Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/customsservicecoOOchierich The Customs Service * COMPLETE COURSE OF INSTRUCTIONS IVith Questions and Answers PUBIvISH^D BY THK CHIEF PUBLISHING COMPANY 5 Bkekman Street NEW YORK fe12> ^\o^ Copyrighted 1914, By THE CHIEF PUBLISHING CO., New York City. FOREWORD. Employment in the Civil Service is becoming more and more attractive to men of worthy intelligence^ and earnest purpose. With the gradual but steady elimination of political influence from appointments and promotions, capable men of clean records and honest aims can now safely rely on having a fair chance_, if reached on the eligi- ble list, to prove their quality. Naturally, the first con- sideration is to pass the test, but of still greater im- portance is the absolute necessity of attaining a high place on the eligible list. In its desire to further the merit system and to give to employees in the service every pos- sible opportunity to advance from grade to grade by pro- motional tests, the U. S. Civil Service Commission has greatly reduced the number of positions in the Customs and Internal Revenue Service, obtainable through open competitive examination. To become a Day Inspector, Weigher or Ganger, for instance, one must enter the serv- ice at the bottom, so to speak, by taking either^ the First Grade, or the Sub-Clerical examination. Up to a few years ago all the positions were open to men from the outside and separate lists were maintained for each one. Now, with the exception of Opener and Packer, Elevator Conductor and Unskilled Laborer, the only examination in the Customs Service open to outsiders are First Grade and Sub-Clerical. The reduction in the number of open competitive tests forces prospective appli- cants for this branch of Government eiiiploy to enter either of the two examinations mentioned, with the result that usually the number of eligible candidates is one hundred to one in excess of vacancies. It will thus be seen that for a man to stand any chance of appointment he must pass a good examination and get near the top of the list. The average applicant can hope to do this only after careful preparation and a thorough "brushing up" on each and every subject required. It will profit him nothing to stand well in arithmetic if he falls short in spelling, in grammar, in penmanship, or any one of six subjects of the test. He must be good in all and — to the man iong out of school — the only way to feel reasonably sure of this is to get realiable text books, take up each subject separately, and study it until tlie applicant can go through the exercises with ease. The trouble with most men seeking Civil Service posi- tions is that they put off all thought of preparation until a week or so before the examination. Then they rush in and expect to fit themselves for the test by skimming through one or two text books. If the positions are worth trying for, the examinations are entitled to and ought to have serious and careful preparation. Text books are to the Civil Service candidate what tools are to the artisan, and no workman, worthy of his hire, deludes himself with the notion that he can perform a good job with inadequate or imperfect tools. The Chief has a series of text-books, a list of which will be found in the back of this volume, that were prepared by experts expressly for Civil Service examinations. The best recommendation that can be given them is the fact that they are used by Civil Service Com- missions and their examining staff. CHAPTER I IMPROVED CHANGES IN CLASSIFICATION OF LOCAL FEDERAL CIVIL SERVICE Recent changes in the federal competitive classified service, particularly in the customs branch, second district, has done much to simplify the system, both for administra- tive officials and the general public. Hitherto it was cus- tomary to maintain separate registers, or eligible lists, for the various positions in the local Custom Service and to hold special examinations for similar positions in other federal departments located in New York City. Under the new order there are but two examinations, first and third grade — the second grade now being given almost exclu- sively for the positions of Clerk and Carrier in the Post Office service — and from these vacancies will be filled in all local Federal Offices, such as Customs, Internal Rev- enue, Sub-Treasury, Assay Office and the Custodian Service. This does not include, however, positions of a technical nature, for which special tests are given. Among tlie posi- tions controlled by the second district, whicli includes the State of New York, and Bergen, Essex, Hudson, Morris, Passaic, Sussex and Union Counties in New Jersey, besides tliose already referred to, are the following: Stenographer, Typewriter, and Stenographer and Typewriter in all field branches of the service; the positions of IMeclianical Draftsman and Apprentice Draftsman in the Ordnance THE' t'tJ'g TOMS SERVICE Department at Large ; the position of Office Deputy United States Marshal; the position of Messenger Boy in navy- yards. Weather Bureau stations, and other field branches of the service; Clerical, Minor Clerical, and Sub-Clerical positions in navy-yards. Pension Agencies, Engineer De- partment at Large, Ordnance Department at Large, Quar- termaster's Department at Large, Immigration, Steamboat- Inspection, Bureau of Animal Industry, Weather Bureau, Light-House and Marine-Hospital establishments, and other field branches of the Federal Service. Examinations for these latter positions are held only as vacancies occur, which is not very frequent. Mechanical trades and similar positions in the Quarter- master's Department at Large in the States of New York, New Jersey and Delaware are also under Second District organization. Another effect of the new classification was to increase the number of positions filled by promotional tests rather than by open competitive examinations. The positions of Gauger, Inspector, Assistant Weigher at the port of New York are now filled only by promotion or transfer. With the discontinuance of second grade examinations the position of Junior Clerk was done away with. This brought about an increase of salary. Hitherto Junior Clerk paid $840 without any definite assurance of or time set for an increase. The entrance salary for First Grade Clerk is the same but there is an added provision for an THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 9 increase to $1^000 at the end of one year's satisfactory service. The title of ''Night Inspector" also has been abolished and the duties assigned to Customs Watchmen, popularly known as "Harbor Patrol/' It is a regularly organized and uniform body whose members tour the water front and guard the docks to prevent the illegal landing of mer- chandise subject to customs duty. The position is filled from third grade, or sub-clerical examination. CHAPTER II. POSITIONS OPEN TO COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION. The classification of the customs employees throughout the United States is as follows: Class A includes all persons receiving compensation at the rate of less than $720 per annum. Class B. from $720 to $840. Class C from $840 to $900. Class D from $900 to $1,000. Class E from $1,000 to $1,200. Class 1 from $1,200 to $1,400. Class 2 from $1,400 to $1,600. Class 3 from $1,600 to $1,800. Class 4 from $1,800 to $2,000. Class 5 from $2,000 to $2,500. Class 6 from $2,500 or more. The following scale of wages paid in the New York Cus- tom House will give an idea of the compensation in this branch of the service: Cashier, $5,000. Clerk, entrance salary, $840 — ranges as high as $3,000. I Collector and Solicitor, $5,00 0.j Deputy Collector, $3,000 to $3,500. Inspector, from $4 to $6 per day. Weigher (only one in New York), $2,500. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 11 Acting Weigher, $1,800. Assistant Weigher, $i per day. Ganger, $2,000. Assistant Ganger, $4 per day. Elevator Conductor, $720 to $840. Messenger and Attendant, $720 to $840. Watchman, $840, $960 and $1,095. Lieutenant Harbor Police (three), $1,400. Roundsmen Harbor Police (twelve), $1,200. Storekeeper, $1,600. Paymaster, $2,500. Sampler (sugar), $1,000 to $1,150. SamjDler (merchandise), $1,200. Inspectress, $3 per day. Messenger Boy, $360, $480, $600, $700. FIRST GRADE OR CLERICAL. Except at the port of New York this examination is given for the position of Ganger, Day Inspector, and As- sistant Weigher, Clerk, Inspectress, Storekeeper (classed as clerk), Deputy Officer, and Sampler in the Custom House Service; Clerk, Office Deputy Collector, Division Deputy Collector, Ganger, Storekeeper, and Storekeeper- Ganger, in the Internal Revenue Service; the position of Office Deputy United States Marshal and all clerical posi- tions requiring similar qualifications in the services named and other field branches. Persons desiring examination for 12 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE any of these positions or for any of the departments named^ should apply for the "First Grade/' or "Clerical/' examination. Unless otherwise announced the examination is held an- nually on the first Saturday in February, at the following places : New York, Rochester, Syracuse, Buffalo, Brooklyn, Al- bany, Auburn, Binghamton, Cape Vincent, Elmira, Ithaca, Jamestown, Newburgh, Niagara Falls, Oswego, Ogdens- burg, Plattsburg, Troy, Utica and Newark, N. J. If no change is made in the usual date of examination, application blanks may be secured either from the local secretaries at the post offices or custom houses in the cities named, or from the District Secretary, Second United States Civil Service District, Custom House, New York, N. Y. The dates for obtaining these blanks will be duly announced in The Chief, A person, having passed the first grade examination for field services, c^n not take the same examination within approximately one year of the date of the examination he has passed, even though he desires to enter the examination in another city. A person who fails in the examination may take the next examination regard- less of the time intervening. Applicants should not specify any particular position, unless there are one or more services in which they do not desire appointment, in which case such service or services should be mentioned in the application. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 13 It should he remembered by applicants residing in New- York City that the f^rst grade clerical, and the third grade sub-clerical cover all the local federal departments with the exception of the post office. Also, that at the port of New York the positions of Gauger, Inspector, and Assistant Weigher are filled, as before stated, only by promotion or transfer. The only active positions, therefore, that in New York are filled from the first grade list are Clerk, Deputy Officer, Assistant Gauger and Sampler, The minimum age limit for this examination is eighteen years; there is no maximum age limit_, nor any particular height or weight required. Applicants are not required to take a medical examination until called for appointment. CHAPTER III. THIRD GRADE^ OR SUB-CLERICAL. The entrance salary for sub-clerical positions is $720^ and the minimum age limit eigliteen years. This examination is given for the positions of Attendant, Foreman, Stamper, and Night Inspector in the Customs Service, and for Messenger, Watchman, Classified Laborer, Skilled Laborer, and all positions requiring similar quali- fications, in the service named and other field branches. Persons desiring to become eligible for appointment to any of these positions, except Elevator Conductor and Mes- senger Boy, should apply for the "Third Grade, or Sub- Clerical,'* examination. The term "Skilled Laborer," or "Classified Laborer," as here used, is not intended to em- brace the mechanical trades, which is commonly referred to as being skilled labor. In the sense in which it is used in this book it means a person whose duties are general and miscellaneous, below those of the clerical grade, usually below those of the minor clerical grade, and above the grade of mere manual labor. In establishments of the Ordnance Department-at-Large many minor-clerical posi- tions are designated as "skilled office laborer," which posi- tions are filled by second grade examination. Women will not be admitted to the annual third grade examination. Should vacancies occur in third grade posi- THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 15 tions for which female eligibles are desired^ examinations will be duly announced. A person who has passed the third grade examination for field services can not take the same examination within approximately one year of the date of the examination he has passed^ even though he desires to enter the examination in another city. A per- son who fails in the examination may take the next exam- ination regardless of the time intervening. Applicants for sub-clerical positions must be able-bodied and physically capable of performing manual labor. The medical certificate attached to the application must be filled out by the applicant's physician. Upon their request at the time of taking the mental ex- amination^ candidates may take the strength test which is given to applicants for the position of Unskilled Laborer, and which consists of lifting and shouldering 125 pounds weight. If they pass the strength test in addition to the sub-clerical examination, it will be noted on the register as in the nature of a qualification. If an appointing officer requests certification from the third grade register of those persons capable of performing heavy manual labor con- nected with the sub-clerical position, certification will be made from those standing highest in the educational ex- amination who have also passed the strength test. OPENER AND PACKER. This examination is held only when eligibles are needed 16 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE and is announced weeks in advance. Applicants must be not less than 5 feet 6 inches in height without shoes and weigh not less than 150 pounds. The mental test is the same as the sub-clerical subjects with a weight of 10 per cent.; training, experience, and fitness, 60 per cent.; and physical ability, 30 per cent. Special credit will be given for the experience in opening and packing general merchan- dise. ELEVATOR CONDUCTOR. The position of Elevator Conductor in Federal buildings is filled by examination consisting of the educational sub- jects of the third grade examination with a weight of 50 per cent, and training, experience, and fitness 50 per cent. The minimum age limit for this examination is 20 years; there is no maximum age limit. Applicants must be able- bodied and physically capable of performing manual labor. In rating the element of ''experience,*' credit will be given for actual experience as Elevator Conductor, Electric Motorman, or Electric Craneman, and applicants who have not had at least six months of such experience will not be admitted to the examination. If an applicant has had only six months' experience, that experience must have been gained within the twelve months just prior to the date of application. Applicants must fully indicate in their applications the kind of elevators, and whether pas- senger or freight, upon which they have been employed, as well as the length of their experience. The examination THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 17 will be held only when eligibles are needed, and will be duly announced in the public press. Salary, $720 to $840. MESSENGER BOY. Examinations for filling vacancies in this position are held in the city, or in the vicinity of the city, in which a vacancy occurs, and only when eligibles are needed. The examination will consist of the third grade, or sub-clerical subjects, with the exception of the subject of experience, each of the five subjects having a weight of 20 per cent. When examinations are to be held, announcement is made in the public press. The minimum and maximum age lim- its for this examination are 16 and 18 years, respectively. The salary of Messenger Boy ranges from $360 at en- trance to $480, $600 and even as high as $720. UNSKILLED LABORER. This position is unclassified. In cities where regula- tions are in force governing the employment of laborers in the federal service, positions of this character are filled by registration of eligibles after a physical test. The duties of men are those of common laborer or workman and of women those of charwoman or its equivalent. Labor regulations are in force at Brooklyn, N. Y., Buf- falo, N. Y., Newark, N. J., and New York, N. Y., in the Second United States Civil Service District. Examina- tions are held annually. Application blanks may be ob- tained at the Custom House, New York, and from the 18 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Boards of Labor Employment in the cities named when examinations are announced. For information concerning this position in cities where labor regulations are not in force, inquiry should be made of the official in charge of the office where employment is desired. The secretaries of local boards of civil service examiners at establishments of the Ordnance Department at Large will furnish information concerning unskilled labor at such establishments. Salary $600 and up. CHAPTER IV. INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE. The First Grade_, or Clerical examination is given for positions in this service as follows: Clerk_, Office Deputy Collector_, Division Deputy Collector^ Gauger_, Store- keeper, and Storekeeper-Ganger. Applicants should not apply for a specific position or positions. Persons who pass the examination held at the following named places will be eligible for appointment in the Internal Revenue Service in the Internal Revenue District in which such places are located, as indicated below: The First and Second Districts take in New York, the third District, Brooklyn. Ap^Dlications for either should be made to room 318, Custom House. The Fifth District is in New Jersey, with headquarters at Newark, and includes the Counties of Bergen, Essex, Hudson, Hunterton, Middlesex, Morris, Passaic, Somer- set, Sussex, Union and Warren. The counties of Hunter- don, Middlesex, Somerset and Warren are in the Third Civil Service District, the other counties named being in the Second Civil Service District. Persons passing the examination at Newark will be eligible for appointment to positions in the Internal Revenue Service anywhere in the Fifth Internal Revenue District. The Fourteenth Internal Revenue District of New York, 20 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE with headquarters at Albany^ includes also^ Newburgh, Plattsburg and Troy. The Twenty-first Internal Revenue District has its headquarters at Syracuse and includes also Auburn^ Bing- hamton. Cape Vincent, Ithaca, Ogdensburg, Oswego and Utica. The Twenty-eighth Internal Revenue District has its headquarters at Rochester and includes Buffalo, Elmira, Jamestown and Niagara Falls. Storekeepers and Gangers whose compensation does not exceed $3 per diem when actually employed, and whose aggregate compensation does not exceed $500 per annum; are not subject to competitive examination. Tl:e position of Messenger in this service and other posi- tions requiring similar qualifications are filled from regis- ters established as a result of the third grade, or sub- clerical examination. CHAPTER V. CUSTOM HOUSE SERVICE OUTSIDE OF NEW YORK. The First Grade^ or Clerical^ examination is given for positions in this service as follows: Gauger, Day In- spector, Assistant Weigher, Clerk, Inspectress, Store- keeper (classed as clerk), Deputy Officer, and Sampler. The Third Grade, or Sub-Clerical examination is given for the positions of Attendant, Foreman, Night Inspector, Messenger, Watchman, Stamper, and Classified Laborer. Applicants for First or Third Grade examinations should not apply for a specific position or positions. Examinations will be held annually for Custom Houses at the following-named places: Albany, Buffalo, Cape Vincent, Newburgh, New York, Niagara Falls, Ogdensburg, Oswego, Plattsburg, Roches- ter, Syracuse, Utica and Newark, N. J. In filling vacancies in the Custom House Service certifi- cation will be made of the names of eligibles examined. In New York State certifications are made from listsf established as follows: For New York District, from lists established at Albany, Newark, N. J., Newburgh, New York City, and Perth Amboy, N. J. For Rochester District, from lists established at Oswego, Rochester, Syracuse, and Utica. 23 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE For Buffalo District^ from lists established at Buffalo and Niagara Falls. For St. Lawrence District, from lists established at Og- densburg, Cape Vincent, and Plattsburg. Examinations for the positions of Assayer, Cashier, Chief or Special Deputy Collector, Deputy Naval Officer, Deputy Surveyor, Examiner and Weigher, are held only when eligi- bles are needed, and will be duly announced. The examination for Opener and Packer will consist of tlie third-grade, or sub-clerical, subjects, with a weight of 10 per cent; experience, 60 per cent, and physical ability, 30 per cent. Special credit will be given for experience in opening and packing general merchandise. Application and examination form 1800 is required. This examination will be held only wlien eligibles are needed and due an- nouncement of examinations will be made in the public press. Appointees to the position of Opener and Packer must measure not less than 5 feet 6 inches in height ii^ bare feet and weigh not less than 150 pounds. For most positions of Boatman a non-educational exam- ination is given. A few such positions require also a men- tal test, and in such cases the examination will consist of the educational subjects of the third grade, or sub-clerical examination, with a weight of 20 per cent; experience, 50 per cent, and physical ability, 30 per cent. When no mental test is required, the examination will consist of the subjects of experience and pln^sical ability. When a non- THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 23 educational examination is given, applicants are not re- quired to appear at any place for examination. Applica- tion and examination form 1800 is required. This exam- ination will be held only when eligibles are needed and due announcement of examinations will be made. There are no positions in the Custom House Service in the Second Civil Service District which are filled from the second grade, or minor clerical, register. In the Custom House Service women are, unless other- wise specified, eligible for appointment to the following- named positions only: Deputy Collector, Deputy Surveyor, Clerk, Stenographer and Typewriter, Inspectress, and Cashier. At the port of New York the entrance salary for Clerks is $840 per annum, with a provision for promotion to $1,000 per annum at the end of one year's satisfactory service. The minimum age limit for all open competitive exam- inations for the Customs Service which include mental tests is 18 years on the date of the examination. For ex- aminations which do not include mental tests the minimum limit is 20 years. There is no maximum age limit for either class of examinations. MISCELLANEOUS POSITIONS. Outside the port of New York examinations for the positions of Assayer, Cashier, Chief or Special Deputy 21 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Collector^ Deputy Naval Officer^ Deputy Surveyor^ Exam- iner and Weigher^ are held only when eligibles are needed, which is infrequent. Examination for the position of Sugar Sampler is held only when eligibles are needed. Sugar Samplers must not be less than 5 feet 6 inches in height in bare feet and weigh not less than 150 pounds. Applications for this examination are not received until it is announced. For most positions of Boatman a non-educational ex- amination is given. A few such positions require also a mental test, and in such cases the examination will con- sist of the educational subjects of the third grade, or sub- clerical, examination, with a weight of 20 per cent; train- ing, experience, and fitness, 50 per cent; and physical ability, 30 per cent. When no mental test is required, the examination will consist of the subjects of training, experi- ence, fitness, and physical ability. When a non-educa- tional examination is given, applicants are not required to appear at any place for examination. Application and examination form 1800 is required. This examination will be held only when eligibles are needed and due announce- ment of examinations will be made in the public press. In filling vacancies in the Customs Service certification will be made of the names of eligibles examined at the port at which the vacancy exists, except where examina- tions are held also at sub-ports for the convenience of applicants the highest eligibles will be certified of those THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 25 examined at the port and at sub-ports. Vacancies occur- ring in Custom Houses at sub-ports at which examinations are not held will be filled by certification of the highest eligibles examined at the port and at other sub-ports in the same Customs District. For particulars of the Postal Service see The Chiefs "The Postal Service." CHAPTER VI. PERSONS NOT ELIGIBLE TO TAKE AN EXAMINATION. No person is eligible to an examination who is not a citizen of or does not owe allegiance to the United States. (See "Proof of Citizenship'' in Chapter VII for xchat i^ required to prove one's right of citizenship,) Who_, on tlie date of the examination, is under the mini- mum or over the maximum age limitation. Who has any of the following defects: Insanity, tuber- culosis, paralysis, epilepsy, blindness, loss of both arms or both legs, loss of arm and leg, badly crippled or deformed hands, arms, feet, or legs, organic heart disease, locomotar ataxia, cancer, Briglit's disease, diabetes, or is otherwise physically disqualified for the service which he seeks. Who is addicted to the habitual use of intoxicating bev- erages to excess. Who is enlisted in the United States Army or Navy and lias not secured permission for his examination from the Secretary of War or the Secretary of the Navy, respec- tively. (Written permission must be filed with tlie formal application.) Who has, within approximately one year, passed the same examination for which he again desires to apply. This restriction does not apply to persons who, having taken one annual examination, desire to take the next an- THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 27 nual examination^ although a full year may not have elapsed. Who has been dismissed from the Federal Service for de- linquency or misconduct within one year preceding the date of his application. Whether or not an application will be accepted after the expiration of a year from a person dismissed from the service rests with the Commission, and each case of this character will be considered on its in- dividual merits. Who has failed after probation to receive absolute ap- pointment to the position for which he again applies with- in one year from the date of the expiration of his proba- tionary service. (Every appointment is made for a probationary period of six months, at the end of which time, if the appointee is retained in the service, such retention is equivalent to his absolute appointment.) Who has made a false statement in his application, or has been guilty of fraud or deceit in any manner connected with his application or examination, or has been guilty of crime or infamous or notoriously disgraceful conduct. Who has been discharged for desertion from tlie mili- tary or naval service of the United States under Section 1998, Revised Statutes. Who has two or more members of his, or her, family in the public service covered by the Civil Service Act. 28 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE (If, on inspection of an application for examination, it is found that two or more members of the applicant's fam- ily are in the service, the applicant will be admitted to examination if found otherwise eligible, but his name will not be certified for appointment so long as two or more members of his family are in the service.) CHAPTER VII. FIRST STEPS FOR APPLICANTS. Applications for any of the examinations mentioned may be had only when announced from the local secretaries at the post offices or custom houses in the cities named, or from the Secretary of the Second United States Civil Ser- vice District, Room 318, Custom House, New York City. Vacancies in all the positions described in this book are filled by open competitive examinations, unless filled by reinstatement, transfer, or promotion. In Avriting for ap- plication forms or for information, the name of the exam- ination desired should always be stated. The application form when received should be carefully filled out in ac- cordance with the instructions printed thereon and mailed without delay to the Secretary, Second United States Civil Service District, New York, N. Y. If the application is received by the District Secretary within the time pre- scribed for the receipt of applications, and the applicant is found to be entitled to the examination requested, a card will be sent to him admitting him to the examination. The time of filing application sometimes determines the relative position of an eligible on the register, as when two eligibles have the same average the one whose application is filed in complete form first is placed on the register ahead of the other. The blanks should be carefully and 30 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE correctly filled. Answer every question fully and in sign- ing name do not use abbreviations in one place and not in another. Signatures must be alike throughout the blank. Much time will be lost and possibility of rejection avoided by following the simple and plain regulations laid down by the United States Commission. When the blank is filled^ file it personally. If this is impossible for any rea- son, send it by registered mail. This will insure its deliv- ery. Do not delay until the last moment to file an appli- cation. If the aj)plicant has been honorably discharged from the Regular or Volunteer Army of the United States, and has resided at least one j^ear in the United States, he may be admitted to citizenship upon filing petition with the proper court. An application from a foreign-born person claim- ing citizenship, but failing to furnish the required proof, will be canceled. A declaration of intention to become a citizen will not be accepted in lieu of a certificate of naturalization. When the original naturalization papers are lost, a copy should be procured from the court that issued them, or, if the records of the court are destroyed, a new certificate should be obtained. Whenever a person has filed with the Commission proof of citizenship in connection with an application for exam- ination, it is not necessary to file such proof with a subse- quent application, but he should state in such application i THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 31 the kind, date_, and place of examination in connection with which he has furnished proof of citizenship. Unless otherwise specified women are eligible to the following-named positions only: Deputy Collector, Deputy Surveyor, Clerk, Stenographer and Typewriter, Inspectress and Cashier. The Commission is not responsible for delay in the re- ceipt of applications. Applications sent by mail are not received unless postage is fully prepaid. Mailing an ap- plication is not filing it, and applications, whether sent by mail or otherwise, arc not accepted unless actually received by the District Secretary within the time limit prescribed for the examination desired. Persons who have applied for an examination, or who have passed an examination, should keep the District Sec- retary informed of any change of post office address. Failure to do so will be treated as the fault of the appli- cant or eligible. A request to have an address changed should indicate the kind of examination taken, and, if edu- cational, the place and date of examination. The results of examinations are determined as promptly as possible, and competitors are notified of their averages as soon as the rating of their papers is completed. Noth- ing can be gained by writing to either the District Secre- tary or the Commission to expedite the rating. 32 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE PROOF OF CITIZENSHIP. All applicants must make oath in their applications to their United States citizenship or allegiance. In the case of a foreign-born citizen^ citizenship must be fully proved in one of the following ways: (a) If naturalized directly, the applicant's final certifi- cate of naturalization must be submitted. If tlie certifi- cate is issued in a name which differs in any particular from the applicant's name as it appears in the application, it will be necessary to prove the applicant's identity with the person to whom the naturalization certificate was is- sued by submitting the affidavits of two disinterested citi- zens to the effect that the applicant is the identical person to whom the certificate was issued. (b) If naturalized by the naturalization of a parent during applicant's minority, final naturalization certificate of such parent must be submitted, together with affidavits of two disinterested citizens that the applicant is the re- puted child of the person so naturalized. (c) If naturalized by the naturalization of the appli- cant's husband, or by marriage to a naturalized citizen, the marriage certificate or other satisfactory proof of mar- riage, accompanied^ by the final naturalization certificate of the husband, must be submitted. (d) If naturalized by marriage to a native American citizen, the marriage certificate must be submitted, accom- THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 33 panied by the affidavits of two disinterested citizens that the husband (the name to correspond to that shown in marriage certificate) is a native citizen. Such affidavits should^ if possible_, show place and date of the husband's birtli. (e) If the applicant is the child of American citizens temporarily resident abroad at the time of applicant's birth^ he must furnish affidavits of two disinterested citi- zens to the facts as claimed. If the parents are natural- ized citizens^ their citizenship must be proved as in (b) above. CHAPTER VIII. FORM OF APPIilCATION. CITY POST OFFICE, CUSTOM HOUSE, INTERNAL REVENUE, AND OTHER FIELD SERVICES. Notice to Applicants. — Ani/ false statement in an appli- cation, or alteration of a voucher or certificate, or presenta- tion to the Commission of any such paper, is a violation of the law and punishable as such. N. B. — This form must be carefully and correctly exe- cuted. All questions must be answered^ in ink^ the appli- cation in tlie handwriting of the applicant^ and the vouchers in tlie liandwriting of the signers thereof. There must be no discrepancy in the name of the applicant in any part of the form or in the vouchers. Applications which are exe- cuted or dated more than six months before the date of filing will not be accepted. I, the undersigned^ hereby apply to be admitted to the examination named below, intending to accept appointment if selected. Before answering questions 1 and 2 read carefully the information as to the different grade examinations in Form 1372, Instructions to Applicants. 1. (a) State kind of examination desired (Post Office, First Grade, or Second Grade), (b) If for Post Office examination specify here "Post Office C'erk," *Tost Office THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 35 Carrier/' or "Clerk-Carrier." (c) Place of examination. 2. (This question not to be answered by applicants for the Post Office service.) (a) In what branch or branches of the field service do you desire employment.^ (b) Are there any branches of the field service to which you do not desire appointment? (If so^ specify each branch in which you would not accept appointment if selected.) 3. Are you a citizen of the United States.'* 4. (a) Where were you born.^ Give city or county, and State. If foreign born, give country, (b) What was the month, day of month, and year of your birth .^ (c) What was your age on your last birthday.^ 5. (a) Of what State or Territory are you an actual, bona fide resident.^ (b) How long have you been such resident thereof.'* (c) Of what town or city and county or parish are you such resident? (d) How long have you been such resident thereof? 6. Name the kind of school in which you were educated. 7. (a) Are you now married? (b) Have you ever been married ? 8. Are any members of your family or relatives (either blood or by marriage) in the U. S. Government service? 9. (a) Have you ever been indicted for, or convicted of, any crime or misdemeanor or arrested upon any charge ? (b) Does your answer to question 9 (a) cover all cases of crime or misdemeanor in which you may have been in- dicted, convicted, or arrested? 36 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 10. (a) Have you taken the same examination for which you are now applying w^ithin twelve months next preceding the date of this application? (b) In what city were you examined? (c) Give the date of each examination. (Month and year), (d) Did you pass? 11. (a) Have you ever been barred from examination by this Commission? (b) If so, state when and for what reason, (c) Give the date, place, and kind of examination for which you applied and in connection with which you were barred. 12. (a) Have you any other application on file for a position in any branch of the classified service? (b) If so, for what position, for what service, and in what city? 13. (a) Is your name now on any register for appoint- ment in any branch of the classified service? (b) If so, for what service, in what city, and for what position ? This does not apply to State or municipal service. 14. Are you now in the Government civil service? 15. (a) Were you ever separated from tlie Government civil service? (b) If so, state when, from what position, what city, and branch of service, and whether you resigned or were discharged. 16. (a) Were you ever discharged on account of delin- quency or misconduct from any position in which you were employed? (b) If so, state when, from what position, and by whom jou were discharged. CUSTOMS SERVICE 37 17. Are you now in the military or naval service of the United States? 18. (a) Were you ever honorably discharged from the military or naval service of the United States? (b) Was the discharge on account of disability resulting from wounds received or sickness incurred in the line of duty? (c) If so^ give the name of the vessel on which or the com- pany and regiment in which you served^ with the dates of your enlistment and discharge, (d) Give the exact name under which you enlisted and were discharged. 19. Name any special qualifications which you possess (such as a knowledge of bookkeepings stenography, type- writing, foreign languages, or other subjects) which in your opinion would be useful in the Government Civil Service. 20. (a) What is your present occupation? (b) By whom employed? (c) What is your present annual salary? 21. Where have you lived, what has been your principal occupation, and by whom have you been employed during each of the last five calendar years? The following physical questions are to be filled out by the candidate in the same manner as the ones preceding: 22. Physical qualifications and liealth record. (a) Physique — Weiglit in ordinary clothing without overcoat and hat; exact height in bare feet; girth of chest (under vest) on forced expansion; on forced contraction; 38 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE girth of waist; has your weight recently decreased in any considerable degree? If so^ give explanation. (b) Health Record — Is your name borne on the United States pension rolls? If so^ for what disability? Have you any of the following disabilities? (Answer ''Yes" or "No" to each inquiry, in case answer is "Yes/' describe fully under question 24.) Sore eyes or any defects of vision; any defect of hearing; any defect of speech; any injury, deformity, or defect of hand, arm, foot, or leg; tuberculosis in any form; asthma or shortness of breath; any chest, lung, throat, mouth, or nasal disease; any skin eruption ; tumors, sores, ulcers, enlarged veins, rheumatism ; paralysis; piles; rupture; difficult urination; immoderate flow of urine; bladder or kidney disease; any disease or in- firmity not referred to herein? Are you subject to head- ache — severe, protracted, or frequent; to convulsions or fits; nervous exiiaustion or mental derangement; palpita- tion or any disease of the heart; dyspepsia; any symptom of disease or disability not referred to herein? Do you wear glasses? 23. Habits. — State specifically your past and your pres- ent habits in the use of intoxicating beverages, or any other stimulants; of tobacco, opium, morphine, or other drug. (Refer to each in your answer.) 24. Describe fully here all disabilities, defects, or in- firmities which you now have or may have had in the past. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 39 25. Are the answers to each and all of the foregoing questions in your own handwriting? 26. Are the answers to each and all of the foregoing questions true to the best of your knowledge and belief.^ If female^ prefix the "Miss'' or **Mrs." (Signature of applicant.) (Sign your first name in full^ your middle initial or in- itials^ if you have any^ and your surname in full.) This application will not he accepted if the jurat or oath, or the vouchers are omitted. JURAT OR OATH. [The following oath may be taken at any place in the United States most convenient to applicant^ before any Notary Public or other officer authorized to administer oaths for general purposes^ and before whom the appli- cant must appear in person. The officer's signature must be authenticated by official (impression) seal. If the oath be taken before a Justice of the Peace or other officer who has not such seal^ his official character must be certified by the Clerk of Court, Secretary of State, or other proper officer, under official seal.] Subscribed and sworn to before me by the above named applicant, this day of , 191 — , at , county of , and State [or Territory or District] of . (Signature of officer.) [Official Impression Seal.] 40 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE {Official title.) The official seal must not be omitted. SAMPLE VOUCHER OF WHICH THERE ARE TWO. The applicant must not fill up or sign either of these vouchers. Every applicant for e?:amination must furnish vouchers from two citizens of the United States, who must be at least 21 years of age, and must have known the applicant for six months or more. Vouchers will not be accepted from the father, mother, sister, brother, husband, wife, or child of tlie applicant, and not more than one voucher will be accepted from relatives of more remote degree. "Do not know" will not be accepted as answer to any question. All answers made by voucher must be in ink and in their own handwriting. I hereby certify that I am over 21 years of age; that I am a citizen of tlie United States; that my occupation is ; that for years I have personal^ known (write name to agree exactly with applicant's signature), the applicant named above; that I have read the foregoing application and believe the an- swers therein made to be true; and that the answers to the following questions with respect to the applicant are in my own handwriting and are true to the best of my knowl- edge and belief. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 41 1. Are you related to the applicant? If so^ state the relationship. 2. Is the applicant a person of sober and industrious habits ? 3. Is the applicant a person of good moral character and of good repute? 4. Is the applicant trustworthy and would you yourself trust the applicant with employment requiring undoubted honesty ? 5. Are you aw^are of any physical ailment, disease, de- fect, or anything else that would tend to disqualify the ap- plicant for the public service? Date, , 191 (Signature of the voucher.) (P. 0. address.) APPLICATION FOR SUB-CLERICAL AND FOR THE TRADES AND SKILLED OCCUPATIONS. Notice to Applicants. — Any false statement in an appli- cation, or alteration of a voucher or certificate, or presenta- tion to the Commission of any such paper, is a violation of the law and punishable as such. Applicants who pass an examination and receive ap- pointment will be given a practical trial when they report for duty, and will be liable to immediate discharge if it is found that they do not possess the requisite qualifications. Applicants are cautioned to answer as fully and com- 42 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE pletely as possible all the questions asked^, as failure to give complete information may result in reduced ratings. Avoid all references to religion^ politics^ change of ad- ministration, or membership in fraternal orders. [Failure to comply will cause your application to be returned or disapproved.] Applications must be in applicants' own handwriting in all cases where an educational test is required. All ap- plications for positions in the Indian Service or in the Cus- todian Service must be in applicants' handwriting, whether an educational test is required or not. All applications must be in ink. Failure to give your post office address on the back of the application or to attach sufficient postage to the en- velope when forwarding your application may prevent your examination. I, the undersigned, hereby apply to be admitted to the examination named below, intending to accept the position for which examined if selected for appointment. Fill in the following blanks with the utmost care; an error may delay or prevent your examination. 1. Name of examination or position; branch of service. (As "Departmental," "Indian," "Custodian," "Quarter- master," etc.) 2. Place of examination; date of examination. 3. Are you a citizen of the United States? Place of THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 43 birth; date of birth (give month^ day, and year; age at last birthday.) 4. Of what State or Territory are you an actual bona fide resident? Length of residence therein; of what county are you an actual bona fide resident? Length of residence in county. 5. Were you ever in the U. S. military or naval service; in what company and regiment, or on what vessel? (Do not give service in State militia) ; give the exact name un- der which you enlisted and were discharged. 5a. Dates of enlistment and discharge from U. S. mili- tary or naval service; was the discharge on account of dis- ability incurred in line of duty? Do you draw a pension? If so, for what disability? 6. Were you ever in the civil branch of the U. S. Service? In what department of service were you empoyed? For what period were you so employed? Did you voluntarily resign? Were you discharged? Are you now in the civil branch of the U. S. Service? If so, where? 7. (a) If you were ever employed in the civil branch of the U. S. Service, state fully your duties in each of the positions held by you and the salary received in each posi- tion, (b) If you are now employed in the civil branch of the U. S. Service, state the name of the examination from which you were appointed. 8. Have you ever filed an application with this Com- mission for any branch of the U. S. Government Service? 44 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Name each position for which examined or for which ap- plication was filed; in what cities v/ere you examined? Give the date of each examination; what average percent- age did you receiver 9. Have you any other application on file or is your name now on any register for appointment in any branch of the classified service? If so^, for what branch and for what position? 10. (a) Does the trade or occupation in which you seek to be employed require an apprenticeship? (b) If so, how long did you serve as an apprentice? Give dates. 11. At what age did you start to learn the trade or occu- pation ? 12. Since the completion of your apprenticeship, how long have you worked at the trade or occupation referred to? Give dates. 13. (a) Are you now employed at the trade or occupa- tion in which you seek to be employed? (b) If so, by whom? (c) At what salary? 14. If you are not now employed at said trade or occu- pation, when did you quit work at it, for what reason, at what are you now employed, and by whom? 15. Have you any objection to the Commission's making inquiries concerning you of your present employer? If so, give the reasons. 16. State fully and in detail all the practical experience THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 45 you have had in the trade or occupation (not position) in which you seek employment. 17. State fully what experience you have liad in other trades or occupations than that in which you seek employ- ment. 18. Give the full names and complete addresses of five persons in the United States who have knowledge of your experience and fitness for the trade or occupation in which you seek employment. 19. What has been your place of abode and principal business or occupation for each of the past four years? Year 19—; Year 19—; Year 19—; Year 19—. 20. Are any members of your family or relatives (either blood or by marriage) in the United States Government Service.^ Answer "yes" or "no." If so^ give the names and addresses and other information asked for in the blanks below with respect to all such relatives. 21. What is the lowest entrance salary you would be willing to accept? Are you willing to accept a position in Washington^ D. C. ? In your own State? In a neighbor- ing State? In Porto Rico? In Hawaii? Anywhere in the United States? In the Philippine Islands? Would you be willing to accept appointment to a position of a tem- porary character for a limited period, under the conditions 46 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE mentioned below?* If so^ at what salary.? (This ques- tion must be filled out but it is very improbable that a can- didate will be appointed to other than the position applied for). 22. (a) Does the trade or occupation in which you seek to be employed require a license? (b) If so, have you such a license? (c) If you have such a license, state when, where, and by whom it was issued. (An applicant for a position requiring a license from the U. S. Steamboat Inspection Service must submit with his application either his license or a certificate of the proper Steamboat Inspectors showing the grade and character of the license held by him. Licenses submitted will be imme- diately returned.) 23. (a) Are you married? (b) Have you ever been married? (c) If a married woman, where is your hus- band's actual bona fide residence? (Name county and State.) (d) An application for employment in the Indian Service must indicate the number of persons in his family for whom quarters are desired at the Indian School or Agency in case he is appointed. 24. Have you ever been convicted of, or indicted for, any crime or misdemeanor? *Note. — A temporary appointment may terminate at any time, and, under the rules, can not be extended beyond six months. The acceptance of a temporary appointment will not affect certification for regular appointment, nor will it lead to permanency. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 47 If so^ inclose herewith an abstract from the court pro- ceedings sufficient to show the essential action taken in each case, and also furnish a statement from the trial judge or other court officer showing the surrounding cir- cumstances and your reputation. 25. Have you ever been barred from an examination by this Commission? If so, when, and for what reason.^ (Give the date, place, and kind of examination for which you applied and in connection with w^liich you were barred.) 26. Habits — State specifically your past and your pres- ent habits in the use of alcohol, or other stimulants; of to- bacco, opium, morphine, or other narcotic drug. (Refer to each in your answer.) 27. Have you any chronic disease.'^ If so, what.^ Have you any defect of sight in either eye? If so, describe it fully. Do you wear glasses? Have you any defect of speech? If so, describe it fully. 28. Have you any defect of limb, hand or foot? If so, describe it fully. Have you any defect of hearing? If so, describe it fully. Are you pliysically capable of a full discharge of the duties of the position sought? What is your exact weight in ordinary clothing, without hat or over- coat? What is your exact height measured without your boots or shoes? 29. (a) What is the present state of your health? (b) 48 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Have you tuberculosis in any form? (c) Have you ever been affected with this disease? 30. Describe fully here all disabilities^ defects^ or in- firmities which you now have or may have had in the past. 3 1 . Are each and • all of the answers to the foregoing questions in your own handwriting ? If not, whose hand- writing ? 32. Are the answers to each and all of the foregoing questions true to the best of your knowledge and belief? If female, prefix "Miss" or **Mrs." (Signature of applicant.) (Sign your first name in full, your middle initial or in- itials, if you liave any, and your surname in full.) Note — Your name and post office address must be given in the space therefor on the back of this blank. Failure to do so may. prevent your examination. This application xvill not he accepted if the jurat or oath, or the vouchers are omitted. JURAT OR OATH. [The following oath may be taken at any place in the United States most convenient to applicant, before any Notary Public or other officer authorized to administer oaths for general purposes, and before whom the applicant must appear in person. The officer's signature must be autlienticated by official (impression) seal. If the oath be taken before a Justice of the Peace or other officer who THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 49 has not such seal, his official character must be certified by the Clerk of the Court, Secretary of State, or other proper officer, under official seal.] Subscribed and sworn to before me by the above named applicant, this day of , 191 — , at , County of , and State '[or Territory or District] of . {Signature of officer.) [Official Impression Seal.] (Official title.) The official seal must not be omitted on "jurat," unless the officer who executes the jurat is an officer of the county claimed by applicant as residence and executes the county officer's certificate, in which event, if the seal be impressed on the * 'certificate," it need not be impressed on the ''jurat." COUNTY OFFICER^S CERTIFICATE. This certificate must be executed in all cases where the applicant is willing to accept employment in the depart- ments at Washington, D. C. This certificate must be executed by an officer of the county in which applicant claims residence, who must at- tach his official (impression) seal. A Notary Public, County, Municipal, or Police Court Clerk, Mayor, Justice of the Peace, or other officer may execute the certificate, pro- vided he has an official (impression) seal, or, in lieu there- 50 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE of^ that his official character is certified to by proper officer^ under official seal^ and provided he is an actual resident and officer of the same county claimed by the applicant. No certificate will be accepted without such seal_, unless the official character of the officer is certified to by the Clerk of Courts or other proper officer under official (impression) seal. Attention is invited to the following provision of the Thirteenth Census Act, approved July 2, 1909: *Tro- vided. That hereafter all examinations of applicants for positions in the Government Service, from any State or Territory, shall be had in the State or Territory in which such applicant resides, and no person shall be eligible for such examination or appointment unless he or shall shall have been actually domiciled in such State or Territory for at least one year previous to such examination." Applicants for positions outside of Washington, D. C, and who are not willing to accept appointment in Washington, D. C, need not have this certificate executed. Applicants who occupy positions in the apportioned De- partmental Service at Washington are not required to have this certificate executed but should make the following no- tation opposite it: "Am in apportioned departmental service." The applicant is not required to appear in person before the officer who executes the following certificate, but the officer should satisfy himself as to facts to wliicli he certi- fies, from credible and competent evidence. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 51 I, a (^official designation of officer), of the County of and State [or Territory] of — , do hereby certify that {ivrite name to agree exactly with applicant's signature) , the applicant^ who signs the ahove application for civil service examination^ is now an actual bona fide resident of the County of , and State [or Territory] of and has been such resident for years^ months next preceding the date hereof. Dated at , County of , and State [or Ter- ritory] of , this day of ;, 191 — . [Official Impression Seal.] (^Signature of officer.) The official seal must not be omitted. Any addition or alteration in the printed wording will nullify the certifi- cate. If erasures or corrections be made in ''County Officer's Certificate/' certification must be made on margin by officer showing such correction. SAMPLE VOUCHER;, OF WHICH THERE ARE TWO. The applicant must not fill in or sign either of these voucliers. No recommendations other tlian those called for by the Commission will be accepted. Every person filing application on this form must fur- nish vouchers from two citizens of the United States who 52 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE are actual residents of the State in which he claims to be a resident. The signers of the vouchers must be at least 21 years of age^ acquainted with applicant not less than six months_, and vouchers will not be accepted from the father, mother, sister, brother, husband, wife, or child of appli- cant, and at least one voucher must be from a person not related to the applicant. Of the three certificates on this blank (county officer's certificate and two vouchers) no per- son may sign more than one. The persons making the vouchers should, if practicable, be those by whom the ap- plicant has been employed, or under whom or with wliom he has worked at the trade or occupation for which he seeks to be examined. In case the applicant has not been so em- ployed, the vouchers may be filled by other persons who have knowledge of the applicant's fitness for the j)osition for which he applies. 1. What is your age? (If you so prefer, the statement 2. Of what State or Territory are you an actual bodily 3. What is your business or occupation.^ resident ? 4. What is the name of the applicant for whom you furnish this certificate.^ (First name, middle initial, and last name should be correctly given.) 5. How long have you known the applicant? 6. Are you related to the applicant? If so, state the relationship. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 63 7. Of what State or Territory and of what county is the applicant an actual bona fide resident? How long^ to your knowledge^ has the applicant been such resident thereof? 8. What has been the applicant's business or occupation during the time you have known him? 9. Has the applicant ever worked with you or for you at the trade or occupation in which he seeks employment? The applicant has worked (with or for) me years months as a in (give name of shop^ firm, or corporation) at (City or town and State.) 10. Is the applicant addicted to the use of intoxicating liquors? If so, to what extent? 11. Has the applicant to your knowledge ever been dis- charged for inefficiency, neglect of duty, or moral unfit- ness? If so, give particulars. 12. To what extent would you yourself give the appli- cant employment in a position similar to that which he seeks ? 13. Can you state positively that the applicant's char- acter is unimpeachable and his reputation for sobriety and morality unquestionably good? The above statement and answers are in my own hand- writing (have been dictated and carefully read by me), and are true to the best of my knowledge and belief. 54 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE (Signature of voucher.) (Post-office address.) Date, , 19 — . MEDICAL CERTIFICATE. The following medical certificate must be filled out by the family physician of candidates who take the sub-clerical test. N. B. — The examining physician is requested to read this certificate carefully before beginning the examination and to note applicant's answers to questions 3 and 5a of the application. Applicants for the Railway Mail Service must be examined divested of their clothing. Applicants for positions in the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service must be examined by physicians in that service. All entries upon this certificate must be made in ink. If erasures or corrections be made in answer to questions contained in **Medical Certificate/' or in date of same, cer- tification must be made on the margin by the physician showing such corrections. All physical defects must be fully described opposite the question or under the last heading (2i). "R/' right; *'L/' left. Under heading 5 use terms poor, fair, average, good, or excellent. 1. Exact weight, in ordinary clothing, without overcoat or hat. (The physician must himself weigh the applicant.) 2. Exact height without boots or shoes. (The physician must himself measure the applicant.) THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 66 3. Girth (waist at level of umbilicus). 4. Girth (thorax at level of fourth rib): At rest; at full inspiration; at full expiration. 5. Degrees of robustness. 6. Vision: (Test both eyes for both near and distant vision^ using^ if possible^ Snellen's test types.) Is the ap- plicant's sight defective; if so^ to what extent? Is the ap- plicant color blind .^ Does the applicant wear glasses.^ Should the applicant wear glasses? 7. Hearing: Ticking of watch (R. ear — feet; L. ear — ■ feet.) Ordinary conversation (R. ear — feet; L. ear — feet). 8. Has the applicant any defect of speech? If so^ de- scribe it. 9. Thorax (shape^ depths etc.) 10. Nasal fossae. 11. Mouth and pharynx (teetli^ tonsils^, etc.) 12. Has the applicant any curvature of spine? If so, give extent and cause. 13. Limbs (defects, deformity, varicose veins, ulcers, etc.) 14. Is there evidence of disease or of abnormal func- tions, of the cerebro-spinal or sympathetic nervous system ? 15. Pulmonary sounds produced: (a) By auscultation; (b) By percussion; rales, if any. 56 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 16. Are there any indications of disease or of derange- ment of function of the organs of respiration or their ap- pendages? Describe fully. 17. Pulse: When sitting: beats per min. ; character. When standing: beats per min.; character. After testing agility: beats per min.; character. (Hop on one foot a dis- tance of 12 feet.) Cardiac condition shown (murmurs^ rhythm, etc.) : (a) On palpation; (b) on percussion; (c) on auscultation. 18. Has he been successfully vaccinated within the past five years .'^ 19. Are there any indications of disease of the heart or of blood vessels ? Describe fully. 20. Are there evidences of disease of the digestive sys- tem or of any of the abdominal organs.'* Describe fully. 21. Has the applicant rheumatism, gout, chronic catarrh of any organ, disease or defect of any of the organs of special sense, hernia, varicocele, sarcocele, hydrocele, hem- orrhoids, fistula in ano, enlarged lymphatic glands or other tumor, any genito-urinary disease, or any cutaneous dis- ease, or any evidence of having had venereal disease? 22. Has the applicant any predisposition, either heredi- tary or acquired, to any constitutional disease, or any ten- dency to disease or disability which is likely to unfit him for the performance of the work of the position which he seeks ? 23. Are there indications that the applicant uses intox- THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 57 icating beverages^ tobacco^ or narcotics in any form^ and if so^ to what extent? 24. Give here a supplemental and complete description of every abnormality, disease_, or physical defect, past or present : This space to be filled in by the applicant in his own hanwriting, in the presence of the physician. (Signature of applicant.) I certify that I have made a thorough examination of and personally weighed and measured the above-named applicant, that each and all of the above answers are in my own handwriting and are true, and that the applicant wrote his signature, just above, in my presence. (^Signature of physician.) Date, 19—. (P. 0. address of physician.) (Applicant Will Not Fill the Following Blanks.) Final certificate of naturalization of (Name of person naturalized), issued by the Court of (City) (State) on , 1 , was filed with this application by the applicant, and was found by me to be in due form in all respects. The certificate was returned to the applicant on , 19 — . (initials.) CHAPTER IX. THE EDUCATIONAIj TEST. WHAT IT CONSISTS OF AND SPECIMEN OF THE QUESTIONS ASKED FOR FIRST GRADE AND SUB-CLERICAL TESTS. FIRST GRADE. (Time allowed^ 5 hours.) In this examination competitors who fail to attain a rating of at least 70 in arithmetic or 65 in report writing will not be eligible for appointment, and the remaining subjects of their examinations will not be rated. SUBJECTS AND WEIGHTS. 1. Spelling: Twenty words of more than average dif- ficulty 10 2. Arithmetic: Fundamental rules, fractions, percent- age, interest, discount, analysis, and statement of simple accounts 25 3. Penmanship: Rated on legibility, rapidity, neat- ness, and general appearance 15 4. Report Writing: Test in writing in letter form a report, from 150 to 200 words in length, sum- marizing and arranging in logical order a series of facts included in a given statement of 400 to 500 words 25 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 59 5. Copying and Correcting Manuscript: Test in mak- ing a smooth^ corrected copy of a draft of man- uscript which includes erasures^ misspelled words^ errors in syntax^ etc 15 6. Geography and Civil Government of the United States 10 Total 100 SPECIMEN QUESTIONS. The following questions which have been used in a pre- vious test give a fair idea of the scope of the examination. Unlike the New York City Commission^ the United States Civil Service Commission is opposed to making public the questions used in each examination. First Subject — Spelling. — Spelling is dictated by the examiner. The words are written by the competitor in the blank spaces indicated on the first sheet of the examination. All words should be commenced with capital letters. The examiner pronounces each word and gives the definition. The competitor is required to write only the word and not its definition. Cylinder: Long^ round body. Promissory: Contain- ing a promise; as, a promissory note. Essential: Neces- sary or indispensable. Discernible: Apparent or visible. Opportunity: A fit or convenient time. Deceitful: False or tricky. Deference: Respect or regard. Insertion: 60 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE The act of placing in; as^ the insertion of an advertisement. Facilitate: To make easy; as to facilitate business. Sche- nectady: A city of the United States. Adjacent: Lying near or bordering on. Souvenir: A token of remembrance. Conceding: Yielding or giving up; as^ conceding a point. Lineage: Line of descent or ancestry; as^ of royal lineage. Deleterious: Harmful or injurious; as, deleterious to health. Horizontal: On a level. Patrimony: An estate inherited from one's father. Certificate: A written testi- mony, as, a marriage certificate. Reservoir: A place of storage; as, a water reservoir. Privilege: A right; as, the privilege of voting. Second Subject — Arithmetic. — In solving problems the processes should be not merely indicated, but all the figures necessary in solving each problem should be given in full. The answer to each problem should be indicated by writ- ing "Ans." after it. 1. This question comprises a test in adding numbers crosswise and lengthwise.* There are usually three col- umns of about twelve numbers each to be added. 2. Divide 47 3-25 by 7 3-5, multiply the quotient by 3 4-5, and to the product add 0.907 of 214.6. 3. A father invested a suffi- *Adding crosswise is' an unusual process of adding num- bers Add the figures of each line instead of column — from left to right and set down the total. When all the lines have been added, find the sum total by adding lengthwise. See Question 1, Pagel91. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 61 cient sum of money in Massachusetts 5\s at 97^, broker- age ^4 P^^ cent^ to give his son an annual income of $1,200. What was the sum invested? 4. The appropriation for the Civil Service Commission for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1897, was $98,340. During that year 50,000 persons were examined. If 34 per cent, of this number failed to • pass and 171/2 P^i* cent of those who passed were ap- pointed, what was the average cost to the Government of each appointment? 5. On April 1, 1904, Amos Ward owed Graves and Coon $68.90 on account. April 4, he sold them 68 barrels potatoes at $2.75 per barrel. April 6, he gave them a draft upon San Francisco for $1,860, which they accepted at ^ per cent, discount. April 9, they sold Ward 894 bushels corn at 38^/2 cents per bushel. April 16, they bought of him 2,^^ feet lumber at $1.25 per hundred feet. April 19, they sold him 341/2 dozen chairs at 90 cents each. April 21, Ward bought of them 1,260 eggs at 14 cents per dozen. April 28, he gave them a note for $1,820 due in 60 days. April 29, he bought of them, 2,980 pounds of hay at $15 per ton. Make an itemized statement of the above account as it should appear taken from the books of Ward ; make a proper heading ; close the account, and bring down the balance as it should have appeared May 1, 1904. Third Subject — Penmanship, — The rating on penman- ship will be determined by legibility, rapidity, neatness, and general appearance, and by correctness and uniform- ity in the formation of words, letters, and punctuation 62 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE marks^ in the exercise of the fourth subject — letter writ- ing. No particular style of penmanship is preferred. Fourth Subject — Report TVriting. — In this exercise the competitor is given a loose statement of facts^ 400 to 500 words in length, which he is to summarize and arrange into a logical and complete report in the form of a letter of from 150 to 200 words. This exercise is designed to test the competitor's knowl- edge of simple English composition and his general intel- ligence. In rating the report, its errors of form and ad- dress, spelling, capitalization, punctuation, syntax, and style, and the arrangement, conciseness, and completeness of the report are considered. Fifth Subject — Copying and Correcting Manuscript. — Spelling, use of capitals, and all omissions and mistakes will be taken into consideration in rating this subject. (The candidate is given a typewritten sheet of prose containing numerous mistakes and the candidate must cor- rect all errors in syntax, spelling, punctuation, and capital- ization; write in full abbreviated words, etc., as indicated.) Do not paraphrase the language of the copy, or insert, omit, or modify words, phrases, or punctuation marks, ex- cept as may be necessary to correct errors. Sixth Subject — Geography and Civil Government of the United States. — Questions 1, 2 and 3 of this subject are on geography of the United States and are similar to questions 1, 2 and 4 of second grade geograpliy as shown THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 63 under that subject. Questions 4 and 5 or on Civil Govern- ment of the United States. The following questions have been used: 4. (a) How are justices of the Supreme Court ap- pointed? (b) How many amendments have been added to the Constitution of the United States? 5. (a) Name two ways in which a bill may become a law without the President's signature, (b) Name the following officials: Speaker of the National House of Representatives; Chief. Justice of the United States ; and Secretary of State. CHAPTER X. THIRD GRADE OR SUB-CLERICAIi. SUBJECTS AND WEIGHTS. 1. Spelling: Twenty simple words in ordinary use. . . 10 2. Arithmetic: Embraces addition, substraction, mul- tiplication, and division of whole numbers and of United States money 20 3. Letter Writing: Test in the use of the English lan- guage for business correspondence 20 4. Penmanship: Marked on legibility, rapidity, neat- ness, and, general appearance 10 5. Copying from Plain Copy: An exact copy of a few l^rinted lines, in competitor's handwriting 20 6. Training, experience and fitness 20 Total 100 (All statements relative to training, experience, and fit- ness are subject to verification.) SPECIMEN QUESTIONS. The following questions, asked at a previous test, will give an idea of what the examination consists of: First Subject — Spelling. — Spelling is dictated by the examiner. The words are written by the competitor in the blank space indicated on the first sheet of the examination. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 65 All words should be commenced with capital letters. The examiner pronounces each word and gives its definition. The competitor is required to write only the word and not its definition. Sugar: A sweet substance made from the juice of the sugar cane. Pledge: Something given as security. Cash- ier: One who has charge of money in a bank. Figure: A mark representing a number. Carrying: Conveying or transporting in any way. Breadth: The measure from side to side. Sheet: The amount of paper made in one body or piece; as^ a sheet of paper. Easily: In an easy manner. Frontier: The border or limits of a country. Patience: The state or- quality of being patient. Guess: The act of guessing; as^ to guess at one's weight. Threat: The act of threatening; as^, to make a threat. Diamond: A precious gem. Visit: To go to see; as^ to visit a friend. Repair: To mend or make over; as^ to repair clothes. Peo- ple: The body of persons composing a nation; as, the American people. Require: To be in need of; as, to re- quire money. Grease: Soft animal fat. Answer: To reply to; as, to answer a letter. Exist: To live; as, to exist in poverty. Second Subject — Arithmetic. — In solving problems the processes should be not merely indicated, but all the figures necessary in solving each problem should be given in full. The answer to each problem should be indicated by writ- ing "Ans." after it. 66 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 1. (This question will consist of a short column of figures to be added.) 2. Divide 2,i08,588 by 4,732. 3. Multiply 8,6i3 by 608, and then subtract 98,716. 4. A merchant, who spent $225, bought 65 pounds of butter at 30 cents per pound, 81 barrels of apples, at $2.25 per bar- rel, and spent the remainder for coffee. How much did lie spend for coffee? 5. During the month of August 450,000 bushels of wheat were shipped from a certain port. Dur- ing September 87,960 more bushels were shipped than dur- ing August. What was the total number of bushels shipped in the two months? Third Subject — Letter Writing. — The competitor is per- mitted to write on either one of two subjects given. The following subject has been used: Write a letter containing not less than 100 words stat- ing some of the advantages now derived by mankind from the art of printing. This exercise is designed chiefly to test the competitor's skill in simple English composition. In rating the letter its errors in form and address, in spell- ing, capitalization, punctuation, syntax, and style, and its adherence to the subject will be considered. Fourth Subject — Penmanship. — The rating on penman- ship will be determined by eligibility, rapidity, neatness, and general appearance, and by correctness and uniform- ity in the formation of words, letters, and punctuation marks in the exercise of the fifth subject — copying from THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 67 plain copy. No particular style of penmanship is pre- ferred. Fifth Subject — Copying from Plain Copy. — N. B. — Paragraph^ speil^ capitalize^ and punctuate precisely as in the copy. All omissions and mistakes will be taken into consideration in rating this subject. Make an exact written copy of the following: The present postal policy is to carry newspapers in some cases free^ and in all other cases at much lower rates of postage than is charged for letters; the one being for the public weal, while the other is for private benefit. If the telegraph becomes a part of the service, it will still be the duty of the department to transmit telegrams for the press at much lower rates than for private individuals. CHAPTER XI. COURSE OF INSTRUCTION. LESSONS IN SPELLING. Words which are frequently used in orthography tests, many of which have been used in civil service examina- tions : * •}(•**** * 1. Abaft — Toward the stern of a ship. 2. Aberration — Mental derangement. 3. Acclamation — A shout of applause. 4. Accommodate — Supply or furnish. 5. Acquiescence — The act of submitting. 6. Adequate — Equal to requirement. 7. Admissible — Worthy of being admitted. 8. Aeronautics — Aerial navigation. 9. Affability — Courteousness. 10. Aide-de-camp — An officer who assists a General. 11. Alchemy — The chemistry of the Middle Ages. 12. Alleviate — To lighten; lessen; make easier. 13. Ambiguous — Doubtful. 1 4«. Antedate — To carry back to an earlier period. 15. Ascent — The act of rising. •X- "X- * •)(• -Jf * -Jf- 1. B ace ami — A French card game. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 69 2. Ballet — A theatrical representation, accompanied by music and dancing. 3. Banns — Proclamation of intention to marry. 4. Barouche — A roomy four wheeled carriage, with folding top. 5. Barrister — Counsellor at law. 6. Basilisk— A fabulous creature. 7. Bathometer — An apparatus for measuring depths. 8. Bawdry — The practice of a procuress. 9. Belligerance — The act or state of warfare. 10. Benefactor — One who confers a benefit. 11. Berthage — Space for mooring vessels in harbor. 12. Beverage~^T>YmlL of any description. 13. Bicycle — A vehicular machine of various forms. 14. Bifurcation — A division into two branches. 15. Biliousness — The state of being bilious. •x- * * * -Jf -K- * 1. Caboose — Trainmen's car attached to freight train. 2. Cachou — A pill for sweetening the breath. 3. Cadaver — A dead body; a corpse. 4. Caitiff — A cowardly wretch. 5. Caffeine — A bitter alkaloid extracted from coffee. 6. Cajole — To coax or deceive by flattery. 7. Calumniate — To accuse falsely and maliciously. 8. Cambric — A very fine thin linen. 9. Canard — An absurd story. 10. Caparison — Ornamental covering for a horse. 70 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 11. Capias — A writ authorizing the arrest of a person. 12. Capsize — To be overturned or upset. 13. Catarrhal — Pertaining to or produced by catarrh. 14. Celibacy — The state of being unmarried. 15. Candor — Openess or frankness. * -x- ^ * -x- * * 1. Dachshund — The German badger dog. 2. Dahlia — A composite plant witli large bright flowers. 3. Damask — A fine twilled table linen. 4. Dandelion — A biennial composite plant, with notclied flowers. 5. Danseuse — A female professional dancer. 6. Decigramme — One tenth of a gramme. 7. Decorous — ]\farked by propriety. 8. Defamation — Injuring a reputation without justifica- tion. 9. Delectable — Pleasing; deliglitful. 10. Demolition — Act or process of destroying. 11. Denouement — The act of solving a plot. 12. Destructible — That which may be destroyed. 13. Deterioration — Degeneracy. 14. Dictatorial — Absolute; imperious. 15. Dipsomaniac — Uncontrollable craver for alcoliolic drinks. ■3f -x- ^ ^ * * ^f 1. Easement — That which gives ease or relief. 2. Ebidlition — Sudden outburst of feeling. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 71 3. Ecclesiastic — A person in Holy orders. i. Efficacious — Capable of producing a desired effect. 5. Electropathy/ — Treatment of disease by electricity. 6. Emaciate — To lose flesh gradually. 7. Encyclopaedia — Comprehensive summary of know- ledge. 8. En masse — Collectively; altogether. 9. Epilepsy — A chronic nervous disease. 10. Equilibrium — Equality of weighty power^ force^ etc. 11. Equivocal — Doubtful or double significance. 12. Esprit de corps — A spirit of common devotion binding men togther. 13. Evasion — Excuse; equivocation; subterfuge. 14. Evenness — Smoothness; uniformity; regularity. 15. Exchequer — A treasury; cash or funds. ^ ^ ^ * ^ •)«• -x- 1. Fabricate — To construct; invent falsely. 2. Facilitate — To make easy or less difficult. 3. Factotum — A man of all work. 4. Fahrenheit — The name of a thermometer scale. 5. Fain — Gladly; willingly. 6. Fanaticism — Extravagant or frenzied zeal. 7. Fascinate — Bewitch or captivate. 8. Fealty — Loyalty. 9. Feasible — Practicable. 10. Felonious — Done with intention of committing crime. 11. Ferret — A domesticated variety of polecat. 72 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 12. Ferrule — Rod or flat stick used for chastisement. 13. Fete — A festival or holiday. 14. Filial — Befitting a son or daughter; due to a father. 15. Finesse — Artifice or strategem. •X- -Sf ^ * -x- -x- ^ 1. Gaiety — Merriment; pleasure. 2. Gambit — An opening in chess. 3. Gangrene — First state of mortification. 4. Garrison — Body of troops stationed in a fort. 5. Gaseous — Having the nature or form of gas. 6. Gauging — Measuring the contents of vessels. 7. Gawlcy — Awkward; ungainly. 8. Gazette — Bi-weekly newspaper containing official news. 9. Gelatine — Animal jelly. 10. Generator — Machine which produces steam or gas. 11. Gewgaw — A showy trifle. 12. Glazier — One who sets glass in w^indows. 13. Gnat — Small stinging winged insect. 14. Gondola — Long narrow Venetian pleasure boat. 15. Gordian — Anything intricate or difficult. * ^ ^ * ^ ^ * 1. Habitable — Fit to be dwelt in. 2. Flalloo — An exclamation to call attention to or cheer one. 3. Harass — To annoy or vex. 4. Heinous — Atrocious; extremely wicked. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 73 5. Heliotrope — A plant whose flowers follow the sun. 6.' Heredity — Transmission of physical or mental characteristics. 7. Hiccough — A short convulsive cough. 8. Hippopotamus — A large aquatic animal of Africa. 9. Histrionic — Pertaining to actors on stage. 10. Hoarhound — White woolly aromatic herb. 11. Horde — A nomadic tribe dwelling in tents or wagons. 12. Hullaballoo — Uproar; noisy contention. 13. Hyacinth — A handsome bulbous flowering plant. 14. Hydrophobia — A disease caused by bite of mad dog. 15. Hyperbole — A figure of speech. * •}{■ -Jf ^ ^ -JC- ^ 1. Icicle — A pendent cone of ice. 2. Icing — A concrete coat of sugar. 3. Idol — An image of a divinity. 4. Idyl — A short pastoral poem. 5. Ignition — The act of igniting. 6. Ignominious — Marked with public disgrace. 7. Ignoramus — An ignorant person. 8. Illusion — Deceptive appearance. 9. Imagery — Forms of the fancy. 10. Immortelle — Plant whose flowers may be dried and retain color. 11. Imperceptibly — So as not to be readily seen. 12. Imperturbable — Not easily disturbed. 13. Impetuosity — Vehemence; violence; force. 74 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 14. Implacability — Unappeasable anger. 15. Impresario — The manager of an opera or concert company. ■X- * ^ -Jf ^ * -x- 1. Jabber — To talk rapidly and indistinctly. 2. Jargon — Confused unintelligible talk. 3. Jaundice — A disease of a yellowish color. 4. Jetsam — Part of ship's cargo thrown overboard to lighten vessel. 5. Jettison — Act of throwing goods overboard to lighten vessel. 6. Jew's-harp — Small lyre-shaped musical instrument. 7. Judicious — Prudent; discreet. 8. Joss — Chinese god or idol. 9. Jowl — The jaw or cheek. 10. Jugular — Pertaining to neck or throat vein. 11. Jurisprudence — System of laws of a country. 12. Juvenescence — A growing young. 13. Junta — Legislative assembly or council. 14. Justiciary — A judge. 15. Jus — A riglit that may be legally enforced. ^ ^ ¥: ^ ^ * * 1. Keel — Lowest timber of a vessel. 2. Kerosene — Refined petroleum. 3. Kindliness — Benevolent disposition. 4. Kist^K chest or box. 5. Knapsack — Travelling case carried on back. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 75 6. Knout — A leatliern whip. 7. Koodoo — Striped antelope of Africa. 8. Kopje — A hillock. 9. Knuckle — Projecting joint of finger. 10. Kodak — A portable camera. 11. Knob — The rounded handle of a door. 12. Knave — A deceitful person. 13. Knack — Adroitness; dexterity. 14. Knowledge — Clear perception of the truth. 15. Knead — To work into a mass^ as dough. ■3«- -x- -x- -x -x- * -x- 1. Labyrinth — A series of intricate winding passages. 2. Lambrequin — A festooned drapery hanging in door or window. 3. Lapel — Part of coat which laps over. 4. Largess — A gift or bounty. 5. Laryngitis — Inflammation of the larynx. 6. Lachet — A shoe string. 7. Laudanum — A preparation of opium. 8. Legatee — Person to whom a legacy is bequeathed. 9. Legitimate — Lawful; real; logically correct. 10. Lethargy — Morbid drowsiness. 11. Levee — A river enbankment. 12. Lexicographer — Editor of a dictionary. 13. Lieutenant — Next officer below a captain. 14. Lineage — Ancestral line of descent. 15. Ludicrous — Exciting mirth. * « * « 4c 4: « 76 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 1. Macaroni — Long thin tubes of flour. 2. Mademoiselle — Title of courtesy given to young lady. 3. Magna Chart a — The Great Charter of civil liberty. 4. Magnanimity — Greatness of mind; nobility. 5. Magniloquent — Pompous in style or speech. 6. Malevolence — Spitefulness ; ill will. 7. Malleability — Capable of being extended by hammer- ing. 8. Mandamus — A writ issued by a superior court. 9. Marseilles — Double cloth fabric; quilted in the loom. 10. Martial — Pertaining to or adapted for war. 11. Martyrdom — Death or sufferings of a martyr. 12. Masquerade — Ball where masks are used. 13. Medallion — A large antique medal. 14. Meritorious — Having merit; deserving reward. 15. Meteorologist — One skilled in science of the atmo- sphere. * ^ -x- * * -x- * 1. Nacarat — A pale red color. 2. Nape — The back of the neck. 3. Nasturtium — A genus of plants^ including water cresses. 4. Nausea — Seasickness; loathing or disgust. 5. Necromancer — A conjurer; a predicter of future events. 6. Neuralgia — Acute pain in a nerve. 7. Nitro- glycerine — A highly explosive oily liquid. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 77 8. Nocturnal — Pertaining to or done at night. 9. Nonagenarian — A ninety year old person. 