UC-NRLF 
 
OF TOE 
 
 UNIVE] SITY 
 
 OF 
 
HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 MILITARY CANTEEN 
 
 BY 
 
 LIEUT. -COL. PHILIP READE 
 Inspector General U. S. V. 
 
 (Major 4th U. S. Infantrv) 
 
 Published by authority of 
 
 THE HON., THE SECRETARY OF WAR 
 

 / j publication permitted by the Secretary of War of reports 
 made to the Inspector General of the Army, during the months of Sep- 
 tember, October, and November, 1900, by Lieut. -Colonel Philip Reade^ 
 Inspector General, U. S. V., (Majot 4th Jj. S. Infantry), regarding the 
 Regulation Canteen and other canteens presented for trial with reference 
 to their fitness for use in the military service. 
 
 PRINTED BY ^ COPYRIGHT, 
 
 C. J. BURROUGHS, I9 oi. 
 
 CHICAGO. B y PHILIP READE. 
 
REPORT UPON ARMY CANTEENS 
 
 LIEUT. COL. PHILIP READE, I. G., U. S. V., 
 
 (MAJOR 4TH u. s. INFANTRY) 
 Inspector General, Department of Dakota. 
 
 At the beginning of the last century, and for some years after, 
 the soldier's canteen was a wooden, drum-shaped affair, provided 
 with a nozzle. (See cut p. 120.) 
 
 To now return to that shape and adopt a hollow cylinder, modeled 
 after a drum for packing figs in, would be an advance backwards. 
 
 The history of mankind is the history of the development of 
 weapons and equipment for war by improvements, in which one 
 nation has overcome another and survived. 
 
 Within a few months from now our military organization will 
 have been readjusted. The arms and equipments to be necessitated 
 by the increase in numbers of our permanent military establishment 
 should be new and not of the nineteenth century pattern. 
 
 P>y July, 1901, perhaps 60,000 canteens now carried by, or in the 
 possession of, United States Volunteers and Regulars will have been 
 turned in. Some of these canteens wall be suspended by the returned 
 volunteers beside the obsolete muzzle-loading firearms of the civil war 
 period, and some may find their way into the museums for the col- 
 lection and display of archaic military weapons and equipments. 
 
 From being an inconsequential article of a soldier's personal 
 equipment the canteen has become, in fact, one of the most impor- 
 tant articles, because connected with hygienic considerations; in 
 other words, because it carries water and because the majority of 
 our troops are in localities where good water is of prime considera- 
 tion to health. 
 
 Those who live a comparatively fixed life can hardly weigh 
 aright the importance of a good canteen. 
 
 Since the microbe or germ theory has come into the discussion of 
 hygienic conditions, we have learned why it is that bad water is the 
 most dangerous liquid one can drink ; that the denizen of places fitted 
 with filtering devices, sterilizing appliances, faucets, hydrants, water 
 valves, pipes, aqueducts, cooling refrigerators, icehouses, etc., can 
 
 3 
 
4 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 guard against micro-organisms and temper the water to suit his 
 palate; the soldier can not so guard himself in the field or on cam- 
 paign, or on the march. 
 
 If the former could only get water by journeying to the town 
 pump, or well having a pole, or piece of timber, moved on a fulcrum 
 or post, used to raise and lower a bucket in the well for laboriously 
 drawing water by hand, he would feel it an 'annoying hardship. We 
 have relegated the well-sweep, but hung on to the canteen of con- 
 temporaneous antiquity. 
 
 People who always live in houses and sleep in beds and walk on 
 pavements and ride in street cars, and who get their food from butch- 
 ers, bakers, grocers, or restaurants, and who always have access to 
 unlimited quantities of good water, don't appreciate they can't 
 appreciate water, because it is as free as air. 
 
 The circumstances of their existence are too mathematical and 
 secure. They are boarders in this world. Everything is done for 
 them by somebody else. They live at second or third hand. They 
 get their excitement out of the newspapers. If the weather is bad, 
 they are snugly housed. If it is cold, there is a furnace in the cellar. 
 If they are hungry, the shops are neaf at hand. They might as well 
 be brought up in an incubator. 
 
 But where man abides in the fields, after the manner of soldiers 
 in campaign, he learns that his best friends are his arms, his blanket, 
 and his rations ; the last named are not any more important than his 
 filled canteen. 
 
 Napoleon said: "There are five things from which the soldier 
 must never be separated his gun, his cartridges, his knapsack, his 
 provisions for at least four days, and his pioneer tool. Let the knap- 
 sack be reduced to the smallest size ; let him carry in it a shirt, a pair 
 of shoes, a stock, a handkerchief, a tinder box, but let him have it 
 always with him, for, once separated from him, it never returns." 
 
 It is submitted that a man will retain things for the preservation 
 of his own life longer than he will retain things for the taking of 
 life. Hence he will hold on to his provisions longer than he will 
 retain implements, such as his gun, cartridges, knapsack, pioneer 
 tool, or even his "stock." In other words, the soldier will include 
 his canteen as one of his best friends. He is never prodigal with his 
 water when inured to war experiences. City dwellers who know 
 that there is always plenty more in the pipes do not appreciate this 
 last fact. 
 
 A soldier in barracks, with water closets and baths, requires 25 
 gallons of water per day. Without water closets and baths he 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
6 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 requires 10 gallons of water per day. In stationary camps, 5 gallons 
 per head for all purposes is required. 
 
 A soldier requires on the inarch, for drinking and cooking, 6 
 pints a day, increased in a hot climate to 8 pints, and an equal amount 
 for washing the person. 
 
 The foregoing are the lowest figures. The hygienic preparations 
 for a campaign, either for the foot or mounted soldier, include a con- 
 sideration of many rules and precautions that are unavoidably broken 
 or impaired by war, but the three requisites of a camping grounds 
 are water, fuel and forage. 
 
 Bad water is the most dangerous liquid one can drink. 
 
 The soldier is not dressed or outfitted in obedience to caprices of 
 fashion, but in accordance with the rules of hygiene. 
 
 All camping grounds are not near to running streams, or water. 
 Marches must be limited to the human strength and necessities, both 
 as regards travel and rest, rations and water. 
 
 During the period immediately following the capitulation oi 
 Santiago, July, 1898, the Fifth Army Corps obtained its water from 
 the San Juan river, less than a mile away, by means of canteens. 
 Stalwart, fever-stricken men went thirsty because they shrank from 
 the physical exertion involved in walking down a hill a few hundred 
 yards and then stagger back with a load of filled canteens. Aching 
 heads and flushing faces were relieved by water, but the fluid appli- 
 cation was a costly one. 
 
 Soldiers, insane from heat, exhaustion and fatigue, reeled into 
 any kind of shelter and would there lie prostrate and gasp, their 
 canteens by their side empty. Sights like these> and personal 
 deprivation, quicken one's conception and appreciation. 
 
 General Viscount Wolseley in his "Soldier's Pocket Book for 
 Field Service," edition 1886, includes in the list of articles to be worn 
 on the person a drinking cup and water bottle. He says : "The best 
 water bottles are those made of ebonite and covered with felt. Those 
 holding a little less than i Yz pints weigh, when empty, 13^ ounces ; 
 when full, 2 pounds 3^ ounces. Our regulation water bottle, that is 
 of wood, holds i and 1-3 pints; weighs when empty, i pound and 
 ? ounce; when full, 2 pounds 10 ounces. Leather water bottle 
 used in Nile expedition, weighs 2 pounds. Moving across a desert, 
 the first and greatest difficulty is water. You must provide for the 
 carriage of at least i gallon per man per diem, with a surplus of 
 spare water of 25 per cent, or whatever your calculation amounts to. 
 In calculating the quantity of water required per man for drinking 
 and cooking, it may be put down as six pints in temperate, and eight 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 7 
 
 pints in tropical climates. On desert journeys in summer, when 
 hot winds blow, a man requires two gallons a day, but in autumn 
 or winter three pints a day are sufficient." 
 
 At Tientsin, China, July 13, 1900, where Col. Emerson H. Lis- 
 cum, ninth infantry, was killed, Lieutenant Abraham Loeb reports 
 that the regiment lay all day in salt water, mud up to their waists, 
 under a hot sun. "Water gave out," he states, "and the men in their 
 frenzied attempts to quench their burning thirst, would drink that 
 dirty salt water, supplying it in short mouth fuls, as it eddied about 
 their forms." 
 
 Regarding the lack of water at Tientsin, the New York Sun's 
 correspondent reports : "One thing this day should teach the Ameri- 
 can army, one little thing of great importance. I have seen six 
 different breeds of man go into battle today. Every one of them 
 except the American had some contrivance for getting extra water 
 % to the field. It has been a fearfully hot day and the men have suf- 
 fered greatly for water. Our men are notoriously prodigal of the 
 contents of their canteens. They hadn't been on the line two hours 
 before they were running out, and the cry went up for more. But 
 there was no way to get more. The British, French, and Japanese 
 had their donkey carts or mules packed with breakers, but the 
 Americans had nothing and their men had to suffer and stand it 
 as best they could. It is no very great reform to make, but it counts 
 afield." 
 
 Major William I). Beach, Inspector General U. S. V., (Captain 
 3d U. S. Cavalry), Inspector General Dept. of Southern Luzon, P. 
 I., states that "officers and some old soldiers will make their can- 
 teens of water last for twenty-four hours if necessary, or else go 
 without ; but the average soldier can not be made to do it, and sick- 
 ness results." 
 
 It is an axiom in our service to never start on a march or field 
 exercise without filling all canteens. Company commanders inspect 
 before starting to see that this essential is complied with by all. 
 
 The importance of the canteen as an article of the soldier's 
 equipment in the field cannot be overestimated. Its value in garrison 
 is not generally appreciated, because of the ease with which water 
 can be obtained. 
 
 A canteen is defined by Webster as being a vessel used by sol- 
 diers for carrying liquors, water or other drink. 
 
 In the English service the canteen has been made of wood and 
 held three pints. In the United States it is a tin flask. 
 
 Col. H. L. Scott, in his Military Dictionary of 1864, defines a can- 
 
8 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 teen as a small tin, caoutchouc, or circular wooden vessel, used by 
 soldiers to carry liquor, etc. 
 
 Captain Thomas Wilhelm, in his Military Dictionary, 1881, says 
 that a canteen is a tin vessel used by soldiers to carry water on the 
 march, or in the field. It is usually suspended by a strap from the 
 shoulder. In the British service the canteen, he says, is made of 
 wood and is called a water bottle. 
 
 Worcester in his dictionary defines the canteen as a small tin or 
 circular wooden vessel which each soldier carries and uses for 
 water. 
 
 Chambers' Encyclopedia, edition of 1879, defines canteen as the 
 name given to a vessel used by soldiers to contain whatever beverage 
 may be obtainable on the march or in the field, made sometimes of 
 tin, sometimes of wood. In the British army, the canteen is a 
 wooden vessel holding about three pints, painted blue, and inscribed 
 with the number, or designation of the regiment, battalion and com- 
 pany to which the soldier belongs. 
 
 The following are stated to be the specifications for the regula- 
 tion U. S. Army canteen, viz. : 
 
 Made of XXXX tin, circular in shape, 7J inches in diameter, sides 
 oval and smooth ; thickness through, three inches, with a triangular 
 wire loop T soldered on each side to tin loop ; mouthpiece with a 
 rim ; cork capped with tin ; iron wire stem riveted through cork and 
 attached to canteen by a brass chain three inches long, with a ring 
 closed on mouthpiece. Covered first with gray "Petersham," and 
 afterwards with drab duck. The weight of the complete canteen 
 is 12.6 ounces; of the canteen haversack strap, as used by the in- 
 fantry, 6.3 ounces, and of the cavalry canteen strap, 3 ounces. 
 
 The Commandant, Rock Island Arsenal, Illinois, (Major S. E. 
 Blunt, Ord. Dept.) furnishes the following information in regard 
 to the manufacture of canteens at that arsenal : "The present regu- 
 lation canteen is made up of sheet tin ; the two halves of the can- 
 teen being formed under presses, soldered together and separate 
 mouthpiece soldered thereto, the triangles for the strap soldered on, 
 and then the canteen covered, first with felt and then with dyed 
 duck of the same material as used for the haversack. After this 
 the cork and chain are added. Inspections are made at each different 
 stage of manufacture and when finally completed before the canteens 
 are packed and transferred to store. The only 'test' made during 
 manufacture is to determine whether the soldering is complete. This 
 is accomplished by placing the nozzle of an air compresser into the 
 mouth of the canteen, plunging the canteen under water, and then 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. C) 
 
 forcing air into it. If there are any leaks they will be discovered by 
 air bubbling in^the water. If leaks are found the canteen is resoldered 
 and again tested." 
 
 In the matter of canteens we have not kept pace with other na- 
 tions nor yet with the development and improvements made by in- 
 ventors and industrial establishments in the United States, and which 
 have been made evident by the open air tests made by me and here- 
 inafter described. 
 
 The canteen now and for many years issued by the Ordnance 
 Department, is a poor affair, inconsistent with the improvements 
 made in other articles of the soldier's equipment issued by the same 
 department. 
 
 I have found, in the possession of the ist Cavalry or of the 
 8th Infantry, canteens made of X tin, of XX tin, and of XXX tin. 
 Owing to this lack of uniformity in material, difference in weight 
 and of durability exists. 
 
 Some of the army canteens vary in capacity four or more ounces, 
 the minimum being 42 fluid ounces. 
 
 Difference exists, also in the weight, thickness and quality of the 
 felt superimposed upon the flask. These variations are visible to the 
 eye and have been further proven by immersion in water and by 
 flame tests. 
 
 The present service canteen is defective because it will not pre- 
 serve fluid at a palatable temperature, in either very high or very 
 low temperatures. A cause of this defect is that the tin flask is not 
 covered by enough non-conducting material, viz., good, thick, all- 
 wool felt. 
 
 First Lieutenant F. L. Knudson, 8th Infantry, a soldier of nearly 
 twelve years' experience in infantry service, says: 'The canteen 
 at present issued to the army is very poor. Its shape is such that 
 it is inconvenient to carry, and its covering not sufficiently thick 
 to keep the water cool. The stopper should be fashioned by having 
 its chain secured on the inside of the canteen, because the present 
 method of fastening it is not solid enough and causes the chain to slip 
 off the neck of the canteen and the stoppers are very often lost. The 
 canteen should be made of material that will not rust." 
 
 Captain F. H. Sargent, 8th Infantry, says: "Noticed defect in 
 canteen, which should be of such shape as to fit close to the body and 
 should be covered with a good felt, much thicker than the cover now 
 in use, which is of poor material, shoddy and thin." 
 
 Captain W. H. Hart, Brigade Quartermaster, N. G. S. Minnc- 
 
10 
 
 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 *r 
 
 &er. Aluminum 
 
 covered by the /<?/?z met bod, % in. felt 
 te cam/as cover: 
 / AvoircUtjxiA ox 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. II 
 
 sota, writes : "The Government canteen cover is of flimsy material 
 and cannot absorb nearly as much water as a canteen cover of fine 
 piano all wool felt." 
 
 Not to change and improve the present army canteen is to run 
 counter to the workings of what clearly is the trend of development 
 in the higher walks of business, science and the profession of arms in 
 other countries. 
 
 The service canteen should be a combination of a flask to con- 
 tain fluids, provided with a cover to keep the contents of the flask at 
 a palatable temperature ; that is, a condition with respect to heat or 
 cold in zones, localities or temperatures other than ordinarily preva- 
 lent in the temperate zone. 
 
 It seems hardly necessary to dwell upon the fact that a canteen 
 flask and its coverings must be separately, as well as unitedly, con- 
 sidered. 
 
 The canteen, per se, is a flask to contain forty-eight or more fluid 
 ounces cf water. It is in no wise responsible for the failure 
 of its cover to protect its contents adequately from extreme varia- 
 tions of temperature. The flask should be so made, or of such ma- 
 terial, as to resist such treatment as a soldier might give it during a 
 campaign, or the march, or in the field. 
 
 RESPECTS IN WHICH THE CARE AND STORAGE OF WATER IN A CAN- 
 TEEN RESEMBLE STORAGE METHODS OF TRANSPORTA- 
 TION OF FOOD PRODUCTS. 
 
 It is not inappropriate to consider water as a food product, and, 
 in hot weather, the canteen as a cold storage house. When the tem- 
 perature ranges above 90 degrees, it is injurious to water as a food 
 product. 
 
 The Subsistence Department, U. S. Army, has to consider tem- 
 peratures injurious to food products in storage or transportation, and 
 methods of protection from the same. 
 
 It is claimed that water is perishable when congealed, or when 
 so hot as to be nauseating. It is also unfit for human consumption 
 when unsanitary from any cause. Protection from excessive heat 
 or cold is as necessary for drinking water as for fruits, vegetables, 
 dairy products, milk, green meats, poultry, game, fish, oysters, clams, 
 malt and hop liquors, wet, canned or bottled groceries, ink, mucilage, 
 proprietary medicines, mineral waters and drugs having water, in- 
 stead of alcohol, as a base. 
 
 Hence, in the construction of a canteen and its components, also 
 in the transportation by the soldier of its perishable contents, primal 
 objects to be attained are : 
 
12 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 1. The protection of the contents from frost or excessive cold. 
 
 2. The protection of the same from excessive heat. 
 
 The temperatures at which drinking waters are liable to damage 
 vary according to their condition when canteened, length of expos- 
 ure, whether kept continually in motion, etc. 
 
 The degrees of cold to which drinking fluids within canteens 
 may be subjected without becoming impaired depends upon the time 
 of exposure, whether allowed to stand, whether partly emptied, and 
 the duration of the exposure, as well as the intensity of the cold. 
 
 In the transportation and exposure of the fooll products, etc., 
 named, concurrence of opinion and method exists as to the modern 
 methods involving the efficacy of cars, etc., specially built, variably 
 ventilated, properly lined and contents carefully packed in straw, 
 hay, oat chaff, moss, sawdust, paper, etc. In the case of the canteen, 
 the lining is properly represented by the cover, or outer jacket. 
 
 Just as in the former case, a factor to be observed is the tempera- 
 ture of the produce when put into the car, so the temperature of the 
 fluid or water when the canteen is filled is a factor in determining 
 the merit of the flask covering. If the fluid has been exposed to a 
 low temperature for a considerable time before being canteened, it is 
 in a poor condition to withstan/1 cold, and its original temperature 
 must be taken into account. It is also certain that even a car load 
 of produce, like potatoes, will stand a lower temperature when the 
 car is in motion than when at rest, so it is with a canteen's contents 
 when jolted. 
 
 Cars are classed as ordinary refrigerator cars, salamanders and 
 extraordinary refrigerator cars of the better class. Canteens may 
 also be so classed. Some are simply water carriers ; others are so 
 protected as to assist in the process of refrigerating their fluid con- 
 tents. 
 
 Car loads of fish, etc., are protected by bins built into the car 
 and thoroughly iced. The modern canteen has its non-conducting 
 cover built on to the outside of the flask, and in hot weather the fluid 
 contents of the flask are protected by moistening the absorbent inner 
 cover. 
 
 The relation between the outside air temperature and the tem- 
 perature within the car varies largely, depending on the kind of car, 
 whether an ordinary freight or refrigerator car, whether lined or 
 not, whether standing still or in motion, and also on the weather, 
 whether windy or calm, warm or cold. 
 
 'In shipping long distances in summer, it is necessary to re-ice the 
 cars. 
 
HISTOKY OF THE .MILITARY CAXTEKX. 13 
 
 When the old soldier can, he will, in hot weather, immerse his 
 corked canteen in water in order to resupply the absorbent inner 
 cover with moisture and so retard the subsequent evaporation by 
 keeping- the outer cover tightly laced. 
 
 It is important to note that in shipping fruits, etc., many of the 
 precautions taken in packing to keep out the cold will also keep in 
 the heat, there being really more danger in some instances from 
 heating, steaming, cooking, etc., by process of decomposition than 
 from cold. 
 
 In cold weather the knowing old soldier who wants to keep his 
 canteen full of coffee, tea, etc.,, hot, puts the fluid into the canteen 
 when it is hot, and he does not wet the felt cover. 
 
 Cars containing perishable goods are sometimes, when a south 
 wind is blowing on the prairie, covered with canvas on the south 
 side. They are lined, have padded doors, sides are protected by 
 heavy paper tacked to the walls, also by the addition of an inner 
 board wall a few inches distant from the outer one; produce sur- 
 rounded by straw, cars warmed by steam from the locomotive when 
 in motion, and by stove wdien steam is not available. Lined cars 
 are lined with tongued and grooved boards on the sides and ends 
 and bulkheaded. Cars, after being loaded, are carefully inspected 
 as to temperature within ; their destination considered, etc. 
 
 Cars were not thus equipped, packed and constructed, etc., prior 
 to the construction of our transcontinental railways and cold storage 
 establishments. Twenty-five years ago shippers used ordinary cars. 
 
 The development and evolution of the canteen in the U. S. Army 
 has not been such as to justify retaining any longer in service the 
 army canteen now used by our soldiers. The development, improve- 
 ment and evolution of the service canteen has not kept pace with 
 the progress of the cold storage cars. 
 
 In the modern method of storing water in a canteen, the recom- 
 mendation is made that a modern canteen be used. That is to say, 
 one protected by felt instead of "Petersham," having superimposed 
 an openable canvas cover made of some close woven textile fabric, 
 the pattern of the cover being such as to facilitate the moistening of 
 the felt. 
 
 The best method of covering for a canteen known to me is the 
 Lanz method. It does not necessarily quickly produce a low tem- 
 perature in hot weather, but it keeps the contents of the canteen at 
 a uniformly palatable temperature better than any other practically 
 practicable device suited for the military service and personal trans- 
 portation by the soldier in the open. 
 
14 HISTORY OF Till-: MILITARY CAXTEKX. 
 
 Efforts are being constantly made to reduce the load of the foot 
 soldier to a minimum. lie solves the question for himself in the 
 field by discarding non-essentials and so enhances his fighting and 
 marching powers, but retains his canteen whether afoot, mounted or 
 moving by wagon, transport or train. The canteen is not included 
 by him in the list of unnecessary impedimenta. 
 
 A soldier must have water, and he must have an appliance to 
 carry water. That canteen is the best canteen which is the most per- 
 fect non-conductor of heat and cold. 
 
 In a report dated January 20, 1899, from Headquarters ist Di- 
 vision 2d Army Corps, Camp Mackenzie, Augusta, Ga., recommenda- 
 tion was made that canteens should be covered with felt, or wool, 
 not bare Canvas. 
 
 I now know that a flannel cover, unprotected, over a canteen, 
 makes evaporation too easy ; that a leather covered canteen stops 
 evaporation entirely ; that a canvas cover over felt retards evaporation 
 and gives the best results., viz., palatable water of low temperature 
 for troops in the field in the summer season, or any season in our 
 tropical possessions. 
 
 It is believed that the function of a canteen is to carry and ef- 
 fectually preserve the temperature of water, either in hot or cold 
 weather. 
 
 The present U. S. canteen, as issued by the Ordnance Depart- 
 ment, does not satisfactorily preserve or maintain fluid at a palat- 
 able temperature in either very high or very low temperatures. 
 
 Every question in war should be considered in the aspect of what 
 soldiers can do, and will do, when fatigued. A veteran soldier knows 
 the value of a canteen. The three articles that he will hold en to 
 longest are his rifle, his canteen and his blanket. -If he has no am- 
 munition for his rifle he may abandon it, but hang on to his canteen 
 and blanket. He will never part with his canteen. Its value as an 
 article of equipment is attested to by this fact. 
 
 The material used to cover the canteen flask, now in use by the 
 U. S. Army, is practically useless as a means for preventing the con- 
 tents of the canteen from becoming frozen in cold weather. 
 
 A method of preventing in hot weather the contents from be- 
 coming unpalatable, by reason of high temperature, is to apply a layer 
 of non-heat conducting material to the body of the flask, moistening 
 this material so as to prevent the air from gaining access to the 
 wetted material, thus retarding the process of evaporation. 
 
 A method for effecting the desired end, in cold weather, is above 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 1 5 
 
 described, except that the layer of non-heat-conductittg material 
 applied to the body of the flask should not be moistened. 
 
 Old soldiers' of the U. S. Army know that a woolen stocking leg 
 pulled over a canteen helps to keep the contents cool, and they also 
 know that, in tropical regions, the evaporation is retarded and the 
 canteen contents thus kept palatable, especially if a dry cotton stock- 
 ing leg is pulled over the wet woolen one. 
 
 The veteran soldier, plainsman, scout or hunter, will, during hot 
 weather, "dip" his canteen whenever opportunity offers. 
 
 The body of the metallic flask used as a canteen should be thor- 
 oughly covered with all wool felt, or other non-conducting absorbent 
 fabric, material or substance, or by a combination of such. The 
 better the felt, the better its absorbent properties, and the better are 
 the results attained in any open air temperature to which the can- 
 teen is exposed. 
 
 There is a kind of felt, so-called, used for lining horse boots for 
 wear, for padding saddles "hair felt" it is called. Hair felt is 
 sometimes wool mixed with hair of goat, ox, hare, rabbit, musquash 
 and cotton or jute. Saddler's felt may be some wool mixed with 
 any serrated edged, jagged or notched hair, the barbs of which point 
 to the tip of the hair. 
 
 The piano felt used on one pattern of the Lanz canteen heretofore 
 mentioned is unwoven, clear, all-wool, and weighs about three (3) 
 pounds to the square yard. It is of 1-8, 2-8, 3-8, 4-8, etc., thickness, 
 but the thickness alone does not indicate weight. It can be made of 
 any reasonable thickness. It is said by piano manufacturers to be 
 made in different weights, from one (i) to five (5) pounds per 
 square yard. 
 
 Another type of the Lanz canteen is protected by a wool sponge 
 woven felt fabric ; a new departure, made in Amsterdam, N. Y. Its 
 efficacy as a canteen flask cover has not yet been fully determined. 
 
 Over the non-conducting material on the body of the flask should 
 be superimposed an openable cover of some close woven textile fabric. 
 An advantage of the partly openable duck, or canvas, cover, is that it 
 facilitates moistening of the felt. When the Cover is laced up over 
 the moistened felt, evaporation is retarded and the contents of the 
 canteen kept at a palatable temperature for a much longer period of 
 time than if the present service canteen is used. 
 
 It is fully recognized that the determination of the best canteen 
 should rest upon their use in the field, and not by experimental tests 
 in the hands of officers not serving with troops. Durability, corro- 
 
i6 
 
 HISTORY OF Tin-: .MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 Pattern of Metallic F/asfc, screw 6o/y, 
 ly the ar?z Catee* Co., 
 fond, around 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN, ij 
 
 i 
 
 sion, etc., of metal flasks, can be so determined. Facts of this kind 
 find in the fiekl their best proving ground. 
 
 Preparations for war include tests of appliances for war. The 
 testing mania is overdone when a weary round of experimenting is 
 done to determine questions that have already been determined by 
 field use. 
 
 Somnolent experimentation is out of place, for example, with the 
 present canteen, antique a quarter of a century ago. Line officers 
 who have been stationed in New Mexico, southern California and 
 Arizona, to say nothing of Cuba and Porto Rico, know that a metal 
 flask, used as a canteen, should be covered with a non-conducting sub- 
 stance ; know that thick wool felt should be- substituted for the 
 "Petersham," or thin stuff, now superimposed upon the flask; know 
 that this felt should be kept moist in a hot climate, in order to keep 
 the contents of the flask palatable ; know that this woolen cover 
 should have an outer cover that will allow, and retard, evaporation. 
 No "tests" by any board are required to demonstrate these facts. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OE THE ARIZONA CANTEEN. 
 
 The Arizona canteen, cavalry size, weighs, dry, 4oV>z. ; wet, 82 
 oz. ; holds 86 oz. It is covered with common saddler's felt, f-inch 
 thick, over which there is a canvas cover, whose edges through a por- 
 tion of its circumference are partly laced, instead of being stitched 
 hence openable. The seams along the edges of the flask are per- 
 manently stitched from the nozzle in each direction for a few inches. 
 
 Originally that is, in May, 1898 the outer covering was com- 
 posed of several thicknesses of blue flannel. The object of having 
 an openable canvas cover, laced for a portion of its circumference, 
 was for the purpose of admitting moisture to the inside felt and to 
 secure the cooling effect due to retarded evaporation. 
 
 The cover is made in four sections, two around the edge or cir- 
 cumference, the remaining two being applied to each side, or face, of 
 the flask, all joined by being stitched, except where lacing instead of 
 stitching, is used on the circumference of the flask. 
 
 A similar canteen, having a rigid central support, was carried by 
 me along the Gila, Colorado and Rio Grande rivers twenty-five years 
 ago. This particular canteen also accompanied me, when mounted, 
 in the province of Santiago de Cuba, June- August, 1898, and, later, 
 in the province of Havana. It was my custom to wet it at sunset, 
 and suspend the canteen for the night. It kept water at a lower tem- 
 perature throughout the following day than any other portable appli- 
 ance known to me. 
 
l8 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 Complaint is made from the Philippines that the canteens used 
 there always flatten after much usage, the flattening beginning on 
 the side which rests against the saddle blanket. 
 
 Before the days of railroads in New Mexico, southern Arizona 
 and California, the canteens carried by us, in summer time, were large 
 enough to hold about six pints of water. Existence depended, some- 
 times, upon the contents of a big canteen. They were so large that 
 flattening was prevented, at the expense of weight, by an inside cen- 
 tral rigid support, made of the same metal as the flask, which support 
 was soldered to one-half of the canteen before the halves which con- 
 stituted the faces were put together. 
 
 THE PARKER CANTEEN. 
 
 The Parker canteen, like the Pasteur filter, has a tube. The lia- 
 bility of the filtering tube to- fracture by jolting incident to carnage 
 and use, prompts an objection to its adoption for military use in the 
 field. This objection is based on the fragile material from which the 
 tube is made. The filter tube displaces about its own weight of water 
 from the filled canteen, thus limiting the supply of fluid which the 
 canteen would otherwise hold. As water will not normally arise 
 above its own level, it follows that when the canteen is only half full, 
 the filter tube is only half full, etc. 
 
 These canteens are made of tin, into the composition of which 
 iron enters. Complaint was made by those of the Seventh U. S. 
 Cavalry who drank in the province of Havana, the Vento spring 
 water, or other water of that class, that contact of the fluid with the 
 canteen was followed by chemical action, oxidation, and that the 
 water in the canteen became the color of iron rust. 
 
 The deposit of oxide in the filter of the Parker canteen closed the 
 pores and it soon ceased to be a filter. The closed end of the tube 
 showed then a deep iron rust color and the w r ater became undrink- 
 able. 
 
 The Parker canteen was reported on from Headquarters Depart- 
 ment of Havana, April 24, 1899, after consultation with officers of the 
 Second Squadron, Seventh U. S. Cavalry. I have not since been 
 brought in contact with troops provided with any of the Parker can- 
 teens. 
 
 In my report to the Inspector General, through proper channels, 
 dated April 27, 1899, inspection Seventh U. S. Cavalry, I outlined 
 the following undeniable principles, viz. : 
 
 1. Filtration has for its object the removal of suspended matter. 
 
 2. Organic matters adhere to the surface presented to the fluid 
 within the flask. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. IQ 
 
 3. Water passing- slowly through it makes deposits in the inter- 
 stices. 
 
 The Parker canteen has a filter tube inside the flask ; it is attached 
 to an ordinary cork capped with a cap of hard rubber material having 
 a removable cap, and a drink is obtained by suction, the fluid percolat- 
 ing through the filter, which appears to be of infusorial earth or 
 stone. 
 
 The continuance of the action of the Parker filter, or any other 
 filter is limited. 
 
 Soldiers in the field will not find it practicable to clean the Pas- 
 tuer, Parker, Berkfield or any other kind of filter made of infusorial 
 earth. 
 
 If the Parker filter is not cleaned, it clogs, and soon ceases to be a 
 filter. 
 
 For these reasons, apart from its friable nature, it is the opinion 
 of Captain Luther R. Hare, Seventh U. S. Cavalry, and of the other 
 officers of the Seventh U. S. Cavalry, formerly on duty in Cuba, that 
 the Parker filter does not possess sufficient merit to warrant a further 
 trial by U. S. troops. 
 
 The tube alone weighs eight (8) ounces. The flask weighs six- 
 teen (16) ounces, holds about 56 ounces, avoirdupois, of water, less 
 the amount displaced by the filter. The latter is 54 inches long; 
 diameter, I inch. 
 
 Experience is a safe guide. Filters were numerous at the begin- 
 ning of the civil war, and the volunteers bought filters numerously 
 at the begining of the Spanish-American war. They were service- 
 able for a while, but campaign exigencies relegated them to the list of 
 non-essentials, where plainsmen and old hunters had already placed 
 them. 
 
 The objections to the Parker filter for use in a military canteen, 
 aside from its weight, clumsiness, etc., are that it is brittle and liable 
 to fracture, particularly when moist. A crack becomes a structural 
 imperfection. It cracks easily. Unless cleaned and sterilized fre- 
 quently, the pores of the filter become filled with organic matter, 
 which, decomposing, becomes offensive and a good culture bed for 
 micro-organism. 
 
 The objection that, after some use, it will become a breeding 
 ground for bacilli and germs, is a vital one. . 
 
 The Parker filter is not capable of efficiently removing bacteria 
 and other micro-organisms from \vater. Frequent cleaning by hot 
 wet, or hot dry, process, is necessary. These processes are not 
 always practicable by soldiers. Cleaning by brushing will \vear away 
 
2O HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 the bougie or tube. Sucb, in any case, will not cleanse below the 
 portion touched. 
 
 THE ALUMINUM CANTEEN, 60 ox., GERMAN COVER. THE KARLS- 
 RUHE GERMAN ALUMINUM CANTEEN. 
 
 Through the courtesy of Messrs. George and William Lanz, 183 
 Lake street, Chicago, 111., I have been furnished with two aluminum 
 canteens, one having a capacity of sixty (60) ounces ; the other forty- 
 three (43) fluid ounces, both flasks fabricated in Karlsruhe, Baden, 
 Germany. The large flask has a German-made felt cover no canvas 
 weight, including carrying strap, fourteen ( 14) ounces. The 
 medium flask has a Lanz cover, and inner cover of the kind patented 
 by Mr. Lanz, August 14, 1900; weight, fifteen (15) ounces. Cuts 
 of the two are shown herewith, (pp. 115, 10.) 
 
 These canteens were tested by me in the open air, in conjunction 
 with others. In the first tests made, each flask was filled to its full 
 capacity. In the subsequent tests, the amount of water in each was 
 the same, this in order to equalize conditions as much as possible. 
 
 THE DUBUQUE STAMPING AND ENAMEL CANTEEN, WITH THE 
 
 PARKER FILTER. 
 
 It is understood that this is a naked metal flask, coated inside and 
 outside with some kind of agate, vitrified, glazed, incrysted, porce- 
 lained, lava, granite or annealed ware. If it chips like the enameled 
 agate ware used in furnishing officers' mess chests, its use will be 
 dangerous if the chips are swallowed. In composition it is under- 
 stood to resemble the kind of ware commonly used in cooking uten- 
 sils. This type, viz. : uncovered metal, is merelya thing to carry fluid 
 in without pretending to keep the fluid at a palatable temperature. 
 
 Whatever canteen is adopted, it is essential that the flask be 
 covered with a non-conducting fabric or substance. 
 
 The lower part of the neck, or nozzle, or mouth-piece, of the 
 Dubuque Enamel canteen forms a right angle with the side-band of 
 the flask, and so cuts away the filter part of the Parker tube, expos- 
 ing the center metal rod. This cutting away causes the friable mat- 
 ter of which the filter is composed to break away from the rod. The 
 jolting incident to transportation would probably cause it to disinte- 
 grate, if used in the Dubuque Enamal canteen, owing to the mechani- 
 cal construction of the neck of the flask. 
 
 A dealer in white enamel ware, manufactured in Sweden, states 
 that that process of enameling is like that pursued in this country in 
 painting bicycle, frames and then burning on the paint. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 Cart V CUir 
 
 21 
 
 fyTlt votes of ' reforteer 
 
 Canteen tnrn 
 
22 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 He has for sale utensils made of the ware, iron base, white enamel 
 and says that they will stand the test of fire without fusing ; in fact 
 that coffee could be boiled in any of the utensils ; but admits that th< 
 ware will chip, little fragments break off, thus exposing the iron base 
 rust then sets in, undermining the rest of the glaze, enamel, vitreous 
 coating or material used to give the metal a porcelain or agate coat 
 ing. Makers of bath tubs have had the same trouble in making th< 
 enamel stick to the metal. 
 
 The material which enters into the canteen made by the Dubuqiu 
 Stamping and Enamel Company may be of some such combinatior 
 ware as the Swedish lacquered or glazed ware. If it is, a proposition 
 from a would-be contractor to furnish such canteens for military use 
 would incite the condemnatory sense and sentiment of practical 
 soldiers. 
 
 The Dubuque Enamel canteen is not so good as the present type oi 
 regulation canteen. Tests have proved its worthlessness, except tc 
 carry water in. Its shape is about identical with the wood canteen, 
 or water bottle, contemporaneous with our second war with England. 
 The modern canteen is not of circular, but of oval, gourd, oblong, 
 bottle, or flask shape. 
 
 THE NEWARK, NEW JERSEY, ALUMINUM CANTEEN FLASK. 
 
 The New Jersey Aluminum Company, Newark, N. J., submitted 
 to me for test three samples of their aluminum canteen flask. ( See 
 "M," "N" and "O" Test Tables, pp. 64). All are of circular fig- 
 drum, or cheese-box shape. The mouth-piece appears to be soldered 
 on; its diameter is considerably less than that of the orifice in the 
 side piece of the flask, and it is a separate piece of aluminum; the 
 side-rings are inserted in ears riveted to the flask. Each flask appar- 
 ently consists of eight pieces, the rivets not being counted, including 
 the wire loops. The finish is such that no seams are visible. The 
 firm claims that the flasks are made without the use of solder. They 
 are not provided with covers or stoppers. One face is flat, perhaps 
 slightly concave, the other face being convex. 
 
 The aluminum canteen flask, made by the Newark, N. J., Alum- 
 inum Company, and covered by the Lanz method, f-inch felt, and 
 openable canvas cover (termed in test tables p. 64, canteen "F"), 
 underwent thirty-four tests by me, on as many different days. It has 
 on each side a flat piece of the same metal, aluminum, riveted to the 
 flask. This flat piece is doubled and bent so as to make a loop in 
 which there turns a bent piece of looped wire, which serves to attach 
 the hook, or snap, of the canteen strap to. Three rivets are used in 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CAXTEEX. 23 
 
 each flat piece ; no soldering visible ; length of rivets unknown. Xo 
 leakage occurred during any of the tests at the points where rivets 
 were used. 
 
 Eyelets of the outer canvas cover, Lanz method, are reinforced 
 on the inside by a bit of canvas, folded double. The all-wool felt 
 used as the inner jacket consists of two pieces, each cut with a beveled 
 edge in order to give the jacket a snug fit where joined. These pieces 
 are neatly secured together by stitching of copper or aluminum wire. 
 
 This firm writes as follows : We are in receipt of your valued 
 favor of the I4th instant, together with the enclosure of the various 
 tests of canteens. We observe that two of ours proved leaky, while 
 the others bursted. We also take note of the fact that other canteens 
 fared no better. These tests are indeed valuable to every manu- 
 facturer of canteens, and you may rest assured that if given another 
 opportunity we are still in the race. We think that we would know 
 how to make a canteen, and confess that we think your tests rather 
 severe. We especially observe your remark of a canteen of the oval 
 type, concaved on the side which comes next to the body, and convex 
 on the outer side, to hold 48 fluid ounces. To prove to you that we 
 can make such canteens (in fact, we have made flasks of just that 
 particular type), we are forwarding to you one under separate cover, 
 which, by the way, you need not return if you care to keep it. There 
 is but one hitch in this particular canteen, that is to fasten the rings 
 by which the canteen is carried. Just as soon as we attempt to rivet 
 there it makes the weakest point in the canteen. We may, however, 
 find some other way to overcome this. We should very much like 
 to send you one of the requisite size, but as there is considerable 
 expense connected therewith to produce it, we hesitate until we hear 
 further from you. You can, of course, readily understand that each 
 and every manufacturer competing in this matter is desirous of ob- 
 taining an order with some profit to himself. It is, therefore, we 
 speak as we do ; we prefer for the present not to make the larger size, 
 which we know would be perfect, especially if made of one piece as 
 you suggest. Now, if you think it would pay us to go into it and 
 make the dies and tools for producing a canteen of that kind, we are 
 willing to take the chances as regards the test, but if there are no 
 prospects, we would very much thank you to tell us so. 
 
 Thanking you kindly for having given us the opportunity to look 
 over the tests, we remain, etc. 
 
 THE REYMOND & GOTTLOB ALUMINUM CANTEEN. 
 
 Some of the canteens to which the consideration of the military 
 men are invited are picnic affairs, suited, perhaps, for a tourist, or a 
 
24 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 bicyclist on a summer outing, but not adapted in construction, vsha 
 capacity, durability or rigidity for military purposes. 
 
 Of this class is the aluminum canteen, retail price, $1.50, sold by 
 Messrs. Reymond & Gottlob, 831 Broadway, N. Y. Its weight, in- 
 cluding cover, is 8 oz. It is of circular shape, fig-drum, cheese-box 
 appearance, covered with a single thickness of what may be felt. 
 Dimensions, 6 in. cfiameter, 2.\ in. deep. It is not seamless; flask 
 not of one piece. It is said to be spun. No solder is said to be used. 
 The felt covering buttons upon the outer, or convex, base of the 
 flask by flat-headed glove-buttoning fastenings, and the sling, J in. 
 wide, is of strap leather. It is doubtful whether the button fastening 
 method would be durable. 
 
 Being filled to its capacity (29 fluid ounces) with water having a 
 temperature of 94 degrees F., it was exposed with others in the open 
 air at a temperature varying from 4 degrees F. to 10 degrees F. 
 At the end of four hours the contents dropped to 32 degrees. After 
 an exposure of six hours, the contents were frozen, and it leaked in all 
 succeeding tests. 
 
 Its resisting, or non-conducting, properties are about the same 
 as the Government regulation service canteen, ordnance pattern, 
 which is protected by "Petersham" (or shoddy felt), and canvas 
 cover. Perhaps it should be rated a little above the Karlsruhe, Baden, 
 Germany, aluminum canteen when covered by the single felt German 
 method. 
 
 Messrs. Reymond & Gottlob are importers of aluminum fancy 
 goods and novelties, branch at 109 Fulton street, factory, 115-121 
 East Thirteenth street, New York. The firm writes as follows : 
 "We can make the desired canteen, provided it is ordered in fair- 
 sized quantities, and if you could submit a sample of one you think 
 the most useful, we would be thankful to you. We have no connec- 
 tion with any European house, and would not know what is desired 
 for your purpose. 
 
 We truly believe that our canteen is superior to any one in the 
 market and has no equal. As to durability, it outlasts any one, besides 
 being as pure as gold, and will not rust or change any, and think it is 
 the most useful thing for the army. 
 
 We are very anxious to have you make a trial, and kindly ask 
 you to report to us the results. Further, wish to say that we have sold 
 these to a good many officers of the U. S. Army, and every one has 
 given our canteens the highest praise. 
 
 We have tried over and again to get the Government interested 
 in the same, but there seems to be a hitch somewhe r e which we can- 
 not explain. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 of Wales Metal/io, /?*<?/, shaded, to 
 vy<?t?e tcp> W/cvf cfftrwt fee owe detached, 
 t 33 S/ujj w^es. frfaxtrt fy tfo ix C*nU* C* t 
 
26 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 We guarantee every one of ours to be water-tight, and eve 
 soldering can be done on them." 
 
 THE PRESTON FIELD RATION MESS KIT. 
 
 Gradually the armies of the world are adopting aluminum fc 
 mess kits, and the Ordnance Department of the U. S. Army has fc 
 a number of years been testing the qualities of aluminum for th: 
 purpose. Owing to the Cuban and Philippine wars, these tests ha\ 
 been somewhat delayed, but during the last year the department he 
 issued to the service, for trial, one thousand sets of the Preston Mes 
 Kit. 
 
 This kit was patented March 3, 1896, by Lieutenant Guy 1 
 Preston, U. S. A., and is made by the Scovill Manufacturing Con 
 pany, Waterbury, Conn. The retail price of same, complete, is $4-5< 
 
 A glance at the illustrations will demonstrate the improY< 
 ment in compactness and convenience over any kit now in use. Bein 
 made wherever possible, of aluminum, it has the additional advantag 
 of increased lightness, and strength as well. Its weight, with cove 
 is 2 Ibs. 5 oz. The only metals used in any way are aluminum, ti 
 and iron, so that no injurious salts can be formed by corrosion. 
 
 Following is a description of articles of which the kit is con 
 posed : 
 
 The Canteen Proper. This has a capacity of little over thre 
 pints. It is made of heavily coated tin, soldered at its joints. Tin : 
 used rather than aluminum, because as yet no satisfactory solder hz 
 been found for aluminum, and the canteen could not well be mad 
 without joints. The cork has a cap of aluminum to keep the cornet 
 from crumbling when inside, and cannot be lost because of a chai 
 and bar which hang on the inside of the canteen. 
 
 Frying Pan. This is made of aluminum with a heavily tinne 
 steel handle, which, when packed, swings back on a hinge and lie 
 flat on the bottom of the pan. A very ingenious and durable devic 
 with a sliding pin, which cannot be lost, is used for holding the hand) 
 in position when in use. The pan is about I inch in depth and fit 
 over the side of the canteen when in the canvas cover. This f ryin 
 pan has a cover, which is its counterpart in size and shape, and fil 
 over the other side of the canteen when inside of the canvas cove; 
 This may be used as another cooking pan or serving dish. It has n 
 handle, but may be locked tightly over the top of the frying par 
 thus making a case for carrying rations or may be slipped loosely ove 
 the frying pan, thus making a fine baker. 
 
 Cup or Sauce Pan. This is made of aluminum with a heavil 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 2/ 
 
 tinned steel handle, which, when packed, closes within the cup. When 
 in use, a small gravity catch keeps the handle in its proper position. 
 The cup is strongly reinforced where the handle is riveted on, so that 
 the weight of its contents will not work it loose. This cup, when 
 packed, slips over the bottom of the canteen, which it fits snugly. 
 
 Canvas Cover. This is very strongly made of the best brown 
 canvas. A strong canvas strap with an adjoining buckle is securely 
 sewed about the bottom end of the cover. This cover may also be 
 furnished with D rings, when desired, to take the regular cavalry 
 carrying strap issued by the Quartermaster's Department. The top 
 of the cover is laced tight about the canteen, leaving but the neck 
 exposed. Inside is a double lining of gray felt, which is secured to 
 canvas. This is to keep the water cool. The aluminum pans are also 
 a help in this respect, as aluminum is a bad conductor of heat. A 
 pocket is sewed to the inside of the canvas to hold the knife, fork 
 and spoon, which are made of steel, very heavily tinned and silver 
 plated. Being made of steel they are strong and can easily be kept 
 sharp, and being tinned they do not become rusty. 
 
 Captain W. C. Brown, First U. S. Cavalry, is quoted as stating 
 that : "The Preston Mess Outfit is very convenient and suitable for 
 officers' use, but the aluminum sheet used for the frying pan and 
 plate, are rather too thin to withstand the rough usage which they will 
 get in the hands of enlisted men." 
 
 THE COWLES CAN TEH x. 
 
 Name of inventor, John T. Cowles, 224 East Washington street, 
 Chicago, 111., alleged to have assigned same to Mr. George Lanz, 183 
 Lake street, Chicago, a manufacturer of leather goods, and who has 
 furnished ordnance leather equipments to the Ordnance Department 
 U. S. Army, also to English forces now in South Africa. 
 
 This invention relates especially to army contracts for the use of 
 foot and mounted soldiers, but may be adapted as well for large 
 water receptacles, such, for example, as may be used for carrying a 
 temporary supply of water for horses in cavalry and artillery service. 
 
 The object of the invention is to provide means for more effectu- 
 ally preserving the temperature of water either in hot or cold 
 weather. For individual use, the flask of the canteen is of the usual 
 double convex type. It is a canteen in combination, basing its merits, 
 in part, upon the physical principle of convection. A covering of fib- 
 rous material is applied to the flask and impregnated with a non-heat- 
 conducting material. There is a filling of corrugated fibrous paper 
 interposed between the fibrous covering and spaced apart from an 
 
28 HISTORY OF Till': MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 outer rigid shell, which encloses the whole. The walls of the shel 
 have rigid supports. The shell has a textile cover. 
 
 The canteen is provided with the usual nozzle and chained stop- 
 per. The materials used to impregnate the felt, or other fibrous 
 material used as a cover to the flask, are said to be sulphate of alum- 
 inum, common salts, and sulphate of ammonia, or the three mixed. 
 It is stated that the inventor does not desire to be limited to these 
 particular substances, as there are many materials which may be 
 applied to a fibrous carrying substance with greater or less efficiency, 
 the process being to conveniently impregnate the fibrous material by 
 saturating it with a solution of the substance and then drying it out. 
 
 The covered flask is encased in a shell of sheet metal, spaced 
 apart from the fibrous cover, so as to leave an air chamber. To the 
 case there is applied the usual fibrous jacket, and this, in turn, is 
 enclosed by means of a canvas cover which is openable through a 
 portion of its circumference, the seam along the edge of the flask- 
 being permanently stitched from the nozzle in each direction for a 
 short distance and through the remainder of the circumference of the 
 flask being closed by lacing, so that the canvas cover may be opened 
 for the purpose of admitting moisture to the fibrous material, whereby 
 the cooling effect, due to evaporation, is secured. 
 
 See "Lanz Canteen" for this form of laced canvas cover. 
 
 The shell has a cross-rib support applied to its inner face central 
 as to the sides of the flask and bearing against the fibrous cover, so 
 that the shell will not be easily indented. The corrugated paper used 
 as filling is impregnated with a non-heat-conducting material. One 
 form of the shell of the Cowles canteen is corrugated, the corruga- 
 tions being arranged meridianally as to the shell and being of maxi- 
 mum depth across its equator and disappearing at its polar portions. 
 
