4*5 C8AS UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES ROBERT ERNEST COWAN 47TH CONGRESS, ) 1st Session. $ SENATE. r ( Ex. Doc. \ No. 184. Tc -f- A- LETTER FROM THE SECRETARY OF WAR, TRANSMITTING A communication from the Chief of Engineers of the 2lst instant, and the * accompanying copy of 1he report of Capt. Charles F. Poicell, Corps of Engineers, upon a survey of the Columbia River at the Dalles, in Oregon. JULY 25, 1882. Referred to the Committee on Commerce and ordered to be printed. WAR DEPARTMENT, Washington City, July 24, 1882. The Secretary of War has the honor to transmit to the United States Senate, for the information of the Committee on Commerce, a commu- nication from the Chief of Engineers of the 21st instant, and the accom- panying copy of the report of Capt. Charles F. Powell, Corps of En- gineers, upon a survey of the Columbia Kiver at the Dalles, in Oregon, made in compliance with requirements in the river and harbor act of March 3, 1879. WM. E. CHANDLER, Acting Secretary of War. The PRESIDENT pro tempore of the United States Senate. OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, UNITED STATES ARMY, Washington, D. C., July 21, 1882. SIR : I have the honor to submit herewith a copy of a report to this office of the results of a survey made, to comply with requirements of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1879, under the direction of Maj. G. L. Gillespie and Capt. C. F. Powell, Corps of Engineers, of the Colum- bia River at the Dalles, in Oregon, including plan and specifications for locks and canal around that locality. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, H. G. WRIGHT, Chief of Engineers, Brig, and Bvt. Maj. Gen. Hon. ROBERT T. LINCOLN, Secretary of War. 423238 2 SURVEY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER. SURVEY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER AT THE DALLES IN OREGON. UNITED STATES ENGINEER OFFICE, Portland, Oreg., May 30, 1882. SIR : I have the honor to submit the following report upon a survey of the Columbia Eiver at the Dalles, Oregon and Washington Terri- tory, with a project for improvement for navigation : A survey at the Dalles, Oregon, with plan and specifications for canal and locks, was required by act of Congress of March 3, 1879. The principal part of the field-work of the survey now reported upon was performed between October, 1879, and January, 1880, by direction of Maj. G. L. Gillespie, Corps of Engineers, officer in charge, and under my supervision. Subsequently and at various times additional surveys and examina- tions were made of special localities, to furnish results more detailed than ones obtained by the main parry, and also for studying the variable phases of the river during its widely different stages. An excellent instrumental examination had been made in 1874 by Assistant Engineer It. A. Habersham, and under the orders of Maj. X. Michler, Corps of Engineers. A map on a scale 1: 7,200 was plotted from this examination. No definite project for an improvement, how- ever, was prepared. The obstacles to be overcome were briefly described in a report, and some plans were suggested. The time of the examina- tion was necessarily too brief to include all the varying features which enter into this grand and useful work, and to give the data for solving this difficult problem of engineering, which appears at first sight, as stated by Major Michler, almost insurmountable. The examination paved the way for a detailed survey, and the map of the former furnished a good groundwork on which to arrange the latter. One month preceding the commencement of the survey, permanent water gauges were established, and from that time read daily, as a rule, until June, 1881. All the gauges are on the Oregon side. No. 1 is fixed on the railroad incline at Celilo ; it marks the level of the river next above Tumwater as locally known, or Celilo Falls, as given on our maps. Gauge No. 2 is at the foot of the Falls. No. 3 is at the head, and No. 4 at the foot, of the Five-mile, or Dalles Kapids proper. No. 5 is on the railroad incline at the city of The Dalles. The Ten-mile Eapids is about midway between gauges 2 and 3. The Three-mile Kapids or Narrows is about midway between gauges 4 and 5. Gauges 1 and 5 are at ter- mini of present navigation. The survey was based on a triangulation and a circuit of duplicated levels covering both banks of the river from Celilo to the Dalles. There were one hundred and twenty-two trigonometrical stations, equally dis- tributed on both banks and generally placed above mean high-water. Asa rule the stations were marked by 0.5 or 0.75-inch drill holes in the natural rock, thus insuring permanency for use during construction or subsequent surveys. A triangle was cut around the holes, and adjacent stone pyramids erected for prominent surface marks. Consecutive sta- tions were generally intervisible. The elevations of the trigonometrical stations were determined for convenient use in topographical work, and to furnish a series of well-located bench marks, on both shores, through- out the whole reach of the survey. Four base lines were measured. The true meridian was determined near Celilo. Observations were made for magnetic declination near the SURVEY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER. 3 Dalles. Connection was established with three land-survey points one near Celilo, one near Five-mile Bapids, and one near the Dalles. The water surface was leveled to at sounding stations and also at principal breaks. The high-water line of 1879, which had remained plainly visible on the banks, and the high-water marks of 1876 at Celilo and at the Dalles, were included in the levels. The stage of 1879 is that of mean high- water. The flood of 1876 is the highest known to white inhabitants. Topography was run with the stadia and was extended to the foot of the bluffs, or where the valley widened, as it does near the Dalles, to include all overflowed laud. On the upper half of the region of survey topography was plotted in the field on specially prepared sheets. On the other part the advanced state of the winter season made necessary a resort to sketching in the field-book, without curtailing, however, the field-notes. Soundings were taken wherever the current made the use of a small ' boat safe. Above the Falls, sounding stations were built 400 feet apart on both banks ; zigzag lines were run between the stations and sound- ings made at regular intervals of time. Below the Falls the current is too swift to keep a boat on a given short range across the river. Straigh t lines were, therefore, made as nearly perpendicular to the current di- rection as practicable ; the ends of the lines were marked with stakes after reaching shore. The nearest gauge was read before and after each set of soundings. Levels were run to the sounding stakes as soon after the sounding as practicable, and the gauges read at times of such leveling. Surface velocities of current were obtained at principal places during stages near extreme ones. Gauge stations were inspected occasionally. Gauge