10. Notarial — Pertaining to or done by a notary. 11. Novelette — A short novel. 12. Numskull — A blockhead. 13. Nutrition — That which nourishes. 14. Nuzzle — To root up with the nose as swine. 15. Nymphomania — Erotic insanity in females. ■3f * ^ -x- * ^ -se- 1. Oasis — A feiftile spot in a barren desert. 2. Obeisance — Bow or courtesy; act of reverence. 3. Obfuscate — To bewilder. 4. Objurgation — A reproof. 5. Oblique — Deviating from a right line. 6. Oblivious — Forgetful. 7. Occurrence — An accident^ event^ or incident. 8. Oleander — An evergreen shrub with fragrant flowers. 9. Oleomargarine — An imitation butter. 10. Omniscient — Knowing all things. 11. Onerous — Budensome; weight3^ 12. Opaque — Not transparent. 13. Ophthalmic — Pertaining to the eye. 14. Opprobrious — Reproachful and contentuous. 15. Osculation — Kissing; touching. ■je- -x- -K- -x- * -x- -jf 1. Pachydermatus — Thick skinned. 2. Pajamas — Kind of sleeping costume. 78 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 3. Palatable — Agreeable to the taste. 4. Palliation — Extenuation; mitigation. 5. Panegyric — Enconium or praise. 6. Parachute — An apparatus for descending from a bal- loon. 7. Paralysis — Loss of use of part of body. 8. Parapet — A wall breast high. 9. Paranoiac — A monomaniac. 10. Perennial — Lasting through the year. 11. Pneumonia — Acute inflammation of the lungs. 12. Pseudonym — A fictitious name. 13. Psychology — The science of mental phenomena. 14. Ptomaines — Alkaloids of highly poisonous nature. 15. Punctilious — Precise in conduct or ceremony. * -x- -Jf- * * * * J 1. Quadrilateral — Figure with 4 sides and 4 angles. 2. Quarantine — To place under restriction. 3. Qualitative — Pertaining to quality. 4. Quartan — Occuring every fourth day. 5. Quantity — Property which may be increased or diminished. 6. Quardrwped — Four footed. 7. Quaff — To drink in large quantities. 8. Quarry — Place where stone is dug for building pur- poses. 9. Querulous — Complaining; discontented. 10. Quinque — A galley with five banks of oars. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 79 11. Quinine — An alkaline substance. 12. Quinsy — Inflammation of the tonsils. 13. Quotient — Result from division of one number by another. 14. Quirk — An artful evasion; subterfuge. 15. Quip — To scoff or jeer. •X- -x- * -Sf ^ * * 1. Rabies — Canine madness. 2. Raccoon — A badger like animal. 3. Racquet — A network bat. 4. Ravenous — Devouring with rapacity. 5. Recede — To fall back or retreat. 6. Reciprocity — Equal rights or benefits. 7. Recurrence — Return; resort. 8. Reiteration — Repetition. 9. Reliquary — Depository for relics. 10. Reportorial — Pertaining to reporters. 11. Reservoir — Place where water is stored up. 12. Resonant — Returning sound. 13. Restaurateur — Keeper of a restaurant. 14. Retrieve — To recover; restore; regain. 15. Retrocession — The act of going back. •3f ^ -je- -x- -x- -K- ^ 1. Saccharine — Having the qualities of sugar. 2. Sacrilegious — Violating sacred things. 3. Saponaceous — Having the qualities of soap. 4. Sauerkraut — A pickle of chopped cabbage. 80 THE CUSTOMSSERVICE 5. Scimitar — Oriental sword with curved blade. 6. Scrupulous — Full of scruples. 7. Seditious — Pertaining to sedition. 8. Seismograph — An instrument for recording undula- tory motions. 9. Seize — To take hold of forcibly. 10. Sententious — Short and energetic. 11. Shampooer — One who shampoos. 12. Shillalah — An oaken cudgel. 13. Siege — Surrounding of a place by an army. 14. Slough — Deep muddy place. 15. Stationary — Fixed; not moving. * * * •}«■ -jf * * 1. Tableaux — Striking and vivid representation. 2. Tachometer — An instrument for measuring velocity. 3. Tactician — One skilled in tactics. 4. Tambourine — Small hand drum with little cymbals. 5. Tarantula — A large spider. 6. Tassel — Pendent ornament of silk or wool. blood. 7. Technique — Artistic execution. 8. Tenacious — Holding fast or firmly. 9. Thrombosis — Obstruction of blood vessel by clot of 10. Tiliaceous — Like the lime tree. 11. Tonsorial — Pertaining to a barber. 12. Torpescent — Becoming torpid.. 13. Tourniquet — Instrument for compressing an artery. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 81 14. Tractor — That which draws or is used in drawing. 15. Tragedienne — 'An actress of tragedy. ->£• * -x- -x- -x- -Jf -x- 1. Ubiquitous — Existing everywhere; omnipresent. 2. Ultimatum — Final conditions offered. 3. Umbrage — Screen of trees; offense. 4. Unanimous — Agreeing in opinion. 5. Unconscionable — Out of all reason. 6. Unctuous — Soothing; extremel}" bland. 7. Undine — A water nymph. 8. Undulate — To move like waves. 9. Uproarious — Making a great noise. 10. Usurious — Practicing usury. 11. Utilitarian — Pertaining to utility. 12. Uterus — The womb. 13. Utopianism — Schemes for social happiness. 14. Utensil — Implements used for domestic purposes. 15. Ursiform — Bear like. 1. Vacillate — Fluctuate in mind or opinion. 2. Vacuum — Space devoid of all matter. 3. V aletudinarian — Seeking to recover health. 4. Varicocele — Swelling of the veins of the scrotum. 5. Veinous — Provided with veins. 6. Ventriloquism — Act of speaking as from another source. 7. Verbatim — Word for word. 8. V eterinary — Healing diseases of domestic animals. 82 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 9. Vexatious — Annoying; troublesome. 10. Vicissitude — Change. 11. Vinculum — A bond of union. 12. Vivacious — Lively; gay. 13. Volitive — Having the power of will. 14. Voussior — One of wedge like stones forming arch of bridge. 15. Volatilize — To evaporate. * * ^ * ^ ^ ^ 1. Wapiti — American elk. 2. Weevil — A small beetle. 3. Wherry — Light shallow boat sharp at botli ends. 4. Whirligig — A child's toy which is whirled. 5. Wistiti — The marmoset. 6. Worshiper — One who worships. 7. Wrench — To wring or pull with a twist. 8. Wrestler — One who wrestles. 9. Wry mouth — Eelshaped North Atlantic fish. 10. Wryness — The state of being distorted. 11. Wretch — A worthless person. 12. Wreath — Anything curled or twisted. 13. Wrest — To wrench or force by violence. 14. Wrangle — To dispute angrily or noisily. 15. Withe — A tough flexible twig of willow. •X- * * ^ -X- -X- 4€- 1. Xanthic — Tending to a yellow color. 2. Xeroderma — Disease of the skin. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 83 3. Xyloid — Like wood. 4!r Xylo'plione — A musical instrument. 5. Xyster — Surgical instrument for scraping bones. 6. Yeast — Preparation for raising dough. 7. Yeoman — A petty officer in charge of stores. 8. Younher — A young fellow; stripling. 9. Yerh — To thrust suddenly; to jerk. 10. Yaw — To deviate from the right course. 11. Zealot — An enthusiast; a fanatic. 12. Zither — A stringed musical instrument. 13. Zephyr — Soft gentle breeze. 14. Ziiicic — Containing zinc. 15. Zoological — Pertaining to zoology. CHAPTER XII. COURSE OF INSTRUCTION — Continued. Elementary English Course. ORTHOGRAPHY. All language is tlie expression of thought^ either by motion^ speech or writing. Deaf and dumb persons are compelled to use tlie first of these, the LANGUAGE OF GESTURE, and it is sometimes used by others when among j3eople whose spoken and written language they do not know; also, in pantomime, for amusement. The LANGUAGE OF SPEECH we receive from each other through the ear; that of WRITING through the eye. The symbols used in both these ways of thought-ex- pression are called WORDS, and Englisli Grammar teaches us the correct use of WORDS both in speech and writing, under four divisions, named respectively, ORTHOGRAPHY, ETYMOLOGY, SYNTAX, and PROSODY. This lesson deals with the first of those divisions, ORTHOGRAPHY, which begins at the smallest portions of WORDS, calling them LETTERS. ORTHOGRAPHY further tells us that of such LET- VHE CUSTOMS SERVICE 85 TERS there are 26 in number and that when spoken of altogether the name ALPHABET is given to them. Those LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET are of two kinds, VOWELS and CONSONANTS. The VOWELS are A, E, I, O, U, and each one of them gives a full, open sound. The CONSONANTS are B, C, D, F, G, H. J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, Sy T, V, X, Zy and they are so named because each of them requires the help of a VOWEL to make it heard. The only two remaining LETTERS are W and Y which belong to both classes, being CONSONANTS WHEN USED BEFORE THE FULL VOWELS. In some WORDS, like *'out," for example, we have two VOWELS coming together and producing a sound different from either when used alone. That sound is called a DIPHTHONG. When both VOWELS in a DIPHTHONG are dis- tinguishable, as in the WORD "boy," the sound is said to be a PROPER DIPHTHONG, but when only one of the VOWELS can be heard, the combination is termed an IMPROPER DIPHTHONG. The WORD *'boat" contains an instance of an IMPROPER DIPHTHONG. A TRIPHTHONG IS THE UNION, IN ONE WORD, of three VOWELS, as in "beauty." The only other feature of WORDS with which OR- THOGRAPHY has to do is the SYLLABLE which it 86 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE defines as being AS MUCH OF A WORD AS CAN BE, CORRECTLY, SOUNDED AT ONCE. When the whole of a WORD can be pronounced at once, as is the case with the WORD *'fox," it is named a MONOSYLLABLE. WORDS of two SYLLABLES are called DISSYL- LABLES; the WORD Pe-ter is an example of them. TRISYLLABLES are WORDS of three SYL- LABLES, as, "but-ter-fly," and WORDS of MANY SYLLABLES, like "in-ad-vi-sa-bil-it-y," are named POLYSYLLABLES. It follows, therefore, that, since ORTHOGRAPHY treats of LETTERS and SYLLABLES, a mistake in SPELLING must be a violation of the rules of that branch of GRAMMAR. ETYMOLOGY. After Words have been correctly formed, or spelled, in the division of Grammar, called Orthography, they come under the jurisdiction of ETY]\IOLOGY which separate them into nine classes called PARTS OF SPEECH, and every word in the English language is classified under one or another of those headings. The nine PARTS OF SPEECH are: ARTICLE, NOUN, ADJECTIVE, PRONOUN, VERB, ADVERB, PREPOSITION, CONJUNCTION AND INTERJEC- TION. Of those nine PARTS OF SPEECH two are especially THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 87 important, in fact, all the others are more or less subsidiary to them. Those two are the NOUN and the VERB. Some grammarians consider one of these the most im- portant of all the PARTS OF SPEECH, and some regard the other in that light. The decision seems to rest upon which consideration weighs more, thought expressed by a name word or thought expressed by an activity word, and as the matter is thus merely one of opinion, this Lesson shall not concern itself with it, but shall pass on to the consideration of the definitions required to gain an under- standing of WORD CLASSIFICATION. The word NOUN is derived from Latin nomen (nomenis), meaning a name, and its grammatical definition is: A NOUN IS THE NAME OF ANY PERSON, PLACE, QUALITY OR THING. It is, at once, obvious that the NOUN class must be very important because Nx\MES are of such frequent occurrence in all modes of thought-expression or language. NOUNS or names are of two kinds: COMMON and PROPER. COMMON NOUNS may be sub-divided into convenient classes, called ABSTRACT, COLLECTIVE and PARTI- CIPAL OR VERBAL NOUNS. A NOUN is said to be ABSTRACT when it is expres- sive of a quality as separated from the thing possessing the quality, such as, wisdom, wickedness, truthfulness, etc. 88 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE A COLLECTIVE NOUN is one that conveys the idea of multitude; as, crowd, army, congress, etc. A PARTICIPAL OR VERBAL NOUN is one derived from an activity-word or VERB, as, reading, writing, look- ing, etc. NOUNS are also inflected or varied for three purposes. First by NUMBER to distinguish between NOUNS that refer to only one and those that mean more than one. Second by GENDER to express sex or lack of it. Third by CASE to show the relation a noun bears to other words in the same sentence. The remainder of this Lesson shall be taken up with a consideration of the property of NOUNS called NUMBER of which there are two forms, the SINGULAR and the PLURAL. A Noun is said to be in the SINGULAR NUMBER M^hen it signifies only one, and in the PLURAL NUMBER when it denotes any number more than one ; as, book, books. The general rule for the formation of the PLURAL NUMBER is to add the letter "s" to the SINGULAR, as, pen, pens. Many exceptions to this rule exist however a few of which are; NOUNS ending in *'s," "sh," soft **ch," "x" and "o," usually form their PLURAL by adding "es;" as, hiss, hisses ; rush, rushes ; batch, batches ; box, boxes ; hero, heroes ; but the following words make their PLURAL by adhering to the general rule, although they end in "o;" THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 89 junto, canto, tyro, grotto, portico, solo, quarto, so also do NOUNS ending in "io" like folio, folios, and NOUNS ending in hard "cli," as, stomach. NOUNS terminating in "y" change "y" into "ies" for the PLURAL, except where the '*y" is preceded by a vowel when the general rule is followed; examples: baby, babies; lady, ladies; "y" preceded by a vowel, bay, bays; tray, trays ; da}^, days. NOUNS ending in "f," or **fe," change those letters into "ves" in the PLURAL, as, loaf, loaves; wife, wives; knife, knives ; but the words dwarf, brief, chief, grief, hand- kerchief, mischief, gulf, turf, surf, fife, strife, proof, hoof, roof, reproof, follow the general rule, as do also most NOUNS ending in ''If," like cuff, cuffs; muff, muffs. PROPER NOUNS have a PLURAL only when they refer to a race or famity, as, the Wilsons or to several persons of the same name, as, the four Marys. Some NOUNS are altogether irregular in regard to the manner in which they form their PLURAL, for example* child, children; foot, feet; goose, geese; mouse, mice; man, men; ox, oxen; tooth, teeth; woman, women. NOUNS ending in "um'* or "on'* take "a' in the PLURAL instead of those termination, and NOUNS end- ing in ''is" in the SINGULAR take "es" instead, example: addendum, addenda; phenomenon, phenomena; axis, axes There are also some NOUNS that are used only in the PLURAL, such as, snuffers, scissors, tongs, literati, 90 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE and words like mathematics^ metaphysics^ politics^ ethics, pneumatics, etc., may be used in either form. List of words of which the student should know the Plural form, and the definitions: "aide-de-camp, aides-de- camp; brother, brothers, and (sometimes) brethren; court- martial; courts-martial; cousin-german, cousins-german ; die (for coining), dies; die (for gaming), dice; father-in- law, fathers-in-law/' (Lennic). List of words from foreign languages that are some- times used in English literature: "addendum, addenda; animalculum, animalcula; antithesis, antitheses; apex, apices, or apoxes; appendix, appendixes or appendices; arcanum, arcana; automaton, automata; axis, axes; bandit, banditti; basis, baseis; beau, beaux; calx, calces; cherub, cherubs or cherubin ; crisis, crises ; criterion, criteria ; datum, data; desideratum, desiderata; diaeresis, diaereses; dilettante, dilettanti; effluvium, effluvia; ellipsis, ellipses; emphasis, emphases; enconia, enconium; erratum, errata; focus, foci; genius, geniuses and genii; genus, genera; hypothesis, hypotheses ; ignis f atuus, ignes f atui ; index, indexes and indices; lamina, laminae; magus, magi; medium, media; memorandum, memoranda; metamorphosis, metamorplioses ; monsieur, messieur; phenomenon, pheno- mena; radius, radii; seraph, seraphs or seraphim; stamen, stamina; stimulus, stimuli; stratum, strata; terminus, termini; thesis, theses; vertex, vertices; virtuoso, virtuosi; vertex, vortices or vortexes." (Lennie). THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 91 The second property of NOUNS^ in the English langu- age^ is GENDER^ and that is decided by the sex of the individual for whom the NOUN stands as a name-word. Three forms of GENDER prevail, the MASCULINE, comprising the names of all male persons and animals; the FEMININE, claiming all names representing persons and animals of the FEMALE sex, and the NEUTER GENDER standing for the names of things animate and inanimate, that are not supposed to be of either sex. Words like parent, child, infant, cousin, servant, neigh- bor, etc., being representative of either sex, are said to be of COMMON GENDER. "There are three ways of showing the GENDER of NOUNS: 1. By using entirely different words to distinguish the sexes as: bachelor, maid or spinster; beau, belle; boy, girl; bridegroom, bride; brother, sister; bull, cow; drake, duck; earl, countess ; father, mother ; gander, goose ; gentleman, lady; hart, roe; horse, mare; husband, wife; king, queen; lord, lady ; man, woman ; master, mistress ; monk, nun ; nephew, niece; ram, ewe; sir, madam; son, daughter; stag, hind; uncle, aunt; wizard, witch'' (Lennie). 2. By merely altering the termination of the MASCU- LINE form, as: ''abbot, abbess; actor, actress; adminstra- tor, adminstratrix ; baron, baroness; benefactor, bene- factress; count, countess; Czar, Czarina; Dauphin, Dau- phiness; deacon, deaconess; duke, duchess; emperor, em- 92 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE press ; enchanter^ enchantress ; executor^ executrix ; giant^ giantess; lieir^ heiress; hero^ heroine; host^ hostess; Jew^ Jewess; lad, lass; landgrave, landgravine; lion, lioness; marquis, marchioness ; mayor, mayoress ; peer, peeress ; poet, poetess; priest, priestess; prophet, prophetess; shepherd shepherdess; Sultan, Sultana; testator, testatrix; viscount, viscountess; widower, widow." (Lennie). 3. By prefixing a NOUN of the COMMON GENDER with a word that indisputably indicates sex, as: **man-ser- vant, maid-servant; male-child, female-child; he-goat, she- goat/' (Lennie). Occasionally a NEUTER NOUN is personified, that is, it is treated as if it belonged to one of the sexes, as when we speak of the sun as *'he'* and of the moon or a ship, as "she.'' Divide the following list of words, according to GEN- DER, into four columns, under the headings, ]MASCU- LINE; FEMININE; NEUTER; COMMON. "Boy, girl, man, woman, slate, fish, lioness, nut, coat, bull, tiger, cat, city, hat, governess, king, prince, queen, prin- cess, teacher, author, emperor, duke, book, duck, drake, niece, cousin, nephew, aunt, uncle, father, sister, son, daughter, lady, whale, John, ship, nun, monk, lad, widow, maid, bird, fowl, flower, hen, gander." (Lennie). The third quality of NOUNS that requires attention is CASE, and, as has been stated in a former Lesson, the Tllii: CUSTOMS SERVICE 93 function of CASE, in a NOUN, is to make clear the NOUN'S relation to the other words in the same sentence. In three ways this is accomplished. 1. By placing the NOUN so that it will represent the individual person, place, quality or thing as the SUBJECT of a sentence, that is, the NOUN about which some state- ment is made. In the sentence. The dog barks, for in- stance, the word "dog" is the Subject or word about which an assertion is made. When a NOUN occupies the position of SUBJECT in a sentence, it is said to be in the NOMINATIVE or NAM- ING CASE, because the spelling of the word is not altered. 2. The POSSESSIVE CASE comes next and it is so named because a NOUN, to be in that CASE, must have the relation of ownership to some one or some thing, and that relationship is expressed by an apostrophe, ('), and the letter "s" added to tlie NOUN, if not already ending in "s", in the event of the NOUN already ending in "s", the addition of the apostrophe is sufficient. The sentences, Job's trials were numerous and The soldiers' banners were unfurled, contain examples of the POSSESSIVE CASE. Possession, can, however, be indicated in other ways that sliall be referred to in their order. 3. The OBJECTIVE CASE is so called because a NOUN, to be in that CASE, must be so placed as to be the OBJECT of the activity that is expressed by the word . used to make a statement concerning the SUBJECT. In 94 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE the sentence. The cat caught a bird, "Cat" is the SUB- JECT or NOUN about which a statement is made; the word "caught" expresses the statement made and the NOUN '"bird" is the OBJECT of the statement "caught." The word "cat" is therefore, in the SUBJECTIVE CASE. The same statement could, however, be thrown into an- other form by which one of the methods of indicating possession, without the use of the POSSESSIVE CASE, may be illustrated. If the sentence read, A bird was cauglit by the cat, the relative positions, or CASES, of the words "cat" and "bird" would be reversed. "Bird" would then be the SUBJECT concerning which the state- ment would be made, and "cat" wDuld be thrown into the OBJECTIVE CASE by the word "by" which shall be classified later. The facts that no differentiation in spelling form is made between NOUNS in the NOMINATIVE CASE and NOUNS in the OBJECTIVE CASE, and that the same NOUN can be made to occupy either of the two CASES, as above exemplified, probably influences those who regard the more staple "verb" as the most important of all the PARTS OF SPEECH. PARSING. To classify a word under the PART OF SPEECH to .which it properly belongs; to tell all about it that such classification involves; and to give also all information T II £ CUSTOMS SERVICE 95 regarding it as related to the other words of the sentence it stands in^ is to PARSE it. THE ARTICLE. THE ADJECTIVE. Next* to the NOUN come, logically, the PARTS OF SPEECH that more especially aid in giving it fuller ex- pression. The first of these is the ARTICLE whose use is to limit, to some extent, the NOUN it modifies. There are but two of those small NOUN modifiers or ARTICLES, A or AN, and THE.* When a NOUN is used without any modifier it stands for all the class to which it belongs. For example the word '*Man" represents the class that includes all males of the human family. The moment, however, that you put the ARTICLE "A" before it you limit its significance to one member of the human family, to a single one of a class. The other form of the same ARTICLE, "AN", has exactly the same limiting effect, and only differs in being used be- fore a word beginning with a vowel, or a silent **h'* as. An ant; an hour. This ARTICLE, in both forms, is called the INDEFINITE ARTICLE, because, while it per- forms the limiting function, it is not' specific, and can only be used in the SINGULAR NUMBER. The DEFINITE ARTICLE, ''THE" on the contrary, is specific. It not only limits the sense of a NOUN it modifies to one of its class, but refers to a particular speci- k 96 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE men of that class, as, The President; the King. The DEFINITE ARTICLE is used in both numbers. THE ADJECTIVE. The ADJECTIVE is a very useful modifier 'to the NOUN, and it may be defined as the PART OF SPEECH that describes the Quality of a NOUN. In the phrase, a hard lesson, we have one example each of the three PARTS OF SPEECH studied, so far, in this Course. *'Lesson'' is the Name-word or NOUN ; *'A'' is the in- definite, limiting, modifier of the NOUN, referring to one lesson only, but not saying which specific one; and "hard" is the ADJECTIVE, or QUALITY modifier of tHe NOUN, describing it more particularly. For this reason that one NOUN may possess more of the same quality than another and still another may have the most of the three, it is necessary that ADJECTIVES should have, as a rule, three degrees of comparison. These are, the POSITIVE, the COMPARATIVE, and the SUPERLATIVE degrees. The POSITIVE degree simply expresses the quality in question, as, large, small; the COMPARATIVE is used in ascertaining which of two NOUNS has the greater or less degree of the quality, as, larger, smaller; and the SUPERLATIVE compares any number over two and de- THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 97 cides which has tlie greatest or least degree of the quality involved, as, largest, smallest. RULES. 1. For ADJECTIVES of one syllable the general rule is to add "r" or "er" for the COMPARATIVE, and "st" or *'est" for the SUPERLATIVE, to the POSITIVE form. • 2. ADJECTIVES of more than one syllable generally take the words **more'' and **most" respectively, for the COMPARATIVE and SUPERLATIVE, as prefixes to the POSITIVE. Example, beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful. IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES. Some adjectives cannot, with propriety, be compared. A few such incomparable ADJECTIVES are, true, per- fect, universal, chief and extreme. Others have COMPARISONS but not according to rule. Of such are: Positive: good, bad, evil or ill, much or many, late, near, far, fore, old. Comparative: better, worse, more, later, nearer, fartlier, former, older or elder. Superlative: best, worst, most, latest or last, nearest or next, farthest, foremost or first, oldest or eldest. 98 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE (Much is applied to things weighed or measured; many to things numbered.) THE PRONOUN. The ARTICLE^ as we have seen^ limits^ to some extent^ the range of a NOUN'S meaning; the ADJECTIVE, by its three DEGREES OF COMPARISON, specifies how much of any given quality it has; and now we come to the PRONOUN, which, as its name indicates, is used "pro," or for, tliat is, instead of, the NOUN. The PRONOUN, then is the PART OF SPEECH which indicates, without naming it, the NOUN for which it stands. Example: Eliza is a good girl; she studies her • lessons well. The word "she," which is the PRONOUN, indicates, without naming "Eliza," the NOUN for which it stands, and thereby prevents a tiresomely-frequent repetition of the NOUN itself. Words of tliis class are of three kinds: PERSONAL, RELATIVE, and ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. PERSONAL PRONOUNS have NUMBER, GEN- DER, and CASE, just as do the NOUNS for which they stand; they also have PERSON. If a PRONOUN be supposed to speak, it is said to be in the FIRST PERSON ; if considered to be spoken to, it is regarded as being in the SECOND PERSON; and if spoken of, it is in the THIRD PERSON. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 99 PERSONAL PRONOUNS are declined, or varied, to show all their properties. There ar^ also some COMPOUND PERSONAL PRO- NOUNS that are sometimes used in an appositive, or ex- planatory sense, but more frequently for emphasis, as in the sentence I, Myself, did it. By adding the word "self,'' or its plural, "selves," to the following words, COMPOUND PERSONAL PRO- NOUNS are formed and they are declined to show NUM- BER, GENDER, PERSON and CASE just like the SIMPLE PRONOUNS. My, myself; our, ourself; our- selves, thy, thyself; your, yourself; yourselves; him, him- self; her, herself; it, itself. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. The words WHO, WHICH, and THAT, are called SIMPLE RELATIVE PRONOUNS, because they al- ways refer, either to a NOUN or a PRONOUN that has been mentioned before them, and the NOUN or PRO- NOUN thus referred to, is called the ANTECEDENT. ("Who" is generally applied to persons, as: The man who hesitates is lost; and "which" to animals and inani- mate things, as: The dog which you hear barking disturbs me at night; The letter which was mislaid is found.) Frequently the RELATIVE PRONOUN "that" is used instead of "who" or "which." The word "What" is a COMPOUND RELATIVE 100 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE PRONOUN because its meaning includes both ANTE- CEDENT AND RELATIVE PRONOUN, as: This is exactly wliat she wanted; meaning the thing which she wanted. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. These do not form a distinct class; they are simply the words Wlio, Which and What, which have already been classified, put to a different use. When, Who, Which, and What are used to ask ques- tions they are called INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS, and their ANTECEDENTS, in such circumstances, are found in the answers to the questions. Example: Who did the work: Jane.^ (Jane, who did the work, etc.) ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. An ADJECTIVE PRONOUN, as the name suggests, is one that partakes of the nature of an adjective more particularly tlian do the other PRONOUNS. They may be arranged in four distinct groups: the POSSESSIVE, the DISTRIBUTIVE, the DEMONSTRATIVE and the INDEFINITE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. The POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS are, chiefly tlie POSSESSIVE CASES of the PERSONAL PRONOUNS used as NOUN MODIFIERS, or AD- JECTIVES. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 101 They are; MY, THY, HIS, HER, OUR, YOUR, THEIR, ITS; and the word ''OWN." The DISTRIBUTIVES are Each, Every, Either, Neither; and their name is so appropriate that they ne^d no further elucidation. The DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS are likewise well-named, and they are; This; and That, with their respective PLURALS These, and Those. (The word "that" is a RELATIVE PRONOUN when it can be interchangeable with **who" or "which" without interfering with the meaning intended; a DEMONSTRA- TIVE PRONOUN when it calls particular attention to a NOUN; and under other circumstances it is a CONJUNC- TION.) The INDEFINITE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS are: None, Any, All, Such, Whole, Some, Both, One, Other, Another. THE SEMICOLON. The semicolon separates members having a closer con- nection than those requiring the colon. It occurs much more frequently than the colon, and less frequently than tlie comma. General Rule. — Use the semicolon for all considerable divisions of a sentence for which the colon is not required by the preceding rules. Special Rules. — The semicolon is used to separate: 102 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 1. Co-ordinate clauses, one or more of which contain a comma; thus: '*Such^ O men of Athens! were your an- cestors: so glorious in the eyes of the world; so beautiful aijd munificent to their country; so sparing, so modest, and so self -relying." — Demosthenes. 2. To mark a somewhat more emphatic pause when commas precede or follow; thus: **Books are needed, but not many books; a few well read. An open, true, patient, and valiant soul is needed; that is the one thing needed.'* — Carlyle. 3. To separate the subdivisions of members that are marked with a colon; thus: "Love thyself last; cherish those that hate thee: Corruption wins not more than honesty." — Shakespeare. 4. Before an additional remark beginning with a con- junction or incomplete in itself; thus: "Among the oaks I observed many of the most diminutive size; some not above a foot high, yet bearing small bunches of acorns." — Irving. Note. — Many writers use the semicolon, instead of the colon, even though the additional remark makes complete sense and has no conjunction; thus: "Speak clearly, if you speak at all; Carve every word before you let it fall." — Holmes. THE COMMA. In the use of the comma considerable diversity exists; most writers, however, observe the following rules: THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 103 Rules. — Use commas for any of these three purposes: 1. To indicate the omission of such words as are readily suggested to the mind; as: "Conversation makes a ready man; writing an exact man/' — Bacon. Note. — If the place where the word is omitted requires a comma for another reason^ a semicolon is usually sub- stituted; if it requires a semicolon^ a colon is then used; as^ "My comrade^ on the contrary^ made himself quite one of the family; laughed and chatted with them/' Here the insertion of 'and' before 'laughed' would leave only a comma; while the insertion of 'he' without 'and' would require a colon. 2. To mark off the members of a series or enumeration when all are brief; while if any are long, all take the semicolon thus: "He tried each art, reproved each dull delay. Allured to brighter worlds, and led the way." — Goldsmith. When words are arranged in pairs, each pair takes a comma after it; as: "Sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, I give my hand and my heart to this vote." — Webster. 3. To mark a break in the grammatical construction: (a) Before and after the vocative case; as: "Pizarro, hear me ! Hear me, chieftains ! And thou. All powerful, whose thunder can shiver into fragments the adamantine rock," etc. — Sheridan. 10^ THE CUSTOMS SERVICE (b) After introductor}^ and before appended words^ phrases^ or clauses; and both before and after incidental ones; as: ''Whilst almost the whole of Europe was desolated by war^ peaceful Ireland^ free from the invasion of external foes, opened to the lovers of learning a welcome asylum. In crowds, numerous as bees, as Aldhelm writes, the English went to Ireland, or the Irish visited England, etc." (c) After an inversion; as: "Of the most celebrated AngloySaxon scholars, many had studied in Ireland." (d) Before appositives, and (e) Before relative clauses when they do not restrict the meaning of the antecedents. No qualifying word or clause should be separated from the word with which it forms one integral meaning. (f) Wherever tlie insertion of a comma may prevent an ambiguity, in the use of such words as 'however,' 'besides,' ']ience,' 'then,* 'only,' 'Chiefly,' etc; as, "Tliose who seek for pleasure only, defeat their own object." Note. — There is much variety in the practice of writers with regard to incidental words and phrases; some usually mark them by commas, others seldom mark them unless for emphasis or to avoid ambiguity. The same diversity exists in regard to brief clauses united by 'and,' 'or,' and other conjunctions tliat produce close union. Thus: "O what a tangled web we weave When first we practise to deceive !" ■^ THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 105 admits a comma after 'weave.' ''Cicero and Seneca remarked that in their time there was not a single people professing atheism/' may be punctuated as follows: "Cicero and Seneca remarked^ that^ in their time^ there was not a single people professing atheism." "The mighty waves sang together; and all the sons of Neptune shouted for joy." Here the semicolon is by many changed into a comma. THE INTERROGATION AND EXCLAMATION. 1. An exclamation or wonder mark is placed — (a) After every interjection except *0;' as, 'Fie!' 'Begone!' When words accompany tlie interjection the mark is placed after them ; as, "Woe is me !" (b) After w^ords that are shouted; as: "To arms! they come! the Greek! the Greek!" — Halleck. (c) After words, clauses^ or sentences expressive of strong emotion ; as, "We must fight ! — I repeat it, sir, we must fight !" — Patrick Henry. 2. The interrogation point marks a direct question, whether asked for information or used as a rhetorical figure; as, "When shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week? or the next year?" — Patrick Henry. Note. — The marks of interrogation and exclamation supersede the points with which they may coincide. THE DASH. The dash is a comparatively recent invention, intended 106 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE to express various modificatioTis of thought not sufficiently expressed by any of the other points. (a) When a speech^ a drama^ a conversation is written or printed^ the dash denotes an accidental or intentional 'pause in the discourse, (b) In a narration^ it expresses a sudden pause att intemi'ption in the action related, (c) In a document or didactic treatise, it marks an omission of a word or phrase, such as 'namely/ *that is/ 'for example,* etc. ,' (d) In any composition, it denotes the end of an enumeration ; omitted names, dates, letters, etc. ; a sudden change in the course of the sentence, either parenthetically, to insert a brief remark, or definitively, without resuming the original construction. (e) Besides, printers often use a dash instead of begin- ning a new paragraph, and also before examples and re- ferences. But many writers, chiefly in periodicals, abuse the dash by using it for other points of definite meaning. Rule, — Do not use the dash except to express something that the other points do not signify. Note. — The dash need not supersede, but rather follow, any other point that the sense requires; but many neglect this distinction. The following examples will suffice to explain its proper use: (a) Emphasis: "Give me liberty, or give me — death." THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 107 (b) Hesitation: **It was to inquire by what title General — but catching himself^ Mr. Washington chose to be ad- dressed." — Irving. (c) Pause: *'I pause for a reply. — None? Then none have I offended. — I have done no more to Caesar than you should do to Brutus." — Shakespeare. (d) Breaking off^ or Omission: "Here lies the great — false marble^ where? Nothing but sordid dust lies there." — Shakespeare. **The pulse fluttered — stopped — went on — throbbed — stopped again_," etc. "A man — one unknown or indefinite; the man — one known and particular." — Gould Brown. (e) Close of enumeration: ''The noble indignation with which Emmet repelled the charge of treason against his country^ the eloquent vindication of his name, and his pathetic appeals to posterity — all these entered deeply into every generous breast." — Irving. (f) Unexpected transition: ^'Whatever is, is right. — This world, 'tis true; Was made for Caesar — but for Titus too." — Pope. (g) A parenthetical remark: "There was a little picture — excellently done, moreover — of a ragged, bloated New England toper." (h) Intended disconnection of words or sentences: "Traitor! — I go, but I return. — This — trial! — Here I devote your senate!" — "I've had wrongs," etc. — Croly. 108 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE CURVES, BRACKETS, AND QUOTATION MARKS. Curves, or 'parentheses, are used to enclose words, phrases, clauses, numbers, letters, points, etc., which are to be kept independent of the main constructicA. If the insertion is prompted by emotion, especially if its words fall readily into tlie construction of tlie sentence, two dashes are usually preferred. Brackets, or crotchets, are chiefly used to insert the words of some one else, by way of explanation, correction, or com- ment. Examples : (a) Emotion: "I had given all my savings — five pennies — to the poor peddler." (b) P^xplanation: "I had given all my savings (five pen- nies) to the poor peddler." (c) Comment: "I had given all my savings [five pen- nies] to the poor peddler." Sometimes, to mark a total want of connection, the dash and tlie curves are combined; as: **Thou idol of thy parents — (Hang the boy! There goes my ink) — With pure heart newly stamped from nature's mint — (Where did he learn that squint?)" — Hood. As appears from this example, the portion between the curves takes such points as its own meaning requires. The main sentence is punctuated as it would be if the whole parenthesis were taken away. If the parenthesis affects THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 109 more directly the words preceding it^ the stop^ if any oc- curs^ is marked after the curves or brackets; if it affects more directly what follows it^ the point is placed before the brackets ; if it refers equally to both parts^ the point is marked before the first curve and repeated before the second. No parenthesis should occur at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. Examples: **W. — This letter (which is unmarked) is a consonant.'* "The sound p (unmarked)^ as in pay^ page, etc.'- — Id. **I send you, my dear child, (and you will not doubt) very sincerely the wishes of the season." — Chesterfield. *'Hear him with patience, (and at least with seeming attention,) if he is worth obliging." — Id. **By adding able or ible: (sometimes with a change of the final letters:) as 'perish,' 'perishable.' " — G. Brown. Quotation marks are double inverted commas put before and after whatever is presented as the identical words of others, or of the same writer on another occasion. A quotation occurring inside of another is included between single points. Either double or single marks enclose words, phrases, etc., mentioned as examples, or pointed out parti- cularly as if underscored. When a quotation runs con- tinuously through several paragraphs, each of these has the double commas at the beginning. 110 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE **Tlie Switzer gazed — the arrow hung, *My only boy!' sobbec^on his tongue; He could not shoot. *Ha!* cried the tyrant, 'doth he quail? Mark how his haughty brow grows pale !' But a clear voice rang on the gale — 'Shoot, in God's name !' ". x\s Capital Letters, the Hyphen, the Apostrophe be- long properly to the spelling of words, they are supposed to be fully known before the study of rhetorical precepts is undertaken. NOTES ON THE USE OF WORDS. 1. Language is articulate sounds expressive of thought. Children learn it from their parents and from other per- sons with whom they associate. Object Lessons, while giving the learner ideas of a multi- tude of things, supply him at the same time with the words or terms by which those ideas are to be expressed. This way of learning words, in connection with the objects signified, imparts clearness to knowledge; but it cannot extend to a great variety of things. Most words in a language are to be acquired by reading and conversation. As terms stand for ideas an enlarged familiarity with words and their meanings, they extend the limits of our knowledge, and are thus an important part of education. It w^ould not be correct to say that a man's knowledge is THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 111 valuable in proportion to the multitude of words which he has learned to understand^ for some matters are far more worthy of knowledge than others. 2. TO ACQUIRE A COPIOUS SUPPLY OF PROPER WORDS: 1. Students should converse frequently with persons whose knowledge is sound and whose language is correct and elegant. 2. Their reading should be confined to the choicest pro- ductions of the best writers_, suited^ liowever_, to their age and circumstances. The text books which they use for reading and for models of composition should be selected with the greatest care. 3. Purity. Purity requires that all her expressions belong to the idiom of our language. It forbids the use of words and phrases which are: (a) Foreign. (b) Obsolete^ or no longer in use. (c) Newly coined^ or not yet adopted into the language. A violation of Purity is called barbarism. The standard of Purity is the practise of the best writers and speakers. This standard is thus explained by the great Campbell in his Rhetoric. To judge wliether a word is pure, he bids us consult : (1) Reputable Use, that is, the usage of the best writers and speakers, as opposed to that of the uneducated. 