 The inventor claims that by the use of the outer covering of felt 
 protected by a close woven fabric, such as canvas, the benefit is 
 secured of the long continued effect due to slo\v evaporation, the felt 
 having been saturated when the canteen is full. 
 
 The canteens heretofore made have proved inadequate as to 
 means for keeping the water sufficiently cool to be palatable in hot 
 climates. For this reason "the expedient named is supplemented in the 
 canteen forming the subject of this mention, by the metallic casino- 
 enclosing the flask in such manner as to form with the walls thereof 
 an air-space. The advantage gained by this construction is decidedly 
 augmented by the layer of fibrous material applied directly to the 
 flask, and by but partially filling the air-space between it and the 
 casing, this fibrous material being itself a good non-conductor of 
 heat, but being rendered far more efficient in this regard by being 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CAXTEEX. 2Q 
 
 impregnated with the substances named, which possess very low 
 conductivity. 
 
 By supplementing these features with the corrugated paper placed 
 with the air-space named, a further marked advantage is secured, 
 not only because of the efficacy of the paper, especially when 
 impregnated with the materials named above as non-conductors, but 
 because of the sub-division of the air-space into numerous cells, 
 thereby preventing the circulation of air and the consequent trans- 
 mission of heat by convection. 
 
 The principle of the invention is not limited to this, or any other 
 canteen form, but is equally applicable to a flask or tank of any 
 shape. 
 
 THE LANZ CANTEEN. 
 
 Name of inventor, William Lanz, and manufacturer, Mr. George 
 Lanz, 183 Lake street, Chicago, 111. 
 
 The canteen is one of the few articles of equipment that the prop- 
 erly trained soldier will never part with. Every question in war 
 should be considered in the aspect of what men can do, and will do, 
 when fatigued. Mr. George Lanz is a reputable wholesale manu- 
 facturer and contractor for leather goods. He has made a large 
 number of saddle bags, pistol holsters, etc., for the Ordnance Depart- 
 ment, U. S. Army, and for the British service. 
 
 This invention relates to army canteens and the like, and its object 
 is to provide such a cover for the sheet metal flask, of which such 
 articles are usually composed, that it will more effectually prevent 
 changes of temperature of the contents than has heretofore been 
 accomplished. The usual reliance for acomplishing this object has 
 been a jacket of a substance called felt, or of a mixture of cotton or 
 jute mixed with wool, called felt, covered with canvas, which jacket 
 is so intended that by the process of evaporation the contents of the 
 flask will remain cool. 
 
 This means for preventing the contents of the flask from becom- 
 ing warm has been inadequate because the outer covering of the can- 
 teen has usually been of finely woven canvas, or like fabric, which is 
 very nearly water-proof, and hence, although water may have been 
 poured upon the canteen, or the latter may have been dipped into 
 water, the moisture would not penetrate the canvas covering, and 
 hence the inner lining of cotton and jute mixed with wool felt would 
 remain dry. 
 
 The form of construction now in use by the U. S. Army also is, 
 of course, practically valueless as a means of preventing the contents 
 of the canteen from becoming frozen in cold weather. 
 
3O HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 One form of the Lanz invention consists in covering the flask 
 with a material, or a layer of material, having a low heat-conducting 
 character, and placing over the layer an envelope of water-proof 
 material, so that the inner layer will never become wet ; upon this 
 envelope is superimposed the usual jacket, or jackets, of fibrous 
 material, such as felt, and this in turn is covered with canvas or sim- 
 ilar textile fabric, closely woven, so that it is almost impervious to 
 water. 
 
 This outer cover is openable, its seam being in part formed by 
 lacing, so that it may be readily opened for renewal or for the pur- 
 pose of permitting moisture to freely enter the felt jacket when the 
 canteen is immersed in water. 
 
 The invention consists further in making the canteen with one of 
 its sides flattened or slightly concave. 
 
 Drawings illustrating this invention, side elevation, edge view 
 and transverse section, are in the possession of the inventor at Xo. 
 183 Lake street, Chicago, 111. (See page 31.) 
 
 ' The flask is the usual rounded double convex form, except that 
 one of its sides is made slightly concave, so that it may rest more 
 easily upon the hip of the user when slung from the shoulder. The 
 flask is provided with the usual nozzle closed by a stopper provided 
 with a chain and ring. 
 
 A layer of non-heat-conducting material is applied to the body of 
 the flask, preferably granular cork is used for this purpose, and it 
 may be secured to the canteen by first coating the latter with a suit- 
 able cement and then sprinkling the cork upon it while the cement 
 is moist ; or the cork may first be molded into a shell adapted to fit 
 snugly against the side of the flask. Other forms of the Lanz can- 
 teen omit this layer. 
 
 This layer of material is enclosed in an envelope of water-proof 
 material. For this purpose oilcloth is preferably used, though any 
 material which will prevent water from gaining access to the cork 
 will serve. 
 
 Upon the envelope is superimposed a layer, or layers, of fibrous 
 material, preferably felt, and this, in turn, is encased in felt, wool, 
 canvas or other fabric. This cover is made in two sections, one 
 applied to each side of the flask, the two being joined by a seam which 
 may be permanently and closely stitched from the nozzle part way 
 round the canteen ; but through a considerable portion of this seam, 
 preferably exceeding one-half of the circumference of the canteen, 
 lacing is used. 
 
 In use, the lacing is, or may be, opened after the flask is filled, 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
32 HISTORY OK TT1K MILITARY C. \XTKKX . 
 
 and the canteen, if the water or weather he warm, is then immersed 
 in water so that the felt jacket may become thoroughly saturated. 
 The lacing is now drawn tightly so as to prevent the air from gain- 
 ing access to the felt, and thereby the process of evaporation is 
 greatly retarded, so that under ordinary circumstances the felt will 
 continue moist for a number of hours. 
 
 The layer of cork, or other material, prevents the heat from pass- 
 ing through the walls of the flask when the temperature of the felt 
 jacket is raised above that of the contents of the canteen, so that the 
 water remains cool and palatable for many hours after the flask is 
 filled. 
 
 The office of the water-proof envelope is to prevent the layer of 
 non-heat-conducting material from becoming weighted, and hence, in 
 time, foul, and also to prevent the metal of which the flask is formed 
 from corroding. 
 
 In cold weather the felt is, of course, not moistened, and, being, 
 when dry, an effective non-conductor of heat, it, with the inner layer 
 of cork, or similar material, will prevent the liquid within the can- 
 teen from parting with its heat for a considerable period, so that .he 
 danger of freezing is greatly lessened. 
 
 While the construction heretofore mentioned may be preferable 
 to any other, the water-proof layer of non-heat-conducting material 
 may be omitted and the jacket of fibrous material be applied directly 
 to the body of the flask, enclosing it within the canvas cover which 
 is openable for the purpose of admitting moisture to the felt, and 
 may then be closed by lacing, so as to greatly retard the process of 
 evaporation. Many of our old soldiers have learned that a woolen 
 stocking leg pulled over a canteen helps to keep the contents cool. 
 
 An English patent of 1884 describes a canteen with a felt cover- 
 ing and a leather cover laced over it. An Italian patent of 1871 
 refers to a felt and flannel laced cover for a canteen. It is claimed 
 that neither of these can accomplish what is claimed for the canteens 
 made by Mr. George Lanz, 183 Lake street, Chicago, 111., viz. : Re- 
 tard the evaporation. Experimental tests have been made by Mr. 
 Lanz demonstrating varying and relative results, using a canteen 
 with a leather cover, with a flannel cover, with a canvas cover. 
 
 The merits of the Lanz made canteen are that it will keep cool 
 water at a low temperature, reduce high temperatured water to a 
 drinkable temperature, or warm liquid at a high temperature, longer 
 than any other canteen now in use by any military power. 
 
 These results are accomplished by enveloping or casing the can- 
 
HISTORY OK TIII-: MILITARY CANTEEN. 33 
 
 teen with a non-conducting substance, such as wool, felt, cork or 
 granulated cork, sometimes in conjunction with a certain cement. 
 
 Another device of his manufacture is to encase the protected can- 
 teen by an outer shell of metal, there being an air-space between the 
 shell and the enveloped canteen. The shell is held away from the 
 canteen by two beveled cork buffers. These buffer heels also protect 
 the canteen. The whole is then covered. 
 
 It is designed that each soldier shall carry one, suspended by a 
 strap from the shoulder, to carry cool water, hot coffee, or whatever 
 beverage may be obtainable on the march or in the field. 
 
 It is claimed that the drinkable properties of the liquid continue 
 for a longer period than by any other device patented, or used, by 
 any army. 
 
 The Lanz canteen is not a tin flask enveloped with a thin mixture 
 of cotton, wool or jute, then canvas covered. 
 
 The patentee makes the canteen of aluminum, and also of various 
 other metals, or combinations of metals ; likewise of wood, paper 
 pulp, caoutchouc, etc. 
 
 In shape, the circular form is generally preserved, but one face is 
 convex, the other being concave. When slung, the concave face is 
 next to the body of the wearer. A filter may be fastened to the noz- 
 zle or mouth, if desired. The capacity may be from three pints 
 upward, same as model, Ordnance pattern, U. S. Army. The cavalry 
 model canteen is of larger capacity than the one designated for the 
 equipment and transportation of foot soldiers. 
 
 The weight of the Lanz canteen is about six (6) ounces in excess 
 of the U. S. canteen of the same capacity, forty-six (46) fluid ounces 
 of water, being twenty (20) ounces of avoirdupois. 
 
 The following tests are reported by him, five (5) canteens being 
 used : 
 
 First test. No. I, U. S. canteen, as issued by Ordnance Depart- 
 ment. No. 2, Lanz canteen. No. 3, another Lanz canteen. Tem- 
 perature of hydrant water with which each canteen was filled, fifty- 
 fi ye (55) Fahrenheit. Exposure at rest, 115. Time of exposure, 6 
 hours. Results: No. i, U. S. canteen, 94. No. 2, Lanz canteen, 76. 
 No. 3, Lanz canteen. 72. 
 
 Second test. No. i, U. S. canteen, as issued by Ordnance Depart- 
 ment. No. 2, Lanz canteen. No. 3, Improved Lanz canteen. Tem- 
 perature of water at time of filling each canteen, 55 Fahrenheit. 
 Canteens suspended at rest and exposed for 5 hours to a temperature 
 of 135. The exterior surface of each canteen was dry before, and 
 
34 HISTORY OF rrn-: MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 during, the test. Results: Xo. [,U. S. military canteen, 114. X<>. j, 
 Lanz canteen, 90. No. 3, Improved Lanz canteen, 84. 
 
 Third test. No. i, U. S. canteen, as issued by Ordnance Depart- 
 ment. No. 2 ? Braided Lanz canteen, wet. No. 3, Braided Lanz 
 canteen, dry. No. 4, Arizona canteen, cavalry size, dry. No. 5, 
 Braided Lanz-Cowles canteen, granulated cork cased, dry. Tem- 
 perature of water when each canteen was filled, 55 Fahrenheit. All 
 canteens suspended remained at rest during test. Time of exposure 
 to a temperature constantly of 136 Fahrenheit, 5 hours. Results: 
 No. i, U. S. canteen, 104. No. 2 Braided Lanz canteen, wet, 92 
 No. 3, Braided Lanz canteen, dry, 94. No. 4, Arizona canteen, 
 cavalry size, dry, 92. ( Memorandum : The quantity of water in the 
 Arizona canteen was double that placed in any of the other canteens.) 
 
 Mr. Lanz has, he states, tested made coffee, also tea, just off the 
 fire, in his canteens, and then placed them in an ice-chamber and 
 claims that for use in the winter season, Arctic regions, etc., the non- 
 conducting properties of his canteens have demonstrated like superior 
 relative value. 
 
 He states, also, that he has attached various canteens to men on 
 the march, to horses., moving bicycles, railway cars, etc., thus assimi- 
 lating to conditions of actual service, with results proving the 
 superiority of his inventions. One of his canteens is made of cor- 
 rugated material. 
 
 In this connection, attention is invited to my report, dated 20 Jan., 
 1899, from Headquarters, ist Division, 2d Army Crops, Camp Mac- 
 kenzie, Augusta, Ga., reiterating previous recommendation that can- 
 teens should be covered with felt, or wool, inside the canvas cover. 
 
 It is now recommended that whatever canteen be adopted the 
 flask be thoroughly covered with wool, felt, flannel, or by a non-con- 
 ducting fabric, or substance. 
 
 The Lanz canteen is based on rational principles. The improve- 
 ments in the service canteen have not kept pace with the developments 
 in every other portion of the equipment or accoutrement of our 
 soldiers ; they have suffered needlessly because not provided with 
 canteen which would keep water at a drinkable temperature in 
 tropical regions and during the heated season. 
 
 Hence it is recommended that a thousand, or more, be ordered, for 
 issue, trial, practical use in the field, and special reports. 
 
 Further, that the attention of the Chief of Ordnance, also of the 
 Board of Fortification, Ordnance, and Equipment, be invited to the 
 device. 
 
 A defect of the U. S. canteen is that the covering will not retain 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 35 
 
 Afeta//7'c /7ffs%, opacity 32 f/wd ox. Screw top 
 the /oH/er7?a/f of the 5 be// of the f/asTc ?* re/nova &/e 
 for use as a drink w ctsp. Sulmtite-d, ?> the 
 
36 HISTORY OF TIIK MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 moi'stiire in 1nt weather, hence contents of canteen become unpala- 
 table. 
 
 Air. George Lanz claims: 
 
 1. In combination, a flask, a layer of low-heat-conducting char- 
 acter covering the flask, a waterproof envelope for such covering ; a 
 jacket of fibrous material superimposed upon the envelope and an 
 openable cover of close woven textile fabric for the jacket. 
 
 2. In a canteen, in combination, a flask, a layer of granulated 
 cork covering the flask, a waterproof envelope for such covering, a 
 jacket of fibrous material superimposed upon the envelope, and a 
 canvas cover for the jacket, such cover being composed of two sec- 
 tions joined together, in part, by lacing. 
 
 3. In a canteen, in combination, a flask, a jacket of uninter- 
 rupted absorbent material therefor, and an openable cover for the 
 jacket made of close woven fabric. 
 
 4. He claims the herein described method of retarding the rise 
 of temperature of a liquid in an environment of a relatively higher 
 temperature consisting in enclosing the liquid in a flask moistening 
 the exterior of the flask and retarding the evaporation of such 
 moisture. 
 
 Some of his canteens are protected by felt 1-8 of an inch in 
 thickness ; some by 2-8-inch felt ; some by 3-8-inch felt ; some by 4-8- 
 inch felt. 
 
 Some have I -8-inch layer of granular cork; some 2-8-inch cork; 
 some 3-8-inch cork layer next the flask. 
 
 Some have both felt and cork of varying thickness over the flask 
 but all of the patterns of Lanz canteens have outside, the canvas 
 laced up, openable cover. He claims to use only the best imported 
 piano felt. 
 
 At Camp Lake View, Minn., during the week iQth to 27th July, 
 1900, some tests of the Lanz canteen as compared with the U. S. 
 canteen as at present issued by the Ordnance Department, U. S. A., 
 were made by Asst. Surgeon Asa Friend Goodrich, Medical Corps, 
 N. G. S. M., and ist Lieut. Wm. Arthur Carleton, ist Regt. Infantry, 
 N. G. S. M. 
 
 The Lanz canteen was the property of Capt. Wm. H. Hart, 
 Brigade Quartermaster, Minnesota National Guard. 
 
 I was present at some of the tests and loaned what I call my 
 Arizona canteen to be tested with the other canteens named. 
 
 One of the tests involved carrying a canteen attached to the 
 saddle and carried for several hours in a hot sun on a horse in such a 
 manner as to receive warmth from the bodv of the horse. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 37 
 
 The following is a copy of the endorsement of the Lanz canteen 
 by Capt. W. H. Hart. Reports were also made by Dr. Goodrich and 
 Lieut. Carleton : 
 
 "Camp Lake View, Lake City, Minn., July 29, 1900. Mr. George 
 Lanz, Manufacturer and Patentee Lanz Canteen, 183 Lake Street, 
 Chicago, 111. Sir : I am satisfied that when a metal flask containing 
 water is covered with felt that has been saturated with water and the 
 felt then covered with canvas that is laced up tight so as to minimize 
 the access of air, the retarded evaporation operates to keep the con- 
 tents of the flask palatably cool for a longer period, and at a lower 
 temperature, than by any other process known to me. The higher 
 the atmospheric temperature the better, so long as the felt is kept 
 moist. 
 
 "You sent me for test and trial one of your canteens. The flask 
 held about forty-five (45) fluid ounces. It had a layer of granulated 
 cork stuck on to canvas and varnished, I think. Over that layer was 
 a felt cover about a quarter of an inch thick. Over that was an open- 
 able canvas cover laced up like Colonel Reade's. 
 
 ''The Government canteen cover is of flimsy material and cannot 
 absorb nearly as much water as a canteen covered with fine piano all- 
 wool felt. 
 
 "I caused two officers of the Minnesota National Guard to con- 
 duct a series of tests of your canteen at this place a few days ago, as 
 compared with the U. S. Government canteen as issued by the Ord- 
 nance Department, U. S. A. 
 
 "Col. Reade's canteen, the one he used in June-August, 1898, in 
 Santiago de Cuba, was borrowed for comparative test by these two 
 officers. His canteen was covered with common saddler's felt covered 
 with a laced canvas cover. 
 
 "Every care was exercised to make the conditions uniform; all 
 canteens were filled at the same time ; quantity of water in each the 
 same ; immersed fairly ; same exposure ; one thermometer used in 
 testing. 
 
 "My personal judgment is based upon the results of those tests, 
 and you can refer to me as one who condemns the present Govern- 
 ment canteen and would like to see it superseded by the Lanz canteen. 
 
 "For what sum per hundred can you recover, by your process, the 
 U. S. canteens now in the hands of the Minnesota National Guard? 
 
 W.H.HART. 
 
 "Captain and Brigade Quartermaster, 
 "National Guard, State of Minnesota." 
 
38 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 In witnessing these tests, several questions were in my mind : 
 For use in tropical regions 
 
 1. Did the inner cork jacket of one form of Lanz canteen do any 
 good? 
 
 2. Did the waterproof layer (oilcloth, resin, cement, or varnish), 
 whatever the substance might be, used to protect the inner layer, do 
 any good ? 
 
 3. Was the Lanz theory of having next to the flask a layer of 
 material having low heat-conducting properties covered with a water- 
 proof substance in order to prevent water from gaining access to 
 the cork jacket, correct ? 
 
 4. If the inner jacket, so isolated, aided to keep the contents of 
 the flask palatable, was it commensurate with the enhanced cost and 
 weight ? 
 
 5. Would it not be better to discard this inner jacket and sub- 
 stitute a like amount in weight of fibrous or textile material, as in 
 the Arizona canteen which has the felt material applied directly to the 
 flask? 
 
 Using five (5) Lanz canteens, and two (2) U. S. A. canteens, as 
 issued by the Ordnance Department, I have since witnessed the fol- 
 lowing test : 
 No. i, Lanz canteen, cover 3-8-inch gran, cork ; also 3-8-inch felt and 
 
 canvas cover. 
 No. 2, Lanz canteen, cover i -8-inch gran, cork ; also 2-8-inch felt and 
 
 canvas cover. 
 No. 3, Lanz canteen, cover i -8-inch gran, cork ; also 3-8-inch felt and 
 
 canvas cover. 
 
 No. 4, Lanz canteen, cover, no gran, cork ; 3-8-inch felt and also can- 
 vas cover. 
 
 No. 5, Lanz canteen, cover, no gran cork ; i -2-inch felt and also can- 
 vas cover. 
 Nos. 7 and 8, U. S. Government canteens as issued at present. 
 
 The seven canteens were filled with water of the same tempera- 
 ture 66 degrees F., and at the same time. 
 
 Quantity of water in each Lanz canteen, one 45, one 46 ounces. 
 All seven canteens were immersed in water for the same length 
 of time about fifteen minutes after the lacing of each of the Lanz 
 canteens had been loosened. 
 
 The laces in the Lanz canteens were then tightened up again and 
 all seven canteens suspended above the roof of a four-storied build- 
 ing, where full circulation and exposure to air, light and heat, with- 
 out contact, was maintained for six (6) consecutive hours. Beside 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 39 
 
 each canteen hung a thermometer, from which hourly readings were 
 taken and outside temperature noted and recorded. 
 
 At 9 o'clock a. m., temperature was 90 degrees F. 
 At 10 o'clock a. m., temperature was 94 degrees F. 
 At ii o'clock a. m., temperature was 93 degrees F. 
 At 12 o'clock m., temperature was 97 degrees F. 
 At i o'clock p. m., temperature was 98 degrees F. 
 At 2 o'clock p. m., temperature was 99 degrees F. 
 At .3 o'clock p. m., temperature was 99 degrees F. 
 
 After these six (6) hours' exposure, the contents of the canteens 
 showed temperature as follows fa thermometer had been inserted in 
 each canteen) : 
 
 Lanz canteen, No. i, 77 degrees F. 
 
 Lanz canteen, No. 2, 78 degrees F. 
 
 Lanz canteen No. 3, 78 degrees F. 
 
 Lanz canteen, No. 4, 78 degrees F. 
 
 Lanz canteen, No. 5, 77 degrees F. 
 
 U. S. canteen, 100 degrees F. 
 
 U. S. canteen, 102 degrees F. 
 
 On another occasion, three (3) canteens were tested, viz.: 
 
 Lanz canteen, No. i. 
 Lanz canteen, No. 4. 
 U. S. Government canteen as issued. 
 
 These three canteens were rilled with water, 66 degrees F., and 
 placed on the roof of a high building, so that one flat side of each 
 canteen was exposed to the sun for seven (7) consecutive hours, 
 from 8.30 a. m. to 3.30 p. m. A thermometer was placed beside each 
 canteen and also inserted into each one after the seven hours' ex- 
 posure. 
 
 The temperature was noted as follows : 
 
 8.30 a. m., outside temperature, 95 degrees F. 
 
 9.30 a. m., outside temperature, 105 degrees F. 
 
 10.30 a. m., outside temperature, 115 degrees F. 
 
 11.30 a. m., outside temperature, 120 degrees F. 
 
 12.30 p. m., outside temperature, 125 degrees F. 
 
 1.30 p. m., outside temperature, 125 degrees F. 
 
 2.30 p. m., outside temperature, 120 degrees F. 
 
 3.30 p. m., outside temperature, 115 degrees F. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 coe/r air 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 4! 
 
 I have personally made the following tests, conducting same from my office, Army 
 Building, St. Paul, Minn. 
 
 TEST No. 1. 
 
 Kind of Canteen. 
 
 Weight 
 of 
 Canteen. 
 
 Holds 
 ounces. 
 
 Absorb- 
 ent 
 Capac- 
 ity. 
 
 Temper- 
 ature of 
 Water 
 when 
 placed in 
 Canteen. 
 
 Temper- 
 ature of 
 Water at 
 Conclu- 
 sion of 
 Test. 
 
 Dry 
 
 07.. 
 
 Wet 
 oz. 
 
 No i U S Government 
 
 16 
 15 
 
 24^ 
 40 
 
 I7'2 
 l8>/2 
 
 40 
 40 
 
 82 
 
 4 4 
 
 :i 
 
 86 
 
 & 
 
 3/2 
 
 \lx 
 
 42 
 
 7 6 
 7 6 
 
 7 
 7 6 
 
 76 
 
 9 
 92 
 
 76 
 7 6 
 
 7 
 
 No 2 " " 
 
 No. 3, Lanz, single cork and g-inch felt, can- 
 
 No 4 Lanz A-inch felt, canvas outside..!.. 
 
 No. 5, Reade, Arizona, saddler's felt, canvas 
 outside .. 
 
 
 Outside temperature: 9 a. m., ; 
 
 10 " 86 " 
 
 11 " 92 " F. 
 
 12 m., 94 " F. 
 
 1 p. m. 76 " F. 
 
 2 " 93 " F. 
 
 3 89 " F. . 
 
 Canteens suspended over roof. The exterior cover of each canteen was wet 
 before making the test. Time of exposure, at rest, six (6) hours. 
 
 TEST No. 2. 
 
 Kind of Canteen. 
 
 Weig 
 Can 
 
 Dry 
 ozs. 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 24^ 
 
 40 
 
 24 
 22 
 
 htof 
 een. 
 
 Wet 
 ozs. 
 
 i7# 
 
 1 8^ 
 
 40 
 40 
 
 82 
 
 34^ 
 30 
 
 Holds 
 ounces 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 45 
 46 
 
 86 
 
 45 
 
 45 
 
 Absorb- 
 ent 
 Capac- 
 ity. 
 
 Tern pera- 
 ture of 
 Water 
 when 
 placed in 
 Canteen. 
 
 Tempera- 
 ture of 
 Water at 
 Conclu- 
 sion of 
 Test. 
 
 Xo I US Government 
 
 I# 
 
 3 1 A 
 
 Jl* 
 
 42 
 
 10% 
 
 8 
 
 64 
 64 
 
 6 4 
 64 
 
 6 4 
 
 6 4 
 64 
 
 8 9 
 
 8 9 
 
 7* 
 7* 
 
 76 
 
 76 
 80 
 
 
 No. 3, Lanz, single cork and ^-inch felt, 
 canvas outside. 
 
 No. 4, Lanz, % -inch felt, canvas outside.. 
 No. 5, Reade, Arizona, saddler's felt, can- 
 vas outside 
 
 No. 3, Lanz, XXX tin, single cork, J^-inch 
 with waterpoof covering, ^-inch 
 felt. (Loaned by Dr. A. F. Good- 
 rich) 
 
 No. 4, Lanz, XXXX tin, ^-inch felt, no 
 cork, canvas cover. (Loaned by 
 Dr. A. F. Goodrich) 
 
 Outside temperature: 9 a. m., 80 deg. F. I p. m., 90 deg. F. 
 10 " 74 " F. 2 " 93 " F. 
 u " 83 " F. 3 " 92 " F. 
 12 in., 90 " F. 
 
 Canteens suspended at rest, above roof, where free circulation and exposure to 
 sunlight and heat, without contact, was maintained for six (6) consecutive hours. The 
 outer, or canvas, cover was saturated before making the test, 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 TEST No. 3. 
 
 
 Weight of Absorb- 
 
 Tf mpera- 
 ture of 
 
 Tempera- 
 ture of 
 
 Kind of Canteen. 
 
 Canteen. 
 
 Holds ent 
 ounces. Capac- 
 
 Water 
 when 
 
 Water at 
 Conclu- 
 
 
 
 Dry ! Wet 
 
 ity. 
 
 placed in 
 
 sion of 
 
 
 
 OZS. | OZS. 
 
 
 Canteen. 
 
 Test. 
 
 No I U S Qrivfmmpnt 
 
 
 
 72 
 
 Q4. 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 7^ 
 
 96 
 
 No. 3, Lanz, 
 
 
 
 
 72 
 
 78 
 
 No. 4, " 
 
 
 
 
 72 
 
 7 6 
 
 No. 5, Reade, 
 
 > As described in Test No. 2 
 
 As iii 
 
 Test Xo. 2. 
 
 72 
 
 SO 
 
 No. 3, Lanz, 
 
 
 
 
 72 
 
 78 
 
 No. 4, " 
 
 
 
 
 72 
 
 75 
 
 Outside temperature: 8 a. m., 76 deg. F. I p. m., 93 deg. F. 
 
 9 " 82 " F. 2 " 92 " F. 
 
 10 " 90 F. 3 90 " F. 
 
 11 " 92 " F. 4 88 " F. 
 
 12 m., 93 " F. 
 
 Canteens suspended at rest above roof, where free circulation and exposure to 
 sunlight, without contact with one another, was maintained for eight (8) consecutive 
 hours. Covers were wet before making test. 
 
 TEST No. 4. 
 
 Kind of Canteen. 
 
 Weight of 
 Canteen. 
 
 Holds 
 ounces. 
 
 Absorb- 
 ent 
 Capac- 
 
 Tempera- 
 ture of 
 Water 
 when 
 
 Tempera- 
 ture of 
 Water at 
 Conclu- 
 
 
 Dry 
 
 Wet 
 
 
 ity. 
 
 placed in 
 
 sion of 
 
 
 OZS. 
 
 OZS. 
 
 
 
 Canteen. 
 
 Test. 
 
 No I U. S. Government 
 
 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 No 2 " " 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 78 
 
 ^ 
 
 No. 3, Lanz, "] 
 
 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 77 
 
 No. 4, " 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 76 
 
 No. 5, Reade, ^ As described in Test No. 2 
 
 As 
 
 in 
 
 Test 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 78 
 
 
 ND. 3, Lanz, j 
 
 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 76 
 
 No. 4, " | 
 
 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 76 
 
 Outside temperature, and temperature of water, each hour, in each canteen, 
 during Test No. 4. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Outside 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 ANTKJiN 
 
 
 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 No. i. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 8 a m 
 
 72 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 7S 
 
 " 
 
 8l 
 
 7r 
 
 '? 
 7fi 
 
 7 
 
 :S 
 
 7 
 78 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 / 
 
 ~x 
 
 10 " 
 
 85 
 
 3 
 78 
 
 /" 
 
 7C 
 
 7 
 
 78 
 
 7 5 
 78 
 
 /4 
 76 
 
 11 
 76 
 
 II 
 
 I I " 
 
 86 
 
 76 
 
 
 7 ^ 
 76 
 
 ' s 
 
 76 
 
 
 / u 
 76 
 
 / 
 78 
 
 12 m 
 
 87 
 
 77 
 
 u 
 7Q 
 
 /" 
 
 77 
 
 / u 
 76 
 
 /4 
 76 
 
 7 ^ 
 76 
 
 / 
 
 78 
 
 I p. m 
 
 80 
 
 82 
 
 86 
 
 76 
 
 / ? 
 76 
 
 
 / u 
 
 76 
 
 2 " 
 
 88 
 
 80 
 
 
 76 
 
 / u 
 
 76 
 
 /:) 
 
 /j 
 
 76 
 
 ~l " 
 
 88 
 
 y 
 02 
 
 V 1 
 Q2 
 
 / u 
 
 77 
 
 / u 
 76 
 
 10 
 
 76 
 
 75 
 
 7C 
 
 / u 
 76 
 
 i " 
 
 88 
 
 Q2 
 
 Q-7 
 
 77 
 
 76 
 
 76 
 
 -6 
 
 76 
 
 
 
 y* 
 
 yj 
 
 II 
 
 / u 
 
 / u 
 
 /" 
 
 / w 
 
 Canteens suspended at rest above roof, where free circulation and exposure to sun- 
 light, without contact with one another, was maintained for eight (S) consecutive 
 hours. Covers were drv before makin"" test. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 43 
 
 TEST No. 5. 
 
 Kind of Canteen. 
 
 Weight of 
 Canteen. 
 
 Holds 
 ounces 
 
 Absorb- 
 ent 
 Capac- 
 ity. 
 
 Tempera- 
 ture of 
 Water 
 when 
 placed in 
 Canteen. 
 
 Tempera- 
 ture of 
 Water at 
 Conclu- 
 sion of 
 Test. 
 
 104 
 103 ^ 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 80 
 80 
 90 
 90 
 
 86 
 92 
 
 Dry 
 ozs. 
 
 Wet 
 ozs. 
 
 No i U S Government .... 
 
 As 
 
 14 
 H 
 4 
 
 in 
 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 
 Test 
 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 80 
 80 
 80 
 80 
 80 
 
 85t 
 
 85* 
 
 8 5 t 
 8 5 t 
 
 No 2 " " 
 
 No. 3, Lanz, "j 
 No. 4, " .| 
 No. 5, Reade, }- As described in Test No. 2. 
 No. 3, Lan/, 
 No. 4, " 
 
 No 2A " " .... 
 
 No 3A' " " + 
 
 
 
 "Contents spilled before conclusion of test. 
 
 tThese canteens were exposed one hour only, from 3 to 4 o'clock p. m. 
 
 JCanteen No. 3 A, is a U. S. Government canteen having a leg of a woolen stocking pulled 
 over its covering. 
 
 Outside temperature, and temperature of water, each hour, in each canteen, 
 during Test No. 5. 
 
 i CANTEEN. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Outside 
 Temp. 
 
 No. 
 i. 
 
 No. 
 
 2. 
 
 No. 
 3- 
 
 No. 
 4- 
 
 No. 
 5- 
 
 No. 
 3- 
 
 No. 
 4- 
 
 No. 
 lA. 
 
 No. 
 
 2A. 
 
 No. 
 3A. 
 
 Tin 
 Flask 
 
 8 a. m 
 9 " 
 
 IO " 
 U " 
 I -> 111 . ... 
 
 79 
 
 84 
 88 
 
 9i 
 
 Q4. 
 
 80 
 78 
 78 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 80 
 
 78 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 Si 
 
 80 
 
 79 
 78 
 80 
 80 
 
 80 
 80 
 80 
 80 
 
 82 
 
 80 
 80 
 80 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 80 
 
 79 
 79 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 80 
 78 
 78 
 80 
 
 82 
 
 
 
 
 
 I p. m. . . . 
 
 2 " 
 
 3 " ---- 
 4 " .... 
 
 IOO 
 100 
 IOO 
 
 97 
 
 1 02 
 104 
 
 103 
 103 
 
 
 82 
 80 
 
 82 
 81 
 
 81 
 80 
 
 81 
 80 
 
 85 
 9 
 
 85 
 90 
 
 85 
 86 
 
 85 
 92 
 
 Wind, ten miles an hour during this test. Canteens were in constant motion. 
 Four ounces of water taken from each canteen every hour for the first four hours. 
 
 TEST No. 6. 
 
 
 Weight of 
 
 
 Absorb- 
 
 Tempera- 
 ture of 
 
 Tempera- 
 ture of 
 
 Kind of Canteen. 
 
 Canteen. 
 
 Holds 
 ounces. 
 
 ent 
 Capac- 
 
 Water 
 when 
 
 Water at 
 Conclu- 
 
 
 Dr7 
 
 Wet 
 
 
 ity. 
 
 placed in 
 
 sion of 
 
 
 ozs. 
 
 ozs. 
 
 
 
 Canteen. 
 
 Test. 
 
 No. i, U. S. Government 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?6 
 
 98 
 
 No. 2, " 
 
 
 
 
 
 76 
 
 y 
 
 98 
 
 No. 3, Lanz, 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 76 
 
 -7 
 
 82 
 
 No. 4, " 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 6 
 
 80 
 
 No. 5, Reade, }- As described in Test No. 2 
 
 As 
 
 give 
 
 n in T 
 
 ests 
 
 7 6 
 
 80 
 
 No. 3, Lanz, 1 
 
 
 No 
 
 s. 2 an 
 
 cl 5- 
 
 7 6 
 
 82 
 
 No. 4, " 
 
 
 
 
 
 76 
 
 82 
 
 No. I A, U. S. Government 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 6 9 8 
 
 No. 2A, " " 
 
 
 
 
 
 76 98 
 
 No. 3A, " " 
 
 
 
 
 
 76 84 
 
 Tin Flask (not covered) 
 
 
 
 
 76 98 
 
44 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 Outside temperature, and temperature of water, each hour, in each canteen, 
 during Test No. 6. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 ANTEEl 
 
 n. 
 
 
 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Temp. 
 
 No. 
 i. 
 
 No. 
 
 2. 
 
 No. 
 3- 
 
 No. 
 4- 
 
 No. 
 
 No. 
 
 3 
 
 No. 
 
 4- 
 
 No. j No. 
 lA. 2 A. 
 
 No. 
 3A- 
 
 Tin 
 Flask. 
 
 8 a. in . . 
 
 9 " - 
 10 ' . . 
 u " . . 
 1 2 in 
 
 83 
 78 
 82 
 
 86 
 
 86 
 
 76 
 
 72 
 72 
 
 74 
 78 
 
 76 
 
 72 
 
 72 
 
 75 
 82 
 
 76 
 
 74 
 74 
 74 
 
 7d. 
 
 76 
 
 74 
 74 
 
 75 
 
 7 < 
 
 7 6 
 
 75 
 75 
 75 
 
 75 
 
 76 
 76 
 
 75 
 75 
 
 7 ^ 
 
 76 
 
 74 
 
 1 
 
 76 
 
 76 1 7 6 
 78 ! 74 
 80 ! 75 
 82 ! 78 
 8? 82 
 
 76 
 
 74 
 74 
 74 
 
 7 A. 
 
 76 
 80 
 
 84 
 
 86 
 86 
 
 I p. m . . 
 
 2 " 
 i 
 J 
 
 4 ' - 
 
 90 
 92 
 94 
 92 
 
 84 
 89 
 
 94 
 98 
 
 84 
 9 
 94 
 98 
 
 76 
 
 82 
 
 76 
 
 g 
 
 80 
 
 76 
 
 H 
 
 80 
 
 76 
 
 78 
 80 
 82 
 
 77 
 79 
 82 
 82 
 
 86 ; 86 
 90 | 90 
 
 92 j 94 
 92 1 98 
 
 76 
 
 80 
 82 
 84 
 
 S 9 
 92 
 
 94 
 98 
 
 During Test No. 6, all of the canteens were constantly in motion, 
 due to the wind. Every hour each canteen was dipped and four (4) 
 ounces of water poured out ; thus the quantity of water in each can- 
 teen was hourly reduced in bulk. 
 
 The advantage of the cork and felt combined as opposed to an 
 equal thickness of felt covering is scarcely appreciable. 
 
 FURTHER EXPERIMENTAL TESTS MADE WITH THE U. S. CANTEEN 
 AND THE LANZ CANTEEN. 
 
 Tests by Second Lieutenant F. W. Healy, Eighth Infantry, and 
 by A. A. Surgeon R. M. Fletcher, Jr. : 
 
 Lieut. F. W. Healy, Eighth Infantry, filled a canteen, patented 
 by Mr. William Lanz, 183 Lake street, Chicago, 111., with water; 
 temperature, 56 degrees F. 
 
 The canteen was then placed against the wire fender, or spark 
 arrester, screening the wood fire of the open fire-place, and allowed 
 to remain there for ten (10) hours. 
 
 At the expiration of that time the temperature of the water in 
 the Lanz canteen was found to be 70 degrees. A Government can- 
 teen, similarly exposed, had a temperature of 82 degrees. 
 
 On the following day, Lieut. Healy tested the Lanz canteen, also 
 a canteen, Ordnance pattern, issued to a member of Company D, 
 Eighth \j. S. Infantry, in the following wise: 
 
 Each canteen was immersed in water, temperature, 56 degrees F., 
 for about two minutes, and each canteen was then filled with water 
 of the temperature named. The capacity of the Lanz canteen was 
 46 fluid ounces ; that of the Government canteen 47 ounces. 
 
 They were then placed so as to receive in equal proportion the 
 direct action of a wood fire burning in the fire-place of the quarters 
 occupied by Lieut. Healy. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 45 
 
 the per sow . 
 
 for its 
 
46 HISTORY OK Till-: MILITARY CAXTEKX. 
 
 Four hours later the temperature of each canteen was taken by 
 Acting Assistant Surgeon R. M. Fletcher, Jr., Post Surgeon, Fort 
 Assinniboine, with the following results, viz. : Lanz canteen, 70 
 degrees ; Government canteen, 74 degrees. 
 
 The canteens were then thrown into an army wagon and trans- 
 ported up Beaver Creek, ten miles and back; in all, twenty (20) 
 miles. 
 
 The difference in temperature was then found to be twelve (12) 
 degrees, the Lanz canteen being the lower temperature. 
 
 The canteens were used on the following day by a party of duck 
 hunters and jolted around for several hours in the sun. The differ- 
 ence in temperature was found to be twelve (12) degrees, the Lanz 
 canteen containing the more palatable water. 
 
 I am informed that when the application for the Lanz patent No. 
 655979, August 15, 1900, was pending, the Patent Office cited, as 
 reference against the claims, the following patents : 
 
 British patents to Blakeny, 1163 of 1884; 
 
 British patents to Sothcott, 2453 of 1878; 
 
 Italian patents to Bouffier, 10397 f J une 2 3< x ^79; 
 
 American patent to Hiramo W. Hanmore, White Plains. X. V., 
 296955; April 15, 1884; 
 
 American patent to Brauer, 244374, July 19, 1881. 
 
 The two American patents are said to be of the least importance, 
 relating simply, Hanmore, to a water cooler comprising a can having 
 its bottom and side walls covered with "a non-conducting covering 
 of raw silk waste and calcined or carbonate of magnesia," and an 
 outer jacket of wood ; and, Brauer, to an ice-house, or ice-box, or 
 refrigerator, in box form, and having hollow walls packed with 
 granular cork, and having an outer wall for enclosing an air space. 
 
 The Sothcott patent showed a flask encased in either felt or 
 leather. The low conductivity of the cover was the reliance, the 
 patentee not depending upon evaporation and not rendering it pos- 
 sible to practice this method of cooling when he used a leather cover, 
 and not making any provision for retarding the evaporation should 
 he saturate the felt cover 
 
 The Bouffier patent discloses a flask having a covering of tresses, 
 or braids, of cellular sea weed, straw or paper pulp, including a 
 quantity of air, and an outer covering of cotton or linen cloth, or 
 this outer covering may be of felt or rubber and made detachable for 
 cleaning purposes. 
 
 The drawings of this patent show a familiar structure, but it 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 47 
 
 appears that the principle of action depended upon is entirely differ- 
 ent, the patentee depending simply upon the low conductivity of the 
 material used, and of the air enclosed within its cells, for keeping the 
 contents of the canteen cool. The patent gives no hint of an evaporat- 
 ing process, nor does it describe a construction which provides for 
 the practicing of any such method should it be desired. 
 
 The Blakeny patent shows a flask, preferably of glass, having an 
 inner covering of felt, and an outer covering of leather, and this 
 outer cover is shown as secured by lacing. 
 
 No advantage can be secured from a Blakeny evaporation process 
 in a structure made after the specification of this patent, for the rea- 
 son that the leather cover practically wholly prevents evaporation. 
 
 It is claimed that in all other cases, except the Lanz, means were 
 provided for stimulating, rather than retarding, evaporation. 
 
 The only devices known to me for securing the cooling action by 
 evaporation may be divided into three classes, viz. : 
 
 1. Those in which an outer envelope is saturated by a single 
 application of moisture, as by dipping or sprinkling, and is then 
 allowed to dry out. The present regulation army canteen is an ex- 
 ample of this class. 
 
 2. Those in which an outer envelope is continuously saturated 
 by capillary action, a reservoir being supplied from which water is 
 drawn by the fabric of which the envelope is composed. 
 
 3. Those in which the receptacle itself has porous walls through 
 which the liquid contents of the receptacle exude. 
 
 A distinction between the Ordnance pattern army canteen and the 
 Lanz canteen is, that one has its cover permanently attached, and 
 the other has its cover openable. Owing to this difference, there 
 results a different principle of action in practical use of the two 
 devices. It is impracticable to easily thoroughly saturate the one, 
 thus failing to secure the benefits of a prolonged evaporative action. 
 In the other it is entirely practicable to thoroughly saturate by sim- 
 ply unlacing the cover and dipping the canteen and then replacing it. 
 
 Instances of the second type of coolers, in which there is a con- 
 tinuous water feed to the jacket, are found in the following U. S. 
 patents : 
 
 Bernhard Moobius, 296432, April 8, 1884, Chihuahua, Mexico. 
 
 James Goddard Lamb, 568259, Sept. 22, 1896, Wellington, New 
 Zealand. 
 
 Kingston Gordon, 149852, April 21, 1874, Richmond, N. Y. 
 
 John Rutten, 102595, May 3, 1870, West Chester, Pa. 
 
 Albert McDowell, 424125, March 25, 1890, Selma, Cal. 
 
48 HISTORY OK THK MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 In none of these instances is the idea of retarding evaporation 
 present ; on the contrary, means are provided for stimulating it. 
 Most contain suggestions that the device should be located in such 
 position that there will he a circulation of air about it so that 
 evaporation may be permitted. 
 
 The third type of coolers is found in the following patents : 
 
 William Morrow and William Symington, 415366, Nov. 19, 1889, 
 Kansas City, Mo. 
 
 Richard Kelly, 135432, Feb. 4, 1873, Red Bank, Cal. 
 
 Charles G. Jordan, 273097, Feb. 27, 1883, Catlin, Col. 
 
 Valentine Stuyvesant, 419230, Jan. 14, 1890, Denver, Col. 
 
 Jahon V. Frost, 556744, March 24, 1896, Los Angeles, Cal. 
 
 The Frost shows a cooler made of porous material, such as terra 
 cotta, so that its liquid contents may seep through its walls, which 
 are covered with asbestos. This patent shows an effort to retard 
 evaporation by covering the asbestos with a layer of wool twisted 
 into cords and wound thereabout. It is not a removable cover, and, 
 if applied to a canteen, would operate on a principle different to 
 the Lanz. 
 
 Other patents are : 
 
 (a) British patent to Cochran, 508, of 1869. 
 
 (b) British patent, to Johnson, 1972, of 1888. 
 
 (c) American patent, to Lazare, 36641, of Oct. 14, 1862. 
 
 (d) American patent, to Beers, 32541, of June 11, 1859. 
 
 (d) American patent, to Bournum, 37273. 
 
 (e) American patent, to Heneage, 31154. 
 
 (f) American patent, to Pilger, 275697. 
 
 (g) American patent, to Roumillat, 222158. 
 (g) American patent, to Tunnions, 59875. 
 (h) American patent, to Farciot, 46094. 
 
 (h) American patent, to Bartholomae, 32744. 
 (i) British patent, to Sombart, 5963, of 1883. 
 (j) British patent, to Girrard, 12792, of 1889. 
 
 (a) Flask with either felt or leather jacket. Low conductivity 
 
 of the jacket only reliance for cooling action. 
 
 (b) Flasjt with tightly fitting canvas cover. 
 
 (c) Canteen made of leather, rendered waterproof, lined with 
 
 tinfoil. 
 
 (d) Both relate to canteens made of wood and without covering. 
 
 (e) Compartment canteen. 
 
 (f) Relates to construction of bucket. No outer cover. 
 
HISTORY OF Till-: MILITARY CAXTEKN. 
 
 49 
 
 (g) Both relate to stoppers for bottles or canteens, or the like. 
 
 (h) Relate to the form of canteen. 
 
 (i) Flask covered with an absorbent material adapted to be 
 
 saturated from which there may be free saturation, 
 (j) Cooler with a felt jacket, which dips into an ice or water- 
 filled receptacle, so as to carry the moisture up by 
 capillary action. No provision is made for retarding 
 the evaporation. 
 
 None of the patents herein discussed contain claims which domi- 
 nate the Lanz canteen, and my conclusion is that the latter does not 
 infringe any existing patent and that the rational, mechanical and 
 physical principle upon which it is constructed make it advisable 
 to purchase a thousand or more for test and report at the hands of 
 troops now serving in tropical or arctic regions. 
 
 TESTS MADE AT FORT MEADE, S. D. 
 
 On Oct. 26, 1900, the Post Surgeon, Fort Meade Samuel 
 Melville Waterhouse, Medical Dept., U. S. A. began experimental 
 tests using the Government canteen, as issued by the Ordnance 
 Dept., U. S. A., and the Lanz canteen, patent of William Lanz, 183 
 Lake St., Chicago, 111. 
 
 TEST No. i. 
 
 Weight of tin flask of Government canteen, empty, 12 ounces. 
 
 Weight of Government canteen, complete, dry, 15 ounces. 
 
 Weight of Lanz canteen, dry, 17 ounces. 
 
 Capacity, fluid ounces, of Government canteen, 48 ounces. 
 
 Capacity, fluid ounces, of Lanz canteen, 40 ounces. 
 
 Weight of Government canteen, after thorough immersion, 17 
 ounces. 
 
 Weight of Lanz canteen after thorough immersion, 23 ounces. 
 
 Weight of felt covering of Government canteen, dry, i ounce. 
 
 Weight of felt covering of Government canteen, wet, 6 ounces. 
 
 Weight of duck covering of Government canteen, dry, 2 ounces. 
 
 Weight of duck covering of Government canteen, wet, 3 ounces. 
 
 Temperature of water when put into the canteens, 56 degrees F. 
 
 Both the canteens were then placed in a hot air sterilizer used^ 
 as an incubator, in separate compartments, at 40 degrees C, equiva- 
 lent to 100 degrees F. 
 
 After an exposure of one hour, the temperature of water in each 
 canteen was as follows: Government canteen, 95 degrees F. Lanz 
 canteen, 88 degrees F. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 .Saden. Germany J/umft>im 77as?r. ceucred ly theLanx 
 u'th */t trrck Amsterdam 3/ycft felt ; opera b/e canvascover. 
 tkree jotc9. b>y Co/for. GetOG'ty +Z f/W(t <Jl. t tft.. 
 
HISTORY <>r THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 51 
 
 TKST Xu. j. 
 
 The canteens were then replaced in the incubator at the same 
 temperature as above, and at the expiration of another hour, tem- 
 perature was as follows : Government canteen, 102 degrees ; Lanz 
 canteen, 95 degrees. 
 
 After another hour of similar exposure the temperature was : 
 Government canteen, 132 degrees; Lanz canteen, 118 degrees. 
 
 TEST Xo. 3. 
 
 Both canteens dry, no immersion, were filled with water at a 
 temperature of 147 degrees and placed in a cold storage room where 
 the uniform temperature of 38 degrees F. existed. 
 
 Observations After first hour, Government canteen, no de- 
 grees, F. 
 
 After first hour, Lanz canteen, 1 16 degrees, F. 
 
 After second hour, Government canteen, 90 degrees F. 
 
 After second hour, Lanz canteen, 108 degrees F. 
 
 After third hour, Government canteen, 74 degrees F. 
 
 After third hour, Lanz canteen, 97 degrees F. 
 
 TEST No. 4. 
 
 Conditions The canteens were filled with water, the tempera- 
 ture of which was 50 degrees, and immersed until the covers were 
 saturated. They were then placed in a hot air sterilizer, the door 
 of which was kept open. The thermometer directly in contact with 
 the hot air registered a temperature of 127 degrees almost uniformly. 
 
 The observations were as follows : 
 
 After a lapse of one hour the temperature was, Government, 70 
 degrees ; Lanz, 66 degrees.' 
 