readings were plotted monthly and care exercised to detect errors. Some few suspi- cious results were rejected entirely. From the unusual height of the winter freshet of 1881 it was correctly judged that the following sum- mer rise would not reach a mean, and consequently add but little value to the high-water observations already obtained. * Headings to the end of February, 1881, were therefore submitted to an analysis for determi- nation of slopes at different stages, and for compilation of tables of con- venient reference. The period of gauge observations included the flood of 1880, which was the third highest known to white inhabitants, and which was only 2.7 feet at Celilo below the great flood of 1876. Two winter low- waters, when the upper river was closed by ice, and an unusual spring low- water of 1880, when the river was full, were also included. For the analyses, all readings had been previously reduced to the datum plane; those of gauge 1 were arranged in nearly consecutive order from the lowest to the highest. In parallel columns and on the respective horizontal lines were placed observed corresponding results of other gauges. Gauge 1 was then compared with each of the other- gauges and the readings separated into groups, so that the range was small and the number of results in the groups was reasonably large. The limit of range was taken as 1 foot on gauge 1 ; the average range on the same gauge is 0.74 foot ; the average number of results in all the groups is 16.2. The means of corresponding groups in each compari- son were considered as rectangular co-ordinates of points of a line, which would represent, by absissas and ordiuates, corresponding read- ings on the two gauges under consideration. Through points plotted by each series of such co-ordinates the mean curves were drawn. The 4 SURVEY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER. curves were extended to extreme high-water as found by leveling to re- liable marks of the 1876 flood, and to an extreme low-water as trans- ferred by deduction from the Cascades Canal, where such a stage had been definitely fixed. For this deduction two periods of observation on the Dalles gauges and on the Cascades gauge number 1 were selected, when the river was low and during a time of little change and no rain. Each period included eight days' observations. The mean of the Cas- cade readings for one of the periods was 1.7 feet above extreme low- water, and for the other period 3.2 feet. Simple proportions gave read- ings on the Dalles gauges corresponding to the low-water reference adopted at the Cascades. From the plot of the curves of corresponding readings on gauge 1, with those on gauges 2 to 5, tables were made, which give readings be- tween extreme high-waters on the other gauges for each foot on gauge 1. These tables and levels to the river surface at points between the gauge stations give the data for a profile of water surfaces. To avoid confusion only characteristic stages were plotted. The pro- ject for the Cascades Canal contemplates improvement for navigation from low water to a reading of 20 feet on Cascade gauge Xo. 2. The stage corresponding to this, at the Dalles, is shown on the profile. Eeadings of that stage, on the Dalles gauges, were deduced in this way : a period of ten days was chosen when the river was nearly at a stand- still, and the mean of whose daily readings exactly marked the 20 foot stage at the Cascades ; considering that one day was required for water to flow from the Dalles to the Cascades, a distance of nearly 50 miles, the corresponding mean was taken at the Dalles gauge No. 5 ; for the other gauges interpolation was made in the table. The profile sheet of water surfaces also shows the river bottom along the line of deepest soundings. RIVER DESCRIPTION. The bed and permanent banks are of basalt. The rock is full of seams and fissures, and overlaid, in places, by gravel, shingle, and cob- blestones. Between high and low water lines there are large areas cov- ered with shifting sand-dunes. The trough of the low river is from 10 to 60 feet deep. The depths through the Dalles .Rapids, where sounding is impracticable, were com- puted to vary from 30 to 40 feet. The sides of the trough are generally \ precipitous, and in many places vertical and from 40 to 80 feet high. The widths vary, at low water, from 125 to 2,5uO feet, and from 1,250 to 4,500 feet at flood stage. Surface current measurements, made at stages of from 4 to 5, and from 40 to 44 above low-water at gauge 5, and which are nearly mean low and high stages, give the following results : Low-water velocities vary from 1.2 to 12.7 miles per hour ; and high water ones from 5.1 to 18.8 miles per hour. Velocities in detail are given in accompanying tables. The total fall from Celilo to the Dalles (city), adistance of 13.6miles, is: Feet. At extreme low-water hl.4 At mean high-water (flood of 1679) ".... 61.7 At extreme high-water (flood of 1876) 56.5 The slope at any one stage is not uniform, as shown by the profiles of water surfaces. At the lowest stage, beginning at Celilo, For 9,000 feet, the slope is 1 : 9000 ; then a vertical fall of about 20 feet. middle of Celilo Falls. vFor 2,000 feet, the slope is 1 : 75. SURVEY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER. 5 For 1,900 feet, the slope is 1 : 158. For 10,900 feet, the slope is 1 : 2370. For 5,400 feet, the slope is 1 : 720. Ten-Mile Rapids. For 5,200 feet, the slope is 1 : 2080. For 1,800 feet, the slope is 1 : 487. For 6,800 feet, the slope is 1 : 24:50. For 5,200 feet, the slope is 1 : 520. Dalles Rapids. For 3,000 feet, the slope is 1 : 3000. For 28,8uO feet, the slope is 1 : 14857. At mean high stage : For 5.000 feet, the slope is 1 : 10000. Celilo Falls. For 400 feet, the slope is 1 : 160. For 5,600 feet, the slope is 1 : 1400. For 11,300 feet, the slope is 1: 7060. For 5,700 feet, the slope is 1 : 1055. Ten - Mile Rapids. For 15,000 feet, the slope is 1 : 21429. For 1,800 feet, the slope is 1 : 138. Dalles Rapids. For 1,700 feet, the slope is 1 : 1700. For 1,700 feet, the slope is 1 : 154. Dalles Rapids. f For 2,400 feet, the slope is 1 :267. For 10,600 feet, the slope is 1 : 964. For 10,800 feet, the slope is 1:5400. The profile at the extreme high-water does not vary much from that at mean high stage ; the slopes of the former are somewhat less than those of the latter, from Celilo to the head of the Dalles Rapids ; below, the slopes of the two stages are nearly equal. The serious obstructions to navigation are Celilo Falls, Dalles Rapids, and Ten-Mile Rapids. The Three-Mile Rapids and another minor rapids, about 2 miles above the Dalles Rapids, offer but little difficulty at any stage, even to ascending steamers ; velocities at the latter minor rapids decreaser as the river rises, and the difficulty to navigation disap- pears entirely at mean high-stage. At the Three-Mile Rapids, velocities are the least at low stage ; they increase, however, as the river rises. Wherever soundings appear on the maps transmitted herewith, navi- gation may be considered easy at all stages. The ledge of