112 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE (2) National Use^ as opposed to provincial and foreign. (3) Present Use, as opposed to obsolete. We may add tliis special rule regarding foreign words: — Wlien our language has a good word to express a certain idea^ it is pedantry to borrow a word from another tongue^ as those persons are fond of doing who wish to show that they know a little French^ Italian^ etc. Pope^ in his "Essay on Criticism" lays down tliis rule regarding obsolete and newly coined words: — "In words,, as fashions, the same rule will hold, A life fantastic, if too new or old, Be not the first by whom the new are tried; Nor yet the last the old to lay aside." In conformity with this rule we should avoid in prose composition words which were at one time in general use, but which are now confined by our best writers to the language of poetry: Eg, sheen, swain, and quoth. Even among such words as are conformable to the standard of Purity, a further selection may often be advisable, for which Campbell lays down these rules: — (1) Choose the word or phrase which has but one meaning in preference to that which has more than one: — Eg. say. — "The weapons dropped from the hands of the soldiers;" not, "The arms dropped from the hands of the soldiers." (2) Prefer the word that conforms to the analogy of the language; hence use — contemporary rather than THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 113 protemporary^ since the "n'* in "con'* is usually retained before a consonant and dropped before a vowel. (3) Prefer the word more agreeable to the ear; hence, rather say kindness than graciousness, if either will suit the sense. (4) Prefer the simpler expression *'To approve is better than to approve of" and **To subtract rather than to substract." (5) Prefer what savours less of innovation, unless there be a special reason to the contrary. 4. Propriety. Propriety means suitableness. Words should be suited (1) to the expression of a given idea, (2) to the usage of polite society, (3) to the understanding of the reader or hearer, and (4) to the subject treated. PROPER TO EXPRESS A GIVEN IDEA. Propriety should make us choose those words of our language which most exactly express our idea. This choice of the right word for every idea is in itself a source of pleasure to the intelligent reader. It is one of the chief beauties of style, and it is necessary in all species of compositions. There are many words in English which express the same idea; such words are called synonyms. If they express the same idea somewhat differently, they are called imperfect synonyms. There are few perfect 114 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE synonyms^ and negligence in discriminating between the imperfect ones leads to many violations of Propriety. (2) Even ordinary conversation cannot dispense with this Propriety in the choice of words. A foolish habit of exaggeration leads some people to commit gross mistakes in this matter. To signify that an object is very pleasing they will say that it is "awfully nice" or "perfectly splen- did;" they express themselves to be delighted when they mean pleased. They "love" flowers^ poetry and fine clothes, instead of "liking" them. (3) To select the 'proper synonyms, the following hints may help: — (1) Some words are more comprehensive than others; Eg. river and stream. Every river is a stream, but every stream is not a river. (2) Some relate more to action, others to a state; Eg. reasonable and rational. (3) Some are positive and others are negative; Eg. fault and defect. (4) Some differ in degree; Eg. damp, moist, and wet. (5) Some relate more to nature, others to art; Eg. gentle and tame. (6) Some regard more what is inward, others what is outward; Eg. dignity and decorum. PROPER TO BE USED IN POLITE SOCIETY. The Latins called every object by the name which most directly recalled it to the mind. Shakespeare and most of THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 115 his contemporaries often made their characters discourse in similar language. But in our days there are many words and phrases that are often used familiarly but are con- sidered out of place in dignified composition. The former are called vulgar; they should always be avoided; and the latter are familiar or colloquial^ and may be used on proper occasions. **Be thou familiar^ but by no means vulgar." — Shake- speare. Some young people contract the habit of using vulgar words and slang phrases to such an extent that they are ignorant of the proper terms. LETTER WRITING. When called upon to write a letter^ observe the following advice and your work will have merit and value: 1. Become familiar with a large number of words. Endeavor to understand those words clearly in their various meanings. Fix your attention by preference on those words which represent the most valuable ideas. Remember that words found in print or heard in conver- sation are not all equally fit for use. Be careful and think. 2. If called upon to write about any object remember to note (a) what kind of a tiling it is, what it resembles, how it differs from other things; (b) what qualities it has; (c) what uses it serves; (d) whence it comes and how it is to be 116 THJI CUSTOMS SERVICE obtained; (e) its parts and their relations,, so as to give a full and clear idea of the whole object. 3. Remember. The correct formation of your letter, address, date and opening paragraph. To use short sentences, or at all events, sentences per- fectly clear and without confusion. Punctuation and capital letters. Correct spelling and paragraplis. To avoid faulty or silly endings and negligence. To re-read your letter about four times at least. Uses of comparative and superlative. To write carefully and legibly and avoid hurried efforts and gross carelessness, so frequently found. To avoid your customary errors in general. To avoid making universal statements and do not write as Gospel what you are not sure of. It is no shame for one to acknowledge himself ignorant of many things, but it is a shame to pretend to know that of which he is ignorant. Unity, clearness, and do not depart from the subject or write on any otlier. 4. In writing an essay or letters on any current event or if asked for your views on it, the following may aid you: (a) What is the exact point at issue; (b) what views are explained by different parties regarding it; (c) What reasons are urged by them in support of their different views; (d) What public opinion and prominent individuals THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 117 consider it to be the true solution and how far it appears to be certain; (e) What reasons support your conclusion. 5. Description of characters: Letters on great men^ or if asked to write about certain persons who are distinguished from the generality of men. (a) A general appreciation of the person's worth; (b) his race^ family, age, fortune, station, resources; (c) bodily aspect, general bearing, complexion, looks, voice, gesture, manners; (d) qualities of mind and heart, virtues, vices, inclinations; (e) intercourse with superiors, inferiors, equals, relations, friends, enemies, strangers; (f) influ- ences acting on him and exerted by him on others. 6. Words must be suitable: 1. To the expression of a given idea. 2. To the use of polite society. 3. To the understanding of the reader or hearer. 4. To the subject treated. 7. When finished with your letter or composition, ask yourself the following and consider them: 1. Is there unity .^ 2. Is anything superfluous? 3. Is everything in its proper place? 4. Is it easy to follow my statements and narrative? 5. Does everything appear natural? 6. Are the reasons of every sentence and paragraph perfectly clear? 7. Are the essential scenes and views clearly described? 8. Is any important item omitted? 118 T I^ CUSTOMS SERVICE The earnest student who wishes to perfect himself in letter writing or essay writing should thoroughly study these notes. COMPOSITION. COMBINATION AND PUNCTUATION OF SEN- TENCES — First Division-Combination of sentences: THE PARAGRAPH— (a) If words are combined into sentences to express thouglits, so sentences are combined into paragraphs to express fuller development of thought. A PARAGRAPH is defined to be such a portion of a com- position as develops one thought or consideration. It is usually tnarked l)y a break in ^he composition, and the beginning of a new line, (b) The divisions of writings into paragraphs is less important than the division into sen- tences; still it has great ADVANTAGES; it pleases the eye, it relieves the attention of the reader, it presents to him distinct groups bearing on the same thought, and it accustoms young writers to arrange their sentences in an orderly manner. FIRST — The First Rule is that of UNITY. Separate into distinct paragraphs sentences that develop distinct considerations. Thus, for instances, in an essay, one paragraph may be introductory, another may define the subject treated, a third may compare it with a similar subject, a fourth contrast it with its opposite, a fifth assign its causes or origin, a sixth its effects or con- sequence, et cetera. If the paragraph thus formed appears rather long, subdivide it; for instance, paragraph each of THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 119 the causes^ or each class of causes or effects^ et cetera.- SECOND— The second rule is that of COMPLETENESS. Do not separate into distinct paragraphs sentences which must be' read in connection to be properly understood^ or which obviously belong to the same consideration. THIRD— The third rule is that of CLEARNESS. Usually the beginning of the paragraph should clearly indicate what 2:)ortion of thought it proposes to develop; and throughout the whole paragraph^ the leading word^ subject^ or idea should be kept prominently before the reader. For ex- ample, Newman in developing the definition of a gentle- man as, "a man who never inflicts pain,'' opens the subject by laying down this definition, and then, throughout a long paragraph keeps, the "gentleman" as the prominent word in every sentence (Characteristics page 93). When a thought is sufficiently developed in one sentence, the sentence itself then constitutes a paragraph. We even find that one long period of a special kind is often de- veloped into several portions printed separately after the manner of paragraphs. This occurs in; 'Solemn Resolu- tions" drawn up in the form of an elaborate period as in the memorable "Declaration of Rights" adopted by the first Continental Congress in 1774. In such documents it is usual to assign a distinct paragraph to every clause be- ginning with the conjunction, "Whereas" and to every one of the resolutions. FOURTH — Two points require special attention in the composition of paragraphs, namely, THE 120 TH^ CUSTOMS SERVICE CONNECTION OF THE SENTENCES with one ap- other and the transition from one paragraph to the next. The connection of sentences is usually indicated by con- junctive words and phrases; these are of the co-ordinate kind; the subordinate ones unite dependent with principal clauses. The phrases used for RETURNING are chiefly *'To return/* **To proceed/* *'To resume;" those for sum- ming up, "In short/* *'In a word/* "On the whole/' "To conclude/* "In conclusion,'* "To sum up/' et cetera. Any of these conjunctional words or phrases may be used to connect paragraphs. FIFTH — When the connection be- tween the sentences is obvious the TENDENCY IN OUR LANGUAGE is to omit the connective, on the correct principle that superlative words are generally worse than useless. But when the connection is not obvious it is a great mistake to neglect such links of thought; many writings are obscure owing to such omissions, because the reader does not know whether a sentence contains an illus- tration of the preceding sentence, or an exception, or is the beginning of a new consideration. SIXTH — There is one class of connectives which is of special importance, namely, those w^hich indicate a TRANSITION from one portion of our subject to another. They are like the bolts and hinges that connect the larger portions of a machine. Sometimes the transition contains two parts, one referring to what precedes by such words as, "hitherto," "so far,** "thus far,*' "w^e have seen," "it has been proved," et cetera. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 121 and the other part introducing the new matter by such words as, "next/' ''besides/' *'in the second place/' "we shall now/' et cetera. In reasoning, transitions should not be lightly dispensed with. In order that the reader may follow us with ease and profit, he should at all times see what we are striving to prove and what particular argu- ment is proposed for his consideration. But in addresses to the passions, transitions are better hidden. Now sensational writers are always addressing the passions, hence they habitually dispense with connectives. This is one of the ways in which sensational literature is causing style to deteriorate. The best kind of EXERCISES on the com- bination of sentences consists in the constant application of these precepts to the compositions of the students. If students are made to carry out in practice what they learn in theory, the object of Rhetoric is fully attained. CHAPTER XIII. COURSE OF INSTRUCTION Coficluded. ARITHMETIC. This course is intended as an aid to those preparing to take examinations for the Federal Service and is useful as a guide to these who have never studied simple arithme- tic^ as well as to those who once *'knew" but have long since forgotten. We have endeavored to solve problems sucli as will likely appear in the examination and have purposely avoided publishing numerous rules or defini- tions, deeming it wiser to work out the problems and thus give an ocular demonstration of how the work is done, and the correct answer obtained. Problems and Solutions. LESSON NO. 1. Question: 1. (a) Add by sevens to 105 beginning 0, 7, 14. (b) Add by eights to 104 beginning 0, 8, 16. (c) Add by nines to 108 beginning 0, 9, 18. Solution : 1. (a) 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, 77, 84, 91, 98, 105. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 123 (b) 0, 8, 16, 24<, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88, 96, 104. (c) 0, 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, 90, 99, 108. Question : 2. Add 386 million 591, 546 million 311 thousand 122, 796 thousand 351, 84 hundred 1, 9 thousand, 86 thousand 521, 3 hundred 58 thousand 6 hundred, 8 million 888 thou- sand eight hundred eighty-eight, one hundred million. Solution: 2. 386,000,591 546,311,122 796,351 8,401 9,000 86,521 358,600 8,888,888 100,000,000 1,042,459,474 Question : 3. (a) Subtract by eights from 105 to 1, from 106 to 2. from 107 to 3, from 100 to 4, from 101 to 5, from 102 to 6, from 103 to 7, from 104 to 8. (b) Subtract by nines from 100 to 1, from 101 to 2, from 102 to 3, from 103 to 4, from 104 to 5, from 105 to 6, from 106 to 7. 124 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Solution : 3.(a)105, 97, 89, 81, 73, 65, 57, 49, 41, 33, 25, 17, 9, 1. 106, 98, 90, 82, 74, 66, 58, 50, 42, 34, 26, 18, 10, 2. 107, 99, 91, 83, 75, 67, 59, 51, 43, 35, 27, 19, 11, 3. 100, 92, 84, 76, 68, 60, 52, 44, 36, 28, 20, 12, 4. 101, 93, 85, 77, 69, 61, 53, 45, 37, 29, 21, 13, 5, 102, 94, 86, 78, 70, 62, 54, 46, 38, 30, 22, 14, 6. 103, 95, 87, 79, 71, 63, 55, 47, 39, 31, 23, 15. 7. 104, 96, 88, 80, 72, 64, 56, 48, 40, 32, 24, 16, 8. (b) Similar. Question : 4. (a) A clock strikes 156 times a day. How many times does it strike in a leap year — 366 days.^ (b) New York contains 47,620 square miles, Texas 262,290. How many states as large as New York can be made out of Texas and how many square miles will be left over ? Solution : 4. (a) 156 366 936 936 468 57096 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 125 (b) 47620)262290(5 23810 2419 Ans. 5; 2419 Question : 5. (a) When 0.7 of a ton of coal is worth $6.30 what will be the cost of 12.5 tons.^ (b) Twelve dozen penknives cost $90. If they are sold at $0.75 each what will be the gain on each ? 5. (a) 7)63 12.5 — 9 $9 — price of 1 ton. 112.50 Ans. 0.75 0.625 (b) 144)90.0(0. 86 4 625 3 60 2 88 720 720 0.125 Ans. Question: 6. A mechant bought 575 pounds of sugar for $51.75; he sold 4/10 of it at $0.11 per pounds and the remainder at $0,125. What was his gain? 126 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Solution : 6. 575 575. 0.4 230. 25.30 230.0 345 0.11 0.125 2.30 1725 2.30 690 345 2530 43.125 68.425 51.75 16.675 Ans. 16.675 Question : : 7. A boy picks blueberries in a pasture^ giving to the owner of the pasture for the privilege_, 1 quart out of every 8 quarts. In 2 days he picks 48 quarts and sells his share of the berries for $3.78. What did he get a quart .'^ THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 127 Solution: . 7. 8)48(6 48 G 42 42)3.78(0.09 3.78 $0.09 Ans. Question : 8. If 150 men work on a railroad at the same price per day, and i£^ at the end of the week^ they all together receive $1575^ what price per day does each man receive.^ Solution: 8. 150)1575(10.5 15 75 75 6)10.50($1.75 Ans. Question: 9. Boys in playing hare and hound^ run 3.876 miles. The hares drop a piece of paper every 4.75 feet on the average. How many pieces do they drop.^ 128 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Solution : 9. 5280 3.876 31680 3696 4224 1584 20465.280 4.75)2046528(4308 Ans. 1900 1465 1425 4028 3800 228 Question : 10. A confectioner sells % of I/2 bushel of walnuts. What part of the bushel remains and what will it bring at 15 cents per quart .^ Solution : 10. 2/3Xy2=lA 1—1/3=2/3. 1 bu. contains 32 qts. 2/3X32X$0.15=$3.20 Ans. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 129 LESSON NO. 2. Question : 1. Add 8 million^ 324 thousand, 7 hundred 96; 15 mil- lion, 289 thousand, 4 hundred 85; 91 million, 825 thousand, 4 hundred 12; 15 million, 116 thous^ind, 8 hundred 96. Solution : 8,324,796 15,289,485 91,825,412 15,116,896 130,556,589 Answer. Question: 2. Find the sum of three million, eight hundred twenty- four thousand, five hundred twenty-six ; forty million, nine- teen thousand, eight hundred twenty-five; eighty-six mil- lion, two hundred fifty-four thousand, two hundred; five million, five thousand, five. Solution : 3,824,526 40,019,825 86,254,200 5,005,005 135,103,556 Answer. Question : 3. What is the sum of eighteen million, eighteen thou- sand, eighteen; thirty-five million, fifty-eight thousand, two 130 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE hundred seventy-eight; fifty-four million^ seven hundred forty-seven thousand^ five hundred eighty-six? Solution: 18,018,018 35,058,278 54,747,586 107,823,882 Answer. Question : 4. Mr. George Peabody gave to the poor of London $2,250,000; to the town of Danvers, $60,000; to the Grinnell Arctic Expedition, $10,000; to the city of Balti- more, $1,000,000; to Phillips Academy, $25,000; to the Massachusetts Historical Society, $20,000; to Harvard University, $150,000; to Yale University, $150,000; to the Southwest, $1,500,000; How much did he give away? Solution: $2,250,000 60,000 10,000 1,000,000 25,000 20,000 150,000 150,000 1,500,000 $5,165,000 Answer THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 131 Question : 5. Mr. E. bought two farms. For one he paid $4560, and for the other $6000. He spent on each $537 for im- provements, and paid Taxes which amounted to $78. He sold both farms for $12,450. Did he gain or lose on sale and how much? Solution: $ 4,560— cost of first farm. $12,450 — Farms sold for. $ 6,000 — cost of second farm. ■^11,712 — Amount invested. $ 1,074 — Improvements. $738 — Gained. Answer. $ 78— Taxes. $11,712 — Amount spent. Question: 6. An estate of $12,350 was divided among a widow and two children. The widow's share was $6175, the son's $2390 less than the widow's, and the rest fell to the daughter. What was the daughter's share.'* Solution : $6175 minus $2390 equals, $3785 sons share. $6175 plus $3785 equals widow's and son's share $9960. $12,350, the entire estate minus $9960 leaves $2390 daughter's share. Question: 7. On Monday morning a bank had on hand $2862. During the day $1831 were deposited, and $2172 drawn out; on Tuesday $3126 were deposited, and $1954 drawn out ; How many dollars were on hand Wednesday morning ? 132 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Solution : $2862-on hand plus $1831-lst day's deposit equals $4693^ amount on hand before any was drawn out ; less^ $2172-drawn out equals^ $2521 -on hand at end of 1st day; plus, $3126, 2nd day's deposit equals, $5647, at end of 2nd day before any was drawn out. Less $1954 drawn out on second day, leaves $3693 on hand Wednesday morning. Answer. Question : 8. A merchant deposited in bank on Monday, $584; on Tuesday, $759; and on Wednesday, $327. During this time he drew out $987. How much did deposits exceed what he drew out.^ Solution : $584 plus $759 plus $327 equals $1670, total deposits. $1670 minus $987 drawn out equals $683, amount left. Ans. Question : 9. Two ships are 7483 miles apart, and are sailing toward eacli other, one at tlie rate of 46, the other at the rate of 53 miles a day. How far will they be apart in 73 days.? Solution : 73 days X 46 miles equals 3358 miles; 73 days X 53 miles equals 3869 miles; add the two together equals 7227 miles the two travel. 7483 minus 7227 equals 256 miles. Answer. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 133 Question : 10. I bought 156 barrels of flour for $1015. Finding 32 barrels of it worthless^ I sold the remainder at $9 per barrel. Did I gain or lose and how much.^ Solution : 156 bbls. bought minus 32 bbls. worthless equals 124 bbls. to be sold at $9 a bbl. which brings $1116. Deduct from this amount the $1015 and we gain $101. Answer. Question: 11. Two steamers start from the same place and sail in opposite directions, one at the rate of 18 miles an hour, and the other at 15 miles an hour. How far apart are they in 39 hours? Solution : 39 hours X 18 hours equals 702 miles one travels; 39 hours X 15 miles equals 585 miles the other travels. To- gether 1287 Miles. Answer. Question: 12. A freight train consists of^26 cars; each car contains 82 bbls. of flour, and each bbl. weighs 196 lbs. How many pounds of flour in the entire cargo ? Solution : 26X82X196 equals, 417,872 pounds. Answer. Question : 13. If the circumference of a wagon wheel is 15 feet, liow many turns will the wheel make in going 52,800 ft. or 10 miles .^ 134 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Solution: 52^800 divided by 15 equals 3^520 turns. Answer. Question : 14. A man wills $7,000 to his wife, $2,000 to a church, $1,000 to a school and the remainder to his 8 children in equal shares. What does each child receive, fortune being, $42,720 .> Solution: $7,000 plus $2,000 plus $1,000 equals $10,000 devised to other than children; divide this by 8 equals $4,090 eacl) child got. LESSON NO. 3. Question : 1. (a) 2.052X0.0037 \ (b) 786X3.62 f Decimal (c) 42.53X0.686 ( Multiplication. (d) 763.24X4.078 ) Solution : 1. (a) 0.0075924 Ans. (b) 2845.32 Ans. (c) 29.13305 Ans. (d) 3112.49272 Ans. Question : 2. (a) 9752.4 divided by 516. (b) 738093 divided by 0023. (c) 34968.18 divided by 381. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 135 (d) 0001.4408 divided by 0113. (e) 2041.2 divided by 0084. (f) 0.03217 divided by 1250 to 9 places. Solution: 2. (a) 516)9752.4(18.9 Ans. 516 4592 4128 4644 4644 (b) 0023)738093(32091 Ans. 69 48 46 209 207 23 23 136 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE (c) 381)34968.18(91.78 Ans. 3429 678 381 2971 2667 3048 3048 (d) 0112)0004.4408(0.03965 Ans. 3.36 1.080 1.008 728 672 560 560 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 137 ^e) 0084)2041.2(24.3 Ans. 168 361 336 252 252 (f) 1250)0.03217(0.000025736 Ans. 2500 7170 6250 9200 8750 4500 3750 7500 7500 Qaestion: 3. If a man can build 0.45 of a rod of a wall in one hour, 138 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE how many rods will 4< men build in 3.8 days, working 7.5 hours per day? Solution: 3. 7.5 3.8 60.0 225 28.50 4 114.0' 0.45 570 456 51.30 Ans. Question: 4. A merchant bought 575 lbs. of sugar for $51.75; he sold 4/10 of it at $0.11 per lb. and the remainder at $0,125. What was liis gain? THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 139 4. 575 0.4 230.0 0.11 25.30 575 230. 345 0.125 1725 690 345 43.125 25.30 68.425 51.75 $16,675 Ans. 140 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Question : 5. What must be paid for 9^785 lbs. of plaster at $6.75 per ton.'* Solution: 5. 2000)9785 4.8925 6.75 244625 342475 293550 33.024375 367.4 Ans. Question: 6. A dealer in New York retails coal at $7.75 per ton^ If a ton costs $3.75 at the mine and $0.75 for freiglit, wliat will he make on 8^758 lbs. of coal.'* Solution : 6. 3.75 75 7.75 4.50 4.50 3.25 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 141 2000)8758( 4.379 tons 3.25 21895 8758 13137 14.23175 $14.23 Ans. 7. Divide $31.40 among 6 men and 11 youths, giving a youth 0.525 of a man's share Find each man's share. Solution: 7. 0.525 11 525 525 5775 6 n.775 142 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 11775)31400.0(2.66 23550 7850 7065 785 00 706 50 78 50 $2.67 Ans. Question : 8. The large wheel of a bicycle is 11.37 feet around. How many times will it turn in going a mile? Solution: 8. 1437)528000.0(367.4 4311 9690 8622 10680 10059 6210 5748 367.4 Ans. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 143 Question : 9. (a) Find the G. C. M. of 1792, 1847. Find the G. C. M. of 3056, 3629. (b) Find the L, C. M. of 6, 18, 22, 99. Find the L. C. M. of 12, 20, 36, 54. Solution : 9. 1792)18;17( etc. 1 Ans. No. a. 12203654=540 L. C. M. Ans. Others same 191 Ans. (b) 6 18 22 99=198. Ans. Question : 10. A milkman having 30 cows which give on the average 8 quarts each a day, sells the milk at 5 cents per quart. How many pieces of cloth containing 40 yards each, at 12 cents per yard ought he receive for the milk of 6 days.^ Solution: 6 10. 30X8X0.05 X6=0.30 40X0.12 0.02 Equals 15 Ans. Solutions should be done in decimals where practicable. LESSON NO. 4. Question : 1. (a) 2847320 divided by .0004. 144 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE (b) 1304000 divided by .0004. (c) 68751.6 divided by 9246. Solution : (a) (b) (c) .0004)2847320.0000 7,118,300,000 Ans. .0004)1304000,0000 3,260,000,000, Ans. 9246)68751. 60(7.43+Ans. 64722 40296 36984 33120 27738 5382 Question : 2. (a) 1250.0 divided by 256 to 7 places. (b) 276.766 divided by 371. (c) 286000 divided by 013. (d) 030. divided by 001. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 145 Solution: 2. (a) 256)1250.00000C 1024 2260 2048 2120 2048 720 512 2080 2048 320 256 540 512 28 146 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE (b) 371)276.766(746 Ans. 2597 Question : 1706 1484 2226 2226 (c) 013)286000(22000 Ans. 26 26 26 (d) 001)030. 30 Ans. 3. What is the retail price of coal per ton when 17,520 pounds are sold for $74.46 ? THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 147 Solution: 3. 2000)17520.000(8.706 tons 16000 ~ — 1520 1400 12000 12000 8.706)74.46000($8.55+Ans. 69648 48120 43530 45900 43530 2370 Question. 4. How many pounds of plaster at $10.50 per ton can be bought for $131.25.^ 148 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Soluti( 10.50)131.250(12.5 tons 1050 2625 2100 ^ 5250 6250 12.5 2000 lbs. in ton. 25000.0 lbs. Ans. Question : 5. A grain merchant bought corn @ 60 cents and rye @ 75 cents a bushel. He bought the same number of bushels of botli kinds of grain and paid for both together $607.50. How many bushels of each did he buy? Solution: 5. .60 price of corn. .75 price of rye. 1.35 for each 2 bushels. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 149 1.35)607.50(450 bushels altogether or 540 225 bushels of each. Ans. 675 675 Question : 6. Find the L. C. M. of 432 and 840. (b) Find the L. C. M. of 949 and 2920. (c) Find the L. C. M. of 1247 and 1769. Solution: 6. (a) 432)840(1 432 408)432(1 408 24)408(17 24 168 168 Ans. 24, 150 THE CUSTOMS SERVTCE Solution: (b) 949)2920(3 2847 73)949(13 73 219 219 Ans. 73. (e) 1247)1769(1 1247 522)1247(2 1044 203)522(2 406 116)203(1 116 87)116(1 87 29)87 3 Ans. 21). THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 151 Question : 7. A farmer owns 132 acres of woodland, and 99 acres of pasture; he wishes to divide them into equal lots of the largest possible size. How many lots will there be, and what number of acres in each one? Solution : 99)132(1 99 33)99 Ans. 4 lots Woodland. 3 lots Pasture. Each lot containing 33 acres Question : 8. A milkman has four different measures, holding 2, 3, 5 and 6 quarts respectively. What is the smallest vessel that can be exactly filled by each of them? Solution : 8. 2)2-3-5-6 3)1-3- 1-1-5-1 2X3X1 XI X5Xl=30qt. vessel. Ans. 152 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Question : 9. Two apprentices carry 1147 and 961 ivory balls^ respectively^ from the workshop to the show room. The balls are carried in baskets of equal size^ which are filled and emptied several times. How many balls in a basket- full.^ Solution : 9. 961)1147(1 961 186)960(5 930 30)186(6 180 6)30 Ans. 6. Question : 10. How many jars of lard of 36 pounds each^ at 8 cents per pounds must be given for 16 pieces of cloth con- taining 24 yards each at 48 cents a yard.'^ THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 153 Solution: 10. 36X.08=:$2.88 price of each jar. 24X16X4'8=$184.32. 184.32 -f-2. 88=64 jars. Ans. Question : 11. A telegraph operator transmits 50 words averaging 4 letters each, in the space of 5 minutes. At the same rate, liow many minutes will be required to send a despatch of 120 words, Averaging 5 letters each.^ Solution : 11. 50X4=200 letters in 5 minutes or 40 letters a minute. 120X5=600 letters. 600-^40=15 minutes. Ans. LESSON NO. 5. Question : 1. John Peters sold 9 firkins of butter weighing 78 lbs. each at 25 cents per lb. How many pieces of matting having 45 yards in a piece, at 30 cents per yard, should he receive.^ (Work decimally.) Solution: 39 0.05 1. 9X78X0.25 equals 1.95 45X0.30 0.15 5 0.15 equals 13 Ans. 154 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Question : 2. I earn $60 per week; what will remain at the close of the week when I have paid for 6% pounds of butter at 33 cents a pound, 1^% pounds of mutton at 20 cents per pound, 8 2/5 pounds of beef at 25 cents, 3 boxes of straw- berries at 16 cents, 150 lbs. of ice at I/2 a cent, 20 loaves of bread at 10 cents, fuel $2, vegetables $3? (Work decimally and in form of detailed account.) Solution: 2. 6% X 0.33 = $2.20 101/2X0.20= 2.10 8 2/5X0.25= 2.10 3X0.16= 0.48 150X0.005= 0.75 20X0.10 =2.00 2.00 3.00 $14.63 Question : 3. A roll of carpeting containing 202 yards is cut into pieces of 25^/4 yards each, and each piece is sold for $214- Required the number of pieces and the price per yard? Solution : 2 3. 202 divided by 25% equals 202 X 4 equals 8 1 101 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 155 321/2 equals $32.50 and 2514 equals 2525. 2525)3250(1.29 2525 7250 5050 22000 22725 Question: 4. A grocer sells 2 3/8 pounds of tea to one man, II/2 pounds more to a second man than to the first and to a third man ll/[^. pounds less than the amount he sold the first and second together. How many pounds did he sell to the second man, and how many to the third man ? Solution: 4. 2^ plus II/2 equals 2^ plus 1 4/8 equals 3% 2^ plus 3% equals 5 IO/8 equals 6l^. 6^4 minus 1^4 equals 5 Ans. Question : 5. A man invested 2/5 of his capital in bank stock, % of the remainder in real estate and had left $6000. Find his capital. Solution: 5. If a man invested 2/5 of his capital in bank stock, he had left 3/5. If he invested % of the remainder in 156 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE real estate he had left Y^ of 3/5 equals 3/20. Hence 3/20 of his property equals $6000, $6000 divided by 3/20 equals 6000X20/3 equals $40,000. Ans. 2000 Question : 6. A man invests % of his money in land, 1/5 in bank stock, l/6 in railroad stock, and has $8000 left. What is his fortune.^ Solution: 6. A man invests 1^ ^^ ^^is money in land, 1/5 plus l/6 equals 15 plus 5 plus 5 equals 26 equals 13 amount 30 30 15 invested. Then there is left 2/l5. Hence $8000 equals 2/15 of his property. 8000 divided by 2/15 equals X 15/2 4000 equals $60,000 Ans. Question : 7. A. owns 2/5 of a ship and B. the remainder; and )4 of the difference between their shares is $1500. What is the value of the ship.^ Solution : If A. owns 2/5 of a ship and B. the remainder, then B. owns 3/5. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 157 3/5 minus 2/5 equals 1/5 the difference between the shares of A. and B. Hence $1500 equals 3/20 of the value of the wliole ship. , 1500 divided by 3/20 equals 1500X20/3 equals $10,000 Ans. Question : 8. A merchant purchased 15 casks of wine of 25 gal- lons each. He paid $980 for the wine, $78% tax, $33 3/5 for transportation. He sold it for $3 4/5 a gallon. How much did he gain.^ (Work by decimals where practicable.) Solution: 8. % equals 0.75 3/5 equals 0.6 4/5 equals 0.8 25 15 375 no. of gals. 375 3.80 1425.00 980 78.75 33.60 $1092.35 cost 158 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE $1425=what lie rec'd $1092.35=Cost $332.65 Gain. Ans. LESSON NO. 6. Question : 1. A can build a wall in 7 days^ B in 6 days and C in 5 days. A and B worked together for 2 days, when they were joined by C. How many days will they need to complete the remainder of the work.^ •Solution: 1. A can do 1/7 in one day. B can do 1/6 in one day. C can do 1/5 in one day. A and B can do (1/7 plus 1/6) X2 equals 13/21 in 2 days. 21/21 minus 13/21 equals 8/21 remaining to be done. A, B and C can do 1/7 plus 1/6 plus 1/5 equals 107/210 in 1 day. To do 8/21 it will take: 8/21 divided by 107/210 equals 8/21 multiplied by 210/107 equals 80/107. Answer. Question : 2. A lumberman exchanged 50^495 of round timber at $4>y2 per m. for pork at $20^ per barrel. How many barrels of pork did he receive } THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 159 Solution : 2 50.495 4.50 2524750 201980 227.22750 20^ equals 20.75. 2075)22722.75(10.95 2075 19727 18675 10525 10375 150 Answer 10.96 barrels. Question : 3. For % of a bushel of apples $% are paid. What will 4 5/9 bushels be worth? Solution: 3. If % of a barrel is worth $^, one bushel is worth $^4 divided by % equals % times 8/7 equals $6/7. 4 5/9 times $6/7 equals 41/9 times 6/7 equals 81/21 equals 3 19/21 equals $3.90 Answer. 160 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Question : 4. Henry Jones bought at a saw mill 3485 feet of boards at $7.50 per m. ; 9872 feet of laths at $0.25 per c; 6492 feet of flooring at $8^ per m; 8975 feet cherry boards at $15.05 per m. He paid $152.75 in cash and the balance in flour at $9.25 per barrel. Required^ the number of barrels of flour. Solution : 4. 3.485 7.50 8.975 15.05 174250 24395 44875 44875 26.13750 8975 98.72 0.25 135.7375 24.6800 6.492 8K 26.1375 24.68 56.805 135.07375 4869 51936 242.69625 152.75 56.805 89.94625 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE lb*l 925)8994.625(9.723 8325 6696 6175 2212 1850 3625 2775 850 Answer: 9.724 barrels. Question: 5. A merchant mixed 7 pounds of black tea at 68 cents / with 9 pounds of green tea at 75 cents. At what price per pound must he sell the mixture to gain $3.69.^ Solution: $4.76 5 $0.68 6.75 7 $11.51 $4.76 3.69 $15.20 162 XHE CUSTOMS SERVICE 16)15.20($0.95 14 4 80 80 7 plus 9 equals 16 Question : 6. Nine men working 10 hours per day will harvest a piece of grain in 8 days. How many days will be needed for the same work by 6 men working 9 hours per day? Solution : 6. One man working one hour a day would take 8X9X10 days in harvesting. 6 men working 9 hours a day would take 48X9X10 equals 40/30 equals 13 1/3. Answer. 6X9 3 Question: 7. A sea captain who owned 3/5 of a ship and cargo^ gave to his wife l/3 of his share^ to his daughter I/2 of what his wife received and to his son % of the remainder^ and equally divided what was still left between two nieces. Wliat part of the whole had each niece .^ Solution : 7. Yii of 3/5 equals 1/5 equals wife's share. THE CUSTOMS SERVICR., 163 ^ of 1/5 equals l/lO equals daughter's share. 3/5 minus (1/5 plus l/lO) equals 6/10 minus 3/10 equals 3/10 % of 3/10 equals 1/5 son's share 1/5 plus l/lO plus 1/5 equals 5/10 equals 1/2- 3/5 minus % equals l/lO amount divided between nieces. % of l/lO equals 1/20 share of each niece. Answer. Question: 8. A merchant bought a bag of coffee^ containing 60 pounds for $15. At what advance must he sell it per pound to buy 3 yards of velvet at $3 per yard with the gain on the coffee.'^ 8 60)15.00 0.25 $3 15 $24 60)24.0 0.40 —0.25 .15 Answer 164 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Question : 9. The cost of 50 gallons of molasses is $25. By leak- age 1/5 of it is lost; 20 gallons are sold @ 621^ cents. At what rate must the remainder be sold to gain $5. on the whole ? Solution: 9. 1/5 of 50 equals 10 number of gals, lost 20X$0.625 equals $12.50 If 20 gals, are sold and 10 are lost, then 20 gals. remain. To gain $5 on the whole, the sale must bring $30. $30 minus $12.50 equals $17.50. $17.50 divided by 20 equals $0,875. Answer. Question : 10. For % of a yard of broadcloth @ $6^/^ per yard, 1^ yards of cassimere and 50 cents in money were given in exchange. What was the price per yard of the cassi- mere ? Solution: 10. % of $61/2 equals 2/3 of $13/2 equals 13/3 equals $4.33% value of broadcloth- $4.33l^ minus $0.50 equals $3.83 1/3, value of cassimere. If 1^}'4 yards are valued at $3.83^/3, one yard will be valued at $3.83^^ divided by 1)4 equals $11.50 3 divided by 7/4 equals $11.50X4/7 equals $46/21 equals 2/l9. Answer. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 165 Question : 11. An expressman carried 100 vases on the condition that he was to receive J4 of a dollar for every one he carried without breakings and pay 1/4 ^^ ^ dollar for every one he broke. He received $16. How many did he break .^ Solution : 11. The expressman would have received $25 if no vase had been broken. He loses^ therefore^ $25 minus 16 equals $9 by broken vases. He loses on each one ^ plus ,11/4 equals $1%. Hence the number broken equals 9 divided by 11/9 equals 6. Answer. Question : 12. If a miller takes l/l6 for toll^ and a busliel of wheat produces 40 pounds of flour. How many bushels must be carried to the mill to obtain 196 pounds of flour? Solution : 12. 1/16 of 40 equals 5/2 equals 2I/2 toll. 40 minus 2l/^ equals 37^ what is left over to one bushel. 196 divided by 371/2 equals 196X2/75 equals 392/75 equals 5 17/75. Answer. LESSON NO. 7. Question : 1. A city in five years increased 12^000 in population^ a c^ain of 25%. What was the population at the beginning and the end of the five years. 166 THE CUSTO.MS SERVlCli Solution : 1. 25% = 14. If 12000=>4 of pop. 4X12000=: 48000=pop. at beginning of the ^vg years. 48000 plus 12000=60,000 pop. at the end of the five years. 48000; 60000. Answer. Question : 2. A school boy in one week read 450 lines of Latin which was 75% of the number in the book. How many lines had he still to read.^ Solution : 2 75% = }i. If 450=^ of book, the book=4X450= 3 600. 600 minus 450=150 lines to read. Answer. Question : 3. A boy sold chestnuts at 121/2 cents a quart, which was 200% of their cost. What did they cost a bushel.^ Solution: 3. 32X121^> cents=400 cents a bushel. 200% =200 100 :=2. If $4.00 equals 2 times the cost, the cost equals $4.00 which equals $2.00. Answer. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 167 Question : 4. A clerk spent 60% of his salary for boards 20% of it for clothes^ 11% for books and saved $117. What was his salary? Solution: 4. 60% plus 20% plus 11%=91%. 100% minus 91%=9%=9/100. If $117=9/100 of salary, the salary = 100X$117=$1300. Answer. 9 Question : 5. At Christmas a lady gave her daughter an atlas v/orth $27, and % of the cost of the altas was 90% of the sum paid for an engraving. What was the sum paid for the engraving ? Solution: 5. 90%=9/l0. % of $27=$18. If $18=9/10 price of engraving, the price of engraving equals $10X18=$20. 9 Answer. Question: 6. A sea captain owning 60% of a vessel gave to his son 50% of his share, which was worth $6000. What was tlie value'of the vessels.^ Solution : 6. 50%=y2; and l/o of 60%=30% = 3/lO, son's 168 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE share. If $6000 equals 3/ 10 value of vessel^ the value of vessel= 10X6000 equals $20,000. Answer. Question: 7. A gentleman worth $50,000 gave 30% of his prop- erty to his son and this gift was 80% of the property which the son already owned. Find the amount the son was worth receiving his father's gift. Solution : 7. 30%=3/l0 and 3/10 of $5000=$15000. 80% = 8/10=4/5. If $15000 equals 4/5 of son's property before tlie gift, the son's property=5Xl5000=$18,750. $15000 plus 18750=$33,750=whole of son's property. Answer. Question : 8. A driver sold 250 sheep for $1130, which was 15% more than they cost. Find the cost of the sheep per head. Solution: 8. 100% plus 15% = 115% = 115/l00=23/20. If $1150=23/20 of the cost, the cost=20Xll50 50=$1100. 23 Cost per head equals 1000 equals $4. Answer. 250 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 169 Question : 9. A flock of sheep lias been increased by 250% of its number^ and now numbers 1050. What was the original number ? Solution: 9. 100% equals original number in flock. 100% plus 250% equals 350%=flock and increase. 350%=350/l00 = 7/2. If 1050=7/2 of the original number in flock^ then the original number equals 2X1050 150=300. Answer. 7 Question : 10. A merchant lost 25% by selling flour at $6 per barrel. If he sold it at $9 per barrel^ what would have been the gain percent? Solution : 10. 75% = '>4. If $6 is % of cost, the cost=4.X6X2 3 =$8. $9 minus $8=$1 gain. 1/8=121/2 = 121/2%. Answer. 100 LESSON NO. 8. Question : 1. A fruit grower sent to New York 300 peck baskets of peaches valued at 75 cents each. 60 baskets were spoiled on the journey. At what rate per basket must 170 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE he sell the remainder to make 20^ on the entire value of his fruit. Solution : 1. 300X$0.75==$225 value of fruit. 300 minus 60= 240 baskets saved. 20% equals 1/5; 1/5 of $225 equals $45. $225 plus $45 equals $270 selling price. Selling price per basket equals 270/240 equals $1,121/^. Answer. Question : 2. I sold steel at 25.44 a ton with a profit of 6% and • a total profit of $103.32. What quantity was sold.^ Solution : 2. 106% equals 53/50. If $25.44 equals 53/50 of cost, the cost equals 50X25.44 0.48=$24. $25.44 minus $24 53 equals $1.44 profit per ton. The profit per ton was $1.44 and the total profit was $103.32, there were as many tons sold at $103.32 divided by $1.44 which equals 71% tons. Answer. Question : 3. A broker is offered a commission of 5^/^% for sell- ing wool and guaranteeing payment, or a commission of 3^% without guaranteeing payment. He accepts the 514% commission and guarantees the payment. The sales amount to $8500 and the bad debts to $147.75. How much did he gain by his choice.^ THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 171 Solution : 3. 5l/^% equals 11/200; 3^ equals 3/80. 11/200 of $8500 equals $467.50 his actual commission. $467.50 minus $147.75 equals $319.75 commission minus debts. 3/80 of $8500 equals $318.75^ commission without guaran- teeing payment. $319.75 minus $318.75 equals $1 gain by his choice. Answer. Question : 4. After three annual pavments of $337.50^ premium at 1^2% on 94 of the value of a mill^ it was burned. Find the loss to the insurance company. Solution: 4. 1% equals l%=3/200. If $337.50 equals 3/200 of insurance^ insurance equals $600X^37.50 equals $22500. 3X$337.50 equals $1012.50 payments. $22500. minus 1012.50 equals $21,487.50 loss. Answer. Question: 5. After deducting 20% for leakage what will be the duty on 40 hhds. of molasses, of 84 gallons each, if the molasses is invoiced at 90 cents a gallon and the duty is 30%. Solution: 5. 20% equals 1/5; 30% equals 3/10. 40X84 equals 3360 gals. 1/5 of 3360 gals, equals 672 gals, leakage. 3360 gals, minus 672 gals, equals 2688 gals. left. 2688 X 172 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE $0.90 equals $2419.20. Duty equals 3/10 of $2119.20 equals $725.76. Answer. Question : 6. A man left 30% of his estate to his wife^ 50% of the remainder to his son. 75% of the residue to his daughter, and the balance $546, to a family servant. Re- quired the value of the estate. Solution : 6. If wife had 307o ; 70% was left. If son had 50%, or 1/2 of remainder, 35% was left. If daughter had 75% or ^^ of the residue, J4 of 35% was left equals 8%%. 