 After the lapse of two hours, the temperature was, Government, 
 78 degrees ; Lanz, 72 degrees. 
 
 After the lapse of three hours, the temperature was, Government, 
 82 degrees ; Lanz, 76 degrees. 
 
 TEST No. 5. 
 
 Conditions of this test \vere as follows : Canteens were immersed 
 in water till covers were thoroughly saturated. 
 
 Forty (40) ounces of water of 56 degrees F. was placed in each 
 canteen. The canteens were then suspended four inches above a 
 radiator in the hospital, Fort Meade, S. D., for eight (8) hours 
 and the radiated heat maintained for that period Between 95 degrees 
 F. nd 98 degrees F. 
 
52 HISTORY <>K Till-: MIUTAKY CANfEEtf, 
 
 For the last two exposures the canteens were placed in direct 
 contact with the radiator, a uniform temperature of 99 decrees 
 F. being maintained. 
 
 The observations, made hourly, show the following: 
 
 Expiration of the first hour, 10:45 a - m -< Government canteen, 
 60 degrees F. ; Lanz canteen, 60 degrees F. 
 
 Expiration of the second hour, u :45 a. m., Government canteen, 
 
 62 degrees F. ; Lanz canteen, 62 degrees F. 
 
 Expiration of the third hour, 12 45 p. m., Government canteen, 
 
 63 degrees F. ; Lanz canteen, 63 degrees F. 
 
 Expiration of the fourth hour, I :45 p. m., Government canteen, 
 
 64 degrees F. ; Lanz canteen, 64 degrees F. 
 
 Expiration of the fifth hour, 2 145 p. m., Government canteen, 
 64 degrees F. ; Lanz canteen, 64 degrees F. 
 
 Expiration of the sixth hour, 3:45 p. m., Government canteen, 
 66 degrees F. ; Lanz canteen, 65 degrees F. 
 
 Expiration of the seventh hour, 4:45 p. m., Government canteen, 
 74 degrees F. ; Lanz canteen, 68 degrees F. 
 
 Expiration of the eighth hour, 5 :45 p. m., Government canteen, 
 86 degrees F. ; Lanz canteen 70 degrees F. 
 
 Under ordinary circumstances the Government canteen will keep 
 water as cool as the Lanz for some hours ; but after the water 
 absorbed by the U. S. canteen has evaporated, the Lanz will keep 
 water at a lower temperature than the U. S. canteen. 
 
 TEST MADE AT FORT SNELLING, MINN. 
 
 By Captain A. E. Bradley, Asst. Surgeon, U. S. A., Post Sur- 
 geon, with the U. S. A. canteen as issued by the Ordnance Dept., 
 and the Lanz canteen, patented by William Lanz, 183 Lake St., 
 Chicago, 111., Nov. 7 to 13, 1900: 
 
 Data: 
 
 Weight of the felt covering, I ounce. 
 
 Weight of the canvas covering, 2 ounces. 
 
 Weight of the felt covering, 6 ounces. 
 
 Weight of the duck covering, 3 ounces. 
 
 Weight of the tin flask, 10 to n ounces. 
 
 Weight of Government canteen, dry, 13 to 15 ounces. 
 
 Weight of Government canteen, with covers on, after immersion 
 10 minutes, 14 ounces. 
 
 Weight of Government canteen, with covers on, after immersion 
 12 hours, 1 8 ounces. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CAXTEEX. 
 
 53 
 
 Capacity of the Government canteen. 42 to 47 ounces. 
 Weight of the Lanz canteen, dry, 16 ounces. 
 Weight of the Lanz canteen, wet, 10 minutes' immersion, 22 
 ounces. 
 
 Capacity of the Lanz canteen, 42 ounces. 
 
 Weight of canvas cover, Lanz canteen, dry, 3 ounces. 
 
 Weight of canvas cover, Lanz canteen, wet, 4 ounces. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 1. 
 
 Time and conditions of exposure. The canteens being filled with water, temper- 
 ature 54 deg., F., were suspended above a direct-indirect radiator for eleven (i i) hours, 
 and temperature of air and each canteen taken hourly. During the succeeding two 
 (2) hours the canteens were placed in contact with the radiator. The following results 
 were obtained, the same thermometer being used: 
 
 TEMl'EKATURE. 
 
 Time ' Air. 
 
 Govt. 
 Canteen. 
 All Wet. 
 
 Lanz 
 Canteen. 
 All Wet. 
 
 Lanz 
 Canteen. 
 Wet. 
 
 8 a. m 
 
 66 
 70 
 
 72 
 72 
 86 
 80 
 
 72 
 
 73 
 67 
 68 
 
 72 
 
 direct 
 
 73 
 80 
 
 54 
 
 56 
 
 I 
 
 61 
 
 59 
 58 
 57 
 57 
 5 
 
 contact 
 72 
 82 
 
 1 $ 
 
 57 
 57 
 59 
 59 
 58 
 58 
 57 
 57 
 57 
 
 with ra 
 66 
 70 
 
 54 
 54 
 5 
 
 59 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 61 
 62 
 
 diator: 
 69 
 74 
 
 9" 
 
 10 " .... ... 
 
 n " .. . 
 
 12 m ...... 
 
 i p. m . 
 
 2 " 
 
 ~ " 
 
 4 ' 
 
 c " 
 
 6 " 
 
 At 6 o'clock the canteens were placed in 
 7 p. in 
 
 8 " 
 
 
 EXPERIMENT 
 
 Conditions same as in Kx 
 I p. in 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 periment 
 84 
 86 
 96 
 89 
 94 
 92 
 92 
 
 No. i. 
 
 56 
 60 
 
 63 
 64 
 70 
 
 72 
 73 
 
 56 
 59 
 63 
 65 
 66 
 66 
 66 
 
 56 
 
 t 
 
 ll 
 
 68 
 68 
 68 
 
 2 " ... . 
 
 3 " 
 
 4 ' . . 
 
 5 " 
 
 6 " 
 
 7 " 
 ' 
 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 3. 
 
 The canteens, being filled with water, temperature 54 deg., were suspended above 
 the kitchen range in the hood designed to carry off odors from the kitchen, and observ- 
 ations made hourly: 
 
 TKMPEKATURE. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Air. 
 
 ! Govt. 
 Canteen. 
 : All Wet. 
 
 Lanz 
 Canteen. 
 All Wet. 
 
 Lanz 
 Canteen. 
 Wet Felt. 
 
 8 a. m 
 
 1 2O 
 
 <;6 
 
 <;6 
 
 *6 
 
 9" 
 
 I IO 
 
 84 
 
 82 
 
 74 
 
 10 ' 
 
 I }O 
 
 I IO 
 
 104 
 
 04 
 
 u " 
 
 2OO 
 
 128 
 
 1 08 
 
 JO"* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
54 
 
 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CAM'EEN. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS Nos. 4 and T>. 
 
 In these experiments the canteens were placed in an incubator and observations 
 made hourly. The average temperature of the incubator, a closed box, was 90 cleg. , I 1 '. 
 The results showed practically the same temperature at all hours for all canteens. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 6. 
 
 A Government canteen and a Lanz canteen were thoroughly wet, and filled with 
 water, temperature 58 deg., F. They were placed side by side on blocks ot wood in 
 an oven of the kitchen range, not touching the sides of the oven. The door was left 
 open. The following observations were noted: 
 
 
 
 TK.M I'EKATURK 
 
 
 lime. 
 
 Air. 
 
 Ciovt Canteen. 
 
 Lanz Canteen. 
 
 
 ^OO 
 
 c 
 
 r 
 
 II " . . . . . ..................... 
 
 ^24 
 
 I ci 
 
 -) 
 08 
 
 1 2 m 
 
 ">84 
 
 1 88 
 
 III 
 
 
 
 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 7. 
 
 Three Government canteens and one Lanz canteen, coverings, of all, dry, were 
 suspended out of doors in a tree about thirty feet from the hospital. At 10 o'clock a. 
 m., temperature of air 40 deg. , F., they were filled with hot water, temperature 126 
 deg., F. Hourly observations were made as follows: 
 
 Time. 
 
 TEMPERATURE. 
 
 Air. 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 42 
 
 38 
 3 
 
 3f 
 16 
 
 Government Cz 
 
 No. i. I No. 2. 
 
 1 
 
 nteens. 
 N<. 3.- 
 
 Lanz 
 Canteen. 
 
 10 a m 
 
 126 
 
 9^ 
 81 
 
 65 
 
 s* 
 
 51 
 
 4.7 
 
 126 
 92 
 ;6 
 62 
 
 55 
 48 
 
 A.6 
 
 126 
 74 
 58 
 
 47 
 42 
 
 39 
 17 
 
 126 
 1 06 
 90 
 
 77 
 70 
 62 
 c8 
 
 n " 
 
 12 111 
 
 I p. Ill . 
 
 2 " 
 
 
 4 " . 
 
11 J STORY' OF TllM MI LIT 4V CANTEEN 
 
 i 
 
 4? 
 
 55 
 
 . naked, 4/urrrirtums f/aak t*>*rf6i 9 OZ.^ 
 
 /ec rrvea tvrt ,si/ r/>r^s attichect o an a/umirntm, fay, 
 
 ' 
 
 (*cac>4 two ^/cces) rt'vettct tvthe ffask 6y meoyrs of two r/'ves. 
 l tTre LanZ. Mfy. Co., /& JLafie 36. 
 c(, ox. 
 
 wlrere Jealraye 
 
 *, Cet/er off, 
 y 43 ox . /7ted fie* 
 
 Canteen awt Stra/3 for US. 
 as prescribed 6y 6.0. 
 
 V: 5hefiny 00/3 
 
 U: Black CeHarLeolher 
 
56 HISTORY OF 
 
 Ooen Air Tests Made 
 
 HE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 Headquarters Dept. of Dakota, 
 
 j 
 
 /I. 
 'ST No. 1. 
 
 cir 
 
 TEMPERATURE. 
 
 Time. 
 
 
 Air. 
 
 Government Canteens. 
 
 Lanz 
 Canteen. 
 
 No. i. 
 
 ' 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 
 
 40 
 41 
 42 
 38 
 38 
 
 3 * 
 36 
 
 126 
 
 9 8 
 
 81 
 65 
 58 
 5i 
 
 47 
 
 126 
 92 
 
 76 
 
 66 
 
 *4 
 
 4 6 
 
 126 
 
 ? 
 
 47 
 42 
 39 
 37 
 
 126 
 100 
 9 
 
 77 
 70 
 62 
 
 58 
 
 11 " 
 
 
 12 ni 
 
 
 
 
 2 " . . 
 
 
 ^ " 
 
 
 4. " 
 
 
 
 
 TEST No. 2. 
 
 Time. 
 
 TEMPERATURE. 
 
 Air. 
 
 Government Canteens. 
 
 Lanz 
 
 No. 
 4- 
 
 No. 
 
 No. 
 lA. 
 
 172 
 
 122 
 
 88 
 68 
 54 
 44 
 38 
 32 
 
 No. 3 A. 
 Stocking Leg 
 Over Canteen. 
 
 I 7 2 
 126 
 9 6 
 
 78 
 64 
 
 54 
 46 
 
 40 
 
 o ;i. ni 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 18 
 20 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 19 
 
 172 
 112 
 
 78 
 
 58 
 46 
 
 36 
 32 
 32 
 
 172 
 1 3 2 
 102 
 
 90 
 7 6 
 6 4 ' 
 56 
 5<> 
 
 IO " 
 
 H 
 
 12 m ... 
 
 I p. in 
 
 2 " 
 
 1 " 
 
 4" 
 
 
 TEST No, 3. 
 
 Time. 
 
 TEMPERATURE. 
 
 Outside. 
 
 U.S. Army 
 Ord. 
 Pattern. 
 Capacity 
 4 3 ozs.** 
 
 175 
 
 126 
 78 
 50 
 
 34 
 34 
 
 32 
 32* 
 
 Dubuque 
 Stamp. & 
 Enamel 
 Co., Par- 
 ker Filter 
 Capacity 
 50025.** 
 
 German 
 Aluminum 
 Flask. 
 Capacity 
 25025.** 
 
 Lane 
 
 Aluminum 
 Flask. 
 Capacity 
 44 ozs.** 
 
 Lanz 
 Tin 
 Flask. 
 Capacity 
 
 36 ozs.** 
 
 9 a. m 
 
 5 
 4 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 9 
 
 IO 
 
 175 
 104 
 
 50 
 
 32 
 
 f. 
 
 175 
 9 6 
 
 44 
 32 
 32 
 
 175 
 154 
 138 
 112 
 
 94 
 79 
 64 
 56 
 
 175 
 
 156 
 
 122 
 
 I O2 
 
 86 
 70 
 60 
 
 5o 
 
 
 IT " . 
 
 12 m 
 
 I p. m 
 
 ~ " , 
 
 ., " 
 
 3 
 
 ---- 
 
 'Slush ice formed frozen withdrawn. 
 **FIuid (Troy) ounces, not avoirdupois. 
 
 A Preston Mess Kit was also included in Test No. 3, with following results: 
 
 10 a. m 175 cleg., F. i p. m loocleg., A p. m 58 cleg. , F. 
 
 11 " 162 " F. 2 " 82 " 5 " 50 " F. 
 
 12 m 124 " F. 3 " 70 " 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 57 
 
 OPEX AIR TESTS MADE OE CANTEENS AND CANTEEN FLASKS AT 
 
 HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF DAKOTA, SAINT 
 
 PAUL, MINNESOTA. 
 
 To facilitate reference, the following alphabetical index is adopted. 
 
 A. U. S. Army Regulation Service Canteen, Ordnance Pattern: 
 
 Double Cover felt and canvas. Capacity, 43 fluid ounces, 
 weight 14 ounces, avoirdupois. (See cut A.) 
 
 A-i. U. S. Army Regulation Canteen; Double Cover felt and 
 canvas. Capacity, 48 fluid ounces. Weight, empty, covers 
 on and dry, 14 ounces, avoirdupois. Weight, empty, covers 
 on and wet, 20 ounces, avoirdupois. 
 
 AA. U. S. Army Regulation Canteen, manufactured at Rock Island 
 Arsenal, 1900: Double Cover; inner of Petersham felt, 
 outer of dyed duck or canvas. Capacity, 44 fluid ounces. 
 Weight, covers on and dry, empty, 12 and f ounces, avoir- 
 dupois. Weight of tin flask, without covers, empty, 9 and 
 1 ounces, avoirdupois. 
 
 B. r. S. Army Regulation Service Canteen, Ordnance Pattern: 
 
 Double Cover felt and canvas, having also a woolen stock- 
 ing leg drawn over it. Capacity, 45 fluid ounces. Weight 
 16 ounces. (See cut B.) 
 
 BB. Three views. (See cut BB.) Combination Canteen and 
 Filter. Canteen is the regulation tin flask and dou- 
 ble cover, made at Rock Island Arsenal, October, 1898, 
 with a specially wide mouth to accommodate the Mrs. 
 Caroline Parker filter. Capacity, filter in, 42 ounces, 
 avoirdupois. Fluid ounces, 40. Weight, filled, filter in, 
 filled, covers on and dry, 59 ounces, avoirdupois. Weight, 
 filter in, filled, covers on, after ten ( 10) minutes' immersion, 
 64 ounces, avoirdupois. Weight of the tin flask, no cover, 
 empty, filter out, 9 and J ounces, avoirdupois. 
 
 C. Dubuque Stamping & Enamel Co. Canteen (with Parker 
 
 Filter in ) : No cover. Capacity, 50 ounces. W r eight 22 
 ounces. 
 
 CC Seven views. (See cuts C, CC, CCC.) Enameled Metal 
 Canteen Flask, bought by the U. S., January, 1900, from 
 
58 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 Dubuque, Iowa, Enameling Co. Capacity, 44 and J ounces. 
 Weight, filled, covers on and dry, 64 and f fluid ounces, 
 avoirdupois. Weight, filled, covers on, after ten (10) 
 minutes' immersion, 75 ounces, avoirdupois. Weight of 
 the enameled flask, empty, no covers on, 16 and J ounces, 
 avoirdupois. 
 
 D. Karlsruhe, Baden, Germany, Aluminum Flask: No cover. 
 
 Capacity, 25 ounces. Weight, 5 ounces. (See cut D.) 
 
 E. U;. S. Army Regulation Service Tin Flask, Ordnance Pat- 
 
 tern, no cover. Capacity, 45 ounces. Weight, 12 ounces. 
 (See cut E.) 
 
 F. Aluminum Flask, circular, made in Newark, N. J. Covered 
 
 by the Lanz method, double cover, felt and canvas. Ca- 
 pacity, 44 ounces. Weight, 16 ounces. (See cut F.) 
 
 G. Lanz Tin Flask Canteen, circular. Covered by the Lanz 
 
 method, J inch felt and openable canvas cover. Capacity, 
 36 ounces. Weight, 25 ounces. (See cut G, four views.) 
 
 H. Arizona Canteen. Covered with saddler's felt, also by several 
 thicknesses of flannel, and an openable canvas cover, Lanz 
 method. Capacity, 87 ounces. Weight, 34 ounces. (See 
 cutH.) 
 
 I. Preston Mess Kit, Complete. Double cover, felt and canvas. 
 Capacity, 46 ounces. Weight, 37 ounces. 
 
 K. Karlsruhe, Baden, Germany, Aluminum Flask. Covered by 
 the Lanz method, J inch felt, and openable canvas cover. 
 Capacity, 43 ounces. Weight, 15 ounces. (See cut K.) 
 
 L. Karlsruhe, Baden, Germany, Aluminum Canteen, with carry- 
 ing strap. Covered by the German method, single felt. 
 Capacity, 60 ounces. Weight, 14 ounces. (See cut L.) 
 
 M. Newark, N. J., Aluminum Canteen Flask, circular. No cover. 
 No solder said to be used. Capacity, 48 ounces. Weight, 
 8 ounces. 
 
 MM. Newark, N. J., Aluminum Canteen, oblong shape, no seams 
 or solder said to be used. Weight of naked flask, 9 and : ! 
 ounces. Capacity, 42 fluid ounces. Weight, filled, cover 
 on and dry, 56 ounces, avoirdupois. Removable single 
 
HISTORY OK T1IK MILITARY CANTEEN. 5<J 
 
 cover, felt, laced up on one side only, Lanz method ; high 
 collar. 
 
 N. Newark, X. ]., Aluminum Circular Canteen Flask. Xo 
 cover. Xo solder said to be used. Capacity, 32 ounces. 
 Weight, 6 and ^ ounces. 
 
 XX. Newark, X'. ]., Aluminum Canteen, oblong shape, no seams 
 or solder said to be used, identical with "MM" except 
 capacity. Weight of naked flask, 7 and j ounces. Capacity, 
 38 and ^ fluid ounces. Weight, dry, cover on, empty, cork 
 in, 8 and J ounces, avoirdupois. Weight, filled, cover dry, 
 49 ounces avoirdupois. Single cover same as "MM." 
 
 O. Newark, X". J., Aluminum Circular Canteen Flask. No cover. 
 X'o solder said to be used. Capacity, 16 ounces. Weight, 
 3 and J ounces. (See cut O.) 
 
 1*. Reymond and Gottlob Aluminum Canteen. Single felt cover. 
 Capacity, 29 ounces. Weight, 8 ounces. (See cut P, four 
 views.) 
 
 O. Lanz Tin Flask Canteen. Covered by Lanz method, inch 
 felt, and openable canvas cover. Capacity, 45 fluid ounces. 
 Weight, 19 ounces. (See cut G, four views.) 
 
 R. Karlsruhe, Baden, Germany, Aluminum Flask. Covered by 
 the Lanz method, 4-8 inch wool felt, and openable canvas 
 cover. Capacity, 45 fluid ounces. Weight, 15 ounces. 
 
 S. Lanz Circular Canteen. Tin Flask. Covered by the Lanz 
 method, 4-8 inch wool felt, and openable canvas cover. 
 Capacity, 39 ounces. Weight, 19 ounces. (See cut G, 
 four views.) 
 
 T. Lanz Circular Canteen. Tin Flask. Covered by the Lanz method. 
 4-8 inch Amsterdam sponge woven felt, and openable can- 
 vas cover, three pieces canvas, high collar. Capacity, 39 
 ounces. Weight, 19 ounces. 
 
 Karlsruhe, Baden, Germany, Aluminum Flask. Covered by 
 the Lanz method, $ inch Amsterdam sponge woven felt, and 
 openable canvas cover, three pieces canvas, high collar. 
 Capacity, 42 ounces. Weight, 17 ounces. (See cut U.) 
 
 V- Regulation Aluminum Canteen, Germany Army Pattern, 1899. 
 Manufactured by Carl Berg, Eveking, Westphalia, Ger- 
 
6o 
 
 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 us* 
 
HISTORY OF TIIK MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 61 
 
 many. Covered with grayish felt cloth, single thickness, 
 provided with black leather loops and straps. Capacity, 25 
 ounces. Weight, 7 and } ounces. (See cut V.) 
 
 W. Karlsruhe, Baden, Germany, Naked Aluminum Flask. 
 Weight, 9 ounces. Capacity, 44 fluid ounces. Single piece 
 metal, with steel rings attached to an aluminum lug (each 
 two pieces), riveted to the flask by means of two rivets. 
 (See cut W.) 
 
 X. Karlsruhe, Baden, Germany, Naked Aluminum, single piece 
 flask. Weight, 9 ounces. Capacity, 44 fluid ounces. Pro- 
 vided with stirrup shaped loops clamped to the flask by 
 means of four rivets. (See cut X.) 
 
 Type of Wooden Canteen, used in the United States Army, pat- 
 tern of 1812, and during our second war with England. (From a 
 tracing furnished by the Quartermaster General, U. S. Army). One 
 view. 
 
 Tracing furnished by the Quartermaster General U. S. Army, 
 of the type of tin flask canteen covered with cloth, used in the United 
 States Army, 1848-1861. 
 
 TEST No. 1JO. 
 
 
 
 TEMPERATURE OF WATER IN CANTEENS. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Tempera- 
 
 Each Canteen Being Filled to its Capacity. 
 
 
 ture. 
 
 A 
 
 H 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 l 
 
 10 a. m. . . 
 
 ''7 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 II " ... 
 
 12 m 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 36 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 ? 
 
 
 32 
 
 44 
 
 34 
 
 44 
 36 
 
 52 
 44 
 
 4 b 
 
 I p. m . . . 
 
 2 " ... 
 
 8 
 
 
 l 2 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 32 
 
 38 
 
 34 
 3 2 
 
 3 " --- 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 32 
 
 Leaky. 
 
 TEST No. 81 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Outside 
 
 Each can teen be 
 
 ng filled to its capacity. 
 
 Temp. A 
 
 p, 
 
 C D E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 9:00 a.m. +10 52 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 52 52 
 
 52 
 
 5 2 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 10:00 " .. 
 10:30 a. m. 
 
 IO 
 IO 
 
 ? 
 
 38 
 34 
 
 I 2 
 
 V 
 
 I 2 
 
 42 
 36 
 
 3<> 
 36 
 
 42 
 38 
 
 42 
 42 
 
 3 
 36 
 
 40 
 36 
 
 ri:oo " 
 
 10 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 3 6 
 
 36 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 32 
 
 3 2 
 
 1 1 =30 " 
 
 12 
 
 
 3 2 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 32 
 
 37 
 
 35 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 12:00 m . .. 
 
 12 
 
 
 3 2 
 
 
 
 
 3 2 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 33 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 12:30 p. m. 
 
 12 
 
 32 ! 
 
 
 
 32 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 *Leaky. 
 
62 
 
 HISTORY OF TJIF, 
 
 .ITAKY CANTEEN. 
 
 TKST NO. .TJ. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Outside 
 1 emp. i 
 
 I '""O p 111 - - 
 
 + 14 
 
 
 
 J a 
 
 14 
 
 3 u 
 
 14 
 
 4*00 " ...... 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 Quantity of water (36 ozs.) same in each canteen. 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 ~*if 
 46 
 
 44 
 40 
 
 38 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 I 
 
 56 
 
 48 
 44 
 38 
 36 
 34 
 32 
 
 K 
 
 56 
 38 
 42 
 
 39 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 L 
 
 56 
 34 
 34 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 56 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 56 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 56 
 48 
 44 
 
 9 
 
 34 
 
 3 2 
 
 56 
 46 
 
 46 
 44 
 36 
 36 
 
 34 
 
 TEST No. 33. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 
 +20 
 20 
 2O 
 20 
 22 
 22 
 23 
 23 
 
 
 112 
 
 82 
 60 
 48 
 38 
 
 34 
 
 32 
 
 112 
 
 40 
 32 
 
 
 
 *II2 
 * 90 
 
 * 68 
 
 * 46 
 * 40 
 * 34 
 
 * 3 2 
 
 112 
 
 9 
 76 
 
 68 
 58 
 50 
 46 
 40 
 
 112 
 
 86 
 72 
 60 
 52 
 46 
 
 $ 
 
 112 
 
 86 
 70 
 
 58 
 5o 
 44 
 40 
 
 36 
 
 112 
 
 88 
 68 
 56 
 48 
 42 
 38 
 34 
 
 112 
 66 
 
 44 
 
 34 
 32 
 
 
 IO'4.C " 
 
 n*4C " .... 
 
 
 I '4<; " 
 
 2*4.1; " 
 
 3 MS " 
 
 "W 
 
 *Leaky. 
 
 TEST No. 34. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Outside 
 Temp. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Quantity of water same in each cinleen. 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 IIO 
 
 9 2 
 74 
 64 
 
 56 
 
 48 
 44 
 42 
 
 C 
 IIO 
 
 60 
 
 42 
 
 36 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 IIO 
 9 2 
 
 74 
 64 
 56 
 50 
 46 
 44 
 
 G 
 
 I IO 
 9 6 
 84 
 
 74 
 66 
 60 
 
 56 
 
 52 
 
 H 
 
 IIO 
 90 
 
 78 
 70 
 62 
 
 58 
 
 54 
 50 
 
 I 
 
 IIO 
 
 94 
 
 80 
 70 
 62 
 56 
 
 41 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 IIO 
 
 78 
 58 
 50 
 44 
 40 
 
 38 
 36 
 
 8:4 50. ill .. ... 
 
 +32 
 32 
 32 
 
 33 
 34 
 34 
 
 34 
 34 
 
 
 IIO 
 
 94 
 
 80 
 68 
 60 
 
 54 
 5 
 
 48 
 
 
 10:4.1; " 
 
 11:41; " 
 
 12:41; p. m . . 
 
 
 ^ " 
 
 T?C " 
 
 j 43 
 
 
 TEST No. 35. 
 
 
 
 
 Hour. 
 8:40 a. m 
 
 Outside 
 Temp . 
 
 +32 
 
 33 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 41 
 
 4' 
 40 
 
 38 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Quantity of water (36 ozs.) same in each canteen. 
 
 A 
 
 1) 
 
 116 
 
 90 
 76 
 64 
 58 
 52 
 50 
 48 
 44 
 
 c 
 
 116 
 66, 
 
 42 
 40 
 
 40 
 .38 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 116 
 
 98 
 82 
 
 H 
 58 
 54 
 
 G 
 116 
 
 100 
 
 88 
 
 79 
 
 72 
 66 
 62 
 
 58 
 54 
 
 H 
 
 116 
 
 94 
 84 
 74 
 68 
 62 
 58 
 54 
 52 
 
 I 
 
 116 
 
 98 
 86 
 
 11 
 
 62 
 56 
 5 2 
 50 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 
 116 
 96 
 
 82 
 72 
 64 
 59 
 56 
 5 2 
 49 
 
 116 
 
 82 
 66 
 54 
 48 
 46 
 44 
 42 
 42 
 
 
 10:40 " 
 
 1 1 :4O " 
 
 I 2 140 p 111 
 
 I '4.O " 
 
 2 :4O " 
 
 5 MO " 
 
 4 '4O " 
 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 TEST No. 36. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Outside 
 Temp. 
 
 * 2 !~ 
 26 
 
 28 
 30 
 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Quantity of water (^6 ozs.) same in each canteen. 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 116 
 86 
 70 
 60 
 
 11 
 
 40 
 
 4? 
 36 
 
 116 
 56 
 40 
 
 34 
 3 2 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 3 2 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 116 
 96 
 
 84 
 74 
 64 
 60 
 
 54 
 50 
 48 
 
 H 
 
 116 
 92 
 80 
 70 
 62 
 56 
 
 4^ 
 46 
 
 I 
 
 116 
 
 9 2 
 80 
 70 
 62 
 54 
 
 5 
 46 
 
 44 
 
 K 
 
 116 
 90 
 76 
 68 
 68 
 
 % 
 
 44 
 42 
 
 L 
 
 116 
 
 76 
 
 58 
 46 
 
 42 
 39 
 
 % 
 36 
 
 34 
 
 8 * 30 a. ni 
 
 116 
 
 72 
 54 
 44 
 38 
 36 
 35 
 34 
 32 
 
 116 
 
 94 
 80 
 68 
 60 
 
 % 
 
 44 
 42 
 
 9.30 
 
 lO'^O " 
 
 1 1 : T.O " 
 
 12 "2O P 111 
 
 I "JO " 
 
 i .ju 
 
 ^.ju 
 "I 1O " 
 
 4'T.O " 
 
 
 TEST No. 37. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Outside 
 Temp . 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens and Flasks. 
 
 Each Canteen and Flask filled to its capacity. 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 8- -i - n ni 
 
 + 22 
 2 4 
 28 
 36 
 38 
 38 
 40 
 4 
 38 
 
 116 
 88 
 66 
 56 
 
 5 
 
 48 
 
 44 
 44 
 42 
 
 116 
 94 
 76 
 66 
 58 
 52 
 50 
 48 
 42 
 
 116 
 58 
 40 
 36 
 
 38 
 
 II 
 
 3 8 
 
 38 
 38 
 
 116 
 56 
 
 3 f 
 36 
 
 38 
 38 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 
 116 
 60 
 40 
 
 38 
 38 
 38 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 
 116 
 
 * 9 6 
 
 84 
 
 11 
 60 
 58 
 54 
 
 52 
 
 116 
 
 94 
 82 
 72 
 66 
 62 
 56 
 54 
 52 
 
 116 
 103 
 
 9 2 
 86 
 78 
 74 
 
 11 
 64 
 
 116 
 
 99 
 84 
 
 74 
 66 
 62 
 58 
 56 
 5 2 
 
 116 
 
 9 1 
 
 78 
 70 
 62 
 5^ 
 56 
 52 
 50 
 
 116 
 86 
 68 
 
 58 
 
 ^8 
 46 
 44 
 42 
 
 Q-3C " 
 
 JO-7C " ... 
 
 T I 7C " 
 
 1 2 7 c p in ..... 
 
 I "i^ " 
 
 2:7; " 
 
 3"2C " ... 
 
 A.-1Z " 
 
 H-'JJ 
 
 *Leakv. 
 
 TEST No. 38. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Outside 
 Temp. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens and Flasks. 
 
 Each Canteen and Flask filled to its capacity. 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 c 
 
 D 
 IOO 
 
 55 
 
 3 ? 
 % 
 
 % 
 36 
 
 38 
 38 
 38 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 IOO 
 
 *88 
 76 
 66 
 62 
 54 
 52 
 50 
 48 
 
 G 
 
 IOO 
 
 86 
 76 
 66 
 62 
 56 
 54 
 50 
 48 
 
 H 
 
 IOO 
 96 
 
 86 
 82 
 
 74 
 70 
 66 
 62 
 60 
 
 I 
 
 IOO 
 
 88 
 76 
 66 
 62 
 
 56 
 
 8 
 
 4 6 
 
 K 
 IOO 
 
 86 
 72 
 62 
 58 
 54 
 5o 
 48 
 46 
 
 L 
 IOO 
 
 78 
 62 
 54 
 48 
 44 
 42 
 42 
 40 
 
 o ? c a m 
 
 + 32 
 32 
 
 3 2 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 IOO 
 78 
 6 4 
 52 
 48 
 
 44 
 42 
 42 
 40 
 
 IOO 
 
 88 
 68 
 60 
 
 54 
 
 5 2 
 4 6 
 
 44 
 
 42 
 
 IOO 
 
 52 
 40 
 
 36 
 36 
 36 
 38 
 38 
 38 
 
 IOO 
 52 
 40 
 
 P 
 
 36 
 
 38 
 38 
 33 
 
 Q:?C " 
 
 lo:^ " 
 
 1 1 : T, Z " 
 
 j 2 : 7 c p ITI 
 
 I :TC " 
 
 2 : T c " 
 
 7.->C 
 
 4.W " 
 
 
 * Leaky. 
 
 TEST No. 39. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Outside 
 Temp. 
 
 + 38~ 
 38 
 40 
 40 
 42 
 42 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens and Flasks. 
 
 Each Canteen and Flask having 36 ozs. hot water. 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 c 
 
 94 
 60 
 
 48 
 44 
 42 
 42 
 42 
 42 
 40 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 *94 
 86 
 78 
 70 
 64 
 60 
 56 
 54 
 53 
 
 G 
 
 94 
 
 88 
 78 
 
 7<> 
 62 
 60 
 58 
 56 
 54 
 
 H 
 
 94 
 
 82 
 
 74 
 68 
 66 
 60 
 56 
 52 
 52 
 
 i 
 
 94 
 84 
 76 
 68 
 64 
 58 
 54 
 52 
 50 
 
 K 
 
 94 
 84 
 
 11 
 60 
 
 58 
 54 
 52 
 50 
 
 L 
 
 8 : 1 S n ni 
 
 94 
 
 5 
 
 56 
 
 11 
 4 6 
 
 44 
 44 
 
 94 
 78 
 68 
 60 
 54 
 
 $ 
 
 48 
 46 
 
 94 
 72 
 60 
 52 
 
 5 
 46 
 
 44 
 44 
 42 
 
 0:11; " 
 
 10:11; " 
 
 1 1:11; " 
 
 I2'.I5 p. 1Y1 ...... 
 
 l:i^ " 
 
 2 : 1 S " . 
 
 7 : 1 < " 
 
 4:1 c; " 
 
 
 *Leaky. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN, 
 TEST No. 40. 
 
 Hour 
 8 :45 a. m 
 
 Outside 
 Temp. 
 
 + 12 
 12 
 
 14 
 14 
 H 
 14 
 H 
 13 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Quantity of water (36 ozs.) same in each canteen. 
 
 A 
 
 ~96~ 
 68 
 48 
 38 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 B 
 96 
 
 74 
 56 
 
 46 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 c 
 
 96 
 
 42 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 ~ 
 
 76 
 
 66 
 
 52 
 44 
 38 
 32 
 32 
 
 G 
 
 96 
 80 
 66 
 
 58 
 50 
 44 
 38 
 34 
 
 H 
 
 ~96~ 
 
 78 
 64 
 
 54 
 48 
 
 42 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 I 
 
 K 
 
 ~96~ 
 76 
 62 
 
 52 
 44 
 40 
 
 34 
 3 2 
 
 L 
 
 96 
 62 
 44 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 64 
 54 
 46 
 40 
 36 
 32 
 
 0:4.^ " . 
 
 10:4.5; " 
 
 ii:45 " - 
 
 12:4.^ p. m 
 
 1 :4.^ u 
 
 2:4^ " . 
 
 ^:4^ " . 
 
 
 *Leaky. 
 
 TEST No. 41. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Outside 
 Temp. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Quantity of water (36 ozs ) same in each canteen. 
 
 A j B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H I I 
 
 K 
 
 98 
 So 
 66 
 54 
 48 
 44 
 40 
 
 38 
 36 
 
 l. 
 
 8:30 a. in 
 
 + 10 
 12 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 26 
 26 
 28 
 26 
 
 9 8 
 
 68 
 52 
 40 
 
 34 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 98 
 
 74 
 
 58 
 46 
 
 42 
 38 
 36 
 34 
 
 32 
 
 98 
 
 46 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 *82 
 64 
 
 % 
 
 4 2 
 
 4 
 36 
 36 
 
 98 
 
 84 
 70 
 62 
 54 
 48 
 44 
 42 
 42 
 
 9 8 
 84 
 
 68 
 60 
 
 $ 
 
 44 
 42 
 40 
 
 98 
 78 
 66 
 56 
 48 
 42 
 40 
 
 38 
 36 
 
 98 
 66 
 46 
 36 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 9:30 " . 
 
 10:^0 " 
 
 11:30 " 
 
 1 2 .'30 p. m 
 
 1:30 " . 
 
 2:10 " 
 
 3:30 " . 
 
 4:^0 " 
 
 
 *Leaky. 
 
 TEST No. 42. 
 
 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Out- 
 side 
 
 Quantity of water 36 ozs., except in flasks " N" and" O," in the main filled to their 
 
 
 Tern. 
 
 capacity. 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 8:15 a. m. 
 9:15 
 
 + 2 4 
 24 
 
 li 
 
 94 
 
 74 
 
 94 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 * 9 f 
 78 
 
 94 
 
 82 
 
 94 
 76 
 
 94 
 
 78 
 
 94 
 76 
 
 94 
 64 
 
 94 
 44 
 
 94 
 
 44 
 
 94 
 36 
 
 io:[5 ' 
 
 22 
 
 52 
 
 60 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 70 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 68 
 
 48 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 11:15 " 
 
 22 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 62 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 58 
 
 40 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 12:15 p. m. 
 
 22 
 
 36 
 
 42 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 54 
 
 50 
 
 So 
 
 50 
 
 34 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 1:15 " 
 
 22 
 
 32 
 
 40 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 50 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 t 
 
 2:15 " 
 
 22 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 44 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 3^5 ' 
 
 22 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 42 
 
 38 
 
 56 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 3 2 
 
 
 4:15 " 
 
 26 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 3 2 
 
 36 
 
 38 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 f Leaky, t Frozen. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 TEST No. 43. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Out Quantity in each (36 ozs ) the same, except in Flasks "N, 
 side: filled to their capacity. 
 
 " "O" and "P," which were 
 
 
 L - A 
 
 H C i D j E 
 
 1(1 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 K 
 
 L M 
 
 N 
 
 O 
 
 P 
 
 a, in. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8:I 5 
 
 + 4 
 
 94 
 
 94 94 
 
 
 
 +94 
 
 94 
 
 94 
 
 94 
 
 94 
 
 94 94 
 
 94 
 
 94 
 
 94 
 
 9 :I 5 
 
 6 
 
 64 
 
 70 42 
 
 
 
 7 6 
 
 76 
 
 72 
 
 76 
 
 74 
 
 60 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 32 
 
 62 
 
 10:15 
 
 8 
 
 46 
 
 52 32 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 42 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 44 
 
 11:15 
 
 8 
 
 34 
 
 42 32 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 54 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 3 2 
 
 
 34 
 
 p. m. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12:15 
 
 8 
 
 32 
 
 34 32 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 48 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 42 
 
 32 
 
 32 1 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 1:15 
 
 8 
 
 32 
 
 32 32 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 40 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 3<> 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 2:15 
 
 10 
 
 3 2 
 
 32 ! 32 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 3>5 
 
 12 
 
 32 
 
 32 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 4:15 
 
 12 3 2 
 
 32 3? 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 'I.eakv. t Frozen. 
 
 TEST No. 44. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Out 
 side 
 T. 
 
 Temperature of Water m Canteens. 
 
 Cond 
 
 tions same as in Test No 43. except Flasks "D", "N". "O"and "P", which werefilled. 
 
 A 
 
 I! C D E 
 
 F 
 
 <; 
 
 H 
 
 I i K 
 
 L 
 
 I\l 
 
 N 
 
 o 
 
 p 
 
 a. m. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8:15 
 
 +14 
 
 1 06 
 
 1 06 
 
 1 06 1 06 1 06 
 
 1 06 
 
 106 
 
 106 
 
 106 
 
 106 
 
 106 
 
 106 
 
 106 
 
 106 
 
 106 
 
 9 : I5 
 
 i8| 72 
 
 78 
 
 50 
 
 50 54 
 
 t8o 
 
 86 
 
 84 
 
 86 
 
 84 
 
 68 
 
 48 
 
 46 
 
 38 
 
 66 
 
 10:25 
 
 22 
 
 S4 
 
 62 
 
 34 
 
 32 
 
 66 
 
 72 
 
 72 
 
 72 
 
 70 
 
 ,SO 
 
 34 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 So 
 
 11:15 
 
 26 
 
 44 
 
 52 
 
 32 
 
 32 32 
 
 56 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 42 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 42 
 
 p. m. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12:15 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 36 32 
 
 32 32 
 
 50 
 
 58 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 54 
 
 38 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 38 
 
 i:i5 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 42 
 
 32 
 
 32 32 
 
 46 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 50 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 30 
 
 2:15 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 4 
 
 32 
 
 32 32 
 
 42 
 
 So 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 46 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 3 :I 5 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 38 
 
 32 
 
 32 34 
 
 40 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 46 
 
 36 
 
 33 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 4: IS 
 
 .U 
 
 36 
 
 3 
 
 3 2 34 34 
 
 3"5 
 
 46 44 44 
 
 42 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 33 32 
 
 3<> 
 
 t Frozen. 
 
 TEST No. 45. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Out 
 Hour, side 
 
 Conditions same as in Test No. 44. 
 
 T. 
 
 A B C D E F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 M . 
 
 N I 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | __ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 a. in. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8:25 
 
 -10 
 
 IOO 
 
 IOO 
 
 IOO IOO IOO 
 
 IOO 
 
 IOO 
 
 IOO 
 
 IOO 
 
 
 IOO 
 
 IOO 
 
 IOO 
 
 IOO 
 
 IOO 
 
 9 :2 5 
 
 8 
 
 68 
 
 72 
 
 36 40 32 
 
 t74 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 78 
 
 
 56 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 58 
 
 10.25 
 
 6 
 
 42 
 
 52 
 
 32 32 j 56 
 
 66 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 * 
 
 40 
 
 11:25 
 
 5 
 
 32 
 
 38 
 
 32 ' * 42 
 
 54 
 
 52 
 
 48 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 * 
 
 
 32 
 
 p. m. 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12:25 
 
 4 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 * 
 
 32 
 
 44 
 
 42 
 
 38 
 
 
 3 2 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 1:25 
 
 4 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 2:25 
 
 2 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 2 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 3 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 4:25 
 
 2 
 
 3 2 
 
 32 
 
 I 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 "'Leaky. fFrozen. 
 
GC) 
 
 HISTORY OF T1IK MILITARY CAXTEEX. 
 
 Httfti. 9 ox. Capacity <*+ /%/i^ ox. 
 to the f/ask fy weans of /our>r/*ets. 
 
 p/e />t'ece f/ask,. 
 strrru/9 shaped 7*9jo3 c4u/* 
 test ly the ax. 
 
HISTORY OF TIIK MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 TEST No. 4(5. 
 
 
 Out- 
 
 Hour. 
 
 side 
 
 
 Temp 
 
 8* 10 a m. ..... 
 
 -ID 
 
 Q'lO " 
 
 IO 
 
 10:10 " 
 
 8 
 
 II'IO " .... 
 
 6 
 
 I2:IO p. m 
 
 4 
 
 2:10 " 
 
 
 
 3 ; l " 
 
 - 2 
 
 4: 10 
 
 2 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteen. 
 
 (Quantity (4, ozs ) being the smie, except in '" 
 "O" and "I'," which were 
 
 A." "D, 
 filled. 
 
 AJ n 
 
 C 
 
 l) 
 
 E F 
 
 G H 
 
 I 
 
 K 
 
 IO2 
 
 102 IO2 
 
 1 02 
 
 IO2 102 
 
 IO2 ! IO2 
 
 IO2 
 
 1 02 
 
 68 
 
 7 6 
 
 3 
 
 38 
 
 32 7- S 
 
 8? 80 
 
 
 76 
 
 44 
 
 58 
 
 32 
 
 32 t 60 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 6. 
 
 62 
 
 32 
 
 42 
 
 32 t 
 
 46 52 52 
 
 52 
 
 46 
 
 31 
 
 3 2 
 
 t 
 
 34 4-J 44 
 
 42 
 
 36 
 
 32; 3' 
 
 32 
 
 34, 38 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 t t 
 
 i t 52 
 
 32 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 3 2 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 t 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 3 2 
 
 
 K I, 
 
 M 
 
 N O 
 
 p 
 
 Q 
 
 2 IO2 
 
 IO2 
 
 IO2 IO2 
 
 102 
 
 I O2 
 
 o 76 
 
 3 s 
 
 34] 32 
 
 32 
 
 78 
 
 " 62 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 2 46 
 
 t 
 
 f f 
 
 32 
 
 
 2 3 6 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 42 
 
 6 32 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 2 32 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 32 
 
 2 t 
 
 
 
 
 3 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 32 
 
 t Frozen. JBurstcd. 
 
 During Test No. 46 the Dubuque enameled canteen froze after two hours exposure 
 and burst open at the seams along the edges, during the next hour. It had forty-five 
 (45) fluid ounces of water, temperature 102 deg., F., placed in it at 8:10 a. m. The 
 variations of air temperature were, (observations made hourly), as follows: -10 deg. ; 
 -8 deg. ; -6 deg. The temperature of the contents of the canteen fell from 102 deg. to 
 38 deg. after onehour'sexposure;at theexpiration of thesecond hour the fluid dropped 
 to 32 deg. During this test, the enamel splintered off around the edges; liule blisters 
 of enamel, like small volcanoes, bubbled up, and patches of the enamel blew off, expos- 
 ing the metallic base. The cause was simple. The Dubuque Stamping and Enamel 
 Co. canteen is a combination of mineral and metal; the metal contracted; result, disin- 
 tegration. (See illustration - ). 
 
 TEST No. 47. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 si'dl". ^ Uamlt > 
 
 (45 fluid ozs.) being the same in each, except in "D," " 
 "N" and "O," which were filled. 
 
 
 -V 
 
 r. 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 O 
 
 Siit; a. m 
 
 +14 80 
 
 80 
 
 *8o 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 So 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 go 
 
 So 
 
 9 :I 5 " 
 
 16 
 
 60 
 
 63 
 
 32 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 68 
 
 74 
 
 68 
 
 74 
 
 70 
 
 64 
 
 34 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 10:15 " 
 
 20 
 
 48 
 
 S8 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 56 
 
 64 
 
 60 
 
 66 
 
 62 
 
 52) 32 
 
 3 2 
 
 32 
 
 11:15 " 
 
 24 
 
 42 
 
 48| 32 
 
 32 
 
 3 2 48 
 
 38 
 
 42 
 
 58 
 
 54 
 
 42 
 
 3 2 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 1 2 : 1 5 p. m 
 
 I : I H " - 
 
 26 
 
 38 
 
 -\A 
 
 46 
 
 4.2 
 
 32 
 
 23 
 
 r 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 42 
 40 
 
 
 48 
 44 
 
 18 
 
 44 
 
 4 3-' 
 
 36 12 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 T.?, 
 
 2:15 " 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 38 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 46 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 42 
 
 34 
 
 3 2 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 42 3 s 42 
 
 40 
 
 32 
 
 3 2 
 
 3 2 
 
 32 
 
 4^5 " 
 
 28 
 
 32 34 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 40! 381 40 
 
 38 
 
 32! 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 *Leaky. t Frozen. 
 
 TEST No. 48. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Out- 
 
 side 
 Temp 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Quantity of water (45 fli.id ozs ), same in each canteen, except in "A," "D"' 
 "F,""G," -N," "O" and "P," which were filled. 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 "to 
 66 
 52 
 42 
 36 
 3 2 
 32 
 32 
 3 2 
 
 tSo 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 3 2 
 32 
 
 f 
 
 D 
 
 80 
 38 
 
 f 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 i |K 
 
 L 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 O 
 
 P 
 
 Q 
 
 80 
 70 
 60 
 
 % 
 
 38 
 38 
 34 
 32 
 
 <S: 10 a. in 
 9:10 " 
 10:10 " 
 II:IO " 
 12:10 p. m 
 
 +14 
 14 
 
 14 
 14 
 
 H 
 16 
 16 
 
 18 
 18 
 
 80 
 60 
 46 
 36 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 80 
 44 
 3 2 
 
 f 
 
 80 
 
 * 
 
 68 
 56 
 48 
 42 
 
 ! 
 
 80 
 70 
 60 
 
 52 
 
 3 
 Ji 
 
 32 
 
 80 
 68 
 58 
 50 
 44 
 40 
 36 
 34 
 32 
 
 80 
 7 2 
 62 
 52 
 4 6 
 
 4 
 38 
 31 
 3 2 
 
 So 
 70 
 58 
 50 
 4-' 
 38 
 24 
 32 
 32 
 
 80 
 ?6 
 42 
 
 34 
 32 
 32 
 3 2 
 3* 
 32 
 
 to 
 
 36 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 33 
 32 
 
 r 
 
 So 
 
 * 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 3 3 2 
 
 32 
 
 r 
 
 80 
 
 * 
 
 32 
 
 f 
 
 80 
 
 46 
 34 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 l : I o " 
 
 2:10 " 
 
 7:IO " 
 
 4:10 " 
 
 ( Leaky, f Frozen. 
 
68 
 
 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 TEST No. 40. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Out- 
 side 
 Temp. 
 
 8:OO a. ni 
 9:00 " 
 10:00 " 
 1 1 :oo " 
 
 1 2 - oo ni. 
 
 + 8 
 8 
 
 IO 
 12 
 14. 
 
 
 16 
 
 2 :oo " . . 
 
 16 
 18 
 
 4:00 " . 
 
 1 8 
 
 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 
 
 Conditions same as in Test No. 48. Snow fell during about two hours of 
 the time occupied in making the test. 
 
 A 
 
 13 
 
 c 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 O 
 
 P 
 
 Q 
 
 130 
 
 130 
 
 130 
 
 130 
 
 130 
 
 130 
 
 130 
 
 130 
 
 130 
 
 130 
 
 130 
 
 
 130 
 
 130 
 
 130 
 
 130 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 S6 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 Q6 
 
 104 
 
 98 
 
 80 
 
 48 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 102 
 
 62 
 
 72 
 
 s 
 
 3 2 
 
 60 
 
 104 
 
 84 
 
 82 
 
 86 
 
 80 
 
 S6 
 
 32 
 
 3 2 
 
 32 
 
 S 
 
 8 4 
 
 46 
 
 58 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 84 
 
 68 
 
 68 
 
 72 
 
 66 
 
 40 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 72 
 
 36 
 32 
 
 48 
 40 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 r 
 
 32 
 3 2 
 
 68 
 58 
 
 60 
 So 
 
 58 
 S4 
 
 62 
 
 54 
 
 56 
 So 
 
 34 
 32 
 
 3 2 
 32 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 6 4 
 
 S6 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 50 
 
 46 
 
 46 
 
 46 
 
 42 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 48 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 42 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 38 
 
 3 2 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 44 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32; 
 
 32 
 
 38 36 
 
 36 
 
 38 
 
 26 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 'Leaky, t Frozen. 
 
 TEST No. 50. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Out- 
 side 
 Temp. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 
 
 Every canteen and flask filled to its capacity. 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 K 1 L 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 O 
 
 P- 
 
 o 
 
 8 :oo a. m 
 
 Q -00 " 
 
 + 4 
 6 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 18 
 
 22 
 22 
 24 
 
 5 
 
 40 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 F 
 
 50 
 42 
 
 34 
 32 
 3 2 
 32 
 
 J2 
 
 50 
 
 *32 
 3 2 
 32 
 3 2 
 3 2 
 
 r 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 * 
 
 
 
 50 
 *32 
 3 2 
 
 ? 
 
 50 
 
 * 4 2 
 
 36 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 5 
 
 42 
 
 38 
 32 
 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 50 
 
 48 
 
 44 
 40 
 
 36 
 32 
 3 2 
 32 
 32 
 
 50 
 42 
 40 
 
 34 
 3 2 
 32 
 3 2 
 
 32 
 .32 
 
 50 
 
 42 
 
 34 
 32 
 3 2 
 
 32 
 
 r 
 
 50 
 
 38 
 32 
 3 2 
 32 
 
 3 2 
 3 2 
 32 
 
 50 
 32 
 3 2 
 
 r 
 
 * 5 
 
 *32 
 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 50 
 
 T 2 
 
 50 
 
 34 
 32 
 3 2 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 5o 
 42 
 38 
 34 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 icity 
 
 lO'OO " 
 
 1 1 :OO " 
 
 1 2 'OO 111 . 
 
 I :oo p. m 
 
 2 :OO " 
 
 3:00 " - 
 
 4:00 " 
 
 *Leaky t frozen. JKursted. At start 
 was 30 o^s. 
 
 ng had a 
 
 capacity of 25 ozs. ; at the finish its cap 
 
 TEST No. 51. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Out. 
 side 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Every canteen and flask being filled to its capacity. 
 
 
 Temp . 
 
 A 
 
 B C 
 
 y 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 JJJL 
 
 L 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 O 
 
 P 
 
 Q 
 
 KjS T 
 
 a.m. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8:00 
 
 +16 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 59 
 
 9:00 
 
 14 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 32 ; 
 
 32 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 50 
 
 44 
 
 42 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 42 40 
 
 1 0:00 
 11:00 
 
 10 
 IO 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 3 2 
 
 32 
 
 
 r 
 
 34 
 
 32 
 
 38 
 32 
 
 48 
 
 44 
 
 38 
 32 
 
 38 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 f 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 
 .? 
 
 36 
 
 34 
 
 vO "' 
 CO CO 
 
 3 6 34 
 
 34 32 
 
 12111. 
 
 10 
 
 t 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 *32 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 3 2 
 
 32 
 
 T 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 32 
 
 p. m. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1:00 
 2:00 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 f 
 
 I 2 
 
 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 3 2 
 
 34 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 * 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 r 
 
 32 32 
 32 3^ 
 
 3:00 
 
 IO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 3 2 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 -I- t 
 
 4:00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32' t 
 
 32 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 "Leaky, t frozen. JHursted. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CAXTEliX 
 TEST No. 52. 
 
 69 
 
 
 Out- 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 side 
 
 Every canteen and flask filled to its capacity. 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C i D E 
 
 F 
 
 0|H 
 
 i 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 O 
 
 P 
 
 Q 
 
 R S 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a .111 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 8:OO; + 2 
 9:00! 2 
 
 I78I78 
 
 * 4 6 1 08 
 
 1781 J 1178178 
 
 * 4 6! i 60*98 
 
 178 
 138 
 
 178 
 138 
 
 178 
 124 
 
 I 7 8 
 130 
 
 I 7 8 
 1 06 
 
 * 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 * 
 
 I 7 8 
 
 *4o 
 
 178 
 1.34 
 
 178,178 
 134736 
 
 I 7 8 
 
 I O:00 
 
 4 
 
 32 74 
 
 32 ! 32 80 
 
 no no 
 
 94 
 
 102 
 
 76 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 1 08 
 
 io8|iio 
 
 IO2 
 
 I I :00 8 
 
 32 56 
 
 32 
 
 62 
 
 90 
 
 98 
 
 78 
 
 80 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 90 
 
 88| 90 
 
 86 
 
 I 2 111. 1 IO 
 
 32 42 
 
 32 t 
 
 4 8 
 
 76 
 
 86 
 
 62 
 
 66 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 76 
 
 74J 76 
 
 70 
 
 ]). 111. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1:00 12 
 
 .32 
 
 36 
 
 t 
 
 
 38 
 
 66 
 
 74 
 
 52 
 
 S4 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 62j 64 
 
 60 
 
 2:00 
 
 12 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 56 
 
 66 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 54 S 6 
 
 50 
 
 3:00 
 
 H 
 
 32 32 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 46 
 
 58 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 46 48 
 
 44 
 
 4:00 
 
 H 
 
 32 32 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 38 
 
 54 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 40| 42 
 
 40 
 
 * Leaky. fFrozen. JHursted. 
 
 TEST No. 51*. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Out- 
 side 
 Temp. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Conditions same as in Test No. 52. 
 
 A 
 
 B C 
 
 D 
 
 E | F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 l _ 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 s |T 
 
 a m . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 S:oo 
 
 +18 
 
 1 68 
 
 168 168 
 
 1 68 
 
 1 68 
 
 1 68 
 
 1 68 
 
 1 68 
 
 168 168 
 
 1 68 
 
 I68l68 
 
 168 
 
 1 68 
 
 1 68 
 
 I68l68l68 
 
 9:00 
 
 20 
 
 1 08 
 
 126 : 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 86 
 
 112 
 
 n8 
 
 140 
 
 138 
 
 138 
 
 124 
 
 -h + 
 
 * ! + 
 
 + 
 4> 
 
 + 
 
 140 
 
 140138 140 
 
 10:00 
 
 22 
 
 78 
 
 1 06 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 00 
 
 1 20 
 
 126 
 
 118 
 
 118 
 
 IOO 
 
 
 
 
 
 122 
 
 124 118 
 
 116 
 
 1 1 :OO 
 
 24 
 
 58 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 72 
 
 102 
 
 112 
 
 IO2 
 
 98 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 106 
 
 1041102 
 
 98 
 
 12 111. 
 
 24 
 
 48 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 60 
 
 00 
 
 100 
 
 88 86 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 
 
 94 
 
 92 
 
 90, 
 
 86 
 
 p. in. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1:00 
 
 28 
 
 42 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 52 
 
 78 
 
 92 
 
 78i 76 
 
 S8 
 
 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 80 
 
 78 
 
 74 
 
 2:OO 
 
 26 
 
 36 
 
 5 2 
 
 
 32 
 
 44 
 
 68 
 
 84 
 
 68 64 
 
 So 
 
 
 
 
 
 74 
 
 72 
 
 70 
 
 66 
 
 ;:oo 
 
 24 
 
 34 
 
 46 
 
 
 32 
 
 40 
 
 62 
 
 76 
 
 66 
 
 58 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 4:00 
 
 24 
 
 3 2 
 
 44 
 
 
 32 
 
 38 
 
 56 
 
 72 
 
 56 
 
 52 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 58 
 
 54 
 
 *Leaky. t Frozen. JHursted. 
 
 TEST No. 54. 
 
 
 l'emperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Out- 
 >ur side 
 Temp. 
 
 Same canteens, conditions, etc., as in Test No. 53, except that a snow storm 
 prevailed most of the time covered by the test. 
 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 c 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 O 
 
 P Q 
 
 R S 
 
 T 
 
 in. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :00 +22 
 :OOJ 24 
 
 170 
 
 116 
 
 170 
 132 
 
 
 
 I 7 
 
 106 
 
 I/O 
 146 
 
 170 
 I4O 
 
 170 
 I SO 
 
 170 
 
 138 
 
 170 
 
 136 
 
 170 
 
 128 
 
 
 
 
 I70I70I70 
 146 144 146 
 
 170 
 I 4 2 
 
 :OO| 26 . 
 
 82 
 
 104 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 114 
 
 1 2O 
 
 132 
 
 116 
 
 II 4 
 
 104 
 
 
 
 
 124 
 
 126 122 
 
 118 
 
 :oo 26 
 > i 
 
 66 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 94 
 
 IO2 
 
 1 2O 
 
 1 02 
 
 98 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 10 
 
 no'io6 
 
 104 
 
 n. | 
 :ooi 28 
 
 52 
 
 74 
 
 
 42 
 
 78 
 
 9 
 
 1 10 
 
 SS 86 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 9 6 
 
 94 
 
 90 
 
 111. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :oo 30 
 
 46 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 68 
 
 80 IO2 
 
 80 
 
 78 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 
 
 88 
 
 86 
 
 84 
 
 80 
 
 :oo 30 
 
 40 
 
 58 
 
 
 36 
 
 58 
 
 72 
 
 92 
 
 70 
 
 68 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 78 
 
 74 
 
 70 
 
 :oo 30 
 :oo| 28 
 
 38 
 36 
 
 52 
 48 
 
 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 50 
 
 44 
 
 64 
 60 
 
 84 
 
 So 
 
 64 
 58 
 
 62 
 56 
 
 5 
 46 
 
 
 
 
 72 
 
 ! 66 
 
 70 66 
 
 6 4 | 60 
 
 64 
 58 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN, 
 
 fay/told $ 
 
 r*f/e fe/t coi/er, Capacity f ox. f/t*rd 
 measure, WerySrt 9 ox 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 TEST No. 55. 
 
 
 Out- 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 side 
 
 Each canteen filled. 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 B | C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 K 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 O 
 
 P 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 S 1 T 
 
 a.m. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8.00 
 9.00 
 10.00 
 
 tl2 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 r 
 
 52 5 2 
 38 
 32 
 
 
 r 
 
 52 
 
 *42 
 
 36 
 
 5 2 
 42 
 
 36 
 
 
 52 
 
 42 
 36 
 
 42 
 
 34 
 
 38 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 52 
 42 
 36 
 
 52 
 42 
 36 
 
 52 
 42 
 36 
 
 52 
 42 
 
 34 
 
 II. OO 
 
 8 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 ID. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12. OO 
 
 10 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 3 2 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 p. m. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. 00 
 
 14 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 2.OO 
 
 16 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 3.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 18 
 
 22 
 
 + 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 32 
 t 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 t 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 r 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 f Leaky. f.Krozen. JBursted. 
 
 TEST No. 5G. 
 
 
 Out 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 side 
 
 Each canteen filled. 
 
 
 Temp. 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 H 
 
 c 
 
 D 
 
 E I F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 M I N 
 
 O 
 
 P 
 
 g | R 
 
 s 
 
 T 
 
 a.m. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 So 
 
 *2 4 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 50 50 
 
 50 
 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 SO 
 
 So 
 
 So 
 
 8.50 
 
 26 
 
 4 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 * 4 6 
 
 46 
 
 
 46 
 
 46 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 46 
 
 46 
 
 44 
 
 Q-.So 
 
 26 
 
 34 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 3 2 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 
 42 
 
 4 2 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 10.50 
 
 30 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 40 
 
 11.50 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 38 
 
 p. m. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12.50 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 38 
 
 1.50 
 
 36 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 
 36 
 
 38 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 38 
 
 2:50 
 
 38 
 
 36 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 3 
 
 
 36 
 
 38 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 3-50 
 
 3 
 
 36 
 
 3i 
 
 
 
 36] 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 'Leaky. 
 
 TEST No. 57. 
 
 Out- 
 side 
 Temp. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 It rained during part of the time. All canteens filled. 
 
 A j B | C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 O 
 
 P 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 s 
 
 T 
 
 -,2 
 
 S2 
 
 S2 
 
 
 
 S2 
 
 S2 
 
 S2 
 
 
 52 
 
 
 S2 
 
 
 
 
 
 S2 
 
 52 
 
 S2 
 
 S2 
 
 34 
 
 46 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 52 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 6 
 
 48 
 
 4 6 
 
 4 6 
 
 34 
 
 4 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 42 
 
 4 6 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 
 
 4* 
 
 46 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 
 40 40 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 42 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 
 4 6 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 
 44 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 42, 42 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 
 44 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 4 2 
 
 42 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 ,38 
 
 
 4 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 "Leaky. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 TEST No. 58. 
 
 Hour 
 
 OiU- 
 side 
 Tern. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Every canteen was filled to its capacity. 
 
 A 
 
 K 
 
 c 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 M 
 
 JN 
 
 O 
 
 P 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 s 
 
 T 
 
 u 
 
 a.m. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.45 
 
 + 12 
 
 54 
 
 S4 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 *54 
 
 54 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 MS 
 
 !>.4o 
 
 12 
 14 
 
 34 
 32 
 
 38 
 
 >2 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 42 
 
 38 
 
 44 
 38 
 
 
 46 
 40 
 
 
 3<> 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 42 42 
 36 36 
 
 42 
 36 
 
 42 
 36 
 
 42 
 38 
 
 10.4;, 
 
 4 
 
 32| 32 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 34 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 II. 4-. 
 
 16 
 
 32 32 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 3 2 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 p. m. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12.45 
 
 r6 
 
 V 
 
 ^2 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 32 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 3 2 
 
 1.45 
 
 16 
 
 32 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 2 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 2.4!) 
 
 18 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 3 2 32 
 
 3.45 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 32 
 
 32 
 
 32, 32 
 
 *Leaky. fFrozen. 
 
 TEST No. 59. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Hour 
 
 \j ui- 
 
 side 
 Tern. 
 
 All conditions identical with Test No. 58. 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 c 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 O 
 
 P 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 S 
 
 T 
 
 u 
 
 a.m. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 7.50 
 
 -4 
 
 5 2 
 
 52| 
 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 5 2 
 
 
 52 
 
 5 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 2 
 
 52 
 
 S 2 
 
 5 2 
 
 52 
 
 8.50 
 9.50 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 *3 
 32 
 
 38 
 32 
 
 
 42 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 38 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 32 
 
 36 36 
 
 32 32 
 
 10.50 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 3 2 
 
 32 
 
 11.50 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 p.m. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12.50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 3 2 
 
 1.50 
 
 + 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 32 
 
 2.50 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 2 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 2 
 
 32 
 
 32; 32 
 
 3.50 
 
 4 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32; 32 
 
 "Leaky. fFrozen. {Bursted. 
 
 TEST No. <>0. 
 
 
 Out- 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 side 
 
 All the canteens were filled. Snow fell during a portion of the time covered by test . 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 c 
 
 1) 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 K 
 
 I: 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 O 
 
 P 
 
 Q | R 
 
 s 
 
 T 
 
 u 
 
 S.ooa.m. 
 
 + 2 
 
 170 
 
 
 
 
 170 
 
 170 170 
 
 
 170 
 
 
 170 
 
 
 
 
 
 170 170 
 
 170 
 
 170 
 
 170 
 
 9.00 " 
 
 2 
 
 108 
 
 
 
 104 
 
 138 136 
 
 
 136 
 
 
 128 
 
 
 
 
 
 138 
 
 142 
 
 138 
 
 136 
 
 142 
 
 10.00 " 
 
 10 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 108 112 
 
 
 114 
 
 
 94 
 
 
 
 
 
 118 
 
 118 
 
 114 
 
 
 116 
 
 II.OO " 
 
 H 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 86 
 
 96 
 
 
 94 
 
 
 74 
 
 
 
 
 
 IOO 
 
 IOO 
 
 
 94 
 
 IOO 
 
 12.00111. 
 
 18 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 72 
 
 82 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 86 
 
 84 
 
 80 
 
 86 
 
 i.oop. m. 
 
 20 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 74 
 
 74 
 
 76 
 
 70 
 
 74 
 
 2.OO " 
 
 22 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 48 
 
 60 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 3.00 " 
 
 22 
 
 3 2 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 42 
 
 54 
 
 
 52 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 
 
 $6 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 52 
 
 56 
 
 4.00 " 
 
 20 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 38 46 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 5 46 
 
 50 
 
 Memorandum made of the fact that Canteen "L" held 60 fluid ozs. when capacity 
 was measured prior to Test No. 37. Owing to dilation due to freezing, its capacity 
 was 64 fluid ozs. when Test No. 60 was made. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 TEST No. 61. 
 
 73 
 
 
 Out- 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 side 
 
 All the canteens were filled 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 B C 
 
 I 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 M 
 
 i 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 s 
 
 T 
 
 u 
 
 7.5011.111. 
 8.50 " 
 
 
 
 + 2 
 
 172 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 172 
 
 66 
 
 172 
 136 
 
 172 
 I 3 
 
 
 172 
 132 
 
 
 172 
 112 
 
 
 
 
 
 172 
 
 138 
 
 I 7 2 
 I 3 6 
 
 172 
 
 172 
 
 H4 
 
 172 
 
 n6 
 
 9.50 " 
 
 4 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 I O2 
 
 1 08 
 
 
 104! 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 
 
 112 
 
 106 108 
 
 106 
 
 no 
 
 10.50 " 
 
 8 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 80 
 
 86 
 
 
 84 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 
 
 92 
 
 86 
 
 86 
 
 86 
 
 88 
 
 11.50 " 
 
 12 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 76 
 
 70 
 
 72 
 
 68 
 
 70 
 
 12. 5op. in. 
 
 H 
 
 3 2 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 4 8 
 
 60 
 
 
 5 6 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 4 
 
 58 
 
 62 
 
 58 
 
 60 
 
 1.50 " 
 
 18 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 38 
 
 50 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 50 
 
 C2 
 
 So 
 
 SO 
 
 2.50 
 
 20 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 44 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 3-50 
 
 20 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 38 
 
 
 361 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 t Frozen. 
 
 TEST No. 62. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Out- 
 side 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 All the canteens were filled. 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 15 
 
 c 
 
 I) 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 u 
 
 i 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 s 
 
 i | u 
 
 8.ooa.m. 
 
 +20 
 
 168 
 
 
 
 
 1 68 
 
 1 68 
 
 1 68 
 
 
 1 68 
 
 
 168 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 68 
 
 1 68 
 
 1 68 
 
 i68'i68 
 
 9.00 " 
 
 2O 
 
 1 08 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 136 
 
 138 
 
 
 136 
 
 
 124 
 
 
 
 
 
 140 
 
 138 
 
 140 
 
 140 138 
 
 o.oo " 
 
 2O 
 
 74 
 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 1 08 
 
 116 
 
 
 112 
 
 
 94 
 
 
 
 
 
 118 
 
 118 
 
 118 
 
 114 118 
 
 I.OO " 
 
 20 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 82 
 
 96 
 
 
 94 
 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 
 
 106 
 
 98 
 
 98 
 
 96 
 
 98 
 
 2.OO111. 
 
 2O 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 64 
 
 80 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 84 
 
 82 
 
 80 
 
 84 
 
 I. oop.m. 
 
 20 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 So 
 
 68 
 
 
 68 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 
 
 76 
 
 72 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 74 
 
 2.OO " 
 
 22 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 42 
 
 60 
 
 
 S8 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 3.00 " 
 
 4.00 " 
 
 22 
 2O 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 3 2 
 3 2 
 
 4 
 46 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 34 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 50 
 
 54 
 
 48 
 
 8 
 
 Is 
 
 & 
 
 TEST No. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Out 
 
 ide 
 
 Temperature.of Water in Canteens. 
 
 All the canteens were filled. 
 
 T. 
 
 A 
 
 B Cl E 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 L 
 
 o 
 
 R | S 
 
 T 
 
 U 
 
 V 
 
 w 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 a. in. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8:00 +14 
 
 
 184 
 
 184 
 
 
 I8 4 
 
 184 
 
 184 
 
 I8 4 
 
 184 
 
 I8 4 
 
 184 
 
 
 
 
 9:00 16 
 
 100 
 
 
 90 
 
 144 
 
 
 144 
 
 130 
 
 150 
 
 144 
 
 144 
 
 140 
 
 148 
 
 
 
 
 10.00 26 
 
 7 
 
 
 54 
 
 122 
 
 
 122 
 
 100 
 
 126 
 
 122 
 
 122 
 
 120 
 
 124 
 
 
 
 1 1 :oo 28 
 
 54 
 
 
 40 
 
 102 
 
 I O2 
 
 80 
 
 1 06 
 
 106 
 
 IO4 
 
 IOO 
 
 106 
 
 
 
 12111. 
 
 3 
 
 44 
 
 
 34 
 
 88 
 
 86 66 
 
 94 
 
 88 
 
 88 
 
 86 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 
 1>. Ill 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 :00 32 
 
 40 
 
 32 
 
 78 : /6 
 
 56 
 
 82 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 76 
 
 82 
 
 
 
 
 2:OO 
 
 3/1 
 
 38 
 
 
 32 
 
 68 68 
 
 SO 72 
 
 70 
 
 60 
 
 68 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 
 3 :CO 
 4:00 
 
 36 
 
 16 
 
 
 $ 
 
 58 
 58 , 
 
 56 46 
 5 6 44 
 
 66 
 
 62 
 
 64 
 60 
 
 64 
 60 
 
 62 
 56 
 
 66 
 60 
 
 
 
 
74 
 
 Out 
 
 Hour, side 
 
 HISTORY OK TIIK MILITARY C'AXTKKX, 
 TEST No. (54. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Each canteen was filled. 
 
 1. 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 E 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 L 
 
 Q 
 
 R| S 
 
 T 
 
 U V 
 
 W 
 
 X 
 
 a. in. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7-45 +26 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 
 8-45 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 46 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 
 9 45 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 42 
 
 
 42 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 
 10. "5 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 42 
 
 
 42 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 
 "45 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 
 p. m. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12-45 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 40 
 
 
 40 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 
 i-45 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 2-45 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 345 
 
 3? 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 3 6 
 
 
 3 6 
 
 34 
 
 38 
 
 36 
 
 38 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 
 TEST No. 65. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Out- 
 side 
 Temp. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteen. 
 
 Each canteen was full. 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 (J 
 
 E 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 I ! L 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 S | T U 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 X 
 
 8.15 a. m 
 
 QIC " 
 
 +38 
 
 38 
 4 
 4 
 42 
 42 
 42 
 4 
 38 
 
 162 
 
 IO2 
 
 /6 
 62 
 
 56 
 
 5 
 
 48 
 
 44 
 42 
 
 
 
 162 
 
 82 
 
 56 
 46 
 
 44 
 44 
 44 
 42 
 40 
 
 162 
 
 136 
 II 4 
 
 100 
 
 90 
 80 
 70 
 
 66 
 
 60 
 
 162 
 138 
 124 
 112 
 102 
 
 94 
 88 
 84 
 J7 6 
 
 162 
 132 
 114 
 
 100 
 
 88 
 76 
 70 
 64 
 60 
 
 162 
 118 
 
 9 2 
 78 
 68 
 60 
 54 
 
 5 2 
 
 46 
 
 162 
 138 
 118 
 104 
 92 
 82 
 76 
 68 
 62 
 
 162 
 
 134 
 112 
 
 g 
 
 78 
 70 
 64 
 60 
 
 162 
 
 134 
 114 
 100 
 
 90 
 80 
 72 
 
 66 
 60 
 
 162 
 132 
 
 112 
 
 9 8 
 
 86 
 76 
 70 
 
 4 
 
 60 
 
 162 
 132 
 
 112 
 98 
 
 88 
 78 
 7 2 
 
 A 4 
 60 
 
 162 
 
 IOO 
 
 74 
 64 
 56 
 52 
 
 5 2 
 46 
 
 42 
 
 162 
 76 
 
 52 
 
 44 
 44 
 44 
 42 
 * 4 o 
 40 
 
 162 
 74 
 5o 
 44 
 42 
 42 
 42 
 *<o 
 40 
 
 IO.I5 " 
 I I. I 5 " 
 
 12.15 p. m 
 TIC " 
 
 2 15 " 
 3-15 " 
 
 4 15 
 
 "Leaky. Leakage in "W" and "X" occurred at points where lugs were riveted to the flask. 
 
 TEST No. 60. 
 
 Each canteen was full. A severe snowstorm continuously prevailed during this 
 test. All canteens were suspended from a trestle and exposed to a high wind which 
 kept them in motion. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 Outside 
 
 Temperature. \ 
 
 B 
 
 C E 
 
 G 
 
 H| I |L|Q|R 
 
 s 
 
 T 
 
 u 
 
 V 
 
 w 
 
 X 
 
 
 +21 ^0 
 
 21 3 8 
 21 32 
 21 32 
 21 31 
 
 
 5050 
 36:50 
 
 3640 
 3236 
 32134 
 
 1 1 
 50 50; 50 50 50 
 
 5050484644 
 44^0364038 
 421363436134 
 40323234134 
 
 50 
 
 44 
 38 
 34 
 34 
 
 5 
 
 46 
 
 38 
 34 
 3- 1 
 
 5 ? 
 
 46 
 
 38 
 34 
 34 
 
 50 
 
 38 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 50 
 
 36 
 
 50 
 
 34 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 1 2 CO TH . . - . 
 
 
 ^00 " 
 
 
 t !' rozen. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 75 
 
 /V /Ot/l> 
 
 vWtaw Jrmy BoHU *M India* Anny &ttlt 
 car&vre fook. *>ikou4 cover. 
 
 Wo. 
 
 ai FtasJc Hl Skit 
 
 A!. /02/c 
 
 Jndta* Army Bettl* 
 affd Jrajryitry strap . 
 
 Abunumm ffas&S from tfa. Lanx Af/y. <&, C*i<x.yQ. Mutely fTMttmBvy. 
 
7 6 
 
 HISTORY OF T1IK MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 TEST No. 67. 
 
 Each canteen was full. A snowstorm prevailed during first half of test. All 
 the canteens were suspended from a trestle so that free circulation obtained. 
 
 H - Temper, 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 A E 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 i 
 
 L 
 
 Q 
 
 R) S 
 
 T| U|V 
 
 W X 
 
 
 +16 
 
 20 
 2O 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 19 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 50 
 
 42 
 38 
 
 34 
 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 5 
 40 
 40 
 
 38 
 
 % 
 
 34 
 
 r 
 
 5 
 40 
 
 ? 
 
 50 
 36 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 50 
 40 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 % 
 
 5050 
 40 40 
 
 3638 
 3636 
 3235 
 3234 
 3232 
 3232 
 32 t 
 
 505050 
 404036 
 
 40 38(32 
 
 3836:32 
 
 323 2 |32 
 
 323232 
 32 32 32 
 
 ^232 t 
 
 t I 3 2| 
 
 20 
 
 t 
 
 50 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 
 JV 
 
 
 
 
 j. jv 
 
 * O u 
 37O " ......... 
 
 JV 
 
 4-3 
 
 fFrozen. 
 
 TEST No. 68. 
 
 Each filled canteen was plunged into a snowbank, and kept buried in the snow 
 through the period of the test eight and one-half hours. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Outside 
 Temperature. A E G H I I 
 
 8. 30 a. m . 
 10.00 " 
 i i.oo " . 
 I2.OO in. . 
 
 i . oo p. in 
 
 2.00 " . 
 
 3-oo . 
 
 4.00 " . 
 
 5.00 
 
 +25 
 
 20 
 26 
 12 
 32 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 32 
 
 Temperature of V>"atcr in Canteens. 
 
 X~15 ATT 
 
 3242 
 
 3232403 ._ 
 32324038138 
 
 5232 
 
 38 42 38 40 40 
 
 ;8!38 
 
 344038 
 
 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60^ 69 6060 60 
 
 42 48 52 42:46 42 42^4 42146 48 4OJ32J42 I 5O 48 
 
 38 36 48 42|44J42j42|42 42 44J46 38:32J34 I 5O 34 
 
 3632 
 
 4034 
 
 32 
 
 TIT ^ +J 
 
 v 38 4*4042 40 40 44 44^36 32 
 
 42 40 40 40 40,40 4i42|52 3 6 38132,46 
 
 38424436343242 
 384014035323238 
 383813834321323632 
 
 ' 381383432132134 
 
 PRACTICAL SERVICE CONDITIONS SIMULATED BY TESTS OF CANTEENS. 
 
 In making tests of canteens and canteen flasks, effort has been 
 made to simulate conditions of military service as nearly as possible. 
 In every test it has been assumed that a soldier is equipped with a 
 canteen capable of holding about three (3) pints of water; further, 
 that he is in the open air for a period of eight (8) hours, at the 
 expiration of which time his canteen has either been emptied, 
 partly emptied, or refilled. In some of the tests it has been assumed 
 that the season of the year was summer ; in other tests that the 
 season was winter. 
 
 All canteens, or canteen flasks or water bottles, have been sub- 
 jected to the same, and uniform, tests. In my tests, the present 
 regulation service canteen has been included ; this to aid in consider- 
 ing the question of relative merit. The canteens have not been of 
 the same dimensions or capacity, but the tests have been so varied 
 as to insure fairness. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 77 
 
 METHODS OF TESTING CANTEENS, CANTEEN FLASKS, WATER BOT- 
 TLES, ETC., INTENDED FOR USE IN THE MILITARY SERV- 
 ICE, OBSERVED AT HEADQUARTERS, DEPART- 
 MENT OF DAKOTA, ST. PAUL, 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 Every part of each canteen, flask, inner cover, outer cover, cork, 
 etc., was examined as to material, quality, construction, weight, etc. 
 
 Capacity of flasks in fluid ounces noted. 
 
 Weight of felt, canvas, duck, or other material employed as cov- 
 ering, separately taken, when saturated. 
 
 The canteen was then immersed for period varying from thirty 
 seconds to twelve (12) hours, and the total weight taken. 
 
 The canteen flask was then filled with water, the temperature 
 of which varied from 40 degrees F. to 178 degrees F., and exposed 
 usually for a period of eight days, each canteen having an exposure 
 each day of eight (8) consecutive hours to an open air temperature 
 varying from minus 10 degrees, F., to plus 125 degrees, F. 
 
 In some cases the canteen flask was not filled when so exposed. 
 In some cases hot coffee or hot tea was used instead of water. In 
 some of the tests the exterior surface of the canteen was wet before 
 the test. In some of the tests the exterior surface of the canteen 
 was dry before and during the test. Experiments were made with 
 both wet and dry covers. 
 
 Tests were equitable and impartial. No unfair interference with 
 any canteen during a test as by wetting or adjusting was prac- 
 ticed. When conditions or positions or environments were changed 
 during the progress of a test, record of same was noted and made. 
 
 In some of the tests the canteens were suspended from a trestle 
 or tree, where free circulation and exposure to air, light and heat 
 or cold, was maintained, without contact, for several hours. 
 
 Some of the tests involved attaching the canteen to the saddle 
 and subsequent transportation for several hours, the canteens being- 
 attached in such a manner as to receive warmth from the body of 
 the horse. 
 
 In some cases the filled, or partly filled, canteen was thrown 
 into an army wagon and so jolted around for a day more or less 
 on a hunting or fishing trip, the tests being made during the trip or 
 immediately at its conclusion. 
 
 Mercurial thermometers were used in testing, uniform make, 
 selected for uniform readings. None others employed. 
 
 Beside each canteen, or between the canteens, wLen suspended 
 
78 HISTORY <>F TIIK MILITARY CAXTKKX. 
 
 and whenever possible at all. a thermometer was hung from which 
 hourly readings were taken by insertions in the iluid within the 
 canteen. Outside temperature taken hourly on the spot. Ther- 
 mometers were frequently compared and verified. See cut of Trestle 
 used. 
 
 During some of the tests a few ounces of water were taken from 
 the canteens every hour or so. \Yhen this was done the water was 
 not replaced. 
 
 The tests cover a period embracing spring, summer, fall, winter, 
 and were made in many localities. 
 
 During some of the tests the canteen was kept in constant 
 motion by the wind, or by jolting on a moving bicycle, or by pre- 
 vailing rain or. snow storms. In the majority of the tests, tropical 
 condition or frigid conditions did not have to be simulated ; they 
 prevailed. 
 
 In some cases the canteen was tested by laying on the grass or 
 the ground, on the sand, on a window sill of granite, under canvas, 
 on a government blanket, tent floor, house top or roof ; the position 
 being either flat, tipped tip, etc. Sometimes the cantcents were laid 
 on the snow, or in contact with ice. 
 
 In exceptional cases, the canteen was placed in a hot air sterilizer, 
 used as an incubator; or in a cold storage room, or beer vault of 
 uniform temperature, thermometer always with it, but I have con- 
 cluded that these, being artificial tests, are unsafe guides. 
 
 An exceptional manner of testing it was to place the canteen 
 so as to receive the direct action of a fire f ! om a fire-place cr stove ; 
 or in an oven, or the direct or indirect action of a steam or hot air 
 radiator. Some were hung over boilers in such manner as to secure 
 high and uniform temperature. Some were exposed under glass 
 covers exposed to the sun and so placed as to allow free access of 
 air. 
 
 All of these tests reported from these headquarters were made 
 by one person. No other person handled the canteens or thermome- 
 ters. In these latter tests the canteens under trial, and thermometers, 
 remained in the hands of that person. 
 
 In cases where a canteen became from any cause too leaky for 
 further use, or burst, or collapsed, it was replaced when practicable 
 by another of the same kind and the latter treated as a new canteen. 
 
 When a canteen passed through the regular tests, i. e., eight 
 days of eight consecutive hours each, it was subjected to supple- 
 mentary tests to determine its endurance, etc. 
 
HISTORY OF Till-: MILITARY CANTEEN. 79 
 
 In military service any and every canteen is certain to l>c sub- 
 jected to hard usage; to be knocked about, to be bent or battered; 
 hence a fair degree of tensile strength, durability and rigidity is a 
 requisite to be taken into consideration. 
 
 ALUMINUM AS A MATERIAL FOR CANTEEN FLASKS. 
 
 The working of aluminum by forging, rolling, stamping, spin- 
 ning, casting, joining and Finishing may yet include the production 
 of an American-made canteen in a single piece suited to military 
 service. 
 
 Of all the European countries, Italy is probably as far advanced 
 as any in the utilization of aluminum for practical and scientific 
 purposes. In the army, aluminum is there used to make the fuses for 
 the shells of their guns. In the navy for searchlight purposes, furni- 
 ture on board torpedo destroyers, also in the metallic part of telephone 
 apparatus. 
 
 Aluminum is used in the British army for officers' outfits; for 
 water bottles ; cavalry mess kits ; "Chitral" canteens ; infantry can- 
 teens ; regimental mess utensils and table w r are. 
 
 The British army infantry aluminum canteen consists of an 
 outside pot about ?J inches in diameter by 7 inches deep, with lid 
 and loose handle for packing, military camp kettle with folding 
 handles and detachable spout, one set of three cups, each with fold- 
 ing handle, nested, and tea ball, all fitting inside kettle. In addition 
 to the above are included 3 plates, knives, forks, dessert and tea 
 spoons, and three condiment boxes. The whole of these are packed 
 in the outside pot, ?J inches by 7 inches, and the total weight is about 
 four pounds. 
 
 One maker has designed a canteen for either two, three, or four 
 persons, and named it "Chitral." This has proved a great success, 
 as it is a frequent custom for two, three or four officers to mess 
 together, and by combining they can reduce their kit very consider- 
 ably. The "Chitral" canteen consists of a deep outer pot, loj inches 
 in diameter by 10 inches deep, and made of stout metal to stand 
 knocking about. The lid of this is a similar pot which drops over the 
 top, but shallower, and thus forms a telescopic parcel, as it were, in 
 case of extra articles to be crowded into the canteen. 
 
 Inside this pot are fitted a camp kettle, sugar, tea, cofifee, and 
 flour boxes, tea ball, three condiment boxes, cups and saucers, dinner 
 and soup plates, drinking cups and flask, and wine mugs, these 
 latter all nesting, liquor cups, frying pan with folding handle, 
 knives, forks, dessert and tea spoons, and loose handle for pot and 
 
cSo 
 
 HISTORY OF TH1-: .MILITARY CAXTLEX. 
 
 cc 
 
 fro/n t/re JhZuyue Jotva, trantetr*tf Co., Capactfy #? % /fatd, eunces . 
 hreifJrt. /M/ed, ewers on ancL dry, a&otri'/Mn's 4&. tretf &,&//&, 
 .art, efter ten minutes ittrtnersio/tjCLvoirclufyots ? e>Ktrc$>. 
 vftfre err<tnre.l*d, ftasA,, estyofy o covers ott , /6 4 ox. av. 
 
HISTORY OF THK MILITARY CANTEEN. 8l 
 
 lid. Tlit whole is held together with a stout strap and forms a 
 most convenient parcel for transport. 
 
 A variety of other similar canteens and mess tins in aluminum 
 are being made according to the various requirements of different 
 regimental officers, but the above has been turned out at the rate of 
 some hundreds per week during the last four months, and the 
 demand is as great as ever. 
 
 Some of the larger regimental messes of the various army corps 
 as they left England went so far as to adopt aluminum entirely in 
 place of copper, iron, tin, porcelain, earthenware, glass, etc. I 
 mean by this that not only were the kitchens equipped with aluminum 
 utensils, but the officers used aluminum exclusively at the mess 
 table. Wine glasses, decanters, milk jugs, teapots, candlesticks, 
 trays, in fact nothing but aluminum was taken so long as makers 
 could be found who had a stock of such articles in aluminum or 
 could make them in the short time required. 
 
 I have had frequent conversations with officers on their return 
 from various campaigns, both from India, Egypt, and West Africa, 
 during the last few years, who have taken out and used aluminum 
 kits, and they have assured me that they have no fault to find with 
 the metal and failed to conceive why the metal was not adopted at 
 once throughout the service. 
 
 There is every prospect for a further demand and use of alu- 
 minum for military purposes. 
 
 The British-Boer War in South Africa has stimulated a demand 
 for aluminum field cooking and messing outfits, thus spreading the 
 fame of aluminum and knowledge of its advantages for portable 
 gear among a class of men who will understand and appreciate 
 them. 
 
 The German Army, as well as the field forces of other con- 
 tinental powers, are equipped with aluminum, and the dead weight 
 per man of superfluous ornamentation and equipment has been con- 
 siderably reduced, tending to increased efficiency as a fighting unit. 
 
 At a meeting of the A fining arid Metallurgical Section of the 
 Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Joseph A. Steinmetz stated that 
 the plants now producing aluminum are those of the Pittsburg 
 Reduction Company, at New Kensington, Pa., and Niagara Falls, 
 X. Y. ; the British Aluminum Company, of England; the Aluminum 
 Industrie Actien Gesellschaft, at Neuhausen, at the Falls of the 
 Rhine, in Switzerland ; the Societe Electrometallurgique Francaise, 
 at La Praz; the Societe Industrielle de rAluminum, at St. Michel, 
 in France. There are also several large plants projected and in 
 
82 HISTORY OF Till-: MILITARY CAXTKEX. 
 
 course of construction, notably upon the St. Lawrence River, in 
 Canada, and at Rheinfelden and Salzburg, in Germany. 
 
 The aluminum canteen flasks met the test of exposure in the open 
 air to a temperature varying from 10 degrees F. to 2 degrees F. 
 better than the tin flasks. In durability 'they would better fulfill 
 the requirements of actual use, so exposed. 
 
 Their cost will be contingent on the market price of aluminum, 
 which metal has been constantly cheapening since its first introduc- 
 tion for manufacturing purposes. 
 
 The variety of shape, construction, sizes, style, etc., of aluminum 
 canteen flasks and water bottles is increasing, and American manu- 
 facturers have shown a determination to compete with the oldest 
 European aluminum industries, as well as with one another. 
 
 It is claimed that it takes only one-third of a pound of aluminum 
 to take the place of a pound of brass, tin, or copper. Assuming 
 this, the price of one-third of a pound of aluminum compared with 
 that of one pound of brass, copper, or tin, stands as follows : One- 
 third pound of aluminum n cents ; one pound of brass, 15 cents ; one 
 pound of copper, 75 cents ; one pound of tin, 30 cents. 
 
 Probably some of the aluminum canteen flasks, or canteens, 
 tested by me have been alloyed with, perhaps, five per cent of cop- 
 per, nickel, or manganese, or a larger percentage of zinc added to 
 give strength and rigidity. Canteens F, M, N, and O, appear to be 
 a hard white alloy and are polished. Flasks D and K, also canteen 
 L, are soft, malleable, silky, tough, and satin finished, elastic, un- 
 polished. Their elastic qualities are especially apparent in a freez- 
 ing environment when they commence to bulge, but not rupture or 
 break, as the water within the flask begins to congeal. When the 
 water is converted into ice, an expansion ensues, the ductile alum- 
 inum yields to the pressure, the concave side becomes protuberant 
 and permanently swelled, bellying outwardly. The distension of 
 flask D from this cause increased its capacity twenty per cent (20), 
 before its eighth trial. The metal dilated, permanently, but did 
 not leak, at the ninth trial. It is not resilient. See cuts D and L. 
 
 Canteen P, is unpolished. Flasks N and O do not stand up as 
 well as the German made flasks. The fifth day of the trial showed a 
 slight leak in each N and O, although the firm says in a communi- 
 cation to me : "We beg to advise you that of the various shapes of 
 aluminum canteens that we have made, there is not a single one that 
 we have soldered * * * We have devised ways a-nd means of 
 making them water tight without solder." 
 
 At first, when flasks or canteens were tested in the open air, 
 
HISTORY 01-' THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 83 
 
 when the temperament hccamc sueli that they were in danger of 
 freezing, I withdrew them ; but, latterly, I have allowed them to 
 freeze. This was to test them to the limit of their endurance and 
 specially to discover, if possible, whether any of the so-called water- 
 tight, one-piece, or seamless, flasks had been soldered in such wise 
 as to show no lines of juncture, etc., visible outwardly. Also be- 
 cause the manufacturers alleged that they were water-tight. The 
 number of people who want to take the United States into partner- 
 ship with them in altruistic ventures is very great. Manufacturers 
 are willing to get up so-and-so many thousand devices, provided 
 the United States will give a guarantee in advance. One benefactor 
 of soldiers writes, in substance, that, knowing the dependence of man 
 upon his canteen in an arid region, he is ready to utilize envelopes 
 of frozen liquir air for the canteen flask, if the War Department 
 will advance him the cost of the plant involved and necessary for 
 the invention, which is not patented. Another suggests indurated 
 fiber and wood pulp as the material for flasks. Another writes "I' 
 could make a canteen in two pieces that would answer all require- 
 ments. I have no money to burn, and so do not propose to experi- 
 ment on same. If there was a contract in prospect, no doubt but 
 I should struggle for the contract." 
 
 Mr. Joseph Koenig, Manager of the Two Rivers, Wis., Alum- 
 inum Manufacturing Co., writes as follows: "We are asked by 
 Messrs. Lanz, Owen & Co., Chicago, Ills., to make a canteen which 
 is to hold about forty-eight ounces of fluid, and to be of seamless 
 metal. 
 
 "We certainly think that aluminum is the proper metal, as we un- 
 derstand the German army is equipped with these. The same has 
 not been manufactured, so far, in the United States ; but we could 
 do this work, if there was any possible chance of getting the govern- 
 ment contract for the same. 
 
 "To make one of these canteens means to go to an expense of 
 $500 for tools and experiments, and unless there is a possibility of 
 getting a contract, it would not pay to undertake this expense. This 
 is probably the only reason why no one has manufactured this can- 
 teen, as yet, in the United States. 
 
 "This canteen, if it be made of one piece, could not be round as 
 the present canteen is, but would have to be oblong, being higher 
 than wide at its widest direction ; depressed on its body side, rounded 
 on the other side. 
 
 We have no doubt at all in our mind, but that this is the can for 
 the purpose, if spun of pure aluminum, not of any alloy of any kind. 
 
84 HISTORY 01' THE MILITAKY C.\ NTKI . N I. 
 
 unless the IK-W mainu^ian :dliy slmuM In- proven IIHMV superior than 
 llic pure aluminum. 
 
 We understand that the Government cannot undertake to give 
 a contract before the article is made and tested, but is it not possible 
 that the Government can advance a small amount, say $200, to pro- 
 duce some samples for a test ? 
 
 We would then be willing to stand the rest of the expense, know- 
 ing that we would have some prospects of obtaining the contract. 
 We do not care to spend time for experimental purposes and finally 
 only have competitors to meet on exceptionally low rates, and have 
 the same tendency to use thinner metal and price cutting evolved 
 that always takes place on new articles. If this is the case, we 
 would not care to give you any figure on the same and would not 
 bother with them. If you will advance money on the experimental 
 work, will go ahead after the article has developed. So far as we 
 see, these canteens have not been made in the United States. If we 
 did not know what difficulties were involved we would not ask you 
 to show us consideration if we undertake these experiments and 
 make up the tools for the article. We certainly can make the can- 
 teens ; it is only a matter of cost for the tools. Cast aluminum will 
 not stand the wear. It will corrode. The flasks will have to be spun, 
 not of absolutely pure aluminum.'' 
 
 The economy attending the use of aluminum as a substitute for 
 tin in flasks of canteens intended for use in the military service of the 
 United States cannot be now dwelt upon for various reasons, one of 
 which reasons is that no canteen flask made of aluminum or its 
 alloys, made in the United States, has yet been presented to me that 
 co'mpared favorably with the German made canteens loaned me for 
 trial by the Lanz Canteen Co., of Chicago, 111. 
 
 The aluminum canteen flasks furnished me by the firm last named 
 were probably spun ; they were single piece ; they did not leak ; the 
 Lanz Canteen Co. did not quote their cost or selling price. 
 
 All of the aluminum canteens from the New Jersey Co., four in 
 . number, leaked. 
 
 The same defect, viz. : leakage, existed in the trials made of the 
 aluminum canteen submitted for test by the Broadway, X. Y. City, 
 firm. 
 
 So far as my tests are concerned, no flask made from more than 
 one piece of aluminum or aluminoid has withstood, without disjunc- 
 tions and leakage, the variations of temperature ranging from minus 
 10 F. to plus 125 F. Blueprints accompanying this report show 
 graphically that the flasks submitted for test by the Jersey Aluminum 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 (/. <5. Ar/tty J&ytt/atie* fcrutce Trh Ffaik, 
 0r<J*anc<t faittirir. no cwcr. 
 /X ox. 
 
 Arrow sJie3 nbtrt fafafe kjan 
 
86 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY (A .\ IKKN . 
 
 Co., also the kcymoiul & Gottlob canteen, in common with the 
 Dubuque Stamping & Enamel Co. canteen, also the tin llask I'. S. 
 regulation service canteen, all leaked where the pieces had been 
 joined. The small Karlsruhe, Baden, Germany, flask, is probably 
 pure spun aluminum in one piece. It stood the test remarkably well, 
 bursting only after its capacity increased from 25 to 30 ounces. In 
 Test No. 59 the capacity of Canteen L increased from 60 to 64 
 ounces it did not burst. 
 
 Janney, Steinmets & Co., Manufacturers of Aluminum, Mr. 
 Joseph A. Janney, Jr., and Joseph A. Steinmetz., Drexel Building, 
 Philadelphia, Pa., were among the earliest advocates of aluminum as 
 a metal for army canteens. The firm, at one time, had samples of the 
 army canteens of France, Russia, Germany, England, and Air. 
 Steinmetz states, recommended certain canteen improvements to cer- 
 tain military authorities. He alleges willingness to have his foreign 
 agents secure from military depots abroad, canteens more sanitary 
 than the present regulation flask canteen, of which Mr. Steinmetz 
 writes as follows: "The present U. S. Army tin canteen, which is 
 practically the same, with its rough edges and abominably inserted, 
 separate, neck piece, which prevents the canteen ever being drained 
 or cleaned, is, without doubt, a worse death-breeder in our army thar 
 all the combined opposing forces that we have ever met in battle, is a 
 matter of cheap economics. Then, too, the expense of 
 
 making up a lot of samples which would naturally be expected to 
 be donated, is not to be considered from a business point of view, 
 but the matter of the canteen has interested me very much indeed. 
 The canteen you have in mind \vill certainly cost more than the pres- 
 ent tin death-trap:' 
 
 The Wagner Aluminum Manufacturing Co., Sidney, Ohio, ad- 
 vertises that its combined production of hollow- ware cast aluminum, 
 two factories, is the largest in the world. 
 
 I am in receipt of two letters from this company and extract 
 as follows : <l We should be glad to experiment and see what could 
 be done in the line of aluminum canteens. We do all kinds of cast 
 aluminum work and believe it could be made much more durable, 
 as the metal can be alloyed to give it strength. When w 7 e wrote you 
 before, we were under the impression that it would be possible to cast 
 them in one piece, but, after studying the matter over, we have come 
 to the conclusion that it would be almost impossible to successfully 
 make them in one piece. * * We are sorry that we cannot see 
 
 our way clear to experiment and see what can be done with them. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 8/ 
 
 We are mailing you a copy of our catalogue and. think possibly 
 you may see something in our line of aluminum cooking utensils 
 that could be used in the army, or possibly you could suggest some 
 special patterns that could be made for army use. All of our goods 
 are made of cast aluminum and give the best of satisfaction even 
 when used very roughly, and are a great deal more durable than any 
 stamped or spun aluminum. We believe if cast aluminum was 
 adopted for cooking utensils in the army, they would give a great 
 deal better satisfaction than what is being used, for they, no doubt, 
 would be much more durable and lighter to carry." 
 
 The Pittsburg Reduction Co., Pittsburg and New Kensingston, 
 l\i., and Niagara Falls, N. Y., Manufacturers of Aluminum. This 
 organization has purchased the aluminum plant of the Hill, Whit- 
 ney & Wood Co., in Waltham, Mass., and will move it to New Ken- 
 sington, Westmoreland Co., Pa., as the nucleus of an aluminum 
 finishing department. Lieut. Col. Henry H. Whitney, Aide-de- 
 Camp to General Miles, and Major Wm. C. Brown, ist U. S. 
 Cavalry, are acquainted with the Secretary and General Manager 
 Arthur V. Davis. Reports regarding aluminum articles for Army 
 equipment have been made by the Officers named. 
 
 The Company bought a number of German canteens sometime 
 ago, two of which are now in my possession. They are made of a 
 solid piece of aluminum, by, I am told, Carl Berg, whose works 
 are at Eveking, Westphalia, Germany. See Cut V. 
 
 Mr. A. V. Davis says, regarding single piece, spun aluminum 
 flasks : 
 
 "The process of manufacture is the usual process of first spinning 
 and afterwards pressing by means of inside pressure. 
 
 The latter corresponds in general to an ordinary stamping 
 process except that the steel mould forming the shape is on the 
 outside rather than on the inside. The half formed utensil is put 
 into the die and pressure, usually by means of water, is applied to 
 the inside of the utensil until it swells out and conforms to the shaped 
 outside and retaining mould. 
 
 This company expects to take up the manufacture of single 
 piece canteens, provided there is a possibility of introducing such into 
 the Army, the object, of course, being profit to itself alone. 
 
 In a recent communication the General Manager also says: "In 
 regard to cast aluminum, we think it has both commercial and me- 
 
88 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 chanical objections. Cast aluminum, like any other cast metal, is 
 more or less porous, and we take it that chances of leaks in defect- 
 ive utensils should be permitted. Furthermore, to make a cast 
 utensil requires at least a thickness of 1-16 inch and usually -J- 
 inch, and this runs the weight and consequent expense to a high 
 figure. 
 
 "In regard to the use of tin, we take it that the objections are 
 not at all on the score of corrodibility, but on account of the me- 
 chanical quality of softness. A canteen made of sheet-tin (I sup- 
 pose, of course, you mean pure tin and not tin plate, the rusting 
 objections to which are obvious) would be too soft for practical 
 purposes. It would be nearly as soft as if made of lead. Further- 
 more the weight and price of tin as compared with aluminum would 
 be about three times as great." 
 
 New Jersey Aluminum Company. Mr. C. A. Kryttschnett, 
 Manager of the New Jersey Aluminum Co., Newark, X. J., writes: 
 "We take special note of your remarks that the German canteens 
 have surpassed anything of American manufacture ; allowing this 
 to be so, we do not believe the American could not do equally as 
 well if we were all given another chance. We have probably all 
 made the same mistake of trying to produce something cheap in- 
 stead of something strictly of first class quality, and, speaking for 
 ourselves, we did not know to what these canteens might be sub- 
 jected, but we knew that they would hold water; in fact, it was 
 hung up here in our establishment for six months without any leak- 
 ages ; but such tests as you have given them are mere severe than 
 anything we could have thought of. This is why we \vrote you 
 as w r e did that your tests would be valuable to the manufacturers of 
 canteens. We should very much like to have another trial at it, and, 
 if possible, to have you send us one of the German canteens ; per- 
 haps we might even improve on the same. Furthermore, we believe 
 it only to be fair and just to American manufacturers for Uncle 
 Sam to patronize home industry. We feel confident that canteens 
 can be made in this country that will meet all requirements." 
 
 Cast, vs. Stamped, Aluminum. The Griswold Manufacturing 
 Co., Erie, Pa., for the production of the "Erie cast aluminum ware ; 
 New York warerooms, 294 Pearl St., writes as follows: "We do 
 not make anything in the way of an aluminum flask. This would 
 naturally be made of our stamped ware." 
 
 The firm claims as a few points of merit of its hollow aluminum 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 89 
 
 cast ware as follows : "Each piece is cast solid in one piece, leaving 
 no seams or points to leak. Being cast, it is strong and stiff and 
 cannot be annealed by heat, while thin stamped aluminum ware 
 warps and becomes soft after being heated. Aluminum as a metal 
 leads for cooking utensils. The 'Erie' ware does not tarnish and 
 can be kept bright by cleaning same as silverware. It is solid, 
 without plating; no plating or enamel to wear off; no poisonous 
 metal; they are absolutely pure and will last for ever; cast all in 
 one piece ; no seams or rivets to leak ; no enamel to flake off ; rivets 
 are cast on the outside of the piece, leaving no marks inside ; light 
 and strong; either polished or satin finish; fruit acids do not affect 
 it ; will not tarnish ; no solder used ; no rust ; practically incorro- 
 dible ; no cracking or shelling off, all of the porcelain, agate and 
 enameled ware of various kinds shell off, the cause being that the 
 latter (like the Dubuque Stamping & Enamel Co. canteen) are a 
 combination of mineral and metal, one expanding under conditions 
 which make the other contract, and vice versa, resulting in a gen- 
 eral disintegration of the whole." 
 
 The firm claims that the superiority of the "Erie" cast alum- 
 inum ware over the stamped aluminum ware is manifest by the 
 following physical property of the metal : 
 
 Aluminum hardens remarkably when it is being worked by press- 
 ing, forging, rolling, stamping, or other similar treatments. The 
 working imparts stiffness or temper, same as in high brass or copper. 
 A vessel made from sheet aluminum, stiffened as above, when it 
 is put over the fire and heated and then allowed to cool, is annealed ; 
 after heating a few times it becomes soft like lead, whereas the 
 metal in the cast ware is melted and chilled in the mould and cannot 
 be annealed. Again, to make a casting, it is three or four times 
 thicker than the stamped, therefore it is stronger, holds and con- 
 ducts the heat better and is less liable to burn or scorch. Lastly, 
 much better shaped vessels can be made by casting than by stamp- 
 ing. Cast ware, though higher priced at first than stamped, is 
 cheaper in the end. An extraordinary feature of aluminum is its 
 heat-retaining or non-radiating attributes. Aluminum discoloration 
 can be prevented with one-half the care bestowed on other metals 
 by using liquid solerine to clean with. 
 
 Aluminum solder for Canteens. A satisfactory solder for use 
 on any metal should fulfill the following requirements: I. It should 
 fuse readily. 2. It must alloy easily with the metal, in common 
 parlance it must "bite." 3. It must be tough. 4. It must not disin- 
 
HISTORY or THL-: MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 Ga&retac/re. 
 use of ^feu/ffeoC G/ficers {/. 
 
 Md&r, for the 
 
 Sca/e: 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 91 
 
 tegrate. 5. It must have the same color as the metal. 6. It should 
 not discolor with age. 7. It should not he too expensive. 8. It 
 must How into a joint. 9. For joining aluminum, it must stand 
 very near aluminum in the electro-chemical series, particularly zinc, 
 and carry its own flux. 
 
 Since aluminum has 'become a common metal, numerous invent- 
 ors and metallurgists have endeavored to produce a solder which 
 would unite pieces of the metal in the same way that brass, tin, and 
 other metals can be joined by a tin-lead solder. Most of the solders 
 produced have required the use of a blowpipe, or special tools or 
 fluxes, which are not handy for metal workers. All have disinteg- 
 rated after the canteen flask has been filled for five or six days 
 with water. Most of the solders contain lead, tin, bismuth or phos- 
 phorous, and discolor with age. 
 
 The "Aluminum World," published at 218 William St., N. Y., 
 is authority for the statement that, although there are a number of 
 solders in the market, and one new one which promises good re- 
 sults, no solder has yet been produced that is valuable for canteen 
 purposes, the defect being that they did not hold when the joint got 
 wet, there being a galvanic action started between the aluminum 
 and the solder. 
 
 The Hill, Whitney & Wood Co., 115 Bacon St., Waltham, Mass., 
 manufacturing specialists in "Aluminoid," also pure Aluminum, 
 either cast, stamped, or spun, write as follows : "We do not know 
 of any real practical solder or method of soldering aluminum can- 
 teens. There are two or three different solders, but none of these 
 work satisfactorily, or are practical for work of that kind. Rich- 
 ard's solder, sold by Janney & Steinmetz, Drexel Building, Phila- 
 delphia, and Green's solder, sold by Edward X. Cook. 144 Pine St., 
 Providence, R. I., are the best we have used. A new solder has 
 come out recently called the "McAdamite Solder" (W. A. Mc- 
 Adams, 987 Kent St., Borough of Brooklyn, X. Y.). We have never 
 tried this, but have a sample in our office which we will try at the 
 first opportunity. 
 
 "Xone of the solder we have ever had will run or flow into a 
 joint readily, and therefore it makes a very difficult operation to 
 solder anything, and we avoid it as much as possible. 
 
 "We make a flask in two sizes, half a pint and pint, of one piece 
 of metal, which, of course, is much better than could possibly be 
 made of two pieces. We have experimented a little on the line of 
 making a canteen from one piece, but have not as yet completed our 
 experiment. We feel quite confident we can do it all right, although 
 
C)2 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 we might be compelled to change the shape a little from the regula- 
 tion shape now used by the army. \Ye shall continue our experi- 
 menting, and, if successful, will advise you later. 
 
 "We shall not consider an experiment with anything but a seam- 
 less canteen, as we do not think there is any solder that is reliable 
 for aluminum. 
 
 "In reeard to an aluminum canteen, we do not feel confident 
 
 O 
 
 that it would be altogether satisfactory, for the reason that it dis- 
 colors whisky after standing in it for some time. 
 
 "There is, however, no poisonous or injurious substance in the 
 metal, but possibly there would not be so much whisky drank if it 
 should be slightly discolored from the metal. I do not know that it 
 affects the taste in the least. We have sold quite a number of 
 flasks, and have people report to us that it discolored whisky. 
 
 "It would certainly be very much lighter than anything else 
 used and would not rust or corrode like tin or enameled ware. 
 
 "We see no reason why this metal should net be all right for 
 canteens. We know that the German army are, or have been, using 
 aluminum flasks and canteens, but do not know with what suc- 
 cess, nor whether they are made in one piece or soldered together. 
 They can be made in that way, but it is hardly practicable." 
 
 Janney & Steinmetz, Drexel Building, Philadelphia, Pa., Alum- 
 inum Merchants, state that Dr. Joseph Richards, of Lehigh Univer- 
 sity, Metallurgical and Chemical Department, School of Analytical 
 Chemistry, invented a solder recommended by Mr. J. C. Ashton, 
 General Manager of the Illinois Pure Aluminum Co., the largest 
 manufacturers of aluminum cooking utensils in the world. Fur- 
 ther that the Richards' solder is pronounced satisfactory by the 
 Aluminum Industrie Actien-Gesellschaft, the greatest aluminum 
 manufacturing company in the world. Also that the Pittsburg Re- 
 duction Co. uses it. Also that Xaval Contractors and Pay Inspect- 
 ors, 1", S. Xavy, have ordered supplies of it after careful and in- 
 telligent experiment. 
 
 "It is known," say Janney Steinmetz, "that either pure tin or 
 pure zinc will join aluminum, and it is a very common fault to note 
 that the bulk of the so-called solders are composed chiefly of those 
 metals, but the use of these worthless solders has caused heavy 
 losses to manufacturers of aluminum goods." 
 
 The lack of an easy solder more than anything else retards the 
 use of aluminum as a material for canteen flasks in the United 
 States. On the other hand, the German Arms and Ammunition 
 Factories, Berlin, Karlsruhe, write: "We will shortly manufao 
 
HISTORY ui- THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 93 
 
 lure an aluminum flask No. 16, capacity 1.5 liter (^o ox.), with 
 ring's, and another one with loops (or ears), as samples. See blue- 
 prints "\V" and "\," herewith. The date (on specifications) fur- 
 nished by you, regarding the execution of the flask will, as far as 
 practicable, be taken into consideration, and, upon completion of 
 the samples, we will communicate to you our experiences gained 
 during the manufacture of the same. Later on, we will submit to 
 you counter propositions. The cork (or stopper) can be fastened 
 to the neck with a light chain." 
 
 The soldering of aluminum is not easy ; cannot be done by a 
 single modifications of old methods, such as soldering tinned iron. 
 Aluminum is like copper and black iron, not like tinned iron, and 
 the edges to be joined must be cleaned and hot and tinned (or coated) 
 and otherwise prepared for soldering; no flux of any description, 
 cither on the metal or on the joint, being used. 
 
 The property of aluminum which renders soldering so difficult 
 is very probably its easy oxidation. Although apparently resisting 
 oxidation very strongly, yet this resistance is not a simple process. 
 When a clean surface of aluminum is exposed to the atmosphere it 
 is instantly covered with a film of oxide, which, being continuous 
 and unalterable, protects the metal beneath it from further oxidation. 
 This film or oxide acts effectually to prevent any other metal from 
 coming in close enough contact with the aluminum beneath to alloy 
 with it, and thus soldering is prevented. The use of a flux to dis- 
 solve the oxide has been tried under all conditions, but none known 
 to the writer have been found practicable. The Richards' solder 
 was made upon the conclusion that that solder should contain its 
 own flux, so that the instant the film of oxide was removed the 
 solder proper would be simultaneously present to take hold of the 
 aluminum surface at the same instant it was cleaned from oxide. A 
 percentage of phosphorous was added to the alloy. Letters patent 
 on the use of an oxidizing agent, such as phosphorous in solder, 
 were granted in July, 1892 No. 478,238. 
 
 The Me Adamite Solder for Allumimim or its Alloys. Mr. W. A. 
 McAdams, 978 Kent Ave., Borough of Brooklyn, N. Y., advertises 
 as follows : "Upon large articles it is best to tin or cover the 
 articles with the solder by a copper soldering iron. Then to melt 
 them together by a hand brazing blow-pipe. This consists of two 
 pipes, one for gas and the other for air, which combine into one 
 mouthpiece for the blue flame. This to be blown by the mouth or 
 foot bellows. This hand brazing blow-pipe is much used for brazing 
 
94 
 
 liicvck's. This l)low-pipc needs to be moved by hand alono- ,, r ahoiil 
 the joint or seam while the work remains slill. 
 
 A very neat way to do some kinds of work is to follow the iron 
 in the act of tinning (to cover) with a cloth and wipe off all the 
 solder from the surface possible. When this is done on both the 
 surfaces to be joined, lay in a piece of sheet solder and then melt 
 the parts together by a mouth blow-pipe, or other means of heat- 
 ing. This sheet solder will be sent at enough extra cost to cover 
 the cost of rolling. 
 
 "To solder a long seam edge to edge. This is quite difficult to 
 do because of the expansion and contraction of the sheet metal. First 
 clean, and then tin the edges with the solder, lay the work, if pos- 
 sible, upon asbestos board, and tack in places along the seam by 
 soldering and then fill in the spaces between. Use a soldering iron." 
 
 "Do not use any fluxes. This solder contains its own flux. Let 
 it be clearly understood that these solders do not flow into a joint 
 or seam ; they must be put there. 
 
 "All these solders are wonderfully strong and permanent. They 
 are warranted to last as long as the aluminum itself. There is no 
 decay or disintegration. They do not discolor by time. They 
 are almost the same color as the aluminum, and take a good eye to see 
 the solder in a finished off seam. There are no stains to remove. 
 
 "These solders contain no lead, tin, bismuth, aluminum, or phos- 
 phorous. 
 
 "They will solder aluminum to aluminum, or any of its alloys to 
 each other, or all of them to brass or zinc, or brass to brass, or zinc 
 to zinc, or all of them, whether they be cast or wrought, to each 
 other indiscriminately, and do all of them strongly, permanently 
 and well, provided that in the case of the aluminum alloys, the alum- 
 inum is the largest part of the alloy. Brass to brass is more strongly 
 soldered than by common tin and lead solder. 
 
 "There are three grades of McAdamite solder: 
 
 "No. i, melting at 430 degrees F., for very thin articles. 
 
 "No. 2, melting at 550 degrees F., the best of the three for gen- 
 eral use. 
 
 "Xo. 3, melting at 610 degrees F., the strongest of them all. 
 
 "Sent by mail at 2$c per ounce, or $3.00 per lb., upon receipt of 
 price. Sent by freight or express at buyer's expense in ten pound 
 lots at $2.25 per lb., or $22.50. No samples sent." 
 
 The L. F. Alt peter Solder. L. F. Altpeter, 758 So. Halsted St., 
 Chicago, Til., says in the "Aluminum World" regarding his hard 
 
HISTORY OF T1IK MILITARY CAXTKKX. 
 
 95 
 
 T/re Lanz Carry <56re/y 
 
 tvtrere the 
 
 vtf-jctck.l are. 7^ function 
 
 tke 
 
 of re fH hi ion 
 rry strap is t 
 
96 IT I STORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 and soft solders, that a soldering iron, blow-pipe, or lamp flame can 
 be used. He claims a process to solder copper, brass and other 
 metals to aluminum. 
 
 Greene's Aluminum Solder. Is advertised as being manufac- 
 tured and controlled solely by Edward N. Cook, 144 Pine St., Provi- 
 dence, R. L, and is alleged to be recommended by the Pittsburg Re- 
 duction Company. 
 
 Eugene M. Totten's Compound for Soldering Aluminum. A 
 new compound for soldering aluminum has been patented by Eu- 
 gene M. Totten, of Buffalo, N. Y. In the specifications of Letters 
 Patent, No. 667,999, the inventor claims that he has produced a 
 solder capable of ready and immediate use without the necessity of 
 filing or scraping the parts and without the employment of a separ- 
 ate flux. The compound is composed of the following 'ingredients 
 in the proportion specified : Aluminum, 20 per cent ; tin, 38 per cent ; 
 zinc, 40 per cent, and a hydrocarbon, 2 per cent. 
 
 "In the manufacture of the solder, aluminum and tin are first 
 melted, then the zinc is added, and after the reduction of the metals 
 while still in a molten state, and without additional heating, there 
 is added 2 per cent of the hydrocarbon, which is mixed with the 
 other ingredients into a homogeneous mass. This latter ingredient 
 may be fat, wax, parafine, or any other species of hydrocarbon. Jt 
 has been demonstrated that the addition of a hydrocarbon to the 
 alloy, by increasing the amount of carbon reduces and removes the 
 oxides, which would otherwise form on the melted metal, and in con- 
 sequence the compound, when cool, is white and free from oxides 
 when solid. It is the carbon alone which effects the reduction of 
 the metallic oxides formed on the surface of the aluminum parts to 
 be soldered, and the scraping of such parts is rendered unneces- 
 sary, because of the non-presence of oxides in the soldering com- 
 pound made." 
 
 The James Gibson Slater Aluminum Solder. Mr. James Gibson 
 .Slater, whose residence is 793 Manning Ave., Toronto, Canada, 
 showed some samples of soldered aluminum. Mr. Slater had joined 
 with a one-inch lap, sheet metal, sixteen inches in length. The 
 pieces were soldered with a copper soldering iron. From the appear- 
 ance of the articles the solder seems to flow into the joint, and it is 
 nearly of the same color as aluminum. Mr. Slater guarantees that 
 it will hold under varying conditions. He can solder different 
 
HISTORY 01- TIM-: MII.ITAKY CANTEEN. 97 
 
 metals to aluminum, and showed an aluminum faucet soldered to a 
 lead pipe. He makes an alloy of aluminum, which he calls "Lumi ! - 
 noid." 
 
 The Julicn Xovcl Aluminum Soldci'.-^-julizti Novel, of 1*51 Rue 
 des Grottes, Geneva, Switzerland, has invented a flux for" solxteriflg. 
 aluminum to aluminum, or to other metals, after the metals have 
 been tinned. The tinning and soldering fluxes are composed of 
 stearic acid five parts, resin two parts, and oleic acid one part. The 
 usual soldering metals are employed, such as silver solder, copper 
 or hard solder, and tin solder. 
 
 SOLDERING ALUMINUM. 
 
 Prominent among the peculiar characteristics of aluminum, as 
 compared with other common metals, is its physical reluctance to 
 the acceptance of a fusible alloy that will satisfactorily unite its 
 surface or margins. Indeed, the lack of a perfect solder has seriously 
 retarded the development and manufacture of articles made from 
 sheet aluminum when their shape or contour is to be accomplished by 
 the uniting of separate pieces in the evolution of the finished product. 
 
 Aluminum is unique among the sheet metals of commerce in this 
 respect, and a casual consideration of its physical properties will be 
 necessary for an understanding of this difficulty. The reasons that 
 aluminum is a refractory metal to solder are entirely physical. It 
 is extremely difficult to expose a bare surface of aluminum to the 
 action of a solder, although the mechanical difficulties of grease and 
 dirt are quickly and easily removed, and need not appear as features 
 in the problem. 
 
 Upon attempting, with any ordinary solder, to join sheets of the 
 metal, it is noticeable that the mixture does not take hold, but tends 
 rather to run off, or perhaps it will chill, utterly refusing to tin the 
 sheets, and rarely adhering to the aluminum. The reason of this 
 behavior is that there is always present a thin continuous coatmg 
 of oxide, which effectually prevents the solder from getting to the 
 true metal beneath. This thin, almost invisible skin of alumina, or 
 oxide of the metal, is of instantaneous formation, and the surface 
 of the metal may be scraped or filed without even temporary relief 
 because of the immediate renewal of the coating. 
 
 The use of fluxes and acids to overcome this difficulty have been 
 repeatedly suggested without securing satisfactory results, and a new 
 theory tending toward the solution of the problem must needs be 
 
98 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 approved. Dr. Joseph W. Richards, of Lchigh University, Beth- 
 lehem, Pa., conceived the successful practice of overcoming the 
 difficulty by incorporating into the composition of the solder an 
 ingredient that would remove the oxide film during the process of 
 soldering, thereby preserving the surfaces clean until the union of 
 the parts had been accomplished. The solder devised and patented 
 by Dr. Richards carries in its make-up an alloyed flux of phosphorous 
 in tin, the theoretical necessity of the simultaneous action of the 
 flux and the taking hold by the solder being confirmed during many 
 years by the satisfactory results obtained in actual commercial 
 practice. 
 
 The high heat conductivity of aluminum is another characteris- 
 tic of this strange metal, and the refusal of many solders to per- 
 form their expected duty is traceable to it. The aluminum quickly 
 and readily absorbs the heat from the soldering iron, and the tem- 
 perature of the tool is thus so far reduced that the solder " freezes" 
 at the joint and failure ensues. To overcome this difficulty, which 
 arises in large work particularly, it is necessary to keep the solder- 
 ing iron very hot, and oftentimes it tends to the betterment of the 
 result to apply heat likewise to the parts to be joined. 
 
 Aluminum is a highly electro-negative metal, and it is this 
 property that, in addition to causing the instantaneous formation 
 of the thin skin of oxide already mentioned, tends to operate in 
 another way, quite as disastrously, by setting up a galvanic action at 
 the joint, between the solder and the aluminum, inducing failure 
 through rapid disintegration. Therefore, in devising a solder, it is 
 plain that it should be composed of those metals nearest to alum- 
 inum in the galvanic series in order to reduce this disintegrating 
 action to a minimum. Accordingly zinc suggests itself as an excel- 
 lent base. 
 
 Almost any one can solder aluminum by such simple means as 
 using pure zinc or pure tin, or both in combination, and joints of 
 accuracy and strength have been thus obtained. Upon these results, 
 which are at best but temporary, yielding soon to the disintegrating 
 influences above noted, have rested the reputations of many of the 
 so-called aluminum solders of commerce. 
 
 It is not the purpose of these remarks to schedule the propor- 
 tions of the various metals in the many alloys offered on the market 
 under the name of solders, but rather to show, in a general way, 
 the reasons of their repeated failures, and to suggest lines of thought 
 and experimental work most likely to be productive of sensible re- 
 sults. To be a commercial success, anv solder must conform to the 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 99 
 
 following- I equirements : It must take hold easily upon the alum- 
 inum ; it must he conveniently handled without complicating 1 tools 
 or sundry fluxes: it should melt readily; it must be strong, malleable 
 and tough ; it must not combine elements inviting disintegration ; 
 it should he of the same color as aluminum and it should not tarnish 
 with age. To all of these conditions, Joseph Allison Steinmetz 
 says. Dr. Joseph Richards' sclder conforms. 
 
 W. C. Heraeus' Process for Welding Aluminum. Mr. Heraeus 
 has platinum works at Hanau, Germany. Agent in U. S., Mr. 
 Charles Englehard, 41 Courtlandt St., New York City. It is claimed 
 for the Heraeus process of welding aluminum, that the seams are 
 united so intimately that they disappear and can he further shaped 
 by hammering. Soldering aluminum., apart from all other diffi- 
 culties, has the disadvantage that its powers of resistance at the 
 soldered places is weakened against the influences of the atmosphere 
 and these of a chemical nature. This disadvantage is obviated when 
 the metal is welded. The process is applicable to sheet, wire, thick 
 plates and heavy bars. Aluminum cannot be used where it would 
 come in contact with alkaline substances that attack it. In the re- 
 sistance it offers to acids it resembles copper. Sulphuric acid has 
 hut little effect en aluminum. When copper is exposed to air and 
 moisture, poisonous vercligis will form, which is not the case with 
 aluminum. Repairs by the Heraeus welding process can be easily 
 done, Certain waters and acids corrode aluminum, but the metal dis- 
 places copper when it comes in contact with neutral substances, as 
 spirits, sugar solutions, ether, glycerine, stearine, wax, beer, etc. 
 
 Richards' Hardened Aluminum. The Delaware Metal Refinery 
 of Philadelphia ( i8th St. and Washington Ave.) are selling con- 
 siderable quantities of hardened aluminum alloys, made after the 
 formulas and under the direction of the superintendent, Mr. Joseph 
 Richards. 
 
 The principal constituents of these alloys are aluminum and zinc, 
 in varying- proportions, made from the purest metals, very thoroughly 
 alloyed and carefully cast. The idea which Mr. Richards had in view 
 in producing them, is to provide a series of perfectly reliable and uni- 
 form alloys, from a very hard rather brittle alloy, to a strong, tough 
 softer alloy, thus forming a complete series adaptable for the most 
 varied applications. These alloys all approximate toward aluminum 
 itself in weight, and duplicate the alloys from soft brass to the hard- 
 est of the regular bronzes in strength and toughness. 
 
IOO 
 
 HISTORY OF TIM-: MH.ITAKY CA.VTKFX. 
 
 lniitted ty tie <*** 
 
 cup 
 
 , Cfticayoja^ Capacity /o K. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN IOI 
 
 Nine grades of alloys are made, numbered respectively i, 2, 3, 
 4, 5, 6, 7. 8 and 9. 
 
 Xo. i is the hardest. It looks like polished steel, takes a brilliant 
 polish and has a hard surface. It can scarcely be cut by a knife. 
 It is almost as rigid as steel, and machines like a fine quality me- 
 dium hard steel Its specific gravity is 4, or just half that of brass 
 or bronze. It is the cheapest of the alloys, costing less than pure 
 aluminum, and objects made of it cost considerably less than if made 
 of brass or bronze. 
 
 No. 4 is a milder alloy and probably the one of the series having 
 the maximum of working strength. 
 
 ALrMINUM UTENSILS. 
 
 .Aluminum utensils are claimed by manufacturers to be the only 
 ware that is unobjectionable in c-rcr\ respect. 
 
 . Irscnic and Lead in Enameled II' are. Joseph Stanton has ex- 
 amined in the laboratory of the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy, 
 the iron enamel covered utensils so much used in the kitchen. On 
 the Boston market were found thirteen distinct brands of this ware. 
 These, when tested, gave the following results : Eleven contained 
 arsenic, two contained lead, and two were free from both arsenic 
 and lead. The two that contained lead also contained arsenic. The 
 approximate amounts of arsenic, as indicated by comparison of the 
 irirmrs, obtained with mirrors made from known quantities of 
 metallic arsenic, varied from 1.3200 to 1.500 of a grain in each two 
 grams of enamel. Professor Baird in making this report (at the 
 last meeting of the Massachusetts Pharmaceutical Association) said: 
 "In this connection it would be interesting to know whether the 
 arsenic and lead are in such combinations as to allow their solubility 
 in the fluids which come in contact with them in ordinary cooking. As 
 the enamels seemed to be quite easily disintegrated by the mineral 
 acids, it is quite probable that from them these poisonous metals would 
 be found to dissolve in dilute fruit acids and dilute alkaline solutions, 
 and that in this manner they may become a source of arsenic and 
 load contamination." It was also said in this report: "In former 
 years arsenic and lead were both very common ingredients of 
 enameled wares, especially the latter metal. In fact, compounds of 
 lead were used to such an extent that the lead could be extracted 
 by boiling with dilute fruit acids, and lead poisoning from this 
 source became so frequent that certain countries made hws restrict- 
 
1O2 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 ing the sale of enameled wares containing lead in soluble form." 
 "Druggists Circular and Chemical Gazette." 
 
 The "Review of Reviews" says : "Probably the most important 
 use to which aluminum will be put, at least in the immediate future, 
 will be for culinary and household utensils. Besides being very 
 light, and hence far less cumbersome than any other metal of equal 
 strength and durability used in cooking, aluminum is practically 
 incorrodible. Professor Jamieson asserts that, no food now known 
 to man can effect this metal in the slightest degree. It is wholly 
 free from every form of poison and w;7/ not taint food. These 
 are qualities that are possessed by neither iron, copper, tin, nor lead. 
 Furthermore, it is a better conductor of heat than either of the other 
 metals." 
 
 "The poisonous substances in the enamels are said to be arsenic, 
 antimony, and lead. Neither of these is nutritious, and food is 
 better without them. It may be that some of the slight and unac- 
 countable illnesses that have come to people especially after eating 
 sour fruits and vegetables boiled or stewed in these dishes toma- 
 toes, rhubarb, strawberries, compounds flavored with lemon have 
 their origin in disintegration of this enamel and in the absorption 
 by the food of the arsenic or whatsoever else is employed in it. 
 Even where the enamel is commonly applied with skill and under- 
 standing it may happen that a workman may spill an undue quantity 
 of poison into the mixture, or that the fusing may b? imperfect; 
 and it does not take much arsenic or lead to cause illness, while 
 a succession of poisonings may result in lifelong stomach trouble. "- 
 "Brooklyn Eagle" Editorial. 
 
 Enameled canteens were purchased by the United States from 
 the Dubuque Enameling Co., in December, 1898, also in October, 
 1898, likewise in January. 1900. (For description of the Dubuque 
 Enameling Co. canteen see page 9 of this monograph). They were 
 issued for trial. No reports of results of trial, if made, have since 
 reached the Rock Island Arsenal. The canteens made in October, 
 1898, at the Rock Island Arsenal had a special wide mouth to 
 admit certain filters purchased from Mrs. Caroline Parker. (Sec 
 page 8, this report, under subhead "The Parker Canteen.") In 
 August, 1900, some more filters were purchased from Mrs. Parker 
 and from the Dubuqne Enameling Co. a special canteen for them. 
 These, too, were issued for trial. 
 
 The Dubuque Enameled Canteen Co. is profiting by the facts 
 advanced by the parties who recommend the Lanz method in this 
 notable respect, viz ; They put Petersham felt on what was, at 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. IO3 
 
 first, a naked flask, and they not only place two pieces next the 
 flask, but they have added an extra piece of felt, forty-two inches 
 long by one inch wide, as an inner band, thus increasing the ab- 
 sorptive powers over those possessed by the regulation canteen. 
 
 This adoption of the method and system whereof Mr. Lanz 
 is the originator, exponent, advocate, and patentee, is an admission 
 of much significance and highly complimentary tc Mr. Lanz. That 
 the Ordnance Department and Board of Fortification and Equip- 
 ment concur is evinced by the fact that so many of the enameled 
 canteens have been purchased by the United States. 
 
 As the enamel canteen with regulation cover is heavier than the 
 regulation canteen ; further, as any enameled ware having arsenic, 
 lead, or antimony in its composition is dangerous to health ; still 
 further, as the enamel will chip off and the iron part rust; there 
 do not appear to be any points of advantage favoring the further 
 trial of the Dubuque, Iowa, Stamping & Enamel Co. Canteen, with 
 a view to its adoption for use in the military service of the United 
 States. 
 
 Aluminum Coated Sheet Steel. The Aluminum Coated Sheet 
 Steel Company, Connelisville, Fayette Co., Pa., claims that "this 
 product is superior in all respects to galvanized. That it contains 
 all of its merits with none of its defects. That it can be heated to 
 a red heat without destroying its coating. That sulphurous gases, 
 brine, salt, and acids do not affect it as readily as they do galvanized. 
 That it can be soldered with common solder. That it will stand 
 even severer tests than any coated metal. That no coated metal 
 can be seamed or hammered down flat and then bent back straight 
 without flaking. None but solid metal will do this. 
 
 That, Aluminum Coated Steel Sheets can be bent or seamed 
 in any way required in actual work and the coating will remain 
 intact on both sides. But no coated metal can be bent flat on itself 
 and return to' its original shape without showing fracture in 
 coating. This is not necessary and if Aluminum Coated Sheets are 
 given the same work as galvanized they will prove in every way 
 superior and all we claim for them. 
 
 That any intelligent metal worker will recognize these facts 
 and will not expect impossibilities." 
 
 This firm gives the following directions for flux to solder this 
 metal : "Dissolve as much spelter as your muriatic acid will take 
 up. Use the same without diluting with water. Never add fresh 
 
1O4 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CAVIEEX. 
 
 acid to blacken your metal. Other fluxes, such as rosin, and palm 
 oil, mav be used with success." 
 
 The following is a copy of a communication addressed to the 
 Patton Paint Company, Milwaukee, Wis. : 
 
 It may be an advance backward to construct a soldier's canteen 
 of wood. 
 
 I enclose cut of a canteen carried by the U. S. Army during the 
 period of our second war with England, 1812, by reference to which 
 you will see that it was then composed of many pieces, like a barrel, 
 tub, firkin, fig drum, etc. 
 
 Could you not get one constructed of suitable wood or indurated 
 fiber or wood pulp, turned in one piece, painted by your process 
 inside and out? 
 
 The normal use of the canteen is to carry water, coffee and 
 tea. Government does not contemplate furnishing the soldier \vith 
 a water bottle, the lining of which should be capable of resisting the 
 action of whisky or other alcoholic fluid. 
 
 A wooden water bottle was carried for years in the English 
 Army, the exterior of which was painted blue ; but before I should 
 feel justified in recommending a return to a canteen made of wood 
 instead of sheet tin, I would have to be satisfied that one con- 
 structed of this material would meet the requirements of dura- 
 bility, etc. 
 
 I would be glad to have you institute a series of experiments 
 whereof you write, looking toward covering both the inside and the 
 outside of the flask in such a way that it would resist the action of 
 everything including distinctly acid fluids. 
 
 Whatever canteen is adopted for the use of our soldiers will 
 have to be provided with a non-conducting cover. 
 
 To the above the Company replies as follows : 
 
 "We thank you for the blueprint received with your letter, and 
 hope soon to begin our experiments as to covering inside and out- 
 side in such a way that the covering will be impervious to the 
 action of everything except fluids which are distinctly acid or 
 alkaline. 
 
 "It is easy enough to begin a series of experiments, but it takes 
 a long time to complete them. We would not he satisfied to report 
 on anything in the way of a test of permanency under six months or 
 a year of constant use for the purpose required, as we carry on our 
 experiments. 
 
 '"We will let you know from time to time how we are progressing 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 105 
 
 v- 
 
 i5//jf/yO/ece A/tt*nnum Carrtee* Get 
 fAattur<tL by Carl Berp rekt+rf, 
 'si falteei ctotl, 3i*yte f^rc^fress 
 strep Ca^^ac/ty, XS f/urtt ox , / 
 
 Tfeyufaiiott jootterrt /999. 
 
 .. (rcri*r<*Ky Cot>er<c<l yviik 
 
 tv>h bfack /father /ooos 
 
IO6 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 and will hope to be in a position to make a definite statement as to 
 what we can do within perhaps eight months from this time." 
 
 Disadvantages of Aluminum as a Material for Canteen Flasks, from 
 a Mechanical Point of View. 
 
 After a metallurgist has placed in the hands of the inventor a 
 metal lighter than tin as a material for a canteen flask, the artisan 
 encounters a mechanical difficulty, to wit : In attaching ears, or side 
 pieces, to the flask. 
 
 There must be something connected either with the flask, or its 
 cover, to fasten the canteen strap or sling to unless the latter goes 
 round the canteen as in the 1864 period of the U. S. A. 
 
 There are two natural ways of slinging a canteen ; one way is 
 from the shoulder, the other way is from the belt. 
 
 In either case, the strap must have a method of attachment, as 
 by a hook or snap, with the canteen flask or with some portion of 
 the canteen cover; otherwise the strap must encircle the canteen. 
 
 This attachment necessitates loops, rings or triangles, eyes, open- 
 ings, etc., on the canteen cover, or ears, metallic side-bar attach- 
 ments, or other fastening device, directly connected with the canteen 
 flask ; hence attached to the latter by solder cr rivet. 
 
 A disadvantage of aluminum as the material for a canteen flask 
 is that with the present limited knowledge of this metal, it cannot 
 be so soldered to itself as to resist water action. Galvanic action 
 occurs between aluminum and any known solder when wet for a 
 considerable period. Disintegration follows. 
 
 This should prevent the adoption by any army of an aluminum 
 canteen flask any of the parts of which are joined by soldering. 
 
 As solder fails to assure a permanent union of aluminum to 
 aluminum, rivets are resorted to in order to fasten the side-ears, cr 
 other metallic contrivance, to the aluminum flask. This is practical, 
 but not believed to be enduring. Leakage follows. A method of 
 reliably fastening ears to an aluminum flask is unknown to me. 
 
 Tin as a material for a canteen flask does not present any of 
 these disadvantages. 
 
 Reason Why Old Pattern Canteens Have Been Retained in 
 U. S. Army Since 1874 or 1878. Past attempts to improve, change 
 or retire the army canteen have been blocked by two things, viz.: 
 The representation by a Department head that there were already 
 i -n hand a large stock of old canteens ; hence these unissued relics 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. IO7 
 
 of a past period ought, in economic interests, to be disposed of 
 first. 
 
 Second : The recommendation of the Commanding General that 
 the old stock be disposed of before incurring the expense of a new, or 
 later, pattern. 
 
 Finally : The orders of the Secretary of War directing that 
 future issues of canteens be confined to existing patterns in stock, 
 and prohibiting any expenditures for new patterns. This injunction 
 applying also to other Infantry and Cavalry equipments. 
 
 Efforts Made in 1878-9 to Change the U. S. Service Canteen. 
 In General Orders No. 76, Headquarters of the Army, A. G. O., 
 July 23, 1879, there were published extracts from the proceedings, 
 embodying the conclusions, of the Board of Officers convened in 
 Washington, D. C, by Special Orders on Nov. n, 1878, "for the 
 purpose of considering the whole subject of * the equip- 
 
 ment of troops generally'' ; together with the comments of the 
 Chief of Ordnance, the General of the Army, William T. Sherman, 
 and the indorsement of the Secretary thereon. 
 
 The Board found the weight of the canteen, half-filled, to be 
 two (2) pounds eight (8) ounces. 
 
 The recommendations of the Board were disapproved by the 
 Chief of Ordnance, there being then on hand, left from the Civil 
 War, 267,000 canteens which, in the opinion of General Benet, 
 ought to be used up before others were provided. 
 
 The recommendation of the General of the Army was : 28 "That 
 no other change be made in the present infantry equipment, though 
 a lighter canteen would be desirable.'' General Sherman commented 
 (see page 40, G. O. 76, A. G. O., series 1879) : "The old pattern 
 articles, that is canteens and such, can be issued till exhausted, and 
 the new ones will then follow naturally and without sacrifice on 
 the part of the United States, or of the officers and men who com- 
 pose the army." 
 
 The views and recommendations of the General of the Army were 
 approved July 19, 1879, by the Hon. G. W. McCrary, Secretary of 
 War, who indorsed the recommendations made by the Board, the 
 Chief of Ordnance, the Quartermaster General of the Army, and 
 General William T. Sherman, as follows: "No change will be 
 made at any time which involves expenditure not clearly within 
 existing appropriations, and great care will be taken to avoid a 
 deficiency." 
 
 On Oct. 7, 1873, the Chief of Ordnance, U. S. A., Brigadier- 
 
1O8 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 General A. B. Dyer, recommended that a Board of Ordnance and 
 Cavalry Officers be assembled to consider "What changes," if any, 
 should be made in * cavalry equipments and accouter- 
 
 ments, as published by G. O. No. 60, War Department, A. G. O., 
 June 29, 1872. 
 
 Board was convened by Special Orders Xo. 238, Nov. 29, 1873, 
 modified by Special Orders No. 253, \Var Dept., A. G. O., 
 Dec. 24, 1873. Report of proceedings made from Water- 
 vliet Arsenal, West Troy, N. Y., May 5, 1874, by Colonel I. X. 
 Palmer, 2d Cavalry, president of the Board. The Board consisted 
 of the following: Col. Innis N. Palmer, 2d Cavalry; Capt. J. J. 
 Upham, 6th Cavalry; Capt. A. Mordecai, Ord. Dept.; Capt. Guy V. 
 Henry, 3d Cavalry, and Capt. L. H. Carpenter, loth Cavalry ; also 
 Capt. William Hawley, 3d Cavalry, in place of Major Henry, re- 
 lieved. 
 
 The proceedings of the Board, with the action of the War De- 
 partment thereon, were published in Ordnance Memoranda No. 18, 
 1874. Under the caption "Canteens," page 18, is found the follow- 
 ing: "Canteen. It was discussed as to whether the canteen should 
 be covered with two thicknesses, and felt was suggested as a good 
 material." No other reference by title, to canteen is found in the 
 published report, except, same page, the following : "A resolution 
 was adopted requesting the commanding officer cf the Leaven worth 
 Arsenal to make for the use of the Board the following articles 
 after description furnished : * * One canteen with two cov- 
 
 erings." And, on page 57, the following: "The Board is of the 
 opinion that to the accouterments should be added a canteen of 
 pattern and material like sample submitted." On page 18 Board 
 expresses opinion that the regular equipments necessary for a cav- 
 alry trooper are as follows : * * * One canteen On 
 page 69, it is stated that "A personal examination has convinced the 
 Board of the superior quality of the manufacture and material of 
 the articles furnished from the government workshops over those 
 obtained by contract, and it is earnestly recommended that, as far 
 as possible, all stores issued to the cavalry by the Ordnance Depart- 
 ment may be made in the Arsenals, believing that to be for the best 
 interests of the service." 
 
 On May n, 1874, the Acting Chief of Ordnance, Col. S. V. 
 Benet, indorsed proceedings, concurring in recommendations of the 
 Board, but in carrying out the changes, alterations, and additions 
 recommended, suggested "that the large quantity of stores on hand 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. ICKJ 
 
 of old patterns be utilized and the changes, etc., be made as rapidly 
 as a due regard to economy will permit/' 
 
 On May 15, 1874, Gen. W. T. Sherman indorsed that he "felt 
 hardly competent to pass judgment on the matter of cavalry equip- 
 ment, and would be governed by the opinions of the cavalry officers 
 who serve on the plains and have abundant experience. The present 
 stock on hand could be exhausted gradually, leaving the new equip- 
 ment to accumulate in store, ready for emergency, or for use after 
 the present supply is exhausted." 
 
 On May 20, 1874, the Secretary of War, through H. T. Crosby, 
 chief clerk, concurred with the General of the Army and the Chief 
 of Ordnance that the stores on hand of all patterns should be 
 utilized before issue of new patterns except in regard to horse 
 shoes." 
 
 The Chief of Ordnance, U. S. Army, in his annual report for the 
 fiscal year ended June 30, 1894, states under head of "Aluminum 
 Equipments" : "Experiments with articles of equipment made of 
 aluminum and its alloys have been continued during the year at 
 various posts and at the Rock Island Arsenal, and very intelligent 
 assistance has been given to the department by manufacturers. 
 Successful results have been obtained in the manufacture of spurs, 
 waist-belt plates, and several minor articles ; but in those cases in 
 which, from their importance as articles of considerable weight, 
 success was hoped for most such as bits, cups, meat cans, picket 
 pins and horseshoes the desired quality of metal has not yet been 
 obtained. A very promising canteen has been designed, but not 
 yet tested by the department, and experiments will be continued as 
 rapidly as possible." 
 
 Recommendation That Canteens Now Disposable Be Sold. 
 Citation of Statute Permitting It. Recommendation is made, under 
 opinion of Assistant Comptroller Mitchell, and Section 1241 of the 
 Revised Statutes, that all canteens not in the hands of troops be sold 
 as unsuitable for the public service. 
 
 One of the synonyms of "suitable" is "expedient." An article 
 may be suitable as far as possibility is concerned, and not suitable 
 because it is not expedient to transport it to the place where it 
 might be used, or to the person who could use it. 
 
 It is thought that the present stock of old pattern canteens are 
 not suitable for militarv service. It is neither wise nor economical 
 
I IO 
 
 HISTORY OI ; THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 tc Canteen F/cts/e . <?ne face concave, c/y/j 
 face com/eK . SubrHitteol & the .arrz Canteen Co., 
 
Ill 
 
 to retain them in government arsenals, armories or depots. They 
 should he sold. It is submitted that these acts justify this disposi- 
 tion of these obsolete articles of equipment. They are important 
 as bearing upon the Assistant Comptroller's view : 
 
 The first is the old law of March 23, 1825, upon which section 
 1241, Revised Statutes is based, and which is as follows: "That the 
 President be, and he is hereby, authorized to cause to be sold any 
 ordnance, ammunition, or other military stores, or subsistence, or 
 medical supplies, which upon proper inspection or survey, whenever 
 in his opinion the sale of such unserviceable stores will be advan- 
 tageous to the public service; that the inspection or survey of the 
 unserviceable stores shall be made by an inspector general or such 
 other officer or officers as the secretary of war may appoint for that 
 purpose and the sales shall be made under such rules and regulations 
 as may be prescribed by the secretary of war." 
 
 The other act is that of March 29, 1894, which provides that in- 
 stead of forwarding to the accounting officers of the Treasury De- 
 partment returns of public property intrusted to the possession of 
 officers or agents, "the quartermaster general, commanding general 
 of subsistence, and other like staff officers in any department, by, 
 through, or under whom stores, supplies and other public property 
 are received for distribution, or whose duty it is to receive or ex- 
 amine returns of such property, shall certify to the proper account- 
 ing officer of the Treasury Department for debiting on the proper 
 account any charge against any officer or agent intrusted with public 
 property arising from any loss, accruing by his fault to the govern- 
 ment as to the property so intrusted to him." 
 
 The act of July 31, 1894, confines the duty of the comptroller 
 to decisions "upon any question involving a payment" made by 
 disbursing officers. 
 
 If Assistant Comptroller Mitchell's ruling is published officially 
 it will make possible an arrangement w r hereby not only unservicea- 
 ble canteens in excess of future needs of the army, but also horses, 
 mules, wagons, or other army material, not first class, hardly worth 
 reshipping, can be sold as damaged or unsuitable for the public 
 service, after proper inspection or survey, and when the sale of such 
 will be advantageous to the public interests. 
 
 It is submitted that the sale of all canteens now in store in gov- 
 ernment arsenals, armories or depots, of the 1874 pattern, or 1878 
 or later pattern, will be advantageous to the public service because 
 the presumption is that the appropriation for the purchase and man- 
 
112 HISTORY OF THK MILITARY CAXTEEN. 
 
 iifacture or fabrication, of equipments for infantry, and accuuter- 
 nients for cavalry, will be adequate to provide new model canteens. 
 
 It is understood that the army appropriation bill, second series, 
 56th Congress, carries with it for repairing and preserving ordnance, 
 $75,000; for purchase and manufacture, to fill requisitions of troops, 
 $500,000; for infantry, cavalry, and artillery equipments, $750,000. 
 
 The Chief of Ordnance, U. S. Army, is quoted as follows : "The 
 ordnance depot at Manila is now supplying an army of nearly 70,000 
 men, scattered about among the islands, and yet there is but one 
 officer available for duty at this post in addition to the chief ordnance 
 officer whose time is fully occupied with the duties of general admin- 
 istration. 
 
 The improvement of material being under way at all times, 
 technical officers must at all times be in touch with it, not only in 
 the hands of troops, but also with the vast accumulations in reserve. 
 The relations of the department to the line of the army should be 
 close and intimate in order that the experience of the troops shall 
 lie available for the instruction and guidance of the department, 
 and that the wants of the combatant branch cf the army may be 
 promptly met by the supply departments. 
 
 It has been impossible of late years to spare officers for this duty, 
 the lack of which brings wrongfully on the department the blame of 
 responsibility for it. 
 
 The ordnance establishments are by no means adequate to pro- 
 duce all the material required, and a greater part of this material 
 is procured under contract. In the last two years, at many of the 
 establishments from which such material has been secured, there 
 have been no inspectors, and several establishments have been looked 
 after by one inspector. If the inspection be not thorough, inferior 
 material is likely to come into the service, with the resulting criti- 
 cism of the Ordnance Department, and what is worse, a possible 
 failure of the material at an important juncture." 
 
HISTORY UF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 Proceedings of Board of Officers to Examine and Test Canteens, 
 at Rock Island, (111.) Arsenal, Aug. 22 to Sept. 15, 1900. 
 
 Between August 22 and September 5, 1900, nine or ten tests of two Regulation 
 and two Lanz Canteens were made at Rock Island Arsenal by a board of three Officers 
 of the Ordnance Department, pursuant to orders from the Chief of Ordnance and de- 
 tail by the Commanding Officer of the Arsenal. 
 
 Exhibit "A" of the proceedings of the Board is as follows: 
 
 TEMPERATURE OF 
 
 
 Air. 
 
 
 Water in Canteen 
 
 Date. 
 
 Manner of 
 making 
 
 Hours 
 Exposed. 
 
 
 Water 
 when put 
 in 
 
 at expiration of time. 
 
 Min. 
 
 Max. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 U. S. 
 
 Lanz 
 
 Lanz 
 
 
 Experiment. 
 
 
 
 
 Canteen. 
 
 No. i. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 
 
 A.M. P.M. 
 
 Deg. 
 
 Deg. 
 
 Deg. 
 
 Deg, 
 
 Deg. 
 
 Deg. Deg. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 22 
 
 Covers dry ; expos'd 
 on window sill, in 
 sun 
 
 9 to 2 
 
 86 
 
 96 
 
 66 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 98 101 
 
 Aug. 
 
 All except U.S. No. 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 f%^ 
 
 ihadfeltwet,with 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *J 
 
 canvas covers dry. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U.S. No. i and felt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wet. On window 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sil, in sun 9 to 2 
 
 91^ 
 
 102 
 
 66 88 
 
 88 
 
 90 92 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Same as in previous 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24. 
 
 experiment except 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^t 
 
 hung over boilers! 
 in boiler room... 9102.30 
 
 iooy 2 
 
 66 84 
 
 84 
 
 85^ 
 
 84 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Same as on Aug. 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 except hung in sun 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~j 
 
 with free circula- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tion of air 
 
 9 to 3 
 
 80 
 
 90 
 
 66 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Both felt and canvas 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 covers thoroughly 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * / 
 
 wet and expos'd as 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 on Aug. 25 
 
 to ; 
 
 78 
 
 84. 
 
 66 
 
 76 
 
 76 
 
 76 
 
 H 1 A 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Same as preceding. 
 
 y * *j 
 
 / ** 
 
 C7i r 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 / j/z 
 
 T.I 
 
 A third U. S. can- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 teen was hung up 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dry and had a tem- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 perature of 96 deg. 
 at end of exprmt . . 
 
 10 to 3 
 
 81 
 
 92 
 
 75 
 
 80^ 
 
 82 
 
 82^ 
 
 8i# 
 
 Sept . 
 
 I 
 
 Under glass, with 
 free access of air. . 
 
 10 to 2 
 
 8 1 
 
 92 
 
 5 6(iced) 
 
 103^ 
 
 100 
 
 99 l /2 
 
 100 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Under glass, same 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 as preceding ex- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 periment 
 
 IO to 2 
 
 ** i 
 
 on 
 
 7 A. 
 
 8? 
 
 Q2 
 
 QCl/ 
 
 QO 
 
 Sept . 
 
 Same as preceding 
 
 
 / ' 
 
 yy 
 
 /4 
 
 / 
 
 y^ 
 
 yj/- 
 
 yvy 
 
 5 
 
 experiment 
 
 10 to 3 
 
 9i 
 
 no 
 
 75 
 
 94 
 
 93^ 
 
 94 
 
 93 
 
 The Weights of Canteens, their Contents, etc., were as follows: 
 U 
 
 Empty and cover dry 
 
 Full of water, cover dry 
 
 Cover saturated with water, 
 Canteen full 
 
 Weight of water in Canteen.. 
 Weight of water absorbed by 
 
 S. No. i. 
 
 U. S. No. 2. 
 
 Lanz No. 3. 
 
 Lanz No. 4. 
 
 ozs. 
 
 ozs. 
 13 i% 
 
 ozs. 
 
 ozs. 
 
 5rt 
 
 59VV 
 
 64 T 6 6 
 
 50{- 
 
 S 
 
 65^ 
 
 40f| 
 
 68 
 
 G G 1 G 
 
 W 
 
114 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CAXTEF.X. 
 
 Two tests were concluded in four hours. 
 
 Two experiments occupied five hours each. 
 
 One test consumed five and one-half hours. 
 
 Two of the tests were each of six hours' duration. 
 
 These tests do not appear to have been made in accordance with 
 the printed conditions upon which the claims of the Lanz Canteen 
 are based and stated to be requisite in order to demonstrate those 
 claims. 
 
 This statement particularly applies to the length of time claimed 
 by that Company as requisite in an environment or temperature 
 above blood heat in which to prove the merits of the Lanz Canteen 
 and general superiority of the device. See Claim IX. 
 
 It appears that the Board followed the methods outlined by Mr. 
 Lanz in his letter and circular, August, 1960, describing his canteen 
 and the experiments made by the inventor with the U. S. and his 
 own canteens. 
 
 The experiments of the Board were conducted, the commanding 
 officer states, with care and fairness, and he agreed with its conclu- 
 sions. 
 
 Except in passing judgment on the flattened side of the flask, 
 the opinion as to the advantage of the removable cover and its ser- 
 viceableness, the conclusions of the Ordnance Board were based 
 upon the results of the nine or ten tests quoted. 
 
 These results differed materially from those of the inventor of 
 the Lanz Canteen. Besides its conclusions upon those results, the 
 Board was of the opinion that none of the canteens had any appre- 
 ciable advantage over the others in the temperature of the water 
 they contained. The Board found but a slight difference in the 
 relative conductivity of the covers of the canteens; referred to the 
 fact that the Lanz was heavier, held less water than the Regulation 
 Canteen, and added that for a period of at least six hours the gov- 
 ernment canteen will keep water as cool as the Lanz canteen. 
 It sustained, or conceded. Claims II, IV. and part of Claims I, III 
 and V, also VI ; also the claim, but not the conclusion, of XV, in the 
 following finding; quotation from the proceedings and summary 
 of theBoard, viz. : "The cover of the Lanz Canteen possesses greater 
 absorptive powers than that of the Government Canteen, conse- 
 quently it would appear that this canteen would keep water at a 
 lower temperature for a longer period under similar conditions than 
 the Government Canteen." 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 Li 
 
 cove-rtct fy the German method,, sirtf/e felt 
 n'ftt hanpiny strctf> for Cava/rif. also carry s(m/i 
 for Infantry -attached inooscttost. Canaattf do 
 ot. froy, ttzijht w ox Jtftrefu/ttffs. 
 
Il6 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 CLAIMS or THK L,ANZ MANUFACTURING COMPANY REGARDING 
 THE ' ' LANZ CANTEEN . ' ' 
 
 183-9 Lake Street, Chicago 111, August 8th, /poo. 
 
 1. That the Lanz Canteen will keep water cool at a low tem- 
 perature, or warm liquids at a high temperature, longer than any 
 other canteen of equal capacity. 
 
 2. That the drinkable condition of the liquids carried in the 
 Lanz Canteen will continue for a longer period, either in cold or 
 hot climates, than in any other Canteen of equal capacity. 
 
 3. That its method of retarded evaporation secures palatable 
 drinking water in either tropical or arctic regions for a longer time 
 than the Regulation Canteen now used by the U. S. A. 
 
 4. That the felt will remain moist for a number of hours longer 
 than the inner cover of felt used on the Regulation Canteen ; hence 
 the water remains cool for many hours longer in the Lanz Canteen 
 than the same amount of water similarly exposed to a high tem- 
 perature in the Regulation Canteen or any other Canteen used in 
 military service, or submitted for experimental trial. 
 
 5. These results are accomplished, in part, by a removable, open- 
 able canvas cover, and, in part, by means of an inner cover of felt, 
 the latter being of a quality and thickness superior to the felt used 
 on the Regulation Canteen, and by using a greater quantity of felt 
 as an inner cover than is used on the Regulation Canteen. These 
 covers and methods are explained and secured by U. S. Patent No. 
 6 55>979> August i4th, 1900. 
 
 6. The results are due to the methods observed and materials 
 with which the Lanz Canteen is covered, the latter being compo- 
 nents of the Canteen. The absorbent properties of the Lanz felt 
 cover, and subsequent retarded evaporation, are the agents, in hot 
 weather, to keep the contents of the canteen flask cool. 
 
 7. In cold weather, the non-conducting properties of the com- 
 ponents of the Canteen, the covers being dry, tend to preserve the 
 contents of the flask from freezing. 
 
 8. The openable and removable cover possesses advantages not 
 possessed by the Regulation Canteen ; it is, with proper care, equal 
 to it in durability. The shape of the patented metallic flask is 
 advantageous and is superior to the Regulation Canteen, all of which 
 entitles the Lanz Canteen to practical trial by troops actually in the 
 field, or in campaign, with a view to its adoption by the United 
 States for use in the military service. 
 
 9. Particular stress is laid upon the fact that the merits of the 
 Lanz Canteen are not made so apparent by a short open-air expos- 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. IT? 
 
 tire of five or six hours, rr less; or by tests made under temperate, 
 or moderate, thermometric conditions as by comparisons made after 
 an exposure of at least eight (8) hours under thermal conditions 
 ranging above blood heat, 96 F., or below the freezing point, 32 F. 
 
 10. As a Canteen is always worn by every combatant soldier 
 when in the field, or campaign, as an essential article of personal 
 equipment, but only occasionally worn when troops are in garrison, 
 it is preferred that all tests of Canteens should be made by officers 
 actually on duty with troops in the field, or campaign, and not by 
 officers whose duties confine them to arsenal, or garrison, or depot 
 duty. 
 
 11. In hot weather, that is, when the open air temperature is 
 above blood heat, 96 F., the felt covering must be saturated, or 
 moistened, in order to demonstrate the merit of the Lanz method 
 as opposed to the Regulation method of covering the metallic flask. 
 
 12. As an important distinction between the Lanz and the Regu- 
 lation Canteen covers is the difference in the material, and the 
 amount of material, with which they are covered, it is essential 
 that the fastenings of the outer cover of the Lanz be drawn up tight, 
 after the Canteen has been immersed, so as to permit air from 
 gaining access, and the process of evaporation thus retarded or 
 interfered with. 
 
 13. Only in moderate weather and in winter weather should the 
 felt be left dry. In hot weather the felt must be kept moist. To 
 effect this last named requisite, the canvas cover must be slipped 
 off entirely, or the lacing or fastenings of the canvas loosened. 
 
 14. The facility with which the Lanz openable cover can be 
 removed is a decided advantage over the outer cover of the Regula- 
 tion Canteen, because the latter is tightly sewn up around its entire 
 circumference, hence the service Canteen may be immersed in water 
 without properly effecting saturation of the inner cover. 
 
 15. As the inner cover of the Lanz Canteen possesses greater 
 absorptive powers than the Government Canteen, it will keep water 
 at a lower temperature for a longer time under similar circumstances 
 than the Government Canteen, hence possesses merits sufficient to 
 warrant a trial in the military service with a view to its adoption in 
 lieu of the Regulation Canteen. 
 
 16. In cold, or cool, weather, the felt, of course, is not moist- 
 ened, in which condition it will maintain the heat of the fluid con- 
 tents for a longer period than the Regulation Canteen, and so lessen 
 the danger of freezing. 
 
 17. The Lanz Manufacturing Company can furnish Canteens 
 
Il8 HiSTOKV OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 and their components of any specified weight or indicated fluid 
 capacity, whether less than, equal to, or greater than, the Govern- 
 ment Canteen, utilizing for the purpose any metal or material, or 
 of any prescribed pattern or model desired, retaining, of course, its 
 non-conducting inner fabric or textile cover, and also retaining the 
 removable, openable, patented outer cover and fastening methods. 
 
 18. The advantages of the Lanz Canteen are more than appre- 
 ciated by soldiers when in the field or during a campaign in a tropical 
 region, or on a hot day, because conducive to comfort, effective- 
 ness and health. 
 
 19. The Lanz Manufacturing Company claims to be able to 
 produce a canteen flask, retinned after the plate has been stamped 
 into shape, and which may have a piece of zinc soldered to the 
 inside, or, perhaps, a zinc nozzle, the durability of which retinned 
 flask will largely exceed that of the Regulation Canteen, and which 
 will prevent oxidation for at least four times as long as the Regu- 
 lation Canteen. 
 
 Commendations and recommendations are exhibited by the 
 Company from the following named Army officers: Col. J. M. J. 
 Sanno, i8th Infantry; Maj. P. H. Ray, 8th Infantry; Maj. S. L. 
 Woodward, 1st Cavalry ; Assistant Surgeon A. E. Bradley, Medical 
 Dept. ; Assistant Surgeon S. M. Waterhouse, Medical Dept. ; Capt. 
 Geo. W. Goode, ist Cavalry; ist Lieut. W. M. Whitman, ist Cav- 
 alry; 2d Lieut. H. C. Smither, ist Cavalry; 2d Lieut. F. W. Healy, 
 8th Infantry ; 2d Lieut. A. V. L. R. de Beaumont, 8th Infantry ; 2cl 
 Lieut L. A. I. Chapman, ist Cavalry; Ordnance Sergeant Alexander 
 Pillow, U. S. A. ; Sergeant J. K. Miller, 3d Infantry. Also from 
 several business and manufacturing firms employing laborers, arti- 
 ficers, etc. Likewise from tourists, bicyclists, sportsmen, officers of 
 U. S. Volunteers, National Guardsmen, etc. 
 
 The Company supplements its published list of testimonials by 
 two temperature tests, one a hot weather test made on the roof of 
 theLanz factory ; the other a cold weather open air test. In each 
 trial a U. S. Army canteen is also said to have been used in com- 
 parison. 
 
 Naturally, the results as published, were highly favorable to the 
 Lanz Canteen. The first test covered a period of seven hours. 
 
 SANITATION AND HYGIENE AS APPLIED TO CANTEENS. 
 The use of polluted water is a factor dangerous to health and ac- 
 counts for the prevalence of disease in localities where other sanitary 
 conditions are beyond reproach. It is the part of wisdom to remove 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. I IQ 
 
 r ? 
 
 danger of possible contamination by the use of a canteen which can 
 be completely emptied, drained and even sterilized. 
 
 By inserting the little finger in the mouth-piece of the present 
 regulation tin flask canteen, there can be felt enough abiding places 
 for pathogenic germs and micro-organisms to make the use of the 
 canteen a dangerous factor after polluted water has once entered 
 the flask. 
 
 In the regulation canteen, the mouth-piece is either inserted or 
 applied like a spout. In either case, it is a separate piece of sheet tin, 
 soldered on. The projections and rough edges become nesting places 
 for waste matter, and breeding places for things dangerous to 
 health, even after pure or sterilized water has been deposited in it. 
 
 Soldiers have not access to germicidal supplies, nor can the in- 
 sides of canteens be inspected in the way that health officers inspect 
 milk cans, pans, dairies, and creameries. The present regulation 
 canteen can carry typhoid. As bacteriological examinations cannot 
 be made of canteens where the latter are daily carried as a portion of 
 the field equipment, it would be wise to abandon the present regu- 
 lation canteen and adopt in lieu one differing in material, construc- 
 tion and shape. 
 
 COMPARISON OF THE ARMIES IN CHINA NARRATIVE BY AN AMERI- 
 CAN WAR CORRESPONDENT ABOUT CANTEENS, OTHER 
 PERSONAL EQUIPMENTS OF A SOLDIER, 
 AND ARMY WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 The dweller in towns can have no conception of what the lack of 
 a plentiful supply of good water is. Water, to them, like air, is 
 cheap and common. During the interval between our Civil War and 
 the Spanish-American War, the only soldiers of our army who ap- 
 preciated the value of water, and of a good canteen, were such of 
 the military establishment as had service in arid regions in hot 
 weather, and hence had been compelled to rely upon the article of 
 personal equipment named. 
 
 Thomas F. Millard, writes from China : "Examine military med- 
 ical statistics and you will find that half the ills an army is heir to 
 are directly traceable to the use of bad water. I sometimes wonder 
 whether we Americans shall ever learn some things, and generally 
 sadly reach the conclusion that we never shall. In this problem of 
 army water supply, the Japanese stand for efficiency the Ameri- 
 cans for deficiency, with other nations struggling along somewhere 
 between. The water in North China is so bad that resident Euro- 
 
120 
 
 HIST6RY OF Till JkllLITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 t 
 -D ! 
 
 , Baden, Gertvafty. d/unr/nunt, /Jask-, (/.S. Army Refutation StruiceCanteeH, 
 no covtr; capacity. 2S OX . Ktiflt v5 ox. Ordnance Pattern, <Zoulle cover, fett 
 
 Unt'tect States Jrnvy joaitern, of /tv* . 
 and, cUtritp our Szcovct, #ar nrtM frykncl. 
 C font a, tracrnf fur mated, ly tJre tyv&f 
 
 sy Atrmtlett, fy 
 6t**r*l #5A of tt 
 
 e ef tt'n, 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 121 
 
 pcans will nut drink it until it has been boiled and lilUTrd. The fact 
 was well known before a foreign soldier set foot at Tak'u, It was 
 also realized that there was danger of wells being poisoned by the 
 Chinese ; while to use, unpurified, the filth-laden waters of the canals 
 and rivers was to invite an epidemic among the troops. The Jap- 
 anese came fully provided with portable filters for use in the field. 
 They were the only troops who possessed these necessary utensils, 
 and they spared the men much. They also had in common with all 
 the allies, except the Americans, provisions for supplying the troops 
 with water while on the march or in action. When the Fifth Army 
 Corps, United States Army, made the glorious, but in many ways 
 disastrous, campaign against Santiago, June-August, 1898, we paid 
 a price for ignorance which might have taught ns a wholesome les- 
 son. One of the deficiencies, and one commented on by all the 
 foreign military attaches who accompanied the army, was the utter 
 lack of water supply except the small quantity the men could carry 
 in their canteens. There was no reserve. When the water bottles 
 ran dry the men would drop out of the line of march to replenish 
 them. In so profusely watered a country as Cuba that was not diffi- 
 cult, owing to the proximity of the Seco, the Aguadores, and the 
 San Juan. Water could always be found near by, or secured while 
 crossing a stream, but the custom is always retarding of progress 
 and detrimental to discipline. But even where water is most plenti- 
 ful, the practice throws the door wide open to the insidious disease 
 germ. Here in China where water is fairly plentiful, but marvel- 
 ously filthy, to provide no reserve water supply for troops on the 
 march, is to condemn all of them to needless suffering and many of 
 them to death. Two years of almost constant campaigning in the 
 Philippines, coupled with the experiences in Cuba, have taught 
 Americans nothing. Our troops turned up in China with their can- 
 teens, and no more. I believe one or two filters, suitable for camp 
 or barrack use, and too cumbersome for ready transport, have finally 
 arrived. But they could not, had they been here in time, have been 
 utilized on the march along the sluggish Pei-ho to Peking the 
 mother of thousands of ditches, all equally filled with a contaminated, 
 yellow, slimy fluid, spreading out over the country like a web of 
 an immense water-spider, licking up the filth of countless villages, 
 and feeding, or draining, as the case may be, their cousins the cess- 
 pools. The men suffered terribly. Through the middle of the day 
 the heat was intense. Millions, billions, trillions, of flies, buzzed and 
 bit. For miles the road ran through millet fields. The grain stands 
 from ten to twelve feet high, completely shutting off any breeze 
 
122 HISTORY OF Till: MILITARY C. \.\TKK.\. 
 
 which might possibly be stirring. At every step the men and animals 
 sank a foot into the dust, which, ground into impalpable powder by 
 the passage of thousands of vehicles, hung in a stifling cloud over 
 the line of march, rilling throats, eyes, lungs, and nostrils. The sun 
 struck a man between the shoulders and burned them like a red-hot 
 plaster. Rivulets of perspiration trickled and dripped, converting 
 faces into river charts of China, half mud and half water, and caus- 
 ing eyelids to gum up and smart painfully. Canteens were emptied 
 quickly during the six successive days march after the battle of 
 Yang Tsun to Peking, and, notwithstanding positive orders to the 
 contrary, were refilled out of wells on the putrid Pei-ho. 
 
 Staggering along under their blanket-rolls and full marching 
 equipment, what wonder that the troops could march but a short 
 distance without resting, and that "the total of a day's effort would 
 be but about eight miles. At night, the mosquitos relieved the flies 
 as agents of unrest, swarming in dense clouds about the camps. 
 Within a week after their arrival in Peking, over one-third of the 
 American force was in the hospital. This was about the average 
 throughout the army, Germans, Russians (including Cossacks), 
 British (including Australians, English, Sikhs, Ragputs, Ghurkos, 
 and Chinese), Americans, French (including Tonquin and Cochin 
 China native regiments), Japanese, Austrians, and Italians, to say 
 nothing of the "Boxers" and Imperial Chinese troops. 
 
 If ever troops needed water reserve supply, for urgency as well 
 as sanitary reasons, it was on that march. The Japanese, Russians, 
 Germans, French, and British, all were provided in some way. The 
 Japanese drank only aerated water prepared regularly by the field 
 filters, the water cart moving with the column and permitting the 
 replenishing of the canteens at any time without hindering the 
 march or scattering the troops. For the Japanese officers and 
 wounded, there was an ample supply of bottled mineral water. The 
 British, Germans, and Russians, all had a reserve supply, either in 
 carts or carried in skins on mules. Only the Americans were utterly 
 destitute. An average of one-third of the force was always away 
 from the column on a hunt for drinking water. At nightfall, when 
 the camps were pitched, they would have, perhaps, to tramp long 
 distances to obtain enough water for cooking purposes, while all 
 the other allies had theirs ready to hand, simply, it was some one's 
 business to attend to it and see that proper facilities were provided. 
 Truly, 'tis a lop-sided commissary service which supplies an army 
 with solid food and woe to it if it fail but makes no provision 
 whatever for water. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 123 
 
 While both are indispensable, water is far more of an urgent 
 necessity to troops than is other food. Frequently a few drops mean 
 whether a soldier will drop or continue to march, and the first cry 
 of a wounded man is for water. The advisability of supplying troops 
 with water, even while in action, has long been recognized, and, not- 
 withstanding the difficulty, has been successfully accomplished. 
 
 In this war I have, for the first time, seen the "bhisti," whom 
 Rudyard Kipling has immortalized as "Gunga Din" at work. He 
 has a brother now in the Jap water coolie, whose duty is to supply 
 water to troops in action, and succor the wounded on the field. Some 
 day, perhaps, Uncle Sam may awake to appreciation of the necessity 
 of some needed reforms in his army and take a leaf out of the 
 Mikado's book. Three days after the allied forces entered Peking, 
 over eight hundred Americans or one-third of the total force under 
 General ChafTee, were in the hospital. The percentage of Japanese 
 troops unfit for duty at the same time was less than five. Yet they 
 had done more work during the campaign than had the Americans. 
 
 We seem, for some reason, always to be lacking adequate trans- 
 port. Some of the powers are just as badly off as the United 
 States in this matter of proper transport, but some are immeasur- 
 ably superior. The Japanese and British-Indian contingents are 
 the best. They have not only developed the light vehicle and small 
 package system to a high state of excellence, but they have found 
 another accelerator in the use of a large number of camp followers. 
 In a British or Japanese regiment the number of camp followers 
 almost equals the number of men bearing arms. 
 
 These auxiliaries are really servants of the troops. They re- 
 lieve the fighting men of all superfluous baggage on the march and 
 do the camp labor when the column halts. The Japanese or British- 
 Indian soldier carries nothing while marching except his rifle, am- 
 munition, and water bottle. Xot only can he move faster and with 
 less fatigue, but he is prepared to go into battle at an instant's 
 notice. The American. German, or. French, soldier, if suddenly 
 attacked or brought into action, has to cast aside his heavy, bulky 
 kit. These are frequently stolen before the men return to secure 
 them, if they ever do. Witness the denuding of our troops by the 
 straggling bands of Cubans during the Santiago campaign. Then, 
 suppose the troops advance several miles in the course of an engage- 
 ment, which frequently happens ; they must either abandon their per- 
 sonal equipment (less rifle, ammunition, canteen, cup, and in- 
 trenching tool) entirely, or return for it, even if they can locate and 
 find it intact, thus covering a distance three times when once should 
 
124 HISTORY OF TJTF. MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 have sufficed. Such matters as these often decide the success or 
 failure of a campaign. It is a humiliating fact that in nearly e\ vrv 
 march of any distance which the allies have made in China, the 
 Americans held the column back because they were unable to keep 
 up, A remark of General Dorward is recalled as he watched the 
 little detachment of Americans toil painfully and slowly through the 
 mud on the march to Tulin. The General who commanded the ex- 
 peditionary force, had ridden back with his staff to see what was 
 keeping the Yankees back. "Fine fellows," he said as he gazed at 
 them, "Fine fellows. Splendid physiques. Pity they load them 
 down so they can't march/' 
 
 It was a matter of comment during the march to Peking that 
 the Americans had more men drop out from heat prostration, and 
 required to rest oftener, than the troops of any other nation. Fre- 
 quently one-fourth the American force, with those who went down 
 and those who stopped to attend them, would be out. The climate 
 cannot account for this. It is very similar to that of the greater 
 part of the United States. The troops were not "green."' They 
 were veterans, just from months of active service in the Philippines 
 and Cuba. It was not inferiority of physique. The Americans 
 are the strongest men out here. What then, was the reason? The 
 men were required to do too much. In marching, they carried 
 three times the weight imposed upon Japanese, British, or Rus- 
 sian troops. Then, a dozen times during a day they were compelled 
 to make detours to replenish their canteens. While, the march 
 having ended, the Japs or British soldiers were taking things easy, 
 while their camp followers pitched the tents, lighted the fire, cooked 
 the food, and prepared the beds, the weary American doing all 
 these things for himself. What wonder that he frequently, from 
 sheer exhaustion, went supperless to bed, and slept unsheltered 
 rather than undergo the labor of pitching his tent, to become the 
 next day a ready victim to heat and dysentery? The camp auxil- 
 iary certainly pays for his keep. In spite of his many handicaps, 
 the American soldier has held his own. He has numerous weak- 
 nesses, but fear of the enemy is not, fortunately for the security of 
 the Republic, one of them. I heard foreign officers criticise freely 
 his military manners, organization and equipment, but never his 
 fighting qualities, once his burden of antiquated methods is cast 
 aside and he faces the foe on the fighting line. There he is as he 
 always was, and let us hope, always will be. In all the criticism 
 one hears there is an undercurrent of respect. T never see him in 
 a fight but I feel, with absolute certainty, that the American 
 
HISTORY OF Till: MILITARY CANTEEN 
 
 125 
 
 * Stamping $ namel Co. Cantee*. 
 ker Fi/ter ) no 
 
 S Shan rr4vrt frr****. I brot 
 
 t*A*re Aea/faye 
 
\2() HISTORY OF T11K' MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 soldier will ever give a good account of himself if not asked to do 
 more than should be asked of any man. Other elements being 
 approximately equal, the stoutest heart and steadiest nerve will 
 win in the most battles. In these qualities, Uncle Sam's boys are 
 second to none. "They have done their share," is the verdict of 
 people in China, who have been here through it all. The lessons 
 of this war have chiefly held to the prosaic lines of organization, 
 supply, and equipment, and on matters such as these they have 
 shed a brilliant light for those who care to learn.'' 
 
 How THE CARRETA, OR WATER CART, USED AT HEADQUARTERS. FIRST 
 
 DIVISION, FIFTH ARMY CORPS, IST JULY-IOTII AUGUST, 
 
 1898, AT SANTIAGO DE CUBA, WAS OBTAINED. 
 
 During the afternoon of Friday, ist July, 1898, after the com- 
 mander of the First Division, Fifth Army Carps, General J. Ford 
 Kent, accompanied by his aide, the late Major George S. Cart- 
 wright, and the Division Inspector, mounted, reached the crest of 
 San Juan hill, where we had been preceded by General H. S. Haw- 
 kins, and the 6th and i6th United States Infantry, there was a 
 lull in the firing of the retreating Spaniards. This gave opportunity 
 for a brief inspection of the grounds. A carreta, a dead mule, and 
 some empty water casks, were noted on the western slope. A car- 
 reta, is a cart with two wheels, fitted to be drawn by one animal. 
 This particular one had been used by the Spaniards to haul water 
 to Fort San Juan. A sketch of the carreta, cr water cart accom- 
 panies this report. The original of the sketch was made by Mr. 
 Adolfo Carlos Munoz, volunteer aide-de-camp on General Kent's 
 staff, wounded by a shrapnel bullet just above the right ear, p. 
 m. of the following day, died iith November, 1899. 
 
 After a portion of the 24th United States Infantry gained the 
 summit on the date first mentioned, the Inspector got a colored 
 sergeant, name unknown, and two privates same regiment, to assist 
 in making a break down the slope for the carreta and the barrels. 
 We succeeded in hauling the outfit up over the crest, and down to 
 where the Division Commander's hammock was. There it re- 
 mained in charge of Second Lieutenant Fred L. Munson, com- 
 manding the division headquarters detachment guard, until August 
 loth, date of departure from Santiago de Cuba, for Montauk, L. 
 I. The carreta saved many a weary trip to the San Juan river for 
 a canteen full of water. 
 
HISTORY <>F TTfl-: MILITARY t A XTKK.V. \2J 
 
 OBSERVATIONS OX THE PEKIX RELIEF EXPEDITION'. 
 By Captain William Crozicr, Ordnance Department, U. S. A. 
 
 The Chief Ordnance Officer, General Chaffee's Staff, states as 
 follows : From the time of the arrival of the first American troops 
 at Tien Tsin, pth Infantry, plenty was the order of the day. 
 Ginger ale and bottled water were in abundance. The fare was less 
 generous on the march to Pekin. 
 
 X'o provision was made for supplying the United States troops 
 with water on the march, other than the canteen which each man 
 carried. Other troops were better off in this respect. The British 
 Indians carried \vater in skins on pack mules, and some had barrels 
 upon carts. But there are wells in all the Chinese villages, and 
 these, along the line of march, were not more than a mile and a 
 half apart; and, with the column properly halted, it is as easy to 
 fill canteens from a stationary well as from a stationary cart or mule. 
 The water in the wells was always cool, and, though seldom per- 
 fectly clear, it was never revoltingly turgid, as was that of the rivers 
 and canals; it was drank freely by all the troops of the expedition. 
 X'o other troops made such a time about water as the Americans, 
 who had orders to drink none without boiling it, and had special 
 utensils provided for the purpose. These orders could not be en- 
 forced, however, as thirsty soldiers will not wait even when arrived 
 in camp, for water to boil and cool. Portable filters were provided 
 and were used in the hospital service, one also I observed in the 
 light battery, and one was in the headquarters mess. The charac- 
 teristic ailment of North China, however, seems to come independ- 
 ently of the water ; it attacks nearly all Europeans and Americans 
 during their first summer, not sparing even those who drink nothing 
 but imported waters. With careful inquiry, I was unable to find a 
 medical man who could assign a satisfactory reason, other than it 
 was "in the air." 
 
 I have neither heard nor read any criticisms of the operations of 
 the Subsistence Department, other than as these were affected by 
 lack of transportation, which suggests an inquiry as to the char- 
 acter and quantity of the latter. The Americans had thirteen four- 
 mule army wagons and one pack train of forty freight mules, be- 
 sides two or three ambulances and a Dougherty wagon. This sup- 
 ply was intended to take care of two regiments of infantry, a bat- 
 talion of marines, a light battery, and the headquarters. 1 he four- 
 mule wagon is considered to be distinctly superior to the means 
 of transportation of supplies employed by the British, Japanese, 
 Russians, or French. * * * The American train had one man 
 
UcS IllSTOKY OF THE MJLiTAKV CANTEEN. 
 
 to four mules, all the loaded animals being driven in a bunch with 
 a bell-mare leading. Here also was economy of numbers, although 
 perhaps the Japanese provision of a man to each animal was a 
 necessity, as their ponies are all stallions, and their train at a halt 
 was a bedlam of flying heels and wild snorts, it was more dan- 
 gerous to pass than a Chinese outpost. A large proportion of the 
 Japanese transportation consisted of pack animals ; the British 
 Indians had nothing else; the inferiority in economy, when con- 
 trasted with the American system, is striking, when it is noted that 
 it requires the same number of mules to carry 1,000 pounds on 
 packs as will haul 3,000 pounds in our army-wagon. The Ameri- 
 can pack train carried ammunition only, for which purpose it could 
 not have been replaced, as it afforded the only means of maintaining 
 a first reserve supply in constant readiness for immediate distribu- 
 tion to the firing line. The pack saddles of the different nation- 
 alities were, in their effect on the animals, of about equal merit. 
 Occasional sore backs were noticed in all the trains, but the Ameri- 
 can required the most skillful packer. 
 
 # : ;< * * * * * 
 
 Within three days after the arrival at Pekin, bottled waters and 
 fancy groceries began to make their appearance in the American 
 commissary and within a week there was abundance of these for all. 
 
 If a sufficient number of four-mule wagons, the most rapid and 
 economical transportation yet devised for countries in which they 
 can go at all, and with a very little help they can do marvels in 
 the way of trail covering, be supplied to carry all the men's bag- 
 gage, except their arms and canteens, and, in addition, a sufficient 
 number of armed men to act as train guards, riding either in the 
 seats with the drivers or on others provided, these men would be 
 sufficiently fresh to do the loading and ether extra work, and the 
 whole organization would.be made more economical and serviceable 
 than one provided with coolie corps. 
 
 FURTHER OPEN AIR TESTS MADE OF CANTEENS 
 INTENDED FOR USE IN MILITARY SERVICE, MADE AT HEADQUARTERS 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF DAKOTA, ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA. 
 (For description of various canteens tested see pp. 57-61 this 
 report; also further description given below.) 
 
 Specifications, etc., of Canteen "A A". Canteen "AA" is the 
 regulation service pattern canteen, manufactured at Rock Island 
 Arsenal, 1900, and issued to me direct from there. It has double 
 cover Petersham felt inner, and dyed duck, or canvas, outer cover. 
 
 rt A 
 cur T 
 
HISTORY ()! Tin-: MILITARY CANTEEN. 129 
 
 Capacity 44 fluid ounces, 45 and 2-4 ozs. avoirdupois. Weight, 
 empty, covers on and dry, avoirdupois, 12 and J ounces. Weight, 
 filled, covers on and dry, avoirdupois, 58 and ounces. Weight, 
 filled, covers on, after ten minutes' immersion, avoirdupois, 63 and 
 2-4 ounces. Weight of the tin canteen flask, empty, no covers on, 
 avoirdupois, 9 and 2-4 ounces. 
 
 This canteen was sent for and used by me in order to have a 
 standard of comparison, and because of variations noted in other 
 canteens issued to the First Cavalry, Eighth Infantry, and other 
 organizations from which I received them, termed "U. S. Army 
 Regulation Service Canteen, Ordnance Pattern," or "U. S. Army 
 Regulation Service Tin Flask, Ordnance Pattern", etc. In all tests 
 made after Test No. 68, all three of these service canteens, or flasks, 
 were used. Tests were conducted as described on pp. 43-4, this 
 monograph, and by the same person, using the same thermometers. 
 
 Specifications of Canteen "BB". Canteen "BB" is a combina- 
 tion canteen and filter. Canteen is of the regulation tin flask type, 
 double cover regulation felt or Petersham inner, and dyed duck 
 or canvas outer. Made at Rock Island Arsenal, October, 1898, with 
 a specially wide mouth to accommodate the Mrs. Caroline Parker 
 Filter. Capacity, filter in, 40 fluid ounces, 42 ounces avoirdupois; 
 filter out, fluid 45 ounces, avoirdupois, 46 ounces. Weight, filled, 
 covers on and dry, filter in, 59 ounces avoirdupois. Ditto, after 
 ten minutes' immersion, 64 ounces avoirdupois. Weight of the tin. 
 flask, empty, no cover, filter out, 9 and J ounces avoirdupois. 
 Weight of filter, including soft rubber top, 3 and -J ounces avoirdu- 
 pois. Weight of duck, or canvas, cover, dry, I and 2-4 ounces. 
 Weight of same after ten minutes' immersion, 3 and J ounces 
 avoirudpois. Weight of water absorbed by the canvas cover, i and 
 2-4 ounces. Weight of the Petersham felt, or inner cover, dry, 
 I and 2-4 ounces. Weight of same after ten minutes' immersion, 
 7 and 2-4 ounces avoirdupois. Weight of water absorbed by the 
 inner cover, 6 ounces avoirdupois. Weight of the canteen ''BB", 
 empty, covers on and dry, filter out, 12 and f ounces avoirdupois. 
 Weight of the canteen, empty, covers on and dry, filter in, 16 ounces 
 avoirdupois. 
 
 Specifications of Canteen "CC". The canteen purchased by the 
 United States for trial, in December, 1898, or October, 1898, from 
 the Dubuque Stamping and Enamel Company, has been described, 
 and the objections to enameled metal as a material for canteen 
 flasks dwelt upon, in previous pages of this monograph. In the 
 test tables it is termed canteen "C". 
 
130 
 
 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY C'AXTKK.Y. 
 
 B 
 
 6/.<S. Army Refutation Scruice Canteen, 
 Crdnanc* T&ttern, double Coi/er, feliancL 
 Cant/as, lu.t baiting , a/so, a, woolen stock f*f 
 ley ctratvn ovvr it. 
 
 Capacity. +s ox. tretyAt; ZZ oz. 
 
 Arrow 
 
HISTORY OF Till-: -MILITARY CAXTEEN. 13! 
 
 Canteen "CC" is an enameled metal canteen flask bought by the 
 U. S. from the Dubuquc Stamping & Enamel Company. Its con- 
 struction, also its material, is in general identical with that of can- 
 teen "C", Differing in these details : It is covered and its capacity 
 is less. Its side pieces have wire triangles. 
 
 Canteen "CC" has a double cover of the same materials, appar- 
 ently as are used in Regulation canteen "A" or "AA." It lacks the 
 filter with which canteen "C" is provided, and the mouthpiece, or 
 neck, is different. (See blue print of "C," and of "CC", also sketch 
 of "C", accompanying this report.) The construction of the wire 
 side triangles of "CC" is similar in material and in shape to the 
 present regulation canteen. The side loops are not, they being 
 made of enameled metal ware. 
 
 Flask "CC" is encircled by a band, 42 in. by i in., of same ma- 
 terial as the Petersham felt. It is provided with 2-4 of an ounce 
 more of this absorbent material than the regulation canteen has. 
 The side band plain iron wire triangles of this canteen are engaged 
 in ears of enameled metal, each of which is fastened to the side 
 band by means of two rivets. The mouthpiece, or nozzle, is also a 
 separate piece of enameled metal, the overlapping edges of which 
 are held together by means of two rivets. Apart from the triangles, 
 rivets, neck-chain, neck-band, chain, cork and its attachments, six 
 pieces of enameled metal are employed in the construction of the 
 canteen flask. 
 
 Capacity, in fluid ounces, 43. Avoirdupois ounces, 44 and J. 
 
 Weight, empty, covers on and dry, avoirdupois, 20 ounces. 
 
 Weight, filled, covers on. after ten minutes' immersion, 74 
 ounces. 
 
 Weight, filled, covers on and dry, avoirdupois, 64 and J ounces. 
 
 Weight of the empty enameled flask, no covers on, avoirdupois, 
 1 6 and J ounces. 
 
 Weight of the duck or canvas cover, dry, avoirdupois, T and J 
 ounces. 
 
 Weight of the duck or canvas cover after ten (10) minutes' im- 
 mersion, avoirdupois, 2 and j ounces. 
 
 Weight of the water absorbed by the canvas cover, avoirdupois, 
 T ounce. 
 
 Weight of the Petersham felt, or inner cover, including the 
 band, dry, avoirdupois, 2 ounces. 
 
 Weight of the Petersham felt or inner cover, including band, 
 after ten minutes' immersion, avoirdupois, 10 and 2-4 ounces. 
 
 Weight of the water absorbed by the Petersham felt, or inner 
 cover, including the band, avoirdupois, 8 and -J ounces. 
 
1 3 2 
 
 HISTORY OF T1IK MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 TEST No. <U>. 
 
 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Out 
 
 side 
 
 Each canteen was full. COVERS DRY. All of the canteens were suspended from a 
 trestle, so that free circulation obtained. 
 
 
 1 . 
 
 A 
 
 A- I A A 
 
 1! li 1! C C; E 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 i 
 
 L Q 
 
 R 
 
 s 
 
 T 
 
 u 
 
 v \v 
 
 x 
 
 8.00 am 
 9.00" 
 
 + 4 8 
 50 
 
 170 
 120 
 
 I7O 170- I7O 
 
 106 130 144 
 
 1701 1 70:170 
 126 13'-; yS 
 
 170 
 152 
 
 170 
 I 5 8 
 
 170 
 154 
 
 I7O 170 
 132 152 
 
 170,170 
 150144 
 
 170 170 I/O 
 146 150 122 
 
 I7 ? 
 96 
 
 170 
 92 
 
 10.00 " 
 
 S2 
 
 94 
 
 74104 
 
 122 
 
 100 
 
 112 
 
 72(130 
 
 144 
 
 132 110 132 
 
 126126 
 
 126,1^0 
 
 ,96 
 
 68 
 
 *66 
 
 1 I.OO " 
 
 56 
 
 80 
 
 66! 90 
 
 1 08 
 
 86 
 
 96 
 
 641118 
 
 136 
 
 118 94 118 
 
 1141116 
 
 112 
 
 114 
 
 82 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 I2.OOIH. 
 
 58 
 
 72| 62 
 
 80 
 
 91 
 
 76 
 
 84 
 
 62 
 
 1 06 
 
 122 
 
 106 
 
 86 
 
 1 06 
 
 104 
 
 1 02 
 
 102 
 
 IO2 
 
 74 
 
 60 c8 
 
 i.oo pin 
 
 60 
 
 66 
 
 62 
 
 72 
 
 84 
 
 70 
 
 76 
 
 62 
 
 96 
 
 112 
 
 94i 78 
 
 98 
 
 94 
 
 92 
 
 92 
 
 92 
 
 70 
 
 60 
 
 S8 
 
 2.OO " 
 
 58 
 
 64 
 
 S8 
 
 661 78 
 
 66 
 
 72 
 
 58 
 
 90 
 
 1 08 
 
 86 
 
 72 
 
 89 
 
 88 
 
 88 
 
 84 
 
 86 
 
 64 
 
 S8 
 
 56 
 
 3.00" 
 
 S8 
 
 62 
 
 58 
 
 66 
 
 72 
 
 62 
 
 68 
 
 S8 
 
 84 
 
 IOO 
 
 80 68 
 
 84 
 
 82 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 80 62 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 4.00 " 
 
 
 60 
 
 58 
 
 62! 70 
 
 60 64 
 
 58 
 
 78 
 
 94 
 
 74 
 
 64 
 
 80 
 
 74 
 
 76 
 
 74 
 
 74 
 
 60 
 
 
 58 
 
 5.00 " 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 62 
 
 66 
 
 6oi 62 
 
 58 
 
 74 
 
 92 
 
 72 
 
 62 
 
 74 
 
 72 
 
 72 
 
 7 
 
 72 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 F,eaky. Leakage occurred in Canteen "X" at the point where the stirrup shaped loops were 
 c'amped to the sides of .he flask by means of four rivets. The Parker filter in Canteen "1)H" 
 was found to be broken, having separated from the soft rubber top. Breakage thought to be 
 occasioned by leaving the flask, filter in, against steam radiator. 
 
 TEST No. 70. 
 
 Hour. Outside 
 Temp. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Conditions same as i 
 
 n preceding Test. 
 
 ALL COVERS T)K\. 
 
 A |A-I A A 
 
 B 
 
 B15 
 
 c c 
 
 E 
 
 G 
 
 V 
 
 L 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 S 
 
 T 
 
 U 
 
 v 
 
 46 
 
 52 
 54 
 
 56 
 
 58 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 58 
 
 56 
 
 54 
 
 \v \ 
 
 7 AC a m "^46 
 
 46 
 
 4 S 
 So 
 54 
 
 
 
 5 s 
 
 $ 
 
 54 
 
 46 
 48 
 50 
 52 
 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 
 46 
 48 
 5 
 52 
 54 
 54 
 56 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 
 46 
 48 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 54 
 54 
 56 
 
 5r 6 
 5 6 
 
 54 
 
 4 6 
 
 48 
 4 8 
 50 
 50 
 52 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 52 
 54 
 
 46 
 
 48 
 48 
 50 
 52 
 54 
 56 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 
 46 
 48 
 50 
 50 
 
 i 
 
 56 
 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 
 4 6 
 4 8 
 4 8 
 4 8 
 50 
 50 
 52 
 
 54 
 54 
 
 52 
 
 46 46 
 
 4846 
 
 4848 
 5050 
 5052 
 5054 
 5054 
 
 5 2 |54 
 52|54 
 50|54 
 
 46 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 54 
 56 
 
 it 
 
 $ 
 
 56 
 
 46 
 50 
 
 52 
 52 
 
 U 
 
 $ 
 $ 
 
 46 46 
 4848 
 5050 
 5250 
 5252 
 
 5454 
 5654 
 5454 
 5454 
 5454 
 
 46 
 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 50 
 52 
 52 
 52 
 52 
 52 
 
 46 
 
 48 
 4 8 
 50 
 50 
 5 2 
 
 54 
 54 
 
 52 
 52 
 
 46 46 
 
 48 46 
 
 50*48 
 50: 48 
 50; 50 
 54 52 
 54 52 
 54 54 
 54 54 
 54 52 
 
 8 AC " 48 
 
 AC " CO 
 
 y ^to J 
 10 AC I C4 
 
 n-45 " ! 54 
 12.45 p m 58 
 
 I AC " .. S 2 
 
 l -t3 J 
 
 i AC 54 
 
 " AC " t >4 
 
 J'HO JT- 
 
 A AC " .- 54 
 
 
 ^Leaky. Leakage in Canteen "X" as in preceding test. Temperature of "V," the Eveking, 
 Westphalia, Canteen, rose above that of the air, and remained above that of its environments for a 
 period of eight (8) hours. Aluminum Canteen "L," the Karlsruhe, leaden, one; also, the Lanz tin 
 flask. Canteen "Q" rose above the atmospheric temperature. 
 
 Note should be made that none of the canteen covers were wet, or moistened. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 TEST No. 71. 
 
 133 
 
 Open air test in sun for six (6) hours, followed by three (3) hours in the shade. 
 Each canteen was full. All covers dry. All of the canteens were suspended from a 
 trestle, so that free circulation prevailed. Test made on the roof of the L, Army 
 Building, Headquarters Department of Dakota, St. Paul, Minn. 
 
 I Out- 
 Hour side 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 ,Tem. 
 
 A 
 
 A- I A A 
 
 B 
 
 HH C C 
 
 1 
 
 E 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 I i L o 
 
 R 
 
 s 
 
 T 
 
 U 
 
 V 
 
 w 
 
 X 
 
 a.m.l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.50 +58 
 
 4 8 
 
 48' 4 8 
 
 48 
 
 48 48 48 48 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 48 4^ 
 
 4 8 
 
 48 
 
 48] 4 8 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 * 4 8 
 
 s.50, 60 
 9.50 70 
 
 58 
 60 
 
 56 50 
 
 60 54 
 
 50 
 S4 
 
 52 5 6 
 
 54 58 
 
 54 
 
 S8 
 
 48 
 So 
 
 So 
 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 66 54 
 
 68 58 
 
 48 
 
 SO 
 
 50 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 50 
 
 S2 
 
 54 
 
 S8 
 
 '54 
 
 58 
 
 56 
 
 S<8 
 
 10.50 63 
 11.50 70 
 
 64 
 66 
 
 64 58 
 66 62 
 
 56 
 60 
 
 58 62 
 62 64 
 
 64 
 68 
 
 52 
 56 
 
 52 
 54 
 
 56 
 
 58 
 
 70 
 
 72 
 
 62 
 64 
 
 56" 
 
 58 
 
 54 
 S6 
 
 58 56 
 
 60 58 
 
 64 
 68 
 
 62 
 64 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 p.m.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I2.'i0 72 
 
 70 
 
 68 64 
 
 64 
 
 64. 66 
 
 70 
 
 S8 
 
 S6 
 
 60 
 
 74 
 
 66 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 66 
 
 64 
 
 1.50 60 
 
 70 
 
 66! 66 
 
 66 
 
 66 65 
 
 70 
 
 60 
 
 S8 
 
 62 
 
 74 
 
 66 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 7 
 
 66 
 
 6/j 
 
 2.50 60 
 
 66 
 
 6 4 | 64 
 
 64 
 
 64 64 
 
 64 
 
 60 
 
 S8 
 
 62 
 
 70 
 
 66 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 66 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 3.50 60 
 
 64 
 
 62 62 
 
 64 
 
 62 64 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 S8 
 
 60 
 
 68 
 
 66 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 6?! 
 
 150 60 
 
 62 
 
 6o ! 62 
 
 62 
 
 62 ! 62 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 58 
 
 60 
 
 66 
 
 6* 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 "Leaky. 
 
 COMMENT. Temperature of "A" - Regulation Canteen held above that of the air during the las 1 
 three hours. 
 
 Temperature of "L" Karlsruhe, Baden, aluminum, German single felt-covered canteen ranged 
 and kept above that of the air during the closing eight hours of the test. 
 
 Soeral other canteens rose to a temperature above that of the atmosphere, and kept above it, dur 
 ing the three closing hours that the trestle was in the shade. 
 
 Note should be made of the fact that none of the covers were wet, or moistened, before or during 
 this test. 
 
 TEST No. 712. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Out- 
 side 
 
 All the canteens were full, covers dry, suspended from a trestle und^r glass (storm 
 window eight panes of glass, each 20x17 inches) placed nearly horizontally above the 
 canteens in such a manner as to admit free circulation of the air. Trestle stood on roof 
 
 
 
 of L of Army Building, St. Paul, Minn. 
 
 
 A 
 
 A- I A A 
 
 B 
 
 H B C C 
 
 I 
 
 E 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 i 
 
 L 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 S T 
 
 u 
 
 V 
 
 w 
 
 x 
 
 a. in . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 q. IS 
 
 *6o 
 
 56 
 
 S6 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 S6 56 
 
 56"; 56 
 
 S6 
 
 S6 
 
 S6 
 
 56 
 
 S6 
 
 S6 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 10. 15 
 
 60 
 
 S8 
 
 60 
 
 S8 
 
 S8 
 
 60 60 
 
 60 
 
 S8 
 
 S8 
 
 S8 
 
 60 
 
 S8 
 
 
 
 
 S8 
 
 60 
 
 58 
 
 *6o 
 
 11.15 
 
 70 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 bo 
 
 60 60 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 58 
 
 60 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 |>. m. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12.15 
 
 /o 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 64 64 
 
 66! 60 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 66 
 
 62 
 
 64 
 
 i. IS 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 66 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 64! 66 
 
 68j 62 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 66 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 64 62 
 
 62 
 
 68 
 
 64 
 
 66 
 
 2.15 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 64 
 
 66 66 
 
 68 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 68 
 
 66 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 70 
 
 64 
 
 66 
 
 * Leaky. 
 
134 HISTORY OF TIll'l MILITARY CAXTliKX. 
 
 TEST No. 73. 
 
 Out- 
 Hour , side 
 Temp. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens' 
 
 Conditions: Under glass 
 
 i preceding test. 
 
 i A 
 
 A- I 
 
 A A 
 
 B 
 
 B B C C li 
 
 G H 
 
 i 
 
 LJQ 
 
 R 
 
 s 
 
 T 
 
 u 
 
 v w 
 
 a. m . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8.15! +50 
 
 56 
 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 
 56 s6 
 
 56 
 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 
 o. I c 
 
 54 
 
 56 
 
 
 56 
 
 58 
 
 
 56 56 
 
 58; 
 
 56 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 56 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 
 10. 15 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 
 56 
 
 58 
 
 
 56 56 
 
 58 
 
 56 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 
 11.15 58 56 
 
 
 56 
 
 58 
 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 58 
 
 56 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 56 
 
 58 
 
 
 p. m . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12. IS 60 56 
 
 .58 
 
 58 
 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 .56 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 
 ! 15 
 
 60 58j 
 
 S8 
 
 58 
 
 
 58 
 
 60 
 
 58' 
 
 58 
 
 60 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 
 2.15 
 
 60 
 
 58' 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 
 58 
 
 60 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 
 3-15 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 58 
 58 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 00 
 
 60 
 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 58 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 & 
 
 
 58 
 58 
 
 -n ',n 
 
 OC OC 
 
 
 5-*5 
 
 58 
 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 58! 
 
 58 
 
 60 
 
 58 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 I 
 
 TEST No. 74. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Out- 
 side 
 Temp. 
 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Open-air test, canteens all full, covers dry, suspended from trestle, free circu 
 of air. 
 
 atio 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 A- I 
 
 A A 
 
 B 
 
 B B 
 
 C C 
 
 K C. 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 L 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 S 
 
 T 
 
 i" 
 
 V \Y X 
 
 a. m . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.40 
 
 +53 
 
 50 
 
 
 50 
 
 5 
 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 5o 5<> 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 2 
 
 48 
 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 
 48 
 
 52| 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 46 
 
 52 
 
 48 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 9.40 
 
 4 S 
 
 48 
 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 
 4 8 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 46 
 
 52 
 
 50 54 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 10.40 
 
 52 
 
 48 
 
 
 4 8 
 
 48 
 
 
 48 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 48 
 
 52 
 
 50 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 11.40 
 
 54 
 
 50 
 
 
 50 
 
 5o 
 
 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 50 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 
 p. m. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12.40 
 
 56 
 
 52 
 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 
 52 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 
 1.40 
 
 56 
 
 54 
 
 
 54 
 
 52 
 
 
 54 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 
 2.40 
 
 56 
 
 54 
 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 56 
 
 
 54 
 
 52 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54! * 
 
 
 
 3-4 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 
 54 
 
 52 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 4.40 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 54 , 5* 52 54 54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 I 
 
 Hour. 
 
 TEST No. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Outside 
 
 canteens full, covers dry, suspended from tres- 
 tle, under glass same as in Test No. 72. 
 
 
 A 
 
 A A 
 
 B 
 
 C C 
 
 E 
 
 L 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 S 
 
 T 
 
 U 
 
 o 3O am ...... "^"62 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 10*^0 " ' 68 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 62 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 58 
 
 i i 10 " 66 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 62 
 
 58 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 I "> ^O P HI - 1 64 
 
 6? 
 
 6*1 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 64 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 I 7O " 64 
 
 6 1 
 
 64 
 
 6/| 
 
 6-1 
 
 66 
 
 62 
 
 64 
 
 6 4 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 1 o u . T* 
 2.30 " : 62 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN 
 
 135 
 
 BB 
 
 Canteen 
 
 ctett&fe Coders . Afaole at Jfo^k. Jafanoi /fr- 
 Afr*. Caroline ftr 
 
 * is the reyts/atic* irt Mask a*icZ- 
 t, Oct. /898 ti/r'6Ji a sjotctaliy tvriele rrroutJi 4 
 St'/tcr. ' 
 
 * net's <S9 
 
 . ff/er 7/7, /Vy/e*^, cooenen cutei e?ry 
 
 fa/ter T/t. frtfecL, coders ffrr^fter en minutes rnHmtrsion^iioirJujoofS' , 6+ ox. 
 of the tin Mask . no Coi/ers, eiryjty . fi/ter oirt. 9fy Of.. 
 
136 
 
 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 TEST No. 76. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Outside 
 Temperature. 
 
 8.00 a. m 
 
 1-48 
 
 Q.OO " 
 
 48 
 
 IO.OO " 
 
 48 
 
 1 1 . OO " 
 
 4.8 
 
 I2.OO 111 
 
 s 
 
 I.OO p. Ill 
 
 s 
 
 2.OO " . 
 
 40 
 
 -7.OO " 
 
 ;8 
 
 J.V^W 
 
 4. OO 
 
 ^S 
 
 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Canteens "A," "AA," "1J" and "CC" immersed 
 for sixteen (16) hours before commencing test 
 inside covers of canteens "L," "Q," "R," "S" 
 I and "T," also "U," saturated outside covers 
 i dry when test commenced. A fine rain prevailed 
 1 during the entire period, eight (8) hours, covered 
 by the test. 
 
 A 
 
 A A 
 
 B 
 
 c c 
 
 E 
 
 L 
 
 Q 
 
 R ; s 
 
 T i U 
 
 46 
 
 4 6 
 
 4 6 
 
 46 
 
 4 6 
 
 4 6 
 
 46 
 
 46 46 
 
 46 46 
 
 4 6 
 
 46 
 
 4 6 
 
 46 
 
 4 6 
 
 4 8 
 
 50 
 
 5 5 
 
 4 8 5 2 
 
 4 6 
 
 4 6 
 
 4 6 
 
 46 
 
 4 6 
 
 4 8 
 
 48 
 
 48 ; 48 
 
 46 50 
 
 46 
 
 4 6 
 
 4 6 
 
 46 
 
 4 6 
 
 4 8 
 
 48 
 
 48! 48 
 
 4 8 
 
 4 8 
 
 46 
 
 4 6 
 
 4 8 
 
 48 
 
 4 6 
 
 48 
 
 4 8j 48; 48 
 
 4 6 
 
 4 8 
 
 48 
 
 4 8 
 
 4 8 
 
 48 
 
 4 8 
 
 4 8 
 
 48 
 
 48 48 
 
 48 
 
 4 8 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 4 6 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 4 6 
 
 46 46 46 
 
 46 
 
 4 6 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 40 
 
 4 2 
 
 421 42 42 
 
 4 2 
 
 4 2 
 
 3? 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 40 40 40 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 TEST No. 77. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Outside 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 All covers wet. 
 
 7.40 a. m. . 
 
 + }2 
 
 A 
 
 44 
 
 A A 
 
 44 
 
 B 
 
 44 
 
 C C 
 
 44 
 
 E 
 
 44 
 
 L 
 
 44 
 
 Q 
 
 44 
 
 R 
 
 44 
 
 S 
 
 44 
 
 T 
 
 44 
 
 U 
 
 44 
 
 8.40 " 
 
 >2 
 
 T.A 
 
 14. 
 
 -7.6 
 
 7,6 
 
 7,6 
 
 36 
 
 -7.8 
 
 -7.6 
 
 -7.8 
 
 -7.6 
 
 -7.S 
 
 Q.40 " 
 
 ^2 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 IA 
 
 12 
 
 -34 
 
 2A 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 IO.4O " 
 
 36 
 
 T.2 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 i? 
 
 $ 
 
 12 
 
 1? 
 
 7.7 
 
 7? 
 
 3? 
 
 17, 
 
 11.40 " 
 
 ^8 
 
 T.2 
 
 12 
 
 14- 
 
 36 
 
 38 
 
 14. 
 
 12 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 31 
 
 I2.4O p. 1TI 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 14, 
 
 14. 
 
 72 
 
 32 
 
 24 
 
 24. 
 
 I 4O " 
 
 & 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 3^ 
 
 12 
 
 14. 
 
 73 
 
 22 
 
 24. 
 
 22 
 
 2.4.0 " 
 
 ^8 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 -7,8 
 
 14 
 
 14. 
 
 12 
 
 2-7 
 
 12 
 
 34 
 
 3-40 " 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 38 
 
 3 2 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 137 
 
 The following data and specifications regarding Canteens "AA,' 
 "BB," "CC," and the Lanz Canteens "Q" and "U" are given. 
 
 
 "A A." 
 
 ozs. 
 
 "BB." 
 ozs. 
 
 "CC." 
 ozs. 
 
 Lanz 
 
 "Q." 
 
 ozs. 
 
 Karls- 
 ruhe. 
 Lanz 
 "U." 
 
 ozs. 
 
 Weight of the canteen, empty, covers 
 on and dry 
 
 ' 129 
 
 
 7O 
 
 
 
 Weight of the canteen, filled, covers 
 on and clrv 
 
 rSl av 
 
 
 f..Z .. 
 
 J 9 
 
 I 7 
 
 Weight of canteen, filled, covers on^ 
 after ten (10) minutes immersion. . .. 
 Weight of the canteen flask, empty, no 
 
 ->? av 
 
 631 av 
 9i 
 
 
 045 av 
 74 av 
 
 07^ av 
 77i av 
 
 TI 3 
 
 01 av 
 
 774 av 
 
 Weight of water in canteen flask 
 
 Wt. of the duck, or canvas cover, dry. 
 Wt. of the duck, or canvas cover, after 
 ten (10) minutes immersion 
 
 j 45 av 
 U4 fd 
 I-T 
 
 il 
 
 j 
 
 If 
 
 it 
 
 j 44l av 
 U3 fd 
 If 
 
 ?'4 
 
 t * ' 
 
 ^49 av 
 
 U5i fd 
 3^ 
 
 rl 
 
 J44 av 
 U2| fd 
 3k 
 
 rl 
 
 Weight of the water absorbed by the 
 canvas cover . 
 
 rl 
 
 ll 
 
 z z 
 
 J-i 
 
 5-t 
 
 Weight of the Petersham, felt, or inner 
 
 1 a 
 
 , i 
 
 *2 
 
 T 1 
 
 
 q& 
 
 
 Wt. of the Petersham, felt or inner cov- 
 er, after ten(io)minutes Immersion.. 
 Wt. of the water absorbed by the Peter- 
 sham, felt, or inner cover 
 
 *2 
 
 7i 
 
 6 
 
 A 2 
 
 74 
 6 
 
 ioi 
 
 SI 
 
 3i 
 
 isi 
 
 n 1 
 
 3S 
 
 i5i 
 
 TT i 
 
 Weight of the canteen, covers on and 
 dry, filter in, empty 
 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 
 * 1 2 
 
 Weight of the canteen, filled, covers on 
 and dry filter in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Weight of the canteen, empty, filter 
 out covers on and dry 
 
 
 I2 
 
 
 
 
 Wt. of the canteen, filled, filter in, cov- 
 ers dn, after ten (10) minutes immer- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \\ T l of water in canteen filter in 
 
 i 
 
 ( 42 av 
 
 
 
 
 Wt. of water in canteen, filter out 
 
 Weight of the tin flask, empty, no 
 cover, filter out ...... . .... .... .... 
 
 j 
 I 
 
 {40 fd 
 
 J 4 6 av 
 < 45 fd 
 
 of 
 
 
 
 
 Wt. of filter, including soft rubber top. . 
 Wt. of the enameled flask, empty, no 
 covers on. ......... ...... ...... 
 
 
 a 
 
 i6i 
 
 
 
 Wt. of duck, or canvas cover, and lelt 
 
 
 
 
 7l 
 
 4i 
 
 Wt. of duck, or canvas cover, and felt 
 combined, after ten (10) minutes im- 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 17 
 
 Wt. of water absorbed by felt and can- 
 vas cover combined 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 III 
 
 I2i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A discrepancy exists in comparing the gross weight of a canteen, covers on, after 
 immersion, as a whole, in water for ten (10) minutes, as opposed to the result obtained 
 by separately immersing and then weighing separately, the components of the canteen. 
 This difference is due to the fact that the felt and canvas covers take up more water 
 when off the flask of the canteen than they do when on the flask. 
 
 Illustration. The gross weight of Canteen "AA," covers on, after ten (10) min- 
 utes immersion, canteen filled, was 63!^ ounces, while the aggregate weight of same, 
 separately weighed, after saturation of the covers, was 6534' ounces, avoirdupois. 
 
138 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 RECOMMENDATIONS, ETC. 
 
 It is feconunended that the further manufacture, purchase, or 
 issue, of the present service canteen cease, and that it be replaced by 
 a canteen of different material, construction and shape. 
 
 That all canteens of the present regulation patterns, now in 
 Arsenals or Depots of the U. S., be sold as unsuitable. for the public 
 service, after proper inspection and survey. This under the law of 
 23d March, 1825, upon which Section 1,241, Revised Statutes, is 
 based. 
 
 That the Lanz method of covering be adopted for the tin can- 
 teen flasks now in process of fabrication at the Rock Island Arsenal. 
 By the time that the 98,284 tin flasks now there have corroded, a 
 better material may be decided on. Aluminum is cheapening con- 
 stantly. The regulation canteen is not durable. It is poor economy 
 to continue it in service. The opinion and estimate of the man who 
 carries and uses the canteen is preferable to the opinion or estimate 
 of the man who made it. Fidelity to the welfare of the former, 
 rather than the interests of the latter, prompts the recommenda- 
 tion. The Bidon of the French Army is said to have been deter- 
 mined by the men-in-ranks. Dr. Nicholas Senn, of 532 Dearborn 
 Avenue, Chicago, 111., is quoted as stating that the regulation can- 
 teen invites epidemics by sheltering the insidious disease germ. 
 Further, that practical tests have demonstrated that there are other 
 canteens having merits above that of the regulation canteen. Chang- 
 ing the material of the flask from sheet tin to enameled ware is the 
 application of a false, even a dangerous, remedy. When a soldier 
 raises a canteen to his mouth for the purpose of taking a drink, his 
 lips embrace the rim of the neck of the flask so that the turned 
 edges of the nozzle will come inside of his mouth. The lips of the 
 drinker should not touch the fabric from which the cover of the 
 canteen is made. 
 
 If the present pattern of canteen be retained, it is recommended 
 that an openable outer cover of textile fabric be adopted instead of 
 an outer cover fastened round the edges ; further, that the inner 
 cover now in use be replaced by a cover of all-wool felt of at least 
 three times the weight, in ounces, of the present inner covering. 
 
 When an openable cover is laced up over the moistened felt, 
 evaporation is retarded when the temperature of the atmosphere 
 is considerably above temperate and the fluid contents of the 
 canteens thus kept at a palatable temperature for the soldier's use. 
 The physical principle involved is manifest. 
 
 It is also evident that when the temperature of the atmosphere 
 
HISTORY OF Till-: MILITARY CANTliKX. 139 
 
 is considerably below temperate, a canteen flask covered as recom- 
 mended, inner felt not being moistened, will keep its contents 
 at a palatable temperature for the soldier's use longer than if the 
 present pattern and material of canteen coverings are retained in the 
 service. 
 
 The modern canteen is not of circular, but of oval, gourd, oblong 
 bottle, or flask, shape. It is recommended that one of these shapes 
 be adopted for the U. S. Army conteen flask ; also that the side of 
 the flask that is next the body be flattened or slightly concaved, 
 the other side being convex. I am of the opinion that the inner 
 cover, that is, the one superimposed upon the flask, should be 
 of absorbent material. Further, that the lacing method for the 
 outer cover, extending partly around the edges of the flask, is 
 durable as well as simple. 
 
 Destructive criticism is of no value in bringing about the solu- 
 tion of a problem. Certain existing facts in regard to the present 
 service canteen have been stated. The settlement, remedy, and 
 alternative, is commonplace and feasible. It consists in retiring the 
 present regulation canteen issued to the Army, and adopting, in 
 lieu, the Lanz Canteen. 
 
 Perhaps some one else will devise a better one; no one has, as 
 yet, done so, or submitted a canteen which fulfills so many of the 
 required qualifications of rational sense and principle desired in a 
 canteen, as the Lanz Canteen Company, of Chicago, 111. The U. S. 
 Army should have the best that is offered. The Department having 
 in charge the selection and issue of canteens should be in sympa- 
 thetic touch with outside developments. 
 
 An objection advanced against the use of the Lanz Canteen is 
 that the inner cover of all-wool felt will attract moths, and Govern- 
 ment property thus be eaten up. Equally purile is the objection that 
 as the inner cover of the Lanz Canteen is thicker in substance than 
 the present regulation inner covers, it will soak up more water and 
 tlnrs increase the weight that the soldier has to carry ; of course, 
 it will. The inner cover has functions; one function is to absorb 
 several ounces of water in warm weather, when immersed. Unused 
 idle canteen jackets of wool-felt may be eaten by moths if not pro- 
 tected just as storekeepers protect furs and woolens. Omelets 
 cannot be made unless eggs be broken. Practical soldiers in the 
 field would not object to a few ounces increased weight caused by 
 the absorbent capacity of the felt covering, in view of the gain in 
 palatablencss of the fluid within caused by the soaked cover and 
 
140 
 
 HISTORY OF TFIK .MILITARY CAXTEEX. 
 
 f/aak, ctrcu/ar, mad* in. /Vetvark W<T., Cootr 
 the LartK method, doulle coi/tf i fe/t and <*ar>i/as . 
 ++cx.- t #eif4t ,/6ox. 
 
 fsftUVS S^CH>. jr'rtre /eakaye ityaft 
 
 o 
 
 , /Ke/T, /I fa mi num. Catrteen 
 Flask, circu/ar. H<? cover. /Yo solder 
 said to be used,. Ca/oasi>ty. /6 OZ.. , 
 /r 3'/f ox. 
 
 ol Aluminum Canteen. 
 . Capacity, 9 cz. t> 8cz, 
 
 Scale: 
 
 feakaye &*yan 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 14! 
 
 succeeding- retarded evaporation secured by the outer canvas cover, 
 in an arid region or on a sweltering day. 
 
 Believing that the canteen which most effectually performs its 
 functions, viz. : to carry and preserve the temperature of the fluid it 
 contains, either in hot or cold weather, to be the best for the mil- 
 itary service, I recommend the Lanz Canteen as best fulfilling these 
 requisites. 
 
 The new Lanz Canteen is of aluminum, one piece, oblong shape, 
 one face concave, opposite side convex, covered, with 4-8 inch all- 
 wool felt; openable (3 piece) outer cover; has strap with rings in 
 end to go round the flask and cover, through loops in latter. 
 
 The new Lanz Canteen is an ounce or so heavier, dry, and ab- 
 sorbs much more water than the government canteen. The remov- 
 able canvas cover permits rapid saturation of the felt covering, when 
 immersed, saturation being effected in a very few minutes. A Gov- 
 ernment canteen, which had been used, absorbed only one ounce of 
 water in ten minutes, while the loose felt covering showed a capacity 
 to absorb five ounces. Twelve hours' immersion of this canteen 
 caused it to absorb only four ounces. The fixed canvas covering 
 prevents access of water to the felt. The felt not being saturated 
 loses its small amount of moisture comparatively soon and with the 
 passing of evaporation the contents of the canteen soon become 
 warm. 
 
 The Lanz Canteen absorbs its water quickly and its canvas cover 
 placed dry over the wet felt retards evaporation and keeps the con- 
 tents cool for a much longer period than the regulation canteen. 
 Further, trials have proven that the Lanz Canteen will keep fluid 
 at a palatable temperature in an Arctic region longer than the U. S. 
 canteen will. The flask of the Lanz Canteen is lighter than the 
 U. S. canteen and holds more water ; further, the openable cover of 
 the Lanz Canteen is as enduring as the U. S. cover, and possesses 
 advantages that the U. S. cover does not possess. 
 
 The shape of the Lanz Canteen is considered an advantage by 
 officers and men who have had field experience and who have 
 tried it. 
 
 Attention is invited to drawings of six aluminum flasks, divested 
 of their coverings, kept for sale by Mr. Lanz. Their capacities vary 
 from 9-100 to 1.7 liter; none are circular in shape; all are oval; all 
 are concave on one side, the opposite side being convex; some are 
 dull finish lusterless some are polished ; some have flat bottoms, 
 these last can stand up ; some have drinking cups ; some of the tops 
 are screw tops. 
 
142 HISTORY OK T1IK MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 My statements, opinions and recommendations regarding can- 
 teens have been based upon original test or examination, and not 
 upon communicated information. 
 
 As regards the Lanz method of insulating canteens, my pre- 
 possessions were favorable, because the system seemed a common- 
 sense one and the methods rational. Neither theory or bias, how- 
 ever, influenced my investigations nor my recommendations. 
 
 I did not accept the claims, tests, or results, or conclusions of any 
 manufacturers of canteens, or material for canteens, or the com- 
 ponents of canteens. I made my own tests. 
 
 The methods of tests and manner of making experiments arc- 
 described on p. 77. 
 
 Fluid versus Avoirdupois, Measurement It has been assumed 
 throughout this monograph, that 455 and 7-10 grains constituted 
 the fluid ounce, which is 18 arid 2-10 in excess of an ounce avoirdu- 
 pois. Manufacturers often state that the capacity of a flask is 
 so-and-so many ounces, meaning ounces avoirdupois, not liquid 
 measure. 
 
 TINNING AND RETINNING SHEET STEEL USED IN MAKING CANTEEN 
 
 FLASKS DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESSES OF TINNING AND 
 
 OF RETINNING MALLEABLE IRON AND STEEL PLATE. 
 
 The specifications for the regulation army canteen itemize that 
 it shall be "made of XXXX tin, circular in shape, 7 and J inches 
 in diameter, sides oval and smooth, thickness through, three (3) 
 inches", etc. 
 
 As the Ordnance Department has, for more than a generation, 
 been making, or contracting for the making of canteen flasks "of 
 XXXX tin", no treatise or monograph about military canteen is 
 complete unaccompanied by a reference to sheet metal goods rr 
 articles of iron or steel coated with tin. 
 
 The coating of articles of iron and steel ware with zinc, or, as the 
 process is generally known, "galvanizing" them, as a means of 
 retarding oxidation and for other reasons, is an industry about 
 which there is no mystery. 
 
 The tinning of malleable iron, or of steel, is an easy process to 
 master. The price of the metal used to tin articles makes the cost 
 of the material more than the labor cost. 
 
 The tinning of sheet steel, such as is used in making canteens 
 and the retinning of tin ware, are special processes. 
 
 It is understood that the terms "X", or "XX", or "XXX", or 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 143 
 
 "XXXX" tin, as applied to sheet tin, refer to the thickness of I lie 
 metal plus its tin coating. 
 
 Further, that four cross tin, or "XXXX" tin, is a sheet of tinned 
 steel plate, thicker than three cross tin, "XXX" tin, that has been 
 pickled, cleaned, immersed ; first in a bath of molten tin ; second, 
 into a bath of hot tallow, or oil ; third, passed, while the tin is still 
 melted, through steel rollers running in the hot oil, that strip off 
 all superfluous tin, leaving a thin, smooth, coating. 
 
 The tinplate used in making the regulation canteens that I have 
 tested, has a coating of tin of about three (3) pounds to the box of 
 112 sheets of 14 x 20, or, say, .0138 pounds per square foot, two 
 sides. 
 
 The best grade of tinplate made by the American Tinplate Com- 
 pany is known as "AAAA Charcoal", and has a coating of five (5) 
 pounds to the box, or .023 pounds per square foot. 
 
 Either of these coatings is very light, and the action of the dies 
 in drawing or stamping the canteen sides into shape injures the 
 surface to some extent and has a tendency to make it porous, thus 
 causing the steel plate to soon rust through the coating of tin. 
 
 The Lanz Manufacturing Co., of Chicago, claims that the proper 
 way to make tin canteens is to retin them by the process employed 
 on all fine stamped tinware ; that is, to retin the sides of the canteen 
 after they have been stamped into shape and before the sides have 
 been soldered around the edges. 
 
 The process of retinning differs from the process of tinning the 
 plate above outlined, and is as follows. No pickling is required. 
 
 In retinning the article is dipped by hand : first, into hot beef 
 tallow or palm oil ; second, into molten tin ; third, it is drawn by 
 hand through a pot of hot oil which gives a smooth, bright surface 
 but does not remove the tin as do the rollers in making the plate. 
 After the tin has "set," the article is hand rubbed in flour. 
 
 The coating left on the plate is equal to about 45 pounds to the 
 i ,000 square feet, or .045 pounds per square foot, or nearly three 
 times as much tin as is found on the surface of the average regula- 
 tion canteen. 
 
 This retinning process, or Lanz method, of making canteens pro- 
 duces more durable ones, hence more desirable ones, than the tin- 
 ning method. They should last three to four times as long as the 
 regulation canteen now issued by the military establishment. They 
 cost somewhat more, but are worth more. 
 
 The Lanz Manufacturing Co. also suggests, in addition to retin- 
 ning the flask, that either a small piece of zinc be soldered to the 
 
144 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 inside, or that the nozzle of the canteen be made of zinc, as it is 
 a well known fact that zinc and tin plate, soldered together, cause 
 a slight galvanic action, which seems to prevent oxidation to some 
 extent. 
 
 If any kind of tin canteen is retained in service, the advantages 
 to be gained by the adoption by the U. S. of the Lanz method arc 
 unquestionable. Such is accordingly recommended, coupled with 
 the further suggestion that this statement be referred to the Board 
 of Ordnance, Fortification and Equipment, and also to the Chief 
 of Ordnance, U. S. A. 
 
 I have inspected creamery, also cheese factory, appliances and 
 dairy utensils at 316 Robert St., St. Paul, Minn., and elsewhere, 
 made of XXXX Charcoal tin, retinned after they had been stamped 
 into shape by the process observed by Mr. Lanz. 
 
 Some of these utensils, milk cans, separators, and other appli- 
 ances had been in use for several years and subjected to very much 
 the same kind of banging round that a soldier gives his canteen, 
 but, in general, they showed only slight traces of rust, even in milk- 
 vats submerged in moving water. 
 
 The different processes of the coating of sheet metal goods and 
 articles of iron and steel with zinc "galvanizing" them; also of 
 tinning malleable iron, wrought iron, and steel ; also of retinning the 
 latter ; in other words, the methods of coating with zinc and tin by 
 immersion, are described and explained by W. T. Flanders, of 
 Nashua, N. H., in a practical treatise, edition 1900, published by 
 David Williams Co., 232-8 William St., N. Y. No description is 
 known to me of processes of. covering thin plates with aluminum 
 of tin. The difficulties of a reliable solder would not appear to 
 apply to such. If a tenacious coat of tin could be applied to a thin 
 sheet of aluminum of requisite strength, durability, etc., the sheets 
 of the latter so coated can be joined as securely as in the present 
 regulation tin canteen, it might be an improvment upon the present 
 service canteen. 
 
 In a recent communication received from the New Jersey Alumi- 
 num Company, of Newark, N. J., the firm states : "We are for- 
 warding you today by express two canteens made of aluminum, and 
 all one piece, there being no seam or solder used. You will also 
 observe that we have covered these in a crude way with felt, since 
 you advocate not sending them naked. Our principal object now 
 is to find out whether we have made a canteen that will stand the test 
 such as you are liable to give it and as to whether we have caught 
 your idea as to shape. These which we sent you would be the most 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 145 
 
 convenient to make. What we are after principally now is to find 
 out whether we have made a canteen that will stand the test. We 
 can readily make improvements as to covering and stoppers later on. 
 We have spent some little money to produce these two samples and 
 we sincerely hope that they will meet all requirements. We would 
 thank you to acknowledge receipt and inform us later what the 
 results are." 
 
 The Indian Aluminum Company, Limited, Manufacturers and 
 Importers of Aluminum Ware, Mount Road, Madras, British India, 
 write as follows : 
 
 "We have read your letter in the Aluminum World of February, 
 1901, and as there appears to be a reluctancy in coming forward on 
 the part of some of the American manufacturers, we beg to for- 
 ward you a sample of our 2-pint aluminum water bottle. We manu- 
 facture many patterns of different sizes, but this is a pattern which 
 we have supplied many regiments in India. It is made out of one 
 single piece of aluminum, without seams of any kind whatsoever, 
 nor is it spun or pressed as in the case of the water bottle of German 
 manufacture. We have entirely superseded the German manufac- 
 ture of water bottles in India, and many officers have reported most 
 favorably on the water bottles that we have supplied their regiments 
 with. 
 
 ''We regret to state that we do not quite understand your method 
 of testing, but if you will be good enough to point out any flaws in 
 the sample sent you, we would esteem it a favor and be quite pre- 
 pared to remedy the defect in our future supply. 
 
 "We have made these bottles on one or two occasions of a size 
 large enough to contain a gallon. 
 
 The Indian water bottle appears to be shaped like one of the 
 cork sections of a life preserver belt. One face is concave, so as to 
 fit close to the body. The outer face is convex. Ends are rounded. 
 Top has four ventilating eyelets. The whole is covered with felt, or 
 felted cloth, the thickness and weight of which are not described. 
 It is not stated whether or not there is an inner cover or any sub- 
 stance between the felted cloth and the flask. It is provided with a 
 carbine hook. See cuts No. loi-b, IO2-C. It would be improved by 
 the addition of an openable canvas cover over the felt to retard evap- 
 oration in hot weather. One pattern has a carry strap about its mid- 
 dle, buttoned by overlapping on the outside. Another pattern has a 
 leather carry strap extending over its edges, also under the bottom. 
 The strap is held in place by four leather loops, the latter being 
 stitched to the felted cloth cover. 
 
146 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 The New Jersey Aluminum Co., Newark, N. J., manifests activ- 
 ity and submits two oblong-shaped aluminum canteens, differing 
 only in capacity, of its most recent manufacture. No seams or 
 solder said to be used. Method of construction is not explained. 
 In this report they are designated "MM" and "NN" respectively. 
 
 Canteen "MM" Weight of naked flask, 9 and J ounces ; capac- 
 ity 42 fluid ounces. Weight, filled, cover on and dry, 56 ounces, 
 avoirdupois. 
 
 Canteen "NN" Weight of naked flask, 7 and J ounces ; capac- 
 ity, 38 and \ fluid ounces. Weight, empty, dry cover on, cork in, 
 8 and J ounces, avoirdupois. Weight, filled, cover dry, 49 ounces, 
 avoirdupois. 
 
 Both have removable single felt covers, laced up on one side 
 only, Lanz method ; high collar. 
 
 BOARD OF ORDNANCE, FORTIFICATION AND EQUIPMENT. 
 
 It is submitted that the reports regarding canteens and the tests 
 made thereof by me have shown: ist. The advantages and disad- 
 vantages of the Lanz Canteen and cover system as compared with 
 the Regulation Canteen. 2d. The advantages and disadvantages 
 of the Lanz Canteen system as compared with other canteens differ- 
 ing from it in material, construction, or shape. 3d. The suitability 
 of the Lanz Canteen for the use of troops in campaign, in the field, 
 or on the march. 
 
 If the selection of a canteen rested with troops inured to tropical 
 service, it is believed that they would choose the Lanz in preference 
 to the Regulation Canteen or to any experimental canteen now 
 under consideration. 
 
 There are certain obstinate facts hard to ignore. One is ex- 
 pressed tersely and comprehensively by Captain Alfred E. Bradley, 
 Asst. Surgeon, Medical Dept, U. S. A., after a series of tests made 
 at Fort Snelling, Minn., of the Regulation Canteen versus the Lanz 
 Canteen. He writes : "The outer cover of the Regulation Canteen 
 prevents the access of water to the felt. The felt, not being satur- 
 ated, loses its small amount of water comparatively soon, and, with 
 the passing of evaporation, the contents of the canteen soon become 
 warm. The Lanz Canteen absorbs its water quickly, and its canvas 
 cover, placed dry over the wet felt, retards evaporation and keeps 
 the contents cool for a much longer period." 
 
 This statement of fact is, in a nutshell, a substantiation of the 
 majority of the claims of the Lanz Canteen. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 147 
 
 Success means the displacement of somebody, or something 1 , or 
 the survival of the strongest. Naturally, the Department charged 
 with the manufacture and issue of canteens wants to continue to 
 make the same. It follows that tests and experiments with a device 
 originating with any inventor should be conducted along lines of 
 the Department rather than those formulated by the inventor as 
 essential in order to demonstrate the superiority of his device. 
 
 The Board of Ordnance, Fortification and Equipment is not cir- 
 cumstanced to conduct canteen tests in anything like the manner in 
 which they would be tested by a soldier in the ranks in campaign 
 time, in any climate, hot or cold. 
 
 The Board measurably relies upon tests, experiments, etc., made 
 by those whose facilities, environments and opportunities enable 
 them to do detail work. 
 
 It is recommended that the tests, experiments and recommenda- 
 tions regarding the Regulation Canteen versus the Lanz Canteen, 
 and other canteens presented for use in the military service, or 
 reported by the Inspector General, Dept. of Dakota, on dates in 
 September, October and November, 1900, and transmitted to the 
 Inspector General of the Army, through official channels, be referred 
 for the consideration of the Board of Ordnance, Fortification and 
 Equipment. 
 
 TEST No. 78. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Outside 
 Temperature. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Each canteen was full. All covers were dry. All of the 
 canteens were suspended from a trestle so that free 
 circulation prevailed. 
 
 A 
 
 AA 
 
 B 
 
 94 
 
 86 
 80 
 
 78 
 76 
 
 74 
 74 
 72 
 70 
 68 
 
 c c 
 
 E 
 
 H 
 
 L 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 s 
 
 T 
 
 94 
 86 
 80 
 76 
 76 
 74 
 74 
 72 
 72 
 68 
 
 u 
 
 7.-2C a. m 
 
 +52 
 
 56 
 62 
 
 66 
 66 
 72 
 72 
 66 
 66 
 64 
 
 94 
 
 82 
 
 76 
 72 
 72 
 72 
 70 
 72 
 70 
 68 
 
 94 
 82 
 76 
 72 
 70 
 70 
 
 74 
 70 
 68 
 66 
 
 94 
 
 84 
 
 78 
 76 
 
 74 
 74 
 70 
 
 74 
 70 
 68 
 
 94 
 
 76 
 70 
 68 
 68 
 68 
 82 
 68 
 66 
 64 
 
 94 
 90 
 86 
 
 84 
 82 
 82 
 76 
 80 
 78 
 76 
 
 94 
 84 
 78 
 76 
 
 74 
 74 
 80 
 
 74 
 70 
 68 
 
 94 
 92 
 
 88 
 86 
 
 84 
 82 
 
 78 
 78 
 74 
 72 
 
 94 
 9 
 
 84 
 82 
 78 
 78 
 78 
 74 
 72 
 70 
 
 94 
 
 11 
 
 82 
 80 
 80 
 
 74 
 76 
 
 72 
 70 
 
 80 
 
 7 f 
 76 
 
 74 
 74 
 74 
 70 
 70 
 
 8. 35 " 
 
 Q.T5 " 
 
 10.35 " 
 
 11.^5 " 
 
 12. ^5 p. m 
 
 1. 75 " 
 
 2.35 " 
 
 7.7% " 
 
 4-3S' " 
 
148 
 
 HISTORY OP TllE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 TEST No. 79. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Outside 
 Temperature. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Each canteen was full. All covers w 
 canteens were laid on a stone (gran 
 the sun, and remained so exposed 
 
 :re dry. All of the 
 tejwindow sill, in 
 for nine (9) hours. 
 
 A 
 
 A A 
 
 B 
 
 c c 
 
 E 
 
 H 
 
 L 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 s 
 
 T j U 
 
 7 40 am 
 
 *6 4 
 
 66 
 
 68 
 
 72 
 
 1 
 
 86 
 82 
 
 74 
 
 60 
 
 6 4 
 64 
 
 68 
 72 
 74 
 76 
 78 
 80 
 80 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 6 4 
 
 68 
 72 
 74 
 76 
 78 
 80 
 80 
 
 60 
 62 
 6 4 
 
 66 
 70 
 
 M 
 
 78 
 80 
 80 
 
 60 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 64 
 68 
 70 
 74 
 76 
 78 
 78 
 
 60 
 
 66 
 66 
 70 
 74 
 76 
 80 
 82 
 80 
 78 
 
 60 
 62 
 62 
 64 
 
 66 
 68 
 70 
 
 72 
 72 
 
 72 
 
 60 
 
 6 4 
 
 66 
 68 
 72 
 76 
 78 
 80 
 82 
 80 
 
 60 
 
 62 
 64 
 66 
 68 
 
 72 
 
 74 
 76 
 76 
 76 
 
 60 
 62 
 64 
 
 66 
 70 
 
 72 
 
 74 
 76 
 
 78 
 78 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 64 
 
 66 
 68 
 72 
 74 
 76 
 78 
 78 
 
 60 60 
 62 62 
 
 64 64 
 
 66 66 
 68 68 
 72 72 
 74 76 
 76 78 
 78 78 
 80 78 
 
 8.40 " 
 
 0.4.0 " 
 
 10.40 ' 
 
 11.40 " 
 
 12.40 p ill 
 
 1. 4O " 
 
 2.4O " 
 
 7.4.O " 
 
 4-40 " 
 
 TEST No. 80. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Outside 
 Temperature. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Each canteen was full. All felt covers were wet. Can- 
 vas covers were not immersed. 
 
 A 
 
 A A 
 
 B 
 
 c c 
 
 E 
 
 H 
 
 L 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 s 
 
 T 
 
 U 
 
 1 
 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 60 
 60 
 
 7 TC a m 
 
 t66 
 
 68 
 76 
 
 78 
 78 
 80 
 78 
 72 
 72 
 72 
 
 
 
 60 
 62 
 
 62 
 64 
 
 68 
 72 
 72 
 
 72 
 
 50 
 58 
 60 
 60 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 60 
 60 
 
 50 
 58 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 60 
 
 58 
 
 5o 
 
 58 
 58 
 60 
 60 
 
 62 
 62 
 60 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 5 
 60 
 72 
 76 
 76 
 76 
 76 
 76 
 
 74 
 72 
 
 5 
 
 54 
 56 
 f 
 60 
 62 
 64 
 64 
 64 
 64 
 
 50 
 
 58 
 62 
 
 64 
 64 
 64 
 
 64 
 64 
 64 
 64 
 
 50 
 56 
 f 
 60 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 60 
 58 
 
 50 
 
 54 
 
 g 
 
 62 
 
 66 
 66 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 
 5 
 54 
 
 f 
 60 
 
 62 
 64 
 64 
 64 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 50 
 
 IS 
 
 60 
 60 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 60 
 60 
 
 8.^q " 
 
 Q ^ " 
 
 JO 7C " 
 
 II. " " 
 
 12. "\^\ D in 
 
 I.-2C " 
 
 2.n " 
 
 i is 
 
 4-35 " 
 
 TEST No. 81. 
 
 Honr. 
 
 Outside 
 Temperature. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Each canteen was filled. All felt, or 
 The canteens were suspended from 
 L of the Army Building, St. Pat. 
 tact. Free circulation of air preva 
 
 other covers were wet. 
 a trestle placed on the 
 , Minn. Not in con- 
 iled. 
 
 A 
 
 4 6 
 64 
 
 66 
 64 
 62 
 68 
 
 M 
 
 76 
 
 74 
 
 A A 
 
 B 
 
 46 
 58 
 64 
 6 4 
 62 
 60 
 62 
 62 
 60 
 58 
 
 C C 
 
 E 
 
 ~t 
 64 
 
 74 
 
 ^ 
 
 76 
 
 78 
 82 
 
 78 
 
 74 
 74 
 
 H 
 
 L 
 
 MM 
 
 Q 
 
 46 
 
 58 
 62 
 64 
 60 
 62 
 60 
 60 
 58 
 58 
 
 R 
 
 S 
 
 T 
 
 u 
 
 7.40 a.m 
 
 8 4.0 " 
 
 +72 
 
 82 
 
 84 
 8 4 
 80 
 8 4 
 8 4 
 
 74 
 74 
 74 
 
 46 
 60 
 64 
 64 
 62 
 60 
 62 
 
 64 
 62 
 
 58 
 
 46 
 60 
 
 66 
 66 
 62 
 62 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 63 
 
 46 
 
 54 
 
 g 
 
 62 
 
 64 
 64 
 64 
 
 64 
 62 
 
 46 
 60 
 64 
 64 
 62 
 62 
 64 
 
 6 4 
 64 
 
 68 
 
 f 
 64 
 
 66 
 66 
 64 
 64 
 66 
 66 
 68 
 68 
 
 46 
 f 
 62 
 
 64 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 46 
 60 
 
 64 
 62 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 46 
 60 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 58 
 
 46 
 60 
 64 
 64 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 9. 4.O " . 
 
 T- 
 IO 4O 
 
 1 1 40 " 
 
 12.40 p. in 
 
 I 4.0 " 
 
 2 4.O " 
 
 -3. 40 " 
 
 4-40 " 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 TEST No. 82. 
 
 149 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Outside 
 Temperature. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Each canteen was filled. Canteens "A" Regulation and 
 "Q," also "R" and "S" Lanz had dry covers. All 
 other canteens were immersed for ten (10) minutes. Open- 
 able canvas covers were not immersed. All of the can- 
 teens were laid on a stone (granite window sill in the sun 
 and remained so exposed for nine (9) hours. 
 
 A 
 
 48 
 58 
 6 4 
 72 
 78 
 82 
 
 84 
 
 86 
 86 
 86 
 
 A A 
 
 ^8 
 
 f 
 60 
 
 64 
 66 
 
 70 
 74 
 78 
 82 
 84 
 
 B 
 
 c c 
 
 E 
 
 H 
 
 L 
 
 48 
 56 
 60 
 62 
 
 66 
 70 
 76 
 
 80 
 82 
 82 
 
 MM 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 s 
 
 T 
 
 u 
 
 48 
 56 
 
 f 
 62 
 
 64 
 68 
 70 
 70 
 70 
 70 
 
 7 AS a m 
 
 +68 
 72 
 76 
 
 78 
 80 
 82 
 84 
 84 
 82 
 80 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 62 
 66 
 68 
 68 
 72 
 72 
 74 
 
 48 
 f 
 
 60 
 
 62 
 64 
 
 66 
 
 68 
 72 
 76 
 76 
 
 48 
 6 4 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 Si 
 
 86 
 86 
 84 
 
 4 8 
 56 
 58 
 
 & 
 
 64 
 64 
 
 66 
 
 68 
 68 
 
 4 8 
 
 I 8 
 62 
 
 64 
 
 68 
 72 
 78 
 82 
 86 
 84 
 
 48 
 
 11 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 68 
 72 
 76 
 
 11 
 
 48 
 
 54 
 
 I 8 
 62 
 
 66 
 70 
 74 
 76 
 76 
 76 
 
 48 
 54 
 56 
 62 
 66 
 70 
 72 
 
 74 
 76 
 76 
 
 4 8 
 
 t 
 62 
 
 66 
 
 63 
 7o 
 
 72 
 72 
 70 
 
 8 AS " . 
 
 9 A C " 
 
 TJ .. 
 
 jo /iC 
 
 U,4.C " 
 
 12 AS T3 III ... 
 
 I AS " 
 
 2 AC 
 
 IAC 
 
 4-45 " 
 
 TEST No. 83. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Outside 
 Temperature. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Each can 
 for ten 
 not imi 
 from a 
 Buildir 
 () hou 
 
 teen was filled. All canteens were immersed 
 10) minutes. Removable canvas covers were 
 nersed. All of the canteens were suspended 
 trestle placed in the sun on the roof of the Army 
 ig, St. Paul, and remained so exposed for eight 
 rs. 
 
 A 
 
 A A 
 
 B 
 
 c c 
 
 
 
 L 
 
 MM 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 s 
 
 T 
 
 u 
 
 62 
 
 68 
 68 
 68 
 62 
 
 7 AS a., m 
 
 *lo 
 
 78 
 78 
 84 
 88 
 88 
 78 
 72 
 
 50 
 62 
 64 
 
 66 
 68 
 70 
 
 74 
 78 
 78 
 
 50 
 62 
 
 64 
 
 66 
 66 
 68 
 70 
 68 
 66 
 
 5 
 62 
 
 64 
 66 
 66 
 68 
 68 
 68 
 64 
 
 62 
 64 
 
 64 
 66 
 66 
 68 
 66 
 62 
 
 50 
 66 
 70 
 76 
 80 
 86 
 86 
 84 
 80 
 
 5 
 
 62 
 
 64 
 66 
 66 
 70 
 70 
 70 
 70 
 
 5 
 62 
 64 
 66 
 68 
 70 
 70 
 70 
 66 
 
 64 
 68 
 68 
 70 
 68 
 64 
 
 50 
 58 
 62 
 62 
 
 66 
 68 
 70 
 70 
 68 
 
 50 
 
 62 
 
 64 
 
 66 
 66 
 68 
 68 
 68 
 64 
 
 50 
 62 
 64 
 
 66 
 68 
 70 
 68 
 68 
 64 
 
 8 AS " 
 
 9.45 " 
 
 IO AS " 
 
 1 1 -AS " 
 
 12. AS P. ni 
 
 I AS " 
 
 2 AS " 
 
 3-45 " 
 
 TEST No. 84. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Outside 
 Temperature. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 All of the canteens were filled. Each canteen was im- 
 mersed for ten do) minutes. Openable canvas covers 
 were not immersed Allof the canteens were then laid 
 on a stone (granite) window sill in the sun, on the roof 
 of the Army Building, St. Paul, Minn., and remained 
 so exposed for nine (9) hours. 
 
 A 
 
 A A 
 
 5 
 60 
 66 
 70 
 70 
 72 
 72 
 
 74 
 76 
 
 78 
 
 B 
 
 C C 
 
 
 
 5 
 64 
 
 72 
 82 
 88 
 92 
 86 
 86 
 86 
 84 
 
 L 
 
 MM 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 50 
 58 
 62 
 66 
 70 
 74 
 74 
 74 
 76 
 76 
 
 s 
 
 5 
 f 
 62 
 66 
 68 
 72 
 72 
 72 
 74 
 74 
 
 T 
 
 50 
 58 
 64 
 
 68 
 70 
 
 72 
 70 
 72 
 72 
 72 
 
 u 
 
 Is 
 
 62 
 66 
 68 
 70 
 70 
 72 
 72 
 72 
 
 8. 1 S 3- ni . ... 
 
 +70 
 
 72 
 82 
 88 
 84 
 84 
 80 
 84 
 84 
 80 
 
 5 
 62 
 68 
 72 
 72 
 76 
 80 
 82 
 84 
 84 
 
 64 
 70 
 70 
 72 
 70 
 7 2 
 72 
 72 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 68 
 70 
 70 
 70 
 72 
 72 
 72 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 68 
 70 
 74 
 76 
 78 
 80 
 80 
 
 5O 
 62 
 
 66 
 
 72 
 
 74 
 
 $ 
 
 
 
 82 
 
 50 
 
 f 
 62 
 
 66 
 68 
 72 
 72 
 72 
 74 
 74 
 
 Q I S " 
 
 10. 15 ' 
 
 1 1 . 1 S " 
 
 12 I S p in 
 
 I . I S " 
 
 2. 1C " 
 
 7 T r " 
 
 A. 1C " 
 
 5-15 " 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 TEST No. 85. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Outside 
 Temperature 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 All of the canteeus were filled. Each canteen was im- 
 mersed for ten (10) minutes. Openable canvas covers 
 were not immersed. All of the canteens were then 
 suspended from a trestle in the sun, exposed on the 
 roof of the L of Army Building, St. Paul, Minn. 
 
 A 
 
 A A 
 
 B 
 
 c c 
 
 E 
 
 L 
 
 MM 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 s 
 
 T 
 
 u 
 
 7.45 a. m 
 
 +80 
 
 86 
 92 
 94 
 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 IOO 
 
 92 
 90 
 
 50 
 
 68 
 70 
 
 72 
 
 74 
 82 
 90 
 94 
 98 
 98 
 
 50 
 
 6 4 
 
 68 
 70 
 
 72 
 72 
 78 
 82 
 86 
 90 
 
 50 
 
 66 
 70 
 
 72 
 72 
 
 76 
 76 
 
 78 
 76 
 
 78 
 
 5o 
 64 
 
 68 
 72 
 72 
 72 
 7 2 
 74 
 74 
 74 
 
 50 
 
 68 
 80 
 86 
 
 88 
 
 94 
 
 98 
 
 IOO 
 102 
 IOO 
 
 5 
 66 
 70 
 
 72 
 74 
 78 
 82 
 
 9 
 92 
 
 94 
 
 50 
 
 66 
 70 
 
 72 
 74 
 74 
 78 
 84 
 88 
 90 
 
 50 
 62 
 66 
 70 
 72 
 74 
 74 
 76 
 80 
 78 
 
 |0 
 60 
 6 4 
 
 68 
 70 
 76 
 76 
 80 
 82 
 82 
 
 i 
 
 66 
 70 
 
 74 
 76 
 76 
 80 
 80 
 80 
 
 i: 
 
 68 
 70 
 72 
 72 
 74 
 76 
 76 
 
 74 
 
 5 
 62 
 66 
 70 
 72 
 
 74 
 76 
 78 
 80 
 78 
 
 8.4.1; " 
 
 Q.4.C " 
 
 lO.A 1 ^ " 
 
 II. 4^ " 
 
 12.45 p. m 
 
 1-4? " 
 
 2.41; " 
 
 7.4C " 
 
 4-45 " 
 
 TEST No. 86. 
 
 Hour. 
 7.45 a. m 
 
 Outside 
 Temperature. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Conditions : Same as in preceding Test No. 85. 
 
 A 
 
 ^8 
 68 
 72 
 74 
 78 
 88 
 
 94 
 98 
 98 
 96 
 
 A A 
 
 B 
 
 c c 
 
 E 
 
 L 
 
 MM 
 
 ^8 
 68 
 74 
 76 
 78 
 80 
 82 
 88 
 92 
 92 
 
 Q 
 
 ^8 
 64 
 68 
 72 
 74 
 76 
 78 
 78 
 80 
 80 
 
 R 
 
 "? 
 60 
 
 66 
 70 
 74 
 78 
 80 
 82 
 82 
 82 
 
 s 
 
 T 
 
 "48 
 64 
 70 
 72 
 7 6 
 78 
 82 
 82 
 82 
 80 
 
 U 
 
 48 
 60 
 
 66 
 70 
 
 M 
 
 80 
 
 82 
 
 84 
 82 
 
 +86 
 9 
 
 92 
 96 
 
 98 
 104 
 104 
 104 
 94 
 94 
 
 48 
 
 66 
 68 
 72 
 
 74 
 76 
 80 
 88 
 92 
 94 
 
 4 8 
 
 66 
 70 
 
 72 
 
 74 
 76 
 78 
 78 
 78 
 78 
 
 48 
 68 
 70 
 74 
 74 
 
 % 
 
 11 
 
 78 
 
 4 8 
 70 
 80 
 
 88 
 94 
 
 IOO 
 102 
 102 
 
 9 8 
 
 94 
 
 48 
 
 68 
 70 
 74 
 76 
 80 
 84 
 90 
 96 
 
 94 
 
 48 
 62 
 66 
 70 
 72 
 
 \l 
 g 
 
 80 
 
 8.41; " 
 
 Q.4.C " 
 
 IO.4H " 
 
 11.45 " 
 
 12.45 p. m. 
 