rock forming the Celilo Falls juts out from the left bank 1 mile below the Celilo landing, and extends directly down stream for nearly 1.75 miles. Large openings at the shore end of the ledge make the partial fall known as the Horse-shoe, and whose waters escape to the river below through the deep narrow chute made by the ledge and the rock walls of the Oregon side. The main volume of river flows over and through depressions of a wide ridge, at right angles to the current, and which joins the ledge near its lower end, with a rock pla- teau on the Washington side. The ledge, ridge and plateau are com- pletely covered at the higher stages of river. Extreme rise of the upper level is 28.3 feet, and of the lower level 72.3 feet. The total fall at the extreme lowstage is 47.2 feet, and consequently only 3.2 feet at extreme flood. From the basin, where unite the two main parts of Celilo Falls, there is a good boating river, for two miles, to the head of Ten-Mile Rap- ids. This obstruction is a chute 0.5 mile long, from 200 to 300 feet wide, with vertical sides from 60 to 70 feet high, and through which flows the entire river at stages lower than about 20 feet, locally. A portion of a higher river passes through a channel on the north side, formed by a natural depression in a rock plateau. The velocities of the low river and of the high-water channel are equal and about 7.5 miles per hour. The current is not so much of an obstruction as the disturbance of water produced by an irregular cross-section and sub- merged rocks, which cause swirls, and strong eddies. A boat cannot G SURVEY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER. be held steadily on her course, but is rendered liable to be dashed against the rock sides or forced on the reefs. Three and one-quarter miles further down is the head of the Dalles Kapids. The name is said to be derived from Canadian French, D'aller, meaning a mill-race. Next in advance of the rapid, the river is wide and somewhat shoal; the low and sandy banks here are the mouths of deep ravines extending into the bluffs. Walls of rock put out from the river sides at right angles to the current forming the head of the rapid. The gorge is 8,000 feet long and from 125 to 350 feet wide. The sides are precipitous and from 40 to 60 feet high ; between them flows the entire volume of the Columbia at the lower stages. A rising river on reaching 30 feet above low-water begins to escape through two side channels one on the right near the head, andthe other on the left near the middle of the chute. The flood river spreads over the walls, but their height and the narrowness of even the high river cause floods to back up almost to Celilo. The extreme rise at the head of the rapid is 87 feet, and at the foot 66.6 feet. The low-water fall, in the rapid, is 11.2 feet; the maximum fall, 35 feet, occurs at a stage about mean high water. Near the lower end there are several dangerous rocks in the rapid, and at the foot large masses of rock divide it into different parts ; tbe main channel empties into a capacious, deep basin of rectangular shape, called the big eddy. The river leaves this basin at right angles to the direction of the rapid, and again quickly turns another sharp corner. Up-stream navigation of the rapid at low stage, and a down- stream passage during high river only are possible. Navigation cannot even for possible cases be made practicable without extensive radical improvement. Below Three-Mile Kapids navigation would be easy. In fact, 1 mile above the Dalles, landing is the mooring place or harbor for craft not in use. The bottom of the river from Celilo to the Dalles is a succession of deep pockets and high ridges ; the latter are natural submerged weirs, over which the low river falls with greater or less slopes, depending upon the relative elevations of consecutive dams. The profile sheet of water sur- faces plainly shows this condition of river regimen. For the same locality changes of slopes at different stages are due to engorgements of the river, or, in other words, changes of relative lengths and average heights of the dams. The gauge-tables transmitted herewith show the difference of river surface elevations between gauge stations, with horizontal distances, for different stages of river. The distance from safe water above Celilo Falls to navigable river next above the Dalles landing is 56,200 feet ; the total fall, at low stage, is 80.7 feet; this fall decreases gradually to flood stage, when it becomes 53.2 feet. ATTEMPTS IN NAVIGATION. Several craft have made the trip from the Upper to the Middle Co- lumbia, and generally with safety. The passage from Celilo to the head of the Dalles Kapids is made during high-water, and through the Dalles at low stage. A notable case, as showing the extent of possible navi- gation on the Snake River and partly on the Columbia, is that of the steamer Shoshone. This boat was built on the Upper Snake for the Boise country trade, before the construction of the Northern Pacific Kailroad. She navigated, without difficulty, a reach of 170 miles, and afterwards made the passage of the Great Ca'fion of the Snake, the Dalles SURVEY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER. 7 obstructions, and the Cascades, and was subsequently used on the Upper Willamette. The distance, by river, from the highest point reached on the Snake to the present head of navigation on the Willamette, is 841 miles. The steamer Harvest Queen is the last boat brought down from Celilo, February, 1881. She jumped the falls at the low stage, for such an attempt, of 10.6 feet on gauge 1, and 53.9 feet on gauge 3. Her wheel, rudders, and machinery were damaged, the boat rendered un- manageable, and prevented, with difficulty, from being carried into the Dalles Eapids. A little later, when the river had fallen to a stage of 22.4 feet at gauge 3, the steamer finished the passage without a scratch. No steamer has attempted to ascend the Dalles Eapids. Before the time of steam navigation, however, bateaux were taken up. Captain Silas Smith, a river pioneer, states that in March, 1858, when the river was doubtless not below a mean low stage, he took a bateau fleet to the foot of Celilo Falls; each boat carried two tons and was manned by four men; at the Dalles the crew doubled, and cordelled the loaded bateaux through the rapids. Mr. Lawrence Coe, who was formerly interested in Dalles steamers, assures me that several years ago one of his boats, and of a kind less powerful than steamers now in use, ascended the Three-Mile Eapids without difficulty during low stage. The government launch, stationed at the Cascades, and whose speed is only 10 miles per hour, steamed from the Dalles to the Big Eddy, July, 1881, during a stage of 47.5 feet at gauge 3. Some difficulty was experienced at the Three-Mile. During September, 1881, the small steam ferry-boat belonging at the Dalles went to the Big Eddy with ease; gauge 3 read 38.1, or a stage of 17.G feet. CHARACTER OF RIVER AND NAVIGATION BELOW THE DALLES AND ABOVE CELILO. The Middle Columbia, as the reach is named from the Dalles to the Cascades, has a good 8-foot channel at an extreme low- water, whose average annual duration is very short. Steamers plying here are large and powerful. Barges are much used ; they are fitted with sails and frequently sail up-stream; winds prevail in that direction, except dur- ing winter. There are several lumber and wood scows on this reach. Through river traffic is much decreased now, on account of the late completion of a railroad from the the Dalles to the Cascades. For that reason one steamer was taken over the Cascades for service elsewhere. A second steamer, and the largest of the fleet, is in readiness for transfer to the lower river. The rail portage on the Washington side is still maintained, and passengers have a choice of boat or rail. The new railroad on the Oregon side is a single-track one, and will almost neces- sarily remain so; it is subject to breaks from snow blockades, land slides, and from a stretch of treacherous bed near the present lower end of the line. The government has commenced a navigation improvement at the Cascades, consisting of a canal with lock and extensive open river work along the lower approach. The project is intended to give navigation during low and medium stages of river, lasting about one-half of the year, and is arranged for convenient development into a high-water system; $540,000 have been appropriated, so far, for this improvement. Below the Cascades to the mouth of the Willamette, the present .head of ship navigation on the Columbia, the river, 51 miles in length, has a 8 SURVEY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER. natural capacity for navigation, fully as large as the middle river. The same class of steamboats and barges ply here as there. Below the mouth of the Willamette a'nd on that river to Portland, Oreg., are found first-class craft of all kinds river, coasting, and foreign trade. A more detailed description of the middle, lower, and also upper river, with dimensions and numbers of river craft, is given in a paper accom- panying the report of the Board of Engineers on the Cascade Canal, of November, 1880. THE UPPER COLUMBIA. Present navigation on the Columbia and Snake rivers, from Celilo up, is continuous to Lewiston, 266 miles ; and also from the mouth of the Snake to Priest Eapids, on the Columbia, 73 miles. Navigation is like- wise practicable, beyond Lewiston, for 15 miles on the Clearwater, and for 42 miles on the Snake. Low-water navigation on the river reaches named is difficult on ac- count of numerous rapids, made by rock obstructions. The government has entered upon projects to give a 5.5 foot channel from Celilo to the Snake, 4.5 feet on the Snake to Lewiston, and 4 feet, for 40 miles from Lewistou, on the Clearwater ; $200,000 have been appropriated, and $86,424 are estimated for completion of the projects. Steamboats on the Upper Columbia and Snake are smaller than those on the middle river, but equally well appointed ; the average tonnage of the former is 626 (measurement). There has been no regular barge navigation on the upper river; limited scow towing was lately intro- duced for carrying stone down the worst part of the navigable Snake to Ainsworth, and has proven so advantageous that doubtless grain will be transported in a similar way this fall. Larger steamers and barges could be used during medium stages ; but from the isolation of the route only boats have been constructed for its trade which could profitably navigate the rivers during the busy season of low- water. As on the middle river, the construction of the railroad on the south bank has much decreased the traffic by boat and portage. The fleet of the rail and navigation company is now used for places not reached by the railroad. The average annual ice blockade on the upper river lasts about six weeks. Prevailing high winds occasionally increase to gales and im- pede navigation. On the whole river different stages of water occur with regularity ; low- water follows the harvest season with certainty ; mean low stage is reached about the first of October 5 a freeze-up during the holidays ; freshets giving good boating stages in late winter or early spring, and high- water at summer solstice. Mean low to medium stage is the easiest for navigation. PROJECT FOR IMPROVEMENT FROM CELILO TO THE DALLES. This improvement should be arranged for use during the same periods as that at the Cascades. These two works of magnitude and import- ance are only 50 miles apart and both are between the principal pro- ducing region and ship navigation ; each one is the natural complement of the other, and especially is it true that navigation at the Dalles, with the Cascades closed, would be of little value. The Cascade stage of river of 20 feet, which marks the limit of ex- SURVEY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER. 9 pected navigation there for present time, corresponds on the Dalles gauges At No. 1, to a reference of 97.5, or local stage of 8.0 feet. At No. 2, to a reference of 74.9, or local stage of 32.7 feet. At No. 3, to a reference of 62.6, or local stage of 42.1 feet. At No. 4, to a reference of 32.7, or local stage of 23.4 feet. At No. 5, to a reference of 25.0, or local stage of 17.0 feet. Eeferring now to the adaptability of the localities for different kinds of improvement, it may be stated that open river navigation from good water at the lower end of the obstructed reach to the foot of the Dalles Rapids and of the rapid reaches between the Dalles and the falls may all be made entirely practicable. The Dalles Bapids are also suscepti- ble of similar improvement during lower stages j but the point on a rising river, to which it can be judiciously carried, is problematic ; it is not even certain that navigation through the rapid can be made practicable up to the Cascade stage of 20 feet ; moreover, extensive river improvement 'at this locality may increase the work at rapids above. For the passage of Celilo Falls lockage will be required for all stages below mean high- water, and radical improvement below the falls will doubtless make such lockage necessary for higher stages. The following plans have been considered : 1. To carry the Celilo level by a trunk or canal, with a lock at the upper end, to a flight of locks located near gauge station 4. 2. With lift locks as in plan 1, to dam the river, making the overfall into Big Eddy. 3. Open river improvement for all stages to Celilo Falls, and lockage for the same at the falls. 4. Open river improvement for lower stages to Celilo Falls ; lockage from low to mean high -water at the falls ; open passage over the falls for higher stages, and lockage from medium to highest stage at the Dalles Eapids. The trunk or canal of plan 1 would need to be water-tight at its bot- tom, and on the sides to low-water line. The maximum total lift would be 81.1 feet. To give 8 feet draught and exclude high river the outer wall of the canal would be from 28 to 38 feet high. The lock on a level could be conveniently placed south of guage station 2; the Oregon chute of Celilo Falls could be made part of the canal. There is one peculiarity of this locality which merits consideration in connection with the long canal plan, and that is the extensive move- ments of sand on the river sides. Between gauge stations 2 and 3, railroad gangs work uninterruptedly to keep the track free of sand. This part of the road has been in use several years, and no remedy has been found to make daily sand work unnecessary. A little beyond Celilo, sand blockades on the railroad have actually occurred. Plan 2 would raise the flood line and cause an expensive elevation of the railroad track, unless the dam were a low one and part of the lift made at the falls. Plans 3 and 4 are of about equal cost, and possess the advantage over the others of more open navigation instead of lockage ; and the ad- vantages of prime importance in providing navigation for the busy boat- ing season in the least time, and furnishing benefits quickly available for each annual appropriation. Plan 3 has these merits in the greater degree, and when the injudiciousuess of continuation on that plan has been practically demonstrated, a change to plan 4 may be made without loss. Open river improvement to the falls and the Celilo Canal are there- fore recommended. In connection therewith a free wagon road from 10 SURVEY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER. Big Eddy to good water of Celilo lias been estimated for. The river work should begin at the lower end, and as it advances the wagon road shortened; and when boats are able to reach the foot of the proposed canal, the road be replaced by a rail portage, or the latter structure added on the Oregon side. A similar free portage railroad is included in the Cascade project; its length would be 3,000 feet. The length of the Dalles wagon road would be 9.6 miles; and the part around the Celilo Falls, 7,000 feet. The aggregate length of rail portages would be less than 2 miles. Their free use for the present, and until the opening of the Cascade and Celilo canals, would be of immense value to the whole Columbia River country, and an actual saving to the canal appropriations, from reduced trans- portation and convenient delivery of material. The open river work of the low-water project consists in the removal of projecting points and isolated knobs of rock at the rapids. Prices given in the estimates are much less than those for which rock work has been done on the upper rivers, but are yet believed to be liberal, on account of the quantity of work required and other favorable circum- stances. The places of rock removal are shown by colored areas on the maps herewith. v The extension of river improvement for open navigation of the high- water system contemplates rock removal down to or near, but not be- low, low-water; closing of channel on left bank opposite Three-Mile Eapids, and building of four submerged dams below that rapid. The work is calculated to give areas of least cross-section. Square feet. At low-water of 6,600 At Cascade stage of 20 feet of 45,240 At jfaean high-water ?5,3(iO And is expected to make a nearly continuous slope from Celilo Falls to next below, the Dalles, not exceeding 0.85 foot per 1,000 feet at the stage of greatest slope. The location of the Dalles Canal, which is the substitute of the high- water open river improvement, is on the south side of the Dalles Rapids, as shown on the Celilo-Dalles map No. 2. The location of the Celilo Canal is chosen on the rock plateau, flank- ing the falls on the Washington side. The total length of canal is nearly 3,640 feet, and of the approaches, 1,200 feet. The width between vertical sides of canal prism is 90 feet ; the gate span is 70 feet and the lock chamber 90 feet by 462 feet. These dimensions are the same as in the Cascades Canal, and are intended for the admittance of a medium- sized side- wheeler and lockage of a fleet of tow-boat and three barges. The least draught is 6 feet instead of 8 feet, as at the Cascades. Six feet through the canal is certainly as great a navigable depth, for stern - wheel boats, as 7 feet at the rapids; it allows ample margin for ad- ditional depth on the upper river over that contemplated by present project. The plan provides a high guard-gate at the head and a guard- gate at the foot of the canal. The high guard-gate can subsequently be made the upper gate of a guard-lock for use as a lift-lock in the high- water system. Room is left for this addition and for an intended en- largement of the canal prism. These two changes are shown in broken lines on the plan of the canal as drawn on the Celilo Falls map. A dry- dock would be very advantageous; one to be located north of the lower part of the-guard lock is included in the estimates. Two locks, com- bined, are provided in the low-water system ; the lifts are 23.G and 24.6 feet; this division results from a discussion herewith. SUEVEY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVEE. 11 Detailed estimates of cost are attached. Estimates in the aggregate, according to desirable stages of construction, are as follows: SUMMARY, LOW-WATER PROJECT. (10 (a) Title to land and right of way for river improvement and CeliloCanal $10,000 00 (6) Improvement up to Big Eddy 252,300 00 (c) Wagon road and bridge 21,05361 $283, 353 61 (2.) (a) Improvement at Five-Mile Rapids 3,382,190 00 (b) Improvement at Ten-Mile Rapids 1,001,700 00 (c) Improvement at Ten-Mile Rapids. (relief channel) .. 112,68000 4,496,570 00 (3.) CeliloCanal... . 2,894,57190 Total 7,674,495 51 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATE, HIGH-WATER PROJECT. (10 Open river improvement below Celilo Falls 82,272, 321 00 (2.) Celilo Canal. (a) Enlargement of canal $17,400 00 (b) Guard-lock 407,800 00 (c) Dry-dock ' 145,327 20 570,527 20 Total 2,842,848 20 The first stage in the low-water project gives navigation to the foot of the Dalles Eapids and the wagon road from there to head of the Falls ; the second gives navigation to the Falls, and the third to Celilo. For judicious work and advantageous results the appropriation should not be less, for the first year, than the cost of the first stage; $1,000,000 each year thereafter until the river improvement is completed, and then $500,000 annually for the canal; this would require about eleven years for the completion of the project. COMMERCIAL, STATISTICS. The Columbia is the great river of the Pacific coast. In volume and commercial value, it is second only to the Mississippi. Its banks are more stable, its waters are more clear, its ice blockades are much less in duration than on the great water-way of the East. Unlike the Missis- sippi, the Columbia seeks the ocean on a line parallel to trade channels, and not at right angles to them. The drainage area Of the Columbia Eiver, above the Dalles, is esti- mated at 182,000 square miles; it comprises Eastern Oregon and Wash- ington, Idaho, part of Montana, and a portion of British ColuWibia. The natural outlet to the seaboard for the productions of this region is by 12 SURVEY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER. the river. "With isolated reaches of navigation and corporation port- ages, traffic will be by railroads, difficult in construction and expensive in maintenance, with' consequent high rates of transportation. The following table was carefully compiled from daily reports of re- ceipts on file at the Portland Merchants' Exchange. A small part of the freight, not exceeding 15 percentage at the most, was received at landings below the Dalles Eapids, and consequently should not be cred- ited to the upper country. The stated increase of the last year over the preceding one is in excess of the actual increase ; the principal item of this difference is 15,000 tons of wheat, which the transportation first available could not promptly carry away. The amount of up freight is not known; it is considerably less than the down freight. Columbia River traffic transported to Portland by Dalles and Cascade route of Oregon R0 50 39 147 Mill feed sks 62 3 474 65 40 30 2,258 10 3,412 Potatoes do 37 16 689 1 08 39 96 18 024 12 16 652 Wool Ibs 5 336 510 6 309 918 20 1 067 305 20 1 261 983 CO 973 4()2 Hides do l' 030*445 1 047 2"'! 