8% equals 35/400 equals 7/80. If $546 equals 7/80 of the estate, the estate equals 80X546 equals $62.40. Ans. 7 Question : 7. Find the interest of $1361 for 2 years at 5%. (b) Find the interest of $675.90 for 5 years at 31/2%. Solution: 7. Int. of 1361 for 2 yrs. at 5% equals 2X0.05X1361 equals $136.10. (b) 31/2 equals .035. Int. of 675,90 for 5 yrs. at 31/2% equals 5X0.035X675.90 equals $118.2825 equals $118.28. Answer. Question : 8. Find the interest of $575.87^/2 for 1 yr. 10 months 15 days at 5%. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 173 Solution: 8. 1 yr. equals 0.60. 10 mos. equals 10X0.005 equals 0.05. 15 days equals 15X1/6 of 0.001 equals 0.0025. (Add) 1 yr. 10 mos 15 days equals 0.1125 of the principal. And 0.1125 of 575.871/^ equals 64.785. Int. of 575.87^ for same time at 5% equals 5/6 of 64.785 equals $53.99. Answer. Question : 9. Find the interest of $547.60 from February 20th to December 5th at 3%%. Solution : 9. mos. days. 12 5 2 20 9 15 Int. at 6% for 9 mos. equals 9X0.005 equals 0.045 for 15 days equals 15X1/6 of 0.001 equals 0.0025 for 9 mos. 15 days equals 0.0475 of the prin. and 00.0475 of 547.60 equals $26.01. Inst, of $547.60 for same time at 3^4% equals 31/4/6 of $26.01 equals 13/24 of $26.01 equals $14.09. Answer. Question : 10. If 330 slices 3/ 14 of an inch thick are obtained from 12 rounds of beef, how many similar rounds will be required for 495 slices 1/6 of an inch thick. 174 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Solution: , 10. 330 : 495 3/14 : 1/16 : : 12 495X1/6X12 equals 495X1X12X14=14 Answer. 330X3/14 330X3X6 Question : 11. If a family by using 2 gas burners 7^/2 bours per day^ pays $6 a quarter wlien gas is $2.40 per 1000 cubic feet, what will a family using 3 burners 4 hours per day, per quarter when gas is $1.80 per 1000 cubic feet, pay.^ Solution : 11. 2:3 71/^ : 4 : : 6 : ? 2.40 : 1.80 2 equals 3X4X1.80X6 equals $3.60 Answer. 2X71/2X2.40 0.40 Question : 12. Three partners claim respectively y^, II/I8 and 7/ 18 of $1260. Give to each his proportional share. Solution: 12. Ys equals 6/I8 6 plus 11 plus 7 equals 24. 24/24 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 175 equals $1260 1/24 equals $52.50 6/24 equals $315; 11/24 equals 577.50; 7/24 equals $367.50; $315; $577.50; $367.50. Answer. Question: 13. An analysis of dissolved bones gives the following results for every 100 parts. Water 13.97; organic matter 15.71; soluble phosphates 21.63; insoluble phosphates 11.43; sulphate of lime 15.83; sulphanic acid 15.63 alkaline salts 1.10; silica, etc., etc., the remainder. Find the number of pounds of each in a ton of dissolved bones .^ Solution : 13. 1/100 of 2000 lbs.=20 lbs. 13.97/100 15.71 =279.4 lbs. water; 100=314.2 lbs. organic 13.97 matter; 21.63/100=432.6 lbs. soluble phos- 15.71 phates; 11.43/100=228.6 lbs. insol. phos.; 21.63 15.83/100=316.6 supl. lime; 15.63/100=312.6 11.43 sulp. ac; 1.10/100=22.0 lbs. alk sits; 4.70/100 15.83 =94.0 lbs. re. Total 2000 lbs. 15.63 1.10 95.30 LESSON NO. 9. Question : 1. How many postage stamps, each containing 18/25 of a square inch, are in a sheet of 172 4/5 square inches.^ (By decimals). 176 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Solution: 1. 25)18.0(0.72 18/25 equal 0.72, 4/5 equals 0.8. 175 17280 divided by 72 equals 2i0. Answer 50 50 Question : 2. /Of a boat worth $5600, A who has 17/64^ sells ^ of his share to B, and B sells 4/5 of his share to C. Find value of C's share .^ (By decimals). Solution : 2. 17/64 equals in decimals 0.2656251 ^ equals 0.75. 4/5 equals 0.8. 0.265625X.75 equals 0.19921875— B's. 0.19921875X0.8 equals 0.159375000— C's. If the wliole boat is worth $5600, C's share will be worth 0.159375X5600 which equals $892.50. Answer. QuestL6n : 3. /From Montreal to Toronto, by the Grand Trunk Railway, the distance is 332 miles. One lialf a mile more than % of this distance was opened in November, 1855, and the remainder in November, 1856. Find the number of miles opened in 1856. (By decimals). Solution : 3. 332X0.375 equals 124.500—^ of the distance. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 177 124.500 plus .5 equals 125.0 — number of miles opened Nov. 1855. 332 — 125 equals 207 — number of miles opened Nov. 1856. Answer. Question : 4f,/0i the water of the Dead Sea 49/1250 is muriate of lime^ 41/400 muriate of magnesia^ 259/2500 muriate of soda^ 1/2000 sulphate of lime. What part of the whole do these ingredients constitute.^ (By decimals) Solution : 4. 49/1250 equals in decimals 0.03092. 41/400 equals in decimals 0.1025. 259/2500 equals in decimals 0.1036. 1/2000 equals in decimals 0.0005. 0.0392 plus 0.1025 plus 0.1036 plus 0.0005 equals 0.2458. Answer. Question : 5. A flour dealer bought 125 barrels of flour at $6%. He sold 97 barrels at $7%, and the remainder being in- jured^ brought only $5 4/5. What did he gain.^ Solution : 5. 125X$6% equals 125X20/3 equals 2500/3 equals 833.33 97X$7^ equals 97X31/4 equals 3007/4 equals $751.75 125—97 equals 28. 28X$5.4/5 equals 28X29/5 equals 812/5 or $162.40. 178 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE $751.75 plus $162.40 equals $914.15— $833.33 equals $80.82. Answer. Question : 6. r Two men 95.784 miles apart approached each other until they met. One travelled 7.476 miles more than the other. How many miles did each travel .f* Solution : 6. 95.784—7.476 equals 88.308 divided by 2 equals 44.154 — numfier of miles one travelled plus 7.476 equals 51.630 — miles other travelled. Questibn: 7. /a seedman bought 37% bushels of lawn grass-seed for $226. He sold 25 bushels at a profit of $1 2/5 a bushel. ' For what price per bushel must he sell the remainder to make his whole gain 73 dollars.^ Solution: 7. 226 divided by 37% equals 226X3/113 equals $6 wliat he paid a bushel. If he gained $1 2/5 per bushel, 6 plus 1 2/5 equals 7 2/5 and on 25 bushels, he received ^ $185. If his whole gain is $73, he must receive for the whole number of bushels 73 plus 226 which equals 299. Then he will receive on the remaining 12% bushels, 299 — 185 or $114 which divided by 122^ equals $9. Ans. Question : 8. A owns 3/5 of a ship and cargo worth $25,748, B 1/4 oi the remainder, C % of the amount belonging to A / THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 179 and B^ and D owns what is still left. Required the amount of D's share? Solution : 8. If A owns 3/5^ there remains 2/5; if B owns 1/4 of this remainder B owns J4 o^ 2/5 or l/lO;. if C owns % of the amount belonging to A and B, then C owns l/g (3/5 plus 1/10) or l/s of 7/10 or 7/80; if D owns what is left, D owns 1 (3/5 plus l/lO plus 7/80) or 80/80— 63/80 or 17/80; 17/80 of 25,748 equals $5471.45 D's share. Answer. Question : 9. If a miller takes 1/16 for toll, and a bushel of wheat produces forty pounds of flour, how many bushels must be carried to the mill to obtain 196 pounds of flour .^ Solution: 9. 1/16 of 40/1 equals 5/2 or 21/^ toll; 40—21/2 equals 371^ — what is left to one bushel; 196 divided by 37l/^ equals 196X2/75 or 392/75 or 5 17/75. Answer. Question: 10. A man who rows four miles an hour in still water takes 11/5 hours to row 4 miles up a river. How many minutes will it take him to row 4 miles down a river? Solution: 10. The man could row in still water 4 4/5 miles in 11/5 hours; hence the current sets him back 4/5 of a mile in 1 1/5 hours; therefore the rate of tlie current per hour is 4/5 divided by 1 1/5 or 4/5X^/6 equals % miles'; 180 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE when lie rows down the river he w^ll go at the rate of 4% miles an hour; therefore to row four miles down the river, it will take him 4 divided by 4% or 6/7 of an hour or 51 3/7 minutes. Answer. Question : 11. At. the birth of Lafayette, Sept. 6th, 1757, what was the age of George Washington, born Feb. 22nd, 1732.^ Solution: 11. Years Months Days. 1757 9 6 1732 2 22 Yrs. 6 14 days. Ans. LESSON NO. 10. Question : 1. A can do a piece of work in 2 hours, B in 2l/^ hours and C in 31/^ hours. How much of the work can they do in 20 minutes, all working together.'* Solution: ^ 1. A does ^ in one hour=:l^=:l/6 in 20 minutes. B does 1/5=2/5 in 1 hour:=2/5 in 20 minutes. 2 3 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 181 C does 1/7=2/7 in 1 liour=2/7=2/21 in 20 minutes. 2 3 A plus B plus C=l/6 plus 2/15 plus 2/21 = 35 plus 28 plus 20=83/210 in 20 min. 210 Question : 2. If A and B can do a piece of work in 18 days^ A and C in 12 days and B and C in 9 days, find the number of days that it will take them all working together. Solution : 2. A and B can do l/l8 in 1 day. A and C can do 1/12 in 1 day. B and C can dg 1/9 in 1 day. (A and B and C) can do l/l8 plus l/l2 plus 1/9 in 1 day. A and B and C can do 14=:% in 1 day. If they can 2 do the % in 1 day, they can do the whole in 8 days. Question : 3. A can do piece of work in 6 days, B in 8 days and C in 10 days. How much of it can they do in two days to- gether ? Solution : 3. A can do I/6 in 1 day. B can do y^ in 1 day. C 182 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE can do l/l in 1 day. A plus B plus C can do 1/6 plus % plus 1/10=47/120 in 1 day. In two days they can do 2X47/120=47/60. Answer. Question: 4. A cistern can be filled by means of a water pipe in 30 minutes and can be emptied by a waste pipe in 20 minutes. If the cistern is full^ and both pipes are open^ in what time will it be emptied? Solution : 4. Gain=:l/30 in 1 min. Loss=l/20 in 1 min. Net loss=l/20 minus 1/30 in 1 min. =1/60. If it loses 1/60 in 1 min. it will take to empty it^ 60 min. Answer. Question : 5. I bought 200 apples at 4 for 1 cent^ and 200 at 5 for 1 cent. I sell all at 5 for 3 cents. What per cent did I gain on my investment.^ Solution: 5. 200 apples at 4 for 1 cent=50 cents. 200 at 5 for 1 cent=40 cents 400 apples cost 90 cents. 400 at 5 for 3 cents=240 cents. Gain=:240 cents minus 90 cents=150 cents. 150/90=5/3=166%%. Answer. Question : 6. Find the rate per cent when the interest on $3000 for 3 years is $630. Solution : 6. Int. on $3000 for 3 years is $630. Int. on $3000 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 183 for 1 yr.=% of $630. Int. on $1 for 1 yr.=l/3000 of % of 630=0.07. But, $0.07 is 7% of $1. 7%. Answer. Question : 7. Find the time when the interest on $278.40 at 7l^% is 100.92. Solution : 7. Int. on $278.40 for 1 yr. at 7%%=$20.88. No. of yrs.= 100.92 — 4 5/6. 4 5/6 yrs.=4 yrs. 10 mos. 20.88 Question : 8. What principal will amount to $88.80 at 6% in three years, 4 mos. ? Solution: 8. Let the price be represented by 100. The Int. will be represented by 3l^X6=20. The amt. will be rep. by 100 plus 20=120. Hence the prin.= 1005 of 88.801480=$74.00. Answer. 1206 Question : 9. Find the interest on $1825 from January 1st to June 25th at 5^% counting the exact number of days and allowing 365 days for a year. 184 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Solution: 9. From Jan. 1 to June 25:= 175 days equals 175 equals 365 35 yr. 73 Int. on $1 for 1 yr. @ 5y2%=0.055. Int. on $1 for 35/73 @ 5y2%=:35/73 of 0.055. Int. on $1825 for 35/73 @ 5l/^%=35/73X0.055Xl825 =$48,125. Answer. Question: 10. A watcli set on Saturday at half past 8 in the even- ings loses 1^ minutes in 30 hours. What time does it show the next Thursday, at 4 o'clock in the afternoon. Solution: 10. Sat. 8.30 P. M. to Thurs. 8.30 P. M. = 5 days= 120 hours. Thurs. 4 P. M, to Thurs. 8.30 P. M.=4y2 hrs. 120 hrs. minus 4l/^ hrs.= 115y2 hrs. 30 hrs.: 115y2 hrs.: ll/2 min. : loss. 30 : 115^/2 • • ^V2 niin. : loss. 115.5X1.5 min.=5.775 mins.=5 31/40. 5 31/40 min. to 4. Answer. 30 Question : 11. When do the hour and minute hands of a watch coincide between 8 and 9 o'clock.^ (b) Between 5 and 6 o'clock.^ THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 185 Solution : 11. At 8 o'clock min. hand is 40 min. behind hour hand. 11 : 12 : : 40 min. ; ? (a) 12X4<0 min.=43 7/11 min. past 8. Answer 11 (b) At 5 o'clock minute hand is 25 min. behind hour hand. 11 : 12 : : 25 12X25 min.=27 3/11 min. past 5. Answer. 11 Question : 12. A and B enter into partnership, A with $1800 and B with $900. At the end of 8 months B adds $300 to his capital. Divide a profit of $840 between them at the end of the year.^ Solution : 12. A's share= 1800 B's share=900 4 mos.=:l/3 of yr. % of 300== 100 1000 2800 A receives 18/28=9/14 of 840=$540. B receives 10/28=5/14 of 840=300. 540; $300 Answer. Question : 13. A grocer buys 106 pounds of tea at 80 cents a pound, 75 pounds at $1.24 per pound and 94 pounds at 186 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE $1.30 per pound and mixes tlie three lots together. At what price per pound must he sell the mixture so as to make 10% on his outlay? Solution : 13. 106 lbs. @ $.80 equals $84,80 75 lbs. @ 1.24 equals 93.00 94 lbs. @ 1.30 equals 122.20 275 lbs. equals $300.00 1 lb. costs $1.09 1/11 10% of $1.09 l/ll=$0.10 lO/ll. $1.09 1/11 plus $0.10 10/11=$1.20. Ans. LESSON 11. 1. A man bouglit spices^ some pure and adulterated, paying 20c. a pound for the pure and 5c. a pound for the adulterated. He mixed the pure and adulterated, using 3 parts pure to 2 parts adulterated and sold the resulting mixture @ 21c. a pound. What per cent did he gain? 2 Multiply .79265 by 40 18/25; divide the product by -20.36, and add 5/6 of 9.7398 (change 18/25 to decimals.) 3. Rhode Island is the most populated State in the Union, having a population of 428,752 and an area of 1016 sq. mi. Belgium is the most thickly populated country THE CUSTOMSSERVICE 187 abroad^ having a population of 7^199,109 and an area of 11^373 sq. mi. If Rhode Island had the same number of people to the square mile as Belgium has^ by what per cent would Rhode Island's population be increased. 4. A merchant bought a lot of supplies paying 1/3 in currency^ giving a sight draft for $195.00^ and his note- due without gracC;, in 4 months with interest @ the rate of 6% per annum^ the note at maturity amounting to $667.08. What was the original cost of the supplies at the time of purchase. 5. In 1900 the State of Iowa had 51^100 acres planted in rye^ which produced 19.62 bu. per acre. This was 14 2/7% of the number of acres planted in Rye in Wiscon- sin, and 1121^% of the number of bu. produced per acre in Wisconsin. How much more money did Wisconsin re- ceive for her crop than was received by Iowa if each State averaged 78c. per bu. for the crop. 6. March 2, 1905, I. A. Morse owed Snow & Co. $18.90. March 4th, he sold them 85 yds. of carpet @ $1.20 per yd. March 6, he sold for them 480 bu. of oats @ 24c. per bushel, he receiving the money and charging them 1%% commission. March 9th, they delivered to him 10 cords of pine wood @ $4.00 per cord, and 5 cords of hickory @ $6.75 per cord. March 10, they paid him for the carpet purchased on the 4th, he allowing them 5% discount. March 15, he sold them 8 mowers @ $45.00 each. March 188 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 19th, they sold him 1,600 ft. of scantling @ $1.75 per 100. March 24th, he sent them a note at 30 days for $450.00 without interest for which they allowed him credit for the present worth $447.75. Mch. 27th he sent them $90.00 cash. Mch. 29th, he completed 6 days* hauling for them @ $8.50 per day. Make in the proper form an itemized statement of the above acc*t. as it should appear taken from the books of Morse; make a proper heading, close the account, and bring down the balance as it should have appeared April 1st, 1905. ANSWERS. 1. Three parts of the pure spices @ 20c equals 60c; 2 parts of the adulterated @ 5c lb. equals 10c. Hence 70c equals the cost of 5 parts. Divide 70c by 5 and we get the cost of the pure, and the adulterated mixed as 14c per lb. As the mixture was sold for 21c per lb., 7c was the gain on each lb. that cost 14c; 7c divided by 14c gives 50% "Answer." 2. Product equals 32.276708, Quotient equals 1.5853, 5/6 of 9.7398 equals 8.1165, answer equals 9.7018. 3. Divide 428,752 by 1016 sq mi. and we get 422 as the population to each sq. mi. in Rhode Island. Divide 7,199,109, by 11,373 sq. mi. and we get 633 as the popu- THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 189 lation to each sq. mi. in Belgium. 422 from 633 leaves 211 as the excess to each sq. mi. in Belgium. Divide 211 by 422 and we get 50% as the answer. 4. The interest on $1.00 for 4 months @ 6% per an- num is 2 cents. $1.00 plus 2c equals $1.02 as the amount of $1.00 for 4 months @ 6%, Divide $667.08 by $1.02 and we get $654.00 as the face of the note, $654 + $195.00 equals $849.00, which was 2/3 of the cost of the supplies. 1/3 then would be $424.50, 3/3 or the whole bill would be $424.50 multiplied by 3 equals $1273.50. Answer. 5. 51.100 multiplied by 19.62 gives 1,002,582 as the no. of bu. raised in Iowa. 51,100 x 7 gives 357,700 acres planted in Wisconsin. 112^% equals 9/8, hence 9/8 equals 19.62, and 8/8 equals 17.44 as the no. of bu. raised per acre in Wisconsin. 357,000, x 17.44 equals 6,238,288 bu. raised in Wisconsin. Subtract the number of bu. raised in Iowa from the number of bu. raised in Wisconsin and we have 5,235,706 more bu. raised in Wisconsin than in Iowa. Multiply this last number by 78c and we have as the answer, $4,083,850.68. 190 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 6. Snow & Co. in acc't. Mch. 4 — 85 yds. car- pet @ $1.20 $102.00 Mch. 6 — Com. on wheat 1.73 Mch. 15 — Mowers @ 45.00 360.00 Mch. 24— Note . . . 450.00 Mcli. 27— Cash . . . 90.00 Mch. 29 — 6 days' haul @ 8.50 51.00 $1054.73 1906— Aprl. 1st., Balance $724.63 with J. A. Morse. Mch. 2— Balance.. $18.90 Mch. 6—480 bu. @ 24c 115.20 Mch. 9 — 5 cords hick. @ 6.75 33.75 Mch. 9 — 10 cords pine @ 3.00 . . . 30.00 Mch. 10— Cash for carpet 96.90 Mch. 10 — Disc't on carpet 5.10 Mch. 19—1600 ft. scantling 28.00 Mch. 24 — Disc't on note 2.25 Mch. 31— Balance. 724.63 $1054.73 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 191 LESSON 12. 1. Add across and find grand total. 76,98i,036 654,870,923 745,043,087 156,045,275 9,075,523 87,945,606 87,987,425 76,534,071 654,987 6,453,080 65,743 324,011 65,045 5,326,943 78,654,087 2. Multiply 565 11/25 by 3 4/5, divide the product by 91 1/5 and to the quotient add .07186 of 8262.17. 3. A man sold two pianos for $324.00 each; on one he gained 12l^% and on the other he lost 16 2/3%. Did he make or lose on tlie sales of the two pianos, and how much ? 4. A grocer bought some coffee @ 18c a lb. and lost 14 2/7% of it in roasting. If he wanted to clear 33 1/3%, for how much per lb. must he sell the coffee, allowing 3^% for collecting bills and 9% for debts? 5. Two trains, an East bound and a West bound, are 45 miles apart, and travelling towards each other on par- allel tracks, the East bound train at a rate of a mile in 2 minutes and the West bound train at the rate of a mile in 21/^ minutes. When they pass, how many miles will the West bound train have travelled? 6. March 1, 1906, Joseph Webster had a credit bal- ance on the books of J. E. Glover amounting to $717.65. 192 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Mch. 3rd, Webster shipped Glover 7200 bu. corn which Glover sold @ 45c per bii.^ charging Webster %% com- mission and $36 storage. Mch. 5 Webster paid a sight draft drawn on him by Glover for $75.00. Mch. 8 Glover bought of Webster 260 yds. of silk listed @ $1.25 per yd., receiving a discount of 7% from list price. Mch. 11 Glover gave Webster his note at 90 days without interest for $600.00 Webster allowing him credit for the present worth $591.00. Mch. 14 Glover paid Webster $550.00 cash on acc't. Mch. 21 Webster sold Glover 850 lbs. of flour @ $4.25 per 100 lbs. Mch. 27 Webster rec'd from Glover a check on the N. Y. Ex. Bank for $400.00 @ 1/4% premium. Mch. 29, Glover ret'd 40 yds. of the silk bought on Mch. 8th, it being damaged and rec'd credit at the price paid. Make in the proper form an itemized statement of the above acc't, as it should appear taken from the books of Webster; make a proper heading, close the account, and bring down the balance as it should appear Apl. 1st, 1906. ANSWERS. 1. 1,986,029,842. 2. Product is 2148.672. Quotient is 23.56— .07186 of 8262.17 is 593. 7195362. Ans. 617.2795362. 3. 121/2% = l/s 16 2/3% = 1/6 9/8 = 324 ^/Q = 324 THE CUSTv)MS SERVICE 193 l/s-1/9 — 36 1/6-1/5 = 64.80 8/8 = 288 cost of one. 6/6 — 388.80 cost of other $676.80 = cost of both. $618.00 = sale price of both. $676.80 minus $648.00 = $28.80. Loss on both. Answer. 4. As 14 2/7% equals 1/7. the grocer lost l/7 of each lb. in roasting^ therefore 6/7 of a lb. of roasted coffee cost him 18c and 7/7 would cost him 21c^ that is a whole lb. of roasted coffee. Now as he wanted to clear 33 1/3% (wlich = V^) ^^^ must clear of all expenses 28c per lb. That is he must get that, but as he loses some he must sell it for more than 28c. He lost 3^/2% ^^^ ^% equals 12y2% = 14 so he got but % of what he sold it for, hence % z= 28c, and 8/8 or the whole price for which he sold the coffee = 32c. Answer. 5. East train @ 2 min. a mile = % mile a minute. West train went 1 mile in 2^^ minutes or 4/10 mile in a minute. I/2 P^^^ 4/10 is 9/10 or (.9) of a mile by both trains in 1 minute. 45 miles divided by .9 — 50 min. the time which each of the trains travelled before they met. 50 X 4/10 gives 20 miles travelled by West bound train. Answer. 194 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 6. 1906. J. JE. Glover in acc't rcith Jos. Webster. Mch . 1. Balance. . $717.65 3. 7200 bu. corn 3240.00 5. Sight draft 75.00 8. 260 yds. silk 325.00 11. Discount on note 9.00 21. 850 lbs. flour 36.12 29. Discount on silk 3.50 $4406.27 Apl. 1 Bal $2742.47 Mch. 3. Com. on corn $4.05 3. Storage . . 36.00 8. Dist. on silk 22.75 11. Note 600.00 14. Cash 550.00 27. Check 400.00 27. Premium on ck 1.00 29. 40 yds. silk returned . . 50.00 31. Balance . 2<742.47 $4406.27 Don't forget that discount goes on opposite side to what it is discounted from and that premium goes on the same side as the item on which the premium is. CHAPTER XIV. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. Q. What is the highest law in the land.^ A. The Constitution. Q. How was it established.^ A. By the people^ in the following preamble: "We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquil- lity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America." Q. Into what three departments is the government of the United States divided.^ A. The Legislative, or law making; the Executive, or law enforcing and the Judicial, or law interpreting. Q. Wliich is the Legislative Department.^ A. Congress. Q. Of what two bodies does it consist.^ A. The Senate, representing the States, and the House of Representatives, representing the people. Q. How many United States Senators are there .^ A. Two from each State. In 1913 we liad a total of 96 Senators. Q. How are Senators elected.'^ 196 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE A. By vote of the people. Prior to 1913 they were chosen by State Legislatures. Q. What is the length of their term of office? A. Six years; one-third of the Senators being elected every two years. Q. What is their salary.^ A. $7,500 per year. Q. What qualifications are necessary in order to be eli- gible to membership in the United States Senate.^ A. One must be at least 30 years of age, a citizen of the United States for nine years, and a resident of the State he desires to represent. Q. Who is the presiding officer of the United States Senate ? A. The Vice-president of tlie United States. Q. How are vacancies filled in the Senate.^ A. By a vote of the people. Q. State the powers and duties of the Senate. A. The Senate elects President pro-tempore and other officers to conduct its business. It also elects the Vice-pres- ident of the United States if the regular election fails. It acts as a Court for the trial of impeachments; confirms or rejects nominations made by the President; ratifies or rejects treaties made with foreign powers, and votes on all measures before they become laws. Q. How many members are there in the House of Rep- resentatives ? THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 197 A. One representative for about every 211^877 inhabi- tants^ making in 1913^ 435 members. Q. How are members of Congress chosen? A. By the vote of the Congressional districts in each State. Q. Is their term of office equal to that of Senators? A. They are selected for two years only. Q. What is their compensation? A. $7,500 per year. • Q. What are the qualifications in order to secure a seat in this body? A. One must be at least 25 years of age^ a citizen of the United States for seven years and a resident of the State he desires to represent. Q. Who is the presiding officer of the House of Repre- sentatives ? A. One of its own members, chosen by a majority vote of the body. He is known as Speaker. His salary is $12,000 per annum. Q. How are vacancies filled in the House of Repre- sentatives ? A. By the Governor of the State wherein the vacancy occurs issuing a writ of election to fill such vacancy. Q. State the powers and duties of the House of Repre- sentatives. A. To elect its Speaker and other officers, to elect the President of the United States if the regular election fails, 198 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE to bring, impeachments before the Senate^ to originate all bills for raising revenue and to vote on all measures be- fore they become laws. Q. What is meant by the term "Congress"? A. Congress is tlie combined legislative branch of the Federal Government, consisting of both the Senate and House of Representatives. Q. What is the term of Congress.^ A. Two years, commencing March 4th of the odd year. Q. How often does Congress meet? A. At least once a year, tlie first Monday in Decem- ber, but special sessions may be called by the President of the United States, whenever he deems it necessary or for the welfare of the country. Q. Who judges of the election and qualification of the members of Congress? A. Each House passes upon the election and qualifica- tion of its own members. Q. What constitutes a quorum in Congress? A. A majoritj^ of each House constitutes a quorum to do business in that particular house. Q. Can either House adjourn during a session of Con- gress without the consent of the other? A. Neither House can adjourn for a period of more than three days, nor to any other place, without the con- sent of the other body. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 199 Q. Who makes the rules governing the procedure of Congress ? A. Each house determines its own rules of procedure, keeps a journal of its proceedings and publishes same from time to time in the daily publication known as the "Con- gressional Record." Q. Who has authority to punish members for disor- derly behavior? A. Each House may punish its members, and upon a two- thirds vote, may expel a member. Q. Can a Congressman hold any other office in the United States Government during the time for which he is elected a member of Congress? A. No. Q. What are the powers and duties of Congress ? A. To provide for the raising of revenue, to borrow money, to coin money and regulate its value, to fix a stan- dard of weights and measures, to punish counterfeiting, to declare w^ar, to maintain an army and navy and provide for the organizing and calling out of the militia. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, among the different States of the Union and with the Indians, to es- tablish uniform naturalization and bankruptcy laws, enact patent and copyright laws, to establish post offices and post roads, to define and punish crimes against tlie United States and to establish Courts inferior to the Supreme Court. 200 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE To admit new States and provide for government of ter- ritories^ to exercise executive legislation over the District of Columbia and all public property, such as forts, navy yards, etc. To make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers and all other powers vested by the Constitution in the Government of the United States, or any Department or officer thereof. This latter power is sometimes called the "elastic clause." Q. How may a bill become a law ? A. Every measure which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approves, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who sliall enter the objections at large on their journal and proceed to reconsider it. After such recon- sideration, the bill, by a two-thirds vote of that house, may be passed again. It shall then be sent, together with the objections to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house it shall become a law. In all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting against the bill shall be en- tered on the records of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall be presented to him, THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 201 the same shall become a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless Congress, by adjournment, prevents its return, in which case it shall not become a law. Q. Are there any legislative prohibitions upon Con- gress ? A. Yes; Congress is forbidden by the Constitution, to prohibit the slave trade before 1808; to suspend the writ of habeas corpus except in cases of rebellion or invasion; to lay direct taxes, except in proportion to the population determined by the census. To levy export duties; to draw money from the treasury, except as appropriated by law; to give preference in any trade to any port; to pass bills of Attainder, Attainder of Treason or Ex-Post Facto Laws; to grant titles of nobility. Q. What is known as the Executive Department.'^ A. That Department which is vested in the President of the United States and those working under his imme- diate jurisdiction. Q. How is the President elected.^ A. At the general election, held on the first Tuesday following the first IMonday in November, every fourth year. Each State elects a number of State electors, equal to the number of Senators and Representatives which that State is entitled to in Congress. These electors meet in their respective States on the 2nd Monday of January following the general election, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President. Duplicate certificates of these votes are 202 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE then sent to the President of the Senate. On the 2n(i Wednesday of February^ following^ the Senate and the House of Representatives in joint session count the votes of the State electors. The person voted for as President, receiving a majority of the electoral votes^ becomes Presi- dent, and the rest of the election is announced by the Presi- dent of the Senate. In case no two candidates are chosen President by the State electors, the President is selected by the House of Representatives, from among the three candidates who received the highest electoral votes for President. The voting is done by States, each State hav- ing one vote and a majority of all the States is necessary for a choice. Q. For how long a term are Presidents elected.'* A. Four years. Q. What is the salary of a President.^ A. $7.5,000 per year. Q. What are the qualifications necessary to election? A. Natural born citizen, resident of the United States 14 years and at least 35 years of age. Q. In case of removal, death, resignation or inability of the President, who takes his place ? A. The Vice-president. Q. If both are unable to fill the position, what action is then taken? A. The members of the Cabinet succeed, in the order THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 203 in which the offices were created^ provided the member has the necessary qualifications. Q. State the powers and duties of the President. A. He executes the laws. He is Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy. ^ He appoints many public officers, with the adv'ice and consent of the Senate, he grants re- prieves and pardons for offenses committed against the United States. He communicates at each session with Congress by a w^ritten message. He may approve or veto all bills. He receives foreign representatives. He may convene Congress under certain conditions. He may grant commissions to fill vacancies occurring during a recess of Congress. Q. Who is the second highest officer in the land.^ A. Vice-president. Q. How is he elected.^ A. Same as president, except, in case the regular elec- tion fails, the Senate chooses the vice-president from the two candidates having the largest number of electoral votes, in the same manner as the House selects the Presi- dent. Q. For how long are Vice-presidents chosen? A. A term equal to that of the President. Q. What salary is paid the Vice-president.^ A. $12,000 per year. Q. What are the necessary qualifications for the posi- tion ? 204 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE A. Same as those for President. Q. Does he possess any powers and has he any duties to perform? A. He presides over the Senate and succeeds to the Presidency in case of removal^ deaths resignation or inabil- ity of the President. Q. What is the ''Cabinet".^ A. Heads of the executive departments constitute the Q. How are they chosen.^ Q. How many members are there in the cabinet? A. Ten. A. They are appointed by the President^ with the ad- vice and consent of the Senate^ but may be removed at any time by the President. Q. What salary is paid Cabinet Officers? A. $12,000 per year. Q. Name the Executive Departments of the United States government. A. Department of State; Treasury Department; De- partment of War; Department of Justice; Post Office De- partment; Navy Department; Department of the Interior; Department of Agriculture; Department of Commerce and Department of Labor. Q. Who is in charge of the Department of State? A. The Secretary of State, who attends to foreign af- fairs and corresponds with Chief Executives of the THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 205 States. Grants passports^ publishes laws passed by Con- gress and proclamations during admission of new States. Q. Who is in charge of* the Treasury Department? A. Secretary of the Treasury^ who attends to the financial affairs of the Government. Q. Who is in charge of the Department of War? A. Secretary of War^ who attends to the army and mil- itary affairs of the government. Q. Who is in charge of the Department of Justice? A. The Attorney-General^ who looks after the legal af- fairs of the Government and is the legal adviser of the Rresident. Q. Who manages the Post Office Department? A. The Postmaster-General^ who supervises the Postal Service of the country. Q. Who is in charge of the Navy Department? A. The Secretary of the Navy, who manages the Navy and Naval affairs of the Government. Q. Who is in charge of the Department of the Interior ? A. The Secretary of the Interior, who attends to pub- lic lands and territories, looks after Indian affairs, pen- sions, patents, education and railroads. Q. Who supervises the Department of Agriculture? A. The Secretarjr of Agriculture, who attends to and encourages agricultural affairs, the Weather Bureau, etc., and supervises the inspection of exported and imported cattle or meat. 206 THE CUSTOMS SERVIC2 Q. Who is in charge of the Department of Commerce? A. The Secretary of Commerce^ who attends to com- mercial and industrial affairs for the Government. Q. Who is in charge of the Labor Department? A. The Secretary of Labor^ who has charge of all labor questions of the Government. Q. What constitutes the Judicial Department? A. The United States Courts. Q. What is the highest Court in the land? A. The Supreme Court of the United States. Q. Name the Inferior Courts of the Federal Govern- ment. , A. Court of Appeals^ Circuit Courts^ District Courts, Court of Claims, Court of Custom Appeals, and Court of Commerce. Q. How are United States Judges appointed? A. By the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate. Q. What is their term of office? A. For life, or during good behavior. (A judge may retire and receive full salary after reaching seventy years of age, provided lie has served ten years as a judge.) Q. How may judges be removed? A. By impeachment. Q. How many judges in the Supreme Court of the United States? A. Nine — one chief justice and eight associates. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 207 Q. What compensation do they receive? A. Chief Justice — $13,000 per annum; associate jus- tices — $12,500 per annum. Q. Aside from presiding over the Supreme Court, where else does the Chief Justice sometimes preside? A. Over the Senate of the United States when it acts as a Court of Impeachment for the trial of the President of the United States. Q. State the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. A. In cases affecting ambassadors and consuls and public ministers, and in cases where a State is a party. Q. Have they any appellate jurisdiction? A. Yes; directly from the Circuit and District Courts, such cases as involve, first, the jurisdiction of the Court; 2nd, the interpretation of the Federal Constitution or a treaty; third, application of the Federal Constitution to State laws or constitutions or to Federal laws; fourth, con- viction of capital crime; and under this latter head come Circuit Courts of Appeal and the Court of Claims — such cases in which the decisions are not final. Also from the Court of Commerce if the appeal is made within sixty days. Q. State the number of Courts known as the United States Circuit Court of Appeal. A. One in each of the nine judicial circuits. Q. Who constitute their members? A. One justice of the Supreme Court, two Circuit 208 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE judges and one District Judge^ but any two of them is all that is necessary to sit in any case. Q. What compensation do members of the United States Circuit Court of ApjDcals receive? A. The Chief Justice — $7,500; the two associate jus- tices, each $7,000 per annum. Q. How many United States Circuit Courts are there? A. Nine, one in each district. Q. Who constitute the membership of a Circuit Court? A. One Justice of the Supreme Court, one Circuit Judge and one District Judge (or any two of them). Q. How many judges are there in the Circuit Courts? A. Twenty-nine. Q. What is their salary? A. $7,000 per year. Q, How many District Courts are there? A. One or more in each State. In 1910 there were 88 District Courts. Q. How many judges sit in the District Court? A. One District Judge. Q. What is the salary of a District Judge? A. $6,000 per year. Q. Have they any original jurisdiction? A. Yes, in cases under Admiralty and Maritime Juris- diction, bankruptcy proceedings, civil actions for or against the United States or an officer thereof, infringement of per- sonal rights, patent, copyright and revenue laws. •THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 209 Q. How many Judges are there in the United States Court of Claims? A. One Chief Justice and four associate justices. Q. How much do they receive for their labor? A. Chief Justice, $6,500 per year and his associate jus- tices, $6,000 per year. Q. What jurisdiction does the United States Court of Claims possess? A. Hears claims against the United States, including claims referred by Congress. Q. How many members are there in the Court of Cus- toms Appeals? A. A presiding judge and four associate justices. Q. What is their salary? A. $7,000 per year. Q. What is their jurisdiction? A. They settle disputes growing out of collection of duties on imported goods. Q. How many justices constitute the Court of Com- merce ? A. Five justices. Q. For what term are they selected? A. Five years. Q. How are they appointed? A. By the Chief Justice of the United States from among the Circuit judges of the United States. Q. What compensation do they receive? 210 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE ' A. $7,000 per year, and an expense allowance of $1,500 per year. Q. What is their jurisdiction? A. To decide appeals from decisions of the Interstate Commerce Commission, and have jurisdiction heretofore held by Circuit Courts in relation to commerce. Q. When do they hold their sessions? A. The Court of Commerce is always open. Its regu- lar sessions are held in Washington, but may be held in different parts of the United States if necessary. Q. How can appeals be made from the Court of Com- merce ? A. To the Supreme Court, if made wichin sixty days. Q. Give in detail the Appellate Jurisdiction of Inferior Courts. A. Appeals are made from the Circuit and District Courts to the Circuit Court of Appeals, and in some cases may be appealed to the Supreme Court. In the Circuit Court of Appeals judgment is final in cases involving United States or State citizenship; arising under patent and revenue laws; crimes not punishable by death; ad- miralty cases; civil suits less than $5,000. Such cases a» those involving the interpretation of the Constitution or a treaty, conviction of crimes punishable by death, jurisdic- tion of a court and cases from the Court of Commerce, may be appealed directly to the Supreme Court. Q. Of what does the Court of Impeachment consist? THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 211 A. The Senate and the House of Representatives. Q. What is the duty of each body in relation thereto? A. The House of Representatives prosecutes the im- peachment, and the Senate tries the impeached. Q. What is necessary to convict the accused.^ A. A two-third vote. Q. What constitutional prohibitions are placed upon State Governments.^ A. States are forbidden to pass bills of Attainder or Ex-Post Facto Laws; grant titles of nobility; enter into any treaty, alliance or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money — to make anything legal tender except gold and silver coins, to emit bills of credit; to pass laws impairing contract obligations ; to permit slav- ery. The following prohibitions are placed upon State Governments, except by Consent of Congress: To levy duties; to keep in times of peace, troops and warships; to enter into an agreement with another State or foreign na- tion and to engage in war unless actually invaded or in imminent danger. Q. What rights are given the States? A. The right to protect the property, life and liberty of the people, erect and maintain schools, benevolent and reform institutions, enact laws of inheritance, regulate municipal institutions, appoint officers and train the militia according to the United States directions, and decide as to 212 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE the making of a new State within its territory or to uniting any part of it with another State so as to form a new one. Q. What rights are given to citizens of the United States ? A. Freedom of religion^ speech and press, the right to bear arms, security against quartering of troops, search warrants, confiscation of houses, papers and other effecls, right to life, liberty and property, which can be deprived of only by due process of law; if accused of a crime, the right to a speedy and public trial by jury, to compel the attendance of witnesses and to be confronted by the same, to have the assistance of a counsel for defense, to be tried in the State and District where the crime was supposed to have been committed, not to be compelled to testify, not to be twice tried for the same offense, not to be required to furnish excessive bail, not to be subjected to cruel or un- just punishments. The foregoing are private rights of citizens. Q. What are the public rights of citizens? A. Slavery and involuntary servitude, forbidden ex- cept as a punishment for crime, right to vote not to be de- nied on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude. Q. How may the Constitution of tlie United States be amended ? A. Proposed by a two-thirds vote in Congress, or by a convention called by the legislatures of two-thirds of the THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 213 States. Then ratified by conventions held in three- fourths of the States- or by the legislatures of three-fourths of the States. Q. What amendments have been added to the Constitu- tion ? A. I to X. Bills of Rights. — Stating the rights and limitations of the government. It was ratified in 1791^ Washington's administration. XI. — Restricting the Judicial Power of United States. — It was ratified in 1798. John Adams' administration. XII. — Stating how President and Vice-president are to he elected. — It was ratified in 1804^ Jefferson's adminis- tration. XIII. — Giving all Slaves in the United States Freedom. — It was ratified in 1865, Johnson's administration. "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legisla- tion." XIV. — Stating Who were Citizens and Their Rights. — It was ratified in 1868, Johnson's administration. It also provided that representation was to be according to tlie number of voters. 