering actively into public measures relating to the East, education and literature. After the de- thronement of the Orleans family, he became a member of the provisional gov- ernment and the foreign minister of the republic. His popularity was now world-wide, especially among the middle classes, by whom he was almost worshiped; but this adoration was subsequently changed into indifference when their opinion of his statesmanship underwent an alteration, and he was considered a mere puppet in the hands of other men, so that he was with difficulty elected again to tlie chamber of deputies. As a candidate for the presidency of the repub- lic he was far behind Louis Napoleon or Cavaignac. After the coup d'etat of 18.51 he retired from political life, greatly embarrassed in pecuniary matters. Vast subscriptions were afterwards raised for him in France, and the government of Napoleon III. bestowed upon him a certain income, but he was little better than a literary drudge. His industry, however, resulted in the production of numerous important books. He died in 1809. His principal works, aside frnm his poems, embrace a " History of the Girondists," " History of the Revolution of 1848," " History of Turkey," " The Great Men of the East," "The Life of Ciesar," "The Men of the Revolution." Lamarline was luxurious in his style of living, and in 1832 he sailed from Marseilles In a vessel furnished by himself, made a tour of the Eii>t. Inivelini: like a kiiiL'; Ihe Arabs eiilhd him the French emir. Kife'htsof Han,' -— -^ — 'vC).' t MOTLEY, THE IIISTOKIAJST. CAELYLE, THE ESSAYIST. JOHN LOTHROP MOTLEY. "IIIE ominoiit Anu-rican histormn, John Lt)throp Motley, wan born at DorchcsU'r, Mass., in 1814. He graduated at Hurviird coIk'j,'i', in 1831, studying a year at the univert^ity of (lottiiigon, andanotliiT at Berlin, and traveled for a time in tlie south of Kuinpc. Kctnrn- ing to the United States, he studied law, and was admitted to practice in 183G, but literary pursuits engrossed much of his attention. In 1840 he was appointed secretary of the American legation at St. Petersburg, Russia, where he remained for about eight months, when he resigned and returned home. In 1846 he began to collect material for his history of Holland, but found it necessary, in 1851, to return to Europe with his family in order to study the national records, and remained abroad five years. "The Rise of tlie Dutch Republic," in three volumes, the result of his European investigations, was published in London and New York, in 185G, and was translated into German, Dutch, French and Russian. In 1800- the second part of this work appeared — "The History of the United Netherlands, from the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Years' Truce, in 1609," and, in 1867, it was con- cluded in two additional volumes. In 18T4 was published "The Life and Death of John Barneveld, Advocate of Holland, with a View of the Primary Causes of the Thirty Years' War."" Mr. Motley has been elected a member of various learned societies in Europe and America; has received the degree of D. C. L. from the university of Oxford, and of LL. D. from Harvard college, and also from the university of Cambridge, Eng- land. In 1861 he was appointed United States Minister to Austria, a position that he resigned in 1867. In 1869 he was appointed by President Grant minister to England, but was recalled in 1870. He has written two novels, " Morton's Hope " and "Merry Mount," and numerous con- tributions to periodical literature, etc. Mr. Motley died in 1877. A John Lothrop Motley. Historian, Novelist and United States Minister Abroad. JOHN BUNYAN. BORN at Elstow, England, in 1638, of humble parents, John Bunyan fol- lowed the trade of traveling tinker. In his youth he was dissipated and pro- fane in the utmost degree, during which time he became a soldier, but was con- verted and reformed, and became a re- ligious teacher at Bedford. For preaching as a dissenter from the church of England, he was imprisoned in the jail at Bedford nearly thirteen years, where he wrote many of his immortal works. After his release he resumed his ministry at Bed- ford. His principal works, which are numerous, are "The Pilgrim's Progress," "The Holy War," and "Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners" (his autobiography), "Pilgrim's Progress" has probably been translated into more lan- guages than any other book except the Bible. He died in London in 1688. WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR. MOXG the. literary celebrities of England stands Walter Savage Landor, who was born at Ipsley Court, p:ngland, in 1775, of very wealthy parents, and was educated by private teachers, at Rughy school and at Oxford. Instead of entering the army, or of studying law, as was at first intended, Landor deter- mined to follow the profession of literature. Succeeding to his father's immense estate, he first improved it, and then in a wayward mood sold it all, and determined to live abroad. At tlie outbreak of Spain against Napoleon, in 1808, Landor raised a body of troops at his own expense and presented them, with a largo sum of money, to Spain, and was made a colonel in the Spanish army. On the restoration of King Ferdinand, he re- signed his commission, and married Julia, the daughter of Baron Nieuveville, in 1811. After that he resided sometimes in England and sometimes in Italy, devoting himself to literary work. One of his books, published in 1858, libeled an English lady whom Landor disliked, and a suit and judgment against him of about $5,000 followed. He died at Florence, Italy, in 1864. He wrote a number of publications, poems, dramas, etc., but his genius is probably best manifested in his '* Imaginary Conversations" with dead celebrities of past and present times, in which a variety of personal and national peculiarities and opinions are presented. His " Pericles and Aspasia," " A Satire on Satirists and Admonition to Detractors," "Pentameron and Pentalogia," and the drama "Andrea of Hungary and Giovanna of Naples," were written in Ital.v, and later, at Bath, he published the "Hellenics," "Antony and Octavius," etc. Thomas Carlyle, Scotch Historian, Biographer and Essayist. THOMAS CARLYLE. XE of the stalwart representatives of modern philosophy and English liter- ature, Thomas Carlyle, was born at Ecclcfechan, Scotland, in 1795. His edu- cation was received at Annan and Edin- burgh. With a view of becoming a min- ister of the gospel, he studied divinity, but, relinquishing this intention, he en- tered the sphere of letters as a book- writer at Edinburgh. He has contributed freely to British periodicals of the better class, and notwithstanding his inelegant style of composition, he ranked high among the essayists of Great Britain. Aside from his translations of German authors, he wrote and published the fol- lowing works, on which his reputation rests: ''Life of Schiller," biographical sketches incorporated in the "Edin- burgh Cyclopiedia, " "Miscellanies" (a book of essays), "Sartor Resartus, " "The French Revolution," "Chartism," "Heroes and Hero Wor- ship," "Past and Present," "Letters and Speeches of Cromwell," "Life of John Sterling," "History of Frederick the Great," etc. Carlyle was earnest in belief, audacious, and untiring in his work. He died in March, 1881. yfJOx — i — >c);p\ M^ PEESCOTT, TUE HISTORIAN. UK. WORCESTER, AUTHOR i iF WORCESTER S DICTIONARY. 1- WILLIAM HICKLING PRESCOTT. NE of Amen^:;l■^ mn>t lini;ui^hed lu^torians, William H. Prescott, was bora at Salem, Mass., in 1T96, and graduated at Harvard college, in 1814. By an accident toward the close of his college career his sight was permanently affected, greatly to his disadvantage dur- ing the hitter part of his life. For two years he traveled and sojourned in Europe. Coming home, he married and took up his abode in his father's family, in Boston. In 1819 he began the study of ancient and modern literature, and contributed a series of essays relating to Moliere and Italian poetry and romance to the Xorth American Review. About 1825 Mr. Prescott began collecting ma- terials for his "History of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, " which was pub- lished in Boston and London, in 1837. It met with a highly favorable reception, and was translated into German, Span- ish and French. His "History of the Conquest of Mexico" was published in New York and London in 1843, and his " Conquest of Peru " in 1847. All these works were received with much distinc- tion, and their author was elected a mem- ber of nearly all the literary societies of Europe. Columbia college bestowed upon him the degree of LL. D. and Oxford university (England) that of D. C. L. In 1850 he again visited Europe. His " History of Philip II." appeared in 1855 and 1858. The work, however, was never completed. A stroke of paralysis in 1858, and another eleven months afterwards, caused his death, which occurred in Boston in 1859. Mr. Prescott was an illegible penman, writing with the aid of a blind scholar's instrument, all his manuscript being copied by his secretary, corrected and recopied for the printer. The revised edition of his works fill fifteen volumes. issued his Language;" Dictionary; Language" (1,854 pages) " Universal and Critical Dictionary of the English in 1855 a "Pronouncing, Explanatory and Synonymous ' and in 1860 his quarto "Dictionary of the English Besides his dictionaries, he published a " Pronouncing Spelling- Book of the English Language," "Remarks on Lon- gevity," and for twelve years edited the "American Almanac" (1831 to 1843). He died at Cambridge, Mass., in 1805. C" fe->3» William H. Prescott, Author of the ' 'Conquest of Mexieo." "Conquest of Peru," and Other Histories. JOSEPH EMERSON WORCESTER. TWV. author "f a quarto English Diction- ary and other worlis, Juse\)h E. Wor- cester, was born at liedford, N. H. , in 1784. In 1811 he graduated at Yale college, and for a nnmtier of years taught school at Salem. At that ])lace he prepared most of his " Universal Gazetteer," or geograph- ical dictionary, which was published at Andover, Mass., in 181". In the following year he issued his " Gazetteer of the United States." In 1819 he removed to Cambridge, Mass. , and published a series of educational books, between 1819 and 1838, as follows: "Elements of Geography, Ancient and Modern," "An Epitome of History," "Outlines of Scripture Geography," "Johnson's English Dictionary," combined with Walker's, and improved and abridged. He also prepared an abridgment of Webster's "American Dictionary." In 18.30 he published his " Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory Dic- tionary. " That year and the next he visited English and Scotch universities, examining works relating to language. In 1810 he CHARLES LAMB. IIARLES L.\MB, the genial and witty author and poet, was born in London, in 177.5, and was educated between his seventh and fifteenth years, in the school connected with Christ Church hospital. From 1789 to 1792 he was employed in the South Sea house, and as a clerk in the accountant's office of the East India company, in London, from 1792 until 1825, when he was retired from service with a pension of about $2,250 per year. During this long engagement he found time to exercise his tastes and talents in literary labors, and to form an intimate acquaintance with Coleridge, Southey, Wordsworth, Hazlitt, Talfourd, Leigh Hunt, Procter (Barry Cornwall), De Quincey, Hood, and other literary men. Lamb lived with his sister Mary, who in a temporary fit of madness had killed her mother, and while rational she would indicate whenever a fit of mad- ness was approaching, and Lamb would take her to the asylum to remain until the fit passed off. Lamb was insane for some six weeks when about twenty years old, but was no mttre troubled with this malady. Together the brother and sister wrote a volume of "Tales from Shakspeare, " and a collection of juvenile stories. She was remarkable for the placidity and sweetness of her dispo- sition. Lamb's first published work con- sisted of poems. In 1798 he produced his prose tale of "Rosamund Gray," and, with Coleridge, prepared a volume of fugitive poetry, called the "Annual Anthology." " John Woodvil," a tragedy, was published in 1801; "Specimens of English Dramatic Poets," in 1808; the first scries of " Essays of Elia," in 1823, and the second in 1833. He died in 1834, at Edmonton, England. Joseph E. Worcester, Author of " Worcester's UnnbrUlfred dictionary "Worcester's Spelling Book,'' etc. AN esteemed I Catharine M. : .. .■:..,; :.-)... CATHARINE MARIA SEDGWICK. med American authoress. Miss Sedgwick, descended from a distinguished New England family, and was born in Slockbridge, Mass. , in 1789. "The New England Tale, "her first book, was published anony- mously, in 1822, and at once achieved popularity. "Redwood," issued in 1824, was republished in England, and translated into four European languages. Her subsequent works included " Hope Leslie," "The Linwoods," "The Poor Rich Man and the Rich Poor Man," a life of Lucretitt Maria Davidson, " Letters fnmi .\broad," after a trip to Eurojie, etc. She died near Roxbury, Mass., in 1867. 7 :Gv--- -^ f. =^ THE AUTHOR OF "MARCO liOZZAUlS. 229 ■/. ? FITZ-GREENE H/U.LECK. THE celebrated Amcriciin mcrclumt and poet, Fitz-Greeue nidleck, was born at Guilford, Conn., in 170O. In 1813 he entered a bank- ing-house in Ntnv York city, and until 1849 remained there, occu- pied in commercial pursuits. lie returned to Connecticut in 1849. AftcrwartU lie was engaged by John Jacob Astor to assist him in his bn.«incs8 affairs, and was erne of the first tru:*tees of the Astor library. In conjunction with J. Rodman Drake (author of '*The American Flag"), Ilallcck, in 1819, contributed various miscella- ii(!ons poems and odes of a humorons and satirical order to the New Ycu'k Evening Post, under the signature of "Fanny." Fnmi 183^ to 1827 Ilalleck was in Europe, and on his return published a volume containing his poems of " Alnwick Castle," *' Burns," " Marco Hoz- zarig," etc. In 1835 another volume of his fugitive poems was issued. *' Fanny," a satire on fashions, follies and public characters of the day, was first printed in 1819. "Young America" appeared in the New York Ledger in 18G4. He died at Guilford, Conn., in 1HC7. lie was a member of the extreme left in the French assembly, in 1850, but the famous coi/p Wttul at Paris, in 1851, drove him out of the city. In his exile he continued hia literary industry, dying at Annecy, France, in 1857. MRS. EIVIiVIA D. E. N. SOUTHWORTH. ONE of the most voluminous writers of American romances, Mrs. Emma D. E. N. Southworth, was born at Wash- ington, D. C. , in 1818. In 1841 she mar- ried Mr. Nevitt, but in order to earn a livelihood, two years later, she began to write for the press. "Retribution," her first novel, was published serially in the Naflofial Era, at Washington, and then in book form in 1849. Among the most prominent of her subsequent romances are: "The Deserted Wife," "The Curse of Clifton," "The Lost Heiress," "A Beautiful Fiend," " The Specter Lover," "India," " Vivia," etc., and about forty others. tfj,OOOft - ■^e^^i^o— Fitz-Greene Merchant. Poet, Author of Other Po DAVID H. STROTHER. DAVID II. STROTHER, the genial artist and author, was horn at Mar- tinsburg, Va. , in 181G. In his early manhood he studied drawing and ijainting. In 1845 he visited New York and was engaged in the illustration of books, and returned to Virginia in 1849. For several years he wrote illustrated sketches of Southern peculiarities for Harper's Monthly, among which was "Virginia Illustrated," afterwards published as a book in New York and Loudon. When the Southern rebellion began, in 1861, he entered the t'nited States army, became a colonel of cavalry, and subsequently a brevet brigadier-general of volunteers. During the last ten or fifteen years he has continued to furnish other occasional illustrated sketches of Southern characters and incidents. BAYARD TAYLOR. THE eminent traveler, poet and novelist, Bayard Taylor, was born at Kennetl Square, Pa., in 1835, and learned the printer's trade at West Chester, in that State. He began his pedestrian tour of Europe in 1844-45, and in 1846 published, after his return, his "Views Afoot, or Europe Seen with Knapsack and Staff." He edited, for a year, a newspaper at Phct-Tuxvilk-, Pa. Then, going to New York, he contributed to the Literary World. Not long after- wards he was emphiyed as one of the editors of the New York Tribune, and to this paper he for many years contributed copious notes relating to his subsequent travels. He visited CaHfornia in 1849, returning by way of Mexico. In ]851-'52 he made extensive tours in the east, up the Nile and over portions of Asia Minor, Syria and Europe, tlience to Calcutta and China; other journeys succeeded. In 1862-'G3 he was secretary of legation at the court of Russia. In 1874 he was in Egypt again, and visited Iceland to participate in the millennial celebration of that country. H*; resided in Germany for several years, and afterwards in Pennsylvania. In 1877 he was appointed Minister to Germany, where he died in 1878. Mr. Taylor was distinguished as a public lecturer on literary subjects, wrote many poems of acknowledged talent, four novels of a mod- erate reputation, and a number of books of travels, which must rank among his best and most lusting performances. - PO - OO*^ HARRIET ELIZABETH SPOFFORD. AT CALAIS, Maine, in IS the author of "The A 1 „*i „*„_:„„ TT Halleck. '"Marco Bozzaris" 1S35, was born Amber Gods " and other stories, Harriet Elizabeth (Prcscott) Spofford. She was educated at Newburyport, Mass., and married to Mr. Richard S. Spofford, of that place. Mrs. Spofford is the author of "Sir Rohan's MARIE JOSEPH EUGENE SUE. SUE, the powerful writer of French roinanci's, was born in Paris, in 1804. Learning the profession of surgery, he was engaged as a surgeon in both the army and navy of France. In 1829 he inher- ited a fortune, and henceforth turned his attention to writing sea- novels, prominent among which was "The Salamander." He also wrote, under the patronage of his government, a " History of the French Marine in the Seventeenth Century," in five volumes. Prob- ably the best known and most widely read of all his novels in America are the translations of " The Mysteries of Paris," and " The Wandering Jew," which have- passed through numerous editions. Ghost," "New England Legends," etc. JOHN WALTER. THE founder of the London Times, John Walter, was born in Eng- land, in 1739; was a printer by trade and invented "logographs," or types representing words (as " and " and " the "'), or the begin- ning of more important words in frequent use. In 1785 he started a paper in London called the Universal Hegister, printed with logographs. The system failed, but the paper survived, and in 1788 its name was changed to the Times. Mr. Walter died at Teddington, Engkmd, in 1812. His son, John, succeeded him in the publication of the Times. He was born in London, in 1784; was nineteen years old when he became the manager of the TimeSy which greatly increased its circulation in his hands, and in 1814 he issued the number for November 29 as the first sheet ever printed by steam. Mr. Walter was in parliament for several terms. He died in London in 1647. The present proprietor of the Times is his .son, who also bears the name of John. In 1851, 13,000,000 copies were sold. The "Walter press," invented by Macdonald & Calverley, prints about 17,000 an hour, perfected, 1863-9. k — <):Jv< 6 230 THE VETERAN JOUKNALIST, THUELOW WEED. -f THURLOW WEED. OXE of the oldest living journalists, Thurlow Weed, was born at Cairo, N. T., in 1T97, and learned the printer's trade at Catskill. In the war of 1812 he was a private soldier and a quartermaster- sergeant on the northern frontier of New York. In early manhood he began publishing the Agriculturist at Norwich, N. Y., and within the succeeding ten years was connected editorially with various journals, among which was the Anti-Masonic Enquirer, at Rochester. In the Masonic- Morgan excitement in Western New York, in 1826- "27, he opposed the Masons, and was twice elected to the State legislature. In politics he displayed great tact, was instrumental in securing the election of De Witt Clinton as governor of the State in 1826, and fought the " Albany Regency," a conclave who managed the Democratic party of the State. In 1830 he removed to Albany and became the editor of the Albany Evening Journal. From that time until 1862 he was acknowledged leader in the Whig and Repub- lican political parties, was promi- nent in securing the nominations of Harrison, Taylor and Scott for the presidency, and advocated the election of Fremont and Lincoln in 1856 and 1860. Mr. Lincoln, in 1861, sent him to Europe as a semi- official embassador. After a so- journ of about sis months abroad, he returned to America, and soon afterwards retired from the man- agement of the Evening Journal. In 1865 he removed to New Y'ork, where he edited the Commercial Adeertlser for a time. For some years his ill-health has not per- mitted him to indulge in active pursuits, although he has written more or less for the press on cur- rent topics. In 1866 he published a volume of " Letters from Europe and the West Indies," and has in preparation, it is understood, his autobiography and correspondence. CHARLES ROLLIN. THE eminent historian, Charles RoUin, was born at Paris, in 1661, and studied languages, philosophy and theology. He was for about ten years professor of rhetoric and eloquence at the college de Plessis and the Royal college of France. In 1694 he was appointed rector of the university, and in 1696 coadjutor of the college de Beauvais. He held this last office for fifteen years, but having been driven from it by the hatred of the Jesuits, he gave his time wholly to literary pursuits. His principal works are his "Ancient His- tory," "Roman History," etc. He died in 1T41. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU. THE eccentric Frenclmian and popular writer, Jean Jacques Rousseau, was born at Geneva, Switzerland, in 1712. The former part of his life was employed, prin- cipally, under the patronage of his mistress. Madame de Warens, in various pursuits and wanderings. In 1750 he gained the prize offered by the academy of Dijon, for his celebrated essay on the question "Whether the Progress of the Arts and Sciences has Con- tributed to Corrupt or Purify Manners," by maintaining that their effect was injurious. After that he produced the words and music of "The Village Conjurer," "A Letter on French Music," "The Origin of the Inequality of Ranks," "The Social Contract," "The New Eloisa," and "Emilius. " This last book gave great offense to the government, and he was forced to flee from France. Hence- forth he wandered from place to place, to escape real or fancied persecution. He died in 1778, after having written a remarkable hook of " Confessions. " His remains were finally deposited in the Pantheon at Paris, where a statue of liim was erected about 1794,' and the sovereigns honored his memory by relieving the town where he died from tlie duty of paying war-taxes. JOSEPH ERNEST RENAN. THE noted student of ancient languages, Joseph Ernest Renan, is also the author of several works calculated to bring the Christian scriptures into ill-repute. He was bom at Treguier, France, in 1823. He studied for the church, but was too independent for the priesthood, and devoted himself to the literature of theology. He won distinction by his acquaintance with the Semitic and Greek languages and by his subsequent books. Among these was a ' ' Life of Jesus," "Studies in Religious History," "The Book of Job," "The Song of Songs," etc. The cross of the legion of honor was conferred upon him in 1860. IN T wa THURLOW WEED, For Many Years Editor uf tlie Albany Evening Jtmrnol CAPTAIN MAYNE REID. THE Norlh f)f Ireland, in 1818, as born Captain Mayne Keid, the widely -known and prolific writer of sensational books of ad- venture. In 1838 he visited the American prairies, trading and hunting with Indians along the Red and Missouri rivers, remaining there five years. Afterwards he traveled extensively in the United States, became an officer with the American army during the war with Mexico, fought gallantly, and was nearly killed at the hattle of Chapultepec. When the war was over he organized a body of armed men to assist the Hungarians in their struggle for independence, but was too late to render tliem any assistance before their com- plete subjection was accomplished. He then returned to London and engaged in the production of his numerous works of fiction, among which are prominent "The Boy-Hunters," "The Bush Boys, " and ' ' The White Chief. " CUM: was CHARLES READE. ARLES READE, the ecccnirii- English novelist and play-writer. las born at Ipsdcn, England, in 1814, and graduated at Magdalen college, Oxford, from which he subsequently received the degree of D. C. L. , in 1835. He was called to the bar in 1843, but abandoned law soon afterwards and entered upon a successful literary career. Of his novels whicli have been extensively read in America, are ' ' Peg Woffington," "His Never too Late to Mend," "Love Me Little, Love Me Long," "Hard Cash," "Griflllh Gaunt," "Foul Play," etc. .\( »A II WKIISTKU. T. IJ. MACAULAV. 281 NOAH WEBSTER. THE great American author of scverni (listinguif-hcd works rchiling to the English language, Noah Webster, was born at West Hart- ford, Conn., in 1758. In 1777 he served as a soldier in hi** father's regiment, and graduated at Yale college in 1778, having entered it in 1774. After teaching school for a time, he was admitted to the bar in 1781. He began the publication of school-books at Hartford, in 1783, and within tliree years published as many parts of his " Gram- matical Institute of the English Language;" also, about this period, he undertook the publication of *' Governor Winthrop's Journal," and wrote political newspaper articles. In 1780 he delivered a course of lectures on the English language in several cities, after- wards printing them in a book. In 17H8 he published the American Magazine for a year — a very unprofitable venture — in New York. Returning to Hartford, he practiced law for several years. In 1793 he established a political daily paper in New York, called the Minerva^ and a semi-weekly paper, the Herald^ which papers were recently still published under other titles. Besides his political articles, he published, in 1799, a history of pestilential diseases. He resigned his editorial work in 1798, removing to New Haven. In 1802 he published a book relating to the rights of neutral nations in time of war, and another on bank- ing and insurance. In 1807, his "Philosophical and Practical Gram- mar of the English Language" was published, and the same year he began the preparation of his " American Dictionary of the English Language," having pre- viously published his " Compen- dious Dictionary." In order to obtain a better knowledge of the structure of words, he spent ten years in ascertaining the origin of the English tongue and its relation to the languages of other countries, and then spent seven years more in bringing his Dictionary nearly to completion. In 1824 he sailed for Europe, spent two months ex- amining books in the royal library at Paris, and eight months more in finishing his Dictionary at Cambridge university. In 1838 he issued 2,500 copies of it in the United States, and 3,000 in Eng- land. In 1840 a second edition of 3,000 copies appeared, several abridged editions having been, in the meantime, given to the world. Mr. Webster was one of the founders of Amherst college, and for several years president of its board of trustees; he also represented Amherst township in the State legislature for several terms, having previously served in the same capacity when living at New Haven, besides being a judge in one of the State courts. He died at New Haven in 1843, just after finishing a revision of the appendix to his Dictionary. Since his death the Dictionary has been re-issued several times in revised and improved editions, and for a number of years the annual sales of all his Dictionaries have reached more than 30,000 copies. Of his *•■ Elementary Spelling-Book" several million copies were sold previ- ous to 187G. His name goes down to posterity renowned for literary excellence, combined with social worth. THOMAS BABINGTON MACAULAY. ONE of England'? MacauUiy, was b NOAH WEBSTER. Author of " Webster's Dictionary," " Webster's Grammar," "Web- ster's Spelling-Book," etc. most oelc-l)ral(Ml authors, Thomas Babington born at Kothley, England, in 1800. At eighteen he entered Trinity college, Cambridge, and there he soon exhibited the superior genius and intellect that distingui^^hed him in after-life. He received his master's degree in 1825, and was called to the London bar in 182G. Previous to this time he had written his poems of "Pompeii," ''Evening," "The Spanish Armada," "Moncontour," "■Ivry, " etc., with several essay.s and reviews, which appeared principally in Knight's QuarUriy Magazine. From 1825 until 1845 he contributed largely to the Edinburgh Jieview. He also wrote poetical squibs of a political character for the London Tlnies about 1825. His first public office was that of commissioner of bankrupts. His first public speech, in 1830, was made at the annual anti-slavery meeting in London, and was a brilliant effort. In 1830 he entered parliament, made several speeches, and resigned his seat in 1834 in order to go to India as a member of the supreme council, the object being to prepare a new code for the government of the Indian provinces. His mission was a failure, because the code which he prepared was impracticable for the condition of the people for whom it was designed. He returned to England in 1838, was elected to parliament from Edinburgh in 1839, and appointed secretary of war under Lord Melbourne. In parliament he again made his mark on important public questions. On the re-accession of the whigs to power in 184G, he was made pay- master-general, but failed, for political reasons, in a re-election to parliament in 1847. He then devoted himself to the production of his History of England, which he did not live to finish. Five vol- umes only, being the records from the time of James II. down to the year 1701, were completed. The first and second volumes were publishedat the close of 1848; the third and fourth volumes at the close of 1855, and the fifth was issued after his death, by his sister, in 1861. It ranks among the most brilliant of English histories. In 1849 Macaulay was elected lord rector of the university of Glasgow ; in 1 852 he was re-elected to parliament by the people of Edinburgh, and took his seat, but his health was too much impaired to permit him to enter into debates. In 1857 he was created a peer of England, with the title of Baron Macaulay, and his promotion was universally approved. He died in Kensington, England, in 1859. As a reviewer of current publi- cations he was usually just» hut extremely candid and frequently caustic whenever the character of a public man or of a book appeared to demand severity. Ilis own writings generally treated of topics of common interest to the English people. As an essayist, he was unsurpassed by most of his contemporaries. His complete works, ranging with remarkable power and elegance over a great variety of topics, fill eight octavo volumes. Macaulay suffered from an affection of the heart, and the immediate cause of his death was a fit of coughing. His remains were buried in Westminster Abbey. ;6> — =vS: -CY T THE FOUNDER OF THE NEW YORK ''TRIBUNE. HORACE GREELEY. HORACE GREELEY, the popular American journalist, author and humanitarian, was born at Amherst, N.H., in 1811. He served an apprenticeship at the printing business at Vermont, and in 1831 went to New York city, the scene of his future distinction, and was employed as a journeyman printer in various offices. In 1834 he became a co-proprietor of the New York Mirror^ a weekly literary paper, with which he remained about seven years, but as it proved unprofitable its publication was relinquished. In 1841 Mr. Greeley founded the New York Tribune, which prospered greatly under his management as a Whig and Republican journal, and attained a national reputation, which it maintained during Mr. Greeley's life- long connection with it. In 1848 he was elected a member of the thirtieth Congress; in 1851 he visited Europe and was chairman of one of the juries in the London world's fair. As a journalist, he was outspoken in the cause of freedom, justice, and the rights of man. As an author, he contributed to American literature a history of his travels in Europe, *' Hints Toward Reforms" (a series of addresses, essays, etc.), "A History of the Strngf;le for Slavery Extension " (1856), "The American Conflict" (a history of the Southern Rebellion), "What I Know About Farming," and his autobiography, under the title of " Recollections of a Busy Life." In 1872 he was in- duced to accept the Democratic nom- ination for the presidency, but was beaten by General Grant who was then running for his second term. This defeat, undoubtedly, unhinged Mr. Greeley's mind; he became sleepless, and then insane, and in November, 1872, he died. Mr. Greeley was gen- erous to a fault, his philanthropy leading him to loan money without security, to become bail for Jefferson Davis, and to advocate the cause of the oppressed and the suffering every- where. He was a humanitarian in the largest sense of the word. 11 nss FK. y her tin LOUIS ADOLPHE THIERS. THE TROLLOPES. Frances Milton, the nio?t voluminous English author of me, was born at Heckfield, England, about 1780, and was married to Anthony TroUope, a lawyer, in 1809. A three-years' visit to the United States was begun in 1829, most of her time being spent at Cincinnati. When she returned to England she published "Domestic Manners of the Americans," whose peculiarities of character and habits were portrayed in rather a ridiculous manner. Two novels were also based on her American observations. About 1844 she removed from England to Florence, Italy, whore she resided until her death, in 1863. Besides a host of other novels she wrote travel-books, as follows: "Belgium and Western Germany in 1833," "Paris and the Parisians in 1835," "Vienna and the Austrians," "A Visit to Italy," etc. Anthony Trollope, her son, is also well known as a prolific novelist. He was born in 1815. For a number of years he was connected with the British postal service, and has visited the United States, Australia and other nu'ions. At one period he was editor of St. Paul's, London magazine, to which he contributed several of his stories a? serials. His "OrleyFarm," " Barchester Towers," " Framley Parsonage," "The Last Chronicle of Barset," "Phineas Finn," " The Vicar of Bullhampton," and ethers equally well known are among his numerous novels. Thomas Adolphus Trollope, a brother of Anthony, was born in 1810, and has written several histories, books of travels and a few novels, some of which have been reprinted in the United States. He has resided many years in Italy. TUSTIX McCV journalist an THE (ii.--IingiiithGd French statesman and author, Louis Adolphe Thiers, was born at Mar.^eille.^, France, in 1797, and educated at the lyceum of Marseilles and the law school at Aix. From 1818 to 1821 he practiced law, then, going to Paris, he -wrote for several news- papers. In 182.3-'27, his " History of the French Revolution" was published in ten volumes. In 1830, with two others, he established a journal called the National, which advocated the policy brought about by the revolution of July of that year. He then became a l)ublic official under Louig Philippe, and he has since been prominently connected with the political history of his country. The province of this sketch is to indicate his relations to French literature rather than to follow him in the intricaci(is of his public career. In 1840 he began his "History of the Consulate and the Empire," which filled twenty volumes, and was published between 1845 and 1802. Among his other works arc a " History of Law," and " The Monarchy of 1830. " He had in C(mtemplation a history of art, for which he had gathered a portion of the miitcriul, but which, it i« understood, was never written. To his other accomplishments lie added an effective oratory, remarkable for its animation, legislative skill and thorough knowledge of current political topics, and was a forcible advocate of a republican form of government. He died in 1877. Horace Greeley, Founder and for Many Years Editor of the New York Tribune. JUSTIN MCCARTHY. ARTHY, the London and author of several novels and other books, was born at Cork, Ireland, in 1830, and was liberally educated in that city. In 1853 he became connected editorially with a Liverpool newspaper, and in ISGO with the London Morning Star, of which he became the chief editor in 1804. In 1864 he resigned his posi- tion and for nearly three 3'ears traveled thirty-five States. He has been a con- tributor to several English and American periodicals; has written "Con Amore, " a volume of critical essays, and "Prohibitory Legislation in the Ignited States," relative to the working of temper- ance laws in several States, together with several novels, including * ' Dear Lady Di&daiu, " and " Miss Misanthrope. " in the United Slates, visiting A REFINED joi a printer, was WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS. journalist and author. William D. Howells, the son of IS born at Martinsville, Ohio, in 1837. lie was a printer in his father's oflice for twelve years, and then became ijfisislant editor of the Ohio State Journal, at Columbus. Since then he has edited the Nation and the Atlantic Monthly. " Poems of Two Friends," written by himself and John J. Piatt, and a life of Abraham Lincoln, are among his earlier product ions. His later works have been favorably received. They include "Venetian Life," " Italian Journeys," " Their Wedding Journey, " "AChance Acquaintance," and others. He has also edited a series of choice biographies for a Boston house. THK AITTIIOU OK "twenty THOUSAND LEAUUKS UNDEU THE SEA. 233 k JULES VERNE. A ROMANCE writer with wdncicrrul powors of imagination is Jules Verne, whose works ahoiuul with extravagant ineidcntH and ficien- tiflc applications, who was horn at Nantes, Franee, in 18^8. lie studied law, hut wrote plays and operatic pieces. His first romnnce, " Five Weeks in a Balloon," appeared in 18153, and has since been followed by "A Journey to the North Pole," "The Field of lee," "A Journey to the Center of the Earth," "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea," "From the Earth to the Moon," "Dropped from the Clouds," "The Mysterious Island," "Around the World in Eighty Days," etc. The last-named met with great success as a play when dramatized in 1874. Verne has also, in company with M. Lavellee, published an illustrated geography of France. CONSTANTINE FRANCIS VOLNEY. COUNT de Chasst'IiiiMif, an eminent Freiieh aiilhor, bettor known as Constantino F. Volney, was liorn at Craon, in Brittany, in 1757. lie was educated at Angers, and for three years studied med- icine at Paris. He spent three more ^ years traveling in Syria and Egypt, and a volume of his travels, pub- lished after his return, established his literary reputation. He was then ap- pointed to an important public office in the island of Corsica. In 1789 he was elected a member of the national legislature (states-general), and in 1791 returned to Corsica. In 1793-''94 he was imprisoned during the reign of terror for ten months for being a Giron- dist, and in 1794 was appointed pro- fessor of history in the normal school. In 1795 he visited the United States, remaining about three years. When he returned to France Napoleon made him a senator, in 1808 a count, and in 1814 Louis XVIII. created him a peer. He died at Paris in 1820. His principal works are his "Voyage to Egypt and Syria," "The Ruins, or Meditations on the Changes in Empires," "The Natural Law," "Lessons of History," " Views of the Climate and Soil of the United States of America," "New Researches in Ancient History," "The York, London, Paris and Leipsic. The scricB reached many volumes. In 1873 he establisht-d tUa Popular Science Monthly in New York, and has continued, with the help of his sister, to make it a valuable record of scientific diseoverieH. His eieter has also published sev- eral text-books on botany, etc. A" ■*■■*■ TT., SAMUEL SMILES. AUTHOR whose writing- li;i\r hmi uiainly in the interest of orkingmen ane and America. "'Oliver Twist*' api)eared in book form in 1838. having previously run through Benflei/tt Miscellany as a serial — a magazine of which he was at one time the editor. Other books followed, the most noted of which. "Nicholas Nickleby, " was concluded in October. 1839. "The Old Curiosity Shop" and "Bamaby Rudge " appeared in numbers in 1840 and 1841, and added lohis growing fame. In 184'^ Dickens and his wife visited America for a few months, and were received with fulsome enthusiasm by the people. The result of the visit was two books — "American Notes" and "Martin Chuz- zlewit" — in which American institutions and character were severely criticised. Continuing his literary labors, Dickens went to Italy, in 1844, remaining there about a year. In January, 1846, he became editor of the London Daily Neivs, but this position he only held four months. In 1858 Dickens and his wife amicably separated for private reasons. In 1859 he closed up Household \yords, a weekly magazine which he had started in 1850, and began another similar periodical. All the Year Round, which he conducted until his death, bequeathing it to his oldest son. In 1858 Dickens began his career as a public reader of bis own writings, in which he met with great success in Great Britain, Ireland, France and America. On the occasion of his second visit to this country in 1867 he was received with enthusiasm, the ani- mosities attending his assaults upon our institutions and people, in 1843, were forgiven, and he went home, after a few months, better pleased with the Americans and they with him. His last public read- ing was given in England, in March, 1870. He was then engrossed in the production of a new serial novel, ' ' Edwin Drood, " which was aI)out half finished at the time when he suddenly died at Gadshill, near Rochester, England, June 9. 