15 154 566 75 157 083 15 Iti 776 Cattle head 1 187 5 413 40 00 47 480 00 216 520 00 4 '' *i Sheep do 4,405 9 356 3 00 13 215 00 28, 008 00 4, 9.i 1 17 186 20 00 340 00 3 720 00 169 21 50 10 00 210 00 500 00 ''9 Fruit bxs 274 7 119 8 00 2 192 00 56 952 00 6 845 Corn sks 481 2 00 96 00 481 32 974 81 55 9 9 9"> 96 284 08 258 131 84 48 578 7 '38 60 00 420 00 2 280 00 31 7 5 00 20 00 35 00 3 Seeds sks 91 45 5 00 455 00 225 00 Pelts pk^s 5 762 2''6 2 00 11 5 9 4 00 45 00 Horses bend 92 75 00 7 100 00 92 Lime . bbls 186 1 50 279 00 Fur pks 78 50 00 3 900 00 Salmon cases 4 100 5 00 20 500 00 748 4 00 2 992 00 96 5 00 480 00 Hogs head 80 30 00 2 400 00 Tallow . pkps 197 20 00 3 940 00 1 20 00 Totals 2 468 278 68 6 017 103 73 Increase for year ending May 31,1882 3 548 8 9 5 05 The population by the census of 1880, of counties which furnished the above corrected amount of freight, is 66,000. The principal settlements are in the regions between the Blue Mount- ains and the rivers Snake, Columbia, and Umatilla; and next north of the middle part of the Lower Snake. During the last year immigration largely increased. Notwithstand- ing the expense and tediousness of the trip via San Francisco and the sea, steamships arriving here each four days have of late been bringing three hundred to four hundred settlers on their way to the Upper Co- lumbia country. Direct railroad connection with the East promises to start an unprecedented tide of immigration. SURVEY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER. 13 EXTENSION OF NAVIGATION BEYOND PRESENT ROUTES. It is the announced policy of the Oregon Railway and Navigation, Company to run boats on the Clearwater, Middle Snake, and the Co- lumbia above Priest Rapids, as soon as regions along those parts of the rivers become settled. Boats have already made trips, at favorable stages, 25 miles up the Clearwater. During the Bannock war, troops were carried by steamers to the mouth of the Grande Roude, 42 miles up the Snake from Lewiston, and previously a steamer had ascended 54 miles further. An estimate for improvement of the Snake from Lewis- ton to the Salmon River, 60 miles, based on an examination made last August, is $32,604. On the main river Priest Rapids offers a serious obstacle to continued navigation. It is known, however, with fair certainty, that this obstruc- tion and a reach of river above, together of 153 miles, are susceptible of improvement for navigation without canal or lock. This part of the Columbia will give an easy outlet for the splendid valleys of the Upper Yakima, Kittitas, Wenatchie. and Okiiiakaue, the timbered land of Lake Chelan and that part of the great plains of the Columbia lying west of the Badger Mountains and the Grand Coul6 ; shipments from these re- gions are now almost nothing. Further north there are 430 miles of water to the head of navigation, broken only at two places, where per- manent portages may be preferable to canals. Improvements for con- tinuance of navigation beyond the present head on the Columbia, to limits indicated above, will require $500,000, according to rough esti- mates. There are transmitted herewith Map tracings, Gelilo to the Dalles, in two sheets, scale 1 : 6000. One tracing Celilo Falls, scale 1 : 1200. One tracing Dalles Rapids, scale 1 : 1200. One set of plots of curves of corresponding readings at gauge stations. One set of tables of corresponding gauge readings. Profile sheet of water surfaces. Profile of proposed wagon road. Profile on center line of Celilo Canal. One set of velocity tables. A paper, notes on arrangement of lift, Celilo locks. One set of detailed estimates, low-water and high-water improvement, Celilo to the Dalles. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, CHAS. F. POWELL, Captain of Engineers. The CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. A. 14 SURVEY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER. CORRESPONDING ELEVATION OF RIVER SURFACE AT GAUGES 1 TO 5. Dalles gauges. Gauge 1. Gauge 2. Gauge 3. Gauge 4. Gauge 5. Remarks. 117. 74 114.5 107.5 75.9 61.2 Extreme high water, 1876. 117.00 113.5 106.6 74.7 60.2 Deduced. 116. 00 112.1 105.4 73.0 58.7 Do. 115. 00 110.7 104.2 71.3 57.2 Observed. 114.00 109.3 103.1 69.6 55.8 Do. 113.00 107.9 101.9 67.9 54.3 Do. 112. 00 111.00 106.5 105.1 100.5 99.1 66.2 64.5 52.8 51.3 s 110. 00 103.7 97.6 62.8 49.8 Do. 109. 00 102.3 95.9 61.0 48.1 Do. 108.00 100.9 94.2 59.2 45.3 Do. 107. 5* * Mean high-water. 107.'00 99.4 92.3 57.4 44.5 Observed. 106.00 97.7 90.2 55.6 42.6 Do. 105. 00 96.1 88. 53.6 40.6 Do. 104.00 94.3 85.6 51.4 38.6 Do. 103. 00 92.2 83.2 49.1 36.6 Do. 102. 00 89.9 80.6 46.5 34.5 Do. 101.00 87.3 77.7 43.7 32.4 Do. 100.00 84.3 74.4 40.7 30.2 Do. 99.00 81.0 70.4 37.6 28.1 . Do. 98.00 77.2 65.3 34.3 26.1 Do. 97.5 97.00 74.9 72.7 62.6 59.7 32.7 31.0 25.0 24.1 20 foot stage on Cascade gauge 2. Observed. 96.00 67.6 54.1 27.8 22.0 Do. 95.00 62.0 48.4 24.7 19.9 Do. 94.00 57.0 42.4 21.4 17.6 Do. 93.00 52.8 36.1 18.1 15.1 Do. 92.00 49.5 30.5 15.2 12.9 Do. 91.00 46.6 26.1 12.8 10.9 Do. 90.00 43.7 22.4 10.5 9.0 Deduced. 89.45 42.19 20.49 9.30 8.01 Extreme low-water (deduced). 5.000' 11.000' 43.000' 51.200' 72.000' from railroad Incline at Celllo. 6.000^32.000' 8.200' 20.800' Foot of Three-Mile Rapid 61.200 feet from railroad Incline at Celllo. Low-water. 20 feet on Cas- cade^gauge Mean high- water. High water. Foot of Three-Mile Bapld .. 8 7 26 8 47 75 4 25 Gauge 5 8 25 45 75 * 61 25 .7 1.8 2.0 3.0 SURVEY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER. Differences of corresponding readings. 15 Gauge No. 1. Grange No. 2. Difference. 117. 74 114.5 3.24 117. 113.5 3.5 116. 112.1 3.9 115. 110.7 4.3 114. ; 109. 3 4.7 113. 107.9 51 112. 106.5 5.5 111. 105.1 5.9 110. 103.7 6.3 109. 102.3 6.7 108. 100.9 . 7.1 107. 99.4 7.6 106. 97.7 8.3 105. 96.1 8.9 104. 94.3 9.7 103. 92.2 10.8 102. 89.9 12.1 101. 87.3 13.7 100. 84.3 15.7 99. 81.0 18.0 98. 77.2 20.8 97.5 74.9 22. tt 97. 72.7 24.3 96. 67.6 28.4 95. 62.0 33.0 94. 57.0 37.0 93. 52.8 40.2 92. 49.5 42.5 91. 46.6 44.4 90. 