 I-4S " 
 
 2.4.S " 
 
 7.4C " 
 
 4-45 ' 
 
 TEST No. 87. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Outside 
 Temperature. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 All of the canteens were filled. All of the canteens were 
 immersed, both covers on, for ten (10) minutes before 
 being exposed to the sun, suspended from a trestle 
 placed on the roof of the L of the Army Building, St. 
 Paul, Minn. 
 
 A 
 
 A A 
 
 B 
 
 50 
 62 
 
 68 
 70 
 70 
 70 
 70 
 70 
 70 
 70 
 
 c c 
 
 E 
 
 L 
 
 MM 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 50 
 60 
 64 
 
 66 
 68 
 72 
 74 
 74 
 76 
 76 
 
 s 
 
 T 
 
 5 
 62 
 68 
 68 
 70 
 70 
 70 
 72 
 70 
 68 
 
 u 
 
 5 
 62 
 
 64 
 66 
 68 
 70 
 70 
 72 
 74 
 74 
 
 7.4^ a. m.. 
 
 + 7 8 
 80 
 84 
 
 88 
 88 
 90 
 90 
 88 
 80 
 So 
 
 5 
 
 66 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 76 
 80 
 86 
 88 
 86 
 84 
 
 5 
 
 64 
 
 68 
 68 
 68 
 68 
 
 % 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 5 
 
 64 
 66 
 68 
 68 
 68 
 68 
 68 
 72 
 72 
 
 50 
 
 74 
 82 
 88 
 88 
 92 
 92 
 90 
 86 
 84 
 
 50 
 
 66 
 70 
 70 
 72 
 
 H 
 
 84 
 82 
 82 
 
 50 
 6 4 
 70 
 70 
 70 
 7 2 
 80 
 
 86 
 
 86 
 84 
 
 50 
 60 
 64 
 
 66 
 68 
 68 
 68 
 70 
 72 
 72 
 
 ^8 
 
 64 
 
 66 
 70 
 70 
 70 
 
 72 
 72 
 72 
 
 8.4S " 
 
 0.4. S " 
 
 y TO 
 
 10.41; " 
 
 ii. 4=; " 
 
 I2.A< p m 
 
 I.4C " 
 
 2.4^ " 
 
 ^.4<; " 
 
 4-45 ' 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 TEST No. 88. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Outside 
 Temperature. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Conditions same as in Test No. 87. 
 
 A 
 50 
 
 54 
 
 58 
 62 
 68 
 76 
 80 
 82 
 82 
 
 A A 
 50 
 
 1 
 f 
 
 60 
 64 
 
 68 
 
 72 
 72 
 
 B 
 
 C C 
 
 50 
 
 58 
 
 i 
 
 66 
 68 
 
 E 
 
 L 
 
 MM 
 50 
 
 r 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 66 
 72 
 
 76 
 76 
 
 Q 
 
 50 
 
 54 
 54 
 56 
 58 
 
 58 
 60 
 62 
 64 
 
 Oil 
 
 R 
 
 s 
 
 50 
 54 
 
 54 
 56 
 
 62 
 66 
 66 
 66 
 
 T 
 
 u 
 
 
 11 
 
 70 
 72 
 78 
 80 
 80 
 
 78 
 76 
 76 
 
 ON ON ON ON ONOn On On On On 
 4^-f^tOtoOOOONONtOO 
 
 1 
 64 
 
 70 
 72 
 78 
 80 
 82 
 82 
 82 
 80 
 
 50 
 
 f 
 60 
 62 
 68 
 74 
 76 
 76 
 
 50 
 
 54 
 
 I 
 
 62 
 64 
 66 
 66 
 
 50 
 
 54 
 
 58 
 58 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 
 50 
 54 
 56 
 56 
 
 60 
 62 
 
 64 
 
 04 
 
 8 45 " 
 
 Q A r " 
 
 10. AC " 
 
 II AC " 
 
 12 45 p m 
 
 
 2 AC " 
 
 3 AC " 
 
 
 4 4j 
 
 TEST No. 89. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Outside 
 Temperature. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 All openable canvas covers were removed before immers- 
 ing the felt covered canteens for ten (10) minutes. The 
 dry canvas covers were then replaced over the wet 
 felt and canteens exposed same as in Test No. 88. 
 
 A 
 
 A A 
 
 50 
 
 f 
 60 
 
 62 
 6 2 
 64 
 
 66 
 68 
 70 
 70 
 
 B 
 
 Te 
 g 
 
 62 
 64 
 
 66 
 66 
 68 
 68 
 
 c c 
 
 50 
 
 58 
 
 & 
 
 62 
 66 
 66 
 66 
 66 
 66 
 
 E 
 
 50 
 
 66 
 70 
 
 i 
 
 86 
 86 
 88 
 86 
 
 L 
 
 MM 
 
 50 
 
 f 
 60 
 
 62 
 64 
 
 66 
 68 
 7o 
 76 
 
 78 
 
 Q 
 
 50 
 
 54 
 56 
 
 ? 
 60 
 
 66 
 68 
 70 
 
 72 
 74 
 
 R 
 
 5 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 64 
 66 
 68 
 70 
 72 
 72 
 
 s 
 
 T 
 
 50 
 
 & 
 
 62 
 64 
 66 
 68 
 68 
 70 
 70 
 
 u 
 
 
 +64 
 66 
 
 72 
 72 
 82 
 82 
 
 88 
 82 
 82 
 80 
 
 5 
 f 
 60 
 62 
 64 
 
 68 
 
 74 
 78 
 82 
 82 
 
 58 
 
 6O 
 62 
 6 4 
 
 66 
 70 
 
 70 
 76 
 
 78 
 
 50 
 54 
 58 
 
 66 
 68 
 70 
 70 
 
 72 
 
 5 
 56 
 58 
 58 
 60 
 66 
 68 
 68 
 68 
 68 
 
 8 40 " 
 
 94.O " 
 
 IO.4.O " 
 
 I I 4.O " 
 
 12.40 p. m 
 
 1 . 4.O " 
 
 "> 4O " 
 
 'vAO " 
 
 4-40 " 
 
 TEST No. 90. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Outside 
 Temperature. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Canvas and felt covers immersed for ten (10) minutes 
 before commencing test. 
 
 A A A 
 
 B 
 
 C C 
 
 E 
 
 L 
 
 MM 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 S 
 
 T 
 
 U 
 
 7.4C a. m. 
 
 +62 
 62 
 
 64 
 60 
 62 
 60 
 62 
 6 4 
 
 66 
 64 
 
 56 
 58 
 58 
 58 
 58 
 58 
 60 
 60 
 
 52 
 56 
 
 1 
 
 58 
 60 
 60 
 
 On ONOn On On On On On On On 
 
 00 O 00 00 ON ON ON ON-**, to 
 
 52 
 
 54 
 
 56 
 56 
 
 58 
 58 
 
 52 
 
 f 
 62 
 
 58 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 60 
 62 
 64 
 
 ON ON ONOn On On On On On On 
 
 O O O 00 oc oo oo ON-. to 
 
 On ON ONOv On On On On On On 
 
 OOO O OOOOGCONONONIO 
 
 52 
 52 
 
 54 
 56 
 56 
 56 
 58 
 58 
 58 
 60 
 
 ONOn OnOnOnOnOnOnOnOn 
 
 O OO OO ON ON ON ON ON-f^ to 
 
 ON ONOi On On On On On On On 
 
 O O 00 00 ON ON ON ON (0 tO 
 
 On ONOn On On On On On On On 
 
 00 O 00 OO ON ON ON ON-F>- to 
 
 52 
 
 54 
 54 
 56 
 56 
 56 
 58 
 58 
 58 
 58 
 
 S.AC " 
 
 Q 4.C " 
 
 IO.AC " 
 
 1 1 AC " 
 
 12 45 p m 
 
 
 2.4C " 
 
 
 4-45 " 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 TEST No. 91. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 8.00 a. m. 
 
 9.00 " . 
 10.00 " 
 ii.oo " . 
 12.00 m. . 
 
 i.oo p. m. 
 
 2.00 " . 
 
 4.00 " 
 
 5.00 " . 
 
 Outside 
 Tempera tvre. 
 
 +72 
 76 
 80 
 84 
 84 
 86 
 84 
 84 
 86 
 88 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 All canvas covers removed before immersing canteens 
 for ten (10) minutes. Canvas covers then replaced 
 over wet felt, before commencement of test. 
 
 A A A 
 
 C C 
 
 MM 
 
 52 
 
 f 
 64 
 
 66 
 68 
 68 
 68 
 68 
 70 
 70 
 
 52 52 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 641 64 
 66 68 
 
 68| 72 
 
 58 
 
 62 
 64 
 66 
 68 
 70 
 70 
 72 
 
 TEST No. 92. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 8.00 a. m 
 
 9.00 " .... 
 
 10.00 " 
 
 ii.oo " 
 
 12.00 m- ... 
 i.oo p. m. ... 
 
 2.00 " 
 
 3.00 " .... 
 
 4.00 " 
 
 5.00 " .... 
 
 Outside 
 Temperature. 
 
 68 
 70 
 70 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 58 
 58 
 62 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Both canvas outer, and felt inner covers immersed for 
 ten (ro) minutes before commencement of test. 
 
 AAABCCE L MM Q 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 62 
 
 58 
 S^ 
 
 54 
 
 52 
 52 
 52 
 
 TEST No. 93. 
 
 Hour. 
 9.00 a. m 
 
 Out- 
 side 
 Temp. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 All canteens filled and covers dry. 
 
 A 
 
 52 
 60 
 
 72 
 82 
 
 86 
 90 
 92 
 90 
 
 88 
 
 A A 
 
 B 
 
 c c 
 
 E 
 
 52 
 6 4 
 80 
 
 88 
 92 
 96 
 
 94 
 90 
 90 
 
 L 
 
 MM 
 
 li 
 
 72 
 
 78 
 
 86 
 90 
 92 
 90 
 90 
 
 Q 
 
 "i 
 
 6 4 
 7 o 
 
 74 
 80 
 82 
 84 
 84 
 
 R 
 
 52 
 
 58 
 
 66 
 
 M 
 
 80 
 
 82 
 84 
 84 
 
 s 
 
 52 
 58 
 66 
 70 
 76 
 So 
 82 
 84 
 84 
 
 T 
 
 P 
 
 66 
 70 
 76 
 80 
 
 84 
 
 u 
 
 52 
 58 
 66 
 70 
 76 
 80 
 84 
 84 
 86 
 
 Y* ZT 
 
 +82 
 
 84 
 9 
 92 
 100 
 9 8 
 9 2 
 9 
 9 
 
 52 
 62 
 
 70 
 
 78 
 
 86 
 90 
 90 
 90 
 90 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 74 
 82 
 86 
 90 
 90 
 90 
 
 n 
 
 68 
 76 
 82 
 88 
 90 
 90 
 88 
 
 
 
 70 
 78 
 86 
 90 
 90 
 90 
 90 
 
 I 2 I 2 
 
 64 64 
 
 74 72 
 80 78 
 84 84 
 88 86 
 86 84 
 86 86 
 86 86 
 
 IO OO " 
 
 II.OO " 
 
 12.00 m 
 
 1 .00 p. m 
 
 2 OO " 
 
 3 OO " 
 
 4.00 " 
 
 S-oo " 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 TEST No. 94. 
 
 153 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Out- 
 side 
 Temp. 
 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 All canteens filled and covers dry except Canteen "T," the 
 covers of which wene wet. 
 
 A 
 
 V A 
 
 B 
 
 54 
 62 
 70 
 
 72 
 74 
 74 
 74 
 74 
 76 
 76 
 
 c c 
 
 54 
 62 
 68 
 
 
 
 74 
 74 
 74 
 
 % 
 
 E 
 
 L 
 
 54 
 64 
 70 
 74 
 76 
 
 \\ 
 
 88 
 92 
 
 MM Q 
 
 R 
 
 s 
 
 T 
 
 "i 
 
 68 
 70 
 
 72 
 74 
 74 
 74 
 76 
 74 
 
 u 
 
 54 
 62 
 66 
 
 72 
 72 
 74 
 74 
 74 
 76 
 78 
 
 Y* 
 
 54 
 64 
 72 
 80 
 82 
 86 
 88 
 90 
 90 
 92 
 
 zf 
 
 
 +82 
 
 86 
 
 100 
 100 
 IOO 
 
 96 
 
 98 
 
 IOO 
 
 98 
 
 92 
 
 54 
 64 
 70 
 
 72 
 72 
 
 11 
 
 86 
 9 96 
 
 54 
 62 
 
 68 
 72 
 72 
 74 
 74 
 78 
 82 
 86 
 
 54 
 68 
 
 78 
 88 
 
 9 
 94 
 94 
 96 
 96 
 96 
 
 54 54 
 66 62 
 7 2| 68 
 74| 72 
 76 74 
 76; 76 
 76! 76 
 80 76 
 88 ; 78 
 92! 78 
 
 8 
 
 6 4 
 
 68 
 7 
 
 ^ 
 76 
 
 78 
 80 
 82 
 
 
 
 68 
 70 
 
 72 
 74 
 74 
 76 
 
 78 
 78 
 
 54 
 64 
 
 72 
 78 
 82 
 86 
 86 
 90 
 90 
 90 
 
 8 4.0 " 
 
 9A.O " 
 
 10 40 " 
 
 II AO " . 
 
 I 2 40 P 111 .... 
 
 I 4O " 
 
 2 4.0 " . 
 
 1 AO " 
 
 4-40 " 
 
 TEST No. 95. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Out- 
 side 
 Temp. 
 
 Temperature of Water in Canteens. 
 
 Conditions: Same as in Test No. 94. 
 
 A 
 
 54 
 70 
 
 % 
 78 
 82 
 88 
 94 
 96 
 96 
 
 A A 
 
 B 
 
 c c 
 
 E 
 
 L 
 
 MM 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 S 
 
 T 
 
 u 
 
 Y* 
 
 zt 
 
 7.30 a. m 
 8 30 " 
 
 +86 
 9 2 
 IOO 
 
 IOO 
 
 104 
 
 104 
 
 104 
 
 IOO 
 
 96 
 
 92 
 
 54 
 
 M 
 
 78 
 78 
 78 
 78 
 82 
 
 84 
 
 86 
 
 54 
 68 
 72 
 78 
 78 
 78 
 78 
 78 
 76 
 76 
 
 54 
 68 
 
 H 
 
 76 
 76 
 78 
 78 
 74 
 76 
 
 54 
 
 72 
 
 78 
 84 
 96 
 98 
 
 100 
 IOO 
 
 98 
 96 
 
 54 
 
 72 
 
 74 
 78 
 80 
 80 
 82 
 84 
 90 
 90 
 
 54 
 7 2 
 74 
 78 
 80 
 80 
 80 
 84 
 90 
 9 2 
 
 54 
 70 
 
 74 
 76 
 
 76 
 76 
 78 
 78 
 76 
 76 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 72 
 78 
 80 
 80 
 82 
 82 
 8 4 
 
 S 
 
 68 
 
 72 
 76 
 78 
 78 
 78 
 80 
 78 
 
 It 
 
 72 
 7 6 
 
 78 
 78 
 78 
 78 
 76 
 76 
 
 
 
 72 
 76 
 76 
 76 
 78 
 80 
 76 
 78 
 
 & 
 
 11 
 86 
 90 
 92 
 92 
 92 
 92 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 84 
 88 
 90 
 90 
 92 
 90 
 
 Q 1O " 
 
 IO ^O " 
 
 1 1 TO " . 
 
 I "> ^O p 111 
 
 1. 10 " . 
 
 2 ^O " 
 
 1 1O " 
 
 4-30 " 
 
 ^DESCRIPTION OF CANTEEN "Y." From Messrs. Hermann, Schutte & Co., Cannstatt a Necker. 
 Germany. Aluminum, 99% pure, drawn and pressed out of one solid piece. Mouthpiece, two 
 pressed parts. No cover. Weight of flask, 8^ ozs. Capacity, 46 fluid ounces. Weight, filled, 
 57*4 ounces, avoirdupois. 
 
 tDESCRlPTlON OF CANTEEN "Z." Circular Aluminum flask, made by the Griswold Manufactur- 
 ing Co., Erie, Pa. Cast, including lug, from a wood pattern and wood core box. No cover. Weight 
 of flask, 17-% ounces. Capacity, 52 fluid ounces. Weight, filled, 72 ounces. 
 
154 
 
 HISTORY OF Tilt: MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 RECORD OF CANTEEN "F." 
 
 Synopsis of tests, open-air,- made at Headquarters, Department of Dakota, St. 
 Paul, Minn., of the Newark, N. J. Aluminum Flask Circular Canteen; no solder said 
 to be used: Covered by the Lanz method with ^-inch felt; openable canvas cover. 
 Capacity, 44 ounces. Weight 16 ounces. Termed in this monograph, Canteen "F. " 
 
 No. of Tests ." 33. Frozen in Test No. 30; also in No. 38. 
 
 Test No. 33, leakage first noticed. Test No. 38 leakage established. 
 
 No. of 
 Test. 
 
 . 
 
 Outside 
 Temperature. 
 
 Temperature of 
 Water in Canteen. 
 
 
 Maximum. 
 
 Minimum. 
 
 Maximum. 
 
 Minimum. 
 
 30 
 
 + 8 
 
 + 7 
 
 + 54 
 
 + 32 
 
 Frozen withdrawn. 
 
 31 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 52 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 56 
 
 32 
 
 
 33 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 112 
 
 32 
 
 Leaked after first hour. 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 3 2 
 
 no 
 
 44 
 
 
 35 
 
 
 32 
 
 116 
 
 48 
 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 25 
 
 116 
 
 42 
 
 
 37 
 
 40 
 
 22 
 
 1 16 
 
 5 2 
 
 
 38 
 
 36 
 
 3 2 
 
 100 
 
 48 Leaked. 
 
 39 
 
 42 
 
 38 
 
 94 
 
 52 
 
 " 
 
 40 
 
 H 
 
 12 
 
 96 
 
 32 
 
 " 
 
 41 
 
 28 
 
 10 
 
 98 
 
 36 
 
 " 
 
 42 
 
 26 
 
 22 
 
 94 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 94 
 
 32 
 
 " 
 
 44 
 
 34 
 
 14 
 
 1 06 
 
 38 
 
 " 
 
 $ 
 
 - 2 
 
 Zero. 
 
 -10 
 10 
 
 74 
 
 102 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 
 47 
 
 +28 
 
 + 14 
 
 90 
 
 34 
 
 48 
 
 18 
 
 H 
 
 80 
 
 32 Frozen. 
 
 49 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 I3O 
 
 . 34 Leaky. 
 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 
 50 
 
 32 
 
 51 
 
 16 
 
 S 
 
 56 
 
 32 
 
 52 
 
 H 
 
 2 
 
 I 7 8 
 
 32 
 
 " 
 
 53 
 
 28 
 
 18 
 
 1 68 
 
 38 
 
 54 
 
 30 
 
 22 
 
 170 
 
 44 
 
 55 
 
 22 
 
 8 
 
 52 
 
 32 
 
 56 
 
 38 
 
 24 
 
 50 
 
 38 
 
 57 
 
 42 
 
 32 
 
 52 
 
 42 
 
 58 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 54 
 
 32 
 
 " 
 
 59 
 
 2 
 
 - 4 
 
 5 2 
 
 32 
 
 " 
 
 60 
 
 20 
 
 '+ 2 
 
 170 
 
 38 
 
 u 
 
 61 
 
 20 
 
 Zero. 
 
 172 
 
 32 
 
 " 
 
 62 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 168 
 
 32 
 
 " 
 
 Highest... 
 
 + 4 2 
 
 -10 
 
 + 178 
 
 + 32 
 
 
 The record of Canteen "F," covering a period of thirty-four (34) days, is given in 
 extenso in order to illustrate, practically, the thoroughness with which all tests were 
 conducted. My tests were not based on any theory. My recommendations have been 
 based upon the results of numerous tests under varying conditions. 
 
 Aluminum and its alloys is such a satisfactory metal to make canteen flasks of if 
 the metal could be satisfactorily soldered that I part with it with reluctance. The 
 aluminum manufacturers have not yet, to my knowledge, succeeded in making a canteen 
 flask that will meet the requirements of the military service. 
 
HISTORY 01' THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 155 
 
 A COMPARISON. 
 
 THE REGULATION VERSUS THE LAN/ CANTEEN. 
 
 Thought was applied and experiments conducted in the U. S. 
 Army more than a quarter o.f a century ago to the solution of the 
 question of how to keep water in a tin canteen palatable in a hot 
 region. It resolved itself into the adoption of the present Regula- 
 tion Canteen. The formation of judgment regarding a canteen 
 suitable for military use is slow work. It is easy to arrive at a con- 
 clusion regarding a device that is merely a receptacle to hold liquids 
 in for the consumption of tourists, sportsmen, and bicyclists, on a 
 summer outing. My conclusions are that the Regulation Canteen 
 fails to secure the benefits of a prolonged evaporative action for as 
 long a time as the Lanz Canteen does. The Lanz Canteen prevents 
 rapid changes of temperature of its contents. Its shape and 
 method of construction, both as regards the metallic flask and its 
 components, the covers, differ from other canteens. The means, 
 methods and principles involved, physical, mechanical and rational, 
 are elsewhere described in this monograph. In cold weather, the 
 dry felt is an effective non-conductor of heat. In hot weather the 
 saturated canvas encased cover of all-wool felt applied to the 
 filled metallic flask continues moist for a number of hours longer 
 than any other canteen, hence possesses the merit of keeping the 
 fluid contents cool and rehshable for a maximum period. 
 
 A defect of the Regulation Canteen is that it is impracticable 
 to easily thoroughly saturate the inner felt, or Petersham, cover. 
 After a little field service, the outer canvas cover accumulates 
 grease, dirt, etc., to such an extent as to become nearly water-proof, 
 despite immersion ; hence there is little cooling action by evapora- 
 tion. Herein one of the advantages of the Lanz Canteen applies, 
 because it has an openable cover, whereas the Regulation cover is 
 permanently attached, unless the stitches are cut. 
 
 The musket carried by our army during the civil war period, 
 1861-5, could put an enemy out of action at a range of 600 yards, 
 but the effective range of the Springfield muzzle-loader was limited 
 as compared with the Cal. 30 U. S. Magazine Rifle, sheathed pro- 
 jectile, with which our troops are now armed. The energy and 
 penetration of the latter at a range in excess of two miles is known. 
 The determination of the relative merits of the old caliber .45 small 
 firearm of projection, as compared with the rifle at present in the 
 hands of our soldiers, should not rest upon the limitations of the 
 Springfield, but upon the far-reaching powers of the Krag-Jorgenson. 
 
I5 h HISTORY OF T.HK MILITARY CAXTEKtf. 
 
 As il is with firearms, so it is with canteens. 
 
 For a number of hours, say, six, the Regulation Canteen will, 
 under ordinary circumstances and moderately uniform temperature, 
 keep water as cool as the Lanz ; but, after the water absorbed by 
 the covers of the Regulation Canteen has evaporated and the con- 
 tents thus begun to rise in temperature, the Lanz Canteen will con- 
 tinue to keep its contents at a lower, therefore more relishable, tem- 
 perature than the Regulation Canteen. 
 
 for Cant tens. &&rfAt/HCCe . frra.de in for As rube, 
 , Germany, far/?i3/red fior test 6y the Lowz. Canteen Co., 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 A full and impartial consideration of the merits of a canteen 
 intended for use in the field, during a campaign, or on the march, 
 cannot be said to have been effected until the canteen has been given 
 exhaustive tests assimilating to such practical tests as would be given 
 it by soldiers in any climate, hot or cold. 
 
 My official reports show that I have given numerous canteens 
 these tests in environments of outside temperature varying from 
 minus ten (10) degrees F. to plus one hundred and twenty-five 
 (125) degrees F. 
 
 My conclusion and recommendation is that the Lanz Canteen 
 warrants a trial with a view to its adoption in the U '. S. Army. 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 157 
 
 Factors to be taken into consideration in the selection of a Can- 
 teen intended for use in the Military Service. 
 
 Aluminum. 
 
 ' Spun. 
 Cast. 
 Pressed. 
 Stamped. 
 Welded. 
 Rolled, or Sheet, Metal. 
 
 M \TERIAL 
 
 
 Tin. 
 
 
 
 
 Ebonite. 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 Wood. 
 
 
 
 
 Enameled Metal. 
 
 
 
 
 Tinned " 
 
 
 
 
 Galvanized " 
 
 
 
 
 ^ Other Metals. 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 r Side Pieces, Ears or 
 
 
 
 Single Piece 
 
 * 
 
 
 Construction . . 
 
 
 Loops, attached to flask. 
 
 
 
 Joined Pieces 
 
 Loops attached to Cover. 
 
 
 
 f Oval 
 
 Concave-convex faces 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oblong.. 
 
 Covex faces. 
 
 
 
 Gourd 
 
 Cylindrical. 
 
 
 Shape 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bottle shaped 
 
 Flat. 
 
 
 
 Circular 
 
 One face flat, opposite 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 face curved. 
 
 
 
 
 Durability. 
 
 
 
 Flask <{ 
 
 \\T i . 
 
 CANTEEN -<. 
 
 
 
 vv eignt. 
 
 
 
 
 Capacity. 
 
 
 
 
 All-wool Felt. 
 
 ' 
 
 
 Inside Cover * 
 
 Felted Cloth. 
 
 
 
 
 Sponge Cloth. 
 
 
 ( '.omponents. . . - 
 
 
 Duck, or Canvas. 
 
 
 
 Outside Cover... 1 
 ' 
 
 Any textile fabric. 
 
 
 
 
 Leather. 
 
 - Mouth Piece. 
 Stopper. 
 Chain. 
 '. Triangles, or Side Pieces. 
 
 Queries. 
 
 Can air-pressure be utilized in lieu of the inside water-pressure used, as stated by 
 the Pittsburgh Reduction Co., in shaping spun aluminum canteen flasks? 
 
 Will a cast aluminum flask prove as durable as a flask of spun aluminum? 
 
 How can triangles, ears, lugs, or rings be substantially fastened at the sides of an 
 aluminum flask, and thus do away with a strap around the cover? 
 
 By what method is the Canteen Flask made? 
 
I5& HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 "Uber Feldflaschen und Kochgeschirre aus Aluminum. 1m Augt- 
 rage des k. Kriegsministeriums bearbeitet von Dr. Plagge, Stabsarzt, 
 und Georg Lebbin, Chemiker. (Canteen and cooking utensils of 
 aluminum. Prepared by direction of the war ministry by Dr. 
 Plagge, staff surgeon, and George Lebbin, chemist.) 100 pp. Ber- 
 lin, 1893" : 
 
 EXTRACT. 
 
 "Three kinds of tests : 
 
 (1) Rough, practical usefulness. 
 
 (2) Durability, wearing qualities and cost from an eco- 
 nomical point of view. 
 
 (3) Question of hygiene and harmfulness or harmlessness 
 of aluminum vessels. 
 
 . The final result of these tests and trials amount to this : That 
 neither from a practical nor from an economical point of view 
 essential arguments against the feasibility of using aluminum field 
 flasks exist, and that from a sanitary standpoint such flasks can be 
 utilized without the least hesitation. 
 
 * :: # :: * * * # * 
 
 Regarding the rough practical usefulness, the question arises 
 whether or not the taste of the fluid contained in the aluminum 
 flask is in any way changed. This is not the case. Neither water, 
 nor coffee, nor water mixed with vinegar; beer, wine, brandy (cog- 
 nac) and other spirituous liquors, lemonade, etc., show a change 
 in taste, particularly no after-taste of aluminum, even after the con- 
 tents had remained in the flask for a week. 
 
 Although a change in the taste of the contents of a properly 
 cleaned aluminum flask does not occur, there are some liquids which 
 appear to be unsuited to be kept for any length of time in such 
 flasks. They become cloudy or muddy and cause the formation of 
 spots or stains. Among them are, as practical tests in the army have 
 demonstrated, brandy (cognac) which, after only twenty-four 
 hours' preservation in the flask, particularly in a warm temperature, 
 caused the formation of peculiar dark brown spots or stains on the 
 inside of the flask. 
 
 In order to determine the nature of the spots, tests were made 
 with various liquors, i. e., three kinds of cognac, two kinds of 
 Nordhauser (corn whisky), herb liquor, Dantzig Goldwater and 
 
 Kuemmel. 
 
 ********* 
 
 These experiments proved that aluminum flasks are not adapted 
 for a lengthy preservation of such liquids as cognac, etc., which, 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 159 
 
 although not losing particularly in taste, lose their appetizing quali- 
 ties by becoming clouded, the discoloration being caused by loosen- 
 ing of the stains from the flask and mixing with the liquor. 
 
 This, however, hardly impairs the practical usefulness of the 
 aluminum flask for the army. A soldier generally carries coffee or 
 water in his flask, not liquor, the latter being, particularly on 
 marches, at least in the infantry, expressly prohibited. 
 
 Of other liquids carried in the flask, coffee, the standard drink 
 of the marching soldier, should be considered ; but the stains created 
 by it (amounting to the size of a pin head after 24 hours) are 
 so inconsiderable that all practical objection will disappear when it 
 is considered that the coffee, which in itself is not entirely clear, 
 does not lose its taste and is generally kept in the flask for a much 
 shorter period. 
 
 Another kind of stains of whitish color in aluminum field flasks 
 must be considered. They are caused by leaving water standing 
 quiet in an aluminum vessel for any length of time. 
 
 Although the resistance of the metal to the action of the water, 
 and especially of distilled w 7 ater, is undoubted, yet weak solutions of 
 salt, which are contained in most of our drinking waters, bring 
 about the above mentioned phenomenon, after the water has 
 remained in the vessels for hours. 
 
 These stains resemble the brandy stains to a great extent, but 
 are of a lighter color, being yellowish-white, and feel firm and 
 sandy, while the cognac stains are of an even, loose or spongy 
 nature. 
 
 Those whitish stains also appear much slower, generally not 
 after several days. 
 
 ********* 
 
 So far as the question of economy is concerned, it is to be em- 
 phasized that the aluminum field flasks during these many and 
 varied tests and experiments, continued for months, including their 
 being placed in incubators and shaking apparatus (the latter imi- 
 tating the movement of a marching soldier), have shown them- 
 selves as very durable and strong, and that a leakage has never 
 occurred. Whether, in this respect, they will satisfy the demands 
 of field service, can only be demonstrated by practical carrying tests. 
 As the softness of the metal facilitates a possibility of damage 
 to the flask, it is a matter of importance that lately a number of 
 sure methods of soldering aluminum have been found, which process, 
 as is well known, was not quite successful at first." 
 
I6O HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 The Patton Paint Company, Milwaukee, Wis., (see p. 104), 
 writes : "We have come to a point now where we desire to get hold 
 of the canteen itself made of wood and will ask you to inform us 
 whether you know of such a canteen already made up. If not, we 
 shall be obliged to have a few made by some wood working com- 
 pany, as we are now ready to give the paint a test on the canteen 
 as it will be used in service." 
 
 The Griswold Manufacturing, Company, Erie, Pa., (see pp. 
 48-9), writes as follows: "In reply to yours in regard to the can- 
 teen, would say, we had to make several changes in our pattern, 
 which delayed us in getting out the sample. We have this all fin- 
 ished, so we will be able to make castings to-day or to-morrow, and 
 expect to be able to send you sample for your test the very first of 
 next week. We trust this will not be too late, and that you will 
 hold your tests open so you can include our sample in the same. 
 We know we can be successful in making a cast canteen all in one 
 piece, which would certainly be much stronger than the sheet alum- 
 inum one, and there will be no rivets projecting through, which are 
 weak points, as it soon corrodes around the rivets. We shall cast 
 a lug on the outside on which to fasten the ring for the strap. 
 Trusting you can, therefore, hold the tests open, and assuring you 
 we will send sample in a very few days, we remain," etc. 
 
 Hermann, Schutte & Co., Importers and General Commission 
 Merchants, 24 and 26 W. 4th St., New York, write as follows : 
 
 "One of our friends called our attention to your article in the 
 Aluminum World of March, 1901. We understand from this that 
 you take great interest in aluminum articles, especially canteens for 
 the U. S. Army, and as we represent the largest manufacturer in 
 the world who makes a specialty of aluminum canteens and cook- 
 ing utensils for military purposes, having supplied all the European 
 armies and still supplying them with all they need in this line, we 
 are sure we could give you some valuable information and success- 
 fully compete with any manufacturer in this line of goods. We 
 would be only too pleased to furnish you with "samples which you 
 might test and also with lowest quotations, if you will have the 
 kindness to inform us what you may need to make your test, and 
 also give you any other information which might possibly interest 
 you and which we are in a position to furnish." 
 
 The above mentioned firm Messrs. Hormann, Schutte & Co. 
 again write : "We confirm our previous letter and have taken tin- 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. l6l 
 
 liberty of sending you a sample of an aluminum canteen, which we 
 just this moment received from our manufacturer. 
 
 'This canteen has heen drawn and pressed out of one solid piece 
 of pure aluminum plate, 99 per cent pure aluminum. 
 
 "The mouthpiece consists of two pressed parts to give strength 
 to the neck. 
 
 "In case that this canteen should, in your opinion, not have resist- 
 ance enough, it is easy for the manufacturer to make them out of a 
 heavier plate with a thicker wall. 
 
 "The size, shape, etc., the manufacturer would be willing to make 
 absolutely in accordance with your instructions. 
 
 "Kindly test this canteen thoroughly and see whether the same 
 would come in every respect up to your expectation and answer your 
 purpose thoroughly. 
 
 "We would be much obliged to hear from you." 
 
 Messrs. Herm. Weissenburger & Co., Cannstatt a. Necker 
 write as follows : "We thank you for your kind favor of loth 
 instant, but not seeing our way to compete successfully with the 
 U. S. manufacturers on account of heavy duty, we have decided to 
 keep back, although the order would suit us very well. 
 
 "We have invented a new helmet, a combination of Aluminum, 
 leather and Pegamoid, light and rigid, perhaps with this article, 
 which we can protect in the U. S., we shall have better luck. We 
 shall send you a sample later." 
 
 The Griswold Manufacturing Company, Erie, Pa., (see also pre- 
 ceding pages 48-9 and 87), write again: "We are shipping you by 
 American Express today, prepaid, sample of cast Aluminum flask. 
 We are sending you this flask without any cork, as we were in a 
 great hurry to ship it to you. Did not have time to make the metal 
 trimmings and chain that you would require on the cork. These 
 small details we can easily fix any requirements you would want. 
 
 "This flask was tested with water pressure of 50 pounds to the 
 square inch. It stood the test all right, except we bent out the flat 
 side slightly. Would say, this flat side is a little thinner than the 
 other. 
 
 "This flask was cast from just a wooden pattern and wood core 
 box. It is difficult to hold the core exactly true. If we should 
 make them we would use metal patterns and core boxes, and fit 
 up so they would come exact even thickness, and we hope then to 
 get them a trifle lighter. 
 
l62 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 "Of course, we understand the flasks would have to be furnished 
 with felt or cloth covering, we presume also the chains and straps, 
 but our idea in sending you this bare sample is to get your opinion 
 whether a cast flask is practical, and if there would be any chance 
 of it being adopted. If so, we stand ready to go ahead at once and 
 get up a more perfect sample, equipped with all details, coverings, etc. 
 
 "This flask, of course, is heavier than one made of sheet alumi- 
 num, and we did not know but the weight would be against it. On 
 the other hand, it is a good deal stronger, and there are no rivets 
 through the same where the chains are fastened on, which is a very 
 weak point on a sheet aluminum flask, as the water will immediately 
 begin to corrode around the rivet heads. 
 
 "Also, there are no joints or soldered places in the flask. We 
 trust this will reach you in time for you to include it in your report, 
 and we await with interest your reply. 
 
 "We stand ready to make any changes, and to furnish you with 
 completely fitted up sample, as you may request. 
 
 "We also believe this flask is a little larger than the regulation 
 requirements." 
 
 The Indian Aluminum Company, Limited, Madras, British In- 
 dia, (see page 77), writes again as follows: "Since the dispatch of 
 our letter of the 2ist ultimo, we have received the copy of the 
 Aluminum World for March and have read with much interest your 
 letter, wherein we note that the articles submitted to you for test 
 are experimented with until they are practically destroyed. We 
 cannot claim that our water bottles are indestructible, but we cor- 
 dially invite the severest test and we feel sure that in the matter of 
 strength and durability our goods will compare most favorably 
 with those manufactured anywhere else. We also note your sugges- 
 tion that naked flasks should not be sent to you, but here we would 
 point out that any covering that we could put on them would have 
 to be imported by us, and this would materially add to the cost, 
 whereas should you decide to place an order with us we have no 
 doubt that some firm in America would undertake the cover with 
 material to be approved of by you. As it has occurred to us that the 
 sample we sent you was rather small, we are now sending you a 
 second bottle, to contain three pints." 
 
 The real way to find out the merits of a canteen is to carry it 
 and depend upon it for the fluids that you drink. 
 
 The man who carries the canteen is usuallv indfferent as to its 
 
HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 163 
 
 material or construction and ignorant as to its theories, principles, 
 or components. He is a judge of results, though, just as a marks- 
 man knows what the effectiveness of his rifle is, when he has become 
 accustomed to the practical use of the firearm. The average man is 
 more interested in what the canteen does than in what it is. He 
 has no reliable means of proving what it is, but he needs no advice 
 to tell him what it does. He makes no experiments or comparative 
 tests ; he has no opportunity to do so. He accepts the canteen issued 
 to him as the best type and product of its class. He knows that 
 water from the Regulation Canteen may be usable without being 
 relishable or palatable. If given a chance to test the Regulation 
 Canteen with the Lanz Canteen, it is believed the veteran would 
 pronounce the latter a success. Until the arc-electric or incandes- 
 cent electric lights came we. never knew what flying animals were 
 in the air, but we then found myriads of strange bugs immolated 
 beneath the lights. Just as illuminating gas was superseded by the 
 electric light, an improvement is demanded in the shape, construc- 
 tion and material of the Regulation Canteen. 
 
 There are two ways in which to fully and impartially consider 
 the merits of any article of equipment intended for a soldier's use. 
 
 One preliminary way is to master in a workmanlike wise the 
 practical details of its materials, construction, and principles in- 
 volved. 
 
 The other way is to assume in postulatory kind of wise that 
 certain results will follow a certain theory or conception. 
 
 But these reasoning processes or conclusions are sometimes 
 proved untenable, or erroneous, by practical demonstrations. When 
 these presumed conclusions are upset by the results of practical 
 test, experiment or trial, the winner is entitled to the benefit. In 
 these canteen tests something more than tentative methods have 
 been practised. Every canteen has been placed on trial, and judg- 
 ment and recommendations succeeded, not preceded, the trial. The 
 conclusion is that the Lanz method is the best type for the military 
 service. An opinion to the contrary expressed by any one who 
 has not practically and thoroughly tested all of the devices, but 
 entrenches himself behind an opinion as a fortress, is not entitled to 
 weight. 
 
 Human labor cannot supply what nature has denied, but can 
 simulate it. A good canteen is a necessity for which a soldier in 
 the field would willingly exchange such luxuries in life as clothing, 
 tobacco and solid food particularly if he is a hunter who has 
 
164 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 drank from cool springs of icy water hidden away in dark crevices 
 in glades where shadows are never broken by the sun. 
 
 The ways in which the Regulation Canteen may be made the 
 vehicle for the transportation of an impure water supply are shown, 
 in part, in the quoted letter from Mr. Joseph A. Steinmetz. 
 
 Outbreaks of malarial fever have followed the use of impure 
 water. The Regulation Canteen aids .to spread infection, because, 
 as a water carrier, it can carry the germs of fever., and because of 
 the practical impossibility of sterilizing its contents by the soldier in 
 the field. 
 
 The substitution of a canteen differing in material, construction 
 and shape, would partly obviate these dangers. 
 
 The Patton Paint Company, Milwaukee, Wis., (see p. 104), 
 writes again as follows: "Canteens of wood, if they can be 
 rendered absolutely impervious to w 7 ater and so treated that they 
 will give no taste to liquids which they hold, will be found more 
 satisfactory than canteens made of metal or of any composition 
 which would be practicable for service. 
 
 "We are conducting a series of experiments which lead us to be- 
 lieve that we have found a process of treating wood in such a way 
 that a canteen turned out of a solid block can be coated on the inside 
 with our special preservative paint and will resist the action of water, 
 tea and coffee, giving no taste, and holding at an equable tempera- 
 ture any liquid which a soldier would be using in active service. 
 
 "These experiments, while they convince us of the possibility of 
 fulfilling all the conditions to be met in actual use, will need some 
 six months longer to enable us to guarantee the permanency of re- 
 sults which must be obtained if we are to back our statements with 
 the reputation of the Patton Paint Company. 
 
 "The advantages of wood for holding water are obvious. Wood 
 is among the best non-conductors of heat. It is stiff and hard, hav- 
 ing considerable strength for resisting strains, blows and jars, with 
 sufficient elasticity to resume its shape after undergoing almost any 
 treatment but that of being crushed or broken. 
 
 "In tropical climates wood canteens will be found to keep the 
 water and other potable liquids at a lower temperature for a longer 
 time than tin, iron, or any other metal (whether enameled or other- 
 wise). 
 
 "In resistance to cold, wood' has equally high efficiency. It will 
 withstand the freezing temperature better than any other substance 
 of which canteens could be made. 
 
 "The only objection to the use of wood for making canteens is 
 
HISTORY OK THK .UIUTARY CAXTEEN. 165 
 
 lliat it is affected by the liquids that it contains. All liquids contain- 
 ing water permeate the pores of natural wood and under this influ- 
 ence the fibers rapidly undergo deterioration. The wood decom- 
 poses slightly if it has no chance to dry out and soon begins to 
 taste cf organic matter. After continued use, unless it is frequently 
 washed and sterilized, the taste of the liquid contained becomes so 
 unpalatable and the odor so unbearable that the wooden vessel must 
 be discarded. - 
 
 "In the special paint which we are making for covering the inside 
 of wood canteens w^e claim that we have obviated all the difficulties 
 which could be urged against the making of canteens from wood, 
 and that we have retained all the advantages of the wood canteen 
 and also those of an iron canteen which is enameled. 
 
 "The wood with changes of temperature will not expand and 
 contract as iron does, to the extent of chipping and cracking the 
 coating. 
 
 "In other respects the wood canteen, with inside coating of our 
 enamel paint specially prepared for this purpose, will answer all the 
 requirements of an enameled metal canteen and will at the same 
 time preserve all the advantages of the old-time wooden vessel. 
 
 "This paint will be found to be absolutely impervious to water. 
 Tea and coffee will not affect it, and liquids used in it will not taste 
 as they would of an ordinary paint. A beverage containing a small 
 amount of alcohol will do it no harm. The paint will stand any 
 temperature from 150 degrees F. to far below the freezing point. 
 The paint which we have recommended for this purpose we have 
 carefully prepared to withstand any possible changes to which a 
 canteen would be subject in the army service, from Arctic to tropical 
 climates. 
 
 "Hot tea and coffee could be poured into this canteen and would 
 not affect it adversely unless kept for a long time at a temperature 
 exceeding 150 degrees. 
 
 "In fact, where a soldier can stand the exposure, either to heat 
 or cold, this canteen can be used, we believe, with perfect satisfac- 
 tion. 
 
 "We shall be glad, if this matter is taken up in future, to submit 
 to yon the results of our experiments in this line, and shall hope to 
 see the wooden canteen adopted in the United States Army." 
 
 Mr. E. Dederick, of 2016 Cherry St., Milwaukee, Wis., writes: 
 "I read in the Milwaukee Sentinel that you are trying to arrange 
 for a preparation for lining the inside of a wooden canteen. I have 
 a preparation which when applied either to wood or iron forms a 
 
l66 HISTORY OF Till: 'MILITARY CANTEEN. 
 
 coating like stone; this can be made any color except white; its 
 natural color is slate. I have it in refrigerator boxes, where it has 
 been used for the last seven years and is as good now as when 
 first put on. It can be used for a great many things : covering for 
 refrigerator pipes, to keep them from corroding; lining between 
 double floors to keep them from leaking ; also on vats that are liable 
 to leak a coating of this does the business. 
 
 "If this should interest you, if you write me I will send you some 
 samples on wood and iron and you can test them/' 
 
 The Patton Paint Company, of Milwaukee, Wis., writes again 
 as follows : "The basis of my argument in favor of the paint which 
 we recommend for wood canteens rests upon the fact that the paint 
 is applied to wood rather than to any metal surface. If the same 
 paint were applied to metal, it would act in much the same way as 
 enameled metal-ware acts. It would chip, crack and scale with the 
 expansion and shrinkage of the metallic surface upon which the. 
 enamel is baked. 
 
 "The great weakness of all enameled metal-ware is the fact that 
 the enamel is applied to a substance which has a much larger co- 
 efriciency of expansion than a substance which, like wood, is com- 
 posed of fibers brought together and amalgamated under the law of 
 growth and which has therefore intercellular spaces which take up 
 the larger portion of motion that would ensue upon expansion of the 
 fibers and therefore expand, when they do so, more slowly than the 
 metal, which, from its lack of intercellular spaces, must at once yield 
 to the force acting upon it in either enlarging or reducing the 
 molecular orbit. 
 
 "The immediate result of the chipping and cracking of the en- 
 amel is that the liquid is admitted to immediate action upon the 
 metal, which oxidizes and permits still further disintegration of the 
 enamel, which in this way starts the process of undermining the 
 enamel covering, so that chips are set free and small and large 
 quantities are allowed to escape with the water, to be swallowed by 
 the soldier. 
 
 "Serious trouble could arise in the way of poisoning if the enamel 
 were composed, as is frequently the case, of white lead, which is 
 more or less soluble, and which might easily affect the soldier, inde- 
 pendent of the swallowing of small particles or chips loosened from 
 the enamel covering. 
 
 "The excessive weight of enameled metal as compared with can- 
 teens made from wood, aluminum or tin, does not come so much from 
 
HISTORY OF THE M.IL1TARV CANTEEN. l6/ 
 
 the enamel itself, as from the weight of the metal upun which it is 
 super-imposed." 
 
 1 am indebted to the Western Felt Works, 787 to 797 South 
 Canal St., Chicago, Ills., for the formula and the process methods 
 of a test for determining the amount of wool in felt, or any wool, 
 or part wool, fabric. 
 
 It should be known to every inspector of covered canteen flasks, 
 or of woolen clothing or material furnished for the use of the com- 
 batant land or naval forces of the United States. 
 
 In courtesy to the company the test cannot here be given. 
 
 Sponge belongs to the vegetable kingdom. Mixed with an ani- 
 mal product wool the resultant compound sponge-felt may be 
 open to some objections ; perhaps resembling those found, prac- 
 tically, by the French navy when cellulose, composed of the ground 
 fibre of the cocoanut, was tried, in compressed form briquettes 
 to close the openings made and prevent the inflow of water, even 
 if penetrated by projectiles the protection of buoyancy method, 
 so called. 
 
 As sponge grows in the water, and is used wet, it is at its best 
 when wet ; should be offered for sale wet. Sponges, when dry, are 
 hard, rough and easily torn ; when wet, sponges are much less easily 
 torn. The difference between sponge and fish-glue and gelatine 
 in dried and soaked state applies to sponges. 
 
 The strongest sponge is easily torn by pulling across the grain. 
 The fair test is with the grain everything has a grain. Wooden 
 columns support buildings when placed with, or along, the grain, but 
 wood across the grain can easily be broken. 
 
 'WE'VE DRUNK FROM THE SAME CANTEEN. 
 BY MILES O'REILLY. 
 
 There are bonds of all sorts in this world of ours : 
 Fetters 'of friendship, and ties of flowers, 
 
 And true lovers' knots, I ween. 
 The boy and the girl are bound by a kiss, 
 But there's never a bond, old friend, like this, 
 
 We have drunk from the same canteen. 
 
 CHORUS. 
 The same canteen, my soldier friend, 
 
 The same canteen; 
 There's never a bond, old friend, like this, 
 
 We have drunk from the same canteen. 
 
l68 HISTORY OF TIN-: MILITARY ( "ANTEEN. 
 
 It was sometimes \\UUT, and sumctiincs milk, 
 SomctiiiK's apple-jack, fine as silk: 
 
 lint whatever the tipple has been, 
 \Ye shared it together in bane or bliss, 
 And I warm to yon, friend, when I think of this, 
 
 \Ye have drunk from the same canteen. 
 
 The rich and the great sit down to dine, 
 And quaff to each other in sparkling wine. 
 
 From glasses of crystal and green ; 
 But I guess in their golden potations they miss 
 The warmth of regard to be found in this, 
 
 We have drunk from the same canteen. 
 
 We've shared our blankets and tent together, 
 And marched, and fought, in all kinds of weather, 
 
 And hungry, and full, we've been. 
 Had days of battle, and days of rest, 
 But this mem'ry I cling to, and love the best, 
 
 We have drunk from the same canteen. 
 
 For when wounded I lay on the outer slope, 
 With my blood flowing fast, and with little hope, 
 
 On which my faint spirit might lean, 
 Oh, then I remember, you crawl'd to my side, 
 And bleeding so fast, it seemed both must have died, 
 
 We drunk from the same canteen. 
 
 Upon the recommendation of the Inspector General, U. S. 
 Army, the publication of the foregoing report was authorized by 
 the Honorable, the Secretary of War, under date of 27th April, TQOT. 
 
 Lieut. -Colonel & Inspector General, U. S. V 
 
 (Major 4th U. S. Infantry), 
 Inspector General, Dept Dakota. 
 

YC 03038