1870. Dickens was emphatically the people's novelist, and his faculty of teaching some wholesome public moral by his fictions did much toward the adoption of some important reforms. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, without pomp. Shortly before his death he visited Queen Victoria at her request, and was offered the honor of knighthood; but he declined it. His works, besides those mentioned above, include the following: Eight "Christmas Stories." which met with great favor as they respectively appeared ; ' '■ Pictures from Italy, " ' ' Dombey and Son. " ' • David Copperfield. " " A Child's History of England." "Hard Times," "Bleak House." "Little Dorrit," " A Tale of Two Cities." "Great Expectations." "The Uncommercial Traveler," and "Our Mutual Friend," not to mention farces and some uncollected short stories. .c .Qi. — THACKERAY, WELL-KNOWN ENGLISH NOVELIST William M. Thackeray, was born at Calcutta, India, in 1811, while his father was in the service of the East India Company, and was educated in London and Cambridge univer- sities, England. Inheriting about SlOO. 000 in 1832, he traveled in Europe and studied art, remaining abroad for several years. Losing the most of his fortune by specula- xrp '''^^Jz>^^ tion, he entered upon a successful literary (o ^ c/ career, which he continued until the close of ^-^ J his life. He wrote for Fraser's Magazine, under the names of "Michael Angelo Titmarsh" and "George Fitz-lJoodlc, " and to the honclon Punch, in which appeared " Jeames' Diary, " "The Fat Contributor," and "The Snob Papers," now found among the later editions of his works. "Vanity Fair," a novel, published as a serial, greatly enhanced his reputation, in lS46-'8. In 1845 he visited the East. In 1848 he was admitted to the bar, but did not practice. In 1851 he delivered to London audiences his popular lectures of the "English Humorists of the Eighteenth Century;" in 1852 he repeated them to American houses, and in 1855-'0 again delivered tbem in this country, together with his other course of lectures on "The Four Georges." From 1859 to 18B2 he edited the C'ortihUl Magazine, in London, which gained a large cir- culation under his management. He died in December, 1863. His fame rests as mucb on "Vanity Fair" as on any of his subsequent books, among which the principal are "Pendennis, " "Henry Esmond," "The Newcomes. " "The Virginians," "Lovel the Widower," "Adventures of Philip," and, the "Book of Snobs." His daughter, Anne Isabella, has written and published "The Story of Elizabeth," "The Village on the Cliff," and other books. The Age of Wisdom. BY WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY. jfTO: PRETTY page, with the dimpled chin. 'AA 'fiiat never has known the barber's shear, All your wish is woman to win; This is the way that boys begin — Wait till you come to forty year. ^nrly gold locks cover foolish brain?; ■^ Billing and cooing is all your cheer — Sighing, and singing of midnight strains, Under Bonnybell's window panes — Wait till you come to forty year. E rty times over let Michaelmas speed; fJrizzIing hair the brain doth clear; ThfMi you know a boy is in need Of much more scn.se, much more indccd- Once you have come to forty year. m ledge me round; I bid ye declare, All good fellows whoso beards are gray- Did not the fairest of the fair Common grow and wearisome ere Ever a mouth was past away? [Tho reddest lips that ever have kissed, ^^ The brightest eyes that ever have shone. May pray and whisper and we not list, Or look away and never be missed — Ere yet ever a month is gone. Jillinn's dead! God rest her bier — ^ How I loved her twenty years syne I Marian's married; but I sit here. Alone and merry at forty year. Dipping my nose in the Gascon wine. ;C!)^- — d: THE CELEBRATED .SCnT<'H NOVELIS'I'. 237 Author of the Waverley Novels." HE EMINENT novelist, poet and bistorinn. Sir Walter Scott, was hoiii at Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1771. lie was educated at the high school and university of Edinburgh. In 178G he entered his father's law office, and was ad- mitted to the practice of the law ill 179^. Literature, however, soon engrossed his thoughts. In 1707 he married Miss Charlotte M. Carpenter, and in 1709 ho was appointed to a sheriff's office. In 1806 he became one of the prin- cipal clerks in the Scottish court of session, with a good salary and plenty of time for literary pursuits. Prev'ous to 1817 he had written most of the poems, tales in verse, ballads, translations and metrical romances that have made him famous as a poet. He also edited Dryden's works and wrote a life of that poet. '* Waverley. " his first distinguished novel, was published in July, 1814, anonymously, btit paved the way by its literary excellence for the extensive series of "Waverley Novels," on which his reputation is based. In the meantime he had founded and built his castellated mansion of '* Abbotsford, " to which his lilrrary fame has given a popular interest. In 1815 ' ' Guy Manner- iug'' succeeded "Waverley," and from that period to 1825 he wrote his other novels in rapid succession. Besides these he had written some of his dramas, edited the works of Swift and other authors, contributed to the leading reviews and other periodicals of the day. and wrote several articles for the " Encyclopsedia Britannica. " His wealth and popularity made Abbotsford a great resort for vis- itors of every degree and rank. In 1820 King George IV. conferred upon him a baronetcy. In 1820 be became pecuniarily embarrassed by the failure of his Edinburgh publishers, and another firm, by its failure, also involved his means. He owed the creditors of both houses about $000,000, and at the age of fifty-five years he set about the task of paying off these demands by his literary labor. In 1820 appeared his "Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, " and other works well known to his readers, but it was not until 1827 that he acknowledged himself to be the author of "Waverley" and the " Waverley Novels, " although he had long been credited with that distinction. He con- tinued to write voluminously, including two series of his "Tales of a Grandfather;" his "History of Scotland," "Letters on Demonology and Witchcraft," and reduced his indebtedness materially. His health began to fail about 1830. and a hereditary disease mani- fested itself so severely that literary labor was suspeuded by medical advice, and he visited Italy in a vessel furnished by the admiralty. Finding himself failing, he desired to be taken home, but was in.=en- sible when London was reached in June, 1832, and died within a short lime after his arrival at Abbotsford. He was buried in Dry- bnrgh Abbey, and a noble Gothic structure, erected at Edinburgh in 1844-6, perpetuates his memory. Before his death he had liquidated about one-third of bis indebted- ness, and the remainder was paid through the sale of the copyrights of the "Waverley Novels." HYMN OF THE HEBREW MAID. BY SIR WALTER SCOTT. HEN Israel, of the Lord beloved. Out from the land of bondag:e came, Her fatlior's Ciod before her moved, An awful piiide in smoke and llaine. By (isiy al crim-^i'lU'd ^andg Returned the liury cojuiim'ji glow. There rose the choral hymn of praise. And trump and timbrel answered keen; And Zion's daughters poured their lays. With priest's and warrior's voice between. No portents now our foes atnaze — Forsaken Israel wanders lone; Our fathers would not know Thy ways, And Thou hast left them to their own. But. present still, thoupli now unseen. When hnL'htIv shines the prosperous day, Be tli.'tmhts of Tlie.- n eii.udy screen, T.I tfiniier Uie .Ifi-eitlul ray. And oh. when stoops uii Jndah's path In shade and sttnin the frequent ni?ht, Be Thou. long-sutYeiing. slow to wrath, A burning and a shining light! Our harps we left by Babel's streams — The Tyrant's .iest, the Gentile's scorn; No censer I'ound our altar beams, Ami mute are timbrel, trump, and horn. But Thou hast said, the blood of goats, The tiesh of rams, I will not prize— A contrite heart, and humble thoughts, Are mine accepted sacrifice. :Ct — -sO.fx ■-^: 238 HOME OF MRS. SIGOURNEY. •^^^ Distinguished Poets. Lydia H. Sigourney, Swinburne, Virgil and Robert Pollok. 'Prorfe and Verse ' in 1815; " Letters to Young Ladies,"' in 1833; *' Pocahontas and Other Poems," in 1841; "Pleas- ant Memories of Pleasant Lands," the outgrowth of her visit to Europe, in 1842; "Past Meridian," in 1854, and "The Man of Vz, and Other Poems," in 1862. She died at Hartford in 1865, and her auto- biography was published in the following year, under the title of "•Letters of Life." VDL\ HUNTLEY was born at Norwich, Conn., in 1791, and during her life-time of seventy-three years, contributed nearly sixty volumes of original poetry and prose and selected writ- ings to the literature of the United States. At the age of twenty-three she taught a private school at Hart- ford, and in 1819 she was married to Mr. Charles Sigourney, a merchant of that city. Her " Moral Pieces in was published T A? ALGERNON SWINBURNE. .KKNOX CHAIiLKS, sou of the late British Admiral Swinburne, was born in Lon- don in 1837. He entered Balliol college, Oxford, in 1857, but left it without taking a degree. Up to 1865 he had published the follow- ing plays: "The Queen Mother," "Rosamond," " Atalanta in Calydon," and " Chawtelard." In 1866 he published a volume of " Poems and Ballads," which was bitterly criticised^ and inaugu- rated a literary warfare, resulting in one volume by W. M. Kossetti, and a rejoinder by Swinburne. Since then the latter ban published '* A Song of Italy," " William Blake," " Siena," some *'Xote8onthe Royal Academy Exhibition" of 1868, "Ode on the Proclamation of the French Rejiublic" (September 4, 1870). "Songs Before Sunrise" (u glorification of pantheism and republicanism), " Bothwell " (a tragedy), " Essays and Studies," " A Note on Char- lotte Bronte," " George Chapman" (a critical eseay), " Erecbthcus" (a play). In addition to hiH other works, he edited "Chri!*tubel, and the Lyrical and Imaginative Poems of Samuel T. Coleridge," the works of George Chapman, and a second ecrics of " Poems and B:.ll:id-," VIRGIL, HE greatest of the Roman poets, Publius Virgilius (or Vergilius) Marc Virgil, was born at Andes, near Mantua, Italy, seventy years before Christ, and was educated at Cremona, Milan, and Naples. In his thirtieth year be visited Rome, seeking to obtain the restoration of his lands, which the soldiers of Octavius had seized after the battle of Philippi. Augustus granted him the necessary papers of restoration, but on his return Octavius compelled bim to swim across the Mincio river in order to save his life. Another mandate was granted by Augustus, and with this Virgil accomplished his desire. The remainder of his life was devoted to literary labor, and was cheered by the friendship of Augustus, Maecenas, and all the other eminent men of the age. His fame is founded on his "Eclogues," " The Georgics," and " The -'Eneid," although he did not live to give the latter the finishing touches. He died at Brundusium in the year nineteen before Christ, and was buried at Naples. mi: Home of Mrs. Sigourney, Rural Residence which uveiiooked the City of Hartford, Conn. ROBERT POLLOK. HE sou of a farmer, Robert Pollok was born near Muir- house, Scotland, in 1798. With the view of becoming a preacher, after some years of labor on the farm, he entered the university of Glasgow at the age of nineteen, remaining there five years. Hav- ing graduated, he began ins theological studies at Glasgow, and in 1827 became a preacher in the United Secesf^ion church. In the spring of this year be published his poem of "The Course of Time," which became very popular owing to its firm religious char- acter, as well as its originality and poetic excellence. It has reached a wide circulation, both in Europe and America. Pidlok did not long survive its publication, consumption causing bis death at South- ampton, England, in September, 1827, as he was about to embark on a voyage to Italy for the benefit of his health. While a student he wrote three tales in prose, entitled "Helen of the Glen," "Ralph Gemmell," and "The Persecuted Family.'' These have since been collected and published" as "Tales of the Covenanters." Upward of twenty editions of hie principal work (the "Course of Time") have been issued in this country, besides, as indicated, the largo number in Britain. '(> — i OLIVER WENDELL UULMES, I'lIYSICI^VN AND POET. 2'd'J OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. THE popular American physiciim, poet, essayiBt and novelist, Oliver Wendell Ilolmca, was liorn at Cambridge, Mass., in 1809. He was educated at Harvard college, where he graduated in 18^9. He first chose the profession of law, but forsooli it in order to pre- liare himself for a physician. In pursuit of this plan he visited the Paris and other European hospitals, and began to practice medicine in Boston in 1835. In 1838 ho was elected professor of anatomy and Iihysiology at Dartmouth college, and in IS.'i" he was appointed to that chair in Harvard college. His literary contributions to periodi- cals date back to 1836, and his reputation as a poet was enhanced by his metrical essay on "Poetry," which was followed by numerous others of superior merit. For years he was a popular public lec- turer, and has achieved an enviable fame by his verse-recitations at class and literary reunions, and by his songs, lyrics and poems for festive occasions. In science he has won distinction by his researches in the use of the stethoscope and microscope and his contributions to current medical literature. His principal books include "The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table," "The Professor at the Breakfast Table," "Elsie Venner,' "Soundings from the Atlantic," " "Mechanism in Thought and Morals," etc. "Songs in Many Keys," The Guardian Angel," papers. In 1850 he connected liimself editorially with the Home Journalm New York, retaining this position for three years. Since then he has written freely, both of prose and poetry. His principal books are; "The Bells and Other Poems," " Babie Bell and Other Poems, " " The Course of True Love Never Did Uun Smooth," " Pam- pineaand Otlier Poems," " Out of His Head" (a prose romance), "The Story ol a Bad Boy," and one or two other books. He was once editor of Ecevy Saturdai/, and in 1881, of the Atlantic Monthly. FELICIA DOROTHEA HEMANS. FELICI.\, the daughter of Mr. Browne, a merchant of Liverpool, England, was born in that city in 1794, but her infant years were passed in Wales. In her childhood she wrote a number of poems which were collected and printed in book-form while she was in her fourteenth year. Another volume of poems, on the domestic affections, pub- lished in 1812, established her poetic reputation. Having been married in 1813 to Captain Hemans, she became the mother of five sons, after which her hus- band parted from her and went to Italy to recuperate his failing health, and they never met again. In order to meet the expense of educating her children, she wrote for periodicals, in which many of her shorter poems appeared. Between this period and that of her death, near Dublin, in 1835, she published "Tales and Historic Scenes," "Modern Greece," "Dartmoor" (a prize poem), "The Skeptic," "The Vespers of Palermo," a play, which was successfully acted at Edinburgh, although its representation in London failed. Before her death she removed to Dublin, where a brother resided. Her last poem was " A Sabbath Sonnet. " Author of ' THE BROWNINGS. ROBERT BROWNING was bciiii at Camberwcll, England, in 1812, and was educated at the London univerHity. About 1832 he went to Italy, and remained there several years, stndyingthe history and characteristics of the people. In I8;j5 was published his dramatic poem of " Paracelsujr, and in 1837 his tragedy of "Strafford" was produced in a London theater, but both met with only moderate popularity. His poem of "SordeUo"' appeared in 1840, but was condemned by the public as an "unintelligible rhapsody, with no meaning.'" "Bells and Pomegranates," a serial collection of his dramatic and lyric poems, was published between 1842 and 1846. Among its other contents was his tragedy of " A Blot on the Scutcheon,''' which displayed much poetic talent, and was publicly played at Brury Lane theater in 1843, with indifferent success. In 1846 Mr. Browning mar- ried Miss Elizabeth Barrett, a poetess of acknowledged genius, who died inl861. Browning especially cultivated the arts of music and painting, becoming familiar with the history of both. In 1856 ap- peared his " Men and Women." Among his other works the following are noted: *' King "Victor and King Charles," "Dramatic Lyrics," "Return of the Druses," "The Soul's Errand," and "The Ring and the Book." Mrs. Browning's literary reputation rests on her " Aurora Leigh," "The Drama of Exile," "Iso- bel's Child," " Casa Guidi Windows," " The Cry of the Children," "My Doves," " The Sleep," and several minor poems. The Autocrat of the Breakfast Tab! Many Charming Poems. ■ and THOIVIAS BAILEY ALDRICH. IN 1836, Portsmouth, N. IL, had the honor of being the birthplace of Thomas Bailey Aldrich. While preparing to enter college he had the misfortune to lose his father, and abandoned his studies in order to work in his uncle's mercantile counting-house in New York. Achieving some success as a contributor of verses to the New York papers, he forsook the counting-house at the end of three years and devoted himself to the more genial pursuits of literature. In 1855 a collection of his poems was published, and in 185G his reputation was greatly enhanced by the publication of "Babie Bell," which had an extensive " run " through the newspapers. lie became a frequent contributor to Pii(?iam's, the K))ieke.rhnck€i\ and the weekly literary N' JOHN DRYDEN. [OTED among British poeis as a j^upiTior satirist, and the author of twenty-seven plays, John Dryden represented the age in which he lived. He was born in Northamptonshire, England, in 1631, the eldest of fourteen children of one of Cromweirs magistrates, and, while receiving his education, his poetical talent early manifested Itself. Although he graduated at Trinity college, Cambridge, in 1654, he remained there about three years longer. Going to London he obtained an inferior position as a clerk. While Cromwell lived, Dryden supported his cause, and lamented his death in heroic verse. Upon the restoration of the kingdom, however, he gave in his adher- ence to Charles II. in a flattering poem. At this time he was doing literary drudgery for the publishers, but adverse circumstances could not restrain his natural genius, and by his plays, essays and verses he rapidly grew into public favor. In 1663 he married the daughter of the earl of Berkshire, and five years later he was appointed poet laureate of England. His poetry is sadly disfigured by personal and political bitterness, but is vigorous and brilliant. Several of his plays were successful at the time of their first represention, but all are now nearly obsolete. He died May 1, 1700, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. His bc?t fame is founded on his "Fables." •^^T^' -24:0 GOETH?:, SCHILLEE, HOMKK. ? JOHANN WOLFGANG VON GOETHE. THE German play-writer, poet and statesman, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Main in 1749. He was taught, at an early age, the classics and modern languages by his father, an imperial councilor. Goethe was handsome, lively and sensitive when a child. Before he was ten years of age he could write in several languages, meditated poems, and had a knowledge of works of art. In 1765 he was sent to the college at Leipsic, where he studied jurisprudence, medicine, logic, rhetoric, philoso- phy, morals, drawing, etc. , and wrote two dramas. In 1770 he was transferred to the university at Strasburg, where he became acquainted with English classical literature. He left the university in 1771, and in 177'^ he went to Wetzlar to practice law. In 1773 he published his play of " Gotz von Berlichingen,"' which excited the greatest enthusiasm in the literary world. In 1774 appeared *' The Sorrows of Werther," founded on a love adventure of his own and the suicide of a friend who had an unhappy passion for another friend's wife. This novel produced a huge sensation. " Clavigo," a drama, was written the same year. Goethe's fame as the author of *' Werther" secured him the notice and friendship of Charles Augustus, grand duke of Saxe-Weimar, who invited the poet to visit his court in 1775. Goethe's reception at court induced him to make Weimar his permanent home, and there he made the acquaintance of many distinguished personages and re- ceived enthusiastic homage. After a long series of enjoyments, Goethe returned to literary labor, and in 1779 produced his *'Iphigenie auf Tauris," a prose drama, which he afterwards versified, and an opera which was inspired by a brief visit to Switzerland. He then turned his attention to the study of natural science, attaining great proficiency. Between 1780 and 1783 he wrote a part of " WilhelmMeister," a novel, and numerous small poems. Nearly two years (beginning in 1786) were passed in Italy, where he studied antiquities and wrote *'Torquato Tasso," a drama founded on the court life of the great poet, and also a narrative of his travels, he published *' Egmont," a romantic drama. A love adventure with an uneducated domestic in his house, named Christiane Vnlpius, resulted in his marrying her after the birth of their child. In 179i» he accompanied the Prussian army and the duke of Brunswick in their campaign into France, and of this he wrote a narrative. After his return he was appointed minit»ter of stale. Ho also wrote several Hcientific works. He made the acquaintance of the poet Schiller at Jena, in 17fl4, and they soon became fast friends. The first and second parts of '■'Wilhelm Melster " appeared respectively in 1795 .ind 1818. In IBOT} lie firnt gave his masterpiece, "Faust," to the world, the second part appearing in 1831. In 1807 Alexander of Kiiy-ia conferred on him fh-- Mr-i-r of "^t M-vMit'lcr V''\\';ki, ;iiid afterwards Napoleon bestowed upon him the grand cross of the legion of honor. Goethe died at Weimar in 1832. Besides the works above mentioned, he wrote several others which affected his previous fame in a greater or less degree. JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON SCHILLER. AN AUTIK^R of many works with which the public are familiar, Johann C'hristoph Friedrich von Schiller, was born at Marbach, Germany, in 1759. In his youth he studied medicine and became a military surgeon. His drama of " The Robbers " was published ia his twenty-second year, and so established his reputation as a man of genius that he decided to devote himself to literary occupations. In 1787 he removed to Weimar, acquired the friendship of the prominent German authors, Goethe, Wieland and Herder, and became aulic counselor and professor of history and philosophy at Jena. Besides *' The Robbers'" he wrote the tragedies of "Fiesco and Cabal," '*Love," "Don Carlos," "Wallen- stein," "Mary Stuart," "Joan of Arc," "The Bride of Messina" and "William Tell." He also wrote " The History of the Thirty Years' War," and "The History of the Revolt in the Netherlands." At Mannheim he translated " Mac- beth," and wrote other tragedies. Later, at Weimar he met Charlotte von Lengefeld, who became his wife. He died in 1805. Schiller held that the cultivation of the in- tellectual and moral faculties was a sure means to gain liberty. Per- sonally he was tall and slender, with high brow, pale complexion, aqui- line nose, exquisite mouth, blue eyes and brown hair. His remains were finally deposited in the new cemetery at Weimar. Memorial columns have been erected in honor of him in Berlin and in Vienna, as well as at other places. Statues by Thornwaldsen, in Stuttgard, and Rietschel, at Weimar, are said to be the finest made of the celebrated author. Novelist, Retnmiug to Weimar in 1788, and Rtatesmiiii. TWO of the 1 poems tha HOMER. most remarkable epic that the genius of mnn has yet produced— the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey" — had their origin in Greece, as is supposed, about the year 900 before Christ, and are popularly ascribed to one Homer, a beggar poet of that country. Respecting the life of this distinguished writer, we must be content to remain in ignorance, no memorials of it having been preserved, for the biography of him, whieh it is said was prepared by Herodotus, is denounced as fabu- lous. In Rucli obscurity is his life shrouded, that some have even doubted whether he everexisted. While Smyrna, Rhodes, Coloiduui, Salamis, Chios, Argus, and Athens (cities of Greece), c(mtended for tlie honor of having been the birthplace of this distinguished poet, the probability remains that he was an Asiatic Greek. One legend deelares that Homer died of vexation because he could not solve a rifldl'' i-rnp"uii'!<'(i ftt him by some llshernien n1 los. i =<5T^ T niSTINGUISlIED POETS. 241 James Thomson. Alexander Pope. i NE of the British pastoral poets, James Thomson, the 8on of a Scotch clergyman, was horn at Ednam, Scothiiul, in 1700, iincl was educated at Jedburgh and Edinburgh. Four years were devoted to preparing for the pulpit, but this de- sign was given up, and Thomson went to London, where ho was for several mnnlhs a tutor in Uic family of Lord Binning. The first of his "Seasons," a poem on which his fame chiefly rests — "Winter " — was published in 172G, and the three other seasons re- spectively, in 1728, 1729 and 1730. During these years he also produced his t ragedy of "Sophonisba," the poem of "Britannia," and a poem on Sir Isaac Newton. As one result of his literary success. Lord Chancellor Talbot selected him in 1731 to travel with his son on the continent of Europe. Dur- ing the three years thus occupied Thomson and his companion visited most of the European courts, and after their return to Eng- land the lord chancellor retained Thomson in his employment as secretary of briefs until the death of the former in 1737, when Thom- son was removed. Soon afterwards he received a pension of about $500 a year from the Prince of Wales, and was appointed surveyor-general of the Lee- ward islands. The office was a sinecure, the duties being performed by a dep- uty, and Thomson's net salary reaching about SU500 a year. Thus being placed in easy circumstances, Thomson continued his lit- erary labors until his death, near Richmond, England, in 1748. Besides the works enumerated above, he wrote the tragedies of "Agamemnon, " "Edward and Eleanora," " Tancrcd and Sigismunda," the poems of " Liberty" and " The Castle of Indo- lence." His play of " Coriolanus," published after his death, was presented at Covent Garden. He had the reputation of a rough exterior and a decided propensity for indolence. THE celebrated poet, Alexander Pope, the f-on of a linen-draper, was born in Londtm in 1088. He was a precocious child, wrilinga play before he was twelve years old, and composing poetry at an age 80 early that he tells us he " lisped in num- bers." His educa- tion was acquired at two private schools, from two Roman Catholic priests, who were employed as his tu tors, and from his own persever- ing studies. He wrote his " Pasto- rals " when he was sixteen years old, and they secured him the friend.ship of many eminent persons. The " Pastorals " were followed by the publication, successively, Messiah," " The Rape "Windsor Forest" and ' of Pope's Residence his "Essay on Criticism," "The of the Lock," "The Temple of Fame," The Epistle from Eloisa," and by these his 'rj reputation as a poet was permanently established. In 1720 he completed his translation of Homer's " Iliad," by which he gained more than ©25,000. In the translation of Homer's "Odyssey" he was aided by Broome and Fenton. The "Essay on Man" appeared in 1733; the first three books of "The Dunciad"' in 1733, the fourth book in 1742. His later literary work was the production of satires. In 1725 he pub- lished a poor edition of Shakspeare's works. The "Ode on Solitude" was written when Alexander was near twelve years; from thirteen to fifteen he labored upon an epic poem entitled " Alcander,"' of which he completed four books and then destroyed it. Two plays, a comedy and tragedy, which he had writ- ten, were similarly disposed of. He studied painting a year and half, but his poor physical body and defective eyesight interposed an rflfectual bar to success, and that pursuit was accordingly abandoned. He was so deformed that it was necessary to prop his body in position in order to enable him to accomplish his work. He died iit Twickenham, in May, 1744. i: IG -f JOXSOX, the famous poet and dramatist, and contemporary of Shaks- peare, was born at Westminster, England, in 1574, subseqnent to the death of his father, a clergyman. His mother having married a bricklayer, she took Benjamin from school at Westminster in order to have him learn his step-father's trade, but the youth, preferring some other employment, enlisted as a private soldier in the British army. His regiment was sent to Holland, and there manifested so much courage during a campaign as to gain the applause of his officers. After leaving the army he entered St. John's college at Cambridge, England, but a lack of the requisite funds did not permit him to remain. Removing to London at about the age of twenty years, he sought employment as an actor (a position that he filled with indifferent success), and began to write plays for the stage, a work in which he subsequently be- came eminent. In 1598 his first play, "Every Man in His Humor," was brought out at the London Globe theater, with Shakspeare appearing in one of its characters. About this time Jonson was imprisoned for a season for having killed Gabriel Spenser, an actor, in a duel. His next play, "Every Man Out of His Humor," was brought out, and in 1599 "Sejanns," a tragedy, in which Shaks- peare is said to have made his farewell appearance on the stage in 1603. Other plays followed, with several poems. In 1613 Jonson traveled in Europe as the tutor of the son of Sir Walter Raleigh. In 1CI9 he was appointed poet laureate, and aljout that time made a tour on foot to Scotland. In 1628 he was attacked with palsy, and compelled by poverty to write for the stage. King Charles I. sent him S500 and raised his salary as poet laureate, but Jonson's improvident habits kept him poor. His later writings were hardly up to his former standard. He died in 1637. His works comprise seventeen plays, a number of poems, and some prose writings. In 1803 he accepted and was appointed to an office under the admiralty in the Bermuda islands, but not liking the position after reaching the station, he left a deputy in charge of the business and returned home, traveling for a short season in the United States and Canada. His "Odes and Epistles," published in 1806, contained many references to his American travels, and was severely criticised by Jeffrey in the Edinburgh Beview. Moore challenged Jeffrey, but the duel never took place. Byron sarcastically referred to the affair, and received a challenge from Moore, but the disagreement was settled, and the poets became firm friends, as did, also, Moore and Jeffrey. Moore married Miss Dyke, an actress, in 1811, and settled down to a literary life. Owing to the mismanagement of his Ber- muda agent, Moore, about 1819, became involved in pecuniary liabil- ities to the amount of $30,000, and to avoid arrest (although assistance was offered to him), he went to France and Italy, and then, having sent for his family, resided in Paris, and resumed his literary labors. Within three years his pecuniary difficulties were settled by the payment of the claim against him, and he returned to England, remaining there until his death at Devizes, in 1852. In addition to his numerous poetical works, so widely known, he published a I "Life of Sheridan," Notices of the Life of Byron," "Memoirs of Lord Edward Fitzgerald," "Travels of an Irish Gentleman in Search of a Religion," and a " History of Ireland." Moore lost all his children by death before he died, and in his latter days became imbecile by the softening of his brain. ms Ben. lonson. Poet, Play-wnter ami Contemporary of William Shakspeare. THOMAS MOORE. THE Irish poet, Thomas Moore, was born in Dublin, in 1779. His fatlier was a grocer, who brought him up in the Roman Catholic faith. At school he acquired a taste for music, declamation and the drama. When about fourteen years old he contributed short poems to a Dublin magazine. In 1798 he graduated at Trinity college, Dublin, and the following year went to London to study law. In 1800 he published his translation of the " Odes of Anacreon," which met with gratifying success, and, through the influence of the Earl of .Moira, he soon gained entrance into the fashionable circles of London. In 1801 he published "The Poetical Works of the Late Thomas LittI' ," .i liit ;it his own diminutive form. GEORGE P. MORRIS. HE journalist and song-writer, George P. Morris, was born at Philadelphia, in 1802. Going to New York city at an early age, he wrote for two newspapers, the Gazette and the Amenran. He was in his fifteenth year when he began to write for the Gazette. In 1823 he and Samuel Wood- worth established the Xew i'ork Mirror\ a weekly literary paper, which was kept up until 1842, with the assistance of N. P. Willis and Theodore Fay. In 1843 Morris and Willis began the publication of a similar journal, called the Xew Mirror, and in 1844 they started a daily paper — the Evening Mirror. In 1845 Morris established, alone, another weekly journal — the National Press. In 1846 Willis again joined him, and they changed the title of the paper to that of the Uonu Journal. Morris, either in prose or poetry, was a genial writer, but his fame rests principally on his songs, several of which became prime favorites; such were "Woodman, Spare that Tree," " Long Time Ago," " My Mother's Bible," " Whip-poor-Will," etc. He also wrote the libretto of the opera of "The Maid of Saxony," a drama entitled " Brierdiff," which made a successful run on the stage, and a volume of prose sketches — "The Little Frenchman ami His Water-lots. " Some of his other song-productions were: "We were Boys together," "Land, ho!" and "The Origin of Yankee Doodle. " For a considerable time he was general of stale militia. It will be observed that Morris' connection with the press was quite liberal, and he was therefore a prominent and valualile member of the newspaper fraternity. He died in New York city on the 6th of July, 1864. ^'; DISTINGUISHED POETS. 24:^> James R. Lowell. Nathaniel P. Willis. Charles Wolfe. j-j S^f^ K^V' Enj^hmd takes pride J ,.Li ill >L j[, ]j^,|. imincrous poets, among whom she num- bers James RusbcH Lowell, who was born at t'nmbridge, Mass., in 1819. He was educated at Harvard college, where he graduated in 1838, and his '•'class poem " on that occasion was remarkable for its superiority as a witty satire. In 1840 he began the practice of law in Boston, but soon re- linquished it for literary f/r\^'/ \. .■ ■' ~~" pursuits. His first vol- ume of poetry, ''A Year's Life," ap- peared in 1841. In 1843, with Robert Carter, he began the publication of a monthly magazine called the Pioneer^ of which only three numbers were issued, although the best talent of the country • contributed to its pages. *' A Legend of Brittany," with other poems, was issued in 1844 ; a prose volume, " Conversations on Some of the Old Poets," in 1845; "The ^ Present Crisis," with other poetry, in 1848; "The Vision of Sir Launfal," in 1845; "The Biglow Papers" (first scries), a satire mainly directed against slavery and the Mexican war, in 1848; "A Fable for Critics" in 1848 — a satire (anonymously published) upon sundry eminent American authors. In 1851 and 1852 he traveled in Europe. In 1854 and 1855 he delivered his course of lectures on the British poets. In 1855 he was appointed professor of modern languages and polite literature in Harvard college. Another year's visit to Europe, for study, followed. From 1857 to 1863 he was the editor of the AtlanCic Monthly^ and from 1863 to 1872 he was one of the editors of the Nofth American Review. His "Fireside Travels'" appeared in 1864; a second series of the "Biglow Papers" in 1867; " Under the Willows," with other poems, in 1868; " The Cathedral," in 18(59, and two volumes of essays "Among my Books," and "My Study Windows," in 1870. His "Commemoration Ode," in honor of the alumni of Harvard college who died in the Southern rebellion armies, ranks as one of the noblest of his poems. From 1872 to 1874 he was again in Europe. Oxford university, England, in 1873, conferred upon him the degree of D. C. L. , and in 1874, Cam- bridge university gave him the title of Doctor of Laws. The United States government, in its liberal appreciation of individual worth, as well as of the republican principles on which it is founded, a few years since selected Mr. Lowell to represent it at the court of Great Britain, and the office has seldom been filled by a more acceptable diplomatist. His writings indicate the possession of a versatile genius, capable of ranging with equal facility "from grave to gay, from lively to severe." T ^. p. Willis. Poet, Essayist and for Many Yeai-s Connected with the New York Home Journal. HE son of Xathanifl Willin, ii well-known Bopton journalir^t, and l)rolluT of " Fanny Fern," Nathaniel Parker Willis, was born at Portland, Maine, in 180G. He was educated at Yule college, grad- uating in 1827. He then became the literary assistant of S. G. Goodrich (Peter Parley) for a brief period. In 1828 he started llie American Monthly Magaz'ute^ which, after two years' existence, was merged in tlie New York Mirror, a weekly literary paper, previously established by George P. Morris. Willis was associate editor of tlie Mirror, and while occui)ying this position and visiting Europe, he wrote letters to that journal, which were collected in I83.'j and pub- lished in three volumes of " Pencilings by the Way." In Paris he was attached to the American legation. On his return to England in 1835, he was married to Miss Stacc, the daughter of the com- mandant of the W^oohvich arsenal, near London. He remained in England until 1837, and while there published his "Melanic and Other Poems," and "Inklings of Adventure," a collection of his magazine tales and sketches. Ectnrning to the United States in 1837, he lived for two years in retirement at "Glenmary," a small estate which he owned near Owego, N. Y. , on the banks of the Susquehainia river. For a few months in 1839 he wrote for the Cor- sair, an ephemeral literary paper in New Y'ork, and then revisited England. While there he published two dramas, " Tortesa, the Usurer," and " Bianca Visconti," "Loiterings of Travel,' "Letters from Under a Bridge and Poems," and an illustrated edition of his poems. Coming again to New Y'ork, he started, in connection with George P. Morris, a daily paper called the Evening Mirror, but the death of bis wife and his own failing health induced him to return to England. There he published another collection of his magazine articles, entitled " Dashes at Life with a Free Pencil." In 1846, again in New Y'ork, he married the daughter of Hon. Joseph Grinnell, of New Bedford, Mass., and settled at "Idlewild," a seat on the Hudson river. In 1846, also, besides pub- lishing a complete edition of his works, he joined George P. Morris in establishing the Home Journal, a weekly pajier, to which he continued to contribute until his death, in 1867. Besides the books mentioned he published about a dozen others. A POET lin. Ire CHARLES WOLFE. POET of limited prodnclion, Charles Wolfe was bom at Dub- reland, in 1791. He was educated at Trinity college, Dublin, where he graduated in 1814, but where he remained for some time after in the capacity of a tutor. In 1817 he took priests' orders, and was curate of Ballyclog and Donougbmore, Ireland. His health failing, he visited the south of France, but died, after his return to Cork, of consumption, in 1823. He is best known by his celebrated poem on the "Burial of Sir John Moore:" "We buried him darkly at dead of night. The sod with our bayonets turning. By the struggling moonbeams' misty light. And our lanterns dimly burning." '2U JOHN G. SAXE, THOMAS GKAY AND OTHER POETS. Joaquin Miller. John G. Saxe. James Hogg. Thomas Gray. NDER the name of '^Joaquin Miller " C'inciniiatus Hiner Miller is well- known. He was born in Indiana in 1841. During boyhood he went with hir? father to Oregon, and when about fourteen years old removed to California. There, with very little knowledge of grammar or the art of poi'try, he wrote verses and led a wandering life for seven years. Returning home, in 18G0, he became a lawyer's clerk at Eugene, Oregon. Next year he was an express mes- senger in the gold-mining districts of Idaho, a position that he abandoned in order to edit a Democratic newspaper at Eugene. The unpa- ^^^^"^ triotic char- acter of the paper during the Southern rebellion caused its suppression, and Miller, in 18 6 3, opened a law- office at Ca- non city, Oregon. For about four years (1866 to 1870) he was county judge of Grant county, and while thus occupied he wrote and published his first collection of poems. In 1863 he married Minnie Theresa Dyer, who obtained a divorce from him in 1870, and he went to London, where, in 1871, he published his "Songs of the Sierras" and "Pacific Poems." In 1873 appeared his "Songs of the Sun Lands '' and a prose volume, " Life Among the Modocs, Unwritten History." "The Ship in the Desert" was published in 1875, together with "First Fam'lies in the Sierras," followed, from time to time, by "The One Fair Woman," a novel, and "Songs of Far Away Lands. " King and Other Poems," " Clever Stories of Many Nations," "The Masquerade and Other Poems," "Fables and Legends in Ruymc," "Leisure Day Rhymes," etc. Joaquin Miller, Author of **Song:s of the Sierras," " Paciflc Poems Songs of "Far Away Lands," etc. JOHN GODFREY SAXE. IGHOATE, Vt., in 18UI, was the birthplace of John G. Saxe, the Inimorous American author and lecturer. He was educated at Middlebury college, where he graduated In 1839. In 1843 he was admitted to the practice of the law, at St. Albans. In 1850, and for about five years afterwards, he was the proprietor and editor of the Burlington Sentinel. In 1856 he became State's attorney. In 1859-'60 he was unsuccessfully nominated for governor of the State by the Democrats. He has achieved considerable celebrity by his hnmorous poetry and his public literary lectures. Among his pub- lished works are: "Progress," a satire, "The New Rape of the Lock," "The Proud Mifs McBridc," "The Times," "The Money JAMES HOGG. JAMES HOGG, known as " the Ettiiek Shepherd," was born in the parish of Ettrick, in Selkirkshire, Scotland, in 1772. Like his ancestors, be was a sheplierd, and the probability is that he had but little or no schooling in his younger days. When twenty-four years old he began to compose poetry, but his imperfect penman- ship hindered his work of composition. In 1800 his patriotic song, called " Donald MacDunald," became very popular, although the name of its author was unknown. From 1790 to 1799, while employed as a shepherd by Mr. Laidlaw, of Blackbouse, he was permitted to use that gentleman's library freely, so that at the age of thirty he had read extensively and greatly improved his education. In 1801, while visiting Edinburgh with sheep for the market, he arranged for the publica- tion of a small collection of his songs, entitled "Scottish Pastorals, Poems and Songs." Meeting soon afterwards with Sir Walter Scott, who was then searching for material for his "Minstreli^y of the Scottish Border," and to whom Hogg gave some old ballads, Scott eiM;ouraged him to publish a second collection of his poems, entitled "The Mountain Bard." Two attempts to establish himself as a farmer having proved unsuccessful, Hogg went to Edinburgh, in 1810, to follow the pro- fession of an author. A connection as editor for a year with a weekly paper called the Spy barely earned him a liveli- hood. In 1813 he published his poem of "The Queen's Wake," which made him famous. Another attempt at farming, under the patronage of the duke of Buccleuch, threw him into bankruptcy after a few years. During this period he contributed to Blacku'OOtVs Magazine. In 1831 he went to London to superintend the publication of some of his works, and was there received with much distinction. He died at Altrive, Scotland, in 1835. He wrote several volumes of prose and poetry, including "Winter Evening Tales," "Madoc of the Moor," "The Pilgrims of the Sun," and " The Altrive Tales. " THOMAS GRAY. THE widely-known author of the "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard," Thomas Gray, was born in L(md(m in 1716, and was educated at Eton and Peter House, Cambridge. He accompanied Horace Walpole on a European continental tour, from which he returned in 1741. Several years of literary retirement succeeded, together with visits to the English lakes and Scotland. The post of poet laureate was offered to him on the death of Cibber, but ho refused it. In 1768 he accepted the chair of modern history at Cambridge, and died in 1771. His poems are few in number, but of a superior quality. His "Elegy" is considered by many the best poem ever produced in the English language. DISTINGUISHED POETS. 24.- 1 Dante Alighieri. William Wordsworth. Charles Mackay. Edward R. B. Lytton. tc-*.- H^ UK Ilulian pool, Dante Alighieri, whose name was a contraction of " Iliirante," was born at l'li>rcnce, Italy, in 1265. Ho was educated by his mother, with tlie assist- ed anco of Brunetto Latini, the distinguished statesman, poet and scholar, completing bis studies at the univorsiiios of Bologna and Padua. Afterwards he studied theology at Paris. In 1289 and 1290 he took an active part in the war between his country and the Aretines, and was 'also employed on fourteen occasions as an envoy. In his twenty-si.Kth year he married Gemma, one of the Donati family, with whom he lived unhappily, and from whom he finally separated. In 1300 he became one of the eight chief magistrates of the country. In the subsequent inter- nal dissensions he joined the ^'Bianchi" (white) party, but their opponents, the *' Neri '" (black), having gained the ascendancy, Dante was banished from Florence, under the penalty of being burned alive in case he should fall again into their hands. After that he became a wanderer until he found an asylum with Guido Novello, lord of Ravenna, and in this retreat he died in 1321. He wrote several books in Latin, and numerous sonnets, lyrics, etc., in Italian. His fame rests, however, upon his " Divine Comedy," written while he was a poor wandering e.xile. It consists of three distinct acts, or poems, entitled (in English) "Hell," " Purgatory "' and " Heaven. " It was the first poem written in the Italian language, and has been several times translated into English— notably by Henry W. Longfellow, and Cary, of England. It is marked by sweetness and dignilied by grandeur and energy. WILLIAIVI WORDSWORTH. ONE of the notable " Lake Poets" of England, William Words- worth, was born at Cockermouth, in 17T0. He was educated at St. John's college, Cambridge, and while sojourning there spent his vacations in wandering abont the country. In 1790 ho made a three months' tour in France, Switzerland, to the Italian lakes and the Rhine. In 1791 he quitted the college, having taken his degree of bachelor of arts. His first publication was "An Even- ing Walk," partly written at college, and issued in 1793. " Lyrical Ballads," written by himself and Coleridge, appeared in 1728, and passed to a second edition. By the receipt of an inheritance Words- worth was enabled to live in literary retirement, and before 1S19 had published his "Sonnets," " Essays on Epitaphs," "The Excursion," "The Prelude," "Peter Bell,'' "The Wagoner," and other smaller pieces. In 1813 he was appointed distributor of stamps for the county of Westmoreland, an office worth about $3,500 a year. In 1 843 he was appointed poet laureate of England, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Southey. Wordsworth lived to write much poetry with which the world is tolerably familiar, and was a very fair delineator of the true and beautiful in nature, without rising to " sparkling" descriptions. He died at Rydal Mount, England, after achieving honor by his publications, and receiving distinguished tokens of approval from the worthy and learned. In 1802 he marrietl Miss Mary Hutchinson, whom he had known in childhood, and whom he celebrates in a poem beginning: "She was a phantom of delight." CHARLES MACKAY. THE journalist, poet and leclurer of considerable celebrity, Charles Mackay, was born at Perth, England, in 1812, and was educated in London, and at Brussel.s, Belgium. In 1834, and for about ten years afterwards, he was one of the editors of the London Morning Chronicle, and from 1844 to 1847 he edited the Glasgow (Scotland) Argue. During the Southern rebellion in the United States he was for about three years the special American correspond- ent of the London Times. Between 1834 and 1874 he published a multitude of poems, which were collected and republished in numer- ous volumes, besides a few prose works of considerable merit. For some time he was engaged upon a book relating to the Gaelic etymol- ogy of the English language. In 1877 he received from friends a gift of nearly $4,000 in money to enable him to pursue his literary labors with comfort. EDWARD ROBERT BULWER-LYTTON. OF THE pools and novolisis of lljo liiurs, IC.hvarrl Robert Bnhvcr- Lytton ranks with the most popular of English men of letters. He was born in 1831. His early education was received at the Harrow school and from private tutors, and afterwards he studied the modern languages at the university of Bonn, Germany. From 1849 to 1873 he was almost constantly employed as an attache, secre- tary of legation or charge d'affaires in various British embassies: at Washington, U. S. A. ; at Florence, Italy; twice at Paris, France; at the Hague, Holland; at St. Petersburg, Russia; at Constantinople, Turkey; at Vienna, Austria, four times; at Copenhagen, Denmark; at Athens, Greece; at Lisbon, Portugal; at Madrid, Spain; in 1860, for a sliort time, he was consul-general at Belgrade, and was sent on a special mission to prevent a renewal of the hostilities between the Turks and Servians, and in 1868 he successfully concluded the nego- tiations for a commercial treaty between Great Britain and Austria. In 1873, on the death of his father, he succeeded to the title of Baron Lytton. In 1874 he was appointed embassador at Li-sbon. In 1876 he was nominated for the high office of viceroy of India, and he immediately started for Hindostan, on his journey meeting the Prince of Wales, who was then returning home from India. At Calcutta Baron Lytton was sworn in as viceroy and governor-general, April 12, 1876. January 1, 1877, he presided over the gorgeous ceremonial, on the plains of Delhi, of proclaiming Queen Victoria of England as Empress of India. In the same year the queen conferred upon him the grand cross of the civil order of the bath. At this writing he is still viceroy of India. His lordship has proved himself an eminent literary genius by his poetry. His first work, "Clytemnestra," with other poems, appeared in 1855 under the nom de plume of "Owen Meredith." "The Wanderer," another collection of poems, was published in 1859;" "Lncile," his well-known novel in sprightly verse, in 1860; " Tannhauser " (ancmymously), in 1861: Songs of Servia " in the same year ; " The Ring of Amasis,' romance, in 1863; "Poetical Works of Owen Meredith' "Chronicles and Characters," in 1868; "Orval," in 1869. he married the niece of the earl of Clarendon. * Xational ' a prose in 1867; In 1864 ^ (d^ ^ THE AUTHORS OF " THE VAGABONDS" AND "BETSEY AND I ARE OUT. Will. M. Carleton. John T. Trowbridge. ;^0 O oo i ILLIAM M. CARLETON holds an enviable place in American literature, in consequence of a ufiion of common sense, a rich appreciation of human • nature and the love of the beautiful, which with facility and aptness characterize his poetical works. He can boast, it is true, of no elevated ancestry, and began life on a farm near Hudson, in Michigan, October 21, 1845. The family of his forefathers dwelt in England and Scotland, and his father, emigrating from New Hampshire, was one of the pioneers of Michigan. Farm-work occu- \ncd the earlier years of the lad, and as he grew to manhood he divided his time between laboring on his native soil during the sum- mer and attending school — the old- fashioned district school — when snow and frost prevailed. So thoroughly did he per- severe in his studies that when but sixteen years old he was qualified to teach, and alter- nately taught school, increased his own stock of knowledge, and worked on the farm. About this time, also, he began to contribute articles to several newspapers in his neighborhood and other portions of Michigan, both in verse and prose, over various signatures. In 1865 he abandoned the home-farm and entered Hillsdale college, in his native State, where he remained four years. Graduating in 1869, he engaged in writing for newspapers, and from time to time produced those many popular ballads by which he has won the reputation of a most successful poet. These labors he also diversified by lecturing upon literary and kindred topics, meeting with flattering receptions throughout the West. The first volume of his collected poetry was printed for private circulation about two years after leaving college. '* Betsey and I are Out" was first published in the Toledo (O. ) Blade, in 187'-3, but soon afterwards it reappeared, with several illustrations of rural home-life, in Harper's Weekly. Carleton subsequently con- tributed other poems to Harper's, and his next collection of poetry, a volume of '* Farm Ballads," was issued in 1873. It contains many favorite productions which have been widely quoted and recited, and greatly strengthened his reputation. This was followed by a volume of "Farm Legends," and quite recently he has pub- lif-hed another companion-book, " P'arm Festivals," in which the ppirit of his former pictures of American rural peculiarities is \nT petuated. His style of phraseology is well illustrated in the follow- ing first stanza of *' Betsey and I are Out :" .^^UAW Up the papers, lawyer, and make 'cm good and stout; C^:^ For things at home are cross-way**, and Betsey and I are out. We v,-ho have worked together so long as man and wife, Must pull in single harness the rest of our nat'rul life. ■ oo - o^ ^oo ^ Will. M. Carleton AN EXCELLENT place in the history of American literature, both as a writer of prose and poetry, is occupied by Jnbn Townsend Trowbridge, and his life is a fine example of successful struggles against adverse circumstances in the early portion of his career. His father was one of the pioneers of the Genesee country, in western New York, settling in the vicinity of the present city of Rochester, about 1813. The subject of this sketch was born on his father's farm, in a log-house, September 18, 182T, the eighth child of his parents, both of whom possessed distinguishing traits, which evidently aided in forming the character of the young author. His education at a district school, in the winters of his childhood, alternated with his duties on the farm at other seasons; but he early manifested his aptness as a scholar, for before he was fifteen years old he could, under self-instruction, read and translate the French language. He also studied Latin, and read Scott and Byron, whose works he found in the public library. These books aroused the literary genius of the lad, and he soon began to plan romances and think in verse, while his hands were busy with farming implements. At sixteen he wrote "pieces" for country magazines and news- papers. Soon afterwards he attended a classical school at Lockport, N. y. , taught school one winter, and became a farmer in Illinois, but only for one season. Going back to Lockport, he engaged as a school- teacher for one term, and then, when nineteen years old, he went to New York, a total stranger in that city, in hopes, by writing for the press, to earn a living and gain reputa- tion. There he found a friend in the distin- guished journalist, Mordecai M. Noah, of the Si/nday Times, who counseled him to write prose rather than verse, on account of its being more in demand and bringing larger remunera- tion. Mr. Noah introduced him to several publishers, and then began the oft-repeated struggle of a young literary aspirant to gain a livelihood by his pen in a great city. There are many such instances. Young Trowbridge lived in the traditional garret, and almost starved while writing for bread. Forced by circumstances, he then engaged in other work, and when that failed he fell into the hands of a charitable French family. With these people he remained until August, 1848, when he went to Boston and obtained employment as a writer of sketches and stories, under the literary name of "Paul Creyton." A newspaper enterprise in which he was interested failed in 1849, and he then associated himself with Benjamin Perley Poore for a brief season, as assistant editor of the Boston Senfinel. Trow- bridge's first book, "Father Brighthopes," was issued in 1853, and from this time onward he wrote other books of a similar sort, gained reputation and made some money. In 1855 and 18.56 he traveled in Great Britain and Europe, and after bis return published and dramatized his "Neighbor Jackwood," which became very popular in both forms. Since then Mr. Trowbridge has written mucli and well, both in his published books and as a copious con- tributor to the .4/^a/i/ic J/oH^A/y and Our Young Folks. His books, several of them made up from his magazine articles, probably number thirty or more. He married, in 1860, Miss Cornelia Warren, of Lowell, Mass. , but death separated them about four years afterwards. Of his poetry, "The Vagabonds," "The Name in the Bark," and one or two others of a humorous character, are considered his best. ^^T^' ^ — ^y- 247 ^^': ? AUTHOR OF "maud MULLEK " AND OTHER POPULAR POKMS. =^^®^ass above him Lament the triumph and his loss Like her — because they love him." His poems, which date back to 18'28, and all breathing the spirit of freedom and hatred of oppression, have fulfilled their mission and done their work' in the moral elevation of mankind. SEED-TIME AND HARVEST. BT JOHN GREENLEAP WHITTIER. S O'ER his furrowed fields, which lie Beneath a coldly-dropping sky, Yet chill with winter's melted snow. The husbandman goes forth to sow: Thus, freedom, on the bitter blast The ventures of thy seed we cast, And trust to warmer sun and rain To swell the germ, and fill the grain. Wbo calls thy glorious service hard? Who deems it not its own reward? Who, for its trials, counts it less A cause of praise and thankfulness? It may not be our lot to wield The sickle in the ripened field; Nor ours to hear, on summer evea. The reaper's song among the sheaves; Yet where our duty's task is wrought In unison with God's great thought, The near and future blend in one. And whatsoe'er is willed is done I And ours the grateful service whence Comes, day by day, the recompense — The hope, the trust, the purpose staid. The fountain, and the noonday shade. And were this life the utmost span. The only end and aim of man. Better the toils of fields like these Than waking dream and slothful ease. Our life, thongh falling like our grain. Like that revives and springs again; And early called, how blest are they Who wait in heaven their harvest-day! •^i^ -<);• h. Life and Works of the Distinguished Dramatist. LTHOUGH no exact record of the dute of his hirth exit^ts, it is sup- posed that William Shakspeare was born April 2G, 1564, his birthplace being St ratford- ii pon - A von. He was the third of eijrht children. His father wa:* a prominent man. at one time, in the town of 1,500 people, being successively, a glover, a '^\j:\ ' ' butcher, a dealer in wool, and filled ^^T^ in order the offices of constable, alderman, and mayor. — all that, and yet not able to write his own name, which indicated that he was a man of such natural ability us to take high rank, even with no education. The mother came from an aristocratic family of some note, and with the small estate that she brought her husband, the couple were in well-to^do circum- stances, and amid these pleasant surroundings, it is supposed William attended the Stratford grammar school and assisted his father at butchering and wool- buying, and afterwards as an attorney's clerk and schoolmaster. In the future poet's rovings about the neighborhood, he met Anne Hathaway, whom he married at the age of eighteen, Anne being at the time twenty-six. Five months afterwards she bore him a daughter, and before he was twenty-one. three children were born to him. the last two being twins. About this time his father's circumstances became embarrassed, and William was compelled to turn his attention to something besides his father's business with which to get a living. The tradition is that having stolen a deer from Sir Thomas Lucy, of Charlecote, near Stratford, he received such persecution as compelled him to leave his native town for the time. Be that as it may, having often wit- nessed the plays of traveling actors from London In Stratford, and some of his acquaintances being in the metropolis, he engaged in theatrical work, lie went to London, and was soon employed as an assistant in general utility work, it is chilmed, at the Blackfriars Theater, where he also soon joined a theatrical company. At that period there was great demand for new plays, and he very ■^ soon commenced rearranging and adapting old plays to the stage, succeeding which he began to write plays of his own. which became so popular as to make him, in ten years from the time of his first arrival in London, the most distinguished literary man in Great Britain. For sixteen years, it is said, after he commenced play- writing he frequently took a part in his own plays. He then ceased to go upon the stage, but continued his writing and remained iu London, from the time of his first arrival, a period of twenty-four years. At the expiration of this time, with an income of $12,000 a year from his writings, he returned to Stratford, where he wrote three more plays, one of which was the "Tempest." Shakspeare had, years before, purchased one of the handsomest homes in Stratford for his family, but rumor has it that he was never a husband to his wife after going to London, though he visited Strat- ford annually. Engaged in a drinking spree with Drayton and Ben Jonson, Shakspeare contracted a fever, from which he died, April 23, 1016, aged fifty-two, leaving a wife who survived him seven years, and two married daughters. One of these. Susanna, the eldest, had married a Dr. Hall, of Stratford, and Judith had wedded Thomas Quincy. His other child, a boy called Hammet, died at the age of eleven. Shakspeare's remains were buried in the chancel of Trinity Chapel, at Stratford. This church, which contains also the remains of his wife, the monument that stands near it, upon which is a portrait-bust of the poet, the grammar school in which he was educated, and the house where he was born, purchased by the national government at a cost of $20,000, may to-day all be seen by the pilgrim toStratford. Thousands of the admirers of Shakspeare, from all parts of the world, come here every year, and although three hundred years have gone by since the poet's birth, the centuries seem but to add brilliancy and a halo to his memory. The great dramatist left to posterity thirty-sevi-n i>lay?. in which were interblended poetry, love, wit. religion, philosophy and knowl- edge of human nature, in such measure as no one had ever wi'itten before, and no one will ever be likely to surpass. On the following page are given somv of the well-Unown sayings from this famous playwright. It will be seen, from their study, that the fame which Shakspeare has enjoyed for three hundred years, was well and jui-tly n)crited. ->:o: SERMONS IN A SINGLE LINE. 249 Familiar Quotations from Shakspeare's Writings. i'^^<^'i — — WEET arc tlie iipcr of adversity, Which, like the toad, iit;I.v and vcnomoup, Wears yet a iiret'ioiis jewi'I In liis hejid. And this our lifi', exempt from piiltlie haunt. Kinds tuiimios in trees, books in ihe running; brooks, Sermons in stones, and g;ood in evcrylhin<^. As You Like It. Acl'ii. iSc. 1. As merry as the day is long. (3 Much Ado About A^of/Ling. Act li. Sc. 1. Every one can master a ^rief hut he that has it. Much Ado About Nothing. Act iii. Sc. 2. The man that hath no music in himself. Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds, Is fit for treasons, strataj^ems, and spoils; The motions of his spirit are dull as niglit, And his affections dark as Erebus. Let no such man be trusted. Merchant of Venice. Act v. Sc. 1. All the world 's a stage And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances; And one man in his time plays many parts. — His Acts being seven ages. At first, Ihe Infant, Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms. Then the whining School-boy, with his satchel And shining morning face, creeping like snail LTnwillingly to school. And then the Lover, Sighing like furnace, with a woful ballad Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a Soldier, Full of strange oaths and bearded like the pard; Jealous in honor, sudden and quick in quarrel, Seeking the bubble Reputation Even in the cannon's mouth. And then the Justice, In fair round belly with good capon lin'd, With eyes severe and beard of formal cut, Full of wise saws and modern instances, — And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts Inio the lean and slipper'd pantaloon, With spectacle on nose and pouch on side; His youthful hose, well sav'd, a world too wide For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice, Turning again toward childish treble, pipes And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all, That ends this strange eventful history. Is second childishness and mere oblivion; Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans — everything. .4s Vou Like It. Act ii. Sc. 7. She never told her love ; But let concealment, like a worm i' Ihe bud. Feed on her damask cheek: she pined in thought; And, with a green and yellow melancholy. She sat, like Patience on a monument, Smiling at grief. Twelfth Mghf. Act ii. Sc. 4. Some are born great, some achieve greatness. And some have greatness thrust upon them. Twelfth Mght. Act ii. Sc. 5. Thus the whirligig of Time brings in his revenges. Twelfth Night. Act v. Sc. 1. When Fortune means to men most good, She looks upon them with a threatening eye. King John. Act iii. Sc. 4. To gild refined gold, to paint the lily, To throw a perfume on the vi(det. To smooth the ice, or add another hue I'nto the rainbow, or with taper-light To seek the beauteous eye of heaven to garnish, Is wasteful and ridiculous excess. King John. Act iv. Sc. 2. Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. King Henry IV., Part II. Act \\\. Sc. 1. Smooth runs the water where the brook is deep. King Iffinry VI., Part IL Act Vn. Sc. \. The smallest worm will turn, being trodden on. King Henry VI., Part III.' Act ii. Sc. 2. So wise so young, they say, do ne'er live long. King Richard III. Act iii. Sc. 1. A horse ! a horse ! My kingdom for a horse I King Richard III. Act v. Sc.4. Farewell, a long farewell to all my greatness I This is \he state of man: to-day he puts forth The tender leaves of hope, to-morrow blossoms. And bears his blushing honors thick upon him: The third day comes a frost, a killing frost. King Henry VIII. Act iii. .Sc. 2. What 's in a name? that which we call a rose By any other name wt)uld smell as sweet. Borneo and Juliet. Act ii. Sc. 2. For nought so vile that on the earth doth live. But to the earth some special good doth give; Nor aught so good, but, slrain'd from that fair use, Revolts from true birth, stumbling on abuse: Virtue itself turns vice, being misapplied. And vice sometime 's by action dignified. Romeo and Juliet. Act W. Sc. 3. Romans, countrymen, and lovers! hear me for my cause; and be silent that you may hear. Julius Ccesar. Act iii. Sc. 2. Not that I loved CiPsar less, but that I loved Rome more. Julius Cdisar. Act iii. Sc. 2. But yesterday, the word of Caesar might Have .stood against the world: now lies he there, And none so poor to do him reverence. Julius CUesar. Act iii. Sc. 2. There is a tide in the affairs of men. Which, taken at the Hood, leads on to fortune: Omitted, all the voyage of their life Is bound in shallows and in miseries. Julius Casar. Act iv. Sc. 3. His life was gentle; and the elements So mixM in him, that Nature might stand up And say to all the world, *' This is a man V Julius Ccesar. Act v. Sc. 5. To-morrow, and to-mnrrow\ and to-morrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day. To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle I Life *s but a walking shadow; a poor player. That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, And then is heard no more: it is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. Macl}€th. Act V. Sc. 5. Frailty, thy name is woman ! HamUt. Act \. Sc. 2. He was a man. take him for all in all, I shall not look upon his like again. HanUet. Act i. Sc. 2. A countenance more In sorrow than in anger. Hamlet. Act i. Sc. 2. Let the galled jade wince, our withers are unwrung. Hamlet. Act iii. Sc. 2. There 's a divinity that shapes our ends, Rough-hew them how we will. Hamlet. Act v. Sc. 2. Have you not heard It said full oft, A woman's nay doth stand for naught? Ibid. xiv. /^•(^ --nO: Author of "Childe Harold," "Siege of Corinth," "Mazeppa," "The Prisoner of Chillon," "Don Juan," 'The Orient," "Song of the Greek Poet," "To Thomas Moore," "Destruction of the Sennacherib," "The Coliseum," "Maid of Athens, Ere We Part," "Napoleon," etc. ■jriAT THE peculi- arities and ec- j, centricities of ^^J . a parent will be tranirmittod to children is abundantly ver- ified i n t h e Byron family. John Byron was a reckless, dissipated captain in the guards, whose first prominent escapade was to elope, at the age of twenty- three, with the wife of a. mar- quis, the couple taking up their residence in France, where the wife died in 1784, leaving a daughter — Augusta — who afterwards became Mrs. Leigh. Two years later, the fortune of the first wife being squandered, John made the acquaintance of Catherine Gordon, a Scotch girl, who was rejiuted to lie worth $250,000. Byron openly boasted of his inten- tion to marry her for the purpose of obtaining the money with which to pay his debts, and he carried out his purpose. This marriage was very satisfactory to Byron's creditors, who came upon the estate before tlie honeymoon was over. First went the ready money, Sl.^.^)00; next, $.5,000 in bank and other stock; thcnS45.0Q0 worth of timber was cut and sold from the estate. Then the property was mortgaged for $21,000, and all the money thus raised was spent in paying the debts of the spendthrift. First settling in England, where the property was squandered, the wife aftenvards went -to Aberdeen lo live on the income of $10,000 that had been settled upon her at marriage, which amount the hut*band could not obtain. Whl-n everything else had been wasted, to even the interest on this last amount, the husband followed her from England and borrowed all he could get, and then abandoned her and their child, a boy then three years old, uml started for Paris, but died before reaching there. With all the meanness of the man, his wife loved him devotedly and her shrieks were of the most violent kind when the news came of his death. Such was the parentage of the poet. Byron. The father was a wild, reckless, passionate spendthrift. The mother was irrational and emotional; sometimes storming with anger, and again over- flowing in her heart with love. What wonder that the future Byron should have possessed those traits of character that poisoned his morals and shadowed the purity of his social existence. It was as natural that his domestic life should be darkened and cursed as that thistles shall grow where the seed of thistle is sown. It will be seen in these biographies of great lives that while training has done much, a smoothly, evenly-rounded, successful life is almost invariably preceded by an intellectual, moral, well balanced, superior parentage. George Gordon Byron, the subject of our sketch, was born in London, January 22, 1788. It was while living with his mother in Aberdeen, in 1798, that the news came of the death of his great uncle, William Lord Byron, of Rochdale, and Newstcad Abbey, who had died without direct heirs, and George Gordon succeeded to the title and the wealth which he left. The future poet was then ten years old, — a bashful, imaginative boy, who was very sensitive because of lameness, — a trouble that had afflicted him from birth, at which time the bones of his right foot had been misplaced. The widow and her son removed to the Abbey, and from there he was sent to a school at Dulwich. Two years afterwards he was transferred to Harrow school, where he remained five years, proving a careless student but a great reader of fiction and history. He was ambitious to excel in athletic sports, and l)ecame an expert swimmer and boxer. His poetic temperament and amitivo, passionate nature predisposed him to fall in love, and three times before he was fifteen, it is averred, he was madly infatuated with as many girls. It was during a few weeks' vacation when sixteen years old. that he made the acquaintance of Mary Anne Chaworth, whom he loved most devotedly. Two years his senior, she married soon afterwards, the news of which nearly threw him into convulsicms. Byron in after years claimed that this boyish passion was the turning-point of his life. 'C S. 7m^ t ~^ BYKON S TOMB, NEAR NEWSTEAD ATiBEY. 251 His youthful trnining was as unfortunate as wore the mental chariicteristics which he inherited. His mother would at times indulj^t' in fits of rage toward bim and taunt him as a "lame brat;" again she would indulge him in any whim, caress and praise hlni f<}r his bright eyes. Thus, with a bad mental organization to commence with, an unfortunate training in his youth, potted and humored for the Kake of his title, the wonder is that there was any good left in him. He went to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1805, and the next year appeared a small volume of his poems, which, along with other verses, were issued in 1807 under the title, "Hours of Idleness.'" This volume was severely criticised by the Edinburgh Review, and Byron retorted by a satire, published in 1807, entitled "English Bards and Scotch Reviewers." On coming of flge, in 1809, Byron was in debt $50,000, to incur which he had run a course of youth- ful dissipation that im- paired his health. This, with the limited income from his estate, made him resolve to leave England for a journey to the East, where a portion of his time was spent in Greece. Here he wrote, ' ' Hints from Horace.'" "The Curse of Minerva, " and the first and second cantos of '• ' Childe Harold. " Returning to England, Byron showed these poems to a relative, who urged their publication, many of the weakest passages being stricken from them, and the strongest and best being added as they wore passing through the press. The want of affection between Byron and his mollior, was shown in the fact that though absent from England two years, Byron did not go to see her upon bis return, her last impre- cation upon him, when he left home two years before, being a hope that he would become as deformed in mind as he was in body. Soon after his return, she died from the effects of a fit of rage, brought on through a quarrel with a tradesman. ' ' Childe Harold " came from the press, and was at once a success. Through it he may be said to have attained the highest literary repu- tation of any man of his age. He had, in the meantime, also, made two or three speeches in the House of Peers, of which he was a member by virtue of his rank. His prolific pen caused to follow, in rapid succession, about this time, the ' ' Giaour, " ' ' Bride of Abydos, " "Corsair"" and, lastly, "Lara," which appeared in 1813. In spite of dissipation and the fates which had been so terribly against bim, Byron was at this period, undoubtedly, the most popular literary man in Europe. He had developed into a fine personal appearance, having only a slight limp as he walked; he was regarded as a talented member of the House of Lords, and he was an author of acknowledged superior genius. Byron could, had he chosen, have been pecuniarily independent from that time forward. Byron*s Tomb, at Hucknall, England His only near relative was his half-sister, Angnsta, who had been reared by her grandmother, tlie Countess of IIolderncHH. He had no dependents upon him, and yet his loves with women of questionable character, and his spendthrift habits, kept him poor and in debt. About this time he sold his estate for STOO. 000, of which sum $100,000 was paid at time of purchase, which was to be forfeited if the remainder was not forthcoming. No more was paid, and Byron used the sum thus furnished in part liquidation of his obligations, but after all was exhausted, ho was yet overwhelmed with debt. His friends advised him to marry, and he listened to the suggestion. He had before been impressed with tlie beauty and modesty of Miss Anne Isabella Milbanke. Her father was a baronet, with large estates, and she was the prospective heiress to an estate of an uncle, which yielded an income of $40,000 a year. Byron proposed to her and was refused. At the suggestion of a friend he j)roposed to another heiress, and was rejected; where- upon he reopened corre- spondence with Miss Mil- banke, and was finally accepted, the marriage taking place January 2, 1815, Byron being then twenty-seven years old, and his wife four years younger. During the eucceeding year he wrote the "Siege of Corinth," "Parisina, " and other smaller poems. During the year, also, his creditors, understanding that he had married a rich heiress, pressed their claims, and his wife's for- tune rapidly melted away; several executions were placed upon his house, and he escaped personal arrest only by virtue of being a member of the House of Peers. At the end of a year, a child was born to Byron and his wife, known in his verse as "Ada, sole daughter of my home and heart. " The mother had no sooner risen from childbed than Byron insisted upon her returning to her father's house, which she did, and soon after a formal separation took place, the grounds of complaint being harshness and cruelty on the part of the husband, though flagrant infidelity on his part was suspected, among his amours being incestuous intercourse with his half-sister, Mrs. Leigh, then a married woman and the mother of four children. Public sentiment turned upon Byron as soon as the separation from his wife became known. He was now as unpopular as he had before been famous, and to escape the lashings of the press and his enemies, he left England, went to Brussels, and thence up the Rhine to Switzerland, traveling in state in a carriage fitted np with bed, library, etc., having with him a physician and- three servants. At Geneva he met a young woman by whom he had a daughter, born nine months afterwards. This child was sent to him. at Venice, when it was twenty months old. Named Allegra, she died when five years of age. In Switzerland he wrote the third canto of "Childe Harold," the k 953 A SPECIMEN OF BYRON S VERSES. ? The Destruction of Sennacherib. • ■ Prisoner of C'hillon, "' several smaller poems, and outlined the novel, subsequently published, called • ■ The Vampire. " From Switzerland he went to Venice, where he hired a palace, fitted up a harem, filled with a low class of Venetian women, and remained here three years, during which time he wrote "Manfred," "The Lament of Tasso, " "Beppo, " "Ode on Venice," "Mazep- pa, " the fourth canto of ' • Childe Harold, " and four cantos of "Don Juan, " with many smaller poems. In 1819 he met the Countess Teresa Guiccioli, a young lady then but sixteen years of age, who had recently become the third wife of Count Guiccioli, a wealthy nobleman, then si.^tty years old. Byrou and the countess fell in lo\'e with each other at first sight, and the result was that Byron disbanded his harem and attached himself to her. Afterwards, when the husband took his young wife to Ravenna, she fell sick, and, as a last resort, the father, brother, and husband urged Byron to go and visit her, which he did; and taking up his residence in the husband's home, remained there two years, the openly recognized lover of the countess. Dur- ing this time he wrote "Marino Faliero, " "Sar- danapalus, " "The Two Foscari." "Cain," "The Vision of Judgment," " Heaven and Earth, " "The Prophecy of Dante, " the fifth cantoof "Don Juan," made some translations, and commenced "Werner" and ' • The Deformed Trans- formed. " The count, it appears, at last objected to the relations existing between Byron and his wife, which resulted in a separation between the countess and himself; but after Byron's death, in 1824, they became reconciled, aud she received an annuity from his estate. In 1851 she married the French Marquis de Boissy, who used to refer tc) her as ' ' My wife, for- merly mistress of Lord Byron." Her husband died French, afterwards translated Kecollections of Lord Byron." In 1821 the poet had become rich. His works were having a large sale. He had sold his estates for cash, and a portion of his wife's inheritance, settled upon him at marriage, had come into his hands. At this time Byron and the Countess Guiccioli took up their abode for nine months in Pisa. Italy, going thence to Genoa. In this period he finished "Werner, "and "The Deformed Transformed," wrote "The Age of Bronze," "The Island," and the last cantos of "Don Juan" that were published. The countess claimed that he wrote live more canto.i, in which he brought the poem to a happy conclusion. Ho also wrote his memoir, the manuscript of which he presented to Moore, who sold it to Murray for $10. Ono, the cimdilion being that It should not be jiublished until after the poet's death. Byron was now thirty-six years old. He had been rich, and poor, and riili, in liir?i. He had lived the life of a profligate; had been ■t:^ 1 fjimous, and infamous, and famous again; he had wasted his hc-allh with intemperance, and had partially recovered it. He had done an immense work as an author, from which literary labor he now con- cluded to rest. It was at this period that he began to turn his atten- tion to political matters, feeling that the time had come for him to verify the assertion, made years before, that he would some day do something besides writing poetry. The Greeks had risen against the Turks. Byron resolved to cast his fortunes with Greece in her struggle for independence. He furnished some money, and in January, 1824, he joined the ranks of the Grecian soldiery, and was appointed commander-in-chief of an expedition intended to be sent against Lepanto. Ho left Genoa and sailed for the Greek islands, making his headquarters at Missolonghi. and on the 23d of January. 1824, he wrote his last poem, entitled, "On Completing My Thirty^sixth Year. " On Feb- ruary 13, he was seized with a convulsive fit, from which he died four days afterwards, while vainly endeavoring to give a direction, in which were articulated the names of his wife, daughter and sister. The countess was at this time in Genoa. His death was most sin- cerely mourned by the Greeks for a period of twenty-one days. His body was embalmed and sent to England, where it was in- terred in the tomb of his ancestors, at Hucknall, near Newstead Abbey. By will he left his fortune to his sister, Mrs. Leigh. Much of the memoir which he wrote Moore de- stroyed just before the work appeared in public print, it is said, at the instigation of Lady Byron; a record of what might have been of considerable interest to the world, was thus denied to those who, through this memoir, would doubtless have known much more of BY LORD BYKON. HE Assyrian came down like a wolf on the fold. And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold; And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea, When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee. '*% Like the leaves of the forest when summer is green. That host with their banners at sunset were seen; Like the leaves of the forest when autumn hath flown. That host on the morrow lay withered and strown. For the angel of death spread his wings on the blast. And breathed in the face of the foe as he passed; And tlie eyes of the sleepers waxed deadly and chill. And their hearts but once heaved aud forever grew still I And there lay the steed with his nostril all wide. But through it there rolled not the breath of his pride; And the foam of his gasping lay white on the turf. And cold as the spray of the rock-beating surf. And there lay the rider distorted and pale, With the dew on his brow and the rust on his mail; And the tents were all silent, the banners alone. The lances uplifted, the trumpets unblown. And the widows of Ashnr are loud in their wail; And the idols are broke in the temple of Baal; And the misht of the Gentile, unsmote by the sword, Hiith melted like snow in the glance of the Lord! in 1866. In into English. 186S she published in a work entitled, "My the inner existence of this eccentric character. Such was the short life of the sensitive, erratic, fickle, weak and talented Byron. As a poet, he is claimed by some to stand at the very head in English verse; others place him second only to Hcmu-r. Shakespeare and Dante. It is certain that he occupies a place in the foremost rank as a descriptive writer, as shown in the third and fourth cantos of ' ' Childe Harold, " while in * ' Don Juan, " his blend- ing of pathos?, scorn, wit, humor, glo(mi and vivacily, is of the very highest order. His powers of description are shown in the poem on this page entitled "The Destruction of Sennacherib," every line of which, it will be seen, bo vividly illustrates that which is described aa to enable the reader very plainly to belioUl the scene. Owing to the varied feelings of the people concerning the blame attaching lo him, when parentage and youthful training are con- sidered, the merits of his writings have been exalted or undervalued from time to time. The opinion prevails, however, that his place in literary merit is amcmg the very higlie>t of the Kngli>h poets. i: ;6> — bulwer; poet and novelist. 253 Poet, Novelist and Member of the British Parliament. HE CELEBRATED Englir^b novelist, Edward George Earle Lytton, Baron, was born in 1805, of an ancient family. He was educated by private tutors and at Trinity Hal], Cambridge, where be graduated in 1836. In the r meantime he had made pedestrian tours through Eng- - land and Scotland, and on horseback through a large portion of France. His literary tastes developed at an early age and continued until his death to be mani- fested in his voluminous writings. He succeeded to the Knebworth estates in 1844; mainly assisted in founding the guild of literature and art; became lord rector of the University of Glasgow in 1850, and again in 1858. He entered parliament in 1831, and again in 185:J and 185T. He was created a baronet in 1838, and in 1858 became secretary of state for the colonies in the cabinet of the earl of Derby, but this office he resigned in 1859. In 18G6 he became Baron Lytton and a member of the peerage. He died in London, 1873. Among hiy works were the following: Poems: "Sculpture," "Weeds and Wild Flowers," "O'Neill, or the Rebel," "The New Timon, " " King Arthur, " " The Odes and Epodes of Horace," "The Siamese Twins, '' " The Lost Tales of Miletus." Dramas: "The Duchess de La Valliere, " The Lady ■ Money, " ' ' Not so Bad as We Seem. " "Pelham, " "The Disowned," " Dev- ' Eugene Aram," "England and the "The Pilgrims of the Rhine," "The of Lyons," "Richelieu," Other works: " Falkland,' ereux, " "Paul Clifford," English," "The Student, Caxtons, " "A Letter to John Bull, " ' ' Confessions of a Water Patient," "My Novel," "What will He Do with It?" "The Paris- ians," " Kenelm Chillingly," and "The Crisis," a political paper. Lady Bulwer, his wife, also wrote several novels. CLAUDE MELNOTTE'S APOLOGY AND DEFENSE. BY LORD EDWARD BULWER-LYTTON. Pauline, by pride Angels have fallen ere thy time; by pride, — That sole alloy of thy most lovely mould — The evil spirit of a bitter love And a revengeful heart, had power upon thee. From my first years my soul was filled with thee; I saw thee midst the flowers the lowly boy Tended, unmarked by thee, — a spirit of bloom, And joy and freshness, as spring itself Were made a living thing and wore thy shape! I saw thee, and the passionate heart of man Entered the breast of the wild-dreaming boy; And from that hour I grew — what to the hist I shall be — thine adorer! Well, this love, Vain, frantic, — guilty, if thou wilt, became A fountain of ambition and bright hope; I thought of tales that by the wiuter hearth Old gossips tell, — how maidens sprung from kings Have stooped from their high sphere; how Love, like Death, Levels all ranks, and lays the shepherd's crook Beside the sceptre. Thus I made my home In the soft palace of a fairy Future! My father died; and I, the peasant-born. Was my own loi-d. Then did I seek to rise Out of the prison of my mean estate: And, with such jewels as the exploring mind Brings from the caves of Knowledge, buy my ransom From those twin jailers of the daring heart, — Low birth and iron fortune. Thy bright image, Glassed in my soul, took all the hues of glory And lured me on to those inspiring toils By which man masters men ! For thee, I grew A midnight student o'er the dreams of sages! For thee, I sought to borrow from e;ich Grace And f\'ery Muse such attributes ;^^ lend Ideal charms to Lo\e. I thought of thee. And passion taught me poesy, — of thee, And on ihe painter's canvas grew the life Of beauty! — Art became the shadow Of the dear starlight of thy haunting eyes! Men called me vain, — some, mad, — I heeded not; But still toiled on, hoped on, — for it was sweet, If not to win, to feel more worthy, thee ! At last, in one mad hour, I dared to pour The thoughts that burst their channels into song, And sent them to thee, — such a tribute, lady, As beauty rarely scorns, even from the meanest. The name — appended by the burning heart That longed to show its idol what bright things It had created — yea, the enthusiast's name. That should have been thy triumph, was thy scorn! That very hour — when passion, turned to wrath, Resembled hatred most; when thy disdain Made my whole soul a chaos — in that hour The tempters found me a revengeful tool For their revenge I Thou hadst trampled on the worm,- It turned, and stung thee! .A m^ >4c>- ! 254 POE S "KAVEN. l?-^f;^-:>'t-->S-:;5-:;5-':JSv2^a'A.' S -ii^ Edgar Allan Poe. An Erratic, Sensitive and Peculiar Genius. HE AUTHOR of * ' The Raven," E. A. Poe, was born at Boston, February 19, 1803. His father and mother, who belonged to the theatrical profession, both died about the same time, leaving three children, one of whom. Edgar, the second child, was adopted by John Allan, of Richmond, who, being in wealthy circumstances, gave the boy good educational advantages. At the age of seven he was sent to a school in England, near London. Returning at the age of thirteen, he pursued his studies at home, under private instruc- tors, until he was seventeen years old, when he entered the University of Virginia, at Charlottesville. He was a bright student, but his love of gambling and dissipation caused him to leave his school at the end of twelve months, after which he remained at home three or four years. In the meantime, when about twenty, he published a volume of poems at Baltimore. A short time afterwards, he was, through the influence of Mr. Allan, admitted to West Point Military Academy, but neglect of his studies and intemperance caused his expulsion from this institution. Returning to Mr. Allan's, his conduct was such as to cause his benefactor to turn him out of doors, and the will left by Mr. Allan, when he died soon after, made no mention of Poe. Thrown upon his own resources, the poet then turned to litera- ture, winning two prizes, offered by a Baltimore publisher, of $100 each — one for the best poem, and the Other for the best story. He soon afterwards took the editorship of the Southern Literary Mes- senger, at Richmond, subsequently the Gentlevmn's Magazine, and afterwards of Graham's Magazine — the latter two in Philadelphia — with the publishers of each of which he quarreled, and because of his irregular habits was dismissed from both. Two volumes of his writings, published at Philadelphia, appeared in 1840, entitled ■■' Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque." In 1845, in the American Review, appeared '' The Raven, " through which he became widely and favorably known. About this time he was employed on the Mirror, as an assistant editor with N. P. Willis, which position he abandoned to take the editorial management of the Broadway Journal, which soon after- wards ceased to exist. Following this, Poe was so much reduced in circumstances as to cause several newspapers to make an appeal for aid in his behalf. He was married to his cousin about 1836, and in 1848 this wife died. In 1849 he was engaged to a lady of wealth and intelligence in Richmond, to whom he was soon to have been married. Starting for New York, to make preparations, he fell in with some of his former dissolute companions in Baltimore, and with them spent a night in drinking. He was found in the streets next day, unable to care for himself, and, being taken to a hospital, died in a few hours. Eleven years afterwards, Mrs. Sarah Helen Whitman, the lady to whom Poe was said to have been engaged previous to his death, published a volume in defense of Poe, entitled "Edgar A, Poe and his Critics, " and various other volumes have been published in his defense. He was a versatile and strong writer in prose, and several of his poems are among the most beautiful in the language. Of these are ' ' The Bells " and ' ' The Raven. " Poe's remains, after his death, were deposited in Westminster churchyard, in Baltimore, where they rested for twenty-six years with nothing to mark the place of burial. The teachers of Balti- more, whose recitations had so often been enlivened by the gems of the erratic poet, at last resolved to do him an honor, and, in 1875, they erected a monument above his grave. The Raven. BY EDGAR A. POE. :^'E, upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary. ')ver many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore — While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping. .■\s of f^ome one gently ra]>plng. rapping at my chamber door: ' ' 'Tis some visitor, " I muttered. ' ' tapping at my chamber door- Only this, and nothing more."' Ah. distinctly I remcmlierl it was in the bleak December. And each separate dyinu emlier wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrtiw; vainly I had tried to l)orrow From niv books surcease of sorrow — sorrow for tin- lost I.enorr — A- ::sr ^ Foi- the riiri" ami radiant maiiU-n whom the angels name Lenorc — Namek'ss here for evermore. And the t*ilkcn. sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain ThrilU'd me — tilled me with fantastie terrors nevt-r felt before; So that now, to still tlie boatint; of my heart, X stciod rL-pt.-atinL;j, " 'Tis some visitor entreatinji; entrance at my chamber door — Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door; — This it is, and nothing more." Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer, ' ' Sir, " said I, "or madam, truly your forgivenet^s I implore ; But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping, And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door, That I scarce was sure I beard you," — here I opened wide the door: Darkness there, and nothing more! Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, Dnnbiing. dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before; But the silence was unbroken, and the darkness gave no token. And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, ' ' Lenore I" This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word "Lenore!" Merely this, and nothing more. Then into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning. Soon I heard again a tapping, somewhat louder than before: "Surely," said I. "surely that is something at my window lattice; Let me see, then, what thereat is, and this mystery explore — Let my heart be still a moment, and this mystery explore; — 'Tis the wind, and nothing more !" Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter. In there stepped a stately raven of the saintly days of yore; Not the least obeisance made he; not an instant stopped or stayed he; But, with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door — Perched upon a bust of Pallas, just above my chamber door — Perched, and sat, and nothing more. Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling, By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore; "Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou," I said, "art sure no craven — Ghastly, grim, and ancient raven, wandering from the nightly shore — Tell me what thy lordly name is on the night's Plutonian shore I" Quoth the raven, "Nevermore."' Much I marvelled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly — Though its answer little meaning, little relevancy bore; For we cannot help agreeing that no living human being Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber door — Bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above his chamber door, With such name as ^ ' Nevermore. " Bui tlie raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke only That one word, as if his soul in that one word he did outpour. Nothing farther then he uttered — not a feather then he fluttered — Till I scarcely more than muttered, "Other friends have flown before — On the morrow he will leave me, as my hopes have flown before." Then the bird said ' * Nevermore. " Startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken "Douljtiess. " said I. "what it utters is its only Htnrk and store — r'aught from some unha])]»y master, whom unmerciful disaster Followed fast and followed faster, till his songs one burden bore — Till the dirges of his hope the melancholy burden bore Of 'Never — Nevermore.' " But the raven still beguiling all my sad soul into smiling, Straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of bird, and bust and (ioor ; Then upon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to linking Fancy unto fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore — What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt and ominous bird of yore Meant in croaking • ' Nevermore. " Then I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressing To the fowl, whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosoms core; This, and more, I sat divining, with my head at ease reclining On the cushion's velvet lining that the lamplight L'loated o'er; But whose velvet violet lining, with the lampliglil gloating o'er, She shall [Tress — ah, nevermore! Then, methonght, the air grew denser, perfumed from an unseen censer Swung by angela, whose faint foot-falls tinkled on the tufted floor. "Wretch!" I cried, "thy God hath lent thee, by these angels he hath sent thee. Respite — respite and nepenthe from thy memories of Lenorc! Quaff, oh quaff this kind nepenthe, and forget this lost Lenore!" Quoth the raven, "Nevermore." "Prophet!" said I, "thing of evil! — ])rophet still, if bird or devil! Whether tempter sent, or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore — Desolate, yet all undaunted, on this desert land enchanted, On this home by horror haunted — tell me truly, I implore — Is there — is there balm in Gileady tell me — tell me, I implore!" Quoth the raven, "Nevermore." "Prophet!" said L " thing of evil! — prophet still, if bird or devil! By that heaven that bends above us — by that God we both adore — Tell this soul with sorrow laden if, within the distant Aidenn, It shall clasp a sainted maiden whcun the angels name Lenore — Clasp a rare and radiant maiden Uhom the angels name Lenore. " Quoth the raven, ' ' Nevermore. " "Be that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend!"' I shrieked, up- starting^ "Get thee back into the tempest and the night's Plutonian shore! Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken ! Leave my loneliness unbroken? — quit the bust above my door! Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my door!" Quoth the raven, "Nevermore. " And the raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door; And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dreaming. And the lamplight, o'er him streaming, throws his shadow on the floor ; And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor Shall be lifted — nevermore 1 A- 256 DISTINGUISHED AMERICAN POET. W^WWWM'' Wm. C. 'W ''lll!l'''''li!ll'''l-'!lf''l"l ill'"" ^ 1 1 Jiji'l .'■ f ^ @*sr-^ Bryant. Hero of a Long and Eminent Literary Career. r HE subject of this sketch was born at Gumming ton. Maes. , Nov. 3, 1794. Some of the literary celebrities displayed their talents very young in years. Tasso, when nine years old, wrote verses to his mother that were praised. "^ The Tragical History Pyramiis and Thisbe/' was written by Cowley when he was ten. At twelve. Pope wrote his '*Ode to Solitude," and other poems of much merit. But these youths exhibited no more pre- cocity than did William C. Bryant, who wrote good verse and translated from Latin for the newspapers at ten. and at fourteen wrote a political satire entitled *'The Embargo," directed against President Jeflferson and the Democratic party at that day, which, published in book form, passed to the second edition in a brief time, with other poems attached. Young Bryant's father was a physician, distinguished for his scholarly acquirements, good judgment and taste, and under his supervision the boy's talent was carefully nurtured. The young poet entered an advanced class in Williams College, at the age of sixteen, and immediately took front rank as a classical scholar. He retired from the institution, however, before the com- pletion of his course, to enter upon the study of the law. Being admitted to the bar in 1815, his practice commenced in Plainficld, Mass.. but he soon after removed to Great Barrington, Mass., where be married. He was then twenty-one years old. Ten years passed in euccessful practice in the uncongenial profes- Aon of the law. which he concluded to abandon for the purpose of (it-voting himself more exclusively to literature. With this object in view he removed to New York in 18:^5. With a friend he established the New York Eevieic and Atheneutn Magazine, in which appeared many of his finest poems. In 1830 he commenced editorial work upon the New York Evening Post, and with that journal he continued his connection during life, the Pos^ being known as a leading Democratic organ, favorable to free trade. He occasionally edited various annual publications, and, from time to time, were issued volumes of his own poetry. Intermixed with his editorial labors were travels in various por- tions of Europe and America, an account of which he wrote under the heads of " Letters of a Traveler " and "Letters from Spain, " etc. In the later years of his life he was frequently called upon to pay public tributes to the memory of eminent Americans. In 1845 he purchased an old vine-embowered mansion, near Roslyn, on Long Island, where, amid the birds, the flowers and the trees, he resided in the declining years of his life. In 18G4 the Century Club of New York celebrated his seventieth birthday by a festival, at which many of the distinguished literary men of the country were present. While, at seventy, his work might have seemed finished, considering how early he commenced his literary labors, he yet went forward with his active employment, and six years later he issued the "Iliad, "and the next year the ' • Odyssey, " being translations of Homer into English blank verse. Subsequently he edited various important publications, and made various public addresses, prominent among them being one on the occasion of the dedication of the statue of Professor Morse, at Central Park. New York, in 1871. and on a similar occasion on the life and services of Scott and Shakspeare. in 1872. With a literary career so long and nobly rounded out, Bryant died June 12. 1878, being between eighty-three and eighty-four years old at the time of his death; there being in that time seventy-four years in any period of which his pen could write that which was worthy of prc;*ervation for future generations to read. It is difHcult todesignate the best of his poems. *' Thanatopsis," one of his earliest written, is excellent, and the "Snow-Shower," is very true to nature. i f '^ WILLIAM C. liKYANT S HuME. Stanza from Thanatopsis. So live, that, when thy summons comes to join The innnmerabh' oiiniviin that moves To the pale realms nf sha(h-. where each t*hall take IILs chamber in the tfilfiit lialls of death. Thou CO, not like the qiiarry-^lave at nii;ht, ScoiiryL-d to hif^ diinL^eon, Imt, sustaiiu'd and soothed Uy an unfaltering trust, approach thy grave Like one who wraps the drapery of his couch About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams. William Citllai Hryant. Residence of Bryant, near Roslyn, Long Island. •■•^5:^ THE SNOW-SHOWER, t:^ BY V.'. C. BRYANT. TAND here by my side and turn, I pray, On the lake below thy gentle eyes; The clouds hang over it, heavy and gray, And dark and silent the water lies; And nut of that frozen mist the snow In wavering flakes begins to flow; Flake after flake They sink in the dark and silent lake. See how in a living swarm they come From the chambers beyond that misty veil; Some hover awhile in air. and some Rush prone from the sky like summer hail. All, dropping swiftly or settling slow, Meet, and are still in the depths below; Flake after flake Dissolved in the dark and silent lake. Here delicate snow-stars, out of the cloud, Come floating downward in airy play. Like spangles dropped from the glistening crowd That whiten by night the Milky Way; There broader and burlier masses fall; The sullen water buries them all. — Flake after flake. — All drowned in the dark and silent lake. And some, as on tender wings they glide From their chilly birth-cloud, dim and gray, Are joined in their fall, and, side by side. Come clinging along their unsteady way; As friend with friend, or husband with wife, Makes hand in hand the passage of life; Each mated flake Soon sinks in the dark and silent lake. Lo! while we are gazing, in swifter haste Stream down the snows, till the air is white. As, myriads by myriads madly chased. They fling themselves from their shadowy height. The fair, frail creatures of middle sky. What speed they make, with their grave so nigh; Flake after flake To lie in the dark and silent lake ! I see in thy gentle eyes a tear; They turn to me in sorrowful thought: Thou thinkest of friends, the good and dear. Who were for a time, and now are not; Like these fair children of cloud and frost, That glisten a moment and then are lost, — Flake after flake,— All lost in the dark and silent lake. Yet look again, for the clouds divide; A gleam of blue on the water lies; And far away, on the mountain-side, A sunbeam falls from the opening skies. But the hurrying host that flew between The cloud and the water no more is seen; Flake after flake At rest in the dark and silent lake. i 'iHiiiii hf iiii iHtmt i irm i i mn MM ^jiwntiiifijrommCT A 3?i :(d. — 17 f- 258 LONGFELLOW, A SKETCH OF HIS LIFE AND A VIEW OF HIS HOME AT CAMI3KIDGE. U^L^L^^^^l^J.^^R^^^^M Home of Longfellow, Cambridge, Mass. THE POET Longfellow 7:::'^r^'-m AND HIS HOME. ^rr ^-=^^^- ^^^^'.- Henry W. Longfellow. Author of *' Hiawatha," *' Psalm of Life," ^"The Village Blacksmith," etc. .HE POET Longfellow Wiis born February 27. 1808, at Portland, Me. He entered Bowdoin college at fourteen, and graduated three years afterwards. Appointed to the professorship of modern languages in the college where he was educated, he spent three years and a half in visiting and residing in France, Spain, Italy, Germany, Holland and England. Return- ing in 1831, he married and commenced his labors. Tendered the professorship of modern languages and bdles-leffres in Harvard college, in 1835, he again visited Europe, spending some time in Denmark, Sweden and Germany, in which latter country his wife died. He returned to the United States, entered upon hie duties at Harvard, and took up his residence at Cambridge, Mass., in 1836, where he has since dwelt, holding his professorship at Harvard for seventeen years. During a visit to Europe in 1868-9 he was the recipient of many honors, especially wherever the English language is .=poken, he being one of the best known abroad of American poets. In England, Oxford University conferred upon hira the degree of D. C. L. , that of LL. D. having ten years before been given him by Harvard college, in America. He has edited several fine collections of poems; he has performed a great deal of labor in translations, being singularly fortunate in the ability to impart the spirit and idea of the original into the English, and he is himself one of the most prolific and charming of the writers of poetry, his effusions having frequently and numerously appeared since 1825. How plainly we see the village blacksmith in the following, as "children coming home from school, look in at the open door." The Village Blacksmith. .^c^ BY HENRY W. LONGFELLOW. XDER a spreading chestnut tree The village smithy stands: The smith — a mighty man is he. With large and sinewy hands; And the muscles of his brawny arms Are strong as iron bands. His hair is crisp, and black, and long; His face is like ttie tan; His brow is wet with honest sweat- He earns whate'er he can; And looks the wliole world in the face. For he owes not any num. Week in, week out, from mnrn till nighty You can hear hi? bellows lilow; You can hear bim swing his heavy sledge, With measured beat and slow — Like a soxton ringing the village bell, When the evening sun is low. And children, coming home from school Look in at the open door; They love to nee the fluming forge, And bear the bellows roar. And catch the burning sparks, that fly Like chaff from a threshing llonr. He goes on Sunday to the church, And sits among his boys; He hears the parson pray and preach — He hears his daughter's voice, Singing in the village choir, And it makes his heart rejoice. It pounds to him like her mother's voice, Siniring in Paradise ! He needs must think of her once more. How in the grave she lies; And M'ith his hard, rough hand he wipes A tear out of his eyes. Toiling, rejoicing, sorrowing — Onward through life he goes; Each morning sees some task begin. Each evening sees it close — Something attempted, something done, Has earned a night's repose. Thanks, thanks to thoc. my worthy friend. For the lesson thon hast taught 1 Thus at the flnniing forge of life Our rnrtiiiies must be wrought — Tlins on its soutuling anvil shaped Eacli burning deed and thonglit! Ji ^ AUTHOR OF ''QUEEN OF THE MAY," "ENOCII AKDEN " AND OTHER POEMS. Poet Laureate of England. Trinity college, in blank verse, who was also a a small volume LFRKD TENNYSON, the English poet, uiiihorof "Enoch Arden," and other poems, was born at Somersby, Eng- land, in 1809. His mother was the daughter of a vicar, and his father, the Rev. George Clayton Tennyson, was the rector of Somersby and the vicar of Bennington and Grimsby. With such a parentage, it was very natural that our future poet, who was the third of twelve cliildren, should have good schooling in his childhood, and that he should after- wards have the advantage of a liberal education, which was accorded at , where he gained the Chancellor's medal for a poem , entitled "Timbucloo. " With his brother Charles, poet, and who became vicar at Grasby, he published of verses when he was eighteen years old, entitled "Poems, ty Two Brothers." Six years later, in 1833, appeared a volume of his poems, in which were "The Lady of Shalott, " ' ' The May Queen, " " A Dream of Fair Women, " and • • The Lotos- - Eaters. '' "English Idyls, and Other Poems," in two volumes, which appeared in 1843, brought the author forward to the front rank as a poet. Among this collection were " Locksley Hall, " "The Talking Oak," "The Day-Dream, " "The Two Voices," and "Ulysses." Following these came other popular effusions from his pen, which secured him the appointment as poet laureate on the death of Wordsworth, in 1850. "Enoch Arden and Other Poems," which were issued in 1864, included "Sea-Dreams, an Idyl," about which there was nothing noteworthy, save that Tennyson had received $50 a line for it when it had originally appeared in Macmillans Magazine. "Enoch Arden," which was the principal article in this volume, became one of the most popular of Tennyson's later poems. He lived many years in London, but after his marriage, in 1851, he took up his residence at Farringford, Isle of Wight. T COME from haunts of coot and hem; * I make a sudden sally. And sparkle out among the fern. To bicker down a valley. TIY thirty bills I hurry down, ■'-' Or slip between the ridges; By twenty thorps, a little town, And half a hundred bridges. ILL last by Philip's farm I flow To join the brimming river; For men may come and men may go. But I go on for ever. IF T?TITH many a curve my banks I fret ** By many n field and fallow, And many a fairy foreland set With willow-weed and mallow. SONG OF THE BROOK. BY ALFRED TENNYSON. ' CHATTER, chatter, as I flow ' To join the brimming river; For men may come and men may go, But I go on for ever. ■ WIND about, and in and out, ' With here a blossom sailing. And here and there a lusty trout, And here and there a grayling; ND here and there a foamy flake Upon me, as I travel, With many a silvery waterbreak Above the golden gravel ; ND draw them all along, and flow To join the brimming river; For men may come and men may But I go on for ever. ^ % r STEAL by lawns and grassy plots; L I slide by hazel covers; I move the sweet forget-me-nots That grow for happy lovers. [SLIP, I slide, I gloom, I glance, Among my skimming swallows; I make the netted sunbeam dance Against my sandy shallows. [MURMUR under moon and stars In brambly wildernesses; I linger by my shingly bars; I loiter round my cresses; ND out again I curve and flow To join the brimming river; For men may come and men may go. But I go on for ever. % ■.Cd,.-— ? 260 WAEM-HEARTEU, GENIAL "BOBBIE BUKNS. 7? TCE OF THE sweetest writers of verse was Robert Burns, who was born near Ayr, in Scotland. January 25, 1759. Though of humble birth, and reared on a farm, he drank of the poetic from every bud and blossom. Genial, generous and loving, his overflow of spirits sought outlet in tippling, love-making, rhyme and metre, in the intervals as he followed the plow. In addition to the rudiments of an education, he had a little library, t-Iocked with the Bible, Mason's Collection of Prose and Verse, Shakspeare, Pope, and others. His first poetry began to appear in his sixteenth year, and from that time forward his verses found favor. When nineteen years old, he had published "The Dirge of Winter," ^'The Death of Poor Maillie, '^ '• Maillie's Elegy, '" and "John Barleycorn.'' Two years afterwards, while struggling with his brother Gilbert on a little farm at Mossgiel to support his parents, he wrote, **The Holy Tailzie," "Holy Wilhe's Prayer." "The Ordination," "The Holy Fair," and other satires upon the churchmen of that period. About this time, also, appeared, "To a Mountain Daisy, " "Man was Made to Mourn, " and "The Cotter's Saturday Night." besides many love- songs to the country girls whom he met from time to time. When twenty-seven years old he was a poet of considerable reputation; a most genial fellow with his companions, but with no money. In addition to this, he had had illicit intercourse with Jean Armour, who had borne him twins, and by her relatives he had been prosecuted for their support. It was at this time that he had resolved to go to Jamaica and improve, if possible, his pecuniary corulition. To get the means with which to go, he concluded to issue a volume of hi« poems. Of these, fSOO copies were published, and from their sale he realized SlOO, with which he arranged to leave the country. As he was upon the verge of going, a letter was received by a frioud of Burns, recommending that he come to Edinburgh, where the people were loud in their praiKC of his poems. He accepted !he Invitation, and in the metropolis was the literary lion of the year. Twelve montba afterwards he returned with $2,500, the proceeds of his sale of books, with whit:h he stocked a farm at EUislund, and, in 1788, married Jean Armour. He was appointed a collector of excise at a salary of $350 a year, and the hope was that this, with the returns from the farm, would 5'ield the family a support; but the convivial habits of the poet drew 80 heavily on his revenues as to compel him to relinquish the farm. Retiring to a small house in Dumfries, he meagerly supported his family by his salary aud occasional contributions to various publica- tions; but such had been the inroads on bis health by intemperance and exposure, together with disappointment in not getting better office, as to cause his death in his thirty-seventh year. At that time the lofty sentiment, the pathos, the hatred of cant and the liberty of thought which pervaded the poems of Burns, had not been appreciated. As the decades went by, however, the world at last learned to do him honor. Some time since, Robert G. Ingersoll. the distinguished orator, visited Scotland and the childiiood home of the poet. As he surveyed the interior of the little cottage near Ayr, where Burns was born, he indited the following graceful tribute to the famous poet: The Birthplace of Burns. BY ROBERT G. INGERSOLL. ff^ HOUGH Scotland boasts a thousand names U^ Of patriot, king and peer, ■^T^ The noblest, grandest uf them all. Was loved and cradled heiT. Here livt-d the gentle peasant-prince. The Uivinp cotter-king; Compared with him the greatest loixi Is but a titled thing. *Tis but a cot roofed in with straw, A hovel made of clay, One door shiits out the snow and storm, One window greets the day. And yet I stand within this room And hold all thrones to scorn, For here, Ijeneath this lowly thatch, Love's sweetest bard wa^* liorn." AVithin this hallowed hut 1 feel Like one who clasps a shrine, When the glad lips at last have touched The something seemed divine. And here the world, through all the years, As long as day returns, The tribute of its love and tears Will [lay to Robert Burns. >£l ■-^- T- BIUTIIl'LAUl-; OF KOBEKT BUKNS. HIGHLAND MARY. ■2i)i During his last sickness the people thronged his humble dwelling, and rich and poor, who Imd learned to love the genial poet, in a mul- titude attended his funeral. Seventeen years afterwards, a monu- ment was erected to his memory at Dumfries, and at the centenary of his birth-day, in 1859, the people in many parts of the civili/.ed world paid tribute to his genial nature and his talent. Hums left four sons, one of wliom, William, a colonel in the service, purchased the house where his father died, and tliere liis mother lived until her death, in I8.']4. lly the provisions of William's will, the house and garden were left for the use of the Dumfries Kducation Society, upon a payment of an annuity to certain relatives of the i)oet during their Hfu-time, with the further provii-ion tliat the house t-hould thereafter be kept in repair. The poetry of Burns, full of paHwion, pathos, wit, and fidelity to nature, appeals directly to the heart, and will ever hold a prominent place among the sweet songs of the Englif*h language. f 262 AUTHOR OF "battle OF IIOHENLINDEN AND OTHER POEMS. liuthur of "The Fleasurjes of l^ope." nOMAS CAMPBELL, a descendant of the ancient Scottish family of that name, was born at Glasgow, Scotland, in 1777, and educated at the Univer- 7 ' r ' ? "" sityof Glasgow, where he became 'r^/]J j^ very proficient in the Greek lan- ,_^_ Ruage. After leaving school he i^^ >l)ent a year in Argyleshire, where he wrote several of his poems, and then went to Edin- liurgh to enter upon a literary career. Here lie composed and published, in 1799, one of his most popular works — "The Pleasures of Hope " — which soon won for him fame and an entrance into good society. With the profits of its sale he was enabled to visit the European ^ ^_, continent. At Gottingen, Germanj'. he (Z £4^ \ ^ resumed his study of the Greek language, and C vU elsewhere was an eye-witness of the battle of Hohenlinden. which forms the sui)ject of one of his best-known poems. On his returu to Great Britain he found that his foreign associa- tions had produced suspicions against him as a French spy, and on arriving at Edinburgh it was difficult for him to convince the authori- ties of his loyalty. During bis travels he composed several of his well-known pieces. In 1803 ne removed to London, and afterwards to Sydenham, England, where he remained for seventeen years engaged in literary employments, but at times despondent on account of pecuniary embarrassments. In 1806 a literary pension of about $1,000 annually was bestowed upon him, and in 1809 he published " Gertrude of Wyoming," with other poems. Previously he had contributed a history of Great Brit- ain to the ' • Edinburgh Cyclopaedia, " a history of the reign of George HI. , etc. In 1812 he lectured on poetry at the Royal Institution, in 1814 he visited Paris, in 1818 he traveled in Germany, and for ten years afterwards he edited ColburrCs New Monthly Magazine, occa- sionally printing a new poem. He was the original projector of the London I'niversity. In 1826 he was elected lord rector of the University of Glasgow, and was twice re-elected to that position. In 18.31 he started the London Metropolitan, Magazine. In that year he wrote this remarkable passage: "My wife is dead, my son is mad, and my harp unstrung," and he might have added that his constitution was prematurely broken. Still he labored on in literary work, and made one or two more journeys abroad. In 1843 he removed to Boulogne, France, where, after a lingering illness, he died in 1844. His poems have their place in the standard libraries of famous British poets, and arc too well known to require even further mention in tills sketch. THE SOLDIER'S DREAM. BY THOMAS CAMPBELL, H 1' UR bugles sang truce; for the night cloud had lowered, And the sentinel stars set their watch in the sky. And thousands had sunk on the ground overpowered — The weary to sleep, and the wounded to die. HEN reposing that night on my pallet of straw. By the wolf-scariiig faggot that guarded the slain, At the dead of the night u sweet vision I saw. And thrice ere the morning I dreamt it again. RETHOUGHT from (he baltle-fleld's dreadful array '1 Far, far I had roamed on a desolate track; \\ 'Twas autumn — and sunshine arose on the way ^ To the home of my fathers, that welcomed me back. FLEW to the pleasant fields, traversed so oft In life's morning march, when my bosom was young; I heard my own mouutain-goats bleating aloft, .\nd knew the sweet strain that the corn-reajiers sung. HEN pledged we the wine-cup. and fondly I swore From my home anil my weeping friends never to part; My Utile ones kissed lue a thousand times o'er. And my wife sobbed aloud in her fullness of heart. TAY, stay with us! — rest; thou art weary and worn I — And fain was tlu-ir war-l>roken soldier to stay; But sorrow returned with tlie dawning of morn. .\n(l Ihe voice in uiy dreaming ear nielled away. ADDISON; ESSAYIST AND POET. •2iy.i TOSEPH prnmnnBW k:y^ -.f^^ -^^i JJDDISON •1719- ^^'-^ Author of the *' Spectator" and other Works. In 1706 he NE OF THE most brilliant of EnsH^b authors ond essayif^ts was Joseph Addison. Born at Milstnn. England, in 1(572, he was educated at the Charterhouse, London, and at Oxford. He early manifested liteniry talent, and under the facilities afforded by a liberal government pen- sion, he was enabled to travel in Italy for three years, collecting literary material, and writing, was appointed uuder-secrctary of state; about 1710 he became keeper of the public records at Dublin, and in 1717 was : made secretary of state. Ill health and other circumstances, however, led him to resign this position, and be retired on an annual pension of about $7,500. His principal works are: "Cato. " a tragedy ; ' ' Rosamond, " an opera ; ' ' The Spectator ;" ' ' A Treatise on the Christian Religion," and numerous poems and contributions of essays to contemporary publications. The "Spec- tator,'" however, is that on which rests his undying fame as a pure and elegant writer. He died in England, iu 1719. -2-^-^^; %■ low are Thy servants blest, O Lord! ; How sure is their defence Eternal wisdom is their guide, Their help omnipotence. N foreign realms, and lands remote. Supported by Thy care, Through burning climes I passed unhurt, And breathed in tainted air. TS^HY mercy sweetened every soil, Made every region please; The hoary Alpine hills it warmed. And smoothed the Tyrrhene seas. 9^HINK, O my soul, devoutly think, ^ How with affrighted eyes Thou saw'st the wide-extended deep In ail its horrors rise I giONFlTSION dwelt in every face, ^ And fear in every heart, When waves on waves, and gulfs in gulfs, O'ercamc the pilot's art. TET then from all my griefs, O Lord, Thy mercy set me free; Whilst in the confidence of prayer My soul took hold on Thee. T30R though in dreadful whirls we hung, -*^L High on the broken wave; I knew Thou wcrt not slow to hear. Nor impotent to save. ^HE storm was laid, the winds retired, ^ Obedient to Tliy will; The sea, that roared at Thy command. At Tliy command was still. •^N midst of dangers, fears, and deaths, © Thy goodness I "11 adore — And praise Thee for Thy mercies past. And humbly hope for more. ^Y life, if Thou preserv'st my life, l^ Thy sacritice shall be; And death, if death must be my doom. Shall join my soul to Thee. w i: f ■.(f — - — -~<): 26-i THE TRAVELING FLUTE PLAYER. ? ' LIVER GOLDSMITH was the son of a clorgyman. He was born at Pallas, Ireland, in 1738, and educated at the nivcrsities of Dublin, Edinburgh, and Leyden, with a view of adopting the medical profession. In a sudden freak he left Leyden with a flute, a single shirt in his pocket, and no money, and wandered over a consid- ftrable part of Europe, sometimes earning food and lodging by play- ing his flute to the peasantry. In 1758 he returned to England in a penniless condition, and was employed as an usher in a school at Peckham. but this position was soon resigned in order that he might devote his time to literature. He appears to have been industrious, producing various works, but his want of economy kept him em- barrassed in money matters. Between 1759 and his death, in 1774, he produced "An Essay on the Present State of Polite Learning;'' the poems of ' 'The Traveler, " "The Deserted Village,"' and "Retaliation;" the comedies of the "The Good'Natured Man" and "She Stoops to Conquer;" the novel of "The Vicar of Wakefield;" his Histories of Greece, England and Rome; "Animated Nature," "The Citizen of the World," and several lesser compositions. He numbered among his friends Dr. Samuel Johnson, Garrick, Burke and othi-r eminent characters. AN ELEGY ON THE DEATH OF A MAD DOC. BY OLIVER (iOLDSMITH. OOD people all, of every sort. Give ear unto my song, And if you find it wond"roua short — It cannot hold you long. X Islington there was a man, Of whom the world might say Tli:it still a godly race he ran — Whene'er he went to pray. KIXI) and centle heart he had. To comfort friends and foes; The naked every day he clad — When he put on his clothes. XD in that town a dog was found, As many dogs there be, Itolti inougri-1, puppy, whelp, and hound, And curs of low degree. ¥ HIS dog and man at first were friends: But when a pique began, This dog, to gain his private ends, Went mad, and bit the man. TTROUND from all the neighboring streets /■'' The wondering neighbors ran, And swore the dog had lost his wits. To bite so good a man. jp B HE wound it seemed both sore and sad To every Christian eye; And while they swore the dog was mad. They swore the man would die. UT soon a wonder came to light. That showed the rogues they lied; The man recovered of the bite — The dog it wa8 that died. culekidoe; theologian, philosopher and poet. Author of ''The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," and Other Poems. returni-'il to enthusiasts, from a want After a visit ^ ESIDES BEING Samuel Taylo ,^^^,^ an eminent poel, 3' , j Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who was ' born at Ottery St. Mary, England, in 17T2, was also distinguished as a theologian and philosopher. Edu- cated at Christ's Hospital, London, and Jesus college, Cambridge, he early exhibited a fondness for meta- physical studies and classical knowledge. During his stay at Cambridge he went to London, and enlisted in a cavalry regiment under an assumed name, but after an absence of four months was his friends. With Southey and Lovell, two other he projected a model colony in the United State*, which, of money and other facilities, was never carried out. to Germany for the purpose of studying the language. Poems by S Severed Friendship. G ■^1^ ^yAyLAS! they had been friends in youth; Lff/\ But whispering tongues can poison truth; And constancy lives in realms above; And life is thorny; and youth is vain; And to be wroth witli one we love. Doth work like madness in the brain. And thus it chanced, as I divine. With Roland and Sir Leoline. Each spuke words of high disdain And insult to his benrt's best brother: They parted — ne'er to meet again I But never either found another To free the hollow heart from paining — They stood aloof, the scars remaining. Like cliffs which had been rent asunder; A dreary sea now nows between; But neither heat, nor frost, nor thunder, Shall wholly do away, I ween. The marks of that which once hath been. Coleridge settled in the 'Make district" of England. In 1804 he visited Malta, and, in 1810. went to London, but soon afterwards took up his residence at Highgate, England, remaining there until his death. In politics, he changed from a Republican to a Royalist; in relig- ion, from a Unitarian to an Established Churchman. He was also a contirmed opium-eater. As a philosopher he was speculative, but had no fully-defined system. As a writer he possessed a fine imagi- nation and an elegance of expression. He died at Highgate, London, in 1834, leaving behind him many beautiful poems and influential treatises. Among his principal writings may bo named " Christabel, " "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," "Hymn Before SunrLse in the Valley of Chamouny. " "The Statesman's Manual," " Literary Biographies, " "Aids to Reflection," "Table Talk," etc. He ranks among the standard British poets. Answer to a Child's Question. The sparrow. m0^> O YOU ask what the birds the dove. The linnet and thrush say "I love, and I love!" In the winter they're silent, the wind is so strong; What it says I don't know, but it sings a loud song. But green leaves, and blossoms, and sunny warm weather. And singing and loving — all come back together. But the lark is so brimful of gladness and love. The green fields below him. the blue sky above. That he sings, and he sings, and forever sings he. ' ' I love my Love, and my Love loves me. " ^ 4S®a-^ > ^ ^ Kr-.^-'^j A <£).■• 266 AUTHOR OF "judge NOT THE LOED UY FEEBLE SENSE. 11^ ^^\- 4. Author of "Light Shining Out of Darkness," and Other Beautiful Poems. ►yiLLIAM COWPER, the son of a clergyman, was born at Berk- hampstead, England, iu 1731. After studying at the West- minster school, it was intended to fit him for the legal profes- sion, but he seems to have acquired but little legal knowl- edge. He was afflicted with nervous weakness and constitu- tional timidity, which made him very retiring in his disposition; and he was obliged to resign a clerkship in the House of Lords owing to an agitation of mind that resulted in temporary insanity, for which he was consigned to a private lunatic asylum. After a time he recovered his reason, and went, in 1765, to reside with Rev. Mr. Unwin's family at Huntingdon, and after the death of Mr. Ui.win Cowper continued his residence with the widow at Olney and Weston, England. She also died in 1796. Insanity again attacked him in 1773. continuing until 1778; and from 1794 until his death, which occurred at Dereham. England, in 1800, he suffered from this terrible affliction. In his lucid hours, however, he established his undying fame as a standard British poet. Besides his own principal poems of "The Task, "Tiro- cinium, ■" and minor poetry, he translated Homer into blank verse with great fidelitj', and also some of Madame Guyon's religious poems. His letters, also published, are considered as elegant specimens of epistolary composition. I -^■^ ^>V Light Shining Out of Darkness. J BY WILLIA.M COWPER. ^OD moves in a mysterious way ^ His wonders to perform; ^ lie plants His footsteps in the sea. And rides upon the storm. ^^ ^ 4 «■ EEP in unfathomable mines Of never-failing skill. He treasures up His bright designs. And works His sovereign will. -(--*• E fearful saints,fresh courage takel The clouds ye so much dread V Are big with mercy, and shall break In blessings on your head. ujaw. rUDGE not the Lord by feeble sense ' But trust him for His grace: Behind a frowning providence He hides a smiling face. jIS purposes will ripen fast, K Unfolding every hour; The bud may have a bitter taste, But sweet will be the flower. )HND unbelief is sure to err, f And scan His work in vain: God is His own interpreter, And He will make it plain. s ra^B ggpy»=M A -^ J>^ J-^ .i^ -i-^ ^ .^ .1^ ^ .i^ .i^ . h x>3 ^^^ Author ol "Paradise Lost" and Other Poems, lONDON was the birthplace, in 1608, of John Milton, one of the most sedate of British poets. He was educated at St. Paul's school and Christ's col- lege at Cambridge, and then spent five years in studions retirement in his father's house at Horton, Eng- land. It was during this period that he produced his "Comus," "Lycidas," and some other poems. Going to France in 1638, he spent fifteen months there and in Italy. On his return to England, he opened an academy in London, and took part in the current controversies of his day. He was married in 1643, and within a month his wife deserted him, going home to her parents; but a reconciliation ensued, and she, with her father and brothers, took up her residence in his house. After her death he married again, and subsequentl)', huing widowed, he married a third wife. His political work on the tenure of kings and magistrates, in which he vindicated the execution of Charles I., induced the council of state to appoint him Latin secre- tary. He then published two other political books, in the writing of which he lost his eyesight. After the restoration of the kingly government of England, he spent the remainder of his life in retirement, during which period he composed his "Paradise Lost." This was published in 1667, and brought him as a remuneration about $25 for the first edition, with a promise of about $50 more if two other editions should be sold. Later in life he produced his " Paradise Regained, " "Samson Agonistes, " and the ' ' History of Britain. " He died in 1674. Poems by Milton. To the Nightingale. NIGHTINGALE, that on yon bloomy spray Warblest at eve, when all the woods are still, Thou with fresh hope the lover's heart dost fill, While the jolly hours lead on propitious May. Thy liquid notes that close the eye of day, First heard before the shallow cuckoo's bill, Portend success in love. Oh, if Jove's will Have linked that amorous power to thy soft lay. Now timely sing, ere the rude bird of hate Foretell my hopeless doom in some grove nigh; As thou from year to year hast sung too late For my relief, yet hadst no reason why. Whether the Muse or Love call thee his mate. Both them I serve, and of their train am I. From "Comus." He that has light within his own clear breast May sit in the centre and enjoy bright day; But he that hides a dark soul and foul thoughts Benighted walks under the midday sun. Eve's Lament on Leaving Paradise. UNEXPECTED stroke, worse than of death! Must I thus leave thee. Paradise? thus leave Thee, native soil! these happy walks and shades, Fit haunt of Gods? where I had hoped to spend, Qniet though sad, the respite of that day That must be mortal to us both. O, flowers That never will in other climate grow. My early visitation and my last At even, which I bred up with tender hand From the first spring bud, and gave ye names! Who now shall rear thee to the sun, or rank Your tribes, and water from the ambrosial fount? Thee lastly, nuptial bower, by me adorn'd By what to sight or smell was sweet I from thee How shall I part, and whither wander down Into a lower world, to thig obscure And wild? How shall we breathe In other air Less pure, accustomed to immortal fruits? -Paradise Lost. .(7 — ? 268 A FEW OF THE WELL-KNOWN ARTISTS. Individuals Distinguished in Sculpture, Painting and Pen-Drawing. ^ HE distinguished artist, Raphael, was a painter of whom it has been said that " no other artist ever united with his own peculiar excellence all the other parts of the art in an equal degree with him." He was born at Urbino, Italy, in 1483, and was the son of a painter, who afforded him facilities for ac(iuiring an art educa- tion, and Raphael improved his original style of paint- ing by studying the works of Da Vinci and Michael Angelo. At the age of twenty-five he was invited by Pope Julius II. to go to Rome and embellish the papal edifice. Nine years were spent in adorning three apartments with lii.s pencil, and some of his finest work was there performed, notably "The School of Athens." He was an industrious artist, and produced many paintings. Among these were numerous pictures of the Virgin Mary, "The Marriage of the Virgin," "The Agony in the Garden," "The Dispute of the Sacra- ment," " Attila Terrified by a Celestial Vision," "St. Peter Delivered from Prison," "The Death of Ananias, ' "The Conversion of St. Paul," and manyother scrii)tural scenes. Kaphacl was also an arch- itect, superintended a part of the works at St. Peter's church in Rome and designed several splendid edifices. He was likewise a sculptor and a poet. He died ul Kume in l.VJO. His real name was Sanzio. MICHAEL ANGELO BUONAROTTI. Vy/HE brilliantly pre-eminent painter, Michael Angelo, was also noted as a sculptor, an architect, and a poet. He was born at \, Are/.zo, Italy, in 1474. His family were poor, but noble, and he was brought np in a village that boasted many carvers and scnl])- lors in stone. One (Jhirlimilaio was his inslruelor in the art of painting. While amusing himself by modeling in clay the antique statues in the garden of Lorenzo de Medicis, one of these attracted the attention and procured him the patronage of de Medicis, who received him into his own family. One of his notable productions at this time was an admirable has relief of " The Battle of the Cen- taurs. " De Medicis dying, Angelo continued his art-career at Bologna and afterwards at Florence, Italy. In the latter city he sculptured his " David and Goliath," and painted a battle-scene for the ducal palace. His reputation was then so great that Pope Julius II. invited him to Rome, and it was there he produced some choice works in sculpture and painting, including the statue of Moses, the picture of the Holy Family, and his cartoon of the war of Pisa. At a later date he cast a statue of the pope in bronze, and painted the dome of the Sistine chapel, a work that occupied him for twenty months; still later he added to the riches of this chapel his compo- sition of the "Last Judgment." Under the reign of Pope Leo X. he was engaged in opening marble quarries and constructing roads. Under Pope Adrian VI. he was chiefly occupied with the monument of Julius H. During their brief struggle for liberty the Florentines chose him engineer and superintendent of their fortificaticnis, an office in which he achieved honorable success. When peace wa? restored. Pope Clement VII. called him again to Rome and intrusted to him as an architect the task of carrying on the work of building St. Peter's church. For seventeen years he labored to make that structure one of the wonders of the world. During this same period he executed numerous other works, among which was the building of the Farncse palace; constructing another palace on the Capitoline hill and adorning the hill with antique statues; making a fliglit of steps to the church of the convent of Ara Cieli; rebuilding a bridge across the river Tiber, ami converting the baths of Diode tian into the magnificent church of Sta. Maria degli Angeli. For all his care and labor on St. Peter's church Angelo would accept no remuneration. As a poet his sonnets are considered among the noblest of that species of verse, and it is stated that he was familiar with oualomy and the science of mechanics. As an artist it is probable that he has never been surpassed. In February, 1503, at Uiuue, he was attacked by a slow fever and died in a few days. His remains were interred at Florence. A. IIOGAKTH. 269 J-Sj/OTTra^- g^^-aTSln-v — i«jilCi2/S-^-' Hogarth. The Peales. Paul Rembrandt. s--'.-«."." -veflj2j2/©-^^ HIS ]);iinti'r of scenes in human life, William Hogarth, was l)<)rn in London, in 1097, and from childhood exhibited a fondness for drawing. At an early age he was apprenticed to a eilver- l)late engraver, and having served out his time, he began life as a copper- plate engraver for the book-pub- lishers. Led to try his hand at painting, lie pro- ^|&« d u c c d, among his first works, a series of illustra- tions of Butler's " Hudibras," from which he engraved plates. He also painted portraits with considerable success, and in this manner earned his subsistence. In 1730 he married, without the consent of her father, the daughter of Sir James Thornhill, and a reconciliation was not effected be- tween them until Hogarth's fame was established by his production of "The Harlot's Progress,'.' in 1733. Hogarth continued to maintain his popularity by a succession of those admirable pictures and engravings which are now so extensively known as his masterpieces. He also pro- duced several pictures of a differ- ent class, which were severely criticised, and have not obtained great celebrity. These include bis •'Paul Before Felix," "Danae," *'The Pool of Bethesda," and "Sig- ismunda Weeping.'' In 1753 he produced his "Analysis of Beauty," an ingenious work, in which he argued that a curved line, similar to the lette& S, is the true line of beauty. The book was received with ridicule by bis contemporaries. In 1757 he became a"serjeant-palnter" to the king. According to some authorities bis death occurred on the 26tli of October, 1764. Pennsylvania State legislature. About 1785 be founded the well- known " Peale's Museum " at Philadelphia, by gathering a coUection- of curiosities and lecturing on natural history. He also aided in establishing the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. He died at Philadelphia in 18^7. The second son of Charles W. Peale, Kembbandt, was bom in Bucks county, Penn. , in 1778. In 179G he began his career as a portrait-painter at C'harlei*ton, S. C. About 1801 he went to Eng- land and studied art, under West, for three or four years, and after- ^^pyp. wards spent several years in Paris, returning to Philadelphia in 1809. While the painting of portraits en- grossed most of his time, he found opportunities for producing his two historical pictures of "The Court of Death" and "The Roman Daughter," which have acquired considerable celebrity, especially the former, cov- ering a canvas twenty-four feet in length by thirteen feet in width, which was exhibited in many sec- tions of this country and reproduced as a colored lithograph. Mr. Peale died at Philadelphia, where he resided lifter his return from Europe in 18(50. William Authoi- of the Work Entitk THE PEALES. UCCESSIVELY a saddk-r, harness-maker, silversmith, watch- maker, carver, portrait-painter, naturalist, machinist, dentist and showman, Charles Wilson Peale has a place among eminent Americans. He was born at Chesterton, Md. , in 1741; studied art in America and England, under Hesselius. a German painter, Copley and West, and at Annapolis, Md., and Philadelphia became quite distinguished as a portrait-painter. Among his art-enterprises was a series of national portraits, with several of Washington. In the revolutionary battles of Trenton and Germantown, he was in com- mand of a company of volunteers. He was also a member of the PAUL H. REMBRANDT VAN RYN. N ARTIST, whose real name was Gerretz, but who is best known as Paul Rembrandt, was born in a windmill on the banks of the river Rhine, nearLeyden, Holland, in 1607, and studied the art of painting under several masters. He settled at Am- sterdam, and so skillful, original and successful did he prove in his profes- sion and in teaching art, that he be- came celebrated and acquired great wealth. His first distinguished work was his mother's portrait. Twice he married, having by his first wife four children, none of whom outlived him. His second marriage involved him in pecuniary difficulties which reduced him to poverty. Per- sonally he is described as indulging in low habits, and so avaricious as to descend to the meanest tricks in order to make money. The catalogue of his paintings includes 640, valued at from $500 to $30,000. Among the best of his productions are rated his"Staal- meesters," " The Ship Builder and his Wife," " The Jew Merchant," "The Night Watch," "The Duke of Gueldres Threatening his Father," "Moses Destroying: the Tables of the Law," "The Sacrifice of Abraham," "The Woman Taken in Adultery," "The Descent from the Cross," "The Nativity," "Christ in the Garden with Mary Magdalene," and "The Adoration of the Magi." He died at Amsterdam in 1669. An account of his life was given in French by C. Vosmaer. Hogarth, d ' ' Tin- Analysis of Beauty, 15:^ ■^V- 270 PORTRAITS OF ALBERT BIERSTADT AND GEORGE CRUIKSHANK. Bierstadt. Gilbert Stuart. George Cruikshank. ^^m^sm W5^#:{:-' LTIIOUGH America claims the popular artist, Albert Bierstadt, Germany has the honor of his birth, for he was wel- comed into (TVij; the world at Dusteldorf in 1829, about two years be- fore his family removed to Massachu- setts, Albert's youth and early manhood having been passed at New Bed- ford. At the age of about twenty-tuo years he began to paint i>ort raits in oil colors. In 1853 he visited Europe and studied art at Dusseldorf and Rome, making sketching tours into Germany and Switzerland during the summer months. In 1857 he returned to America, and in Albert Bierstadt began painting portraits at Newport. Removing from that place he went first to Boston, then to New York, and in 1778 to London, where for about two years he met with but little success and suffered from poverty. Making the acquaintance of Ben- jamin West, the great painter, who took him into his family and instructed him in his art, Stuart began again, in 1781, to practice his profession on his own account, and soon rose to eminence as a portrait-painter and achieved a high reputation both in England and Ireland. After sojourning in Dublin and Paris for a time, he returned to America in 1793. At Philadelphia he painted, after one ineffectual attempt, his well-known portrait of Washington, the original study of which, together with the head of Martha Washington, is now in the possession of the BostonAthrnoeum. This painting of Wash- ington by Stuart has, from the first, been regarded as a standard likeness and has been the model for many copyists. Subsequently he practiced his art at Washington, and in 1806 he settled at Boston, where he re- mained until his death in July, 1828. As 1858 accompanied General Lander, of the United States army, in an expedition to survey and i a delineator of human flesh-tints he was unsurpassed, and on the construct a wagon-road to the Pacific coast. During this and later 1 whole rivaled the best of his English contemporaries, visits to the Rocky mountains and gtX* ^3CC^ other romantic scenery of the "New West," he gathered the necessary "■ inspiration "' for his celebrated paintings of *' The Yoscmite," "Storm in the Rocky Mountains," "Laramie," "Mount Hood," and others, including "Lander's Peak" in the Rocky mountains, which has been publicly exhibited in the United States and Europe. For several of his paintings he has received highly remunerative prices, and in recog- nition of his merits as an artist the Acjidemy of Fine Arts at St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1871, con- ferred upon him a membership. GILBERT CHARLES STUART. ESCRIBED as not only one of the fir.^t painters of his lime, but also a very extraordinary man out of his profession, Gilbert C Stuart was born at Narragansett, R. I. , in 1756. When about eighteen years of age he accompanied his first instructor in the art of painting, a Srotchman mimed Alexander, to Kflinburgh. Ilin master died, and George Cruikshank. GEORGE CRUIKSHANK. HE mind of the educated reader always reverts to the individual bearing this name with interest and pleasure, for few artists, includ- ing William Hogarth, ever more deftly depicted the social follies of his times, or more pointedly excited mirthfulness by the creations of his pencil. It is not the events of his quiet life that awaken our admira- tion, but the display of his genius in seizing and illustrating his own ideas and those of others, appealing at once to our better natures or our sense of the ludicrous, as occasion demands. When he burlesqued the monument to Napoleon by repre- senting the skeleton of that anibi- ti(ms warrior standing with folded arms upon a hilloi-k of human skulls, ghastly as the jiicture necessarily was. its appro])riateness and justice instantly struck the beholder. When he published his series of cartoons, entitled "The Bottle," showing the drunkard's career from the first glass of ardent spirits to his execution at Stuart worked his passage home to America as a common sailor, and | Newgate, he preached u temperance discourse more effective than :&> — ~^V - -"r ELECTION FOR BEADLE: ONE OF GEOKGE CKUIKSIIANK S CAIJTOONS. 'Mi the eloquence of Goiigh. This was hi.s mission, to gratify the senses anil reform the morals of the public with his pencil, as Dickens did with his pen, brimming deserved contempt upon human meanness, and elevating art to its proper position. Cruikshank was a native of London, of true English birth, and entered upon the stage of existence September 27, 1792. He came legitimately by his talent for drawing, his father and elder brother being engravers and sometimes designers of caricatures. George also manifested, at an early age, a fondness for dramatic perform- ance, and, it is said, appeared several times upon the stage while in his youtli. The talent Ihu? developed re- mained with him long after he had attained eminence as an artist, and was, on a few oc- casions, manifested in notable amateur theat- ricals under the man- agement of Dickens. As a designer he first applied himself to illustrating song-books and books for children. Owing to adverse cir- cumstances he was pre- vented from becoming a student at the Royal academy, to which he afterwards, however, made several contribu- tions of his art pro- ductions. As the co-publisher of two monthly magazines — the Meteor and the Scourge — he found ample scope as an illustrator of current political and social themes, ardently em- bracing the principles of the liberal party of his day. In this field he won consid- erable distinction by his designs. He was now busily engaged, and for about thirty years prior to 1855 he worked industriously and successfully in his profession, adding greatly to the value of the publications of other authors by his own creations. The list includes histories, novels, poems, periodicals, and almanacs, besides his own Omnibus^ a serial, for which Laman Blanchard wrote extensively, Cruikshank enriching it with his engravings. "The Bottle" was very popular, was dramatized, and occupied the stages of no less than eight theaters in the metropolis at the same time. Cruikshank also sketched other but smaller cartoons, with the signifi- cant titles of the '* Gin-Shop," the " Gin- Juggernaut, " etc., with a moral bias. He was also a temperance reformer, an advocate of total abstinence in his public addresses and writings. In his later years he devoted himself to the production of oil-paintings, with charac- teristic skill and success. He died in 1878. Ilin designs are num- bered by thousands, and have ever been highly valued by an appre- ciative public. A copy of his "Election for Beadle" is given on this page, illustrating a humorous sketch by Dickens in one of his earlier volumes, which very fairly indicates his sense of the humor- ous, but not so broadly as in many other instances. For the information of American readers It may be well to explain that the election of a beadle was a local event of considerable importance in many parishes of England. The duties of the beadle, however, were not of a high order, but various, embracing the preservation of order during church services, the chastise- ment of petty offend- ers, etc. Election for Beadle. By George Cruikshank; frum a Humorous Sketch by Charles Dickens. PETER P. RUBENS. Vyj HE arti.-t, f'et.-r Paul Rubens, was \ born at Siegen, Germany, in 1577. His father died in 1587, and the following year Rubens went to Ant- werp, Belgium, with his mother, and became the page of the count- ess of Salaing. Xot long afterwards he re- linquished this posi- tion in order to study art under competent masters, and then went to Italy to obtain an acquaintance with the works of the great artists who had pre- ceded him. Halting at Venice, he found a friend in the duke of Mantua, who attached him to his court, and enabled him to reside in Rome. After visit- ing Milan and Genoa, he was invited to return to the Netherlands by Archduke Albert and the Infanta Isabella, who honored him with office and a pension. Rubens then settled at Antwerp, and rose to the highest eminence as a painter. In 1G20, at the request of Mary of Medicis, he embellished the Luxemburg gallery with a series of pictures, and in 1628 Isabella dispatched him to Madrid, Spain, on a political mission. Here he executed several fine works, for which he was knighted and appointed a gentleman of the royal bed-chamber. The following year he was sent on an embassy to England, and, at Whitehall, painted *' The Apotheosis of James I." and other pieces, receiving a gold-chain and the title of knight from Charles I. In 1626 he lost his wife, whose portrait he fre- quently introduced into his paintings. In 1630 he married Helen Forman, at Antwerp. In 1633 he was sent again as an embassador to Holland. His paintings numbered 1,800. He died at Antwerp in 1640. :C^ — 272 I'KOMINEXT PAINTERS AND SCULPTOIiS. (&■■ -V'\/Vi ■ ^ 'h-^ ? ■ .'\/\/V^— - ~\a££j2;©^«„iU£^- Hubert Herkomer. Phidias. August Kiss. — wvyV ^ ^ -^'x££j2j2/©^^ ^p^ [IE father of Tliibert Herkomer, a painter of scenes in social life, whom England has honored for his talents, and whom art-critics extol, was a native of Bavaria, in which country Hubert was born in 1849. About two years later the family removed to the United State?, remaining here six years. His father was a wood- carver by trade, and believing that Eng- land offered a better field for his talen(i>, the family emigrated to that country. Hubert was not a rugged child. He was sent to the art-school of Southampton at the age of thirteen, where he won a medal the first year for his improvement. Then fol- lowed a five months' sojourn at Munich, where the father was temporarily employed in his own art. Returning to England, Hubert resumed his studies in art in South Kensington, and then went to South- ampton. At the latter place he assisted in organ- izing a life-school and an exhibition of the works of young artists in that locality, and sold his first painting. In 18G9 he ex- hibited his pictures for the first time in London, in which metropolis he estal>- lished himself as an artist. From that period he con- tinued to paint pictures, win fame and prosper. In 1879 lie btrcame an asso- ciate of ttie Royal academy, and is now a member of several of the distin- gui.'^hed art societies on the continent of Europe. His paintings, which are nu- merous, arc studies of human nature in military and Hocial life, as will be observed by sonic of their titles: *' Reading War- news," "The Last MuHtcr," *'At the Well," -Life, Light and Melody" In Bavarian village scene), portraits of Richard Wagner, Alfred Tennyson, and other celebrated characters. " The Last Muster " ;ii< pears to have best satisfied the public sentiment and has become very popular. "Eventide," on the opposite page, representing the vari- ous avocations in which old ladies are wont to engage in the decline of life, is also a fine illustration of his skill. PHIDIAS. THE ancient artist Phidias, around whose life a good deal of obscurity is thrown, was born at Athens, Greece, it is supposed, about 490 or 488 years before Christ. Statements vary as to his instructors, and in this connection Hippias, Eladus and Hegesias are mentioned. Pericles, It is said, made him general director of all the great art-works in Athens. Among the productions attributed to him are nine statues of Minerva; a bronze statue, fifty or sixty feet high of Athena Promachos, erected in the Acropolis at Athens; the colossal gold and ivory statue of Athena in the Parthenon, the gold in which is estimated at about $50,000; the colossal statue of Jupiter, nearly sixty feet high, represent- ing the god as seated on a throne of cedar- wood, hold- ing in one hand a statue of Victory made of ivory and gold, and in the other a sceptsr, while his feet rested upon a foot-stool, which with the throne and its base was richly orna- mented with ivory, gold and gems, paintings, sculp- tures of precious metals, etc. ; and he also executed statues for deities at Athens and other cities of Greece. He died about 432 years before Christ. Hubert Herkomer^ Engli-sh Portrait-Painter; Dlstinj^iiiHliecl for .Su|»ei'ior Portraituro vi Human Nature. AUGUST KISS. NATIVE of Silesia of Prussia, August Kiss was born near Pless in 1802, and was first educated at (ileiwitz, at the age of twenty years becoming an art-i)upil (tf Ranch, at the academy of Berlin. His genius was first exercised in the production of bas- reliefs for churches and other edifices, and groups of nymphs and tritons for gardens, fountains, etc. His principal after-works were :(> — QUIET DAYS IN THE OLD LADIES HOME. the stfttnary of " Tlio Amazon and the TiKcr," "St. George and the Dragon," " Frederick the Great," ** St. Michael overthrowing the Dragon," and a tiger's head killing a serpent, done in bronze. Kiss died in 1865. THOMAS CRAWFORD. Yy^nE sculptor, Thomas ('lawfdrd, remarkable for the nnniber and excellence of his works, including statuary for public edifices and \ other resorts, was born in New York in 1H14. His first art-labor was wood-carving. When nineteen years old he devoted himself for two years to monumental design in a studio in his native city, and married, and rctiirricd to Rome the next year with numerous orders for the exercise of his {.genius and skill. Two other visits to the United States were made in 1849 and 185(J. At the latter date a painful disorder of the brain, originating in a cancerous tumor, incapacitated him for further work. His family returned to Home, and he was removed to Paris and London, unsuccessfully seeking relief in medical treatment. He died in the latter city in 1857. Among his many prominent productions are the monument erected to the memory of Washington by the State of Virginia; the bronze statue of Beethoven in the Boston Music hall ; the colossal equestrian statue of Washington, twenty-five feet hiirh, at Richmond, Va. : the llllilllllHlllllilllilllll i^' n I •A. By H. Herkomer, A. It. A. *' EVENTIDE," From the Pie-ture Exhibited at the lloyal Academy in 1878. while there produced busts of Chief Justice Marshall and other per- sons. At the end of that time he went to Italy and studied and worked withThorwaldsen, the famous sculptor, for several years, barely being able to support himself, yet industriously pursuing his art. The fame of his stJitue of "Orpheus" having reached his native land, a copy was subscribed for at the instance of Charles Sumner. Its reception in Boston was an epoch in the artist's life. He was now enabled to fit up studios of his own, and to give attention to his ideal creations as well as the production of busts; his rooms were the resort of visitors, and fortune followed the fame growing out of the striking originality of his sculptures. He visited America in 1844, statue of " Armed Liberty" for the dome of the United States capi- tol at Washington, the bronze doors, with other statuary and designs for the same edifice; statuary in Central park at New York, in the Boston Athenffium, in the chapel at Mt. Auburn, and elsewhere; statues of Henry Clay, Channing, Allston, Josiah Quincy, sr. ; several mythological sculptures, and scriptural groups of statuary. In all Crawford finished over sixty works, many of them being of immense size, particularly the bronze statue of Washington, twenty-five feet in height, cast under his supervision in Munich, which is now in Richmond, where it arrived in 1858. He left, also, about fifty designs of various kinds in plaster. ■;Cix— 1^ t>: -<)■ 274 POETRAIT OF BKITON KEVIERK. Briton Reviere. A. H. A. One of a Family of Distinguished Painters. RITON RE^^ERE, who was bom in London, August 14, 1840, is a descendant from a race of painters, his ir r a n d - lather, ; ; Mr. D. ; .;.\ V. Re- "1^ viere, ^ being an exhibitor of rare paintings in water colors at the Royal academy. William Reviere, father of Mr. Briton Reviere, was at the head of the drawing-school at Cheltenham col- lege, and it was* through his energy and zeal that art was introduced intf) the curriculum at Oxford. Thus the father was one of the best of in- structors to his son Briton, the subject of this sketch, who studied drawing and painting from early childhood; first for nine years at Cheltenham and afterwards at Ox- ford, from which university he grad- uated as a B A. in 1867, and later as M. A. in 1873. This possession of a liberal education, however, did not wean him in the least from his chosen field of labor, which he had prominently entered as far back as 1858, when, in his eighteenth year, he exhibited at tli.- Royal academy ^'l pictures entitled BRITON *' Rest from Labor," " Sheep on the Cotswolds," and " On the Road to GlonceMter Fair." lu 1800 his work began to obtain recognition, and in the following year bin painting entitled " Tlie I.cmt^ Slcfji.' hung at the oil exhibition of the Dudley, won for him a large amount of public approbation. This painting represented an old man as [^ having died sitting ' 1 his chair, at- *' tended by his two faithful dogs, who evidently divined, as they looked with wondering gaze into the face of their dead master, that all was not right. At the Royal academy, in 1869, the attention of visitors was par- ticularly attracted to a painting en- titled "Prisoners," a pathetic scene representing a dog and his master enduring misfor- tune together, the expression of each indicating the bond of sympathy be- tween them. At the international exhibition at Vienna, Mr. Reviere w a s awarded a medal for his painting, "Charity," a touch- ing scene repre- senting an outcast child on the street door-step sharing her last crust with two outcast dogs. This artist has painted several other greatly- admired pictures which pertain to the pathetic and are true to life. This is mentioned lo show the versa- t i 1 i t y of Mr. ^i'C Reviere, whoseems REVIERE. equally at home in other fu-lds of the art, as shown in the engraving on the opposite liage, representhig "A Stern Chase is Always a Long Cliase." His broad and liberal culture has greatly aided him in hi.M rirorts. tilCLKISHNE.SS AMdNG TlIK IJUCKS. 275 «3 Thomas ColeJ American Landscape Painter, and Famous Designer of Ideal Pictures. Stein, resolved to become a painter, nOMAS COLE, the American painter, was born at Bolton-le-Monr.s, in England, February 1, 1801. Aside from being possessed of large love of the poetic and the romantic in scenery, he exhibited in his youth an apti- tude for making designs for a print factory and for engravers. His father having emigrated to America and settled at Steu- benville, Ohio, it was there that young Cole, having met a portrait - painter named After a time of practice, in York, the spring of 1825 found him with a studio in his father's garret in that city, from which he sallied forth from time to time to paint various landscape views along the Hudson, promi- nent among which were several paintings of the Catskills, which, being exhibited, made him reputation and brought him many com- missions. Among the sketches which he afterwards made were views of the Niagara and the White mountains. With a fair cer- tainty of success in landscape painting, he turned aside at this point and commenced representing scenes of imagination. Of these were " The Garden of Eden " and '■'■ The Expulsion," which were exhibited in 1838. A year later he visited Europe, painted two years in London, thence went to Florence and to Rome, in which latter city he remained some time and painted various views of Italian scenery. He returned to New York, was married in 1836, and went to Europe again a few years afterwards, but remained but a short time. '^A Stern Chase is Always a Long Chase.*' From the Picture by Briton Rtviere, A.R.A., in tlie Royal Academy Exhibition of 187( i which he attempted landscape and portraits, he went in his twenty-first year to Clairsville, where he established himself as a portrait-painter, the only result being that he was in debt for his board when he returned home a few months afterwards. He studied carefully through the summer, and in the following winter established himself as a landscape painter at Philadelphia, where he obtained a meager subsistence, being often compelled to ornament chairs and other furniture. His father's family having removed to New Though a very superior landscape painter, the poetic and the imaginative in his nature caused him to give much time to the pro- duction of ideal pictures, among them being "Departure," **Return," "Dream of Arcadia," "The Voyage of Life," "The Angel Ajipearing to Shepherds," **Cross in the Wilderness," etc. With the engraved copies of these the public is familiar, some of them, finely executed in steel, having had an extensive sale. He died at Catskill, N. Y., in 1848. f ^ 276 POKTIiAIT OF \'ICAT COLK. I3l !|;j^fCg= Rosalie Bonheur. The Beards. Vicat Cole. *f#fe&^ S AN ARTIST, Rosalie Bonheur has become famous, her skill being exercised in the puintins of quadrupeds. She was born ;it Bordeaux, France, in 1822. Her father was a painter, and instructed her, but lier success in depicting animals is due to her study of living creatures. In 1S4I she sent two pictures — "Goats and Sheep," and '* Two Rabbits" — to the French exposition. From that time she frequented stables, fairs and other places where animals were to be found, and studied their structure and This sort of study resulted in a perfection of animal portraiture that has estab- li.rhed for her an enviable ri,'putation as a painter. Her most noted pictures embrace "The Horse Fair," "The Ploughing in Nivernais," "The Horse for Sale," "A Drove on the Road," "Cows and Sheep in a Hollow Road," "Horses in a Mead- ow, ' ' etc. She has been directress of the Paris free school of design, and has received several medals and prizes for exhibitions of her art, both as a painter and sculptor. habits under various circumstances. He has produced several paintings of this sort, and at least one of these was engraved in London. For several years be has bet-n painting domestic animals and composition pictures, distinguished for their correctness, force and humor. William H. Beard, a brother of James, was born at Painesville, about 1824. He followed the business of portrait-painting in early manhood, opening a studio at Buffalo, 'N. Y. ; but abandoning this branch of his art he, like his brother, began painting animals and scenes in ordinary life. With a fair American reputation, he spent a year or two abroad (1858-'60), and then returned to New York, where he opened a studio. The peculiarity of his art is its fabulous char- acter, the animals in his pictures representing the foibles and dispo- sitions of human beings, sometimes with considerable humor and frequently with nnmistaka- THE BEARDS. >/FIE AniLTiLan painter, James H. Beard, was ble satire. B ende r," Dance" are " Bears on a and "A Bear among his best productions in this viin. born at Buffalo, N. Y. , in 1815. Removing to Painesville, O., in infancy, he began to paint portraits at the age of fourteen years, after having taken but a few lessons in the art. Portrait- painting was aft-~ -»» -^^««^ >~' — ■ "i^i ■ "i«i —'^ ^m^- -im- Hiram Powers. Antonio Canova. •!*e HhQ t:^^ Prominent as Artists in Sculpture-Work. NE of the most excellent of Amer- ican sculptors, Hiram Powers, was born near Woodstock, Vt. , in 1805, the eighth child of plain country parents living on a farm. His resources of education were confined to the home life and the district school. The family emi- grating to Ohio, and the father dy- i ng soon afterwards, Hiram went to Cincin- nati, being first employed as a clerk and then as an apprentice to a clockmaker. Under the instruc- tions of a Gorman sculptor, he learned the art of modeling figures in clay, making some busts and medallions with creditable skill. For seven years he superintended the waxwork department of the Western museum, at Cincinnati. Going to Washington in 1835, he found employ- ment in modeling busts for eminent individuals. In 1837, under the pat- ronage of Nicholas Longworth, the Cincinnati millionaire, he was enabled to make a journey to Italy, and, settling in Florence, he made that place hi.s residence during the remainder of his life. While there he invented a val- uable improvement in the formation of plaster-casts for models, and i)ro- duced those masterpieces of his sculp- tor's art that have givrn him great celebrity. Among these the fol- lowing are prominent: Statues of " Eve," the "Greek Slave," the "Fisher-Boy," "II Penseroso," "California," "America," Wash- ington, Webster, Calhoun, and the "Indian Maiden;" busts of " Proserpine," Adams, Jackson, Webster, Calhoun, Chief Justice Mfirshall, Everett and Van IJuren. Of his ideal works are "The Lust of his Tribe," and a "Head of Jesus Christ." His "Greek Slave," II piece of sculpture admired for its exquisite beauty, has Hi?rved to more fully develop appreciation in the public mind for the Hculptor's art. Powers died at Florence, in 1873. Sculptor, Disting-iiishod for liis Stntni- ni anil oUiur Works. HE Italian sculptor, Antonio Canova, whose works are quite numerous and were produced one after another in quick succes- sion, was born in 1757 at Possagno, Italy. When twelve years old he modeled a lion in butter with such fidelity and skill, that the lord of the village, Falieri, took him under his protection and had him edu- cated in art. At seventeen years of age he produced his statue of "Eurydice. " In 1799 he was invited to Rome, received an ovation, and was knighted and appointed inspector-general of the fine arts by Pope Pius VII. In 1802 he visited Paris by the desire of the first consul, was received with re- spect and chosen a foreign associate of the French institute. On his return to Paris, in 1815, as the em- bassador of the Pope, to superin- tend the sending back to Italy the works of art which the French had' carried away, he was received with ridicule, anger and hatred. Proceeding to England, he had a mag- nificent reception, was treated as a brother by all art-lovers, and was pre- sented by the prince regent with a valuable snuff-box. On his return to Rome the academy of St. Luke went in a body to meet him, and the Pope gave him a pension of 3,000 crowns, which Canova devoted en- tirely to the benefit of the arts and artists. The Pope also created him marquis of Ischia, and inscribed his name in the book of the capital. Canova freely spent his jirivate for- tune for the cause of benevolence and the advancement of art, by establish- ing prizes, endowing academies and relieving the unfortunate and the aged. He died at Venice In 1823. hed, among other excellencies, by several sepulchral monuments, he of *' Psyche. " "Cupid and ' Repentant Magdalen," several "Venuses" and Greek Slave," His sculpture is distinguis exquisite grace. Besides produced statues and groups Psyche," "Venus and Adonis," a " Perseus," "Hebe," " The Graces," a crowned "Kcliuion" of colossal size. Among his works was a figure of Washington, of large size, in a sitting position, which was secured for the state-house at Raleigh, N. C. This piece was destroyed by fire in 1831. His last work was a bust of Count Cicognara. — ^: T AKTISTS IN MUUELING FIGURES. 27'J — ^■^— ■'— ^^^'•^■^■^■^^^^■^^■^^^* »»»*^«^>»l>l»>i ^■^^■^■^■^' ■•.•^?:?'- Harriet G. Hosmer. John Rogers. Randolph Rogers. John Q. A. Ward. •«««««« P¥^¥^¥^T^¥^T^ywT^¥^¥^»^¥^p^y^ywy^>y^^^y^p^ Artists Widely Known as Sculptors. NCLUDED among the most promi- nent of artists is Harriet G. Hos- mer, the Amer- ican sculptor, who was born at Wa- tertovvn, Mass. , in 1830. As early as her sixteenth year she showed a marked inclina tion for her art, and soon became skillful in model- ing figures in chiy and plaster. Three years she attended school at Lennox, Mass. She then entered a studio in Bos- ton, intending to devote her life to sculpture. In order to perfect herself in human anatomy she went to St. Louis, and from the medical college in that city, where her father was a professor, she obtained the necessary facilities. Her first work in marble was a diminished copy of Canova's bust of Napoleon Bonaparte, and her next, '* Hesper, or the Evening Star," an ideal study. Going to Rome, in 1852, she became a pupil of Gibson, and has mostly resided in that city ever since. Her first full-length statue in marble, "(Enone," was completed in 1855; her second, " Beatrice Cenci Sleeping in ller Cell," iu 1857. " Puck " was modeled in 1865. Other notable productions of her chisel are busts of ** Daphne " and "Medusa," the *' Will-o'-the-Wisp," a statue of the Hon. Thomas IL Benton, the "Sleeping Faun," the "Waking Faun," a colossal statue of "Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, in Chains," and the design for a Lincoln monumental memorial. i JOHN ROGERS. OTIK ROGERS, an American sculptor, was born at Salem, Mass. , in 1829, and has made statuettes popular by clothing them with origi- nality of conception and fidelity to nature. At first he was a mer- chant's clerk in Boston for years, then a voyager to Spain for his health, a machinist for seven years at Manchester, N. H. , the sui)erintendent of a railroad machine-shop at Hannibal, Mo., in 185t>, a tourist to Paris and Rome in 1857, a draughtsman in Chicago, and a famous artist in New York city during the first years of the Southern rebellion. Such is a brief record of the early career of the man whose quaint designs and happy execnticm make his works welcome to a thousand firesides. Several of his groups arc founded on scenes and incidents of the rebellion, such as "The Returned Volunteer," "The Wounded Scout," "Taking the Oath," etc. There is also a scries illustrating the story of " Rip Van Winkle," while several ideal creations of a pleasing character, such as "Coming to the Parson," "Courtship in Sleepy Hollow," "The Favored Scholar," and "The Charity Patient," only need mentioning to recall their beauties to the minds of numerous readers. RANDOLPH ROGERS. NOTHER American sculptor whose genius has added much to the adornment of our public edifices and other resorts, Randolph Rogers, was born in the State of New York about 1825. He studied art at Rome for several years, and, coming home, he laid the foundation of his national reputation by the production of his statues of " Nydia, the Blind Girl of Pompeii," his " Boy and Dog," etc. But he did not remain long in America. RelnrniugtoRome he made that city bis home. One of his greatest works is the design and model of the bronze door for the eastern entrance to the rotunda of the cap- itol at Washington, which is seventeen feet high and nine feet wide. In each of its eight panels is represented a scene in the life of Chris- topher Columbus. He also finished the uncompleted designs for the Washington monument at Richmond, Va. ; made the colossal bronze statue of Abraham Lincoln at Philadelphia; a statue for the Colt monument at Hartford, Conn. ; memorial war-monuments for the States of Rhode Island and Michigan, and ideal creations, in stone, of "Isaac" and "Ruth. " JOHN QUINCY ADAMS WARD. '"HE American sculptor, John Quincy Adams Ward, is the author of the bronze statues of "The Indian Hunter," "A Private of the Seventh Regiment,"' and "Shakspeare," all to be seen in Central park. New York. L'rbana. O. , was his birthplace in 1830, After i)ar- tially preparing himself for tbe medical profession he studied sculp- ture; spent two years in Washington, modeling busts; settled in New York in 18G1, and became president of the National Academy of Design in 1874. Among his other works are "TheGood Samaritan." a statue of Commodore Perry, "The Freedman," and several bas- reliefs, groups, etc. "--Si \ >so DISTINGUISHED SCULPTORS. Y when 'HE sculplor, Benjamin Paul Akers 'was born at Saccarappa, Maine, in 1825. Going to Port- vt;"'lL land when he was eighteen years old, after 5) \v o r Ic- ing for some time in a print- ing otfico, he turned his at- tention to the art of sculp- t u r e , and about twenty- four he began business ;is a sculptor at that city. Among the re- sults of his labors dur- ing the next two years was a bust of the poet Longfellow. After a visit to Italy in 1851-2, he returned to Maine and produced the statue of "Benjamin in Egypt," which was on exhibition at the world's fair in Xew York in 1853. In 1855 he again visited Europe, resid- ing for three years in Rome, where he exe- cuted his superior statues of " Una and the Lion." "St. Eliza- b (f t h o f Hungary" (three copies ' in mar- bh-), *' The Bead Pearl Diver," and an ideal hf-ad of Milton. Mr. Akers revisited Rome in 1859, returning to America in the following year, and resided during the remainder of his life at delphia. He died in the Inrter city in IKf'.l. Joseph Edgar Boehme, English Sculptor, Portland and Phila- JOSEPH EDGAR BOEHME. ■/HE English artist, Joseph E. Boehme, was born at Vienna, Austria, in IH.'M. His father was an admirer of painting?, and posseSHed, in Joseph'H youth, a valuable col'Icction of art-treas- ures, illustrutive of the jiowctr of genius, ranging iu ere.-it variety from Egyptian antiquity to the present day. The father, who occu- pied a high position under the government, carefully encouraged his son, by proper schooling, to cherish a love for art, without intending that li e should adopt it as a profession. The youth, however, after receiv- ing a partial educa- tion at Vienna, was sent to one of the seals of learning in England, where he remained three years. During this period he studied the works of the old masters in the British museum, and copied designs from the Elgin marbles. Returning to Austria, he was em- ployed in a government office, but his love of art prevailed, and, abandoning his official position, he went to Paris to become a sculptor. While this change was without his father's approval, the parent assisted him in his early struggles against the obstacles that opposed his suc- cess. Joseph's genius, therefore, unhindered by the disadvantages of poverty, began soon to manifest its superior- ity, and at the age of twenty-two he received the imperial prize at Vienna, and was hon- ored with other favors. Since then he has re- ceived a membership in the Florence art academy, an associate membership of the British Royal academy, and other tokens of the high estimation that has been placed up»m liis statuary, including a medal at the international exposition in Paris. All these evidences of appreciation appear to be the reward of untiring devotion to a worthy object, and show a ready resi>onse to true merit. Among his works are a full-length statue of Lord John Russell, one of Carlyle, one of St. fJeorge and the I>rat;on. i SIATlllO UK l.nid) .JdllN ICL>SKI.L. -CY 2»i m cut f r u 111 lb Academy of Fine Arts when he was but twenty years old. In 1811, by his bas-relief of "Epaminondas," he carried off the fivfit prize for sculp- ture, be^^ides the grant of a pension to enable him to pursue his art -studies in Italy. After remaining five years at Rome he visited London and Paris, and in the latter city gained a reputation by executing a statue of the prince of Conde. In 182G he was elected a member of the French Academy of Fine Arts, and became a profetij^or in that institution. His great work, the sculptures of the present church of St. Genevieve, in Paris, then the Pantheon, occupied the years 1835 to 1837. Among his otherwise notable productions are bas- reliefs of the battles of Flenrus and Heliopolis for the arch of Marseilles, France, and "Epaminondas," now in the museum of his native town; busts of "Washington and Lafayette, in the capitol at Washington, of Beranger, Lamartine, Chateaubriand and Rossini at Paris, of Goethe and Humboldt. Of his funeral monuments the one of Marco Bozzaris, at Missolongbi, pos- sesses great beauty. He died at Paris in 185G. HE sculptor, Jean Pierre David, was born at Angers, France, in 1780. His early exhibition of genius for sculp- ture won for him a medal of i-nconrage- .' F re n c h SIR FRANCIS CHANTREY. fllE fame of the celebrated sculptor, Sir Francis Chantre)', rests not only upon his excellent art-works, but also upon his muuilicent contri- butions of money for the advancement and permanency of art in Great Britain. He was bornatXort()n, Enu'land, in 1781. When old Statue of Lord John Russell. Executed by J. E. Bothmo. Exhiljited at tlii.' Koyal Academy in 1S.S0. enough he was apprenticed to a carver at Sheflield,but sometime after- wards he began the business of modeling busts and other ^^^^ works in clay successively at Dublin, Edinburgh and Lon- don. A popular sculptor, named NollckeiiH, having seen a specimen of Chantrey's art- productions, became interested in the young artist, brought him into public notice, and ere long Chantrey achieved fame by his genius. In 1818 and 1819 he was made a member of the Royal academy of Great Britain and of the academies of Rome and Florence. So much popularity did he derive from the production of monu- mental figures that he amassed a fortune. He was knighted in 1835. Although he exe- cuted numerous busts of liv- ing individuals, his imagina- tive art-«orks are but few and unimportant. He died in Lon- don in 1841, and was buried in the family vault which he had constructed for himself in the church at Norton. He left certain bequests to the clergymen and others of the place on condition of his tomb beingkept inorder. Amongthe most distinguit^hed of his mon- umental memorials arc ''The Sleeping Children," in Lich- field cathedral; several sculp- tures in Westminster abbey, London, including a fine statue of Canning; a bronze statue of William Pitt, in Hanover square, London; the statue of Washington in the state house at Boston, Mass. ; the statne of James Watt, in the church at Aston, England, and one of Bishop Heber, at Calcutta. Dying without children or near relatives, having made a suitable provision for tlie support of his widow, the bulk of his fortune was left to the Royal academy for the promotion of British fine art in painting and scnlpture. The amount availaiile, including $1,750 for official salaries. Is about Sie.oOO annually. ::sr — t): 282 riiRTRAIT (IF MFISSONIER. '\§r' — ^f;|-=^2,'2'i^-i — »- .^11^ Meissonier. G. P. A. Healy. Reni Guido. s!3-4r= jlIE eminent figure-painter, Jean Louis Ernest Meissonier was born about 1813, at Lyons, France. Early in life he began to study art as a labor of love, and received competent instruction at Paris. A picture %vhich he exhibited in 1836, entitled "The Little Mes- enger," drew attention to his merits as a )iainter. Adopting a style of art that presents scenes illustrative of every-day life and manners, Jleissonier has become one of the most m^ popular and the best- remunerated of modern French artists. In his work he uses small canvas, which seldom exceeds twenty inches square, but his style of painting is remarkable for its delicacy and finish, with a faithful portraiture. Sev- eral years ago he executed a painting representing a battle scene, containing Xa- poleon I. surrounded by his staff, and which the artist named " 1807. " This paint- ing was purchased by the late A. T. Stewart, mer- chant-prince of New York, in Europe for a sum ex- ceeding $60,000. Promi- nent among his other paintings are "The Chess- players," "A Game of Piquet," "The Painter in his Studio," "The Body- Guard," "The Emperor at Solfcrino," "The Charge of Cavalry" (which brought him about $30,000), and "A Barricade, June, 1848." He has also prepared designs for several publications, and has been freely honored and decorated by royalty and eminent institutions. In disposition he is said to be rude and insolent, and jealous of his competitors in art. MEtSSONIER, The Famous Fij^ure Painter of France. GEORGE PETER ALEXANDER HEALY. 'F;OU(iK p. A. llculy >t:in(l- in lln- fnuit rank nf Aiiurican portrait- r. painters, and has transferred to canvas, with great fidelity, the \Jl features of King Louis Philippe, of Prance, Marshal Soult, Web- ster, Calhoun, General Sherman, the poet Longfellow, the historian Prescott, and other distinguinhed characters. In Kaiieuil hall, at Bos- ton, hangs his large historical picture of " Web.«ter Replying to Hayne" in the United States senate, which he finished in 1851, and which contains 130 portraits. Another remarkable picture, repre- senting Franklin advocating the claims of America before Louis XVI. of France, and thirteen portraits were exhibited at the Paris exposi- tion in 1855, and received a medal of the second class. Mr. Ilealy was born at Boston in 1813. He first went to Paris in 1836, and since then has alternately resided in America and Europe. Chicago was his home from 1855 to 1867, where, by his portraitures of prominent citizens and high social position, he added materially to ^ lii^fame^ RENI GUIDO. NE of the most eminent of Italian painters, Reni Guido, was born near Bologna in 1575. He first studied art with Denys (';dvaert, and then in the school of Ludovico Carracci. Going to Rome he achieved a reputation by his painting of " The Martyrdcnn of St. Cecilia," and his splendid talents soon created a de- mand for his pictures. Popes, cardinals, princes and nobles employed, honored and caressed him, and he practiced his art alternately at Rome, Bologna and Na- ples, but finally settled at Bologna. After having greatly distinguished him- self by his works, he gave way to his passion for gam- ing, and in spite of all that nature and sujierior talents had done for him, he died in 1042 in a state of poverty and dejection. His paint- ings are pre-eminently esteemed for their beauty, expression and grace. The Penitence of St. Peter," the latter of which has been Among his masterpieces arc rated and " Clirist Crowned with Thorns,' copied in a variety of forms until it is one of the most familiar of llie i)ictnre.s representing the crucifixion and the death of Christ. To Ihe magic touch of Guido's pencil is the Christian world thus indebted for the lesson it has learned of Christ's sufferings that truth might be triumphant. Of his other pictures "The Massa- cre of the Innocents," the frescoes of the "Aurora," "The Concert of Angels" and " Fortune " are prominently named, as indicuting tlie excellence of his genius, with special reference to the por- traiture of the highest type of creation. 6.—- --C) PLAIT K. SI'ENCK14, DISTINGUISHED TEAC1IE14 OF I'ENMANSIIII'. 283 ^7j\^, ^Ml^ /A/''WWW^^''WWW^m^- J/W-5N V V ^ Piatt R- Spencer. .^ ^^ , fa x« fi ta ^^SaJ_J_,«^' ■< 5^ t A JL^ ^k Originator of the Spencerian System of Penmanship. KREWITH a portrait is presented of the famous pen artist, Piatt R. Spencer, who was born at FishkiU, N. Y. , in 1800. His father emigrated with his family to Windham, N. Y. , about 1807, and there died two years after- wards. The widow then removed with her children to the (at that time) wilderness of Northern Ohio, where, although the school opportunities were very limited, young Piatt R. cultivated a knowledge of penmanship with sucli success as to be able to teach the art at the age of fifteen. His boyhood was a struggle with poverty and lack of school advantages, and yet, in spite of these adverse circumstances, he became, when quite young, a suc- cessful teacher of writing-schools in the smalliT villages of the region where he lived. As a teacher Mr. Spencer was greatly esteemed and beloved, but it was in his creative genius as an artist where lay the power that was to distinguish his iKime. He made the few fundamental principles of beauty in nature his study. As he lay on his mother's hearthstone in their humble home by the bright firelight, he drew the curved lines, and studied the nature and necessity of shades. The artistic in his nature resolved these into beautiful forms, and the result was a new system of penmanship. In due time the fame of Mr. Spencer as a teacher had spread so extensively as to bring applications for instruction from hundreds of persons, who were desirous of improving their penmanship, in various distant portions of the Union. In obedience to this call, he i Portrait of Piatt R- Spencer, Pen Artist, Author and Distinguished Teat-her. r^T^i^S- erected at Geneva, Ohio, where he lived, a log- house, a rude struc- ture, in exterior appearance, in which he arranged all the needed conveniences for his writing-classes. Hither gathered pupils from all the region about, aud many came long distances from abroad. In time this log-cabin seminary, known as *' Jericho," acquired a national reputation, many of Mr. Spencer's pupils becoming suc- cessful teachers, all of whom sounded the praises of the Spencerian penmanship and its author. From the log-cabin Mr. Spencer was called to teach penmanship in various commercial colleges of the country, and in the later years of his life he spent much time in the revising and perfecting of his copies for publication. He died at Geneva, Ohio, in 186-4. Through the ideal and artistic in his nature, Mr. Spencer gave to the world a style of writing that combined the beautiful with the practical more fully than any system had done heretofore. He did this, and he did more. He reared "a family of sons and daughters that honored the founder of the Spencerian penmanship, in their ability to dignify the work of commercial education and perpetuate the system of writing in all the perfection which the father originated. Of these, Robert C. Spencer, the oldest of the song, is at the head of a popular business college at Mihvaukee, Wis. Henry C is successfully conducting a commercial school at Washington, D. C. Piatt R. is at the head of a similar institution at Cleveland, Ohio. Harvey A. controls a commercial institute at Dallas, Texas, and Lyman P., who lives at Washington, devotes his entire time to superintending the preparation of Spencerian publications. Of the two daughters, Sarah, with her husband, Mr. Junius R. Sloan, a well-known artist of celebrity, resides in Chicago. Ellen is the wife of Gen. R. D. Mussey, an able lawyer of Washington, D. C. Both were accomplished teachers of peumauship in commercial col- leges before their marriage. To give the reader a knowledge of the Spencerian style, specimens of penmanship prepared for this work by the Spencerian authors are shown in the two following pages. S: M •:6 m 284 THE SKVEX PRINCIPLES UPON WHICH THE SPENCEKIAN PENMANSHIP IS FOUNDED. JrJU HE efforts of the anthor of the Spencerian writing was Vj- / mainly directed to the achievement of Jirst making (^'^ letters that should be simple in form, easy of execution, ''^~ and at the ANALYSIS OF THE SPENCERIAN PENMANSHIP, medium hand, iis taught in the copy-books, is illustrated upon this page, while upon the next is shown the style, as applied in the writing of a business letter. SEMI-EXTENDED LETTERS same time beautiful. The second step in the work was to intro- duce exercises the prac- tice of which would give freedom and ease of movement while writing, and at the same time train and strength- en the muscles of the hand and arm. The third point at- tained was the selection of seven simple, ele- mentary forms, called principles, from which all the letters of the alphabet can be formed, an understanding of these enabling the stu- dent to much more easily master the con- struction of letters. These principles and their combination in the making of letters are shown in the diagram herewith. Semi-angular. Mr. 8pencf r accom- plished another impor- tant result in his efforts to improve the penman- ship of the country, and that was in striking the golden mean between the sharp, angular writ- ing and the old round hand of our forefathers. The angular hand could be rapidly written, but it was illegible. The round band was plain, but it took a long time to execute it. To com- bine the virtues of both was the object sought, and that this aim was realized is very clearly shown in the business writing on the succeed- ing page, a sufTicicncy of tlie round being re- tained to give legibility, while enongli give rapidity of execution. eticeTmJy[eimiTi}^ SlccizZ^ Principles SHORT LETTERS 2 12 21212 2)21 22 31312 31313L2 31223933332233212232 23 122 2 IZ21S22 ^yyuy^y^/'x/^/yy^^/yx//'^/yyrr^^yjyj'yy/yJy EXTENDED OR LOOP LTTTtRS STANDAno CAPITAL LETTERS 3 9 a /n / ^ ^ , ^ > r-/ i-r /Pr-^ X X // /3.r)UrJ (r) /r1 'V 2 a / / 2. ^ a CopTRWHT, BTLviaoN, Blaxemaw. TatlorS: Co. i)f the angular is adopted tu The size, s*lope, fo^m^ Principles. , proportions and analysis of the standard Having determined the form of the letters and the principles from which they should be made, the author of the system then prescribed the following directions in regard to position for sitting and move- ment of fingers, hand and arm when writing: Position. The Spencerian sys- tem teaches positions while writing, either standing or sitting, as follows: The person squarely fronting the desk, or either the right or left side may be turned angularly to- wards it. Movement. 1st. Finger More- ment — This is produced by extending and con- tracting the first and secund fingers and the thumb, the hand resting on tht* naiU of the third and fourth fingers; it is applied in forming the exiendfd letters. 2d. Fore -Arm Movement — This is a movement of the fore-arm and whole hand in any direction, resting upon the large, tieshy part of the arm just forward of the elbow, and upon the nails of the tliird and fourth lingers. In this ludvcnient the fingers and thumb are in a passive vtinililian, having no in- dependent motion of their own, the movements be- ing made entirely by the muscles of the fore-arm; it is applied in forming the short letters and capitals. »«l. IThole Arm M o V e in e n t — T h i s i s made by I'aising the fnre- nrmfromuiuMo two inehea from the desk, and sliding the hand upon the nails of tlio third and fourth lingers. This is a bold movement, and is em- ployed in making largo eapitals, and In flourish- ing. 4Hi. <;om|»oinHl. or Mlxeil Movement — This is a harmonious union uf the lir.>*t tw- ^^ i/ ? A SPKCIMli'N OF SPKNCJEKIAJJ BUSINKS-S WltlTINU. 285 M-^A-aj-^jyyt^ ■yy-^^t-^y.^-^t^^^ru^ Copy-il^M.IJ79.ty)yison.BlakcTOn.rjyl(ir,l.Q). iCs^ — k 'csi; ? 266 PEN-FLOURISHING, AND ONE OF ITS MOST ORIGINAL REPRESENTATIVES. 6 1>^?-«B?= -»J^S-(..f>||#-H John D. Williams. (5 '-"^Z'J -^ c> '^^'F^n'wiwr^^ ?• Dislinguished Off-Hand Penman and Originator of Many Designs in Flourishing. i^ AXY READERS of this page will rtinembur the time when the "■Writing-School" was an insti- tution that came and went in the rural villages almost as regularly as one season followed another. These were the days when the youth of the land were dependent upon the *' master" of the dis- trict school for a "copy'' to follow in their writing. That was the time when the goose- fjuill flourished, and the indi- vidual was held in high esteem who possessed the genius to make a first-class pen. In those years, the writing- teacher traveled from town to town, and secured excellent l)atronagc from the fact that the writing-school was > the only lilace where the student could with certainty learn to write. The writing-master was usually a stranger in town, and, upon lii^ arrival, various were the devices that he was com- pelled to resort to in order to organize his clasMep. Prominent among these was an elaborate display of penmant*hip, pen-drawing and flourishing, in the shape of specimens, which were exhibited at the post-oflice and various public places in the village about the time of opening the school. It was true that most of the students in the writing class had little occasion to use thit* ornamental flourlnhing in the buniness pursuits r,f )if.. 'I'll.' t-nrlwT WH« jii-titi'-d, !i..\v.'V- D. T. AMES, EXl'ERT IN II AXDWKITING. Ofi^s ,.A.AAAA >\\A...J,.A.\,\.>.. , \ , VVS \.V.V^A.\..-k..^A v.. > , ■ ^Vr-. ra n > V t ■ ' rv'^' » v.A'vwv ' .w i A".'. ' Daniol T. Ames. ^ !: .i.i.iV'.wwv'k' .tWA-kA^'\\n^v-.v.'w-A ^^■■^.Ul>■.^| W V '^WK.X'M-'V'.K v^^ Ex-^ Commercial Teacher, Author and Professional Expert in Penmanship. T. AMES, chirographic artist of New York, holds the relation to pen- drawing that Spencer did to practical penman- ship, and that Williams did to flourishing. Both of the latter stood at the head in their respective depart- ments, and so does the subject of this sketch. Both Spencer and Williams systematized their work and gave it to the world for a copy, and Mr. Ames has done the same. The town of Vershire, Vermont, was his birthplace in 1835. Here he as- sisted upon a farm in the summer, and attended the district school in the winter. At the age of sixteen, when a St udcnt at Chelsea academy, he attended the writing-classes of Professor S. L. Lyman, soon after which from teach- ing district schools, Mr. Ames became an instructor of penmanship and other branclK's at ihc 'i'opHflcld (Mass. ) academy where he remained four ycarh*. After his gradntiti Celebrated for Artistic Designs in the Manufacture of Women's Wearing Apparel I III8 famous of Paris!,'' whom all wearer a *' man-milliner the one man in admirers and of costly and fashionable female ap- l)arel in foreign and American social circles have a deep and undying interest, takes his place in this volume among the other distinguished char- acters whose portraitures it endeav- ors to present. Charles Frederick t^ Worth has no military or literary achieve- ments of which to boast, and yet he wields a power over Bociety which the bravest soldier, the wisest statesman or the most successful writer might not disdain to possess. Although France claims him as the cyno- sure of fashion, Mr. Worth is a native of England, he having been born in Lincoln- shire, but his age, like that of the older portion of his lady-patrons, appears to be veiled in mystery. His protrait, however, indicates that he is still in his prime. His father was a lawyer. While Frederick and the other children were young, some domestic misfortune required them to leave their studies and engage in other pursuits to earn their support. Frederick, at twenty, went to Paris to seek employment and learn the French language. He first engaged himself as a cutter in the fashionable dress-making house of Gagelin. Here he found the lady whom he soon after married employed as a shop-girl. After their marriage they began to work together for themselves and laid the foundation of the immense business which they now control. Their establishment furnishes employment for about a thousand Charles Frederick Worth, Distinguished for the L^nique ami the Artistic in Dressmaking. persons in manufacturing robes and costumes for fashionable people in all parts of the world. Their workshops arc commodious and numerous, each being assigned to some special labor in the formation of a complete outfit for a lady's wardrobe. So carefully is this business conducted that Mr. Worth personally superintends the design and construction of every article made in his establishment, so that his own remarkably correct taste is exercised to invest each garment with a charm of which his patrons are univer- sally proud. That a dress '■'■came from Worth's" is a recommenda- tion that no fashionable lady dares to scorn. In his shops the models of new designs, which Mr. Worth himself either originates or adopts, are first made of a cheap material to exhibit the effect of form and arrangement. H a dress fails to please him, after being made up of costly goods, ho has it taken to pieces, reformed and remade, and any dress that will not cost at least $100 when finished he will refuse to make. In his way he is the autocrat of society. That he has amassed wealth by his perse- vering industry, exquisite taste in his art, and extensive patronage, no one can doubt. On the Versailles road, about seven miles from Paris, in the handsome suburb of Suresnes, is his private residence, a red brick mansion, with towers and turrets and surrounded by a high garden wall. Inside of this mansion the excellent taste of the owner is displayed in the furniture and fittings, a series of apartments separated from each other only by drapery of curtains, filled with costly, remarkable and beautiful productions of art and nature that captivate the eye and arouse the admiration of the visitor. Here the "man-milliner"' spends his summer Sundays, his only respite from the arduous duties and cares of the week. He also owns a winter-garden, beautifully laid out and teeming with out-door flowers and vines, a conservatory of rare and elegant foreign plants and a grotto- fountain, with rich tropical vegetation. Stables for horses, extremely neat and tasteful in their arrangements, with a horse- hospital, parrots, dogs, rare birds and other delightful append- ages to a gentleman's home-residence, are attached to the man-- sion, and Mr. Worth's "lines" seem indeed to "have fallen to him in pleasant places. " :(!i^— Early Brilliancy with Some; Later Achievement with Others. Pitman Invented phonography at 24. Al€lrlch*8 " Eabie Bell" appeared at 20. Pope's " Essay on Man" appeared at 45. Bismarck became prime minister at 56. Poe wrote "The Raven" at the age of 36. Howe patented his sewing-machine at 26. Colt was 20 when he patented his revolver. Stanley was 31 when he found Livingstone. Hallcck wrote his •' Marco Bozzaris" at 37. Locke* as " Nasby," was well-known at 27. Clemens issued ' * Innocents Abroad " at 32. Handel commenced musical education at 9. Edison invented his duplex telegraphy at 22. AIlss Sedgwick's first novel appeared at 33. Mrs. South worth wrote her first novel at 25. "Victoria ascended the English throne at 18. Columbus was 57 when he discovered America. Pollok's "Course of Time" appeared at 29. Dickens' first volume of " Sketches" appeared at i.'i. %Valtor Scott wrote his first Waverley novel at 43. Macaulay began his "History of England" at 17. Worcester published his first large dictionary ai ir.. Hlalne was elected to Congress from Maine at :i2. Spurgeon crowded his church with hearers at 18. Alexandre Dumas wrote his first plays at 2i. Ifiierstadt painted the "Yoseraite" at the ape of 31. De Foe i^TOte his * ' Robinson Crusoe " at the age of 6s. Cuvier had become distinguished, as a natur- alist, at 28. *John Milton was 41 when he wrote "Para- dise Lo«t." fj. Fenlmore Cooper published his first nuvi-1 at 30. I^amnrtlne*9 first volume of poems was pub- lished at w. Mr*. Hemans* first volume of poems ap- peared at H. Stuart painted his famous picture of Wash- hiKtun ut.3S. Carleton wrote " Betsey and I are Out" at the age of 26. Harvey at 38 had discovered the circulation of tlie blood. Ilrovt'ne, as " Artemus Ward," was first cel- cbiai(-d at 24. Horace Greeley founded tho New York Trihuuc at 30. tienny LInd was 20 when sbc sang in the Ulilt^-'l States Ravard Taylor's (Irnt book of travels was published at 21. Byron's first volume of poems came out when he was IS. Dar%vin proclaimed his theories on evolution at the age of 50. Pullman was raising buildings in Chicago at the age of 2S. Campbell's "Pleasures of Hoi)e" appeared when he was 22. Webster was 48 when he made his celebrated reply to Hayne. Tennyson was 24 when his first volume of poems appeared. Aristotle was called by Plato "the intellect of his school " at 17. De Lesseps was 64 at the time of the build- ing of the Suez canal. "Victor Hugo's fii-st volume of poems ap- peared when he was 20. Charlotte Broute published "Jane Eyre," her greatest fiction, at 22. Grant was 42 years old when he achieved his brilliant military success. Barnum was the proprietor of the American museum, New York, at 31. Adellna Pnttl sang in concerts at 8, and wai a leading singer at 16. Dr. Gall announced the location of the phrenological organs at 33. Jules Verne w'rote his first romance, "Five Weeks in a Balloon," at 35. William III. (King of England), at 22 was an able general in Holland. McCormiek invented a grain cradle at 15, and produced his reaper at 22. Hoe gave the double cylinder printing-press to the people at the age of 25. Carl Ijinnseus, great Swedish botanist, had achieved high reputation at 24. Shakspeare w-as at the height of his work in play-writing at the age of 40 W^ilkie Collins* first important literary work appeared when he was 24. Morse was 40 when ho demonstrated the practicability of the telegraph. Bouelcault's first play, " London Assur- ance," appeared when he was 19. Thurlow Wee«l began the publication of the Albany Eveniny Journal at 33. Mrs. Stanton called the first woman's- rights convention at the age of 32. Selilller, the famous CJernian poet, attained cck-brity at 23 by his " Brigands." Napoleon was made emperor of France and was at the height of his glory at 36. John Adams* second President of the United States, was active as a politician at 30. G. P. R. James wrote tho stories entitled ' ' A String of Pearls " when he was 17. James Gordon Bennett began the pub- lication of tho Now York Herald at 40. Burns* first poetry began to appear when he was 16. He was dlBllngulfthed at 27. Thomas Moure i,ubli>lu-.l lib " LUtlr's Poems," and found himself famous thereby at 23. Prescott was 41 when his "History of Fer- dinand and Isabella of Spain " appeared. Andrew Jackson Davis dictated "Na- ture's Divine Revelations " at the age of 23. Sir Robert Peel, British statesman, began his public life in parliament as a Tory at 21. Goldsmith's " Deserted Village." and his other best works, appeared after he was 31. Alexander Volta, an Italian electrician, at 44 invented the voltaic battery or ' ' pile. " Bryant ^vrote poetry for the newspapers at 10, and was the author of ' * Thanatopsis " at 19. Hogarth established his fame as an artist at 36, when he painted " The Harlot's Progress." Charles Lamb, an English poet and essay- ist, published his fii-st collection of poems at 22. George Stephenson, British engineer and father of railways, made his first steam-engine at 43. Beethoven, the famous Prussian musical composer, began to publish his own compositions at 13. Mozart displayed musical talent at 3. was a prodigy at 6, and had produced his first opera at 15. James Parton came prominently before the people through his "Life of Horace Greeley" at 33. Anna Dickinson was 18 when she startled a woman's-righta convention with her oratorical power. Ben Jonson, the KngHsh dramatist, became famous at 24 by his comedy of " Every Man in His Humor." Rt. Hon. Charles James Fox, Brlti'^h statesman and orator, at 2:) was distinguished in parliament. John Dryden, an English poet, wrote well at 29. but was &0 before recognized as a writer of the first order. Michael Angelo was near RO when, n*^ an architect, he designed the grand dome oL St. Peter's at Rome. Sir William Herschel made his own tel- escopes and became renowned for his scientific discoveries at 13. Humboldt*8 first work on natural history was publisbi-d at 21; he concluded his "Cosmos" at S2, and died at 90. Noah W^ebster began work upon his great dictionary at 4'J, and brought it out twenty-one years afterwards. Alexander Pope nubllshed his "Pastor- als" at 16. and translutca Homer's "Iliad" when between 25 and .10. Sir Isaac Newton had made his three grand discoveries concerning light, fiu.\ion3 and gi'avitations at 24. John Napier, a Scottish baron, wa.'> l>om when his father wiui only IC; he published his sys- tem of logarithms at 04. Genrnre W. Curtis published his first book. " Nile Notes of a Howjidji," the result of a visit to Egypt jiiKi Svriii. at 2t".. MiS: T- WHK^'CE COLLEGKS OUTAINED Tlliaii NAMES. '^Vllllnm Co\\'per, an esti^emed British poet, did tint bi't;in to wiitLMinttl pust middle agu, and giiiiu-d liis llrst siicce:ss at 54. 'Wllllum Wortliiworth, one of the penlh'at and pui'L'iit of Biitish pot'ts, did not attain high rank as a writer until almiit 10. I^ord John Russell, British statesman, at 27 iJOKivn his career as a parliamentary refornuir; \vas tliree times prime ministei*. Henry J. Temule (Lord Palmei-ston), Brit- ish statesman, was lully 45 bt^fore he clearly dis- played liis powei's a» a. statesman. Hunnlhal, the famous Carthagenian war- rior, held a high military command at 18, and had become eminent ii^ a geneial at 2ti. Voltnli'e, while in prison on suspicion of being the author of a libel against the govern- ment, wrote his fli-st tragedy at 22. Rt. Hon. Ben.1nmtn Disraeli (earl of Beaeoristleldi, wiu* famous as a novelist at 22; at 44 wius a political leader in parliament. Alexander the Orcat governed Macedo- nia wisely at 16. began his career as a successful conqueror of nations at 20, and died at aU. '^'Illlani Pitt (earl of Chatham), Brlti-^h statesman, won distinetion as n debater in parlia- ment at 32 by his reply to Horatio Walpole. Bartholdy Mendel««ohn possessed at an early age a strong inclination for music, and his lirst'inusical compositions were published at l.'i. I^ope de Veija, a Spanish poet of consider- able reputation, tound time during a life of 73 years to write 407 plays and much other matter. Maria Ediceworth, a British authoress. beir;in to write the series of novels and tales Ijy which she achieved a lasting literary fame, at 'Si. (.lames Watt, a Scotch mathematical instru- ment maker, at 14 consti-ucted an electrical machine, at 27 invented the modern steam- engine. William Pitt (2d\ British statesman, son of tlie earl of Clmthani, was an excellent scholar at 14. was chancellor of the exchequer at 24, and prime minister at 25. Sir Hnm|»hry Davy, famous British chem- ist and philosopher, piibli.-ticd his llrst essays at 21. ond \v;us |)roie.4sur of clu--mistiy at the Ifoyal institution at 23. Sir Thomas More, English statesman, pre- cocious in wit and learning, successful as a law- yer, was kiiiirhted and made socrutai-y of the cxchequL-r at 41. Sir Robert ^Val|»ole, English statesman, fflt 32 wius British secretary of war and leader of the whigs in the House of Commons; wa? prime minister 21 years. Xoriiiiato Tasso, noted Italian poet, was exceedingly precocious in youth, at 17 had written his ■' Kinaldo;" at 31 published his famous "Jeru- salem Delivered." Lamartlne published his " Poetical Medita- tions" at 30, selling 45,000 copies in four years, and reaping corresponding fame; at 57 appeared his "History of the Giionclist3. " Wlllinm Wllberforce, British statesman and philanthropist, divpi;iyed talent for elocution at 7: at 21 entir.d pai li;inii'nt. and had gained a high reputation bi-lun.' he was 25. Francis vToseph Haydn, the celebrated Prussian conii>oser, brought out six prand sym- phonies ill London at 50, and produced liis greatest woik, "The Creation," at 67, at V'ienna. "Washlngton Irving contributed to the peri- odical press of the United States at 19, published his "History of New York" at 26, his " Sketch- Book" at 36, and his " Life of Washington" at 72-76. (John Stuart Mill, an English philosopher, became fii-st widely known at 37 by the publication ot his "System of Logic," and his second great work, "Principles of Political Economy,'* ap- peared at 42. Jay Gould wan 18 when he published a history of Uchiware coniity. New York. He wa« 'Zl when he superintended the extensive tttnninjf works of Pratt & Urnild at fioulrl«borough in Pennsylvania, and was distinguished on Wull street before he was 30. The Duke of W^elUngton, gi-eatest of modern llini>th wiirriois, subdued the Malnatta dominion in India at :i5; at 31* commanded the allied Hrit (■^h iii my in Spain, and w()n the battle of Watiiloo and liiiished the dynasty of Napoleon L by the time lie was 40. Corregglo, the IlUistrious Italian artlRt. beOame a painter throutfh his natural genius and without a teM it received its present name in honor of Hon. Henry Rutgci-s. who con- tributed 85,000 to its fund. Prior to 1865 it was controlled by the Protestant Reformed Dutch church, but since then it has been an independent literary institution, and in a prospei-ous condi- tion. Shurtleff College— At Upper Alton, III. ; con- trolled by the Baptists: founded in 1835 as Alton college, but in 1836 its name was changed to ShurtlefT college, in honor of Dr. Benjamin Shurt- leff. of Boston, who gave the institution $10,000; both sexes are admitted to it. Tufts College — At College Hill, Medford, Mass. ; controlled by the Universalists; founded in 1853 and named after Cliarles Tufts, who gave it 70 acres of land for a location. It has now an endowment of more than 31,000,000. William and Mary (College of > — Near Williamsburg, Va. ; controlled by the Episcopa- lians; founded in 1603 and named after the reign- inc king and queen of Encland, who appropriated lands, money, a duty on tobi\cco, and the office of surveyor-general of" the colony for its support. Its buildings have been destroyed by fire several times, and were burned during the war of the rebellion. Williams College— At Williamstown, Mass. ; controlled by the Congregationalists; founded in 1793, and named after Colonel E])hraim Williams, who by his will, in 1755, left an estate for the benefit of this institution, which is now prosper- ous. Vaasar College— Near Poughkeepsie. N. Y. : controlled by no religious denomination; founded by Matthew Vassar, a native of England and a brewer, in 1861, and named after him. Mr. Vassar endowed his college, which was intended only for the education of females, during his life and by his will, with 8-558,000 and 200 acres of land on which the college buildings are located. Mr. Vassar died in 1868. having lived to see the success of his enterprise fairly established. Yale College — At New Haven, Conn. ; one of the oldest and largest of American educational institutions; fii'st located at Saybrook, Conn.; removed to New Haven in 1716; controlled by the Congregationalists; named in honor of Elihn Yale, who made donations for its benefit, between 1714 and 1721, amounting to about 82.500. at a time when the money was much needed. Sir. Yale was born at New Haven in 1648 of English jiarents %vho came to America in 1638. In 16-58 the son wtumed to England with his parents and never revisited this country, going to the East Indies and after- wards returning to England, where he was chosen governor of the East India company, and whei-e he died in London in 1721. He is said to have been the first pei"son to cause a sale by auction in Eng- land. The college is highly prosperous. Smithsonian Institution— -A.t Washington, D. C. : controlled by the United States govern- ment in the interest of science: founded by Con- gress in 1846. in accoi-dance with the will of James Smithson, an English scientist, which bequeathed for its establishment propertv that realized 8515. 160 in gold. More than 8500,000 has been exp'-nded for the buildings. Another legacy, the residue of another bequest in Mr. Sinithson's will, amounting to $26,210. was received in 1865. Congress, also, has appropriated freely for the enlargement, improvement and support of the institution, which was named in honor of its lib- eral piojector, and in Januarj', 1875, it had, total resources of 8701,909. -^u ilt-i THE INFLUENCE OF ELEGANT SURROUNDINGS. ^1^ of the )-C'col lections are the scenes of cliildhood, if the home of our tender years was made happy by kind parents and pleas- ant surroundings. No matter if that home was very hinnble; no 7natter if its occupants had only the -l)arest necessities of life; iKi iiiMftci- if it was ever so clicapiy and scantily fur- mshcd. the little that there was of the pictnre on tlic wall, the (iniaincut nn the manti'l or the tlower by the ])atlnvay, comes back in niemory to make pleasant tiic recollection of that childhood home. AVas tlie home very beantifiil ? Then dunbly dear is the thought of the sunny liours that we sjient there when a child, by our mother's side. In the after-years we encounter, possibly, much temptation and have much sorrow, but the hal- lowed influence of the happy, beautiful home which we knew when a child, is ever a shield and protection from evil. The sunny spots of childhood make the sunny places of memory, and the parent who lives in the afllection of the child made the home of childhood happy. AVe plead for no laxness of government on the part of the parent. The child should obey and be taught duty. It can be obedient and do the right and love the guardian all the better, if the discipline be wise. And doubly dear is the remembrance to us in later years, if to a wise training in childhood were added attractive and charming surn lundings. The poet has very beautifully said: MAKK YOCR hoiiie That hoiu-d up PiTi-lmn.M- thi-v fAKK YOrU home beautiful— frather the roses 1 up the sunshine witll exq!iisit« art: hey may pimr. as your dread darkness closes, Tiiat soft sMinniei" suu-liine down iutu your heart: If V..U can do so. »)! malViii<1on with L.-k'0 Curtniiis. A very handsome cornice is made by placing on a smooth board 1 should be painted dark to correspond in color with that of the glass. ^o^ As nature never presents a straight line, so the carpet is in best taste that has no set figures and no straight lines. As the lawn is handsomest that does not have too great an abundance of shrubbery and flowers, so the carpet is most beautiful that is not too much crowded with figures. As a dark carpet and a dark paper on the walls will cause the room to look smaller, so light carpets and walls en- window lambrequins aud general furnishing of the room. There is abundant opportunity offered here for display in taste, as shown in the illustration. Beneath will hang a lace curtain which may serve the pur- pose of mosquito-netting, should it be desired. Fig. 13 shows a bedstead with large the appearance of the room. Care must be exercised in the purchase of rugs. mats, hassocks. ^^# ■i;^re*^* Sonogram, and clearly demonstrates how canopy, this furnishing improves a room. Carpets. The selection of a carpet Is an Impor- tant motter. Nature teaches a lesson in its selection. At the most delightful season of the year nature robes herself in green. Later in the year come the autumn tints and the brown, which merge Into the white etc. , that they harmonize in tints with the color of the carpet. The placing of a bright rug on a carpet of quiet color will often injure its appearance. The smaller the room the smaller should be Monogram oo - O - C^ ■i^lay9 a lady's work-basket, the frame -work of which can be made of any material that will bend easily, such as wire or cane. Three circular pieces of board are necessary ; one for the bottom, one for the lower part of the basket, and one' for the cover. Such baskets are for sale in plain wicker-work, which can be handsomely ornamented, as shown in the illustration. Fig. 23 shows a work-stand having a central standard supported by three feet, of dark-colored wood. The pockets are made of strong i)asteboard, over which i- a clcith-canvas, suitable for embroidery- >il KKSTS FOK THE l-'KET. '.jiK ■t »i II II n Kit-. II 11 11 11 11 zz -Foiitstool. 1' ■■ ■' ■ 11 11 ■■ 11 ■■ work, upon which any kind of ornamentation may be made that is desired. The four pockets in the illustration are fastened at the top with a ribbon. The ins^ide of the pockets may be lined with any fancy paper, and the upper ■}■• ••-•• i« Kift. •-". 11-11 11-11-11 1. rr i--F- =^ 30i TABLE-SPEEAD AND WALL-PAPER ADORNMENT. ^ Fig. 29--Sitting.Kooni Table. l^ yv^ ' vMvmnmn . w ^ ' v^Liyy wrNQVK-f^-» If.l Oriiiiinrnlrd. (^ — :hu\vn in the illustra- lion. Fig. 37 presents another ^tylc of a lamp- shade, which is made by first cutting out a piece of circular tin for the shade to hang upon. Cover this with a dark- colored silk. Then cut j six pieces of eilk^green ' is i>erhap8 the best color — of the shape shown in the illustration. Over these spread a lace or tarlatan, and work the edges in button-hole stitch. Upon each now idiicu a pifcu of black will be found usually a number of waste boxes, that are long and nar- row. These can be pur- chased at a price from ten to twenty-five cents each. Five, six or eight of these piled flatwise, one on the top of another, and nailed together, will make a convenient cup- board. With a few bat- tens to cover the cracks, and a pot of paint, it can be made handsome in appearance; or after being nailed together in the rough, it can bi' papered with the scraps of wjiU-paper and border, a quantity of which is usually about tlie house, and with a curtain of common calico, cretonne or other cloth, to hang in front, it will be an orna- m e n t in t h e r o o m . While an ordinary cup- board will cost from five to fifteen dollars, this can be made as described for less than a dolhir of expense. 3ODO0C3O3DSO;%3C3C »^ MATS, CARD-CASES AND HOME-MADE DRESSING-TABLES. Fig, 38 shows a card-case, the materials necessary to make winch are cane, isilli, rihbons and various smaller trimmiugs. The frame- work is made of pieces of cane or wire, the longer being about fourteen inches in length, the cross-rods about ten inches, and the standards about four inches in height, the pieces being handsomely finished at the ends by black shawl -pins pushed into them np to the head. Fasten together, as shown In the illustration. Inside set a pasteboard box which has been covered with dark satin or silk, and orna- mented as fancy may dictate. Inside the largest set smaller boxes which have also been trimmed to correspond with the larger. Pasteboard, lined with a material similar to the box, will make the covers, while ribbons will make the hinges and other fastenings. Fig. 39 represents a mat for a pitcher, twelve or four- teen inches in diameter. A mat should be placed under each article, in order to make a pleasing effect and save the surface of the wash-stand. In either case it is well to have a linen cloth spread entirely over the top of the stand. Mats may be orna- mented, as shown in the , illustration, with woolen braid, ruching or other de- signs that maybe washed. rests upon may be made of either baize, linen or enameled cloth. Fig. 40 shows a common pine box, three or four feet long and two feet deep. Into the opening is placed an ^ upright and one shelf. A back and side are cut out in curves, as shown in the illus- tration, on each corner of which is attached a top piece and a larger shelf beiow. An oval mirror, obtained at the store, is fastened in the back. The wood- work above the top of the box, when fin- ished, is made perfectly smooth and then painted with light colors. The box is covered with a handsome spread, ornamented with plaits and ruffles, beautiful curtains hanging in front, completing that which from a plain board-box has become an article of use and beauty in the interior of the house. Pictures in these later days are in abundance. To make them serviceable they should be hung, and to give them finish they should be framed. Fig. 41 shows one of many ways by which a frame may be made. This is formed from a board about inches larger each way than the picture and covered with dark-colored cloth. A mat may possibly be obtained of the right size at the finish to the outer edge of the pictnre. >?f (> — 1\ •^ f 308 CHEAP AND HANDSOME HUUSEHOLD FUKNISHINGS. Y Picture-Frames, Clothes-Bags and Slipper-Cases. Or a mat may be made of tbin pieces of wood and covered wUb velvet or other dark cloth. Over this may be placed pieces of cane, wire, or cat-tails, as shown in the illustration. These may be wound with cord and green leaves, such as may be had at the fancy-goods stores, while the corners may be orna- mented, finished with pine cones or rosettes made of ribbons. Fig". 42 shows a clothes-bag, an indispensable article, which may serve as a receptacle for soiled linen throughout the week. This is made of a piece of cloth one and a half yards wide and three-quarters of a yard long, which may be trimmed and finished in the style shown in the illustration. Fig. 43 exhibits another home-made frame, which may be ornamented as taste may dictate. Fig. 44 shows a slipper-case, the frame-work of which is made of pasteboard, lined with dark cambric or silk. The outside may be covered with silk, satin or velvet, and ornamented according to fancy. Various Furnishings. In every home there is a constant accumulation of Fig. 41--Picture Tvith Rustic Frame. >^^ ; P k \t^ ^ ~ - ' \ ' ^ ''A Flir. r^-dothcK-Hnir. little things, comprising the useful, curious ami iniKiineiil;il. These come iu at the holidays; they are found in the shape of rare stones and freaks of nature in our walks across the fields, and they are continually being purchased at the stores. To preserve these and to exhibit them to advantage is desirable. This can be done in the corner of the room in which there is usually unoccu- pied space. To contain these there should be suspended in the corner, by strong cord or wire, five or six shelves, graduated in size from the largest at the bot- tom to the smallest at the top, being phiced eight or ten inches apart. These shelves, cut from a common board, will be three- cornered in shape, the outer edge being curved, thns render- ing the shelf a little more grace- ful in appearance. The cord passing through these shelves on each side will be attached to a strong support in the corner, and thus they are kept in place, a knot in the cords holding each shelf in position. They can be covered with scarlet or green cloth, either of which will make a good background and render the what-not quite complete and ornamental. 'm.---^jf^^^j^,^ma^ ■^^q:^^ li;. i;t--l'irliiri'-l-'riinu'. A l;orilillIl AND A DRAW IXi.-UdiiM. :;ii'.i \J^ ,|l llniiillllli'- I "i;^ ^^^^^ >>f:^ js!^:; # >^v ^\^ *^ \nf7J '™' ' Tlie uses to wJiicii various interior furnish- ings may be ap- plied are shown in the drawing- room. Fig. 45, of Kidoiiii hiill, the residence of Princess Louise, at Ottawa, Can- ada. The him- breqnins above the windows are in fine tiiste, the mantel is ele- gantly trimmed, the table -spread, tidies, and easy chairs look in- viting, and the flowers, books, rugs, pictures, and ornamental mirror-frames, all give relief and convey the im- pression that cul- tivated taste prepared and ar- ranged the fur- nishings. From the draw- ing-room we pass to the boudoir. Fig. 46, in Ri- dt-au hall. This room contains less furniture than the other, an it is designed to receive less com- pany; but an air of quiet elegance pervades the scene. From the large windows we can look out upon niiture. From this we can turn to the clioice books upon the table, and, when '/4(^ — 4 ^ Cs, tiring of litera- ture, the piano is at band, from which can be d r a w n y w e e t music. T h e luxurious carpet- in g a n d low, broad, easy chairs, all sug- gest refinement and comfort. Both of these rooms contain a supply of fresh flowers, which shed their per- fume as an addi- tional attraction upon the charni- ing scene which they assist in adorning. The presence of these suggests that any home is made beautiful by a diffusion of bou- quets, scattered through the rooms that we wish to beautify. To furnish these there should be a bed of flowers trained in the rear yard or in the conservatory, from which a supply can daily be drawn of the colors and per- fumes desired. A very little ex- pense and some labor and time is all that is neces- sary to grow an abundance of blossoms, the presence of which will c h e e r t h (? bonsebold. r>: ^ T aiu 'ICXrKE UF LADIKS ADMIUINLi A flllLU. 1 - I^Q rzrrr:=:: "::rr: ^5=1:5=*= ■"---Iriailj »0,. (eJ-T An Elegant Household Interior. | dJr' ♦ t i " ^ a? ^O^^ ¥ We pass out from Eidean hall, and go in with the ladies on "a visit to the young mother. " While the ladies chirrup and talk to the haby and congratulate the mother on the beanty of her child, we study the The nnrse, who has intrusted this child in the care of the visitors but a minute, is approaching from a door-way at the left. The infant which has been placed in this prominent plac? for a brief time. interior of the room, Fig. 47, Jnni Iliiiik how blessed is that mother and child, if to that elegant home i.s addeil tluit real love which makes home a heaven. Certainly the richly upholstered hassock, the dainty pillow that supports the mother, the luxurious sofa, the rich fresroes on the wall, the elegant chandidier, the delicate what-not in the corner, the soft carpet, the mirrors and pictures, all tend to make the scene very channing. ouly Hull it may be seen, will be taken to another apartment and the visitors will retire. Happy mother. Happy child. How blessed to be born thus in the la]) of such beauty, if the other qualities are presented which give balance to the mind and coiuiuce to success. Certainly the hours happily spent by a mother in such a home prior to the birth of a child, could not but impress that young mlud with a love of the artistic and the beautiful. A il(),\V -I'd MAKIC )IOMK, ATTKAirnVlv ;;ii ^^=i<—-»r^—)^ HOUSEHOLD DECORATION AS APPLIED IN FURNISHING, ^t^--^"^^ Before leaving the subject of interior furnishings the reader is shown, Fig. 48, a neatly emhcUi^hed room in a New York suburbim residence. We study the trimming on the mantel^ its orniiments, its pictures, the elegantly upholstered chairs, the canopies above if ingenuity and taste combine to utilize tlie opportunities we have about us. Tlie moriil benefit resulting from attractive homes it is impoHhiblc to overestimate. If it is desirable to decorate the abode of vice in Kit;. 4s.. Boudoir in a New \ork Siil>url>iiii Kcsiden the hod, and the dressing-case: the window curtains, the ruffling upon them, and the score of other beauties that reveal themselves by examination. This is a beautiful room, made so because taste and wealth have evidently been cr)mbinod in its adornment. Examination will show, however, that artistic knowledge in arrangement is the cause of its chief beauty. Thus, in any home, while more or less expenditure of money may be necessary to decoration, -the interior may be made beautiful out of scraps and articles that would otherwise go to waste. order to attract the custj< 312 DWELLINGS, AND HOW TO ORNAMENT THEM. jj)^ THATM */ ...-V THEIvi ^ Mir s MAKE M ^txggastions Tnd 'illustrations. f|f^^ i Wo HATE a beautiful home, to sit down under tlie vine that upon its walls, to rest in the shadow of tlio tree tliat sjrows lieside it, to eat of the fruits that ripen on its soil — to pos- sess tliis is a ])lcasant dream and a worthy ani- hition. To fail of this is to largely miss life's purpose. The jiagcs of this hook contain tlie record of irKiiiy lives, all (if wIkhii have attained eminence in certain directions. Tliey are jiresented as exam]>les of tlu; jxiwer to achieve. It is true that all cannot be equally great nor equally suc- cessful, but nearly every man, through temper- ance, industry, and economy, in broad, free America, can sit down toward the close of life in a pleasant home, which in a vast many cases may be his own. This hcnne may not be palatial; it may be in no sense grand. On tlie contrary, it may be but a simple cottage. It may be only the plain- est log-cabin, and yet projecting cornices, window caps, and inexpensive, yet tasteful, decoration upon its exterior will change it to the beautiful. More especially will this be the case if it be surrounded with a cleanly-kept, closely-shaven lawn, interspersed with winding pathways, trees, shrubs, flower-beds and arbors, arranged and constructed with artistic taste. This closing chapter is, therefore, devoted to an exposition of that which offers to all a field in which to excel — a good and nolile ]iurpose — that of making for themselves or others Beau- tiful Homes. ^s^ :<5> '^ -■ DUWNING, LAXDSCAI'K AKTl.ST. :;i:; A- J. Downing. Distinguished Landscape Artist, Designer and Author of Numerous Works Relating to the Embellishment and Beautifying • of Homes. HE people of America have made f;reat ini- rovement in the past few years in the erec- ■^ tioii of handifome resi- dences, and in the laying out of beautiful grounds surrounding them. Much of the improved taste is due to the efforts of Andre w Jackson Downing, at Newburgh, N. Y. , who was born October 30, 1815. With his at- tention early drawn to horti- culture, botany and the science of fruit, tree, and flower grow- i n g, he had ample opportuni- ties for the culti- vation of a knowledge of the same in the house of his father, who was a nursery-man. Acquiring a fair education at the academy in the neighboring town of Montgomery, he interspersed his reading and study with labor in the nurseries until he was twenty years of age, when he resolved to acquaint himself more fully with rural architecture. With that object in view, he visited many of the picturesque homes which are found in abundance up and down the Hudson, and a few years afterwards he erected a beautiful residence on his grounds, which embodied the ideas he had gathered of what would constitute a charming home. In 1841 appeared his ''Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening. " The public had evidently been waiting for just such a volume. It supplied a demand, and immediately became popular and a standard in America and England. A year afterwards he issued '■'■ Cottage Residences," which met with equal favor. Three years later appeared " Fruits and Fruit-Trees of America," and in 1846 he became the editor of the Horticulturist^ published at View in Central Park, New York. AndreiT Jackson Downing, Author of ' ' Cottatje Residences, " ' ■ Fruits and Fruitr Trees of America," etc. improve- ment and elevation of the art of landscape gardening in the United States. " Additional Notes and Hints to Persons about Building in this Country," "■ Hints to Young Architects," " Architecture for Country Homes," and ''Gardening for Ladies," were the principal of his publications. For the purpose of studying the landscape gardening surrounding the great country-seats in England, he vis- ited that country in 1850, and spent some months among the old ancestral homes, writing in the meantime a description of the same. Returning to America, his services as a landscape gardener were greatly in demand, among his commissions being the laying out of the grounds surrounding the Capitol at Washington, the Presidenfs house, and the Smithsonian institution. As he was journeying from Xewburgh to New York on the steamer Henry Clay, July 28, 1852, the steamer took fire near Yonkers, and he was drowned while attempting to reach the shore. He was only thirty-seven years of age at that time, and was just com- ing on the stage of active usefulness. Downing's death was recognized as a great public loss. He had lived long enough, however, to sow the seed which was to bear fruit in the after-years. This is evidenced in the growing public sentiment among all classes relative to landscape gardening. Particularly docs this reveal itself in the public parks found in nearly every city and village of considerable size in all portions of the Union. The people demand green lawns, shady groves, quiet walks, the perfume and beauty of flowers, the rustic arbors, the rippling stream and the glassy lake. They demand these and they are willing to pay for them." As the years go by and wealth accumulates, people will study those principles that make their homes charming, and will more and more surround themselves with the beautiful in nature. v^ -^ SU ILLUSTIJATIONS KEPEEStNTINO OEKTAIN I'KINCirLES OF BEAUTY. ■»__ l"Square Wiudow. ^ :tp The Science of Beauty &^ -^i d In Architecture, the Human Form and in Landscape Gardening. As in household decoration in the construction of the dwellin; and the arrange- ment of grounds, there are certain funda- mental principles to be understood and applied before beauty can be attained. Of these, primarily, is harmonious pro- portion. Every object should have a base sufficiently broad to support the top, and it should balance in size, color and style with other objects designed to be a balance. It should combine as much as possible the curved line in its form and construc- tion. Fig". 1 shows a window with top formed of the straight line. In Fig. 2 is shown the improvement which results from the curved line. Fig. 3 shows a combination of harmo- nious proportion and curved line. Fig. 4 exhibits the harshness which pervades the human countenance when filled with straight lines. So the face wasted by disease and furrowed by angles causes the beholder to remark, '^you are looking badly." If, as is the case in Fig. 5, a gracefully rounded curve marks the outline of coun- tenance, the possessor of that face is sure to win compliments for the beauty which it contains. oFig. 2- Round-top Window. 6 The gracefully rounded and beautiful horse which we admired i ^oooo -*>£^i^ when with arching neck ? ^ lu- proudly pranced by us in bin prime, we look on with amaze- ment when, sick and wasted in flesh, he is turned out to recuper- ate or die. In the lirst case we saw in him bill, the curved line. 1m llie latter the pre- ponderance of the Htraiglit line is seen. There is another and a very iniportiint prin- eiple, which may he termed relief. It is that which adds variety to l;indj*cape or archi- o [ tectnre; it gives expression to the human countenance, and frees the ob- j c c t from monot- ony of appear- flnce. Thus the square window would be much hand- somer if there was a cap projecting from the top. Even if made up wholly of straight lines, if there be considerable variety, it will look well. If that which gives variety, however, he composed of curved lines it will look better. The curved- top window, it will be seen, is an improvement upon the straight-top. It would be handsomer yet, however, if there was a break in the top resembling a key- stone, or some figure that would break the sameness of appearance. Although coarse in texture, the face, Fig. 4, is considerably improved by the relief shown in beard, hair that stands prominently out, and sharp eyes that give expression. Thus a face may have such relief through white skin, black eyebrows, bright eyes, clear-cut features, and vivac- ity of expression as to be very attractive. So a face full of curved lines may lack attractiveness because the eyes may be dull, no sparkle may mark the expression, and the eyes, eyebrows and hair may be all so nearly of one color as to lack variety. In the figure representing the parlor fountain, another feature of 3--Parlor Fountain. Hk, 4--Kace with Strulifht TEiieK. '^ beauty which comes from relief, is not shown in the engrav- ing. This relates to the diflfe rent colors shown in blossoms. A careful study of Fig. 3 will well repjiy the reader. Excepting a few lines on the vase w li i c h are ma d e straight, it is wholly composed of curves, interblended with re- lief, which would be be much greiiter if the natural color of tin- bloBBoms could be seen. 5*-Kace with Curved Linos. - — — — »^e-€^ii; V TIIIO I iFK10(rr UF KI-KAKJIIT AND UUJiVIil) LINES ILI.USTlCATElJ. ->^0c=*— +^-?^#'^ The Charm of Curved Lines, m^ i Fifr. «--SlriiiKlit Lino. WIIE poiimmi uiuler- staiuls that the letter shown in Fig. 6 isilefect- ive because it lacks curve, correct proportion auj heavy contrasting lines. He linows that the letter, Fig. 7, is beautiful because tile principles of curves, proportion anil relief are all perfectly applied. An examination of the letter at Fig. 6 shows tlie character formed first of Btraight lines. The pen- man that is desirous of securing the greatest amount of beauty possilile in his penmanship will avoid ever having a straight line in any capi- tal letter. The letter is seen to be also glaringly out of proportion. As it stands upon a foundation much smaller than its ui)per part, it is seen to be badly out of proportion, or badly balanced, and to prevent its falling a sup- port would be necessary. Fig. 7 is not only grace- ful in curve with heavy shade, which gives relief and contrast, but the letter is so balanced as to be self- supporting in appearance, with the center of gravity in the center, making har- monious and good propor- tion. The principle 3 applied in the making of this single letter apply equally to all penmanship, and ri Q-f> — »->«- Portrait of Human Face, Showing Curves, Proportion and Contrast. :htly carried out will make a beautiful handwriting. The face of the girl. Fig. 8, linely illustrates these principles. The gracefully curved hand, chin, lip, cheek, hair and wreath of flowers which surround her, the propor tions of hand, mouth, nose, eyes and hood are all admirably set off by ? FIk. ?"Curvcd Line. I the dark background which gives relief and brings tlic flgurc handsomely to the front. A prominent feature essential to beauty in the human face is perfect Ijal- ance. p;.taminatiou of the face shows that it is largely made up of twos. There are two eyes, two eyebrows, two sides to the nose, two nostrils, two cheeks, two corners of the mouth, and two ears, If one of these be difl'erent frimi tlie other, the balance is destroyed and the beauty is injured, as would be the case were one eye different in size or color from the other, or any other portion of the face different from the other side. The same rule applies to the body throughout. The differ- ent parts being in pairs, each should correspond in size and shape with tlie other, with which it bal- ances. The lack of ttalance is shown in any person who is deformed. Fig. 9 plainly shows how the form is injured by straight lines and angles, while Fig. 10 demonstrates the beauty in the figure when formed of curved lines. One of the most beanti- ful objects in nature is a bird. It is true that there is a difference in birds, and certain kinds are not very handsome. Those varieties, however, ^ ' ' ?'2 that combine the plump form with brilliant plum- age are very attractive. Fig. 9 iilustr.ites the ef- fort to construct the form of a bird from straight lines. As will be seen, al- though the proportions are nearly correct, the form m 316 A SPECIMEN OF WOOD ENGRAVING SHOWING CONTRAST. is rendered ungraceful from lack of curve. In Fig. 10 is i^bown how a very few touches of a pen or pencil will make a form that is beautiful, if the funda- mental principles of beauty are observed. Fig. 11 represents not only the inharmony which comes from straight lines, but also a striking violation of nature's rules. The reader will observe that no such t^pecimenof vine, formed of straight lines, is found growing among nature's productions. Fig. 12 is a specimen of beautiful wood-en- graving, chiefly remark- able for the relief which is shown by presenting the poppy in front of a dark background. File. ll"Th«' VincFormcd l3C of Slniiuht lAtii'H. rijM'-' . .ill:."*'',c V^ ^K\K ?' '" Fig. 13 shows grace, (■n7itrast, curves, propor- tion, and the fine effect which comes from par- allel lines. By examin- ing the leaf of the poppy In Fig. 12 it will be seen that it is formed of a great number of lines that run parallel with each other. Were these lines to run irregularly the beauty would be greatly destroyed. Thus a field of grain or a for- est of trees derives much beauty from the stalks or trees growing all in the same direction. When many become broken by storm or other- wise, and the law of parallels is destroyed, much beauty is thereby lost. -:-S3|^*j8-^^ ■^a* Flit. ll!--ViMe I'orniiMl of Turved Lines. ;(>- T- .SA.MI'LIOS OF BKAUTY I.N NATL'liK AND ART. .■il7 ? h f^^fL w >/, A. i eK- Fig. 14 exhibits a •basket formed wholly of curved Hues. This basket is not as handsome as some others, from the fact of there being little or no relief upon it. It would be decidedly more beautiful if there was more vine dropping over its side, thus obscuring the form of the basket. Fig. 15 is a hanging basket, which, together with the flowers that it contains, combining this principle of curved lines, is very pretty. ArJ'"^' -^'S, 're. ~^<* Aw flowers are more- beauiiful ihan any- \)i\i\% that can be constructed by man, i^o a hanjjinj; ba^^ket should be dark in color, rustic in ap- pearance, and thus be made to attract but little attention. 5 Fig. 16 is an ex- cellent illustration representative of the curved line in architectural adornment. The principles of proportion, parallel lines and contrast, arc al-o well brought out in this. -Q ;!is TllK IXFLL'ENOE OF THE SUBLIME AS AN ELEMENT OF BEAUTY. f!rj, ooo e THE SUBLIME — IN — •••^>^NATURE.t<— J iJT'HERE is yet another principle which lulds ^ attraction to the edifice or landscape, **' which may be termed the subUnie. In nature this is shown in the great tree, the high water-fall (see Fig. 17), the wide river, the tall mountain and the deep ravine. It especially pertains to that which conveys a sense of greatness. The swaying pine, the broad-spreading elm, the long row of poplars, the broad street, all are attractive because they exhibit the grandeur of the sublime. An irresistible fascination takes possession of the visitor at the falls of Niagara, at the White mountains, when viewing the wonders of the Yosemite, or the greatness of any of the old cathedrals. It is the impression which arises from a contem; , plation of the sublime. ^^ The admiration that JJ the person possesses ^ U)T an object will de- pend upon that person's peculiar organization of mind. Thus the person having form large will be peculiarly sensitive in relation to incongruous propor- tion, and will have a high appreciation of those objects which are finely proportioned and n-lievcd by such vari- ety as gives contrast. If added to form is large ideality, the in- dividual especially de- lights in landscape views adorned by vari- ety consisting of trees, shrubbery and flowers. In architecture, the eye takes pleasure in con- templating the relief- work which may be f*trc'wn upon the l)uild- ing in the form of figures, balconies, bal- iiF'triuleH, and orna- mental carvings. If an acute sense of color be added to the other y^ "^^^ -*p=^i=i^=T -^^ THE SUBLIME — IN — ARCHITECTURE. iw Fig. 1T--Wat(rfall, Illustrating the Sublime in Nature. ooo »« FIff. 1 ItMifitratIn? the 1 8--Mrss1v(> <'nlumns with OrnaniPntal Caps, mposing, tho AitlMiic ntul the Hublime In Archltocturo. organs, the person will be pained at inhar- monies of tints and shades often to be seen on painted buildings. In the same proportion the person is delighted when beholding har- monics of colors on furniture, clothing, houses, paintings, or landscape. If to these other organs is added also sublimity, then the person visits the old castles of ancient times to find pleasure in those relics that exhibit greatness. To a person having large love of the sublime, the pyramids, the immense ruins found throughout the valley of the Nile, the obelisks, the volcanoes, the mountain scenery of Swit- zerland, the wild, grand scenes of the Rocky mountains of America, — all these have charms, to the lover of the sublime, that others lacking this faculty would entirely ail to appreciate. Fig. 18 combines the princii)les of pro- portion, curved lines, and in the large and tall columns, a sense of the sublime. In the looking upon these columns ideality will take delight in a study of the Corinthian capitals, partially formed from the grace- ful leaves of the acan- thus. If to ideality is added sublimity in the mind, then comes in- tense appreciation of the tall columns shown in this illustration, and an ad in i rati on for imposing monuments and large buildings which possess a high de- gree of ornamentation. The r e a d e r w i 1 1 doubtless call to mind many an edifice that includes in its struct- ure the jjrinciplc of sublimity. In all pub- lic buildings that have large and tall columns this idea is expressed. (@'^IIE grand old Afj*fe> G IT man cn- i$A\(^ thcdral shown ^^:^i^ in Fig. 19, repregeiiting the edifice as seen from the east, reveals with excellent effect i\ comlii nation of fiinilamental principles of beauty. Examina- tion shows the propor- tions to be good, the tops of all the apertures curve, great diversity of exterior ornamenta- tion gives it variety and relief, while the very tall spires hold us entranced with the power of the sublime. Even its great age appeals somewhat to the sublimity in our natures. Its history began in the fourth century, when, in 312, the emperor Constan- tine placed all the Christian communities under protection. It was about this time that the firf>t cathe- dral was erected. A second cathedral was commenced in 8l4, and gradually progressed in impor- tance for several hundred years. Tt at hist became dilapidated and was finally destroyed by firo in 1248. About 1250 the erection of the present building was commenced, and not until recently was it finished. It is now the largest specimen of Gothic architecture in the world, being 511 feet in length, 231 in breadth, and having towers 525 feet high; being thirty-nine feet higher than the next tallest object on the globe, the pyramid of Cheops, in Egypt, which is 486 feet high, and more than twice as tall as Bunker hill monument at Boston, Mass. , which is 221 feet in height. These old cathedrals possess great attraction for most travelers from the fact that their antiquity and great size gratify the love of the sublime in man's nature. On this account the tourist abroad visits St. Peter's at Rome, said to have been commenced by the bishop of Rome in the year 90, and to have been enlarged by Con- stantine in the year 306. The present building of St. Peter was 252 355 Rnnian Catholic place of worship, in the city oC C'olopme, capital of the province of the Rhine, iu Prussia. commenced in 1 LV), was carried forward toward completion by Raphael in 1514, was further perfected by Michael Angelo in 1550, and was dedi- cated 176 years after the time it was com- menced. It is C13'4 English feet in length in the interior, with a transept of 401 '/i feet. It is 448 feet high and will hold within its walls 50,000 people ut one time. The present cathe- dral of Milan was com- menced in 1387; is 486 feet long, feet wide, and is feet high. The height of other cathedrals of im- portance is us follows: Strasburg, in Germany, 468 feet; St. Nicholas' church, in Hamburg, 450 feet; St. Michael's church, in Hamburg, 428 feet; St. Martin's church at Lffndshut, Germany, 411 feet; ca- thedral at Antwerp, in Belgium, 408 feet, and the cathedral at Cre- mona, in Lorabardy, 396 feet. The immensely high walls found in the val- ley of the Yoscmite, one of which rises 4, 737 feet above the valley, form one of the modem wonders of the world. The fall of water at Niagara, 150 feet in height on the Canadian side and 164 feet on the American border, is viewed with awe and admira- tion because of the great body of water which drops at this fall. The tall pines in the big-tree groves of California, some of which grow to a height of 376 feet, are also admired for immensity of size. A- ■ji(\x^ — •^e 320 NATURE AND ART COMBINED IN LANDSCAPE VIEW. ? Showing Curved Line, Harmonious Proportion, Contrast and Some of the Sublime. JIfhe tall edififf, tliat hat continuous columns from the bottom to the top of the building, conveys, in these extended columns, a sense of grandeur which cannot be if they are divided. A buildiuL', with tall columns in front, has its appearance also considerably magnifled varied landscape, which affords contrast, all combined make the view very charming. Those landscape scenes that afford an opportunity for observing, at a single view, the greatest amount of the curved line, harmonious Fl»t. 20--!Sci'nc in West Laurel Hill teini'terj, Philadcliililu. If, in addition to this, it i» located on a high elevation. The pcene phown in Fig. 20 conibines much of that which is attractive. The tall trees, the house located on the high eminence, the curving roadways, the Btrcams, monuments, ehrubs, uneven and proportion, contrast of color and forms, united with greatness, ore much the most beautiful. In this scene the eye sweeps a broad expanse, bringing within the view many beauties. Thus if parks had less trees in their centers the views wilbiu them would be improveil. y? ■>'-. T^ K SUGGESTIONS KKLATINO TO liKIUOKS IN TUliLIC GROUNDS. 82 J Is] ■„->,■ „-...>. •7, 8i:.< -;@)**T-Ji>£j; Park Scenes. .v tj,00 OO S Un: curved 1 i n e g i V s ^^^^ beauty, so U altio gives strength, a fact evidently nnder- Btood by the makers of the rustic bridge shown in Fig. 21. On all tshort bridges in parlis various ad- vantages are gained by the curves. The longer bridge, as shown in Fig. 22, must, however, be level on the top, the arches only possess- ing the curve. The roadway, the stream, the wooded back- ground, the pedestri- ans, teams, and horse- back rider in this scene, give the view an expressive effect. The parks of the country begin to af- ford a superior oppor- tunity for the study of the beautiful, most j)arks, as in private groundi «ft«^^ ^P&^&e. Fig. 31"Rnstic Bridge over Stream. . general fault, however, in a disposition to place too many trees in them. They are soon ho full as to prevent an ex- tended view in any direction. The groves and tall shrub- bery should be mostly found on the outer edges of the park, unless the grounds be very large, and even then there should he such open- ings left in the plac- ing of trees as will enable the spectator, at certain elevated points, to see from one end of the park to the other. In all jm bl i c grounds that are made highly orna- mental there should be some one or more central elevations, provided with seats for visitors, from which place a view may be had of the entire grounds. To those who may rest thus the vit^it to the park is doubly delightful. Vj>y>^ ^ydh . Fia. •Ji--Arches Orer Stream npar Lull Wiiter, Prospert Park, Brooklyn, X. Y. 21 ~r9: THE riCTriJESQUE AND THE ROMANTIC-. I Fig". 23 represents one of the hundreds of rustic ornamental con- veniences found throughout New York Central park. A little boat- house thus on the border of a lake or river, where people often assemble, and can rest while they wait, is a necessity which needs no explanation. Fig. 24 shows how wild and rugged nature, through the hand of taste, has been turned into a bower of beauty. It is one, also, of many such scenes in Central park. It teaches the lesson that the roughest and most forbidding place about your home, reader, can be ,^^^ ^^' Fig. 24"View iu Central Park, TV. ¥. T^" (jiurden Summer-House. converted through en e r g y and taste, into a charming place of re sort. • Fig. 25 presents a garden sum- mer-house, embowered among trees and vines. Such a summer-house can be made elaborate, highly ornamental and expensive, or it can be made of a simple frame- work very cheaply; and when the grape- vine, morning-glories, or the ivy clamber over it, it will be a cool, cozy, attractive place of rest and quietude. - Park Fences. The fence surrounding a park, whether public or private, should be such as to obscure the view as little as possible. It is questionable whether there should be any fence whatever around public parks. In many cities, all park iuclosures are being taken down. With the fences down, certain persons may at first do some injury, but in time the people learn that in defacing or injuring public property they are defrauding Iluuusolves, and this trouble soon ceases. While a fence is a constant source of expense, it is also a standing evidence of suspieion that the visitor intends harm. When it is removed, the underKtauding is that the visitor can be trusted and will do no evil to Ihc premises. The people will advance to a point some day where they need not be suspected. Then the inclosures about public grounds will be taken away, and the grounds will be much more greatly bcautifled. -1 - ^nc>- Hg. 27--Floral Mouml. Broad Avenues, Long Rons of Trees, Grandeur of Appearance. w x\:i "^K t 324 TOWN AND COUNTRY RESIDENCES. i ¥ ^ "-, f ? lis.;;, Effect of Trees and Vines. -»«] ? Fig. 3S--Besidence of F, jdpHE residence til of Mr. Bar- ^^l ley, as shown in Fig. 28, repre- sents how delight- ful a home may be made when rightly located and assisted by nature. There is nothing elaborate as embellishment on the house. On the contrary, it is quite plain in appearance. It is attractive, however, and this beauty comes from the tall trees that lend their shade, the broad veranda, and the vines that cling lovingly about it. An air of rest and quietude pervades the place that makes It charming. In contrast with this is the design of a residence, shown in Fig. 29. This home is without the accessories of shrubbery and vines and groves of trees which may be found in the country. It is designed for the town lot, and must in itself possess architectural orna- ment to -overbalance the lack of trees and vines. This house is made at- tractive by its cornices, porches, bay-windows, balustrades, tow- ers, ornamental chimneys, etc., all of which give con- trast and variety. A house located amid many trees and embowered in vines, will need much less ornament to make it attractive than if sit- uated in open grounds. There are certain sanitary con- ditions that should also be considered when selecting the location for a home. Among these should be an elevation, such an will be free from miasma rising from low and f^tagnant wa- t*T in the vicinity of the houHC. The site should also be such a» will afford an abundance of air 'ind pmi«hiiu'. To have this the lir)n»e hliould not be too cloH(dy Hiirrouudod by trees of dense foliage. The trees that give shade sliould, when matured, tower far above the house, thus giving an opportunity for the circulation of the air. O. C. Darley, Artist. &t Claymont, Pa. c.V^^ -111 'ft ii Beauty Unaided by Nature. At certain periods of tlic day, partic- ul irly in ttie morn- ing, tile sun sllould liave ample oppor- tunity to shed its most lirilliant rays full upon, into and througli tlie house, thus adding mate- Prepareti for Mr. rially to the healthfulness of the home. When clearing the ground for the erection of a dwelling near or in a grove of trees a certain number of the old forest trees should be allowed to stand in the vicinity of the house, especially in the rear. Upon the side whence heavy winds are likely to come there should be a grove of trees, if the size of the grounds will permit of the same, a delicious coolness always coming from the trees in the summer, while they serve as a wind-break in the winter. While a variety of trees should have place about the home, unquestionably the most satisfactory as an orna- mental tree for shade is the elm. Whatever other trees may be iven place, plant the elm about the house and by the roadside. It will not perhaps mature so rapidly as some others, but it will be a handsome tree from the first. Its towering form and pleasant shade will be a source of real happiness to the res- ilient in after-life, and to those who come in a succeeding age the tree will he a blessing, ever standing as a monu- ment to the foresiglit and wisdom of the fathers in a previous generation. For proof that this is true the reader has hut to visit some of the beautiful New Kngland villages, where the great elms, planted in the early history of this country, as they line the roadways with shade for miles, arc now the pride of those charming towns that nestle among the bills in the Eastern States. uiisltk'iable exterior oniaiueutation. — >c).'- f ELAUORATE AND COSTLY HOMES. ?.-25 'iijii " <• tsiii '*^^ ^,i< m Picturesque. • OOOff Frum Croft's "Progressive American Architecture, lished by Bicknell & Comstoclc, New York. old oaks ^^UK picturesque villa shown in Fig. 30 rcpresinits an elegant modern American home. Its beauty large- ly consists in its winding pathways, with no fence to obscure them from view, and its <'ontrasts, which come from its towers, cornices, balconies, fountain and unique windows. Fig. 31 presents "f)alv Knoll," the residence of the late R. B ^Yu(ldwa^d, situated in the midst of grand the Napa val- ley, a few miles north from San Francisco, California. Its owner was the founder of the celebrated Woodward gardens in San Francisco, and the taste there d i splayed would clearly indicate the ability to make a b e a u t i f u 1 home on the most barren of country local- ity. In this home it will be seen Mr. Woodward was assisted by old forest trees, supple- mented by trees of younger growth, and shru bbery planted artis- tically. This home, CO m- prising near > u u ot I'n turts(|Ui ! '^^^^^ ^^\.-r: KM* i< *' Nature Aided by Art. 1,400 acres, much of it bearing choice fruit, is located on what was | varying tints of green, and from variety of size originally a dreary waste. Through the superior taste of the owner it became a paradise of beauty. Examination shows that in the orna- mentation of his public and private -»» 0O% grounds Mr. Woodward knew the full pub- value of trees. The lesson is that in the growing of these upon the lawn, care should be exercised that contrasts be attained. This can be done if the grounds be sufficiently large to admit of a variety of kinds. In their setting about the home am- pl e space should be given the evergreen, which is not only an orna- mental tree at all times, but especially when frosts have denuded other trees of their foliage in the fall and when the snows have whitened tho earth in win- ter. Nearly all the varieties of evergreens will admit of beingtrimmed into any de- sired form. They thus have a double value as an ornamental tree, giving as they do re- lief to the lawn, through form and foliage. A- :(>— ? — tij:K< 326 7rr HIGHLY ORNAMKNTKU RKSIDENCE AND I'LEASUEE GKf)UNDS. 7 the world knows. In these old homes are forests that have been growing for hundreds of years, just such as can only be produced in the lapse of many generations under one management. Here are lawns wearing Kuch a green at* can only be attained in such a moist atmosphere as England knows, and here are great mansions filled with articles of art and adornment, the long accumuliitions of taste, aided by unlimited wealth. In Fig. 32 is presented Trentham hall, one of Ihe most elegant of Brilain'H grand old country seats, the home nf the bile duke of Sutherland, situated on the Trent. This illustration is presented as a specimen of the sublime in landscape gardening. The large edifice, the tower over a hundred feet in height, from which may be seen broad carriage-ways; exten- sive conservatories, evergreen bowcra, largo flower-gardens, broad lawns, and Ihe distant iiill-to])H crowned with durk-green forests — all convey an idea of greatness. The extent and magnilicence of the 8CCDC ia best expressed in the word onANp. Kit:. :t:t--Fi»unl;iin ren waste of land in the ujiper part of Manhattan island, now known as the New York Central park, a few sketches of which are presented. Through the hand of taste, the roughest and moat forbidding por tions of this land have become the most attractive. To accomplish this it is true much money has been expended in certain portions of the park. An evidence of elaborate expenditure is eiiown in the vicinity of the grand fountain. Fig. 33, which presents n display of the artistic, combined with grand ilTect, that is nowhere sur- passed on the Anu-rican conliuent. X T^ JiKAUTIFUL AND EXrKN.SIVK lIo.MKS. .^ V^ .c^f'IG. 34 sliow^ aiKilluT beautiful American home, w lib Man- sard-roof and tower, taken by permission of Messrs. Bicknell & Comstock, publishers, New York, from Croft's " Progressive American Architecture."' A low fence, which is little more than a coping, deter- mines the outer edge of the lot. The curving walks, arching win- dows, and graceful fountain uatisfy the desire for curves. The principles of contrast and proportion arc here also finely shown. As the best appropriately comes at the close of the feast or the entertain- elementj? that make the beautiful in architecture and landscape garden- ing, as shown in its curves, its har- monious proportions, its bold reliefs, and its greatness and grandeur, which make the sublime. While in this chapter have been shown mostly expensive dwellings, as illustrative of those which con- stitute the charming, the aim has been to show principles in such a manner as will teach the poorest to surround themselves with adornment that will make their homes, however humble, the abodes of beauty. Amid such surroundings may the miles from San Fran- cisco. This residence will cost, when finished, from STOO,000 to $1,000,000. When complete it will be, unquestionably, one of a very few of the most beautiful places in America. In it are combined all the Figf. 3o--Resi^: *^^-*^-*-^-*-^-*-^--*-^-f-^ :]3 #%-,"^;^^ :.^. - «» • ;,;:-v^,' -^ ;i&TiS3'r^^^r^'^^ A Few Suggestions About Selling Books by Subscription. '%?^ '^'"^"W 'iTIim THE past few years the libraries of tlie people have had tlieir best books furnished by book- agents. Nearly all the expensive cyclopredias and works of fine art are sujiplied thr(>ugh this means, and so nnich accustomed liave the people become to this method of procur- ing books that they de- pend upon the agent to sujiply them. Hiirs Album is furnished to the people only BY SUBSCRIPTION. To Sell the book thus we want live, active agents in all parts of the United States, to represent its interests. The exclusive right to canvass and sell the book in any district can be had by addressing the publishers, provided no other agent for the work has been assigned to the same territory. Should there be an agent in the locality where the applicant desires to sell, other territory will be given to the person applying for the agency, that will be equally satisfactory. The great excellence of Prof. IlilPs books causes them to have a large and steadily increas- ing sale among all classes. The person who represents them makes a permanent reputation for himself as the agent of useful pu])lications, he does good service to the people by furnishing them the best of books, and he finds the business profitable from the fact that tliey sell so readily. Any person desiring to sell this work should send to the publishers for terms to agents, and designate the town in which he wishes to sell. If the reader knows of anyone of good address and competent to canvass, who may wish the op- 23ortunity to engage in active, pleasant, outdoor employment, he or she will render a favor by calling the attention of that person to the advantages off"ered by this house in the sale of standard books. If the conditions are favorable, an agency will be given, and the applicant may commence work at once. Address for terms and full particulars, HILL STANDARD BOOK CO., Publishers, 103 State Street, CHICAGO, ILL. :(^ li: EHf^ ?:!! \/ ! o; BIOGRAPHIES DISTINGUISHED ACTORS, WARRIORS, MISICIANS, Sl'lEXTISTS, INTEXTORS, FIXAXCIERS, EXPLORERS, RELIGIONISTS. m»M j|pi,.i| Hill's AlTDUin y ^vc< Q\Qi^^ -i "1 if! Illustrated with Eunireds of Portraits Ttoughsat witi Elegant Engravings Scienco and Art, and EmbcUished Bescriptive of J » '."^^V 4 * * w ■- ■£■ //^^' * t\. !-«>3«-!- Laige finarto, Elegantly Brand in Cloth and Qold, Half and Full Morocco; Sprinted and Qilt Edges. By HON. THOS. E. HILL, ACTHOK OF "HILL"9 MANUAL OF SOCIAL AND BUSINESS FORMS." Jf- >'T^'HK PFRPOSE of Hill's Album has \ r r*^/"^ been to present in a condensed form the leading and essential ^::= facts concerning the lives of the ' most noted persons who have ever lived. The Plan has been followed ^^^S8B3&~- ^^ arranging distinct classes to- gether. Thus the great Religious /^':£5-" Founders, including Moses, Bud- dha, Confucius, Zoroaster, Christ, Moliammed and others, accompanied by fine illustra- tions, Ijiographies, History and Beliefs of Denominations, Dictionary of Religions Terms, etc. , are included in one chapter. The Great Military Heroes at all times, including Wellington, Bonaparte, Washington, Grant and many others, together witli a list of memorjible battles fought, a Dictionary of Military Terms, etc., form another chapter, and so through the volume. The Lessons drawn from these biographies as they are presented, arc of themselves a peculiar feature of this work. In the histories of the Rothschilds, the Astors, VanderbiU, Girard, Peabody, A. T. Stewart, Jay Gould, I.ongworth, Mackey, Flood and others, the secret of their success in money-getting is very clearly stated, so that the reader desirous of making money may greatly profit by the reading. And thus throughout the volume the causes that led to success, in whatever direction, is very clearly pointed out. Much light under this head is given in the chapter devoted to jihrenoiogy. The Examples presented through the struggles of inventors, including lltnve, Ctoodyear, Stephenson, Watt, and multitudes of others celebrated for triumphs in war, finance, exploration, science, literature and art, are worthy of careful study and imitation by the young who aspire to supremacy. General Matter. The chapters relatingto the History and Beliefs of the Cireat Denominations; the Illustrated Darwinian Philosophy, showing the world's progress at different epochs of time; the depart- ment devoted to Astronomy, presenting the subject in simple lan- guage, clearly illustrated; the chapter relating to Phrenology, accom- panied by views and diagrams of beads; the portion concerning Household Decoration and that treating of Landscape Gardening, all profusely illustrated, are each intensely interesting and instructive. The Scope of the work it is impossible to enumerate here ; suffice it to say eleven pages are devoted to giving the table of con- tents. The range of the work includes the men who have formed the religions beliefs, that have been brilliant lights in the commercial world, that have wrought great improvements, that have discovered new continents, that have opened the book of science, that have made the people happy through laughter, that have written our sweetest songs, that have produced the most thrilling tales, that have presented the world the most truthful portraitures with the brush and chisel, and that have stirred the liearts of the people through powerful oratory. The Typographic Display "f the Album is a distinguishing feature of the book. In elegant, artistic finish it is without a rival, the secret of its superior embellishment lying in the fact that the power to produce the book mechanically rests with the author, who, by his knowledge of the artistic, is able to produce the matter in such attractive form. SOLD BY SUBSCRIPTION ONLY. AGENTS WANTED. Ijj^jllIE l)ook is T)nl)lislic(l by tlic Kill Standtird Book Co., in Chicago, 111., on heavy tinted Vl(r f'lipfi'-fidendered paper, in various styles of elcfrant l)indii\ij:. Full int'ormation concern- J;'^^-; ing terms to agents, territory in which they may sell the booh, etc., can be learned by addressing HILL STANDARD BOOK CO.. Publishers. 103 state Street, CHICAGO, ILL. OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. The newspapers of the country have been of one voice in the praise of Hill's Manual. The follovvinsj testimonials are a few of the liundreds of similar character. =§^3«= IN NEW ENGLAND. From the Boston HeralE taken is a compliment to the former or a reflection upon the latter, matters not particularlv, since it is a well-known fact, and one most frequently and sincerely regretted by evervbody, that thousands of little things that contribute to daily pleasure, convenience or knowledge are jtbsolutely forgotten and beyond recall at the very moment when most they are needed. What heart burnings what vexation of spirit would 6e averted, what incalcidable ma- terial benefits, even, would often accrue were there at our elbow some monitor, visible or in- visible, embodying in its inexhaustible resources the miiltmn in parz'O which forgetful mortals crave. "Such a mentor, nearlv if not altogether in- fallible, has been provided in 'Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms and Guide to Correct Writing,' a copy of which lies before us. and the examination of which suggests the fitness of the above title. Its external appearance and internal composition fit it. in all respects, to be the guide of young and old, male and female, business man of whatever trade, calling or pro- fession, and man of leisure, dunce and scholar. ' Hill's Manual ' best speaks for itself, for its compactness, brevity and comprehensiveness brings ■within ^ severs thousands upon thou- sands of items of information in dailv practical use, the topical enumeration of which, in the general index, occupies seven pages. " The book is a marvel-of patience and pains- taking care. It is the work of years, and a tri- umph at last. No more useful book can be found in existence." From the Chicago Evening Journal, March 8, I87(i. "The people of Aurora, III., yesterday elected Thomas E, Hill mayor of their city, without opposition. The press and the people unani- mously declared him to be so eminently fitted for the place, by wealth, public spirit and enter- prise, that all classes united in choosing him for the place, irrespective of party or political feel- ing. Though formerly, for several years, en- gaged in teaching, Mr. Hill has latterly made ]our:ialism his profession. He is best known to the world, however, as the author of 'Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms,' a book which, though a very large volume, has had the remarkable sale of over 50,000 copies in a very brief time." From the Chicago Evening P<»st. "One of the most useful volumes that was ever hud upon the counting-room desk or the drawing-room table, is ' Hill's Manual of Busi- ness Forms.' It is a perfect treasury of knowl- edge ; a complete encyclopicdia of practical in- formation. Scanning the table of contents, it is puzzling to conceive how so much can have been crowded into the confines of a single book — impossible to believe that the half which is there promised can be fulfilled. But turning over the pages, one bv one, observing the freight thev bear, the method of its arrangement, its variety and completeness, incredulity is suc- ceeded by astonishment and admiration. 'I he- work is a marvel of ingenuity and industn', a prodigy of patient and skillful labor." The Preston (Minn.) Republican says; "Hill's Manual, as a whole, is the outgrowth of many years of preparation, the object of the author being to give in a concise form, and in one compendium, much that has been heretofore in- accessible, and also much that could be obtained elsewhere only at great cost, thus placing this important information in convenient form for ready reference, within the reach of all. In the varied departments of practical, every-day life, it will be found at once the faithful tutor, the reliable guide, and the safe adviser. " For the business man or mechanic, the pro- fessional man or farmer, for ever\- ladv, the stu- dent, the young or old, and pre-eminently for the family, the work has never had its equal, as regards real practical utility, "Meeting an existing want among all classes of people, the sale of the work at the present time, in proportion to the population, has rarely, if ever, been equaled by any other work, even in the most prosperous years of the last decade." From the Louisville Commercial. " Hill's Manual. — We learn that this useful book is meeting with the favor it so well de- serves. It is a peculiar work, in the respect that no description will give a person a true idea of it. owing to the diversity of subjects treated ; hence, only those who examine the work can really appreciate it. We are all. to some extent, specialists, having given more attention to some one line of business or study, leaving other mat- ters of equal importance but partially covered; and iust here this work will be found to meet a want which almost every one has felt. It cer- tainly belongs to the list of articles \vhich should be considered a necessity in every office and li- bran.', and is a helping hand to those of mature years." COMMENDATIONS TROM DISTINGUISHED EDUCATORS AND EMINENT MEN. NO work of an educational character, of late years, has met with such universal approval from teachers and learned men as this. While the book is most warmly welcomed by the illiterate, it is equally sought for by the educated. Hundreds of testimonials from distinguished individuals mi2:ht be criven similar to the following: From Samuel Fellows, ex-State Supt. Pub. Schools, Wisconsin. "I am hig'hlv delig'hted with the plan and exfCution ol Hill's Manual." From Prof. J. G. Cross, Principal of the Northwestern Business College, Naperville, 111. "It is a most valuable book, which ought to be multiplied as many times as there are families in the United States. 1 have adopted it as a book of daily reference for our business stu- dents." From Theodore B. Boyd, Principal of the Louisville Commercial College, "I have examined 'Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms.' and am surprised at tlie amount of useful information contained in one volume. Prof. IJiU seems to have studied the wants ifi every one. It is one of the most use- ful books that was ever laid upon the counting^- room desk or the drawing-room table." From D. S. Burns, Supt. Pub. Schools, Harrisburg, Pa, " I know of no work that contains so great a variety of valuable information on social and business tojiics as ' Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms.' I think it a work of special value to those who have not had opportunities of an extended school course, or becoming familiar by contact with the conventioniUities of society." From Wm. Cornell, Supt. Pub. Schools in Fall Kiver, Mass. " I most cheerfully recommend "Hill's Man- ual of Social and Business Forms ' as a very full work on the various 'Forms' which every per- son is likely to have occasion to use in his rela- tions with persons in society. A thorough study of the 'book' by our young .men and women would repay them by their acquiring a large fund of very valuable and practical knowledge from its pages. It should meet with a large circulation." From 1V[. M. Ballou, nistingnished Au- thor, formerly l*ublisher of "Boston iiUthv," " Ballou's Monthly," etc. "' Hill's Manual * is one of those indispensa- ble books of reference which both business men and families should always have at hand. It is such a natural outgrowth ot" the spirit of the age to condense and put in availal)le form im- porL'int information upon every subject, that, while we arc much gratified to possess this vol- ume, we arc also surprised that such a book has not before been produced. It is exactly what its title indicates, a book of 'Social and Business Forms ' ; but it would require too nuirh space to give even a synopsis of this valuable compen- dium of instruction and important knowledge." From D. P. Lindsley, Author of Linds- ley's System of Tachygraphy, Ando- ver, Mass. "'Hill's Manual' is re.illy the most compre- hensive, thorough and elegant volume, treating on 'Social and Business bornis,' that has ever been issued in this country." From Gov. Gaston, of Massachusetts. " ' Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms' contains much valuable and useful in- formation. I think ;'/ vjell meets a ftthli'c wont, and can therefore be safely and properly com- mended to public favor." From President McCollister, of Buch- tel College, Akron, Oliio. " ' Hill's Manual ' is a timely book, meeting a public want which has not been filled before. Every tamily should own this book. It contains information important and useful to all classes. 1 feel all who examine it will want it." From Wm. M. Cubery, of Cubery & Co., Publishers of the *• Pacific Church- man," San Francisco, Cal. " ' Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms' is not only a luxurv, hut a necessity — eminently serviceable in the social circle, and indispensable to the man of business who would save time and money. I keep a copy in my counting-room for ready reference." From Stephen Walkley, Treasurer of the Peck, Stow & AVilcox Co., South- ington. Conn. "Hill's Manual is remarkable as containing a great varictv of forms for numberless little things which all people have to do at sometime in their lives, but which most peojile do so seldom that thev entirely forget the methods in ordinary use, and do them awkwardlv or not at all. I have known even well-educated persons travel one or two miles to have a subscription paper drawn, just for the lack of such a book as this. I am surprised at the great scope of the work, and have yet to discover anv social or business form needed by people in the ordinary walks of life which is not there given." From Newton Batenian. ex-State Supt. of Public Schools, IMinois. "Knox College, Galeshuko, III. " 'TTIlI's Manual of Social and Business Forms' is the best and most complete work of the kind that has yet fallen under my notice. Indeed I do not see how it could well be more comprehensive and exhaustive in respect to the matters of which it treats. It contains, in com- paratively small compass, an immense amount of usefuf information upon a great variety of practical matters, general and special, with which every person in every community ought to be accpMinted." From Geo. Soule, President of Soule's Commercial and Literary Institute, New Orleans. "I am pleased to say that I regard 'Hill's Manual ' as one of the most valuable works for all classes of society which the nineteenth cen- tury has produced.'* From Prof, Worthy Putnam, Author of Putnam's Elocution and Oratory, Ber- rien Springs, Mich. " . have bought Hill's Manual — I like it — I admire it; and so says my household. It is a little encyclopiedia of use, ornament, and knowl- edge for both men and women. It is a gem of authorship, artistic execution and usefulness." From the venerable Jared P. Kirtland, M.D., LL.D. "After a thorolgh and critical examina- tion of 'Hill's Manual,' I have subscribed for three copies: one to accompany Webster's Una- bridged Dictionary on my writing desk for my own use, the others for my two eldest great- grandsons. * * * It should he in the posses- sion of every class of persons, from the young student to the most active business man or woman." Jaked P. Kirtland. President Grant Subscribes. The agent of Hill's Manual at Long Branch writes : " By ten a. m. I was at the president's cottage, tipped and doffed my hat, announced my business, when the president promptly said he did not want to subscribe. I obtainetl per- mission to show it to him, and did so very hur- riedly. At the conclusion, he took mv specimen copy, paid me the cash, and added his name to my autograph book," From Major Merwin, Editor "American Journal of Kducation," St. Louis. "After having given ' Hill's Manual ' a very careful and thornugli examination, I do not hesi- tate to say that it will be found one of the most useful arn\ /'raftiral W'ovkfi to put into the schools of the country tliat has ever been published. It IS A KIT AND ALMOST INDISPENSABLE COMPANION TO Webster's UNABRinoKD Dictionary ; con- taining in a compact form just those things every person who transacts any business needs to know. There is scarcely a subject which comes within the purview of any individual, cither in public or private lile, but what is cxplait>ed in this elegant volume. If it could be consulted in the drawini; up of contracts, nearly all the mis- takes which occur might be avoided, and the ill feelintj and litigation growing out of misunder- standings wouul be a thing of the past. I wish every person in the State could be supplied witli a copy." SOLD ONLY BY SUBSCRIPTION, and not at Bookstores. AGENTS WANTED. Address, for terras, HILL STANDAIU) 1500K ( ()., Pul.lislicis, No. 103 State Street, CHICAGO, ILL. Bn ailUads of fije ^ United States Eo Ivepresent fije Intecests of AfjlLOFI HIS Book is attaining an immense circulation, tlie printing of thie twenty-seventh edition having been called for within a short period from the time of its first publication; and its sale is con- stantly increasing with unparalleled rapidity, the prospect being that in time it will reach nearly every household in the land. SPECIAL feature of this book favorable to agents, is, that it has a more rapid sale in any locality the more fully people become acquainted with its merits. A second and third canvass of a town is more profitable to the agent than the first. J^of terms to agfnfg. address Hill Standard Book Co., Publishers, 10:i State St., C/iicago, III. COMMEITDATIOITS- jj^ The following are brief extracts from hundreds of similar notices received from the press and the people. WHAT NEWSPAPERS SAY. From the '* Statesman," Austin, Texas, " It is a book that no professional or business man ougnt to be witbuut." From the " Churchman," San Francisco, Cal. " The work Is having the rapid sale which its intrinsic vaiue shouiU inspire." From the ** Women's Exponent," Salt Lake City. "We view it as one of the best books of its kind ever brought to our notice." From the ** Detroit Free Press." "This l)ook disarms criticism by carefuliy re- fraining from promising too much, and as care- fully performing all that it promises." From the " Daily Times," Denver, Col, "The book is an original, elegant, and won- derfullv comprehensive volume, alike indis- pensable in every home, counting-room and office." From the "Republican," Red Wing, Minn. "No one can Imagine the amountof Informa- tion there is In this book from Its title. It is clearly thf fuiiil;uiH'ii(;il prinriiilos of a Cnni- niiTcilil ('(illrt^'.-. cnll.'il.'il ami Ixuniil. so you r^'an carry it homi- with juii to In- studied at yuur leisure." From the *' Chicago Tribune." *' Prof. Hill lias clone an excellent service in preparing so splendid a work. With it at hand, one need never lie at a loss for the form to do al- most any ordinary business correctly, or to prepare a note or an answer to the niany and varied calls of social life. We predict for it great popularity and an extensive sale." OPINIONS OF PROMINENT MEN. From Hon. Schuyler Colfax, late Vice- President of the United States. South I!e>'i>, im>. MtDearSir: I have examined with interest, and also with surprise, your "Manual of Social and Busiut'ss Konns," and find it really an en- cyclojiedia of information of all kinds, needed in social or husiness life, admirably arranged and handsomely illustrated, forming tin- most comprehensive and satisfactory work of tin' kind I have ever seen. It ought to be in every library and counting-room, and the longer it is examined and used, the more highly it will be appreciated. Yours truly. SCHtTYLER COLFAX. Prof.Thos. E. Hill, Chicago, 111. From Prof. A. Freese. formerly Sup't of Schools* Cleveland, Ohio. "Hill's Manual Is no ordinary affair. This you will see after examining it five minutes. For a young man who wants to know how busi- ness is done, how to put things in good shape, and the right shape, this book is invalualdr. He could afford to pay $50 for it, in cast- li.c.uid not get it for less. If I could have found stnli a work in my boyhood, my blunders would have been less, and my greenness less apparent when I struck out Into this sharp and critical world." From W. AV. Chandler, <}eneral Agent Star Uniou Liue, Chicago. Chicago, III. It is indeed a. ivonderful production, and I am more and more astonished at the great variety and vast amount of practical information it contains. No young man can afford to be with- out a copy, and the Information it contains is equally valuable and essential to every LADY IN THE LAND. An ofer of a hundred dollars ^or the hook, or even fli^e times that svm, would 7iot buy it from me. tvere it an ijnpossi- bility to procure another copy. Hill's Mantal is emphaticallt the MOST complete. COMPREHENSIVE, AND RE- LIABLE WORK OF THE KIND EVER PUBLISHED, BEYOND THE SHADOW OF A DODBT. WHAT AGENTS SAY. From J. S. Martin, Gold Hill, Nevada. "I have canvassed for Hill's Manual seven days, and taken 137 orders." From J. W, Engrland, Plain City. Utah. "The book takes well, and the more It is known the better it is liked." From T. F. Graber, Kenosha, Wis. "I never saw a book that I could canvass for with a will, before I saw yours." Wm. H. Shepard, San Francisco, Cal., Writes: "Our canvass in Denver, Colorado bids fair to reach 350 subscribers." This was the second canvass, six mouths after the first. H. B. Mathevps, Aurora, 111., Says; "This Is the best book in existence for an agent to sell in hard times, as it enables peo- ple to save money and make money; hence, they cannot attord to be without it. From Mrs. L. Hoag:, Hifirh Forest, Minn. " We find by recanvassing after the book has been introduced, we can double ou our sub- scribers, and we intend going over the ground time and again." From Wm. Bolph, Laporte City, Iowa, "I like the business of canvassing for Hill's Manual first-rate, because it pays, and it is such a work as I consider honorable to sell, for it is equal to all the agent can say for it." Chas. S, Attix, Camp Brown, Wyoming:, Inquires concerning the agency of HilKs Manual, saving that many who nave seen a copy of the booV Iq his possession desire it, and adds: "I have been offered ten dollars for the copy I have, but would not part for it for double that amount." (over.) CT 10' ■ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara College Library Goleta, California Return to desk from which borrowed. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. irnia ARY FACILITY 17 . Box 951388 A 90095-1388 which it was borrowed. 20m-10,'56(C2250s4)476