43.7 46.3 89.45 42.19 47.26 Differences of corresponding readings. Gauge No. 2. Gauge No. 3. Difference. 114.5 107.5 7. 113.5 106.6 6.9 112.1 105.4 6.7 110.7 104.2 6.5 109.3 103.1 6.2 107.9 101.9 6. 106.5 100.5 6. 105.1 99 1 6. 103.7 97.6 6.1 102.3 95.9 6.4 100. 9 94.2 6.7 99.4 92.3 7.1 97.7 90.2 7.5 96.1 88.0 8.1 94.3 85.6 8.7 92.2 83.2 9. 89.9 80.6 9.3 87.3 77.7 9.6 84.3 74.4 9.9 81.0 70.4 10.6 77.2 65.3 11.9 74.9 (t'2.6 12.3 72.7 59.7 13. 67.6 54.1 13.5 62.0 48.4 13.6 57.0 42.4 14.6 52.8 36.1 16.7 49.5 30.5 19. 46.6 26.1 20.5 43.7 22.4 21.3 42.19 20.49 21.70 16 SURVEY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER. Differences of corresponding readings. Gauge No. 2. Gauge No. 4. Difference. 114.5 75.9 38.6 113.5 74.7 38. 8 112.1 73.0 39.1 110.7 71.3 39.4 109.3 69.6 39.7 107.9 67.9 40.0 106.5 66.2 40.3 105.1 64.5 40.6 103.7 62.8 40.9 102.3 61.0 41.3 100.9 59.2 41.7 99.4 57.4 42.0 97.7 55.6 42.1 96.1 53.6 42.5 94.3 51.4 42.9 92.2 49.1 43.1 89.9 46.5 43.4 87.3 43.7 43.6 84.3 40.7 43.6 81.0 37.6 43.4 77.2 34.3 42.9 74. 32.7 42.2 72.7 31.0 41.7 67.6 27.8 39.8 62.0 24.7 37.3 57.0 21.4 35.6 52.8 18.1 34.7 49.5 15.2 34.3 46.6 12.8 33.8 43.7 10.5 33.2 42.19 9.30 32. 89 Differences of corresponding readings. Gauge No. 2. Gauge No. 5. Difference. 114.5 61.2 53.3 113.5 60 2 53.3 112.1 58.7 53.4 110.7 57.2 53.4 109.3 55.8 53.5 107.9 54.3 53.6 106.5 52.8 53.7 105.1 51.3 53.8 103.7 49.8 53.9 102.3 48.1 54.2 100.9 45.3 55.6 99.4 44.5 54 9 97.7 42.6 55.1 96.1 40.6 55.5 94.3 38.6 55.7 92.2 36.6 55.6 89.9 34.5 55.4 87.3 32.4 54.9 84.4 30.2 54.1 81.0 28.1 52.9 77.2 26.1 51.1 74.tt 25.0 4.9 72.7 24.1 48.6 67.6 22.0 45.6 62.0 19.9 42.1 57.0 17.6 39.4 52.8 15.1 37.7 49.5 12.9 36.6 46.6 10.9 35.7 43.7 9.0 34.7 42.19 8.01 34.18 SURVEY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER Differences of corresponding readings. 17 Gauge No. 3. Gauge No. 4. Difference. 107.5 75.9 31.6 106.6 74.7 31.9 105.4 73.0 32.4 104.2 71.3 32.9 103.1 69.6 33.5 101.9 67.9 34.0 100.5 66.2 34.3 99.1 64.5 34.6 97.6 62.8 34.8 95.9 61.0 34.9 94.2 59.2 35.0 92.3 57.4 34.9 90.2 55.6 34.6 88.0 53.6 34.4 85.6 51.4 34.2 83.2 49.1 34.1 80.6 46.5 34.1 77.7 43.7 34.0 74.4 40.7 33.7 70.4 37.6 32.8 65.3 34.3 31.0 2. 32.7 29.9 59.7 31.0 28.7 54.1 27.8 26.3 48.4 24.7 23.7 42.4 21.4 21.0 36.1 18.1 18.0 30.5 15.2 15.3 26.1 12.8 13.3 22.4 10.5 11.9 20.49 9.30 11.19 Differences of corresponding readings. Gauge No. 4. Gauge No. 5 Difference. 75.9 61.2 14.7 74.7 60.2 14.5 73.0 58.7 14.3 71.3 57.2 14.1 69.6 55.8 13.8 67.9 54.3 13.6 66.2 52.8 13.4 64.5 51.3 13.2 62.8 49.8 13.0 61.0 48.1 12.9 59.2 45.3 13.9 57.4 44.5 12.9 55.6 42.6 13.0 53.6 40.6 13.0 51.4 38.6 12.8 49.1 36.6 12.5 46.5 34.5 12.0 43.7 32.4 11.3 40.7 30.2 10.5 37.6 28.1 9.5 34.3 26.1 8.2 82.7 25.0 7.7 31.0 24.1 6.9 27.8 22.0 5.8 24.7 19.9 4.8 21.4 17.6 3.8 18.1 15.1 3.0 15.2 12.9 2.3 12.8 10.9 1.9 10.05 9.0 1.5 9.30 8.01 1.29 S. Ex. 184 2 18 SURVEY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER. SURVEY OF THE DALLES, COLUMBIA RIVER, 1879-1880. Current measurements. Place. Date. Stage of river above low-water. Surface velocity, in miles per hour. Remarks. Above Celilo Falls Oct 22 1879 On gauge 5. 5 2 1.2 1.9 2.2 Maximum. 1.8 Mean. Near & 4 L June 17 1880 41 6 11 4 10.0 6.6 7.5 Opposite A 6 L 7 L Oct. 22 1879 5 2 8.9 Mean. 6.2 Maximum. Opposite A 8 L Oct 25 1879 5 4 5.8 Mean. 6.9 Near & 8 L . . June 17 1880 41 6 6.95 5 2 Mean. Opposite & 10 R Oct. 25 1879 5 4 5! 7 5.9 Maximum. Mean. 5.6 5.8 Maximum. Ten-Mile Rapid, opposite A 17 L Nov. 10, 1879 4.4 5.6 7.T~ 7! 8 Mean. Maximum. High-water channel, opposite Ten-Mile Rapid. Opposite A 20 L June 18, 1880 Nov 11 1879 42.4 4 5 7.6 7. 8 7.0 6.7 8.3 Mean. Maximum. Mean. 6.6 12.7 Maximum. N,ar A 29R 7.9 Mean. Above Five-Mile Rapid, opposite A 31 L . Jan. 9, 1880 4.7 5.7 5.6 5.1 5.5 3.7 3.2 Maximum. Meau. Maximum. ICeaa. SURVEY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER. Curren t measurements Continued. 19 g a j . - Place. Date. || !| Remarks. 3J Near A 32 L June 21, 1880 Chi gauge 5. 43.8 16.7 12.5 13.6 7.5 15.0 13.6 18.8 Maximum. ' 14.0 Mean. Near A 33 L June 16, 1880 40.3 15 1 14.2 10.4 12.0 11.4 15.5 Maximum. 13.1 Mean. Five-Mile Rapid, opposite A 1 C Jan. 9,1880 4.7 6.7~ Maximum. 6.2 6.3 Mean. Opposite A 41 L June 16, 1880 40.3 7.6 Maximum. 7.6 7.1 5.9 7.0 Mean. Opposite A 44 L Jan. 11,1880 4.2 1.7 2.1 Maximum. 1.9 Opposite A 45 L June 16, 1880 40. 3 1.9 13 4 IMean. Maximum. 11.8 12.7 13.0 10.5 12.7 12.3 Mean. Narrows, opposite A 49 R Jan. 11,1880 4.2 2.1 3.0 Maximum. 2.8 2.9 2.7 Mean. NOTES OX ARRANGEMENT OF LIFT FOR CELILO LOCKS. River improvement below the Falls will lower low- water surface. A decrease of one foot ia assumed. This will make the new low-water reference at gauge 2, 41.2. A single lock for use during the Cascade stage of 20 feet would require a lower gate at least 60 feet high. With a single lift, for continued navigation beyond the Cascade stage of 20 feet, double lockage would be required until the backwater is 6 and pre- ferably 8 feet on the upper level of canal ; this would require for convenience a height of lower gate of about 68 feet. The gates must be about 42 feet wide. Pressures result- ing from the heads of water which obtain are excessive. Moreover, the Cascades work so far render practicability of navigation probable for stages higher than the 20-foot one. The addition of a lock after the canal is opened will cause some interruption or delay to navigation. Two locks at Celilo seem desirable for the first stage of construction. 20 SURVEY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER. TO FIND THE BEST ARRANGEMENT OF THE LIFT. At extreme low stage the canalization of water surfaces in two locks during lock age will be, ^ (89.4 -f 41.2) = 65.3. To give 6 feet draught at this level the sill at mid- dle gate must then not exceed reference 59.3 Take now the same measure for maximum total pressure permissible on a gate as adopted at the Cascades Canal. This limit is expressed by the formula P m = 1369 c, wherein c is a constant depending upon gate span and rise of miter sill, which are chosen the same for the two canals. An inspection of the curve of corresponding readings on gauges 1 and 2 shows that for stages between readings of 55 and 75, gauge 2, the rise on that guage for 1 foot on guage 1 is uniform and equal to 5 feet. From the ordinary hydrostatic formula we may write, P = c (H 2 Hi 2 ) = c(H+Hi) (H HI), in which P is total intensity and H-j-Hi are heads of water respectively on upper and lower sides of gate. Referring these heads to the n tb stage between the limits named, the formula becomes for then -f-1 foot stage on guage 1, - = (H-f-Hi _|_6) (H H, 4)=H 2 Hu-f- 2 [H (5 Hj-f 12)]. From the last member we deduce that the total intensity at any stage will be greater or less than at the preceding stage of 1 foot on guage 1 according as H > 5 H! -f 12 or H< 5 HI + 12 ; and that the maximum value will obtain when H=5 Hi-f-12. For the bottom of middle gate between references 59 and 50- and readings on gauge 2 greater than 75 and less than 55 it may be shown that gate pressures are less than between those stages. From the expressions of con- dition above and the adopted limit of pressure, the middle miter sill is fixed as shown on the profile. Heights of gates are selected from similar considerations, to give lockage by two locks from low to near mean high- water and to have two sizes only of gates throughout the canal. Low guard-sills are placed in front of gates which are at the ends of long reaches of water. A change of regimen of the river at the falls by radical improvement below may make a little different arrangement of locks desirable ; the one offered is sufficient for a fairly close estimate of cost. The project provides for full completion of river im- provement before commencement of canal construction. CHAS. F. POWELL. DETAILED ESTIMATES OF LOW-WATER PROJECT. (1) Wagon road from Big Eddy to head of Celilo Falls, Washington Territory. Road station. Distance, Grade. Cut. FilL Remarks. to 1 Feet. 3,900 Cubic yardt. 1 in 200 Oubic yardt. 1 to 2 1 000 1 in 65 1 (Rock) 240 2 to 3 3 000 ' Level (Rock) 200 Falls. 3 to4 2 400 1 in 40 4 to 5 200 1 1 in 40 ' 5 to 6 250 : Level ' (Rock) 300 bowlders to reniove. 6to7 2 500 ' 1 in 830 ' Do 7 to A 13 R 1,200 Level . 13 R to8 1,200 Level 8to9 1,300 1 in 93 loose bowlders to re- move. 9 to 10 - . . 1,700 lin 212 Do 10 to 11 2,000 1 in 166 Do 11 to 12 900 1 in 300 12 to 13 13 to 14 3,700 1,800 1 in 370 (Rock) 600 , 1 in 82 9CO Do 14 to 15 1 OOU Level (Rock) 300 15 to | 9. 55 miles. 5 I 700 300 200 260 1,000 900 500 350 Surface fonnibg lo< bowlders to remove. 200 15,290 i gravel and earth,-" rock. +1,840 ; To borrow. 17,130 6,500 cubic yards rock, at $1.50 $9,750 00 10,630 cubic yards earth and gravel, at 40 cents 4,252 00 2,200 cubic yards rock additional, wasted, at $1.50 3,300 00 10,500 linear feet, 3,500 cubic yards, dry retaining Mall, at 63 cents . 2,205 00 Bridge as per detail estimate 1,546 61 Total, wagon road and bridge WAGON ROAD BRIDGE, SPAX 300 FEET. Bill of lumber. 1,053 61 B. M. Center bents (8) : Piles (lower), 12" x 12" x 50', 600x4piles 2,400 Piles (dwarf), 12"xl2"xlo', 180x2piles 360 Piles (upper), 12"xl2"x25', 300x3 piles 800 Braces (lower), 8"x8"x35', 175x2 braces 350 Braces (upper). 6"x8"x30', 120x2 braces 240 Caps (lower), 12" x 12" x 20'. 240 240 Caps (upper), 12" x 12" x 12', 144 144 Stringers, 6"xl2"x29', 120x2 240 Stringers (upper), 6"xl4"x20', 140x6 840 Flooring, 3" x 13" x 20', 780 780 Wheel-guards, 6" x 4" x 20', 40x2 80 Hand-rail and hub-guard, 4" x 4" x 40" = 55 + 2" x 4" x 80' = 52 107 6,677 Benta 8 53, 416 j 53, 416 Piles, 12" x 12" x 30', 360x3piles M80 Cap, 12" x 12" x 12', 144 144 Braces, 6" x 8" x 20', 80x2 160 Stringers, 6"xl4"x20', 140x6 840 Flooring and rails as above, 970 970 3,194 Bents 22,358 ~~ 75, 774 At $15 per M $1, 136 61 Bolts and nuts, 1,100 pounds, at 10 cents. $110 ) Labor .... 300 5 1, 546 61 22 SURVEY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER. (2.) Channel improvement from foot of Three-Mile Rapids to CeliU Falls. [Colored red on chart, except Cut No. 8a, which is yellow.] 1 o 1 Cut No. - to low-wa II 1 "8 ?! yards b w-water. Remarks. 1 ! f s r o 1 3.0 10.0 60 300 950 Isolated rock near A 51 R. 2 3 8.0 10.0 10.0 72 130 830 1,100 Isolated rock near A 50 R. 900 Submerged rock. Celilo -Dalles 4 "i.'o" 10.0 "376 3,900 Rock and reef. Map No. 2. 5 6 10.0 14.0 10. 300 10. 250 4,800 6,500 5,000 : Portion of island opposite M. 4,600 Point of rock at M. 7 14.0 8 16.0 10.0 10.0 200 100 4,600 i 2,800 Island opposite A 45 L. 2,400 1,700 j Point near A 45 L. 8 3.0 0. 150 1,600 Narrow channel near A 43 R. 9 40.0 10.0 260 10,800 ! 6.000 Island near Grave Island. On 20.0 10.0 250 3,400 5,555 Near A 40 R. 10 16. 10.0 23 300 180 Island iiear Grave Island. 11 19. 10. 130 1,700 1,300 Do. lla 6. 10.0 100 650 500 Point on Grave Island. 12 5.0 10.0 120 570 1,100 Island near A 5 C. The Dalles Map. 12a 15. 13 S.O 14 40. 10.0 10.0 10.0 200 50 470 14,300 7,100 Point near A 39 R. Island near A 5 C. Near A 38 R. 15 46 10.0 ! 280 4',100 3,200 Island near A 38 R (south side). 16 17.0 10. J0 1,620 500 Near A 38 R. 17 25.0 10.0 600 8,300 5,400 Near A 37 R. 18 20.0 10. 550 7,050 4,100 Near A 3 C. 19 30. 10.0 1,150 54,000 27,000 Near A 1 C. 20 34. 10.0 , 700 11,400 9,200 Near A 35 R. 21 31. 10. 230 1,200 880 North side of channel, opposite Cut No. 22. ; 22 31.0 10. 600 48,000 23,900 Near A 1 C. 23 33. 10.0 , 280 2,800 2,300 Below head of Relief Channel. Celilo -Dalles 24 i 30.0 10.0 600 10,600 6,500 Above head of Relief Channel. Map No. 2. 25 26 27 35.0 55.0 47.0 10.0 j 470 10. 500 10.0 i 460 9,100 28,300 31,200 4,200 9,400 12,650 Above A 34 L on south side. Opposite section house, north side. Do. Ten-Mile Rapids. [Colored red on chart.] f28 10.0 10.0 300 4,600 6,400 Near A 26 R. ?9 10. 10. 250 13,500 13,200 Do. 30 20.0 10.0 600 14,000 8,300 Island near A 26 R. Celilo-Dalles Map No. 1. 31 32 33 34 8.0 7.0 51.0 32.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 100 100 150 700 1,400 900 6,800 14.SOO 2,200 Isolated rocks. 1 ,200 Island near A 25 R. (north end) . 1,500 Near A 18 R. 7,200 Near A 17 L. (south side). 35 33.0 10.0 150 1,400 890 Near A 17 R. (north side). 36 37 33.0 30.0 10.0 10.0 400 600 3,200 63,800 3,000 Near A 17 L. (south side). 31,400 Near A 1C R. 408,500 232,339 SURVEY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER. 23 (!'.) enlargement of side channel near head of Dalles Itajjidg, Washington Territory shoi [Colored red on chart.] 1 i. 3 g 1 ^ 3 * . 1 % Station number. "g Cl 1 3 || i 3 Remarks. .=- II 1 1 E 1 I J d O Feet. Feet. 1 100 50 10 19.800 4,100 Entrance to channel (low- water 20 feet). 8,600 7,500 Entrance to channel (north side). 2 100 30 10 7 200 2,400 3 100 45 10 2,700 840 4 100 40 10 18 900 5 000 5 100 50 10 8',700 3,200 6 100 50 10 47 000 10,300 7 100 120 50 50 10 10 20,100 24,000 4,800 7,000 (Low-water 18 feet.) 9.'"""!!.""."I!."i 120 44 10 16,500 7,500 10 120 44 10 9,800 4,800 120 50 10 3,700 12 130 57 10 24*200 5,200 13 120 48 10 15,7)00 3,300 14 100 45 10 10,000 3,100 (Low-water 15 feet.) 15 40 10 9,100 tt.SOO Re-enter river near & 34 R. 249,100 Krought forward IOV.MMI 79,540 232,339 Total excavation 657,600 Ijl7,879 657,600 cubic yards excavated down to low water, at $2 $1,315,200 311,879 cubic yards excavated below low water, at $10 3,118,790 Total... 4,433,990 (4) Enlargement of side channel near middle of Dallas Rapids, Oregon shore, to give 8 feet depth at stage of 20 feet on Cascade Gauge Xo. 2. [Colored yellow on chart.] Station. Depth of water. Width of channel. Cut. Remarks. to 400 Feet. 8 Feet. 100 Cub. yds. 8 300 400 to 550 g 100 5 200 550 to 850 8 100 4 700 850 to 1'JOO 100 to 1400 8 g 100 100 1,100 3 700 In pond to left of & 1 c. Do 1400 to 1700 1700 to 1900 8 g 100 100 6,500 7 100 Do. Do 1900 to 2150 8 100 10,500 In pond between A 2 c and A 4 c. 21 50 to 2300 g 100 9300 Do 2300 to 2450 8 100 80 cubic yards concrete, at $7 60,060 00 1,000 cubic yards cut stone, at $18 18,000 00 One pair gates 15,000 00 $145,327 20 Total 570,527 20 5020 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY, LOS ANGELES COLLEGE LIBRARY D Thisibook is due on the last date stamped bel< Book Slip Series 4280