214 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE That those liaying taken part in the Rebellion were in- eligible to office until pardoned by Congress. That the public and private war debt of the Confederacy was to be repudiated. XV. — Gave Three Classes Right to Vote. — Ratified in 1870. Grant's administration. ''The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation." Amendments XVI, and XVII. Article XVI. — Taxes on Incomes. — The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from what- ever source derived, without apportionment among the sev- eral States, and without regard to any census or enumera- tion. Article XVII. — Section 1. — Senators Elected by the People. — The Senate of tlie United States shall be com- posed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the quali- fications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislators. Section 2. — Filling of Vacancies. — When vacancies hap- pen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 215 executive authority of such State shall issue writs of elec- tion to fill such vacancies. Provided^ that the Legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointment until the people fill the vacancies by election as the Legislature may direct. Section 3. This amendment shall not be construed as to affect the election of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution. Q. Of what does the Grand Jury consist.^ A. Of not more than 23 and not less than 16 men. Q. What steps are taken before trial is brought before the Grand Jury.^ A. A written charge of crime^ known as an indictment, is submitted by the District Attorney to the Grand Jury; they hear the evidence in private. If the evidence is not strong enough to make a case it is dropped, otherwise it is brought to the court for trial. Twelve members of the Grand Jury must agree to the indictment before it can be brought to trial. Q. Of what does a Petit Jury consist? A. It consists of twelve men who sit in court and hear tlie evidence on both sides and the arguments given by the lawyers. The judge sums up the case and explains the law in regard to it, and the jury go to a private room to con- sider it. If all agree that the prisoner is guilty, the judge imposes tlie sentence provided by law. If, on the other 216 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE hand, all agree that he is not guilty, he is discharged by the judge. Q. What is done if the jury disagrees? A. They are discharged, a new trial given the prisoner, and a new jury chosen. If the prisoner is discharged he cannot be tried again for the same offense. CHAPTER XV. GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES. Q. Of what are the United States comprised.'^ A. Forty-eight States^ two territories, the District of Columbia, the Panama Canal Zone, and the dependencies or colonial possessions of Porto Rico and a few small islands near it; Guam; Tutuila and the Philippine Islands, over 2,400, of which only about 11 are important. Q. Bound the United States? A. It is bounded on the north by Canada, St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes, except Lake Michigan; on the east by the Atlantic Ocean; on the south by the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, Mexico, and the Rio Grande River; on the west by the Pacific Ocean. Q. Name the indenting waters of the United States. A. Those on the east coast are Massachusetts Bay, New York Bay, Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay, Albe- marle and Pamlico Sounds, Mobile Bay, and Galveston Bay. Those on the west coast are San Francisco Bay and Puget Sound. Q. What are tlie projecting points of the United States ? A. Cape Cod, Sandy Hook, Cape May, Cape Charles, Cape Henry, Cape Hatteras, Cape Lookout, and Cape 218 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Sable on the east coast and Cape Flattery^ Cape Mendi- cino, and Point Conception on the west coast. Q. What islands are off the coasts of the United States ? A. Those on the east are Long Island, The Bermudas, the Bahamas, and the West Indies; on the west is Santa Barbara Island. Q. What is the area of the United States and its de- pendencies ? A. About 3,768,743 Square Miles. Q. Name the principal rivers of the United States .f* A. The Connecticut, flowing into Long Island Sound ; the Hudson, flowing into New York Bay; the Delaware, flowing into Delaware Bay; the Susquehanna, flowing in- to Chesapeake Bay; the Potomac, flowing into Chesapeake Bay; the James, flowing into Chesapeake Bay; the Savan- nah, flowing into the Atlantic Ocean; the Mississippi, flow- ing into the Gulf of Mexico. The principal branches of the Mississippi River are the Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Arkan- sas, and Red Rivers; other important rivers are the Red River of the North, the Columbia, the San Joaquin and Sacramento, the Colorado. Q. Name the principal mountains of the United States. A. Appalachian, White, Green, Adirondacks, Shawan- gunk, Schooley, Blue, Alleghany, Shenandoah, Blue Ridge, Cumberland, Rocky, Bitter Root, Salmon River, Wind River, Wasatch, Sierra Madre, Cascade, Sierra Nevada. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 219 Q. Name the principal mountain peaks and tell their height. A. Mt. Mitchell, in Nortli Carolina, 6,710 feet high; Mt. Washington, in New Hampshire, 6,290 feet high; Mt. Marcy, in New York, 5,341 feet high; Mt. McKinley, in Alaska, 20,161 feet high; Mt. St. Elias, in Alaska, 18,010 feet high; Pike's Peak, in Colorado, 11,147 feet high; Mt. Whitney, in California, 14,898 feet high; ]\It. Rainier, in Washington, 14,526 feet high; and Mt. Shasta, in Cali- fornia, 14,350 feet high. Q. Name the North Atlantic States. A. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Penn- sylvania. Q. Name the South Atlantic States. A. Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Vir- ginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida. Q. Name the South Central States. A. Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louis- iana, Texas, Arkansas, Oklahoma. Q. Name the North Central States. A. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas. Q. Name the Western States. A. Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Ari- 220 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE zona^ Utah^ Nevada^ Idalio^ Washington^ Oregon^ Cali- fornia. Q. Name tlie territories. A. Alaska and Hawaii. Q. Name the States bordering on the Atlantic Ocean. A. Maine^ New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida. Q. Name the States bordering on the Pacific Ocean. A. Washington, Oregon, and California. Q. Name the Gulf States. A. Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas. Q. Name the Lake States. A. New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota. Q. Name the States on the Canadian boundary. A. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, ^lichigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Washington. Q. Name the States bordering on Mexico. A. Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California. Q. What States does the Mississippi River pass through ? A. Minnesota and Louisiana. Q. Name the States on the east bank of the Mississippi River. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 221 A. Minnesota^ Wisconsin^ Illinois, Kentucky, Tennes- see, Mississippi, Louisiana. Q. Name the States on the west bank of the Missis- sippi River. A. Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana. Q. What gave the United States control of the Mis- sissippi River .f^ A. The Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Q. When was the Florida Purchase made? A. In 1819. . Q. When was Texas annexed.'* A. In 1815. Q. When was the Oregon boundary fixed .^^ A. 1846. Q. When was the Rio Grande made the boundary of Texas .^ A. In 1818. Q. When was the Gadsden Purchase made to correct error in map.^ A. In 1853. Q. When was the Alaska Purchase made.^ A. In 1867. Q. When was Hawaii annexed? A. In 1898. Q. Name the principal Lake ports. A. Chicago, Cleveland, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Toledo, Dulutli. 222 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Q. Name the principal ports for foreign commerce. A. New York^ New Orleans, Boston, Galveston, Phila- delphia, Baltimore, and San Francisco. Q. Bound the State of Maine. A. It is bounded on the north by the Province of Que- bec and St. John's River; on the east by the Province of New Brunswick, Grand Lake, and St. Croix River; on the South by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by New Hamp- shire and the Province of Quebec. Q. Name the bays in Maine. A. Passamaquoddy, Frenchman's, Penobscot, and Casco. Q. What island is in Maine .^ A. Mt. Desert Island. Q. What mountains are in Maine? A. Katahdin, Abraham, and Bigelow. Q. How many lakes in Maine; name most important ones ? A. Maine has over 600 lakes; most important are: Moosehead, Rangely, and Chesuncook. Q. What rivers are in Maine.'* A. St. Croix, Penobscot, Kennebec, Androscoggin, and Saco. Q. Name the principal industries of Maine. A. Agriculture, manufacture of cotton goods, leather goods, paper and wood pulp, shipbuilding, forestry, quar- rying of granite, and fishing. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 223 Q. Name Maine's chief cities. A. Augusta, its capital^ and Portland, its metropolis. Q. How is New Hampshire bounded? A. On the north by the Province of Quebec; on the east by Maine and the Atlantic Ocean; on the south by Massachusetts; on the west by Vermont, the Connecticut River, and Province of Quebec. Q. What island is in New Hampshire.^ A. Isles of Shoals. Q. Name New Hampshire's mountains. A. The White mountains, whose highest peak is Mt. Washington. Q. What lake is in New Hampshire? A. Lake Winnepesaukee. Q. Name New Hampshire's rivers. A. Connecticut and Merrimac. Q. What are New Hampshire's chief industries? A. Manufacture of boots and shoes, cotton and woolen goods, quarrying of granite, and agriculture. Q. Name the chief cities of New Hampshire. A. Concord, its capital; Manchester, its metropolis; Portsmouth, its only seaport. Q. Bound Vermont. A. It is bounded on the north by the Province of Que- bec; on the east by New Hampshire and the Connecticut River ; on the south by Massachusetts ; on the west by New York and Lake Champlain. 224 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Q. Name Vermont*s mountains. A. The Green Mountains^ whose highest peak is Mt. Mansfield. Q. What lake is in Vermont.^ A. Lake Champlain. Q. What rivers flow in Vermont.^ A. White^ Otter Creek^ and Wlnooski. Q. Name Vermont's chief industries. ■ A. Agriculture^ stock raisings maple sugar/ manufac- Ijre of hosiery J, quarrying of marble and granite. Q. Name principal cities of Vermont. A. Montpelier, its capital; Burlington, its metropolis. Q. Bound Massachusetts. A. It is bounded on the north by Vermont and New Hampshire; on the east by the Atlantic Ocean; on the south by the Atlantic Ocean, Rhode Island, and Connecti- cut; on* the west by New York. Q. What bays are in Massachusetts.'* A. Massachusetts, Cape Cod, Buzzard's. Q. What Sound is in Massachusetts ? - A. Nantucket. Q. Name Massachusett's islands. A. Nantucket and INIartha's Vineyard. Q. What mountains are in Massachusetts.'* A. Taconic, Hoosac, and the Berkshire Hills. The highest peak is Greylock. Q. Name Massachusett's capes. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 225 A. Capes Ann and Cod. Q. What rivers are in Massachusetts? A. Hoosac^ Housatonic^ Connecticut^ and JMerrimac. Q. What are the chief industries of Massachusetts? A. Manufacture of textiles^ boots and shoes, paper and wood pulp, iron and steel, and fishing. Q. What is the principal city of Massachusetts? A. Boston, which is both the capital and the me- tropolis. Q. Bound Rhode Island. A. It is bounded on the north and east by Massachu- setts; on the south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by Connecticut. Q. What island is in Rhode Island? A. Block Island. Q. What bay is in Rhode Island? A. Narragansett Bay. Q. What cape is in Rhode Island? A. Point Judith. Q. Name Rhode Island's principal rivers. A. Blackstone and Pawtuxet. Q. What are the chief industries of Rhode Island? A. Manufacturing, principally cotton, woolen, rubber, elastic goods, and jewelry. Q. Name the principal cities of Rhode Island. A. Providence, its capital and metropolis, and New- port, famed as a fashionable seaside resort. 226 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Q. Bound Connecticut. A. It is bounded on the north by Massachusetts ; on the east by Rhode Island; on the south by the Atlantic Ocean and Long Island Sound; on the west by New York. Q. Name the highest point in Connecticut. A. The Bear Mountain. Q. What are Connecticut's chief industr^s? A. Manufacturing of cutlery, clocks, hosiery, and am- munition. Q. Name the principal cities of Connecticut. A. Hartford, its capital, and New Haven, its me- tropolis. Q. Bound New York. A. It is bounded on the north by the Province of Que- bec; on the east by Lake Champlain, Vermont, Massachu- setts, and Connecticut; on the south by tlie Atlantic Ocean, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania; on the west by Pennsyl- vania, Lakes Erie and Ontario, and Rivers St. Lawrence and Niagara. Q. What islands are in New York.^ A. Long, Staten, and a number of islands in the St. Lawrence River. Q. What Sound is in New York.'* A. Long Island Sound. Q. What bay is in New York.'* A. New York Bay. Q. What Straits are in New York? THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 227 A. The Narrows, East River. Q. What mountains are in New York? A. Adirondack, whose highest point is Mt. Marcy; Helderberg; Catskill, whose highest point is Slide Moun- tain; Shawangunk. Q. Name the lakes of New York. A. There are many; the principal ones are Champlain, George, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Chautauqua. Q. Name New York's Rivers. A. St. Lawrence, with its branches, Genesee, Oswego, and Black; Hudson, with its branch, the Mohawk; Dela- ware, Susquehanna, Alleghany. Q. What are New York's chief industries.^ A. Commerce, manufacturing, and agriculture. Q. What natural attractions has New York? A. The Palisades of the Hudson; the Catskill Moun- tains; Trenton Falls; Lake George; Lake Champlain and Au Sable Chasm; the Thousand Isles; the Finger Lakes; Watkin's Glen ; Niagara Falls ; Lake Chautauqua ; the Valley of the Mohawk; the seaside resorts of Long Island. Q. Name the principal cities of New York. A. Albany, its capital; New York, its metropolis; Buf- falo, Rochester, Syracuse, Elmira, Auburn, Utica, James- town, Schenectady. Q. When was the Hudson River discovered? A. In 1609, by Henry Hudson. Q. When was New Amsterdam settled and by whom? 228 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE A. In 1614^ by the Dutch, but it was transferred to English rule in 1664. Q. Bound New Jersey. A. It is bounded on the north by New York; on the east by Hudson Iliver_, New York, and Atlantic Ocean; on the south by Delaware Bay; on the west by Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Delaware River. Q. What capes are in New Jersey.^ A. Sandy Hook and May. Q. What Bays are in New Jersey.'* A. Newark and Raritan. Q. Name the mountains in New Jersey. A. Shawangunk and Kittatinny. Q. What lakes are in New Jersey? A. Greenwood and Hopatcong. Q. Name New Jersey's principal rivers. A. Passaic, Plackensack, and Raritan. Q. Wliat are the chief industries of New Jersey.^ A. Manufacturing, refining petroleum, and agriculture. Q. Name tlie principal cities of New Jersey. A. Trenton, its capital; Newark, its metropolis; Jer- sey City. Q. Bound Pennsylvania. A. It is bounded on the north by Lake Erie and New York; on the east by New York, Delaware, and New Jer- sey; on the south by Delaware, Maryland, and West Vir- ginia; on the west by West Virginia and Ohio. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 229 Q. What mountains are in Pennsylvania? A. Appalachian system^ Chestnut Ridge^ Laurel Ridge, Alleghany, and Blue. Q. Name Pennsylvania's rivers. A. Delaware, Susquehanna, Alleghany, Monongahela, Ohio, West Branch Susquehanna, Lehigh, and Schuylkill. Q. What are the chief industries of Pennsylvania? A. Coal, Iron, and Petroleum mining, manufacturing, and Agriculture. Q. Na;me Pennsylvania's principal cities. A. Harrisburg, its capital; Philadelphia, its metropo- lis; and Pittsburgh, its great iron works centre. Q. Bound Delaware. A. It is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania; on the east by Nev/ Jersey, Delaware River and Bay, and the Atlantic Ocean; on tiie south and west by Maryland. Q. What bay is in Delaware? A. Delaware Bay. Q. What Cape is in Delaware? A. Cape Henlopen. Q. What are Delaware's chief industries? A. Manufacturing and Agriculture. Q. Name the chief cities of Delaware. A. Dover, its capital; Wilmington, its metropolis. Q. Bound Maryland. A. It is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania ; on the cast by Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean; on the south by 230 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Virginia^ the Chesapeake Bay and the Potomac River; on the west by Virginia^, West Virginia^ and the Potomac River. Q. What bay divides Maryland into two parts? A. The Chesapeake Bay. Q. What mountains are in !Maryland.^ A. Blue Ridge and Alleghany. Q. Name Maryland's rivers. A. Susquehanna and Potomac. Q. What are the cliief industries of Maryland ? A. Agriculture, mining, commercial, and fishing. Q. Name INIaryland's chief cities. A. Annapolis, its capital; Baltimore, its metropolis. Q. On which side of tlie Potomac River is the District of Columbia.^ A. On the northerly side adjoining ]\iaryland. Q. How large is the District of Columbia.'^ A. It occupies seventy square miles. Q. Bound Virginia. A. Virginia is bounded on the North by West Virginia, Maryland and Potomac River, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by North Carolina and Tennessee and on the West by Kentucky. Q. What bays are found in Virginia? A. The Chesapeake Bay, which divides tlie state into two parts, and Hampton Roads. Q. What capes are found in Virginia? THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 231 A. Cape Charles and Cape Henry. Q. Name the mountains in Virginia. A. Blue Ridge^ Shenandoah^ Allegheny^ Cumberland. Q. Name the Rivers. A. Potomac^ Rappahannock^ James^ and York. Q. What are the principal industries.^ A. Agriculture and mining. Earljr fruits and vege- tables are raised for northern markets. Tobacco is a staple product. The mining of coal and iron among the moun- tains is extensive. Q. Name the principal cities in Virginia. A. Richmond^ in the eastern part of the state on the James River^ is the capital and metropolis. It is in the center of the tobacco district. Norfolk^ in the southeastern part of the state^ on Hampton Roads^ is the principal sea- port. It is famed for its beauty. Q. Bound West Virginia. A. West Virginia is bounded on the northeast by Penn- sylvania^ Maryland and the Potomac River; on the south- east and south by Virginia^ on the southwest by Kentucky and on the northwest by Ohio and the Ohio River. Q. Name the mountains in West Virginia. A. The Shenandoah and Allegheny. Q. What rivers are found in West Virginia? A. Ohio, Monongahela, Potomac, Little Kanawha, Big Kanawha. Q. What are the principal industries? 232 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE A. About 73 per cent, of the State is covered with for- ests, Iron, coal, petroleum and natural gas are abundant, and the mining of them is an important element in the State's industrial life. Q. Name the principal cities. ^ A. Charleston, the capital; Wheeling, the manufactur- ing center and metropolis. Q. Bound North Carolina. A. North Carolina is bounded on the north by Vir- ginia, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by South Carolina and on the west by Tennessee. Q. What Sounds are found in North Carolina? A. Albemarle, Pamlico. Q. What islands.^ A. Roanoke. Q. Wliat capes? A. Hatteras, Lookout, and Fear. Q. What mountains? A. Blue Ridge, Great Smoky, Iron afid Stone. Mt. Mitchell is the highest point in the Atlantic Highlands. Q. Name the rivers. A. Roanoke, Tar, Neuse, Cape Fear, Great Pedee, Yadkin and Tennessee. Q. What are the industries of this State? A. North Carolina is an agricultural State. Early vegetables and fruit are raised; cotton, tobacco, rice and naval stores. Manufacturing is also carried on to a great THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 233 extent. Fisheries are an important pursuit of many people. Q. What are the principal cities.^ A. The capital is Raleigh^ situated near the center of the State, inland. It is a manufacturing center and is also the metropolis. Q. Bound South Carolina. A. South Carolina is bounded on the north by North Carolina; on the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean and on the southwest by Georgia and the Savannah River. Q. Are there any sounds in the State .^ A. Yes, Port Royal. Q. Any islands? • A. Edisto Island. Q. Any capes .^ A. Romain. Q. Rivers ? A. Pedee, Wateree, Congaree, Santee, Edisto and Savannah. Q. Mountains ? A. Blue Ridge. Q. What industries are carried on in South Carolina.^ A. Agriculture and manufacturing. The cotton in this State is the finest grown. Rice and corn are also raised to a considerable extent. Q. Name the principal cities. A. Columbia, in the central part of the State, on tlie 234 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Congaree River^ is the capital. Charleston^ in the south- eastern part of the State^ on the coast^ is the principal sea- port and metropolis. Q. Bound Georgia. A. Georgia is bounded on the north by Tennessee and North Carolina^ on the east by South Carolina^ Savannah River and the Atlantic Ocean; on the south by Florida and on the west by Alabama and Chattahoochee River. Q. Name the mountains in Georgia. A. Blue Ridge. Q. The rivers. A. Savannah, Ogeechee, Oconee, Ocmulgee, Attamaha, Flint, Chattahoochee. Q. What are tlie principal industries of this State.'* A. Lumbering, Agriculture, Mining and !Manufactur- ing. It is the second greatest cotton state. Melons and peaches are sent to northern markets; its marble is cele- brated throughout the United States; it produces nearly one-half of the naval stores; it manufactures cotton goods and iron. Q. What are the principal cities in Georgia.'* A. Atlanta, the capital and metropolis, is also a manu- facturing and railroad center. Savannah is the chief sea- port. Q. Bound Florida. A. Florida is bounded on the north by Alabama, Georgia and St. Mary's River, on the east by the Atlantic THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 235 Ocean^ on the South by the Strait of Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, and on the west by the Gulf of Mexico and Ala- bama, Perdido River. Q. Name the bays found in Florida. A. Florida, Tampa, Appalachee, St. Andrew's and Pensacola. Q. Name the capes. A. Canaveral, Sable, Romano, St. George and San Bias. Q. Name the islands. A. St. George's and Santa Rosa. Florida Keys are low barren reefs or islands, off the southeast and southwest coast of Florida of coral formation. Q. Are there any lakes in Florida? A. Yes, the low, swampy land of the state is dotted with lakes, the principal one being Lake Okeechobee. Q. Name the Rivers. A. St. Mary's, St. John's, Indian, Suwanee, Appalachi- cola, Chattahoochee and Perdido. Q. What are the principal industries? A. This State is agricultural. Tropical fruits and vegetables are raised and this is the only state where pine- apples are raised to any extent. Cigars are manufactured and fishing for sponges is followed about the Florida Keys. Q. Name the important cities. A. The capital is Tallahassee, the metropolis is Jack- sonville. The capital is situated in the northern part of 236 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE the State^ inland^ and the metropolis in the northeastern part on the St. John's River. Pensacola on the Gulf of Mexico^ is the principal seaport. Key West^ one of the Florida Keys^ is famed for its cigars. St. Augustine, is the first permanent Spanish Settlement in America, 1565. Q. What are the boundaries of Kentucky.^ A. Kentucky is bounded on the north by Illinois, In- diana, Ohio and Ohio River, on the east by West Virginia, Virginia and Big Sandy River, on the south by Tennessee and on the west by Missouri, Illinois and Mississippi River. Q. What mountains are found in Kentucky.'^ A. The Cumberland Mountains. Q. What rivers.^ A. The Ohio, Green, Kentucky, Licking, Big Sandy, Cumberland, Tennessee and Mississippi. Q. What are the industries of this State .^ A. Fine horses are raised in the blue grass section of this State, tobacco, corn and hemp are raised and coal is abundant, and manufactures extensive. Q. Which are the most important cities? A. Frankfort on the Kentucky River, is the capital. Louisville, on the Ohio River, is the metropolis. This is one of the largest tobacco markets in the world and a man- ufacturing center. Q. Give the boundaries of Tennessee. A. Tennessee is bounded on the north by Kentucky and Virginia, on the east by North Carolina, on the south by THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 237 Georgia^ Alabama and Mississippi and on the west by Ar- kansas, Missouri and the Mississippi River. Q. Name the mountains to be found in Tennessee. A. Cumberland and Great Smoky. Q. What rivers are there .^^ A, Cumberland, Tennessee and Mississippi. Q. What are Tennessee's chief industries ? A. Agriculture, mining, quarrying marble, manufactur- ing and lumbering. Q. Name the principal cities. A. Nashville is the capital. This city is situated in the northern part of the State on the Cumberland River. Memphis is the metropolis. This city is situated in the southwestern part of the state and is a manufacturing and commercial center. It also has a large trade in lumber and cotton products. Q. Give the boundaries of Alabama. A. Alabama is bounded on the north by Tennessee, on the east by Georgia and Chattalioochee River, on the south by Florida and the Gulf of Mexico and on the west by the Mississippi and Tennesse Rivers. Q. What bay is in Alabama? A. Mobile Bay. Q. Are there any mountains.^ A. Yes, the Cumberland. Q. Name tlie rivers in this State. 238 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE A. Tennessee^ Coosa, Tallapoosa, Alabama, Chattahoo- chee and Tombigbee. Q. What are the industries in this State? A. Mining and agriculture. Iron and coal are abun- dant. Cotton is the staple product. Q. Give the names of the principal cities. A. The capital of the State is Montgomery, a railroad center, situated in the central part of the State, on the Ala- bama River. Birmingham, the metropolis, is in the north- ern part, inland. This is the manufacturing center. The city of Mobile, on Mobile Bay, is the only seaport. Q. What are the boundaries of the State of Missis- sippi } A. Tennessee is the northern boundary, Alabama and Tennessee River, on the east. Gulf of Mexico on the south and Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi and Pearl Rivers on west. Q. What sound is in this State? A. Mississippi. Q. Name the rivers. A. Tennessee, Tombigbee, Pearl, Mississippi and Yazoo. Q. What are the industries? A. The State is largely agricultural. There are im- portant manufactures in lumber, cotton and oil, cotton goods and naval stores. The overflow of the Mississippi occasioned by the breaking of the levees has made the THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 239 land between this river and the Yazoo as fertile as any in the world. Q. What are the principal cities of Mississippi? A. The capital of the State is Jackson^ in the south central part^ on the Pearl River. The metropolis is Vicks- burg, is situated on the Mississippi River and is a manu- facturing centre. Q. Bound Louisiana. A. Louisiana is bounded on the north by Arkansas and Mississippi^ on the east by Mississippi^ Mississippi River^ Pearl River and the Gulf of Mexico; on the west by Texas and Sabine River. Q. What sound is found in Louisiana.^ A. Isle au Briton. Q. Name the bays. A. Alchafalaya^ Barataria. Q. Name the lakes. A. Borgne. This is sometimes called a bay. There are many lakes or bayous in the State^ the principal being Lake Pontchartrain. Q. Name the rivers to be found in Louisiana. A. Pearly Mississippi^ Red and Sabine. Q. What can be said of the waters of this State .^ A. It has more navigable streams than any other state. Q. Name the industries. A. Sugar, rice and cotton are largely raised, because of the rich lands. The manufactures are such as turn these 240 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE products into marketable goods. It is rich in sulphur mines^ has extensive lumber industries and valuable oyster fisheries. Q. What are the principal cities? A. The capital^ Baton Rouge, is in the southeastern part of the State on the Mississippi River. New Orleans, about one hundred miles from the mouth of the Mississippi, and situated on this river, is the chief seaport of the south and a distributing point for the products along the river. Heavy banks have to be built along the river to protect the surrounding country, on account of the height of the river above the land, caused by the debris brought down by the slow current. Q. Bound Texas. A. Texas is bounded on the north by New Mexico, Ok- lahoma and the Red River, on the east by Arkansas, Louis- iana and the Sabine River, on the southeast by the Gulf of Mexico, on the southwest by Mexico, Rio Grande River and on the west by Mexico and New Mexico. Q. Name the bays to be found in Texas. A. Galveston, Matagorda, San Antonio, and Corpus Christi. Q. The islands. A. Galveston, Matagorda and Padre. Q. The rivers. A. Red, Sabine, Trinity, Brazos, Colorado, Rio Pecos and Rio Grande. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 241 Q. What are the chief industries? A. Agriculture and mining. It raises more sheep and cattle than any other state. The cotton crop is the largest, corn and rice are raised extensively and petroleum is found in vast quantities. Q. Give the names of the principal cities. A. Austin is the capital, this is also a commercial cen- ter. It is situated on the Colorado River in the southern part of the State. Galveston, on Galveston Bay, is the ^hief seaport and metropolis. Q. What are the boundaries of the State of Arkansas.^ A. On the north, Missouri; on the east, Tennessee, Mis- sissippi and the Mississippi River; on the south, Louisiana and the Red River, and the west, Texas and Oklahoma. Q. What mountains are found in Arkansas ? A. Pea Ridge and Boston. Q. What rivers.^ A. White, Mississippi, Arkansas, Ouachita and Red. Q. Give the chief industries. A. Stock raising, lumbering, mining and manufactur- ing. Its hard wood forests are among the finest in the United States. Coal and iron are abundant, as well as lime and sandstone. The clay from which aluminum is obtained is found in large quantities. Whetstone quarries are very fine. Q. Name the principal cities. A. The capital is Little Rock, a m^inufacturing center 212 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE on the Arkansas River^ in the central part of the State. The Hot Springs, southwest of the center of the State, are celebrated for their medicinal properties. Q. Bound Oklahoma. A. Oklahoma is bounded on the north by Colorado and Kansas, on the east by Missouri and Arkansas, on the south by Texas and the Red River, and on the west by Texas and New Mexico. Q. Name the rivers of this State. A. Arkansas, Cimarron, Canadian, Ouachita and Red. Q. What are the industries.^ A. Oklahoma is an extremely fertile agricultural State. Cattle raising is one of the chief occupations. Q. Name the principal cities. A. Guthrie is a manufacturing center, in the north cen- tral part of the State near the Cimarron River. Okla- homa City is the capital, in the east central part of the State, on the North Fork of the Canadian River. Q. What are the boundaries of Ohio.^ A. Ohio is bounded on the north by Michigan and Lake Erie, on the east by Pennsylvania and West Virginia, on the south by West Virginia, Kentucky and the Ohio River, and on the west by Indiana. Q. What is tlie name of the Bay in Ohio.^ A. Put-in. Q. What rivers run tlirough this State? THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 243 A. The Ohio^ Scioto^ Little Miami^ Great Miami and Maumee. Q. What are the industries? A. Agriculture^ manufacturing and mining. Coal^ iron and petroleum are abundant. Grapes,, grain and live stock are raised in large quantities. It has various manufactures. Q. What are the principal cities.^ A. Columbus, a manufacturing center, in the central part of the State, is the capital. Cleveland, a lake port, on Lake Erie, is a manufacturing and commercial center, as well as the metropolis. Sandusky and Toledo are two im- portant lake ports. Cincinnati is the commercial and man- ufacturing center on the Ohio River. It is in the extreme southwestern part of the State. Q. Bound Indiana. A. Indiana is bounded on the north by Lake Michigan and Michigan, on the east by Ohio, on the south by Ken- tucky and Ohio River, and on the west by Illinois and the Wabash River. Q. Name the rivers to be found in Indiana. A. The Wabash, West Fork of Wliite, East Fork of White, and Ohio. Q. What are the industries of this State .^ A. Agriculture and manufacturing. Petroleum, gas and coal are found in the southern part. It ranks among the first states in the size of its crops of corn and wheat. Q. Name the principal cities. 244 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE A. Indianapolis is the capital and metropolis. It is situated in the central part of the State^ on the West Fork of the White River, a manufacturing, commercial and rail- road center. Q. What are the boundaries of Illinois.^ A. On the north, Wisconsin, on the east, Lake Michi- gan and Wabash River, and Indiana, on the southeast, Kentucky and Ohio River, on the west Missouri, Iowa and Mississippi River. Q. What are the rivers of this State .^ A. Wabash, Ohio, Mississippi, Illinois and Rock. Q. What are the industries.'* A Agriculture, manufacturing, mining and commerce. It ranks first in food products, animal and vegetable. Coal is found all over the State. Manufacturing is followed all over the State. Q. What are the principal cities.^ A. Springfield is the capital, as well as a commercial and manufacturing center. It is in the west central part of the State, inland. Chicago, in the northeastern part of the State, on Lake Michigan, is the chief commercial cen- ter and metropolis of the State. Q. What important facts can you give of the city of Chicago ? A. It is the chief railroad center of the United States, the chief market of the United States for pork and lumber, one of the principal meat packing centers of the United THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 245 States, the principal grain market of the United States, if not of the world, only outranked by New York in manu- factures, by reason of its location, connected by the Great Lakes, Erie Canal and Hudson River with the Atlantic Ocean, as well as being connected by canal with the Il- linois River and by the Mississippi River with the Gulf of Mexico, one of the most favored cities in the United States for commercial development. Q. Bound Michigan. A. Michigan is bounded on the north by Lake Superior, on the east by the Province of Ontario, St. Mary's River, Lake Huron, St. Clair River, St. Clair Lake and Detroit River, on the south by Ohio and Indiana, and on the west by Lake Michigan and Wisconsin. Q. Name the bays of this State. A. Keneenaw, Whitefish, Green, and Saginaw. Q. Name the strait. A. Mackinac. Q. The islands. A. Isle Royal, Drummond and Bois Blanc. Q. Are there any mountains.^ A. Yes, called the Pictured Rocks. Q. What rivers are found in Michigan.'* A. St. Mary's, St. Clair and Detroit. Q. What are the industries of this State? A. Agriculture, lumbering and mining. Grain and fruit are raised in great quantities. Hard wood and pine 246 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE forests are on the lower peninsula. Iron and copper ores are found on the borders of Lake Superior. Q.' What are the principal cities.'* A. Lansings in the south central part^ on the Grand River^ is the capital. Detroit^ situated on the Detroit River^ in the southeastern part of the State, is the me- tropolis, t'-; Q. Bound Wisconsin. A. On the nortli;, Lake Superior; east, Michigan and Lake Michigan; south, Illinois; west, Iowa, Minnesota, Mississippi and St. Croix Rivers. Q. What bay is in Wisconsin? A. Green Bay. Q. What island.^ A. Apostle. Q. What lake? A. Lake Winnebago. Q. What rivers? A. Wisconsin, St. Croix and IMississippi. Q. What are the industries of this State? A. Wisconsin leads in lumber, hard wood, pine and spruce, being found in abundance in the north. Grain and stock are raised in large quantities. The iron and zinc mines are extensive. Q. Name the principal cities. A. Madison is the capital. It is situated in the south- ern part of the State, inland, and is also a manufacturing THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 247 center. Milwaukee^ in the southeastern part of the State, on Lake Michigan, is the metropolis and commercial cen- ter. It is a very large grain and lumber market. Q. What are the boundaries of Minnesota.'^ A. Minnesota is bounded on the north by the Provinces of Manitoba and Ontario, Lake of the Woods, Rainy Lake River and Lake, Crooked Lake, Pigeon River; on the east by Lake Superior, Wisconsin, St. Croix and the Mississippi Rivers; on the south by Iowa, and on the west by South and North Dakota, Big Stone and Traverse Lakes and the Red River of the North. The ''Height of Land" or ''Great Divide" crosses the northern part of the State. Q. Name the rivers of Minnesota. A. St. Croix, Mississippi, Minnesota, and the Red River of the North. Q. What industries are carried on in this State? A. Milling, lumbering, mining and agriculture. The Falls of St. Anthony afford immense water power for the flour mills. The State excels in wheat, flax, flour and iron. Q. Name the principal cities. A. St. Paul is the capital, in the eastern part of the State, at the head of navigation on the Mississippi River. It is a commercial and railroad center. INIinneapolis, in the eastern part of the State, near the Falls of St. Anthony and the city of St. Paul, is the metropolis. It is one of the largest manufacturing cities in the world, of flour and lum- ber products. 248 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Q. Bound Iowa. A. Iowa is bounded on the north by JNIinnesota, on the east by Illinois and the Mississippi River, on the south by Missouri and the Des Moines River, and on the west by Nebraska, South Dakota, Missouri and Big Sioux Rivers. Q. What rivers are in the State? A. Mississippi, Des Moines, Missouri and Big Sioux. It is a prairie state, well watered. Q. What are the industries? A. Agriculture, meat packing, mining bituminous coal and manufactures. Q. Name the principal cities of the State. A. The capital and metropolis is the City of Des Moines, situated in the soutli central part of the State, on the Des Moines River. Q. Bound Missouri. A. Missouri is bounded on the north by Iowa, on the east by Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee and the Mississsippi River; on the south by Arkansas and on the west by Okla- homa, Kansas, Nebraska and the Missouri River. Q. Name tlie mountains in Missouri. Ozark. What are the highest points in these mountains? Pilot Knob and Iron Mountain. What rivers flow through this State? Mississippi, Missouri, Osage, Grand and White. What are the industries? THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 249 A. Agriculture^ mining, manufacturing and commerce. Corn, tobacco, wheat and farm produce are raised in large quantities. The raising of mules is a leading pursuit. Q. In what does this State rank first .^ A. In lead and zinc, and in the manufacture of tobacco. Q. Name the principal cities. A. Jefferson City is the capital. It is situated in the central part of the State on the Missouri River. St. Louis is the metropolis, and is also the largest and most im- portant city west of the Mississippi River. It is situated in the eastern portion of the State, on the Mississippi River. It is a railroad and commercial center. Q. Bound North Dakota. A. North Dakota is bounded on the north by the prov- inces of Assiniboia and Manitoba, on the east by Minnesota and the Red River of the North, on the south by South Dakota and on the west by Montana. Q. What lake is found in this State .^ A. Devil's. Q. What rivers.^ A. Red River of the North, James, Missouri and Mouse. Q. What industries.^ A. Agriculture and manufactures. Wheat and grain are the principal products. Coal and pottery clays are found in the southern part of the State. Q. What are the principal cities? 250 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE A. Bismark^ in the southwestern part of the State, on the Missouri River, is the capital. The metroj^olis is Fargo, situated in the eastern part of the State on the Red River of the North. This is also a manufacturing center. Q. Bound South Dakota.'^ A. South Dakota is bounded on the norLh by North Dakota, on the east by Minnesota, lovi^a. Traverse and Big Stone Lakes and Big Sioux River, on the south by Nebraska and the Missouri River and the West by Wyoming and Montana. Q. Are there any mountains in this State .^ A. Yes, called the Black Hills. Q. Name the Lakes? A. Traverse and Big Stone. Q. What rivers.^ A. Big Sioux, Missouri, James or Dakota, and Big Cheyenne. Q. What industries are carried on? A. Agriculture and mining. It is one of tlie principal grain states. Gold and silver are mined. Petroleum and gas are found, as well as building stone. Q. Name the principal cities. A. Pierre, near the central part of the State, on tlie Missouri River, is the capital. Sioux Falls, in the south- eastern part of the State, on the Big Sioux River, is a man- ufacturing center and the metropolis. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 251 Q. Bound Nebraska. A. Nebraska is bounded on the north by South Dakota and the Missouri River, on the east by Iowa, Missouri and the Missouri River, on the south by Kansas and Colorado and on the west by Colorado and Wyoming. Q. Name the rivers of this State. A. Missouri, Niobrara, Platte, and Republican. Q. The industries. A. Agriculture, meat packing and manufactures. It is a great grain raising and grazing State. In the north- western part of the State are the Bad Lands. Here run- ning water has washed the soil away and left the rock in irregular condition, unfit for agricultural pursuits. Q. What are the principal cities? A. Lincoln, in the southeastern part of the State is the capital. Omaha, in the eastern part on the Missouri River, is a railroad and commercial center, as well as the me- tropolis. Q. What are the boundaries of Kansas? A. On the north, Nebraska; on the east, Missouri and the Missouri River; on the south, Oklahoma and on the west, Colorado. Q. What are the rivers of this State? A. Missouri, Kansas, Republican, Smoky Hill, Arkan- sas and Cimarron. Q. Name the industries. A. Agriculture, mining, manufacturing. Wheat, corn 252 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE and grain are raised. Hogs are also raised in large quan- tities. Bituminous coal^ gas and petroleum are found in large quantities. Flour^ meat products and cars are among the principal manufactures. Q. Name the large cities in this State. A. Topeka, in the northeastern part of the State^ on the Kansas River^ is a railroad center as well as the capital of the State. Kansas City, in the northeastern part of the State, on tlie Kansas River, is a manufacturing and meat packing center, as well as the metropolis of the State. Q. Bound Montana. A. On the north by the Provinces of British Columbia and Alberta, on the east by Nortli and South Dakota, on the south by Wyoming and Yellowstone National Park and on the west by Idaho. Q. Name the mountains in this State. A. Bitter Root. Q. The lakes. A. Flathead. Q. The rivers. A. Missouri, Yellowstone and Milk. Q. The industries. A. Mining, agriculture and stock raising. Copper, gold, silver and lead are extensively mined. Sheep are raised in large quanaities. Grain farms are found in the river valleys. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 253 Q. Name the principal cities. A. Helena^ in the western part of the State^ near the Missouri River, is the chief commercial center and capital. Q. Bound Wyoming. A. Wyoming is bounded on the north by Yellowstone National Park and Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado and Utah, on the west by Utah, Idaho and Yellowstone Park. Q. What mountains are found in this State .^ A. Wind River, Sweet Water. Q. What rivers.^ A. Big Horn, North Platte, Green and Lewis or Snake. Q. What industries.^ A. Mining and grazing. Coal, gold, silver, iron and copper are abundant. By the aid of irrigation the State is developing agriculturally. It will soon be one of the im- portant grain producing states. Large flocks of sheep are raised for their wool. Q. Name the principal cities in Wyoming. A. Cheyenne, in the southeastern part of the State, is a large cattle market, as well as the capital. Q. Bound Colorado. A. On the north by Wyoming and Nebraska, on the east by Nebraska and Kansas, on the south by Oklahoma and New Mexico, and on the west by Utah. Q. Name the mountains. A. Rocky, Pike's Peak, Long's Peak. 254 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Q. What rivers? A. South Platte^ Arkansas^ Rio Grande and Grand. Q. Name the parks. A. North_, South^ San Luis: — Elevated valleys among the mountains. Q. Name the famous springs in this State. A. Colorado. Q. The industries. A. Mining, agriculture. It excels in gold and silver. By the aid of irrigation the value of the crops exceed the value of the mines. Q. What is the principal city? A. Denver, in the north central part of the State is a mining and railroad center, as well as the capital of the State. It is the metropolis of the Rocky Mountain section. Q. Give the boundaries of New Mexico. A. New Mexico is bounded on the north by Colorado, on the east by Texas, on the south by Texas and Mexico and on the west by Arizona. Q. What mountains are in this State? A. Rocky, Q. What rivers? A. Canadian, Rio Pecos, Rio Grande, San Juan. Q. What industries? A. Mining and stock raising. Copper, gold, silver, coal and lead are found in abundance. By the aid of irrigation large crops of corn, wheat and other grains are raised. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 255 Q. Name the principal city. A. Sante Fe in the northern part of the territory^ the second oldest town in the United States^ is the capital. Q. What are the boundaries of Arizona.^ A. Norths Utah; east^ New Mexico; south, Mexico; west_, California_, Nevada and Colorado River. Q. Name the mountains found here. A. Rocky, White Mesa, Black Mesa. Q. Name the rivers. A. Colorado, Gila, Little Colorado. Q. The industries. A. Mining, fruit raising and grazing. Copper, gold and silver are found in abundance. Grazing on the elevated plains of the north. Fruit raising by irrigation in the south. Q. What is the principal city.^ A. Phoenix, in the southern part of the State on the Gila River, is the capital. Q. Bound Utah. A. Utah is bounded on the north by Idaho and Wyom- ing, on the east by Wyoming and Colorado, on the south by Arizona and on the west by Nevada. Q. What lake is found in Utah.^ A. Great Salt. Q. What mountains? A. Rocky, W^asatch, Uintah. Q. What plateau? 256 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE A. Colorado. Q. What rivers? A. Green and Grand. Q. What industries.^ A. Mining and agriculture. Gold^ silver^ lead and cop- per are abundant. A naturally dry and barren country has been made fertile by irrigation. Beet and wool rais- ing are among the chief pursuits. Q. What city of importance.^ A. Salt Lake City^ in the northern part of the State, near Salt Lake is the metropolis as well as the capital. Q. Bound Idaho. A. Idaho is bounded on the north by the Province of British Columbia, on the east by Montana and Wyoming, on the south by Utah and Nevada and on the west by Oregon and Wasliington, Lewis or Snake River and Lake Pend d' Oreille. Q. Name the rivers of Idaho. A. Clark Fork, Salmon and Lewis or Snake. Q. Tlie mountains. A. Bitter Root, Salmon River. Q. The industries. A. Cattle raising, agriculturing, mining and lumbering. The State ranks among the first in lead; copper, gold and silver are found in large quantities. Immense flocks of sheep are raised for their wool; beet sugar is a valuable product THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 257 Q. What is the principal city? A. Boise City^ in the southwestern part of the State^ on a branch of the Snake River^ is a manufacturing city as well as the capital of the State. Q. Bound Nevada. A. Nevada is bounded on the north by Oregon and Idaho, on the east by Utah, Arizona and Colorado River, on the south by Arizona and on the southwest and west by California. Q. ^ What mountains are in Nevada? A. Rocky, Soshone, Trinity, Sheel Creek and East Humbolt. Q. What lakes? A. Pyramid, Humboldt. Q. What rivers? A. Colorado, Humboldt. Q. What industries? A. Mining and agriculture wherever water is brought, as the State is wholly unsuited to agriculture except by artificial irrigation. Q. What large city? A. Carson City, in the western part of the State, is a manufacturing center, as well as the capital. Q. Bound Washington. A. On the north by Province of British Columbia, on the east by Idaho and Snake River, on the south by Oregon and Columbia River, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. 258 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Q. What is the name of the sound in Washington? A. Puget. Q. The Strait? A. Juan de Fuca. Q. The cape? A. Flattery. Q. The lake? A. Chelan. Q. What rivers? A. Lewis or Snake and Columbia. Q. What mountains? A. Cascade, Mts. Ranier, Helena and Adams. Q. What industries? A. Lumbering in western part of the State, salmon fisheries along the coast and the Columbia River, coal min- ing, agriculture and sheep raising in the eastern part of the State. Q. What cities ? A. Olympia, in tlie western part of the State, at the head of Puget Sound, is the capital. Seattle, in the north- western part of the State, on Puget Sound, is the chief sea- port and metropolis of the State. Its importance, by rea- son of its good harbor and its being the terminous of three railroads, is constantly increasing. Tacoma, in the wes- tern part of the State, on Puget Sound, is the second city in size. It is a commercial and manufacturing center, as t UE CU^TOMg SERtriCE 25^ well as the terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad. It is a great lumber center. Q. Bound Oregon. A. Oregon is bounded on the north by Washington and the Columbia River, on the east by Idaho and Lewis or Snake River, on the south by Nevada and California and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. Q. Name the cape in Oregon. A. Blanco. Q. The lakes. A. Klamath, Harney. Q. The rivers. A. Lewis or Snake, Columbia, Des Chutes and Wil- lamette. Q. Wliat are the industries of this State? A. Lumbering, sheep raising and agriculture; mining and fishing. Gold, silver, coal and iron abound. The salmon fisheries of this State are very celebrated. Q. What are the principal cities? A. Salem, in the northwestern part of the State, on the Willamette River, is the capital. Portland, in the northwestern part of the State, near the mouth of the Wil- lamette River, is the metropolis as well as tlie principal seaport. More lumber is shipped from this port tlian from any other in the world. Q. Bound California. A. California is bounded on the north by Oregon, on 260 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE the east by Nevada^ Arizona and the Gtrkmibia Eiver^ on the south by INIexico and on the southwest and west by the Pacific Ocean. Q. What islands are in this State? A. Santa Barbara. Q. What bay? A. San Francisco. Q. What capes? A. Mendocino and Point Conception. Q. What mountains? A. Sierra Nevada^ Coast Range, Mts. Whitney and Shasta. Q. What lake? A. Tulare. Q. What rivers? A. Klamatli, Sacramento and San Joaquin. Q. What industries? A. Mining, agriculture, manufactures and commerce. While gold and silver are extensively mined, and more petroleum is produced here than in any other state, the agricultural industries of the State are far greater in value. The State supplies the United States with raisins. It ranks first in wine. Its fruit crops of all kinds are large and very profitable. It exports large amounts of grain. It re- ceives nearly all the teas and silks from Asia. Q, Name the principal cities. A. Sacramento, in the western part of the State, on the THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 261 river of the same name^ is the capital. San Francisco, on San Francisco Bay, is the metropolis and principal Pacific seaport of the United States. j Q. What is Alaska.^ A. A territory of the United States. Q. What are its boundaries? A. On the north, the Arctic Ocean; on the east, Yukon Territory, Province of British Columbia; on the south and southwest. Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Alaska, and on the west, Bering Sea, Bering Strait and Arctic Ocean. Q. What can be said of the size of Alaska? A. If this territory were placed in the United States with its most northern point on the northern boundary of Minnesota at the southwestern part of the Lake of the Woods, the extreme southeastern point of the territory would touch the Atlantic coast at the mouth of the Savan- nah River; the extreme western island of the Aleutian Group would be in California, northeast of Point Concep- tion. Q. What is the climate of Alaska? A. It varies. The growing season on the Pacific coast in the southeastern part and in the Aleutian Islands lasts from the beginning of May until the last of September, while on the Arctic coast it is from the end of June to the middle of September. Q. Wliat islands are found in Alaska? A. Baranoff, Kadiak and Aleutian. 262 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Q What bavs or sounds? A. Bristol^ Norton. Q. What capes? A. Lisburne^ Barrow. Q. What mountains? A. Mt. McKinley, St. Elias, Wrangel. Q. What river? A. Yukon. Q. What industries? A. Mining and fishing. Gold deposits are immensely valuable. While the seal fisheries are the most valuable in the worlds large revenues are obtained from the cod, salmon and herring fisheries. Q. Name the principal city of Alaska. A. Juneau, in the extreme southeastern part, on the coast, is a mining center and the capital and metropolis. Q. Of what does the territory of Hawaii consist? A. It consists of a group of eight islands and a few islets situated in the Pacific Ocean in about the same lati- tude as Cuba. The largest island is Hawaii. Here are active volcanoes. Tlie most important island is Oahu. The Island of ^lolokai is set apart for lepers. Q. What industries are carried on in Hawaii? A. Sugar cane is raised and exported to the United States. Sheep raising is also one of the principal indus- tries. Q. What is the principal city? THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 263 A. Honolulu^ situated on a fine harbor^ in the southern part of the Island of Oahu, is the metropolis and capital. Q. Give essential facts relative to the Panama Canal Zone. A. It is a strip of land G.vc miles wide, each side of the center line of the Panama Canal, which follows the line of the Panama Railroad, in the extreme southern part of North America. The Republic of Panama has leased this land, together with islands in the harbors of Colon and Panama, to the United States forever. They are to govern it as if tliey owned the land. For this privilege the United States paid the Republic of Panama ten million dollars in cash, and after nine years, from May, 1904, the United States is to pay to the Republic of Panama each year, two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Q. Tell what you know of the Panama Canal .^ A. The Panama Canal will be forty-nine miles long and will follow the line of the Panama Railroad. It will connect Colon, on the Carribbean Sea, and Panama on the Pacific Coast. Both of these places have excellent har- bors. The highest poitit above mean tidewater will be eighty-five feet, the minimum depth of water must be forty feet. There are to be sixteen locks, each of which must be at least nine hundred feet long and ninety-five feet wide. It will shorten the distance between New York and San Francisco by water nearly one-half, and between New York 264 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE and Australia about one-third^ bringing the great commer- cial cities of the East nearer New York. It will help to make Hawaii a great commercial center and will help the progress of the western coasts of the Americas. It will lessen the expense of having an extra navy to protect our interest in the East. Q. What may be said of the island of Guam? A. It is in the Pacific Ocean^ about fifteen hundred miles from Manila and the same distance from Yokohama and Japan. It is about thirty miles long and nearly six miles wide. It was captured from the Spanish by the United States^ June 21, 1898, and is now used as a naval station. Indigo, sugar and rice are its products. Q. What of Tutuila? A. This island, with a few smaller ones, belonged to the Samoan Group, in the Pacific Ocean. It was obtained by treaty agreement made by German}^, England and the United States. The United States obtained it on account of the excellent liarbor at Pago-Pago, on this island, where a coaling and naval station has been established. Q. What of Porto Rico? A. An island of the Greater Antilles, east of Santo Domingo; in 1898 it was ceded to the United States by Spain, after the Spanish War. It is about as large as the state of Connecticut. Agriculture is the chief industry. Coffee is the principal product. Large quantities of fruits, tobacco and sugar are THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 265 raised. San Juan^ in the northern part of the coast, is the principal city. Q. Give a brief description of the Phillipine Islands. A. They are situated southeast of the mainland, about ninety miles from Formosa, which belongs to Japan. They cover an area about eleven hundred and fifty miles long and nearly six hundred miles vride, equal to that of the states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu- setts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York and New Jer- sey. While there are over twenty-four hundred islands, only eleven are of very much importance. The surface is mountainous, only about one-third can be cultivated. Agriculture is the chief industry, Manila hemp, a fibre of the banana tree, is one of the principal products. Tobacco, sugar and all tropical fruits are plentiful. Minerals of all kinds are abundant. Manila, on the western side of the island of Luzon, has a fine harbor. CHAPTER XVI. HOW PxVPERS ARE RATED. CANDIDATES^ IDENTITY IS KEPT A SECRET UNTIL WORK OF EXAMINERS IS ENDED. After an examination is held the papers are arranged by sheets or subjects and are forwarded under seal to the Commission. When they are reached in the order of rat- ing, tliey are distributed by sheets to the examiners, Exam- iner A all of sheets 1, Examiner B all of sheets 2, Exam- iner C all of sheets 3, and so on, the sheets being dis- tributed to as many examiners as there are subjects in the particular examination to be rated. After the papers are rated in the first instance they are redistributed, and the first rating is reviewed by other examiners. When all of the papers of an examination have been rated and re- viewed, those of each competitor are then for the first time assembled or brought together, his average percentage is ascertained, his declaration envelope is opened, and the declaration sheet to wliich he has signed his name is at- tached to his examination papers. The identity of the com- petitor, therefore, is not disclosed until his papers have been rated and reviewed and his average percentage deter- mined. As the charge for specific errors are all fixed by the rules for rating, and as each subject is rated by one examiner and reviewed by another, it will be seen that ab- THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 267 solute impartiality, accuracy and uniformity are secured in the work. Appeals from the ratings are sometimes made by com- petitors, but the prospect of securing a higher rating by such action is very remote. Errors on the part of exam- iners in making charges are seldom found, as the work of each examiner is verified and checked in every particular by another. The papers of all the competitors in an examinatipn must be rated at the same time, and no competitor's papers will be made special or be rated in advance of others. An average percentage of at least 70 in all examinations is required for eligibility, except in the case of applicants entitled to preference under section 1754 U. S. Revised Statutes provided that in examination comprising both grade and technical subjects in which the technical sub- jects constitute not less than 50 per cent, of the examina- tion. RULES FOR RATING. HOW PERCENTAGES ARE COMPUTED AND AVERAGES ATTAINED. BRIEF OUTLINE OF THE RULES FOR RATING EXAMINATION PAPERS. As soon as practicable after an examination, the papers of the competitors are rated and the average percentage of each ascertained, and competitors notified whether they 268 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE pass or fail. The following is a brief outline of the rules for rating: RULES FOR RATING SPELLING. From 100 deduct — 1. For each error in spelling when the exercise consists of 20 words 5 2. For each error in capitalization 1 3. For each failure to use or for each wrong use of the liyphen and for each improper division of a word into a compound word when required to be written solid 2 RULES FOR RATING ARITHMETIC. From 100 deduct — 1. For each wrong process, producing incorrect result, in proportion to the number of steps involved and gravity of error 10 to 100 2. P'or decimal error and for each evasion of a decimal or common fraction test 25 3. For each error in computation or in copying from the printed question or from work. . 10 4. For minor errors, such as wrong indication of a correct process, incorrect or incon- sistent punctuation, improper use of sym- bols of designation, improper or incorrect designation of a partial or final result, etc. 5 to 10 5. For failure to show work as required in solution of problems 25 to 75 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 269 RULES FOR RATING LETTER WRITING. In rating the letter^ its errors in form and address^ in spellings capitalization^ punctuation, syntax, and style, and its adherence to and treatment of the subject given are considered, and its value, in the judgment of the exam- iners, determined on a scale of 100. In determining the rating for letter writing it is proper for the examiner to be guided in a general way by the fol- lowing scheme: Excellent, 95 to 90; good, 90 to 80; fair, 80 to 70; ordinary, 70 to 60; poor, 60 to 50; very poor, 50 to 25 ; practically worthless, 25 to 0. RULES FOR RATING REPORT WRITING. In general, in addition to conciseness and completeness of the summary, the same elements will be considered in rating this subject as are considered in rating letter writ- ing, and the ratings will be determined upon practically the same basis. RULES FOR RATING PENMANSHIP. i Penmanship is rated according to its value on a scale of 100. In determining the rating, legibility, rapidity, neatness, and general appearance, as well as correctness and uniformity in the formation of words, letters, and punctuation marks, are considered, and it is proper for ex- aminers to be guided in a general way by the following 270 'THE CUSTOMS SERVICE scheme: Excellent^ 90 to 85; very good, 85 to 80; good, 80 to 75; ordinary, 75 to 70; poor, 70 to 65; very poor, 65 to 50; below the grade of "very poor," 50 to 10. RULES FOR RATING COPYING FROM PLAIN COPY. From 100 deduct — • 1. For each word or figure omitted, repeated, substituted, or improperly inserted 2. For each error in spelling, for each trans- position, for each abbreviation not in copy, for each failure to capitalize according to copy, for each failure to punctuate ac- cording to copy, for each failure to in- dent margin as in copy, for each error in paragraphing, and for irregularity in left- hand margin 3. For each misdivision of a word at the end of a line, for each omission or improper use of the hyphen in dividing a word at the end of a line, for each word altered, inter- lined, or canceled, for each blot or minor erasure, if not neat 4. For any other deviation from copy not covered by the foregoing, charges are made in the discretion of the examiners. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 271 RULES FOR RATING COPYING AND CORRECTING MANUSCRIPT, FIRST GRADE. From 100 deduct — 1. For each error in spelling (only one charge to be made for the repeated misspelling of the same word in the same manner) ; for each error in syntax (no charges to be made for consequential errors) ; for each word omitted^ inserted^ or substituted which avoids a test or causes an essential change in meaning; for failure to write any transposition^ insertion^ or inclosure ^ as indicated; for restoring a word or words canceled in the copy (only 3 to be charged for restoring any group of words canceled together in copy) ; for eacli im- portant word omitted from a phrase or other group of words 3 2. For making any transposition of a word or group of words not indicated; for each abbreviation; for irregularity in left-hand margin (in each of the three cases indi- cated according to gravity of error) 1 to 3 3. For writing part of the exercise and tlien commencing again ; for signing name .... 5 4. For each change in tense or number which 272 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE From 100 deduct — does not result in an error of syntax or radical change in meaning (only one charge to be made for a consistent sequence of change) ; for each word omit- ted^ inserted, substituted, or repeated which does not avoid a test or cause an essential change in meaning; for each error in capitalization, punctuation, inden- tion, paragraphing, or in division of words; for each omission of the hyphen or for placing it at the beginning of the line instead of at the end of the preceding line (total charges in either case not to exceed 5); for stenographic periods (only one charge in exercise) ; for each blot, each word interlined or canceled, each al- teration or erasure if not neat (not more than 5 to be charged for any one inter- lineation, cancellation, alteration, or erasure) ; for omitting an unimportant word from phrases or other groups of words; for the omission or insertion of a stroke in a letter 1 6. For paraphrasing the language of the text, according to gravity of error 5 to 100 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 273 RULES FOR RATING GEOGRAPHY. In rating this subject each answer is rated in the judg- ment of the examiners according to its value on a scale of 100. When the question requires in the answer a specified number of States, countries, cities, rivers, or bodies of waters, etc., and the answer contains a greater number than is required by the question, each incorrect part or point shall be charged the value of a required part. RULES FOR RATING GEOGRAPHY AND CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. The geography will be rated as indicated above. In rating, each answer will be rated in the judgment of the examiners according to its value on a scale of 100. When the question requires in the answer a specified number of parts or points, and the answer given includes a greater number, each incorrect part or point shall be charged the value of a required part. CERTIFICATION AND APPOINTMENT. After the papers of an examination have been rated the names of the eligibles are entered on the register in the order of the average attained. An average percentage of not less than 70 is required in order to become eligible for appointment, except in the cases of persons honorably dis- 274 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE charged from the United States military or naval service for disability incurred in the line of duty. The names of such persons whose claims for preference have been al- lowed by the Civil Service Commission and who attain an average percentage of not less than 65 will be placed at the head of the eligible register. Separate registers are established for men and women, and certification is made according to tlie requisition of the nominating officer. The period of eligibility is one year from tlie date of entering tlie name on the register. The highest three names on tlie appropriate register are certified for each vacancy. An eligible, unless sooner selected for appointment, will be entitled to three certifi- cations for appointment to each nominating or appointing officer in each service for which he may be eligible for ap- pointment. An eligible will not be certified for filling a vacancy in a position paying an entrance salary lower than that named by him in his application or examination papers. Appointment to a position in any service will operate to remove the eligible*s name from the register of the grade from which the selection was made, and from registers of lower grades. Appointments may be made from a higher grade register for filling vacancies in a lower grade position. Vacancies in the Internal-Revenue Service certifica- tion will be made of the names of eligibles who were ex- amined in the internal-revenue district in which the vacancy THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 275 occurs. Vacancies in the Custom House Service certifica- tion will be made of the names of the eligibles examined at the port at which the vacancy exists except where ex- aminations are held also at subports for the convenience of applicants^, the highest eligibles will be certified of those examined at the port and at subports. Vacancies in the position of office deputy United States marshal certifica- tion will be made of the names of eligibles who are exam- ined in the State in which the vacancy exists. CHAPTER XVII. PROMOTION REGULATIONS. At the port of New York promotions are made chieftv on seniority. When a promotion is to be made in an office or bureau the head of the department submits to the local Civil Service Board for its approval the name of the em- ployee whose lengtli of service, unless otherwise disquali- fied, entitled him to advancement. The only promotional tests given are from sub-clerical to first grade and from the latter to the position of Inspector. To be eligible to try for Inspector, however, an employee is required to be not less than 5 feet 6 inches in height without shoes, and not less than 25 nor more than 40 years of age at the time of promotion. Chiefs of departments in the federal service keep tliem- selves personally informed of the merits and demerits of their subordinates, and, in tlieir nominations for promotion, act upon their personal knowledge in such manner that deserving and zealous subordinates gain advancement and the service is benefited by wise and just discrimination in the promotion of such employees. The same system obtains in the customs branch of the government where the officials are governed by good con- duct, efficiency, length of service, and the recommendation of superior officers or persons familiar with the customs THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 277 service^ and by such regulations of promotion as are pre- scribed under the civil service rules or by the department. Nominations for promotion give^ among other things, the present office and compensation of the nominee; the approximate length of service in each office held by the nominee during his whole term of office ; his general reputa- tion for sobriety^ industry^ activity, efficiency, and fidelity, with any particular incidents of merit or demerits during his period of service; the office to which he is to be pro- moted and its emoluments; the manner and cause of the occurrence of the vacancy to be filled by the nominee; the necessity or justification of the promotion, if no vacancy has occurred; whether the promotion has actually been made for urgent reasons to be fully stated, and whether the requirements of law and regulation have been observed in the examination for promotion. REGUIiATIONS GOVERNING PROMOTIONS. REGULATION I. BOARD OF EXAMINERS. Section 1. A board of examiners for the Customs Serv- ice at the port of New York shall be created by the Com- mission, to be composed as follows : (a) The District Secretary of the Second Civil Service District, who shall be ex-officio chairman of said board. (b) One employee of the Commission at New York, who shall act as agent for said board, 278 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE (c) One other such employee^ who shall be Recorder of said board. (d) Eight auxiliary members detailed for such purpose upon the request of the Commission^ from the various offices of the Customs Service at New York. Sec. 2. The duties of said board or of any of its mem- bers shall be the preparation and rating of such examina- tion papers, the conducting of such examinations, and the performance of such other duties as the Commission may direct. REGULATION II. PROMOTION FROM SUB-CLERICAL GRADES TO CLERICAL GRADE. Section 1. Competitive promotion examinations shall be held annually, commencing on the last Saturday in Feb- ruary, for promotion from sub-clerical positions to positions in the clerical grade. Such examinations shall consist of (a) the subjects of the examination prescribed by the Com- mission for original entrance to positions in the clerical grade, and (b) an efficiency rating, such efficiency rating to be based upon character, quality, and quantity of work performed; industry; personal conduct and character; so- briety ; punctuality ; attendance ; neatness ; aptitude ; and other such considerations. Experience contemplated in these regulations may be considered whenever not acquired contrary to the civil service law and rules. These examina- tions may be held at other times when, in the opinion of the THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 279 Commission, the needs of the service required, and when so held due notice shall be given. Applications for the annual examinations must be filed with the board in such a man- ner and form as prescribed by the Commission, not later than the last Saturday in January. Sec. 2. Promotion examinations provided by this regu- lation shall be open to any person permanently occupying a subordinate or sub-clerical competitive classified position in the Customs Service at the port of New York who is not less than twenty-one years of age and who has served at least one year in the Customs Service at the port of New York, except that if the service is as Sugar Sampler it must have been of at least two years' duration: Provided, That whenever a nominating officer submits reasons satisfactory to the Commission for such action in the individual case presented, an employee other than a Sugar Sampler may be admitted to examination after six months' service. Sec. 3. In connection with the applications for promo- tion examinations, the head of the office in which each ap- plicant serves shall furnish to the board in due season, prior to the examination, the efficiency in section 1 of this regulation. Sec. 4. No competitor shall be made eligible unless he attains a percentage of at least seventy-five in the educa- tional part of the examination and a percentage of at least eighty-five in the element of efficiency. The educational part of the examination and the element of efficiency shall 280 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE be given equal weight in determining the general average percentage of competitors. Sec. 5. All those competitors who attain eligible ratings in accordance with the provisions of section 4 of this regu- lation shall be entered upon a promotion register of eligi- bles in the order of their average percentages. Selections for promotion to the clerical grade may be made by the nominating officer from the highest three eligibles on the entire register or from the highest three who are serving in his office; Provided, That whenever, in the case of any particular promotion, the nominating officer certifies that a certain named eligible not among the liighest three is best fitted for the particular position to be filled, and submits reasons which satisfy the Commission that such eligible is best fitted, then such eligible may be promoted without re- gard to his relative order on tlie register. Sec. 6. Promotions from tlie promotion register pro- vided by this regulation shall be made to the lowest class in the clerical grade, or to a class no higher than the class from which the promotion is made. REGULATION III. PROMOTIONS WITHIN A GRADE. Promotions within a grade shall be made from class to class, and only after six months* service in the class, with sole reference to merit and fitness; selections for promo- tion from one class to the next class shall be made in the order of seniority of service in the class, unless the nom- THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 281 inating officer in any particular case shall certify to the Commission that the person he proposes for promotion, though not the senior in point of service, is by virtue of ability and efficiency best fitted for the position to be filled, and such certificate is not disapproved by the Commission. REGULATION IV. PROMOTION TO THE POSITION OF INSPECTOR. Section 1. Competitive promotion examinations shall be held for promotion to the position of Inspector bien- nially, commencing on the last Satiirday in September. These examinations shall be open to persons who have had not less than one year's satisfactory service in a clerical grade in the Customs Service at the Port of New York, or at least two years' satisfactory service in any other grade and have passed a clerical examination or its equivalent. Applications for examination must be filed with the board not later than the last Saturday in July preceding the ex- amination. Sec. 2. The examination for promotion to the position of Inspector shall consist of (a) a test in customs regula- tions; (b) efficiency, to be based upon the considerations prescribed in section 1 of Regulation II. The subject of customs regulations and the element of efficiency shall be given equal weight in determining the general average per- centage of competitors. Sec. 3. No competitor shall be made eligible unless he 282 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE attains a percentage of at least seventy in the subject of customs regulations and a percentage of at least eighty- five in the element of efficiency; and no competitor shall be eligible for appointment to the position of Inspector who^ on the date of appointment^ is less than twenty-five or more than forty years of age^ and who is not in sound physical condition, as shown by the examination of a physi- cian designated by the Commission. Sec. 4. All competitors who are made eligible for pro- motion to the position of Inspector in accordance with the provisions of this regulation shall have their names entered upon tiie promotion register of eligibles in the order of their average percentages; and selections from this regis- ter shall be made as prescribed by the civil service rules. REGULATION V. PROMOTION TO ASSISTANT WEIGHER. The position of Assistant Weigher at the port of New York shall be filled as follows: Section 1. Any person who has served at least one year in the clerical grade may be promoted to the position of Assistant Weigher upon the certificate of the nominating officer that the person selected for such promotion is by virtue of ability, efficiency, and experience best fitted fo;r the position to be filled and such certificate is not disap- proved by the commission. Sec. 2. Promotion to the position of Assistant Weigher by selection from the register of eligibles for promotion THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 283 from the sub-clerical grade to the clerical grade in accord- ance with the provisions of Regulation II. of these regula- tions. Sec. 3. No competitor shall be made eligible for ap- pointment to the position of Assistant Weigher who on the date of appointment is less than 25 or more than 40- years of age^ and who is not in sound physical condition^ as shown by the examination of a physician designated by the com- mission. Sec. 4. Promotion from the position of Assistant Weigher may be made to the next higher class in the clerical grade in accordance with the provisions of Regulation III. of these regulations^ if the person originally reached the posi- tion of Assistant Weigher in accordance with Sections 1 and 2 of this regulation. REGULATION VI. PROMOTION TO THE POSITION OF ASSISTANT GAUGER. Section 1. Competitive promotion examinations to the position of Assistant Ganger shall be held biennially^ com- mencing the last Saturday in March. These examinations shall be open to persons occupying the position of Stamper in the Customs Service at New York, after they have re- ceived absolute appointment. Applications must be filed with the board of examiners not later than the last Satur- day in January preceding the examination. Sec. 2. Registers of eligibles shall be established and 284 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE selections from such registers shall be made as prescribed by the civil service rules. REGULATION VII. PROMOTION TO THE POSITION OF WEIGHER AND GAUGER. Examinations for promotion to the positions of Weigher and Ganger shall be held when required to fill vacancies. REGULATION VIII. PERIOD OF ELIGIBILITY. The period of eligibility of tlie promotion registers estab- lished under these regulations shall continue until the Com- mission shall terminate it in the case of any register. Eligibles^ upon filing new applications, may be re-examined at any examination held after one year of their eligibility, and tlie new percentages attained by them will cancel the old. If they fail to receive eligible percentages, their names will be dropped from the register, and they will not be allowed re-examination until the expiration of an- other year. REGULATION IX. APPEAL. Any applicant for promotion examination believing him- self aggrieved in the efficiency rating given him shall have the right of appeal to the Secretary of the Treasury at any time prior to ten days before the examination. The de- cision of the Secretary of the Treasury, unless questioned by the Commission, shall be final. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 285 REGULATION X. Promotions not herein specifically provided for^ and transfers and reinstatements in the Customs Service at the port of New York^ shall be governed by the provisions of the Civil Service Rules and executive orders. CHAPTER XVIII. CIVIL SERVICE DISTRICTS. There are twelve Civil Service Districts under the Fed- eral Government. The same rules do not apply to all and. minor changes are made from time to time, therefore candi- dates, outside of the State of New York, are advised to apply to the secretary of their particular district for the latest announcements. Each district is in charge of a secretary, who announces and holds examinations and establishes eligible registers for the positions enumerated heretofore. Information in regard to examinations for any of the services or positions mentioned in tliis section may be secured by addressing the Secretary of the Board of Ex- aminers at the headquarters of tlie civil service district in which employment is desired. The location of each head- quarters is shown below. The districts are as follows: First District. — Headquarters, Boston, Mass.: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. Second District. — Headquarters, New York, N. Y. : New York, and the counties of Bergen, Essex, Hudson, Morris, Passaic, Sussex, and Union in the State of New Jersey. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 287 Third District. — Headquarters, Philadelphia, Pa.: Pennsylvania, Delaware, and the counties of Atlantic, Bur- lington, Camden, Cape May, Cumberland, Gloucester, Hunterdon, Mercer, Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean, Salem, Somerset, and Warren in the State of New Jersey. Fourth District. — Headquarters, Washington, D. C: Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, and the District of Columbia. Fifth District. — Headquarters, Atlanta, Ga. : South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, and Ten- nessee. Sixth District. — Headquarters, Cincinnati, Ohio: Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky. Seventh District. — Headquarters, Chicago, 111.; Wiscon- sin, Michigan, and the counties of Boone, Bureau, Carroll, Cook, Dekalb, Dupage, Ford, Grundy, Henderson, Henry, Iroquois, Jo Daviess, Kane, Kankakee, Kendall, Knox, Lake, Lasalle, Lee, Livingston, McHenry, Marshall, Mer- cer, Ogle, Peoria, Putnam, Rock Island, Stark, Stephen- son, Warren, Whiteside, Will, Winnebago and Woodford in the State of Illinois. Eighth District. — Headquarters, St. Paul, Minn.: ]\Iin- nesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Iowa. Ninth District. — Headquarters, St. Louis, Mo.: Kan- sas, Missouri, Arkansas, the counties of Adams, Alexander, Bond, Brown, Calhoun, Cass, Champaign, Christian, Clark, Clay, Clinton, Coles, Crawford, Cumberland, Dewitt, 288 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Douglass^ Edgar^ Edwards^ Effingham, Fayette, Franklin, Fulton, Galatin, Greene, Hamilton, Hancock, Hardin, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jersey, Johnson, Lawrence, Logan, McDonough, McLean, Macon, Macoupin, Madison, Marion, Mason, Massac, Menard, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Moultrie, Perry, Piatt, Pike, Pope, Pulaski, Ran- dolph, Richland, St. Clair, Saline, Sangamon, Schuyler, Scott, Shelby, Tazewell, Union, Vermilion, Wabash, Wash- ington, Wayne, White, and Williamson in the State of Il- linois, and Oklahoma. Tenth District. — Headquarters, New Orleans, La.: Louisiana and Texas. Eleventh District. — Headquarters, Seattle, Wash.: Wy- oming, Montana, Oregon, Idaho, -and Washington. Twelfth District. — Headquarters, San Francisco, Cal. : California, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah. CHAPTER XIX. REMOVALS^ SUSPENSIONS AND VACANCIES. Offices in the Customs and Internal Revenue Service be- come vacant by resignation^ removal, death, or expiration of term of service. Principal officers are removable by the President. Subordinate officers are removable by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Commissioner of In- ternal Revenue. The names of subordinate officers whose removal is deemed necessary or proper are reported to the respective Department at Washington, with a full state- ment of the reasons therefor. "No removal sliall be made from any position subject to competitive examination ex- cept for just cause and upon written charges filed with the head of the Department or other appointing officer, and of which the accused shall have full notice and an opportunity to make defense.'' In view of the foregoing, whenever any officer, agent, clerk, or employee in the service of either department shall appear, to the officer or agent charged with the supervision of his official conduct to be guilty of such dereliction of duty, delinquency, or misconduct, or shall prove inefficient to iSKich an extent as to seem to justify the removal of such person from the service, or his reduction in grade, it is the duty of such supervising officer to immediately forward to his cliief, at Washington, written charges and specifica- 290 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE tions^ detailing fully and explicitly the reasons for removal or reduction. At the same time a complete copy of the charges and specifications are furnished to the accused^ with the in- formation that such defense as is desired to be made in the premises must be submitted to the supervising officer for transmission to Washington within three days from date of receipt of the copy of the written charges. When- ever it is impracticable to present a copy of the charges to the accused in person, it is sent by registered mail and the receipt carefully preserved. , In the event that the accused fails to mail his written defense to the supervising officer within the time above specified, it is assumed that such person does not desire to embrace the opportunity thus afforded. Tlie written de- fense should be delivered in person when practicable, otherwise it should be forwarded to the supervising officer by registered mail. Chief officers of customs are authorized to suspend, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, any of their subordinates without pay for a period not exceeding thirty days in any one case, as punishment for any neglect or minor delinquency for which punishment is not prescribed by law. Such suspension is to be enforced only for the maintenance of discipline in the customs force, and the Secretary of the Treasury may, in his discretion, on appli- cation by the suspended person, within one year, pay to THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 291 him the whole or a part of the compensation thus forfeited. Collectors and other chief officers of customs are required to transmit to the Department, on the first day of each month, statement's of the changes, of any nature whatso- ever, that have occurred in their force during the preced- ing month. DEPARTMENTAL RULES AND OFFICE HOURS. A record is kept in each bureau or division, under direc- tion of the head of the bureau of division, of the daily at- tendance and hours of arrival and departure of all officers, clerks and employees. All absences, and any delinquency in regard to punctuality, and any failure to keep diligently employed during business hours are daily reported to the collector or other chief officers of customs, and monthly reports submitted by those officers to the Department show- ing their action in such cases. The official hours, except for employees engaged in out- door work, are from 9 a. m. to 4 :30 p. m., with a recess of half an hour at noon, but these hours may be extended in accordance with any special requirements of the public business. Customs and Internal Revenue officers shall be kept open for business on all days of the year, except Sundays, Independence, Christmas, and New Year's days, and sucli other days as may be designated by the President of the United States^ or by the Secretary of the Treasury. 292 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE The reading of newspapers^ smoking, loud conversation, or other conduct interfering with the orderly despatch of public business, or the congregating of idle persons or loungers in the corridors or elsewhere in "public buildings, is not permitted. No person not connected officially with the Customs Serv- ice is allowed admission to a customs office except during business hours, unless by special authority of the collector or other chief officer of the port. Access by any unofficial person to official records, or to any copy thereof, in a de- partment of the customs, must be denied, except upon writ- ten application setting forth the reasons for such request to be approved in writing by tlie collector or other chief officer of the customs. No inspection of any item in an official record shall be made except by a person interested therein. CHAPTER XX. CHARACTER OF SERVICE REQUIRED OF FEDERAL EMPLOYEES. USEFUL HINTS. Each department of the Federal Service may be likened to a branch of a vast business corporation whose home office is located at Washington. From there countless con- nections reach out to every city^ town^ and hamlet through- out this broad continent. Without thorough organization and well-established system the operations of such a cor- poration would soon be in a state of chaos. Every person, therefore, who enters Uncle Sam's employ and earnestly desires to do worthy service should pay strict attention to their duties and obey the rules of the office. Here are a few hints for the clerical employee: Each official communication must relate to one subject only, or, if it be necessary to embrace several subjects in one communication, each topic must be treated in a sepa- rated paragraph. The standard letter sheet shall be as nearly as possible, 8 by 101^2 inches in size. The standard legal cap or fools- cap sheet shall be as nearly as possible, 8 by I2I/2 inches in size. The standard authority for the spelling of the names of postoffices in the United States shall be the United States 294 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Official Postal Guide; of all other geographic names^ the Decisions of the United States Board on Geographic Names^ and Lippincott's Gazeteer^ in the order named; of all other words, Webster's Dictionary. Every communication received, calling for information, shall be answered, unless the sender of it has been other- wise formally notified of its receipt and disposal. Every communication prepared shall be paged and shall be formulated in tlie following manner: The Department or office where written. The place where written. The date when written. Tlie name of the person or title of the officer addressed. The title, if any, of the person addressed. The residence of the person or officer addressed. Sir (or Madam) : The subject-matter. Respectfully. The signature of tlie writer. His official title, if any. No blank sheet shall be attached to or filed with any letter, rej)ort, or paper. There shall be placed on every communication, in the upper left-hand corner, the initials of the principal clerk in charge of the subject-matter to which the communica- tion pertains, and on the lower right-hand corner, below the title of the official signing the communication, the in- THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 295 itials of the principal officer of the division^ bureau, or office in which such communication is written, and they shall be referred to in the answer to it. All duties, fees, and other moneys pertaining to either department must be entered in books prescribed and fur- nished for such purpose at the time of receipt, and in such manner as to show the particulars as to date and source of receipt, and for what purpose or service the same is re- ceived or collected; and it will be the duty of the cashier to write the fact and date of payment of all duties received by him on the face of each entry, and to verify the state- ment by his initials or signature. Entries upon which duties are paid or deposited will be promptly recorded, and the result compared daily with the cashier's account of duties received by him on such entries. A daily record of disbursements will be kept by collectors of customs, and a statement of balances of all accounts required to be ren- dered by collectors will be made up at the close of busi- ness each day in the book prescribed for that purpose. In the Customs Service, at all outside ports and offices in charge of Deputy Collectors a daily record will be kept in a book, in the form prescribed, known as a ^'Register of moneys received from all sources," of all duties, fees, and other customs moneys, with such particulars as to show the daily transactions of the office. No ink, typewriter ribbon, carbon paper, or other article of stationary shall be used officially by any officer, clerk, 296 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE or employee of a branch of the service^ except such as are furnished or authorized by the Department^ and the names of officials shall in no case be printed on official paper or envelopes. Officers will in no case accept for official purposes bonds, vouchers, or other documents on which money is to be paid, or other important action taken, if prepared and signed with inks which are liable to fade. What are known as the aniline colors — blue, purple, violet, red, etc. — are usually fugitive and destructible, and should not be ac- cepted. Invoices, entries, and other papers connected with the entry of merchandise for import or export, produced by the hektograph or other similar method, will be received if made out in a distinct, legible manner, on one side only of durable paper, with ink not liable to fade. All papers shall be so folded, from the bottom to the top of tlie page, as to conform as nearly as possible to the standard size, which is 31^ ^^ width by 8 inches in length. The first brief or indorsement upon any communication shall commence one inch from the top, writing from the free edge of the fold, and shall be formulated as follows: Tlie Dej^artment or office where the communication was written. The place where the communication was written. The date when the communication was written. The name of the writer. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 297 The title of the writer. A brief of the subject-matter^ showing all the separate parts and tlie names of the persons and firms referred to. An official matter addressed and forwarded to the De- partment of the Treasury^ or any of its offices^ bureaus, or divisions, must be briefed in accordance with the above formula before transmittal. Indorsements shall be placed in regular sequence or chronological order. The receiving date stamp or mark of any office, bureau, or division shall be placed immediately following the last indorsement, reference, or stamp, and must not be super- imposed upon it. A reference shall follow the matter immediately pre- ceding it; but if it be necessary to carry it to the next fold, the word "over" must be placed at the bottom of the full fold. No paper shall be attached in any way for additional indorsement or reference until the whole back of the letter sheet is covered, and then, if necessary, a sheet 3^ by 8 inches, with a flap for attachment, may be fastened in such manner as not to cover a previous indorsement, reference^ or date. In forwarding reports, accounts, certificates of deposit, or papers of like character, no letter of transmittal shall be sent unless it contains additional information or ex- planation. ^98 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Official communications must be addressed after the fol- lowing style: The President. The Honorable the Secretary of the Treasury. The Auditor of the Treasury Department. The Comptroller of the Treasury. The Comptroller of the Currency. The Solicitor of the Treasury. The Treasurer of the United States. The Register of the Treasury. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue. The Chairman of the Light-House Board. The General Superintendent of the Life-Saving Service. The Commissioner of Navigation^ Treasury Depart- ment. The Supervising Surgeon-General Marine-Hospital Service. The Supervising Inspector-General Steamboat-Inspec- tion Service. The Supervising Architect^ Treasury Department. The Speaker of the House of Representatives. The President of the Senate. The Chairman Committee on Appropriation^ House of Representatives. The Chairman Committee on Appropriations^ United States Senate. The Commissioner of the General Land Office. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 299 The Commissioner of Pensions. The Custodian^ Court-House and Post-Office^ Philadel- phia, Pa. Tlie Collector of Customs_, Baltimore_, Md. The Assistant Treasurer, U. S., New York, N. Y. The Postmaster, Washington, D. C. Officers forwarding letters, reports, or other papers to superior authority should indorse their remarks directly on the papers, in preference to writing a separate communi- cation. Official correspondence relating to the duties of col- lectors, to appointments, and to all matters concerning the authority of the Treasury Department must be addressed to the Secretary of the Treasury, forwarded direct by mail and not through other channels or to the care of other per- sons. Making public such correspondence is forbidden. The telegraph will be used only upon important public business, and in cases of urgent necessity, where the or- dinary mail facilities fail to furnish sufficient dispatch. When telegrams are sent upon business that would ordi- narily be transacted through the mails, tlie facts as to their necessity must be satisfactorily shown or they will be disal- lowed in the settlement of accounts. CHAPTER XXI. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America^ in Congress Assembled. When^ in the course of human events^ it becomes neces- sary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another^ and to assume^ among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident — that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator witli certain inalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundations on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and hap- piness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 301 causes; and^ accordingly^ all experience liatli shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer^ while evils are suffer- able, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations^ pursuing invariably the same object^ evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism^ it is their rights it is their duty^ to throw off such government^ and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies^ and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations^ all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this^ let facts be submitted to a candid world. 1. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. 2. He has forbidden his government to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance^ unless suspended in their operations till his assent should be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 3. He has refused to pass other laws for the accom- modation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the Legis- 302 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE lature — a right inestimable to tliem_, and formidable to tyrants only. 4. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the repository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 5. He has dissolved representive houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 6. He has refused, for a long time after such disso- lutions, to cause others to be elected, whereby the legisla- tive powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the State remain- ing, in the meantime, exposed to the dangers of invasions from without, and convulsions within. 7. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. 8. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 9. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and pay- ment of their salaries. 10. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 303 hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. 11. He has kept among us in time of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our Legislatures. 12. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. 13. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitutions, and unacknowl- edged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pre- tended legislation: — For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us ; For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the in- habitants of these States ; For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world; For imposing taxes on us without our consent ; For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of a trial by jury; For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offences ; For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neigliboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies ; For taking away our charters, abolishing our most 30i THE CUSTOMS SERVICE valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments; For suspending our own Legislatures and declaring them- selves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 14. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection and waging war against us. 15. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns and destroyed the lives of our people. 16. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete tlie works of death, desola- tion and tryanny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 17. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the higli seas, to bear arms against tlieir country, to become the executioners of tlieir friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by tlieir hands. 18. He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose knov/n rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions we. have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince THF3 CtJSTOMS SERVICE 305 whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant_, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them^ from time to time, of attempts by their Legislature to extend an un- warrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded tliem of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would in- evitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the neces- sity which denounces our separation, and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind — enemies in war ; in peace, friends. We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political con- nection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved, and that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances,, establish commerce. 306 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE and do all otlier acts and things which independent States may of right do. And for the support of this declaration^ with a firm reliance on the jDrotection of Divine Providence^ we mutually pledge to each otljcr our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. CHAPTER XXII. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. We^ the People of the United States^ in order to form a more periect union^ establish justice^ insure domestic tran- quility^ provide for the common defence^ promote the general welfare^ and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity^ do ordain and establish tliis Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE 1. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. Section. I. — All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States^ which sliall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Section II. — Clause 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of tlie several States, and the electors in eacli State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. Clause 2. No person shall be a representative who sliall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years_, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. Clause 3. Representatives and direct taxes sliall be ap- portioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, SOS THE CUSTOMS SERTICE which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons^ including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made with- in three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three; INIassaclmsetts, eight; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, one; Connecticut, five; New York, six; New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight; Delaware, one;; Mary- land, six; Virginia, ten; North Carolina, five; South Carolina, five; and Georgia, three. Clause 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. Clause 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers ; and shall have the soL' power of impeachment. Section III. — Clause 1. The Senate of the Unitetl States shall be composed of two Senators from each State^ chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. Clause 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 309 consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira- tion of the second year; of the second class^ at the expira- tion of the fourth year; and of the third class, at the ex- piration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resigna- tion, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. Clause 3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. Clause 4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. Clause 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President "pro tempore,*' in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of Presi- dent of the United States. Clause 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments : when sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and 310 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Clause 7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office^ and disquali- fication to hold and enjoy any office of honor^ trusty or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment^ trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. Section IV. — Clause 1. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof ; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. Clause 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first IMonday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Section V. — Clause 1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel tlie attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each house may provide. Clause 2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 311 Clause 3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed- ings^ and from time to time publish the same^ excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of eitlier house on any ques- tion shall^ at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. Clause 4. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. Section VI. — Clause 1. The Senators and Representa- tives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. Thej^ shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. Clause 2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which sliall have been created, or the emoluments whereof sliall have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any office under tlie United States shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. 312 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Section VII. — Clause 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments^, as on other bills. Clause .2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who sliall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such recon- sideration, two thirds of that house sliall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with tlie objections, to the otlier house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that liouse, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sunday excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its re- turn, in which case it shall not be a law. Clause 3. Every order, resolution or vote, to which tlie concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 313 shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect^ shall be approved by liim^ or being disapproved by him^ shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Section VIII. — Clause 1. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; Clause 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States; Clause 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes ; Clause 4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies through- out the United States ; Clause 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; Clause 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeit- ing the securities and current coin of the United States ; Clause 7. To establish post offices and post roads; Clause 8. To promote the progress of science and use- ful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and in- 314 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE ventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ; Clause 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; Clause 10. To define and ]3unish piracies and felonies committed on tlie high seas^ and offences against the law of nations; Clause 11. To declare war^ grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; Clause 12. To raise and support armies, but no appro- priation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years; Clause 13. To provide and maintain a navy; Clause 14. To make rules for the government and regula- tion of the land and naval forces ; Clause 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions ; Clause 16. To provide for organizing, arming, and dis- cijilining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of tlie officers, and the authority of training the militia accord- ing to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; Clause 17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not exceeding ten miles THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 315 square) as may, by cession of particular States^ and the acceptance of Congress^ become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful build- ings ; — And Clause 18. To make all laws which shall be necei^sary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any depart- ment or officer thereof. Section IX. — Clause 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. Clause 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless in cases of rebellion or in- vasion the public safety may require it. Clause 3. No bill of attainder or ex-post-facto law shall be passed. Clause 4. No capitation or otiier direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein- before directed to be taken. 316 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Clause 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles ex- ported from any State. Clause 6. No preference shall be given by any regula- tion of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to^ or from^ one State^ be obliged to enter_, clear^ or pay duties in another. Clause 7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expendi- tures of all public money shall be published from time to time. Clause 8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; And no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince or foreign state. Section X. — Clause 1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex-post-facto law, or law im- pairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. Clause 2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 317 inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and im- posts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. Clause 3. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships- of-war, in time of peace, enter into any agreement or com- pact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE II. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. Section 1. — Clause 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, to- gether with the Vice-President, chosen for tlie same term, be elected as follows : Clause 2. Each State shall apoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of Electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representa- tives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States shall be ap- pointed an Elector. [Clause 3. The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one. 318 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all of the per- sons voted for^ and of the number of votes for each; which list tliey sliall sign and certify^ and transmit^ sealed^ to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Repre- sentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. Tlie person having the greatest num- ber of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one, who have sucli majority, and have an equal number of votes, then tlie House of Repre- sentatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then, from the five highest on the list, the said House shall, in like manner, clioose the President. But in choosing the Presi- dent, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from eacli State having one vote; a quorum for this pur- pose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the Electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, tlie Senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the Vice- President.] THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 319 The foregoing Clause is obselete. It was repealed in 1804. It is quoted here merely for reference. Article XII. of the Amendments replaces it in the Constitution, and is here inserted instead of the original Clause. Amendment, Article XII. — The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of vrhom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate; — the president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate, and House of Repre- sentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; — the person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such num- ber be a majority of the whole number of Electors ap- pointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist 320 T^IiE CUSTOMS SERVICE of a member or members from two-thirds of the States^ and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or otlier constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as President, sliall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of tlie whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose tlie Vice- Presi- dent; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But the per- son constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. Clause 4. The congress may determine the time of choos- ing tlie Electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. Clause 5. No person except a natural-born citizen, [or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution,] shall be eligible to the office of Presi- dent; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years resident within the United States. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 32J The matter enclosed in brackets is obsolete. Clause 6. In case of the removal of the President from office^ or of his death^ resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, de- claring what officer shall then act as President; and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be re- moved, or a President shall be elected. Clause 7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. Clause 8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation; — **I do solemnly swear (or affirm.) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.'* Section II. — Clause 1. The President shall be com- mander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of 322 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE the executive departments^, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States^ except in cases of impeachment. Clause 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two- thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nomin- ate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the Presi- dent alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of depart- ments. Clause 3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. Section III. — He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and re- commend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 323 shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faith- fully executed^ and shall commission all the officers of the United States. Section IV. — Tlie President^ Vice-President^ and all civil officers of the United States^ sliall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE III. JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. Section I. — The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compen- sation which shall not be diminished during their con- tinuance in office. Section II. — Clause 1. The judicial power shall ex- tend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this "Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; — to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; — to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; — to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; — to controversies between two or more States, to controversies between a State and citizens of 324 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE another State; — between citizens of different States; — between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State^ or the citizens thereof^ and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. Clause 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. Clause 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. Section III. — Clause 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. Clause 2. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. Clause 3. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 325 ARTICLE IV. GENERAL PROVISIONS. Section I. — Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts^ records and judicial proceedings of every other State; and the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts^ records and pro*ceedings shall be proved^ and the effect thereof. Section II. — Clause 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. Clause 2. A person charged by any State with trea- son^ felony^ or other crime^ who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. Clause 3. No person held to service or labor in one in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be dis- State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, charged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. N. B. — Clause 3 is obsolete. Section III. — Clause 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more 326 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE States^ or parts of States^ without the consent of the Legis- latures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. Clause 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States^ or of any particular State. Section IV. — The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion, and on applica- tion of the Legislature, or of the executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. ARTICLE V. POWER OF AMENDMENT. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Con- stitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two- thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 327 in the ninth section of the first article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. ARTICLE VI. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. Clause 1. All debts contracted, and engagements en- tered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid as against the United States under this Con- stitution, as under the Confederation Clause 2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any- thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to the con- trary notwithstanding. Clause 3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and tlie members of the several State Legisla- tures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test sliall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. ARTICLE VII. RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION. The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall tween the States so ratifying the same, be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution be- 328 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty- seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the twelfth. AMENDMENTS To the Constitution of the United States, Ratified According to the Provisions of the Fifth Article of the Foregoing Constitution. Article I. — Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of the speech, or of the press; or tlie right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for redress of grievances. Article II. — A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. Article III. — No soldiers shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner^to be prescribed by law. Article IV. — The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 329 Article V. — No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime^ unless on a present- ment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war and public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor to be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. Article VI. — ^In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. Article VII. — In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law. Article VIII. — Excessive bail shall not be required, nor 330 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE excessive fines imposed^ nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Article IX. — The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights^ shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Article X. — The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution^ nor prohibited by it to the States^ are reserved to the States respectively^ or to the people. Article XI. — The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or jjrosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State^ or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. Article XII. — See page 176. Article XIII. — Section 1. Neither slavery nor involun- tary servitude^ except as a punishment for crime, whereof the person shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Article XIV. — Section 1. All persons born or natu- ralized in the United States, and subject to the juris- diction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or im- munities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 331 State deprive any person of life^ liberty, or property, with- out due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State exclud- ing Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice- President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive or judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the pro- portion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Represen- tative in Congress, or Elector of President or Vice-Presi- dent, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, ' or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid 332 THE CUSTOMS SERVICE or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may^ by a vote of two-thirds of each house^ remove such disability. Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States^ authorized by law^ including debts incurred for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion_, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States^ or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. Section 5. Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Article XV. — Section 1. Tlie rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Section 2. Congress sliall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Article XVI. — Taxes on Incomes. — The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from what- ever source derived, without apportionment among the sev- eral States, and without regard to any census or enumera- tion. ARTICLE XVII.— Section 1.— Senators Elected by the People. — The Senate of the United States shall be com- posed of two Senators from each State, elected by the THE CUSTOMS SERVICE 333 people thereof, for six years and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the quali- fications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislators. Section 2. — Filling of Vacancies. — When vacancies hap- pen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of elec- tion to fill such vacancies. Provided, that the Legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointment until the people fill the vacancies by election as the Legislature may direct. Section 3. This amendment shall not be construed as to effect the election of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution. Candidates for New York City and vicinity will find a Notary Public and a staff of Civil Service experts at the office of THE CHIEF during business hours, who will enlighten the candidates on any doubtful point; or they may obtain information and assistance at The Chief Civil Service School, Rooms 230 to 234 (2nd floor), No. 5 Beekman Street, any day between 10 A. M. and 10 P. M. INDEX Page. CHAPTER I.— Improved Changes in Classification 7 CHAPTER II. — Positions Open to Competitive Examination 10 CHAPTER III. — Third Grade or Sub-clerical 14 CHAPTER IV. — Internal Revenue Service 19 CHAPTER v.— Custom House Service 21 CHAPTER VI. — Persons not Eligible to Take Examination 26 CHAPTER VII.— First Steps for Applicants 29 CHAPTER VIII. — Form of Application 34 CHAPTER IX. — Educational Test 58 CHAPTER X. — Subjects and Weights, Third Grade Sub-clerical . . 64 CHAPTER XI. — Course of Instruction 68 CHAPTER XII.— Course of Instruction (Continued) 84 Page. CHAPTER XIII. — Course of Instruction, Arithmetic (Concluded) ....122 CHAPTER XIV. — Civil Government 195 CHAPTER XV. — Geography of the U. S 217 CHAPTER XVI. — How Papers are Rated 266 CHAPTER XVII. — Promotion Regulations 276 CHAPTER XVIII. — Civil Service Districts 286 CHAPTER XIX. — Removals, Suspensions and Vacancies 289 CHAPTER XX. — Character of Service Required 293 CHAPTER XXI. — Declaration of Independence 300 CHAPTER XXII.— Constitution of the U. S. . ^.U 30 5 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. ppn<* wg ^ h oqVD 3H6^^ THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY